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How TO Breed, How to Train, and How to Doctor Horses; HOW TO DOCTOR CATTLE, HOGS, SHEEP AND POULTRY. A COMPLETE SET OF BREEDERS' TABLES. Edited and Compiled by PROF. J. L. NICHOLS, A.M., Assisted by Noted Specialists. Revised and adapted to Canada by J. E. Hansford. LL.B.. of Osgoode Hall, Barrister-at-Uw Joint Author of "Evidence in Civil Cases." "Business Cnid^ " .t. Cases," "Business Guide," etc. Published by J. L. NICHOLS & CO.. S3 Richmond Street West. Tohonto, Okt 1 o whom all communicat-ons must be addressed. SOLD ONLY BY SUB30EIPTI0N FOUBTH EDmOI SiToi NS' Every person has two educations, one which he receives from others, and one more important, irhich he gives to himself. — Gibbon. Will be promptly sent. THIS VOLUME postpaid, on receipt of $2.25. if directed to the address at the foot of the title page, when you know of no Agent in the vicinity. No copies sold for less than the above price except in lots to active Agents. A6EMT8 WANTED. Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five, by John A. Hertel, at the Department of Agriculture. A SPECIAL AGREEMENT. The Account Book Department of this work, when filled, will be replaced with a new set of blanks same as the original, by sending the book tc the author, at one-half a cent per page for doth binding and one cent per page for half leather binding. NO EXTRA CHARGE FOR RE-BINDING. The proprietor oi above farm never reads the papers, nor does he care for education or books ; he does not keep a record of his business at all. Not interested in "Farmers' Manual," though he needs it very badly. The proprietor of this farm firmly believes in education, and will buy and read good books, consequently he is prosperous. This man studies such books as the " Farmers' Manual," and keeps an accurate account of his business, which evidently pays him well. INSTFiUCTIONS v_ '■«♦■ ?FOR USING: -»»■ y THE FARMERS' MANUAL. 1. THE FARMERS' MANUAL is one of the most complete and practical books ever placed into the hands of the farmer. It will be a safe guide in business and a correct guide in keeping accounts. 2. Penmanship. — The copies of the penmanship department are from the pens of the best penmen in America. They should be carefully studied and used as copies for practice. A few months of faithful work will make a good penman of the poorest writer. 3. Book-keeping. — ^The sets given in the following pages are to be used as models. The transactions written up are also given in full, so that every student will plainly see the sim- plicity of the arrangement. Book-keeping is an easy study and should be understood by all. Study the transaction first, and then study up the transaction written out in detail. 4. Book-keeping in the Account Department.— The blank book department is ruled to meet the long-felt wants of the farming classes. It is complete and to the point. The accounts written up will clearly point out the way for using the blank book department. It pays to keep your accounts correctly. A written record of your business transactions may sometimes be worth a great deal of money as well as considerate pleasure and satisfaction. Be negligent no longer. Keep a record of your expenses and look them over often. It will help you in your business. 5. Business Forms.— This department of the work is a new and novel feature. The "business forms" as they occur are taken directly from actual business. They are the same size and the same form. The script type shows what is written in filling out the blank document, and the common type shows the form as printed before it is used in actual business. He who becomes familiar with all the business forms in The Manual will understand the actual business transactions. 6. Business Law. — ^This department will speak for itself. All the laws pertaining to the farm and farm business are concisely and correctly given. 7. The Insect Department. — ^The time for raising fruit and many garden vegetables has gone by, unless some attention is given to the modern system of spraying or other meth- ods of insect extermination. The Manual gives all the different receipts for spraying and all modern methods for the extermination of farm and field pests. Every farmer should know some- thing of the habits of insects as well as remedies for their extermination. The Manual will give the desired aid. 8. The Horse Department will speak for itself. It is just what every farmer needs and must have if he is a practical man. The best bred horses in America are shown by beau- tiful illustrations, drawn by the best horse artist in America. Every horse is a perfect illustration of the original. The Medical and Training department has been prepared by the highest veter- ary authorities. TtoFARUFBS' Mamval.} SAFE BUSINESS M ETHODS AND GOOD ADVICE. '•J^differcnt or careless methods of business produces dZlL/T'' vff "''' ""^'^'^'"'^ <^^^nd transact it in a business-like way. Do not [Thr Farmims' Iamual.] Or. how to succeed. boast of your profits. Do not go about telling people what rou are doing or what you propose to do. The successful business man, like the successful general, conceals his plans until he has fully matured and perfected them, and Until the proper time for them to be known. Young nen in the employ of others should know that their em- ployer's business is their secret, to be kept strictly con- Idential. There are some people who can hardly keep a cret. It rankles and burns their brain, and they have ^o rest until it is disclosed to some one. Such persons Irill never attain a high degree of success. 6. Foresight. — The faculty of looking into the future Ind divining what will come to pass is of supreme im- ortance in business life. The greatest success is found krhere this qualification is greate.st. The man of fore- Bght has just the articles that are in greatest demand. le owns acres of land now sought at high prices for lilding lots. Others say he is " in luck," but the truth he foresaw the demand and prepared for it. It was ot luck but calculation. 7. Depend Upon Yotir Own Eflforts.— There is no |iort cut, no royal road to permanent success. Thou- ttds have tried to find one ; but they have all failed, ^iserably failed. Not advantages of birth or wealth, either genius nor opportunity make the man ; but his vn efforts, his own right arm and manly enterprise — key achieve for him success, and wealth, and renown. I Do not be mercurial. Extraordinary success should ^t unduly elate you, nor, on the other hand, should dis- ^uragements easily depress you. A varying success is liat you may expect ; only do your duty. 1 8. Business and Society.— Cultivate friends and ac- aintances in business. The former are won by yeara of honesty and integrity; but the latter are the daily re- ward of a courteous and affable demeanor. You may succeed without giving much thought to the social side of nature, but you will be compelled to labor a lifetime for the same reward you could have obtained in a fevr years. Kularge the circle of your acquaintance among those who are so situated in life as to become your cu.stomers as far as you can without taking too much time from jour business. Do not consider an hour or an evening taken occasionally for social interests as en- tirely lost. On the contrary, you should feel a citizen's interest in the moral, intellectual and benevolent enter- prises of your neighborhood. The influence of every in- telligent and upright business man in a community is beneficial, and it is your duty to exert this influence for the general welfare, not looking for any reward per- sonally, but accept that compensation which comes from an extended favorable acquaintance. Beware of being drawn into social matters to the ex- tent of causing a neglect of your business. Do not allow yourself to be president of this, secretary of that, and treasurer of the other, so that your time and energy is taken up with these matters to the injury of your business. Do not allow your store or office to become a club-room or a place for political meetings. 9. A True Duty.— Always regard the duty of exact- ness and promptness in fulfilling contracts and promises, no matter how trifling, and uniformly manage your business on these principles, not only strictly carrying them out in your own obligations, but strictly requiring them of others, and you will do much to keep alive and active thit high sense of honor in the community which induces a man to consider his word as good as his bond. Si .vF- MADE MEN. Sir Oliver Mowat. Sir John A. Macdonald, Sir John S. D. Thompson. HOW TO BECOME A PENMAN, [Ti-E Farmers WManual.] How to Become a Penman, rrj^rxjT HOW TO LEARN TO WRITE, OR BECOME AN EXCELLENT PENMAN. 1. Good Copies. — When j'ou practice, study the copy, nee its harmony, and you will discover more of its beauty and find greater inspiration and interest in practicing. A successful student in penmanship must study the art and cultivate the beautiful, and practice until he can per- fectly imitate the copy. 2. Material. — Have good paper. Do not buy a lot of cheap trash because it is cheap, but procure a good quan- tity and quality of paper and plenty of good steel pens. Use Spencerian Pen No. i, Musselman's Perfection Pens, and you will also find some good pens among the Ester- brook and Gillott make. First find a pen that suits you best and then procure a box. It is much the cheapest to buy pens by the quantity. 3. Gold Pens. — Do not use gold pens while practic- ing. While learning to write always use a steel pen. Gold pens are very good after a good hand has been mastered. 4. Correct Position.— When writing sit at the desk or table in a position that is perfectly convenient and comfortable. Sit so that no portion of the body is cramped, and let the arm rest easily upon the tabic or desk. Do not sit with the feet upon the rounds of the chair. Keep your feet firmly upon the floor. 5. How to Hold the Pen.— Hold the pen so that the holder points over the right shoulder, and do not let the penholder drop below the knuckle joint of the fore- finger. 6. Movements. — Finger movement is the combined action of the first and second fingers and thumb. Fore- arm movement is the action of the forearm sliding the hand on the nails of the third and fourth finger. Com- bined movement is that which is most used in business penmanship. It is a union of the forearm with tl.e finger movement, and possesses great advantage over the other movements in the greater rapidity and ease with which it is employed. Whole-arm movement is the action of the whole arm from the shoulder with tlie elbow slightly raised and the hand sliding on the nails of the third and fourth fingers, and is used with facility in striking capital letters and in o£F-hand flourishing. 7. Practice.— In learning to write there are three es- | sential things. The first is practice; the second is PRACTICE ; the third is practice ; and the student who carries out these three things will master an excellent handwriting. The old rule that " practice makes per- | feet " is doubly true in learning to write, and is the only principle that will successfully develop good pen- manship. [Ti-E Farmers MManual.) HOW TO BECOME A PENMAN. 8. Careless ScribbMttg. — Careless scribbling tends ither to retard than to improve the writing. Each time I copy has been carelessly repeated it is an injury rather an a benefit ; a going backward instead tif going for- lard. When practicing every stroke should mean some- png and be an efiFort to improve. Practicing with a lirpose by everlastingly keeping at it will master and ^complish the high ideal. Writing is the result of udy c( Jibined with practice. 19. Written Oopies.^After having once written the fpies, criticise your efforts before the next trial. By us picking out your faults or errors you are cultivating i eye as well as the hand. Remember that unknown alts can never be avoided or corrected, and your first udy should be to discover errors and faults and then y to mend. [lO. Letter Writing.— While learning to write pick • as many correspondents as you can. Cultivate the bit of corresponding with your friends as much as ssible. It makes a pleasant source of entertainment as ai as excellent practice for the improvement of your hmanship. But be sure, however, and carry out the [lowing principles : After writing a letter once, look lover carefully, detect the errors in composition and Wling, then ra-write it again and notice the imperfect THS of letters and words, and then re-write it again. ( that is willing to take this rule to himself and faith- fully carry it out in all his correspondence, will become a good penman. 11. Writing Not a Special Gift.— It is often .said that writing is a special gift, and only the few can be- come good penmen. This idea is not only fallacious but exceedingly pernicious, as it tends to discourage many pupils who write badly by leading them to believe that it is impossible for them to become good writers. There is scarcely a good penman to-day who is prominent be. fore the people in the perfection of his art, who cannot show penmanship of his youth as poor as the poorest. Practice gives grace ; correct form and construction of writing must be learned by study and practice, and the hand that is stiff will become limber and pliable, and the eye that is uncultivated will soon detect the slightest errors or deviations, and soon, unconsciously a.s it were, an easy flowing style of penmanship will have been mastered. 12. How to Practice. — There are various movement exercises that are a help in limbering up a stiff and awk- ward arm and hand. We have given some in the follow- ing pages, but it is a good practice to take a single letter, study its different styles and practice it until improve- ment is evident. Exercises made of small letters and joining them together in a running exercise is an excel- lent practice. 13. The Safe Rule.— Everlastingly keep at it <^' tC;:) ''i (. cr\ JO THE TRACING PROCESS. [The 1 ARMEitr I BY THE TRACINO PROCBSB. THE TRACING PROCESS. INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTLINING PICTURES AND LETTERS FOR PEN DRAWING. 1. Tracing. — The Tracing Process has long been known to some of the profession of penmanship, but it has been kept a sort of a secret. Many penman have paid $5.00 for the secret; some as high as $20.00. It is the quickest and best known way to make a fac-simile copy for pen work or pen drawing. It is simple, and a child can make an exact copy of any picture just as •well as an older person. 2. Material. — Go to some druggist and ask him for a sheet or two of oiled tracing paper ; if he hasn't it in Stock he can send and procure it for you at a small expense. 3. How to Use It. — Take a slip or sheet of transpar- ent tracing paper and place it on the picture to be copied ; trace all the outlines that you desire to repro- duce with a lead pencil, and ^^ careful to keep the trac- ing paper in the same position. Use plenty of weight ; hold the tracing paper dQ^Yn so that it cannot move from the position that it was in when you began the tracing. After you have done this, turn your tracing paper over. Then place your tracing paper, blacked side down, on your drawing paper, or where you w ist to make your drawing, and take a fine-pointed l^ad pencil and trace over all the outlines and shadings of the entire picture. Thus you print in pencilings a perfect copy of the entire picture on your drawing paper. Af- ter you have done m£ this it is a very easy matter to finish the •" picture with the pen and ink by putting ink on in place of the pencilings, and shade according to the original, erasing the pencil marks [The I ARMERf W*""*^'^ THE TRACING PROCESS. It BY THB TRACING PROCESS. ;h a rubber after the ink is put on. Tracing r the per for copy only leaves the marks very lighi ...d can illy be covered with pen and ink. i. Oompletion.-After doing as above stated the work ready to be completed, which is done by putting in the ♦ of the shading wherever it may be thought necessary; ourse, it is necessary to run over the work with the and cover the lead pencU marks that have been left tracing. 5. Drawing Animals.-The tracing process is espe- cially adapted for tracing human figures, deer, lions and other animals; it is also excellent to get an outline of letters, but it is not so good for tracing birds. This should be done with a free. oflF-hand stroke, in ocdeT t» look nicely, yet very good copies can be made. 6. The Delineator is very handy for the enlarntaeak of pictures as for making copies same size. DRAWING. ng paper, blacked T where you wish fine-pointed lead ;s and shadings of 19 EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. [The Farmer^ 'JM "'^ Manual.] [The Faruers; i -) 7^?^ 'JJ. EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. >3 14 ^usir<4E>s» [The Farmer* ^NUAL.] /O^^^y^ a^/lTM/Z^^ ^ Vyyi ^ «. to. [The Farmer* Hanuau] EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. 'O^ ■^. I 7rf0 i! h;';i ill l6 EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. [The Farmers JM > ^-^^i2/iui/?n/^^^Ja^, iMa'^i y^m^mtmz/ JU. toe 7^;:!k « ^M%^/X/, ^ m -/-:f^.^y^. (3^^ (3yl.^t.<^^>-^'-2^^-'5^- v^T^bAr/ K^^C^^^e^^Jc^-T-^-iy. [The Farmkm %NUAL.] EXERCISES IN PENMANSHI^ «7 ^-^<^f^-j^.^..:.^^ -<:^%:2^ 2i^%f^ ^^^^^^2^^^^ Cka^^^yr/^^ ^"^AiZ^: Mg^ 1. yi^Z'^^t^iTz^^f^Z^ c^. i'il; AM il III li l8 EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. {The Farme RS? (3u^u^ CMa4^^ /,/jy3. ^,„:::fyr>S' y&c^£4^. (yg^. .^r^CC^^W^^^.'t^^^'f-^^^yi^i^:^^ y'yyz^ ^e^Tz^y. Cm^^^^^^^z^^ ^:,jjmM (The FarhersI IllANUAL.] EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. '9 '/ffff. 0^i^(^^^ ^^ -^ ^:-<,£;2^t^'^^?^^<;2^^^x/ Y€^ ■s^^>i^u£,e.y,,d.,£yy^t^e7^ -^ '■■'^^^:^-^^<:^^'i''i^"2''^^''Z^^^^ ^7 7v^ ^ (The Farhkut Manual.] EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. ^^ r^. -,^<2>'- ^^< ^'^yC't^T^ -^^^^^ly ^^^^^--^e^^^^^^-^^^^e-^V^-^zJ^^y^^ ■-■'^Z'C^^^yy?' >a^^: •I iif 11 99 EX R«r!*F,S IN PENMANSHIP. [Thi Farukki ML,.^,^, ^ How to llolu the Pen for Or/iamental Worh* '% r' [THE Farm,.,, ^^^^^^j EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. •3 24 EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. 1 [The Farmeks' Manual.] m^ -m '■t M [The Farmers .'j^yANUAL.] iiXERciSES IN PENMANSHIP, ^ I f^ \ lili:* EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. IP i ■|i,i'i! fTHE Farmer? | |^>„ ,ai.j TThe Farmer? EXERCISES IN PENMANSHIP. 21 EXECUTED BY THE TRACING PROCESS. :i P EXERCISES IN PENMANSHII [The fARMEfj '^ Manual.) 1. Great I ^™ey lost f topless meth l^^uits are t les^y kept ao nuiUl>' by the ■ dc^b^isiuess in 2, Importa Tndat iieglectfi their account; and to other p tirdy upon mt for they could for the time ai cul^, tlie outg a Hired M recOTd of the n B^^ct and a a 4i How to "^ Write the nan dence, the date time for which arejl^reed upo «n |»})or. It i •f tfife agreeme [The fARMLr m ^f. / !■ ICanual.J HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. 99 HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. Great Mistakes.- -It is impossible to estimate the ^ey lost annually, directly and indirectly, through Bess methods of doing business. More than half the ; ia^uits are the outgrowth of some neglected or care- ■ lesa^y kept accounts, and millions of dollars are lost an- ; nutil>- by the people of this country, because they will not ■ dffbiisiuess intelligently. 2. Important to Parmers.-As a rule farmers are the Tn^t ^ /^^ ^6 00 oO 00 00 00 yo \oo -///^y /'S/^ /-^ ^o ^^o ■/o J/ layy l^f/,1 / ^0 Jo (f Vo // /J Jo J Jo /J Jo W \J0 ^0 7 J "' @ ^/.OO . ^^ " @ ^.oO . <^ '' @ ^.JO . y/^" @ y.jo . ■i /i /tf: @ ./ no . -/o r/yj % y.oo . ^ " @ '/.-so . /yj 7' c-etitay , "/J"<9Z.^^@^^%^ :: ^ ^/rt^ fZn-n-ttii> ■---•-•.... " ^^^ : : : ; : Vo 'ij/ t • i di 34 DWIGHT BAKER'S » ACCOUN HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. [The Farmeri T WITH ^ QJ^f^^eda^. c^^_ ^^^ '/ci^J. ^'''^/^r/^r' ^/JiV r // ^^ "/jjf-r/^. y4//@ 0. Jo t^ / J J/ So * /J Ac. i/rt/j @ p'Jf yPif.^ (f yr/t.'^df/^® /3.00 epl^n-cc f/tn^Acl. f(^/^ ^0tn^eltt/ • • (^X» Qb'rt^^nn^e / S^ isi ni-ori.->„.i i • . ' ''• . . i-"i"i<-ioi »un uie resources or what he ?-r/iJ.r/^J ,Acl-^ '^y^n-Zi-oi/eilry.^ .... /'/dO '%»^rf rtJ /i^al. '^at:// Q^cXif/-' '/^OO ^n.r(%^ ]Unti) ^^O C///ci./-- )=^i>i>' y^o Cu//f'/r.l^lQ!.^n!.tt/^// ^PO «^^ soo ^n/Qj-Z'-Jv 6000 " ^A-cJ,(y/i->!.f>4^rrt^.^/^^Jt:^,^.^^/^0-"r6.%/0^, - /S. 00 " ^. " ^'/Plt'x/P ^rKi»//.citj, -/OO " @JOfi, - So. 00 39 ^■/OO SSOO SOO /JO >^00 ^ ^o i m 40 HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. [The Farmers D.f^Y Y^OOV^. J 4- 6 (f irr-Tfi'^-^ Xfi;? rJ , t^'/^ rt.r/rf-(S/i:,^, S^ " @'//J:_£J££ J // ^ // C:J^fn/,i- ' "^flM^ '■rta--/i- tin. ''fc 600 7 ^ 9 /J S'l^j...€/n^r..^./.^^£/^;36M±^o^ - . fyo.oo J^ /if'^rXuf/; it '^ ^(%f'^i2-ff^'^ *^ % / i^«rf/;^^^/^^<;^W •/ J ^ '/J /J JJ s/^ rpff* ^. 'Q/-nt,t( ^»ie/ . . . ' c/i,reu^f^ ■u-i 'J nco-i ^afif.i , %. ^»i^ y/inne^ RECEIVED. JThe Farmers' PAID. Jo -/o 6 So Jo Jo a JJoo r^ Jcf ■/oo r r^ Jo r^ 49 ^o /cf-/^ n ^J J3(f6 49 (fy^^ » n JThe Farmers" >. PAID. /T Jo r<^ -/oo r So / 'S r^ 6s S^d'6 49_ 44 HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. IThl Farmers ■ '^*''"*»"J ■/ /JO -// ^W-^ Y<^94 [Thl Farmeks H '^*''"*'"^ ^. / ^//OO <^yoo / dJOO cSSOO -/(ff^/. J I ■/(ff4 /so 1 1 JLv. cf 1 HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. e' 4S r Cash, 300 lbs. English Dairy Cheese, @ 20,' ; 250 Z Butter &isT Sold D. D. Meyer, on h:s Note, at 30 days, j boxes Soap. 350 lbs., @ so/; 6 bags Rio Coffee' .ti^ZZ'st '^' 6.-Bought of Chicago Tea Co., on our Note at 10 days, 40 hf chests Y. If. Tea 2-^6 lbs (& :,^a C/v A. Armstrong, for Cash, .0 hf chests Tea, jSo lbs., @ 3^^; J Ibs^ English Dairy Cheese'@2:® ''^' ~ '^'"^' 9.-Sold Samuel Davison, for Cash, 50 lbs. Butter, @ 20,; jo lbs. Coffee. @ ,S^; 30 gals. Molasses, ® 50^. lo.-Sold Aaron Masters, for Cash, 30 gals. Molasses, @ 50// jo lbs. Rice, @ 6f^ ; , box Soap, 75 lbs., @ lop. ©"7/"''^ C/.r*'. Salary in Cash, $13. -Bought of Alvin Simnu.^, on %, J5 bbls. Crushed Sugar, 2520 lbs. '^;r^"'^,'!i 9"^' '^'^'^''^ ^''''''^'' ^'''-'''''"'^'^o.-Sold Alfred Gibson.on^^ „. lb, ^ „^. 50 lbs. English Dairy Cheese, G^ 2j(f ■ 2< lbs Rir^ (?h rd c„/j r-i. , ,1^ l ,, /. ' ^^ ' ®-^°)'' 3 boxes Soap. 2,0 lbs.. ® lo^. ^' ' ' ® ^^- ~ ^"^'^ ^^""^^ ^"'"^"^ """^ ' ^ ^^'- ^'"'"'"' ®50f: 33'o7s'!l% ^"'' "■^"''"•^^^ of Edward Drager, $ - Sold F. A. Lueben.for Cash.2bbls. Crushed Sugar, i7.~Sold A. N. Farlow, on % . 30 lbs. Rio Coffee. @ 20)/; 100 lbs. Crushed Sugar. @ 11 ft. I9.-Paid Cash, in full for our Note, favor of Chicago Tea Co., dated Feb. 6, and due this day, $824.60. of%7$Z!^'!''''" ^/--,/- Cash. SCO lbs. Crushed Sugar, @ rr^. - Jieceived Cash of Charles Marshall, fuU \ ^^^-/>a.V/ Alvin Simmons, Cash in full of% , $252. - Sold Samuel Barter., for Cash, 4 hf chests Tea, 225 lbs., Jatrn^fi.'^'^TJZK"^' ""7" ' '''"^'- ^"^^ ^"^'"'' '^^° lbs., @6f^.- Received Cash, in fuU of B. BurUni\ Note of the 3rd ult., $96.50 ; also for E. Carroll's Note, $75. Total $17^.50. ' aS.—Paid Cash for Store Rent. $100. Inventory .—Merchandise on hand, $2500. [The Farhbxs' 7S0O /6s., @ 4)1 ; r/. — Sold Jamci Manual.] V V V V V HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. DAY BOOK. 49 ^iQeStHHced •J " 'a ^ii(R't'a.tit€C'UeJ' 30 r^SO. 00 JJJ. So y. fi/cJ itu-'^/nttt/^A y^^" yr^/ J^^ot:,^^^,i, # ^^.^._ 7^' ■30 'i^Ttaa I to- \y-o- . .... ■"—'^"^"'"^■^^^^^^"■^^ ' ' ■ ^O // r/ts/^ (G/7n., 6(f0 ^., u. J(f(f, d&>^0 //O 'fOO -ftia. Q^p.u^4 ]i^rUiy, ii2-^«f^«, @ ^^p, - - - - _U. (}() f ZHZZL 60 ^. ^PtOtn., @ ^Of, yV^, 0^ ^^ " "^^^©/cf;^, .-•■. 4c yfc 1 pO'tt-ai fi^ ^J'lit^ ttU^i^ (^re-i*. Or *^'^1> ^U> ■c^a i^ri' IL/-0: 7' ■j^' •4--a^.i »cti^ ^ iQ-a.iin' -a^ ^^•/ptU-^Rif- vtn^ ^^/i-mTft^o^n^, f^^D^tf f::^ti'ntti^ ^(yrU'Ui-)-!. , ^l- {Q'^^^- ^ '^ '/p. ■Cf/Cii'U' ^ Oi^ u^^^. , rfu^, iy(t ui/fo^ tf^ ■niyft- ti^ -tfy^ ■d s, C^^ ^ Q. lQfi.iu>^'ii i^»/», «4« ^Zft-u;/ -/, Y(S. 00 •M- ^ tM^JQftif^ j/t)4. J^^in '^he'H.'t, (fJ^ /-/ yji? ^s^ y/j o?/ /■// ^. ^ ci"^ c^^ / -■5\ /// /^^ f^ 1/ V V V [The Farmers' ^M Manual.] (fj^ 60 ■/-/ ■/6S so ^6^ /yj 60 c?/ -/// ^00 / ■6\ J0\ HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. V V V V V V -, / w*^ t:^^. < ^ ^to-e^tuvtiv-^ "^y^a^P^^ tti' n-n'n-rM^ <« 0-eui. V V V V V V ^^^^.z. c/ i-t!^tt^nfHitii ■aa-. /. t^/v-ei^

yentik) &/tHaei Hael^ » /yl^>l^/>t^'^^t/td ■me 'Olift, - '«» ^6/i^i €eecvctV'(t: . ■eUd'. ^(^UJ. '-W**?** J' W^ /Jo? c/J^'J cSO so ^^^4. (&«/. JO J of /J ?«aft vc/t.- C/uw-f^ ^^^^^-i.-^ 604 ^O '/OO ofJ^J ^^ ^^ M ^^ ^e^^t^tuJ^. /^^4 oT ^^^/ - '#^* y// soXS:/. 7 [The Farmer? H **^'"'*'"] n-' HOW TO KEEP BOOKS-LEDGER. V ^046 9^ d-5 c/c/c/^ 00 -/OO o?J^ J J-^ ^^ ^^ ^^d^ <^au/a4^ Samt^^i^i4,^ 57 M 58 HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. — LEDGER. [The Farmers' ^H Manual.] n<' ¥S^4- ^9 «rf«- ■K" c/JJ^ ^c c> ^o 6 ^%r/ c/^J^ 6o 6o e4^^€im^Se. /^4 Si/. / // J // oT ■nu 6 /J /Sf4. /JJ"^ J"*^ S;/. ^^ // /^oT ff cfJ^ ^^ // JciJ // ^JoT ofoT // tUi'fi, h-rui. ^ ■fii/tin^ ■eKtft. ©^?^^*«/j^f^«i#«^ "O/I, '^^ di. i-Mz^ed iten--fr, o^<-«-2^^<*^irf. T $ , ~fi ■ ^*w/ ^^u. Sold Stephen Whitney, , bbls. N. O. Sugar, @ $26.25, $78.75. Received in payment his Draft on II Williams at 10 days' sight. ^"*ji. un n. Bought ofS. A. Maxwell & Co., for Cash, set of Blank /looks for Store, $18 ^o Bought of W. H. Southard 200 bbls. Winter Apples, fe $2.50. $500. Gave in payment my Note at jo days for $200; Cash $200 ; balance on account, $. y ^ J ^^'e ai 30 Sold Louis Stinson 100 bbls. Winter Apples, ® $2.75, $275. Received in payment 200 bu. Potatoes, % r ,. $150 ; his Note at 15 days for balance, $ ' ^ /.'^. stock, %$io8, $1080 ; Cash, $1000. Total $2080, which he has invested in the business. $1.80, U TotaT$T' "'" "" "'""'"'' ^ '"'''' ^'^ ^''^''' ® ^'^' ^*'' ^ ^'"'" ^'"'''' ^'^'^'''' (^ Paid Cash for Postage Stamps $5. Sold Geo. Keller, on his Note at 60 days, 50 bbls. Winter Apples, @ $2.80, $140. Received Cash of W. Hunter, on account, $75. Paid W. H. Southard, on account, Cash, $60. Received Cash of H. Williams for Stephen Whitney's Draft cnt him at 10 days' sight, $787^ i "-^t^rJ^r^''^ ^"''" ^''"""' ^""^^ ^"^ '^'•' ® 7^' ^*'' '° '"^'^ ^«^^ Jiope %o lbs., @ 4, 1 T/A ^"^''i^""^f^'-'^So gals., @ 25^, $37.50; I5chests Y. H. Tea, 675 lbs., ® 45^, $30, -, Total, $415.25 Gave in payment Geo. Keller's Note of the igth inst. at 6% discount. Face of A, A ^iTnf'Tnif'^ ''^''' ^'■^^' '>'y^oteat3odaysfor$i50. Cask $100; balance on%, $.. ' i% ^ iZ' ZTT/' '° ''''''■ ^'"'"^'^ ^'"^^^ ® ^^-75, $67.50: 50 bbls. Winter Apples, & I $2.80, $140; 3 Mis. Oder Unegar, 90 gals., ^30^, $27 : 5 coils Inch Rope, 400 lbs., ©j/, $20; m\ bu. Potatoes, @ $1, $100. Total, $354.50. '^J}y<^^o. m\ Drew at 10 days' sight on f L. Holister, Moline, III., and. scounted Draft at First National Bank. FacA of Draft $51. Discount off, 25 f/. Net proceeds received in Cash, $50 75 Sold for Cash, Postage Stamps, $1.80. Sold f P. Wheeler 50 bu. Potatoes,® 85 ff, $42.50; 3 bbls. N. Y. Salt, @ $2.80, $8.40; 5 coils Inch PoM I 400 lbs ® 5^, $20. Total, $7o.go. Received in payment his Note at 30 days for $50; Cash for bal\ Received Cash of W. Hunter, to apply on his account, $25. Received Cash for 6 per cent. Dividend on 10 shares Illinois Central Railroad Stock, $60 Paid my Note, favor fD Field & Co., before due: also int^st on same to date. Face of Note %^oo\ "ivT T f • '' '"'"' "' "^'^ *'-^^- '^''"'^ ^''"■73- ^-- - /'y-'-' Sight /raft on W d\ Waller for $200 ; Cash for- balance, $ '^j^on n.u.\ Sold A. / Bailey 2 bbls. Cider Vinegar, 60 gals., ©30^, $18: 5 bbls. N. Y. Salt, @ $2.75, $13 7. • 10 m I paj men, Cash, $100 ; his Note at 30 days for balance, with 6% interest added. Balance of Bill, $1,6 ;,- interest added 75 f Face of Note, $137.50. '' ' *" -^ •'•" Received of W. D. Waller, on account, his Note at 30 days for $75; Cash, $60. Total, $135 Louts Stinson has paid his Note and interest thereon in Cash. Face of Note, «/5c .• M^re.t m v.,,. A 8^0,50?. Total, $125.50. J '^- -e. ,,.,_. IThe Farmers' Manual.] 'our (Si $6, $300. s Boston Crack, rs $20. Total $^11. '■ his Draft on H. • Central Rail) oad\ ncss. stoti Crackers, (9 I HOW TO KEEP BOOKS. (TRANSACTION TO BE WRITTri. ..« fI™.''"»''^^«^^™«O^.MAEOH 31,18 10 66/s. Minnesota Flour, 3 bbls. N. O. Sugar, - - u . 50 bu. Potatoes, ... ^'5 boxes German Soap, 600 lbs., '. 5 boxes Boston Crackers, . ' . 10 chests Young Hyson Tea, 430 lis . s sacks Rio Coffee, 10 shares Illinois Central R. R. stock 3 '^o'^^'-'I^ent of Store, paid in advance, OS ® ® @ @ @ $ 6.00 22.30 ■75 .07 1.60 ■45 12.50 ® 106.00 ® 75^00 Cash on hand, Bills Receivable on hand. Bills Payable unpaid, ^'^rsonal Accounts owing me, - Personal Accounts I owe, C. E. Kelleys Net Capital at closing. BESULTS FEOM THE LEDGER. t245T.47 262.30 350.00 5450 66.60 4206.87, «a nal Bank. Fau\ • coils Inch Rope, o; Cash for bd-\ FORMS OF NOTES, [The Farmers' HOW TO WRITE ALL KINDS OF NOTES. 1. THERE IS NO EXCUSE for any one not to be able to write a Note or fill out a printed form. Every- body should be familiar with the common form. It takes but little study and little practice to attain that accom- plishment to be able to write a note correctly. It is one of the mcst common and simple business papers. 2. FORMS.— In the copies which follow there are all the different kinds of forms ustd in business; also all the different forms of Indorsements, and further on in this work will be found the law explaining all the dif- ferent forms of business papers arranged for ready ref- erence. COMMON FORM OF NOTE. Form I. ^.imM.. !9m..%^-'1. ^:^..:A.^iJM, \ /^c^ 1^..^.t...^^~^^*'-^^*^ ^^ ■>('«>! ///--(^^ikie^ ,^n.t/^ /CO ..©1 ue. r rtian^ The above Note is a form commonly used in almost all business transactions where an ordinary form required. Most all printed forms are similar to this. dinary form is Manual.] FORMS OF NOTES. A NOTE BY A PERSON WHO CANNOT •S form a. WRITE. -^■■'^^^^A...MA.-.o£. J ./£ /j^^j -/CO. // ^^nnt) ^Pori./, ^^^M^^. The above Note is given by a person who cannot write All th«tT^ T ^ ^ he mark" or s.mply touch the pen while the mark is b" „e made !L .T'''''^ '' ^°'' ^'- Thompson to make iorce as though he had been able to write his name h Lse f TlTt ""'T ' ''^^' ^°"-- «'"1 ^^ - "^ .v.tness written at the left, as in the above copy ^"''' ^°^^^*^'' ^^ witnessed and the name of the ON DEMAND. Porm 3. « r/l^r/ = /CO ^; ©ue <22l(f/.^^ 'QtVunnui. ■' 0^;^: ™t ;r:ruwr,' .^r»= ^ • '** -"- °" -- =«- ..^d.p,>.„.„,~ presentee^ Forms of notes. Form 4. [The Farmers' vWj. rr/Zei t/n,/e, (Q/- ^if>.fnuit> /et Any, /ti- Sln-m-cA (^. t-n-€. ■nt-o-'yi-i ■n-ifc-o'^ 2 :-ttcitt. % n.-itii> i^iicei'it, ^lt!^t-n'U ^/ Ct^/tt^u-nUn-zti., ]li. PAYABLE AT BANK. Form 8. /J^^^ .@^^£./w^i.^., (Q//yua^O, -Af^/f; U^tc ^cn^ ^l.t>.7^t. t/n/i>, Qf- yun^nt:it^ /o- /i.y-L,„,.rJ. '^Q. (^^/!^ '^in-^^'Ai..^ yt^i ^iM, (O/u't^ ^u.t^i^'P (^i/u../^!,c ^f^/Znl^ ^r^.^y^l-^A ^^^, ru^ //^ ■/i-nmrs' /l-n-Zt^c^n-ei/ ^n-rt.-/^, -tui^M ticv-cti /i,t.i -cen-/. i^-n/cUj//^'^ ■rruit Icvcf-iteet. ^■nli'^■y^-■rl■^^. JOINT AND SEVERAL NOTE. Form 6. '00. 00. t-. Manual.] LIEN AGREEMENTS. 67 St. Marys, Out., June 20, 1895. NoTE.-Thi9 Order Is not to be binding on the Massey-Harris Co., Ltd., [ until received and ratified by tliemf i The Massey-Harris Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont. required°for"":se'rrfeonL°U?ht Bi-'iPr' c ir^J'i,t''"'''Tf°''' "" % »'"'"' ^'* "«>■ "^ /'"^ "ex., or before v^hich I agree to pay you r.. A «... ;;il> S!>?^^-: fe'^ - I^Z-l^s.^^'^^rbli^aSlr.!^^-- ^- No e for l^f:?^''T '^^^ ''■■«' '•''? ofy««„„rr, .896, with Interest at 7% No P fi?r 1/^ '^''"''.u*'' « ""i day of y»,,^, ,&A with Interest at 7% Payable at Ban. of A/oS^/^S ^' " ^' "'■"""""'•'' "'^^' ""' '""^'^" " '^ Th,s Machine to be warranted as per Manufactures' Printed Warranty, endorsed lu-reon, and I agree to settle for it I further «c.r„ , f . , ^ ^ "'™'' ^^ ''°°" ^' '' '^ '^'^'■'ed and fills the Warrant;. ^ *- '"' " iiliiiii^^PfpH rni?tX^L?r'.'ru4^^yi-paiHE'g;?i^''^^^^^^^^^^^ prlc^liria^ili"-^ ""'^ agU'e".lleaTrercU^i'nS'e'?^'f°^rc?in'l^'r iu^ p^lr" ''"-^^''■•- Agent, E. Raimie, (Signed) JOHN YOUXG. P-ted'oI^tllll^SS^Ei^S^!^^^ use to induce the farmer to buy a machine. Th^ey eo accord"nfto O^e wr'Z^^^^ agreement otthe.r agents, nor for the argument he may understands the conditions of tL order and warr^n^-bX^^'S^'ir, ^Z^:^:^::.^t:^:^::r:^^^:^ ^""^ He intzman & Co., Piano Manufacturers, .17 King Street West Toronto will nV.. f Toronto, Ont., Apnl 3, ,895. Pianos, No. 1254, for which / agree to pay F.O.B. in Toronto ^!co no wiTh ';„? P'^ase furnish me with one of their style "G" payable as follows : /-^//y i?«//a?^ ,,w,il jodaysa/ZreclMnlr fheP^'Jald/ZT; '*'? ?"' °' V"" P" '^'^"•' P^r annum, year and two years respectively from date of frst payment ^ ' ' '"''""" '" '"'" '''"'"^ P«y>nents, payable in one .said nS^^^'JLtt^^nT^'^:^^l^^^^^^^ at Oran.erille without the consent of injured, or not returned to Heintzman & Co on demLd^agree to%ay the fuU va W °^'^'' ''""" ''-'"'^ '''^■1-'™^^''' I (we) agree not to countermand this order- alan if »>,„ Ju o- • ^ ^ *"'"' '^"*"° "'"'^e mentioned of $450.00. shipment, thin the whole amouTtThillte^mrdul'^weUg^^^^^^^ rhe'fkWoI"-/^^'""? ',? "Terms" of order within thirty da^^ after i^?!"'.""'" y°'"' property till then, although notes or acfemancesmlv h^vitl.?'''^ '^'''"° ""^^ fnl^ht^f ^^°" ?*■*"' "''S"y''""''°"' process Sf law, to takfaXemovesnf^^^ account, and in case of dcfaSlt of aSy o ?he «rb7o:^^t'Sd-a^sVrTn?a7l=Cr^e'V;fr^r^^^^^^^^^^ orS^.S'i„T!:r"''''"''^''°"'-^'-^'''"^''^-'vin^aX%"^^^^^^^^^^ Witness, D. Sedgwick. Jf. A. McKIA'NOiV. call taUe^away the goods witho^ut process oh.^lZ t^ ^^i^^ ^ f^^' pSr^h'a^sertat T^Z'^^^Tin tl Th^e itt pTySTe-n^ the event of the said Instrument being injured7deftrrved or noVbeinf t^ff H "/ ,V-»ll^.»''-YS«hich sum / agree to pay in in good order, reasonable wear excepted. "^""^"y^"' ""^ "°' being returned to JoTin Smith & Co. on demand, fFee of expense, ^^^^^o.'^J^"fDXT^^^^^ 0/ four Hundred and Fifty Dollars, payable as each, respectively, from date offrstpayment,Zd,"tereitnu^^^^^^ '" '«""'' "'"""'"^"'^ of Fifty Dollars} $50.00) But until the whole of the"^purcfiase monerbrnald tL s^ifd ^i-^,,^^^^^^ f se^e" per cent, per annum from date of agreement. onhirebyme.andshallnotbe^emovedronfthep^remises where n3defv^^^^^^^^^ ""TT "'^ P™P'^'"'>' °^>*« •^""■'* ^ <^°-. Instrument without the written consent of>/!,„^«,Kc<, And in def^^ ^.^f M ' ""■• ^^al any attempt be made to remove the purchase money, at the times above stated respeciveir or at anv ti^e or ,i„?l Tu ^?' P^^""""' "f ^"^ ^"'"'''■"ent of the said may hereafter be extended, or of the said montMy remil „ advLce /X/ W^ the payment thereof, or any part thereof, themselves liable to any action or actions for so doinJ^ en.Pr ^m.,„ . J. ^m,th & Co.. or their agents, may, without rendering resume possession thereof, without any prc^^ou^deman^fl'thoueh a'Trto? .fl'if'"'''^ "■'""'^ *''^ '"''^ '''''"° ''"''■•'« "'«y «>«. ="d Notes Draft or Drafts, given on account thereof^ndal hough ?hes?u,e miv br.l '^ ,T"!? """^ 'l^^^.l^^en paid, orl Note or for sale being conditional and punctual payment bei^nre^ssentfairithnMn,? 'I" rS ""''^•^^ assumedbythem, and bein returned in B-ood order nnv.„,^^fr-i ' ^ut in the event of the said Piano Forte beinir so for rent, an^d any 'expenses incur™ reduce to tf^^^^^^^ Notes or Drafts received on account of the purchase m!nev arc to be rp.nfn ?H ''"emimder, is to be repaid to mo, and any money and interest, no rent or hire is to be charged tiTme returned to me at maturity. On payment in full of purchase Co., JL"{:;i'i[^iz'vl::^:'^iz%'i 34'6'*i^,dTh:rerv wf ;:: 'airv:r'b'"r "' ""^ ■■'^^^^■"^"' i*"-^''" -^-'^ -'<>''« ^""'^ ^ not entitled to receive credit at any t me for mv monPvfwM X^ f ''?' ■Yr^em';"'^ ""' '■"■'"'died herein and agree that I am Notes or Drafts which may have b^eenTai^^/nt'/ther^,: at'ou^roLald'prhte'm^tf '''''' "" ""' '' '''^ "--""' "f any of the Toronto. Ontario, May 6th, .895. Signature JOHN HANDCOCK. » . . 'f L — ^ Address jj^ Ontario Street ' ' Signature. JOHN HAXDCOCK. session™^th:''SoIF^S^^^^SS^^^ agrees to pay back part of the money to tlie purchaser! company, on assuming the instrument for b.-ick paymei.t. ■"-is n 1 .) 58 FORMS OF NOTES, JOINT NOTE. Form 9. [The Farmers' 0.JfO,,, ,. w;^.^,_^ ^£ 'n0 ■efn?e- f-ntii —-••■^^^•^?^...:r^':^!^:::!.».15^ ^^^ '^"'^^ -^../iomf^^ /c^/aj^ 'A ■nn-nu-^^. ^emins_y.p^c_ ^^^. ^'^.....<:r^^£...i^A. fS?! /^. ■CCft i/ctea/ n-'^ ^fentit A sale, without den.an.ling payment of this Note or debt ".hL '"T"- 1 "'?'''' '° ""' ^"•"'^^ ^' P""^'- - P-atc as n,uch thereof as .ay be necessary, to the payLnt If h Jnoiand" n '"' ""'"' ""'^ "'^P'^ '^^ P— ''^. ^^ responsible for any deficiency. '^ ' '°''' ^"'^ ''" "^""^^'^ "Pe"^« or charges, holding ^»,,. ny^ '^~^^... ^^i-itite'/ii. case the claims of the Note are not met. A Collateral Note may represent case the Morto-o„» . 1VT ^ P^'"''"" ^•<^'nands some other secu- case, the Mortgage and Note are assigned, and they can be sold in any paper can be put np'as cSS l^^^ '^'''^'^'' ^' ^onds, or several notes without mortga. ge, or roost = /^ dff. A Company'; cation is not n'ec [The Farmers' I one or both ection should fuei. ^eti ^i. hich O^ ir private ceeds, or )ther secu- be sold in 2, nr most Manual.] FORMS OF CHECKS, HOWTOWRITEandFILLOUT ALL KINDS OF ■l'(B«b8,|f9naft8.4,^ Naperville, III., .^,»,^.,^^ 189. 'S^^f^i'*-' y-^le/nn- This Check is the common fc -m and does not require indorsem'iut. It is drawn by Mr. Jordan himself for the purpose of drawing money out of the Bank for his own use. Form 4. -^U (^. <^^ *2-i^el , a "e:_??''^^°'".e "g^t or claim uoon r)vvi<.i,f t. . "^ -^\ William Aldrich A mo-hT n^tiv • ''•^ ' ""^ ^^'^^ "Pon Dwieht Pprr^r K^r ^ ch. A Sight Draft is simply a demanS for paySntTa "S.^ tnTTmon'e^"'* '""^ '^""^^^ ^^^^^^^ 2^£ 5%^....C_._/j^, Jt-a-///. :^..^^: t«^^ interest Th^,, 6-"'='«u a use as the mierest. They are, however, generaUy .-se 72 ■;; "]: FORMS 01 DRAFTS. Form B. [The Farmers OERTIFIOATE OF DEPOSIT. mmmWmmkm BmM *]" op 9U» J'i ^0. J£,, ^!^.:...M'-. ^I^/{i;.L , /nJ ,,'^cA'::::fc^'',..ny, ''f.ua^i^,^^ '^^-:f:{^'fg^.,;:s^;^gf.,^.i?::.„./;i^:g.. _„ Q^^JC:^, $-/:^r;6^-~ li/f ^c/a^. yiiiJ- ,/ ^^i-rt-y-tii^/6^yi''n''yeu.U«n'f-'yj(,<.c^tt^ . /•:•■ __ ^:^^ »it/cl/yai'X'''ytnt)^i^iJ ^a^el^ytA^te^ Wfgp INTEREST TO OEA3E AFTeit TWELVE MONTHS. ^^rtmuff ^^%-nt^n/''. 'IC ■^t Tbi- is a Certificate of Deposit used by Banks to accommodate those who desire to use 1he Bank as temporary security i )r money or for interest, as the case may be. Where a Certificate of Deposit is given, the holder canuot draw the amount out by issuing Checks, but the Certificate itself has to be presented for indrrsement. Form '0, %J.Ml:... Madison, Wis., "Q'/imJ^^, /sod i^l-ee'^ Zcnr/l/P ^Sfzr ^nt/^ '^^^.^^^ ©ollars, W CUKDBI^T FUNDS. TT® K!l^TrO(IDK!l^[L [B^RUDS ©IF DLILDKQCDQ©^ (gKlDCS^dODo mJLn t,'rA 4^;' Cashier. This is a Bank Draft issued by one Bank up' aother. These Drafts are u. ioi . ctiding money to .'^oiiie party at a distance. They are bought at the LauK, inclosed in a letter and se di^stiuatiou by mail, lliai always best, however, to have the draft made out in your name and indorse it in fav i*^ . 'he person to be sent to, before sending it. It is the safest way. The abo always be sp< This Rece The Farmers ^^'^ ., <^^ vfe-l/yr^a/tiy' t//^. T&«rf-^(>^. as temporary holder canuot t. ollars, uRneriT puNDs. Cashier. loney to snine )y mail. It is j to be sent to, ^fANUAL.] FORMS OF RECEIPTS. .fgC EIPT FOR SETTLEM ENT OP AN ACCOUNT. 73 eceived./ m^...M^^^..^ 1 i^i/emnf-i.'f <2 ©ollar^. oc. ^^ '^ Q& Irrnei/, ahv a?st%Tcifiron a^SS " "^^' '"^ ^^^^^^"^ ^ -"'-ent. and whe";; rr/jPi i^ "■^c^'Pt. * — ^"'^"" "°'' Whenever a settkment is made, it should RECEIPT IN FULL OF ALL DEMANDS. ?.1?^' ttftt. ''::?(..J^, y<^^c '^^^^^^/._M.-e_„# ©^^, le^e^^., Dollars, ™.^f.!5.^i^.. ^ «44. This Receipt is similar to the first one and does J^^^..^.M4^.... not represent a long account, but simply a single transaction RECEIPT FOR RENT. 'S^ eceived ^.. f^'s '..'^^il^^^ZU-^ /^^i..?-.l...---^i. .^^.^/.,^.«^_^^^^^^^ ...&/.^ .^.../ Jtti//.n^ ^■w,-m.-ei.^n^'ft._ 74 I FORMS OF RECEIPTS. RECEIPT FOR A NOTE. [The Farmer^ rci-t^

■ ttmrttt. W RECEIPT FOR PAVMENT BV THE HAND OF A THIRD PARTV. teceived -/.^^.fS^-md^AA^ya^,.. L^ollars, tt/i.-t(P .■^_i^ff *tti^ /OO — --^-^^-f^^y^J^I^^^^^^ tt-e^e-yi-^ X^^t^lf^'JTI^^^'^^-y paid by a tWrd RECEIPT FOR PARTIAL PAYMENT OF AN ACCOV T.r. /.V-^ /. . ^o, -/dyj. oy,^pfH«p; c^p..../ ^SiZ^ ORDER FOR GOODS «* '^//^ff^'^tj, (CJ i-^^^^. G^ ' ^"^y -^^^ -^/o'^^. ittr-aei^ • *ra, O "^''^"'^""'•' /'«'X«-^» ^"r/„/jQU, z'~" '">>* ■^'-:&- L ORDER FOR GOODS TO COLLECT ( '?'^-/9J?„Z ntny' DEilVERY. ey-rt.u.n'en.n^ (^ *^w UWJ, -/d'^s ^^ /^'g'e i-ri-ott ■tttt«. , y rf tf ri-uitar. '■■ yi^tc^-e/J^, 1 78 FORMS OF ORT)KRS AND DUE-BILLS, ORDER TO BE PAID IN MERCHANDISE. |,The Farmers' itutrtnt t/a, ^^n»i4. , c/umiJ^ ■'/^, '/S^tS. DUE-BILL PAYABLE IN CASH. /^so^ <8Mu^,», tH/' ^ ^ Manual.] IThe Farmers' •WINDLINO SCHEMES / Do You Hear?---^ ^ ^ IVrrever Sign a Paper For a Stranger. The Famous Swindling Note. 7^ Q/rr/.U..^, (^l^ Q\^_^^ y^,,^^_ ^^ ye^r after date, I promise to vav^.^^(^ ■ . order Fo.r Hundred and ^..../.-SX\2 ifw^T^.T ''''''! ^'^ ®^''--^'-^>-^ I ^^lUy f^V^i'ii at c^/„„-^_ ~M«,^ ^"^ mim when iue. i, [sign a pape^ fo^ aSemme^d^uI'ngr '°"' "'^'""^ "^'''"^ ^^ — --g the same. It is dangerous to THE LIQHTNINQ-ROD SWINDLE. M^^J. c^..jf^.4/, please erect at your earliest convenience your Mtninl Rod. 1^: ^- S S ?^ ' "*^' ''""'-'^'"^ I'' your rules, of which said iS^^^ / ./ ^'^"^"'"'^ ^""^^ m'^^_%miagreetopayyou rent, s.^ / , ^''^ '^"'^ ^ ^^ i^e owner, for which m U If SS.00 eachMar^i^^rsTsoZZfl '"''tt"^''^"'^"'"'' ^^"^^ each for. anes, mi% a note due on theZ'^oV^J ^'^T^"'' '""^' '''' ^''^ --^^^^^^. - ^Sif'ITtSkm " J'"^^^ ^^y V cs^^-u^iy^ next, /^fS. xgK=. ^^ - 1, ,M Tfic DxanK for cents fh ^^ " ^""fff-.^^^- |pn?; ^ 5^^'ndlmg no- is generally obtained tl fh?^ *f "^",^'* *'?'^ agreed upon! " ^^*°'* »•»« 7. or some other figurt, 8o FORMS OF INDORSEMENTS. [The Farmers' i i HOW TO MAKE ALL KINDS OF INDORSEMENTS. SAME AS USED IN ACTUAL BUSINESS. BLANK INDORSEMENT. This is a blank indorsement of the Note Form 1. (See Notes.) This form of indorsement holds the indorser responsible for the payment of the Note, and it is the common way of indorsing commercial paper when it is trans- ferred, unless other forms are specified and agreed upo» INDORSEMENT IN FULL. I'liis indorsemi him to make indoi jto cover the transi m accepting paper This form of indorsemen' is what is called an indorsement in Full, and is Form 1, indorsed in favor of J. J I Pool, who now becomes the specified owner of the Note, and it not paid by the maker he can call upon Furbusk j to pay the Note. The liability is the same as in blank indorsement. HE Farmers' Manual.] FORMS OF INDORSEMENTS. INDORSEMENT WITHOUT RESPONSIBILITY. 8l ■ negotiable paper INDORSEMENT BY AN AGENT. I the indorser en it is trans' -SS ^ IL. ^«^^ \' -ccpting pap., iULSf™ S; " '"* '"»'" »»'■• "»' be HainSr<^ AND GENERAL MERCHANDISE. .>^..- J...A 7 ^ /^ V lie/ -Ti vt^f/i-ca-. ^- y(^^r/a. 9:^^, §,,S^ @ J^^ %/^«'/ GO / ■nft.t!ti t/i^e^ ^'M^.y S>0, /^J V/.^ 13 •r-s 84 FORMS OF BILLS. A BILL FOR WORK. [The Farmers (c^c/c^/ti.a'fjt^ ^^f^ti^/Zi., ^4^ i>t'<^<2--m4>i-. ■.,Jirt-,v. /, -/crfd W (f f^ety^ ' wo-ili: (Q^/uJ-zl^^t^) ^2f^■l'■^^■, % (0-/.^S, (^■^0. OC. ec»t.ve J' o ^a>my&d Q/^eytu-oHa (c^ y. ... .. ... ussee, ^. e::r idtilf 1 ::i:! r: rr -""" -- -- - - p.rfo,mi„, ,heeove„a„.s herein contained o„ ^, and .b.irTar't a d """"' "' '"'" ™'' ""'' "1 enjoy the said premises during the said ,er„ ■„. "">■ '"'""''' "" 1°»"> ""l" " ^ .he said Lessor, ^i heir, L ., "!, T' -t ""' " '"°"' '""'"""' " *'"■"■"-" °'' '-•■" i:^^ ^LSO. that If tbe term ber,; .Z: . ^ t 7"" ':"'"""'^ """" '"" " ""- rr::::^;::::::-:^::—— ^ AV/^>r:;;:£;;^ "^^S^.^^ .. . "' "'" '-"""^"^/^^^^^^ * -«' ^^aU, nevertheless, be ^s^i£:;~ r "^ ^~^^^'^^'^ '^^-^^^-^ ^^^'^' ^^^ ^-- — 8; 88 CHATTEL MOHTOAQE. HOW TO WRITE ALL KINDS OF MORTOAOES. MORTGAGE Olg PERSOIBAL PROPERTY. [The Farmers' ZbiQ JnbentUre, made (in duplicate) the Q%r.//day of aZ/ry, one thousand eij,.ht hundred and nenc/^.f/ier/ anc/ <2^ Dollars' of lawful money of Canada to /cm \n hand well and truly paid by the Mortgagee at or before the sealing and delivery of these Presents (the receipt whereof se r:.?"'.' "r^'^'f^'''^^''''/' ^"■""'t'^ ^-r^^^..^ ^oUl and assigned and by these Presents W 1>S bargain sell and assign unto the Mortgagee, his executors administrators and assigns ".irt,ain ALL AND SINGULAR J^a gocids chattels furniture and household stuff hereinafter particularly mentioned and described: &ne /oa> 6^ot>e, J yfa/"/ e/aiu, / /al' 6^anr/, 20 6^uale ^c,u/^ ^/ m/c/o/'/f, iuae o/ /,ai/ol /tiint^uie eon/aenin^ /O /uecei, / Qy/^aio,. j^ ^/ovc, 6emiy „iac/uue, -^ AmYc^ /er/i^o.n /arttYuic, ^M ^uifA woo/eay,eif, all which said goods and chattels are now lying and being on the premises situate on J2^^ oAZm/ci, (^n iu /^ ^7iif/ "^onceiiion o/ ^/fe (^t^nAi{iA C5£iVr5 and every matter and thing herein contained shall cease determine and be utterlv \oid to all intents and purposes anything herein contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding': AND the Mortgagor for /e^nie^ /,\j, executors and administrators shall aad will warrant and foreNxr defend by these Presents all and singt,lar the said go«i> chattels and properw- unto the Mortgagee ^> executors administrators and assi^t« against Arm the Mortgagor his executes and administrators and against all and every other person or persons whomsoever. AND the Mortgagor doth hereby for /i-^n^e^ du executors and ' " " lii^iiii (Thin .j ..-.. and Agree to and with the Mortgiigee du executors administrators ana assigns that the Mcjrt!-—'- ■ executors or adminis- trators or some or one of them shall and will well and truly pay or cause to bt , xo the Mortgagee ^J executors administrarors or assigns the said sum of monev in the ^9ov£ prowso mentioned with intere^ for the ITvf //T^^i °"i f '*"'* *''"^'* ''"'^ '" *'''= "'''""^'' ^""'^^ '•™t^'i 'o'- the payment thereof: And also in case default ^^all he^madej,i the payment of th^ said sum of money in the said proviso mentioned or of the interest tt:crcc:i cr „,y ^. inw.cor or ui case tilt iiortgagor shaii attempt to sell or dispose of or in anv wav part with the p^sesswn "t^ejaid goods and chattels or any of them or to remove the same or any pan thereof out of the 10ot€^ o^ yoid or suffer or permit the same to be seized or taken in execution without the consent of the Mortgagee ii(4. eiKcutors admimstrators or assigns to such sale removal or disposal thereof first had Manual,] OHATTKL MOHTOAOm. ^^^Sri^J^JIJS?!,^:-"- "•'S men and in such case it sh-ill -.,,1 . . ■ ' '"'■ ■" ""■■ "'" l""« >•> P«y and reimburse ^i,„ J „ „ ' ''•■' ""'" """ ""' "< "" P""-* oKl y« He .„ ., „.„„ „, „,„ p,„^„,. ^^^ z .; :r :r r" : " ™"' °' ■"■-•■■ » -^ administrators or assigns to spII ^ ^- ""' ''^ '"^umbent on the Mortgagee ^x .v , iMort^ag.e, ^^.^ executors administrators or -is«i<,n. ,., '' "'">' ''« ''*wful for the e.>io.v the said goods and chattels .ith ^ rX"' ^" ""''^ '" ^^^ '^'^ "^ ^P^ P--^ an Mortgagor. ^, executors administrators or as^nT 7 " rr" ""'""" "^ '■""^^"•'^- «^ ^^ ^^e ^^^Z, the Mortgagor doth hereb, further ^3 "^ "" "■■ "'^'" ^^^^°" ^ ''--"■^ ^'--oever : administrators and assigns that ii case ^^Z^^::^ T7 ^"^ ^^^ ''' ^^^-^ ^^ — not be sufficient to pa, the whoie amount duT: trt^ f I "' ^"^' ^^'^ ^^ ^''--'-'-'^ ^Ha,, administrators shal, and wi„ forthwith pay or ca L! jTe T ^'" ^'^ """'''T'' ^^ --"-^ ^ 5^^"tK^"t^^^'^"^ ^" -'^h sum or sums of monev 'l '" ""'" ''' ''°''*^^^^^' ^^ --"'ors adminis- J^ t^Mortg^or doth put the Mrgag'eT?„"The"S„'"pr;elL'n"rs:r ^^^''^" "^ ----^' due : ^"" "^^'^ ^^^en^ in the name of all the said .ood H . "^^ "' ^'^"^"^ ^'y delivering to ./'/'0^/Z>^i. that until default shall hanne . I ' '^'"''^ '* ^'^^ ^^'^""^ -^ delivery hereof -- - — d. the Mortga^ stK: LT^tlird^-r^otsXr"^^ ^ PT^ -P^''-^. or AND the Mortgagor Ccv.nants with th. M . Possession and use of the said goods and any and every renfwal thereTzr/.t Sa-eSfef^rniiSe! -^-f"-ce of this Mortgage and -nsurance office (authorized to transact business in Canadl T '''""' " °'' "^^^^ "^ «- ^ -- Dollars and wi„ pay all premiums and moneys nce^r;;;!: ^""^ "'"" '^^^ ^'^" ^'^ ^^^^^^^ Hen^and assign and deliver over to the said Mortgagee il f^'"^^ '^ ^'^ ^^"^ '^'^"'"^^ ''"^ ^"'^ ^^"" - <'< .nsurance and receipts thereto appertaining: t^Ltat ^ d^ T^ ^^"'"'""^^ ^'^ ''''' ^ ^^"^'- '" -noney by the Mortgagor the Mortgagee k exT ^o h" " ''^""^^"^ "' '''' ''^"^^^ - -- of mnn»,r „!,-!. . .. . ^^ ' '^'^ ^''e-'utors or administrato--- mnvrav ,(, 89 (onfu. (^o ^oc. 90 OHATTML MonroAae. NOV TO WRITE ALL KINDS OF MORTGAOES. MORTGAaE UK PCKSUIUAL PHOPEHTY.-c.m. (The Farmers Onlano: County of York. ) / Thomas Lennox, the Mortfrat^ee in the Corcfroinf,' Bil of Sale by way of ii' W/. I Mortgatre named make oath and say : That John Ridt' vhe lortfjajfor in the forcfjoinff Bill of Sr.le by vva> of Mortjjage named is justly and truly indebted to me, this deponent, the Mort},'a^ee therein named in the sum of Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars mentioned therein. That the said Hill ot Sale by way of Mort^fajre was executed in good faith and for the express purpose of -ecuring the payment of the money so justly due or accruing due as aforesaid and not lor the purpose of protecting the goods and chattels mentioned in the said Bill of Sale by way of Mortgage against tie creditors of the said John Ridd the Mortgagor therein named or preventing the creditors of such Mortgagor from obtaining payment of any claim against him. Sworn be/ore me at the City of Toronto, in the County of York, ) this Tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord, 1896. /. E. HANSFORD, ) . A Commissioner for faking Affidavits. TBOS. LENNOX. Ontario : County of York. 1 /, Chas. ( 0, of the Township of King, in the County of York, Clerk, To ]l'H; f make oath .ind say: That I was personally present and did see the within Bill of Sale by way of Mortgage duly signed sealed and delivered by John Ridd one of the parties thereto and that the name Chas. Coe set and subscribed as a witness thereof is of the proper handwriting of me this deponent and the same was executed at the City of Toronto, in the said County of York on the lotli day of May, 1896. Sinorn before me at the City of Toronto, in the County of York,] this Tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord, 1896. \ CHAS. COE. J. E. HANSFORD, ] A Commissiuner for taking Affiu'avils. (2%'ej REAi. ESTATE MORTGAGE. &nl8 jllOCntUVC, m,- .. >;« Jv-plicate) the o/t'u/ day of Qyy'ovefn/ei-j in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety Tee. In pursuance of the Act respecting Short Forms of Mortgages ; BETWEEN o/iand Qyimm, 0/ me o/otemdyiift. 0/ SuAma&iaj tfp /^ &oan^u 0/ Q/le^j o/^aim-eAj A-eieina^ei, ca^i&c/ /^ Qy/Coi/aaaolj 0/ f£e QJ^ti6^ (^ai/, Q/^ai,u ^ane QT^nimj me wi^ tt/ Me ^ai't/ Q^ia?iA &^ii/^j 0/ ^/le &^cone/ G^i^ ant/ Q/}em^o»i cM>en€/eUonj 0/ me C^i/caae 0/ (^^inei^ouj in me date/ ^oun/u 0/ &ieyj o/leaf 0i/a^e ana Q/niuiance OS/aen^j fyeieina/tei, eaffee/ //fe QJcoi,^aaaee, 0/ //ic &yin^ /^ ®^'^'^ **^«>C and Taxes and %«^. -X l:.^ LAND CONTRACT. HtttClCS Ot -ClQtCCITlCnt»niade(induplicate) this First day of June A.D. iSyb; BETWEEN ]o\m Dixon of the City of Toronto in the County of York and Province of Ontario, Builder, (the Vendor) of the First Part, and Hugh Grant of the said City of Toronto, Merchant, (the Purchaser) of the Second Part: IVITNESSETH thaA the vendor for himself his heirs, executors and administrators agrees to sell to the purchaser his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns and the purchaser for himself his heirs, executors and administrators agrees to purchase from the vendor his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns that certain property known as No. 212 Carlton Street in the said City of Toronto and described as Lot Number 6 on the North side of Carlton Street according to Plan D igo, together with the appurtenances, subject to an existing Niortgage of $3,500.00 becoming due in about two years from date hereof and bearing interest at 6 per cent., for the pricj of $6,000.00, payable, $100.00 upon the signing of this agreement, by assuming the said Mortfrage of $3,500.00 as part of the said consideration, the further sum of $900.00 in 30 days from date hereof and the balance of $1,500.00 shall be secured by a Statutory Mortgage on said premises payable in three equal consecutive annual instalments of $500.00 each bearing interest at 7 per cent.; on the following terms: The purchaser shall examine the title at his own experse; shall not require the production of any abstract of title, title deeds or evidences of title not in the possession of the vendor; shall stale his objections, if any, thereto in writing to the vendor or his solicitor within ten days, otherwise the title shall he deemed to have been accepted; if any valid objection be made which the vendor may be unable or unwilling to satisfy, he may cancel this agreement by notifying the purchaser in writing to that effect and thereupon shall return all moneys paid on account hereof without interest; the vendor shall prepare and tender the Deed of Conveyance at his own expense and the Mortgage shall be prepared by and at the expense of the purchaser; all taxes, rates, interest, insurance and rent shall be adjusted to the date hereof and thereafter assumed by the purchaser. This Agreement shall be performed within 30 days from date and Time shall be strictly of its essence. In Testimony whereof the said parties have hereto set their hands and seals. Witness: \ or /> (^. Jf. 0, c/^anA/o'te/j Solicitor, Toronto. SEAL. (i/ntMiA. (X/'Ur/n/', ,/ SEAL. Manual.] QUIT CLAIM DEED. ^bf6 JnbentUre, .ade ,. dup„cate) the ^^,,, or ^ . . thousand ei^ht hundred h y 7^ ''^^ ''^^^'^^ '" 'he year of our Lord one ^ht hundred and ....^^.^^ ^^r^^^^ M/^^.. 7/7//, ./'/Z ^^ ^. . '" ''"" ■""" ■>' "■« '"" p«.v or,^, i^u^„ ., „ ,„.„-;7f ■ "'""^ " ^""^ •" '^- Est... RIsh, Ti„. ,„,„.„ „.,„ ,„, ,.„,„, „kL,„^.°r t/„ , " '"" """ •"''^- '■'"'" ■^" "■« '»-"'• "" '"" """'' »f "-^ ^*^P". ■& h.i™ .„d „„■,„. SUBJECT IfEVESTffELESS to Ih tvJlJVESS whereof the said oarties fn ti,».^ Si,n.a, S,aU, an, Deli^^re, '"""'^ "^^^ ''^^«""^° -' '"eir hands and seals. ' ^ ^^. ^^ IN THE PRESENCE OF SEAL. SEAL. County of Oxford IV W!ir u 3- r^«/ I know the sairo" rZ "'""'*' ""^ "^'="'«'' ^^ "^e said Town of Woodstock. fis Fifti^ day of Jut i^" t^t^^^^Z JS^^''""^^ °' °''^-''| -*. -£■. BURK, \ ^^- ^- ffANSFORD. A Commissiontr for taking Affidavits. ! 1 1 raf piii M 'I ■* 94 STATUTORY SHORT FORM DEED.-(o«/''rio.) [The Farmers' XtbiS JnbCntUVe, made (in duplicate) the Wpf//eeu//f d-iy o( d/i/^/eni/et, one thousand eight hundred and ninel^j^/cw, in Pursuance of the Act respecting Short Forms of Conveyances: BETWEEN anr/ Movcnce / 0n^aico, <^en^/ema.., ///^ ^f^ /y- ae/mea^uiemhtt one ^unr/ nevertheless to the reservations limitations provisoes and conditions '^r^^rX'S^^^^^^^^ '-''■ °^ "^^ ^''^'-'' '"'-' '' '-' ''' ''''' " convey the said lands to the said party of the //ne/pan notwithstanding any act of the said party of the ANriL the said party of the //ele/p.rt shall have quiet po3sesslon of the said : free from all ^S'^thTraid party of the first part Covenants with the said party of the //eie/ p^rt, That he will execute such further assurances of the said lands as may be requisite. ^y. / . ,n.. . . u a J^JJ the safd party of the first part Covenants with the said party of the //,i«/part, That he has done no act to incumber the said lands. z' / / AND the s» J parly of the Br.t part /•■ "" "'"■"'"ely »">! every p.r. .ber.of: «"' ^"'^l »».iened ^„.^^ „^^^,^ «,„/ ,//e^, , >J/V-7i.i, ..L . ^e<^ and every of 'hem tnat the said party hereto of the Second Part ^k -y fro„ ti.e to tin,e. and at a., ti.es hereafter Z^l T^'!"'" ^'^--^'-'ors and assigns, sha« and -«//^... own use and benefit, without a^.anne of " ''"' "^^^ ''^'■^°^' ^" «"^ ^^ ^^ ^vHatsoever of. fro. or by ^^ ,he said party of e F it^"^' """'"''"' '"°'^""'°- ^'^■•- ^ ''-and S^aVt' ^rtr-.'- ^'^^^' -'^ ^-.y and absoiute.v r.^^' .' " '"^ ''^"°" °^ "-^""^ ^"— er. — ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ or to Cail an; 95 96 LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT. [Thb Farmers' estate, right, title or interest of, in, or to the said hereby assigned^4 c/faf'/e/i. anc/ e^ce^i. and every of them, and every part thereof, shall and will from time to time and at all times hereafter, upon every reasonable request of the said party of the Second Part, i(ti executors, administrators or assigns, but at the cost and charges of the said party of the Second Part, make, do and execute, or cause or prpcure to be made, done and executed, all such further acts, deeds and assurances of the same for the more effectually asfe.gn.ng and assuring the said hereby assigned^e.^.^, c/fa^^ed an(/ e^ecti unto the said party of the Second Part, 2j executors, administrators or assigns, in manner aforesaid, and according to the true intent and meaning of these presents as by the said party of the Second Part, his executors, administrators or assigns, or hjs or their Counsel in the law shall be reasonably advised or required. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said parties to these Presents have hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed, Sealed and Delivered, IN THE PRESENCE OF (^M\ WnamueUa ■atn. Q^ne/iew QTntim. SEAL. Ontario: County of Renfrew,\/, John Ridd the party of the Second Part or Bargainee in the fo'"«e?'"& ^'" °J ^ To ff/V./Sale named, make oath and say : That the sale therein made is bona fide, and for good consideration, namely: Two hundred dollars and not for the purpose "^ h?»d.ng or enabhng me th.s deponent to hold the goods mentioned therein against the creditors of the said ANDREW ^iMlin. Sworn before me at the Town of Pembroke, in the County of Renfrew, | muAr prnn this Eleventh day of December, in the year of our Lord, 1895. \ JUtiJM Kiuu- LENNOX IRVING, j A Commissioner for taking Affidavits. The attesting witness should make an affidavit of execution similar to that of a Chattel Mortgage on page po. THE LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT. UbtS is tbC ILaSt Will anb tTeStamCntofmeSamudSmithoftheTownshipof Nepean in the County of Carleton and Province of Ontario, Retired Farmer. I hereby revoke all former wilts and testamentary dispositions by me at anytime heretofore made and declare this to be and contain my last will and testament. „ ^ .. .. .,. c *„,. o.,^ Tr.,«fPP< I hereby appoint my wife Mary Smith and my eldest son James S. Smith to be the Executors and Trustees ''^'Yd^Ject'my Executors to pay all my just debts, funeral and testamentary expenses as soon as conveniently may be done after my decease. o o • u I bequeath my gold watch and chain to my said son James S. Smith. I bequeath my piano to my daughter Jane Smith. .. , c c^ifi, ,.«ri «i r.nn I bequeath the sum $3,000 to Mary Smith my wife, and $1,000 to my said son James S. Smith and $1,000 to mv son William Smith and $1,000 to my daughter Jane Smith. ... , -j • ,i,„ [devise and bequeath to Mary Smith, my wife, my farm of .60 acres on which I now reside in the Township of Nepean together with the use and enjoyment of the house and the furniture and household effects therein contained during the term of her natural life or until she shall marry again, and upon her decea^^ or marriage I direct that the same shall be sold and proceeds equally divided between my sons and daughter. devise and bequeath all the rest and residue of my real and personal property to f"y Executors upm trust to convert the same into money and to invest the proceeds in any investments authorized by law for trust unds and out of the income arising 'therefrom to pay Mary Smith, my wife, the sum ^^ $S°° y^^f^'^^*},";;*^^^ > payments of $125 each, and upon the decease or marriage of my said wife Mary Smith to divide the same equally between my sons and daughter. In Testimony whereof I have hereby set may hand this Eighteenth day of November, 1895. i^Hgned, Published and Declared by Samuel Smith, the Testator, as' and for his last will and testament in the presence of us both present at the same time who at his request and in his presence have hereunto subscribed our names as witnesses. /. E. HANSFORD, Solicitor, etc., Toronto. GEO. HURDMAN, Merchant, Ottawa. SAMUEL SMITH AJ'anoal.] LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS. 9; LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS. A COMPLETE COMPENDIUM OP Legal and Business Instructions. volume like this could be comnressed th« ,.,i,^r involved inligiSn ^o ^ ''"'' ^'^P^'^"'^-- Once lawyer that you an affofd A„\ "'"r"' ^^ ^"^^ "^^^ different advice islwte or knav^i:: .T^' ''' '''''' -St reco^„i,e this indictL^ ' n'o^everr:""""". prevent on is worth a „« ^ r ""wever, an ounce of found. Law is « rr,t7 T prevention will be indulged in al a hst res f T"''- *''' ^'^""''^ ""'^ ^e -ould avoid bankruptcy or fire :„rh Ti'^ '" '' '"^ for that purpLe ^''' ""^'^ "'" "^ '"""y ^^-PPed yoL?e°abt:^?1^4^et^^^^^^^^ the hints we publish'^Do ^h^J'^b^H TlT T^ r; ^^^' nowledge power so nnuch as in f usiness'iaw ^01;: t e i«en that succeed? They are those whn uTders^nd Tt ^Vn.ch of your friends is tangled ud in 'c-ZT u »r„:^l" -rr^n': r™"'r' ■-"- but he whole world admits that the English speS people have the best laws known to man. ^ ^ 5. Sources of Law.-The Law-making power and oth«. sources of law are- Kir>:t r^ i s t-uw er ana other ^^. mware. i-irst, Common law; second Decision I •' ew 98 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS. [The Farmkr>- Manual. T s 6. Business Law. — The Statutes and the Common Law are most used in connection with business matters. 7. The Common Law. — The Common Law consists largely of unwritten rules and law, and not enacted one by one by representative bodies, but established long ago in England, by long custom and usage, and adopted by the different Provinces as a body of law. The Statutes of the Province or of the Dominion are of higher authority than the Common Law, and the Common Law must always give way to the Statutory whenever there is a confliction. 8. Criminal Law. — Our Criminal Law has been built upon the theory that the accused is presumed to be innocent until he is regularly proved guilty and must be protected in the meantime. It is for his protection that the Statutes run. At first the only punishment that men knew was death or maiming. In the middle ages thieves were boiled in oil, and robbers were impaled alive. Wit- nesses were questioned on the rack, and evidence extorted with thumbscrew and the iron boot, crushing the flesh in search for truth. As the years rolled by all of this was ameliorated, and to-day justice is tempered with mercy, and the shameful barbarisms of the courts of the middle ages are becoming rarer and rarer. 9. Taxes. — The rate for the year is fixed by the council of each municipal corporation, and lands are charged therewith. Lands in Ontario may be sold for taxes where they are in arrears for three years and the owners may redeem the same within one year after sale by paying all arrears, costs and ten per cent, additional. Lands in Manitoba may be sold for taxes when in arrear for one year and may be redeemed within two years after sale on payment of arrears, costs and ten per cent, if redeemed within one year, or twenty per cent, if not redeemed until after one year from sale. Lands in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia may be sold for taxes if in arrear for three years. 10. Ignorance of the Law. — it is a universal rule that the ignorance of the law excuses no one (no one can go into court and claim his ignorance as a sufficient defence). The laws are supposed to be common property and are supposed to be understood, and any violation, ignorantly or intentionally whatever the case may be, must be punished according to the terms of law. 11. Municipal Law. — Municipal Law is, therefore, "a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power of a Province, commanding what is right and prohibiting what is wrong." 12. Municipal Councils.— The council of every county shall consist of the reeves and deputy-reeves of the townships and villages within the county, and of any towns within the county which have not withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the council of the county, and one of the reeves or deputy-reeves shall be warden. (a) The council of every incorporated village shall con- sist of one reeve, who shall be the head thereof, and four councillors, and if the village had the names of 500 persons entitled to vote at municipal elections on the last revised voters' list, then of a reeve, deputy-reeve and three councillors, and for every additional 500 names of persons entitled to vote on such list there shall be elected an additional deputy-reeve instead of a councillor. {/>) The council of every township sh.ill consist of a reeve, who shall be the head thereof, and four councillors, one councillor being elected for each ward, where the township is divided into wards, and the reeve to be elected by a general vote; but if the township had the names nl" 500 persons entitled to vote at municipal elections on the last revised voters' list, then the council shall consist ol ,1 reeve, deputy-reeve and three councillors, and for every 500 additional names of persons entitled to vote on sueli list, there shall be elected an additional deputy-ree\e instead of a councillor. 18. Power of Township Councils —By the Provisions of the Statutes of Ontario, power is given to Township Councils to pass By-laws for certain purposes. Each Township therefore makes certain laws which govern its local affairs. Some Townships are in advance of others and hence no definite code of law will apply to all. In some Townships the most important By-laws are printed in pamphlet form and can be had from the Township Clerk. 14. Rights and Wrongs.— The subjects of Civil Law are Rights and Wrongs; and these are divided into two classes, private and public. It is the duty of the constituted government to defend rights and redress wrongs, whether they are public or private. 15. Civil Injury. — The wrong done to an individual, as the breaking of a contract, is called a Civil Injury. A wrong done to the Province for which the law prescribes a punishment, is called a Crime or Misdemeanor. 16. Plaintiff and Defendant.— When one seeks redress through the courts, he is said to "bring a suit," and is called "The Plaintiflf." The party against whom a suit is brought is called "The Defendant." He who seeks redress for a wrong suffered must him- self be innocent. 17. Ownership of Land. — A man who owns land owns all that is above or below it and if a tree on adioining land grows so as to spread over his land he may cut away the parts that so come over. The owner of the tree may enter peaceably and gather the fruit or branches which fall on another's land. 18. Rights of Married Women.— in Ontario a married woman may acquire, hold, sell, or dispose by will all kinds of property as if she were unmarried. She may contract [The Farmer, Makual.J ed must him- and carry on business with ref-renr^ t^ i, property without fl,» s * '^^''-'^ence to her separate r u-1-l- .°^^ '"« intervention of her husband All Iiabi ities Incurrpri h„ k„_ i "usoanu. All LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS. 99 ticket';L''"'?^'T^*''"^ ■''''"" ^^P'-'y '" 'he holder of a ici^et the cost ot fcket if unused, wholly or in ..art les! the regular fare for distance travelled. ^ ' Every passcnj,a-r holding a single journey ticket m-,. tniie extended, wh.ch extension is limited to two davs fo, every fifty miles travelled in Canada. ^ ^" of !tr?nnS"? '' •n'^'^"°« (Ontario).-The Council of husbind .v.V '" ""' '""''•'* Of ^vhich her / ' -^awKing or Pedd ng nfrrfed rr T" "' ''"'''"" ''"^'"^' the period of the f^-X township, villatre. toi 'f- AtfenCV— An no-Anf := - 1 '°°t or with an .-.n!.^..! i -^ . ^■"'"'=^'*"y goods. ;;;^;onty. An a,e„t who ex.ed;;cx:;;;^:rdr 1°^ ^'""^ '^^ ""^ -hi^; ;;!;;;:; ^^i^^ ^^ acToTthX"^'''"-^'''^- "^'■"'^'P'''-''-'''- "^at 'rC^^^^ '"^^^■•^;'"^- '° -y retail dealer,'norrpedrn;' n -fy them h '^'"'' "' 'P'^'^'^ '''^ Po^^i^le ind not ! oT /" '" ' ^'°°'''' ^'"^ ^''^ P'"'"'"" o^ manufacture o^ ™:iTr ^ri-j„^Ts---r r^" »- -h?-" - -- - "--" Sr^^^^ panics at three cents per mile 'Svm-^H"''' T'T^' '"'' "''^ ^''"'''' J'-'^^^'^^' or carry samp s of sS "- never a larger sum' Thil ratT Jll" s'o tS ^^IpTso^n^ r^'^^^ '^"^^^^'' ^'^'^'-''^-o^^^^^^^^^^^ passenger to have his necessary ba~ tn . . ^"^ '^ '''^'''' '" '^'' "- b„g,.,. ,.. b.„ Invent „' X ;':: ;;■»;!•"". - ."T-r. .„o,hor Z'ZZZZ'ilT' ' Tl,r, ^ . . ^ J' '* responsib e for samp The company .s also responsible for injuries occasior d bv- negligence or carelessness either to the ZT ^ a person hurt or injured on the il way Bu rcr"" f" Law on RaHway Tickets.-The ticket is 1 contract has hpon ^^a^ _„j or both. pIacts^°'*an?d*''Vnf;fd''^;7^^"^- ^''^^^^^'^ '« ' rTJlll^^- oi^"-fion'Jhlreof^"' Newfoundland. British pes- Bahainafl. Karrtndix* '^*;"»'2" Arrica, HririNk 2 cents for each oz. or fraction thereof? coicL ®** Britain and the followinc F iSl,?,.,?"'» protectorates :-S"^"C. I -■„ n a J J „ _ Negr' SemUlan i.ij Sami • N»li? \'^«'? '"'»"''' i ""I*? States S«ct«r, v'i.'^"i'''''?' 8'- mtn Canadian A,,„s.yrhou.e,._8,?r?''fe„,^rs'tnuSr'r,?^ , ""-^tnas oeen made, and according to Canadian KT' S'^"" "'^ "S";-"^^^^^ ine abovR rates m.!.;*^ ;« ^. age stamp. " IflnsXie t r^Lrdou^ble^'r "^ "^ ""^^^ the deficient postage will be ch-irlH ?. ^f ,• ^""ount of 100 LAW WITHOUT LAW\ERS. [The Farmers* Whenever writing- either with a pen, pencil or typewriter is enclosed in an envelope, full letter rate postajje must be attached, no matter whether the envelope is sealed or left open. Otherwise, double the deficiency is collected on delivery. 25. Ontario Markets.— No market fee shall he imposed or collected upon wheat, barley, rye, corn, oats or other grain, or seed, wool, lumber, co'rdwood, dressed hogs, ,,., „,, _,, cheese, hay or straw. No market foe shall be imposed on ,„nlp« of -ii „."., <• u'- ," " .""' ""^ *"'" butter, eg,.s or poultry, unless a proper market plLe shall ";P^^,^l;'',X"'r^ ""^ "" be provided bv the mun ciDalitv. nor sh;ill «mv fo« . •'P_P"canon lo tne clerk. and withni thirty days files a written award containing full details of the work. An appeal therefrom may be made within fitteen days from the filing thereof to the Count v Judge, who shall hear and determine the appeal withiii two months. These provisions apply also to deepening, widening and covering an existing ditch. .L'iL^l'f"'""''^''^'''''''"''' "'"'' '" ''V'y. ''"""'' to keep printed Oil be provided by the municipality, nor shall any fee be charged on articles del ered directly in pursuance of a prior contract, nor when articles are brought into the municipality after lo o'clock a.m. and not offered for sale at a market place. No person who has paid the market fee shall be com- pelled to remain on the market, but may sell his articles elsewhere after 9 o'clock a.m. between April ist an November 1st, nor after 10 a.m. between 1st November and 1st April. The market fees which may be charged on articles upon which fees may be imposed are: Articles drawn to market by two horses, ten cents; by one horse, five cents; brought by hand, two cents; every horse, mare or geldinj,', ten cents; head of horned cattle, five cents; sheep, calf or swine, two cents. Fees for weighing or measuring a load of hay, fifteen cents; slaughtered meat, grain, or other articles exposed for sale, under 100 pounds, two cents; between 100 and 1000 pounds, five cents ; over 1000 pounds, ten cents; live animals_(not sheep or pigs), three cents per head ; sheep or pigs if more than five, one cent per head ; if less than five, four cents for the lot ; and five cents for measuring- a load of wood. 20. Ditches and Watercourses.— i,:- n\„J. .._j -c „_ . . traversed by the ditch are not liable except where directh benefited, then only for the direct benefit. The council of any county East of Frontenac may extend the distance to 100 rods. (b) Any owner of land requiring a ditch shall first file with the municipal clerk a declaration of ownership and then notify the owners of other lands affected and, if possible, make an agreement for all necessary arrange- ments. In case no agreement can be made within five days of meeting a requisition giving full particulars should be filed with the clerk, who shall forthwith send a copy to the engineer appointed by the council, who shall appoint a time between ten and sixteen days thereafter, and a place to attend, discuss and investigate the matter. The clerk must notify the owner requiring the ditch and he must notify all interested parties of the meeting with the engineer. The engineer examines the locality and witnesses oath. They shall make an award in writing, signed by any two ot them, specifying the locality, quantity, descrip- tion and lowest price of the fence to be made, the time for performing the work, and the proportion of costs to be paid by each owner. Regard shall be had to the nature of the fences used in the locality, the circumstances of the owners, and the suitability of the fence to the wants of the parties. A Provincial Land Surveyor may be employed to ------y—-^. — ...w .v^v.u..i.jr. i lie awaru snail be deposited with the Township Clerk, and, if registered in the Registry Office, shall constitute a lien upon the lands charged. A dissatisfied party may appeal to the Count)' Court Judge on serving a written notice upon the fence-viewers. Division Court Clerk and all interested parties within one week after receiving notice of the award. Any written agreement between owners respecting such line fence may be registered and enforced as if it was award of fence-viewers. {c) The owners of a line fence which partly encloses the occupied land of another person, shall not remove any part thereof unless the owner or occupier of such adjacent enclosure refuses to pay therefor his just proportion afler written demand without giving at least six months' previous notice. Each fence-viewer shall be paid two dollars per day, and the Judge his actual expenses. Manual.) The old <'ii'ilii)n» uil I'.irliarnent. |)niclice, Quallflo ■mil oC Iliu I Iti'i'ii duly ei; ■Vi' pi'i-son w ili'r is to mark, ccupied lands le to the same either ovviur of the land nl ne week from iewers of Hu- ll also noiilv before their e in writint;, the time and 1 the persiMi 3ode of suih •son residiiijj th any aj^-ejit 1 notice shall me liable for ) so. If the ence-viewers the Division emises, and, witnesses mi ", signed by tity, descrip- the time for costs to be he nature of inces of the \'ants of the employed to award shall f registered 1 upon the peal to tlie ce upon the interested tice of tlie s respecting as if it was incloses the emove any ch adjacent artion alter bs' previous er day, and 6 feet Manual.] LAW WITIIOL'T I.A\VY .....njL, I.A\VYKRS VOTING IN CANADA-QUALIFICATlftMo lOI The old motliod of " "rinoe Edu/on.! r.i-_j _ '■"I ••-'alc to (Ik, val, * 'r.'" ' V" '"x for , (,■!) 7"»'"n«/,v ill Lroiiil l-.:ii. ■" 'v'-;'K^;-— ':::-. ':^'-'e.. Han Manitoba.— iP^«>/,„/,v,„ ., -" w..erel„ I.e wa. do^i-lSlI^- ^^^ -^j;;, .He K^clJZ ^- onlllTe'Zr'^Atr'-'''- ''°" ""' disqualify but a . fj) ffAo Cannot Vote ~(„\ i i County Courts. ""• <") •'"''jres of Queens flench and of ,he colt!:i^Zy ^ ?' ^--I" P-c.ices at elecf ^ 9'^'^'^^^'"^^^^-^'^- -nd Re, any publ.c institutions. ^' 'flections, or inmates Timber Afi-ents ('nn . "'' j*eKi»"-ars, Ci " *" ~ ■ • ' ':—. "or Co /t™',';^""™"/ /<-'-■""«, Ale, '0 ><-■ amount of S4i.:° ^^°°' °'^ "« ^"all be asses^^' T^o^T^Z -v.n!::'Sc't'?or°on" '^''"^"^" Churches, must be . M «hich the li^t \,r. A ^'^'"' "<^'" preceding Mavfi ^ resident of the ,%/ ^„ W^rf yi, J, ^ 'emporarily located. sL-'^^'Ct^e::."" '-'• ' "^.- '-„raet of seboo, .ommi. I 1 l'i">. Retired li.rniers, elt^ *'"" '"■■" ■""""" as rent (S) '"'"'mcrj', sons 1.1,.. 1, u »"- .S;':sr*« ■' "- •■•" ™„ ,„ „„„„„,;„ ^„.„, ^^ E5r--:":-3'.;;^-":;:- -.. .... ,.., .„ jearm the same electoral /f'Ao Cannot Vote~l,\ n ^ (^) Jud.e« n:...i ^ "'' ^"rporation, ^, .-.uerirts, Kei.islr-.r.. r"-'^"'"''''"' ^'<"''«s of Crown 'l>e vHlue of $ * .^or 'er?"°,°---^''> ^sses. ^onscfnronprt . Personal propertv to ,•,„ ■-,— "=«' cstat ""J it is IXi^^^^r"^"' "^ widows, i??^.!" r^!-.7^'"^ "'■ «3oo- (*) I ^"i-Kt'oib^truTof-t^ --^ and «:hi„^%"eX' -^ "f -ntbs. .„„ediate,y precedli^^r^fdryTsut'^f i^funicipal Councils —Th„ .■nombers of tlu-se eoifmo "^^ ''"'"'^d •" vote at ♦!,» , • i" 'ho nuinicipalitv " r^^'iT."' '"^ 'British subtcts InH ^'f """ °' ••'" income of asHt'ed. '''"''*'-"'■'*■ -""soholders tenr, ratepayers Income of not l..«c.i,.._ « "... iv.ua. •■/ "'esame . •>- cit-ciions. . - ,-..^1 ,^ "lunins. g?""?a'^oK^I?:':^--^V|na,es. • $ioo. ■$200. $300. •$400. -e... Who is a resid:'„nX-~ - ^^^^^f^Z I03 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS-HOMESTEADS, SURVEYING. CANADIAN HOMESTEADS. [The Fahmkhj- V.'V, The land available for this purpose consists of the ungranted lands of the Old Provinces, which are under provincial control, and those of Manitoba and the North- WestTerritories, administered by the DominionUovernment. 1. Provincial Lands. -These lands are surveyed, and may be appropriated for settlement by applicants, if a single man over eijjhteen years of age, or by any person, male or female, who is sole head of a family. Of the provincial lands, the limit is: to the single man, one hundred acres; to the head of a family, two hundred acres, with the privilege of purchasing an additional one hundred at fifty cents per acre. In all the provinces full particulars as to settlement duties may be obtained by addressing the Crown Lands Department of the province in which a homestead is desired. 2, Dominion Lands.— The method of survey of these lands is the same as that pursued with regard to the new States and Territories of the United States, shown in Diagrams Nos. i and 3. The only difference for the reader to note is that the numbering of Canadian sections is the reverse of that shown in Diagram No. 2. In Canada the numbering commencts at the south-east corner, and ends at the north-east corner. The same rule applies to the quarter sections, as shown in Diagram No. 3. The Dominion lands are classified, in each township, as tven-mmbtrtd uul oddnumdtred H^ciions. Of ihN,s Excepting these numbers, the other even-numbered secii,nis are open for homtstecid entry, and the other odd-nun.h.rod sections are for sale, unless granted by Government to ,„j colonization railways. Applicants must be of the ,,« mentioned for provincial lands. On making application to the Local Dominion Land Agent of the district, and p;,^i,ur a fee of ten dollars, the applicant may obtain a homcsu.,j entry for a quarter-section, or 160 acres. He has throe years in which to complete his settlement duties of resUlunce and cultivation. In that time he must have cropped twenty-five acres, and prepared fifteen more for the fourth year. Having fulfilled his three years, the Crown will issue to him a patent for the land. Homestead ri -lus may be conveyed by will or otherwise, but all duties mn be fulfilled. The privilege of homestead entry only applies to a^riail. tural lands. Any one desiring to make such entrv niav apply either personally to the Dominion Land Agent'olthe district, or, if at a distance, by letter, to the Commis^ioncl of Dominion Lands, at Winnipeg. HOW LAND IS SURVEYED. I. The Counties and Townships of Ontario are of various sizes and different shapes, and have been surveyed according to several systems. The greater part of those Townships, which were laid out and surveyed before the year 1818, were divided into concessions or ranges of single front Lots! Each Lot has a frontage of 20 chains by a depth of 100 chains, and contains 200 acres. There was an allowance for road at the front of every concession and every fifth and sixth Lot. Those parts surveyed between the years 1818 and 1829 were usually laid out in double front Lots of 200 acres each. The newer parts of this Province have been surveyed according to other systems. In some the regular farm Lots are 20 chains in width by 50 chains in depth, and contain 100 acres each. There is an allowance for road of one chain in width between each alternate concession and every fifth and sixth Lot. Other surveys divide the country into square Townships, six miles on each side, -vhich are sub-divided into 36 sections of 640 acres, or one square mile each, and are numbered from the North-East angle. There are no road allowances staked off, but 5 per cent, of the area is reserved for roads. According to the system now generally adopted, the townships are divided so .is to | contain 6 concessions with 12 lots of 320 acres each. Land is commonly measured by a chain called Gunter's Chain, which is 4 poles, or 22 rods, or 66 feet lon.^ .mil composed of 100 equal parts called links, each link\-ing 7vrsjs inches. The acre consists of 10 square chains, orj 100.000 square links. The statute pole, perch or rod is i6>^ feet long. There are 80 chains in a mile, a,ui 640 acres in a square mile. 2. Townships.— The land is first divided into squares] by lines, six miles apart. These squares are called to^vmhifi, f and a row of townships running north and south is called a range. Townships are given proper names, but lor the purpose of location they are designated by numbers. 3 Principal Meridians and Base Llnes.-First the surveyors select some prominent object or point, andj drawing a straight line, north and south, throuKJi this! point, make what is known as the /rf^c7>7/ «c>/^';«,-: fe I Then drawing a line at right angles across the prindfdl meridtan they establish what is called a base line. Marls| A Township is 640 acres. , acres. Aneif;rt and a quarter section, a quan '■ The Governn section lines. Ma at the corners of [The Fa».mhr,' tvn'le» .par., pa„.||.| ,„ ,^, '""'""P '•■"• "<: r„„ .i. Example; F is in "°"-t''. or .-,0 miles west' f"on/fhr"' ■^"'' '" '"^"^^ip 4, -i'es north of the W e rh"^"""'"''" ""^ ^^ tovv.iship six miles each wiv r ' '"'^P'-esents a '« in township 4, south or 2I m , " '" '■'''"*^*' *»' ^« '• «"'« -Hdian and .8 miles souTh^f tTetj:;-„:.^ '"^ ^^'■-'''^' HOW TO LOCATE LAND AMD READ AND WRITE DESCRIPTIOIMS. ^^ section, a quarter of a mii«= ' '^ ."'''''^^- ^sixteenth I" ^""'^ '^ &«"erally bouir/if ind «ni 1 • , 4 ot a m.le square, is 40 acres. W^ acres, or .20 acres "r r '" '°'' "^40 acres, av.icb, or i(x) acres, etc. ew Acres. Bee. 25. Diagram No. 3. Example; Lots ABC ^ r. one-fourth of the entire section °' **'^"" ^^g-ether, are % of Sec. 25. """' ^"'l described as the N. W. A is described as N.W 1/ r.f m «r . C D is described a S ' i ^I'Z' ^ °'' ^^"^^ ^5- - ' "e Irovernment survey ends «,!♦!, *t. 1 . a \ is described as N 1/ „f c d 't " =5- ntten out bj the county surveyor. aQxrea Diagram No. 2. m 1 •. 1. Common Carriers. — Where goods are entrusted to a common carrier, such as railroads, steamboats, etc., to be transported from place to place, the carrier impliedly promises ordinary diligence, and they are liable for care- lessness and negligence. Any accident or delay on account of carelessness will hold the company in whose possession the goods have been entrusted. 2. Duty of Carriers.— It is the duty of carriers to take the utmost care of goods from the moment they are received, and to obey the directions of the owner or shipper. 3. Responsibility. — Common carriers are not respon- sible for damages caused by the act of God, such as winds, storms, floods, earthquakes, etc. 4. Damages. — Any damages that have occurred to the goods in possession of the carrier must be made good if it occurred by carelessness of any of the employees. 5. Loss by Fire. — The carrier is liable for any and all loss occasioned by accidental fiu. 6. Perisliable Goods. — Carriers are not responsible for loss to fruits that decay in their possession, or goods shipped in defective boxes, such as glassware not properly packed, and other articles that are easily broken. Goods must be properly packed in order to make the carrier responsible. 7. Receipt. — In shipping goods by freight or express a receipt should always be taken and safely laid away. 8. Collecting Damages. — in case of loss or damage the railroad or express company should be duly notified, and the amount of loss or damage clearly stated, and, if required, sworn to before proper officers. If the goods were lost in transit, the company is obliged to pay the 104 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS-LIABILITY OF RAILROAD AND EXPRESS COMPANIES. [The Farmers' UABILITY OF RAILROAD AND EXPRESS COMPANIES. market value at the point of destination on all goods intrusted to them for transportation, which, through tlKir fault, are lost or destroyed. 9. Obligation to take Goods.— A common carrier is obliged to take any goods offered him for trarisportatioii to any place on his route, provided the freight is paid; hul he may refuse to take the goods to be carried if they are ol a dangerous or explosive nature, or if his vehicles or convuv ances are full. 10. Carrier's Tariff.— In case of railroads, etc., they usually have a tariff of rates, and every shipper, whether great or small, is charged the same rate. The law of the country fixes a limitation which governs the rates that must not be exceeded. With truckmen, etc., the rate is charged as mutually agreed upon between the parties. n. Carrier's Security.— Every carrier that transpiirts goods has a lien on the goods for the freight. If he delivers the goods voluntarily he forfeits his lien, but may recover the freight as a personal debt. It is customary, when freight is not paid in advance, for the carrier to collect it from the person to whom he delivers the goods. But, if he chooses to deliver it, he may recover the amount of the freight from the shipper, for it was with him the contract was made, and not with the consignee. 12. Carriage of Live Stock.— in the shipment of live stock a passage is usually furnished an attendant, wliose duty is to care for, water and feed the animals. The company is, therefore, not responsible for any loss arising from lack of food or water, or loss occasioned by the habits or instinct of the animals transported. For example : If transporting a carload of cattle, should one animal gore and kill another, the company is not responsible for the loss that might have been prevented by the care or diligence of its employees. 13. Neglect to Remove Freight.— If the carrier gives prompt notice of the arrival of freight at its destination, and consignee fails to take it away in a reasonable time, the company may charge storage ; besides, they are not responsible for destruction by vermin when freigiit is shipped by the car to be unloaded by the consignee ; and should he fail to unload it within a reasonable time, he is liable to demurrage for such time as he detained the car. («) If the has not paic {i) If the with a conts 2. Respoi occasioned carrying in h with his cgn' TRANSPORTATION OF PASSENGERS. I. Deflnition. — Any person or company that makes it a business to carr)" passengers as a public employment, may be called a common carrier of passengers, such as railway and navigation companies, stages, etc. Since their offers are general, and may be accepted by anyone, they are bound to carry any person, wherever he desires to go on their route. On the other hand, they may refuse a passenger for the following reasons : Manual]. -V. W,™oUT ..„VH.S-.„„.po„„,„,, „„3^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ■ 1- "=ij"Kence, either to persons hn iu carrying m his conveyance, or to Dersons h. P^''°"^ ^,^ '^ with his conveyance. ^ ^^ ^"'■'' °'' '"J""-" 105 Iguidance. ^ ""' '=°""'^y '"«'«« ^°' 'heir special I. The Host.— Any person supplyinc- board =,„h i j • general and may be acceofed hv *''^"^'^' •"« "ffei-s are bound to accept'a. travel e's 'hat"^ "' ''"" ""' '" Exceptions are: In casrlis h ^T ^"^^'•'^'"'"ent. r aic. in case his house is a readv full nr n,« person is drunk or disorderlv or h=c ^^"^^ '""' °'' the contagious disease or „f '""^ infectious or 5 ""» uibease, or refuses to nav in aHvo„^= reported a thief or burglar advance, or is unless the ^uest did hv ! • , '^"'"°'^'' « special care; The hotel-keeper is responsible for the acts of k- rt^^^e'f r ;, -^ «'-.^- 'OSS b; ^ix. an; PrtlZnt::'-l^;ro:V^ ^ •- r ^" »^e goods and etc! furnish': ^n. or h STVr h" '"'^'■'' ""'^'"^' travelled with him h/J. kT.^ " ^^^^ants who with him. He may hold such articles until the HOST AND GUEST. bill is paid; and also the prooerfv ,,f o *u- j possession of the guest, u^ ^'Ja/kn^lTTh'V'" before making the contract for 1„ i • . ^ ""^ ^°''^ did not belong to the guest. ^'"^ "' '"*=' ''°''''y fo/pi'Tbusirsr^r tt '-""^ ''"^'' ^--"-^ or lodging or both Td' ^^'^^ ^' ^ ''°*^' ^"^ board ^'"S; <"^ poth, and is accepted by the host A traveller simply leaving his baggage at a ho..i • rra^n^S'ert'brh^"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ there for enSUrh '.''rgtt I'^thTr T^''^ becomes responsible for the ba^g:;!' ^ ^^^ S. " °"^^ beloLfng ma^n tr ^^X^^'' •"T' ^ '" ^ "-"" ^^ under th"e 'and.::d" ^l^ro ' fTjes^^^^^^^^^^^^ required compensation in advance or whenr '"^ "^' 3, Boarding Houses differ f^mlTe'-ntlTn"-''- particulars : noieis in the following- WThey„ay„f„s..„yp,„o„.,,|„i house. In such cases thTt". °^''^^''' ''""''''"& '" the ''ZT'- '''"■'^ "=:GARD,NG patents ,N CANADA '• What.-A patent for an invention U . „,„„. ,._ '^'MNMUM. ^pe'cifi!??;7tThr- '" "" '"^""''°" '^ « ^-"^ f- a of the exdus L nVht T"'7 °' '''^ '^^'" -P-sentative. -n-nr:-S-r:;^.:^-- the invention I would stagTall Te ^oTar- ^hTg °" ''^"^ "^"^'^'^ fore, issues patent ^r«nVc » Government, there- patent grants to encourage them to greater 3- What Patentable, and bv Whnn, ^ who has invented .ny nel and „ f 7''°™— ^"y Person machine, a „»«"., J,L ' ° "''""• " P"' ">' « io6 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS-PATENTS ; COPYRIGHT. [The Farmers' foreign, it must not have been patented longer than one year. Joint inventors are entitled to joint patents, but neither can claim one separately. 4. How Obtained. — A ^olications should be made to the Commissioner of Patents, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, accompanied by a drawing, model, or specimen of the invention, together with full explanations of the parts claimed as new, and a complete descriptive specification of the invention ; also a fee of $60 if patent is required for eighteen years, $40 if for twelve years, and $20 if for six years. Patents taken out for six years may be extended six or twelve years at same rates. 5. Why Refused. — The commissioner may refuse a patent grant when it appears to him that there is no novelty in the invention, that the invention has been described in a book or printed publication before the date of application, that the invention is already in the possession of the public with the consent or allowance of the inventor, that the invention has already been patented in Canada or elsewhere, or that the applicant is not the first inventor. 6. Caveats. — inventors requiring any further time or means for the completion an^^i perfection of their invention, should invariably be protected by a cave;', which is a description of the invention desired to be patented, lodged in the Patent Office before the patent right is taken out, operating as a bar to applications respecting the same invention from any other quarter. A caveat continues in force one year, but may be renewed annually. In the United States only her own citizens can file a caveat; but anyone, whether subject or alien, can file a caveat in the Canadian Patent OflSce. 7- Infringement.— Any person who makes or sells a patented article without the consent of the patentee, is liable to have the articles he has made confiscated, and the manufacture and sale of same stopped, to pay the patentee for all losses sustained, and to be fined, and also to be tlie cause of his customers being fined for using the patented article without leave. 8. The Mark "Patented" on Each Article.— Every patentee, in order to give due notice to all that his rights are protected by a patent, must paint or fix the wovd "Patented" and the date of the patent to all of his articles made under the patent, thus: "Patented May 7, 1889." The penalty for neglect is a fine of not more than $ioo, or two months' imprisonment. 9- Forfeiture of Canadian Patents.— The patentee, or his legal representative or assignee, must, within two years from the date of the patent, begin to manufacture the patented article in Canada, and continue the manufac- ture in Canada, or the patent will be forfeited ; and further, if after the expiration of twelve months from the issue of such patent, or any authorized extension thereof, the patentee or his legal representative imports into Canada the invention for which the patent is granted, the patent on said invention is null and void. 10. Canadian Patent Laws.— When an inventor holds patent of invention from a foreign Government, he must make application for Letters Patent of Canada before the expiration of twelve months after the issue of his foreign patent, and if during such twelve months any person has commenced to manufacture the invention in Canada, for which a patent is afterwards obtained, such person will have the right to continuously carry on the manufacture of the invention, even after the Canadian patent is issued. COPYRIGHT. 1. Deflnltlon. — It is the legal and exclusive right given by the Government to an author of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engrav'ng, etc., to print, publish and sell such production for his own benefit during a period of twenty-eight years. 2. Who may Copyright. — Any person residing in Canada or any part of Great Britain or her colonies, or domiciled in any country having an International Copyright Treaty with the United Kingdom, who has written, drawn, engraved or invented such book, map, chart, etc., may have it copyrighted in Canada. An alien to secure a copyright in the United States must be a resident. Resident in the United States, according to the Act of 1839, means any person who has taken up liis abode with the intention of remaining. Any book published anonymously may be copyrighted by the first publisher instead of the author. The author may sell his right, and in that case the publisher may copy- right the production. 3. Condition of Copyright. — The following are the essentials for obtaining and holding a copyright in Canada; (a) The work must be printed, published or reproduced in Canada. (i) No book of immoral, treasonable, licentious or ir- religious character can be copyrighted. (c) Two copies of the work must be deposited in the Department of Agriculture, at Ottawa ; one of which shall be deposited in the Parliamentary Library of Canada. (d) A written description (instead of a copy of the w ork) will do in the case of paintings, drawings, statuary, sculpture, etc. [The Farmers' Manual]. ;entious or ir- UWWimoUTwwYERS-COPVRioH, ((} On the face or back of th^ f f i according to the Act of Parliamenf T^ ^ "°"*'^ "^"'«^«d .8-, by A- B_, at the Den ? ^^""''^' '" 'he year Ottawa. ..ust be^n:ei/b;'th?au"th "' ^^ "''"^^' ^' put on the face of maps, char L d" '" ''" '""^^ ''^ signature of the artist on a patnt ;. ""'T' "'"- ''"' 'he A copyright is granted forTs Ss" a'd ^""" .8 years more can be had on application ^" "'*'"''°" °^ 4- Penalties. — in case an ^u the regulations, he loses his copyr^^j/^"^ *° ^-P'y with A • *°^ All the business m, ^ .'" '^e author. '-0 «'»».« Of vicX::ft":,Xr"'''"'' -"^ ™' "-- - ■«"R.«^e« TO o«« p„op.„,. By the old common lawamarr!»^ She was subject to theauthoriTy If he TT ^^^ ^^^ "^^ts. rule over her. but the ProvbcL L r"'""' ^"^ "« could aw. and the rights of ma Sd^oren aTe^^' ''' ^°'"'"°'' by every court. women are now recognized «( WHOM SHALL I MARRy?= *• If a husband fails to i, , support of hi, „ife, ,|,^ , ™ P'op'r provision for the -per »pp . if hi ^ZS«Xn; '° '""'* '=' ;p4«X":rhr,;:r;:x^"^-''-«'^"»parate ll>.Ipor„ea„s„f„,t ~;°P""=P'op„tya„d i» rthout orthAtr,:,!^-'"'^*"- "»■ "•"= for the .*, ^Lln7^S^:'^"y """ -■" ■" "- "."lo for th. 7- The wife who deserts h».. ». l or her support, unless he war^ified"' T""^ ""'^ "''" to return. ^^ Justified in leaving, or offers 'O- In Manitoba, the ri,It?? '"""'■ until ,h„te,h of thehLS " """ '"'' ."'"I. jher husband, credit for :7J:^,TZT"V° '"•'^- II JJ,! .» pi io8 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS— PUBLIC SCHOOLS. LAWS CONCERNING PUBLIC SCHOOLS. [The Farmkrs' I. There are established in Ontario, under the direction of the Education Department, the following classes of schools: (a) Kindergarten Schools for pupils between 4 and 7 years of age. (d) Public Schools for pupils between 5 and 21 years of age, in which instruction is given in the elements of an English and commercial education. (c) Night Schools for pupils over 14 years of age, who are unable to attend school during the usual school hours. (d) High Schools and Collegiate Institutes for such pupils as pass the entrance examination and desire a higher education. (e) County Model Schools for the training of candidates for teachers' third-class certificates, which are good for 3 years. The candidate must furnish satisfactory proof of good moral character, and must be at least eighteen years of age before he is legally qualified to teach in a Public School. (/) Normal Schools for the training of candidates for teachers' second-class certificates, which are good for life in the Public Schools only. {g) School of Pedagogy for the training of candidates for teachers' first-class certificates, and for the training of teachers for High Schools and Collegiate Institutes. There may also be established Ar/ Schools, TeacAers' Institutes, Mechanic^ Institutes and Industrial Schools. a. Public Schools.— All Public Schools are free, and every person between 5 and 21 years has the right to attend. Under the Truancy Act every child between 8 and 14 years of age is compelled to attend for the full term, except in the following cases: (a) If the child is under efficient instruction at home or elsewhere. (i) If the child is unable to attend on account of sickness or other unavoidable cause. {() If there is no school within two miles and the child is under 10 years of age, or within three miles if over this age. (d) If the child has been excused by a Justice of the Peace or the Principal of the school. This excuse may be granted for a period not exceeding six weeks in any school term, if the services of such child are required in husbandry or necessary household duties, or for the necessary main- tenance of such child or of some person dependent upon him. («) If the child has passed the entrance examination. 3. Non-Resident Pupils.— The trustees of every Public School shali admit any non-resident pupils who reside nearer such school than the schor.l in their own section ; provided the accommodation is sufficient for the admission of such pupil. For such privilege the parents or guardians of such non-resident children shall pay the trustees a certain monthly fee, mutually agreed upon. 4. No pupil shall be required to join in any religious exercise objected to by parents or guardians. 5. Holidays.— The Public School teaching year consists of two terms: The first beg^innin^ on the third Monday of August, and ending on the 22nd of December ; the second beginning on the 3rd of January and ending on the 30th of June. (6) In cities, towns and incorporated villages, the first term begins on the last Monday in August, and ends on the 22nd of December; the second term begins on the 3rcl of January, and ends on the 30th of June, with holidays during the week following Easter Sunday. (c) Every Saturday, every public holiday, and every day proclaimed a holiday by the authorities of the municipality in which the school section is situated, shall be a holiday in Public Schools. 6. Ag^reementS. — Any teacher wilfully neglectinf,' to carry out his agreement is liable, upon complaint of the trustees, to have his certificate suspended by the Inspector. But a contract or agreement to teach does not imply that he is to sweep out, build fires, or perform other janitor work. He is not compelled 10 do so unless it is specified in the contract or agreement. (6) No person engaged to teach a Public School is Icjrally qualified unless he holds a legal certificate at the time of his agreement with the trustees and during the whole period of engagement. (c) Every teacher who serves under an agreement with a board of trustees, for three months or over, is entitled to be paid salary for the holidays in the proportion that the number of days he has taught bears to the whole numberof teaching days in the year. (d) Every teacher shall be entitled to his salary during sickness for a period not exceeding four weeks for the entire year ; this period may be increased at the pleasure of the trustees. (e) A person hired to perform the duties of a teacher cannot substitute a proxy, no matter how competent, without the consent of the trustees. 7. Inspectors. — It is the duty of the county council to j appoint one or more inspectors for the county, each having charge of from 50 to 120 schools, which he is expected to 1 visit once each term, and report to the DepartmLiit. (a) Inspectors 'u\ cities and towns, 'separated from the j county, are appointed by the trustees. (.7) An inspector may be dismissed for misconduct or j inefficiency by a majority of the council, or without cause j by a two-thirds vote of such council. J. Deflnii by the perso at a certain t ii the Deare 2. Two E payable to or 3. Time tinn is not di of payment, universal cust is generally ca 4 Parties note is called 1 tile note is dra 5. Maker's a note is under the person in person he may 6. Requisite sary in a note ti dateotpaymeni one of the two amount be speci able in money o promise. 7- Endorsee transferred by d person or his ore 8 Promlssoi transferred after any defense whi Of'ginal payee. . In Canada it notify the endorse [The Farmkrs' Manuau' LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS. 109 THF mmJZ!:''''^ '""' ""'■^^ GOVERNING ^ * " ™"™-5= <" '^ « « NOTE. he nprsnn .• .•„ ^ '^ ^ written promise. siVn.^ 1 « -r.. by the person promising ,„ „a„ ; i P™™''. »sned I 9. Poro.™ . H the oearer. «"• " t« order, or responsible, and the L™I """"ctal paper, is no, J:..^." '^i-iB-aere .re ,„o .ind, „r ''"• 'i the Dearer, :?;;r..^"Sr-;-£2^-^^^^^^ universal custom " Days of Grace -^rr" ^'' """"^ ^^ IS generally called the day of maturity "^ °^ P"^'"""' 4. Parties to a Note.-The m.n ,, • note ,s called the maker and thl ! ^''^ "'^^ ^he ti^enoteis drawn is callerthe paveT' " "'"^ ''''' „ " ""•""' 's caned the payee T . "'""^ appears upon the no^P »», t' P*"^ aware that he siLZT.Z^ "^' " "°'^ ^"^^ '« not to pay a specifie^^'^ Tt^ ° !r T""^"^ ^^^^ ^^ - can be held for the amount trn?^*^'".^ '^'^ '^^^^^ce hands of an innocentTarty Tr . ''' °°^^ '^ '° '"e obtains a persons signature and a^ ""f ' '' ' ^""'^^^- above it and sells the same ?« "t'^T^^^ ^^'es a note who knows nothing about t J "' "^ °"^^^ P^^^ whose name appears u^"t *^''*^"'°«*«°««. the party nothing but his'' m oTaVa^k"''''' *'°"^'' '^^ ^^"te con^pelled to pay thtl e bl."'-^ ""^^ '^^ ^ ^e one of the two words ord.r u' °''^' ^^""^ '^ l^^vc amount be specified and certLn f T' '^'"^^ '^^' the able in money only; a„d fiSt^t be' ''^^ '' '^ ^^^^ promise. ' ^"^t it be an unconditional «. Raqt^tes -Of a No^^I^X .r'"""- h^oTT^^^'^f^-^' o-e who receives , 'ount be sn.r.-fi»^ „J. '^^'.°' ^^^•■e'-; third, that th. 12. Lea^ p«„«n . . ''^"'^*^ '^• 19 T ^« -"—•" "c received it. is t^ ^"^"-^ °°" -'«» »'«. . le«. pend. .-.. person ,i4^^«™r:::t*:»."'•■■.-'^"«" made again'st the h*^^ P^^y thus receivinTit t?! T!^^' P^^^' ««d transferred afterla?uritvb.^''°'"u°''y "°te., can beLt.; .^®^°***''"i*y '^^ that f any .defense which S' haveTeU^^T'-' ^"^ject S L^^^ to be transferrc original payee. ^"^ "^^^ ''«" made against the ^^^ f^^y thus receiving it has the r.-.,i,f V" .f"' '^' """ M ' '^«'-« a" the benefits of ite ^romi^^* "'"'*=' '' «"» .1 m,^ m m no .1 } LAW V.ITilOUT LAWYERS.-CHECKS, DRAFTS. RECEIPTS, ORDERS, Dl'E-BILLS. IThe Farmers' THE LAW OF WRITING AND TRANSFERRING CHECKS AND DRAFTS. 1. Drafts. — A draft is a written order, signed by one person, ordering another person, to whom it is directed, to pay a certain sum of money, at a certain time, to a third person, or to liis order, or to bearer. 2. Checks. — A check is an order on a bank, or banker, to pay another per.son, or to his order, a certain sum of money, immediately. 3. Difference between Checks and Drafts.— A check is always drawn upon a bank or some person who carries on a banking business, and it is always made pay- able immediately, by a simple order. A draft may be drawn on a bank or on a private party, and may be made payable on demand, or a certain number of days after date, or after sight. 4. Days of Grace.— A draft payable at a future time is not due until the third day after its .specified day of, payment. The.se additional three days are called "Days of Grace." Drafts drawn at sight, or on demand, and checks, have no Days of Grace. They are payable when presented. 5. Acceptance of a Draft.— When a draft, payable at some future time, is presented to the person on whom it is drawn, before it is due, and he agrees to pay it when it becomes due, he writes the word "accepted," and the date, and signs his name in red ink across the face of tht draft. The drafl then is often called an acceptance. 6. Certified Checks.— Where a bank has funds on hand to meet the check, and the holder does not desire immediate payment, the bank will certify the check. This is done by the president or cashier by writing the word "good" or "certified" acro.ss the face, with his sig- nature. This gives the holder a claim against the bank, and makes the bank responsible. 7. Negotiability.— Checks and drafts, in order to be negotiable, must be made payable to order, or bearer, the same as a note. 8. Transferring Drafts and Checks.— Drafts and checks may be transferred the same as notes. Tf made payable to ordrr, they must be indorsed, either in full or in blank. If payable to bearer, they can be transferred without indo-sement, although it is customary and desirable to 'jbtain the indorsement of every holder. 9. Presentment for Payment.— A check should le presented for payment at the bank as soon as possible after its receipt. It is unsafe to delay, as in case the bank should fail, the holder would have no right to demand payment of the maker, if he failed to present it at the bank within a reasonable length of time. THE LAW AND RULES GOVERNING RECEIPTS. 1. The Importance.— Thousands and hundreds of thousands of dollars are annually spent in law-suits, because people will not do business in a proper manner. There are many estates tangled up in difficul- t ties, because when money was paid, or other business transacted, the proper receipts were not given or preserved. Many lives have been lost through the careless methods of transacting business and not hav- ing the proper receipts to show for it; consequently difficulties, feuds, bad blood, and even murder ensued. Never pay money unless you have the proper receipt to show for it. 2. Definition. — A receipt is not a contract, it is only evidence. Thus if a receipt should be given when tliere was no payment really made, it would have no effect; the debt would still remain. One is always at libertj to prove the truth in spite of a receipt. 3. Mistake. — If the receipt has been made for a greater or less amount than the bill or debt, adequate proof of the error is all that is necessary, and the receipt will be set aside. 4. The Important Feature.- If payment is made on account, or for a special debt, or in full, it should be so stated in the receipt. 5. Payment of Note or Check. — It is not neces- sary to take a receipt on the payment of a note, check, or draft, because the instrument itself becomes a re- ceipt. THE RULES AND LAW GOVERNING ORDERS AND DUE-BILLS. 1. Orders. — Orders are negotiable, but the person on whom they are drawn is not under obligation to pay them, unless they have been accepted, for an order par- takes the nature of a draft. 2. Due-Bills. — A Due-Bill is not generally payable to order, nor is it assignable by mere indorsement. It is sim- ply the acknowlcdgmont of a debt; yet it may be trans- ferred. Due- Bills do not draw interest, unless so specified, llAMVAUr 1. Deft or altering monly con signing tli sometimes amounts tl: the case mi 2. Not ( is not con neither con buying forg 3. One Made Res] tainly shoul which are en in my name drawer, or tl; or my indors the contract that is, to pa; of a check, the bank mu: ence how can he must alwa 4. Paymei still further. not pay, but i the skillfulnes less, he may n ie paid it. Tl IThe Farmers' llANUAUf monly committed by making a check SIV' "'°''' '""'" s.gumg the name of some respoiht "°'' ""'' sometimes done by raising tL aC'or r*"'""-- " '^ amounts that are on the note deck «: T / ''"""^ "^^ " Toro '^' ^" ---^" c^-ts^"^^-- 2. Not Oommeroial Patjer— a r is not commercial paper Bei^/ff''^"^ "i-strument neither contract nor property aTd an ■ '' '"'P^"'^""-^ buying forged paper hasL^^Ir t?irit'°'''"^ °^ MadeXTX-racris^:^^'^' ^^^^ ^^ tainly should not be held respl be f ' '"f °"' ^^^• which are entirely unauthor'ed Tins" T "°""''* ''^^•^• i" my name as maker or aZ% r/^ "°'^ '« '"o'-ged f mv !, r '°^*^^ ^° ^"'A" 't, of a check and the b nk kT '' ' '' "" '^' '^''''''\ the bank must losf rat r thaH'^rrr^ '''' ''' ence how careful or honest nn ,, "^''^' "° ^^'^er-l LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS pr^u^r, LAWYERS.-FORGERY.. WARRANTIES. FORGERY. Ill ?«^?^/S^si^::^-:-beKe.nded. should, after a carefuTexalraUon adnT;' " "'''"^'■ to be genuine and should pay yet tht "^""'"''^ paid would have to refundTf ih^ • °"^ '° ^'^^'^ ^^^ be forged. . _ '*^ '^^ signature turned out to 5. Transfer of Forged Pac^'V. . forged paper adds no vaHdityto^hlT "■'"''""•■ °^ •ng more or less than a niece of ^^"■' ^' '' '' "°^J^- sponsible party who transSedIt i?''' "'''''■ '^'^^ ^- amount, but the paper ie.s i 'T"'''''" ^°^ ^^^ buys a forged note for « !!^ "'Worthless. If a person i^xoo, andLlI terfi d!irto"ber '\ ^° ^'"'^'^ ^- one Will have to lose ^he amount '''' ''^'' '""^ ^"^ ^ eratingte?motTt°rm*;7fnT.r°'"^"'"^-^ ''^^^^^ ^^^ ' putting in a larger amount It fT""' '"^^'■""-ut and to the ongi„all,„,7rthol v' ." '"'^^'^^ "^"^ ^ ' Even though ,t is accep Id 'r " ;«°'^ "' '° *^' "''*^"^^- the acceptance or cmEtlon H ^^'' '''''" ^^'"^ "-^'"^d. or the bank respons:Strr; mot rCH' ^^^-^P^^ sum. And if the excess shonlH k . *^^ °">'°^1 covered. ^^""''^ ^ P^'d it could be re- ' 7 Practical Suggestions.-The bus,n.= to be gained from all these Ze. i °"'""es« suggestion :> that in buying it, Xt w arfaTsoST"^"' "'''' 't IS genuine and a valid contr..! ^ ^ ^''^'"'^'"'hat should be careful abomtlios^rl '"/"''^ '''P'''' ^« - to have some one relJtnslw^T, ^^HaT '"^ '^' ^° turns out invalid. °^'^'^ "Pon if it S^r.irrr™''-"— "™.. 1- Expressed or ImniiaH a either expressed or impSw ""'"""'^ '"^^ be is or shall be as It L prolk . ' """l"''' '^'"^ ^^'^^^ ^^W «an.pie. a seller may war^an 'a h" ' '""^""'*- ^- ^afe to ride or drive °'''' '"""''• &^»tle, and .oL'o'^art"??^?^^^^^^^^^ j,^« Warranty.-if the ^-'ed to be, the putlser L . T"l ^'^^ ^^^ -- J"d receive back 'hrtoney /aij Vh^' ^'^ '"'''' damages. -^ P^'"' or he may claim •h <,f^???f g^^,!!":,'' » »° ■«■?'■■«<■ w."a«y of ■' «.o .:« of 'p„„Cl? ,'/;»i^«^J by .he b„y„ i^'isr himself take care nnf f^ k / • ""' ^^^ buyer tieir quality. "°^ '° ^^ '^^'^"^ed concerning 4 Articles Made to Order- wh^. ordered to be made for the buye; foJ. '" .'''''^' '' and the buyer relies on the sk^ at^ \ "^Tl P"''P°^^' maker to provide him wi n . ?, knowledge of the be an implied war rtvtht ..'"'' '"'''^' '^''^ ^ill blyadapt'edtoltsrenS :s:;"'^'^^^^" '^ — " sampl!th°^:el^:^-Ll'H?'^' Sample.-In a sale by the s'am^e; a d f?h tn ''''"T' ""^ '""^ ^"''^ ^ ''^e ^ the goods. ;hat the goods tve "''" " ^'°'"^^^ "^ But it must be a sale strtt, T '"""' ^Perfections. still intends to eValir^bl?:^!,^':^ ^'^ '"^'^^ ^ 'mplied warranty Th^ I, u " "°' ^^''^^te any and return the good! ff "'" ' ' "^^* '° ^-'"''^^ ' sample. ^ ' ^''^^ ^''^ '^o* the same as the • ■l-f^fMp 119 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS.-CONTRACTS. [The Fahmers: HOW TO WRITE A CONTRACT. RULES AND LAW GOVERNING CONTRACTS. 1. How to Write a Contract.— It is a prevailing opinion that only lawyers can write contracts; but this is an erroneous idea, for the legal phrases or learning of a lawyer is not at all necessary in order to make a con- tract legal and binding upon its parties. A person who can write a letter can write a contract, hence a contract is simply a written .statement in plain lan- guage what two or more persons agree to d6 or not to do. A bare statement of facts and the proper signatures make a contract as binding as though forty lawyers united to write it. He who can write a note can just as easily write a contract, for a note is nothing more or less than the simple form of a contract. A plain state- ment of facts is as easily written as the terms and condi- tions of a note. 2. Errors. — If there are any grammatical errors or misspelled words, it will not affect the legal force of the contract in the least. The intent and purpose of the parties when writing the contract will be the interpreta- tion placed upon it by the court, in case any legal ques- tion should arise. 3. Definition. — A contract is an agreement between two or more persons to do or not to do a certain thing. The fundamental rule of law in regard to contracts is that every one must fulfill every agreement that he makes, unless a new agreement has changed or set it aside. Every person must keep his promise, or pay the penalty or damages for not doing so. 4. Two Kinds of Contracts.— Contracts are either written or oral, but it is always best to have a written contract, as the subject matter is definite matter, so no question can arise as to the intentions of the parties when the contract was written. hv 5. Oral Contracts.— Oral contracts are given word only, and are either expressed or implied. An ex- pressed contract is one definitely expressed in wordy An implied contract is one implied from all the circiiin- .stances of the transaction. C. Implied Contracts. — Implied contracts are cutite common and we shall meet them frequently. They arise in those cases where, though there are no words of agree- ment by either party, such as " I agree," or " I will," or " I promise," yet something is said or done which in re- ality amounts to an agreement. Thus, if I buy goods in a shop, I am compelled to pay for them, though nothing is said about paying or the price, for my being there, asking for the goods, and taking them away, are equiva- lent to my saying, "I will pay for them." My actions- say what my tongue does not. One is considered as having agreed to whatever he knowingly leads to believe he has agreed to. 7. Gratuitous Services give no Claim to Com- pensation. — There is no implied contract, because the services were not requested. Were this not so, any one might force upon us, and force us to pay, what we did not want. But if the benefit of anything gratuitously done, is retained when it could be refused, there arises an implied contract to pay. 8. Who can Make Contracts. — All those under twenty-one years of age are called minors, and cannot make a contract except for the necessaries of life, school books, and things of that character. Contracts are not good when made with a person of unsound mind. 9. Consideration. — Every contract must have a con- sideration, in order to make it good. A consideration i' the thing which induces anyone to enter into a coutrst'. MiANUAL. or an ag consider.' or an eqi c • not to thing as i that the c affect the a party m l)iit he car 10. Sul charity is and cannoi clines to fi tion paper made the : valid and Ii any debt. 11. Cons sent of both terms of th( agreement. 12. Perfc agreement n compel the c to a contract form it, in oi perform theii 13. Breac tract the rem ages. The ir is a fafr comp loss is incurre be recovered. ages may be specified sum contract is broi Ifthe amount cannot fix upo; as a penalty, of the real 'dam *14. Gamblii 'ig on chance, contingent ever count of mone; I the law through the various Stat 15. Sunday Sunday are void are known as " perfectly lawful 1 these are necess] just as well be so rHE FAHMER&' MvtNUAL.J LAW WITHOUT LAWVERS.-CONTRACTS. or a„ ngree„,ent, to do or not to do • ^"^^^^««-^-ONTRACTS. consideration therefore muTu '^ '"''"" '''"'ff- The I such artiol.c • , "^ l"« lie cannot oflcnvard enter ,„i, f '. Plraies, • lu. Bribere_A„ '"n»orthe''c„„t::ct/'£,r:Li"::i^ '^'^ ■» "4' '^'"'■Te^rnirr''" "^'-^ •» «= »o»=. 12 "'f°™m06.-Tl,c condition, „r,i, '"^'' " "'nrdcr, or theft r. °°°""""'' » f«l»ny. •etfement mnst be performed v „! "'"» ="""»« or All sncl, contr,«. ,'"'"""'"■ "BnHlyof a crioe lo- ,.s „,curred, only nominal damLs " J .■ "° ^'^'"'>I city of an infan or a i „„' '^' ^'' ''''■ ^^^e incapa- be recovered. In some cases where tT; 1? Tf ^'^^ '"-'"oved from, ^^ "ne b ' ""T' '^ ""P^^^^ "P°" or age.s may be uncertain, the oarlV ft "* °^ '^'''"'- t''^ legal "infant^' "f'.^ legislation. On the contrary £-"^.^^r-rrcir\»-M^^^^^ are known as "works of charitv .Z "™ ^'"'^^M ^"emy, or an act of h. ' "^ "" ^^^ of a public perfectly lawful to -') r , ^ ^ necessity." It isUnon/ ^ ^^^ promisee. he is not liahl- f these a;e nee" L 1^^^^^^^ '''" "'^^''"^'"^ «« Sunday ^T^Tlfj" ^T^'''- ' ^'^ '° '■'^- i"--ve,iirraV:rda?Tr^^^''''^^' po2SeftT^\.:r^ '^ ^^-^^-^^ ^^-^-e^-- *14. Read "This is generally the , , """'"" "^^ "-'"*"'<"<' ".at contract, „i. — ^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Members of the Provincial Legislature and of 114 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS-CONTRACTS; LEGAL GIFTS. [The Farmers meaning, is an act, or event, over whicli man has no control, — neither power to cause nor prevent. 22. Impossible in Its Nature.— If one promises to do that which is naturally and obviously impossible, as if one promised to tunnel a range of mountains in a day, for the passage of railroad trains, the contract nnist be void from its inherent absurdity. 23. Partial Payments. — In applying payments on debts drawing interest, it is .safe and equitable to follow the rule that payments wi'l first be applied to cancel the interest due, and then to diminish the principal. If a payment is made when no interest is due, then apply it i. cancel a part of the principal and the interest accrued (jh such part. This will make it equally desirable for tlw debtor to make payment, and the creditor to receive tlu same. If it is stipulated in the contract that "intcrc-i is payable anmially," and payment is made and accei)tLii when no interest is due, then in such ca.se the payment should diminish the jirincipal. And if the interest is not paid when it becomes due, it should also draw interoi but a contract for compound interest is never legally presumed. LEGAL GIFTS. * 1. Who Can Make Gifts. — Any person legally competent to transact business, may give whatever he, or she, owns, to any other person. A gift by a minor, a married woman, an insane person, or a person under guardian.ship, or under duress, would be void, or void- able, according to the circumstances. 2. Delivery of Gift Necessary.— A gift must be consummated, that is, the thing given must be delivered before any legal right rests in the grantee. A promise to give is not binding, as it is supported by no considera- tion. Delivery may be actual or constructive. 3. Oannot Be Revoked by Donor.— A Gift made perfect by delivery, cannot be revoked by the donor; but if it prejudices the rights of existing creditors, it is void as to them. It is not, however, void as to future credi- tors, unless made under actual or expective insolvency, or with a fraudulent purpose. 4. Gifts Because of Expected Death Revoka- ble. — Gifts because of expected death are revokable by the donor if life is continued ; even after delivery and acceptance. Such gifts are held to have been made be- cause death was supposed to be at hand; and if it does not ensue, the gift is defeated, as the death, which was the cause of the gift, has not taken place. 5. Possession. — In order to make a gift absolutely good, possession should be given when the gift is made, and thereby no change of mind or subsequent prejudice can change or revoke the transaction, if made in good faith and without deception. They made him a Present and sent him away'^ *1. In Canada a gift by a married woman is lawful. She may do anything with her property that she pleases, and while living with her husband she may pledge his credit for necessaries. HE Farmers J LAW U .TMOUT LAWVERS.-MARR.AGE CONTRACTS 1 CoT':^''^''^^ ""^ '^^''''^' °"- "ViARRJAGE CONTRACTS 1. Contracts to Marry in the Future -Mutunl ^'-'INTRACTS. promise by a n,an a.ul a wo,„a„ to naarry a??„;„e7; ^c day, constitute a valid contract 2. A Marriage Oontract.-A „,arriaKc is a civil «, an is entered into by the n..ec^.sj:t:/ par -s. If the man sajs to a woman, " Will you nn v n..? or words to that efTect, anl .s somefmes a good excuse, but not ge eVaUv If ., ready to u^flUM «f P'-omise, unless he is tinK-ffi ^ye Vthdirr"' -;thin a reasonable able time. '^ ^^ ''"^^ ^"^ '^^'"g ^" ""reason- 8 When a Promise is Not Binding -if .wi party ,s under twentv-one years of ^Zh^ I ^^' "lan will do it. ^""^■^"0 act. ^o honorable young ladjteSle'"" "" ' "'^'^ ^^ ^^™--l ^ voung stand,; !:'"''"'; J-'.""^ •'^""^ ^'^^'"'^ "»der n.o.ish:?fr;,i;::^f-^s:Tf"°"^'^^-* who claims her enf;,„ .^ ^ attent ons of a young man, i". or promlrcJ' :s r^'\^;^;;; ^""^^ ""^'---^- • • "<-entj. VV lien the promise of mar- '■^ ovcT .1 years of agl. he eaiibe iie . ' " "'' '"'" '"^ °^ P'-"""se of nceri ' U , !. '°"'' ""^'--^tand- his nrnini^es PooH -. "^,''^" f'e held and must makelriac^e hns onr- i "^^"'^Z ^^^'en the promise of mar. , .jnises good ur pay the damaees I ° "'^'-" "^■'^" niade, it shonlH ho !-«.,,» • m it she pleases, Il6 VAW WITHOUT LAWYERS.- DELATION OF PARENT AND CHILD. THE am GOVERNING THF RELATION OF PARENT AND CHILD. [Thk Fammcrs' m 1. Ancient AutiMW^tf — I" past ages the father was by custom considered .i> ,,(u monarch of the hotnc. In the oriental countries of luil.*', the same custom still prevails; modern progress, and modern idias, how- ever, have changed old customs, and the autiiorii\' of the parent in civilized countries has been considerably limit- ed by law. 2. Rights of Parents.— The parent has control of his minor child, and has all reasonable authority to en- force obedience. As long as the parent treats his child properly, no one lias a riglit to interfere with liis author- ity, or take the child away and retain him against the wislies of the parent. 3. A Runaway Child.— A child has no right to leave home without permission of the i)arcnt, and should a child run away he can be brought back by force. If rcl- latives or other parties keep him and refuse to give him up. ♦'le parer- by legal process can obtain po.ss.-ssion of his .old, m s it can be shown that the father is brutal, or is not capable on account of drunkenness or other causes to take proper care of his child. 4. Adoption.— Any child, whether its parents are liv- ing or not, may be adopted. In that case the parent is no longer entitled to the custody, but the adojiting person is. The child cannot be adopted without the con.sent of its parents, if they are living, but the consent having once been given, cannot be revoked. If the child is over fourteen years of age, it must also consent to the adop- tion. 5. Method of Adoption,— An agreement must be made and executed between the jiarent or parents of the child and the adopting person, by , hich the parents transfer to the adopting person all the rights of .-i parent. It is cus- tomary for the parents to give a bond, insuring ihe adopting person against interferenee with the new rights acquired. 6. Punishment of Children.- A parent has a right to punish his minor child, providing he is not guilty of cruelty. Brutality is a crime, punished by .severe legal penalties. The parent must be reasonable in his punish- ment, leave no bruises or in avy way injure the health of the child. 7. Right to Eammgs.— A pa.-.. •* titled to all the earnings of his minor child. I.- r..v -.Si.a shv.M re- fuse to turn over his earnings to the pave. , mc employer of the child may be notified, and be conij Mtd to pay the parent only. 8. Special Rights.— The partnt may, however, make free his child from all obligations to himself and allow the child to collect his own wages and do for himaelf. When a parent thus makes public such a declaration, he cannot thereafter collect the child's w.itres. 9. The Property of the Child. -A parent may control the v-unings of the child, yc\ heJu ... ntrf>l of the property belonging to the chiM, dtiier a.quired liy gift, legacy or any other way. If a parent .should appro- priate his child's property, it would be just as criminal in the eyes of the law as stealing any one else's property. 10. Parents' Obligation to Support.— Parents are legally held for the support of their minor children. If a child has property, it does not relieve the parent from the support of his child; he however can apply to court T-. J get permission to u.se a part, or all of the income of ' :.e property for the child's support. 11. Illegitimate Children.— It is a parent's duty to support even an illegitimate child. .Such a child has legally no father, but hh putative father, as he is called, may be compelled by the overseers of the ooor to fur- nish the (. Income a ucre, if sut \Mfd thpre i. ilie 1 1 lie 12. Effec cnnnot inhc mother. It putative fat fHI FAMMtKS' Manual.) :laration, he LAW WITHOUT LA\VYERs.-.pAKL iiisli the (.liild with r«>nMf.nni.i„ ..eco«e a •burS^rr .a r'^'i'irvir " f -^""^^ ^vc-.Ilock arc IcKitin.atc ,m 1 i • '''''■'■■" '^""' '» " '-'''"o^oXt^'Lur"^/'''''^''-- tl.c' wile cannot affect f I.,. !■ '"■' '"'""«••'■>• of i;.-ke.n,ji^;ert ::':;; ';['''^'!-^^^^^^ cl'iW Ks I-orn. A child hnm IT "lamaKc the -.e. irsub.,ue„Uo ,rc"er^ori.r ■'^•^ '"^' '"- i., the t , her. *"' '^''' ''^''"-'^'"'K ''''" the husban.l "'Other. It mayTklllr ' '?^ '"'"'='''' ^^°"> ''« ir; ^'TANUCHI.D; RENTING LAND, from its mother, ""»t the parent, or pare. 1 v',""''' '^^ ^"'' '*''"«•" selves. ^ ^"''' ^'^ ""'»We to .support them- P-ueditatedcrir„e,heispeia,^,:i^:::''' -"-'^» » KM.ardian, who wilUu a ill '"'' •"'''°''" '"^ "«•" tive of a parent. ^ '""'^ "^^^'^'** 'be preroga- RENTING LT^ND. Sr^::^ — ;- - - ^^^^ ^>' ^ --p.o„ oHhe presses 's the les.see or tenant Ti, i ^^''°'" " ''' made in reearH t^ *t agreeni ,it,s of the two r>nrf ";^^fbrtheu:rii.^;:^^^^'-;be landlord Lis ^Jt'^^S:-^-- ^"^ i-ra.!:: S^ oral lease of land for the per LZ o " °"' '''''■ ^"K » covenant V°."-P%"'"'t «f e rent, or a breach billing on both partiesrh^o" tL : ftTre'Itf °°' ,""4^"^' ^^"^ "^ t-a^ • /i: ^7''^ ' If'^f^^ to re-e^er ed for a vonr, with the rent naibZ ' rterlv ^ rent- validity against othe p U L . >T™ ' '° '"'^"'•^ 'heir ^- Things Implied.-_A lease J^^ • ''""^ ''« -so of lease f. "''°"" '^''^^- Ordinarily e tenant everything be.nl:r:!;V."?'^'-'->- -''^ it to|some State,/ lea rfo^.T'' ''"" ^" " >'^-«.- ^ut t for one yea, shonld b .±1"""'" ' ^ >'--• or even the tenant everything h^ln ^''"^' '^^''^ it to necessary for the prlr me^anl '" • '' '^"^'^^^ ^^""'"'h ''* -leased. Thu^. tK^::^ ^re^-^^.^^^^^^f hey are s,..nin ii.. ^„V_ f ' . '^'™' ^tore," , "■'^■' '"f a xess nil for one year, should be recorded. -nS:re^rn^:;T;:r"^-r t'- property lea.sed. 1 " , ',! l"^!-.'--^ ^.^-^ title to -■• ""-ess they ar; 'I^^^ dS'I^^™ '' ••^^-> '« an i:!^^^ em^.bing to the tenant usuallyle'^b^^^^^^ In M , ---•«-« m.e to ;• Form of a Lease and W^at Jt Shn!l « h'"'^'' '"at thf tnan sh n ?" ''"^ ■'^ ^" ''"'P^ed o;;;:i'b""' "P"'^"^- '^^ ^--'^ «? n;,t\°^^*^ spec, sion of the premised ^'^" '^^^ ""'^--"ed posses- '^'"cl. the landlord has in fhl '^ ^^''^' ^"^ ^'^e title part of the , • " covenant will not becomT! ^'^'etheconsiderati^r :£ i '"?■ '' ^'""'^ "cxt I'enew it 'f.: .....-"\" ^^f *^^ --''--ord wil, h^v^to , '""- the words, which ghleefflcTlthe't """ '"'^"h^^ '^ e;;SnnnrdeL'!r, ' fT"^ ''''' ^^^ ^^"ewas ., , „ . ■"■"«'' "'"0 expressly agr„d. Even Ii8 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS.-RENTING LAND. [The Farmers a^HE? FgA.CE>e. though ±e house becomes dilapidated and even uninhab- itable, the landlord is still not bound to make repairs. There is also no implied covenant that the premises are suitable for the purposes for which they are leased. 11. Taxes. — A landlord is bound to pay the taxes, unless the tenant covenants to do so. 12. Provision to Re-enter and E^ect Tenant.— Unless there is a covenant allowing the landlord to re- enter and eject the tenant on his failure to pay the rent when it is due, he has only his remedy as foi any other debt. If such a provision is inserted in the lease, the landlord must make a proper demand on the exact day the rent is dut, in order to ensuie his right to enter. 13. A Tenant's Duties.— Except by express agree- ment, he is not bound to make repairs. In general, however, he is bound to leave the premises wind and water tight at the end of the lease. He must therefore, make any repairs necessary to preserve the house from actual injury, for instance, by shingling, replacing bro- ken glass, etc. If he chooses to make other repairs, he cannot enforce a claim against the landlord to repay him for such repairs. 14. Payment of Rent. — A tenant is, of course, bound to pay his rent promptly as it becomes due. 15. Return the Premises in Good Condition.— If a tenant covenants to return the premises in good re- pair, reasonable wear and tear excepted, he is bound to rebuild in case they are injured or destroyed by fire. Even if there is no such covenant in the lease, he is still bound to pay rent, though the building is destroyed. Therefore, a lease should provide that, if the premises become wholly or in part untenantable by fire, the rent should cease or abate proportionably : and that the premises shall be returned in good repair, except in case of injury by fire or other unavoidable accident. Statutes have made a similar provision in a number of States. 16. Cultivation of Land, and the Harvesting of Crops. — A tenant of a farm is bound to cultivate it in such manner as good husbandry requires. If his kase is for an uncertain period, or if it is at will, and is ter- minated by his landlord, he has a right to harvest such annual crops as he has planted and are growing at the time his lease is ended 17. Tenant May Under-let— A tenant may under- let, unless theie is an agreement that he shall not, bm he is still personally bound to the landlord for the rent. He may also assign the whole lease, unless there is au agreement to the contrary. He should notify his land- lord of the assignment. 18. Transfer of a Whole Lease.- The transfer of a whole lease is an assignment, and is entirely distinct from the transfer of any part less thau the whole, or an under-lease. Therefore, a covenant not to do one of these two things, will not prevent a tenant's resorting to the other. Any express covenants made in the lease can still be enforced against him by the landlord; but im- plied covenants pass with the assignment. 19. Termination.— When a lease is for a definite period, the tenant must leave at the end of this period, or the landlord has a right to turn him out. 20. Tenant at Sufifrance.— If a tenant holds over at the end of a lease, or if he is an under-tenant, and holds over after the lease of his landlord has exj-ired, without the original lessor's consent, he becomes a ten ant at suflFrance ; and the landlord can turn him out with- out giving l.im notice to quit. A tenant at suffranee is tint liable for rent. 21. Tenant at Will.— But where a lease is created orally, or where a tenant holds over, after his lease has [The Farmers Manual.] in a number of } Heirvesting to cultivate it es. If his kase nil, and is ter- harvest sucli growing at the int may uiuler- hallnot, but he for the rent, ;ss there is an lotify his laiid- rhe transfer of atirely distinct i whole, or an to do one of t's resortiii,y; to in the lease can dlord; but im- for a definite r this period, or int holds over ler-tenaut. and 1 has ex]iircd, lecomes a ten^ I him out with- it suffraiice is ase is created his lease has expired, with his landlord's consent h • will, that is, the lease m^v K . ' '^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^t either part;. A telrj ! ./l™'"^'^^ ^' ''- will of LAW WITHOtrr I.WVBKS.-KKNTZNO AK. SEL.ma. 119 either party. A tena. Ua will H ''''' '' "^^ ^^'" °^ without nofe he"TK °"' °^''' '"''» '^' «^^o«d year notice i qu'it from r aur aT/S 7'' ^'^^ '^^ --"^ V- ndV:!';!" '"'' " '''^'^'"^ ^^ '^I ;- intention to quit, befott can Tturted ""? °' ^^^'^^ *^™"-'- ^^viZ/Z n° '"^' ""^'' "^''- leave. ^e turned out or { notice probably need not hIT ^^^P™P^'■ "otice. The 22. Notice to Quit.-This not,V. . • "^""^hs in some Pr„v. ul''' '°, ^"^ ^ P'"^'^ «« ^^^ given in advance, and usuaUvmr.! ° ''T '""'^ be definite length of tTme it t '"''''"'' ^^^^ "^^^e for a length of time as' the per d betwe t rJnt d "" ^^ ! ''"^^ -'^'-'ttot Irbn n arbe^n-^' '^^ '"' °^ ^^^^ =sra-;scrgLf:S?"-H^ is to leave. ^ °" ^hich the tenant 25. Pixturea tV ? "°' recognized, the Vre^^'^Z:^''^^'''^, ^^ ^"^^^d to remove at the expiration^? ^ ''''''' '"'^°^'°" to by him when he' e 'eT BuT f"' T" '^^ ^^^^"^ ^^^ been permanently attached I' '^'"^^ ^'^'^'^ ^'^^^ intention of thel: ! ' "'..^.^""^^ '^^ ^^^en away. The 23. Tenant's Intention to Quit Af , ^^^'' permanently attached onn.?K ^^^^ ""■^'"'^ ^'^^^ of his intention to quit is in ..n ^ T'^ ""'''^^ i'^^ntion of the partieflin ^' '"'''" ^^ay. The •sante rules as the landS-snLrirh;"J;r^ to the movals, espe'ct.r ^t .t So^ ^^ ^°^^™ ^^^ - to the one to whom he is liable for h" g'ven lease. intention is expressed in the ^^:sti:^:t:::;;i:TT^^^-H^^^ i\^^-^r-''^r. ... .verai landlord might treat tie rgeTt:;^^^^^^^^^^^^ a tenant at will. 8 e 01 a tenancy at will as with screws, or in an- otLr "^^ ^'"'^ fastened 24. Tenancy Prom Year to Year in n, .p H ''""^^'^ without^ injuryTo'tl"''' '^''^''" ^^ '■^^'^- a tenancy from year to year has grown^'uTo thet ""• *"' ^^' '' ''^ ^^^^ -mov^l Jf he fixt'''''"?''- ^"°'^*^'- at will. It is a general lease m Jll n . '^"^"^^ N'^'-e the premises to fl!^ ^J^fi^tures, he can still re- paid yearly, or af equa paTts ^f a vea'^^^^^ '■'"^ 'T^'^-' It 'houTbe aidl^^^^^^^^ -'"^'^ he found a lease for a year which can onlT-^'^^'^ '^^^^'^^'-^^^ '°^^ -« they follow the^^^ Jri"" •'"'.r^^^"""'^ SALES. !• A Bill of Sale.-A Bin of Sale is not n rl. necessary to a sale A Bill of e . • document ;^^ttohave;oi^;;r::,i:^.:ri:::^-- in dcS rX writrnfe!"?""'"^' ^" -''^'- annexed thereto and sS'ed '",,''!, '"^'^"-"^"tor on sheets P-Perty not accompa^; d^^^ri'^r o/ "^ ''™^' should be evidenced by a bill of s- f d . • ''°T""" proper affidavits and fjL at he Cot'tv r "^ 7"t '"'''' ■iays of making same. ^ ^°"'"* ^'"''" ^^^ for^'on'ef oiv^ifrrarex*:;f„s'^^^^^ ^-p«^y property, it is a t'rade or barte; and n^^a sat ''"''''' '°' |-.ymustt^r:iL----K:stSs-^ satS'!S;:;?:'Sr^ ■;;' r-'^^ '° --p'-^ a right to take the good :,;Tn,::"' 'Z '''' ""^^^ "^ « until then unless crtdit i^ Igreed L'''^ '"' """' '"' ^^ qu!lit?Se~''th'; bur*" " '''■'"■^^ ^^^— ' - to bound'to keep ;'",'' r""f '^'1^' ^"^ "'^'^ -'^ ^e is fraud or misrepresenta' on on [^ ' ""'"^ ""' ^«" '*'"'- presentation on the part of the seller the'Je^n^iVl^^^Sf -.-^"-"t-cts °^ ^^— ts for v/i <«uu mu.st oe in wntimr ti. 120 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS— SALES ; CHATTEL MORTGAGES. [Thi; i"AUMi:i the Statute of Frauds, no agreement concerning the sale of real estate, or any interest therein, is valid unless im- mediately executed, or some note or memorandum of the same be made in writing and signed by the party to be charged, or by his authorized agent. The deliverj' of the deed of conveyance, duly executed, is a conveyance of the title. 7. A Distinction Between a Contract of Sale and a Contract to Sell. — There may be a binding contract between two parties, one agreeing to sell a given thing for a given price, and the other agreeing to buy that thing and pay that price ; but still no prop- erty is transferred by that contract. Such a contract is executory, and may be entirely valid, ev^n if it relates to the sale of goods not yet manufacture! or of produce not yet existing. If I contract to sell tht irn I expect to harvest next year for so much per bushel, I am bound to do as I promise, if I have a consideration for that promise; but evidently no title passes to a purchaser, for I as yet have no corn to which I can give a title. This is of the same nature as any other executorj' contract. 8. Grain and Vegetables.— Grain and vegetables cannot be sold or a Chattle Mortgage given ou them until the grain is sown or the vegetables planted. 9. The Seller's Lien.— The seller has a lien on the goods for the price, and may refuse to deliver them until that is paid. But if it was agreed that credit should be received for the goods, the purchaser may de- mand them without tendering the price. In the case of sale for immediate payment, (which is understood if there is no agreement to the contrary-, ) . and the price is not paid by the buyer, the seller may either rescind the sale, or sell the goods under his lien and look to the purchaser for the balance of the price, if they do not bring the amount ; or if they bring more than the price agreed to be paid, he, selling under the lien, must pay over the surplus to the buyer. 10. Buying by Sample. — If a thing is .sold by sam- ple, it is warranted as good as the sample. If the buyer has an opportunity to examine the thing and does n<.t, neither gets an express warranty, he takes the risk ami should not afterwards complain. If there is some liiii- dcu defect known to the seller, he must disclo.se it, or at least not conceal it if inquired after by the purchaser. If he diverts attention and evades, and thus deceives the buyer, it is a fraud and would be ground of avoidance. 11. The Buyer's Caution. — In a word, whatever is the subject of a sale, whether real or personal projjerly, the rule "Let the purchaser beware" applies. No one should be influenced by the puffs of owners, the opinion of outsiders, or flattering guesses of anybody. If you have any doubts, demand express warranties in a fonu to be proved, and if they are refused, then keep your money. 12. No Title. — If a person buys goods of any party, and these goods prove to be stolen goods, the purchaser has no title whatever. If a purchaser buys land, and finds that the seller did not own it and had no claim upon it, the purchaser has no title whatever. Great eare should therefore be exercised in buying real estate, and see that there is a good title to it. A few dollars expend- ed in this way may save hundreds, 13. A Sale of Notes, Mortgages, Etc.— Notes may be sold by their proper assignment, provided the notes have not matured. Mortgages can be sold h\' fill- ing out an assignment, and go before a Notary, and have it acknowleged. Mechanics liens, or any other liens upon property may be sold by the assignment of the claim. THE I-Kin£ HMD RULES GOVERNING CHATTEL MORTGAGES. 1. Definition.- A Chattel Mortgage is a sale of per- sonal property as security for some debt or other obliga- tion, on condition that if the money is not paid with interest as agreed upon, the Chattel Mortgage becomes a valid sale of the property which it represents, 2. How to Write a Chattel Mortgage.— The form of a Chattel Mortgage is very simple, A blank may be procured and filled out as shown in this book. But any writing covering the conditions as given in the form is just as good. * 3. Chattel Mortgages Must be Filed.— The Mortgagor or seller usually retains the property mort- gaged in his possession. Therefore, in order to protect the mortgagee's or buyer's interest from creditors ol" the mortgagor or subsequent purchasers from him, the mort- gage must be filed in the office of the town or connty clerk, according to the statute laws of the place where they are given. 4. Equity of Redemption. — The statutes always provide that the mortgagor shall have a further time after iOHM, IF '• Deflnifcion.- *8. In Ontario the Chattel Mortgage should be fyled in the County Court Office within five days of making sale. [The rAKMi:i;-;' rice agreed to pay ovfir tlie IS sold by sfim- If the buvLT and does iidt, > the risk .ind i is some hid- jclose it, or at :he purcha.Mr. IS deceives llic f avoidance, d, whatever is oiial property, )hes. No one s, the opinion body. If )oii ties ill a form len keep your of any party, the purchaser tiys land, and had no claim r. Great care :al estate, and lollars expend- Etc.— Notes provided tlie le sold by fdl- Notary, and or any other issignment of LAW WITHOUT LAWVKKS.-MORTGAGES. Filed.-The roperty niort- ler to protect editors of the lim, the niort- iVU or county : place \\liere .tutes always ;her time afta naking sale. ^^^i':^''i^C'S^r'"'^^^^^^y- This, 5. S^cckofGo. fixed at sixty days ^At tL 7'^"/' ''''' '^ -'"-"only a stock oftoa-s^,?it''f<:7;'^ ""'''^^"^ ^^nnot mort.a^e S-gor loses il right t^ he " ""' '"'''' ">^ '"o^t- he may selfand Ip a e 'the"''"''°" °^ thepartiShIt gn.es almost ah ^ co Uai '7^'"- T ^^""^' ''°^'- ^ood"h?" '' =2^-"- JSL^ Vu"ch'a "^"^' '^°-- tl.e mortgagee ma • tStho ^°''"' "^ '''^'' ^y ^^^ich ^^'^ ^.^^ween the parties. ''' ^"'^^ ^ ■^"''tgage is dc.>t is nft ^paid a;^itl^tt\';rit^arse;;T:f "t- " ''1 ^^' -r ^grL'rsi" ''''''''^' ^-p"^y.- ! "-Riven is performed.' ' ^'^^'^'-gat.on for which mortgage, ho^e " colS "^f " "" °' ^ ^-^- A 2, Mortgagor and Mortgagee Tl, P^^""^"' of the deb w th " , f"'"' P^°^''ding that on J>; mortgage is called the m^'^c f?^ giving | obligation on or befoT a ? " "'■ P^^-^^^ance of the -^- it ,s given, themortgagle^^^"'"' '"' '^" «"^ to .shall be defeated ' "'"'''" '^^'^^ ^^^^ conveyance '4i«np 123 MORTGAGES— LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW. [The Farmers' I 1 6. Different Methods of Foreclosure.— There are many different methods in the dififerent States, of enfor- cing ji mortgage, and obtaining a foreclosure. Perhaps the most common mode is by bringing a bill in a court of equity to obtain a decree of the court, that, if payment k not made within a certain time (often a period fixed by statute), the property shall be sold publicly and the pro- ceeds applied to the payment of the debt and the costs of the sale. The surplus, if any, then belongs to the mortgagor. ♦ 6 A Power of Sale. — In order that the security may be enforced more promptly than by means of a foreclosure, it is now quite common to insert in mort- gages a power, by which, if the debt is not paid or the obligation performed when it becomes due, the moit- gagee may, after a certain number of days, sell the prop- erty at public auction. After reimbursing himself and paying the costs of the sale, the •'urplus, if there is any, then belongs to the mortgagor. 7. Assigning a Mortgage.— A mortgage may he assigned, and the purchaser or the assignee takes the same interest in the property as the mortgagee had, sub- ject to the mortgagor's rights. An assignment should be executed, delivered and recorded in the same maimer as a deed. Manial.J PR< THE LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW. 1. Definition. — A mortgage on real estate is nothing more nor less than a sale of the land on certain condi- tions. But the sale is not complete if the money is paid for which the mortgage was given. Mortgages are always security for some debt or liability. 2. Parties. — Parties signing and giving a mortgage are called the mortgagor. The parties in whose name the mortgage is given are called the mortgagee. 3. Redemption. — When the debt for which the mort- gage is given is paid, the mortgagor has his rights restored. This right is called the right of redemption, and cannot be taken away without a judicial sale or by the mortgagor's consent. The right remains, with cer- tain limitations, after default in payment of the debt as expressed by the mortgage ; and the failure to perform the obligation is compensated by interest. 4. Foreclosure.— The cutting off of all the rights to reaeem the property is called foreclosure. This can only take place in case the mortgagor fails to meet the pay- ments or agreements of the conditions stated in the mortgage. The Statutes of the State must be strictly followed, or the sale made under foreclosure will not be good. 5. Deficiency. — When the mortgaged property is sold by foreclosure and the amount is not sufficient to pay the debt, then suit can be brought against the party for deficiency. The mortgagor's signature on a note secured by a mortgage, docs not relieve him from paying the full amount of the note if the property mortgaged is not suf- ficient to pay it. 6. Part Pasrment.— The holder of a mortgage can- not be compelled to take payment for part of the mort- gage when it is all due. 7. Transfers.— Whatever transfers the title to the debt, will also transfer the title of the mortgage, which is the security of the debt. 8. Assigning Mortgages. — The proper mode of as- signing a mortgage is by endorsing the assignment or transfer upon the mortgage, or by a writing referring to and describing it. If the purchaser has no such writing, he cannot forclose under the powei' of sale, but he can have the same remedies in equity by way of court proceedings. As a general rule, the assignee of a mortgage becomes owner in all the rights of the mortgaged premises w hich the assigner possessed as mortgagee. 9. Renewing the Notes of a Mortgage. — If the mortgage is given to secure the payment of certain promissory notes, and the notes are renewed and the time of payment thereby extended, such renewal is not a satisfaction of the original debt, of which the notes are only the evidence, and that to take a new or substituted note does not pay the debt. 10. Execution. — The mortgage should be signed by the mortgagor and witnesses the same as a deed and delivered to the mortgagee. 11. Acknowledgment. — It should be acknowledged as a deed is, and with the same formality. The acknowl- edgment of a mortgage is made for the same purpo-c as the acknowledgment of a deed; that is, to put the instru- ment in a condition for record. 12. Recording. — The mortgage must be reconkd in the county where the real estate is situated. Otherwise it is not good. A recording is not necessary as between the two parties who make the contract, but in case oi transfer, or loss of papers or burning of the mortgage it is always best to have it recorded. * In Ontario an oidor of foreclosure maybe obtained ny which, if liie ptoperty be not redeemed by payment within six months, the Mortgagor's title will be foreclosed and the property will belong to the Mortgagee absolui'ly. liabiiiiy for the d the slierifF on some Provinces exeniptions from emiiner.ited in th generally of: 'n' Ontario. — ary use. 2- Necessary ai 8- One cooking I pipes, sewing mac and weaving looi furniture, cooking value of $150. ! ■*• All necessary I not more than su( |^'' "* 'l'° Property .tth. "^PPraiSement and Inventnrv O ,. 2. The Administrator -The adm- • . ?™''- '''•^' '" ""•"" ''^awn p 'p"i°7, °^ ''"' the personal ..nted by fh« «r™i°i-. \>}^ adni.nistrator is a person ''°";« '"'-'"ded in this i ventor^fh ^ '^'•"'P' ^''""^ execu- ^ of the fj"" tl'e testator's debts d mSi'^ Sf','^''' " '""^ ""' liable '■■"- «"d '^"^ fl^-'"'^. bonds, mort«- .^e^^, es ?n'"''- '^" "^'"^ 'Jue must be especially mentioned .ndH''' '^''°""'^' '"""cy, etc., the property which he yeHf"s by .ffl"!^''-'' "" "'^entory of burrnirata /-• ^ . . ."^""es ny athdnvif -..,,1 ci. . • ■' . appointed by the Surroga^ ColrfSf ^^'T ''' ^ P^--^"" estate of a deceased person «,h?K '".'""^e charj-e of the '0 distribute the prop'^n^ToThe h drs a ' "° .^'"''''^ ^'■''- «"d Tie property of an intestaK.,!-;nL f^'^ordms" to law. 6- Who May be an iV*lm,-«- * . pxpenses which shall be paid beforf ^"'^ testamentary cations are necfssar^or tef*r**°'--The same qualifi- ^l .'^"''^l^''- Executor*^ are aHoLT P"*"' "^ '^e estate executors. Certa.V person^ J ^^""■? ^^ '" the case of n .^. °V^" '"tator in which to .1, °"' l^^' ^'^"^ the the property of the deceas.H '^ ^"^'"^'' *« administer f^ u''^ ''^''ts on an estate before ,h«''' '^^ ^^^^ts and persons; and they mifst b« '" Pi-eference to all other r"*" ""^ ^"^'"■"d, though they shn.M P^y^i^'^t of legacies objection can b7 ^gl'^ aeaTn^s?'!' "' ""'^^^ ^'""^ val.^1 ^' expeditiously as poSble^ ""'" P^'"''^™ ^"^ir l.ties entitled to administe^r hXl't 't"':^ \ hus.and is| n. p^^^ . _ ^ ere is ZTnof.A'^^'^^^^n^^^^ . T, , , J- "'= '•">'°"e else can be appointed""'^! t^h^ ^''''"*°'" """y «ell sufficient p^erson.i'' ^"'' legacies . 6. Duty of Ezenifnf xu n ff^'-nea. the money to do so TuL Personal property to rais stohaye^h^i^WuI^yVoIed' f^l^^y «f an executor "rt^^-^fu ^'^'°«'e -ult'ge": a.^^ "I^ "' -> " i he county in which the Testator ^ ^"f^ffate Court of P^'je W.ll, however, frequently conf^ be pub ic, at auction death and to be re^ularlv Trfn^ . T^^ domiciled at hish'*'^ °" the executor An JL f^''' ^^^ "gbt of priyate .curt, otherwise hf ma! ^^^^'"1^^ ^^^ executor by such "" "^''* *° carry on the h,-"*'"' °' administrator ha! for interfering with thr/st""'" '™^^'^P---"y«^^^^^^ ] An executor not wishing fn o.. busmess. '^^ the debts contracted in the p'^ ^'^ht before ,ppoinS^„V'' '"' '^ '^'^ ^^^ renounce 12. Should not Si^ K . a ^tncr^ccoXVf ai! de'r' ^'':"'"-trators must keep H '^^ estate" He is perso "'.r .^l,? '"i^tra ^eq^ired to proye such act"^' ^''•'^ ^''e estate and areH^^ets of the esta e ^are nn.^ ''^»^'? ''" ^^ l^oms of their apSntmeT' '""' ^«"^hers withinM feiieve himself of this lability h"'^"'"' '° r!f- After paymen of .n "■/k"""'' '^ thereunto re-IT'"'''^' '"'^ «««ets are suffic l^„t - "u^ ^'^'^ es. ue of the perL^l " onltv Ll^.*^*.\^"^ . '.e^acies the ""' -"^^^ a note is not netotil" i "^ '^ ' meet it. To to the note the then not liable, Ij^ired. Afi';;' paymen!'"of"\n "'/k''"^'' "' thereunto re-u ' ■■ "— »re sufficient |nder the direcS/'°"/°'^"«ecutor to consult and act t^h?^'?'^^ '""st Provinces a .•'• • "^''"y ^^e >" estate, as'Tere '.r7T~T. '°''"'''' ^^^^^^^ ^'^ administr^tors^orex^Tor"""' '''°"^'' I g-e Of. I through the executor's hands. ° ^ "roperty passing Pff-mm 126 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS-HIRED HELP. THE LAVT ON HIRED HELP. [The Fakmers HOW TO WRITE CONTRACTS AND MAKE AGREEMENTS WITH HIRED MEN. 1. Form of Contract : — 'TBi8(5/\'^rCCinCnt, Made tWs First day of Marc/i, 1894, between Jacob Barnes, of the Town of Hub- bard, Dodge County, Wisconsin, of the first part, and Samuel Jones, oi the someplace, of the second part, witnesscth as follows: The first party hereby agrees, to employ the second party to work for him, as laborer, for Eiglit mcntlis, from and after ^ray ist, iSgf, for the snm of $iS per month, and to furnish him, the second party, board, lodging, etc. The second party agreeing to work faithfully for the first party during the time and upon the terras above mentioned. Witness our hands, this ist day of March, iSg^.. Inttt. 2. Importance.— A great deal of trou- ble is often developed, by not having a definite and plain understanding with the hired man; when the agreement is made, either the time for which he is hired is not certain, or the specific terms of the agree- ment are not definitely made, or fully un- derstood by both parties. 3. Written Contract.— A written con- tract with a hired man is not absolutely necessary, but it is always best. To make a bargain orally in the presence of a dis- interested party, so that no difficulty may arise in reference to the agreement, is the next best way. An oral agreement made •without a witness is always to be con- demned. 4. A Written Account.— Always have a regular account of a hired man, keeping record of the time he begins work, and the date and amouiit of money drawn, time lost, etc., and in case of any question as to the settlement, the account book then can be taken into court as evidence. When opening an account with hired men, always state the terms of the contract ; state plain- ly the time for which he is hired, the amount per month, and the date that he begins work ; and have the hired man sign it or get him to acknowledge it in the pres- ence of some one, not your wife. 5. Non-Performance. — If a man is hired for nine months or for a j"ear for a specified sum, he will be compelled by law to serve his full time, unless he can show n-m-tcc-t ^J£«»« tA. good re Jias beet not pro] he may ; of his se wi.se, if t Ills full t cause, he served. provide tl matter wl be, but th( Iiim are ta hired man disadvanta can be pro 6. Hirin month, wit work at the due to date mouth and •shall serve, led conipen 7. Oomp been hired ployment an HE Farmers vUnual.] ..AW W,T„OUT WWVESS.-„«„ „,„^ r 1- _ good reason, for not doing so if , ^^^^RS-HIRed HELP. has been i]I.treated, or the nSv L .'"" r^'" ''"»' ''^1 W-s time exnir.. , "^ can be proven by hi, employer. ^'^ "''^'-- ''-nge tented and doestt "ar "% ^ ''"'^ '"^" '^ ^--n- 6. Hiring by the Month -If a «,. • ,.• '« compromise and n , "^^ °"' ^''^ "'"'e, it is best month, without nnv .i»c ". . '"^" 's hired by th,?L,>v,.; """-^^ and pay him off and h^y u- ' -iys take a receipt in fuu. Take one hundred of ou tneir first start in life. (f) O o < S'ANl'Al,| u CO u E ■a o C0 3 o k a. a» o o a> e O CO CO u 0) B 'i5 M0N1„LV WAGES TADLE. * rS iS???'^?"!;. SS^R-^-es -^.TV^^,- -V =: = "-"L-s o- a 130 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS. [Thb 1' armem THE LAW OF HIRING, LENDING AND BORROWING. 1 1. BailmentB.— Bailment is a legal term applied to almost anything that may be borrowetl, or loaned, or hired, or placed in trust for other p.irties, The person delivering the goods is called a bailor, and the party to whom they are delivered or loaned is the bailee. Real estate cannot be brought under this head. 2. In Trust.— Goods must be delivered in trust in some form, in order to come under the head of bailments. 3. Delivery. — If a horse be borrowed and used, and returned with or without compensation for u.se ; or to be kept and returned at a given time, or when required ; or to be shod for the owner ; or to be trained or treated for disease, is in law called a bailment. Delivery of a book to be read, or bound, or cleaned, or trimmed, or stored ; or the delivery of a watch to be repaired ; or the loaning of a wagon, a sleigh, buggy, or any other personal prop- erty, are all examples of bailments. Hence the delivery of goods of any kind for any purpose where the party re- ceiving them is not the owner, is a case of bailments. 4. Required Oare. — The care of borrowed or hired articles that come under the law of bailments are divided Into three degrees, as follows: First, Slight care, or that degree of care which a heed- less man exercises over his own things. A failure to ex- ercise this care is gross neglect. Second, Ordinary care, or that degree of care which one of ordinary prudence takes of his own things. A failure to exercise this care is ordinary neglect. Third, Extraordinary care, or that degree of care which a very careful man, one of more than ordinary prudence and caution, would exercise concerning his own things. A failure to exercise this degree of care is slight neglect. 5. Oare and Neglect. — The lines between these dif- ferent degrees of care and neglect are by no means easily drawn. What is ordinary care, for example, will depend upon the circumstances of each individual case; and whether the bailee or borrower has failed to exercise that care required of him, is a question of fact for a jury to de- cide according to the evidence. It is plain that the care which would be ordinary if exercised concerning a bag of gold or case of jewelry, would be very extraordinary if exercised toward an iron kettle ; and the extraordinary care of a barrel of salt might be very gross neglect of a package of money, if both salt and money were the ob- jects of the same care. 6. A Deposit. — Any one who is the owner or lawful possessor of goods may deposit the .^ame, and demand them again ; but the owner always has a right to demand and receive them by whomsoever they may have been deposited. If goods are deposited by one legally incom- petent to bind himself by contract, the deposit is n ! good. It must be remembered that in all contracts ilu legal competency of the parties is es.sential. All persons under age are not qualified to make a contract. But if they make a deposit of money or property, their parents or guardians can secure the same for them. 7. The Depositary. — The person receiving goods on deposit is bound to exercise slight care only if he is not benefited by the deposit, and the benefited party is re- quired to .sustain most of the risk ; he is liable, however, for gross negligence only. 8. Delivery on Demand. — The deposit must be de- livered up when demanded, and if the delivery is refusal, the depositary is immediately responsible for its safety, and may be required to pay for it on charge of appropri- ating the property. But if he has been subjected to tlie payment of expense for the safety of the deposit, he is entitled to reimbursement before delivering up the same. For example, a cask of oil or other liquid is the subject- matter of a deposit, and the hoops had to be renewed to save it from loss. The person in whose care it 'a;is placed is entitled to receive the amount of his outlsy "br repairing the ca.sk. 9. Loan for Use. — Loan for use is a bailment of a thing to be used by the borrower without paying for the use of it. In this case of bailment the bailer is called the lender, the bailee is the borrower, and the bailment is called the loan. 10. Conditions of the Loan. — First, theie must be a thing which lent being personal property. Second, it must be lent gratuitously ; for if any compensation is to be paid it is another kind of bailment. Third, it must be lent for use and for the use of the borrower. 11 Rights of the Borrower.— The rights of the borrower are strictly confined to the use actually or im- pliedly agreed to by the lender and cannot lawfully be exceeded. The use may be for a limited time or for a time indefinite. 12. To Be Specifically Returned.- -The property must be lent to be specifically returned to the lender when the bailment is determined. It is certain that where a thing is "loaned" for coisumption, such as flour, it is not a bailment, but a gift or a trade, the equal amount to be returned. 13. Barter.— Barter i^ the exchange of one romniodity for another ; and the bread that in common language » " borrowed" is really exchanged for other bread which i.* to be del not to be 14. Ti has the r tile purp< lieyond o makes hir Kt) to a cei out liabilii 15. Oat loan is a st 'Stances a Tile borrov rows a hon Tlie lender l)orrower, b other party, 10. Llab take proper rowed ; to u to restore it condition. J alone is ben eiiipt from lii suchashuma guard againsi 17. Recoi Time Loam lender could t tile expiration general rule n without comp whenever he and it occasioi latter may, per object of t he b£ 18. Retumi must return the of business of t it naturally bel time removed, follow him to r( was only trifling !»• Must be 'lii'ig loaned mt was when borro were returned v refuse to receive inconsiderable. ' *" ^ "TOiig don owner may refuse " »t in an action. The t armi'hc Manual.) LAW WITHOUT LAW VERS u.i,,,, AWY tKS.-HIRiNc;, LEND/NG AND IIORROWING ilure time. TJ,„» .•. '^«uwing. '?i to be delivered at a future time TJ,„» "ot to be rcturued That specific article is | 20. BxpenBea _T. , 14 Time and Purpoee.-Iu general the . h''' '"- -^--rdinary ^^'! """ "^ ""'"'^'1 to re- hns the riK'ht to use the thi.ur ,i.. '^o^owcr Un.j.crty If „ „,„ T * '° Preserve or repair .h. t'a. purpose named by;,, "l*' t.t '£ t' "'"^ "-' ^^ -' ""--' - ertr" n '^ "^'^ ^'-•' '' -- t "eyond or outside that intemtn ,' L'' T' ""' '"h'^' k<^1i'^,^^^^"T'''''''''^'''^-^^^^l^nJ^ makes himself liable. If a hor 4 is " rrl f^'?. °'' ''T'"' ""'-^t be borne by ,e . "" '' "" "'■'""•''^>' ^'"Pense K.. to a certain town, no other ^Ta: ^"^f ''.";; '"-<' len.ses 15. Cannot Lend to a Third Pnrt« a payment by refusiuLr to r^ "? '"'''■'""-' '"'"'^t"" from loan is a strictly personal trust unle^^r^-~V"'"'''°"4'^"'«-l"^'"t'k.trt^^^^b r^'" "'' '''""^''-'^'y •■ "°r l>y th" stances a different inientSn 'Z^'^^J^'^ ;!'''''' '^'<^^^^^^^^^ "- ''V a restitution of it by The borrower cannot lend to a third p ^tv Im "".'"'• M'' ^ontri 'o H^e '"'c^'T" '"^■'"'^'"- nnvs a horse to ride he must not ncrlt ^H ' " ^or- ment in which the b^ileff:?"'*'''' "^ '"^^ '« « bail- The lender may be willing to en tru" jWsT ''"'^ "•r'" ■^-^•'- a'-u t fora '? "'" """' """'^ '^'^^^^- or to '-rower but n.ay „ot feefdispas" ' "o e rtm h J" "'T''"'^'' '"^ " '«■'»- o nre •" S^ll'T'T' '''"'' ^'^''^ « ?SW-The borrower is u^ "" -" "^ ''^ -'--- ^^ aIo.,e ,s benefited by the bailmen He ' u" ''' ''•^^■^' ''' "«'" t" "'e, e£ and n '' ' ' ""^ ''^'''^•-" '^'^^^^ en.pt from liability for loss from evit , i!? r""^ """h ^^•'"^'' '' ^vas le here si, nT' '' """"^"'"^ Period T-L'e s^sisz.n'^, -:-p5'^> -le^i^r^- r--;^v'" -'- "' "-% .-.cral rule may be stated to ttatllT'- '^'^^^^^^^^ry. ''" ^^''^'^- ^'-'Ji'-ry care only is object of the bailment has been partly a^.'^'',-?'''^^ '"T"'' burglars to enable tl' „""''' ^''' ^°°^« *« thieves ■•• ' wrong d„„, ^^ convmirn'f^i *"'"""'"""'"»"'. "d that onlv ^..^ 5' ''°'1""'= "' *'" M- "Mr may ref„,^ ,„ „„°"7, '°J "" P™P"»'' ">» the bailment «,°,Z:.. ""''"">' '"= "f " wh* ' "i'taanaction. '''"'''■'"'"'"■=«»' value expiresj^a"^""": '°,';«""' '•">.« the b.ito.„T ^eepted, and to pay u,, 5Up„,„jj ^^ 132 LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS— DISSOLUTION OF CONTRACT. The Farmkh ;' Manual. or a reasonable price if none was agreed npon. The hirer is not presumed to break, or injure the thing by using it for purposes contemplated by the parties, with ordinary care unless it was defective. If by the hirer's fault the injury is done, he is to repair it; otherwise not. 27. Dissolution. — The contract of hire is dissolved by the expiration of the time, or the accomplishment of the thing for which the contract was made ; by the loss, or destruction, of the thing by inevitable casualty; by a voluntary dissolution by the parties ; by operation of law, — as where the hirer became the proprietor by pur- chase, gift, or inheritance. When this contract is dis- solved from any cause, it does not afilct the obligation already incurred, but only those that might otherwise be incurred in the future. 28. The Hire of Labor and Services.— The par- ties are called employer and employee. The employer is, in general, obligated to pay the compensation ; to pay for all proper new and accessorial materials; to do all mi his part to enable the workmen to execute their enga.i;r- ment, and to accept the thing when it is finished. 29. The Employee. — The employee is obligated to exercise the skill in any given case required ; to perform the labor well and by the time stipulated, or if no time was agreed upon, then in a reasonable time ; if materials are put into his hands, to guard them against ordinary hazards, and to exert himself to preserve them from any unusual or expected danger ; to deliver the thing about which the service is done, when the same is completed, and in all respects fulfill his legal agreements which may have been made on the premises. JnV■ l» "h Mm. the „.,„„ „f the „„, ^rfl'L f""*' '"vMigatl^g 'uu, uui nis initial or any mark tViof i,= _ L^ r "on-pertormance, whether it rpcnu ■ signer, but not uuon th^ instanr^ i,„,..„ .,. . "e'^esMtj. The law, in no cepted, is binding up n the siZrrf'''^'"'^"^' ^^■ party who does not sign ^ ' ^"' °°' "I^°" ^^^ .otistfrtSbTrr. ■^^'^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ™^- person, this tfo! mt; tf w^-t'::':"^^ °' ^""'^^^ c^^only c^led a guaranty. TnthStl^s^^Xi: instance, however TJ^^ a low ''• • '' ''^"' ^" '^^ damages. "°'^ oppressive or vindictive Sel^ic?-Zf 'V' P-f°r-^-nce of Personal his^;3-iISt2TI?ref:rt°^^^-''-- employee so discharged 1ms a riX 7 P'°^'°^^^'°°' ^he for whatever los. ./'l !. ..f. "^^ ^° ''.^^ver damages 6. Object of the Law.-The law vn.r^. r I ' "°"^^'l"^'^t lack of employment ^ "'^'^ man life, liberty and tZ\ ' ^^ '^'^ ^""^^safes to every 11. Flooding Adiacent T«n,i -n -ch.po„theH,h.sof„Se;';t L ' "'"" " "- Itj"^ "' »!■""" ^'^ "'>'«?-^»' ■ « " I^eat selves in determining the mea^g °'''^^^^''^^ them- stances damages are awarded commTi.-.,'".:"," Su"" I brought to the property of the said pla;„ua. ^^ RULES FOR BUYING REAL ESTATE t IS of the ereatest Jmn.,...,.. .. , « « I t. terms of^the^greerelltrpurchtr'^' ^^'^''^^^'"^ ^'^ *'- description of the vLll ■ "*"• P"'-'^''"'^er, a short terms for car^n'^uX^jP''''^''' ^"1 o*" P^J^ents and by both nartipVhff '"e agreement. It should be sitrned nim: als'o a'd mLe'an'affid"-; '''°. ?"""''' -"scribfhis tl>e contract '"^'*^''" verifying the execution of by his wife aLr and ti^. f ' ^•"^'' ^^ ''™'"'''' '^ '"''^"ed 8. Abstract -HnllT-.-'' P^^''"f^ purchase money. -■lerrulXth''at:Ltl^t'o^f"th^^ t?t.^'^ T'^^^' '""^ ""e deeds and necessarTtv^idlj^^^r'tlt^e "afS^:^; =^£St^^t;^--^estig.etHe.^ interest, insurance and rents «r«r" . ' **"'^'' •■''•"^^' of the sale and thereafter aTsum^dV tllf " -H -"" '^^^ and of fnySeVin or r'""""'' ^°' ^''^ «'''^ of l,,.,d« executor or SSt"Jor nro-'"'"? """"' "^ ^' ^ "^■'' '"'" tof his own estate? rrb7Xr°^"''^^"''''^''"^8-^'^^'"t answer for the debt or defa^f of Pfu''^ "''dertaK-es to agreement that is not to hJ nf f''"°"i"' P-'-'^on, aod an from making same mi st h. fn^ ^^?™''' '^'"''" ^"^ vea, by the part/to'"^: cTa ge'd he'ewh;^ o'"1 ^''=^" ''^ '^'s'-'' unto by him lawfully authorized ' '" agent there- An?p1rt-;;1,?^f:ra:!e'^"i^°;4'^-f- '^ void, and ownmg real estate m«vT^- *P ^''''''^act Ha-iiness takes effecf upon £ del^e^y a', n'ho t i''"' • ' ' ' ^^^^^ once. Do not purchaslre-d If^^^ '' • ^u '''' ''' ^•"- ' «t examination of the tkle by yn ,r!oi^ '^"^'^"' ^ "'^f"' not accept the deed and close hf ?' ^ 'f'"'"' ^" ^ ^o for mortgages and exe"c'u£,^ ^S^ ^tn Se! ""^' ^^^^^^^ 136 WHAT A DEED TO A FARM INCLUDES. WHAT A DEED TO A FARM INCLUDES. [The Farmers 1. Fences, Etc. — Everyone knows that it conveys all the fences standing on the farm, but all might not think it also includes the fencing stuffs, posts, rails, etc., which had once been used in the fence, but had been taken down and piled up for future use agaiu in the same place. But new fencing material just bought and never attached to the soil would not pass. So piles of hop poles stored away, if once used on the land, and intended to be again so used, have been considered a part of it; but loose boards or scaffold poles merely .'aid across the beams of the barn and never fasteued to it,''"onld not be, and the seller of a farm might take them away. 2. Standing Treep— Standing trees, of course, also v.;ss a^ part of the land ; so do trees blown down or cut down, and still left in the woods where thfy fell, but not if cut aud jorded utj for sale; the wood has then be- come personal property. a. Mpjiuro. —If there be any manure in the barnyard, or in the compost 'leap an the field, ready for immediate use, the buy,r ordinarily, and in the absence of any con- trary agreement, takes that also as belonging to the farm, though it might not be so if the owner had previously sold it to some other party, and had collected it together, in a heap by uself, for such an act might be technical severance from the soil and so convert real into personal estate, and even a lessee of a farm could not take away the manure made on the place while he was in occu- pation. 4. Growing Crops. — Growing crops also pass by the >. ..•• 5 How to Grain in a Bo by the height in icet, and then a figure. The rest [The Farmers Manual.] _.„ FARMERS- SHORT RULES OF ARITHMETIC .!^?«^'!^?:^HORTRULES OP ARITHMETIC. '" ___ wagon box is a little m t^, ""^"^'s. A common i. How to Find the Number of Tons of Hav in '''' ^'''' ^"^^ -'" ^^'^ aC twotushl'fo? "' ''"'' a Mow.— Multiply the length nf f ., ? ^^^^ ™ '^ depth. If the wtitrnn k^ • ^'"^'^^'s for every inch . StSr "LTT^ J"' '"™'^' "' Tom of Hay In M,t^°Tu*° ^^^ ^^^ 0°«* °f a Load of Hav- Multiply the weight by one-half fh^ „.; -"ay — off the three righf hand fi^rL Ldl^ ^" '°"'.P°'"' will hp tJ,« oJ: . • °^^^^' ^"d tlie figures at the left «ls to ""' " '°"^" ^"'^ ""^« *h-t the load 4 How to Measure Ear Oom in a rirJK ht , fply the length in feet by the he^it in fe^'^^Tf. • agam by the width i„ feet, and muuSy the resuU by f (or, for good, sound corn well settler! ht .^ ^ ^ ^' find the average width by adding to-ether fh^ f !■' bottom widths, and dividing by 2 ^°^ '"'^ ^yt^h^ig1;t^rfe°:.S•;^!:?jS!-^';"f■>^^ S;r^^::ir;^uS:?!:£^^^^^ urL^^r-Sprt^e"^'?'* °' °^"^« ^'^ M-B- (back of the forfsL .^ ^ T '''"""'^ '^^ ^"'"'a/ multiply that rfsuUbvt? "!. '/ ''''''' '°^ ^^^^^ the animal ye^Zr^l'""^ ^°" ^'"^ ^'^^ ^"g^'t of of multiplying^by ,;■ Z^r^TT^'^'"'''^''''^'''-^^ of the aniLf in'f t'craSn^f'" 'T' ^'^ ^^"^'^ th. '^oulder blade t 'theToneV^ Su ^'•'^. °^ line wita the buttocksl ^^a a- -^ ,. ' '" * vertical for average J. fv'. "I b'v .'^ ■'"^"" "' ■' height, width and depth in f^^ . ' 2 ' """^"^'^ *^^ product by 4, and thfreult wil rutr;^ ' ''T '""^ barrels the cisten, will hold. S Zf^Z^rl^.t i3« FARMERS' SHORT RULES OF ARITHMETIC. round, multiply the diameter in feet by itself, and multi- Itly that by the depth in feet, and divide the product by 5, and you will have the number of barrels the cistern or tank will hold. * 11. How to Find the Contents of Barrels and Casks.— Add together the diameters at the bung and head in inches, and divide the sum by 2, and the result will be the average diameter. Now multiply this result by itself, and multiply the product by the length of the barrel or cask, in inches. Multiply this result again by 34. and cut off the four right hand figures, and you will have the number of gallons. [The Farmers' i4«i"'*"""-"'--^w"*-^Jti 12. Gross and Net Weight of Hogs.— It is as- sumed that the gross weight of hogs, diminished i or, 20 per cent, of itself, gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by ^ or 25 per cent, of itself equals the gross weight. Thus : If the gro^s weight of a load of hogs is 1800 pounds, the net weight would be | or 360 less, or 1440 pounds. If the net weight is 1440 pounds, the gross weight will be }{ or 360 pounds more, or 1800 pounds. 13. How to Find the Number of Common Brick in a Wall.— Multiply the length of the wall in feet by the height in feet, and that by its thickness in feet, and then multiply that result by 16, and the product will be the number of bricks in the wall. 14. How to Find the Number of Yards of Oar- pet to Cover a Floor.— Multiply the length of the room in feet by the width in feet and divide the result by 9, and you have the number of yards of carpet required, if the carpet is one yard wide. If the carpet is only }{ of a yard wide proceed as above, and then multiply by 4 and divide by 3. n. An Easy Way to Multiply by 11.— To mul- tiply any two figures by 11, add the two figures together and place their sum between the two figures of that number. If the sum of the two figures exceeds 9, the left hand figure must be increased by i. 16. How to Find the Number of Acres in a Field.— If the field is rectangular, multiply the length in rods by the breadth, and divide by 160. If the piece is triangular, multiply the length in rods by the breadth and divide by 2. Then divide by 160, and the result wilj be the number of acres in the field. 1. Example: How many acres in a piece of land 80 rods long and 20 rods wide? 80 X 20 = 1600, 1600 -1 160 = 10 acres. 2. Example : How many acres in a triangular field 80 rods long and 40 rods wide? 80X40H-2 = 1600 10, rods. 1600 T- 160 = 10 acres. 17. How to Measure Wood,— Multiply the leiiRth, breadth and height in feet gether, and divide by 128. The result will be the number of cords. Example : How many cords in a pile of wood 20 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 8 feet high? 20x4X8 = 640. 640 -r 128 = 5 cords. 18. How to Measure Boards.— Find the width of " the boards in inches, and add together, and the sum ob- tained will be equal to the number of feet in the pile if the boards are 12 feet long. If the boards are 14 feet long add >^ of itself, if 16 feet long add yi of itself, and you v/ill have the number of feet in the pile. Example: How many feet of lumber in 12 boards, 10 inches wide, and 14 feet long? 12 x 10 = 120; ^6 of 120 = 20; 20 + 120 = 140, the number of feet. 19. How to Measure Scantlings, Joists, Planks, Etc.— Multiply the width in inches by the thickness in inches, and multiply the result by the length in feet and divide by 12, and you will have the number of square feet. / Example : HoW many feet of lumber in a scantling 4 inches wide, 2 inches thick, and 18 feet long? 4 x 2X 18 = 144. 144 /f 12 = 12 feet of lumber. 20. How to Find the Number of Shingles Re- quired for a Roof.— Multiply the length of the roof by twice the length of one rafter, and multiply the result by 8 if the shingles are to be exposed 4 >^, or, by 7 if the shingles are to be exposed 5 inches to the weather, and you will have the number of shingles required. Example : How many shingles will it take to cover a roof 30 feet long, and the rafters 12 feet long; shingles to be exposed 4^' to the weather? 30X 12 X 2 =720. 720 X 8 = 5760 shingles required for the roof. 1. Legal the legal rati usury. The would depem are, first, the ply accessible run of not re money and lit of losing to be 2. No Law usury in Cana( especially agre the legal rate c Multiply 1 Example : Solution : HOW Multiply t the right. Example : Solution: TO First find result will be t] interest at 7 pei [The Farmers' Manuai,.] INTEREST. THE LAW OF INTEREST AND USURY. '39 J. E. Hansford, LL.B., Of Osgoode Hall, Barrister-at-Law * acisbU rr '"r-y "-pared »UI, ,h, s„"! PO accessible; and second, the risk thct- o i j . -,.., and m„e d,m.„d f„, i,, i, ,,,„ ^^l' £'? »' oflo-^g ,„ be Incurred, the r..e would be fpwf .,u„7n°orA'^" """^--There I, no law amin., °S ; ireed Tof LdT' '"•"''",""^ "' ""^""^ .^....,'raf.:r''e%r;te''z;T'' -'■ -^'-^ '- 3 If Nothing Is Stat6d.-If nothinB is slated . ...d fte rale of mlerest Is conlrolled by the laws of thai .«s,^°ti^rT„^: :s tte^r:? '»• ™;.pyrroitvj;;"::ii:"--^-». esl'fro^t °!^e.teLrdX:S°3,^-- '°- collectir '* '° '""' ■°'«™' f««» toe of ./ JSdrrpeS :ot.r ri 'Tbr-*- -yrf;aXr«;^rcs,:r/° rarr/o:rs,rsr'r?^ :^- »UI.W on the deb, „ „„ .„,h'S'J *' ,', "'"f '? ?f paymenls equals or exceeds the ,„toest TheT, then added to the prindoal the «,™ „f li. ""^ '» withheld from hfrn Ty another Sliff "• T^ P"^^°° '« interest for such detention! ' ^^"'^ '" ^°"°d ^o pay RAPID SIX PER CENT METHOn Multiply ^^Z"?JZLlZTrj ^' «^ ™ ^-^-- -OR MONTHS * 1 50 X 3 (half the number of months) = $4 50 Example : What ia tu^ • ^ ^ " ''^'^^^ figures from «o'u.&:4^''o';£%rrc^T.^°;i,"-'r,''j*'''^^^ TO mm.™., =»+'8-i38. .38X250 = 34.50. 34.500 + 6 = #5.„. First .n?iSre™aTTV^ ^ °™^ =^^^ ^HAN SIX PER CENT I4C LIGHTNING METHODS FOR CALCULATING INTEREST. [The Farmer? The Celebrated Lightning Methods for Calculating Interest. At 9 per cent., divide by 40. At 10 per cent., divide by 36. At 12 per cent., divide by 30. WHERE THE TIME IS FOR DAYS ONLY. Rule : — To find the interest on any given sum for any number of days, multiply the principal by the numbe> of days, and divide as follows : At 5 per cent., divide by 72. At 6 per cent., divide by 60. At 7 per cent., divide by 52. At 8 per cent., divide by 45. Example: — What is the interest on $1000.00 for 6 days at 6 per cent.? Solution: — 1000 x 6-r6o= $1.00. WHEN THE TIME CONSISTS OF YEARS, MONTHS AND DAYS. ' 1. Rule. — Reduce years to months, adding the number of D'onths, then place one-third of the number of days to the right of the months, with a decimal point between. 2. Then remove the decimal point two places to the left in the principal, and divide by 2, and the resuSt will equal the interest for one month at 6 per cent. 3. Multiply the interest for one month by the number of months, and the product is the interest at 6 pe; cent, for the given time. Then add }4 of itself for 7 per cent. " " >^ of itself for 8 per cent. Subtract >^ of itself for 5 per cent. " " >^ of itself for 9 per cent, " " 1^ of itself for 4 per cent. " " ^ of Itself for 10 per cent. Example: — Find the interest on $300, at 8 per cent., for i year, 3 months and 15 days. Solution: — $3.00 ■■-2 = $1.50 interest for 1 month, i year, 3 months and 15 days= 15.5 months. $1.50 X I5.5=$23.25 interest at 6 per cent. 23.25 + 7.75=$3i.oo, interest at 8 per cent. N. B. — The $7.75 is one-third of $23.25. HOW TO USE THE INTEREST TABLES. 1. The interest on any sum of money, and for any length of time may be obtained, by adding to or doubling any certain sum, or length of time in the tables, viz: If the interest on a certain sum of money at 8 p - :ent. for a given time should be $20.00, one-half of $20.00 or $10.00 would equal the interest at 4 per cent., etL 2. If the interest at 6 per cent, should amount to $4.33, on a certain sum of money for a given time, i. .^e that amount or $8.66 would equal the interest at 12 per cent., etc. 3. The tables are computed on the principle of 360 days in a year, the rule adopted by bankers and merchants chroughout the entire country. 4. When the fraction of interest is a half a cent or more, a whole cent is taken, but when less than a half cent, nothing is charged. Example: — To find the interest on $195.00 for one year, five months, and 23 days, at 6 per cent, according to table, proceed as follows: $6.00 Interest on $100, for 23 days at 6 per cent, .38 5.40 " " 90, " 23 " " 6 " " .35 .30 " " 5, " 23 " " 6 " " .02 2.50 2.25 Interest on the amount |i7-33 .1.1 Interest on $100, for i year at 6 per cent., " " 90, " I " "6 " " il II 5. " * tl (1 6 l« II 100, " 5 mths." 6 « II 90, " e *' " 6 « «l .S. " - it (1 6 MANUAL.] Phe Farmers r IIVTEREST TABLES. the numbe) B number of le result will rest at 6 pe; 3 or doubling If" :ent. for stc n time, i. .^e id merchants 1 than a half at. according ent., .38 •35 ■ " .02 %^l-ll 142 INTBftEST TABLBS. [The Farmer.s' TIME. 11 .oo OJ .00 .00 .00 16 .00 •7 .00 •» 19 • 10 ISO ».0O • 80 $.01 • 40 *,01 •50 ».01 • 60 $.01 • 70 ».02 • HO •90 9100 •1000 1 Day .00 .00 $.00 ».02 ».02 It .02 $.22 a lltiyg .oo .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 01 . •0' .02 .02 .0' •03 • 04 .04 .04 • 44 8 «' .oo .00 .00 .00 .00 .UO .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .03 ■03 .04 .05 .05 .06 .07 .67 E^ 4 u .OJ .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 ■03 .04 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .89 5 • OO .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 03 .04 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 . 1 1 1. 11 1 tt .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .03 .M .05 .07 .08 .09 .11 .13 •'2 133 ' 5S 7 .CO .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 • 03 .05 .06 .08 .09 .11 .12 •'^ .16 8 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .04 .05 .07 .09 .11 .12 .14 .16 .18 1.78 O '.» .00 .00 .0: .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 • 04 .06 .08 .10 .12 •14 .16 .18 ..20 2.00 10 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 • 04 .07 .09 .11 •"3 .16 .18 .20 .22 2.22 0^ 11 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .05 % .10 .12 •'5 ■•7 .20 .22 •24 2. 44 12 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 •03 .05 .11 •13 .16 .19 .21 .24 •27 2.67 IS .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 ■ 03 •03 .06 .09 .12 •14 •'7 .20 •23 .26 •29 2.89 U .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 •03 •03 .06 .09 . 12 .16 .19 .22 •25 .28 ■ 3' 3^'" 16 .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 •03 .03 .07 .10 ■'3 •'I .20 •23 •^z •30 % 3 ■33 H 16 .00 01 01 .01 .02 .02 .02 ■03 •03 .04 .07 .11 .14 .18 .21 ■^5 .28 •32 S-Sf' 17 .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .03 ■03 ■ 03 .04 .08 .11 .15 • 19 ■23 .26 •30 •31 •32 3.78 IH .oo .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .03 •03 .04 .04 .08 .12 .16 .20 .24 .28 ■32 •3^ .40 4 00 10 .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 ■03 ■ 03 .04 • 04 .08 .'3 •17 .21 ■25 30 ■^ ■38 .42 4.22 HH 20 .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 ■03 ■Oi .04 .04 .04 .0() ■"3 •38 .22 ■'^l .31 ■36 .40 .44 4-44 P^ 21 .00 .01 01 .02 .02 .03 .03 .0( .04 .05 .09 .14 .19 ■23 .28 •33 •37 • 42 •47 4.67 22 .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 • 03 .03 .04 •04 .05 . 10 • •5 .20 • 24 •29 •34 ■39 .44 ■ 49 4.89 H 2» .Ol .01 .02 .02 •03 •03 •04 .04 .05 .05 .10 .20 .26 •3' •36 •41 • 46 •5« 5.11 ^ 24 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 ■03 .04 04 .05 •°5 .11 .16 .21 • 27 •32 .37 •43 • 48 'h 5 33 26 .01 .01 .02 .02 03 • 03 •04 .04 .05 .06 .11 .17 .22 .20 •33 • 39 •44 •50 5.56 ^ 20 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 • 03 •04 ■°5 •05 .06 .12 \\l •23 .29 ■35 • 40 .46 •52 .58 5.78 27 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 .04 .04 ■05 .05 .06 .12 • 24 •3" •36 .42 •48 •5^ .60 5.00 GQ 28 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 .04 .o\ .05 .06 .06 .12 • 19 M •3' •37 .44 .50 •5^ .62 6.22 W 20 .01 .01 .02 .03 ■03 .04 .05 .05 .06 .06 •13 • 19 .32 •39 •45 •52 t .64 6.44 1 Month .OI .01 .02 .03 .03 .04 .05 .05 .06 • 07 •13 .20 •27 • 33 .40 •47 •53 .67 6.67 2 .01 •03 .04 .05 .07 .08 .09 .11 .12 •13 • 27 .40 :^ .67 .80 •93 1.07 1.20 '•33 13-33 s .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 . 12 .14 .16 .18 .20 .40 .60 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 20.00 ^ 4 •03 .05 .08 .11 •>3 .16 ,19 .21 .24 • 27 •53 .80 1.07 '•33 1.60 1.87 2.13 2.40 2.67 26.67 ^ 6 •03 .07 .10 ■ •3 ■17 .20 .23 • 27 .30 • 33 •67 1 .00 \M 1.67 2.00 2.33 2.67 3.00 3^33 33-.H 1 .04 .08 . 12 .16 .20 .24 .28 ■32 •36 .40 .80 1.20 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00 40.00 HH i 7 .05 .09 .14 .19 ■23 .28 •33 • 37 •42 .47 •93 1.40 1.87 2.33 2.80 3-27 3 73 4.20 4.67 46.67 8 .05 . 11 .16 .21 .27 • 32 • 37 •43 • 48 •53 1.07 1.60 2.13 2.67 3-20 3 73 4.27 4.80 5-33 53 -.33 .06 . 12 .18 .24 •30 •36 • 42 .48 •54 .60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3^6o 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 60.00 10 •07 ■ 13 .20 .27 •33 .40 • 47 •53 .60 •67 I 33 2.00 2.67 1% 4.00 4.67 5^33 5 •87 6.00 6.67 66.67 11 .07 • '5 .22 .29 •37 .44 ■5' •59 .66 ■v> 1.47 2.20 2-93 4.40 5^'3 6.60 7^33 73-33 1 Year .08 .16 .24 •32 .40 .48 .56 .64 ■72 .80 1.60 2.40 320 4.00 4.80 5.C0 6.40 7.20 8 00 80.00 1 Day $1 .00 .00 93 .00 $1 .00 $5 .00 $6 .00 $7 .00 «8 .00 $» $10 $20 $.00 $30 $40 •50 •60 •70 $.01 •SO •00 •100 $14M>0 .00 .00 $.01 $.01 $.01 ».0I $.02 $.02 $.02 » .19 2 8 Days .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 •03 •04 .04 ■32 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 .04 •04 .05 •C; .06 .^8 • EH 4 5 ii .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .02 .01 .02 .02 •03 .04 .05 .05 .06 .07 .08 .78 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 •03 •04 •05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .97 6 I .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .11 .12 1. 17 .00 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 •03 .04 .05 .07 .08 .10 .11 .12 • I4 I -.36 ! 8 .00 .00 .00 .00 .OQ .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 .04 .05 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .09 .11 .11 .12 .12 • 14 .14 .16 .16 .18 I i6 ■■75 p:^ 10 (( .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •04 .06 .08 .10 .12 • 14 .16 .18 .19 1,94 1 11 i( .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •04 .06 .09 .11 •'3 • 15 • 17 .19 .21 2.14 12 .00 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 .05 .07 .09 .12 .14 .16 .19 .21 •23 2 33 18 .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 ,02 .02 .03 .05 .08 .10 • 13 •15 .18 .20 • 23 •25 2-53 14 (( .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 •03 •05 08 .11 .14 .16 .19 .22 •25 .27 2.72 ;zi 15 (( .00 .01 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 ■03 .06 .09 .12 • 15 .18 .20 • 23 .26 •29 2.92 16 i( .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 .02 •03 .03 .06 .09 .12 .16 .19 .22 .25 .28 •3« 3-" 17 (4 .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 ■03 •03 .07 .10 •13 ■^l .20 • 23 .26 •30 •33 3 ji 18 i( .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 ■ 03 •03 •04 .07 .11 • 14 .18 .21 .25 .28 ■32 • 35 3-50 10 i( .00 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 • 03 •03 •03 •04 .07 .11 •15 .18 .22 .26 • 30 •33 •37 3 {-9 pl^ 20 4C 00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 •03 •03 •04 .04 .08 .12 .16 .19 •23 • 27 •31 •35 •39 q JZ2 21 44 .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 • 03 •03 .04 .04 .08 .12 .16 .20 .25 .29 •33 • 37 .41 : 22 4* .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 •03 •03 •04 .04 .09 ■13 • 17 .21 .26 • 30 •34 •39 •43 4.28 ^ 23 44 .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 •03 .04 .04 .04 .09 • 13 .18 .22 ■27 •31 •36 .40 •45 4.47 ; 24 44 .00 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 •03 .04 .04 .05 .09 • n • 19 ■23 .28 •33 ■37 • 42 .47 ^il , 25 44 .00 .01 .01 .02 .C2 •03 •03 •04 .04 .05 .10 • 15 • 19 • 24 .29 •34 •39 • 44 •49 4,86 j 26 44 .01 .01 .02 .02 ■03 •03 .04 .04 .05 •05 .10 .15 .20 • 25 •30 • 35 .40 • 46 •5' 5.06 Eh : 27 44 .01 .01 .02 .02 .03 •03 .04 .04 •05 •05 .11 .16 .21 .26 ■32 •37 .42 .47 •53 5-25 rn i 28 ** .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 •03 • 04 .04 ■.05 •OS .11 .16 .22 .27 •33 ■ 38 •44 • 49 ■54 5.44 i 20 44 .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 •03 .04 .05 .05 •05 .11 • 17 • 23 .28 •34 ■39 •45 •5' .56 5.64 1 Month .01 .01 .02 .02 •03 .04 ■04 .05 .05 .06 .12 .18 • 23 .29 ■35 • 41 .•47 ■53 .58 5-83 2 ■■ 44 .01 .02 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .11 .12 .23 •35 •47 .58 .88 ."'0 .82 •93 '.05 1.58 1. 17 11.67 P3^ 1 8 44 .02 .04 .05 .07 .19 .11 .12 .14 .16 .18 •35 • 53 .70 1.05 1.23 1.40 1^75 17.50 i * i& .02 ■05 .07 .09 .12 .14 .!6i .19 .21 • -3 •47 .70 •93 1. 17 1.4c '•Dj 1.S7 2. 10 = •33 -•J -33 1 5 ■03 .06 .09 .12 • '5 .18 .20 .23 .26 • 29 .58 .88 1. 17 1.46 i^75 2.04 2:^ 2.63 2.92 1:9. 17 1 « .04 .07 .11 .14 .18 .21 ■25 .28 • 32 •35 .70 1.05 1.40 '•75 2.10 2.45 3^i5 3^50 35-0° l-H 7 •04 .08 .12 .16 .20 .25 .28 .29 ■33 • 37 •41 .82 123 1.63 2.04 2.45 2.86 3^27 3.68 4.08 40.83 8 .05 .09 .14 .19 .23 •33 •37 •42 •47 ■93 1.40 1.87 2.33 2.63 2.80 HI 3.73 4.20 4.67 46.67 .05 .11 .16 .21 .26 • 32 •37 • 42 • 47 •52 .58 1.05 1.58 2.10 3^15 3.68 4.20 4^73 5-25 52.50 10 .oS .12 .18 •23 •29 •35 • 41 •47 •53 1. 17 i^75 2.33 2.92 3.50 4.08 4.67 'a 5.83 58.33 11 ,06 •3 .19 .26 ■32 •39 •45 •5' .58 .64 1.28 I 93 IZ 325 3^85 4.49 5^i3 6.42 64.17 l¥e»r •07 .14 .21 .28 • 35 • 42 •49 56 •63 • 70 1.40 2.10 350 4.20 4-90 5^60 6.30 7.00 70.00 Majiuai,.] "^ pq o p^ Ah X Eh Es QQ P4 Ph > Eh Eh 1 1 1 1 1 1 ii 1; u n '.a 21 22 23 24 25 20 27 28 2» IM 2 3 4 7 8 10 11 ' 1 Fo« 1 Dt 2 Da 3 " 4 « 6 " «« 7 « 8 « " 10 « 11 " 12 «< 13 « 14 << 15 « 10 « 27 «« 28 « 20 << 1 Month I B « I « 4 " 5 6 7 8 » 10 « « w 11 «« 1 Tear The Farmers' 1100 91000 t .02 $.22 .04 ■ 44 .07 .67 .09 .89 .11 I. II :\l 1.56 .18 1.78 ..20 3.00 .23 2.22 .24 2.44 • S7 2.67 .29 2.89 • 3' 3" -.11 333 3 •32 3.78 .40 4. 00 • 4* 4.22 • 44 4-44 • 47 4.67 .49 4.«9 •5' 5.11 1^ 5-33 5.56 .58 5.78 .60 6.00 .62 6.2J .64 6.44 .67 6.67 '■33 '3-33 2.00 20. 00 2.67 26.67 3-33 33 ■3.1 4.00 40.00 4.67 46.67 5-33 53 ■ 3.1 6.00 60.00 6.67 66.67 7-33 73 .33 8 00 80 . 00 Manuai,.] INTEREST TABLES. $100 $1(H»0 ';! m CATERPILLAR AND MOTH. A COMPLETE ^} ]\[§^Qy Departm ent. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO VEGETATION .A.1VD NEW AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS FOR THEIR EXTERMINATION. tANUAL.] THE E3 .^^1' • • • IlSi SECib ^S 11 Ou oiii-l'JiiOiD. • ' New Receir^ts and New Remedies.! EVHV QVML urn !• Increase ol that insects are i upon vegetation , everj- year. New experiments are C( our trees, fruit and I becoming more am 2. Exterminat ■ realize the vast dif I twenty years ago a I are slaughtered ann I of fashion. While I grouse, pheasants a I friends of the farme I to satisfy the passio jfiait or grain could fANUAL.] niRDS AND INSECTS. M5 MENT. N SAVE THE BIRDS AND BAMioLi ^. THE ..X.BM..™. OPB.iSS^;:j ""^^-«S, ^.^■gr* " ': :. "" "--^^ INCREASE OP INSEOTa , 1. Increase of Insects ^, ■ r that insects are annSJ^nTr ' • ' "'' ^'" established "PO" vegetation a^ 1^"^ ^e-Tpfead"' ^^^"1. ^^^^s «ery year. New precautln ^ ''"'^ disastrous «peri.ne„ts are conSrirnerssT^^^^^^ "- our trees, fruit and vegetation '?'l , ^"^ *° P''°^ect Kco,ni„gn.oreandrrrrnni.rg^ °""°°' ^°' ^™^ - 2. Extermination of Birds -All t^» m realize the vast difference beKv. *u ^ °'** ^^"^^^-^ 'wenty years ago and nTw Slons'or"'" °' '''^^^ are slaughtered annually to sat^^ft th/ r "' '°"^ ^'^^'^ I of fashion. While auaik T ■ '''^^'""'^ ^nd follies Lu.se. pheasants and tnouro'er h^H^"; P^'^"^^-' |friendsofthefan„.rs ^- ° o'her birds, that are the (^satisfy the passim ib^'sport^'^^rf 5" f'^l jfimt or grain could be raised/ '""'''^ "° •''• The Farmers' Friends ^ Ti, fanner rarely .ver gets any Ciw.! • ^"'- ;""J"'-"y "<• ".T grai,; pro. '"^•-s .scarcely ever realise ;'''''/ Protectio,, is furnished by l>e„.rds, luring. the. spriniT «"'l early ,s„,„„.er. At that ;"7"?'""'^Mx>ar the fowls of the field ano air feed almost entirely "pon worms and other in- sects, and one insect destroyed the first of the sea.son may be equal to mill,. „.s destroyed in the fall. 4. A Dollar a Head.— it IS no doubt a well established fa- that every c,uail. every I'artndge, every prairie chick- en, every^ grouse, every pheas- ant and the like, are worth a dollar a piece to every farmer. The in.sects which they destroy in the early sea- son IS worth three or four times more to the producer ha„,,.e highest market price ever ^^ tor these birds as game. TO EVEBv FARMER. \ ^^.vo the Birds. - If fan„-_, to estimate th^ value T^t f. °""^'^- I' '« diflScult "unters. sports and ^f-n thS T M ^"^^^P-* protect their crops. '■''^'- ^"^ 'hereby of the destniction ^^X^^^f^ Z'^^J^f' °"l^ ^"°- occasions, they would make t nnf i u °''^ °^ ^"^'^ feathers of murdered bSl TntssT '° ""^ ^'^ were required to fill the dem««H r ^•°°°'°°° birds Hats. Forty thou^n^trwet Sd"'"^ ^^'''"* l.sea.son on Pir- r ^ ^'"ed in a .sincrl- and marshes of Florida are ,v.n ^ P"'^' ^^e swamps 146 BIRDS AND INSECTS. IThe FARMKK9 has become a favorite slaughter ground for milliners' amissaries. Seventy thousand Viids were killed in a small village on Long Island in a short space of four months. A lady in Florida heard the mournful notes of some birds in small cages. They were blind. Their eyes had been put out. The cages were hung in trees smeared with tar. The birds sing and attract other birds, who get stuck in the tar. They are caught and their eyes put out. 7. Follies of Women. — The little tufts of feathers which have been so much worn are taken from the beau- tiful egrets or small herons, who have them only during the breeding season. The bird is shot while trj'ing to protect its young ones, and is easily caught on that account, and the young birds are left to starve. Many ol the most useful and beautiful species of the birds are becoming extinct. 8. A Plea for Birds, Grain, Fruit and Humanity. — An extract from a letter from Michigan gives some idea of the complaint made by farmers : " The destruction of birds has been carried on to such an extent that it is hardly possible to raise any kind of fniit, even the grapes as well as the apples getting too wormy to use." 0. $100,000,000. — It is estimated that they save $100,000,000 annually to the farmer. Michelet, the great French authority, says : " There could be no vegetation, and therefore no life, if the birds x.^re 1 destroyed." 10. Let Every Man Frown upon Women wearing feathers of birds, and they will soon give up the loshion. In fact, we ought to look upon a lady with a feather or I bird upon her bat as lacking in sensibility and refine- 1 ment. WlANUAL.j Insec PECUL The inse beautiful I ilhistration; proportion a powerful charming s: portunity tc make the e tcrest and n: who desire t in the destru study the su in\estigation sects, and g perusing this FOOl LEGS OF JThe FarmbW xIanual.j ad Humanity. gan gives some ried on to such raise any kind ! apples getting that they save Michelet, the could be no : birds \.vre romen \\earing j up the lashion. j ith a featlier or lity and refine- '^^^"« ™ HOW TO UESTKOV THEM I'ECUUARITIES OF INSECT LIFE. aE8BaSilW>»l5«£Ui»Lui.e^« _^ -ilnstrat ions below show the fo „,s ^S a pouerful microscope. Insects are a chnrnnng study, and he who has the ot^ or.„uy to secure a good microscope aS make the examination, will find great in teres and many surprising results.^ tIs" who desire to become efficient and effec ive ■the destruction of injurious insects Cst ^t.Kly the subject carefully and nnke mnn^ ■n^•cstigations. Secure a few w^ks onT -cts and great pleasure wHl be found perusing this subject. ^ HEAD AND EYES OF A BEE. FOOT OF A SPIDER. LEfiS OF A CATERPILLAR. THE GOAT MOTH. The Goat Moth is -i wf.ii i large and broad wings of n n.t ?'" '"'''*' ^'''^' "^ '^'^'^ body and «'-t wavy lines. The a e^hr T/T" "''^ '^^'°^' -arhed^Sh colore , and has a few hairs ^ i^ '^, TZ '' Tf '' '"'- sm.l, 1, evolved from it, which is left Ti / ""'^ ♦''-"greeable which it has recently crawled Thif '""'^ "?«" '^^ ^vood ove, W.110WS and elms, and hy LJ^JT; ^"T ^"^^ "''^ '-"'^^ ^^ Often destroys some of the laSSfin^' ' " '" "" ^^^^^' ^' ' I'm .'I r'V' 148 SECTIONAL PARTS OF INSECTS. [I'HE FARMBRSf Manuai,.; V The Digestive Organs of an Insect. a, head, jaws, etc. ; b, oeso- phagus; c, crop; d, gizzard; e, chylific stomach; f, biliary vessels; g, intestine; h, secret- ing organs. DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF INSECTS. The digestive system of in- sects is quite complicated. It consists of a mouth variously modified in the different groups, a pharynx, a gullet, a first stomach or crop, a second stomach or gizzard, a small in- testine, etc. In some kinds the mouth parts are modified for biting and chewing pur- poses; in others they are so modified as to be adapted for sucking organs. SKELETON OF AN INSECT. Fia. ass. »i nt nt nl St, spiral tongue; Ip, mouth; ac, stomach and intes- tine ; ns, main portion of nervous system ; nw, nervous threads going to the wings; dv, lieart; r, reproductive organs. The Breathiiiig Apparatus of a Bug. h dDDOMUt. HOSnC INSBCTS BRBRTHB. The breathing apparatus of insects generally con- sists of a system of air tubes, which branch in every direction throughout the body. These tubes receive the air through little air holes called stigmata, aad are arranged along the sides of the lower portions of the body. Some insects, however, breathe by a sort of rude lungs or cavaties located in the iaoer portion of the body. / c. First J d. SecoiK e. Third ; 3. Wings, like that of a extended ov« moth, howeve under the mic ularly formed! 4. Laying E| are oviparous, tl their eggs in A 'heyaredeposite "'' trees, in rotter 5- Insects ar female White An year. The quee, over tliat numbei is supposed to lay ^M^j^j^^t". ... Manual.] THE INSECT WORLD. THE INSECT WORLD. 149 c, First Stomach. d, Second Stomach. e, Third Stomach. 1. The Digestive Appa- ratus is commonly quite com- plicated, their being thr»e stomachs-one to correspond to the crop of birds, anotherto the gizzard, and the third re- ceives the food after it has been softened and ground in the oth er two stomachs. Thusc,dand e represents the threestomachs m the above illustration 2. Forms of Peet.-The feet of insects are in conform- 1 IMAGO, OR THE PERFFPt lyL-, % with their modes of life. 6. Metamorphosis -Almo? Some have claws or hooks ; H^^'" "^hang^wS is cZ '?^ '"^^^^ undergoes some have a kind of a suction fi^«t state the inslt 's Irnf ,r'""°'^^°^'«- I" the cushion by which they can --nd state it iC^ped up iJl""' °^. ^ "^^™- I« '^^e adhere to the surfaces; someM'^^^^"- «'• ''es buSin ^he LT""!^^^'='^^'^^"-<» have fringed feet to enable N^mains in a sort of a sj ' wv '.'"'^ '"•■ ^'^"^ ^ime them to swim ; and some have becomes a perfect winged bse^r^ '' completed, it flight. ^^'^'"^^'=^^d generally ready for ., . . ' """aumenavt their fore feet shaped for dig- 3. WixxeV-rZ" ■ ^"^' "''^ ^''^ "^^^'s. or rats. like tK a" BaT th.'"^' "' ^'"'""^ "^'^^ ^^'T mu h extended ovl'a lif^ ^^1^ ^t ^ • ^^^^^^ moth, however.are covered wiThsZtf.H.'''T °^ " m.der the microscope they arTfounHf k I ' ^^^"^ P"* -lyformedscal^LthS^^^^^^^ LARVA, OR MASKED STATE. 4. Laying Ebbb -Wi.I, ^"T™'-^ I represents the wormTr' Va^teSr^P ^"*- J^"^ ^' reovioaVZ Sfi:^"^. ^^-^ f^^ exceptions insects H^P'^'g Period, an^I^goSSJdP" *h«/°<=oon 'ey lay eggs. Some lay «• R«Produotion.-The r a^^T, J"'^T "'"*" h them in the Sprin/ ??!:.-d the egg is uJttlZl Fl^^^'tl--^ . 7. Three StaireB —An ,•« . """*• °" ""^ «"Ve tmct stages. Sfi^;,^ t eSd tfel ^'^""S^tthree dis- Utm word for mask ; the Set i ■..!'■ "^v' '^'^'^'^ '« ^he character, consequent y it is c/iIh^??^ V" '*^ ^''^^ «tate or state. The second site is the Sf ^^^ ^^"'^' °^ ""^^ed ^'rapped in a cocoon^or isUiL th?'"\' •^'"' ^^^° ^^ « tion in some other firm IT^v 5'''i'«^'' '*« transforma- word for baby, because it comml^l '^" ^"P"' '^^ I-^^in hke a baby, helple^Iy sleenW ^v ^''^P^^'"^ something oped or waking^ t'me artv^s"^^ Th ^^i ""*" '^^ ^^^^J" the Imago, or perfect stl^tL • "^"^^ state is called of Pcrf^ion.^or comorete^l"? '' '' "°^ '" ^he image represents the worm or cateSr^P '"*• J^"^ ^^^ «1-P.ng period, and I^go^S'^^' >,^, ^he cocoon or -ovipa-ro.;:. tharmea; thaTThevT ''^"^^ their eggs in AMt.in,^ ^ , ^ney lay eggs. Some lay - —*--"««« won.— The Larva ;= J over that number of .^ '^°°"^; See is supposed to lay !„ "P^" ^"^^ *^'*t no food. -^^^ertlj. lancets lu »50 SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF INSECTS SIMPLIFIED. The Farmers- SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF INSECTS SIMPLIFIED. Fruit growers, or at least a great many of them, have taken up the study of insect life more i om necessity than choice, and it has always seemed to us ihat one reason for this aversion to Entomology has been the many scientific names which are necessarily used, and also from the fact that entomology has only of recent years become an art — of every-day practical appliance — as well as a science. Science in itself means a systematic classification, and the science of insects is in this respect no more difficult than the science of flowers or any form of life. As with flowers so with insects. Commencing as f; . back as the division of A'^tliopoda (from the Greek, meaning joMcd legs), we find that this division includes INSECTS, ARACHNIDA (from a Greek word, meaning spider) PYCNOGONIDA (from the Greek, meaning thick or crowded knees or legs) and CRUSTACEA (from the Latin, meaning rind or shell). We are only interested now, however, in the first named of the preceding, viz : INSECTS. Th.^se, we find, are divided into Mvriapoda worms, Millipeds, etc. The most of our pets are foniKl among the Tkuk Inskcts or Hkxapods, and are charac- terized by having the body distinctly divided into three parts, viz : the Head, the Thorax or Chest,-in which the Heart and Lungs are situated, and the Abdomen or Stomach. These true insects also have, as a rule, three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. Going still further in the classification, we find that the Hexapodus are di- vided into eight different orders. \ BOT FLY. BEE FLY. HORSE FLY. First come the Hymenoptera or Order I. These (named from Greek words, meaning membrane-winged, have a n^outh organ developed for biting, and also ns a sucking tube. Their wings are small, transparent, and with few nerves or veins. Familiar examples of this Order are Bees, Ants and Sawflies. The next three Orders have mouths develeped simply as sucking tubes, the difference in the Orders depending upon their wings. Order II. are the Lepidoptera (from the Greek, meaning scaly wings or feathers) and their distinguishing feature (from the Greek, meaning numberless legs) and the Hexa- PODA (from the Greek, meaning six-legged). The Myria- PODS arc the less coranioii of the two classes, and include as their names imply, such animals as Centipedes, Galley- is that the wings are covered with minute scales, such as butterflies and moths. Order III. are the Diptera (from the Greek, meaning two wings) or with only one pair, and these are transpar- ent and with few veins ; the Housefly and Mosquito are examples of this Order. Order V. are the Hemiptera (from the Greek, meaning half-winged). Those belonging to this Order have trans- Manual. parent w (levelope( this Ordi three as nc tubes; the developed fication wc position. J Order IV. shcathed-win^ convex shielc folding upon Order VI. ina (from tl meaning strai ti)- In thesi per wings are being leathery Iraneous.andl wings fold lili such as Crick Grasshoppers. Order VII. meaning nervi *iiickly veined are an example Order Vm. i 'he Greek, meai wings, hut the less rigid bristli as the Bristletail -— ..F>Dvc CIJ sions of Entomc ested in bug lif, The Farmers Manual.] SCIENTIFIC KAMES OF mSECTS SIMPLIFIED, 151 SEVENTEEN YEAR LOCUSTS pnrent wings more or less veined or th. cWeloped half way as a leaXry shield ^^^'' T' '''' ''^'"''"S^ f°^- °f <^- Order are bugs. ]ice, lo u tT t\T"''l°'h'''''''''^'''^''o >'ts, etc. The preceding master these hard I names, trying to j remembtr them, if possible, by |themselves,or better from an ; understanding of ' — -wuuoia. p^'hat they mean. --^^--^j^-^sr' -xx-o??*, three as noted have their mouths develon.H . ■ ^^'"''"'"^ ^^'^^ «'e ^~^~::^^^ •'-^^<:'7r5:^^ "^ ^ ■ '^""'^ on the .subject VoT!^' member, in each family is a I'ong 't of Genera (plural of Genus) wnhan unhmited number of Speaes under each ^«„,^. i„ g'vng the scientific name of he msect, and a great „,a„y have no other, the first word is the Genus, and the second the Species. There are as a rule Order IV. is Coleoptcrc (from the Or^.i ■ r'""^' 'P^^''^^ '" each genus L eaaed.^,-„..^s r..\. ^..°"' ^''^ Greek, ">ea,,,ng( number of ; nerea in each fan sheat/ied-winged). In'tliP«f> ii,' " ^'cck, meaning A '♦/. Au inese the unner wino- io „ 1 I .. "v.ic.i m eacii lam. tASe^ folding upon a hinge, such as beetles 0;*^ V/, x^,Orthop- (era (from the Greek, meaning straight wing. (i)- In these the up- per wings are straight, Ijeins leathery or mem- braneous, and the under wings fold like -a fan such as Crickets and Grasslioppers. are an example ^ ' ^ Dragonflies "'■ngs, but the stom.oi, ^ ,}• ^hese have n.o '- rigid bds letTh ; ':::T'^ ^^-"^ --^ or -heBr.tletailsand'^.vL^L^.r^'"'^"^'^'-^^^ -- or's::;Sog;aIs^t ma"r''"' '""^ "-'" ^-- -.bugli.S-l4-J^-^--te. 'each class, and so on up THE SCORPION. The Archnida is an order of insects which have the body divided into two well marked regions-theheadand hind body. They have simple eyes and four pairs of legs, they nave no antennae nor wings, and they do not fi , ,. I^^rr'^f ^''^''' forms the last division, ending in the r '^^ "j^^'^''^ hatched Animal Kingdom, each order tlir "'" "^S:- From class or division rn„f L ^?^ ^o niaturity locj- . ."'^''^'on containing they change their stin less divisions than the preced «i^ "mes.^ ^'" '^^•-Orange Judd Farmer. The bite or sting of some spiders are very poisonous, espe- cially the Tarantula, which often causes death. The Scorpion IS very dangerous, and requires immediate medical attention. ^52 INSECTICIDES. £The Farmers ManualJ FEEDING THE S UFFERERS OP THE GRA SSHOPPER RAID, THE PRINCIPAL INSECTICIDES, AND HOW TO USE THEM. 1. Oare. — The most important substances for spray- ing are poisons, and great care should be exe cised in the use of any prepared combinations of Arsenic, Paris Green, and London Purple. 2. The Most Common Kinds.— The most common insecticides are Paris Green, London Purple, Slug-shot, White Arsenic, Hellebore, Pyrethrum, Kerosene Emul- sion, Carbolic Acid, Tobacco, Bisulphide of Carbon Benzine and Gasoline, and Coal Tar. ' 3. Paris Green Spray.— For Fruit and Shade Trees use one pound of poison to 250 gallons of water, and keep well stirred ; smaller quantities in proportion. The chief objection to Paris Green is, that it is so heavy that it settles quickly to the bottom of the vessel— very much more quickly than London Purple. It is also more ex- pensive, 4. London Purple.— London Purple is a little more injurious to the foliage than Paris Green, but keeps in solution better, as it does not settle to the bottom so .quickly. It should never be applied to foliage easily injured, like peach and plum trees. For general spray, ing use three ounces in sixty gallons of water. Smaller quanties in proportion. 5. White Arsenic— White Arsenic should be hat» died with great care, as it is liable to burn the foliage. 6. Hellebore. — Use a tablespoonful to a pail of water and sprinkle the foliage with it. It will nerally kill the wt'rms found on currants, gooseberries, aad the like. 7. Kerosene Emulsion.— Kerosene Emulsion is pre- pared by adding two parts of kerosene to one part of a solution made by dissolving half a pound of hard soap in one gallon of boiling water, and churning the mixture through a force pump with a rather small nozzle until the whole forms a creamy mass, which will thicken into a jelly-like substance on cooling. The soap so ion should be hot when the kerosene is added, but of course must not be near the fire. The emulsion thus made is to be diluted, before using, with nine parts of cold water. This substance destroys a large number of insects, such as the Chinch Bug, Cabbage Worm, and White Grub; and is a comparatively cheap and effective insecticide. 8. Benzine and Gasoline.— These may be set undet the bushes or foliage where insects are destructive, and the gas rising will either destroy or drive away the insects. 9. Goal Tar.— This is used along the side of ditches, to keep chinch bugs from migrating into other fields. ANEWI Thought U A. new and ^logy has b« JT-och commii the substanc( eleven ounces senate of sods quickly dissol powder, whicl ing fully as ef life, is far prefe the mixture hi to destroy inse sary strength, plants upon wl favor, for often larvae and for t from the poisoi the insect if let This is a betl circumstances £ has the advanta that one can tel not been spraye Being lighter th ly, aud as a resi the foliage. A j [The Farmers Manual.] NEWLY DISCOVERED INSECTICIDE. 'S3 IS the liability of using an over^Jtw*. »n.t *^ i ■ . iu6 tl« Mage of the plant, I^^^ Wth^? '' '*'• perlb.for.c«a,e"f eaS atTr,'" ?' """■ """ ""' A inOTH. A NEWLY DISCOVERED INSECTICIDE. Thought to be More Desirable thaii Paris Green, ohJTJf ™^°'?°' discovery in the domain of pom- ology has been made by F. C. Moulton, of the IZy moth commission, Maiden. Mass. Arsenate of T. J - JiMe of sod. m ,50 gallons of water. These sub.l^n™. q...cl. a"d as a result can bi ^«ZZ * '"'* ".*.. Agreat obJectloT lor n-^.J-^ ™ ANTS BRINOINO HOME THEIR CAPTIVES. 'j4 INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. IThe FARMnnr Manual.] IV ^r\ HOW TO SPRAY FRUIT TREES AND SHRUBS i -OR- HOW TO RAISE PERFECT AND WELL DEVELOPED FRUIT EVERY YEAR. Ever}' year's experience shows I. Farmers and gardners must come to it. ^ ' conclusively that our fruit is not only becoming more imperfect, but is decreasing in quality and quantity. 2. Farmers must meet the new conditions, be prepared for new duties, or they will soon lose their beautiful fields and fruit gardens. 3. Spraying i no longer an experiment, but a science, and but few men who keep a fruit orchard, potato field, grape vineyard or cotton field, hop field or tobacco field, must resort to spraying at the proper time. 4. To show the benefit of .spraying select a portion of your trees or shn.hlery, and carry out the instructions and receipts given, and you will demonstrate to your own satisfaction in a single season the wonderful benefit of spraying' and protecting your fruits. TH The crickets i and of brown ai slender organs c The males hav feinaJes possess 1 These insects they are dispose tliey can obtain I digs a Iiole, and < and children in tl a field cricket by] HOW TO D One of the grea ' f'otlics moth. I tliroii,!;li the small Its way in early £ suitable for food fc fifty or more eggs. tl>e >n,,ng v.-orms «-hich the eggs we. It lengthens and eni fTHE FARMEBf Manual.] INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. 3; iY YEAR. enence sUuws t is decreasing Juties, or lliey few men who , hop field or or slir.-.hler)', emonstrnte to sprayiiij.'^ and THE FIELD OEICKET slender organs of «.ncf , ^' '""''^ ^" 'o"g and ^-es possess aVeJSJ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^'>^ ".^a;:^f^-^-"->^-iste.,ces. except When digs a liole, and does not l'^^^^ '^^ ^''^' °^ "le.n and children in the fie d T I ""''"" ''"""^ '''' "'g^t, a field cricket by pJktt^:^^^ ^'"^'-"^ often catch y poking .straws down cracks in the ground '55 "S:?us^;;:-;::vi;^^'^"^°"'''^^'°''-'p- Which "-■othan^ri^rirXif^tthr'^T'^ -::?;::;r;;^:k:r r ^"^^ - its appearance. P"'^"'^' '""'^^ ^"1 make SpSg^^aocct-lnan f™""'^ ^^•'^" -^>>' '» the better^o keep "' rticr""^ ''" ^""""'^•■- ^^ is Occasional air!;,g"r,rod" " ' '^^^^ ^^^^ ^^• oiu7cedtTa%tc: 'r " '^""^^- P"' ^ "">e wrap withoth rLrrtof ^r^"; '"' ^-^^ "P -"^ ft.^rL:;K^;5^^-^-gn.,. lent. ^ P '""' *''« '^'othes is excel- Cai'^ioH. Caniphor should never be „ ^ • keepmg .seal .skin, as it takes tl,«. "^^"^ '" A close closet 1 ned v.th 1 ' ''^'^ '"'•• ^- it..sai.soc.J,;:;ri^^^^^^ camphor, or cedar shavings. ''^''^°' HOW TO DESTROY CLOTHES MOTHS |eiot.;rx^tt:r^^^"'^^--^'^is'the '^->..'.the smanes crl Ls'^Th;"/ T'' ''^ ^^^^ "swnv in eirhr « ^"'^es. ihg female moth finds Citable for Sod^frrTou """";'" "^'^^"^^ -^'^ '- fifty or more eggs aZ f "^''"' ''^P^^'^^ ^'^o" the ^ nunc. ,..o™" ^ "°"' ^ '^^^^ ",e eg^ hatch and |>^'''^''the"eg;™e?S' H "' "^°" the "cloth upl' 'HlcIvT^'r^°^^^°^^"-S(B^attid., "Jt.TOR\. The cockroach does not i;i.» • pass through several distinct cha g " ' uZT -r''^' several times and develons intn Tr il ^'^^ ^'^ ^^in female carries her ej^J vit i 1™"'" '"■'^^^'- The the eggs are read/ff 1. ^ iV'f. ^^^"^ . ^^- young are white after bein^ W i ? ' '°PP^''- ^he dark brown color. They Sf d 'fft "" '""'^^ ''' ^ maturity. ^ '^'^ °^ ^^^ o^ «i-^ times before Cockroaches are verv tmuui IP 156 INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. (The FARMERt Rbmedy. Thiuy-scven parts of borax, nine parts of starch and four parts of cocoa sprinkled around the haunts will usually exterminate them in a few days. Other receipts, sue 1 as a tablespoonful of red lead and Indian meal mixed \\ ;th enough molasses to make a thick batter used for a few evenings, will also produce fatal results. Insect powder does not kill them, but stupefies them so they can be swept up and destroyed. Pouring hot water on them where it can be done, is a sure remedy. ALL KINDS OF RECEIPTS FOR SPRAYING PLANTS, TREES AND SHRUBBERY. A VEGETABLE CATERPILLAR. Attention has been called to the Aweto of New Zealand as one of these puzzling products of nature. In the early stage of its growth it is a perfect caterpillar, growing to the length of three and a half inches. It is always found in the neighborhood of the Ratatree, a large scarlet-flow- ered myrtle, and habitually buries itself a few inches under ground. When the Aweto is fully grown, it undergoes a won- derful change. The spore of a vegetable fungus fixes itself directly on the caterpillar's neck, takes root, and g-ows like a diminutive bulrush, frcm six to ten inches high, without leaves, and with a dark-brown head. The singular stem penetrates the earth over the cater- pillar and stands up a few inches above the ground. The root grows at the same time into the body of the insect, exactly filling every part without altering its form in the slightest degree. It simply substitutes a vegetable for an animal substance. As soon as this process is completed, both the caterpil- lar and fungus die, and become dry and hard, and the thing is then a wooden caterpillar. Insects Which Sting the Fruit and Devour the Foliage. Use Paris Green or London Purple in proportion of one pound to 250 gallons of water, and apply just after the bloom has dropped, then once or twice thereafter, ten days apart. For Insects like Plant Lice. Make a kerosene emulsion of one-fourth pound of soap one pint of kerosene, two quarts of hot water. One quart of this mixed with twelve quarts of water and spray as soon a the first broods appear. ,«t*. GRAPES. The grape vine flea beetle, and the grape phylloxera j can be destroyed by spraying with the kerosene emul- sion. The former can also be destroyed with Loudon j Purple or Paris Green. For Mildew or Black Rot use a solution of potassium I sulphide— one ounce to five gallons of water. Spniy after j leaves begin to start ; again just beibre bloumiug ; the" once in two weeks until fruit is of good size (The FARMBRf 'X'/ R SPRAYING lUBBERY. id Devour the proportion of one jly just after ilie aereafter, ten days Liice. -th pound of soap vater. One quart iter and spray as grape phylloxera | ,e kerosene emul- )yed with London I ition of potassiuin I water. Spray aftaj Idoumiug; :bra3j 1 size Manual.! For Fungus Attacks. Such as Mildews. Rots Scabs, Etc. ' rot, apple and pear scab, anSves ^of 1 ''' ' ^™P' according to the season. ° ""' *""«« The Vermorel Nozzles are best tlmv fh..„ c and use less material, and friilwr ,"''''™y longer hose is necessa;y °"'^ ' ""'^ INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM, ^57 Sprajr Pump. CABBAGE. To destroy the cabbage niagtrot snrnv ft,» ... PLUMS. Destroy the aphis with kerosene emulsion nnH « spray nozzle TJ,« «. i- . ^mu'sion and a fine 2C STRAWBERRIES. Uaf blight can be p-evented by the use of tT,„ b , mi.xture, apolied win, „ ^"^ Bordeaux i«vos „p«„, ,g.i„ jLfirfL IhTB^ " r' " "" "'^"' •»<1 "gain .in„ August „, "' '''"'»°"' "-'"l'". Pears paS;s::S:^:,::-:;s^j<^7edvsprayi„g..H sene emulsion as soon a. ^ h ^ " '''^^"'^^' ^^^ero- leaf mite can be de'Zed l^'^«'"^.''P^'-«tio„s. The pear- sion. The codl t^M '^^'^'"^^''''^^^°«eneemul- tHe same as ^^^^^^t —"-^-^ ^ -ated Hop Plant Louse. This insect appears in June or earlv ;„ t t very destructive. Spray as soon L ^^peTts {:::;"' i' kerosene emulsion Thic ;= ^ appear with Jor „^ use Mebor. A Ublespooufu, iu a pdl of ^.'irfLxj li» INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. [The Farher.s' Manual.I THE SEVENTEEN- YEAR LOCUST. The Locusts deposit their eggs in the earth, and close them up ill a kind of tunnel, and the j-ouiigones are born without wings, 'vhich become developed as they grow older. TOMATOES. The green tomato worm can be destroj-ed by spraying with London purple, one-fourth pound to sixty gallons of water. This should not be used after the tomatoes have begun to ripen. PEACHES. Peaches if attacked by the black peach aphis, spray with kerosene emulsion. The plum curculio frequently attacks Ihe peach, In which ca.se spray with Paris green, two oiiiices to fifty gnllons of water; \>i^ sure to keep it well stirred, and use with caution, Never use London purple on peach trees. CHINCH BUG ON CORN. Can be destroyed with the kero.«iene emulsion. Every farmer should learn tn make this emulsion, as it is a most useful insecticide. It is especially valuable for killing lice on cattle and hogs. Paris green will not kill iliinch bugs. Apply the emul- sion with a spray pump. CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES. To destroy the worms spray with powdered white hellebore, one ounce in three gallons of water, as soon as the worms appear. To destroy the yellow aphis, spray with kerosene emulsion early in the. season. To prevent mildew use one- half ounce potassium sulphide to one gallon of water. The spray pump can be used for washing buggies with good advantage. After washing the bugg>-, wipe dry with a chamois skin or soft rag and then apply a little kerosene oil and lampblack with a small strange. Tile Flesh 1 as they are cal of all kinds. T and so are the gots, which at with \-L'ry greal "lere is some t will LMt up a ca tJve powers of i The Arkans£ «ays, the followi sive and harml cotton worm : 1 one and one-half »ap. Dissolve ""fJ to this liol 1 tract (pyrethram a force pump; d: [The Farmek;' ray with PnrN of water; In- with caution, trees. RN. ene emulsion, this emul.siiiii, t is especially [1 hogs. Paris )ply the cnnil- Manual.j INSECTS ANO HOW TO mcsTROY TUEM. ) lERRIES. itli powdered ee gallons of . To destroy sene emulsion Idew use one- )ne gallon of ; buggies with jgy, wipe dry apply a little onge. '59 the least injurious to those handl.ng it'. MEAT OR FLESH FLY. The Flesh Fly and the BIhp nr.t.i as they are called, Gen les fo the h'""' '"'T """""'• °*' of nil kinds. ThecurimsLt ' '"""■ ''""'' ^""^^'^ an-oaretheeg^^hSrtkrS;-;-^^'::-' gots, which at first are called "flv blous • ^ ^" COTTON. J^lf'H^r"" '"'"''™' '''''''''^"y "' Fayetteville cays, the follownig is one of the most efficient inexr,on .ve and harmless remedies for the destr::;!; "o^T. J one and one-half gallons of kerosene oil, and one pound ,?/; ^'.'^"'^^ *^^ ^^tt^r in one gallon of boiling water [l,J'1 """\"''^ mixture add one gallon of the above ex- tract (pyrethrum and kerosene), and mix thoroughly with a force pump; dilute with water 450 parts to one part of HOW TO PROTECT APPLE AND CHERRY TREES. ,I»* appear. To destroy «,e .c'r '„ ', " "' "" ..on....,, p,„,„. ,„ ,„„,z ...LltZ 'a:S'j;,t^ 'oth, or as soon as tliev annoir Ti,- \""S«st 1st or be n.ade during the n -■ irorthe d "''S .rth " ^'''"^' are out of their webs and feeding on fheWef "^^"^ if 1 60 INSECTS. [The Farmers" develop into maggots, and permeate the fruit in all directions. In six weeks they develop into full size of a whitish or greenish-white color. They LOCUST OR GRASSHOPPER. The locusts or grasshoppers r'eposit their eggs in the cn'th, and close them up in a kind of tunnel, and the young ones are bom without wings, which become developed as they grow older. THE APPLE MAGC4OT. 1. Apples are usually injured by a codling moth, who worksi about the core, but the apple mag it feeds all through the apple, as shown in the following ihustratfon. It ruins, when It once enters, the entire apple, as no part of it can be saved. 2. The Apple Maggot is a tv . -winged fly, seen early in Summer, and deposits its eggs under the skin of the >oung I5)ples early in the season. In the course of a few days they then make their appearance on the surface, drop to the ground, and penetrate the soil to the depth of about an inch, where they will remain until the following Summer, when they come out as full- fledged flies. 3. Remedies. — As yet there are no remedies that will produce the desired result. The only system of extermination is to collect all the wind- falls and destroy all the apple pomace, so there will be no sources for their development. (Inly a few States are suffering from this insect, and great caution should be exercised against its spread- ing by vigilantly using the above precautions. COMMON INSECT PESTS. Good, Tried Remedies^ Patent Insecticides More Dangerous Than Home-Made, Bulletin No. 24 of the Colorado Experiment .Sta- tion is devoted to "A few Common Insect Pests," by Prof. Gillette, and includes a discussion of the " Imported Cabbage Worm," the " Southern Cab- bage Butterfly," the "Cabbage Plusia," the "Cab- bage Plutella," "Flee Beetles," and "Onion Thrips." Several species of parasites on the cab- Mawal] bage woD •sliould b( enemies a of treatme tliat the.se, ^o the mc the Cabba. ejrgs are d( tl'.e worms these insec application the cheapes best of the arsenites — I abundant pr to those whc Experiment " Thoroug pounds of fl( from a chees* ■when a little application s( no one can th in giving sue begin to form can be appliet put upon the should do hari eaten, and the iiallj- .spreadin can the poisor the outer leave tliink it advisa 10 days to the would never be Patent insect Silicates, have 1: struct ion of cab icides is Paris G being poisoned 1 patf^nt insecticid one a jierson pr< as to the compos liable to be care not to use the a; e^y tluui Insect kills by coming » best applied by [The Farmers" Manual] so the most efficient for th« « ^^Dbage Worm, are al- lJ!S.a^e*po,itod„„,he„„,„,,XJ^^f•;^ "As 1I» INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. i6i SttTeiereirt^r'^^' '"' ^° "'^ --'^ «- abundant proof of the mrml f ^ ^'^'"'^ S'^'^» to those wL eat the ! .1 '^" "'^ '"'^ ^PPHcations Experiment Static" ^"' "^ ^""'^'"^ '^ ^^ "- I-- Some of the Remedies. Thoroughly mix one oun^e of th^ ^ ■ pounds of flour and dn.f T ? , P°"°" '" ^''^ Ln a cheese" oth sack nhrj '^'"^ *'^^'' '''' ^'^"^'^ ^.-aiittledewisSCHeSrSr;^^^^^ apphcatton soon after the plants are set ott^ cl . T no one can think that thereLuld be the sStes^dl!" '' -->e applied .fs;ttS:tt^;::^:t;^fr- put upon the Jiead itself it i^ ^^r»^7 . ^"^' '** should do harm, as the si; aU ,e rfoJXT '^ ""^ '' «aten, and these leaves in . ^'"''^ ^""^ "ot .ailv spreading a^d 1^;o:ir:ir L^^^^^ can the poison be washed by rain into Vh^ u^ ' the outer leaves do not run into he iTh t"", '^'' ^""^ think it advisable to annfv m ^^ ^ '''°"''' "«t 10 days to tS thnl of^^^ the po.sons nearer than 7 to si^;h;:r£^^s:^-t^---o.deof structionof cabba,,e w^rns thef^^^'^^^ '''' ^^■ jcides is Pans Green, but'^o o^n:.::^^ "^'^ ^'''■ one a person prepared Z^Z" t"'"''"^ '° "" "-" as to the comLidon of f ' ''^ '' "'"^"y '&no^nt -f to ^r^r ;^hnrn.^iort;;trhJ^ t not to use the arspnif»e n, • ^ ^^"° prefer eHv .', T ^'^'"t^«- there is probably no hotter rem «best applied by means of a blowerTS JenViThrpan" ?HL^Sf:jr-^'- leaves of the plants, safe to'use or to Wertrho ""V"' '""'^^ ''^ ^"^ to this substance L e'enT' -.f' ^"f °'^'^'^^'°" light, and a pound will trSt " Ir. ''T''' '' ^'^^ A remedy nu,ch recomme d d lylf Til ^^ P'^"'^" Water may be poured boiling hot i,Uo f T '' °' '"''''''• applied at once to the c-iterJn '"'° ^^^'ate^ng-pot and "ot too t',roughIdr:T^ '.''"''• '^^^^ P'^"t« are l'arn,ed, ^vude "fl tL ''^' '^'' ^^"^^ ^^'i" "ot be hedestro; d Wo ^ thT'^ '°"''"'' '^^' ^'^ "^^^ -ill side of the leavl c .aofor ^"'"'"' "P°" "^'^ "->- sene emulsion f Jn "T' °"''''' ^" '^^^'«'' Kero- siderable for"', iKfo S," '" ^^7^''^ '''"^ ^'^^ con- i'aveno. found Ltbstat "?'' V''' -°™«. '-U I i"g the ian.. of /i;r;:;r- ""'' ^^'"^ '" '^-'->'- apple7ree~borers tH'-S:^^:;Jt^::/^fH.'^,-ee bo.^ are that a sort of a sawdus^bei ; ;:. LTou^f 'tf""" ^""' '^ the bark. The discoloration of thet^k XT"7' " also shows where the grubs are at worL ^^'^ ''"^^ APPLE TREE BORERS. " «o?C:s-;;trLl^\S-/"— -onof n>ake another application ' '^ '""^ ""^'^^ ^ater orlt^^f^a^^rd-oVh^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1- -P gallons of boiling water and ot p LTof^'l "''' ^"'^ acid. Mix thoroughly. ^ °^ ^'"^^ carbolic It is a good plan, late in the P-,!! f„ orchard and examine the trees ^nd s ^""T "'' ^"""^ itidications of borers or e^lH; f " "'^''^ ""'^ any with the kuife """'"""^"^es; they can be easily destroyed low^'rsfa"s^nd°rtK^;r ^ ^°^ ^^-^^^^^'^ ^^ ^e,, ^.theendoftheirr?-— ii^f;;:;^ I. i/'Jj l62 INSECTS AKD HOW TO DESTROY THEM, [The Farmeus covering. They are apparently fast to the tree, and are parasites feeding on the sap, and not a part of the bark, as many suppose. Remedy. — Scrape off the tree with a dull knife or hoe as much as possible. Young trees should be scraped ver>- carefully, then scrub with a broom and apply the ■-. p emulsion, u.sed for apple tree borers, double strength. 1 1 Tune spray the trees with kerosene emulsion. it, and apply a shovelful of the powder to each hill ; aftt i each rain renew the application. The results are excelleiu. Tobacco acts both as a mulch and a fertilizer, and is an excellent thii g for cucumbers and melons, aside from its beneficial effects in keeping off the cucumber beetle. Another Method. Place over each hill a thin piece of cheese-cloth about two feet Sfiuare, and fasten the edges down by loose eartli/ A little twig may be bent in the form of a curve and stuck into the ground to keep the cloth from the plants, thou;.;li this is not necessary. The^Large Squash Bug.— They have a strong odor like a bed bug. It is a terrible enemy to the squash and pumpkin vines. The only remedy is to tear off the ]> art of the leaf where the young cluster, and crush them mukr foot and to catch the old ones and destroy them. Appli- cation of hot water 150 degrees (Fahr.) will destroy llitin. THE POPLAR BUG. Poplar trees a.-e frequently much damaged by this insect. The grown bug is of a green bronze color ; the larva is red and is spotted with brilliant black. The larva destroys the foliage and does great injury. Remedy : Spray with kerosene emulsion. A New Way to Protect Cucumbers, Melons, and Squash Vines. The worst enemy of these vines is the little striped yellow bug. It first appears as a little tiny worm, and in almost two weeks casts off its skin and acquires its per- fect form. Remedy. — The best way to raise vines which these insects feed upon, is to get eight inch tile, cut them in two in the middle, or have it done at the tile factory, and set into the earth several inches, plant the seeds inside the tile, and keep it covered with a window glass until the vines are beyond the reach of the bugs. The glass draws the heat and ttiakes the growth thrifty and rapid. The Ohio Experiment Station recommends the follow- ing : Take the refuse of a cigar factory, dry it and powder THE SEXTON BEETLE. The above engraving represents a small dead animal which is beginning to disappear of the consequences of the beetles having dug beneath it. These insects are a sort of scavengers and not injurious, and should not be molested, because they do more good than harm. HOW TO KILL THE PLUM WEEVIL. 1. Pick up carefully every day all the withered plums that fall prematurely from the trees and bum them. 2. Pasture hogs in a plum orchard and the results art generally very good. No other remedy has ever be«n successfully tried. The Cuculli The moths h£ of hood to th upon flowers picking them or, if they ar spraying with There is sea gardens or fie! plant-lice, Tli has attracted n: and bring ibrt not take place "uiltiplication i [The Farmf.h acli liill ; afti 1 sareexcelleiu. lizer, and is an , aside from its )Qr beetle. "jO-cloth about by loose earth.' urve and stiuk plants, tlioiii;h ; a strong od^r the squash and :ar off the ])art isli them uinlur them. A])iili- l destroy thcni. ManualJ INSECTS AWD HOW TO DESTROY THEM. all dead animal :onseqncnc(.'S of se insects area should uul be 1 harm. iATEEVIL. I the withered trees and burn the results are has ever been 16:^ ^ THE CUCULLIA MOTH The mS'"!!'' ^7 '"'"^ '''"y P'-^^y '"ot'^s and caterpillars i'wu to tjieir thorax, and are called Sharks 'n,»„ r i r, ?°^ TODESTEOY PLANT-LIOE , ^'^''^ P'^'^e 'n 'I'ly of our four-win<^ed indent-. I'l • Remedy, When the plant lice ^ct f^„ a httle sawdust. a,.d scatter it over th. nlants. How to Kill the Orchard CatorpiUar. mX foj r^f ""f "^"'"^ '^"""^ ^'''^ "'""th of t1 li- r r :7'-^ CO nveb-l.k. nests in the forks of the ]n„bs of the apple and cherrj' trees Remedy. Take a lo,rg pole and tie a large rag uie rag m, h kero.sene oil and ligiit it and hold it for a second only, ,„der the nest It de. troy the nest and wonns at once. It takes but a short tine ply to other trees,::5;a;::h:ntr^'^^""^^ • °°^ *o Destroy Currant and Goose- berry Worms. Take a tablespoonful of hellebore and stir it into u pad of ^^.ater, and apply to the bu.shes with a spnnWer. One or two applications will gen. a -y be sulhc.ent. A little care in watching the bushes IS t,ecessa^. The worms generally begin at the bot om, and are not noticed until the bush is nearly 164 INSECTS AND HOW TO DEsTROY THEM. [The Farmers' THE VINE MOTH- The Vine Moth is very common in some sections of the country, and is very injurious to vines. The moths fly in the month of July, and --oon lay their eggs on top of the vine leaves, where they are readily seen. During the month of August the little caterpillars are hatched, but they do not begin to eat. Soon each one hangs itself on a silken thread, waiting to be moved to and fro by the breeze until it touches the wooden prop of the vine, or the stem of the plant, and then enters the cracks of the wood or beneath the bark until late in the Spring, and remain in a perfectly sleepy and quiet state. When the hot weather commences again, they climb up the tender shoots and devour everything that comes in their reach. Whole vineyards are often destroyed. Remedy : Spray with a strong kerosene emulsion when they first make their appearance. How to Exterminate the Strawberry Worm. Mow the strawberry plants close to the ground while the worm is among the leaves. Let them dry a short time and pile them x;\> with a little straw and burn tlieni. It is also rccom mended to bum them right ever the roots of the plants. This can be done without much injury to the strawberry plants. HOW TO DESTROY GARDEN INSECTS. The Out Worm. — A great enemy of garden plants is the lar\-a of the dark colored miller or moth that enters our dwellings in the eveniiij; when the lamps are first lighted. This worm will cut off the plant close to the ground. It is uijually done at night, and the next morning the grub can be found just beneath the surface and easily destroyed. Remedy : Place a lighted lamp or torch in the garden r'n the early part of the evening, and a pan of water well whitened with milk neai bv, and many of the moths will fall victims. ^^.^f^vK^iy/fc-i-K; Fig. 1. THE SCREW WORM. Its Ravages on Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Hogs, Etc DESCRIPTION AND CURE. The mature insect is a fly (Fig. 2.) a little larger than a common housefly, and lays its eggs in wounds, sores, and in the natural openings of man and animals. Y( ung calves are almost in- variably affected in the naval, and frequently in the mouth, causing the teeth to fall out. Young colts are often affected in the same way. Barb wire injuries to horses and cattle are the most common sores in which the screw worm is found. Hogs are very liable to become aflFected by castra- tion and other wounds. History. After the egg is laid it becomes a small maggot, which soon burrows itself in the flesh of the woiintl. The mao'tn^t grows steatliiy in size, and eats more and more every day of the soft flesh around the wound or sore. The worm Manualj Js full grown in about a week Tl,P,r ft, i and often kill the animal P"" ^"^ ^""P^'' I'ttSSc ^St^^ f -^^- ^'^'oro^™ or a "-ful. In others the sores can ZZ 7"' ^"'^^^^ ''' a few stitches taken All tr.. '^ '^'"' °^""^ ^"d tar to ward off the fly "^'"^ °^ '^^ ^°""d with pfne- INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. '65 WOSQUITO JUST TAKING WING. (GREATLY MAGNIFIED) THE ENEMIES OF THE FARM AND mDZH.]^^.><^Tj/::^Z^T"'^'^ There is a vast variety of inseot« ft,o* • • «. thfs f.c,. M.„y of a.^ °s hrr," fr'"" '°S' ■" "'"^ ™^ «« K«ub. BfriS^ttJfri H "' ''"""J'i-e their b«, mUe Ito Lfed in . ".f " "'"-"■ ™'«'.or'' Ml should Cot^ed? °.' ?' ''"°'""«' S="1"». «»■« "" '*'"« l^™ «>= •' i^i "..1 and .houghSt^f ""' "= """^ •"^"*' »f «s back „p„ ,,x.hT„ar„' ::rd': tt^ "'"; folda to "C H 1 f " ' ='■■"' "°'=' -O ">« «»- "-TfttrSis: t'"'"" <■"■" -* onac. f«c. „, the leaves; these hatnJ, ."„" _u. ": . P^^' ""^- The prmcipal food of bir,l« ;= of their enemies face of the leaves- !L , ^, -"'' °" ■-^- "PPer sur- , ^'^^farmershould p^ote hisb'T'*'''"'^ '^' ^'■"'y hours, and thewo msJr ? •'" ^'^"^ twenty-four 1 66 INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM, [The I arkeus "'S I' U Jl A Remedy for the Harvest Mite, commonly known as Chiggers or Jiggers. 1. These little mite;; . ause about the same irritation of the skin as the itch uiite, and are only found in the south- ern half of the United States and Mr-xko, 2. They get on the lower limbs and vank ilv ir way up- ward on the body. They cut and dig their way into the skin, causing great irritation and annoyi^nv >., sometimes swelling and inflammation. 3. Remedy. Mix equaf parts of po\\ Jercd sulphur and freah lard, and apply as often as necessary. Also kero- sene oil will destroy the insects and allay inflammation. How to Destroy Cabbage Worms. The cabbage worm has been very troublesome of late years, but is easily got rid of Our plan is to go over the patch in the morning and sift a little fresh Persian insect powder over the heads while the dew is on. This will kill every worm it touches in less than five minutes, and it is but a short job to treat over five hundred heads if a common pepper-box, such as ground pepper comes in, is used to hold the powder. One shake on a calm morning before the breeze starts up is sufficient for a he "i \nd it can be done almost at a walk. This operation „ d be repeated at least once a week as long as the m. .. ■ s are seen flying around. The insect powder is entirely harm- less, and is only poisonous to insect life. Hot Water. — Hot water is also an excellent remedy. Apply at about 150 degrees Fahr. No injury to the cab- bage will result. How to I'.iJI Worms on Rose Bushes. Take a pail of water and stir in a tabiespoor.fu! of -ele boie and sprinkk '.he 1 ashc'' tiioiotighly. One applies tion will generally be suiTicicn;.. FOOT OF -. "^ Y. [The I'armeks Manual.] INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. Th«<,. J™ STAG BEETLE. the larv-^ of which penet mtes^rod f '^^ ^^^-^ ^^'■""g beetle -tten portions, and I somet L^ "1 1 1 'T'''' '""' '" tree>. "»eumes very destructive to younger <;nio. jf 1 "»<-rcu with a de icate silver boob, CICV0„„ ,..„3 «,f„ff ,,f 'f ,'""''"'« °f called the "Tie-ith \X7of«i .. . . "^^cn — it is A CURE FOR BEE AND WASP STING'S SPIDER BITES. Etc. "*°^* I. The cure for insect stings ic very siuple Sci- entists have found that the poiscr: injected by the in. relr" '"'■ '"' '^"'^^ ^"^ ^^^^" '^ - -cellent HOW TO EXTERMINATE SPIDERS I • 768 INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. [The Farmers' GNATS. Tlie natural history of the gnats is full of interest, and even the common gnat is well worthy of study ; and we almost wonder at finding such a bloodthirsty and annoying being in so delicate and fragile a body. The gnat has a very elabo- rately constructed offensive weapon in its mouth, the structures of which, although excessively delicate, can do their perforat- ing duty perfectly. All the pieces of the mouth are free, and the jaws are in shape of sharp blades, toothed on their margins. Gnats abound in marshy districts, and where there is stagnant water, for their larva are in the water, but cannot live in running streams. They are very fond of such places as water tubs in gardens, and it does not much matter if tL:» water is not quite fresh. HOW TO KEEP OUT MOSQUITOES. If a bottle of the oil of pennyroyal is left uncorked in a room at night, not a mosquito, or any other blood-sucker, will be found there in the morning. HOW TO DESTROY ANTS ON THE LAWN. Boiling water, kerosene, or a solution of fresh insect powder in water, poured into the hill, will destroy the inhabitants at once. Where the nests are outside of the house this is a sure remedy A BOX OP SPONGES. A NEW WAY OF TRAPPING AWTS. 1. Ants are very difficult pests to expel from the house. There have been many receipts and experi- ments tried, but without any satisfactory results. 2. The ants that infest our houses live only in rotton wood, either in the decayed sills of the house or in rotten timbers and old fences near by. It is best to remove all such hiding places if possible. 3. Remedy. Ants are very fond of sugar, nnd ailything containing it will attract them. Sweeten a pan of water to a thin syrup, and then dip a l.irge sponge into it, and wring it out. Place the sponge where the ants can get at it ; it will soon be filled through and through with ants, then take it up carefully and plunge it into boiling water, and again set it by, saturating it with the thin syrup. A few daj's' trial will, for a long time, exterminate the annoying pests. This is the only successful experiment ever tried. 4. A trap more simple but not ;o effectual is a plate covered with a thin layer of lard and placed where the ants can easily get at it. This trap is more to destroy the little yellow ant than the larger species. HOW TO DESTROY ALL KINDS OF HOUSE INSECTS. 1. Insects do not grow by imperceptihlp 'ncrease in size as a bird or cat. All insects pasa ihrough several changes from the egg to the perfect state. The horrid caterpillar that crawls in our path to-day will soon be seen flitting among the flowers in the form of a beautiful butterfly. 2. To destroy house pests successfully, the his- tory of the insect, from the egg to the perfect state. MANt/AL must be always I to keep ! 1. The: dog and t 2. The oblong, ar adhere to they fall t< and in less then pass 1 the perfect 3- Remh as the case and after a 4- Dalma sprinkled ai place is alsc A DOME >^tal I teas I tab! Mix them a plate whe; soon disappe HOW TO EJ The Carpet Bi'.g, as it is SOI of Buffalo, New The grub wh 0! an inch in le ^ the above il [The Farmers' Manual.] INSECTS AND HOW TO DESTROY THEM. appears. It is marked wittedtck"; '^H 'T" *" "' and is less than one-eighth o/I^'iS inTe^ •^^°'^' "sed.asthe;are'eate^a3;:tartr "^^ ^^^""°' ^« Tallowed paper placed ar:>u„d LdLroVtlf^ '"^"• a very good preventive ^ *^^ '""^^^ '* pourben.i„ei„ v., sn^ „^L^^ ^^^^^^^^^ '« - also running a hot flat-iron over alone tt r^'" carpet is very destructive to boS,^,, ' "' "^ ^''^ eggs. Sprinkling the paoer with >. !"'""' '"^ '''^ pet is tacked dow^n isT^^XV^tior ''' '''• HOW TO AVOID FLEAS. adhere to the hair unW tlLv T/ ''V"'' '""^ •^^'^'^>'' they fall to the ground They haSt I'l'^'' "'^" and in less than two weeks a«a7„fh "' ' ^""^ then pass throueh a n.Zi ! ^^"' ^™""H' They the perfect Ta^ppea^ Ttef «:;' V^^-.--^^ -ore 3. Remedy. Put » • in shape. The youne resemhr .h " ''°^°'' ^"*^ °^^ about eleven weeksto mT. , ^'''"*'' '"^ '' ^^^^■■ they can live many X wi hlf ?"?' ''^^^ ^^P'"-- Germany, has kept theni«°°'^- ^'- ^^^^e, of panicle o^nourillir^r^S " ^ ''°"'-'-'^'- a. be:t pt^tt'^'^'^^"^ ^"' bedsteadperfectly clean is the- ^^:Z.:Z^^:Z^ -ices and .ia^^SriS^-^R^^-^-^-l but ^ v:;S„o,s c'uT"^ '''''"^^ ^ « -'^ «-i. ^.^ '^ 170 INSECT REMEDIES, AND HOW TO APPLY THEM [Thb Farmrrs' INSECT REMEDIED" AN^ .OW TO APPLY THEM. 'I I 'a i l; 1; I. Large Ants. — There are curtain large aiK< that are frequently troublesome on lawns, by makiii;; their nests above the surface of the grass, and thus disfitruring them. A simple way of destroying these is recorded by Dr. Riley as follows : A number of holes are punched in the nest by means of a pointed stick. A tablespoonful of bisulphide of carbon is then poured down each hole, and a damp blanket is thrown over the nest for a few minutes — tlv ■> the blanket being removed the hi sulphide is exploded at the mouth of each hole by means o*' a light at the end of a pole. The slight explosions dri'. c the poisonous fumes down through the underground tunn'. Is, killing off the ants in enormous numbers. 2. Bed Bug^S. — Spraying the c icks of walls, beds, etc., where these insects occur, with benzine, is the best manner of destroying them. This substance kills iho eggs as well as the adults. Great care, of course, should be taken to prevent their ingress to the house. 3. Cockroaches and CrotOn Bugs.— The best remedy for these pests is a good quality of insect powder, such as Buhach. 4. Horse Fly Remedy.— The little black fly, injurious and annoying to horses and cattle in the months of July and August, is very difHcult to manage, but in case they are very severe, or a horse or cow or other animal is sick, apply carbolated fish oil. 5. Cattle and Horse Lice.— The best - =thod of de- stroying lice on cattle and other domestic animals is to apply a thoroughly prepared emulsion of kerosene mid soap. If this is veil made it can be applied to cattle .nid horses, hogs and sheep, with no danger of injury to thcin, while it will destroy all the lice v ith which it comes in contact. (">. The Clover Hay Worm.— It will readily be seen that these insects are moie likely to prove troublesome when old hay is left over from season to season for thorn to breed in. Consequently hay mows should he thoroughly cleaned out each summer, and new stacks should not be put on old foundations until all thf! leavings of the previous season are removed. Hay which is thickly infested by tlie worms should be burned. 7. The Clover Leaf Beetle.— The only remedy yet suggested is that of plowing under infested fields during: May or June, thus destroying the immature stages. 8. The Rdspberry Root Borer. — No -ither remedy than that of cutting out the larvffi, or ^^ Jling up and burning the infested canes has yet been discovered. I or- tunately this insect is rarely sufficiently numerous to do serious injury. It occurs in wild as well as cultivate. 9. The Raspberry Slug.— These insects can be easily destroyed by dusting or sprayiiij,"^ the infested bushes with powder.'d hellebore. In spraying use from one-Ualf to one pound oi" hellebore to fif'y gallons of water. 10. Plur Curculio and Other Insects.— As soon .is iiie blossoms liave all fallen, and never before, spr. trees with Paris green and water (3 ozs. to 50 gallons), and repeat the operation two or three times at intervals of ten days or two weeks. II Codling Moth, Plum Curcu^'.c, and Othet' Pear Insects. — S001 ci* the blossoms h:i' e f uien sj y the trees wi'h Pan^ green in water — 3 ozs. to 50 gallons— to des,tro T Codling Moth and Curculio. Repeat tl- ippli- catior Ja; ir two weeks latei . If the pear roe slug appei' n thi itter part of June, spray again ilun. In the case of danger from the bark lie, or apple tree borers, carry out the treatment recommenucd under the special head. 12. Other Apple Insects. — As soon in spring as the blossoms have entir3ly fallen, the trees should be sprayed with Paris green and water — 3 ozs. to 50 gallons. The application had generally better be repeated ten days or two -eeks later. This will -check both the fruit a-id k eating insects. [Thb Farmrrs' Manual.] PROTECTION AGAINST MOTHS ■h besrins to fly about our ...... .... . '^'" » "5 171 I" May the clothes moth begins to n. k It is a small, light buff r^^ . ^ ■''''°"' °"'' ^"""'s. u .T . ° "" colored "m Ijpr " 1 ■ ^ beautiful on close in.spection It. h u ' . "'"'^ ^"'' to be to teach us to set our affectionslr' *"""'"" '''""' ibie treasures which " mo/h , ^ "P"" '"'=°'-''"Pt- Bu.itisneces.sary okeeoa.h T"' ^""""' ^'^^'^''-y-" of our furs and flan^t L, 1^^ 'r'""' '"' '"« -'4 'n the first place w;tst 1 irir^ ^^ "P°" '•' we can. upon which it will lay its 'Ls T^ «'^'=^yt''in,. our furs and flannels early I mI, tr '"u ^'''^ ^"'"^ be.'un to lay its egfjs and ll vf :^^' " '^^ """'' '■•"* so tiKht that'the nwnj Toll clot J" '" '"'^" """ '"«*''-^ precaution is necessary Clean n T'"' ' "° ''"'•""^^ ed for this purpose thof^ '^^T' '"*'''"'■" '"''^■"'"'"^"d- T.U, should be' l^^thourhr o/oT- '"' '"^^' ''^^- These bags, when filled and C sed f InTrf h'^"^^''- on closet shelves or in loose boxes ^^I^„' T7 P"' '''^">" contents, so far as moths IZ '^''"^"' '" 'heir camphor or other sZlod^rVoT-"'' "''"""" "^^'^ "^ ■" ''-"y-ldinboxe^hfwhi h.r'"°''''''"^^^ ^"- the: well when you finall v Itt ^^ """^ ''" ^'P'' ^''^' P^vret.'::i-;7!;J°--oBacco or other --rely in hags, or m dT a^^ b" T '' ""^'^ "P pasting a strip of paper aroun, ^h ^ '"""''"«' ''°''^^ '""l -th the box below' s'o a " 1, "ri/"'""'"" "' ^'^ =-" garments must not hanir i„ .1 ? 1 ''P«"'"ff«- VVooIlen parts of the country "L T ""'""^'^ "^« """""er in , be packed aw. y ^t^ "'n,,^ '"^ ,^''°""''- ^hey shou d bHKs. Woolle'n blal . ,„ "''b'" u'r' "■■ "^'^^ "P - P"t away, unless they'::; "it ^ ' ^''f 7 -^--^""y "'"•v'i-- of the moth begin tl,-! r" "^ ^ '" "'""" '^« yn. dwell in places where mo hL ''*^"; ""'^ "'""• ""'e**" or you will fi„u some prec o^^'h :;;"^' '^^l'' '-k sharp, -«ome good coat unused for a fl ^^ ''""' ^'"■^°"«" -verof a neglected Pi not. rl/Hl'f';' ''^^ --"- c'ous moths. It is , „.,v f ^ "'^'''^'J by the vora, ^-- strong e 4 ' r^: rTf '° ^t ""'" '"^'^ "-« and go into the chrylli;:;rj,;:''"' ''' ^^'"^ ''"-^ Some things cannot be well narl,«H I -'"d ba,s, and among thesei if n ^"''^ '" ''^^' '"'«« "f camphor or clipplgn ' "7 V"''"^'- ^'"'»'' '"-P*^ tobacco, though! . lif. ,"'!''" '^^"^'^■•- Some use - -said that powd d b 7 *■ " "^"^"y P-f-red. I '-.eofcarpeLwHir^C-^^d under the ., wuiii attacks. MODERk remedies FOR^irii^CT rv-r. Varlou8Kln(ls.-TI,e „„.,., , "^atCT EXTERMINATION '• Various Kinds tu ItheexterminatiorotinTect, ""'' '''''^"^" remedies for lar are Paris Green ;"„;„: T "?'""" '"'^'^ '"«'** P«P" -- of the patent" rt^ed e. "^r^tL^c^ "'"' ''"• ^"^ -de .p largely from these ^ parl^irnl:"^^^""""''- ^"^ .'• ^''^ects upon the Insects ti principal methods used i„Th. ." '"' "''" ''"' ^^^^ Fir^t, giving interna extermination of iasects • -o„d method for ' e e t:;^ti r' f"- '"^ '"■^^'='-^- '^'- "'--'i-itants.orthose whTchaL^^^^ ^° -PP'y I'He breathing pores of the n.ecf ' ""^^^''^^-losing irntatin^^ the skin. ' causing death by Itiie Hi^is of all th. h..f ^ P ''^"'- 3' senic. It , leaves Preparation, or ,t will kill the 4- London Pupnln -_r -, J T, manufacture of Jn^, dye" ,t "t " '''''''"''^ '" '^e per cent, of Pari, r.^e .„ j,' ^ontams about fifty-five f'an-s Green, bu, . is"mo.! iTb^e tT'' '^' ''""' " 'y «« trees and plants. If Lon.v/pL? •"^"'■' '^' ^°''«^« ^^ should be much weaker, .bout U^o i! '' '"'"' ""^ ^'"""■°" of waier. ' ""°"^ '«'o ounces to forty gallons S- Hellebore—Hellebore is the now i roots of a plant known as the Whi'e h'h 1^''' ''""^ "^^ very mild poison, ,nd kills iZ^u ^^^^^^°'^' h is .-, -'-'• It may be used Ir; o Te 1' r^'"' "' "^ "^'"^ a tablespoonful of it in ?' ; T^ ^' "PP"^" ''y "^i'^ing sprinkle or spray. ^ °^ "^^^^^ and use it as a st^s^:r;°;^toS::;"r^^^°^"'- '^^ -^-^ the stems and refuse aft b ITst "^ T' '''' '"^^'^^«' and fertiliser around the vines and w! !'1 '"''' ^" ^'"^^"-'t 7- Coal Tar.-Coa t;^' ''P "''''''"■""'='«■ the Rocky Mou„^.t,^ - "f'^ '" *''« ^est to destroy "oards upon which th;";ocusu'ium„'''''T!'! °" '^' ■•«''« and •" prevent the migrations of Ch/Tn ' " "'^° '^"^P'oyed ditch and pour in^heT^r alo„;l h^'^h ^^'^^-halW -ep the Chinch Bugs ..m-r;i;--cr4^^-H. :-l It I Tf Until i; that rej-ulf until 1830 first public against tini In 1S24 milts in 01 year Topga three miles won by Tof also trotted minutes. T Ticndwell n trotted eight reported to 1 in three mir it will be s< reduced that a 2 : 40 horf was any hor niiiuites. In '837, on phia, Screwdr Bets.\- Baker record. Dutc tance in 7 : 32, In 1840, on bone in a threi an(l,S:i5 the s that year was > «:4',8:56. ] six miles in 18 In 1834, Ed troticrl his mil course was one . I" 1835 Dutc in 11:19 and : carrying two m 'niniediately w£ vhl-.h she accoi ^i ;, .4f^ ■&'<' ^7i HISIORY 10 O OJ . H Q >* P CO CD o o CO cs ■ OP" . THE FIRST TROTTING IN AMERICA. tirst public trotting in America for « , , '""*'"*-«^- The against time for flo^T ''''' ''''' ^ '"•''^'^" 111 IS24 A. M. Giles trotted his tmrc„ . miic. In one hour and M^^^ ^Z^'^'^"''^' year Topgallant and Betsy Lker w " the 'l"":: three miles ,ii a harness for $,,ooo a side Ti, -" by Topgallant by forty ya^ hi 8 " . T '"'.r'^ also trotted twelve miles on t e oad „ ^.T '•"" n.i.uues The '.Albany Pony" di^a n t ^.'r^' T'h! l.cadwell mare did one mile in 2 • ,4 and ^0^' m trott«l eighteen miles within an 1 onr." BostflLe it;vin be see;^i:;.riX;ri^ ;:':■::;>- it(lii,x-d that lime to j- u v.. r„ ■• ''"'' Betsy Baker in 8:02 and 8 !o tf ! " ''' ^^'''""^' «' m 7 ■ 3J Ji. and Udy Suffolk i„ 7 : 40K I" .840 on the Long M.nd course, Te,^b.,, „,, , !»■» ,n a three-mile trotting race in 8 ,, « f '" ■«*"-"P^3.,ed ™»»,so„en,iL:4^;,3tr ^">- «."er The ;«"::?a"nr;;"r-;™r:-;--^^ S^Cr;S':^'-°t-;°*'""'-^^^^^^^^ '!-"-tL^i,?^'f:d'8"r "" "*'"■ '-"^ >»".'•»"" s'or.:,':'.',!-"* ^-^^ - - » ^ .•Ma"','.'"''*' «'■"■""' ''""'k mile hca„ in aa«!/ , I" '»44 C.) nga Chief made the 0™ wn,S ''• «'«". » .» .rd";;!^;.'!'"™™';: x't'" '"""■ W.S done in 6 , ,5 , the fastest in 4 4, At 'nT' ,'"''? '"! "■- "■■-• '""= was driven an eir"nllf i„ "" "' ti»o., Udy sSttrtJi^f^i.!"-; '""■ '■'"""" '!" Black Hawk, Gr.ay Tronble PI I ,"°"' °'"" '"»' Tl.is year .Canadian mr^ ^7^"' °';," ■""" ""«'• driven from Cornivii 1,,^ « . >■ "'.■ '° '»" ''=«» '.ours and 4™ : L ,"Tm '' ""f "^ ■"'"'• '" ''«'■' 'oW„.et's^r.::',h;:::-- - ---. e;;d-.s„Tiieriror;h-i:rr '^^ -^" Temple this year won her S„ ' ^■"- "■»• turf in 2 : 4,. "" ''"' P«"«' «■> 'he reg„I„ KlonSple^n^tc^r'"/, ""tr ""' "«"-= "■ best horses of the d^i, """ ''"' ^^^ "■= Wat time at »nfhets\r:;T,TT;rd'lr "r ;.e...^5:o,K, 4:«. This year ^aL'idVmi^S T-eXSdU„r'1,oS'm'',tT'''' '"*"«" "<"» one mile record to 2 24^ '"'' ^'^^^^ ^«^"'^ »!>« Manuai J. It cs his traininj the early h mestic anir ence that n that makes young whit 1: e for a ti reared to nii p ce betwee 1- i'.-^e, dog i will turn oul important th I believe the are weaned. 2. FeediD mare should can have acce liis clam he w looking for h timself by ei ^lie colt shot quarters at ni, field during t which is indisj 3 Bridling broke, slip on colt is used to lines ,,ntil he U begin his prims ide a steady-gc IAAHV/Jj.} HOW TO TRAIN COLTS. HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN COLTS. 175 A COLT'S FIRST LESSON IN TBOTTING. mestic animal It is edurrn T ^'^'^''"'^ ^"'^ d°- I beheve they should be broken toZVn u / ^^'^'' are weaned. ^ ^'*''^'' ^^^^ore they .are.2>ulJSfef:n":;nT";!;^ '^'°^^ ^^^--^- «- can have acces: tZ eeSboV the7" J "'"f ^'^ ^°^' bi-s dam he will not fret, and instead of'r'" '''^'" ''°''' looking for her. he will go to h s led b."""!f "^°""^ imself by eating oat. 'a11 though ^'^.^ fil'^t ""f ' ">e colt should be provided with J ! '^'"'^'■■ quarters at night, and tu^edour n thf V "'»^°'^^'''- fiel-i during the day, so tha he can Xr " '"^' wh.ch is indispensable to good health '''''"''' 3 Bridling and Driving. After tj,» t. • broke, shp on the bridle ouf Y ^'^"^ j^e colt is halter colt .s used to this riiin^ J''\'?''^'^^' '^^ ■'>fter the !in». ..„.:, ,- , ^ "^«^'"8^ dnve him aronnrl ,v'tb t^^- i- "'^' "t-" learns to go straifflif- ',,^1 ^"^ "" begi.1 his primary trottinl ''^'^^^^"^^ ^"d turn. Now ---dy..go^ri::r:i^--i;'"^-. S^S«il^1e:r^;^^-r-^etlon. leading from the other de Th nTt' '°"^ ^''" and start the pair If , ^''^^ ^■°"'' ^^^^ the colt learns tow. ^^^'■P"-'*>ng How quickly the mare After ^1^ . "'*' ^'^ '""^'^"-"^ °f traces, fasten tLlrc^eV'dLr ''f '""'^'"^ ^^ a ring in it near tl^^Zl^^r^:^ T' ''"' or twelve inches long, with a tn'.n ^ '^''^ '"" to the shaft of the vSi. f ^ " '^^ °*'^^'' e"d, the colt's ginh Vol u ! T .^"?;^ *° "^^ ""g in colt, and soU/,r?iruro7 3T4r z::!^z:zr ''"' -- ^-^ ^- -eat •nuscle and i^Sr/T ^'''""'''' ''^^^^""^ ^"^ alone. About thirst of"?,:'"^ '"^ ""'^'^ ^'^ ^° g« cart or sleigh. Bel vl i '''\' "^ ^'"^ '° " "^^* is the criticaf periS TSZ' ' ^"^°"^- '^^'^ handling he may become a race horT"' ^''^ P'-^P" Pends upon the breaking °'' ^ ^^"^'" "^' ^«- 4. Intelligence of Horses t.- • " ' -any owners must kuf^thatTheXS '"''''' ^'^^ reasoner. Mentally he is the stakes of ' .r^" ^"^^ mestic animals except the sheen J r ^" ""^ *^°- he is taught a trick or i allowed loS''^''' ^'^^'^ ^'^^^ wanted of him, it is with g rdiffi^.tV^.'^^^f ''' '"'' learn what he has alreadv l! .. ^ '^ ^^ ''^^ "«- mental weakness. A hot kS"sV°" ""'-■°""' °^ ^'« when turned upside dovvn ^ th t in ^rC b ^° '"^' that posit on the hors^ ri^^c „ . , stirrup, because in and suffers from iXna'^ Sl^t' ""t "^^^^^ '«' a buggv until his legs are brok. A ' *' '''""' "^ know that the shafts fr.I ? " ''""^"'^ '^^ ^°es not doing the damat ' nrru ™^^^^^ '^'^ V'^V" ''''"^^'^ '« the haniess, because LTa'T"^ ""^^•- ^^^^ saddle or in better. I beard a man and ''"I' '"°"^^ *° ^"°^ horseman, say, not longa.0 tha?" "'° '^'^'"^^ ^° ^e a horse " <:n;rl r ■■ 1. ,- . '-""" '"oi- And so i.<; r orse, said I, who frightens at «nfM„„ » jt ,•- '"vc and admiration which moU» " , : "^- " ^^^ our beautiful in our eyes 1 S .T *" '° "'""'^ ^"'^ always the brightest'Sd t p;:ttrsrASti'" '^'"' the judgment. preitiest, AffecUon waips HOW TO TRAIN COLTS. [The Farmers' BREAKIIVa A VICIOUS COLT. Tie a Rope with a SIlp>Noose on Lower Jaw, then Bring It Over the Neck as Above. galloped, say a mile and a half or two miles, and the last quarter the horse will be sent along at nearly and some- times full speed; after a breathing spell and a Httle rubbing he is sent on bis trial. Often a horse is given a sharp run just before he starts in a race. Both of these practices are against reason and common-sense. A horse should never be speeded just before a race. It would be just as proper to have a fighter make four or five rattling rounds with some one just before going into the ring to fight for his life. The ordinary gallop of the horse in condition is sufficient for a warming up, and fast work just before a race is a waste of force. 5. Ignorance of Drivers. — When trainers and jockeys once fully understand the horse, then training will become more perfect than it is now. There is too much superstition and not enough intelligence among the average trainers at the present time. They often do things without knowing why they do so. All follow each other without investigation or inquiry. Training has improved by slow degrees, because the trainer's mind heretofore has groped in the midnight of ignorance. For years they sweated the horse to death, yet they could not give any suitable reason for their practice, and to-day they follow many practices which are not sound. For instance, when a horse is to be given a trial he will be Bitting Harness. THB DBSe»TBQ l.PiMa. 'he Farmers' and the last ly and some- and a little se is given a iotli of these se. A horse It would be r five rattling o the ring to the horse in tid fast work i? 178 PRACTICAL RULES FOR BUYING HORSES. (The P ARMEas' JAY EYE SEE. HOW TO TELL A GOOD HORSE, AND PRACTICAL RULES FOR PURCHASING. 1. In a good horse the ears must be small and pointed and wide between. The eye must be large and full and stand out prominently. 2. An intelligent horse must have considerable width between the eyes. The nostrils must be large and thin, neck long and tapering, with stout heavy muscles on the top and thin through the middle. 3. A good horse must always have a short back, broad and long hips, and clos« jointed. A good traveler must have proper proportions, namely : the withers should be exactly midway between his ears and the coupling of the hip. From the point of the withers to flie shoulder :5hould be just as long as from the coupling over the kidneys to the point of the hip by the tail. 4. A horse which has thick ears; small, flat, sunken eyes; small, thick nostrils, and is narrow between the eyes and ears, with a thick, clumsy neck or a curved nose, is a horse that is liable to be vicious, clumsy, awk- ward or balky, and never can be taught anything. 5. The first thing for the purchaser to obser\'e are the eyes. 6. If the eyes are clear and full and brilliant, the horse possesses good sight ; but when the eyes are flat or simken and have a dead and lifeless look, the horse will probably lose his sight in the course of a few years. 7. The iris or circle that surrounds the sight of good eyes should be distinct and of a pale cinnamon color. 8. The teeth should be sound and as to age, see Teeth in another part of the book. 9. The feet should be smooth and tough, of a middle size, without wrinkles ; the frogs homy and dry. 10. A good horse for traveling or service must be wide across the chest. ir. The back should be straight or have only a mod erate sinking below the withers. The ribs should be large, flanks smooth and full. A horse for strength and durability should have considerable width across the hips. 12, A broken-winded horse pinches in his flanks, with a very slow motion, and drops them suddenly. A hor.-,c with the heaves can be easily delS- another illustration of the rlh of • m ''"'"^ ^° "'"'^ have seen men who h.^t '""''^•' treatment. I halter, p^t one on them ^^^ ^'"'" ^° ^""'"^ "?"" 'he could not break and renv''"! '^""'^^"^ '^^ horses ordertomake them ^u N^a , T °^" ^'^^ '^^'^ '» finds he can not pu, loo t he ,! IK T"'' ^'^^" ' '^'^^^^ post. I have hea'rd men argul tl t i ho '"^ ^'^ I'''^''"^ thoroughly broken in this wav tt/ ^ '""''^ ''^ ^° hold him. There is some T^th Tn \T"l' """^'^ horses are to be managed in the ame way Tho""" ''r nervous temperament shm,W « '"^J^''>- A horse of will always do theTr bestt . 1 TT ^' ''''''''^- They "The drivers of asurott^r.''^'"^"' ''''' "^""'"d have also learned ^tok en hThoT' T ''''■ '^'^^>' attendance must remain so. Vo paLtnate "^ 'f "^" '" ever developed great sn^.^ f '^' P"""*^"^ nian powerful pulling feam Wth he' '" "°' ^^""^'^ ^ view, and prope'r attentioT to dSlf iTl'""'''" " tratn^d so that it will be a delighlt ^ k' tS^ "^^ "^ Have a definite and small vocabularv t! your team, and alwaj-s use the sine v^lrd fir T ^"*' pose. Keep the same two horses «Ll °"^ P"'" always on the same side Use o l -IJf '°^^'^''' ^""^ team can see what is g Ing ^n arundfn "' ^° ""' '^^ attachments strong, that vot,? J m^""' ^^"P ^" of straining theme vc U rll ' '''"' "''' "^ '" ^^'^^ Use close-fiftingTolSs anT rtssTn?"' '"^'^"^' horsetobecomesorefromanytn: ■theha™:r 't" .' J-our team to start together V« ^"''"^™ess. Teach good spirits hv ....°^'. !':. .^"^P *'^^'" strong and in in eveo' particuFar" 71^7^''''' '"''''^'"^' ''"'^ ^°°^ ^^re graduan^y.'anrnot at all uTtirr '°, '^^^^'^^ P""-« matured," "''' ^h^"" ^^nes are weU pp tl Manual.1 so *>> U u CO -JJjJ-Uiii—Z A STUBBORN AN "whoa to a h« teaching him i set in moderate the reins were j Thesameperfo to back. Fort] I starts and stops they liave becc stopped at that 2. \'lCIOUSNI wevicious.but t I in the fact that t I carefully trainee j -laiiy Lad disp lljythebaddispoi KanualJ TROT-:-.>,G HORSES.-DISPOSITION OF HORSES. HOW TO P,CK OUT A TROTTING HORSE. 183 JJJjilllL^t; TfT i' i mr - ; Girth varies from 76 to 80, Circumference of arm just below the elbow, 16^ to 18 inches. von^r '■"'•'^P^"' "'"^' ^""f""" to the following pro- portion.. xNo noted trotter has ever varied to any exient from the following figures: • • • . Height at withers and croup . . . '''^"^^• Length from shoulder-point to quart^; ■" " t^ From ho '7"' ""'' °^"^^ ''''^' to th; ground:" 36 ^rom the elbow-pomt to the ground """••30 "^t^I^Z^'^^P^'^' J"^^ behind \hy;a^ '' JV^,>enu=^ured_alongt^ Widtli across the "forehead . . " ,, From the withers to the hip . 9>i From the stifle to the point of'the "hock," ;;';h; " attitude shown in the plan „ from the root of tad to stifle-jo"in"t.' '.'.'.'. H P rem the pomt of the hock to the ground. ." .' ." ." ." ." ." l^^ HOW TO TELL THE DISPOSITION OF I. Every one should remember that a horse can not understand all language or words of A HORSE. Some horses are dull.while others are intelligent ; some are more command, except so easily frightened far as he is taught to associate them with actions, consequently a horse can not know what to do until he is taught.] If a man were to sit on a block and simply read the word than others, con sequently great care and judg- ment should al- ways be exer- cised in training the horse. For good training largely makes * SIOBBORN AND MULISH HORSE. "whoa tn ^ u L . . ^''"P'y read the word lare- el V setinmod^rTf "".^^"'"S! but if a horse were moved, ' Thesame;:;rn!tt^rn:; 3^^^^^^^ to back For th„ c, necessary m teaching a horse i starts and stops atT^ ""°/ f' '''"" °" " '''''' ^^ I carefuHyLSld "^ " ""' ''^" P^^^^^'^ ^-^'^^ or I bySS'bad d •'^''^°f '''°"' '■" ^°''^' ''^^^ ''-en brought on I "ythc bad disposition of those who had them in charge AN EXCITABLE HORSE. A VICIOUS HORSE. F'g. 3 is an animal that will tax the strength of his owner in order to keep him in proper subjection. He is full of life and excitable, and is liable to be very skittish, and will run away at any opportunity without considering the interest of the owner. 1 84 DISPOSITION OF HORSES.— USE AND ABUSE OF CHECK-REINS. IThe Farm 1 US' Fig. 4 represents a very intelligent horse, kind and quiet to ride and drive; yet possess- ing a full degree of spirit. He is a horse that can be trained to be a fa- vorite, ai, .will also appreciate good care. AN INTELLIGENT HORSE. Intelligence. — There is just as much difference in Intelligence of a horse as there is difference in men. Some horses can be taught most anything, while others are apparently without any faculty of intelligence. The horse in Fig. 5 requires a gentle but strong hand in order to get the best possible re- sults. He is high strung and nervous and will never un- der any circumstan- ces bear the use of the whip. He will go until he falls in his tracks. A HICH STRUNG HORSE. Fig. 6 represents one of those indifferent specimens of horses, liea\ y, dull and stupid. He can be driven, but liis gait makes if an annojaiicc rather than a pleasure, for it is almost an impossibility to get him to go faster tluiii a walk. He is a horse that tries the patience of a saint, when behind time for a train. A DULL AND STUPID HORSE. Fig. 7 repre- sents a horse that is difficult to manage. He is not vicious, but very nerv- ous and exitable, and when prop- erly handled will become subdued and kind ; but unless properly trained he is liable to kick with his hind feet and strike with his forward feet, and will bite if an opportunity is offered. He is what may be called an untrustworthy horse, but the law of kindness will subdue him, but when in the harness proper vigilance must always be taken. A NERVOUS H0D8E. THE USE AND ABUSE OF THE CHECK-REIN. UNNATURAL. NATURAL. An overdrawn check-rein should never be used. It is nothing but cruelty to animals and ought to be prohibited by law. There is only one purpose for which a check- rein may be used and that is to compel a hors.; to keep his head off the ground, and then it is not necessary to be tightly drawn. A trotting horse can be steadied by it, but keeping a horse's head drawn up in a strained posi- tion all day is nothing but cruelty. The effect can easily be illustrated by a person having his head thrown back in this manner for hours at a time. The pain caused by a check-rein ought to create some sympathy for the poor dumb animals, who have not only to endure the pain for | hours, but for days and weeks in succession. A horse of style will show his natural condition withotit I fastening his head in an unnatural position. Let us re- member that the poor brute which cannot speak for itself is dependent entirely upon the mercy of man, and the torture which we inflict iipon the suffering aniiiia! mil j sometime, no doubt, be meted out to us in some other j way. [Thk Farmers' "ZL.. "" " "" "' ""^ """^^ "OHSKS.-KUKHK. „K..K. R EMEDtES FOR K ICKING HORSES. HOW TO SHOE A KICKING HORSE *^a*fc.^ ^ IW ~li'MM J THROWING THE HORSK. ^'*"^'^^'^'' HOW TO BREAK A HORSE FROM KICKING ror';;,™wt;n iior "°" ^°" -" '="- - '°"™'> "'■«« vicbus W ' '^'' '^^ •'"^ ^^^^^'^ -" -- the .OS. Another Method for Shoeing a Kicking Horee. NrationS^eci h' .Tr ^'''"" - the above tning a horsefs thl f ",- '' ""'' gentleness fn hoi s faulT °°'^ '°^''^°'^ *^^t will overcome 1^ STRENfiTH OF HORSES DRAWING A LOAD. Hl'ake five?orses"ttT ''".r" """''^ °" ^ '^vel road, fene pavemint seven on p-n ?' t^ ''''^^ ^'^ ^^-dinar^ K earth roaT^L^r^rn riS??o"aV--^ °" PROP GLEASON'S EUREKA BRIDLE (FOR SUBDUING VICIOUS HORSES ) ten feet long and about one-eShf *'°"^. P'e<=^ of cord with a slip noose in one end T f " ""i- " '^'^'"^ter, slip the Lose ar^nd tSe'ne'^k^SsTiiV"''^.''^^* mouth over the tongue, from the ^/Se ' tftf-oJS tr^ heaV LrSt'the?"\^™^^^^^^^ under upper 1 p above linn^r •'"' ^'?" ''^^'" ^^^^ ; then through TeconT^ord and Kni^^ °^ ^'^^•,P^«« This bridle will hold ^r.;iS:^:J!r:^;'i,^jr-i'^i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) &". % 1 86 PULLERS AND LUGGERS.-HALTER TIEING.— BALKY AND PAWING HORSES. [The Farmers' I ..-^•-Mi f^» How to Drive Pullers and Luggers on the Bit 1. Professor Gleason, the most noted horse tamer on the continent, if not in the world, recommends the follow- ing two methods for horses that pull and lug on the bit : Take a strap and buckle around the neck with a ring underneath the neck sewed on to the strap ; now take the reins a^d pull through the bit rings and buckle into the Ting on the strap that is around the neck. Here you have a purchase on the horse's lower jaw, that will enable you to hold the worst puller with ease. 2. The second method is as follows: Take a strap about an inch wide and eighteen inches long, with a ring one and one-half inches in diameter sewed on to each end and two smaller rings running loose on the strap. Take and place the middle of the strap directly under the horse's lower jaw and bring the ends through the mouth from opposite sides. Buckle the reins into the. larger rings and the check pieces of the bridle into the smaller ones. This makes one of the most effective appliances for a puller that can be used. THE SAFEST WAY TO TiE A HALTER. How best to tie the halter, strap or rope, or whatever it may be, is shown in two cuts herewith. The first shows the first stage. The knot is completed by pulling on the loop until the knot is tight. Then pull on the free end of the strap B, until the loop is just large enough for B to pass through it. Pass B through and draw it through as far as possible. The horse cannot possibly get this knot open : and the harder he ptills the s-ifer the knot. To untie the knot, draw B from the loop, and then a sharp pull on B wilt open the knot. A is the haUer end of the strap. HOW TO MANAGE A BALKY HORSE. A balky horse is generally the result of a balky driver. A high-spirited horse with bad management, is liable to become balky. Remedy. — Lead the horse kindly about with a halter, petting him occasionally, and let him know that no harm is awaiting him. Then put on a harness and drive him, being very careful to have him observe every conimaiid, at the same time doing it very gently. Then hitc; him into a light buggy and drive him awhile. By careful treatment in this way he will sooon be taught to draw steadily and strongly at any load. The trouble with balky horses is tliat a driver will soon become provoked, and by slashing and cracking the whip, and abusing the animal, it strengthens the bad habit instead of overcoming it. There is no such thing as a balky horse, if kind and proper treatment is administered. HOW TO KEEP A HORSE PROM PAWING IN THE STALL. Some horses ha\e the habit of pawing in the stall, yet a simple remedy will break up the habit in a few nights. Take a small strap and buckle around the hor :c's leg above the knee ; now take a small piece of rawhick- and tie it to the strap which is buckled around the horse s leg above the knee ; on the other end tie a small bldck of wood, say six inches long and about three inches s(iuare, and let it hang down about seven inches, so that every time the horse paws, the block will strike its shin ; it will be harmless but it will remind the horse that there is trouble, and a few nights will completely cure the nuisance. [The Farmers' Manual.] HOW TO TEACH HORSES. TRICKS. KY HORSE. ROM PAWING 18; 7. Various Tricks.- K hcrse may be taught to do many things : pat,e„ce and perseverance is practiced on tS part of h,s trainer. A colt may be taken when very young and taught many interesting and amusing trickT A horse can be taught to be driven without bridle or "1 es, or to jump over a pole or fence, and many other .nterestmg and amusing things. Patience, perseverance and^^k,ndnesswilldo most anything with an intelligent HOW TO TEACH HORSES TRICKS. 1 It is an exceUent practice to teach a horse a few tncks. An intelligent horse will learn very easily and will enjoy training. It will create more affection and in- terest for the horse. Most of the tricks are very simple and easily taught. ^ J- To make a i?<,a..~Take a common pin and prick him m the breast very lightly. The hoi^e will move his head up and down the same as he would in brushing a fly from his breast. Repeat this until the horse will move his head up and down at the slightest movement of the hand, and ma few lessons he will make a bow whenever spoken to. 3. Toliedown.-to make a horse lie down, use the strap as shown in "Controlling Vicious Horses," and throw the horse or colt quickly, at the same time telling him to he down, but be sure and always speak the words emphatically to lie doum as you throw him. Use any of the common methods for throwing a horse. 4. How to sit up.-mtst put a bridle on the horse and mse him to he down. Then step behind him and place he nght foot on his tail, keeping the reins in your hands and by standing up on the hole's tail and pulling the bndle rein tightly you can teach an intelligent hoL to sit up quite readily. 5. To shake kands.-Vl^ce a strap around the horse's ^g next to the hoof, and stand directly in front Sen say shake hands, at the .same time niillin„ *i I pullin, his foot forward. He ^ill soln f f7 ?' without the strap if the necfssaX IT '° ^° '^' V ^"« necessary patience is applied. Iriving'aray^aflv Yon" '" '"' " **^°"^^ ''^ ^^^ t, dway a ny. You can soon tram your hor■""• ™«°"">.» *cd with iu g^i, „„„,, help u, co„.« ■ rj t^'^^L r.^ " ■' r'-=^"«-«H. . - — o — "■" "">i a jicue salt mixed with Its grain, would help to correct the flatu- 11. A horse will not eat out of a sour trough „ . —"—»-« ouuui. ueiaus mieht as well continue the sickly effort yearly, as his retuL will be below the average of the one who breeds onlyTn alternate years. The i.-year-old mare that has produced 12. Do not think of using a common stallion because , T T"^' "'^'"'"^'^ """^ '^' ^as produced he is cheap. His get will be cheap to sell and 'r o Z'^ ^ '" ^"'^' " '""^ -"year-old that Ta. '1'" "'=°°' "^i'^'^d y°-g«ter this spring should surely - ■ "^"^ ' ;^t' '' "^'" "' ^'^ ^''^^^ 'J^" -eds recruit 13. Carrots and bran mashes will help the mother when the little foal comes. 14. Feed the horse which is inclined to the heaves very I'ttle hay, and always wet this, and wet the grain If the case .s bad. cut the hay and mix it wet wifh the ^^ ' 1 l!Z fT ''"''''' "^^^^ '' '-' -- *^- «- or ut^r e?T.:r ^'^^^^P-tofrawlinseedmeal 5. A horse should be thoroughly groomed every day " ""proves the health as well as the looks. ' "'-• "«»"i iieeas recruit- ing. and the checked growth of the younger one needs recovery. Of course, use a very choice stallion. Better go 20 miles at a $.0 fee and $5 more for expenses, than to use a poor stallion with free service. The offspring c£ the one will be prized and cared for. while that of the other will not be in demand. If possible, encourage some horseman in the community to buy a rare stock horse. Give him a written promise of patronage for three years, and don't disappoint him if he does his part. A good colt this year means a good horse four yea,^ hence 190 ARTIFICIAL BREEDING. [The Farmers* ,1, II ARTIFICIAL HORSE BREEDING. A Method Rapidly Coming into General Use. V, » Artificial impregnation, while yet a comparatively new subject in this country, has received considerable atten- tion from French veterinarians who pronounce it a great Fuccess. Throughout the horse-breeding countries of the world this subject is now prominent, and in our own country it is no longer an experiment. Repiquet, the well-known equine authority, says: "The method can profitably be employed for the following purposes : 1. A.S a remedy against certain cases of sterility. 2. In order to impregnate several mares at one time. In this way the greatest possible use is made of n valuable stallion. The requisite amount of fluid is trans ferred from the mare covered by this stallion to the othei mares. The reasons for bringing artificial impregnatiou into general use are : First, service of valuable aged stallion can be utilized for twice the usual immber of mares. Second, the getting power of a stallion can be preser\-ed unweakened for a longer period. Third, since the number of foals got by a sure stallion can be doubled, or even trebled, the gains of breeders can be increased. Fourth, mares which bear with difficulty can be brought to foal with almost infallible certainty. In practice, the fourth heading is of great importance. It is well-known to every breeder that there are a number of brood mares, which, after foaiing a number of times, often remain un- impregnated. The reason for this frequently is that the margin of the mouth of the womb has been injured at the last birth, and in healing has given rise to a growth whicl' prevents the necessary fluid from entering the womb. In artificial impregnation, however, the nozzle of the im- pregnator can be inserted into the mouth of the womb. THE PATHER Or TROTTERS- GEO. WILKES. [The Farmers' r sterility. es at one time. >e is made of n of fluid is trans llion to the othti :ial impregtiatiou a can be utilized can be preser\'ed jy a sure stallion s of breeders can y can be brought In practice, the It is well-known r of brood mares, often remain un- lently is that the ;en injured at the 3 a growth wliich iig the womb, In ozzle of the im- 1 of the womb. 1 I " ' »J1li # 192 THE DISEASES OF THE HOKSE. [TUC FARMERa' THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE. Skeleton of the Horse as Covered by the Muscles. I. I. The seven cervical vertebrae, or bones of the neck. 2. The sternum, or breastbone. 3. The scapula, or shoulder-blade. 4. The humerus, or bone of the arm. 5. 5. The radius, or bone of the forearm. 6. The ulna, or elbow. 7. The cartilages of the ribs. 8. 8. 8. The costse, or ribs. 9. The carpus, or seven bones. 10. 10. The metacarpal, or shank-bones ; the larger metacarpal, or cannon, or shank^bone, in front ; and the small meta- carpal, or splint-bone, behind, n. The upper pastern. 12. The lower pastern. 13. The coflSn-bone. 14 to 14. The eighteen dorsal vertebrae, or bones of the spine. 15. The six lumbar vertebrae, or bones of the loins. 16. 16. The haunch, consisting of the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis. 17.17. The femur, or thigh-bone. 18.18. The stifle-joint, with the patella, or knee^iap. 19. 19. The tibia, or proper leg-bone. 20. The fibula. 21. 21. The tarsus, or hock. 22. The metatarsal bones of the- hind- leg. 23. 23. The pastern of the hind-feet, including the upper and larger bone. SIGNS FOR THE DIFFERENT DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 1. As the horse has no way of communicating to us his pains or distress, we must find out the diflSculty by the symptoms. 2. The pulse in a healthy horse beats from 36 to 40 times per minute, and any variation from this number will indicate excitement, disease, or suSering of some kind. 3. In fever th^ pulse will run from 45 to 75 per minute. If the horse becomes very weak the pulse will flutter and vary. 4. A horse generally refuses food, when sick. 5. In colds, catarrh or glanders the eyes water and just before death become glassy. 6. The natural color of the inside of the nose is a light pink. . In fever or inflammation of any of the internal organs it becomes red. FEELING OF THE PULSE. LISTENING TO THE BREATHING. 7. Cold ears indicate inflammation of the lung;^ pleurisy or colic. 8. Heavy breathing indicates inflammation of lungs, rapid breathing, fever. Deep snoring breathing, brain disease. 9. Cold feet indicate inflammation of the lungs, bowels, bladder, etc. 10. Dry hair, standing straight out, indicates indigeS' tion, glanders, worms, skin disease, the condition of being hidebound, and consumption. 11. A hot skin indicates local inflammation or the presence of fever. 12. If the manure is very offensive, it indicates indi- gestion. If the balls are shiny, it indicates glanders or worms. 13. A stoppage of the urine, or the passage of only a small quantity at a time, attended by great straining, indicates inflammation of the bladder or kidneys. A great quantity of water indicates diabetes. 14. If the horse lies down carefully and rolls, he is suffering from flatulent colic. If he drops down quickly and rolls over rapidly several times, it is spasmodic colic. In inflammation of the bowels he lies down carefully, and remains stretched out and paws and strikes. 15. If a horse stands still like a statute, it is a symptom of the lock-jaw. 16. Stiffness in the walk may indicate rheumatism, founder, corns, or some other locaf difficulty in the legs or joints. 17. If a horse does not sweat, or the sweat dries up suddenly, sunstroke or some serious inflammation is the cause. 18. If a horse stands straddling, or walks in that way, a lame back or seme kidney or bladder disease is the (cause. [Tlic Farmers' Manuau] FEEDING AND DOCTORING HORSES.- THE BREATHING. 1 of the lung!^ he lungs, bowels, immation or the INTERFERING.-HALTER PULLING. PRACTICAL RULES ON KEEPING. FEEDING AND DOCTORING HORSES. I. Young horses as well as old should be sheltered every night during the winter months and hay"" '"°" '°"" '° '"™'"^P°- ^— t of grain ^^ 3^^Never grain horses highly, unless they work accord- in l^o'l'Lt '"' '°°' ''"' ''""^ '"^ ""^^ "--^--^ ^^^ Never drive or work a horse when he refuses his 10 feeS'hTr '''' ""'''"' '"' "^'^'' '^ '"^^ ''-^ -y 7. Ground feed is the most profitable way to feed «ain .inut?^ natural pulse of the horse is fror^ 36 t:X. ^an ^oraliX 1^^' ^"""^ ^'°"^ ^^°^ ^'^-^-^- lo; Never feed or water horses when warm. I 12. Horses should be exercised every day ' 12. Never strike a horse on thi> h^^A j * Him much more easily hTndled ' '"' ^°" "'" ^°^ 13- Never feed a horse damaged grain It t^^^ ^^°"'*^ ^ ^°°™^«1 once a day. 15. Old horses should bejed on chaflF instead of hay, HOW TO CURE INTERFERING tion of the limbs natural forma- A SURE REMEDY FOR HAI.TeT?ui.L.NQ. en oot be safely Ued ' '"'' ''°™»' '"'•'''• g.vmg the horse abou't the usuaS^h of haUer " "'' hSg stt: "" ^'^ ^"° ^°'^ °^ ^'^^ -p^ for a .^ A surcingle is necessary. i„ order to .0 the rope in ANOTHER CURE FOR HALTER POLLING A NEW BEMEDY. '-^iNQ. pu^'sror:tu7r st"" """.^'^ ^°^"^-^ ^^« Slipknot or with Xht ^p tro™£iLni^ Horses are intelligent animals and a few trklst^H sahsfy any horse that it is a failure. He ^U c^ie^'? IpuU. m fact, you cannot make him puU on The hX Z 1 1 194 THE HORSE— HIS ILLS AND REMEDIES. [The Parm!*-rs the halter pulls both ways and soon throws the horse. A few experiences will be sufiBcient to break him for all time. SOON CURED OF HALTER PULLING. 2. The lower jaw of the horse while taking medicine should remain perfectly free, as shown in the above illustration. 3. Method. Take a forked stick or a common pitch- fork and run it through a small strap fastened to the upper jaw of the horse. No strangling nor struggliiit- will take place. Neither man nor beast can drink uukss the lower jaw is free to move. DIFFICULT OR UGLY HORSES TO BRIDLE. Many people are less intelligent that the horses which they handle and the habit of hitting a horse on the head or about the face will soon make an ordinary horse almost unmanageable and often in consequence become very ugly to bridle. Remedy. Treat the horse kindly, handle him gently, pat him on the face. If the horse is specially vicious, take a rope and make a slip knot and place it on the lower jaw and tie it tightly to the manger then bridle and unbridle the horse until he becomes perfectly quiet and he will submit to being handled without any eflfort to throw his head back. A few trials will be sufl&cient to break him of this annoying habit. HOW TO GIVE A HORSE MEDICINE. I. The old practice of drawing the head of a horse by the halter over a beam or pole to administer medicine is as cruel as it is absurd. . THE RESULT OF A HEAVY MAN RIDINO A YOUNG COLT. A Cure for Galls, Cuts, Sores, XTlcers, etc. Cleanse the sores thoroughly by washing them with castile or tar soap. Then apply the following ointment : 2 ounces of calomel, 4 ounces of white lead, 4 ounces of pulverized blood root, 4 ounces of pulverized alum. Or. 4 ounces sweet oil, 2 ounces calomel, 4 ounces castile soap. SWEENY. Cause. — Sweeny is the result of straining the muscles on the outer side of the shoulder-blade. It occurs maiuly in young horses. It is the result of too hard work or traveling on uneven ground and pulling a heavy load. Sympioms. — Slight lameness, wasting away of the shoulder muscles, which become tender to the hand when pressed upon. The difference can be seen by comparing the two shoulders. Treatment.— VMb the shoulder severely with a flannel twice a day, or apply the following mild blister remedy: I pint of ammonia, 3 pints of lard. Apply twice a day and it will take the place of the friction caused by rubbing. Give the horse re.st untB fully recovered. [The Parmiirs Manual.] SHOULDER JOINT LAMENESS; RINGBONE; SPLINT; BONE SPAVm. I A YOUNG COLT. SHOULDER JOINT LAMENESS. This is a very serious difficulty to remedy. Sjm/>/oms.—The horse drags the leg with one toe on the ground and throws the leg out iu at- tempting to move it, and t;'-i .^^ 1 it is with great difficulty that the horse can rest his foot. 7>w//mj.— Lameness, with a .swelling of the hock- joint. Lameness generally appears before the enlarjnw ment of the joint. * Trea/me,U.-Uaiiy modes have been adopted in treali- nig the bone .spavin. Sharp instruments have been struck with considerable force into the joint, all kinds of blistering and cau.stic applications have been tried, I' iring is also practiced. But all of the.se forms of treat- ment are very cruel and result in little benefit. The following prescription will be found as good as any other form of treatment: 1 drachm of bin-iodide of mercury 2 ounces of lard. Mix well together and apply once a day for two weeks. Another : 4 ounces of tincture of capsicum, 4 ounces of tincture of opium, 4 ounces of essence of sassafras, 4 ounces of essence of wormwood. wi?iuhe"hand^'^ "^""^ *^^ ^"'^' ^^^"^^^ ^"'^ ™^ ^"^^y mended." ^' ^'^"'^''"'^ ^P'-^^'" ^ure is also highly recom- RING-BONE. C««,^._It is generally caused by a natural weakness of the joint, or is the result of injuries or over-exertion. ^ymp/cms.-J.ameacss, with an inability to move th- umb quickly. Treaivtenf.— The same as for bone spavin. SPLINT. Splint is a small bony enlargement on the inside of the fore-leg, just a little below the knee-joint, which generally TrrSr^ '^^- '' '' '"' "'^"' °' °™'' ^' Treatment.-'th& same as for Bone Spavia How to Cure Bone Spavin. Bone spavin is an inflammation and deposit or growth one on the inner part of the hock-joint. Lameness a-ui soreness are the consequences of this abnormal growth. Home Trcaimenl. Give the horse plenty of rest, and apply hot water and vinegar, and give the horse plenty of bran and flax-seed. For later stages of the disease bhstenng may be helpful. A hot iron is perhaps more A Liniment for Blood Spavin, WindgaUs, Etc (horse T.INIMBNT.) Alcohol, 8 ounces, Tincture cantharides, 2 ounces, Oil wormwood, 2 ounces. Oil stone, 2 ounces, Turpentine, 2 ounces. Oil hemlock, 2 ounces, Iodide potassium, 4 drachms. Shake thoroughly before using, and apply ones a day for one week, then grease the parts for one we;k Sd then apply again as before until cured 'km 19^ BLIND STAGGERS; WEAK TENDONS; WORMS; POLL EVIL; LINIMENT. [Tiia Farmers It''- HAL POINTER. 2:04^. BLIND STAGGERS. Causes. — Excessive heat or cold, bruises on the head, rheumatism, influenza, indigestion or a tight collar. Symptoms. — Pulling back on the halter, plunging for- ward or running ahead, regardless of obstacles or obstruc- tions in the way, staggering first one way and then another and often dropping down. Pulse often rapid, breathing hard or panting, twitching of the eyes and muscles. Treatment. — Give a good dose of physic and reduce the diet. If in season turn out to grass for a time, if grass is not in season give an occasional physic, and feed laxative food. Above all give the horse rest, and avoid a tight or badly fitting collar, when he is suflSciently well to be worked. Feed the animal on ground feed, made up with bran and other laxative food. A good feed of bran or flax-seed should be occasionally given all work horses early in the Spring. HOW TO CURE WEAK TENDONS. Use the following celebrated receipt : Zinc Sulphate, i drachm, Tr. Iodine, i drachm, Tr. Arnica 2 drachms. Fl. Ext. Hamamelis, 2 drachms, Aqua, q. s., i quart. Rub the tendons with this lotion and bandage, letting the bandage remain on for about two hours. Then the legs should have a good hand-rubbing, and in four or six hours the bandages may again be applied, and left for the same length of time. If the tendons are very bad, the bandage may be wet with the lotion before applying, and may remain on for three or four hours. Each time the bandages are removed have the legs we!! hand- rubbed. Reduce his work, giving simply exercise. If this treatment does not strengthen them, blistering should be resorted to with absolute rest for a few weeks. WORMS. Cause. — The cause is very uncertain, and many theo- ries have l)ecn brought before the public. Symptoms. — Symptoms of worms are a rough, harsli coat, irregular appetite, a rubbing of the tail, breath occasionally hot and fetid, and sometimes a short, dry cough, the animal appears poor in flesh and in spirits, and is sometimes attacked with convulsions, which may terminate in death if not speedily relieved. Treatment. — Give a good, strong dose of physic. If that is not sufficient, give the following prescription for three successive nights: 3 drams of calomel, ; I dram of tartar emetic. Mix, and divide into three powders. A SURE SIGN OI' WORMS. POLL-EVIL. Cause. — A tight halter, or the use of the martingal in driving ; the horse striking the head against the wall or joists when too low, or against any other object; blows dealt on the head, etc. Symptoms. — A hot and tender swelling appearing on top of the neck, which soon breaks and discharges large quantities of thick and ofiFensive matter, causing stiffness of the neck and rendering the horse a most loathsome object. Treatment. — yi ounce of common potash, I drachm of extract of belladonna, ^ ounce of gum arable. Dissolve the gum arable in a little water; then mix and force into the ulcer with a small syringe. Cleanse the sore first with good tar soap and water. Only about one-quarter of this preparation should be used at ouce, and repeated in three days, if required. BONE LINIMENT. (man or bhast.) Tincture of camphor, 2 ounces, Tincture of capsicum,«2 ounces, Tincture of myrrh, i ounce, Oil spike, i ounce, Spirits of turpentine, i ounce, British oil, i ounce. Oil origanum, i ounce. Shake thoroughly before nsing. This is an excellent remedy for bruiseij, sprains, swollen joints, or lameness of any kind. [Tun Farmers Manual.) ; prescription for CONTHACTED ..ET , EP.ZOOT.C , 0,STEMPE„ , <;k,B»,NO , L«rAS •. COKNS. i8^>4r 197 How to Cure Horses' Contracted Peet TI.ese must be put on in a proper manner, or they will tt Te. T ''"" ^'^^^ "^''^ ''I' «^°"'d be made o tl»" steel, and countersunk in the toe. By countersunk t-irdetUdT"^'"'"''' '^^"^^"^ °^»^^ '>"-™' Wei su a?e:nh:Tp:^^^^^^^^^ '''"' V^^' ^^ "'"' '"^ part of the foot tif, L^^a tX^ " °'''^ '^^'N DISTEMPER, INFLUENZA AND EPIZOOTIC. v.^"""';,";;'^''^ influences causing these disorders are not verj well known. It attacks all grades of horses C cons,derab!e diversity of opinion exists as to whetherit is contag,ous or not Some eminent authoritielc aTm hi It IS, and others claim that it is not wl'"^vr~y"'^""'^' "^'"*^"1" debility, staggering walk, ch,lls and shivering, loss of appetite waf? dS charged from the eyes, the pulse feeble and bealng from also suffer, the excretions being scanty. Jreatmenl. — Place tlii» ai,;«,»i • blanket them wen^nr S^ 'LVZ' 'iT ^""■ rr ?ir° 'tt °^^'-' ^-^Xiut j^j water. Then give the foUowing prescription : 4 ounces carbonate of ammonia 4 ounces gentian. .ve*^ '"'l°f T"" "If "" ^" ""^ -* ■"»'»i»8 Md CRIBBING. or uZLT'^'''^"'' °^ '?' •''°"'^"''' ^'^^ ^^«"'t of ««°'e...s a^dlbler"^"^^^ ''^ '°°'- ^°^^ ^^"^"'^^-" - ^-« ^^v«//.«. The animal rests his teeth on some firm iinrtoT '*r'" '" "^^"^ ""'^ ^°^y backwards,," -Smfci! ^''' ^^''^^ ^'' accumulated in ihe 7>.r«w._A cribber is easily known by the rough Place a box of ashes and rock salt near by, so that the arnma can eat it at phasure. It is a good plan to food. Cnbb.ng ,s a difficult disease to cure, but care and perseverance will overcome it. Good ve^tilatL" a^d change of food are absolute necessities to proiuote a cure HOW TO CURE DISTEMPER. 3 ounces hops, 33 drops carbolic acid poultice to the t1,r«af \1^^^ ^ ^^y- Apply a mustard ^ater Svelt/r.,-, ^^^8^°""^ feed mixed in warm ijive internally once a day : — «— i-'rracicu gentian, 3 ounces Peruvian bark 1 ounce powdered copperas. Mix, and divide into nine powders. LAMPAS. teefr''"^^ '' ^^^ '^'"'' °^ ^°""^ ^°'^^^ *="«'"g their froSf'r'T^t.'^""'"^ ""^'^^ "'^^^^ behind the upper Ws food °"'" P*"'"^"'^ *^^ ^°''"^' ^-^ -^^"« enlfrf 'f "T^*"^ ^ '^'""'"°° pocket-knife and cut the enlarged ndges back of the front upper teeth sliehtlv so that they will bleed freely. Be ve^' caSiS^ S ^eS them too deeply, and feed the horse soft food for a few A CURE FOR CORNS. For corns, remove the shoe and pare out carefully the horn over the com, and make the crust very thin bu! having the ars of the frog untouched. Then^apSy th lollowmg prescription : ^^ One quaner pound tar. One quarter pound beeswax, Three ounces glycerine. One and a half pound lard, Two drachms nitric acid \ TROTTING MARE. [Thb Farmers' 00[150=[D)^= Sa^ tiuLi \H7a ©©©a ls(B)©VgTrtP(DllilD002]o [The Farmkrs' Manual.] DOTS ; FOUNDEH ; BROKEN LEG ; THUMPS, Bots as They Appear in the Stomach and Bowels of the Horae. BOTS.-The Correct Treatment. Many wrong ideas prevail in reference to bots All horses that are exposed to the bot-fly, must have bots more or less in their stomachs. Dr. Adams made the fol- SSr^"' '• '°'^' "'^"^ ^^'^"^ ''^^ ''^ ^^--'^ In strong rum, 25 hours, In strong decoction of tobacco, n hours In strong oil of vitriol, 2 hours and 18 minutes In essential oil of mint, 2 hours and 5 minutes They will live without apparent injury in spirits of camphor 10 hours, fish oil 49 hours, tincture aloes ,0 hours, in bnne 10 hours. Common-sense consequently teaches us that there is no medical remedy that will effect a cure for the bots, and there is no practicing veterinary surgeon who can tell the difference between bots and colic. Do not be misled. For cohc or the bots give the following prescription : 6 ounces of whiskey, 7 ounces of new milk. mi!Jiles'* °"' '''""■ ^^ "°* ''"'^'^ ''^'^' '^' ^°«^ ^" 30 and' lot^tr ""''' ""^ ^'^ '°^^^' ^^^ ^'-- - -^'<= For bots give slippery elm tea, or potato juice. This will feed and quiet them, but they cannot be destroyed 199 shown by the continual looking around, tenderness of the bowels on pressure by the hand. Treaimeni.-Give one quart of linseed oil and bathe the legs with hot water. Bleeding is also recommended A few hours after giving the linseed oil give the follow- ing prescription once a day, until cured : Take, Spirits of turpentine, i ounce. Oil of .sassafras, i ounce, Alum, powdered, i ounce, Warm water, i pint. Mix and give as a drench. Large doses of aloes may be given, instead of the abovP prescription, with very beneficial results FOUNDER. J"'T~^.°T^^'' '' produced by hard driving on a full tomach, and drinking large quantities of coH water wh" heated, or by eating large quantities of green feed o over-eating grain or large quantities of ground feed ' ^jmp/oms.Stiffness and a disinclination to move The l>mbs appear stiffened and benumbed. A restlessness How to Set and Cure the Broken Leg of a Horse. It was thought until recently that when a horse's leJ was broken that the only alternative would be to shoof the unfortunate animal. If a horse's leg is broken below the knee or below the hock joint, the leg can be set and the horse's life saved. The horse must first be swung up as in the above illus- ration. If the front leg is broken then allow his w ght limt °" :t ' '?'' '^"^ '' '"^ ^'"^^ ''S '^ broken alfow him to rest his weight on the front feet. The leg should be set in splints or plaster of pans, and the leg will knit together in about six weeks. In this way valuable horses can without difficulty be saved for years of useful labor. THUMPS. (ra;«^._The thumps are generally the result of over- work or hard driving in hot weather Sjn>p,o,ns -Violent beating or throbbing in the flanks. It is properly a palpitation of the heart Treaime»/.-Give the horse plenty of salt and rest. If this IS not sufficient, give the following prescription three or four times a day ; ^ ^ Spirits of camphor, i ounce. Muriate of ammonia, ID grains, Sweet spirits of nitre i ounce. ' Water, i pint. Mix, and give as a drench. 300 i'^ .] INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS AND LUNGS ; HEAVES ; COLIC. The Farmers' HOW TO STOP THE HEAVES QUICKLY. 2 ounces Spanish brown, 2 ounces lobelia, 3 ounces resin, 8 ounces Jamaica ginger. 2 ounces gentian, Give a tablespoonful three times a day, and while giv- ing this medicine the horse will show no indication of the heaves ; but it is only a temporary relief and will iiol cure. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. Cause.— Biiviag horses until they are well warmed up and allowing them to stand in a cold atmosphere without being blanketed. Over-exertion, or exposure to cold aiio storms. Symptoms. — A horse stands with drooping head, legs apart, and wayward breathing. Shivering and irregular heat of the skin are common symptoms. A horse occa- sionally coughs, and the pulse is increased to seventy or eighty beats per minute. 7>fa/»i^« A— Improper remedies will do more injury than good, and it is best, as a rule, to call a veterinary surgeon at once. Delay is very dangerous. From sixty to eighty drops of tincture aconite, given in water every' . ,vo hours, at the same time giving one ounce of nitre in a pint of water, are excellent remedies to 'make use of, until a veterinary surgeon can be summoned. Mani/ai,. INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. Cause. — Strain of the kidneys will cause inflammation in them. A lick over the kidneys, the foolish use of diuretic medicines, too free use of turpentine or resin will cause it. Blisters may sometimes cause it. A blister all around the leg is said to cause it, or strangury. Symptoms.— A straddling in the hind Lgs, a constant straining and effort to make water, the water being passed in small quantity and sometimes bloody. Pressing over the kidneys will show that it produces pain. The pulse and breathing are increased. Treatment. — Give a dose of linseed oil or aloes, after ■which give a small quantity of tobacco. Keep a flannel cloth, saturated with hot water and vinegar, over the kidneys for six hours. Then put on a mustard poultice. Give flaxseed tea freely until relieved. HEAVES. Cause. — The cause has never been satisfactorily ascer- tained. It is attributed by some to the derangement of the digestive organs, by others to rupture of the cells of the lungs. Symptoms. — V^QyxXxQX double motion of the flan!.., breathing quicker than natural, a short, peculiar cough, and a windy condition of the bowels. Treatmetit.—'T)i& digestive organs should be kept in as healthy condition as possible. Feed wild prairie hay, well shaken up. The food should be moistened and the animal ted regularly. One teaspoonful of lobelia once a day, given in the food for a week at a time, will often greatly relieve the animal. Another good remedy for the heaves is the following receipt : 1 oz. saltpeter, yi oz. powdered ipecac, 4 pints rain water. Mix and give a pint once or twice a day. HOW TO CURE THE OOLIO IN HORSES. Symptoms. — Sleepy look ; at times very fidgety ; paw- ing with one foot ; caution in lying down ; breathing la- bored ; walking gives relief; legs and ears natural tem- perature, A Home Remedy. Two common tablespoonfuls (n- ♦; heaping) of saleratus, mixed with i }i pints of sweet milk. Give in one dose. Another Remedy. Take i pint of whiskey and add 3 tablespoonfuls of common gunpowder. Give in one dose. If not better in an hour, repeat the dose, and give a pint of raw linseed oil. The following is an excellent remedy for any form of colic, and should always be kept on hand. It should be given as soon as possible. If the dose does not relieve, follow it in half an hour with another : Chloroform, i ounce, Laudanum, i ounce, Sulphuric ether, i ounce, Linseed oil, 8 ounces. This is a tion too pro Cause. — I driving, thei ries, cuts, br the foot, in s Symptoms. jaws, swollen and a flickeri Treatmettt. of aloes and s belladonna, h Give upon th( following mix I oui I OU! Mix, and sh Wind-galls t \ bandage and le and evening. T week or two. I five weeks. Draw the liq { ^'c syringe anc "e also removec and alum. The Farmers: S QUICKLY. lobelia, Jamaica ginger. ly, and while giv- no indication of relief and will not ! LUNGS. ; well warmed up mosphere without Dosure to cold anc ooping head, legj ring and irregular >. A horse occa- ised to seventy ot I do more injury call a veterinary ous. From sixty n in water every ounce of nitre in i to "make use of, loned. Manual., LOCK-JAW; ^^'^^^^' ™«B, r,STUL., SOKE MOUTH. CA.LS, HIDEBOUND [N HORSES. :ry fidgety ; paw m ; breathing la- ;ars natural tern- )ing) of saleratus, ve in one dose. ablespoonfiils of If not better in )f raw linseed oil. for any form of id. It should be does not relieve, ether, i ounce, I, 8 ounces. 20 1 LOCKJAW. J rprpTir'°"^ ''"" ^-^ ^^""°* --^ -- ries. cuts. bruisesSn^f ^Hs t" "' '""^"' '"j"" the foot, in shoeing elc ''"'^''''' P""^^ °^ iawttSt^^n ^ -"^^""^ ^^'^' ^^^^"- 'of the andaflic^Xr-^nJer^^^^'" ''^ --^. following mixtureT "^ '°"'"' ^^"*^ ^^'^^ -' the I ounce of dilute hydrocyanic acid I ounce of the tincture of aconite Mix, and shake well together. WIND-GALLS. five weeks ''""''' '^°"^^^'-- 't »ay take four or ^ Another Method. i »-c fringe andfppW ' wW *^ "°"^^ "^ « ^ypoder- •« also removed bf J^lyS a stl'^' , ^ind-galls^ may and alum. ^ »PP'y"»g a strong solution of oak-bark ^^^ra...._Hard work, neglect, and expos- Sj'mp^oms.-Tho skin sticks very close to Mie ribs and appears immovable fJ'T'""'-'^'' '■-'nove the cause is the first step necessary to be taken. The fol^ lowing receipt will cure most cases- 2 ounces of anise seeds, in powder 2 ounces ofginger, in powder, ' 1 ounce of grains of paradise, 2 ounces of mustard 2 ounces of turmeric'. All to be powdered, and to be given in w^rm water, fasting, and to fast two hou" glodreSt"^'^'^^'"^^'''^^'^^'^^-'-'- A CURE FOR THE OURB even?n^ ''' '°"°""^ ""^"'P' morning and Pulv. cantharides, i ounce. Citrine ointment, 4 ounces, Ohve oil, I ounce. HOW TO CURE A FISTULA bei^g ?ni:rofVht^^^^^^^^ r ^^"^ ^"^ -^-^^ ^^ pa/of theVTck an/otr t 1 :r^^^^^^ f"'*'^ ^^^-** -s^ It is due to some viotcf or bSe'"°"" '' "''^■ syringing it out rub wen t over 1 ^"T" " ""'''' the sore one ounce of cemte oJcanti ^ '"'^''' "''""'"^ hair and clean the skin l^ blrfp^t, it'"if ''"^ hours grease it. After four days wasMtfnH '^ out again as before, and again aftl \t '^"°^^ ^t this does not cure it repeat^h. 1 , ^^"' ''^^^- ^^ the scabs of the bliierC^' "'°^' ^°""^ ^ ^^^ - FOR SORE MOUTH. Borax, 2 drachms, Vinegar, i pint Alum. ^4 ounce, Soft wateJ,^i pi'„t Shake well and wash the mouth e.eLZLn. . morning. Feed little hay and feed aZtTfT^ "'' once a day until well. ^ "^ flax-seed FOR HARNESS AND SAnn^n nATr« common salt and sugS of lead . '?'^ " '"'""^"^ "^ 1 washing. ^ °^ ^^^'^ (^^"^J parts) after eaci* aoa LAMENESS; DISEASE OF PENIS; SCRATCHES; GLANDERS; SWOLLEN LEGS, Etc. [The Farmers' Scratches, Cracked Heels, Mud Fever, Etc. Wash the parts off thoroughly with warm water, and apply the following remedy : I ounce solution of diacetate of lead, 8 ounces glycerine. STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS. Cause. — This happens mostly to young horses, and it is a dislocation of the stifle, or patella, a little bone which slips off the main bone when the horse steps. Symptoms.— thz extending of one of the hind legs backward the extension of the head, and the swelling of the stifle-joint. Treatment.— thQ only thing to be done is to restore the Ijone to its proper place and apply hot vinegar to shrink the cords. In older horses the cords have become more stiflfened, and when the patella is displaced, it takes con- siderable force to bring it back into its proper location. The above illustration will explain itself. Keep the horse quiet and feed well for two weeks. For lameness, bruises, galls, etc., apply the following liniment. No better preparation is manufactured. Alcohol, 95 per cent, 8 ounces, Spirits turpentine, 8 ounces, Oil of sassafras, i ounce, Oil of pennyroyal, i ounce, Oil of origanum, i on nee, Tinct. of arnica, i ounce, Tinct af cantharides^ i ounce, Tinct. of camphor, i ounce, Aqua ammonia, i ounce, British oil, i ounce. Mix thoroughly, and use as a liniment. DISEASE OP THE PENIS. Small warty growths may be clipped off with scissors. FOR ULCERS OP THE PENIS. Wash with tar soap and warm water once a day, and apply the following wash : 50 drops carbolic acid, I pint water, I drachm chloralhydrate. A GOOD CURE FOR SCRATCHES. First remove the cause, then take gun powder and lard of equal parts, melt and mix thoroughly, and apply lliiee times a day. Or apply glycerine and water, in equal parts, and put into the mixture a few drops of carbolic acid. Or take glycerine and aloes, equal parts. Bandage in all cases. An application of sugar of lead is also a good remedy. It takes time to cure the disease ; and if the horse is feeble, ground feed well moistened should be fed. Too Free Discharge of Urine ; or Inability to Hold Water. Give twice a day for two weeks the following prescrip- tion: One-fourth ounce of cantharides, and keep the bowels open with grain or green feed. AN EASY WAY TO CURE GLANDERS. I ounce of rock alum, I ounce of white vitriol. Powder these well and put them into a pint of warm vinegar, and syringe about one ounce up the nostrils every day. A CURB FOR SWOLLEN LEGS. Bandage the legs in cloths wrung from hot water and give one pint of linseed oil and one pint of sassafras tea. Keep the leg bandaged for a few days, wringing: out and applying cloths in hot water, whenever convenient. Make a strong tea of equal parts of mullein leaves, mayapple roots, and poke roots, and add two handfuls of salt. Apply as hot as the horse can bear. HOW TO MAKE OINTMENT FOR HORSES. Cracked Hoof Ointment.— Tar and tallow, equal parts melted together. For Grease.— Mix four ounces lard with one ounce white lead. Heei< Ointment.— To the Cracked Hoof Ointment add 3 ounces of verdigris to each pound. For Mangb.— Soft soap, oil of turpentine lard, and flower of sulphur, 4 ounces each, mix well. Stc. [The Farmer* Manual.] HOW TO^STKOV M,X.. ,TC„. M^o,. COKM. W.S.. O..ZX, B..eo.O, H„, GLANDERS. lard with one ounce HOW TO DESTROY MITES THAT INFEST THE HORSE. "^'^»i I. These little mites as shown in the above illustration are greatly magnified so as to show their form TW re ammal parasites that burrow in the skin. a"d under favorable cond.t:ons they can be transmitted o the muL s irit r onl"'rT"^^ indefinitely on the human skin. It can only be detected by a strong magnifvine gss, movmg among the scurf or scab of the ^kal scrrorihe'r°^'J'"'' ^^"^"^^ •« and beneath the scurf of the skin, whe^e it hides and lays its eggs and prolific, a new generation of fifteen individuals be nt posnble every fifteen days, so that in three moTthshf 2. Chicken lice often infest the skin of the horse Jts ofThi?^'''''''.'''"'""^^'^^ '""^^'-^ ^nd lower parts of the legs, especially the hind ones anH mo i! present for years without extending upoTthe body Thi! tte skm after removmg the scabs with a soft cloth nr brush : repeat this every fifteen davs Orll i . ' ! carbolic acid, .^ ounc2 of water ' Mix and an',. "J a cu-e is efiected. ^^P'^ "°^'l 203 A CURE FOR THE ITCH. MANGE, Etc h„rr'^'~^^ 'I ^ ^°»'^g'o"s disease caused by insects burrowmg m the skin. ^ insects 4 ounces of sulphur, 4 ounces of white copperas 4 ounces of white hellebore root, in powder affSdTrSr ^"^"^ °^ ''""erm;ik,rnrr:b the THE MANGE AND ITCH MITE GREATLi'MAGNIFIED. LOTION FOR MANGE -2sr::^t^::::rsrer. strain; HOW TO CURE CORNS IN HORSES too close with .ails. Apply a tusrio the TLZ ITI:TT " ""^^"'^'' '^^^P'"^ ^^^ foot S' -J soft by hoof omtments, and all will go well shor^lv Caustic, muriatic acid, chloride of zinc - eirhir f , J' will have a tendency to effect a cure '^P^'"^' "°^ina J;;^.r^- -4 Hors-r Other Barbed WireYnfur^f* ^'"' °' l^^^^d^r:::^:^^^—^^' will stop Nasal Gleet or Discharge from the Eye and Nose. The cause of this is neglect in distemper, or over-heat or cold; th,sisa white discharge from ^the nose a„dis not contagious-and can be cured. ' O/rf — Stop working him— give of alum 1/ resm ^ pound, blue vitriol /pound «-?i/. ?,°"".''' well with li pound of o-inErer • ^?,^ ' ¥^^ ^"^ mix every nighfan'^i mor^;„|!!l£dC, TJlln^V^''^.'^' out of the wet. and do not work h°m! ^ ^""^ ^"" < t-i Manual.] RECEIPTS FOR HORSES. CATTLE. SHEEP. HOGS. Etc. Receipts for Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Hogs, &c. Hoof Ointment. Balsam Fir, Oil of Hemlock, White Pine Pitch. Honey \en,ce Turpentine, Beeswax, each i?< ounces CZy pound, fine ground Verdigris ^oz. slmmeraHtog th^ over a slow fire. When melted take off the fire aS stir unt,l cool. Apply betweerniair and hoof Scouring in Horsss or Cattle Tormentil Root, powdered. Dose : For a horse or cow I to K ounces. It may be stirred into a pint of milk and g,ven. or it may be steeped in a quart of milk^nd then given three to five t imes da ily until cured. Gravel in Horses. Take 'X pound of the Queen of the Meadow and put nto a quart of boiling water to steep for ,5 mbutC When cool, give quarter of the above quantitv nicT." and morning until removed quantity night To Remove Warts on Horses or Cattle Saturate the warts with Spirits of Turpentine two or three times a day for a week This r««,»^ known to fail. This remedy was never Ohoked Cattle. ' ZZf. ^""^ "^7" ?' '^'"^^ ^ P'"t ^«™ l3r that whatever »ay be choking it will be thrown up. whatever ao5 Garget in Bag. Mo'^r^^ root chopped fine, and one tablespoon- tul of sulphur mixed, gi ven once a day in bran for a week. Oaked Bag. Caked bag may be removed by simmering the bark o bitter-sweet in lard until it becomes vefy yellow a da" ^tr '•/'• '' "" ^"°"<^" P-t th- times li.fl'f^ \°'^ '" "'"'^ '^^ '^^"d; also give one once ad"; "f ^ ''"^P^'^ ^'^^' ^'''^ P^'-^oes o^ „."«! once a day for three days. To Cure Staggers, or Water in Head Take K gill of melted lard, y, gill of strong sage tea M. and pour down the throat. Will effect a'crrein 30 Condition Powder for a Stallion Gemt!!f Rn't T^ "^f"'"' ''''' ^ °^-- »'--k Antimony. Gentian Root, Anise Seed. 2 oz., Spanish Flies i oz al made very fine and intimately mixed. Do e:' k t.W " 'spoonful in the morning feed. This is f^L VTZ Hudson. Winfield. Kansl No oneted fe Ho t ^ And without the Spanish Flies, it is a good aherltive and tonic for any other horse. a«erative Distemper in Colts Distemper in colts has about three vecks to run US course. All the medicine required is "^eht d^ of Epsom salts, say 4 to 6 ounces, and goodVursW Give warm bran mashes, linseed or oSmeal ^el keep the animal warm and rub the legs with cS dipped in hot water; a tablespoonful of murtard in the water would be beneficial if the legs seem to S weat numb or cold. weaK. To Stop Heaves Quickly. Three eggs, 2 drachms lobelia, i pint vinegar 2 drachms alum; mix together; divide in three dosTand Jaundice or YeUow Water.. Sympi^s.-Hahof main and tail loose, eyes yellow • bars of mouth swollen, right fore-leg lame. For Strains .and Swellings. Strong vinegar saturated with common salt, used warm, is good for strains and reducing swellings. One ounce of white vitriol, one ounce of green copperas, two tea- spoonfuls of gunpowder, all pulverized together, and dis- solved in one quart of soft water, and used cold, rubbing in thoroughly, is one of the best applications known for reducing swellings. Recipe for Swellings. Double handful each of mullein leaves, mayapple roots, poke roots, one gallon water ; boil and add double handful salt; apply as warm as the hand can bear it. Good and cheap. HOW TO KEEP A HORSE OR COLT FROM AETTINS CAST. 1. Many horses have the trouble of getting cast, and often are crippled and ruined in a single night. The above illustration is an excellent remedy to train horses or colts to lie quietly and comfortably in their stall. 2. Take a strap and fasten it to a joist or hook over- head, so the animal cannot get its head quite down to the floor, and hitch the horse to the manger with the usual length of halter. 3. Colts which are worked very hard, or possess a nervous temperament, are more frequently liable to be cast in their stalls. 4. Colts should never be worked too hard. Give them a chance to grow and mature, if you want a good, valua- ble and saleable horse. FOR FITS. Fits are caused by overflow of blood from the heart to the brain, which causes concussion. Bleed through the nose, then give tablespoonful cleansing powders twice a day on bran mash, then the restorative liquid. Keep the bowels open. String Halt. It is easily known by the horse lifting up the hind leg when raised irom the ground. It may be slightly mani- fested, or in extreme cases the fetlock may even strike the belly. Cause. Strains, bad usage, and poor feeding. Remedy. The longer it remains uncured, the more obstinate it will become. Give nourishing food, and nib the limb thoroughly each day. The following liniment will prove excellent : I ounce Oil of Origanum, 1 ounce Laudanum, I ounce Sassafras, I ounce Tincture of Camphor, I ounce Oil Cedar, I ounce Spirits of Ammonia, I ounce Sweet Oil. Mix in two quarts of alcohol. This receipt is also ex- cellent for swellings, bruises or bums. To Fatten Horses, or Strengthen Weak and Reduced Animals, Use the following excellent receipt : "PERSIAN CONDITION POWDER." THE BEST IN USE. , Powd. black antimony, 4 ounces, Powd. East India ginger, 8 ounces, Powd. nitrate of potassium, 8 ounces, Sulphur, 8 ounces, Powd. rosin, 4 ounces. Bicarbonate of soda, 8 ounces, Glaubers salt, 12 ounces. Mix them thoroughly. Dose. — A tablespoonful to a pound of feed. [The Fapmerst Mamimi,.] receipt is also ex- n Weak and «HCE,PTS rOK HORSES. CATTLE. SHEEP. „0OS. Etc. HEADS or TB0TTIN6 HORSES. Dlaeaae of the Kidneys. Caused by feeding dirty or musty jrrain 1,=,^ a ■ overloading him, or by giving too Sj^^^^/^r""' ground fi'^e. x' oun^^' ^ur. oure?' S'^"^""''' stiff paste, divide into , „,mi ?""^^^' '"^ke all into a trouble to get up when he nl!^. ' ^ ^"'^ ^""^ two weeks-give^nTf!^ burtL.."' f -"^ ^''" "P '""^ ^airofthecui ii'::?rktr^j:;fhrm^^-'- ^^^^^^ ao; DlifBETES-Too Free Dischai^e of Urlno or Oannot Hold His Water ' free use of turp;ntLe Ketn v °' """"'^ ^'"^ ^^ '«> green feed. '"'^"''°"- ;^h.m open with mashes ami Physio Bail. |.nd™ntl,;S!iL?v .?*!"'"" "««=S In the mo„,i, lor. .« ^^^zvz'i^^^j-^ r." " ^» . Water Farcy. ' the swelling six i^i, ^ breast, and all along them stay iu^ Sl^' sT^g^rtwr ^oi^^^' 't food, mashes, with the "Physic" Tit thi' T '°" Many causes for it. See Y^^^work orTit " ^''^'' " Groggy Knees. Liquid Blisterer. Take alcohol i pint, turoentJtiA i/ «• ... spokm of even- threo hours until it bZ^y,"'! f " How to dure Corns. Take off the shoe, cut out thf>. /v ..«<,.. j j ^»p,. Of n-uHatio ^. o,T,:^L'7:st'z^;'z ment. ' ^^'^ '« ^ sure treat- IN8TRUIIEI.T8 FOB CASTHJriNfl COITS inisisan instrument called ecraspur o„^ •' tensively used for castrating cots^d ?i the "°^'^ of tumors. The object of Lncrf.^- • ^ removal no bleeding foUo^its ui ^ ' '°''"^'°^''* '^' ^^^^ Castration. It is a simple and safeo^Xu ' ^^^^^2 '""^'"• seen it done, can do it also if , „^^P^^"^avingance cio ». It h. ^u^it- itn^:r.^:j^::s;, - ^erof opetatiou, ^, ,, „ it^S^^'XtS '1-^1 Fh- •iJ m 1^8 'I m '■>•!. u I RECEIPTS FOR HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS, Etc. [The FARMERS' Bore Mouth or Tongue— Oalled Oanker • or Thrush. Symptoms. — The mouth runs water, the horse coods or throws the hay out of his mouth. The cause of this is often from frosty bits being put into the mouth, or by eating poisonous weeds. Cwr*-.— Take of borax, 3 drachms, sugar of lead, a drachms, alum, yi ounce, vinegar, i pint, sage tea, i pint, shake all well together, and wash the mouth out every morning— give no hay for twelve days. Oontraotlon of Tendons of the Neck. Symptoms.— OlXitn the neck is drawn around to one side, again, the horse cannot get his head to the ground. Cause of this is spraining the horse, and rheumatism pro- duces the contraction. Cure. — If it is taken in the first stages, bleed from the neck 2 gallons, then foment or bathe the part well with hot water, rub it dry and take the "General Liniment" and apply it every day two or three times ; this will cure it. If it is of long standing, then blister all along the part afifected with "Liquid Blister." Do this every 3 weeks until he is well and rub with the "White Ointment." Sore Back. It the saddle bruises his back and makes it swell, a greasy dish-cloth laid on hot, and a cloth laid over it, bound on fifteen minutes (with a surcingle), and repeated once or twice, will sink it flat. If it is slight, wa.sh it with a little salt and water only. Alter the saddle, that it may not press on the tender part, for a second bruise will be worse than the first. Eye Wash for Horses. Take of sugar of lead, 2 drachms, white vitriol, i drachm, laudanum, i drachm ; add to this i quart of soft water ; let it stand .six or eight hours, and it is fit for use. Wash the eyes out well every morning, after first wash- ing the eyes well with cold water ; follow this up for 3 or 4 weeks, and then, if the eyes are not much better, bleed and give a mild physic. The horse should be kept on low diet, and not over-heated or worked too hard ; scalded bran and oats are good. Hoof Bound or Tender Feet. Cause of this is, fever in the feet, founder, or gravel. The symptoms are, hot feet and a drawing-in one inch from the top of the ieet at the heels. Never have the feet spread at the heels, i;or rasped above the nail holes, for it will do the foot an injury. Follow the directions given here. Use either the hoof ointment or the hoof liquid ; apply it according to the printed directions For hoof bound or tender feet apply it all around the top 01 the hoof down one inch every third day ; if for split hoof, apply it every day. First, have a stiff shoe on the foot, and cleanse the cut or crack. Never cut or burn for it How to Make the Drops to Make Old Horses Young, or to Oet Up and HowL Take the tincture of asafoetida i ounce, tincture of cantharides i ounce, oil of anise i ounce, oil of cloves i ounce, oil of cinnamon i ounce, antimony 2 ounces, fenugreek i ounce, fourth proof brandy % gallon ; let it stand ten or twelve days, and give ten drops in a pail of water — or one gallon. Hoof Evil or Thrush, Grease Heels. Cause of this disease is over-feeding, and want of exe^ cise, or standing in a filthy stable. Symptoms, well known : A discharge of offensive matter from the frog of the foot and around the top of the foot ; often the frog of the foot will come out, then you must put on a stiff shoe to keep the foot from contracting. C«rf.— Give physic, and poultice the foot with boiled turnips, add some fine ground charcoal — this must be done every night, for two or three nights, then wash the foot clean with castile soap and soft water, and apply the blue ointment every day — keep the horse on a clean floor and he will be well in twelve days. Disease of the Liver, or Yellow Water. Symptoms. — The eyes run and turn yellow, the base of the mouth the same, the hair and main gets loose, and he often is lame in the right shoulder, and very costive. Cure. — Give the following ball every morning, until it operates upon the bowels: Take aloes 7 drachms, calo- mel I drachm, ginger 4 drachms, and molasses enough to make it into a ball, wrap it in paper and give it ; give scalded bran and oats, grass if it can be got ; when his bowels have moved, stop the physic, and give i ounce 01 camphor in }4 pint of water, every morning for twelve days, rowel in the breast, and give a few doses of cleans- ing powder. Turn him out. [The FARMERS' Manual.J Diseases of the Udder and Teats. This is comparatively rare in tlie mare, tliough in some cases the udder becomes painfully engorged before foaling, and a doughy swell- ing, pitting on pressure, ex- / tends forward on the lower » surface of the abdomen. Treatment. — The treat- ment is simple so long as there is onlj^ congestion. Active rubbing with lard or •.'> « .!»,,. , rapid Lp,„«Wht„ »"';•■ "™.°"'' '"'"«' for an hour and followed h,/ ♦!,» i- . '^^P'Up Phorated oU, to which has bee fadde'd s^m"" °V'' ^^'"■ soda, and extract of bellado „a iTs^Tf l"'r'' medicine, (4 drachms Barbadoes a 4 w^ll be of r "' ;.jed.i„Sjever. and,, ounce .^^^^^^^^^^ Tumors of the Udder. As the result of inflammation of the udder \y mo, u come the .seat of an indurated diseased ^owth;,^^^^^^^^^ goon growing and seriously interferf Jth Z ^ ment of the hind limbs. If Lh swdllng tl^'lt gTe" way m the.r early stages to treatment by iodine Jhe ol r,-Lr J,™c\-- -- 1.'' ;- -^ Sore Teats, Scabs. Cracks, Warts By the act of sucking, especially in cold weatlipr ft,- teats are subject to abrasions cracks a T "^f '''^'^' ^^^^ done before foaling to secure healing before suckli'n^bf gins. For sore teats use an ointment of v^sel „e i 'lo balsam of tolu 5 grains, and sulphate of zTnc 5 ^i^^"' RECEIPTS FOR HORSES. CATTLE. SHEEP. HOGS. E«. 309 Wolf-Teeth. These are two small teeth which make their nnn«o^ ance inimediatelv in fronf «f n, appeap. fines clearly that they do real y[„ie fh^ " ^"" what causes them to appear as ey do Th " 7 remedy is the tooth forceps ^ ^^^ ""'^ Dropsy of Mu^^on the Ohest. and tail dead. *" ' °' '"^ '"^ne After ,he phytic „S?,' ^"1 fZ T""- ""^ ^'""''■ NANCY hanks! To Restore the Appetite. Use of pulverized caraway seeds and bruised raising jounces each; of ginger and palm oil, .Ounces "h ,t:^^_r' 'tr '"-'^^f ^he first a"s of the Jt '•"n... v.r quantity you wish to make it. Give a ^m.'ii How To EnUven an Old Horee. 1 ounce oil of cloves 2 ounces oil of sassafras, 1 ounce oil of wintergreen I ounce tincture cantharides 5 ounces of alcohol, 3 ounces tinture of asafoetida. Mix well, and give twelve drops daily in a pail of water. To Patten Old Horses zs^::^^^-::;^. ^-^^^ tincture-;^ six days and itTfiTfrrte.'^Dor. 'olZl' ^ f^ "'^ or three times a day on soft fee^ " ""P^*** ^ r-;'ie zinc or the acid, when it is fit for use. Tjoios. Where it is necessary to use tonics, gentian is oni of the best vegetables, especially in chronic debility. Il is best united with camomile and ginger. Gentian 4 drachms, camomile 2 drachms, ginger i drachm ; give in balls. A Salve for All Kinds of Sores, Ou<>3. Bruises, Etc. White wax, 4 drachms, Lard, 18 drachms, Crystallized carbolic acid, 3 drachm^;. Melt the wax and lard together. Stir until coolec'., and Ihen add the carbolic acid previously liquified. Eow to Prevent a Horse from Jumping Fences. Bi'. i^k a strong surcingle around the body of the Iv ; /, with a ring in the bottom of the surcingle under i.i?c horse; tht ' '.uckle a soil strap around both forelegs above the kn.; close up to the shoulder; then take a '.hort rope or strap and fasten one end of it into the strap on off fore-leg and draw moderately tight : this will allow the horse to move one leg at a time, to lie down and get up, but he cannot raise both legs at once nor put them forward at the same time. . [TiiK KarmhkV Ireak a Wild or [Jgly Horse, him in a pen as 1 in tlie anncxi'l ation. Then tak- t whip and niak.- ccep his head lu- you. You will jenble to pet liim )mpletelycoi)(iiKr ar. Avoid whip- It is ruinous. y Up Old Bores. b. dry white kad; n the places twice . Horses can !)e :d all the tiiiii' — i simple and good. nal severely with Apply wash with ivaler 4 ounces. Manual.) RECEIPTS FOR HORSES. CATTLE. SUFEP, etc.-how to clean leather. ill UotTMUCH mjliiciNK TO GIVE AT OWE DOSS. NAMiiorUai Crivin ii( Tartar ... pmiiliiliun Edraci. fcr||..t. llirior. KenuMl S4)«fj. •tulN.Ouk ., Uliit(t*r ][', Hitiuii """ Iniliim EttracI u(" liMiniu Vi» itMu Grracr. Uriuu. Vamb. iiU£AKINB A MICKING HORSE. Liniment for Swellings. Bruioes and Gallfl, Alcohol 95 per cent, 8 ounces, bpirits of turpentine, 8 ounces Oil of sassafras, i ounce, ' Oil of pennyroyal, i ounce. Oil of origanum, 1 ounce, British oil, i ounce. Tincture of arnica, i ounce. Tincture of cantharides, i ounce Tnicture of camphoi , i ounce ' Aqua Ammonia, i ounce. ' Mix them and make a liniment. Iron Sulphata Lliue Wal«r. ...„ Lliin) Chalk LIujii'mIOII lotxHIii '„ Maijiieila. Mrrrli Hilrts, Sweat ipirlti ol Oak Uark ' OllvuOil " Opliiiu, Tliioluro'or IVpixriuliil, Oil Aroiilio, Tliiclurool Alum Aloea Aqua Aiuinunio. Arsdulc , Mun* ■»■ C4TTL1. I 8lltl». [DrraMiia II, , (|uanlllr .>» Urliia Laiauvg iuir..«iB.. {),„ How uir Li SHmul".!!'."^""'- ^'""«"»"'-W< liupruvca blguailuii.'. '.'.'.' .Uirliigiiiii "'•• .'^liiiiiilaiii. Htuiuaciiio. " iNarrolli'. " IllclUiin SllM-p. .. ifcl'.1'.'V« ^''t"'',' K'liarimVni.::' •jnlatlil, Aslrlnuuiit Aiiluilil, Astrlngtut LaanlWo, Ai.ildola to Ar«nlo.. .1, . Ijoa Slliuu am, Tonic '\i'','- j l'r.«luniig L-rlna. '■^'"" ISIIiuulauu Aitrlngont " Uiriiito ; .;; - Narcotic N^ ounces, Sul. iron, y. ounce Su . zinc. I % ounces. Alcohol, <{ pint Satpetre,, ounce. Water, i ^in?'' Sal. ammonia, Yi ounce. Wash the parts three or four times a day. Aaaafcetldo. "i-i"— - ».- Aniao .Swd Arnliu Tincture... ' BicarUunalaol Tut ™L' Pl'"T"''i.,U«''Khcumatlam, Ulerlno Stimulant. { "R)icl..'."""'°" "'" «'<'n''»'-'''"»nJ ARtrlngent. .'!!'.'.'.. !.'.!'.;!!iii,",* Stimulant and Tonl'o"".'.'.' rrnmutca t ho Si ji Ions. Purgative (,ir Ch.onlo Diarrhea!" .\nll-apaiimodlc. . . . Improves nigoallon .'.'.'.'.■.' " I'urgatlro Sedative Astringent.'";!!.';.'!!:.'.';".' Stimulant " I roion oil ■!,'"''™y''».'?'«'»"'>n;. ■■.'.'.'.■.'.■.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.;;;;;;;; PoDlKT HH^k ir""",'"' I'urgallvo i'lKMnlre''Kt'"»""'""' ""'"°°''"' ....3Z'.:; Pro«i. A—i Vermifuge {I^uft .':!r:'.':;;;;|j;„°iSl'/v".rv;,r-" ""• "■"- •" "^^^ ii;s?;j*'^'-''''""1?'^=''^s T„h.„ „ ■■ Laxative VT^ Sedative Vermifuge:'.:; Tur'i»nt'.'n» Expectorant, AniT-aeptlc. Borax .. Biimuth trnte Blackberry Koot.." Boneset Blue Vitriol. ., CalouiL'l. , Camphor ""* CamriijT Seed. ..;:;;' Castor Oil Carbolic Acid. ...;:;:. Chloroform, cinnamon..., Croion oil I talox. 1 on. I to i pti. 1 to I dra. 10 dropii. if) dropa. idra. 9 dm. Hoa. 'Igmlna, 2 dra. lOB. Idr. Hgra. >dra. -lira. 4drs. 1 ox. HUr. Idr. 2 dra. ox. \tl Ikdra. •liTni. ■OiolSdropa 2 dr. loa. 2) dropa. Give aa loi. .1 dra. ?,«"■ 3Uoif. 4 (Irs. I 01. Stoppage of the Bowels. Take 2 qrarts of soft oud fresh hor.se mam.re add one ^loth stram.i , give one pint as a drench. This will not fail for man or beast; for a man. dose, one tabL^on u every hour until it acts. wDie.poonlul j.?*^^ . "y. """"■"P"" E^'^^'&t"''"- ^-'-"P-n.odi-c.' iVioa. '1 ox. (lax. 2 to 3 oa. 2 Ma. Sox. Mm |3oa. 3ua. '2pta. 3 dr«. ■"* dro|». 11 dro|«. I dm. . In- ox. fiiralna. 8i*r. Ik 01. Idr. 7gr ns. 1 on .Idm Hoa. 1 oa. H dr. IWdr. 3drs. 2 ox. !^r^'- 1 ox. 20 dropa. Sdrs. t'4ot. 30 dropa. iit'cdca. I'jOI. 1 ox. 7 gralna. •lox. .Idra. I^ox. 2 or iy,or.. I OB, 3drk Idr. ^.,*•• 3 dra. I 'iTupiih Ho»- "gra, 11 dr. 3 drab 1 oa. ■Sin, loa. 2 dra. ra. I lira, tea. mm 1 ilropa 4 dropa, I ilraibm. >4dra. I i'olo* 3drii. I scrupMt Igr. ildr i-'flgra. 13?;;"'"- j I acrupla, Sdra. 4oa. ' t> dropa. . NITUplflb drs. 'I 8drop» .acrupfc ' .dra. dropa. tin, '&"f; ""^-fourth part. Simmer over a slow fire till they are well mixed and apply. t>. Torn Ears.— Laudanum and brandy, eaual nart* • m.x well, and apply alternately with sweet^^il^ ^ ' w/ter*^ ?tKh^e°l ^ater.f In hot weatht always keep ^^f^ti-^^rri;^rS^:^j;:^S: place'^or^bkcf LS^TV^""'"^^^' "^'^ ''^""d «" 'he good ^ ^"■' "^ ^ P°"''''="> ^^^ ^i"a"y ei^ht S ^s^rLfwSr;;! 'ScT UTtr-^^'''^' .^sSL^S°-;;?£ch-°^^^S^ pLtt^'\h?L^^-i;S"=S:?f^^ kerosene oil mixed with it. We quote from Prof. Gleason as follows : "My bit is a straight bar h.t with check pieces, with slots in low „g for curb strap When the bit is buckled to the bridle, thf check piece of the bit buckles into the big rings in fro;t of curb strap rings. For driving an ordinary horse the re ns are uckled .„to the big rings. ,f you have a horse tTa uklh .;'■"" r"^;'^"'* °' '^^y' -- hard to control, buckl^ the lines from the big rings, and buckle them dow.^ mto the slot of the check piece. This gives you 500 pounds pressure and any lady can drive the worst 'pulle'r yoTeve^ a« The curb strap must be buckled at all times back of ^ jaw Just have it fit snugly. The philosophy of this b. IS that being perfectly square, the moment you pull on irct;Ta;ktm"et:' '^•^'"^ '' -^^^h-sthe bit I have studied for over three years to invent a bit that S tits' r' r' '" ^"^^ ^''' ^" ^•'^ --• fo" ""gecl bits, Cham bits, and in fact all severe bits This ^itVZdTuLrLr^"^ '-' ^' - --^^'^^^^- drivingbit I evTrus'ed " "'=°"""^"'' '' '^ '""^ ""' Pieceorbi^''*"^ and Make.-^ represents the mouth- P'eceof bit proper, which is made in cm« «.t;or-> wit-- ZlTTofu"'^'''lV'' P"^^"^ -J-ingihe horse's Hn° „ .'"'^ °^ '^^ mouth-piece or bit proper the "ngs i? are attached in the usual manner. The rinel B preferably made of steel and cast in one piece. Te'Iafh PROF.O.R.GLEASON'§ NEW BRIDLE BIT PATENTEO Fe8.2it7 laaa NV 578. 50» SEI FUU OtRCCTIONSittOW TOOSI IT.UNOMTNIS CNGI^VINfi. INVENTOR PR0F,©.K,iLt^0!«» />«.#• 1 1 tlM '■'^am |i ■ 2l6 BITS. (The Farmfrs' formed with the downwardly projecting arm Bi, having a slot B2 for attaching the reins, and with the upwaraly projecting loop or eye Bj for receiving a curb strap when desired. ' For ordinary use the head-stall C and reins D will both be secured to the rings B, as shown in figure 3 ; but when the bit is to be used on vicious and unruly horses, the reins D are secured to the arms B, and the curb-strap E, which passes under the jaw of the horse, is secured to the loops or eyes B3, as shown in Fig. 4. When thus arranged, by pulling on the reins the leverage is increased and the mouth-piece or bit proper will be turned, and owing to its being square it will be impossible for the horse to take the bit in his teeth and hold on to it. Instead of forming the arms B of the rings with slots, rings may be secured to the ends thereof in the ordinary manner. A law should be passed prohibiting the use of all over- draw check reins, as they pass directly over the brain of the horse. The Check Rein, as used by many of our horse owners, is a cruelty to animals. I will give you my idea of the check rein and how I think it should be used : In the first place, if your horse is born into the world with style he will always have it. If he is born into the world without it, you cannot produce it by the use of straps or ropes, — you but succeed in torturing a poor dumb brute. I approve of the side check rein used only to prevent the horse from putting his head to the ground when you stop your team. I condemn the use of all over-draw check reins, also check bits of every description. A great many believe that by using an over-draw check rein and elevating their horse's head in the air that they drive easier, and that they are guarding against the horse running away. This is wrong. No horse, in my estimation, looks handsomer, freer and easier than those that are driven with open bridles and no check rein. I would here suggest that every team, heavy draft or hack horse, and all animals used by transportation companies should be worked with open bridles, doing away with the blinders and check rein. Give the work horst> and the driving horse the free use of his head, the same that you wish yourself, not only will they drive better, but last longer and keep on five per cent, less food. In this illustration we see the law of curved line violated Not only is the strap running over the neck made unduly conspicuous, but a straight line running thus over an arch- ing neck is as much out of place as a straight pole would be by the side of a bed of roses. Again, this straight strap is not only a disfigurement of itself, but it is still further injurious to fine appearance in consequence of taking the curve from the horse's neck and converting it into a straight line, besides wearing off and breaking to pieces the mane, which in many horses is a leading feature of beauty. It will also be seen that the grandeur of a horse's bearing and noble pose of head is destroyed by this pecu- liar method of checking, which turns the eyes upward and the nose outward, and makes the neck appear considerably smaller than it is. It is impossible to resort to a device that will more effectually destroy the handsome appearance of fine horses than does this foolish appliance for raising the horse's head by means of the over check. There is no beautiful object in nature but would have its beauty marred by a line that would hold it thus in a constrained position. As will be seen from the above, the horse, which is one of the most beautiful animals in existence, is larjjely so because of his fine proportions and graceful curving outline. [The Farmkrs Manual], f- or .ra. .ear .oLtTee, Z!: ^Z:Z planet. Th.s ,s strikingly shown in the humLn countranc" wh,ch, when wastedby disease. loses its beauty by b coS m and angular and full of straight lines. With return inf heJththe face becomes more full and nore curved an! more color comes ,nto it and beauty is restored Horsemen m the dressing of the horse should understand h.s law, as a well car.dfor and well groomed horse caln"' i^t^rr^n^^^rar^ss^bir-^d- ''-- -'^^^ ^e a. s.al. as safetrwiraTlot.' X ^.TeVa^ should be such as will allow the perfect outline o the animal m all its parts to stand forth freely Cruelly Tortured by High Checking. -To fully reahze hebarbarit es practiced on some of our bes horses'^ Watch that beautiful team that stands at the church door' cr .n front of some store, while the owners of the carrk Je are engaged elsewhere. Possibly the heads of the hTrsfs are held m torturing positions by the side checks whLh o^^nt,mes hold them too cruelly h'igh. but qut tly e over check. See the vigorous pawing of the ea th the damping of the bit. the throwing of the head thl restless turning of the neck to one side^n order triooe„ he check, ower the head, and get rest. See theTg orant dnver perched on the seat, all oblivious to the resle sn"s and frame efforts of the horses to free themselves f^om then ernble pain. He supposesthat spectators will tS that with all their restlessness and foaLng at the ^ "h his horses have high mettle belted" fZsTf '", '"^ r ' '°"^^ ^"'^ °'''-« «''-''' be Checked. I positively condemn the overdraw check- it w thease andgrace. For speeding horses it might brome cessary to use the over-draw in some cases, but it mu" be understood that I hold firm to my idea as to th! ticability of its general usefulness '^' ^'^'- ;Biect that he is^fraid of isULS;;rhiXl rU: ; -hen, tter With youPthft^n.t^:;;;:sr::::! I Dost Th« 1 necessary to hold him at hi^ I post. The moment you have driven up to the object he is BITS. 217 Teat him^'l^'r' ^'' °"* ^'^""^ "^^°" -"<> "-- him. horses. •" '^'"" ""''^"^ ^^'° for saddle ini^hl*° '*°^-* Runaway Horse-Always when driv. ■ng hold your rems firmly whether the horse's vie ou' o are^ev?r"tote" ulf T '' ^ ^°"^ ^"-^' ^ ^''^^ and st«rt f y°'"' •'"'■•''^ should take frieht To Teach Colts how to Back h.,- bridle, lead him to the Top of r^therTln ^^ '"' °" ^ on each side, press him gently backward «f/h '^ saying «back, back," while vo,.fn u ''*'"" ''""^ him as he backs, to keeptm deTeni^^^ S ofs'i''"^ and not allowing him to turn sidewavT <5. ■ ^^' to caress him, but under no drt^ttncef LTyZS time, if done with pltien^ld gl .en/s^ T'T^ learned it fairly on the descendfng ground dolhe"''" upon the level, after which harness h m to'a iLJt . ? buggy or wagon and do the same thL fi ^ *' ^ descending ground, then upo^he if- 'S firMv^'? upon a road where the ground i, .^oliH ' ^' '^ what i, „„„, „f f J ■ ™ J',;'';' '■^'- «lo no, l„„„ i» much trouble in backinir them If ft. 1. ™ horse will t„„„ h„„ ,„V ,■"• 'I"","' " ""Kl". ">« .0 hor„s „i.i. tool'; vj'j^srr/hr''""' .na . .r.r;r';'r™:ier, ^rrrxT '« 1 il 2 1 8 BLACK LEG & TONGUE; INFLAMMATION OF BRAIN. BLADDER &c • HOLLOW HORN. [The Farhers HOW TO DOCTOR CATTLE. BLACK LEG. Cause. — This disease is considered epidemic. Fat cattle are generally the victims. It is a disease that is not very general. Symptoms. — Difficult breathing, moaning or groaning, restlessness, generally lameness in one leg, moving with great difficulty, fever and dryness of the nose, and swell- ing of the fore and hind quarters. Treatment. — Saturate a blanket with cold water and keep the animal well covered, but changing it occasion- ally to keep the blanket cool. This reduces the fever. Then give the following prescription : Take — Tartar emetic, 40 grains, Tincture of digitalis, i ounce, Mix in cold water, i pint. Repeat the above dose every two hours, omitting the digitalis after the first two doses. BLACK TONGUE. Take — Powdered burnt alum, 4 ounces, Chloride of lime, 2 ounces. Corn meal, 2 quarts. Mix all together, and with this powder swab the mouth several times a day. No part within the mouth should escape the application. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. Take — Tartar emetic, 60 grains. Spirits of nitre, 2 ounces. Tincture veratrum veride, i ounce. Mix and give every four hours until the inflammation is subdued; after that, give smaller doses and not so often. INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. Give internally one of the following powders every hour until relieved : Nitrate of potassa, i ounce. Tartrate of antimony, i drachm, Pulverized digitalis leaves, i drachm. Mix, am 1 divide into six powders. Boilpd flaxseed draughts should be freely given. 01, •aowno in »»• of carniia «» nil takiovi jonRH INFLAMMATIOM OF THE BOWELS. Cause. — Overloading the stomach with musty food, sudden chills after hard work, kicks and blows on the belly, or protracted colic. Symptoms.— thQ symptoms are similar to colic, only milder in form. Shivering, labored breathing, lies down very cautiously, will sometimes roll or plunge spasmod- ically. Pressure on the abdomen gives great pain, while in colic it relieves the pain. Treatment. — Give eight ounces of linseed oil if the bowels are constipated. Then give the following pre- scription every three hours : 1 ounce of tincture of belladonna, I ounce of essence of sassafras. Give one-half teaspoonful in half a pint of water. Take good care and give the animal all the cold water it will drink. The disease usually lasts from 5 to 14 days. Se- vere cases usually prove fatal. INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS, Treatment.— Give one pint of linseed oil and ten drops of castor oil mixed together; follow this with small doses of salts once a day, for three or four days ; give injections of water, one-half a gallon to two ounces of tincture of arnica. Mustard applications to the loins are also very usefuL FOR HOLLOW HORN Take — Pulverized nitre, 2 ounces, . Ground ginger, 4 ounces. Black antimony, 2 ounces. Flowers of sulphur, 2 ounces. Pour NO or three tablespoonfuls of turpentine in the hollow back of the horns, and rub the horns well with it IN. [The FARigERS Manual.] COW POX: SORE TEATS: PLEURO-PNEUMONU, FLUX: MURRAIN; DEHORNING, COW-POX Two varieties of sore teats occur in the cow. in the form of pustular eruptions. They first appear as small vesicles, containing a purulent matter, and subsequently assume a scabby appearance, or small ulcers remain which often prove troublesome to heal. Treabnent.-^om^ni the.teats well with warm water and castile soap, after which, wipe the bag drv- and dress with citrine ointment. The preparations of iodine have also been recommended, and they are very service- able. 219 FOR SORE TEATS. ULCERS. WOUNDS BRUISES, Etc. Apply the following "Reliable Healing Ointment: " Resin, 5 ounces, Lard, 8 ounces. Yellow wax, 2 ounces. Melt them all together, strain through linen and stir them constantly until cool. ' CATTLE COLIC OR HOOVE. Cause.-n^tms Jarge quantities of wet grass, clover turnips, etc., which causes an accumulation of gas Symptoms..-S^r\oMs distress and bloating, frequenUy tnreatening suflFocation. "cquenuy Trea(mefU.-Gi^^ the following prescription : I ounce of spirits of hartshorn I quart of water. Mix, and give at once. If the above prescription is not readily obtained, give two ounces of table salt dissolved in one quart of water If the above treatment is of no relief, extreme treat- ment must be resorted to. Take a small knife and pierce the abdbmen slightly, and place into the cut a common clay pipe-stem or a small tube made of a piece of elder. This will usually give instant relief PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. Cause.-rhis disease is an inflammation of the lunes and he membranes covering the lungs and chest, com- monly called the Pleura. It is a contagious, infectious, and epizootic disease. Symptoms -^^Axxcei and irregular appetite, dry cough, the back and the sides along the chest become tender la- bored breathing, the nose hot and dry, rumination entirely or partially suspended. Treatment -y),^ first thing to do is to separate the diseased cattle from the herd, and give the afi-ected ones , the following prescription every day : 2 drachms of sulphate of iron, 1 drachm of carbolic acid. There are other systems of treatment, such as inocula- tion, burning of sulphur in the stable, but the only sure remedy is to separate the cattle and keep them separated, and If the afiected ones die, it will not injure the other^. DYSENTERY OR FLUX. Take— Castor oil, i}4 pints, Spirits of turpentine, i ounce. Mix, and give as a drench. After it acts. Take— Powdered opium, 40 grains, Calomel, 40 grains. Mix, and give in half a pint of gruel. DEHORNING REMEDY. A calf can be prevented from having horns by an ap- horn can be felt, so Waldo F. Brown says. The plan of dehorning is gaining in favor, and done in this way has much to commend it MURRAIN. C««.^.-The cause is unknown. It is a constitu- tional disease and the worst that farmers have to deal with. It IS also considered contagious Symptoms.-mgh fever, painful cough, with small hard, and rapid pulse, sometimes sore tfat^ louth'nd feet, diarrhoea, weeping and swollen eyes drachm'r/""^'"' -^ P°""' °' ^P^°» ^'^'^' ^^th X drachm of Jamaica ginger, twice a day, for two or three days. Very little medicine is required internally in thi* disease, but much depends upon good nursing 220 SELF-SUCKING COWS; LAMENESS-, LIFTING CONTRIVANCE. [The Farmers iv FOR LAMENESS, Etc. Apply the liniment as prescribed under "Stifle-Joint Lameness" in Horse department. SELF-SUCKING COW. Simple Ways of Preventing the Habit. From the numerous devices given for keeping cows from sucking themselves we have selected the two shown in the illustration as among the most successful and easily made and tried. The one in the u'pper part, A, is made as follows : A strap is fastened around the body of the cow and a halter put on her head. A stick is attached to the halter, and reaching between the front legs is fastened to the strap around the body. This pre- vents getting her head around. The device shown in the lower part, B, is simply a necklace made from old fork or broom handles strung on a strap and buckled around the neck. Fit it to the cow and make the sticks long enough to keep her from putting her head on the side, but be sure they are not long enough to chafe the shoulders or throat when the head is not turned. A SIMPLE CONTRIVANCE FOR LIFTING A BEEF. Use the space in a double coin crib or driveway in a bam. To a crosspiece, represented at A in the illustra- tion, placed over this driveway, adjust a ^ inch rope, B, as for a swing. After placing the beef on the gamble, D, put the rope swing under it between the legs, lay a stout stick on the middle of the gamble and under the rope, then turn the stick : the rope winds around the gamble. Two men can easily lift a beef in this way without trouble. N. B.— The stick E is short and can be turned easily between the legs of the beef. Try it. [The Farmers Manual.] a be turned easily THE DISEASES OF SHEEP AND THEIR REMEDIES HOW TO DOCTOR SHEEP. 231 The walls of the stomach of the sheep are but slightly tude. Medicines to reach the fourth stomach, should be given m a fluid state if possible, and even then it may be given ,n such a manner as to defeat the object. In g.v,ng sheep liquid medicine it should be given vei slowly. The pulse of th e sheep is about 65 per minute.' BRONCHITIS. of 5 ounce's.'" '^°''' °^ ' °!^'' ^""^ """« ^^^er in doses LUNG FEVER. Give the following dose every 2 hours : Take— >^ drachm tincture of digitalis, H ounce spirits of nitre, 2 grains tartar emetic. DYSENTERY. -J4 ounce powdered golden seal, I ounce powdered charcoal, I ounce prepared chalk, }4 drachm powdered catechu, }i drachm ginger. Mix, and give one rounding teaspoon- SiiEi:Se.'i:::^"^"'"^^°^^>'«' ROT. If the foot gives an offensive smell, wash with a solution of chloride of lime 2 ounces, rain water 3 pints. SORE MOUTH. wi? ?r *^ "^'' '""^ '"°"*^ plentifully MAGGOTS. The horns of rams may grow very closely to their heads and maggots may ac- cumulate under- ^ neath. — Apply ' powdered tar and they will soon disappear. FOR SCAB OR MANGE. Dip into a strong tea of tobacco, or apply the following wash. I quitrt tobacco tea, ^ >^ pint spirits turpentine, I drachm corrosive sublimate. SHEEP TICK AND LICE. After the sheep have been sheared 2 weeks boil a refuse quantity of tobacco leaves, or 5 or 6 pounds of Ijug tobacco. Put the liquid into a trough and'fp th sheep being careful to keep their heads out. This auan tity will wash about 100 sheep. -laisquan- COLIC. H ounce Epsom salts, I drachm Jamaica ginger, 60 drops essence of peppermint. Take CATARRH. Give flaxseed or some c^her laxative. IPPMRP 323 DISEASES OF HOGS AND THEIR REMEDIES. (The Farmers i| 1 . HOW TO DOCTOR HOGS. In the treatment of the hog we cannot enter into de- tails. In sickne.ss he is not a very good patient, i;nd about all that can be done, is to administer a little medi- cine in his food. HOW TO CATCH A HOG. Swine are very difficult animals to handle or master. The following method of getting hold of them has been highly recommended : Rule. — Fasten a double cord to the end of a stick, and beneath the stick let there be a running noose in the cord; tie a piece of bread to the cord, and present it to the animal ; and when he opens his mouth to seize the bread, catch the upper jaw in the noose, and draw it tight, and the pig is fast. Another method is, to catch one foot in a running noose. This can be applied in various ways ; cither by suspending it or dropping it on the ground and allowing the hog to step within it, and then jerking it up and catch- ing the leg. Another method is, to take a pole and fasten a long, narrow hook, with a large opening, on the end of it. This can be readily hooked around the hind leg, and it will hold the strongest animal. THE DREADFUL DISEASE, TRICHINA SPIRALIS. symptoms. They are severe muscular pains, stiffness of the limbs, and sometimes considerable swelling on tlie skin ; in man the di.sease is often taken for rheumatism or typhoid fever, and produces loss of appetite, indisposi- tion to move, pain and stiffness. Treatment.— O'WG a strong dose of physic. Then give the following prescription to diseased animals : 2 drachms of asafcetida, 4 drachms of azedarach. Mi.t, ar.d give the .same once a day in 8 doses. Glycciine given internally, is also an excellent remedy for trichina. C.vuTioN. — Never eat pork, unless it is well and thoroughly cooked. A Piece of Diseased Meat Greatly Magnified. Trichina are microscopic worms which infest the muscles, intestines, etc. The mature worms live in the intestines of the animal, and the immature, or minute worms, live in the muscles. This is one of the most se- rious diseases that attacks the American hog. Symptoms.— Aitcr eating the flesh of animals affected with trichina it takes from 8 to 15 days to manifest the HOG CHOLERA, AND HOW TO TREAT IT. In the treatment of hog cholera very little can be done. The diseased animals are always a poison to the healthy ones, and complete separation should be effected at once. There are a thousand different remedies advertised, but none of them are effectual. The government has been investigating the subject many years and as yet has found no specific. The following may be done and will add as much as anything to the safety of a herd of swine: 1. Removal of still healthy animals to inclosed unin- fected ground or pens as far as possible from infected lo- calities. 2. Destruction of all diseased animals. 3. Careful burial or burning of the carcasses. 4. Repeated thorough disinfec.'on of the infected premises. 5. Great cleanliness, both as to surroundings and as regards the food, to prevent it becoming infected, 6. Place from one-half to one pound of lime into a gallon of water and give once a day. This is an excel- lont disinfectant. (The Farmers MANUAL.] DISEASES OF HOGS AND THEIR REMEDIES. it is well and 7. In view of the fact that very few of the diseased animals ever recover, and there is little in those which do recover, there is but little use to resort to medical treat- ment, HI the endeavor to cure diseased animals «. The better way is to kill tl.e diseased animals and burn them, and thus destroy them at once. THE BEST REMEDY KNOWN FOR HOG CHOLERA, If the disease prevails in the community, it is ver^• difficult to avoid its attack. Sympioms. -Loss of energy a„d appetite, lying down by hmiself, movnig slowly, evacuations of a dark color bad odor, feet and legs cold ; after death the abdomen I)e- conies of a dark purple color. Treatment.-An excellent preventive is the following- i3urn corncobs into charcoal and feed it freely. Mix well together : 6 pounds of powdered sulphur. I pound of animal charcoal, 6 ounces of sulphate of iron', I pound of pulverized cinchona. Mix about a tablespoonful for each animal in a few potato peelings or cornmcal three times a day This) "3 treafnent will generally preserve a herd of swine from 1 ;Si;;uy.^'"'"^" ^^■^'" ' '^^ '^-^^^ ^^ - "-• --i < pound black antimony. 2 pomuls copperas. Pulverize and mix. For hogs that are sick, nux from 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls ni each pail of swill. As a prevent- Tbay'^'''^"""'""' '" "* ^''^ °^ ^'^'" '^"' ''^^P ^^^ '''■''*^^^ Do not allow hogs, sick or well, to run where there is stagnant water. After the \nimals have been Attacked, Rive the following prescription : Take— Ground ginger, 4 ounces. Black antimony, 2 ounces, Flour of sulphur, 2 ounces. Pulverized nitre, 2 ounces. Sulphate of iron, 4 ounces Mix, and give to a large hog one full ieaspoonful three "'and t^ ' '"u '°"""'" '^^ Poundsa level teasp^" ful, and to smaller ones .according to size. now TO KEEP POULTRY. The FARMrio PRACnCAL RULES FOR KEEPING POULTRY. 14. It is best in breeding to croaa or mix the brcids more or less every year. It improves the flesh and gni- eral health of the fowls. 15. Pullets are l)etter layers than old hens. K your stock young by disposiiiR annually of the old broods. 16. Keep at least one rooster for every eight hens if you desire vigorous young chickens. 17. It is a good plan to change roosters every year. 18. Roosters are best at two years of age. DARK BRAHMAS. 1. A little glycerine applied occasionally to the combs and wattles, will prevent injury by frosting. 2. A great source of contagion is the drinking troughs. Remember this if roup should make its appearance in your poultry house. 3. In place of " Tonics " drop a nail into the drinking trough and allow it to remain there. It will supply all the " tincture of iron " required. 4. If you feed whole corn, place it in the oven and parch it occasionally and feed smoking hot. The fowls appreciate it in the cold, frosty weather. 5. A little linseed or oil meal given once a week m the Boft feed will promote laying. This will not come under the heading of " Dosing the fowls with medicine." 6. Do not throw your table scraps into the swill barrel. Give them to the chickens. 7. One of the most important points in the keepmg of ducks is to give them dean, dry quarters at night. They are very prone to leg weakness and cold, damp quarters. 8. Feed your fowls just what they will eat up clean. Fat hens or pullets are poor layers, and the latter is just •what you don't want in seasons when eggs are 28 cents or more per dozen. 9. Fowls over three years old are not, as a rule, good breeders. The males are unable to property fertilize eggs for hatching, while the stock is usually weak. Four years is generally considered a "ripe old age" for a fowl. 10. Each hen, if property kept, will lay from 200 to 250 eggs a year. 11. Liver and intestines are an excellent food to make bens lay. J 2 Keep an abundant supply of lime where the hens can easily get at it if you desire your hens to lay well. 13. Always clean the nest well and put in fresh straw before the hen begins to sit. PARTRIDGE COCHINS. DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENTS. In North America the climate is very good for all kindb of poultry. There tire very few diseases but what readily yield to judicious treatment. Most of the diseases to which fowls are subject, are the result of neglect, exposure, or bad diet. HOW TO CURE THE CHICKEN CHOLERA. Symp/oms.—The symptoms of chicken cholera are greenish droppings, prostration, and intense thirst. It should not be mistaken for indigestion. Cholera kills quickly, and this is a sure indication. Jicmedy.— The best remedy is to add a teaspoonful of carbolic acid to a quart of water and give no other water to drink. The remedy is not a sure cure, but is one of the best. When cholera puts in an appearance, eveiy- thing on the place should be thoroughly cleaned ami dis- infected, the remedy mentioned above being also an ex- cellent disinfectant. Another Good Receipt. }4 pound madder, ^4 pound sulphur, 2 ounces antimony, 2 ounces saltpetre. }( pound cayenne pepper. Mix a tablespoonful in feed for 30 chickens. The FARuno MANVAt.] HOW TO KEEP POULTRY. iv diseases but what UROWN r.ROIIORNS ASTHMA. Sympims.-rh^ fovvls labor for breath, opening the beak often and for quite a tin.e, and son.etin.e^s drops of blood appearing on the beak. ^ Treatmenl. -Take the disease in liand as soon as dis- eoyered, keep the fowl warn,, a.,d gi^.e equal parts of sulphur and fresh butter (oHresh lard) thoroughly 2ei FEVER. ^j.«//.;,„.-Restlessness. refusing to eat, drooping wings and excessive heat. ""P'"KJ 7-..«/;«.«/._MiK a little castor oil with burnt butter and give a teaspoonful three times a day. LOSS OF FEATHERS. This disease common to confined fowls, should not be confused with the natural process of moulting. I„ "l^ di^ased state no new feathers come to replace the olj rnv,/w«/.-Keep warm, and feed hemp seed and corn Add brown sugar to the water. GAPES. The Gapes is a very common ailment of poultry and J™^i!;^^'''''' J' ''"'''^ ""^ '^^ P'-^^^"'^^ °f little f '"//'"'"-Gaping for breath with beak wide ooen ' W«.«/.__Give a pill each morning made of equal , ^rts of scraped garlic and horse radish, with as much I s ishZr ^'" °"^^'^^ ' ^--^ °^ -^^^^^ 225 HOW TO DESRTOy AND KEEP RID OP HEN'S LICE. All fowls are more or less infested with lice. Fowl, re sometunes .so covered that the natural color c7t^ t i.;\vm:"f 'T '"•^'"'«--^"-l. These loathsome ^erni,,, will not only cover the fowls, but will multinlv any other place, frequented by the poultry Poultry cannot be fattene.l when covered with lice /,W^,_,. ^Vhitewash the hen-house frequently whitewash all the roosting poles, etc., or run th n^Xly thro-igh a fire of old straw or hay ^ a. Clo.se the hen-house up tightly and burn sulphur in LSthr;;:;::"'"^^^"''^^"^'-'----^--^ to 1 ;::; oT co':. [i- '-'"'''-' -^ ' ^^'^^^ ^^ smphur 4. Applying grease of any kind by rubbing it .moni, the feathers is certain death to the Vermin. * Chicken Mites and Their Extermination. eniI?irTh""'"'r"f'°"^ the chicken mite greatly [are a clear whitish color, and are about the size ofa pS: These parasites secrete themselves between the cracks Close the hen-house or whatever nlac^ th«y -e f-.-irt m ana take a few pieces of brimstone and heS rpietro? =n':^^^-::-^;--^--dpju?:^h: --one. T^tr:^-- ;- —-. l>«f I 1 I ■ 226 HOW TO PICKLE EGGS. [The Farmers the hen-house, and will prove after a few trials very effectual. Then wash the roost or crevices where they are found with kerosene oil, after which put on a good coat of tar ; it is also excellent for the roost-poles. FOR SCALY LEGS. Apply a little kerosene oil once a week. Be careful not to get on too much, or it will blister and injure. HOW TO PICKLE EGGS. 1. A good, cool place is necessary. The temperature must be kept above the freezing point. 2. Select a good kerosene barrel and take out the head and set fire to the inside and burn it until slightly charred, then smother out the fire by turning it bottom side up. Scrape off charred parts and soak in lime- water, until the smell of kerosene is entirely removed. 3. To Make the Pickle. — Take one bushel of best fresh lime, one peck of rock-salt, and 60 gallons of clean water, (use similar proportions for smaller quantities.) Slake the lime as for making whitewash, add the rest of the water, and then the salt. Stir well two or three times the first day, and then let it stand until well settled and cold. 4 Now dip off the clear fluid carefully and.put it into the barrel until about one-half full. 5. Now put in the eggs without breaking. When you have about a foot of eggs on the bottom of the barrel pour in some of the "milky" pickle made by stirring up the lime and water left. It is these light, fine particles of lime settling on the eggs and filling the pores that pre- serve the eggs. 6. Care should be taken not to put in too much or too little of the 'milky" pickle, pour in enough to cover the eggs nicely when settled. If not enough lime the white of the egg will get watery, if too much it will stick on the outside like plaster, and be difiicult to remove. 7. A faucet should be fitted into the barrel about six inches from the bottom, so that the pickle can be drawn off when necessary. 8. A common method for small quantities ; Take a box or half barrel and first put in a layer of common salt, and then a layer of eggs, and so on, until the desired quantity is packed. " Poultry Raisers' Egg Pood Powder." (to makb hens i,ay eggs.) Red pepper powdered, 2 ounces, Allspice powdered, 4 ounces, Ginger powdered, 6 ounces. Mix them by sifting. One tablespoonful to be mixed with every pound of food, and fed 2 or 3 times a week. Also feed chopped-up fresh meat. 1 1 1 i ■' 1 A , t M •W'A'Ofc'^-^' ^^'^'^.^a.-^'^r^' [The Farmers; Manual.] WEATHER INDICATIONS. lith every pound of HOW TO FORETELL THE WEATHER. rn MAI)TIJEC< lun «■.»- 22^ DIRECTIONS TO MARINERS AND OTHERS WITH REPPRPwrp TO CANADIAN STORM WARnVngS ISSUED pSf^^ THE LAKES. Fig. No. i._This signal, if dis- played on Lakes Superii^r, Erie o; Ontario jnd.cates "modera e gale°s expected ai /irsi from an £asMv direction." If displayed on Lake Huron or Georgian Bay indicates a moderate gale is expected a/Li from a Southerly direction. " "^ «;„!!"': ^V-.~''''''*P''»yed on Lakes Superior, Erie or Ontario, indicates '•moderate gale is expected a7 first from a M-«/,../y direction. Ifd[s- Played on Lake Huron or Georgian Bay mdicates "moderate gale is drra.""'^"'^^"-^^'"''-^ Fig No. 3._If displayed on Lakes IhTr-h^"" °'" P"?^"°' "'die' tL rflt/f ^^""i: 8^^'« '^ expected at first from an Easterly direction. " If displayed on Lake Huron or Geor- gian Bav indicates " heavy gale is Sat""'^"' '""^ ^ ^-'^-^ care""h^^-iLt';Srd"«'-.1r.?"P^"°^.^"« ^ Ontario indi- displayed onYake Auro'n „r Geo^Tan rv1„^^''r'-^..1;'-'^'="°"-"' If expected at Jirst from a A'orrt.^/^ ^irecUon " ^^''^^ »^'« '■* J w/rwilTl^t'Jat'f t^o^ci^'r!!^ Tf mllr '"^^ V '^ -"-"^^ '"^t exceed « miles, and it is not intended Thlf"" ^T' ''"' ^'" "°' vessel should stay in port, but simply as »L "'^"""^ ""=" ''"""d strong winds are expe^cted fromTe^^u^rter^d" at!d" '"''"""^^ "'^' exSe^drexiLSTmile: ^.'.li::!"''^" '"^ ^'^'^ °^ '^ «-" is A'.^^;'feS/„*^,^:"P°"'''"^ '" ^'-^ ' -d 3, is two lanterns .V>;'at~"^''P°"'''"^ '° ~-- ^ ""d 4 is two lanterns Hang. highest of ail the clouds. When they are very thin, they uous, they indicate higL winds or rain. HOW TO FORE TELL THE WEATHER. The Different Kinds of Clouds and Weather Indioations. "^i-uor 1. Clouds Clouds are nothing but fog, and differ only n erevation above the earth. A fog resting on the top of a mountain is called a cloud, and a cloud resting on the surface of the earth is called a fog. ^ 2. Rain. Rain is only produced by accumulated moist- ure .n the atmosphere, and this accumulation being seen oflidr?/ •'°"''' '^'"'^ ^" ™° ^PP^^^-^ - ^hf form 01 clouds. It IS necessary then to understand the differ- m^forms of clouds and know their relation to each 3._CiRRDS. The Cirrus cloud, sometimes called "cats- Wil, as the appearance and form are like wooly hair a crest of feathers, or a slender net work. They are the Names of the Clouds. No. 3. Cumulus. ^ J>tratus. 4. Clmulus. This cloud is in the form of a baleof cot- ton, and occult in the lower regions of the atmosphere I" fair weather the Cumulus forms a few hours aS sunrise goes on increasing until the hottest part of h" 5. Cirro-cumulus. These clouds have a sort of fleecy appearance, and are sometimes called wooly cloudT They indicate warm and dry weather. 6. Stratus. This cloud consists of horizontal ba-d- ncar the surlace of the earth. It generally appears^^Jj HI the evening or at night, forming at sunset aS disa^ pearing at sunrise. This Stratus is sometimes brokeLun into small parts, and is sometimes called ' ■ MackeS Sky " f-f 228 WEATHER INDICATIONS. [The Farmers and scientifically known as Cirro-Stratus. They indicate in that condition wind and rain. 7. Nimbus or R.\in Cloud. TLe Cumulus Clouds often change into Nimbus, which are sometimes called Thunder Heads, and appear sometimes in great magnifi- cence, and are easily known when seen. Thunder and lightning and wind and storms follow in their pathway. 8. Sunset Colors. A darkish gray sunset, with the clouds tinged with a green or a yellowish green, indicates rain. A red sunrise generally indicates rain, but a bright red sunset on the contrary is an indication of fair weather. •UN DOaS AND CORONA, 9. Halo or Sun Dogs. These are large circles around the sun or moon, having imitation suns and moons in the circle. A halo or sun dog appearing in fine weather indicates storm. 10. Corona. These are small colored circles, particu- larly seen around the sun or moon. If the circles are small, they indicate rain ; but if they grow larger, it indi- cates fair weather. 11. Rainbows. Rainbows in the moniing are re- garded as a sign of rain ; but if a rainbow appears in the evening, the following day is generally fair. 12. Sky. a deep blue color of the sky indicates fajr weather, but if this blue appearance of the sky grows lighter during the day it indicates an approaching storm. 13. Fogs. Fogs are generally an indication of fair weather. Stars. If the stars are very thick and numerous it ig a good sign of rain or storm, but if the stars are not very numerous in appearance and the sky is clear it indicates fair weather. THE EARTH IN THE FOUR POSITIONS OP SPRING, SUMUEB, FALL AND WINTER. WEATHER WISDOM. 1. The following weather tables will be found valua- ble. They pertain to the moon's changes and are con- sidered reliable. 2. They are the results of many years' observation and are based on the attraction of the sun and moon, in their several positions respecting the earth. 3. It will take but little observation and care to prove their value. IF NEW MOON, FIRSr gUtRTED, FULL MOON OR LAST QUARTER HAPPENS Bet. midnight und 2 a. m. ** 2 and 4 niurntng..... " 4iind 6 " " ennd 8 " " 8 and 10 " " 10 and 12 " " 12 and 2 afternoon. .. " 2 and 4 *' " 4 and « " " 6 and 8 " " 8 and 10 " <• 10 and mldQigbt IN SUMMEIL Fair Cold and showers.... Rain Wind and rain Changeable Frequent showers... Very rainy Changoahie Fair Fair If wind N.W. Rainy U 8. or S. W Fall. IN WINTEH Frost unless wind 8. W. Snow and stormy. Rain. Stormy. Cold rain if wind W.,snow ItE. Cold and high wind. 8now or rain. Fair and mild. Fair. Fair ft frosty If wind N. or N. B, Kain or snow If B. or 8. W. Fair and (rotty. THE TWO HEMISPHERES. [The Farmers •VfAMlTAL.] f SPRING, SUMMER, HOW TO USE THE BREEDERS' TABLE. 230 THE WORLD FAMOUS MARE MAUD & HOW TO USE THE BREEDERS' TABLE mon on tLe farm. com* TABLE GIVING THE PERIODS OP GESTATIOM a mo .« ANIMALS ANo^OwTs."'''''^'''''^'' °^ DIFFERENT Mare. Cow., Ewe.. Goat., Sow.. 48 weeks. 40 " 22 " 22 " 16 " Bitch., Goose . 9 weeks. „ 30 days. Turkey ^8 " Duck Pheasant 1. Keeping Record.-In the back part of this .28 24 ^V^f^' 24 days. Chicken ^i " Pigeon jg „ Canary „ Peafowl 28 pedigree, time of gestation, etc. "" "" ^°'^ ^'^ ^""""^ *^^ ^"'""^ °^ keeping the record of the 4. Examples.— If a mare is bred Aoril rath tu^ . j • hmH A-Ht -'^♦V -t- . ^ • ^ ^ ' *^^ expected time is March ro^h r^e^ Tah1^\ Tf - A,.r,. .,„,h. ,„^ c:.pcctcd time is January 26th. If a ewe is bred T„n. 2a.,, '1 '^ "" '^"'^ '^ m . If a sow is bred August 9th, the expected time is Normbe ith Thes ' 7"''' '"' '^ ''°^^"'^' ^able. and no mistake can be made if the tables are properly consult^ '"''"' """^ ''^ "" '*'""' '° ^» THE CELEBEATED BEEEDING TABLES. JANUARY. FEBRUARY. MAROH. JAN. I 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO II 12 13 14 15 i6 17 :8 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Horses Dec.r 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2.-) 2. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ?9 30 3» Cattle Oct. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 i9 30 31 Sheep June4 S 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 »3 '4 '5 16 17 18 »9 20 21 22 23 24 2.i 26 27 :'8 I .79 I 30 July I I 2 I Hogs Apr. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 FEB. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Jan. Horses I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 o 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Cattle Nov. I 2 3 4 5 6 •7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Sheep Julys 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 '3 H '5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3> Aug I Hogs MAR. I>j 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Horses Feb. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2i. 25 26 27 28 Mar. I Cattle Dec. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 H 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Aug 2 3 Sheep Jau 21 22 Hogs 4 23 5 24 6 25 7 26 8 27 9 28 10 29 II 30 12 July I «3 2 »4 3 15 4 16 5 17 6 18 7 '9 8 iO 9 21 10 22 II 23 12 24 13 25 14 26 15 27 16 28 17 29 18 30 19 3' 20 Sep. I 21 Find the month atri! day i.t i«f: hand column and tract to the ri^ht until reaching the figures in the column of the name of the stoc'? whose expected Hni is desired. and that will be the expected period. APRIL. MAY. JUNE APRIL Horces Mar I Cattle Sheep Sep. 2 Hogs MAY Horses Cattle Sheep Hogs JUNE Horses Cattle Sheep Hogs I Jan. I JiIt 22 I Apr. I Feb. I Oct. 2 h,^. 21 I May 1 Mar. I Nov 2 Sept. 21 2 2 2 3 23 2 2 2 3 22 2 2 2 3 22 3 3 3 4 . 24 3 3 3 4 23 3 3 3 4 23 4 4 4 5 25 4 4 4 5 24 4 4 4 5 24 5 5 5 6 26 5 5 5 6 25 5 5 5 6 25 6 6 6 7 27 6 6 6 7 26 6 6 6 7 26 7 7 7 8 28 7 7 7 8 27 7 7 7 8 27 8 8 8 9 29 8 8 8 9 28 8 8 3 9 28 9 9 C( 10 30 9 9 9 10 29 9 9 9 10 29 10 10 :o II 31 10 10 IC II 30 10 10 10 1 1 30 II II II 12 Aug. I II II II 12 31 II II II 12 Oct. I 12 12 12 13 2 12 12 12 '3 Sep. I 12 12 12 13 2 13 13 13 14 3 13 13 13 14 2 13 13 13 14 3 14 14 14 >5 4 14 14 14 »S 3 14 14 14 15 4 15 15 15 .6 5 15 15 15 16 4 15 15 15 16 5 16 16 16 >7 6 16 16 16 17 5 i6 16 16 17 6 17 17 17 18 7 17 17 17 18 6 17 17 17 18 / 18 18 18 19 8 18 18 18 '9 7 18 i8 18 19 8 19 19 19 20 9 19 19 19 20 8 19 19 19 20 9 20 20 20 21 10 20 20 20 21 9 20 20 20 21 10 21 21 21 22 II 21 21 21 22 10 21 21 21 22 II 22 22 22 2-J 12 22 22 22 2.1 II 22 22 22 23 12 23 23 23 24 13 23 23 23 24 12 23 23 23 24 13 24 24 24 25 14 24 24 24 25 13 24 24 24 25 14 25 25 25 26 15 25 25 25 26 14 25 25 25 26 1.5 26 26 26 27 16 26 26 26 27 15 26 26 26 27 16 27 27 27 28 17 27 27 27 28 16 27 27 27 28 17 28 28 28 29 18 28 28 28 29 17 28 28 28 29 iS 29 29 29 30 19 29 29 Mar. I 30 18 29 29 29 30 19 30 30 30 Oct. I 20 30 30 2 3' 19 30 30 30 Dec.! ?o tm ?l... May I 3 Nov I 20 ^ IBLES. 3H. Sheep Aug 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lo II 12 '3 »4 »5 i6 >7 i8 >9 iO 21 22 23 24 *5 26 27 28 29 30 3' Sep. I Hogs Jau 21 32 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2r •olumn of the name E. te Sheep Hogs I Nov 2 8«pl. 21 2 3 22 3 4 n 4 5 24 S 6 25 6 7 26 7 8 27 3 9 2« 9 10 29 1 1 30 I 13 Oct. I 2 13 2 3 14 3 4 15 4 S 16 5 6 17 6 7 18 7 8 19 8 9 20 9 21 10 I 22 II 2 23 12 3 24 13 4 25 14 .■) 26 15 6 27 16 7 28 '7 8 29 18 9 30 19 Dec. I ?o THE OELEBBATED BEEEDING TABLES^ EXAMPLE.— If a Mare the expected time is Aug. 30. %'ca'tt^IZe^!^'ZTtIi^^^^ ^f^"^^ "reared May :o. m 11 232 USEFUL TABLES. [The Farmers' TIME AT WHICH MONEY DOUBLES AT INTEREST. RATE PER CENT. 2 ^H 3 3H 4 4K i. :::::::::::: SIMPLE INTEREST, .50 years .40 •.13 COMPOUNO INTEREST. . 35 years. .28 " 9 • 10. •35 .22 .20 .16 .14 .12 . II .10 4 months 23 208 days 20 '7 81 days 15 '4 8 months 11 104 days 10 6 months 9 40 days 8 7 26 days 164 " 54 " 246 " 273 " 75 " 327 " 89 " 2 " 16 " loo " WEIGHT OF GRAIN, ETC., TO THE BUSHEL. ^3, Wheat, Peas, Beans, Potatoes, Clover Seed, Onions, Turnips, Carrots, Parsnips and Beets 60 Indian Corn, Rye and Salt 5° Flax Seed ■ 5° Barley, Buckwheat and Timothy Seed 4° Hemp Seed 44 Castor Bean Seed 4° 36 , 34 38 32 "4 Malt Oats Dried Peaches Dried Apples Blue Grass Seed TABLE GIVING THE AMOUNT OF SEED THAT IS USUALLY USED TO SOW OR PLANT AN ACRE OF GROUND. Potatoes >o t° '5 bush. Peas ' '" 4 ' Oats •■ *,. " 3 Wheat, Barley and Orchard Grass '^ i" * Blue Grass ' Mixed Lawn Grass bush. to 2 Rye I >^ bush. Buckwheat and Milot }i " Corn fsowed) 4 Corn (in hill) 4 Clover, Red S Clover, White 3 Timothy 4 Red Top ■ Turnips ' Onion Seed 4 Rutubagas n to to to to to to lbs. 8qts. 8 " 5 " 6 " 2 pks, 3 lbs. THE COST OF SMOKING. The foUowinK fiftHres show the expense of smoking two cigars and thrco cigars a day, at 5 cents each, and at 10 cents each, from the age of ao to the end of each period of five years, up to the age of 70, 6 per cent. compound Interest semi-annually being reckoned upon the money. FROM THE AGE OF— 20 to 25 years. 201030 " . 20 to 35 " . 20 to 40 " . 20 to 45 " . JO to 50 " . 20 to 55 " . 20 to 60 " ■ 20 to 65 " . 20 to 70 " . TWO CIOAR9 A DAY AT 5 CENTS EACH. Principal. i 182.50 .'574 -SO 730.00 912.50 1,095 00 1.277 .50 1,460.00 1,642 50 1,825 00 Prln. & Int. $ 209 . 2 1 490 39 868.25 1,376.08 2,058.44 3.094-99 4,367.46 6,078.73 8.378 52 11,469.25 THREE CI0AB3 A DAY A r J CENTS EACH. Principal. Prln. & Int $ 2J3.75 547 •SO 821.25 1 ,095 . 00 1.368.75 1.642 50 1,916.25 2,190.00 2.463.75 2,737' 'o * 3'3-<),s 745-71 ',3i4-7-' 2,081 . i(> 3. "0-74 4.494 1 1 6..-i53 ><7 8,655 . OJ l2,2l5..Vi 16,216. 17 TWO CIGAR? A DAY AT THREE CIGARS A DAY .\ 1 10 CENTS EACH. lo CENTS EACH. FROM TH E AGE OF— Principal. Prln. & Int. Principal. 1 Prln. & Int. 20 to 25 years $ 36500 $ 4'8.43 $ 547-50 $ 627.0.^ 20 to 30 730 00 980.78 1,095.00 1.47' -.Sh 20 to 35 1,095 00 '.73652 1,642.50 2,717.85 20 to 40 1,460. 00 2,752.20 2,190.00 4,281 ,24 20 to 45 1,825.00 4,115.92 2,737 50 3,285.00 6,382.47 20 to 50 2,190.00 5.?M9^88 9,205.1(1 20 to 55 2,555 00 8.414.47 3.832.50 12,998.6] 20 to 60 2,920.00 "'.738-03 4,380.00 18,100. 14 20 to 65 3.285 00 16,093.51 4.927-50 24.9.52.7^ 20 to 70 3,650.00 21.937-72 5.475-00 34,162.14 BOXES OF DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT. A box 24 inches long by 16 inches wide and 28 inches deep will contain a barrel (3 bushels). A box 24 inches long by 16 inches wide and 14 inches deep will contain halfa barrel. A box 16 inches square and 8J inches deep will contain one busliel. A box 16 inches by 8J inches wide and 8 inches deep wil' coiu.-iln halfa bushel. A box 8 inches by 8| inches wide and 8 inches deep will cont.tin one peck. BUSINESS 1. Maxims are the condensed good sense of the ages. They are the short sermons oi" life, to be read as we run. 2. He that tilleth his land shall have plenty of bread; but he that foUoweth after vain persons shall have poverty enough. 8. Buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy necessaries. 4. A wealthy farmer said when asked how he made his money, "Sir, I understood my business and attended to it." In that reply 's the sum and substance of all true success. 6. He that getteth riches, and not by right, shall leave them in the midst of his days. 6. The church and the savings bank are the poor man's best friends. 7. Take care of your farm while young, and it will take care of you when old. Follow your business closely, and it will lead you to honor and wealth. MAXIMS. 8. It is not the amount of goods that a mill produces that makes the owners rich or poor, but the amount compared with the capital invested and the help employed. 9. Products are raised cheapest on the farm where the laborers are happy. 10. Time lost at the end of the working day cuts the profits in twain. 11. One to-day is worth two to-morrows. Have you somewhat to do to-morrow, do it to-day. 12. Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 18. God gives all things to industry ; then plough deep while sluggards sleep, and you will have corn to sell and to keep. 14. The mole and the angle-worm care not if the sky is cloudy. 15. Don't be proud; the corn-cob stopper doesn't liurt the milk in the jug. [The Farmers' G. g two cigarH and thno from the age o( no to ige of 70, 6 per cent, dupon the money. IREE CIOAHa A DAY Al 5 CENTS KACH. rinclpal. Prlti. & Int. »t3'75 $ 3'30,=; 547 'SO 745 • 7 1 8JI.2S '.3'47- 1,095.00 2,081 . i(> >.368-75 3.'io.7t 1,642 50 4.494 1 1 1,916.25 6.353 ><7 2,190.00 8,655.0^ 2,463 75 12,215. ,1(1 2,737 '0 16,216. ,17 HREE CIOARS A DAY .\ I la CENTS EACH. 'rinclpal. I Prin. & Int. 547-50 i,09S.oc. 1,642.50 2,190.00 2.737 SO 3,285.00 3.832-50 4,380.00 4.927 50 5.475 00 $ 627.<).i 1.47' -.S'' 2.7'7-«S 4, 281.. '4 6,382.47 9,205.11) 12,998.61 18,100. 14 24.952-7^ 34,162.14 UREHENT. d 38 inches deep will d 14 inches deep will ill contain one bushel. :hes deep wil' contain hes deep will cont.-iln It a mill produces but the amotint the help employed. ;he farm where the king day cuts the •rows. Have you • se, makes a man then plough deep ■e corn to sell and ire not if the sky is opper doesn't hurt 233 wif ; Ji^t '^'■?'' ^°-"' ^"°""' ^"'' t"-"^'- the sooner debt wiiyake your farm into his hands. Debt is the jailer of 43. A full purse and a brandy opposite pockets in the same coat. bottle rarely occupy indmrlh^"'"''"'''^''"'^'"'"' '"'"' '' '^°'^'"S man 1 a seat "'"""^ BUSINESS MAXIMS.-c.«. ver'y po'of /aJSn^^''" ^^ '' '^'""^'^ '' ^^^""^ ^^ 'he sky is 17. Don't give up because of seven blue Mondavs- if takes a great many strikes to drive the nail in The dark.' mikettc'o^fgrow.'"'"'"^' ^""'^ ^'^^ °f -'" "-'t 19. Let your actions be equal to your promises- don't take too big a b.te when chopping at the sapling I 2?' Bad fuckttY" ^'"^ *'.' '"'"'■'"»^ ^'^ *■"" b'-others. ■ii.. oaa lucK IS the man who stands with hi«i h-mH,. :„ h,s pockets, waiting to see how it will turn out " 22. He that nseth late must trot all day. and shall scarce overtake his work at night. 2.9. Cigar smoke in the corn field may prevent the appearance of crows, but not of the sheriff. 24 -- - him. The building that I 45. Rise by your own exertions, needs props will be sure to fall. h,.!!.' ^i^^ P,""."" '"'''" *''''* "^^^ and calls his family three If the farmer does not lift his "mo^igage it will liftl is fo^edSnJ o/tLCs'"'"'' ''""^' ''^"'^' ""^^^'"^ interest at expenses at the village sto7e.''trd;ca;,'he Lts a?-2nt mortgage on his farm. ^ ""* 20. Sell when the price is fair; locking the stable door after the horse is stolen does no good tweVfi'vSfe^r^ °' '^^ "^" ^^^ '^ - -'-"'^ as thf acrll''"'''"^ ^'"'"* * P'^*"^ °^ '=°''" ^'^'^^ fi^e bushels to 29 Weeds in a corn field are like notes on twenty per cent. 31. Mud makes a soft bed for swine, but it is not the che.ipest when the thermometer falls below zero the' oth'e!: fou? "" "'' '^"'^^ '^ generally worth more than 83. It is not safe to be limited to one product or to set but one bow out when the sky is expected to rahi larks If your whole farm is devoted to wheat, and the season i^ bad or the market poor, you have a po^r show ofTarks 34. A successful farmer feeds his land before it is hu.|gry, rests it before it is weary, and weeds it before it 85. It is better to poorly. 86. One hundred persons are willing to work h-,rH where ten are willing to husband what the hard work bnngs. Doing the latter makes men rich lack of i^ keeps men poor. ' ^^ "* " suleT'them Sell'"'''"'"" '""^ "'"'^""^ ^"'^ - ^o ^vhatit^[sl'Th'.^'' '° "'" ^'"'^'V'"-^"'^'- and dairyman wnatit IS to the lawyer or preacher; and the more th.t each puts into his business the better. 89. Goods are never cheap enough, provided thev can The loss of the top- saw wood well, than to plead h 50. Economy is of priceless value, hoop means the loss of the barrel. renaiVfSrH'' ^^^^ ^ ^°^'"^^^ ^"^^^ '' '^V^^'^^ two weeks to repair the damage done to the body, and three to the purse! idleweaur '""'■'''"^ '"""'" ^'^^'^' than a rich man'a nofnlaTr'cornT/ ^'' '^""^'^ .y«" are frightened at bees, nor plant corn .f you are afraid of getting mud on you^ likete^irCilf!: ^k' 'T '^? o/namentation of buildings, is. like wearing a shoe that pinches the foot chHdren WrSr"' ""^'''°'' ""'' '"'^^ ^'" '«"- ^o- 66. Do everything at the proper time. Keen everv thing ,n Its proper place. Use everything tor its oroner i'ob''e°:^ii I'::: ^'^'-'^ ^-^ ^-^ °^ y°- '-^ '- tS; ticket 1^ STught '" """^^^^ ^°''" P-*^" -hen a lotterj. If vou Ji]'nnl''h' '""' "°' ''\'=0"nselled cannot be helped. If you will not hear reason, she will rap your knuckles 5J. Three removes are as bad as a fire. A rolline stone- gathers no moss. ruinng stone 60. If you would be wealthy, think of saving as well as. getting. A fat kitchen makes a lean will ^ kitcheif fire. '""' '"*'"'' ''"■'"* ^"^ "^'^^*' P"* °"t the 62. Pride is as deal more saucy. 63. Be honest, with stolen fuel. loud a beggar as want, and a great A stove cold is better than a stove hot dc; Th?;oo„'el-X'"f " ^'^ 'n«'-e costly than useless machinery. thebc°te" "^^ ^'^ discharged and the latter sold alwivs^s^ni'j;! *'T? "'''^'' ^'■^''^ -'"^ * "merchant who is always selling out at cost. to ht JS?^'?"^ °^ Eqmty.-Equity will „ot suffer a right o be without a remedy, 'fequity comes to the assistance of eif.itv'^'i'"', "°' '^^ "«g%ent. Where there is "qua equity, the law must prevail. Equality is equity He who comes mto equity must come with clean hands He who seeks eqmty must do equity, Eouitv !on!-= nn tv > done, which ought to be do\e.^ Hrhas\t ttter "S t^f^l ^n'obligaff °' ""^- "'•"''^ ™P-- -^-^-"' « 65. Lost, somewhere between sunrise and sunset twn reward is offered for they are gone forever.-^c»r<7« Mann. 234 UNDERDRAINING. UNDERDRAINING. [The Farmers' I I I I I I In order to raise a good crop we must comply with the natural conditions on which such expectation is reasonable. The main conditions are cultivation, drainage and fertiliza- tion. All that was necessary in the early settlement of the country was to prepare a seed bed by ploughing and harrowing, in order to raise a good crop. B'lt this per- nicious system of cropping— taking out of the soil all that was in it without returning anything to it, extending over a period of forty or sixty years— has so impoverished it as to reduce the yield to a point at which the tiller can barely make a living. The virgin fertility is exhausted, and can be restored only by the application of barnyard manure or commercial fertilizers, combined with thorough drainage. On each of these heads we offer a few remarks : Benefits of Underdralningr.— When underdraining is properl] )ne, the following are among the benefits which it secures : 1. It promotes filtration and so renders the soil more porous, and hence it facilitates deep and thorough cultiva- tion. When land is well drained, and the surface water is rapidly carried off by filtration, it quickly dries and in drying contracts. When it becomes wet again it expands, and the alternate contraction and expansion separates the particles of soil from one another, and thereby makes it loose and friable and more easily worked. 2. It prevents the baking of the surface soil. It does this by carrying off the surface water by filtration. If the surface water is carried off by evaporation mainly, the fine mud occasioned by the standing water becomes hardened as it dries and cracks. Underdraining, by promoting filtration, prevents this. 3. It promotes plant growth by (a) permitting the air to enter into the soil through the little passages the water has made for itself in its descent to the underdrains, and thus enabling the soil readily to extract from the air the nutri- ment necessary to plant growth, in the form of carbonic acid gas, ammonia, and nitric acid; (d) by lowering the table or line of saturation, and thereby deepening the foraging ground of plant rootlets ; (c) by enabling vegeta- tion better to withstand drought ; {d) by promoting the fermentation of manures, and (e) by preventing the heaving of plants through the action of frost. 4. By the quick removal of superfluous moisture, it lengthens the season for cultivation, and thereby greatly facilitates the labor of tillage. 5. And because of these advantages it enables the farmer to obtain better returns for his outlay. Those farmers in this country who have underdrained their lands have found that the entire cost of doing so has been wholly repaid to them in from two to eight years by the increase obtained from their crops. We will not spend time to discuss the merits of brush, stone or wood— these all have been tried and found defective. Nothing but well burned tiles ought to be used. The smallness of the drain, as compared with wood or stone, in which they can be laid, ease of handlint,' and durableness, not liable to choking if properly laid, and also, all things considered, the cheapest. The Depth of Drains and their distances apart depends upon the character of the soil to be drained and the naturo of the crops that are grown upon it In this province thoy are generally sunk to three feet or a little less. Tlie deeper the drain, the greater will be the area which it will drain, and the lower also will it reduce the level of the uii- drained water, or, as is said, the lower will it make tlio water-table. But in some kinds of clay it would be useless to sink below two feet. No hard and fast law as to depth can be allowed to govern. We must be governed by experience and adapt the depth to the nature of the soil to be drained. Drains should be deep enough to escape the action of frost. As to the distance apart at which drains should be sunk, there can be no fixed rule. The distance will depend on their depth, and their depth, as already said, will depend upon the openness or stiffness of the soil. For four feet drains forty feet, and three foot drains about 20 feet. This is what might be called thoroiii^h systematic draining, but at the present prices of agricultural products, more immediate and remunerative results mit,'ht be obtained by following a plan somewhat different. Thus; Through a ten or twelve acre field run a trunk or main drain, as deep as the nature of the soil will warrant, in the lowest ground, regardless of bends or curves, strictly following the line of gr2atest depression, and then cut lighter drains from all the minor depressions or swales into the main drain. The lateral drains should start from the main drain not at right angles, but much as a branch leaves the tree, sloping, also not less than an inch and a half shallower than the main drain. Cutting a Drain. — In cutting a drain the first thinj,' to do is to draw along its course two or three furrows with the plow. Then the earth is to be lifted out with a shovel, This being done a subsoil plow may be used, which should be drawn by a strong horse walking in the furrow. The remaining portion must b. tg by hand. In cuttint,' the drain, care should be take, that it be kept as narrow as possible in order to avoid any unnecessary handling of earth. Where there is but little fall, and in wet soils, the entire length of the drain should be cut before the tiles are laid, as in this way the deposit from muddy water is kept out. Gradlngf the Bottom of the Drain Unlformly.- This is of the utmost importance, for if the bottom of the drain is not even and uniform, the flow will be hindered and silt will be deposited. Various methods are adopted to "uide the dio'ger in effecting this, but the simplest one is to pour in water and observe the places where the water slackens, and then make the necessary corrections. Some object to this practice because it tends to soften the bed that is to receive the tile, but on stiff clay it can do no harm, and at the same time it determines the level correctly, [The Farmers' (The FakmerC ^35 r^^5^ J:|^^NS IN BEE KEEPING. season. The workers gather all the honey, polk. ..il fh r1; T^'"^ ^^^ '^"'^^ •" ""''^ baskets on their thighs, the former in little sacks, sometimes called the first stomach They secrete the wax from honey, feed he young, clean the hive, and. we might say. do all the work except lay the eggs. They are .hori-lived. on an average m the working season being only two months. But in winter, when they are idle, fhey some times live SIX months, or even longer. P. Q AND OTHER SIDE CELLS ARE QUEEN CELLS HATCHING. The eggs remain unchanged for three or four days. They are then hatched, the bottom of each cell con- taining a small white worm, which floats in a whitish transparent fluid, which is deposited by the nursing bees, and by which it is probably nourished. It grad- ually enlarges until its two extremities touch, which forms a ring. It continues to increase during five or SIX days, until It occupies the whole breadth and nearly the length of the cell. The nursing bees now sea^ over the cell with a light brown cover. As soon as the larva. IS perfectly enclosed, it begins to line the cellb, spinmng around itself a silky cocoon. When this is finished It undergoes a great change, from the grub to the nymph or pupa state, and does not bear a vestige to Its previous form. It has now attained its full growth, and the large amount of nutriment taken serves as a store for developing the perfect insect THE DRONES. The drones are the male bees of the Hive, and their only use .s to fertilize the queens. This always takes place when on the wing. The queen neverleaves the hive except for the purpose of meeting the drones or lead of a swarm. The less the number of drones in a h ve the better, as they are idlers and useless consumers of honey. The bees kill them off when swarming , stings" "' ''""' '"'^- ^^^ '^-"^ have^o THE CULTURE OF BUCKWHEAT FOR BEES Buckwheat is valuable as a honey plant, as it can be made to bloom when there would otherwise be a dearth tlZl% "iT '°""' '" °"^ experimental beds that the Silver Hull variety has more flowers in the panicles, and yields more to the acre. The honey is ark. but rs preferred to all other kinds by some peo- ple. I blooms from four to six weeks after .sowing t IS safe m estimating that each acre of buckwheat BREEDING. nf^h*".l''^ '^"''" ''"P^'''' ^^^ ^Sg it takes an average of about twenty-two days before the worker comes forfj IZT r^"'- .'^'''"' twenty-five days are required drone. The time for the development of the queen is only sixteen days from the laying of the egg THE WORKER BEE. feltr'"''"".-/^ '■"■ '" '■'"P^^'-fect or undeveloped rnle bee and forms the bulk of. the population of a hive. A hive may be large or small-may be i: ooo 0' 50,000 workers, more or less, just according to S SWARMING OF BEES. untd .-BEE KEEPING. Manual. Hives need no rubbing with leaves or salt to induce bees to go into them; be sure they arc clean and free from cobwebs. There is another thing very necessary, the lack of which has caused the loss of many a swarm of bees, and that is a cool hive. After hiving a swarm put the hive on a ventilating bottom board; it should not be raised as bees are more inclined to remain in the hive if the ventilation is from below, and the entrance the only place they can get out. The hive should be well shaded, and in very warm weather sprinkling or syringing with water fre- quently will help keep the hive cool, and of course have a tendency to make the bees satisfied with their new home. Occasionally a swarm will leave a hive when it seems as if all had been done to keep them that could be. If a swarm appears determined to "secede," put a box of honey on it, shut it up on its ventilating bottom board, and take it into the cellar, keeping it there four or five days; it might be well to give water by putting a dish full under the bottom board and pressing it up to the wire Screen, then the bees can help themselves. We never knew a swarm desert a hive after remain- ing in it four days (unless an accident happened such as melting down the comb); by that time there is a brood which bees will seldom leave. It may be necessary to explain sAmt a bottom board is; it is simply a bottom board with a six or eight inch square cut out of the center and a wire cloth tacked over it. HOW TO DESTROY THE BEE MILLER. To a quart of water, sweetened with honey or sugar, add r. gill of vinegar, and set it in an open vessel on the top or by the side of the hive. When the miller comes in the night he will fly into the mixture and be drowned. a success, viz., the man, the movable comb hive, the season and the honey machine. The operator should be acquainted with and understand the nature and working of the bee to enable him to manage them properly. He should then have a hive that will answer all his needs in every department of bee culture, and in the making of hives si ould aim at simplicity. The honey machine is acknowledged by all Jaee-keepers to be the greatest improvement to the science since the invention of the movable comb hive, by the use ot which wc claim to double and even treble the quantity obtained by the old method. 2. What Constitutes a Swarm of Bees. -Every prosperous swarm of bees must contain one queen, sev- eral thousand workers, and a portion of the year a few hundred or even thousand drones. We will now pro- ceed to describe the different bees which constitute a swarm, and the labors of each. 8. Description of the Queen.— The accompanying cut will illustrate the appearance of the most impor- tant member of this industrious colony. The queen is the only perfect f c- male bee in the colony, and hence the name of queen or mother bee. Ir. form, she is 1 o n j; c r than either of the other species. .She under .side THE QUEEN BEE. COMMON HIVES. HOME LESSON IN BEE CULTURE. 1.— Fundamental Points in Bee Keeping. There are four fundamental points which render bee-keeping is usually of a dark color, except the of the abdomen, which bears somewhat on the golden shade. All her colors are bright and glossy, and she has but little of the down or hair seen on the drones or workers. Her wings are short, reaching a little more.than half way back. Her posterior is more pointed, and has the appearance of curving under more than that of the workers. She has a sting, but never uses it except in combat with a rival queen. 4. Their Affection for their Queen.— The ciueen is always treated with the greatest affection by the bees. If she is removed from them, the whole colony is thrown into a state of the most intense agitation. All labor is abandoned, and the bees run wildly over the comb, and rush from the hive in anxious search for their beloved mother. If -hey cannot find her, liicy return to their desolate home, and manifest, by their sorrowful tones, their sense of this great calamity, as (THr Faxubu' HOME LESSONS IN BEE KEEPlNr .e% r. t-^?r.7e:;r^- •-- r »' ""' """"" '"" "-' "'"' """"^" "^ "'« allowed to become older £„„.. °T '''°"'^ ^' they often become bar;e:.t",: ol'.t^^f^Hi ^pT duce only drones, and the colony soon Lsf -f ^ without being replenished with wo^rkc-rbrords " '''' THE WAILINGS OF THE QUEEN ^^^^^ wail, mournful in the extreme, and linger- ing long in the mem- ory when once heard. This mournful note is set up when removed from the hive, when seized by other bees to destroy her life, or when her colony are Carving. When- ever ihis note is heard, turn not a deaf ear. u L ■ .. . i"f" not a deaf eat tunmed.ately respond to the call, for there i some- hng wrong R.gJdly examine the hive and remove the cause of complaint. ciuove An unimpregnated queen is called a "virgin queen " They are capable of laying only drone eggs^ A Se queen .s .ne which has mated with a dron^e^ndls clpi passed th^ c^ A ^" 'J"^^" '" °"e who has eSer worL ^^' °^ '"^'"^ '^^' '^^' W'" become e.h workers or queens, but continues to lay ee^s Wh h produce only drones. The period of fertlufv and fS ^" '"*''' queens should be destroyed iecol^ttir '"*^°^""^'*''^^ the colony may Lt WILL BEE KEEPING PAY? you will then have them in a hive that THE MOVABLE COMB HIVE. ENEMIES OF THE BEES domestic fowls are destroyers of th^u ^ome birds from whose attacks as thev '* *l'* fields at a distance from the hL thev^ '^"^V" **•" tected. Amonn- *!,„.„• "u ' *"^y cannot he pro- which dcvoT, fh teVLdl "dr"'"""' •■""'■'■ all tl,^c» ^ a great annoyance to bees In ni LluVh'TSrdilr-r "» -o -cl.. Wasjs" of all kinds such l,*^ """"""■'•'■• '»"'> should be irdMy'Tra wTd";?' i;"'^' "=• rh,r .he. „u,h. ./he tA ::t:^i^z^ TU u THE BEE MOTH. -^i 238 HOME LESSONS IN BEE KEEPING. Mamoax.} HOW TO DESTROY THE BEE WORM. There is no use to try and keep bec3 without giving them proper attention. The domestic animals of the firm and home need daily feeding and attention and he who would be successful with bees must be as attentive as though they required daily feeding and watermg. Every day in the cool of the morning the hive should be lifted to one side and moths and other worms detected ahould be taken out and cut in two with a sharp knife or other instrument. If this is done during the months of May. June and August, the swarms will continue thrifty and if it is a good season for honey, they will lay in a large supply. ARTIFICIAL SWARMING. This should be undertaken only when honey is abun- dant in the fields and the nights warm. To divide them have a hive at hand of the same size and pattern as your others. Then from four hives take each two frames and place them in the new hive, supplying those in the old with the empty frames. Then move a hive which you have not disturbed a rod or more away to a new place, and place the new hive where that one stood. This should oe done in the fields. These will come in loaded to their old place and find it strange, and, as it contains stores and young bees hatching and eggs from which to rear another queen, they will at once proceed to rear one, and remain and work as contented as ever. This process may be repeated every two weeks until you have secured sufficient increase. The hives from which you take the combs, and the ones which you move to a new place, will lose so many bees that they will not think of swarming, but will energetically make up their loss, and be better than if nothing had been taken from them. This is the safest of all wtyt to divide bees, and can be safely practiced by beginner*. FEEDING BEES. Should the weather be favorable, every stock should be examined about the f^rst of February. Should any one be in want of food it should be supplied. If in a box or gum hive, thin pieces of white sugar candy < in be slightly pushed between the combs through an open- ing on the top. Honey or good sugar syrup should he given by means of a saturated sponge or comb, filled with honey placed at the opening on top, being caicfu> to cover with a box to keep out outside bees. In mov- able frame-hives, frames of honey from other hives having it to spare is most convenient, and any required quantity can be given to the various feeders through the honey board. REARING OF QUEEN BEES. Premising that you use movable frames, make a number of small frames, as near four or five inches square as may be, to just fit inside one of your large ones. Fill with clean worker comb— that which has been frozen is the best, because the eggs of the moth will have been destroyed— and put the large frame containing these small ones in the middle of some stock with a fertile queen from which you wish to breed. Provide also some small boxes on the plan of a simple movable frame-hive, with loose top and rab- beting for the frames and just the size to accommodate three or four of them. When eggs have been depos- ited in the combs, set up one of your small boxes with them as a hive in miniature and confine it between a pint and quart of bees. They will immediately cod- struct queen bees, and may then be opened. In tbil way any number of queens may be provided. Manual, FERTILIZERS AND DIFFERENT MANURES. FERTILIZERS AND DIFFERENT MANURES. »39 Fertilizers. -The necessity for the use of fertilizers arises out of the impoverishment of the soil, and any amount of mere working the soil by plouf^hin^jand harrow- ing or underdraining. to coax or compel the ground to pve a paying crop is futile. Nature will do her part when nuin does his and not till then. When man restores to the ground by fair treatment the richness of which he has robbed her, treating her honorably and giving some recom- pense for her bounties, he will not fail of his reward. What Manures Are.-Manures are substances which are applied to the .soil to furnish it with materials for plant growth when these are not already in sufficient quantities "The Plant Food of the Soil." Plants absorb from the soil a large number of substances which may very fittingly be called their food | but in practice nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash are alone to be considered, because the other elements of plant food are usually in the soil in quantity sufficient to sustain a vigorous plant growth, and also because nearly all manures that contain these three elements contain th« other elements as well. Of manures that are used in practical farming, farmyard manures and commercial fertilizers are the two principal classes, but in addition to these, cpmposts and green manures are exten- sively used. Mangres are also classified as being general and special- Farmyard manure consists of the dung and urine of the animals that are f^d on the farm and of the litter that been used as bedding, which is mixed up with it. com- mercial or artificial fertilizers are composed ,.i various ingredients obtained from natural products, but prepared by special processes of manufacture— sometimes mechanical sometimes, chenjical, sometimes both mechanical and chemical. Thes» manures, in order to s; o the cost of carriage, are so)d in concentrated form. Farmyard ||anure.-It is upon the farmyard manure that the farmer must principally re!v for maintaining and restoring the fertility of his soil. Farmyard manure con- tains all the fnost valuable elements of plant food. No other manure benefits a soil so much, both chemically and mechanically, nor can any other be applied to all sorts of land with such positive certainty of beneficial action. Moreover, ,t is peculiarly durable in Its eflTects. Its Quality.— The quality of farmyard manure depends upon the kind, age and condition of the animal producing It; upon the food and accommodation given to the animal and the amount and quality of the litter supplied to it. Also upon the treatment bestowed on the manure during its liccumuiation and upon its after treatment. Differences in Farmyard Manure.-Manure obtained from matured animals is more valuable than that produced by young and growing stock. In all animals the phosphates of their food are used in the production of bone, while other .salts and the nitrogen of their food go to make muscle, flesh and fat. Hence in young and growing anmials since their bones and muscles are continually becoming larger, a greater u.se is necessarily made o( hese food constituents than in mature animals, whose ood IS needed only to supply waste and not to build up bone and muscle ; and hence also these constituents are more or less wanting in their excrements. So that it fo lows that this manure is lacking in phosphates and nitrogen. In a similar way it may be shown that the manure obtained from lean animals is less valuable than that produced by animals already fully developed, and not needed to form new flesh. Similarly the manure obtained from beef-making stock is more valuable than that produced by milk-producing stock. The plant food in the manure must all come from the food of the animal making it. Importance of Good Floors in Stalls -When manure IS- collected from stables in which the animals are tied in stalls, unless the floors are well made (as for example with some kind of concrete) much of the liquid portion of the manure will be lost. This liquid portion is the most valuable of farmyard manure, for the reason that the elements of plant contained in it are in a soluble condition and thus readily available to support plant gro^v th. ' 'oortance of Lltter.-When manure is ,„ade in box stall-,, or in covered yards, it is usually of a good quality, because the solid and liquid portions of the manure are well intermixed with litter, the litter preventing the liquid portions from being lost. Manure made in open yards is .able to be injured by the leaching eff-ects of rain, unless the building adjoining has eavetroughs and the bottom of the yard be concave and retentive Quantity of Litter to be Used. -While there should be always sufficient to absorb all the liquid manure pro- duced, more than this is injurious, since it tends to retard fermentation. Commercial or Artlflcial Fertllizers.-Besides the manure that is produced in the farm-yard, there are numerous other manures pr ,vided from various natural products by means more or less artificial and intricate. These may be called commercia' or artificial fertilizers. They are obtained from animals, vegetables and minerals Animal Artlflcial Fertilizers. -Of the artificial fertil- izers obtained from animal products, guano, blood, bones, the refuse flesh of animals killed for food, and fish refuse are amoni.'' the ch;."f Gua»o is the accumulated excrement of the myriads of sea birds that for long ages have frequented certain sea coasts and sea islands, especially on the south-western coasts of South America. The best guano has been found 240 FERTILIZERS AND DIFFERENT MANURES. [The Farmirs' w 4 off the coast of Peru, one reason being that that region is destitute of rain, and hence the guano found there has not been exposed to the leaching effects which rain produces. The supply of natural guano is now pretty well exhausted. The chief ingredients of value in guano are ammonia and ammonia forming compounds, and certain phosphates. The quantity of the best guano to apply to an acre is from 200 to 500 pounds. Its stimulating effects as a top dress- ing are very marked. Blood is largely used as a manure, but chiefly with other fertilizers. Mixed with bone-dust or phosphatic guano, it forms an excellent fertilizer for turnips. It contains a large amount of nitrogen. Bvnt is made up of two sorts of substance, viz.: mineral, or earthy matter, and animal matter. The earthy matter comprises about two-thirds of the whole, and consists principally of phosphate of lime, and it is to this constituent in their composition that bones mainly owe their value as a fertilizer, since it furnishes phosphoric acid, a very necessary element of plant food. But the animal matter of bones is also valuable as a fertilizer, since it furnishes the soil with nitrogen, another very necessary element of plant food. Bones are most commonly used for manures in the form of bone-dust, bone-ash, and bone super-phosphate of lime. Bone-dust or bone-meal is obtained by crushing or grinding bones to a kind of coarse powder. The finer the meal the more rapid is its action as a manure. The application of bone-meal to light lands or to old pastures gives most marked results. Bone-ash is what is left after bones are burnt, which process deprives them of their animal matter, and, there- fore, of their nitrogen. It is chiefly used in the manufacture of the super-phosphate of lime. Bone super-phosphate of lime (generally called "bone super- phosphate") is formed by treating bone-dust (or bone-dust and bone-ash together, or bone-ash alone) with sulphuric acid. It is applied at the rate of from 200 to 500 lbs. per acre. Fish refuse is often used as a manure, generally in a prepared state, but sometimes it is applied directly to the land. Fish guano is a fertilizer manufactured from the refuse of oil-pressing and fish-curing establishments by treating it when under pressure with sulphuric acid. It does well as a manure for wheat and some other crops. Vegetable Artiflcial Fertilizers.— The leading artificial fertilizer obtained from a vegetable source is wood ashes. Wood ashes are rich in potash, and it is for this reason that they are so valuable as a manure. They will benefit almost any kind of soils that are dry, Thev are very useful to clays, sincethey render them less stiff and moreworkable, but they are especially useful to light soils, since they furnish these soils with the potash in which they are naturally deficient. Their effects are most rnarked on grass lands, and on wheat, potatoes, turnips, and fruit trses. When unleached, they may be applied at the rate of 100 to 200 bushels per acre, if placed on or near the surface, and when leached, in much larger quantities. Mineral Artiflcial Fertilizers.— Of the w/«*ra/ artificial fertilizers, lime, gypsum, marl, salt, and the various phos- phates, are the chief; but besides these, there are also several mine;al fertilizers which are valuable for the nitroi^en which they afford. Lfme exerts a four-fold influence as a fertilizer : (i) It is a direct source of plant food; that is, it supplies the growing plant with an element it needs, namely, the chemical substance called calcium. (2) It acts upon the organic matter of the soil (that is, the decayed vegetable matter), neutralizing the "sour" organic acids that it contains, and rendering the soil "sweet" and capable of sustaining healthy plant life. (3) It unlocks the stores of inert mirjeral matter in the soil, especially the potash and soda, and renders them available as plant food. (4) It ameliorates the texture of soils that are too siilT; that is, makes them more easy to be plowed, harrowed, rolled, etc. Lime improves the quality of grain, grasses, and other crops ; hastens their maturity, destroys insects, and checks the growth of moss. While it improves the texture of strong cl.iys it also increases the capacity of light soils for absorbing and holding moistare. The amount of lime used may vary from one ton per acre to ten tons. One or two tons is an average dressing^. A deep soil requires a heavier dressing than a shallow one, and a sandy soil less than a heavy clay. Soils rich in organic matter (that is, decayed vegetable matter) require more than soils poor in the same. A small amount will benefit those that are undrained. Small dressings and frequent are preferable to larger cies infre- quently applied. The lime intended as manure should be harrowed in rather than plowed in. Lime is used both in its natural condition and after being burnt. Burnt lime or "quick Itme," as it is called, is much more active in effecting the changes described in (2) and (3) above than natural lime, and, indeed, is the form \r. which lime is generally used in agriculture. But since on some soils quick lime will do much more harm than good, it should always be used with judgment and caution. Gypsum (sulphate of lime) is largely used as a fertilizer, especially for clover, grasses, turnips, potatoes, peas and corn. Its value as a fertilizer is largely due to its action in fixing carbonate of ammonia and conveying it to the roots of plants. It should be sown on young crop';; v.hen they are well above the ground and are moist with rain or dew. The proper quantity per acre for clover and poas is about 100 lbs. On corn and turnips it is sufficient simply to dust it along the rows. [The Farmers' Manual.] nf1fr/' I V" "''"'■^' ""'"'"^^ Of clay and carbonate of hme, .s abundant in some parts of Ontario. It vaHes much .n color, being blue, grey, red and yellow. The blue and yellow kinds are the most valuable. Mar :;'efi -af;":!;.^^^"' - - -"^ - -^^^-^ «- -r" &// is now extensively used as a manure. It tends to sfffen and bnghten the straw of cereals, and to destroy msec hfe Its effects are most beneficial in .he grow h of wheat and mangels. When sown upon wheat, hs eLZ are improved by mixing nitrate of soda with it. When used upon ground intended for roots, it should be Town lust before the drills are made. It may be applied a tie rate of from 200 to 500 lbs. per acre. '' Pfuisphates" is a general term applied to several mm herefore all helpful m sustaining healthy animal life • as or example, the phosphate of lime, the phosphate of s'oda ' ' the phosphate of potash, and the phosphate'of magnesia.' But bv far the most important of these, from a farmer^ pomt of v,ew .s the phosphate of lime, and therefore whin the word "phosphate "is used without any qualificaUon phosphate of lime is generally understood. ^ '^ ^"'''^"°"' Phosphate of lime is found in great abundance in the bones of an.mals as has been said ; but it is also the chief cZ sftuent of some widely distributed minerals, a for example, apatite, phosphorite, and coprolites. It occ^^s t rna 1 quant.t.es in all fertile soils. Next to potash and t ro^enous elements of the soil, it is the plant food mos largely drawn upon in the growth of cereals In Canada the word "phosphate," when spoken with reference to farm operations, generally means the mini al aanu, or th.s mineral is popularly called by that namT Th "Vf :Srth" ' '"";"'■ '^ ''"^ ^° "'^ Pnosphate of hme of which the mmeral is principally composed. Our Canadian "phosphate" (that is, apatite) does not d ssolve SI '''/'■°""'^ t° ^ ve'-y fine powder before beine IwetX/'"'"^"^"^^^^'^^^''^'-'''^ fj'^'^f''"'P'rphospha,e" (that is, superphosphate of lime) phosphates, and bone-ash, with sulphuric acid. The real ue of mmeral superphosphate is much the same as tha I JfusTr ^«''""^«''»-The two principal nitro- \^''^^-^^ ' "''^^=^' P^°'^-' ""^ - f-nd very paiipetre or Peruvian saltpetre. LtTVi'^'"'"''"''' '" ^h^'Iy an artificial manure, and « produced by treating ammonia with sulphuric acid. FERTILIZERS AND DIFFERENT MANURES. 241 'the^*;,-fr °^ ""'u' l"^""'"' °^^^ '^'" ^^'"« «« fertilizers to after L^^^in! """'t f ^ "'"^"'"^ *" "^"'^ «"" root crops appl ed ' f ^""'' '"' --"-enced. The quantities to L anS l^K ;?■■' "''°"' 'SO lbs. of the nitrate of soda and .00 lbs of the sulphate of ammonia. -SS^'Ih^e^ Commercial or Artificial Fertilizers. Kegarding the application of artificial fertilizers the following observations are of value : I. In using fertilizers of a soluble character, (as for ex the a, h ,d be to manure the plant rather than thesoi in':^thri:er°^^ '- -'''-' -^ '^^ -^^- - ^^^^ ma"l Hmfet^r' T''\'°'''''''' ^'' -'-diphosphates, t^e oi th. ^^ '"■"f"" "^^ ^''' ^"""^ ^l^^" '"i'^ed with 3- Top-dressing with artificial fertilizers is to be recom mended hieflyforcropsinthegrassystagesoftheirgowtt indl 'i V o^'';"^ suggestions on manures we are maini; indebted to Prof. Mills, Ontario College. The foIloS lurirtr'n '"" '''' ^"^"^' '^'« Mliste7of AgH u, ture of the Dominion of Canada : "gricui acZ°ir h ^ •"'"•! °"* "^^ ^'"^^ ''^^^ "'"«'««" P°"nds per a hllf no "d " "" -^absorbed bygrain, and twelve and a half pounds per acre are absorbed annually by the grass crop. This constituent element of the proper plan! fond one of the chief essentials to all vegetable and animalhfe' must be restored to the soil unless the latter is to be u t-t exhausted, and the agriculturist should understand"th^^ h.s farm is not a bank on which he can draw at pleasure need.i "' °''',"'"' -" °nly do its work well WeThe this nat:;:?,"' rt'^' '^ forthcoming. Exhaustion of this na ure c^, only be remedied by introducing artificiallv the material that has been abstracted from the soi If ^ thorough knowledge of the need of phosphate f^/ he soil prevailed, and practical application of such'knowX we- more general, it would lead to the manufacture of th! important fertilizer on a la -ge scale at a y.A, a ^so enable the farmer to purSairin Wg r^ul'S wTh' t e assurance of receiving his money back with tteresT n the increase of his crop. I »m informed that the cerea " and the grass crop of Canada extract from the soil Ln. !n an average of 335 million pounds of phosp orict "1""^ o ..7,97. tons of .,000 pounds each. Supposing'hit one half only were returned to the f:oil in the ^fnhi! °"^ there wi„ ,1,1 be a deficit of 59.000 lonl^p o. o-'c adj' which must be returned in order to maintain a nor^a, con' d .on of fertility, and as the barnyard is insufficientto mee LtsrLlrl^"'"^' ""'' ''-'-- '^ commerciairS! \l 242 PROFITABLE DAIRYING. PROFITABLE DAIRYING. For the following valuable suggestions on Dairying we are Indebted to Prof. Mills: (The Farmei4 to 10 lbs. of wbxh would make one pound of cheese, and 25 to 28 pounds of which when properly set and looked after, would yield cream enough to make a pound of butter. Of course, great richness of milk, as is the case of that from some Jerseys, makes up for a deficiency in quantity, especially when the cow is kept for making butter; and :in unusually large quantity, such as is given by some Holstelns, makes up for a slight deficiency in butter fat, especially when the milk is used for making cheese. Some kinds and breeds of cows, as Ayrshires, Holsteins, Jerseys, Guernseys, Canadians, and Shorthorn grades of certain families, seem specially adapted to the production of milk, but two or three things should be borne in mind: (i) that there are poor milkers among cattle of every breed ; (2) that for. the dairy, it matters little what the breed or pedigree of a cow may be, so long as she gives a large quantity of good milk, in proportion to the food she con- sumes; and {3) that, whatever breed is chosen, a herd of good dairy cows can be got and kept only by careful selec- tion, liberal feeding, and good management. Feeding and «3are of Cows.— Cows should be well fed at all times ; comfortably housed in the cold weather of fall, winter, and spring; and invariably treated with the j,'reat- est kindness. Scanty or irregular feeding never pays. A certain amount of food is always necessary to support the animal system, and profit can come only from what is fed over and above that amount. Hence, during the milking period at least, cows should have abundance of wholesome, nourishing food— all that they will eat up clean. Shelter of some kind from the direct rays of the sun in hot weather, and comfortable (not necessarily expensive) stabling in cold weather, are also of much importance, especially the latter, because the exposure of a cow to cold rains in the fall, and to cold winds or frost in winter, or any other season of the year, invariably results in injury to the animal and loss to the owner. Kind and gentle treatment is likewise an im- portant item in the management of cows, for experience has clearly proved that when a cow is made to run, is hunted by a dog, or is kicked, beaten, or otherwise excited by those in charge of her, the invariable result is that she gives less milk, and what she does give is of inferior quality. Further, in feeding dairy cows for profit, three things are necessary: (i) that they have abundance of succulent food during the milking season, and, if possible, a small allowance of bran, or chopped peas and oats, or ground oats, peas and barley, or some other mixture of different kinds of meal; (2) that a supply of green fodder be provided, for use in case pasture becomes scarce in July, August or September— say an acre of oats and vetches, or peas and oats (sown it difTerent times), and ar. .icre and a half of Indian corn, for 15 cows; (3) that, during winter, thecows be fed and cared for in such a way as to keep them in good health and gaining a little in flesh; because cows that are well fed in winter give milk for a longer period (The FARMKiis' PROFITABLE DAIRYING and in larger quantity during the following summer than cows which, from lack of proper and sufficient food, or other causes, have been allowed to run down in flesh and lose the vigor which they had on entering their winter quarters. Water for C0WS.-No dairyman can be successful unless he has an abundant supply of water for his cows at all seasons of the year-water which is pure, easily accessible to the cows in summer, and of moderate temperature (not ice-cold) in winter. Cows should have all the water they will drink, and it ought to be pure, because impure water IS bad for the cow, lessens the value of her milk and its products, and is injurious to the health of those who use the milk, the cheese, or the butter. Salt for C0WS.-It is not enough to salt milch cows occasionally, even once or twice a week; nor is it sufficient to give them rock salt to lick. They should have access to ordinary granular salt every day, be allowed to take all they want, and have a little mixed with the cut feed, meal etc., which they get in the stable. It has been proved by experiment that cows, when salterl • , ;:• once a week will generallygivefrom 14 to 17 percer - Jlkthan when they have free access to salt every . , ,d the milk from irregularly salted cows is not so good as that from cows which have a constant supply of salt. It sours sooner, and IS otherwise inferior in quality. Hence the importance of placing salt in stables, and under cover in fields, in such a position that milch cows can have access to it at all times is very evident. ' Mllkingr.— Each cow should, as far as possible, be milked by the same person, and at the same hour night and morn- mg. Much milk is lost by frequent changing of milkers, and by irregularity as to time. Before milking, the cow's udder should be well brushed, and then rubbed with a damp cloth Afterwards, the milker should wash his hands and do the milking as quickly and thoroughly as possible. Some 243 insist that milking should be done with drv hVnr' aZ l * ^^' ^^P^'^'^")' ^^en fresh ere every milker sho^uld keen a tl ^L'^k'^".'!: ^"' ^ ^ot weatherof summer, it should not. It IS, however, generally much better to put it into deep cans say, 8.^ inches in diameter by 20 inches deep, and to set these cans in water, as cold as can be got, with the addition of some ice, if possible. Generally speaking about 18 per cent, more cream can be obtained from milk uideep ,,t i„ i^^.^^,j ^,^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ milk m shallow pans, set in the ordinary way, without either .ce or water; also, by the former method the skimmed milk IS kept perfectly sweet, and is thus in a much better con- dition for the use of calves and pigs. The water-tank for the milk cans should be close to a well or spring, protected from the heat of the sun, and away from all smells which might taint the milk. When it .s possible, a very good (perhaps the best) way is to con- struct a sort of open box in the water, near the source of a spring; or in a running stream. If well-water, without ice .s used, It should be changed twice, if possible, for each setting in order to keep the temperature low enough to separate the cream from the milk-to make it all, or nfarly al, rise to the top. A very good plan is to let the fresh cold water from the well enter at the bottom of the tank, and force the partially warm water out over the top The nearer the water is kept to 40° or 45° Fahrenheit, the better. It IS important that the milk be set promptly, while it is at or above 90" Fahrenheit. If it is allowed to cool below heit) should be added to the milk, to raise it above 90'' before the cans are set in the cold water. Otherwise, there will not be a complete separation of the cream, and a good deal of It will remain in the skimmed milk. Care Of CPeam.-Cream should always be removed from milk before the milk becomes soi-r. All the cream for each churning should be put in one vessel and kept cool so that :t may remain sweet till the time when it is to be soured for churning; and it should be stirred two or three u™". .*_ .^^'- especially when fresh cream is added. In the . as a rule, stand more every milker should keep a little water by him, and be required to wash his hands regularly after the milking of every two or three cows. Milk absorbs offensive odors very quickly, and is much injured in quality when kept in bad air for even a short time. Hence milking should not be done in foul-smelline yards or stables, but only where the air is pure. Further, it is important that milk be strained immediately after It is drawn from the cow, in order that all solid im- purities may be at once removed before they dissolve and Become incorporated with the milk. Milk VesselS.-All milk and cream vessels should Be thoroughly cleansed ^>«>f"r» iK-.. art. i=-H_vM • a th^^ tu J . , "^M °^» luic, stanamore than thrr= days before churning, and no fresh cream should be put into the vessel within from twenty to twenty-four hours of churning. In order to prepare it for churning, a httle ripe cream (that is, cream which has been soured by being kept in a warmer place) should be added to the sweet cream. The cream should then be kept at a temperature of from 60 to 70 degrees (the higher temperature in cold weather), and stirred several times during twenty to twenty- four hours, or till it has reached the right degree of sourness for churning. If „o sour cream Is added, it will take a longer time, and perhaps a little more warmth, to get it ready for the churn. ^ A good deal of butter is frequently lost by churning tin. at the ordinary churning temperature, sour cream gives lin ifa hiitfo.- :.i 1.3, » 4.: i . K'»«;» Setting: Milk.— Milk is very often set in shallow I. , r. ito k »» •',"". " —"f^- "•■""=, sour cream gives pans and allowed to stand for sol time i^ Ik!!;:"! | sLel cream '" ""'' '"' ""' """ --plete/than I' V , 1 'i \ I PUBLISHERS' NOTICE, o<|>o We 6esite to place a copy of this work in the ha- -s of every farmer in Canada, and if the neighborhood has been canvassed and there is no Agent through whom it can be purchased, we will forward by return mail, (postage paid) a copy in either style, at the following prices: Bound in best English Black Qoth, red edges, etc^ $1.75. Bound in Half Russia, stamped in gbld, red edges, etc, $2 J5. ^ Above prices are invariable for single copies. We at all times desire AGENTS. Our terms are very liberal, and the agency to sell this book will afford a good living to any man or woman of intelligenL-. The popularity and increasing demand *or this boc''. warrants a another edition. It h admitted by aU intelligent men that many a man is poor, more becausf. of his carelessness in keeping: accounts than anything else. Th>, object of the FARMERS' MANUAL is to enable the illiterate as well as the learned to keep accurate account, in the simplest way possible, of their business, also to encotirage more systematic and (consequently) prosperous farming. IMPORTANT NOTICE. We keep Law in " Farmer's Manual" up-to-date, FREE OF CHARGE. Should a purchaser of the " Farmer's Manual" at any time be in doubt as to the accuracy of any point of law in the book, you have only to write the publishers giving the Edition, Page and Section, and they will gladly consult their attorney and give the correct change that has been made, or notify you of no change. This refers, of course, to the Law now contained in the book. J. L. NICHOLS & CO., Publishers. TOHUN i U. ^HPiMUA. 4 the neighborhood >rward by return 11 this book will demand for this cssness in keeping: possible, of their HARQE. oubt as to the ilishers giving y and give the ^ ^OV^-KEeP/ o o ^A RtM' Publishers. ;a. FOURTH EDITION W^. V • . ) Hontii. WEATHER NOTES. 24: Month. Tyaia. x.,=. l^L-1^ 4 1*1 , Month. Date. U is. I Month. WEATHER NOTES. 24J> Month. Data, 2:)0 WEATHER NOTES. -I f s<« to«- 1 . ■ .Month. ^ yr L/, ^. „■ r I / (jly^i- iyu^ ^' -^ - • . .; > Date. WEATHER NOTES. 25! Month. Date. 252 ACOOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. ; Comtnenced ^tper Month. Month. Date. DolU. Cu. Month. KAMB. 1 2 8 4 5 « 7 8 9|i 12 13 1 ) ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. '2i)'.l NumberofDay. YoTm^'J^' 4 5 • 7 8 .| « 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2. 24 « 2« 27 28 29 30 31 w.Wea. UolU. Cu, Pauj. *2U AOCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. Commenced ^t per Month. Month. Date. Dolls. CU. Month. NAME. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 is till 12 13 I m I I I- w 1 1 ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. 25/) 5 6 7. Jll 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Number of Days Amount Due 29 30 31 Worked. for Month. Idol's. Cts. PAia J"-J 'i%f' i* ft' * 'J 2.'>«> ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. *'°w"^'k"** At per Month. Month. Mouth. Date. Dolls. Cts. NAME. 12 3 4 3 1 6 9 11 12 13 f (4367s ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. ^•)7 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 " " " '' '' - - - " » » 30 . ^„,., Number of Davs Amount Dot ' for Month. Dolls, cts. Paid, L'.")S ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. If- i: Commenced a.„.,ii4„_.i. Work. AtperMontli. Mouth. Date. Dolls. Cts. Month. NAME. 12 8 4 6 6 7 U 12 li V A •"» 3 4 5 6 7 ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. 259 Number of Days Aniount Dut: U l> l> " 15 « .7 U 1» .„ ., « ,3 ., ,, ,e „ ., „ 30 ,1 w«,.... Dolls, cts. Paid. 260 1 ACOOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. Commenced ,, »» »t. \ffot]i. At per Month. Month. I Month. Date. Dolls. Cte. NAME. 12 8 4 3 6 ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. 261 i 8 4 3 e NumberofDays ^[^^^^^ I .« .3 u u .e „ . . . . . .3 « „ . „ ,, „ 3„ „ _ j;-;^ Paid. i K 262 ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. Commenced a» — m~.»i. Month. Date. Dolls. Cta. Month. NAME. 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 H I J, '^«riV -1^ ^B -^ v-*^ ^Ef •i'- iH ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. UU 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2« 26 27 28 NumberofDay, Amount Dut 29 30 31 Worked. for Month. Dolls, cts. Paid, 'r I 1264 ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. i ' i i i I ! ; i Work. At per Month- Month. Date, Uolls. Cts. Month. NAME. 12 3 4 5 6? 11 12 1 lif ! ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. 2Gn 8 4 5 6 7 » " " u U „ „ ,s ., „ „ ,, „ ,, „ ^. ,^ ^^ Number of Davi Amount Due ' for Month. 29 30 31 Wnrk.^ .. ,. - Worked. DolU. Cu. Paio. * 2<><( ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. Month. Date. C)oU». Ct». Month. NAME. 1 i 3 4 5 6 7 gill 12 13 ] ml ACCOUNT WITH HIRED HELP. -'07 ? Nu„,bcrofDay. ^CT^^'iS:' a 4 5 6 7 8|U 12 13 U 15 .6 IT 18 19 ,0 « 22 .3 24 «, 2« 27 28 20 30 3, Wo,.ed. Dolls, cu. Faux I r II' 268 Date. CASH RECEIVED. FROM WHOM. FOR WHA^ Dolls. Date. .1 '. CASH PAID OUT. Dolls. Date. TO WHOM. FOR WHAT 269 IMDs. Ctfi. 270 1 CASH RECEIVED. Date. PROM WHOM. FOR WHAT- Dolls. Date. 44^^-^^^ I I i ZmL CASH PAID OUT. Dolls. Date. TO WHOM, FOR WHAT 271 i»o1is. Cta 2. '> t 272 Date. CASH RECEIVED. PROM WHOM. FOR WHAT- Dolls, Date. CASH PAID OUT. D011& Date. TO WHOM, i^OR WHAT 273 l)D»a Ctsi i! f: i! r i 274 Date. CASH RECEIVED. PROM WHOM. FOR WHAT- Dolls. Date. CASH PAID OUT. Dolk Date. TO WHOM. FOR WHAT. 275 iMOis, Ctx ill -.Jlf f, 27(J Date. CASH RECEIVED. FROM vVHOM. FOR WHAT. Dolls. Date. CASH PAID OUT. 277 Dolls. Date. TO WHOM. FOR WHAT X/o]l& CU wm 27H CASH RECEIVED. I U ;: Dale PROM ^VHOM. FOR WHAT Dulls. Date. CASH PAID OUT. Date. IX) WHOM. FOR WHAT •J71» iloli* Cts. -■ ■ ■ 1 ;i! '\ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) fe // 'C^ ,^^^. 4^ /A^J^ /. ..£'' '% 1.0 I.I yo ""^" ^ ti& ill 2.0 M 2.2 IL25 III 1.4 u 1.6 % V] ^/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 m Is \ V \\ %^^. <^.\, WrS ». Q ^ V^ Jf? ^ A 'A 280 Date; CASH RECEIVED. FROM WHOM. F©R WHAT DolLs. Date. CASH PAID OUT. Dolls. I Date. TO WHOM. FOR WHAT 281 IMk Ct& 282 Dole. CASH RECEIVED. PROAI ^VHOM. FOR WHAT DoUs. Date .r« '' CASH PAID OUT. Dolls. ■ Date. TO WHOM. FOR WHAT 283 IMk cu. 284 Date. CASH RECEIVED. PROM WHOM. FOR WHAT JDolls. Date uv i: CASH PAID OUT. •2s5 TO WHOM. FOR WHAT llolis. Ct& 286 Dalb CASH RECEIVED. FROM WHOM. FOR WHAT Doils, Date. s CASH PAID OUT. Dolls. Date. TO WHOM. i'OR WHAT 2«7 IMia. Cti 2«S CASH RECEIVED. Dote. PROM 4mou. FOR WHAT Dolls. Datt if CASH PAID OUT. Dolls. Datik TO WHOM. FOR WHAT. 289 Hoik Cu •jOo Date. CASH RECEIVED. FROM «VHOM. FOR WHAT Dolls. Date -fd" I CASH PAID OUT. DoUfi. I Date. To WHOM. FOR WHAT '2U\ iMts, Ct» 202 GENERAL RECORD : ^' n GENERAL RECORD. 29;: .J^: 94 GENERAL RECORD, . »4 :f i J if GENERAL RECORD. 295 •290 GENERAL RECORD. ^ ill i GENERAL RECORD, 207 '■t- *298 GRAIN AND HAY ACCOUNT. Mo. of Kindol Bu.h. No. of SATE. Acrei Qraio per 2>"^ Sown. Sowo. Acfc. dowo. IrtA.FtVE>QT. TBIOE. AMOPHT. CULTIVATION. ct*. cts. Whan H«rv«ited. Buah. Total per No. of Acre. Busb. REMARKS, DATE. >■;»« It. GRAIN AND HAY ACCOUNT. 209 ®>^.I^I3;s. REMARKS. DATE. TO WHOM SOLD. Kind of No. of PBTnr OISI PIA^rsTD. Am 't Roo'd. S eta. DATE. on hand. hand. $ ;;;; S -— ^F ■9 GRAIN AND HAY ACCOUNT. BATE. No.of Kind of Boih. No. of Acres Qr«in P«f Ba«h. Sown. Sown. Acie. Sown. t^A.n.^VE^&T^. PBIOE, AMOTTST. CULTIVATION. When Harvcited. Bush. Total per No.of Acre. Bueh. REMARKS, i ? L_ .^ F^VISST. REMARKS. GRAIN AND HAY ACCOUNT. 301 DATS. TO WHOM BOLD. Kind of No. of Oram Sold. Bu.'h" , Qaallty. — JHP ^' ■*'°'t Reo'(l._ S cla, S ct(, DATB, ■) A 'Z' O / \ J^7 ■'^%J^ a. V h'f f. 2- n.. ^ '70 ^ \0 U:. Or< FTAND. Kind of Bushels -'RTPP Oram on _ - moii. on hand. hand. $ ^,. ^ AMO0NT. cti. WPP :{(>2 PURCHASE AOOOUNT. Month. ARTICLES PURCHASED. Jy/A) Ei^te. OF WHOM PURCHASED. 3 ' S . ^ " / I--: 6. I .r"' 1 J > / t 2-^^ /" /->At \- -i .ti£: U' '•^^ 7 '/. / ■/^^^■/f C W / / 2 Z 2-; O /)l Amount 90tb. /^ DoUs. Cts. PAlA^ °» t Z 3 ? r \ b •6 ^' ,^' — :^ 'U. '^ ^o , £ PAI# > ""'«• OF WHOM PURCHASED. PURCHASE ACCOUNT. ao:i ; Date. ARTICLES PURCHASED. Amount Dolls. Cts. / PAID. 4 Zy-> fe <£^£ 2. "ill Z. D ■2. 0-£= ^ / ^J-UL ■X I ■^■-^<^t.. 6^:^^-^ L y /; ' -i!^.^^/^--/^^^^ '> '^/" O ^--^C^ .7"'.' ■ , V ' .' Amouut. DoUs. Cts. PAID. it I i-i PURCHASE ACCOUNT. MoDth. Date. OF WHOM PURCHASED. ARTICLES PURCHASED. Amount. DoUs. Cts. Date 1 1f^s*^» i "»"**"*■ Amount DoUs. Cts. P, PURCHASE ACCOUNT :121 Dth. Date. OF WHOM PURCHASED. ARTICLES PURCHASED. Amount, Dolls. Cts. PAID. f^' :)22 'S ^ Month. SALES AOOOUNT. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. Amount Dolls. Cts. PAia ^^H ""■ Y< ^^P y. ■ >' Hm fonth. Amount. DoUs. Cts. PAID; tonth. SALES ACCOUNT. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. 323 Amount DoUs. Cts. PAUX • :)-J4 Month. if- jr ; „»■■ Date. 54 mm SALES ACCOUNT. ARTICLES SOLD. fO WHOM. Amount DoUs. Cts, PAl (onth. I— ^' JSifiS .-^J Amount Dolls. Cts. PA SALES ACCOUNT. 32." [onth. Date. ARTICLES SOI.D. TO .vnou. Amount Dolls. Cts. PAIDt :J27 Amount. Dolls. Cts. PAIl fonth. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. Amount Dolls. Cts. PAIDl. b 328 Month. ,5 M '? 1 Date. i~:-^Ts nt SALES ACCOUNT. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. Amount. DoUs. Cts. PAI Month. SAir-s ACCOUNT. Ainorint. DoUs. Cts. PAI Month. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. 329 Amount Dolls. Cts. PAID, :v.]0 SALES ACCOUNT. Month. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. Arao'int. Dolls. Cts. P.\ onth. Di SALES ACCOUNT. oni Amo'int. W<">'^^ Dolls. Cts. P.J Date. ARTICLES SOLD, TO WHOM. Aiuount Dolls. Cts. PAID. » 332 1 { Month. Date. 11 ill ii. "ii^l SALES ACCOUNT. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. Amo'int. Dolls. Cts. pa: (onth. Da SALES ACCOUNT. 33:i Auio'int Dolls. Cts. PAII (OQth. Date. ARTICLES SOT.D. TO WHOM. Auount Dolls. Cta. PAIIX Amount. Dolls. Cts. PAII Month. Amount. DoUs. Cts. PAII SALES ACCOUNT. Montb. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. 335 Amount DoUs. Cts. PAID. ill 336 Month. Date. SALES AC00Ur4T. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. Amount. Dolls. Cts. (onth. P Di Amount. Dolls. Ct.s. P SALES ACCOUNT. (onth. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. 337 Amount Dolls. Cts. PAID. PAI onth. Da Amount. DoUs. Cts. PAI SALES ACCOUNT. onth. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. 839 Amount. ; DoUs. Cts. r i PAID. :U0 Month. Date. ii -I IS I 1 i i ; 4i i®if- SALES ACCOUNT. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM, Amount. DoUs. Cts. PA SALES ACCOUNT. Amount. DoUs. Cts. PAl Uonth. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. 341 Amount Dolls. Cts. PAIDl n42 Month. 'V;* 1 atai^'t^ Date. -r t-l SALES ACCOUNT. A"RTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. Amount DoUs. Cts. PAID, UoQtb. SALES ACOOUNT. 948 Amount Wis. Cts. r.\ID, Month. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. Amount Dolls. Cts. PAIDl 'J44 SALES ACCOUNT. 1 Month. •m. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. Amount. poth. DoUs. Cts. PAI 1 Amount DoUs. Cts. P.AJ SALES ACCOUNT. Kith. Date. ARTICLES SOLD. TO WHOM. 34-) Amount DoUs. Cts. PAIIX 34(J POULTRY AND EGG ACCOUNT. Month. Date. POULTRY RAISED. EGGS SOLD. Price perDoz. POULTRY SOLD. Price Amount, per lb. Dolls. Cts, •*l 31 4 1 tl is*. '? y;, 1. Date. Price Amount, per lb. Dolls. Cts. POULTRY AND EGG ACCOUNT. 347 I, Date. POULTRY RAISED. EGGS SOLD. Price perDoz. POULTRY SOLD. Price Amount per lb. Dolk Cta. 348 POULTRY AND EGG ACCOUNT. Month. Date. POULTRY RAISED. EGGS SOLD. Price perDoz. POULTRY SOLD. Price Amouut, per'lb. Dolls. Cts. >^ ontb. Date. POULTRY AND EGG ACCdUNT. 349 Price Amount, per lb. Dolls. Cts. inth. Date. POULTRY RAISED, EGGS SOLD. Price psrDoz. POULTRY SOLD. Price Amount S per lb. Dolls. Cts. 350 DAIRY ACCOUNT. No. of BUTTER BUTTER Month. Date. COWS. Brsed. MADE. SOLD. MILK SOLD. i?rice. Amount. Dolls. Cts. REMARKS. itL. Date. DAIRY ACCOUNT. 351 REMARKS. ;ts. No. of ^ BUTTER BUTTER Date. COWvS. Breed. MADE, SOLD. MILK SOLD. •t*rice. Amount. Dolls. Cts. REMARKa 352 DAIRY ACCOUNT. No, of K Month. Date. COWS. BrKED. BUTTER BUTTER MADE. SOLD. MILK SOLD, i?rice. Amount. Dolls. Cts. REMARK; Month. E i % a REMARKS. :s. DAIRY ACCOUNT. No. of ' BUTTER BUTTER Month. Date. COWS. Breed. MADE. SOLD. MILK Price. Amount. SOLD. Dolls. Cts. 353 REMARKS. '■.^i ^K 354 DAIRY ACCOUNT. Naof BUTTER BUTTER Month. Date. COWS. Brbed. MADE. SOLD. MILK SOLD. i?rice. AmouDt. Dolls. Ct-5. REIM VRi ioa'S. D lunt. REM VRI DAIRY ACCOUNT. No. of BUTTER BUTTER i:kV Date. COWS. Breed. MADE. SOLD. MILK Price. Amount. SOLD. Dolls. Cts. 355 REMARKS. 3r)6 DAIRY ACCOUNT. No. of BUTTER BUTTER Month. Date. COWS. BREED. MADE. SOLD. MILK SOLD. t»rlce. Amount. Dolls. Cts. REM.^ RK Month. D REMARK :ts. DAIRY ACCOUNT. 357 No. of Month. Date. COWS. Brbbd. BUTTER MADE. BUTTER SOLD. MILK SOLD. jMce, ! Amount. ( Dolls. Cts. REMARKa S58 FRUIT ACCOUNT. Kind of Estimate!^ liasbci: No.oi !ushel4 Price Month. Date. TREES. FRUIT. VARIETY. Busb,,,,. Sold. Consumed Waste. perbu. Amount. Dolls. Cts nee rbu. Amount. Dolls. Cts. FRUIT ACCOUNT. 350 Kind of Miiiuii. Hate. TREES. FRUIT. Estimated Bushtl.j Bushel.>» VARIETY. No.cf Bushels. Sold. Consumed. Waste Price '•ei bu. Amount. DoUs. Cts. I II !l . p sou STOCK PURCHASED, LOST OR DIED. L(Mt Valtte Heigb or Month. Date. NAME 0I-* ANIMAL. BREED, or Died. pJJ^^^^ Weight. ■^°^- COLOR. V«hie when L«| or Died DoUa. CU Month. V«hi« when IM or Died. OR. DolU. Ctl, STOCK FUROHASED. LOST OR DIED. Lost* Vilue Heigb Month. Date. or NAME OF ANIMAL. BREED, or Died. When .^r Puri.ki»«a Weight. ''^*^**- V, 361 Vahiewben LMt or LKM COLOR. Dolb, Cti. 362 Date. CATTLE, SHEEP, OR OTHER LIVE STOCK PURCHASED OR RAISED. From Whom Purchased, Or When Born. No. of Head. Description. AGE. PRICE. Y»rt. Mot, $ CU. $ AMOUNT. Date V, !K CATTLE, SHEEP, OR OTHER LIVE STOCK MOUNT. ^ PURCHASED OR RAISED. Date. From Whom Purchased, No. of Or When Born. Head. Description. AGE. PRICE. Veari. Sn, 3 cST 363 AMO UNT. 364 li'- I I' CATTLE. SHEEP. OR OTHER LIVE STOCK SOLD, When So'i Description No. lbs. No. of Price. Amount To Whom Sold Month Date. Of Stock Sold. Wool, Hundredweight. Head. $ Cts. $ Ctj To W] OLD. CATTLE, SHEEP. OR OTHER LIVE STOCK SOLD. Price. Amount $ Cts. $ Ctil When Sold. Description No. lbs. No. of Price. 365 Amount. To Whom Sold. Month Date. Of Stock Sold. Wool. Hundredweight. Head. $ Cts. $ Cts. 366 KEOGS i!i^ PURCHASED OR RAISED. IMe. From Whom Purchased, Or When Born. No. Description. AGE. PRICE. Ycari. Mm. 8 Ct* AMOUNT. S CM. Da tiOGSS 367 PURCHASED OR RAISED. OUNT. — Bsr Ttnto From Whom Purchased, **^«- Or When Born. No. Description. AGE. Ye«r», »Jot'.' PRICE. Cti. $ AMOUNT. "TOT ^ww t ^68 HOGS SOLD AND ON HAND. lb Whom Sold Na SOOO. Debcription. ON M-AlNID, AGE. PRICE. Years. Mn. Ct«. $ AMOUNT. No.oi> cts. hand '~ Price. Amcus cti. s TOTS) HOGS SOLD AND ON HAND. 369 ON MJ^-NID, Price. Amcus ct«. s To Whom Sold Na S01-.D. Description. ON HANO. AGE. y«>r*. Mo*. .PRICE AMOUNT. No.oi « cii: s' cuT band 8~ Cti. Amount. 1 ear 370 BREEDERS' RECORD. THE HORSE TIME OF GES TATiQN-tl MONTHS. YEAR, NAME OF DAM. When NAME OK When Bred. Delivered. SIRE. Monib Day. Month. Day. REMARKS. :ear. »^ *; - i 4 .1! ' BREEDERS' RECORD. THE HOB8E TIME OF Q E8TATION--11 MONTHS. 371 lRKS. ■EAR. NAME OF DAM. NAME OF SIRE. When Bred. When Delivered. REMARKS. MOQtt). Day. Month. Day. 372 rBDERS' RECORD. THE HORSE TIME OF GESTATION--11 MONTHS. YEAR. NAME OP NAME OF When Bred. Delivered. DAM. SIRE. MorO). Day. Month. Day. REMARKS. EAR. i RKa EAR. NAME OF COW. BREEDERS' RECORD. =^ CATTLE TIME FOR GESTATION— 9 MONTHS. = JJ78 NAME OF SIRE. When Delivered. When Hred. Month. IJ,iv. .Month. Day. REMARKS. 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k /, {./ ^ {< 2i ^6 1.0 I.I m \m I. ^ 2.2 2.0 IL2I 1114 11.6 Photographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716)873-4503 ,V ■O^ \\ ^ .V o ■% '.i7i Ki^'A YEAR. BREEDERS' RECORD. NAME OF COW. CATTLE TIME FOR GESTATION--9 MONTHS. \\'hen Delivered, NAME OF When Bred. SIRE. Month. Dav. Month. Day. REMARKS. reAR. \0^,^ M 3 ^5\ KS. BRBEDERS' RECORD. - CATTLE TIME FOR QESTATiON-O MONTHS. = 375 VEAR. NAME OF COW, NAME OF SIRE. When Bred. Dehv'eTed. Month, D.-IV. Month. IMv REMARKS. 376 BRBEDERS' RECORD. TIME FOR GESTATION; SHEEP. 5 MONTHS 4 PAYSj HOG^ 1t2 DAYS. YEAR. NAME OF EWE OR SOW. When NAME OF When Bred. Delivered. REMARKS. SIRE. Month. Day. Month. Day. 'EAR. T'i i-i ■ bftj PAY» ARKa BREEDERS' RECOK>o TIME POR OESTAT.PN: SHEEP. S MONTHS 4 orylfSo. U. OAVS. u/ / 'EAR. NAME OF EWE OS SOW NAME OF SIRE. When Bred. ^ ^heTec. Month. Day. Moiich. Day. REMARKS. 378 Individual Account with DR. Month. Date. ITEMa lb I ^ t^?- It- 1/> V J I;y n I » \ i- c* /'J :?-ci:^ '^^' ■)■ Amount. Dolls. Cts. "A 4 ^ 2^1 ■ / ■J^ C^t- "M's IN CR. Month Date ITEMa By Amount. Dolls Cts. Month. OR. Amount Dolls Ct3. INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNT With J- Iv h-^-^> ^ Month. Date. ITEMS. ^^^-..^-..-.^^ ■') .' M ' '•>--.^,e^ ^'i^^ ■J >•' J^/ DR» Amount. Dolls. Cts. 'I- I 'j.^- lA^ P 'O Month. Date ITEMa By 379 CR. Amount. Dolls. Cts. ■ 1 1 11 ■ .4 - ' 4 ■ ''S 380 Individual Account with DR. I^Iontb. Date. ITEMS. 7b Amount. | Dolls. Cts. :. Month. Dat6 ITEMa •By AmcuQt. Dolls. Cts. INC Month. CR. Amount Dolls. Cts. INDIVIDUAL Account with Month. Date. ITEMS. 2b DR. Amount. Dolls. Cts. Month. Datft ITEMa 081 CR. Amotint Dolls. Cts. [14/ 5.*? "J :J82 Individual Account with Month. Date. ITEMS. 5b DR. Amount Dolls. CU. Month. Data ITBMa By CfB. Amoofit. Dolls. Cu IND Nronth. ] AmoQttti DoUs. Ctii Individual Account with -J2B.- Mnnth. Date. ITEMa 7b Amount Dolls. Cts. Month. Date ITEMS. Mh:t CR. Amoutit. Dolls Cts. :}h4 ? f! « 3! I ^ Individual Account with Month. Date. ITEMa 7b DR. Amount. Dolls. Cts. Month. Data. ITEM3. By Amotiat. Dolls. Cts Monti AmotuiL Dolls. Cts. Individual Account with DR. Month. Date. ITEMa To Amount. Dolls. Cts. Month Datei ITEM3. By :ik:) CR. Amount Dolls Cu. 386 Individual Account with DR. GR. Month. Date. ITEMS. 7b Amount, ii Dolls. Cts. |: Month. Data ITEM& -By Amounx. Dolls. Cts, ;v r'"';' ii OK. Amouni. Dolls. Cts. 387 INDEX. G H K 388 INDEX. M INDEX. s N O U W Q R INDEX FOR FARMERS' MANUAL. Agency „- Animal Instinct , Administrators ] 12c Admission to Register (Horse Racing) 21.2 Arbitration ' Arithmetic, Short Rules for. . ..... 137, Asthma, Chicken '33 ■38 22s Book-Keepmg 29, 63 Bee Keeprng, Home Lessons in.. .25e.2i8 Bed Bugs, to Destroy ,6g Balky Horses, How to Manage 186 Birds and Insects Bills •45 nilis a, a, BiUofSale ''' tX Bits (Prof. Gleason) '.".'.'.'..'.'." 2T? Blind Staggers ,g6 Blistering Liquid 207 Black Leg \\\ 2,§ slack Tongue 218 Bleeding, How to Stop i ! i ! . ! ! ! 20^ Borrowing, Law of ,,0 Bone Linament ,q6 Bone Spavin \[ igc Borers ! ! . ! 161 Bots ,„ Breaking Wild and Ugly Horses 210 Breeding Tables 220-211 Breeding Horses ,77 Bridle, Eureka, Prof. Gleason's ....'.'. i8e Bridling Horses ,0^ Broken Leg of a Horse, How to Set and Cure iqq Bronchitis 221 Canker Cattle, How to Doctor ....!."!.*.!.!! Cattle Colic, or Hoove Catarrh Castration Cake Bag ....'...'. Catapillars, How to Destroy Chattel Mortgages 88, 89, Chariot Races Champion Pacing Horses Checks 60' Checks, Law Governing Check-Rein, Its Use and Abuse. . . 184, Choked Cattle Chicken Cholera ] . Chicken Mites .. Colts, to Break and Train. . . Colts, to Teach to Back Colic in Sheep Condition Powder Contracted Feet in Horses, Cure for.. Corns, Cure for 197, Contraction of Tendon of the Neck. , . Colic in Horses Contracts 112. Contracts, How to Write 112. Counsels, Taxes, etc Copyright Cotton Worm Cow Pox Cracks Cracked Heels •'7.S> 97. 208 218 219 221 207 20 <; '63 90 118 204 70 no 216 205 22 22s 176 217 221 205 •97 203 208 200 114 "4 98 106 169 219 209 ao2 PAGE. Cure for Galls, Cuts, Sores, Ulcers. ,. 104 Curb, Cure for ^^ Cribbing '.'.'.'.'.".'.['.'. 197 D Debts, Property Exempt 12, Deeds .... ' Deed, What it Includes ■.".■.'.■.■.■.■.■.■ '^^' ,?6 Dehorning Remedy [ jfq Diabetes ' ^oy Diseases of the Horse. ....'....'. ,ql Diseases of the Penis .]]].. 202 Diseases of the Kidneys ...,', 207 Diseases of the Liver 208 Diseases of the Udder and feats! .... 209 Distances for Planting ^ Discharge from Eye and Nose. ...... 201 Distemper, How to Cure 107 Drafts '^l Drafts, Law Governing , ,0 Dropsy of the Muscles on the Chest . . 209 Dogs, Diseases of 21J Double Entry ,, Due Bills '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 78 Due Bills, Law Governing !.!"!! no Duties of Executors and Administrators 1 25 Dysentery or Flux 219-221 E Eggs and Egg Food Powder 226 Eggs, To Pickle 226 Elections, Who Can Vote go Executors, Duties of. .' ' ,2^ Epizootic !!.!.. 197 Eureka Bridles !.!!..!]..!! 18s Eye Wash for Horses .......'.'.'. 208 P Fertilizers and Manures 210-24^1 Fever (Chicken) ^i- Fistula 201 Fits ..".!.' 206 Flora Temple j •_, Forgrery '.'.'.'.'.'. 111 rounder ,ng Fruit Trees and Shrubs .'.'.'.'. 154 o Gapes 22e Garget in Bag '.'.'...'. 205 Getting on in the World 6, 7 Gifts, Legal .' .' . V. 114 Glanders _ _ jq^ Good Advice r Gould, Jay 30 Grain Tables, etc 212 Gravel in Horses 20? Grease Heels , " _ 208 Groggy Knees '.'.'.'.'.'. 207 H Hal Pointer ,q6 Halter Pulling, To Cure '.'. ' iq. Halter, Safest Wav to Tie ,g6 Harness and Saddle Galls 201 Heaves 200 Hens' Lice, How to Destroy. 225 Hired Help, ' \, on 126 Hidebound 201 Hiring, Law of \\\\ j jq History of Trottirgin America 171 Horse Department '7i-2'T Horse Buyers' Receipt 17^ Horse, How to Tell a Good 178 Horse, How to Tell the Age 180 Horse, How to Train, Drive and Break 181 Horse, How to Pick Out a Trotter. .. . 183, Horse, How to Tell (he Disposition. . . i8j Horse, How to Keep from Pawing in the Stall ,86. Horse, How to Drive Puller on the Bit 186 Horse, How to Teach Tricks 187 Horse, How to Make Lie Down 187 Horse, How to Give Medicine 1 94 Horse, How to Restore Appetite 200 Horse, How to Enliven When Old ... . 2o» Horse, How to Fatten When Old. . . . 209^ Horse, How to Prevent Jumping Fences 216. Horse, How Much Medicine to Give. . 211 Horse, How to Make Old Ones Young 20* Horse, How to Keep from Getting „ Cast 206 Horse-Breeding, Artificial 189-190. Horse, To Drive to an Object He is Afraid of 217- Homesteads, Canadian loj. Hoof-bound or Tender Feet 208; Hoof Evil 208 Hoof Ointment 205 Hogs, How to Doctor ..'. 222 Hogs, How to Catch 221 Hog Cholera, How to Treat 222-223 Hollow Horn 218. Host and Guest 105 How to Succeed 6 7- How to Write All Kinds of Notes ..... 64 How to Clean Leather 211 How to Foretell the Weather '.. 227 How to Use the Breeders' Tables 229. I Indorsements 8o-8z Influenza ,m Inflammation of the Brain 218. Inflammation of the Kidneys 200, 218 Inflammation of the Lungs 200, Inflammation of the Bladder 218 Inflammation of the Bowels 218 Insects, All About '44-i7s Insects Injurious to Vegetation 147 In.sects, Names of, Simplified 150. Insect Remedies and How to Apply , Them ,y(». Insecticides and How to Use 152-153 Instructions for Using Farmers' Manual 4 Interest Tables i4i->43 Interest and Usury, Law of 139. Interest, Methods of Calculating ..139.140 Itch, Cure For 203 J Jaundice or Yellow Water 205 Jay eye-see , jg. K Kicking Horse, How to Drive and Shoe 185 L Lampas . . . , ^Mm. Lameness . . .• 2»», Land-Renting \\\' |,«. Land Contract , g^ iU ^'.O^ 4 k.fi PAGE. Land, How Surveyed loa Land, How to Locate 103 Law-Suit Illustrated laS-'M Law Concerning Public Schools 108 l^aw Concerning Parent and Child... 116 Law Concerning Sales 119 Law Concerning Interest and Usury. . 139 Law on Railway Fares and Tickets, . . 99 Law on Ditches, Line Fences, etc 100 Law on Peddling, Opening Letters, etc. 99 Law on Leases . 1 17-1 19 I^w on Lending 130 Leather, to Clean 211 Leases 85-87 Legal and Business Instruction 97 Legal Principles of Law 1 22 Legal Rights and Wrongs 134 Lice, To Destroy on Dogs 214 Lice, To Destroy on Horses and Cattle 214 Lien Agreements 67 Lightning Rod Swindle 79 Lock-jaw 201 Locust 15S Loss of Feathers 225 Lung Fever 221 Liniments, Recipe for All Kinds. .205, 211 M. Mange, Lotion for 203 Maggots 221 Manures 239-241 Markets loo Marriage Contracts 115 Married Women, Rights of. 98 Maxims, Business 232-233 Mites that Infest the Horse 203 Mortgages 88-90 Mortgages, t^w Governing 120 Moths 19' ^ Mud Fever aoa 'Murrain •• 219 N Nancy Hanks 2C9 Notes 64-68 Notes, Laws Concerning 109 Nasal Gleet 203 o Ointment for Horses 203 Orders. 77-78 Orders, Law Governing no PAGE. Pacing Standard 212 Parent and Child, Laws Concerning, , 116 Passengers, Transportation of 104 Patents, General Facts Regarding . . . 105 Penmanship,,. 8-28 Physic Ball 207 Pleuro-Pneumonia 219 Poll Evil 196 Poultry, How to Keep 224 Premature Birth (Horses) , 213 Property that Cannot be Seized 123 Public Schools 108 Railroad, Liability of 104 Real Estate, Rules for Buying 135 Receipts 73-76 Receipts, Law Concerning no Renting Land 117 Ring-Bone 195 Right of Married Women to Own Pro- perty 107 Rot 221 Rules for Registering Horses 212 s Safe Business Methods and Good Advice ^ 5 Sales, Law Governing 119 Salve of All Kinds 210 Scabs or Mange 221 Scaly Legs 226 Scouring in Horses or Cattle 205 Scratches • 202 Self-made Men 7 Self-Sucking Cow 220 Sheep, How to Doctor 221 Sheep, Tick and Lice 221 Shoulder-Joint Lameness 195-210 Single Entry 35 Simple Contrivance for Lifting Beef ,.. 220 Sores 210 Sore Mouth 201, 208, 210 Sore Back 208 Sore Teats and Scabs 209, 219 Spavin • 19S Splint 19s Spraying 154 PAGE. Staggers 196, 205 Stifle 311 Stifle Joint Lameness 303 Stoppage of the Bowels 311 Strains and Swellings 206 Strength of Horses Drawing 185 String Halt 306 Sweeney ». . 194 Swindling Note 79 Swollen Legs 203 T > Tenants, Law of 117 Tender Feet 208 There is Always Profit in Good Farming 133 The First Plow 313 Thrush 208, 210 Thumps 199 Tonics 210 Tracing Process 10 Trotting Horses 173, 179, 188, 190, 198, 207 Trichinea 222 Tumors of the Udder 209 u Underdraining 334 Useful Tables 233,391 V Veterinary Department 193 Voting, Qualifications for loi w Wages, Table of 1 39 Warranties, Law Governing in Warts on Horses and Cattle 305-309 Water Farcy 307 Weak Tendons, Cure For 196 Weather Signals 237 Weather Wisdom 338 Wind-Galls 301 Wills 95-96 Wills, Law Governing 134 Wolf-Teeth 309 Worms 196 Y Yellow Water 105, 308 INDEX FOR THE BLANK BOOK DEPARTMENT. PAGE. Breeder's Record 370-377 Cash Account 268-291 Cattle, Sheep or Live Stock, Pur- chased or Raised 362-363 Cattle, Sheep or Live Stock Sold 364-365 Dairy Account 350-357 PAGE. Fruit Account 358-359 General Record . , 292-297 Grain and Hay Account 298-301 Hired Help Account 252-267 Hogs Purchased or Raised. . . .366-367 Hogs Sold and on Hand 368-369 Individual Accounts 378-386 PACK. Index to Same 3S7-388 Purchase Account 302-321 Poultry and Egg Account 346-349 Sales Account 322-345 Stock Purchased, Lost or Died. 360-361 Weather Notes , 246-251 PAGB. 196. aos an aoa Is 311 206 rawing: 185 206 -. '94 79 202 >>7 208 in Good Farming 132 213 208, 210 199 210 10 79, 188, 190, 198, 207 222 209 ^34 a3a.39' It 192 for loi r a9 :rning 1 1 1 Cattle 205-209 207 For 196 227 228 301 95-96 >a4 209 "96 «)S,3o8 r. PAGE. 387-388 302-3*' :ount 346-349 3a«-34S It or Died. 360-361 246-251 Apples [dwarf). .. ao to 30 feet each way. Pears (standard).;..;:; ,^'°'° Pears (dwarf) , , Quinces ■" '° 'S USEFUL TABLES. DISTANCES RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTING. reaches. Plums ^° °^S Cherries ;;; 'S 'o 20 Figs ..;;..;;; '•♦ °^" Japan Persimmons " ; ; !^ .„ !5 Mulberries ^° " ^S 20 to 25 Blackberries <: , o Raspberries ? !° ° Currants ...;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. ;;;" •• .''f* Gooseberries \\ 4 i' S Strawberries : 4 'i' S Hills , ,,,,^ Matted rows iv , Asparagus ... , '• Rhubarb '♦" ^ Grapes ■■":. 4X 2 Oranges ° " 9 * 30x30 feet by 4 feet, feet by 4 feet. inches. foot. feet. DIST. INCHKS. I X I X I X 1 X 2 X 2 X 3 X 3 X 3" 3x 3x 4x 4x 5x 6x NUMBER OF PLANTS PER ACRE AT VARIOUS DISTANCES. PLANTS. 6,272,640 2,090,880 1,568,160 '.254,527 1,568,160 1,045,440 784,080 627,264 696,960 522,720 3'8,I7S 392.040 313,642 250.905 174,240 nisr. INCHKS. 2" 7 8x 8 9X 9 10 X 10 10 X 20 10 X 24 10 X 30 10 X 36 10x48 '5x 15 15x30 'SX36 18x36 18x48 PLAHTS. 128,013 98,010 77.440 62,726 3'. 362 26,132 20,908 '7.424 '3.068 27,878 '3.939 11,616 9,680 7.260 nisT. FKKT. 1 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 3X 3X 3X 3X 3X 4X 43.560 21,780 '4.S20 10,890 8,7.2 10,890 7.260 5.445 4.356 4.840 3.630 2,904 2,420 2,074 2,722 i DIST. FKKT. 4X 5 4x6 4X 7 5x5 5x6 5x 7 5x 8 5x9 6x6 6x7 6x8 6x9 6 x 10 7x 7 7x8 2,178 1,816 '.5.S6 ',742 ',452 1,242 1,089 968 1,210 ',037 907 808 726 888 777 DIST. FEET. 7x9 7 X 10 8x8 8x 9 8x10 8x11 8x 12 9x 9 9 X 10 9x11 9 X 12 10 X 10 10 X 12 10 X 15 10 X 18 DIST. FKET. 6gi 622 680 605 5.54 495 453 537 484 440 403 435 363 290 242 10 X 20 12 X 12 12 X 15 12 X 20 'Sx IS 15 X 18 15 X 20 18 X 18 18 X 20 18 X 24 20 X 20 20 X ;?4 20 X 30 30 X 24 30x30 30 X 36 PLANTS. 217 302 242 181 '93 161 '45 '3' 121 100 108 90 72 60 48 40 THE ODTSPOKEH TROTH, IK PURE. CHASTE BOT PLiW LAKGOiGE. ^ i/usrour. the mooK op thm aqb. Search lights on Health ; or, Light on Dark Corners * r ,"'"":'•"•«••'•"""•"•«>•.''■«•■>•. Pro..J.L.NIch.l.,A.M. A Complete Creative and Sexual Science, or the Proper Relation of the Sexes. revelaUr„sfoTwom?„ffS^^fS^|?;,7m^^^^^^^^^^ '""" "'^.^-^ P"""- »" -<""-. New In/rf thTgirls-^"^ ^-^-- — ^^^^o^^'^^'^^^LJ'^tl^^ P--"«*to*e^oTtSlf |ua"d!'Vhl1rerwhL''" T"l'? °' "-sturbation. and charge, ^ «°."'^e.a."t shows the ultimate result. In short. '• Search LiehrMsTnarraf^f rL»- IT^' i'/"^" the crime of abortion to its Vou will find ,t beautifully and charmingly Illustrated, and impanSinf^^atioXt/^e^;^ ^^^T:^^^"'^^^,^^: '°' '"'"'' """'y" With over 300 lUustrations. Over 400 Paget. luno, Silk Cloth. J. L. NICHOLS & CO., Prioa, $1.00, Peatag* Prapala. J. E. HANSFORD, LL.B, BARRISTER, SOLICITOR, NOTARY PUBLIC, CONVEYANCER, ETC., 26 KING STREET EAST, TORONTO, ONTARIO. HAVE YOU A COPY OF THE BUSINESS GUIDE OR S-AFE METHODS OP BUSINESS. BY J. E. HANSFORD, LL.B., OF OSGOODE HALL, BA R RISTER-AT- LAW. •EVENTH EDITION. SIXTY-FIFTH THOUSAND. RcvIcmI and Enlarged by Wstt-known GpecialitU. A completa Lesal Advlaw and Home Lawyer. A complete Hand'j wooK ol Lcical and^Builneu Forma. A complete Compendium of Cen- '■ianthlp, plain and ornamental. Acomplete Letter Writer, Acom- «ilate Bxpoettloa ol Great SwIndUnK 5cheme». A complete LiKbtnlns Calculator and Ready Reckoner. A complete Act otlnterett, Qraln and Lumber Table*. A complete Buslnesf Dictionary. A complete Revolution ol Ficnree and Methode. A complete Book-keepiqs •Oenrtment. In one Volume, price $1.00. Nothing cheap about It 'feut the price. AnIngeniously ■rrangedCoar*«ol5ell-Herp leaeona la Bualoes*. Bueineu Lesaoaa only, almpto, practical and complete. No Self-Help Lessons on Business have ever given such aatisfaction as the Business Guide, It is a book which is (ally abreast of the times, and it has the advantage o£ being practical and helpful to every class of people. Over 65,000 -sold in Canada. Over aoo.ooo sensible Canadians have read it, .and praise it. ■n TEtLS YOU ALL ABOUT NOTES, RECEIPTS, MORTQAflES, CHECKS, DRAFTS, ORDERS, WILLS, DEEDS, LEASES, CONTRACTS, PATENTS, COPYRIOHTS, RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN, oto., eto. It gives you the law as well as the formst and is applicable •to everjr Province in Canada. It gives you General Directions mplete direotlons lor giring nicdldne ; Taking care ol the liok ; Rules on ventilation ; Healthy bomee; Oare of the house, etc. SEVENTEENTH EDITION Bavlsed and Enlarged with oompleta Cooking Department. Contains over BOO Pages, over 400 ninstraUons. PriM only fLOa J. L. NICHOLS & CO, 33 Rkhnioad Street Vest, - - - TORONTOk Caa. ...SAFE CITIZENSHIP... THE RISE AND RAGE OP AIX. GREAT ISSUES ON THIS CONTINENT. By J. FBITH JEFFERS, M.A., Author of "History of Canada," Eto. and J. L. NICHOLS, M.A., Author of "The Business Guide," "Household Guide." "Farmers' Manual," "Search Lights," Etc .a.t. nSSSPlf.'nSi'xK-^ "' fS^^S? ""d Canadian PpUtloa A Complete Biatory of Civil OoTemment. A Complete Htotorr of Tariff Lesislatlon A Com- *f eot^tWoSfsSS SJI.^.n.lS'^lfei'^ l?|?e'i[t?y*iS?5Jher" '^'''' "" "°*^'°« ""« Great PoUtioa, Questions for themtelves and the Influence «t.. i>ifmi5?T*****'i"''*'*''***f • ^° ?"• PoUtloal party is favored or preferred. Only the cold faots of History are given. The PoUtloal Oneatlnn. kt,a ai?ta tti?fntuJ!r '' '""P»^ «• impartially recorded. We belong to the greateei nation, and we h^y^^iuFSiai»lBS>^lS^'ol^aL^. .... SS?o?A"c?|;Sh 5 Cr?,?e^,^rSitJe'S'/eKiSB%°&'i SSfk"^"""" °' "'""'' '- ^''"""' '""'^ """""• ^""^ ^"'•'"'°. ^o^^' Indebted- •rSn SA^}^^LASSljyiISSi^^.J^^' faults and virtues of different eyatoms of government are fearlessly shown. The faota are not hMiiAn •a,^ ^SS J^JS^t'fS?? T° "Sf^W- " '» impossible to enumerate all the subfiotsof different oKptenoltteboof but i^YJiSBciSnt^^^ }I^ihiI*'^/i"*'^^Lt'.P^"'2' !»""«» l»',<;"y covered and made plain. It is a book that will be a surprise to every puroSior ?he lananiSfta rtiin mX forcible. Tt Is a £** JpiSlS P«>El« •nd wUI h«lP everyone to better oltisenshlp. ' '^ ™ language u plain and riion ™ThSli5hi^^nJ!5Hi!|T:- Af.l'^Si!^ •^»^J?f .•]' »b« Twifls with teWe. of comparlaon. . The tariff qnesUon is a great question and its history *»ri.,i;r •m? "WHtS?""? ^**H DBVBLiOPMBINTS as a Nation. A Complete HUtory of the ohanses in maobinery and modes of llvins and dolne e&mWAOTMM oiFab ASSf£SW*'T??« l"^?'' Tele,prai.h instrument, cotton Gin, eto.. wit\ many otter l2.53rtSi^atteMof^"to?? * «f unS1:Mf^;JifiJK?U?^e'riS^57n'"o?wh"t w.^:?'' " •"" ""•'-*'»'' " »" •» "*""^' ?»"«• »' o" "P-"". "^the money will bo proijltly THF* ROOK I" wall bound In BMtDnirllah Cloth, Ooldl^ttara .... ■ ■■ ^ D W V/ r\ Alao Full Lesthop. Stampad In Qold, Oilt Bd^M, Hwul Bands, oto. .A.OXQXT'PS "W-^XTXSXS. $1.26 1.70 \„ Ovop 400 / lUustpatloaa. 06 ¥/ ^ taneiit, X, Ph.D., I, A8fi>lete Manual on rcIopedlaotMUi- A ijiimplete rden Inseou. A 111 Treatment of 1 IT. illklndiiotretrarii- kindi of poultice*. i in]uriw, bruiiee, iea tor the different reotloiu lor glring i Heelthy bomee; unit. Contalnt niyfum. LONTOkQua. BNT. ireh Ughta," Ete. r Iietriilatlon. A Oom- on uils Oontiaent. A r Oiowtta and I>aTelop> Ivei and the Infloenoe olitieal QueBtiona and ry. to guide our Statee- n, Mortgage Indebted- kcta are not bidden. It it la aufflolent to ear language la plain and leatlon and Its hlstorr glTOB. lea of llTlngand doing matter! of Blatory. >ney will be promptly 16 \.. Over 400 /lUuatnitlona.