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G E O G R A P H Y.

CONTAINING V * *''

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A full, accurate, authentic and interefting Account and Defcription

Europe, Atia; Atrica, and America; */

AS CONSISTINC OI^

CONTINENTS

ISLANDS

OCEANS

SEAS

RIVERS

LAKES

PROMONTORFEi

CAPES

13 A Y S

P E N I N S U r> A 3
I S r H MUSSES
G U LP II S, &c.

AND DIVIDED INTO

Empires, Kingdoms, States, -and Republics,

_ ;'^', . .' ' T o i; K r H E K w I T II

Tficlr Limits, Boundaries, Climate, Soil, Natural ani.1 Artificial ^fcriofities and ProJuftions,

Religion, Laws, Governnienr, Revenues, l-'orces, Antiquities, &c. Alio the Province?, Cities,

Towns, Villages, Forts, Caftles, Harbours, Sca-porfJ^Aquedufts, Mountains, Mines, Minerals,
Folfils, Roads, i'ublic and Private Edifices, Univerfities, &c. contained in eacli :

Anil all that is intcieaing rclaiivc to the

Culloms, Maii.ieri, Gcnlu:, 'icmj,:r, if.;':!it», Amij(t.'nKi;fs> C;rc,nories, CcrnmciCi'-, \r.<., ?r cnc;r,
M jii il'ail ur' , , anj L.mj^inye cif th5 liiiiaU.rttiitv. Wit'i an accurate mA lively D-lcnption of the varisiij
KimUoi tii.Ji, Hearts, Ke|Hi!cs, Filhr», aini'luhlous Creatures, Inietls, &c.

tNCLtlDIMC ''

The ElTIncc of the nioft remarkable Voyages ami Travels that have been pcrt'cirmcii by the Navigators anJ
TravclUis of different. Countries, particularly the late Dil'coverics in the Soutli Sca^, aud the Voyages towards
the Nort!i Pole, with every Curiouty that hath hitherto appeared in any Language rcfpecliiig the diftercnt Parts
of the Univcrfc. ,

L t K X W I S C

Many curious and interefting Citcunillanccs concerning various Places, communicated by feveral Gentlemen to

the Authors of this Work.

ALSO

A Concifc HI 3 T O R Y of every E M P#k E. KIN 04)0 ?4v.,5'T AT F, 5;c. with tlie varict. ;

KevoliitiKi^lHiy H-^'.' i0>rr|i.'nev ^

To which will be aiMed,

A New and Eafy Guide to Geography, the Ufc of the Globes, he. with an Account of the Rife and Progrels
of Navigation, its Improvcnieiiti and Utility to Mankind.

Tlic wlinle embellilhcri and enrirhcd witli upwards of One ip^^H molt elegant and fnprrli Copper Plati-s, engraved
in Hull .1 Manner as to do Infiniif Honmn in ilic iiCpeiMivc ArtrHs by wlium ihfV rre oxmitcil. Tliofe I'.Miliellilhmcnrs
roi.f'i' I'f \'iew<,.Mapi, Land and Watir Pei I'pci'livis i Rirds, nroils^ I illie^, &c. as alio the v,irious nnlU s of the
liili.diii.uUi of diflercnt Comitries, with their flraiige Ciiemonies, CiiftMlie, Anmftmems, ic. Ac.

By C JI'A^L v. S T n V. -1 D O 1^: K ^ 1 1 P D l„ K T O \ r

AflilWfiy i|ftrn1 Gintlrmiw eminent for their Knowledge in the Science of Geography.

To kno^ llt^ Witf ^ il^ni Home yon need not ftray i

Sii at foutlliliiV, tW>v'ry Clime lurvey :

Hriv Fmpircii Kinftdorat, States, anil Ketlins are iliown

Men, Maimers, CuOoitIa, Arti and Laws nude known ;

Here rvVv V.is^e your Wonder ftiall excite,

And give lirprciveniciit, whiltit gives Delight.

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T II E

PREFACE.

IT is univeiTally admitted, that there arc few ftudles fo replete with importance,
or fo abounding with entertainment, as Geography : for here the human mind,
at the fame time that it is purfulng pleafure, becomes enriched witli a knowledge that
dignifies every faculty.

The mind which applies itfelf to Geography, in reaping tlic great intclleifHrual advan-
tage of cultivation and improvement, enjoys doubly every pleafing defcription, every
animating pi£lure, every hiftoric charm, every grace and beauty, of a variegated, intereft-
ing, and deleifiable fcience.

A knowledge of the world, and of the people who inhabit it, h a fubjedl which more
or Icfs concerns every perfon. By Natwc we are prompted to defire a knowledge ot the
country in which wc firft drew brcatli ; Commercial F/ews lead us to enquire into the fitua-
tion of our neighbours ; and that Cwir,f.t\ inherent in every human breaft, and from which
we derive our moft fiiblime pleafurcs, induces us to wilh for an acquaintance with the moft
remote parts of the unlverfe in general.

One of the iirft objects of tlie human attention ouglit to be an inveftigation of fuch branches
of knowledge as appear calculated to inihutfl, to enlighten, and to improve : and what, then,
ill this reipeiil, can be more happily adaptid than Geography ? a fcience lb cfFedually
tending to nilargc and ripen our underftandings, to corredl and regulate our opinions,
flreni^theii our afl'ociated ideas, and baniHi illiberal prejudices.

We mean to furnifh our readers with an Authentic Universal System of
(iiuMjRAiMiY ; for which purpofe we have beftowed the 4iio(l elaborate pains in our
rcfearchcs, in order to avoid the errors which fomc autlior.-. luue fallen into, and to give
clear, dirtinft, and accurate defcriptions : nor Ihall we omit an hiftory of the prcfent {late
oi learning in the fcvcral countries of which we (hall treat.

Wc have been fupplicd with fome \ery valuable materials from gentlemen of ellabliflied
credit, who have travelled into various parts of the world, and wlio have inveftigated, with
a peculiar attention, every thing worthy their curiofity : nor have we omitted to examine,
with the niced care, tlie writings of fuch great and learned men, as have explored with a
philolbphic precilion, and have given the moll ju(t delcrlptloiu of the World.

• Our

The preface.

Our readers will not only here be made fully acqxiainted witli the prcfcnt (late of
empires, kingdoms, provinces, and colonics, but alio with the various revolution, whicli
have eflcdluated their prcfent form and fituation. We (hall take a view of tl-c ancient a;5
well as modern world ; and, by carefully defcril)ing the maimers and culloins of remote
ages, render our undertaking the moll: cxtcnfivcly complete of any ever yet attempted.

The grand divifions of the globe into land and water, continents and illands ; tlie
fituation and extent of the feveral kingdoms; their origin, tiicir forms of government,
their laws and revenues, their produclions ai-,d natural curiofitics ; .the |.;cnius, manners,
cuftoms, language, and learning of the inhabitants ; tlieir reli;'/ion, their arts and
fciences, manutaclures and commerce, buildings and ruins, will L>c here dcfcribcd in the
mofl accurate, familiar, and plealing ftile.

The variegated fiice of nature, from the burning tropics to tlie frigid poles ; groves,
gardens, and beauteous plants ; Ihrubberies, and each blooming flower of fair creation,
cannot fail to yield the mofl fenfible and ai;imated plcafurc ; whiHl, on the other hand,
wild folitary profpe£l:s, rude defarts, and tremendous piles of hills, will lift the human
thought to the highed: extreme of cf][ual aflonifhment and amufement.

The reader, defirous to invcftigate the tranfadion^ of remote n_r,cs, will be prefentcd
with the relics of once ilourifliing cities, and the Ipkndld ruins of pr.laces aiul temples.
In fliort, every thing that can tend to ftrengthen and improve the underllarding, or q^ratify
and divert the curiofity, will he found in tiiis our hillorlcal, political, and commercial
defcription of all the nations in tl known world.

We fhall begin with a defcription of /IJia; for here it was. according to the holy
writings, that the Divine Being created the fnft of the human race: it was here tlic
beautiful garden of Eden was planted. It was Afia which, after the deluge, became the
nurfery of the ri(ii;g generations ; whence the dcfcendants of Noali difneiieil colonies
into the other parts of the globe, making their llrfi- migrations into Aj'iicit, which will be
the fecond objt\':t of our conlidoration. When the j-ljjiilic and .Ifiican regions became the
feats of tyratmy and defjiotilm, fome of the more liberally ililjnifeil peiKtrate<! northward ;
and fought for that liberty in lefs proline climates, which it was no longer fitrnfitted tlieni
to enjoy in the more fertile eadcrn parts — Hence Europe, though lefs cxtcniivc and wealthv,
became more poliflied and powerful than the other two parts of the world. Till at lensjth
the inhabitants made fuch aOonilhing improvements in the arts and fcicnees, and became
fo bold in the fpirit of enterprifc, that they dilcovercil the fourtii grand diviilon of tin;
globe, /]i)ierica, a part not lef.. rich and jirolific than the other tiuec ; with the hiftory
and tlefcription of wiiich \\c fhall conclude our arduous and nill'ul unile it iking.

A NEW

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INTRODUCTION.

■I

H E word Geography, which is derived from the Greek, implies a defctiprjon of the

IForU. By the World we mean the Terraqueous Globe which we inhabit, mid Which is

ufiially termed the Terreftrial Globe.

Geography is the general term for the defcription of the Whole World ; Hydrography impVie^

a delcription of water; Chorograpby fignifies the defcription of a country, or province; and

?&/«^>vr/)/;>r means the defcription of a particular diftrift, city, town, village, &c.

TERMS ufed in GEOGRAPHY.

T H E principal terms ufed in Geography, refpefting the defcription of land and water, arc
as follow :

A Continent implies a large portion of earth, comprizing feveral countries, which are not fepa-
ratfd by the fea.

An Kland is a portion of earth entirely furrounded by water.

A Peninfula is a quantity of land, joined to the Continent by a fmall neck, and every where elfc
furrouncifd by water.

An Ifthmus is that neck which connefts tiie peninfula to the main land.

A I'romontory, or Cape, is a high point of land, wliicli Ibetches into the fea.

An Ocean is an immenfe coUeftion of water, furrounding a great part of the Continent.

A Sea is a fmaller colleflion of water, or an inferior ocean.
_ A Gulph is a part of the fea almolt furroundetl by laiui, except at one fmall part, where it
joins the main fea.

A Bay is, in general, lefs than a gulph, and has a wider entrance.

A Creek is lefs tiian a bay, and may be deemetl a iiiiall inlet of water, running a little way into
the land. ° '

A Road is a place on the coaft, where there is a good anchorage.

ASircight, or Strait, is a narrow palfage of water, which joins two feas, two gulphs, a fea and
a gulph, &c. t> r '

A Lake isacolleftion of waters, furrounded by land.

A River is a ftream of water, which derives its tource from fome inland fpring, meanders
through the country, and empties itlelf either inio the ocean, the fea, or fome other river.

lor tlic help of memory we (hall recapitulate the foregoing geographical terms in verfe.

A Contiitent'i a Track of land defin'd,

Comprizing couo'irits not by feas disjoin'd ;

7 he wat'ry element an Jfland bounds.

And ev'ry wjiere with circling waves furrounds ;

And a Penin/iila's an earthly fpace.

Which (one part only) flowing waves embrace:

That part, or neck, which joins it to the main.

By the word TjJhmus fully we explain.

A Proiir.ntory is, as all agree,

A (loint of land projeding in the fea;

The earthy globe the furging Oceans bound.

And lelfer Seas more narrow fliores furround ;

For an inferior fea a Cu/ph may ftand,

Almolt enclos'd, and circumfcrib'd by land :

A Bay is as a fmaller Gii/pb df fin'd ;

A Creek\ a fmaller bay, lefs mov'd by wind ;

A Road is where a fliip may ride with eafe;

A Sn-eigbi's a narrow pafs that joins two feas ;

A Lake's an inland fea with certain bounds,

Whicii banking eartti on ev'ry fide furrounds;

A River through the land meandring goes.

Streams from its fource, and to the ocean flows.

INTRODUCTION.

Of the A R T I F I CI A L SPHERE, or G L O 15 E.

THE Splierc is an iirtificiiil machine, confillintT of many circles, invcntnl liy the lagnciry c
mathematicians, to explain tiie iloflrine of the Globe, or Orrery -, and to illullraie Uic motioiis oi
the carrli, jilnncts, &:c.

I'very circle is divided into j6o equal parts, which we call degrees ; eacii degree into 60 more
eqi.Kd parts, called minutes.

The Plane of a circle means that fiirfacc on which it is drawn ; and if the finfice be fuppofed
iif an infniite extent from the centre, it is Itill calleii the Plane of that circle. Hut circles arc liiid
to be in different Planes, when tiic furfaces on wiiich tliey are made incline to, or interfeCl
each otiier.

The Axh is that line wliich we conceive to pafs tiiroiigh the middle of the eanli, and on which
the whole mafs turns round; reprclented in the Artificial Glol)c by a wire. The two extremities
of tiie Axis are called the jioles of the equator; and if the Axi, be imagined to reach ihe ftars,
one point is called the arftic, and the other the antarcfic, or the north and fouth poles of the
world.

The principal Great Circles are thefe :

I'l-.e t-iUiitor is a great circle, going from eafl: to weft, which parts the globe into the north
and louth hemifiiheres. It is named the Equator, or Equinoclial Line, becaufe when tlic tiui
arrives th.ere the nights anil day-j are equal. It isalfo divided iato 360 degrees, reckoned eallward
from the firft meridian.

The Ikriztn is that a;reat circle wiiich parts the ujijier lK'mil"|)!iere from the lower, cr the vifibh;
from the invilible hemifphere. So much of the earth as we comprehend in our viev\-, in a circular
manner when we lland on a plain, is called the Senfible Horizon. It is a moveable circle, hav-
ing the zenith ])oint over the fpettator's head, and the nadir point under his i^^cx, for its two
poles. But the Rational Horizon is to fuppofe the eye at the centre of the earth, viewinjt 'lie
whole celelUal hem;fi)here U]nvards ; which is reprelented bv a broad >vOoden circle incompalilng
the globe, on wiiich are dcfcribed feveral other circles. The inner one is tlivided into 12 equal
j)arts, lliewing the 12 figns of tl-.e zod.iac ; each of wliit'i is fubdiviiicd inio ;iO degrees, mari<e(l
10, 20, 30. The next contains a calendar, ;iccoriiin;.'; to the Old Style, divided jnio luonths and
davs ; and the other is a calendar according to the New Style.

Tiie Meridian is a great circle, diviuing the glolie into t!ie ealt and well hcmifpl-.crcs : it lies
directly north and foutl'., palTuig tlirough the poles of the equator. The Meridian is changeable,
being prc>perly that part of the heavens where the fun is at noon ; fo that every place on the earth
has a difterent Meriilian, if we move call or well ; but p. ..Ting Jiortli or fouth, it remains the
fame. The Meridians marked on the globe are 24 leaiicircles, ending in the p'oles, which we
may multiply at pleal'ure ; for (ieograjihers ufually fetdc one Meridian, fiom whence they reckon
the longitude of any place, eafl or well ; as in the new lit of Maps for this Geograpiiy, London
is mad.e the Hrll Meridian. The globe hangs in a bral's circle, on which is placed another iiiiall
bi-.tfs one, called tu^ horary circle : this is divided into 24 equal parts, and dcl'ctibes tlie liours
of c'.ay and night ; which, in turning of the pjobe, ;;re pointed ('Ut by an in;!ex litted to the
pole. This is to ihew the rifing and f'tting of the fun, moon, and Itars; or the time of ilay in
;ill parrs of the earth. The degrees of latitude are marked on any Meridian line; but ,n maps,
alw.-.vs on the two outermoft.

Tiiere are two other meridians called Colivcs, w Inch being alfo great circles, cur tlie fphere
into four equal parts. The Solltice Colure goes through the poles, and cuts the ecliptic at the
firll degree of Cancer and Capricorn : the Equinox Colure goes likewife through the [)oles, but
cut.s the ecliptic at the beginning of Aries and Libra. By thefe the feafons are diilinguilhed ;
lor when the earth, in its annual courle, jiafles untler the Equinox Colure, then commence the
fpring and autumn ; but when it palVes under the Solllice Colinc, the winter and funimcr begin.

The L'.ihplic is a great obliip.ie circle, cutting the equator at angles of 23 degrees, 29 minutes.
It det'cribes the annual cour<i.' of the earth, north and )i)uth : but the courfe of tlic planets and
mt)on lies eigl'.t degrees; artiier on each fide ; which broad part of the fphere is comiiMniv called
the Zodiac, containing 16 dci'iees; the Ecliptic being that circle in the middle, v.luch i.i diviiicd
into 1 2 ligns, each containing jo degrees. The characters and names of the figns arc thus :

Aries

Cancer

Libra

iSi

Capriecrn

Taurus

Leo

Hccrpio

/Ljnarius

Gemini

yirgo

Siigiltarius

Pijees

There are two more Great Circles, called I'erticle, or Azimiilb Circles. Thefe are perpendi-
cular to (he lioti..'m, and pals through the zenith and nadir. They are not drawn on the globe,
but reprelented by the quavlrant of altitude, which is a very thin plate of brafs, made to fcrew
on the zenith of any place, and to reach the horizon ; being alfo divided into 90 degrees, for
taking the altitude of the fun or liars, when they are not on the meridian.

Tht- Lelfer Circles are four.

The two 'iTrcp/a are ihofe of Cancer and Capricorn : the firll is 23 defiirees 29 ntinutes north
from tlie equator, and tl;e other is the fame dillance to the fouth. On all globes and maj's the/
are known by a double line.

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INTRODUCTION. vli

The two remaining Circles nre Hill rninller, called the /fr.^ii; or Po'/ir Circles. The North I'nle
Circle is liiftsnt 23 cle,c;iees ly minutes fiom the North Pole; and the South Pole Circle is cii'.ii-
didant from the South Pole. Thefc Circles have alii, double lines.

The Cardinal Points are the four quarters of the worKI, ealt, wefb, north, and fou'li.

The Collateral Points are the iirineipal divilions and fubdivifions of the four thief ; in all -; :.

The earth beinj!; divided into live parts, by the tv.'o 1' topics and the two Pole Ciri ii-s, tliolc five
parts are named Zones. Two Temperate, two Frigid, and the Torrid Zone.

The North Temperate Zone includes all the land between the Tropic of Cancer ar.d the North
Pole Circle : and tlie South remjierate Zone includes all between the Tropic of Caj-n. ,ji n aiid
the South Pole Circle.

The two Frigid Zones contain all the land from the two Polar Circles to tlie very Poles. 1 hefe,
by the antients, were thou'^ht uninhabitable ; but navigators have difeovercd many well-peopled
countries within the Arctic Cireh', almoll round the North Pole; tiiough none has yet been dif-
towretl within the Antarctic, or South i'rigid Zone.

il-.e Torrid Zone includes all the I'pace between the two Tropics, the Equator beinir in the
mid. He. The whole is thorou;!;hly inhabited, though it lies under the lull a..iuial courle of tlie
fun i for which realbn the antients thought it could not be peopled for extreme hear, any more
than the Frigid Zones for extrciie cold.

The Temperate Zones contain in laiituile each 43 degrees 1 minutes, being the fjnce brtv.ecn
each IVopic and the Pole Circle. 'I'he Frigid Zones contain each 46 degrees 58 minutes; that
is to lay, ii, degrees 29 minutes on either fide the Pole: and the Torrid Zone, in like manner,
contains 46 degrees 58 minutes I litude ; that is, 23 degrees 29 minutes on cacii fide the Fquator.

II A

O W

TII F. antients alfo named liie inhabitants of t!ie earth, according to wliich w.ay the Sluulows of
flieir bodies were call by ilie noontide fun.

j'c'irj'cii are thofe beyond the Polar Circles, whole bodily Shadows turn round everv 24 hours.

//i'/i;i/iv/ are thofe people in the Temieraie Z';nes, whole noon Shadows ever tall ():!e way: tlie
North Tem|ierate Zone throwing it e.ortli, and i.ie .'■■ourh Tem[K'rate Zone throwing it (omh.

.•/fw^/'v':.'/ are thole who live in the i'e.ind, (;r Middle Zo:ie. Their noon Siuidow;, f.ll ni.'llreiit
ways at d;lfere:it lealons : for when ihe fun ueis to (he fgn Cancer, being the Nor:h Iropiv, their
Shallows fall fouih ; anil when ili; .mi reaches Capricorn, or the South Trojiic, ilic ^h..l •■ ro
north. And bee;'.''" , twice a ye,-.;-, their bodies make no fliade at all, the iuii pailiiij^ juiL over
tiieir heads, they arc theretore called -/Jcii.

PiTifiii is from Trif), which means toitnd about ; and o-xia, a Shuilo'-.v. Ikterqfiii is frv.n iVfi',,-,

meaning one only, and txijc,
that is, -ji'itboHt a Sbadozv.

.■/mpi.'ij'cii is from «/4f 1, icth tf.n/s. And yffcii is from :«, M\d r,'.i^ }

SITUATIONS.

'I' HI. r(t^/iY/ are ihofe wl'.o live in the fame jiarallel, have the fime latitude and I'cm!o;i;, and
the lame pole elevatCkl ; but have oppollte meridians, and coiifequently oppolite days and nights.

'I'hc .Innt'ii are thole piople who have the fame meridi.m, but oppoli;e paralleis ( equi'.iiUint
from the I'.ipiator, though on contrary fides. 'I'heir longitude is the fime, and eonieinienti) ihc
lame len;;ih of day and night ; but they have cc ntrary poles and lealons ; and when it is iiuon with
tine, it is midnight with the other.

/intipcM-s are fuch, whole parallel anil meridian are both oppofite. 'I'hey have the wi, ,!e |:ljbe
of the earth between them, in diametrical oppolition j they have contrary pules elevated : their
feet are direiflly o]i|)olite, and conlequeiuly their nights and days, winter ami Uimiuei.

ft
1

Of LATITUDE and L O N G I V U i) ]..

THE exadl fitiiation of cities and places, where the inhabitants of the earth refidt, U mm:
jiarticularly called their I ..iiitu.le and Longitude. l..i!itudc is ihe ilillaiice of any place from each
iidc the Iquator to eilher of the Poles ; which dillance being but <,u degrees each., no l.ititude
can exceed that number. ..«

Longitude is the dillaiue of a plaie from the firll, or Ibme other meridian. When Ptolomy
invented the way of dillini^iillung theliiuation of pl.iees, he did it by parallel and mtriiiian lines j
the latter palfin^ rouiiil the globe ihrough the Fquator and Poles, and the former King p.u.iUel to
the {■(lu.iior ; whiiii paiallel lines wire found very convenient for maiking the 1 ,ati(vii!i.' inio degree!
ni;d minutes. Then tor I .oii.;iii!dc, he fixed upon TtiierilV, one of the Canary inands, as the
Hioll wtflern part of the then know 11 \Mi|lil ; whiih having a very high mountaMi, was a good mark
(oi iii.ii iiiris, and the liiti II plue from whemeto begin a gener.il i ompiiiation. Aeiordingly,
all the old maps begin their J .ill Longitude from Teiierill', and becaule then 01 Iv one fulc ot"
of the globe was l.:u)wn, the di;irees were only i«o: but liiiee the ililio\ery of Aii'eriea, they
Hie carried (juite round to }t\o. This nurhod was always clleemed, and TenerifV reikoneil a good
ilandard miridian, till the 1 niuh, who like noihing which iliey themfelves ilo not invent, thought
propel to alter it, and make the llland Fero their new meridian, wliich, by laic obletvaiioiiv, lit*

j'Jit

viii INTRODUCTION.

juft two degrees more weft. Wlierefore, to prevent confurion, our modern Geographers, and
delineators of maps, make the metropolis of their own nation the firlt real meridian : and in this
cafe Longitude is two-fold, Ining, from London, either well or call ; as atfea it is computed from
ibme known port, or headland.

The Longitude of any place from London being known, the difference in the hour of the d.iy
i» alfo known. For as the fun performs his diurnal circuit in 24 hours, he gains in each hour 15
degrees, being a twenty-tourth part of j6o, or one degree in four minutes. So that at any place
15 degrees ealt of us, noon is an hour (boner with them, as it is an hour later with thofe who live
15 degrees well fiom us. The townof Pembroke, in Wales, being five degrees weft of London,
their noon is therefore 20 minutes later. If a clock, or any time-piece, could be fo made as to
go equal and true at any feafon, or diftance, the tlieory of Longitude at fca woulii be no more a
myftery : but as that is impracticable, our modern Aftronomers have contented thimfclvcs with
obferving tiie Solar and Lunar Kclipfes ; for if tlieir appearances and calculations are exadlly
known with us, and the fame appe irani:es are obferved in any other part of tiiis globe, the dif-
ference ar.fing from thofe times will fettle the ditferencc in Longitude by the ioicgoing lule.
The Eelipfe-- alfo of Jupiter's Moons, and the fpheroidal figure of the Harth, two important dif-
coveries of the fevenieenth century, will each, in their turn, lead us farther on to a true lyllein
of Longitude.

Laftly, Tliough all degrees of Latitude are equal in Icngtli, yet degrees of L,ongitude vary
in every new parallel of Latitude : for all the meridian lines meeting and interfeif'iing each othti
at the Poles the degrees of Longitude do naturally dim.inilli as they proceed euhcr way Iroin
the Equator. The bell explanaiion of which is an orange with the peel ftrippc.l otf; where the
natural partitions not only refemble, but are truly I'lc meridians of a (ilobe, CKjllln'; each otiier
at the top and bottom : whereas, if tiie orange is cut i.i lliccs the contrary way, tiie divifions arc
parallel, and the degrees of Latitude all equal.

The following Table fhcwshow the degrees of Lonijtude diniinirti, throughout all the parallels
of Latitude; reckoning 60 parts, or miles, for a octree at the Equator.

A TABLE, JJiewing the Number of Miles contaimd in a Degree of
Longitude^ in each Parallel of Latitude, fruj/i the Equator.

Degrees u*

Latitude.

Miles.

1 - th F.ini
ot a Mile.

I), jj^tts ot

LlIHllJf.

Ml In. [

5-'

J.i

''7

5^'

3«

46 1

5«

»9

S«

6!J

5**

5«

4-''

j'J

l!l

4«*

^'^

3«

3.^

3«

a'i

«7

3»

5»

30 1 S'

loorll Pilts
; :i M.

3-
"4
'6
54

.;8
62

00
iS

«5

3<»
57
73
00
18
26
4'

55
«>7
70
90
00

Digues of
I u>lt.

(>1

t'3
64

65
66

67
68

70
7'
72
73
74

75
76

77
7«
79
80
81
82
83
«4

87
88
89
90

Mill

27
26

25
24

22
21
20

»9
j8

'7
16

>5
'4

'3
12
1 1

09
o«

07
06

01
00

I "th I'irts

. I .. Mile.

«7
24
30
36
41
45
48

5»

52
54
55
54
53
52
5»
50
48
45

42
38
35
32
28

23
i3

INTRODUCTION.

OS
00

^ TABLE, Jhewifig in whai Climate any Country lies^ fuppoftng the
Length of the Day, and the Dijlance of Place from the Equator^ to be

hioi^H.

L ituutU.
D. M,

I156

'jlf9

.5^62

16 OJ
1764

2065

2 1 6ti

22166

2jjb6

24I66

2OJO9

17;,)

4984

45 -9

^49 01
952 00

io,54 :

2q
5«

is|

--1
0(J

: I

47
c'..

i'.
2b

3'
21

4«
37
J-^
"5

7 -5

8 25

.6 25

-J 50

.]o 25

;6 2Sl 6

41 — 4 54

Bicad.h.

r. ^'

IJ.iV.

5;
29

5:?
44
43

•7

12 30
'3

13 30
14

'5 30

16 JO

'7
18
18
"i>

20
20
21
21

22
22

-3
-3

-'': __
1 Niciiitli

: Moiulis

;, M our lis

4 Moiirhs

5 Moiitli.'.
ti Moiulis

30
30
30
30
3>J
30

Names ot Cuuiitiies and remarkable Phees, liiuateJ in every Climate Norih of the

Equator.

I. Within the firit climate lie the Gold and Silver Coafts in Africa;
Malacca, in the Eall-Indies ; Cayenne and Surinam, in Terra
Firma, South America.

II. litre lie Abylluiia, in Africa; Siam, Madrafs, and Pondicherry,
in the Eall-Indits ; Straits of Darien, between Nortii and South
America ; Tobago, Granadcs, St. Vincent, and Barbadoes, in
the Weil-Indies.

III. Contains Mecca, in Arabia ; Bombay, part of Bengal, in the
Eaft-Iiidics ; Canton, in China ; Mexico, ISay of Campeachy, in
North America; Jamaica, Hilpaniola, St. Ciiriftophers, Antigua,
Maninico, and Guadaloupe, in the Weft-ladies.

IV. t,!;vpr, rtnd the Canary Illands, in Africa; Delli, capital of
the Mogul Empire, in Afia ; Gulph of Mexico, and Eaft-Elorida,
in North America ; theHavannah, in the We(t-lndies.

V. Gibraltar, in Spain ; part of the Mediterranean Sea ; the Barbary
Coall, in Africa ; Jerufalcm ; Ifpahan, capital of Perfia; Nanking,
in Ciiina -, California, New-Mexico, Weft-Flonda, Georgia, and
the Caroiinas, in Nortli America.

VI. Lilbon, in I'ortugal ; Madrid, in Spain ; Minorca, Sardinia,
and part of Greece, in the Mediterranean; Afia Minor, part of
the Calpian Sea ; Samarcand, in Great Tartary; Peking, in China;
Corea and Japan; Wiiliamfburgh, in Virginia; Mary."<ind and
I'hiladelpiiia, in North America.

\ II. Northern provinces of Spain ; fouthcrn ditto of France ; Turin,
Genoa, ;ind Rome, in Italy ; Conftantinople, and the Black Sea,
in Turkey; the Cafpi.m Sea, and part of Tartary; Ne\N-York,
Bofton, in New-England, North America.

VIII. Paris, Vienna, capital of Germany; New-Scotland, New-
foiiiulland, and Canada, in North America.

IX. London, Flanders, Pr.igue, Drefden ; Cracow, in Poland;
fouthern provinces of Runia ; part of Tartary ; north part of
Newfoiindlanil.

X. Dublin, York, I lolland, Hanover, Warfaw, in Poland, Labradore,
and New South Wales, in North America.

XI. Fdinburgh, Copenhagen, Mofcow, capital of RulTia.

XII. South part of Sweden, Toboin>;i, capital of Siberia.

XIII. Orkney llles, Stockholm, capital of Sweden.
XI\'. Bergen, in Norw,iy ; Peforlburgh, in Rulfia.

XV. Hiidlon's Straits, North America.

XVI. S;beri,i, .\w.\ the I'outh part of Weft Greenland.
X\'ll. Drontheiin, in Norway.
XVIII. Part of Finland, in RulTia.
XiX. Archangel, on the White Sea, Ruflia.

XX. Hecia, in Iceland.

XXI. Norihern parts of Rulfia and Siberia.

XXII. New North Wales, in North America.

XXIII. Davis's Straits, in ditto.
XXI\'. Samoieda.
X/vV. South part of I.apland.
XXVI. Wclt-(ireenland.
XXV'I. Zemhia Auftralis.

XXVIII. /.rmbia Borealis.

XXIX. Spitlbergen, or Ead Gnenland.

XXX. lliknnwii.

fht

tNTRODUCTI

O N.

SOLAR

SYSTEM. *

th--

n:-.

"Ul

iindfii'

a(li)iii(i

■ in

'j;

:>;

.UK

>1K

uc .

')'

VII

ill'

1/ '

'.11

.',)i

'J ]•

■.; .i

TO explain the difpofition of the fcvcral parts of tlic iiiiot-rk-, and dcmoniha
bf the heavenly motions with refpeft to each other, anJ to the eaith, it is necelVarv
the Sjflc-m of the IVorld.

Several Syjlems have, at various times, been formed ciiiclly from conic^lure ; but tl
improvements in aftronomy made in later ages, have expioJetl error,i.ous fuppoficioii
rience, adifted by experiment, have at length fixed on a perma''.viit balis, the only
called the Sclar Syjlem.

This admirable Syftem was invented by Copernicus, a I'rullian, and afterwardi
ftrated and explained by the incomparable Sir Il'aac Newton, who clearly elucid.utt!
of the iiniverfe,

" Where order in variety we fee,

" And wliere, tlio' all things difl'er, all agree."

Tliis Syftem confifts of the Sun in the centre, and ihe Planets and Comets moving about ir.
The Planets are vaft boiiies, which to us ajipear like liars ; not that tliey have
tliemfcives, but lliine merely by relledingtiie light of the fun.

" Each Planet (liining in liis proj-er fphere,

" Does, with jull f|)ced, his radiant voyage fteer ;

'' Each fees his lamp with different lullre crown'd,

" Each knows his courfe with dirVerent jieriods bound;

" And in his pailage through tiie liquid fj)ace,

" Nor haftcns, nor retards liis neighliours race.

" Now fliine thefe Planets with fublhuuial rays,

" Does innate lullre gild their nuafur'd days?

" No; but tliev do as is by fylleni Ihewn,

" Dart furtive beams, aiid gior\', not tlieir own,

" All fervants to that louicc of lit:ht, tiie Sun."

any

i",!;t u\

i'CLiuLfy,

The Planets are either Primayy, or .v

The Primary Planets are fix in number, vi

Mercury, Earth,

Venus, Mars,

Jupiter,

Saturn.

ajiet;-.

Tiu-fe are called Primary Planets, becanl'e they move round the Sun; and the i.rlier
called Secondary, becaui'e iliey move round the Piimary I'lanets.

The Secondarv Planets are ten in number, and go under the general name of Mc:::s : of
0>ic moves round the i.ttitb, f(,:(r round 'J.:p:hr, anil fic- round Sjinnt.

With refpect to Comets it is univerfally agreed, tliat they are immenfe bodies ri volvir ■
tl-.e fun in elliptical orbits. Thiir peiioilical times are equally eontl.uit, ceriaii;, am'
thofe of the Planets; but the bodies tlicmlelvc-. are abundairJy more denle, as tluy
greater extremes of heat and rold, without any Ichlibli- dimiiuiiicn.

ri;
■.\\\\

into --

all Pl.;nets lno^ from ea(i to well in tlie plane nl iheit.innn, .imi m uiueim iumuj iuini.h ; uu-

Conv.is, in their \ery eilijitical orbits, travtrle the com[)als in all directions (the plane of tiie
_i:. ..-.,. IN I ,\.^, ; .,.,.,„,..• i:, .,-,w,,i,.,f,,i .,. „,„ ,,^ ; c,.,- ;., ,\ u;.. „(•.,,..!.

Otl , T

runners of fome tremendous event

ecli[)tir, and in orbits ne.uly liiuilai

u.u.o. 111 U1...1 .-., ^...,...^ ^..., — ^..- ...- com[)als in all directions (the pi.

;lipiic excepted), ;'nd tliat in a manner I'o wonderful, as not to inu-rfcrc in t''e orb
dier. SiiperlUtion I'lnf.; held them as ominous, and tlic viilL;ar iupj oftJ they wuc ic

inncrc nT iiinif tri'ini'iidi ill'; fvenr.

r. i of (Mck
nuin (oie-

" Thus terribly in air the Comct'i roll,

" And flioot malignant gleams from pole to pole s

" "Tween worlds and worlds tin y move, and from their air

" Shake the blue plague, the pellilence, and war."

• Thoiiiih the Ncwtoiil.iii Syftem fccms to difTer, in I'omc rrfpffl«, from thr account of the C.'ri itioii Uy MolW,
»et liMih arc trui', aii'l tlic v.tiijlion i« unly in point <il ixpniriuii. M'llts .iliudi:.-. lu ilic rotation i.l' die lini r iiiml
lis (iwii a.MS wliiili f 'ini- h.vu niill.iJfcn lur .i iiMlicii i muiiJ tin ciiitli. liut i( (l.oulJ Iw itioii'itul, ilut Moii:*
bad an itjnorant and (lift'-nickid pioplL- to di-.il with ; in tunCinriirr ol' which he l.illicd a', .i M raUjU nut as 4
Phil^f'-' ■< , and Widiid to niaki' thim gad, not Iciirned; hi' thcretiifc f.icritii.(.d iiuthvnutK al dil'.mct.oni to tiiu
aiiMc numcduic duuu of hik tum^tiuii is a nii^iuus Law-gi>.i.

S U N*.

INTRODUCTION.

T M F. Sun, fitiKited in tlie centre of the iinivcrfe, is the fountain of light, the fource of the
feafons, the caiifc of tlie viciiruudcs of day and iiip-ht, th': parent of vegetation, and the friend of
man. It is a prodigious body of intenfe iteat, and amazing illumination: in fine, when we viev/
the Sun we behold a globe of liquid fire, wiiole diameter i:; equal to loo diameters of the earth;
the thici;nefs being 795,000 miles. Its furface is 10,000 times larger than the earth, and its ilili-
dity 1,000,000 greater: that is, the furface is the fquarc of the thickncfs, and the folidity its cube.

" The Sun that rolls his beamy orbs on high,

" Pride of the world, and glory of the iky,

" lUufiious in his courfe, in bright array

" IVlarcnes along the lieav'ns, an; fcatters day

" O'er earili, and o'er the main, and the ecjiereal way.

" He in the morn renews iiis radiant round,

" And warms tlie fragrant bofom of the ground ;

" But e'le the noon of day, in fiery gleams

" He darti tlie glory of his blazing beams;

" Beneath the bin'nings of his lultry ray,

" liarth to her center pierc'd, admits tlie day."

MERCURY.

T 1 1 L''. Planet Mercury is about two-thirds of the earth's magnitude, being 2700 miles in
(lianuiu-. His difianee from the eartii is 88, coo, 000 of niik-s, and from the fun ,32,000,000 of
miles. His revokuioa roiintl the i'un IS m.ide in a little more than 88 days, wi'h the velocity of
100,000 miles in an iiour, which is almoii as fwilt again as the earth travels ; for we only go
56,000 miles in the lame fpace. The heat of the fun in tiiis Planet is fomcthing more than feveii
times greater than the luat of the hottcft part of the earth in the moil; fultry fummer, which is
fulRcieui to make water boil.

'• Mercury, nearefl to the central Sun,

" I'yoes, in !,is oval orbit, circling run ;

" But leldom is the object of our light,

" la folar glory lunk, and more prevailing light.'"

T 1 1 L. Planet A'enu:; appears to the eye to l)c the brigiirell: hf all the Planets ; and from its fupe-
rior luihv it ca:inot he miilaken lor any of then. I'lie I'ilh'.nce of Venus from the fun is 60,000,000
?,i' ni'lcs i her revolution round the I'uii is performed in a littU- more tiiari 224 days, and her motion
' - ' ir is 70,000 miles. From tiie uncommon brightnelo of tliis I'lanet, the poets have made

it the (.i )ddels of iieaiitv.

• " She ttiin'd, and maile appear

" Her neck refulgent, and ililhevell d hair;

" W'hicli Mowing on her ilionlders rc-aeli'd the ground,

•' And widely fprtad ambrolial fcents aroun;!;

" In length of train delccnds her fweeping gown,

" Antl, by her graceful walk, the (j^ieen of Love is known."

II.

fTi

reviilu:
liom t'
is calk
/.odi.U'

v.'incti,

Ihe
linil tq;

The
♦aids t

F. F.arth forms its revolution roiuul the fun in J65 <lays 5 hours and 4'i miiuitcr., whieh
I'ln mai.es what we term a year. The I'.arth is ne.ir 80,000 miles in diameter, and diltant

■ fun .iboiK 81,0,^1,000 of miles. The line wiiii h this I'kmet delcribes in its annu.il iiiotiuii
d the F.'.lij tic, through which it proceeds from well to call, according to the ii^^ns of the
i and it is titis mention whicli Citilis tlie diilerent feafons of fpring, fummer, auttimn, and

anil of tlie vaious len;;ths of ikiys and nights in thole feafons.

I'.atili, in I'ailing tiu(iu:/,h the ccllptir, always keeps its axis in a fituation parallel to itfelf,
tally inclined to the plane of the ccli]:tic, which is 2 j degrees and a half.
rotation of tiie I'artli round its own axis makes it day in thofe parts which are turned to*

le fun, and night in thofe pans which are turned from the fun.

Wiiile tl;e brig'.t radiant fni in centre glows,

'I he earth, in aiuuul motion, round it goc3 {

At the fame lime on its own axis reels,

And gives us cliange of fe.ilbns as it wheels j

ileiirc (lirs we fie in various order bright,

Hence \.c arc blclVd with clian(jc of day .ind night.

MAR S.

INTRODUCTION.

Mars is fuuated next above the earth in the fyltein of the iinivcTlc, his courfe being in the
interval between the orbit of Jupiter and tliat of the K;irth, but very didant from both. It is
the lealb of all the Planets, Mercury excepted j has lels liiihe than any other (lar, and appears of
a dulky red hue. Mars is confiderably lei's than the I'.artii, its diameter being only 4400 miles.
His ditlance from the fun is 123,000,000 of miles, and he revolves about that central luminary
in 6S7 days, proceeding at the rate of 45,000 mile:, in an hour. Iroin the fangiiinary appear-
ance of this Planet, the ancient poets, in their fables, deemed it the God of \N'ar.

" Thus on the banks of Hebrus freezing flood,

" The God of Battles in his angry mood,

" Cladiing his fword againft his brazen ibicld,

" Lets loofc the reins, and fcours along the held.

" Before the wind his fiery couriers lly,

" Groans the fad earth, refounds the rattling fky ;

" Wrath, fcrror, Treafort, I'lmiult, and Drfpaii , 1

" Dire faces, and deform'd, lurronnd the car, >

" Friends of the God, and followers of the war." J

JUPITER.

JUPITF, R is the largcft of all the Planets, Init being very remote from the Sun, would
Icarte enjoy any light, had not the great Author ot Nature provided it v. ith four moons, or fatel-
lites, « hich revolve round it in different orbits.

The diameier of Jupiter is upwards of 80,000 miles, and the mafs of matter it contains 220
times greater than our Earth. The diftance from the fun is 424, 00,^000 of miles ; he involves
round his own axis in 9 hours and 56 minutes; round the fun in ji years and 10 months, and
proceeiis at the rate of 24,000 miles an hour.

Exclufive of a famous Ij^xjt by which the diurnal motion of this Planet was originally determined,
it has fwathes, or belts round it, that arc moveable, and which are formed by clouds ; and, like
the trade winds to us, lie in tracks parallel to the equator. The poets feigned this Planet to be
the head ef the heathen Deities, or fabulous Gods, and reprefented him as having tiie command
of the tliundcrbolts.

" The pow'r immenfe, 'eternal energy,

" The king of Gods and men, whole .iwful

" Uifperfes thunder on the leas and land,

" Difpoling all with abllilute command."

hand

SATURN.

SATURN is the mofl dirtant Plantt in the whole Syllcm, being 779,000,000 of miles f.o.n
the fun. He is 30 years in performing his revolution, and yet moves at the rate of 1 8,000 miles xa
hour, lie is 61,000 miles in diameter, contains 94 times as much matter as the Earth; but his
denlity is not more than a feventh ()art of tlie matter which compofes otir Planer.

As the light and heat in Saturn are not above a ninetieth part of wliat we enjoy from the fun, t!i
wile Creator of the Univerfe hath accommodaied Saturn with five ino'jns, wiiich rev.ih'e roun i hiii
in different orbs. But the moll fingular circiimllaiu e relative to this Planet is Jiis rinf^. This i
a vaft body of earth, of the thicknefs of near 800 miles, which fnrro...ids Saturn in form of a
circle, at the dilhmce of 21,000 miles from its furl'ace.

c
111

'us is

«*

-i
J

SECONDARY PLANETS.

Til E Secondary Planets, as we have already obferved, are ten in number, viz. live belonging
to Saturn, four to Jupiter, and one to our Earth.

With relpeit to nine of thefe Moons, or Satellites, namely, t i.-fe belonging to Saturn and Ju-
piter, they were unknown till the lad century, by reafiin of ili- . Iieini_< lo dimiiaitive, that diey
could not be ken from our Earth without the ufe of long telcl>opes; limic, till thole critical
glalVe.'. were improved, thefe Secondary Planets were unobferved.

'I'he Moon which lights our Earth, contains about the fortieth part of the quantity, or mafs of
matter, which comj)ole the Planet we refide upon. It is near 2200 miles in diameter, 240,000
miles u.ilant from us ; and its furface is about 14,000,000 of fqu.ire iniks.

I'he Moon is the ipiickell in its motion of all tlie Planets, making its revolution in 27 davi
liven hours .uid three (luarter?. Tlie light which this Planet affords us at night is not the only
benefit we receive from it ; fur it governs the waters, and gccafiuns the tides, which are of inliniie
benclit tu mankind.

The

INTRO DUCTION;

knit

" The Moon, as day-light fades,

" Lifts her broad circle in the decp'ning Ihadesj

" Array'd in glory, and enthron'd in light,

" She breaks the folenin terrors of the night ;

" Sweetly inconllant in her varying flame,

" She changes Hill, another, yec the fame :

" Now in dccreafe, by flow degrees flic flirouds

" Her fading luftreb in a vale of clouds :

" Now at encrcal'e, lier gath'ring beams difplay

" A blaze of light, and give a paler day.

" Ten thoufand Itars atlorn her glittering train,

" l-'ail when fhe falls, and rife with her again ;

" And o'er tiic deferts of the fky unfold,

" Their burning fpangles of Sidereal gold ;

" Thro' the wide lieav'iis flie moves lerenely bright,

" Queen of the gay attendants of the night ;

" Orb above orb, in fweet confufion lies,

" And witii a bright diforder paints the ikies."

FIXED

STARS.

• -E

THE dlfl'ercnre, with regard to \ifion, between the fixed Stars and Planets is, that the latter
have a more placid lultre than tl;e fonncr. The fi\cd Stars have the fource of light within them-
felves, being Sun-i but the Planets arc compofed of opake matter, and have no light but what
they receive fron; the Sun, or their own Sa;eliitr.,,. Hence, though the fixed Stars are at an
immenfe difbme, their brightnefs exceetis that of the Planets, and tliey are to be diftinguiilied
by their twinkling, though Venus and Tvlcrcury oolIi twinkle, but not in fo great a degree'^as the
fixed Stars.

Beyond the atmofphere of our S. Hem -He heavens are filled with a fluid much more rarified
than our air; and lu'rc the Jixed Stars are placed at difll-rent, but immenfe diftances fron; us, and
very great diilanccs from each otiier. " We mull .'lavx a vad idea of this fpace, (fays an accurate
writer) when we coiilider that the largdl of the fixed Stars, which are probably the neareit to us,
are at a diftance too great tor the exprelilon of all that we can conceive from figures, and for all
means ot adir.e.iiuiement. The fmallell: are, doubdefs, more and more remote to the Icalt,
which are of the hxtli magnitude. Thefe mult be in a part of the heavens more remote from us
than the others, and yet beyond thefe t-defcopes difcover to us more Stars too dilUnt to be at all
perceptible to the naked eye ; and in projiortion to the power of thefe inllruments, more or lefs ue
difcover." Hence we may obtain fome idea of the inlinite wifdom and power of the Gi-eat
Creator or tiie Univcrfe.

" Wlio fpread the pure Ceruliaii fields on high,

" And arch'd the t haiiibers of the vaulted ttty ;

" Which he to fuit iheir glory with their height,

" Adorn 'd with globes that reel, as drunk, with liglittj

" His hand directed all the timeful fpheres,

" He tuin'd their orbs, and polilh'd all the Stars."

0/ the CLIMATE S.

T H I-, RF. are 24 Climates on each fide the equator; and under the equator the longeft dav is
no n.oie t.ian -wclvc iiours; and in proportion as we advance towards tlie Polar Circles, the days
cncrealc in every Climate half an hour; and at the Polar Circles, the longell day is 24 hours
loknow whatUmiate any cuy, town, or village is in, obferve the lont^ell day, from which deduci
i:, and multiply the remainder by two, when the piodud will be the 'number of the Climate.

M P

The longell day in London is

From which deducT^

Hours.
16

Multiply the remainder by 2
The produd is the Climate of London — . 8

The

Like feafons, climes mull differ ev'ry where,
liut man is fitted ev'ry tlime to bear,

XIV

INTRODUCTION.

• •

Of the COMPASS.

i N the Compafs there are four Cardinal Points, -.'u, Eaft, Wel>, North, and South. Bt'
tween thefe four grand points many intermediate points are formed ; but ihefe, for the purpofcs
of Geography and Navigation, are confined to 32. As all thefe refpeft the pofition of places,
we find by them how empires, kingdoms, dates, provinces, dillrids, &c. are fituatedwiih regard
to each otl\er ; that is, whether they lie northerly, loutherly, callerly, or wefterly, or agreeable
to any of the inferior or intermediate points.

The invention of the Mariner's Coii.pafs has been, perhaps, of as great and general utility as
any difcovery that ever benefited mankind, as by its means the wants of one country are accom-
mod,-ited with the fuperfluities of another ; the welfare of individuals, fituated at a great diltancc,
becomes interefting to each other ; and the inhabitants of the whole univerfe are linked in one
great fociety.

While the toiich'd Needle trembles to the Pole,

The failor fleers wherever waves can roll ;

Loft to the fight of earth, and li^ht of day, '

Thro' boundlefs oceans he explores his way ;

On the true Com])afs all his hopes depend.

His faitiiful guide, and his diredting friend.

ihe Number of Miles to a Degree 0/ Latitude in other Nations, in Pr portion to ours of Sixty-nine.

'M A

Statute Britifli miles — — —

Italian miles, each 475 Rhinland perch, [according to Varenius]
Common Turkilh miles ditto — — -

Spanilh miles — — —

Marine leagues of France, (ours the fame) —

German leagues — — —

Low Dutcli tr.ivelling hours — — —

Great leagues of Poland and Denmark — —

Swedifh miles — — —

Hungarian miles — _ _.

Verfts of Mofcovy — — —

Perfian, Arabian, and Egyptian parfanj^a —

Chinefe leis — — — —

69
60
60
J?

IJ
20

»5

12
10

250

The FrencJi meafiire is to ours as 15 to 16.
being our ilatute mile.

Therefore 4950 Paris feet are equal to 52S0 Briiifh,

I N all Maps the north is at top, the fouth at bottom j the eaft on the right, and the weft on
the left : or, if it be otherwifc, it is always txprefled i-itlicr by words on each fide, or by a Mari-
ner's Compafs, w herein the mark of a I'leur-de-lys alwavs denotch the north.

Maps are laid down and proportioned to a certain fcale, which is always taken from the degrees
of Latitude.

The dejrrees of Latitude arc always marked on the eaft and weft fide of the Map.

The degrees of Longitude are always marked on the north and t'oiith fide of the Map.

A ilegree of Latitude is always of the fame breadth : wherefore the diftanc ■ of two jilaces feated
directly north and i'ouih, is immediately known by knowing the difierent Latitudes. But a degree
of Longitude is of dift'erent extent.

Tiie Latitude and Longitude of a place being known, you may find it immediately in the
Map, by drawint^ a line, or thread, crofs the Map both ways; and where the two lines cut one
another, the place ftands.

Thf Karth being a Globe, a Map of the whole Earth muft necefTarily confift of two parts, both
fides of the{ilobe not being vifible at once. Accordingly, in a univerfal Map, the right hand
circle ftiews the Old World, or Europe, Afia, and Africa; and the left hand circle fliews the New
Y" I'.d, or America.

Upon the general Map are marked the Circles correfponricnt to thofe in the Sphere, namely, the
Equinoclial Line, the two Tropics, and the tw o Polar Circles, all wliich crofs the Map from eaft
to we!' i and the firit Meridians furrounding the two llemifpheres from north to fouth, the Paral-
lels lying from north to fouth at ten degrees dillance ; and the Meridians at the fame diltancc from
weft to eaft, arc alfo marked upon general Maps.

Particular Maps, being parts of this, retain the Meridians and Parallels belonging to that par-
ticuhu- part j which are made fiiiallcr or larger, as the paper on which it is drawn will admit j and
the diftancc of places mentioned in it are always exadtly propouioned to the breadth of the Paral-
lels. So that let a Map be ever lb finall, the diftancc of places is exactly flicwn, if mcafured
according to the degrees of Latitude in tliat particular Map.

tNtkODijCflON.

:tv^

In both general and particular Maps, the thick fliadowing denotes the Sea-coaft. Rivers are
marked by lartre fliadowed ferpentine lines; Roads by double lines; divitions of Countries by
dotted lines ; larger for Provinces, and fiiiailer for Subdivifions ; and divifions of Nations are often
fheun bv chain lines. Forefts are reprefented by trees; Mountains by rifing fhadows ; Sands by
dotted Beds; Marlhes by fliadowed beds; Lakes by fliadowed coafts.

The names of Provinces are written in larger capitals ; and fmaller Divifions, in fmaller capitals;
great Cities in round Roman ciiarafters ; fmaller Towns in Ita/ic.

The exact fituation of a Town is ihewn by a little round o, but larger places have the addition
of a church for a Market-Town, if the fize of the Map will admit. A City is noted by a chu.'-ch
with houfes about it, as much as the fcale will allow. I'articular qualifications of Cities are diftin-
guiflied by murks, as a Bifliopric has a crofs, or fometimcs a miire over it.

An Arehbilhopric has a double crofs over it.

A Univeriity has a liar, or fometimes a Cathicent.

An Abbey is fliewn by a crook, or palloral llaff.

A I'orirefs, by angles like baftions.

A Caltle, by a little tlag.

A Gentleman's Seat, by a houfe only.

Otlier marks are aftisdlcd by particular engravers, which they explain in tlie margin.

in the
jt one

B, both
It hand
le New

lly, the

Im eaft

Paral-

le from

lat par-
It ; and

Paral-

Icafurcd

Of the E A R T H, abJlraBedly confidcred.

T H F. firft thing that prefents itfelf to our view is that huge, mafly fubftance, tiiC Globe of
the F.ardi, confiding of many folid materials, as well as great quantities of fait and frefh water ;
for wliich reafon the philcjfophers commonly call it tlie Terraqueous Globe. And thouL^h the folid
matter may perhaps be more than the fluid, yet tlie water takes up much tlie g; iter part of the
furface of the Globe, us is plain to any one wiio looks uj)on a Map of tlie Earth; for befide the
rivers and lakes, pools and fountains, which water the F.artii in various places, the ocean, and its
particular feas, are much more extended tiian the dry land ; wliich doubtlefs was ordered by the
Maker o'( all 'Things, for the good of mankind, there being liich great occafion for water to moiftcn
the F.arth, lupiily us witli Hlli, and facilitate commerce and navigation.

But referring to another place what we fliall fay iibout the waters, if we confider the Earth pro-
perly I'o called, we fliall find it to be a heap of various bodies ; for therein are difcovered find,
clay, mould of various colours, feveral Ions of Itones, many I'alts, lulphur, bitumen, minenlls,
and metals, without number. Nor is it neceflary to tiig to the centre of the earth, whither human
indultry can never penetrate, for the dil'covcry of ihele tilings; they are fometimes met with in
great abundance, not many feet deep. But in the mines of Hungary and Peru, which are faid to
be deeper tlian ordinary, great Itore of fuch things apptar.

The ancient pliilofo|)hers (and Iclioolmen, who followed their opinion, and maintained that the
Earth isojiC of thofe four Elements whereof all thinj^s confilt) oblerving fuch a medley of things
to lie uniier tile rface of tlie F.arth, faid this was not the pure Element they meant, buc that it
■was fome.vher. 'lOUt the centre: hut fince no man can ever come at thole parts near tiiC centre
of tlie Earth, lii' , conjecture of theirs is ufelels.

If Dcs Carte' o hypochefcs weie but well grounded, that tlie Planets were once of the like na-
ture with the fixed hears, confuting of a fiery I'ubllance, and came alterwards to be crullcd over with
thick and folid matter, there iiii(j,ht be Itill, at this day, a great tire in the centre of the Earth, as
fome people imagine. But fuice the grounds on which he l\ip[iofed the Planets to be derived,
may be reckoned among thofe things which are every way doubtful, and only feem not impolTible,
though perhaps as far from being true as real impollibili;ies ; it is a ralhnefs in his followers to
take this imaginary fire at liie centre of the F.arth for a certain truth.

If tho." parts wliich now make up the Earth were once loofe, and carried round the fame centre
in a circular motion, we could then gather, fVom molt certain experiments, that the grolfell of all
the parts fell down to the centre of the Eartii. Now, fince we know nothing heavier than metals,
it would not be abfurti Co fuppole, that the inmoft bowels of the F.arth were rilled wich a prodigious
Itore of various metals ; and this being prefumed, our opinion would receive confirmation from
magnetic experiments, by which it generally appears, that the Earth is of tiie nature of a great
loadltone. I'hereforc we might, with great realon fuljiect, that at the heart of the F.arth there are
iron and loadltone in great abundance, which would be jult contrary to their opinion who hold a
fiery centre. But this our hyjiothefis is built upon no certain reafon, and therefore, for the avoid-
ing of error, it is much die I'afell way to fufpen<l our alVent in this cafe.

1 lowever, tliis is obfervable, that tiie deeper we dig into the tjiocnid, the heavier the matter is ;
and rliough tliere be no coming near the centre of t!ie I'.arth, ye: fuch metals are dug out of the
dec I'elt mines, as are rarely found on the furface ; and if, inlte.id of digging mines a mile and a
hall deep, which is liaruly eve.- done, we could go fome miles downward, perhaps the matter would
flill be cloier and heavier.

But be this as it will, tliur, much we are Aire of, as to the parts about the furface of the Earth,
th.ic they are under a continual change and alteration, which may proceed from various caufes.
Air.ong thole cacifes we will no*^ reckon human labours : but this we fee, that the hardeil bodies
in the world, the very adamant itl'elf not excepted, being cxpofed to the open air, do wear and
walle in time, and u!idergo various alterations without the hand of man; and, therefore, the
whole lurfacc of the I'.arth, whereon the air perpetu.illy prcllls, mult needs be fubjcdt to fuch
aht:rati(;ns.

Befidc

xvi I N T R O D U C i r O N.

BeHde the perpetur.l change of the feaibns, heat and coKl, r.iiii ami wiiul, farthqiiakc-s and run-
ning waters, arc always making a wonderful change in that pan of the I'arili whieh is next tiie
furface : and if wc take in the daily uuitatioiis of nmiiinerable animals and ;>1 uits, uliiili ait- tid by
the fruits and moillure of tlic I'.arih, and after a Iho.t time putiify, and reunn to tariii .i.-ain,
wc fliall have reafon to biliive, that this lurface on which we tread, i-rin-cially in coiniiries liiai have
been long inhabited, is, for the moll part, eompoled of tiic bodies of men aiid bealls, or ;ather
of a matter which is every day putting on new forms.

And by Inch |)erpetual variations of matter, there mnll neetis liappen an increafc of dry l.artit,
and a decay of inoilhire j for it does not appear, that the part;, cl lUiid bodies, winch have been
once blended with folids, and have been lo iinpiegnated witii lalis as to lole their fluidity, do ever
retrieve it again. This is evident in plants anti animals, uhicli grow bigger fo long as tlicy
receive Ipirit and nouriflimcnt from litpiors, but afterwards turn to corruption. Some conclude
from h.cnce, that in order to prevent too great a decay, or total failuie of moilUiie in the I'lane's,
God created Comets j that fo their funics ditfufmg dieinfelves th.rough th.e vortex of the Sun,
might fall into the lefler vortices of the Planets, and augment their liquids.

Moreover, there mufl: needs be a vail change made in the Earth by means of t!ie many fires
wliicii I'icy uprjn it within.

Phi!>)idj)hers Ibmetiines eorduler the Earth as a huge loadltone, which, when we come to fpc.k
of tlie loadflone, wc Ihall have opportunity to cidarge upon. Meanwhile we mav here obferve,
tliat in liiis reljieet ailb tlic L'.arth is much altered, as appears from the variations of the Magnetic
Needle, v.iiich iometimes points directly at the Pole, and Ibmetimes declines I'everal degrees ealt or
tvll. But livs caiMot i-,a;-;.en, without an alteration in the pores of that magnetic matter which
Ho\,s out of tlie l^irih, and which feems to come at one time direc'tly from tlie Pole, and at ano-
ther time from thi^fe j aris which are on the right or left lide of the Pole. And v.hether this
varianr.'n proce.ds from the tires under groimd, which may f'poil here and there a mine of loatl-
ftone, (yet fb as rint it may a!ter'.vards recover its virtue again) or whether it be frum ibmc other
caufe, IS what no man certainly knows.

GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS.

ROB

E M

ahe Latitude of any Place Icing give?], to reSlify the Globe for that Place.

L F, T it be required to rcclify the Cdnb-,- for the Latitude of London, 51 deg. j2 ir.in. north ;
and M."' .d 40 deg. lomin. north, proceed thus:

'li' '.le I'ole on which the dial-plate is fixed towards the verge of the Horizon, nipping or
tnovi..^ the Globe backwards or forwards in the notches of the Horizon, till the H.);i/.on cets the
btPzen Meridian in 5; (.leg. 3: min. (viz. a little more than 51 and a halt) ; fb ia the tilobe rectified
for the Latitude of Lontlon ; that is, the North Pole will then lie elevated 51 deg. 32 min. above
th; Horizon ; and London being brought to the Meridian itlelf, will then be in Zenith, or riglic
up, an'' .'.r equal diilance 'rom all [>arts of the Horizon.

Dcpreis he Pole till the Horizon cuts the brazen Meridian at 40 deg. loir.in. antl you have then
the poliu.on of the iidiabitants at Madrid; and turning the Globe till M.id rid comes to the Meiidian,
you will rind it in the Zenith, or top of the Globe, under 40 deg. 10 min.

No'-'. If it were required to redit'y the Globe tor South Latitude, then you imu! elevate t!ic
Sou''i Pole to tlie given'Latitude, inllead of the North Pole ; but this is better explained by the next
Problem.

ROB

W i

The Latitude and Longitude of any Place given, tof/id the fame.

fir/!. You are to obferve whether the Longitutle be reckoned from London, or fiom the firfl
Meridian ; tor on lome Globes the lirfV Meridian begins 2 { deg. on others 20 deg. and on Senex's
Globes iS dtg. v.efl of London; but if once you know where the firll Meritlian is on the Globe,
it is very caty to know the difference from the Meridian of London.

EXAM P L E.

1 h.ere are two certain places ; one has 18 cleg. North Latitude, and 77 deg. 5 min. Weft Longi-
tude i dieother i:.,s.iihg. ^j min. South Latitude, and 18 deg. Eaft Longitude from London. I
demand \vh,|.t Places ihel'e are.

kuij. For the fiiR j'lare, I elevate to the North Pole 18 deg. becaufe it is iSd.eg. North Lati-
tuile : then I turn tiie Globe to the right hand, oreaftward, (becaufe the place lies wellward) till
77 deg. 5 min. upon the Equator, counted f.-om the Meriilian of Londcjii, (which on Senex's Globe
has a cypher thus (o) on ilie Equato.) pafies through, or umier tlie Meridian : or, in other words,
I rurn the (jlohe r;!i 77 deg. 5 inin. wellward be brought under the Meridian, and here I fix the
Globe with a quill thrufl in betwixt the Globe and the Horizon ; then I look under the Latitude

li) deg. (v.'hich i:.

Zenith) on the Meridian atop of the Globe, and under i3 deg. on the

Meridian 1 find i'ort-Royal, in Jamaica, the place required.

For

INTRODUCTION. xyii

1 -)r the fecond Place I elevate the Soutli Pole (though there is no occafion to elevate the Pole
barel/ to find a place, but it is better, becaufe you have then the real fituation of the inhabitants)
to the given Latitude 34 deg. 45 min. and then turn the Globe till 18 dig. Ealt Longitude of
London come under the Meridian; and juft under this I find the Cape of Good Hope, the place
required.

PROBLEM III.

T/je Latitude of any Place given, to tell all thofe Places that have the fame

Latitude. ^

DEFINITION.

All thofe places that have the fame Latitude have the days and nights of the fame length, at the
fame time of the year.

Rule. Bring the given place, or places, to the Meridian (fuppofe London 51 deg. 32 min. and
Madrid 40 deg. 10 min. North) ; then turn the Globe, and all thofe places that pafs under jo deg.
32 min. have the fame Latitude as London, viz. Prague, in Germany, &c. and all that pafs under
40 deg. 10 min. have the fame Latitude as Madrid, which you will find to be Pekin nearly for one,
and many other places.

PROBLEM IV.

To tell the Difference of the Latitude of Places.

Here are two Variations, or Rules.

Firfi. If th(f Latitudes be both North or both South, then fubftraft the lefs from the greater
Latiti'de, and the remainder is the difference, or anfwer. Thus between London and Madrid is
12 deg. i-iTii'i- the firil being 50 deg. 32 min. and the other 40 deg. And between Candy and
Stocklv'lm is 52 deg. 30 min. for Stockholm is about 59 deg. 30 min. North, and Candy 7 deg.
30 min. North.

Secondly. If one lies on the North, and the other on the South-fide of the Equator, (that is to
fay, if one be North and the other South Latitude) then add them both together, and their fum is
the difference of the Latitude required.

Thus Copenhagen is 55 deg. 40 min. North, and the Ifland of Madagafcar is 19 deg. 30 min.
South: thefe added together make 75 deg. 10 min. the difference of Latitude required.

ROB

E M

TJje Longitude of any Place given from any Meridian, to tell thofe Places^

having the fame Longitude.

This is done after the fame manner as the other ; only here the anfwer will be on the Equator,
as the others were on the Meridian.

I would know what places have tlie fame Longitude as London, and the fame Longitude as
Moflow ?

The Rule is, bring London to the Meridian, then all thofe places on the Globe (from the North
Pole to the South part of the Horizon) that lie under the edge of the Meridian, fiave the fame L(.n-
gitude as London : thus Fort NafTau, and Fort Mina, in Guinea, have the fame, or very nearly
the fame Longitude as London.

And Mufcow, in Muf'covia, has very nearly the fame Longitude as Aleppo, in Syria ; alfo Scan-
daroon, Antioch, and Tripoli, in Syria, have the fame Longitude, viz. 37 deg. 30 min. from
London.

ROB

E M

VI.

To tell the Difference of Longitude of Places.

Rule. Here are two Variations.

Firjl. If the places lie both Eaft or both Weft of the firft Meridian, or where you reckon the
Longitude from, viz. if they both be Eaft, or both be Weft Longitude, then fubftraift one from
the other, you have the difference.

Thus I find Jerufalem has 36 deg. 15 min. Eaft Longitude from London, and Pekin no deg.
52 min. Eaft Longitude; therefore fubftraft 36 deg. 15 min. from no deg. 52 min. and there
remains 74 deg. 37 min. difference of Longitude Ealt or Well; that is, Pekin is 74 deg. 37 min.
Eafl Longitude of Jerufalem, or Jerufalem is 74 deg. 37 min. Weft Longitude of Pekin.

Secondly. If one place be Eaft, and the other Weft Longitude of the firft Meridian, (fuppofe
London, or any other Meridian) then add their Longitudes together, and the fum is the difference
of Longitude required.

d EXAMPLE.

For

xviil

INTRODUCTION.

A M 1' I. !•:

I would know the difference of the Longitude between Jcrulaiein, j6 deg. 15 niin. Kiill of
London, and Port Royal, in Jamaica, 77 dcg. 5 min. Welt ?

Here, asoneisEaft, and the other Well, I add j6 deg. 15 min. and 77 cleg. 5 min. together,
and their fum makes 113 deg. 20 min. ditTercncc of I^duMtude; tli.it is, Jerukilcni is ii,
aomin. Eart of Port-Royal, or Port-Royal is iij deg. :oinin. Welt of Jcrulalem.

(■leu

A M

I. 1-.

II.

Pekin, in China, is no deg. 15 min. Fall Longitude, and I'ort-Koyal 77 deg. 5 min. Well , I
add thefe fums together, and find it 187 deg. 57 min. ditrcrenec of I-ongitudc; hut bccaufe it n
more than 180 deg. I fubltradt 187 deg. 15 min. from j6o deg. and tiiert rtmaii.i 17.: deg. j min.
the difference required.

R O 13 L

VII.

T/je Day of the Month given to find the Suns Place in the Ecliptic.

Rule. The day of the month being given, look on the inner Ciliiul.ir on the new Cilobe';, and
you have tiie fign, and the degree of th.it lign tii.it the Sun is in lur that d.iy, aceoiding to the
New Style.

If it be upon old (jlobes, look on the outer Calendar, you have the fign, and degree of the fign.

N. B. You may further obferve, that the Calendar ufid throusihi.ut hurope is the Calend.ir for
New Style, viz. New Style is alw.iys known from t'le other, bccaLile it lias the Saints Days, and
fcveral other things, wrote on the Horizon.

E X A M P L l".

I would know the Sun's place in the Ecliptic on May 21, New Style ; March 21, June
tembcr 11, and December 21.

I look for thefe days of the months in order as they fland in the new Calendar, (viz.
Style before defcribcd) and right againft tlie day of the month in the innermolt Circle 01
rizon, I find the Sun's place among the figns, as ft>llows :

Thus right againll May 21 1 find 1 deg. of Gemini : and alio on March 21 I find
Aries : on June 21 he enters Cancer : on September 22 he enters Libra: and on Deceiv
enters Capricorn.

PROBLEM VIII.

for Nev/
the Ho-

'le enters
er 2 1 he

The Suns Place given, to find the Duy of the Month,

This is only the reverie of the fornur Problem : for liaving the Sun's place given, feek ir in thf
Circle among the figns i then againll that degree in ti'e Caleaiiar New Style you have il.c d.iy oi
the month required.

E X A M P L F.

I would know what time of the year the Sun is in 1 deg. oi" tiemini : as alfo when he enters
Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn ? Proceed accordiuj?; to the rule, and you w;ll liiid the day
to be May the 2ilt, June the 2ilt, September the 22d, and IJcc^mbcr the 21 It, as in tiic l.ul.

•f

■'I

R O B L

IX.

Tie Latitude and Day of the Month given, to find tl.\' Suns Place in the
Ecliptic., and re&ify the Globes J or ujc.

llult. Find the Sun's place on the Horizon by Problem the Sever, rh ; and havirv; nottd \v!iit
degree he is in, look upon the Ecliptic on the Globe, and find the fame fign and degree as you did
on the Horizon; then bring this degree of the Ecliptic verv earefiilly to the gr.idi;ate edge of the
brazen Meridian, and holding the Cilobc Iteady, turn the Index exactly to the upper twelve (which
reprcfents twelve at noon); and thus is the Globe rectified for that day, and the ilegree of the
Ecliptic that lies under the Equator reprelents the Sun's place at noon, or twelve o'clock that ilay.

irt- The Allronomer's day is reckoned from, or begins at, twelve o'clock ; and if you fix the
Quadrant of Altitude to the Latitude in the Zenith, the Globe will be completely rectiiied.

l!i' i

P R O B L

I0 tell the Declination of the Sun on any Day of the Year.

Rule. Having found the Sun's place in the Ecliptic for the given day, bring it to the brazen
Meridian, and obferve what degree of the Meridian it lies under ; and whether it be on the North

INTRODUCTION. yix

or on thi' Soutli-fule of the Equator, for that is tlu- declination required, which is called North
or South declination accoidingiy. Thus, on / ,iril liic 2ilt, the Sun has u deg. jomin. North
declination ; and on May the a ill, he has 20 deg. jo niin. declination ; but on Oftobcr the a7th,
he has 12 deg. joinin. South declination.

R O B L

XI.

7fje Lat'itiiJc aiid Day of the Month given to tell the Suns Meridian Altitude^

'viz. hts Height at Noon.

Rule. Bring the Sun's place to the Meridian, antl oblerve what degree of the Meridian the
Sun's place is under; for thofe degrees on the Meridian that are intercepted, or lie between the
Soutli Verge of the Horizon anil tiie Degree, wliicli is over tiie Sun's place on the Meridian,
(counted on the Meridian) is tiie Sun's Meridian Altitude required.

Thus I find his Meridian Altituiie at London, May the 21II, to be 59 deg. but on November
the 5th, he has but 23 deg. 30 niin. Altitude.

P R O B L E M

XII.

I'he Latitude and Day of the Month given, to tell the Su/i s Altitude at any

Time.

Example. On May the 21ft, at nine in the morning, and at live in the ufLcrnoon, at London^ I
would know the Sun's altitude, or height ?

Rule. Rtdify ihe Globe for the 1 .atitude, and bring tiie Sun's place (i deg. Gemini) to the
Meridian, and the Index to the upper twelve on tlie Dial-plate; tlicn fcrew the l^adrant of alti-
tude on the Zenith, (viz. the left edge of the Nut mult be fixed on the Menilian, at 51 deg.
3omin. then turn the Globe till ihe Index point:, to the hour, viz. nine in the morning : tins done,
fix the (jlobe by thrulling a quill between it and the Horizon : laiUy, turn the Quadrant about
till the graduateil or figured edge touch the Sun's place, (viz. 1 deg. Gemini) ant! the degrees on
th.e Quadrant, counted trom the Horizon upv\ arils on the Qu.idrant, !,•! his lieight at tiiat time, vi/.
43 deg. 30 niin. Then turn the (ilobe till the Inilex points at five in the afternoon ; and alio turn
the Quadrant on the Well-fide (without unfcrewing it) till it touches the Sun's place, and vou
have about .-i-deg. on the (juatlrant, his altitude at that time.

A'. H. At North Cape, (viz. Nortli Latitude, 7 2 deg. at nine in the morning) May the 21(1, he
will be but fibout ;2ueii. luirh.

R O B L E M

XIII.

the

The Latitude given, to tell the Rifing and Setting of the Sun., and Length of the
Day and Night, at any Time of tlie Year in a7y Place.

Rule. Reility the Globe, (viz. elevate it for the Latittide ; bring the Sun's place to the Meri-
dian, and Index CO the u[)per twelve) ; then turn it till the Sun's place comes even with, or lies
right .againlt the inner Vergf, on the Lall-fide of the Horizon, then the Index will Ihew you the
time of the Sun's riling ; turn it to the Welt-fide, or Verge of the Horizon, and the Ii iex will
Iliew you the fetfiiig. Or thus ; having got the hour the fun riles, count how many it\v,ints of
twelve, fur lb many hours will it let after. Thus, if the Index jioints to four in the morning at
rifing, it will of courfe be at eight at night, &c.

Proceed thus, and you will find the Sun, on May the :6th, at London, to rife about four ir the
morning, and lets at eight at night. Now double what he wants of twelve at rifing, viz. eight
hours, and It gives tiie length of that day at London, viz. fixteen hours.

R O B L E AI

XIV.

lo teh the Suns right Afcerfion,

Bring the Sun's place to tl-.e br.nzcn Meridian, and note wluit degree of the Equator is cut by
the Mciulian, lor that is hi,-, right Alcenl'0,1 requireil.

I uouid know the S\ia's right Afcenlion on March the 2irt, June the 21II, September the 22d,
and December tiie ;i !'t ?

I find the Sun's place for thefe different days, and bring it to the Meridian ; I find the Meridian
cuts^the P.qiiatorin (o), in (.jo), in (i«o), and in (270 deg.) his right Afcciifion requires.

Note. When the Sun enters Aries, March the 2 tit, he has no "right Afcenfion, becaufe it is
counted from, or begins ac Aries j therefore, on March the 2orh, lie mult have his greatelt right
Afcenfion, viz. Jji^deg. "

P R O B T. 1 ^\

1!^

> III <

\^{

INTRODUCTION.

PROBLEM

XV,

To Jiiid the Suns oblique Afcenfmn and Dejcenfwn at any Titne^ and in any

Latitude.

Ruin. Reftify the Globe for the Latitude, and bring the Sun's place down to the eaftern verge
of the Horizon ; then obferve what degree the Horizon cuts the Liiiuior in, for liut is the oblique
Afcenfion required.

Thus, on March the 21ft, Junethc2ift, September the 2 2d, and December the 21II, viz. when
the Sun enters Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, you will rnui his obliiiueAilenfiDn at London
tobe(o), (56), (180), and (304).

And on the fame days his oblique Defcenfion will be (o), (i2j), (180), and (237 and a
half)

PROBLEM XVI.

The Latitude and Day of the Month given, to tell the Suns ajcenfwnal Diffe-
rence^ viz, how much he ri/es, or Jets, he/ore and after S,x ; and confcquently
to tell the Length of the Days, fuppofe there were no Index to thi: Globe.

Ritk. By the lad Problem find the Sun's right, and oblique afcenfion ; tiien fubflraiJt the oblique
from the right afcenfion, or the contrary, and the remainder is the afceiifiond difference recjiiired ;
which divide by fifteen, the degrees of the Equator that pals through the Meridian of one hour,
(or fcven and a half for half an hour) gives the anfwer in time, that the Sun riles and fets before
and after fix.

Thus, on May the 26th, I find the Sun 6 deg. of Gemini, and his right afcenfion is 64. deg. and,
on the fame day, his oblique afcenfion is 34 deg. now 34 tleg. from 64t!iir. there remains 3odcg.
his afcenfional difi^trence ; which divide by 15 gives two hours, the tnne tlut he riles before,
or fees after fix.

R O B L E M

XV!I.

7he Latitude and Day of the Month given, to tell the Suns Amplitude, viz.
his Difance from the Eajl and Weft Points of the Compafs he rifcs and fets
upon.

Rule. The Cilobe being re(Jtificd, bring the Sun's place to the faflern verge of the Horizon,
(which lliews his riling) then the degree upon the inncrmoll Circle of the Horizon, counted from
the true I'',all Point to the jilace where the Sun's place lies againfl on the I lorizon, fliews you the
Sun's amplitude.

Proceed according to the rule, you will find the Sun's an'jiiitude at London fMay tiie 21II) at
rifing, to be about 34 dig. fVoin the fall to the Nordi, and at llttuig 34 dig. from the Well to
the North i and the Point he riles upon is North-K.ill by Kafl, and he ftts Ndrih-W'ell by NNeft j
but on Noviir.ber the 5th he has .liiout .'5 deg. and a half .iniplitnde from the i'all to the South,
and at fetting 25 (leg. and a half from the VVeft to the South. The Point he rifts ujion is Lall-
South-Eaft, and the Point he lets upon is Well-South-Wcll.

P R O B L i: M

xvin.

The Latitude and Day given, to tell the Suns Azimuth, v.z. his Difance from
the EaJl and Wefl, or from the North and South Points, at any 'l\ine.

Rule. Redify the Globe in peneral, then turn the (ilobe till tlie Index points to the (liven
hour : this being done, tvirn the C^iailrant till it touches the Sun's place for the given day ; and then
the f.Juadrant will cut the Horizon in the ;\/iiinith it quired, from the I'all or Well Points, or fioin
the North or South Points i for you may reckon from either, only then name it jiroperly, and ac-
cordingly.

Thus, on Augufi the 17th, at nine in the morninc?, the Sun will have about 30 deg. Azimuth
from the Eall to the South, or which is the fame, ^)0 deg. from South to the Eall j for 60 deg. and
30 deg. make 90 deg. the whole quarter from I'all to South.

P R O B I- E M

XIX.

The Latitude, Day, and Hour given, to tell the Suns Almicanter.

D E F 1 N I T I O N.

Almicantcrsaie Circles of Altitude, tlut run parallel to tlie Hoi zon, whufe Poles are the /eniih
and Nadiri fo th.it you may imagine as manv Circlei ui Altitude, viz, Alinicanters, aiyuupleafe.

RhU.

INTRODUCTION. xxi

Ruh: The Almicantcr is found the fame as the Altitude of the Sun at any time, therefore I
refer you back to Problem ij.

PROBLEM

XX.

T^e Latitude a?id Length of the Day given, to tell what other Day of the Year

ivill bs of the fame Length.

Rule. Having found the Sun's place for the g;iven day, bring it to the Meridian, and obferve
well its declination ; then turn the Globe till Ibmc other degree of the Ecliptic comes under the
Jame degree of declination under the Meridian; tljis being done, fee what day of the month an-
fwers to the Sun's place then under the Meridian, for that is the day K-quired; which you may
cafdy prove. Thus you will find July the i jth, and Auguft the aoth, of the fame length as May
the 26 th, and April the 17 th.

E M

XXI.

Tlje Latitude and Day given, to tell the Beginning, Endings and (confcqucntly)
the Length, or Continuance of Twilight.

DEFINITION.

Twilight is tliat faint light which begins immediately after the Sun lets in tlie even' -.g, till he !■!
18 dcp;. below the Horizon ; and it begins in the morning,- when the Sun comes wiiiun i8\L-,;. o:
the 1 '.(jiizon on tlie Eall-fuie, and enils when he rifes. Therefore it is plain, tliat Twiligli'.ij hoc
only longer when days encreafe in length, but it is alio much llrongcr, as will be lien by iht work
of the Pioblem.

OBSERVATION.

Note. You were told that Twilight begins and ends when the Sun is iS dcg. btlow tl.c Ho-
rizon i and as the Quadrant of Altitude reaches no lower tiun the Horizon, therefore tiie rule is
this :

Reflify the Globe, and bring the ojjpofite degree of the Sun's place to the f^iadrr.nt of .\iti-
tude, fo tliat it touches jull 18 deg. on the Qiiadrant (then it is plani that tiie Sun's real |)lace will
be deprclled 18 deg. below the Horizon) ; then look at the Index, for that will point (if aiiionj
the morning hours) to the beginning, or (if among the evening hours) ending of Twilight.

I'rocctd then according to the rule, and you will finil that on March the 21U, and September
the 22d, i'wilight begins about four in the morning, and ends about eight at night.

The Sun on thefe days y<'u know rifes and fets at fix. Add, therefore, the length of morning
and evening Iwilight to twelve hours, (the lengtii of the day tiien) .'.ml it gives lixfeen hours j
this, fubitracted troni twenty-four hours, leaves eight hoius the lengtii ot the real, or dark night.

So alio on April the i.\k\\. Twilight begins about half palt two, ends about half pall nine, wiiicli
is in all (even liours. But on December the 20th it begins at fix, and ends at fix, which is in all
but three hours and forty minutes.

from

ROB

XX I r.

i-.imuth
Lg. and

/enith
pleale.
RuU.

'The Hour given where you are to tell what Hour it is in any other Pnrt of the

irorld.

Rule. Bring the given place to the Meridian, and fet the Index at the given hour ; tlien turn
thcCjlobe till the other ]ilace, or places, coine under the Meridian, and the Index will point to the
real tiine in the place re(]uired.

I'l\<iiiifii: When it is two o'clock in the afternoon at London, I would know the time at Jeru-
falem, and at I'ort-Koyal, in Jamaica?

Proceed accoiding to the rule, and you will fiiii' that when it is two in the afternoon at London,
it is twenty-five minutes pa(t four at jerufalcm ; and but fifty-two minutes pall eight ir the morning
at I'ort Koyal.

Or thus, by Problem the Sixth, Jerufalem is .-jfi deg. lymin. I'.aft Longitude of London; I
divide, therefore, j6 deg. 15 min. by fiffen, and the Quotient is two hours, anil the remainder is
(ix, which is (Ix times, or twetity (our ininutes, antl the odd fifteen minutes, or miles, in one
minute; fo th;it the difierence is two hours twenty five minutes; and as Jerufalem h l'"all of Lon-
don, it has Its hour before us ; therefore it is twenty-live minutes after four in the afternoon. And
thus for other places,

p PRO.

Xx\i

INTRODUCTION.

R O B L.

XXIII.

*r/}e Day of the Month given, to tcU thofe Inhabitants that will have the Sun
in their Zenith (or over their Heads) on that Day.

O B S K R V A T I O N.

This cannot happen to any other inhabitants but thole in the Torrid Zones ; th.u is, to all TlicIi
as have not above 23 deg. and a half of Latitude, eitiier North or South.

Rulf. Bring the Sun's place to the IVleridian, and obferve exaftly his declination for that day;
then turn the Globe any way, and obferve what places pafs under tiiat degree of declination on tiie
Meridian ; for all fuch will have the Sun right over their heads, foine rime or other on tiiat day.

I would know what inhabitants, or places, will iiave the Sun in their Zenitli on May the :ift; ?

Proceed as direfted by the rule, you will find St. Jago, in Hifpaniola ; St. Jago, in Cuba;
Campeachy, and many other places, will pafs under that degree of lieclination, viz. (;o dcg. Nortli)
and will have the Sun in their Zenitli that day.

Alfo, on April tjie i6th, the inhabitants of Forto-Bello, the Oroonoko-Klands, Bay of Siam,
Ifle of Ceylon, and the Philippine-Ifland , will have the Sun in, or licar their Zcniiii, on that d.iv.

-fr

R O B L

XXIV.

The Day and Hour given in any Place to tell thofe Inhabitants^ or that Place., to
which the Sun is then vertical, -viz. in the Zcriith.

Rule. Bring the given place to tlie brazen Meridian, and turn the Index to the given hour ; this
done, turn the Globe till the Index points to tiie upper i::, or noon ; then look under the degree
of declination on the Globe of that day, for that is the very fpot, or place, to which the Sun is
then vertical.

Example. On May the 13th, at eight minutes pall five in the afternoon at London, I would
know what place has tiie Sun in their Zenith? Anfwer, Fort-Royal, in Jamaica.

Thus alfo you will tind, when it is thirty-three minutes pall fix in the morning at London, on
.April the 1 ;th, and Augull the 2!)tii, the iniiabitants of Candy, in the Ifland of Ceylon, will have
the Sun then nearly in their Zenitli.

Of the MAGNET, or LOADSTONE.

\V E fliall not enquire when the Lo.adllone was firll known •, our prefent bufincfs being only to
give the Natural Hillory of it. 1-irll: then, we will obferve its various juoperties which (.xperience-
has made known ; iMid, in the next place, propofe tiie opinions of phiiofopliers, concerning its
internal nature and dilpofition.

Tlie Loadllone is found in iron-mines, and is inuch of a colour and weiglu with iron. 1 lowevcr,
it is not t(i be incited and hammered out like iron, but Hies to pieces under the hammer, and turns
to a Calx in the tire j which fhews, that its parts exceed thole of iron tor liariinefs, rigiili.Js, ami
an intricate combination one with another. This is wortii obferving, becaule it will be of life in
the following lii/courfe :

Its known properties arc ihcfe : Mrll, when it moves freely, and without any obHacle, it points
North and South, fo as that part of it which lUnds to one I'ole never turns to tiie other. 'I'lie w.iy to
give it a free motion, is to Iwim it in the water ujion a jiiece of wood.

Philofo|)hers have obferved, tji.it tiic Loadlloiic ilm-s not always point full Nortli uid South i but
fonietimes inclines to the l-.all or Well, without any rule.

Two l.oadflones, placed at a certain dilhince from each other, do muiuallv a|'|>ro;Kli or recede,
accorduip to tlieir v,irious pofiiions. Tlieir parts wliuh ll.uul North iniiig oppolid, go ofl' to a
dillancc from cacli otiier i but tlie Soutli-end of the one draws to tlie North-end if tlie other;
and fo 'Sice lerf.L Thefe parts of tlie Loadllones we call their Poles , and for a reafon wliirU will
appear hereafter, we Ihall call that the South i'olc which turns to tiic North, and that the North-
Pole which jioints to the South.

Two Loadllones will hold uj) one another in the air by turns, if the North-l'ole of the one be
put to tlie South-I'ole of the other; and vue rfif.i. .Sometimes a lighter Loadllone wilt hold uj) a
heavier, when the heavier will not hold u|) a lighter.

It is ohi'ctvable, that all Loadllones are noteipially liiilk and nimble iiiturning to the Poles of
liie World i nor I, tlair attracting virtue all alike.

I hou^^h a L<'.iilflone generally has two Poles pointing North and Soxith, as we laid before ; yet
t!i(.;e are fome irregular one' , which Icem to have mote I'oUi.

.^^ one Loadfloiie holds up another, fo it iloes iron of greater or lefs weigiit than iticlf.

If iron .Itill bellrcweil upon a Loadllone, the paiiii.lei will clil'poli- iliciulelves diie.tly between
the Poles, and ihrn by ilegree* incline to an oibicular ligure, lo as 10 lie parallel with the axis of
I'lc I.oidllone, unlets it be one of the irregular luii. before iiientioiud.

The

-it

Sun

iNTRODUCtlbN.

xxiii

The Loadftone imparts its virtue to ironfo effectually, tliat iron, touched with a Loadftone, ap-
pears to have all the properties aforelaid, though not in an equal degree. The great ufe of this
communication is experienced in the Mariner's Needle, by the help whereof they readily find the
North and South, and all other parts of the world.

It is obfervable, that on this fide the Equator, the North-Point of tlie Needle is more deprefTed
than that which (lands to the South ; on the further fide the North-Point is elevated, and the South
depreffed ; but under the line it keeps no fituacion, nor is of any ufe.

As the Loadftone communicates its virtue to iron j fo when it is fet in iron, it attradls a greater
weight of it than ii does by itfelf.

Loadltones are rpoiled if they lie long near one another, with the North or South-Pole of the
one oppoied to the fame Pole of the other ; or if they are thoroughly iieated in the fire, which like-
wife fpoils the magnetic virtue in iron ; and tiiis virtue is much impaired in iron by its ruft, to
which the Loadftone is not fo liable.

Laftly, iron placed at length North and South, and continuing fo for a long time without alte-
ration, has often acquired a magnetic virtue ; as the old crofies upon churches are found to do.

lowcvcr,

turns

Is, ami

ufe in

I oints
w ay til

itii i bnl

rccrdi-,
ofi" to .1

other ;
)irh will

Nortli-

(iiic lie

loUl UJl .1

Poles of

on- i vet

bftwrrn
le BXii of

Tlic

Of the

AFTER fountains and rivers, it is now proper to view the common receptacle of them all,
the Sea, which is that vaft quantity of falt-watcr extending from North to South, and from Weft
to Eaft, furrounding the dry land on every fide, into which ali ftreams difcharge themfelves, and
out of which mighty gulplis and bays are formed, the griateft of which is the Mediterranean.
The whole is, in one word, called the Ocean, but varioufiy diftinguifhed and named, from the
feveral countries by whofc coafts it runs. In it there are thclc three prciperties chiefly confidered by
Naturalills : V'irft, its infeparable faltnefs; Secondly, its coiillant equality of bulk, notwithftand-
ingthe inctiTant Mowing of all rivers into it; and Thirdly, the tide, or flowing and ebbing of
its waters twice every day : all which properties we fhall conlider.

The I'altnefs of the Sea-water feems to proceed from the fame caufe as that of feveral
fountains, by the boiling of which water fait is produced : for iince the bottom of the Sea
is of fucli vaft extent, it is rcafonahlc to tliink that there are large mines of fait in many placeS
of it, which being diluted, fpread throng!' nit the '•ca. And tlu-re is fomcthing even in the river-
water, which iiclps to increale this faltnels; for the rivers carry down with them an incredible
multitude of faline particles, wliich they w.ifli oft" their banks as they run along. Thefe particles
aie not indeed fo confiilerablc a.i to fait tiieir particular ftreams ; init when tliey all meet together,
and fettle in one bottom, they may well be allowe 1 to change tlie tafte of tlie water fufficiently.

Hence wc may likewii'e be fatistied wliy the faltnefs of the Sea is neitlier augmented nor dimi-
nillied, at le.ill not in a lenhhle manner. It is not augniL-nted by the inl^ux of fait particles.
1. Becaufe a world of I'.iline particles are continually tlirown otf upon the fhore, where they putrify,
and come no more into the water. 2. Becaufe people make fait upon the; Sca-coaft for common
ufes. •;. Water can be imi^regnatcd with fait only to a certain cic^nce, at which it ftands and
rejects the overphis. 4. In the Lift jilace, the faltnels u( the Sea is rot diminiilied, becaufe as mucli is
imported or diluted from its own mines, as is got out of it.

To hcl|) us in finding ouf the reafon why the water of the Sea is not augmented, let us fee whe-
ther there be not a way for its daily diminution, as well as increafe. It is fufticiently plain that
there is a vail quantity of vapours in the air, from the abunilance of fnow and rain, which arc
formed of condenled vapoms : but how to eftimate the quantity of the evajKirations of water by
fome certain rule, is the material point j which the learned Dr. Flalley has happily attempted in the
following manner:

He took a pan of water alinut four inches deep, and aiiout eight inciics diameter, falted to the
fame degree as is the common Sea-uattr, by the folution of about a fortieth part of fait, in whicli
he placed a thermometer, and by means of a pan of coals he broia-ilit the water to tiie fame degree
of heat, which is oblerved to be that of our air in the liotteft I'limmer, the thermometer nicely
Ihewing it. This done, he affixed the pan of water, with the thermonieter in it, to one end of
the beam uf a pair of fcales, anil exadly counterpoifed it "itii weights in the other ftalc; and by
the application or removal of the pan of coals, he fournl it very eaty to maintain the water in the
fame degree of heat precifely. Doing this, lie found the weight of the water lenfibly to decreafe ;
and, at the end of two hours, he oblerved tiiat there want<d near half an oiuue troy, or ijj

(trains of water, whieli, in that time, had gone olf in vapour, though he could hardly perceive it
tnoke, and the water not lenliidy warm. This tpiaiitiiy, in fo llioit a time, leemed very confi-
derable, being little lei's than fix ounces in 24 h«urs, from lii Ini.ill a furfate as a circle of eight
inthfs diameter.

To rediite this experiment to an exai^ Calculus, antl deterin.,,. the tliicknefs of the fkin of
water that had lo evaporated, he alliimoi ihe expri inient allcdged by Ur. Hei nard to have been made
in the Oxfoul Soneiy, ihat the mbe footl'iiglilh of water weighs exaClly 76 |)ounds troy j this
divided by 17;^, thi number o( inches in a cube foot, will give :$? one-eightii grains, or half ounce
13 one third grains for ihe wei|;lit of a cube inch of water; Nsherefire tlie weight of Qjj grains is
.About J5 |urt» of jS of a cube inch of water, and (hows that the thicknrl's of the water evapo-
rated was tin: t,-\{\ jart ot 411 im li , but wc will luppole it only the ^cthpait, for (he facility of
cJculatiuii

If.

ri[

xxiv INTRODUCTION.

If, thcrcfoiT , water as wpini ns tl.e air in fummcr, cxiiales the thickncfs of a 50th part of an
jncli ill tun liours from its wliolc lliriacf, in 1; hours it will exhale the onc-tcnth of an inch j which
quantity will be found abundantly luincienc to ferve for all the rains, fprings, and dews ; and ac-
count for the Cafpian Sea beiny always at a fland, neitiier walling nor overtlowmg; as likewil'e for

; current laid to let always in at the Straits of Gibraltar, though tliofe Mediterranean Seas receive

the

lb many, and I'uch ccfflfiderable rivers.

To eiVimate the quantity of water anllng in vapours out of the Sea, he thinks he ought to con-
fider it only for the time the fun is up, for tliat the dews all night return as much, if not more va-
exhaled ; and in lummer tlie days being longer than 11 hours, this excels is ba-

pouis tnan are exnaieu ; anu in uimmer tiie clays tieing longer tnan 11 nours, tnis excels is ba-
lanced by the weaker action of the lun, efpeeially when riling before the water be warmed : fo that
if we allow one-tenth of an inch of the lurface of the Sea to be raifcil every day in vapour, it may
not be an improbable conjefturc.

Upon this fuppofition, every 10 fquare inches of the fiirface of the water yields in vajiour daily
a cube inch of water; and each kjuare foot half a wine pint; every fpace of four feet fquare, ;i
gallon; a mile fquare, 6914 tons; a fquare degree, I'uppofc of 69 Englilh miles, will evaporate
23 millions of tons

And if the Mediterranean be etlimated at 40 degrees long, and four broad, allov.anrcs beinir
lade for the incqualitie.s there will be 160 fquare degrees of Sea ; and, eonl'equentlv, the whole
."lediterranean mull lofe in va[;our in a liiinnier's ilay, at lead 5:80 millions of tor.i,. And thia
uantity of vapour, though very great, is as liifle as can be concluded iVoin the exjH riircnr [)ro-

ureil. Andver fluTi* rcmnins ;i!it)rlirr r uife. u-liirli r:infinr hi- rrducril rnnilc rt;mif'l»' rlw W'ln.lc

m3
M

quantity ol vap

duccd. And yet th.cre remai.'is another ciule, wliieh cannot ^.^ ..>.„ .^ , >.i,, v. .v.

^t'hereby the lurface of the water is Ikimmed oil" Ibmctimes faller than by tlie heat of the I'un.

be reduced to rule, namely, the Winds,

■n

N D

>%{

..#

IT is well known that Wind is nothing elfc but the llream of the air, toget!ier witli Inch va
pours as the ail carries along with it. But there area aieat many prop.erties of Winds, the realbn',
and grounds of which are not ealily difcovcred. llov^cver, \\e will lirll cor.lider tlie Winds in
general, as tliey are conflar.i or variable. Secondly, «e will p.articuLirly examine their sarious ap-
pearances i and Laftly, fay fomething of their origin.

Tlie W'inds may be divided into coiillaiu and variable: the former are always, at certain times
of the year, and in certain jiarts of the world; but ti.e latter vary fo much, that t!;ey cannot Ijc
reduced to any rule. Now iinee it is ealier to tind out the caufe of one regular elfeft, tlian of many
irregular, let ll^, in tlie lirft place, treat of ronllant wind>. And here we mull take r.otice, that tl;e
Winds areconllant and periodical only in the open leas. Now the univerl.il Ocean may moll pro-
perly be divided into three jiaits. I. '1 he Atlantic ami Ithiopic Ocean. :. 'Ihe Indian Oi 'ri.
.■5. I'he great South-Sea, or I'acil-c Ocean; and though thele leas do all communicate bv the K nih,
yet as to our prel'ent lurpole of the Periodical Winds, they are fufiiciently fejiarated by the intt' ; o-
lition of i;;cat trails of land ; the firll lying between Africa and America ; the fecond between Aire..-,
ami India; and tlielail between China, Japan, anil the coillof America.

In the Atl.intic and Kthiopic Seas between the Trojjics, there is a general eaflerly Wind all the
year, excepting t!iat it is fubjetl to v.iry and dellecl lome lew points towards the north or fouth, ac-
cori'.in.: to the polition of the |)lace. The obfervations which have been made of thefe dellertions
are as follow : that near the coall of Africa, as loon as you pais the Canary llles, you ire lure to
meet a frelh gale of north-cafl Wind, about the l.ititutle of iS degrees north, which feldom comes
to the eallward of call-northeall, or pali'es the north-iiorth-eall. This wind accomi)anies thole
bound to t!ie loiirhward, to the latitude of ten north, and about 100 leagues from the Ciuinea Coall,
where, till the fourth degree of nortli latitude, they fall into calms and tornadoes.

'Ihnfc who are bouiul to the Caribbe llles lind, as they approach the American fide, that the
aforefaid norlh-eafl wind becomes llill more and more eallerly, fo as loir.ttimes to be call, lomeiimes
eaft by fouth, but yet mofl commonly to the northward of the call, a ]ioint or two, not more.
It is likewife obfcrved, that the llrtngth of thefe Wnuls gradually decreales as you fail well-
ward.

The limits fif tlie conftant and variable Winds in this ocean are farther extemled on the American
fide than the African : for whereas you meet not with this certain W iiul till you have palled the
latitude (/ 28 degrees on this fide ; on the American fide it commonly holds to 30, ji, or -)2 de-
jrrees of laiitude . and this is verified likewife to the louthwaril of the I'.ipiator : for ne.ir the Cape
of (jood Ho|:e t!ic limits of the 1 ladc Winds are three or four degrees nearer the line, than on tn«.
.coafl of Ikalil.

From the latitude of four degrees north, to the aforelaiil limits on the fouth of the I'quator, the!
Winds are perpetually between the fouth and call, and moll i ommonly between the fouth-eall and'
eud; obferviiig always this rule, that on the African lide thiy arc more loutherly, on the Bralilian
inoreeallerlv, li> as to become alirioll due ead, the little tietlee'tion they have being lliil to the fouth.
In this jiart of the ocean the VVind has been nicely oblerved, for a full \ (,ir together, to kerj) coii-
Ihintly about the fouth-< all, the mod ulu.il jioint fouth-e.ill by call. \N lien it is eaderly it generally
lilows hard, with gloomy, ilaih, and lomitimes rainy weather.

The fcalon of tlie ye.ir has lome I'm.ill ell'tiit on thefe conltant wiin!'. ; for when the fun \\ to the
north of the l-miator, the lomli call Winds, efpeeially between JJialiland the coall of t.jiiinea, vary
n point or two to tlir fourh, and the n«rth-ead become more tallerlv ; and, on the tontrnry, when

the

■4

•

INTRO DUCTION.

XXV

jeinjT

the fun is to'.v.irds the Tropic of Capricorn, the Ibuth-eafterly Winds become more eaflerly, ahd
the north-eafterly Winds, on this fide the line, vcre more northward.

As there is no rule witliouc fome exception, fo there is in tiiis ocean a traft of fea, wherein the
foutherlv and fouth-wefl Winds are perpetual, and that is all along the toaft of Guinea, lor above
500 leagues togetiier, from Sierra Leona to the lile of St. Tlioma^ ; for the fouth-eall I'rade Wind
having pafled the line, and approaching the coall of Guinea within 80 or 100 leagues, inclines
towards the fliore, and becomes fouth-fouth-caft ; and by degrees, as you come nearer, it veres
about to fouth, fouth-fouth-weft, and in with tlie land Ibuth-weil, and fometimes weft-fouth-weft,
as is feen in the r..ip of the 'I'rade Winds.

To the nort!iward of the line, between four and ten degrees of latitude, and between the Meri-
dians of Cape Verd, and of the eafternmofl illands that bear that name, there is a f-ad of fea,
wherein it were improper to fay there is any Trade Wind, or yet any variable j for it feems con-
demned to perpetual calms, attended with terrible thunder ond lightning, and rains fo frequent,
that our navigators from thence call this part of the Ita ^['hc Rains : the little Winds that are, confilt
only of fome I'udden uncertain gulls, of very little continuance, and lefs extent.

All who ufe the Wcft-lndia trade, even thofe bound to Virginia, count it their bcfl courfe to
get as foon as they can to the fouthward, that they may be fure of a fair frefh gale to run before it
to the wedward i and for the fame reafon, thofe homeward bound from America endeavour to
gain the latitvide of 30 degrees as foon as pofTible, where they firil find the Winds to be variable,
rlioufch the moft ordinary Winds in the north part of the Atlantic Ocean come from between the

fouth and weft.

What is here faid is to be underllood of the Sea Winds at fome iliftance fiom land. ; for upon
aixl near fnorc, the lanil an<l fea-breezes are almoft every where fenfible ; and the i;rv.'at variety
wliicli happens in tlieir periods, force, and di relation, from the litiiarion of the mount ilns, vallies,
and woods, and from the various texture of the foil, more or lefs capable of retaining and rctkcling
Ilea:, and of exhaling or condenfing vapour:, is inch, that it were endlefs to endeavour to account
for them.

In the Indian Ocean the Winds are partly general, as in the F,thio])it Ocean jiartly periodical ;
tlut is, half the year they blow one way, and the other half near upon the oppofire points; and
tiicfc points, and times of Oiifting, are different in dift'erent parts of tliis Ocean ; the limits of each
traiT. of lea, fubjed to the fame change, or monloon, (as the natives call it) are cc.tainly very hard
n determine ; but the diligence I have ufed (lavs Dr. I lalky) to be rightly informed, and th.e care
I have taken therein, has, in a great mcafure, furmounted that difficulty ; and I am pcrluaded, that
the following particulars may be relied on :

That between the latitudes of 10 and jo ilegrees fouth, between Madagafcar and New-Holland,
the gener.il Trade Wind about tlie loutii-ealt iiy eall is found to blow all tiie year long, to all in-
ttnti and piirpofes, after the lame manner as in the lame iaiitir.les in the luhiopic Ocean.

The aforefaid fouth-e.ill Winds extend to within two degrees of the l{quator, during the months
of JiMie, July, and to November; at which time, between the fouth latitutle of three and 10 de-
crees, being near the Meritlian of the north-end of IVlad.i 'afcar, and between two ani 12 fouth
latitude, being near Sumatra anil Java, the contrary winds from the north-well, or between the
nortli and well, fe; in and blow for half the year; thai is, from the beginning of December till
May ; anil th s monfoon is obferved as far as the Moluic.i llles.

To the northwird of three degrees fouth l.ititude, over the wliolc Arabian or Indian Sea, and
fiulph of Bengal, from Sumatra to the cua!l of Africa, there is another monloon blowing from
O-lobcr to A()ril upon the north-eall ])oints ; but in tiie other half year, from April to Oclober,
upon the oppolite points of fouth-welt and well-fouth-welt, and that with rather more force than
the other, accom[)anied with dark rainy weather; whereas the northealt blows clear. And the
Winds are not fo conflanr, either in ftrength or point, in the Gidph of Bengal, as they are in the
Indian Sea, where a certain and Heady gale liarce ever fads. It is alio remarkable, that the fouth-
vell Winds in thcfe leas are generally more foutherly on the African lidc, and more wcllerly oa
the Indian.

To the eallward of Sumatra and Malacca, to tlie norihwaril of the line, and along the coall of
Cambova and China, the monfoons bloiv north and fouth; that is to fay, the north-eaft Winds are
nuiih northerly, and the roiith-wcll much foutherly. This conlliiution reaches to the eaftward of
the I'hilijipmc Hies, and as far north as JApAn ; the northern monfoon letting in here in Odober or
i>ovemb»r, and the fouthcrn in May, blowing all the fummer months. The points of the
rompafs, from whence tiie Wind comes in thele parts of the world, ^re not fo fixed as in thofe
lately dcllribed ; for the foutherly w ill often pals a point or two to the eallward c( the fouth, and
th.e nottheily as much to the wellward of the north, which lecms oceafioned by the great quantity
ol land whicli is interfperfed in thefe lias.

In the f.ime Meridians, but fouthward of the Kqiiator, being that tratfl lying between Sumatra
and Java to the well, and Ncw-(iiiinea to the eall, the l.ime northeily monfosns are obferved ; but
v.ith this ilillerence, that the inclination ol tiie northerly is towaids the north weft, and of the
fititherly towards the foutli-eail.

'liirle contiary Winds do not fliift :dl at once, but in fome pl.ices the time of the change is at-
tended with i alms, in other.s with variable Winds; audit is particularly lemarkahlc, that the end
of the wrfterly monfoon, on the coaft of Coiomandel, and the two laft months of the foutherly
inonlixm nithc leas of China, aie veiy fubjc.l to be tempelluous : the violence of thele llorms is
fuch, that they' leem to be of the n.iture of the Weft-Indian hurricanes, and render the navigation of
thele parts viry unfile about that tniie of the year. Tliefe teinpefts arc by our Itamen ulually
tcriiicu, 'rbe heaknn^ up <>/ ihc Muitfi^siis.

t By

Jcxvi

INTRODUCTION!.

Byrcafonof thefliifting of thel'e Wiiuls ;ill iliofc tli.u I'.iil in tlicll- i\\u ah- oltlij'iil to obfen-e
the feafons proper for their voyages ; and by To doin^j, tlicy lail noi of a (',iir V.'uul, and I'lnedy iKuV.'.ge ;
but if they chance to oiitftay their tinne till the tontr.iiy monfoun fcts in, as it frequently happens,
they are forced to give over the hopes of aeeoniplilhing tlieir intended \■^)ya^^e, and put into Ibnie
Other harbour, there to remain till the Winds come favourable.

The third Ocean, called the Great Pacitic, whai'c extent is eiiua! to that of the other two, (i:
being from the well coaft of Ameriea to the I'lillippine Iflands, not lell than 150 degrees of longi-
tude) is that which is leaft known to all nations. The chief navi;:;ation is by the .Spaniards, wlia
go yearly from New-Spain to the Manillas by one beaten tiaek ; fo that we cannot be jiarticul.ir
here, as in the other two. What the Spanilh atithors lay of the Winds t'ley tind in their courfes,
and what is confirmed by the old aecoini s of Drake anil Cavendilh, an'd fuue by .Schoo-en, is, tliai
there is a great conformity between the Wintls ot this fea, and thole of t!ie .■\.'.laiuic and Ktliiopic ;
that to the northward of the Equator the predominant Wintl is between the eaft and north-eall,
and to the fouthward thereof there is a conllant llea.ly ;;ale '. .-tvveen t!ie ealt and fourh-eall, ami that
on both fides the line with fo inuch conllaney, that they fearee ever need to atfend the fail-, ; and I'o
much ftrength, that it is rare to ftil of croll'in^; this vail Ocean in 10 weeks time, which is about
150 Britidi miles a day.

This is to be underftood of the Pacific Sea at a great dillance from land ; for about tiie fliores
are various Winds ; and when the fouth-eaft or fouth-welt blows, this fca is rough and tlangerous,
for the leall Wind raifes it very high ; but when the Wind eeafes, tliotigli it blowed very flrong juft
before, there is an immediate calm, as if there iiad been no Wind for a long time ; whereas, on
the contrary, the Atlantic Sea rolls for fevcral ilays after the Wind is laid, and is generally fmootli
On the coalV, and tempeftuous out on the main.

The limits alfo of thele general Winds are nnich the fame as in t!ie Atlantic Sea, that is, about
the thirtieth degree of latitude on both fides ; for the Spaniards, home-bound from Manilla, always
take the advantage of tlie fouth monlbon, blowing tliere in ilie fummer months, and run up to tlie
north of that latitude as high as Japan, before they meet whh variable Winds to (hapc their
courfe eallward. Alfo Schooten and otlicrs, wiio have gone by the Magellan Straits, have found
the limits of the fouth-eall Winds mucii about tlie fame latitude to the fouthward: and a farther
analogy between the Winds of this Ocean and tl;e h'thiopic, appears in that upon the coafl of
Peru J they are always much foutheiiy, as they are near the Ihores, of Angola.

As for the Variable Winds, they are felt moll by land, and in fueli pans of the fea as .ire without
the limits of the conftant Winds to the north and I'outI; ; that is, in the colder parts of the Oceaji,
and all over its outmoll bays, the ]irineipal of \v!i;c!i are the Mediiterranean ai.d Haltic ; lomc are
coramon to all countries J others are more peculir.r to lome particular parts. Of this latter lore
the mod famous are the hurricanes, which iliielly infcllthe C.tribbtes, but are not anniverlary, i-.or
equally frequent. Their fury is fo great, that they throw down all before them, tear up trees,
overturn houfes, tols fliips prodigioully, and blow about things of vail weight. They are noc
even, but blow in gulls, which fuddenly eonie and i^o ; neither do they extend very v^ide, but are
fometimes confined to a n.irrow compal's, and at otiier times take a larger fcope. As for their
duration it is but for a few days, ai-.d fometiir.es only a few hours. They are more common m
America than any wiiere, though Iuiro]ie and .Mia arc not altogether without them.

It may be oblerved of all Winils, wh.etl.er lonllant or variable, that lome are drying, others atf
moill ; fome gather clouds, others difperle them ; lome are warm, others cold. Hut tlieir inlliiencc
is not one and tlie fame in all places; for fiich Winds as are cold and iliy in one eouimy, arev.arm
and wet in another.

Thefe are the principal obfervations concerning Winds i for to examine every tiling bflongin;^
to this fubjeifl would be the work of a large volume, as no reafons can be gi\en'or ieseral things
before the truth of them is better afcertained. Wherefore we Ihall, at j relent, conline omfelves
to account for the caufes of confiant Winds.

Wind is moil properly defined ti) be the llream, oruirrentof ilie air; and vhere f.icli a iiirr^nt
is perpetual, and fixed in its courfe, it is lueeir.'.ry that it i)roceeds from a I'ermanenr, unn i.
mitting caufe. Wherefore lome have been inclined to propole the diurnal rotation of tlie eartl\
upon the axis, by which, as the Globe turns ealf, the loole and tliiid particles of the air, being |i>
exceeding light, are left behind ; fo that in lelpeit of the earth's fnrfatc, they move wi lUvatd, and
become a conllant eallrrly Wind. 'I'his opinion leems conlirmed, for fh.it thele Winds are loiii'i!
only near the Hquinodial, in thofe parallels of latitude where the diurnal motion is Iwiliell. And
ve Ihould readily allent to it, if tlie conlfant calms in the Atlantic Sea near the Itpiator, th.:
weflerly Winds near the coall of Guinea, and the periodical weilerly monfooiis under the I'ljuator
in the Indian Seas, did not declare the inliiffieiency of that hypothefis. Belides, the air being kept
to the earth by tlit principle of gravity, would requiie the fame degree of velocity that tiie furface
of the earth movc.« with, a; well in reipect of tlie diurnal rotation, as of tiie annual alout the fun,
which is 30 t''-.e. I • fter.

It remains tiieii.fore to find fome other caufe, capable of producing a like conllant clFcift, agrec-
nble to the known [;ropcrties of the elements of air and water, and the laws of the motion of
hnid bodie,, SulIi aone is, we conceive, the action of the fiin-be.ims upon the air and water, as
he palTes every day over the Oceans, conlidered together with the nature of the loil, and fituation
of 'he adjoining continents : therefore 1-irll, according to the laws of llatics, the air whieli is lefs
ranlied, or expanded by heat, and confequently more jionderou.s, mult have a motion towards
thofe parts thereof, which are more rarihid and lels ponderous, to bring it to an equilibrium:
iind Secondly, the prcfmce of the Win continually niil'ting to the wellward, that jiart toward wliicli
tl'.c air tends, by rcalbn of the rarcfai'fion made by hij great meruban hc.i, is w'uh luai carried

wdlwaid.

Ci-

nor

INTRODUCTION. xxvii

weflward, and confcqueudy die tendency of the whole body t)f the lower air is tliat way. Thus
a general ealurly wind is formed, which beint; iinprefll-d upon all the air of a vail: Ocean, the
parts impel one another, and fo keep moving till the next return of tiie fun, whereby fo iiiuth of
the motion as was loll is again retlorcd ; and thus the weiUrly wind is made perpetual.

From the fame principle it follows, that the eafterly Wind ilnnild, on the north fide of the
Equator, be to the northward of the eaft, and in fouth latitudes, to tiic Ibuthward thereof; for
near the line the air is much more rarified than at a greater dlflaiice from it, becaul'e of the fun being
twice in a year vertical, and at no time dillant above ij degrees atid a half; at which dilhince the
heat, being as the fine of the angle of incidence, is but little fliort of that of the perpendicular
ray. WTiereas under the Tropics, though the fun continues long vertical, yet he is as long 47 degrees'
of!'; which isakintlof winter, wherein the air fo cools, as that the fi;rniiier h.ear cannot warm it to
the fame degree with that under the Equator : wherefore the air to the northward anil fouthward
being IcC^ rarified than that in the middle, it follows, that from both fides it ought to tend toward
tlie I'.quator : this motion, compounded with the foruier eafterly Wind, aiifwers all the phoeno-
mena of the general Trade Winds ; which, if the whole were fea, \v(juld undoubtedly blow all
round the world, as they are found to do in the Atlantic and EtI.io])ic Oceans.

But feeing that fo great continents do interpofe and break the continuity of the Oceans, regard
mull he had to the nature of the Ibil, and the pofition of the high mountains; which may be fup-
pofed the two principal caufes of the feveral variations of tiie Winds front the former general rule :
for if a country lying near the fun proves to be flat, fandy, low land, fuch as the deferts of Libya
are ufually reported to be, the heat occafioned by the reflexion of the fun- beams, and tlie reten-
tion thereof in the fand, is incredible to thole who have not felt it, whereby the air being excied-
ingly rarifie !, it is neceflary that the cooler and more denfe air fliould run thitherwards m rellore
the equilibrium : this is inofl; likely to be the caufe, why near the coalt of Guinea the Wi/id .ilways
fets in upon the land, blowing weflerly iiifl^ead of eallerly.

There is liifHcient realbn to believe that the inland parts of Africa are prodigious hot, fince tl-c
northern borders thereof were fo intemperate, as to give the afitients caufe to conclude, that all
beyond the Tropic was uninhabitable by excefa of he.it. From the faine caufe it h.appens, that
there are fuch conltant calms in that part of the Ocean, called the liains ; for this trad being placed
in the middle, between the wefterly Winds blowing on the coall of Guinea, and the eaftfrl;,-
Trade Winds blowing to the well: thereof, the tendency of the air here is uidiflerent to either,
and fo llands in etjuilibrio between both j anti the weight of the incnmhent atmofphere being di-
ininirtied by the continual contr.iry Wintis blowing from hence, is tiie realbn that the air here holds
not the copious vapour it receives, but lets it fall into frequent rains.

But as the cool and denfe air, by reafon of its greater gravity, prefljs upon the hot and. rarified,
it is detr.onllrative, that this latter mult afcend in a continue(.l Iheam as fall as it ratifies; and that
being afccniied, it mull difperle itfelf to prel'erve the equilibrium, that is, the upper air muft'
move by a contrary current from thole parts where the greatcll he.it is ; fo, by a kind of circula-
tion, tlie north-eall Trade Wind below will be attended with a Icuth-wellerly above, and the
fouth-tallerly with a north-well Wind above : that this is more than a bare conjecture, the ahnoll
in(lanta;;eous c!:a;ge of the Wind to tlie oppofite point, which is frecjuently found in pafTiii'T tl»e
limits of t!ie Trade Winds, feems to affure us; but that which above all c(jnlirms this hypothelis, is
the phornoir.cnon of the monlbons, by this means inoll eafily folved, and without it hardly ex-
plicable.

If the caufes of tempeils and hurricanes be demanded, they are hardly to be accounted for in all
particulars. However, it may in the full; place be noted, that t!ie ratio of all liquids is much the
fame, and therefore an extraordinary motion may be excited in the air, by the fame way as it is in
the water. Now if w.iter falls froiii a high place, or if there be a confluence of feveral llreams
together, this gives it a violent motion, and caufes many whirlings anil eildies in it : this is appa-
rent in the torrents falling down from rocks, and the conlluences of rivers. If, therefore, foine-
thing analogous to this .nay hai)pen in the air, there mult needs be furious trmpefls of Wind railed
in it. Anil liich a thing may h.ippen, if an extraordinary iiuaiuity of vapours be driven by the
Wind upon a certain place, v\hich they lannot e.ilily uer over by realcn of mountains, or contrary
Winds, that ojipofe tliem. I'or examjile, fufpofe a Wind iVoin limie point hftween north and
call carries a vail colleciion of vapours out of Africa to the Caribbets, this Wind lights uiion the
t'ontinent of .\meiica; now it is poO'ible that not only the mountains and wimkIs of P.mama inay
refill the current of this Wind, and croud the vapours together; but a contrary Wind, from a
j)oint bctweeii fouth and well, may blow at the fame time on the wellern lliore of America, which
Ihall forte the vapouis back again. When fuch a rencounter liapjiens, there mull be a wild uproar
in the air about the Caribbee llles, and in all that tract between South and North- America , and
the va])ours in this circular motion mull be furious on all fides, jult as it i^ in water. For we fee
at tliv coiilUicnce of two rivers, if their currents be r.ipid at the jilace vi here they fall in, thcv
caule violent eddies, which whiil .-.bout things that arc call into them, Iwallowing them for a time,
and then throwing theni up ..gain.

This fliews us ihe re.ifon why heavy bodies are often toflVd in the air by the whirlin-i- of hurri-
canes, and then dalhcd to the j'lound ag.iin. lor the air being in a circular motion, is with n-reat
fury tolTed b.iikv.ards and forwards between the gro'iiul and the clouds, And as the waters of the
rolling lea do not run to tlie lliores in an even llream, but in fuch waves as dalh by fits and turns,
fo the courie of a violent Wind is broken and iiiltin.:t blafls.

To come now to the common plutiiomena of Winds, the dry ones are fuch as carry few v.ipours
alont; with ihim, and t'lertforeih.tw t/ll' the moill particles from bod, is over which they pals. Thus

xxviii INTRODUCTION.

in Holland the north and eaft Winds, with the intermediate points, are drying, becaufc the cold
northern fea yields but few vapours, in comparifon of thofe which come from warmer parts of the
Ocean : and from thence towards the eaft are vaft trails of l;ind, where the heat at Midfummer is
but very fmall. But the other Winds, efpecially the wefterly, are moift, becaufe they iflue from
>varm and vaporous parts. The Wcftern Ocean feldom fails to fend us rainy Winds j however,
this property varies according to the various fituation of countries.

Such Winds gather clouds as blow from the quarters where the vapours arife, which, in con-
junction with the vapours of our own region, fill the air. On the other fide, thofe Winds make
fair weather, which bring little vapour along with them, and bear away that which hangs over us.

Winds are warm or cold, as the countries are from whence tliey blow ; and, therefore, when a
brillv Wind blows from a cold quarter, it allays the heat of fummer, which is very tirefome in
ftill weather. Thus-a quick blall of a pair of bellows will put out a flame, which a gentle blowing
increafes ; for the quick blaft drives all the flame to one lide, where it is iiifled by the force of the
incumbent air, except it meet with more AkI on ihatfidcj but a gentle Wind augments the mo-
tion of the flame every way, and makes it feize on more parrs of tlic fuel.

Now, becaufe all the heat or cold of Wind proceeds from the heat or cold of the country whence
it blows, tlierefore the fame Winds are hot or cold every where. Beyond the line they are jull
the reverfe of what they are with us; for their cold Winds are from ilie fouth, as ours are from
the north ; and as our fouth Winds are warm, for no other reaibn but becaufe they bring us an air
heated by the fun, for the very fame reafon tiie north Winds are warm to our Antipodes.

From what has been laid it is fufficiently manifcll, that the fun is the principal caufe of Wind,
and motion the caufe of Vapours. But if we except thofe conflant and perio.lical Winds which
blow in fome feas, the limits of the reft cannot be determined, nor can we fay when they will begin,
or when they will end. For inftance, we cannot give a reafon why an eaft Wind fhall generally
blow one fummer, and a weft Wind another. Pofiibly it might be difcovered, if for feveral vcars
together a nice obfervation was made of the Winds, and their Ihiftings in feveral countries j for
that which feems inconftant and irregular tons, might perhaps be found to follow certain courfes;
at leaft we fhould know how far a railL'd Wind would continue its blaft ; but, till fuch experiments
are made, we muft be fatisfied with what knowledge we have.

■■•v..«a

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( 5 )

•3

A NEW AND COMPLETE

SYSTEM

O F

GEOGRAPHY

BOOK L

till- wiH, t» tlicc.ilKrii lli'iic ot I .irl;iry, il is in length
4;40 mills; anil 'rom tlic mod rou'licin part

THIS grand Jivifioii of the globe, which in
Uk- extent of its iciritoiies txcteil^ F.inopc
niul Al'rica, an J uh'ih was loinKily go-
viriuJ by the AH'yii.ins, the Mi.le?, the I'lr-
fians, aril the CIrecks, i.oni|iichi ruls four v.ilt inipiris,
viz. tlieCliinefe, Japanele, iMo^iil, an.l I'eifiai', I efiile.s
the eountries pollille.! by the Ti.iks ami Ruffians.
I'pcm thefe four impiris ilepiiid il, (;cn ral llie nu-
merous lillir foMreigntii." ami kinj^ilu.ns of the A(i..iie
regions,

Tlic continent of Afn is lilualiil between 25 niul kSj
decrees of call loni;ituih', anJ Ih'.umii the niu.itor .iihl
80 Jeaees of 1101 tU latilinK. I'loin the IJ.iiJanels on

111 leni'th
of Ma-
la, ea to the mod northern cape ol Nova Zeinhl.i, it is
4^Ko miles hioail. The Fro/i 11 Ocean boiimls it on
the iiiith; it i^ on the wid fepuatej from Afiica hy
the UeJ Sea, and fiom Luropc by the Leant, the
Arihipihi^o, the HelKfpciit, the fea of Marmora, the
liolphoru'., the Ulaek .Sia, the ii\er iJon, and a lii e
jeaihiij; Ifom it to the ii\er 'I'obol, and from thence to
anrtli, r tiver, callid theOhy, whiih diltli,iii;es itfilf
into the Iro/.en Oic.iii, 1 lie I'aiific Ote.m bnundsthis
v.ilt coiiiiiunton the cad, aiul fcparates it lunn Ameiica ;
ond rn the limth it is bounded by tlie liul .m (Jiean.

The I'liiieip.il rc[;ions whiih di\ide this coiuitiy arc,
Kudiaii, Chiiief,', and Indeprndant 'rail,nyi China,
J,'paii, the p iiinl'ula of India bi yoiul the (i,iiigrs,
roiil.iiiiiiij; Cochin-t.'hiii.i, 'roiuiniii, I'egu, ;iiid ^l,^m i
fh'.' p.ninliila 111 this fule the (i.iM;;ev, mnt, lining the
Dri.iii, (joleond.1, i)ifna:;ar, and ^lalabJr ) liidodan,
or th, NIojiil\ Empire ; I'lrha i Afiatic Turkey, diviiitd
into e. dMii ,111,1 widerii.

Afia, n» we have obfcived above, ii not only
more exiiiifne thin Kurope ami Alica, but is fiiperior
III thiin in its fine Unnc air, and luh liriile foil.
F.vriy loiueMi.nce, iind ivery luxury of liic, iiic
lure unboundedly enjoyid, iiett rri' t iirun.s, ilivus,
•uaiir.es, leinoii":, nitloii', pinc-ap| lis, laniarj|\'l>, mid
bliiii di lull u< fruits ) with wilir, cil, and hun, v ) fdk.

cotton, and com; rich nictats, and precious ftonc? ;
.Mini,., fpiccs, fugars, and the mod fragrant .ind balf.iniic
hcrli-. With ihife various bleflings ot nature, how
could a people in the carlv ayi's f.,il t,) he opulent and
p,pweifu[! yet I'uch is the iiillahilily of huiiun ciijoy-
nieiif,, this mod charming fccne bccinie a picture of
horti.r .ii.d Jev,idaticrn.

Upon the decline of the Indian and Chinefe cm.
piles, and ,d'ter a great part of Alia had fuhmittcd to
the ,imis of Runu-, the Saracens, or fuecellors of Ma-
homet, ill the niidille a^e,-, fiunded .'. Itill more ex-
tenfue enipiic in Afi.i, Aliica, and Kurope, than even
that of (lie Roiiiaiis when in their plenit,ide of povvr.
The Till ks, the avowed Iocs of free.loni and thclihral
arts, pulleliid theiidilves of the center regions of Afi,i,
l.i)ing wade a molt ilelighlful country, and converting;
its fiuittulled fpnts into harren wildcrnedes. TIk other
paits ol the Aliaiic teriitories continue in much iho
lame litiiatioii as formerly.

The picl'eiit mode of government in Alia, is ahfoluie
nion,irihy ; and as to iili^;ion, we cannot i'.xy that
C'hiidiaiiity is by any nuMiis idabli(hed there; however,
they have a toleration ol icCts in m,iny p,irts, but thel'o
air nuiih |crlieuled by the Tuiks. The Arabians,
Turks, and I'eili.ins, pruftfi Mahonicanilm, as do thi;
11 itivis of part of India .iiid pait of Taitary ; nearly .ill
ihe rid aie ovirwhelmcd w.th he theiiilin, and idolatiy.
Many popilh millioiiaiRs, .u the ha/aid of their lives,
have ulited the remoter paits of Alia, ciidcavourinc to
eomui the idol. Ill is, but to no kind of ift'cct. The
nicdl conlideralde i| them aic thole who pay adoration
t.) Iliam,! and Toe : tluie are alio the woiflnppers of
Confucius, .Hid others who woiOiip the (ire. Theic
lall, who do nviicnee i:. the lyinhol of file, are of a
veiy aiiiniit (ccl ; they acknowhdj;e only one lupieii.c
lulir ol the univerle ; . nd as this the only true (Jod it
the ilUtiei of piiiity ;iiui pctlccl'on, they adori him un-
d^r Ihe imhUm of (iie, 'iccaiifc hre ihey ellcmi the mod
ileal and pine lunhol o, the .ill-wife and all-jiill Deity.

'Theie are Jews to b.- met with in every pit of Afia j

and iiiJsid thile people inhabited the rciiiota icciom of

U India

|i' k

A WAV AND c:OMPl,ETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIIY.

Inilia fomc centuries iHtore the dilcovcry iliereol' by the
Porliiguere.

As to the l.infiinges rjioken in Ah.i, alti-.oll every
country or illaiij li.itli a t .iij^ue of its own ; ^lie |)riiiei-
pal, however, are, the I'lirkifii, nioJern Cireik, Ci\i-
neU', J.ipaiRle, R,.llian, T.iilaii.iii, I'rrli.m, liiiii'll.in,
M.ilav.iii, aii'l A:al'.ic.

The illaiub of Alia, (Cypru-; exceptoil, whieh is in
the Levant; lie in tlic I'aeifu- Oeean, and the Indian
Seas; the principal ot which are, i. I'he Japanele
ifles, t'ornjin^ the gre..t e.iipirc of Japan. 2. 'I'lu- La-

<honcs. 3. Kormnf.i. ^. The I'lulippine?. 5. The
Molucca <:r Clove iUvs, and the Handa cr Nutni ^ illes.
0. Anibinn.i, Celchis, Gilolo, &c. which fiiaoiinj
the Molucca and lianda ides. 7. The Sunda illes, viz,
Honuii, Sumaira, Java, Bally, Limbo, Kan.-', 5jc.
8. Ihe Andaman and Nicobar illvs. g. C^vl""'
10. Tlie Maldivia iflcs. 11, 'I'he Kurile ides, arij
ihofe in the fea of Kamfchatka. 12. I'ombav.

We (hall br;riii with a delcription of the fined coun-
trv in tiie world, \iz. tlje ricii -iid Hourifliinj; empire of
fl.iiia.

I ..!

C II A P. I.

E M P I R E of CHI N A.

SEC T. L

Its SiluatHn, Kiiina, Diijims, anJ ILxtfit ; it- Climalt,
Soil, tiiiil Piiiiiue, III Kivi-rs, Ltii^-s, iiml t-'tirntj : a
gciwal Itiiu cf ll.u- Empiii', in a DiJ.i iplioii if the
/SauiiJjriis ai.j H'.iiiJliiKS of the fifteen Prcxiiucs of
t( huh it is i'lnpfcJ.

'T'HE extenfivc and opulent empire of China, which
*■ is fituated on the callerii boiders of Afia, is
bounded bv Chinife I'artary on the north ; by the
I'acitic ocean, which divides it (roin Ninth Ameiica,
on the eaft J by the Chiiicfean lea and the kinj;d(>ni of
Tontpiin on the fouth ; and on the weft by Tibit, from
whitli it is feparatcd by mountains and dtfat>. It is
included between 20 and 42 decrees of ivrth latitude,
ntid between 9S and 123 dcjireis rf eaft linjiaide, from
London ; it ib upwards of 1440 miles in length, and in
breadth about 1260.

China ii called by ih,- natives Tclion!;-kniie ; by the
people of Indoftan it is named Catay ; the Iialians
tall It Cina ; the German;, Tfchina j the Kujilifli and
Sp.iniard*, China ; and the French call it Cliine.
Whither the names yiven to it in Europe aie derived
from the firft cn.pemr, Tfm, or wheilicr they arc
derived from a Chm f- vvord, fignifyniL; the centre,
from an idea the Chinefe entertained, that their ( nun-
try Viy fituated in the centre of the globe, it is diffi-
cult to determine.

A<cordin:^ to the aiilhor; nf tlie X'niverfal Hiftory,
this empire IS iluided into filieen provinces, (exdiirive
of I.vau-long, which is fitnatrd without the great wa'l,
though under the fame dominion ;) each of which, in
|)oint of cxtonfivencfs, of iinpuliiufncfs, proiluce, and
opulence, might pals for fo many Ikingdoms. Htfides
thcfe, which are the proper bounds ot the empire, a
great pirt of Tartary is fubjeel to the emperor, as arc
the iOaiul* of Tfon-inin^, Hai-nan, and pait of Kor-
niofa ; with others li fs tonfiderable.

A. China extends about twenty degrees from north to
loi.ih, the conltitution of the air, the nature ol the
leaf' 11-^, the maturity and kinds of Iruits, with oilier
tfl'e^ls depcndinj on the influences of the nialetial
hcawnn, vary in different pans i-f it. The air, in the
centre of the empire, is temperate, hralthfiil, and
Icienei in the I 'Uih, which las under the tiopic of
Cancer, it is in fummcr intcnfely hot j and the noith is
very n'ld, owing to the heijht ol the neighbouring
mountain", which arc in g'licral coverrd with fnow,
;ind which greatly aftid the air,

This country diflVri very nnii h alfo with rtfpcv'l to
the furfacc of ita ^tutind, und i|ualitie9 of it~ lull : fuiiic

provinces abound chi.fly in dry, ftonv, uneven land,
very ill adapted to the piirpolis of hulba.-.diy ; though
a lew Urlili'ljiots may be found inilieni, even the lintll
aiuliniift fruitful provinces aie in f.)me p.irts flerile.

Agiiculture is ellc.mid an hon'.Mable cmi>Ioynieiit in
Ciiin.i ; an.i the empeior himlcll, one day in tlie year,
puts his hand to the phni-h to open a furrow : this cere-
mony, which is attended with a ;;re.U deal of pomp
and folemnity, is kept up in conlormitv to an'ient
cul'.om ; tor ih.' Chinefe pretend, th.it their tiili: em-
perors uled perlonally to cxercile theinfelves in .'i^ricul-
ture.

China produces chiefly the four fullowiiig forts of
grain: rice, wheat, oats, and millet ; alio pcle, bean;,
pulle, flirub-;, medicinal plants, and a proi'uiicn of the
richclf fruits; inr<>niuch that n.iiure (eems to have en-
dowed this countiy with a larjjer ihare cf her blcflings
than any other.

It i-. princip.illy in the culture of the hills that the
inhabitants aie nioll fKilful and indultnon, ; fir thel'e
they cultiva'e Iroin bottom to top, aii' r having cut
them into a kind of flat terr.ilV walks, in the m.innerof
ftairs and fl.inked ihein on the lidcs with a wall of
loole Itcnes to keep them ccmpa I ; tliev likuwile form
relervoirs to prefcrve both the rain and (prin^ wa'er;
and in dry Icafons they fu|-ply thel'e with w.it r from
the rivers, by me. ins of enj,ines conftrucled for the pur-
pofe ; and indeed thele h\draulic macbincs aie in com-
mon ul'e with thi' farmers.

The m luntains produce fofTils and minerals of every
kind in great abundance ; and in certain mines there
IS foind a metal which the natives call pe-toiig, or whitu
copper, and on which leveral expcrinienis h.ive been
made, to tiy if it owed its whitenels to anv mixture ;
but it was lound that it did not, and that all mixtures,
filvet evcepted, dnninilhed its beauty. It haih all tlicr
whilenefs of (iUer, and if it wa. not more brittle, .xnA
conleipieiilly lei. m.illeable, there would Ic.ireely be 4
poftibilily ol diltin!',uilliirig It fiom th it valuable metal.

Mire arc great (luantllies of pit-co.d, which, as lire-
Wood is pretty Icarce, is ufed on moll occalrons : but of
all the mines that .ihound lieu-, thole o| the ftcne-coal
arc the imdt common and ulcfiil, as they fiipply the
(rreatdl part of liicl both 'or tcwn and country.

L<iai'lbiiie« ;iie found in aimoll ciery province; and
of ihele the inh.ibitanis m.ike gifat ul'e in pharmacy.

In the weftern parts ol Chin.i there arelcvcral lalt-
mincs, whicii arc of infinite utility t iliuh provinces aj
aie at a remote diftante fioin th'" lea; heie .iie not only
loiinJ lall-pl.s, liiii III many pl.ices whole actes ol 4
grcyifli earil', liom which urc extrac'Icd priKiijjious quan-
tities ut fait.

There

i 'k

;. The

|m ^ illcs.

I i ills, VJZ,

:■', ^c.

C.:yloii.

lidos, aiij

|icft couii-
cmpirc uf

'1 hire

HuU/f/riis (rm/^i/t . >)///■»/ ,y ' hi i 'il.-i y/i y

XW _l)\l< /iV /',' /;■/,'

v;:^

i
t

E M p I u E OP CHINA

ASIA.]

There are fcvcral navigable rivers in China ; tlic moft
coiifiilcrablc Is. the Kiam, which rifcs in the province of
Yun-naii, crulles three other provinces, and taking a
winiiin-T euurle of 1200 miles, lofcs itfelf in the eaftern
ocean. This river is not only very broad, but alio of
a remarkable ilepth, infomuch, that it is a common |
faying amongil the Chinefe, " The ica hath no banks,
and the Kiain no bottom •." and they pretend that in
fonie places itabfolutely has no bottom.

Another is called the Yellow River, which rifes at
the eittremity of the mountains which bound the pro-
vince of Se-tchucn in the weft; from thence it throws
itfelf into Tartary, where flowing for fonie time on the
outfiJe of the great wall, it re-enters China between
Chan-fi and Chen-fi provinces j it then w.afhes Ho-nan,
runs acrofs one p.irt of Nan-king, and, after having
flowed about 600 leagues, empties into the eaftern
ocean : it has the name of the Yellow River, becaufe
the eaith it carries away with it, (particularly when
there are heavy rains,) i- '"es it a yellow colour.

There are great numbeis of other rivers, kfs famous,
though far more commodious for commerce : there arc,
befulcs, feveral lakes, fomc very extcnfive, and pro-
ducinij a variety of fifh. In ftiort, it is computed, that
China contains no Icfs th.an one thoufand four hundred
and levinty-two rivers and lakes.

Canals are cut through moft of the provinces, which
have a ilear fmooth water gliding between two banks
built with flat coarfe marble; over which, at proper
diitances, are bridges, confifting for the moft part ot
feveial arches, and the centrical one high enough for
b.irks to pafs under without lowering their marts : thcfe
arc in difterent places fluiccd out into lefl'er canals,
which are fubdivideu into flill fmaller ftreams, terminat-
ing at fome great town or village, or elfe diRharging
into fome lake that waters the adjacent country : and
thefe fine ftreams, flowing through fruitful plains,
render the face of the country be. utiful beyond dcfcrip-
lion. And, indeed, China far furpafl'cs all other coun-
tries, whether confidcred in the fcitility of its pio-
vir.ces, in the multitude of its inhabitants, cities and
great towns ; in the wifdom of its mo;als ; the excel-
lency of its laws, or the induftry and politenefs that
ju:e confpicuous throughout all the provinces : which are,

I. Pi-lchi-li, the moft northern part of the empire,
fituatid on the frontiers of Tartary : it is about one
bundled and forty leagues in length, and hath a moft
tciiijciaie, ferrne air j notwithftanding, however, thi^
mildncfj of climate, the rivers are generally fio/.cn over
for near f ir months in the year, viz. fmm the latter
tnd of ^. A ember till the middle of M,;ich. This
pioviiice coiKuins about one huiulrcd and forty cities,
and ,biiii.ids with every kind of grain cxtept rice.

II. ( ' u'ig-tong, which is boumlcd on the north and
weft bv Pe-lche-li, and by tlie (ea on the e.ift ; it con-
tains a'jout one hundred and twenty cities or large walled
to'.v;.s. Here the foil producci every kind of grain,
as will as of fruits ; ami the rivers and fea coalls
aboun.i wiih tllh. lliit what mnft diftiiiiruilhcs this
province, is ihe wild lilk-worm, which produces a valu-
ille v.liiie lilk, the ihieads of which the worm (re-
fcm' Vu'ii a caterpillar) laftens to biiftics and IV.rubs.

III. (Jurin-Ji. This pioviiice is bounded on the north
bv Tartary, and borders to the call upon Pc-tche-li. It
coiit.iiiis one hundred l.ir.:i- towns, and produces every
(oil of grain except rice I'lie mountains heie, which
aie nunier<iU'>, are for the moft part cultivated, and cut
into tetr.iCCi up to their very fummits. Here arc mines
yielding a plenty of coal, irnn, and other niineral-i.

IV. I'he province of Cheii-Ji, bounded by Chinefe
T:utary on the north and weft, and on the eaft by
(Jhiang-fi, contains one hundred and fourteen lirge
tn\rns, and yields great quantities of wheat and milKt,
though but little rice. Here arc fuppofed to be very
rich gold mines; but thefe arc negle.;K'd b;' govcrn-
n.mt, from niolivej of policy : too great a conflux of
opuUiire might eiulani;er the public weal, by rendering
the people inattentive to agriculture. Individuals, how-
ever, are allowed to look for the giains of gold in the
fands of rive. ■ and brooks, which yield them a fiifficicnt
lupply.

V. Ho-iuvi is the moll deligluful province in all
Chilli, and is lituatcd near the centre ol the empire,
to the fouth of Chan-fi and Pc-tclic-li. It contains
upwards of an hundred large towns, is very fertile, and
appears one entire garden, except to tlie weftern part,
where there is a range of mountains coveicd with forefts.

VI. AVrti -nan is the richell and moft flouriihini; pro-
vince in the whole empire: it borders upon Ho-nan to
the weft, an I the fea to the eaft: it contains upwards
of an huiidrci' large towns, of which Nan-king is the
capital, and piys thirty-two millions of tacls annually
to the revenue, which, according to P. Du Halde,
amount to one hundred and lixty milli. ns of French livres.

VII. lliu-quang is fituated near the centre of the
empire, as well as Ho-nan, to which, on the north
hde, it is adjacent. This province, which is nearly as
extenlive ns the whole kingdom of France, abounds
v/ith every !;ind of grain ; and produces alio a plenty
of fruits, foul 'nd caf'.le. It contains one hundred
and twenty-nine fortified towns j and its capital, Vou-
tchang, is as large and populous as Paris.

VI II. The province n( Se-tch:ie>i is as extcnfive as
Spain and Portugal ; it has ninety-eight lar-^e towns,
and is bounded on the north by Clien-li, on tlic weft by
occidental 'I'artary, and on the call by Hou quaiig. It
products great quantities of filk, tin, iron, la])is l.izuli,
ie-ad, cinnabar, vitriol and allum, fugar-cancs, cloves,
nutmegs, mufk, and the very belt rhubaib in all
China.

IX. Tcht-iiatig is famous for its fine and beautiful
filks : it is one of the fmalleft provinces in China, but
in its commerce excels moft of theiii. It is bounded
on the north and \\eft by Kiang-nan, and on the ealt
by the fea ; it has eighty-eight walled towns, and a con-
fiderable number of others.

X. Ki,ing-/i is ci lebratcd for its manufafturcs of
Hulls and pnicclain-ware, and produces grain of every

i lint, particularly rice ; its inhabitants, however, are
I'o numerous, that there is fcarce a fufliciency to fupply
their v.'ants. It is bounded by Kiang-nan and Ho-nan
to the north, Mou-quang to the weft, and a part of
Tche kiang to the eaft ; it has eighty-four conliderablc
towns, and abounds v\'ith gold and filver mines, as well
as thofe of tin and iron.

XI. Fo-kicn is a fmall province, and contains only
lixty-ninc towns ; its foreign commerce, however,
greatly en chcs it : it is fituated between Tche-kiang
and Kiang-fi, and it lying open to the fea in almoft;
every other extremity, has great advantage with refpeft
to its trade with the Philippine illands, as well as with
Japan, Java, Siam, Cambaya, and other countries ;
and its mountains, which are covered with forefts,
lurnifti wood proper for fhip-building. This province
produces, in great plenty, all forts of grain, as well as
lilk, cotton, iron, tin, and quickfilver. The finelt
rock-cryftal is got here ; and the artificers who live near
the inountaiiis where it is produced, are Ikilful in cut-
ting, engraving upon it, and making it into feals, but-
10ns, the figures of animals, and Inch devices. The
mountains of this province alfo produce porphyry, and
quarries of fine marble of various forts, which, if
properly poliflicd, would equal the bcft to be found in
Europe; little ufe of it, however, is made in the public
buildings of the Chinefe.

XII. .^uang-imi;, which Is divided into ten diftrii5ls,
equals, either in extent or fertility, the fine country of
lt„ly ; and, like Italy, it refcmblcs a boot ; at the lower
end if which there is an ifland called Hai-nan, of an
oval figure. It is fituated at the fouthcrn cxtcmity of
the empire, and is bounded by Fo-kicn on the north-
eaft, Kiang-fi on the north, and on the weft by Qiiang-
fi. It contains more than ninety great towns, the moll
confidcrable and wealthy of which is Canton, as called
by the Europeans, but which the natives call Qiiang-
tcheou. Bcfules every kind of grain, this province
produces bananas, ananas, and other rich fruits ; alfo
lilk, cotton, pearls, gold, precious ftoncs, fugar, quick-
filver, copper, till, iron, fteel, falt-petre, ebony, caele-
wood, and feveral kinds of fweet-fccntcd wood. The
loil here is laid to be fo fertile, as to yield two crops of
grain in a year,

XIII. and

A NEW AND COMri.ETE SYSTEM OF OEOGRAPIIV.

! « 'ill;

?'l

XIII. and XIV. .';^«rtw^-// ami A'siv/./c;.; juin caili
other, and arc lituatLj to ilic loulli ; iltcy .nc hy lu)
nicaiib ci]ual to any of tlit: provinces ot" Cliinaiitlur m
opiiL'iicc or extent : Q^uinii-fi i.i niountainoui anil bai-
reii, except in the ealleiii and Inutlu-rn paits, which
produce a good dial ol rice. Koei-tcheoii i^ to poor
and ikrilc, that a great part of iii inhahitanti ful lilt in
general at the charge ot the puhlic.

X\'. Yiw->uin is a very lertde province, prnduciiiy
every necellaiy of life ; which is in a ii;reat niealiire owing
to its rivers and lakes, with which it ahounds. iti-,to
tlic north and the call of its froiuieis, hoiindid hy Se-
tchiicn, Koei-tehcou and Q^ianp-li, and to ihe loutli
and the welt by ti:c kingil-ins of Tong-kini;, I'egti,
Av.i, and Tibet. It has l'e\enty-li\ lar^e towns, and
pioduces amber, nnilk, (Vankinceiife, |ireciuii, itonts,
and other valuable articles.

The above will li:r\e to convey a grand idea of the
extent and riches of this vait and flour, Ihing un|dre:
We (hall therefore now proceed to an accurate and coni-
prehenfive dcfcription of every curiofity, whether natural
or artificial, worthy the attention of our readcis,

SECT. 11.

Tr,!:, Fruits, foiier'wg miJ ether Shrubs, aiiJ medicinal
Plants, and roots.

iN China are feen molt of the kinds of fruit-trees that
••■ we have in Europe ; tlie fruit, however, in geiicial,
i,s not equal in goodnefs to ours ; lor theChinUe know
not how to giaft or cultivate their trees in the manner
we do. Oranj;es arc very comir.on in China; they
h.rvc trees of tl.is fruit of feveral kinds, bearing in
general very plentifully : one in particular, of a Iniall
fi7,e and thin fnicoth rind, hath a niidt rich iLiMiui ;
and the province of Fo-ki.n produces a laiger kind that
is equally deliciuus, the rind of which is of a bright red,
and fmooth ; but the Canton oranges arc Ilill fupeiior to
thofe of Fo-kien in point of fizc, and aie cxtrimely
plealant to the t.dle ; they arc of a yellow c ioui,
and arc ellcenicd medicinal : there arc othcis ot them
of a quick fharpidi talte. Lemons and citrons grow
in the louthcrn prcA inces i'' ihe greatelt plenty ; but of
thcl'e the inhabitants make no othir ule than piling
them up, by way of Ihew, in thi ir valci of porceiain,
nicrelv to gratify the eye. There are two forts of melons
in Chinii, the one fmall, and the other large ; the ir.eat
of the former is of a yellow colour, and that if the
hitter white and red : this latter melon is what thej
call in Italy and othci countries the water melon.

The Chinefc have a moll delicious fruit, which ihcy
call Li-tchi i it is about the fuc of a date ; the Hone is
long, hard, and covered with a loft, moilt pulp, of a
molt rich flavour ; over the whole is a thin but rough
fkin ; and it refemhics an egg in Hiapc. 'I'his fruit,
however, when drieil, lofes much of its flavour, and
becomes black and wrinkled like a prune.

There is the mango, with a yellow coat, of a fliarp
talle and cxqiiilite fmtU ; the long-yen, with a while
coat; and the ya-ta, relcmhl-ng a pine-apple. Thele
arc delicate liuits, little known in Kurope. The tie-ile
is another line fruit ; it grows in almolt every part ot
China, and is of feveral kinds : thole in the fuuthern
provinces talte much like lugar, and dilUjIve in t!ie
mouth ; their rind is clear, fmooth, tranfparcnt, and of
a bc.iutiful red when ripe. Some are ot the (hape of
an egg, but in general bigger. This fruit, when dried,
\i covered with a fugared mealy coat, like our figs.

The hirgelt fruit in China, and perhaps in the world,
is the ]io-lo-mie : fmne ot thele weigh not Ids than an
hundred pounds. This fruit, hov^■c^er, is notconhned
to the foil of China; for it grows in India, Luconia,
and other parts. It contains a great quantity of nuts
of a diep yellow, .'.nd the kernel hath a molt pleaiant
tafle when roalled : the Indians drefs it in the milk (d
the cocoa-nut, and make a very cxcTellent difli of it.
The po-lo-mie does not hang on its branches like other
fruit, for thefe could not lupport it ; it ;^roWb out im-
mediately from the tri.e's trunk.

Thefe feveral kinds of fruit grow naturally in China,
and ainiuft without any aUillance Iroiii ait; for the

Chinefc, as hath been already oblirvcd, arc ilrangers
to the art of graliii.g.

(^ne of the moll remarkable of their trees is that
which produces peafe ; for the (hape, colour and tallo
are verv much like tlioic of the liuropean pea. In
Ciiiaii:'-li ihire arc trees, which, inltead of piili, liaji;
a foil pulp, of which prcttv ;^<i''d lior.r is mad.-. Tlic
double tree is a very lemaik.ible one, being pailly c-
piels and paiily juniper; the trunk, which is about :i
foot and a half in circunifcience, puts fo.lh its branches
very near tl'.e ground ; and as tliele branches aic very
thick, thcv give the tree the app-'.;;;'nce of a liulli : its
liavis and branches, wdiicli aie half cvprcfs and hall"
juniper, grew as follow: thole of the cyprcl's grow to-
w.irds the top of the tiee, and ;uc broader as well as
thicker than the others ; and what is Itill more fingular,
the cvprcfs leaves are fometiincs feen g.rowing at the end
of a tuft of juniper, and foir.elimcs a tuit of junijcr at
the end of a branch of cypief-. The juniper leaves arc
lon^, Itrait, pointed, and langed in regular rows, rc-
fcmbliiig plumes ol dihcrent r.iys, and chiefly on the
lower branches. This tree bears a I'mal! round iKrry,
fcarcc laiger than that of a juniper, which lufpends \
long (talks from its branches, and contains two rcddil
feeds, in the foiiii of a heait, of a very hard fubllance:
the wood is of a ruld'tli colour, and ot much the nature
of juniper, and contains I'omc turpentine.

Among other trees peculiar to Cidna, there is a kind
of pepper-trcc, t'le fruit of which is a (bit of Iwrry about
the lize of a pea, and is of a greyiih eolour, witn fmall
rod Itreaks. W h "ii the berries are ripe, they o; en of
ihenilehcs, and flicw a little black (lone, whieh iiath
I) powerful a Imell, that it even at;'' els the brain : up; n
which account th. gatl crers of thefe hirries aie under a
necillity ot pluck. ng ihimc'idyat intcivr.ls. Alter the
berries arc dried in ihe fun, the ftot.e _ic thrown awav,
and the rind is only made ule of; wiiich, tliou:;h not
(o agreeable as tf.e pepper from India, is good in faucc;.
Ther. .-.ic two torts of X'.nnifli 'I rees, th.' one called
Tfi-chu, and the othir Tong-clui. 'I I e Tli-chu pro-
duces the fiibll.nce of that beautiful Chineie varniih to
much admiied by the Kurt peans ; a leeret the farther
rcirioved out of the reach of iiri ,-ition, as it is a predtic-
tioii of natuic, aiul no co:npulnion of art. !■ is of a
fmall liy.e, with a whitilh bark, and a lef like that of
the wild eheiiy-tree; the gum, whieh I'dlills d:op hy
diop, is c. a reddifh colour. In onler to extract it, iii-
cilions are ,nade, one ab(u c another, ro lid tlie tree up
to the top ; the til it round of ineilions be:,ins about
leveii 'lulus lioni the ground ; in each incibon a Ihell
is lluck for the iicepiion ot the gum, w'.ich o; zes
through the wound. Though the varniih is not equal
to that produced in Japan, it is held i.; tho verv
highell eltimaiion : it takes all colours alike, and, if
properly managed, neither lofes it luttrc by the cliang^u
ot the air, nor the age of the wood to which it is ap-
plied. The Varnilh-Tree <liltils only in the nicht,
and the gum is aKvavs extraifled in the hottctl I'ealon of
the year. The Chmefe are well fatistied, if the pro-
duce of a thoufand trees in one night amounts to twenty
pounds weight of varnith. The tice rarely rilis above
lilteen feet tiigli, and its connnon circumterenee is two
and a half. I he gum is a ftrong poilon ; lo that thofc
who collee't it are torced to make ule of feveral piclcrva-
tivcs againit its malignancy.

The other tree, or Tong-chii, very nearly rcfcmblci
our walnut-tree, and hears a kind <f nut, Irnm whicti
they prefs a thick oil by boiling it with litharge. It is
uled trequently to varnidi the cieliiigs, pillars, or Auorj
of the houles of the great.

The ICou-chu, refcmblin^!; the European (ig-trec, is
a very remarkable tree ; it yielding a milk, which the
Cliinele ule as lize in gilding with leaf gi'Id. And the
t.dlow-trec, which is .is high as a large cherry-tree, is
equally r.'inarkablc : its blanches are crooked, and its
leivci, which aie in Ihe form of an heart, have a moll
lively red: tlie fiuit i.s iiielolel within a rind divided
intj thicj fe,;meiits, whieh open when it is ripe, and
difcover thue whitJ kernels. This nii,xture of white
and red huh a very beautilul appearance ; and the ker-
nels h.ivc .ill tiic qii.dit^es of tallow; thry have the con-
til Ictlcc,

icfciTili!cj
rnm w'hicli
r''C. It is
;, ur floors

fig-trcc, is

which the

AiiJ the

riy-trcc, i<

and its

i.ive n moll

Jill (lividcj

ripe, a IV I

c (if whim

k1 tlic ki-r-

■c the coii-

ii Hence,

'■r

ASIA.]

fiftciicc, the colours, and the fmcll of it. 'I'liey in:
iDiuic into candles, mixing only a little oil in melting
to render tlicm more pliant : but thcfc candkb do noi
give I'o clear a light its ours, which probably may lie
ov/ing tothe wick; for iiiftead ofculKin, of which lluy
ha\e great plcnly, they nfe a finall (lick of a dry light
wood, wrapped round with the iiuicr part of a rulh.
'I'lic liguie of thefc candles, as they burn them, is that
of an inverted cone; llry barn with a ycllowifli flame,
fending furth a thicker fiiioak as well as ihongcr fmeil
than ours do.

But amongft the curiuus productions of China, l.t
us not omit to make mcminn ot tiic Pe-la-chu, or
White-wax tree, which in the proper feafons is covered
with fwarnis of iiileCls, that l.iy on its branches thin
filii;s or threads cf wax, findlcr and finer than thole
produced by beis, thoujh far fupcrior in whitencfs and
Juftre. '1 he tree is n 't fo I'.igh as the tallow-tree, and
(litters from it in th.- Ihapc ct its leaves, which arc longer
tiidu they are broad.

As to ihe ija den- flowers of the Chinefc, they are very
inferior to the Euriipean, excejit their pinnies, wliich
have a iH-aulilul colour and agreeable fmell : but with
regnrd Ui flowering lliriibs, China furpallei Europe:
tii.le would be a iiudt charming ornament to gardens,
were thiy difpofed of with judgement : fome of thcfc
bear f.owers of the moll lively fre(h colour, other;,
liiiieieiu kinds of tulips, lilies, and jelfamins ; and in
r nic I f the ibuthern provinces there arc even large trees
tluis clegantiv and glorioudy adorned. Ot this fort is
the Q^iey-v.ha, which fometimcs riles to the height of
the tallelt oaks ; its flowers arc fmall, of various colours,
and bieaihe a molt fragrant fmcll ; the leaves arc like
thofc of the laurel. This tree blonbms four times in
the year, at lead fume lorls of them do, for there are
various kinds ; and their beautiful flowers exhibit a
molt delightful picture. There is alfo the Tchak-oa,
a line ever green, of four kinds, th.it b.ar flowers, all
of which rel'emble the Spaniih laurel ; when the ihilkb
of its leaves join the branches, buds of the fi/.e, form and
colour of a hazel nut, flioot forth, covered with a kind
of delicate white hair; and thefc buds, opening in De-
cember, produce deuble flowers like Imall roles, joined
immediately to the branches without any ll.dks. The
trees of the lecond foit aio veiy high, and flowers red
a'' I large, which, nnxed with the green leavep, have a
molf pleafing afpect. The flowers of the two other
kinds are Imall and whitilli, and the middle of them is
filled v/itli Imall liranients, and have each a flat yellow
top as in common roles, with a round piltil in the
cell (re,

Belides the banaiia-trce, the betel, the mango, the
cotton, the eaflia-filtula, and other trees, they have
i'lmoll: every kind of tiec that Europe luriiilh.s ; but
that moll in elleem is the nan-moii, which is of fo hard
a nature, that the Chiiiefe lay whatever is foimed of it
will Kill to eternity : the gati.s, pillars and bcairs of the
ancient p;ilaces of the emperors are of tliis wood. But
in point of beauty the 'I'fet-am is inferior to none :
it is of a dark red, and full of line veins, which appear
as if painted : it is pinker for cabinets, and the very
finett foit of joiners work.

For lliength, firmnefs, and liurabilifv, the iron wood
produced in China is ei|u il to any ; the tree hath a
ilender trunk, and grows as high as an oak ; ita wood is
fo heavy, that it finks if pu: into water. The anchors
cf (liips ot war are made ot :his wood ; and the ofiiccrs
of the emperor vainly boail, that thefc anchors of wood
arc better than real iron ones.

We fliall now treat of the -anc commonly called a
hamboo, wliich is of the moli cxicnlae utilitv ; the
Hem of it is hollow, (except at the knots that leparate
Ihe joints) and equals, in both tnickncfs , nd height, the
trunk of a comiiKui fir.ed tre:; the pith of it, when
young, has an exquifitc talte, and the bud is a very
iinc fruit. This lutt of cane is lound in marihy
j:rounds, and its ftioots, in piocel's of time, become
hard enough to fupport a confiderable weight ; wherc-
t'lic in fome places it is ni.u!e ufe of in building, as well
js for pipes to conviy water, and leveral other purpyf'es.
JU it will adn.it ol being lqi,\r.iicd iiKo f;.!iutc:i, the

E Af P I n E o p CHINA.

Chinefe niakci bafi;e(s .-nd other tlii.igs of k ; am! after
all, when it gets rotten, and breaks, the natives boil iC
in water, till it becomes reduced to a fort of palb', that
feives to make paper of .iiii'erent kinds. But of all the
dill'ereiit forts of wood iifed in China for buildin.^ with,
the N-n-mu is in higlr.i? erciniation, an 1 is generally
ufcd in making column j, v/indow- frame;-, doors, anj
joilH for fuperb ediliees.

In the province of Ch.iang-tong there is a reed of n
very p;cul.ar nature; the ft.ni of it is not th.cker taaii
one's finger ; it crce. s uroii the ground, piij puts
lorili flioots of a coniiJ.rable lent'.th, diided into
fibres or ftrnigs, of which is m..dc all foils or cord.ige :
the Item is cut alfo into threads, and thert'f made baf-
kets, l'e:;ts, the p.nnels of fedan chairs, tniJ tlioll- linu
mats l<) much admired in England ar.d otli<r paits.

As the Chlne.'e drink tea for their common li-iiior, i
is now iiecellary to fpe.ik of the Tea-tree, which is of
the llirub kind. Tlus fhrub we will dilHiiguilh into
two principal fo.ts ; ti'.e full, c.illed Song-co tchi, is the.
f.ime wliicli «e call green te.i : it grow in eoiruiion Ifoni
five 10 fix feet, anj fometimcs eo:iliderably hij,hcr ; its root
is like that of a peach-tree, and its flower rLfeinldci
that of the v.ild white rof'i- ; fcvcral ffeni.= , each about
an inch thick, rile and cntwinefioni t^e root to the heigr.t
of the tree, uliere they ieparate into dirtoient collections,
and form a bulliy head like a myrtle. A'tlioiigh the
afl'emblagc of fKms wdiich compol'e the Hunk of the tree
have a dry and withered appearance, thcv notvvithffand-
ing yield branches and leaves of a very beautiful green,
which latter are generally from one to two inches long,
and arc indented at the edges. This fhrtib,' which ks
an evergreen, flowers from Oftober to January : it in
ulually planted in rows, and is kept pruned to prevent
its giov^ing too high : in fome provinces wheie it \i
fuffercd to grow to its full height, it will reach !o te-
or "-wclve feet ; therefore when the branches I're young
and tender, the people caufe them to hang downward,
that the leaves may be gathered with the gie .ter facility ;
it nnift be planted anew every four or five years, clfe"
the leaf beeoincs thick, hard, and rough. Another
kind of lea-fhrub, called Vou-y, or bohca, is produced
in Fo-kien, and cakis its name from a famous mou.i-
t.iiii ; and the only difference between the tra th.-.t grows
here and the former is, that its leaves are lounder and
flioner, inclining to a black colour, an.l yielding a
tincture of a deeper yellow. As it hath an agreeable
talle, and the decoction will not hurt the moll we..i;
Itomach, it is ul'ed throughout Chin.i. Of this kind
there are thr^e forts; the firfl is the tender L.if when
f'l arcelv opened, which is cfleenu'd ilie bett, and called
imperial tea, it being chiedy dcllimd for the cmpcior
and his faniilv ; and this is gathered about the begin-
ning of March. The fecoiid conliils of leaver, Ifroagcr
and more plentiful, and which are cltienied a very pood
fort, though not of fo line a flavour as the former . thcfe
arc gathered in April. 'Ihe third an.l lalf gathering is
in iVIav, when the leaves are at the laigell. I'here are
li;veral other kinds of tea, little ditiueni fVom the two
principal, except what is owing to the ijuality of the
foil in which the (hruhs are pl.iiitid. The method of
cultivating the lluub, which is molt commonly planted
at the l^et of mountains, an.l King open to the louih,
is as Ibllows; holes being made of about four or five
inches in depth, they diop eight or ten feeds into each j
the reafon why they tow leveral graiiu<! together is, be-
caufe of four or live dropt in a hole, they orteii mils of
a Angle (hoot : the want of knowing this may be one
reafon why liuropeans have not fuceieded in their at-
tempts to raiie this (lirub. As the plant comes on, it
is neccllary to dung it well once in twelve months at
leaft; at the age of three years it lie.irs, in plenty, good
leaves ; and, at the age of feven, rites five or fis. feet in
height, though yielding fewer bianeh.s ar.d leaves ;
wherefore tliev lop the tree dole to its (1cm, which oc-
cafions f.efh flioots and Kaves to con.e foitli from it ihe
next yer.r. 'I'liey do not, in gaihcring-tiire, pluck the
leaves by handlsds, but a fiiigle le.if at a tiiric ; and
however tedious this method may feein, a d.'.\lrous ga-
thcrcr will, in the conile of a day, pluck not le.s than ten
or a do/.en pounds,

C II

A NEW AND COMPIXTE SVSTEM OF GEOC.'RAPIIV.

It h.K boon alro;ulv oMorv-'il, that the Cliincf;-- ni.ikt
uk nt tc.i as ilii-ir coniinoii lii|uor : it nuy nut thcT^^'orc
bv ' r.iiocefihry to mriiiiiin hnw long it i-i kept i-cUiic the
ii.ur.f- ule it': ihcy at loiilt kc^-p it a whnlc yc.;i ; fcr if
It ucro drank whfii new, it wi.iilJ ^'riMilv i-ndanLicr the
1k_iI .,!\i mrvc-. It ii apptchen.k-J, tii.it tlKic i' no
plant iM tlio hahitJlili- worKI, whi.h, taken in the lame
ili.antiiy wiili tc.i, either in deeoe'tidn or inlufion, that
!•) lo light iij'on the lloniach, or more crtl>!tiiallv icvivc~
kr.J enliicr,'; the I'pirits of a Chinefo ; ami it woiilJ
i'l u!l h'lni.Mi prol'.ihilitv have th,- fimo ciV. cl upon an
Kiiropcrfn, did It not lofe, in its lonj; paliage, a toii-
lidcrah'e part of it.; volatile and tne.lieinal \irtiies.

Anion;!!- the various other lliiiibs which grow in
China, tliole in thj lakes arc remarkable for their hcau-
tit'ul I'lown • ; and tho vvateis, thus elegantly de,o:atcd,
f'-.tm a mod ayre:able and pleafini^ fpcclaele. 'I'hei'e
flowers arc ;'.iio pre;aved in Ii!t!c ponds, or in vef-
fels lilkd xvil'i mini and water in t!ie gardens of the
great. The Licn-hoa, whofc long lea\es fwim upon
the furfaee of the water, and coninuirncatc with
the root by lonu; ftrinis, preatly iilVnibles a ti:lip ;
its colour is Cith'.-r vii'let or white, or part wli:Ic
and part red, and has a moll gratoful fnirll : it iifes to a
coni'iderable height aho\e the watLi's fiiifaee, and bears
fruit as big as a walnut, the k'.incl of which is white
and of an agreeable t.ilte. 'I'lie loot of this ihriib i;
vcrv falubii.ius, and inueh eaten.

I^lt of all the flirubs growing in this cnunlrv, the
cotton Ihrub is l.'oked upon ,-s the molt ufvlul. As foon
as the harvelt is got in, the peafants fov rotton in the
fields, and raking the larth over 'h,' fied*, there I'oon
fpiin'.TS up a (hriib about two fiet hii'h, iho flinvrrs of
wh'cii are in general yill)W, but lbii;etinKS red:
a fniall button, about as big as a nut, and opening in
t'rec pl.ices fucccods the flower, and, on the fortieth
day after tiie llnwcr's appearance, dilcoveis three or
four wrappings of while eolton . thiv being fattened lo
the boti'.n pod, contains fe:d for tlv? year eiifiiing. A-
all the fibres of the cotton arc f.iilened Itiongly to tlu
lecdi tliev inclofe, the people I'epnrate them vvi'.h an
fncinc. Tlic cotton is afterwards carded, fpjn, v.'uvcn,
and converted into caiheo.

I: mult lie iiatui.'.lly I'uppofed, that in fo cxtcnfive a
coiintrv medicinal plants and roots mull be luiincrous.
y\men:;(t theic is the fouling, or China root, the admi-
rablevirtutsof wh eh aievs\ll known in Kuiope, Rhubarb
grows plentifully in feviral parts, the leaves of which
■.■re lun::, bro.id, and rough lo the touch ; the llowers
relciiibJp tufts in the fliape of a bell, but arc j:ig'.;ed at
the edge; and the looi, while frolh, is whitifli within ;
but when dried, it allumcs the cidour it has when
brought to u'. The tiho-an.r is the root <>f a very
beautiful plant, and is much ufed as a grailual refto-
rativc of dccaved (Irength. 1 he laiit-li is a mol^
valuable n'.cdicinc, and hath a variety of virtues. Kut
of all the medical plants, none are In Id in fuch gene-
ral dtimation as the gin-feng ; though this cannot be
ifilcd a natural prodinilion ot the country, being chiefly
imported from Chintlo Tartary, Among the manv
excellent virtues <f this plant, it is cfficai ious in forti-
fyi;i_r the Itomach and purilying the blood ; the It m of
It is covered with a rough (haggy tunicle, whlll the
<ith-r parts arc finootli and loiind : it is of a deep red
t( l;".ir, except towards the bottom of the item, where
it appear, r.ithcr white : it grows to the iieiglitof about
ciL'l:tecn inches, and purs forth its branches towards
the top, biaiing finall oblong leaves, of a woolly fub-
f'ance, and at iheed.es indented : the upper part of the
leaf is of a dark green, and the under part of a light
and lucid grerii. 'lie root of this plant is reported to
icfeiid)le tne h.nids, feit, and even the vifage of a man.
Thcie are many i l.intations of tobacci in all parts of
China, and the n.itivcs are much given to fino.ikiiig.

S 1. C T. III.
4J«i'./» «/i<</i, Bir ,'i, I)ifi\!i, Reptiles, ami Fijl)ti ; tne-
iho i sf jiukiiiv Pm.Is for I'ijh ; Ways of colchiiig tlioj'e
Jqiiatiis : curious MclhiJ cf totchni^ the Il'ilii-iluci.

MO .S T of the animals known in Europe arc to be
found i:i Ciiiiia. winch abounds with rich pallure-

groinuls. One of the moll rcmaikabic animals Is a kind
of camel, not higher than a cemnaui horfe ; It has two
bunches lui Its back, coverid with long hair, forming
.1 kind of faddle ; its legs are pretty well porportioncd,
and not fo long as thole of common camels; and its
neck, which is thicker anl ihortcr, is covered with a
thick hair. Some of thcle animals are of a dun colour,
and oihers are inclining tj icd, and of an atll colour
in fomc places,

The tyger, buffalo, rhi -.occros, and wild bo.ir, nro
all n.-stive, of China ; but the lion is not found here ;
nor are cl.phants common in this country. Stags ami
hares arc to be f^cn in gre.rt abundance,

'] he Ch'nefj tyger exeeids n-.oft others both in fi/c
and liercencfs ; aiu in the u inter, the inhabitants of
luth vill.igcs as ate not Will fenced are lorced to retire
iut > their houfe; b.fotc the dulk (f the iveniiig, and
fallen w.ll their doors, tu fccure themlchcs agaiiilt thia
devouiirg creature.

'I'he hi.ing-t>.hang-ile, or niufk roc-buck. Is an ex.
traordinary animal ; it is a fpecics of deer, without
horns, ami hath dark hr,ir. The bladder or bag that grows
bene.ilh its beliy, exhibits, when opened, grains of
muf-; iTiekins to the inner coats of the bag. The flcfh
of feipents is laid to be the common food ot this animal ;
and though theli; ferpcnts are of an enormous fize, the
roe-buck cafiiy dcllroys them ; for they aic lo over-
powered and llupiiied with the fccnt of the inulk, as to
bccoit.c motionlefs.

In the pro. ince of Chang-tong there Is a fpecies of

^ K-ars, which f me I ly walk upon their hind legs, and

j liave a t.icc fomcwhat lelVmbling the human, with ;i

beard liisc that of a goat: they are leported to climb up

tres, and to feed upon the fruit.

In Yun-nan pio\ij:ce there is an animal not Icfs
ciiriou.'!, though lefs frightful than the foregoing ; this
is a p.irticular kind of Itag, no l.irger than a common
dog, and which is kc|)t in the gardens of the gentry.

The holies here are very nect"i but fniall. 'i'he black
hogs, which arc very numerous, are fine food, anil
much eaten by the natives ; who are fond alio of thu
(Icih of dogs and wild horfcs, which are drelied in a
variety of wavs.

Of the feathered tribe, the Golden Phe.tfant claims
our fird notice, whether we conlider the beauty of
its plumes, or the delicacy of its Iklli as food, which
far furpalles that of the Kuropc.in phealant. A lively
(liining red, joined with tlic tinelt yellow, paint ilie
featheis of the cock phealant, with a bcaitiful grada-
fon and \ariety of Ihadcs ; a yellow tuft, bri ht as
burninicd gold, forms its crelf, vvhiUl a di\erlity of
other colours adorns the plumage of its back, wiiigi:,
and tail.

The hait-fing Is alio a very beautiful bird : it only
inhabits the piovince of Chciill, and fome parts of
Tartary. It is equal in beauty, and fupcrior in li/.e,
to the fincll falcon ; whence it mav be iullly liiled tiic
king of the birds of prey in China and j'artai,'.

'I'here aie in China parrots of all forts ; likcwilc wild
and tame peacocks, fowls ol eveiy kind, and mod of
the birds to be met with in CJieat JJritaiii ; together
with bats of a prodiginus fi/.c.

Among the infeels, the filk-worms hold the firll:
rank, whether their number or their utility be con^
liiiered : there is the grcateft plenty of them in the
fouthcrn piovinces.

In the province of (,Viang-tong there In a kind of
butterfly of an uncommon fizc as well as beautv ; It is
parrieularly admired lor the variety of its colours; and
IS cafily taken, being altogether motionlefs In the day-
time. In the evening it begins to flutter about like our
bar, anil is nearly as big. I'he linelf and bcautifullell
of thel'c infeels arc fent to court, for the imperial
family.

'i'iie fields of China, particularly in dry fummers
fuccceding wet ones, fwiin with locuKs ; they lomc-
times appear in I'm h multitiiiles as even to d.irkcn the
Ikies, and coiinnit the molt drcidful dcvallations on
land lic.iring gram.

What is molt worthy of notice in the reptile kind iii
a fort of lizard-, called by funic Wall-dragons, bccauic

thiy

ASIA.l

ttiev arc foiiiul cre<!|./iij; upon wall-, thry arc by others
c.illcil (Jiiard-Kulics, tioni their liaviinj, as prttciidcil,
the aniazNi^ virtue oi' botli proving ami prcl'crvmg I'e-
male challity.

There arc all kinds of fifli In the dilllrcnt rivers,
lakes, aiH.I caiial.s befiJis thoij from the lea-coalls. In
a river in the province of lJt'U-(|uaii';, great numbers of
tlilterent-iized tortoifes are uikeii. 'J'he armour'tilh ib
much clleenicd ; it is fo 'alle.l, tH'Mi its iitiuL^ c.ifed in
a coat of hard leaks, pi .ccd oiie nvir another, like tiles
on thereof of a honfe; Ic weighs iiliuut luity punn.ls, and
i- white and dilieate within. One of the bell kinds of
fi(h is that refemblljig a fe.i-beam, which weighs
about fix pounds. 'I'he meal-tifll is very delicate food ;
The black circles of the eyes of this iilli ;ire fuirounded
with te.o circles rcfembliiiL^ rings of bright fiKer. They
are luund in i'uch fhoals, that a (ir.i'lc drag of a net
will fecure not .el's than four hundied weight. The
yellow- fifli, found in ti.e river Yaiig-;fe-ki-an;r, and
which are to be cai.'gbt only at certain leaf iiis, are fme
food, and of an extraordinary fize j fome of them weigh
not lefs than feien or eight hundred pcuiid-.

Perlons of diltindt'on keep in their courts, boufes,
or ganicns, the Kin-yii, or gold fifli, which are in
Icnath fioni three to eight inches, and extremely brautiful.
The male, fiom the middle of its body to it . head, is of
a brielit red, and I'rom thence downwards of a glittering
gold Colour. They are put iui Jeep vell'els, at the
bottom of wh ch is pl.ictd an cbK ng \ale, bottom iip-
wartis, .TnJ pierced full of holes, to Ihelt-r the li(h fiom
th.' extreme heat of the I'un, or any ttiiiij; elfe th,.t may
be oft'enlive to them, thty being fo delicately ten ler in
their m.turc, that unlei's great care is taken of them,
th' y will be lubjecl to many accidcnis.

I'lie method the Chinele ul'e to lloei; their ponds with
f.ft), is as tollows : li\ .Vlay they pi. ice n\als and huiolcs
Bcrofa the river Yang-tfe-ki-an.', leaving ruo i. only t'oi
the p.ili.ii.e tf bouti : thcfe tuirdies (top the fp.iuii,
which, with the water, they conviy into piop^r vcflll-.

The Chinele not only make uli; of line, .Tod nets lot
fif.iin/, as we do, but pracfife alfo metluKis of afmgular
invention, In fume of tlieir provinces they train up a
fpecics of birds of the cormoiant kind to thii exercife,
which being tauijht to follow the iilh.rmcn to their
boats, as obediently as fo many dog.-:, begin their w;irk
at d.iy-brcak, in the following manner : ai a lign;il gi'.en
bv llriking the water with .ni oar, the birds take thcii
flight, .Tiid d^fperang over the river, watch their prey,
mul fuddenly diving, feixc the fifli by the middle, and
then rifmc, carry it to the boat. The hlhernian takes
up the bird, and holding is head downward, pall'es hi>
Inind ;iioi:g its neck, to make it difchargc the iifli; for
the lilh is prevented from entering the gullet by a rino'
put on the lower part of the neck. When a lilh
iiappciis to be too lafe for a fmgle bird, two birdsjoin
together, both in the attack and the coiivevance of it ;
one takes the head, the other th ■ tail, and thus fly away
with it to the boat.

In fome other parts the fifhermcn make ufc of long
narrow boats, to tach fide of which they fix a plank
that is as long as the boat, and aHout two b et broad.
Tliele pl.inks are painted white, and oveilaul with a
a fliiniiiiT varnilh, and reach (loping down to the water's
furiaec. I'he filhermen go out in thele boats in the
night-time, when the moon (hines bright, ujiieh
heightens the fplendor of the varindi ; lo that the li(h,
pi. lying about the boats, and miiiaking the brightnefs
of the plank tor that of their clement, le^.p into the boats
and are fecured.

Ill fome places they flioot (ifh wiih finall arrows,
failenedtothebow withpaek-thread, winch lerves both to
l.nc tile arrow, and alfo to draw in the fi(h when (liot.
They foiiietimes catch fi(h by diving j and in places
where tbeie aie gre.it numbers in the mud, men (land
lip to their waills in water, and pierce them with a kind
of barbed trident.

Wild-duck liuiiting is a very common prafliceamongd

Empire of CHINA.

I the calibafti, w!iich the duel; b.""!!' accunomcJ to fee
! Ihi.itiiig, lui.n approaches, and pecking at it, the duck-
' hunter (cizes hini by the feet and Iccutcs him.

SECT. IV.

0)7i,'/'.v sf the C'jtncJ'i Empire ; Perfsiis of the i^ativelf
their Drcjj'ei, Ahnmn, Ciijliiiu, and Xalisiial I'rt-

juMiiS.

'■■p' H E founder of the Chincfe F.nipiic, according to

both Alianc and Kurope.m hilloriaiis, was I'o-hi,
who is recorded in the annal, of t^'hina to liaie reigned
about ihiee tliouf.'.nj yo.irs belbre Cinilt, or lix hundred
before the deluge, according totlie vulgar leripture chio-
iiology. Ti.e Chiiiefe annals inform us too, that Ko-lii
being the tiiit who civilised the natives, they, for this
le.ilon, eleciid bim their king : hence we diicover that
the country cculd net at this period be thin ot inliabi-
t.iiils, and eonleeiuently thai theoiigiiiof this people
mult be dill moie ancient than the reign of Fo-hi : in-
deed fome Chinele hilloiians have aiiertcd, that their
c'Hintiyimri were fettled here even feveral thoufand jears
before Ko-hi held the imperial fc ptre. Such have been
the ambitiiius and extravagant pietenl'u'ns of thele men
to the honours of aiitii|uity. Agreeably, however, to the
regular hiliory of Ciiina, in which the literati fccm oiia-
iiiiiiou!lv to concur, th..' cmiiitry hath had its kings up-
waids of iv.-o thoiifind \..- It is rot imprubable tliiC
loine of the jjieat giaiKl-chi|j,en of No.ih d fperfe.l ibem-
IcKcj tlnougii ilie Aiiatic regions; and le.iched in pro-
cefs of time the molt welterly paits of Ciiina. Indeed
Dr. Sliaekford, a warm a-voeate for the untiquitv cf
the Chinele, all'erts that thev are the imm.-.iia;e deieend-
.iiiis of Noah: lie luppol'es tiie ark was left bv the
waters of tiic d.luge upon a ridge of miunt.ons, b.ir-
deniig on the fio;itieisof China; and that Ko.ii aiiJ
his lo;is feiilcd and '.-•ok up tiieir i-liJenee here. li^
I'lir.her thinks tint Noah an i l-'o-hi were one and ths
lame peifon.

'I'lie mod genera! opinion is, that this country was
firlt peopled within a centut)' o;- two after the deluge, :it
t'le time if the dilperlion w.ii, 'i fallowed the contuiicii
ofton;iKs, when a fcjttere.l Ijabyluii'an colony fniii-
ded tile empire oi Chiii.i, and eleeied Ko-b.i tlicir prinee,
on account of the great abilities and virtues which dil-
tingiiinu'd him.

Vv'lioevcr or whatevrr inflitutcd tiiis empire, certain
it IS, that the people in thole earlv ajes applied them-
(elves chiefly to agriculture, and the education of their
einidreii ; they wcie judicious, frugal, and indulh-ious ;
the governors or head people were wife, prudent, pene-
trating, and in their public ilceifKiiis c.|Uital-le. Thele
governors or princes gained the hearts of the pcopb by
their patriotic and \iituous public conduit; their whole
happinels centered in the weli'are and felicity of their
fubjects. Thus theChiiKl'e reijuired fucli repuiation. tli,;t
they were admired and revered by all the countries ro.rnd
them ; and hence they vainly gave it out, tiiat they were
placed by heaven in the niiddie of the globe to adiniiii-
tler laws to the iel( of iii.inkiiid.

As to the perloiis of the natives, a wo.nian in this
country is deemed handlbme who is loniewhat under the

the Chine

fit it to tlieir heads, leaviii

they fcoop a caliballi, or

ircutil.

lid rel

to ihcir cm

pi ran on

proper apertuies for light

ley then go na

ked

into the water

that iiuthiiig may appear above WJter but

common (Ize, has litt

le eves, I nge cars liaiuin; low.

* — -"■ ■••■-, ....,■......, ..v^-, 1.1 ;:^\, V .11 .3 11.111 _ Hi ; .ej w, a

(lio:t nofe, red lips, ll.-.ck ha,r, tlorrid complexion, and
a mii'dle i'l/.^d mouth : and lucli mil arc aeln-.:rej by
the women, who have broad f.ces, h gli forehei.ds, fl.i't
iiof.s, widcnolirils, thick legs, and ro.nul flioulJc.s.

In the Ibutherti pairs of tne empire, where tiie fun
hatii gieat iiilluenee, the nati\es are of an olive colour ;
but 'n the northeri paits they have as good complexion.!
as any Kuropeans : the young people in part;cuiar, aie
comely, giaceUi!, and handlbme.

'I'he women of this country arc remarkable for the
fin.iilncfs of tluir feet, which, in the ll.ite ol infancy,
are cramped and bouii.l up loh.irj, th.;i thcnevei gruw
to the li/.j piefeiib.d by nature; but whatever pain in-
laiits endure by this, they never complain wh.t they

fulleied when the

>w up ; they rather

ide

thcmfelvcs ill tills violence offered to nature, and alfer-t
1 ahvayi

'"f.

A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

elwnys to fliew their fcui as tlu-y walk, or latlicr as they
liulible .-iiiJ totter :i!on;j; the flieetj.

It i< coiTimoii for a y";ir,g v.r.ir.an in China, of about
t^^■clHy veais of aj;c, to have t\ct no hi^^,ir tiian iholc
of a fiici-ir.^ clilM wi'h U5.

Some atrribute thi^ ptrnicious anJ abomii^ablc cuP.oin
ti-< an act of policy among the aneient Clilnel'e, who are
fjid to ha\e invenieit it to keeji their wii'es Mom gadding
abroad : thoujrli it is afiirmeU bv ot^-.eis, that it was fult
breu;;ht into \o;:ue by the cin)iiefs Ta-kia, \vhoha\in^'
rciiiiiikably finr.il fett, aflciT.i-d the wearinjj of b.inda-i s,
in r;Jcr to ir.ake them ftill IlIs j thus fcekiiig to cover a
zeal c!ei'ormi;y with ihe |iiclcnee of a be.uitv.

I'he men Ihavi. ch^ir heads, cxc.pt in one part of the
crown, where a lo, k ot li.ir is luileicd to grow, whieh
tin. V braid and tr.ilt. '["his ciiiioin they have obfe ved
v\'V f nee tlie edi.'.l illiicd by the Tartarian cmperois in
tile !.i!t centun , lor tile C'liiKli; lo cut ofi' their liair.
Jf, the funn:ur ihey wear a filial! lap, made of cane oi
laitan ; i!ii' cap, whicli is in tiie form of a fiu-Mtl, only
covirs the io(J if the head, it i.< lined with fattiii, and
at the lop of it is a tuft o( brij'ht red ce.vv-hair, (prcad-
ini; over it to the very ed^es. liat llie dodors and other
learned n:eii wear a palle-buaid cap, which is biith
lined and eoveicd with fattiii, and la vmbtllifheJ with a
very gaudy tuft of rich rid lilk.

In :!ie winter leaibn a \eiy warm cap is worn j it is
lioidered with fable or ermine, and ccivered with nd filk
falling round it to the edges ; this inakea a verv fii'c.'p-
pe..ranec, and flutters in ilie air a:, the wearer of it walks
along : thcbordcr of erilniu: is bro.d and vcrv haiulfome j
and when a mandarin appiars full diclied, iie.\doins bis
cap with a diamond or fome either valuable lb iie.

'I'he other parts of the drefs of the men ililVers in
form but little from that of tlie women ; their lelltr
under garnn lit readies aliv.oil to the ground, and over it
they we.ir another f iir.cthing iliorter, with large (Keves
mid without a collar; they lie round tlum a fi!k fafli,
wiih the ends hanging do.', n to their knees ; and in llii~
^'.ifll they have a coiueiiiciice lot putting feveral (mall
thir.gs, Uich as a putfe, a knife, an ivoiy f.iik, ^;c.
thev wear large drawers, buflMis, and a kind of flipp.is
wilhuut heels, A^ the whcde buily-drefs of a Clunefe
is wide, and lis lo.e upon hii:, he can form no idea of
vh.it .in EuiMpean Itii.;, a griittel l/upc.

'I'hilr il.iitsaie made of liifKrcnt foif.. of dotli, and
are vuy wide, but fiiort. In fumnier tin y ^o with their
fittk'. ipiile baic, hut cover them in the winter wish
f.;nin. fiblc, or fo.v ftin ; and iii this fealon ihey line
lluir veils with (heep-lkins. I'erfons c( di(lin.iti(in line
ihcin entirely ivith irmiiic, or fine (ox-fKln wiih an
timinc bonier; and, v^hcn they make a Mlit of anv
Cdiifeqiicnce, wear a long filk gown over the vift ; tiiis
f.'i-'Wn IS In general bin;-, ar..l over itiseitluT a black or
tile violet-C'ilo ired cloak re idling to thiir knee?.
They appe.ir alio in their bu(kin,«, with a icymeier bv
their fide, and a fan in their lunJ.

There are fome perfons id a particiilsr r.nk in life
^ej'.ii miiH never ] lefim.c lo ^o abio..d will.oul thcii
^ll'klll>•. cun though thry waU on foot, o; aie carried
III a fedan, Hill Ihiy uie ccnli rained lo wear ihcm.
\V h-.n on a fonn.ii ,:fit, if the pri'.ns tluy go to fic
ha;<pin nut to l.ave th - liiiftln- on, nt. »( id., arc ex-
>h,.ngi.d tr cerrmony panes till they liavc put them on.
I helc bii'uins are made of lilk, and the hole undu
tlum if a pink ItuH^linuJ with cition.

'1 he Chiiicle, who alfeet a very grave afpci^, fiifl'er
tlicir beards t i (jiow alter Ihcy li.m lued to ibe age ol
ubout thirty, having a particular vemralioii for a long
bcaid : Ihe b."ard however i.s never very thick ; for the
'oung tiKii III giner.il pluck it out wilh nippers, nil
iiiey ..riivc al th.it period, wlun lii> y think itnecdiaiy
Id luiiinlh mill piini' te ilie giowih ul il, us an hoiiour-
khl( iii.iik of theii liper )eaiti,

Ihe dodottanil mlur literati, rfpeci.illy if ihfy have
.•< ti Ipect.ible atietJlry to Iviall, (iilier Ihe niil of iln i'
llille l.nic's to grow vciy bill'.', which thev (i ripe and
lilidi Willi great larc 1 this beieg a diltingii.lhin.- in rk
fi a gtiillenian, anl llifws ihi y hive never l.iii ulid
tiiain laborious or niei.hanical emplo inent,

'i he UdiCi ol L'l'.ina, who are m vain a» ihufe of anv

country, wear for theii u,pir garn.ent a rcb2 renching to
their hecl,«, with laig- Ikives, and a cullar of white
f.itti.i round their nick-: underneath this robe they
wear another with tight IK ves, and of the fame length :
they wear likewife iilk diaweis, reaching half way down

legs i and, below tliefe, Ihort ftockings made of

the

iho fame : their flippers aie peaked, with fquare heels,
terned up at the toes, and embroidered with gold, lilver,
>.i Iilk.

'1 he robes of youthful ladies are of blue, or green,
or any other colour ; but thofe worn by ladies advanced
ill years, are either violet or black.

A Cliinefe lady, though kept in the moil reclufc
manner, v.i 1 fpend three or four hours in a morning
in letting olf her licad-drefs, which conhfts of a great
nia.'iv curls or ringTis, inteifperled with finall tutts of
gold and lilver flmiers, and is fometnnes crov n^d with
the ligure of a bird gilt with filver, its extended vving,s
einbiacing the l.^.dy's temples, its fprcading tail lorming
a plume on the middle of her hva.l, and its reck, whicli
is ciirioufly jointed, moving with t'lc gentlell: motion of
the ht..d. Ladies of high tank have le\eral if ihcfj
birds united and formed in a kind of crown, with wli;eli
they make a grand appearance. Many ladies wear a
palb.board cap cuvereu v\iih filk, the fore part riling
abc\ e the forehead in a point, dtxorated with tiie richelV
i;rnaments, fueli as diaii.onds or pejils : the upper part
ol their heads they embell.in wiih natural iir artificial
flowers, mixed with l.i.ali loli.ins lliick with jewels.
Hut w. nun in years, cfp. ci.llv the wives of tradefmen,
wrap only a piece ol iilk rou.i i ir heads.

The liibjecls of Cliini • a. lowed to wear all

colours iiulifcnn'ina'ely : ei, none mult wear

ulli vv rob.s and girdi.i. Oi-t li.. e ._ lor and the royal
f. mi y.

There isa flrange cufiom prevails .among the Chinefe
women, wincii is tiiat ot rhewing betel continually,
K-I.ieh gre.itly bl.ickiii^ their rvetli.

I'lie dilpoiition of the Chiiiele is in general affable,
mild, and obliging ; there aie no people who equal
them in cuuiielv and good-bieidoig ; they do not, how-
ever, confider ceremony inenly as an exchange of coin-
pliiiKiits and ci.ii.ties, but as the cement of lociity,
mid the gicat preferver ol decori.m and liibordinatinn
among mm : aetordingly they have a great number nf
tieatiUs on iliis fibjeet, hmiig dimn inllrii.;lion5 on the
moll minute pailieiilars ol behaviour, as touching ihc
manner ot laluiing, vifiiing, making prclems, writing
letters, enleitainiiii; at table, &c. and thcle cullonn
ha\c lo far aevp.ir d the force of law, that none
are pmiiiited to diipcnle with them : even anionp
th-; very Imv-'il clais of piople there is a degree
ol cetemony ubferved j and ilierc is never lo be uen
that rude behaviour pradliled by the vulgar of other
eoiinlries. T he Chiiule are, however, mercenarv,
cowar.lly, treacherous, and vindiiftive. In |(,mc p,iits
III China tiny will lell or moil, age their eliates m
the luj'piiit ol a l:iw lint, in order to ruin an .idverfiry.
Inteielt is the mallei-lpring of all the-ir liiSliins; tluy
will thiat one am ti.er as iniiih as pollible; and as tu
(iiani;irs, ihele tluy always endeavour to e'efr.md, aiil
bo.ill ol it. 'The hmer I- rl o' peiipin have innuiner.iblo
fi. hemes and tricks to .ni dieiate or difguilewh.it tluy
olfer to lale. If a itraii|iir piirchafes fingly and ul him-
lell, hi' is lure to be i heated ; and iheie is nn w.iy of
ptexenting it, except by employing an liunell naliie (if
any can be (nuiul) who !■. well aceiuainted with all ihe
links ptaeliled by his countrymen, his dangcrou' lo
leiul tlum any lliii.g without luieties ; lor iheie is lui leiy-
ing upin aliiije wnrd thev lav, .Somenf them have hem
kimwn In biiiiow Iniall funis of money, with Ihe piu.
niift eil titutnii'i; it with an high inliiell, whiihthtjr
very puiutu llv piifoimed t but allerwarels reqinlliiif;
the l(i..n eil a liiili and l.iiger Inm, with tl.n. have gnnc
I'll, and have never alter luiii lu.ud eil,

AiK nj lluii fe(ei..l tiieks, Iheie hiivc been iiinaiie.oi
of Ihiii o(eiiing tin birBlU eif leiwls, takiiii out ili_>
Uibllinui, lilliiig ip the (km, and then In elexieniij^y
iluling il, as lo Kiiviale ul! tliUuvery or lulpiciuii nil it
lonie^ 111 be eaien.

Amoliijll fill I a diflioncft (a of peojile, it mull nx-

luulijr

S; reaching to
)ll;ir of white
lis robe they
lame It-iigth :
liilt way (Iowa
kings m:u1e of
1 (quare heels,
hgolJ, lilver,

uc, or grren,
iilits advanced

mod rcchife
ill a morning
rtb of a treat
fniall tints of
troviK'J with
ntcmlnl wings
g u\il lorniing
> I cck, which
Icil motion of
icral if melo
1, with wh:tli
lauics wear a
jrc p.irt tihng
ith tlic richill
tiic upper part
lal or artificial
(. with jewels,
of tradcfmen,
s.

c(l to wear all
une mult wear
' anil the royal

ig the Chincfe
I continually,

;cnpral affable,
lie who equal
(' do not, how-
han^e of com-
nt of lociity,
liihnrdinatinn
cat number of
nations on the
touching the
ems, writing
hele cultoni
that none
ivin among
is a dij^rec
- to he lien
Igar of other
mercenary,
n l( me paits
cir ellatcs m
an adverfjry.
iiili <ns ) tluy
le ; anil as lu
I'efraud, aifl
: iiinuimr.iMo
lie what liny
y anil ot hiiti-
is no Wiiy of
til natiie (if
.1 with all the
dangcrnu' to
lie is no leiy-
II 111 havehciii
With (he |iio.
I, wliuli tluy
III. riqurlfing
tl.i> have goiiv

Kcn inft.iiicci

km '. out til ■
i> ili'Sli'iMij'y
ull'ICIllll till It

It mull lu-
tuially

ASIA.] Empire of CHINA.

tiirally be condudnl, that there arc great numbers of
Inch as w> may llile profcffed thieves : tliey will bre-.ik
through the thickcll walls, and burn down doors or gates
with an engine that fires the wood without creating any
flame. They penetrate, unieen, into the mod private
places, and will drip rooms without leaving the lead ap-
pearance of a footdep or other mark.

Thefe arc the fcntiiti-nts of the generality of authors j
but in oriler to be as impartial as poflible, it is nccelliiry
to obliTvc with a late writer, " that the etnpire of
China, from the diftancc and policy of the govern-
ment, is extremely difticuk to be known. Nobody has
permillion to penetrate ijuo it beyond the lea-potts,
unlefs it was formerly the jefuits, upon whole accounts,
though fomctimcs very curious, wc cannot always
ilepei'.il.

'IVavdlcrs that have touched at Canton agree very well
ill their accouirfs ; they .all alllrt the Chincfe to be a
faiihleO, deceiving, cowardly, thievidi, paltry fet of
rafcals, mandarines and all ; but allow that the people,
in general, arc the pictures of unremitting induiiry, and I
from tlicfe accounts we form our ideas of that inuiieiiK- '
empire, liiit it dloiildbe reincmhcrcd, that theic author-. ^

have formed their ideas merely from a part, and that the j

trading part of a naxion, which contains fiarrily three |

trading ports: wc ought nnt to fuppofc that al! China is j

peopled with I'uch beings j on the contrary, we have the

greatid reafon to believe, that the better part of the \

nation are as refpeiJ'.able as any other muler the fun, and

this is not from partial accounts, but greatly from the

rcalbii of the thing."

The Chincfe ufually fit upon their feet for want of

chairs. Whcii they nicet one another they lift up their

h.'iuds, but touch neither hat or cap, and do not nui'.e

their feet, but bow a little, faying, " hoaw, hoaw," that

is, " good, good." When two friends meet after a very

long ..bfeiiee, they both kneil down, and then proKrate

thernfeUeSj alter this they rife up, and repeat the fame

ceiemony two or three times.

W ith lefpecl to foeial coneerfe, the Chincfe always

life tlie mod fubmillive and refptctlul terms, and gene-

r.illy fpeak in the third pirlbiii thus, ir.dead of fayiti/,

•' 1 am fenlible of the lavour you have conferred on

nie," they lay, " the favour which the Lord has vouih-

faiid to the meaiied of his lirvants nives him great

joy ;" and again, indead of l.iying, " 1 take the liee-

tlo'ni to prcfent vmi VMth thi« ciinolity," they fay, " the

feivant takes the freedom to odu to his Lord this poor

prifint:" and the anfwcr i', " every thing that comes

iiom ihc hands of fuch .1 good fctv.uit is of iiiedimahle

v:il-.:c.

Previous to a vifil made to any pctfon of quality, n

liilit is alw.ivs prefenteil to the porter, letting tbith

the name and tank of life of the vilitant ; and if he he

of ei|ii.il rank with • perlon whom he viltts, he is le-

reiviil at the h.ill door hv the latter, two of his domellics

holding before him a large fin, which is romovid upon

the Mlit.iiit entering the h.ill ; it is then the teremony

hcgius, with many bcndinm of the knrc, and iiov\'in)',s

cf the hodv, on both lides i coinplimenting each other

with their nf|>tclful title*, and taking the rieht and

left liJe III each otiiei by turns. Thele ceremonies over,

the gucit is coiiduilted to .1 chair, and when featiil de-

ti.ircs the occ.ilion of his vifit. After a Ihort ronver-

f.iiii a te.i i« brought i and when that isour, they make

tlieii oheiiaiKc to laih other, and take leave with muili

bowing on both tides.

I |ioii the biillt-d.iy '"•I a confiJcrable niandaiin, jieople

cf the hid qiiility alleinble, and proceed in bodiM In

hi! palace, t.ikiii ', fweitmeits and oihrr pnfetits with

thiin. L'poii entiling the hill they llaiid in row<, and

III ike a mud ptofuuiid rcvircncr; one c>l them then

they prcfent him with this fine garment, .and rcq^ieft h-
will put it on : but the inaiidarin cxciilLs himliilf, hv
allcdging that he is by no means worthy of fo great a •.
honour, till perfuadcd by repeated folicita'ioi.s, he at
length fiiirers them to take olf his upper g.i.n.ent, tint
clothe him with that which tlicy have brought alun;;
v/ith them : the garment is afterward-s put care.ully by
as a mark of great honour and dillindtion.

When a maiid.iriii of mtcriar rank meets bis fiiprrior,

he iiidantly dons his i'eJaii, and ma!:' s :i mod prorouml

I reverence ; and it two of Ciju.il rank iiieit, they falut'-

leach oti'er in thrir ledar.s, by < riiU.-ii^ their bands, ami

, raifing thd'i lo their herds, wti'c.i ti-.cy repea: till thi-y

! are entireiy out of each o;her's light.

j When a man of quality gives an e;it.\'tainmcnt, th.\'e

arc as mnnv t.iblcs introduced as ih;'! • are gn :'. . i;u iu J,

i iinleis the great number of vilitants rcn.'.i .t neccni-ry

■ to place two at a table; thefe tn'jles da;;J i:i .i V.iu oa

each fide of th; groat hall, which ii> adorn. 1 with pi.- ■

] tiires, flower py'-s, and chi:ia-warc ; the t,v'-.lis bein;;

1 placed dircHly ..ppolit-: to each o'her, the guil!-. i.vci: <>ii.:

j another a= tlicy lit. there aie neither t.ibic-c'oths n.r

I napkins, but the fore part of each table i. cr.ihsllifli.'d

with embroidered filk, and the whole of it handlomiiv

iapanned. (Jn the t.ables are lari'.c dilhes of meat ready

carved, piled pyramidically, with flowers and ci.rons at

the top of the table.

Previous to the company being feated, tiic m.aftcr of
the lead falutes them feparalely by eroding Ills hiiuls
and bowing j he then calls for a ci!') of li.n;or brcwe.l
from rice and wheat, and holding it up, makes a low
bow io his chief gued, and walks cw: of the hall,
followed bv all his company; when in the cou'.t, he
turns his face towards the foiith, and lining his lyis
to heaven, jioiirs the liquor upon the groutul, to {hiw
that i'll Ills podiflions flow from t:,c Lord wi'.o rcit'iis
above. He and liis company then letiiin to tl;c hali,
and every one takes his feat a^ the inaltci of the lead
appoints.

The entcrtaintncnt begins with prcfenting to each 
to their moiitiis, rui'j cacli other with a motion Witii
tlic head to d.tln'is hid: this cureni.'iiy Ci>ncl.id.-s v.i'.li
their drink:n.; altopcthcr at th-j lame time. J.iqiioti;
ferved two or three times, an i m the interim dilhes i f
meat arc bioiiglit on the i.iblcs ; fi..r thol. beloren;.:!-
tioncd, piled in pyramids, arc mcnly lor o.'namnit.
The meat, wliiih is in didirs, is cut into pi.iTs lut^'re it
is brought to t,iblc : they have neither folks nor ipoon-,
but cat with little ivory dicks. The inalbn of the k.id,
on his knee, inviting the company to eat, they accoid-
ingly put ((line of the meat on their plates j and at
every ficdl dilh they arc requeded, with equal ccteii.onv,
to cat, and at the fame time tJiey are ohli.ed to drini.,
though onlv jud .is much as is agreeable to them. .-Mur
level al dilhes h.ue been lit vol, baloiis of foup are
brought, attendcil with very lin.ill loa\cs, which tiny
break and put into the loiip ; then tea i» brou 'lit, ami
allerwards fruit; but beloie the fruit is In veil, the lord
of the houle takes his guells into the gaiJeii, oi f..iiii'
other place: in the mean while the leiv.iiit. arc iir.
ployed, fome in cainlng water for ihe gialU to w.illi
their lianiN, olherit in cleaning the tables, ;iii,| ..theis oi'
ihcin in preparing the dcfcrt, which confills of the i,.hid
fruits, iweclmeats, Aic.

During thi le lealU it is veiv common fur pliver-: I >
introdui I' thcmfelves, who, bowui;. luer.il tiini.s to ilic

till!

laviii

111 li

lefents it to the manilarin,

with fweetm;ats I:

UcliolJ th.' liquor wliiih gives joy;" another

> <

" Hehohl the fmrars of

lilr ;" and ihui oiheis of the Company tcprat the fame

Wli mntiKS.

nd.itin, who has r.-i.Jered liimlVlf particulailv

ncnt by |.;s iniblie fi t

h.uh dill gieatiH hoiuiiir

veiy gioiiiul, prelcnl the piiiiii|:
tainment with a book.

111 whi.li

lu-ll
at.-

I the tiUcr
wiill.-n, III
goldi-n li-ltirs, the titles of fev.ial plus ; h.it the lual
gued r'liTs ilie clioiec to a f.-. ..|iil, ilii limnu to a thii.',
Ihe ihiid to a toiitth, and fo uii ; but .ill i. liiliii'', he

at lei:i;lh ihoofes a pl.iy that In
the companv.

iirs Villi III ll pleale

1 he ladies are frati d in anoilirt ap.rnmn, wliirp,
rough .1 lilk lit It in.', thry He iht pi il.iiniaii.r viili
nut being lluinii 1m s lent. Ilelwctii the a.'l« the roin

pain are eiiit tiaiiied wiili iniilic

Ihewn hull Uuctois, and utlit is of ihr titrraii, caulir a 11 diiiment.il : of the lattri kind ii b

^.irrr.ent of V'lmn colours to be ni.ide lor hii

heth
l<al<jiis ini>

.ll and
of

III pet, iliiims whiih ihtv heat Willi flat lliik«, 'id IliitK

cn nil bmh-dav carry it to lii> pal.ur, arconipiiued 1 ol dirtireiit foils. .About the inuldle of the plav our
>*ilh iti'iii^. XVl.cii they enter ihc h,ill el hj palme, j|of »lic ai'Uns qn.is ilie duje, yt ti-lhcr huvr, fovcte.l

w.'h

"»4»

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIIV.

wiiH ;•. cnpct, and collc£ls mtiiicy <if the- company : ami
.-.t nil tliric icrcTijOiiidils t'calKs tiiC kTvaiu> ut' (Ik- hoiilc
make a collccti.m likcwilc tor the iiialliTN uCe, to
reinili.irfc him in part tor the c\peMccs ot' the enttiiain-
luent.

'I'hefe ciitcrtniii:iicnts fomctimos coiiti:nie till mid-
iiii:ht, wlieji the relpL'iS^ive u'ULth ilepail with great
ceremoMv, ami their lervaiUs walk brtoie their leiiaii?,
carrviiig iartc lanterns ol' nilej paper. I'he I'ollouiiig
morning cards are tent I'rom fvery giicll, akninvlcdginu,
in the pulitell terms, the t'avoiirs they reeeiveil the pre-
ceding e\cniiig.

The power of fathers over their children in this
cmnitry is ahlolute, no age nor otiiec exemptiny them
from this jurildiciion ; nor is the power of the motiier
iefs.

Hence the relpceT fliewii bv children to their parents.
Tiiev fpcak little, and generally Hand in tlicir pretence :
on their hinh-dav and other occalions they I'ahite them
on their knees, and with their forelieads touch the
verv ground. This dutv of hlial rel'pect is held in
luili hi^^'li honour, that an emperor once h.iving ba-
i;ilhed his own mother lor fmnc inipr>iper gali.ijuries.

vas conipe

lied hv

In-

liibieL^s to recall h.r lioni e^ile,

id to iiiicre her to the r.mk ct emprctV, Ironi wiiieli he
h.id degr.idi'd her.

If .1 i.ither cites his foil to appear before a mandarin,
hi-, own teltinionv Is allowed fviHicicnt for the coinic-
tion of the actuled, without any corroborating circum-
Itances.

If a ton attempts the life of iiis lather or mother, his
bodv i- cut t') pieces and burnt : if he leav>.s anv houle
or (Iwelliiv'-plaee behind liii , it is razed to the ground,
and a ii>onuinent crcetcd In the place to perpetu.ite hi:-
iiifaniv : even the liout'e or houles adjoining to it are
alio levelled with the earth.

Ne.\t to the dutv of tili.d obedience, there is nothim;
liclJ mi-tc facred iii China than that of the fubjecl to Ins
|iriiice : in tli'irt, theie two important duties being con-
itdered a-- haviui; to near a rtlatioii with e.aeh other as to
admit hanllv of any diitinclion, rebellion Is piini(lii-d
with the lame degree of feverity, and m the lame man-
ner as patricide.

It is eutlomary for the C'hiiicle to give their magi-
llralis the title of father, and it is the pride of the tiii-
pernr to be tilled the great father, or euardiaii of h.s
people. I'liis noble and laiid.ible prejudice is grafted in
the hearts of the Chinele, and is become one of the grand
pillars ol th'-ir cinllitution.

No people on earth arc prouder of their pretended
(.•raiii'eur than the Chiiiefe ; even the meanelt amongtl
ihem ha\e a conten'pt lor other countm.^, and belorc
they were vil'ited by the Kuropeaii millionaries, thev
looked upon themt'elveii fo fuperior to the rell ot'manl'iiid,
that ihev treated all otiiir nations .as barbarians. Tlu-v
had coiKiived the molt cxti.avai:ant Ideas of their own
countrv, as to Its extent -, for fiippoling the globe to be
in the torm of a fipiare, they imagined they pollilled all
the centre, .iiid uthir n. tions only the lour curners. it
was with alJonilhmeiU they louiid that beyond the teas,
there were nations Ikilled In all the Iciences, and even
ill many att-i to which they weie themlclvc4 tmire
llran^M-.

\\ hi n 1*. t,'hava;iiiac Ihcwcd them .■» map of the globe,
they diliied him to cxpl.iiii it to them, for thcv were

tota

i.-nor.uit 1

.1 the

ini ilioti (it It.

•111!

tiys

tlie father, is K.urnpe, this Afiiea, and here is Atia .

Alia voii fee I'eilia, the liidn

lart

where

. Chii

laid th( 1

ary

III
Hut
lleie il IS," replied the
,uiell, '* don't von (tc It ? lis in thi- bille corner of the
map." L'l o'l whlth, u\erwhelnud with .im.i^emeni,
BiiJ looking at earholhir, liny l.iid, " It Was litlli- lildi ed. '

Hut thcv were Hill more 1 irptiteil when lunie

nrtiiis (lit
inDriiiiieiit-

"l"

litem clocks, walche-, and miilunuii
ihev thin av knowlid 'ed thai llie 1

'')

rope.iiK wi re not that barbarous pcoplu lliey had alv
thou.'ht them.

Hut ih'Migh ihe Chind.- lia\c been uiidecnud in tin ii
niott llaiTaiit error., ihtyliave, c\eM ill this lime, iheir
llr >iig and violent peeiiidices , then.' i» not aiiv nation
more Villi) and Inlnxicated vMth thu coneritcii pielutmc
due to ihei • own coiintiy, or their lii|K'rioritv <iMr
iiilicrt: tlici will nut alluw any iiun^ tv Ic u.\wcl!tiit

that is not of their own produce. 'I'hou^h they nil; hr
reap improvement from our artificers, yet tliev think ic
beneath them to Imitate the Kuropeans In any thing ;
nor have we yet been able to prevail upon them to chan'-c
the aukwaid tlrutSture of their ^c^e!s, though they have
models contiiuiallv belorc them.

It Is an efiabliflied maxim among the Chinele, that
a king fliwild pollcli. the fame lendernefs for his fubicLts,
as a fatlier does, or at leal! ought to do, for his ehihiren ;
and tiiiit the father of a laniily fliould, in his own houfe,
exerciti; the authoritv of a king.

Though ;;amlng is llrieUy forbid in China, the na-
'tives pl.iy till they fonutimes lote their houles, e(bte>,
and even their children and wives: and there is one
moll lliocklni' cudom here ; when a man has more chil-
ilreii than he thinks he c;in well provide for, the mid-
wife receives orders to drown ti.e next iiitaiit, or thiow
it into the llreets.

When the millionaries were in China, \ ifitiiig fomc of
the p.'ipulous cities, they lent their catccliifl.^ out every
morning, to baptize the infants as they lay expiring la
the Ihcets.

In the lame manner as intriguing is carried on in
other countries, courtlilp is condui;ted in China : there
arc certain women lixed upon for the biifinefs of pro-
curing hiifbands lor maidens ; for as the latter arc kept
conliiied in tlieir apartment^, and the yotmg men who
are to le their hu'.bands are not idlowed to tee them till
the d.iy of marriage, thev are under a necefTitv of reiv-
ing entirely upon tnofe women, or cnnlidants. 'I'he
youii^ [leoplc ;i;e never fullered to treat upon the fubleet
of their iiupti.ds ; the parents fettle every thing them-
ttUes ; and though in other countries it is the cuftoiii
lor women to bring poitions to their hulbands, l-.ere
hulbands pay ,i t'liiii of money to tlie parents of the
bride, whicii is generally laid out in clo.iths, ^'c. for
her •. then follow '.'"rtain eereniotiies, the chief of whieh
eonlill in the relations on b<itli tides tending to demand
the iiiime of the intended bridegroom and bride, .-.tid in
making them prefents. The relations of the bride,
who determine the day of the nuptials, frequently
coiit'uU the Calendar for a fortuiiale d.iv : mean while
the man t'euds his iuteiuled bride fonie iewels, pend.int-,
and i>. ■.ke. Al le.ill liiis is the cullom with wealthy
p<r. ;. .

Ni ' c the arliiles of marriage futled, than

the p- of .jch repair kparatily to a priv.^te iliiipil,

when ' ^ iiC faeied table-book tlierc di'polite\l, con-
taining tile names ot the lainilv lo the tourth generation,
aiivl making a piotound obeif.nice to It, the father of tin:
famil. burns mcenfe, and invokes the fouls of his an.
cellors, which, according to the fuperllitious belief of
thele people, hover continually about thii facred book.
He no'w iinj'aits to his f.iitoly the intinded luiptiaK,
readiii.; the aitlele.s propot -d and agreed upmi, which an-
on a llieet of paper in letters !■! gold; after which he
throws Ihe paper into a pan of burning inccnte ; and
when It IS co.iluined, he takes !e.4Ve of his aiieellors, and
puis alide the I'aci d table-book.

Whm the weddui^-dav arrivis, the bride Is put into
a fedati mauiufKeiitU adiuned, and her baggage of
eloaihs, oiiiameiit^, and triiik I , are carried atlei her
III cheiN, bv the domellir tenants, and other |x-rluiis
luiid on piirpot'e, who .dio vaiiy lighted Hambeaux III
their hands, though it be noun d.w . the [;iaiid ledan is
preceded b) niiiti*, uiid l.illov.:-.! by t''e itlatioiis and

II
h.md

of the biidi-

Ills' iie.irill of km i.nii

key ol the fed.m ^foi the wmd.ias of it are

glated up .Ulil locked

illKl go IS

Il tv> ill.' biidi

gi-

as loon as ilic pioKilioii leailus bis houte, who Waits

al his own door, dielii

iter ti ri-ieive

IS this IS the hill inlirvicw 1<twi.n liini and the voim;;
jdy, it Is eaty to nMUei

VI- \ 'ill wh.4l i.iger ciiriolilv he

illl'ii k> the door of the hil

Siitni, d'lljti'lifd With

their lot, immi'ihitelv lliut the dour aga

I lend thi

pixir gill li.uk with hit i<latiuii<, rath' i (tiuling to
uile the moiicv they have given, than Iv; imlttd witli
a peilou Ihc) do imt like-, ihi , lioweni. Is rarely the-
cdi-.

A-. fooii as the bud'- fti ps oul of lier ihair, the biide-
i;|onm pielems hi' ii.iinl lo hit, ami leads her into a
ii.dl, wheie A tabic is br 'U|;h' l.-r ihi m in parluular,
I h-: I ell VI the i.;nipa,iy litUiij al oliui tables, the mrit

:«

ASIA.] Empire OF C H I N A. " ij

in one apurtmcnt of the hall, and the ladies in another ; ll Icll and enflavc. The fon, therefore, from a motive
biit before the bride and bridegroom fit down, they n;ake :| of policy, if not altogether troni attictioii, may per-
four reverences to 'I'icn, a fiippofej (pirit prcfidiii;,' in jl haps pay this pc:uliar tribute ot efleem ; for hi- mav
heaven; they alfu wafh their hands with their backs to |j have a i'ln of his own, and then tlie example is wcil
each other, ii) that one faces the north and the other the i judged.

fouth ; after which the bride makes four rcvcrcnrca ti j, On the day appointed for interment, the relations and
the bridegroom, and lie returns two to h'r. Wiie:! ieatcd i| friends of 'he dcceal'ed all meet at the Iionfe, and attend
nt table, they pour v.-inc on the jiround ii fore thev bcjjin | the cor; to Us burial-place. 'l"he protefTion hcjins
to eat, and fet apart fomc of the provifions fur their u wi;ll a meat number of perfons carrying little paU.'-
houfhold gods. V board ti^ures, repiii^ntiiisr Haves, ti;'.Ms, fuiuuhs.

The moment each of them taftes of the vicluals on jj camds, hone?, S:c. then I'oilnv/ a numlirr rf people,
table, the bridcj;rooin rifes up and invites his lady to ^ walking two and two, fomc bearing an altar, fonu

driiik ; upon wliich flic rifes alfo, and returns h.im the
compliinent ; then two cups of wine are h.'ought, of
which they drink part, and pour the refidue into ano'her
cup, out of which they both afterwards drink alternately ;
and this btl part of the ceremonial ratifies their nuptials.
The bride theti goes among tlie ladies, and fpcnds the
day with them, w'hile the bridegr»iom treats his friends
in a fcparate apartment i and at night the couple repair
to bed.

According to the Chinefe law, no man, except the
cmp^ior, can marry more than one wife ; l<e, huwevrr,
has the pri\ilege of t.iking as many concubines ij.to !iis
hoiife as he pUales ; but thefe mull he obedient to the
wife, and treat her as their miftrefs ; though their chil-
dren are not deemed b sll.'.rds, but fliare ihe father's clhite
or fortune in common with tliofe <jf the lawful wite, wlio
permits llum tti liik; her ir.olher, and iii'es them as flie
docs her own eliiUren. The emperor h.l^ three wives ;
imd the nuinhir of his concubines is ellimatcj at about
three thoufand, who arc called Con-ngu, or ladies of
the palace.

If a wife dopes from her hufliand, flie is fentcnccd to
be v^hipped, and the hulband may difpofe of her as a
Ilave i if Ihe marries another man, the lirlt hulhand e.in
caufe her to he Orangled. If a man tpiits his v\ile and
familv, the wife, after an abl'ence of three years, lias
the priviKgc of prefcnting a petition to a mandarin,
laving open her fitiiation j and the mandarin, in fuch
cale, can authoiife her to take another hulband ; (he,
however, would be verv feverely punifhcd, were Ihc to
marry without this previous mode of application. In
certain c,il(.s a man inay put away his wile; thus lor in-
Uaiiee, divorcing a wi!e is allowed of, not only for
adultery, but for a bad temper, a clamorous tongue, i
difuliedicnee, theft, batreniKl'>, or indeed tor any con-
tagious dilofder : hut though the law on tliel'e (.icilions
authorile a divorce, it is feljoni put in lorce amongft
perl'oiis of condition ; tliere are indeed cxamplLS of it
am( n^ the lower ordeis of the people. Some ol the men
Rre lo criiellv jealous, that they will fearce I'ulfer their
wives to fpeak 111 private, even to any ol their near re-
lations of the male kind.

Av to the funeral ci remoniis of thcfe people, .1 great
pcrlonage is alwavs Iniiied with a pcjruliar foleninity ..nd
pomp: they hill walh the corpfc, and alter embalming
it, drefs it in the richell robes, and then expnfe it to
view in a railed alcove, befoie whiih the wi^c^, chil-
dren, lelilions and I'rieiids, prolhate themfelves ; ii>ar
the coffin itaiul, an image of the deei.'fed, or tile
fonie carved work, with his name in luge charac-
»ci-, and (iirroundcd with flowers, pei fumes, and flam-
beaux.

1 he coffin is made of precious wood, varniflied and
pi't ; and here it is ncc llarv to n niaik, that the C'hinele
liki to h.ue their colliiis made in their life-time : oven
the , lorcll among them will find means to be at this ex-
pend

Hdoe the cnrpfe is put into a coffin, a <pi.intity ol
lime is lliew^d at the boiium of it ; and when It is doled
up, they llir )W .1 wliite pill <«■, er it, and place it on
a kuid of allar in .iii ..p.irtment hung with while,
wliiu fumrlinic it rcin^iins nianv inoiuh ., and imeiile is
from ti 11c to lime bmnt upon the all.u.

I he foils ot foiiie of the great iiii n, to flww lluir re-
gard tor the meiniuv tf their decealed (.ilhu-, will kiep
their bi.lie. m li.eir houlsi unbiirird even two or three
year,; .,nd this t'ai red li'ial vrmTalion proieids from
the exiriilive and ahli'luii' anthotity whuh the tithrr
had exeriilid over III.' Ion; lor the fath' r is not oidv

playing doleful airs on nnifu al inllnimems, and otliers
tinkling little bells, or carrying pei fume-pans, or pars
of burning coals; in fonie parts of the proccirion the
picture of the decealed perfon is held up, under which
are written in golden letters his name and titles. At
length comes the coffin under a grand canepv', made of
violet-coloured filk, wi'h tnfts of white filk at four
corners of a litter th.at bears it. The litter is borne bv
forty or fifty men ; and the Ions of the deceafed wall?
w'th wands in their hands, with their bodies beiulin"-
t .rward, as if ready to dro|) to the earth with their
load of follow. Then conic the filters of the vouii';
;;entleineji, and the wife and eoiuiihines of the decealed j
but thcfe ar.^ in fedans ; and though they arc not feeii,
th:y are fiifficicntly heard, for they caufe' the air to re-
found wiih their lamentations.

The burial-place is always out of the town in a fort 01
grctto built on purpofe ; for they .-.'•e prohibited from
interiing their dead within tlie wall> of ciiies or towns.
The grotto confifts generally of three rooms, each with
a door, and a roof raifcd (loping back at the four cor-
ners. Thele grottos or fcpulciires are built, if podible,
upon eminences or clfe on terraces railed on purpofe,
and are furrounded with little groves of pines or cy-
prefs.

Upon the arrival of the proccHion at the fepiilchro,
the coffin is placed in a vault, and perfumes arc burnt ;
the Pgures of palteboard are alfo b;irr.t, and libations
and mcit-oftcrings made to the deceafed ; for thefe peo-
ple have an idea, tliat the fpirits in the other world
receive the otJerings thus niade, and that the ditferent re-
prcfenti.tions of the p.iltcboard tigiirer. become realized
for lluir life and emolument.

The tnouri'.ing of the Chinefe is white, which is worn
three years for a parent ; wives mourn three years for
•heir huibands, but hulbanJs only one icar for their
wives. Children, mourning for their parents, wear
coarle while cloth the tiill year, a better fort the lecond
year, and the third year white filk if they picafe. Ihe
tirft hundred days are fpcnt in iolitude, lamentation,
and ahlliiienec : and during the wlude period of thc'r
niournii'.;, th' y arc forced to rellrain from rcalHi,.; or
holding any ,.ublic cmplovmeiit : even a mandarin, on
lucli oiealions, (puts ;il| public bulimfs.

Thefe people aie fo bigoited to a fupi rllitious vrncrn-
tion fur the dead, that ttuy defpifc foieigiicrs for aban-
doning the lepulehres of tluir anccltois, and cxpoling
j themfelves to the ha/aid of d\ing in a remote country,
j without liavin;' illations with them to pay tiiem the lalt

• tribute of airection.

! Av lo public fellivals or rejoieiiig' in t'hina, the two
Ipriuup.il are celebrated, once in tlie begimiing and il;e
< other about the middle of January. Tlic lormer is kept

• in \ihting, Cealling, m.ikiiig prefe'nts, fie. That of the
1 mi.ldle of the inonih is c.illed the fend of the lanterns,
I when i\erv familv, both of city and couniry, on the
I lia-coalt, or on the rivers, lirlit np lari.,e painted lan-
terns Ihiek full of wax candli s or Imajl lamps, repre-
itntng c.uakades, (hips under fail, aiinics cn;;a,;iiig,

hioil.'s iMl'opiiig, Ipedies, niimicj, and other objeOls (
I the' repielentationsor pivliires are let in motion by pei -
I ll'ns conceded, by means of (liings gr pnllics that at a
I dilliiKe laniiot be pereiived.

Aciotding lo I', I- Compte, thefe lanterns coylirt irj
('ener.'l of li\ pams 01 lijes, larh making an obloii ._
I'lpiarc four feet huh, and one and a half'bro.id; they
are mule of wood very liratlv varniftinl and glided; oil
eadi hpiaie is fprcrid a line traiifpareiit filk, painted with
floweis, (hrub-, n.vks, and other obieets, whiih aie

mailer of his fon'i ell ite, but alio i^t his tooi ubiiies ij rxeciiled with lo much iudgmrnt, and in fudi a diver
and children, who, whenever ihiy ofTend him, be may' fity of coloui.. that thev txhihii a moll

cuMous ani
It Ilk 111-

1 1

A NEW COMPLLlli bVSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY

• 1;

linking appearance. Sculptured figures form the crown
of tlie Wdilc, from whence fufpenJ filkcn ill earners of
Viiriwis C(iIo\irs, contrueJ to t^ill on the fiJes ot the
hmtern f<> as ncv« tn intercept any of the light, nor to
hiile the jviiniingi for the candles or lamps within fide
nic very numerous, and diftiilc a moll agreeable fpl>.n»
dor. Sonie of llieic l.interns nuafurc twenty-live or
thirtv ffct in diameter, and contain illuniinated dragons
from fixteen to twenty or more feet long.

Some Chincte doctors have all'erted, that this feaft of
the l.mterns originated from the hanging up lanterns iii
the niins of the palace of K\ emperor of China. This
prince had extraimlinarv talents ; he \\as coura^ieous,
learned, polite, and aftahle, and had withal fiuh ex-
traordinary llrength, that he could feparatc hars of iron
with his luiiJs v he, however, grew (hanielully dillipated
and ctTeminate, and fpent prodigious fums ot money iji
lidiculoufly creeling a tower, aiic.-ncd with gem':, to the
memory of one of his concubine?. 1 hele and otiier
i-xcellcs aiarming his courtiers, they moll lunnMy re-
n'.or.lha;eil to him on his mifconduol ; for which lie
c.uk'd them to be put to death. C_)ne day, ho«c\er,
reriecling on the Ihortncfs of the period ot man's life,
and adihxfling himl'eif to his queen, of vvhoni he was
paflionately fond, he laid to her, "• I'iicre is nothing in
this life tliat couM in higlilv, lo completely delij;ht me,
as the capability of rendering tliee eternally happy ; but,
alas, in a fliort, far loo fliort a time, our pk'anires mult
end, and we be for ever tp.irated. The drc. ilul
thougl\t, that mv wlioltf impel lal power cannot give
dice a Uinger life than even my meanelt v.iflals hupe to
enjov, lliikts daggers to my foul, and makes me
wretched aniidll ail the fplend.irs of my rtign. Whv
have not I iiiwer to make thee live tor ever r \S'hv can-
not 1 innnortali/e mv i^ueeii ? W file there aie liars in
heai en which m'\er ceafe to Ihiiie, mull tl.ou be fuaiclied
away bv death .' mull all thy beauty and delicacy be laid
low in the eartli ';'

" Live then, my licgc," replied the queen, — " live
as if thou wert never to die. Korget that life is flioit ;
lofe all tliouglit of it. What are the i\in, the moon,
and otlier planets to rhee, or to me ? We have no need
of them to me.iCuie the duration of life. t.re.:t and
cnli^'hten .in heaven of thine own ! r.iile a ll.ilcli palace,
and lliut it for ever fiam the fun ' Let not a finglc be.un
ever dart into it ' not a glimmering of natuic's light
kt there be ever fecn in it ' No ; hang up magnificent
lanterns that fliall outfliine the lun, and every ilar in
heaven' — We will revel in this new creation of our
own ! — we wiil forget the fuctcfllon of day and night '
—we (lidl iia\c ore eternal day' — He tliou ever paf-
fio:;ate and rond.int to thv ipietn ' — her happnlef^ will
then be unc!ungi.ab'.e, and will appear to thine cyc» as
l.'.liing to ctrriut'. ."

The emperor built the palace, and adoriiIn!i it as the
qiicn ad\il-.i!, both o| tlitni li\ed the ihamelul lite thev
had prop'led ; when the populaie, ciira;'iil at theii
f< igri, c»nfpi, -d a^air.il turn, bjr inviting a iu.i{;li-
hoiiring prmcc to dejiofe Inni.

'Ilie tmperir, however, awair of the confpiracy,
tan'e Hrth from hi% illinninatid palate, ainl headed
an urmv, to oppoie llie deligns ol his adyeilaryj but
foon t. tiding hinili-lf ahandimed by lus people, he took
to Hi.:hl, and wandered from pnniiuc lo province,
linder vontimid appulu iiIkhk of being dilcoveicd an. I
taken iiiio capiivitv. In the mean tunc the nia|^nil1-
fent pnl are was pulUd lo tin groinul, and laiiiirns we;e
hung up in cvirv put o) lh« ciiv 10 perpetuate the
event.

f Ithei', however, have given it out Uiat this grand an-
niveilary feilnal has its origin from the following cir-
cumllanee. a crr'ain mandarin, in former Imus, who
was greadv rarelli'il bv his l>iopli-, having an only
flaiigliter drowned bv falling into a river, he looked loi
her .1 whole 111, -hi by (he light of lantenu, all the in-
habitants of the dillrict kdlov\ ing him WitU laiucdis and
torrhes til afliit in fciuhln^ for ihe lady.

The particular slte^tion wimh the p<'ople liad for
their mandatin, or elle the liiiiulirilv ot ilie .idvcniure,
fet ihein to woik with their lanleins the lame night ol
till- vear lollowini; ; and tint ciilbim giavlu.dlv Ipieading,
nraiioned in time a public fcltival ihrun^huui the ciii-
ptit.

SEC T. IV.

Chinefe J^r'uulture, Hujhimdiy, &c.

IN Cliina there is a fedival for the encoiiragcnicnt of
agriculture, at which the emperor himfcif prelides.
Every fpring, after tlie exa.nii'e of his ailcellor.-, this
prince goes in great pomp and tolemnity into a field, and
ploughs up a liw iid^es of land, by the way of encou-
raging and aniir.ai;ng his peafar.ts in the bufinels ofanri-
eultuie ; and the m.indarins go through this lame cerc-
inoiiv in their refpeclive provinces.

As foon as the emperoi is in the field, he makes an
ollering 10 the god Chang li, and imph'res him tu
profper t!ie fruits of the earth. When liiis is done, his
Impel ial Highnefs, with the princes and great men of his
court, proceed towards the plough ; lome of the gran-
dees carrving a lith chell containing tlie grain to be
town, while profoinul fileiice is I'blerved. The em-
peror laving hi'ld of the plough, and ujlng it fni Ionic
little tune, reliijns it to one of the prince-, who alio
ploieihs, as do others after them. As loon as level al
places iiave been pli/ugheil, the emperor lines the grain,
coniilling of rice, wheat, null.t, beans, &:c. and tlur
next day the pn-per hulbandmen tinith the liLld, vvhoiij
the emperor hopoius w lih a iiieli nt of four pieces ol dvcj
cott in lor i.ppaiel. And, is a further encouragement
to agriculture, the farmer who nioll dilUnguilhcs hini-
Iclf in cultivation, is conllituted a mandarin of ilw
eighth Older, and accordingly wears the habit of a nian-
earin ; he has alio the privilege of paving a vilit 10 the
in.iiiilaiin of a citv, and to lit down in his prelence ;
and when he dies, great honour is paid to his oblequies.

I here is another tellival, the chief cerenionv of
which coniills in carrying about the country a monrtroii-*
cow with gilded horns . this cow is formed of clay ; anil
bel'.ind it walks a little child, with one foot bare, belting;
the cow with a rod, as if to make her gn on. This
icllival i< celebrated by country people and labourers,
uho carry 01 diag after them their feveral implements ot
luifbandry. A company of comedians aitend them,
plaving all kinds of antics. Thus ihev pvoveed to the
pahue of the niai;daritl or governor of the dillrict, wheit;
they break the cow in pieces, and take out of her belly
a gieat nunil.cr of little cows formed alfo of dav, whicll
ihey diflribu'e to the multiiude ; and the ceremony con-
cludes Willi a fpeech in piaife of agiicultiire, pronounced
by a iiLiiiilatiii himlelf. .Some of thefe covv», which
jLji: ijitilidcred as emblems of labour and itidulliv, arc
ill large and heavy, that forty men can fcarce fuppoit
them.

As to the proficiency of the Chinefe In agricidlure,
I'e V bellow great pains in inatiuring their lati<U, aiiJ
colic.-t together the hair of hogs, "r any other kind of
hair they think will manure and llieiigtlien the giound,
Harbcrs are careful to prelerve human hair, which flu y
I'ell lo the farmers.

Ihe iiiUivation c-f rice is the principal ob'ec'^ of thi*
hulhaiidmen ; they at hrll low tiieir grain iiidiCerimi-
iiiiely i but as foon as it has riten to the lui. ht of about
A tool, tluy root it up, and plant it in piopei order. ItuC
bclore this tluy fnioi.tli the eailh wiih a wooden nuchine,
and give the helds a moll agreeable alpect.

Rice indeed is the daily bread of the Cliiiiefe, a:a{
.;rows in fueh plenty here, that bi>th Kiuopeaiis ami
others ptuvide iheinleKes with it at a very iheap rate
If there IS a laiMine, the people run bv thoulands to
(.'anion, where they can get tlieir livilihood bitter, aii.t
m»v live upon rice grits for one ixnr.y a dav.

/\ Swidilli gentleman, who lately viliied this (oun-
irv, ohierves i " l)f llie einpiie of China we may
jiiltly lay that it can exill by itl'ell ; its ('.iiuiion is \.i
happy that Its norlliiiii parts are no more iim.nnnoded
by the mid, lluii the loulherii ones are by llie liial^
boll) arc teiii|)i rale, and produce all kinds ot plants.
The (outluta parts bordering upon the lea, ate l.iw,
wei, and fiunblc tor rice, which i< the prnn ipal (ooil
I'l the iiihabitatilN. I have been toM, thai the l.nthir
von [;(J north, thj more you tind the culture ol nee «U -
ucil'.s, and that . e, batlry, wli-at, beans, iVe. are
iii'iivated i •"■ ■•! of 11 Every twellili hour the tide i»
upon 1'. .aiiii ucui LoiUuii, and leaver behind 11 n
I nunc

III
til

ASIA.]

Empire or CHINA.

iicnt of

i>, llii*
l:K1, and

CllCOll-

of agri-
nc ccic-

n;!kcs an
\-.\n\ \o
loiiC, Ins
:ii of hi*
li-j i^raii-
iii to be
riic cm-
fm Uiinc
vvlm alii*
IS I'ovi'ial
[\k grain,

:\iiJ tlitt
1,', v.hoiu
(■■, ot JycJ
iiagcmcnt
Ihtj liim-
,11 ol ilic
ul' a man-
ilit lo llio

prclcnce ;

■ toiJllifS.

ciuony of
nioiiitroM'*
day ; AiiJ
■c, biitini;
oil. I'Wi'*

labourir<,
plcincm-- ot
fiul tiiciii,
ctil t" tbc
iiict, wbfii:
t her hdly
wliicil

many con-

|.1HlllOUlH.lll

iJiilliy, arc

'irnu'ilMri",

i;>liils anJ

htr Ik mil »>f

;he (;iihiihI.

wliiih tlu y

Ivoa i'{ the
iiKliririmi-
ht I'l abcnit
inlu. lint

I'll iiuchiiK'»

•UiiK'lV, a:.iJ
('iH.iiis anil
I'aiMp r.iti
luMiLiiuU I"
1 hiiur, ai..>

tills cmin-
1.1 wf may
luiiiiiiii !•* ''»
liiiKJiiiinotlfil
tUc liiat ;
t,t |)lailt>.
la, aK' hiw,
Iriimiial l<")il
It thi; 1.11 thir

■ I>l lilC «U-

in!, iVo. aT<*

r ihc ti.lc 1*

bchmJ " !»

ilmio

1
I

ninii which m:jlfc~ the foil fiuilfiil. The rlil^ing tide- jl
retifdi, at firlt ilo^lv, eonfcmiciith- t.;. lahiw flmio ,
fitth-s itfolf, anil become- maiiiue u> the fields as loon j
as the w.itcr has left it. In crJcr to get manuie, thi- i|
poor g.-ithr the cxerementi of men and hearts in the !l
llrcets, and .iboi.l the hoiifes ; this they fell to deakrs I
who a^ai;i fell it to the hufbaiidmen ; and, for the fame I,
ufe, they collict urine m proper vcfTels- iMilliuns of
Chineic live by ceeoiiomy and ind'irtry, reducing the
hills i;ito plain's, or at Icall makin;; life of thetn as
plains l.v terrace>, whole height and breadth arc adapted
to the 'declivity. The terraces, which arc lomctimes
four or five feet .ibovc each other, they pl.iiit with feveral
trees, whofe roots, twilling together, keep up the bor-
der;, and the trees thcmfelvcs Ihelter the plant.- tioni

windi." , , ,

'1 he Swedilh gentleman, from whom the above quo-
tation is taken, brought a tca-ftirub to Sweden, on the jd
of Uclober 1763, which was the firft that ever came fate
to Kiirrpc.

S 1: C T. V.

Of Pon^-I.tin mJ Siu ; Xilnnd li:jl;ry of tj- Sii'i-
iviim ; Piipcr and M AlMiiJ'iUloiia ; A/.thJ cf
Printing, &C.

Porcelain, or china ware, is made of the Pc-tun-tic
and Kao-liii, the former of which is a line wliite
earth, and the latter an earthy kind of ftonc with bright
particles lil;<- thofe of filvcr. After they have waihed
and purge.l the Ibnic tVont its fandy and foul matter,
they bn.ak it into piece- with hair.nicr'- in mortars, and
wiih lUine pellies reduce it to a fine powder. 1 hele
pelUes, which arc capped with iron, .we woikcd perpe-
tually, either be man's labour, or by means of w.iter,
in the famf manner as the hammers of p.ipcr-mills.
The powder is put into a veliU, and brilkly llirrtd
about; when, after it his rcftcd a few minutes, a thick
trcani riles on the furf.ice, which they t.ilic cff .-.nd pour
it into a fecoiid Ncllel of water ; this cream i-. luit lels
than four cu- live inclie> thick. The i^rofs part of the \
powder that remain^ in the lull vellll they take out and |
pound ainlh. With retMid to what is put into the fe- |
coiid vill'el, thev wjit till it h.is formed a kind of palte
ot the bottom ; and «lu n lite water is clear, thev pour
it cently oil, and calt the paile into large moulds, in
v.lmh it is dii'd. It i> remarkable, that neither the
l'e-tuii-tf<- nor Kao-hii are to be ;rot in the neighbour-
hood of Kiiij-te-ttliingi they are oM;^>ed to fetch thein
fnim the pro'vit'.ce of CJhan-l'i, twenty or thirty leagius
€•11', wheie the iiihabit;'.nts know not how to ul'e them ;
ol lliefe ale m.ide cup'- .Hid \afes of various kinds, li.es,
and colour,; foiue red, fomc yellow, fo.ne grey, fonie
Wiie, and others white, but none of a pctfeellv biiek
rioimd : red and Iky blur arc the moll common colours.
Thev ul'e .ill cofiiit- in painti,,,' their china ware , fniiic
«piite led with fuiall fpots, other; itulrely blur, others
lireaked or cheipied with lipiarrs, like molliic work,
which is reckoned aimuigll the molt brautiiul. Some <>(
thc.r china is mi-,cd wiih \atiou, colours, like jafper ; and
fonu- IS adorned with flower", Ijud'-'K;;'-, dragons, and
ficiiiieiitly liuiuan llgiue-. Thel'e 'l;ure, :iie often ri--
licvo, which IS thus cffec'led : tluv fiitl delineate the
fv^iire with a |K-neil, and then pare down the contiguous
j'ioiiud, lo that It .ipjicars railed <M i nbolled on the fu-
piihiics. 'I hey make etrry kind ot icprelent.it ton in
this fort of ware, as idol-, aiiim.il-, &e. .Nlaiiv of
thole tn;iires known in Kurope, by the name ol'Chincfe
baboon- are images of the v>ds they woilhip.

( )iie kind ol e.inh tliey ii'ake ule of in the compolition
of ilieir china waie, is .1 lort of chalk, of a lomewhat
gliiliiioiis and fo.ijv iiatine : it is waihed will, i.i oidiT
t 1 take ort' a yellow earth llitking to its Imfjer. It is
prepared 111 the lauie manner as the other; and the mod
tahiabic and biaufilul ilili..'\ is nude by pro|Kily enibo
dviiig eialit p.iits ot this ch.dky fubdancc with ttt'> ol
the otlKf e.irth ; alter which the vellll '\^^ turnei on .1
wheel, pltced on a louiul lioiid, which is lit lit mo-
tion by another wheel uii.lct it, luti'ed bv thr hot.
J-ar^e piece-, fueh as urn-, 5cc. ate nuidr at twicr, one
part beiiit; railed on the whirl by two 01 tlitee men, in
•/dcr to rcceue its piopit lorni j and ihw gilier hall,

and the figure

when formed and nearly dry. Is incorporated witli it by
the I'amij matter it is made of, nioillened with .,„;er.
When thi: pieces united are dr)-, the places where they
are joined arc fcrapcd and polifhed with a knife, both
on ihe Inlidc and outfidc. Spout-, handle-, 5ic. are
li\cd by the fame means. Cirotelipie figures, bulls,
idols, &c. arc made in inoiiU's, and tl'eii joined toge-
ther. Flowers, and fuch ornamenls, aic formed on tho
china by llamps and mould-; and relievos, readv pre-
pared, are lluck on. When thev liavc tiie model of a
piece of porcelain that is bcfpoke, and which they
cannot imitate by the wheel onli, thev ufe a ''irt of
yellow fit clav, which they knead and appiv to the
model ; and as foon as the impreirioii is taken oft', thev
leparate tlic nunild trom the model in lever.il pieces, anj
vcrv gently drv it. When thev intend to ufe the '-^ lei,
they place it fomc time before the fiie ; then th . d it
to a proper thicknefs, prcirmg it all over with tl .uid ;
after wl'iih tl'.ev again place it a Ihoit time belore the
lire, wlieicbv llie mould is looll :icd by the moilhnc bcin^
dried up that before cemented the one to 'he other. The
feveral pieces, thus feparatcly made, are again united in
the fame manner a the large c.'iina veffels
becomiiv- hud, it is .tfterward- compleied.

Tlic whole proccfi of paiiniug tlie poicelain is Ion?' and
l.iborio.is, .ind empi >ys a j_',reat number of hand- : it i<i
the buiinef- of one ;.i make tlie coloured circle near the
edge; another traces the flovveis, which are painted by
a third 1 a fouith is employed in the formation of birds
and other anim.ils ; a fifth forms rivers, rocks, &c.
and a fixth is engaged in the figures of i,,en anil
women.

It is a pity their workmen do not uiiderftand the
art of dellgning a little better ; for though they acquit
themfelvcs toleiably well in drawing flowers, and in fomc
other imitations, yet their reprefentations of anim.ils
are, for the moil part, very aiikward figures : thi- muft
be either the etlecl ol ignorance in the rules of fvnimetrv
and proportion, or mull proceed from an afteclation of
the groteltpie.

1'. le Comte fays, the Chincfe difi^racc their country
by the abitird portraits which thev give of themfelvcs ;
lincc an turopeaii, who never five them, would imagi;i?
that tliey refendilc thole apirtl li;;i:re- uhicii are drawn
upon their ikreens ai.d china ware.

It has been the opinion of the bell nuthnrs fkilled in
oriental antiquitie-, that filk-wornis iind lilk originated
in China; from thence they palled to the IVrfian-', from
the I'erhans to the C'ireck-,' and from the tirccks to tho
Romans. Certain it is that lilk is (o common in
China, that none but the mcanell of the natives iippcar
in any thing elfe. 'The filks mull i deemed eith. r for
riehiTtls or beauty, are the iiai;-ki:i,' damatk'^ of vatious
colours, liittins, t.ill'ctics, brocadis, .'.lu/es, i<.c. Tiu !e,
when quite new, have a \eri' fine and handfome ap-
pearance; but their beauty foon f.ides. A ftrong duialdc
lattin called Touan-tle is mueli elteemed ; it is fome-
tiines plain, and loinetimes figured with reprefentations
ot birds, trees, flowers, and particularly diagons ; for
the figure of a dragon is a very favourite leprcleiuation
with the Chincfe, on account of the peculiar venrra-
tioii they hive (ot the memory of 1 celibrated diairon,
which, agreeable to their tabulous antiquity, infpired
th'ir great legillator Ko-hi. Tl.cll' figures are not
r.uled upon the filk after the FuroiH-an n'.;'nner; the
tcNturc is even throughout, the iliure- being dillinguilh-
able by dilTerence of colour, and not bv their proiecling
from the gtounil ol the fillt, after the manner of hallo
ttlicyo ; thcfe colours confill of the juices of heibs and
flowers, whiih lo eflectually penefr.ite the filk, ttiat
I the (l.iin always remains in it ; ,md fo ;idmirable is the
|deinition, that the figures appcir as if aclu.dly ptojcv'l-

inp liom the ground ol the filk.
j H.iving thus l.ir treated of the filks, \yi (V.^U tiow
l.iy loiiKlliing of the lilk-worni. The worm, when
I It leaves its egg, is no bigger th.ui the brad of a com-
mon pin ; It Iced- upon the iniillnMiy hit, and gtows
, to the li/r of a caleipillat, allri wimh 11 no loiit'cr
cats, but prtpaies toi ii', difioliiiioii ■ it wraps iilell
I in a kind of lilkrn ball fpiin hom u. own bowel-, and
its head fcp.itatin,' li.nn iis bodv, Ihe intivt now no wav
I lefemblcj its on ,ii,l lutm ; >i hath appiicntly iii iilii 1
, life not inolion . Iiovvr vrr, altri t, inainin ■ in thi-
I - 1' .,

A NI'.V/ COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY

ftatc Come tliiir, it av.-.i!-.-,? ui a r.cw l'i'i:ig, aiiJ appears a
ilift'crciu kiiul of IiiIclI. It rdcniWcs a lar;:c niotli or
buttcilly; and ill this h'}. it.'.;;c, &.? Icnia!-' pic'paj;ati-s
Jric ([-'.lies In' i.')iii^ a pauii^^ioiis mHiiKr ol' e;;gs, alter
■vi-hii.li l!»c ulcs.

This vah:.;h!c v/nrm is ccmpolVJ ot" (■-■vcr.il clailic
fpriihi'- 1 lri>m oin; i-xtM'UiiH' to ilu' nlii.r it li:H a kiiiJ
ot lilili.- r.irve, which vvc will call the fpiiic ; thi-. liiiiii-,
|>li'.cc(l in th^- centre ot its brJv, am! cmitimieil throii;;li
it.-; wiiole krv'ith, Uill.iins two nther mivcs or l!ri;r;;-:;
one of tlicl'c i.s ihe heart, whi^h is conipofcJ of many
DVi'l vtii'v'i'i ; liie otiitr, which i^ the lini^s, is ilouMc,
and app.ars to be an alleinhla...' of fewr; 1 rin :s extend-
in;: lovvaiJs tlic two fiJes of the infie!, ami bcturcn
wliich aro lertain orifici'» ih.it coruioonLl witli thofe
liilirilnit.-d z\c:\: the c.\tcrlo.- (.Cc It is thro'.'ph thefe
apertures that the air flows to the Inn '-•, ami hv it-
fpiing and exp.'.nfion promotes t!'e cirenlatii-:; of the clivle
or humour wl'.ich noiiiiilies tlie iiileet.

It is necctiaiy t.> aJJ, that the worm is perfe.ilv
black when it nvlt ccnies o'.it of tl'.e e^;',. In a few ila\'
It begins to allUnic a whiiilh hue, or am trrev : after th;;
its coat fullies, ami becomes raiiOTJ ; at wlu-.h time the
inlccl calls it oA, ?.nil appears in a new habit. It in-
treaks in bulk, and becomes more white, th(.u;',h a little
inclining to a bl.iiili catt ; then diveltiiij: itlelf of its Skin,
it appeals in it.N thiul habit ; when its colour, head, and
whole Inrm aic I'o niel.niuirph.ofed, that it appears qtiite
anothrr iifecV. In. a few da-.s it become ehaT!.;ed to a
brij;ht yellow i fo that, from the time of it< leavinp the
c^ij, it hath <lli veiled iifelf of ihrei: ditVerctit coverings,
It cor.tinias ficdiiij a fli.^rt time lo;i;.-ei, an.! then re-
nouncing: all fociety, wraps itlelf in its Kttie f.lken b.'.il
as already inetuionid.

'i'hc uum, of whieli this ciniotis iiife^*^ maki' or fpii-.s
its u'.k. Is llp.'.rated Irom the other iuices which nourilli
file creature : it at firlt I'eenis to labour without clellirn,
and forms only a f.nt ot lluc or down; tliis is its firli
da)*:; cniplovn.cm : rn the f?eoi;d it be;jins tn fiirm tlu'
C'.itl'..ie of the cone or b.:ll, in the niiiin of ihc loofe
fiik or iiue made the day before; and on the third dav
it is cntirelv obfcured. In the fpace of a wi,el: the
cone is completed, and the worm chanyes to a chrv-
f.:ii-, wiapped in its littlo fdk.-n t' nib, without feet,
1,^...I, o. any dillinct put. 'I'lic cor.e i> Ike a pi;»<-onV
r.'^-, and is more pointed at on.- end t .an the other.
A fenude fdk worm I'jnietimes l.tys live hundu.l

I'he Chinrfe ha\e tv.o nv.ihi.ls of bri.'.-i:;" up theii
('.•k worms ; tiiey either fi:;i.r them to rarie on the miil-
btrrv-lries, orkeeplheni in room- , but the latter inetlioil
1- productive of the linelt I.Ik.

.■\cc')i din;i t . tlie Chinefe chronoloiier-', the intro-
cii,.lioii I'f p.'per int'.) that empne was about the ficond
lenturyof the Chriitian a-r,i, which prellv well .i;;rees
\v;lh the time ot its ufe beinj tirll known in l-'urope.
I'rior to t!il> ulidi! invention, (-r at lealt the introdu.lion
c4' it, tile Chinefe ufed to e\prrfs their lintimeiiis bi
the means of c,r\ed lett f-, or r.itlu-r hitvo.'lvpiiic,
v.hich were cut ii.to Mocks of wood ; and thtle boards
or woo.icn leave'-, beinrr falVrned toL'clher, formed
book*. Some of liiefe uc arc intomird, witli the cha-
racter'' IMI !■ ./ible, are to be found at tlii- time in Chin.i,
but t.ic\ arc decii-.cd valu..blc riliipii's by ihv Ciiineie
.:ati>,uaiie<,

A r.u..!;' of wtitiiv^ of this kind could not however
b It be liifyiullial fro:ii its tedioufnef-, on wh ch ae-
I'lunt Ihe Chinife foon adop.ed another ir.'.thoj upui
(i.eces t.f I'dk and linen, cut into dilf'ircnt fi-rm^, ar-
lord:;!.; to the Ii7c ot }\w book or loiiriiic int.i, 'rd ; till
at ku'th one rf.i-liin, an in;jenloiis ni.nidarin, invented
.{ paper made of tlie b.uk ol trees. The trees princi-

p-diy liiolcn were th'j mulberr

bail boo,

ilr

I itton, but they uk only tin' I'eiond (kin of il.e b.iik,
ivhiih is fcift and white; this is Hecped Ml the mud ol
li.me ll.nidinj: water, then waftied dr.in, and f|.'iea.l in
idiv ditch, where it is covered with Inne ; jud lalllv,
to fti'ilh the I'leathiiiy p.irt, it is li-par.neil intu tlncads,
and dried in the hin. It is then boiled in u c.ril.'ron,
;iiid alkrwaidi reduitd to a palb- bv a .luhin". I hen
Ihev t.ike lomc water, in whiih liic btaiiclies ii) the ko.
leii", a Oiriib, hath bcii l>>akcd, in order to niakc it
l./j, *iid mix It With llic mallei th..- pipii i- ii ...de \\ \h.

The whole then becoming a clanimv li(]uid, and being
poured into large refervoirs, tlicv, with their proper
nuiulds, take up the furfacc of the lio,uor, which in an
inllant almoll becomes p;'per. The moulds are long and
broad, and the bottom inado of threads of bamboo, fo
ihat there ;re ihects ten, twelve, or pcihaps ihirtceii
leet in leir^th. They afterwards dip cverv ib.eet of pa-
per into alhim-watc.", when it has the denoiiiinatioii
of fan-pr.pvr; for in tlie Chinefe language, the v.ord f..n
li^';iiifies ai'um. 'I"hc ink is prevented from finkiii'.; in
the pa]icr bv ;!-.e allum, wiiich befides gives it an I'U'ee-
alle iultre. 'i'iie paper is in general lull as white, and
is finer, and inach Icftcr th,-;n any we have in Kurope,
but, it is more ;'pt to crack, as well as to become damp
and worm-eaten; .-ind, if not very carefully prvfivieil,
it-is lefs dur.;b:e. Tiiat n:ade bum the bamboo i- iuok;
liibjeit to crack than a:iy ; tiiou^h perhaps the dipping
it in alluni-water inay in j^cncral occadon this defi-i'f.
Th: paper inn.ie from the cotton-tree is the mu',\ deli-
cate, and molt i^enerally ufed, for it is as durable as any
l-uropc;.n p.ipe: .

Chinele, or wiiat is commonly called Indi.-.n Ink, is
the comp.ifiiion of a (Treat number of ingredients, and
there are fever.d methods of preparing it. .Some of llic
ingredients which they make ufe of arc oil, fuet, hog's-
grecfe, lamp-ll.ick, ^'c. (juaiilied with a mixture of
amber, nuil!;, and other pi ri'umes. ".hen thele ir,i;re-
dients arc all properly niixe ' to.ici' 1 formed iiuo a

pallc, ihey are put into woe '-luids, m.ide lo

:.s to form iiiafles of difi figures .e are in the

ih.ipc of a book, and others relemble anini.ds ; thou;.h
;'enerally tluy arc fafliioncd Into Ilieks of dirt'eie'nt
leiii-iiis, r.K'.rkr .1 with Chin'.-fe characb-rs, and o;'t\ ii
enbelliili-d witlibliie, green, r.iid other colcund flowers.
The lliiiiin;; bir.ck is the melt elleemeJ ink, and is ir.'.de
from the belt oil.

Ink-making is reckoned a very rcp'.itaMe cmp'oymcnt
in China ; it is even ranked among the bberal arts, on
.-.ccoiiiit, undoubtedlv, o<i its utility to the fci-.nees, in
the city of lioci-tclieon, famous for the fineft ink, the
ink-n'.::kers have lexcr.d final' apar.meiils illuniiitated up
both day and night v^■ith limps.

The Chinefe do not write with a reed like the Ara-
bians, or with a crayon like the Siam.fe, or with a pen
like the Kuropinns, but with an h..ir pencil. Tbcy
m.ike ule ','1 a piece of puliOied in;'.i'.>le, hidlowcd at one
I lid t.> h'lld water, wherein they dip their ftick of iiil<,
.:.'.d t !;en gently rubbing it, imic is in a few monicnis
]iodi:ced a fii:id ink. Thcy do n«t hold their peiuils
d> ^pi IK as we do onr pens, but perpendicular to ihe pa-
pir; they write lioni top to bottom in colunin<, and
bigiti their books wheie ours end; that is, ihev be-'in
at tlie right h.;nil lide of the p.tper, and proceed to the-
left, like the Ibbri ws : but theii pajx-r beiu;; verv t'lin.
It will not bear willing on both tides of it.

Tluir I'letliod of prlntin;>, is not at all like ours.
Tl.iv lav claini lo tlie invention of this art, at leait four
hundtid ye.irs b.fore it was practifed by the b inopeans.

.■\s we have but twenty-four littirs, and tl.<ife are
capable ol con.pofiiijr v.hole v.dunics, it is not neceli'ary
that the compo:!tor have ine)re than a (|'.iaiitity ol th -lo
cliar...',ers f'ltJKent for one complete bodv or Iranic (or
lorin, as tldrd in a printing-office,) becaule when a
proper niimbi r is printed, he dilUibutes his ty[Hs into
their refpeclive bo\e«, and v.'itii the fame letters c->m-
pofes a Ireih frm or Irami' ; (o that a very large book
m.iv In- pr'nf.-d v.''h a nv.'derate iiumbt r tif c!'.ara.;t^r^:.
Hut the Chinefe, wlii» do not pinCile this molt ul-.fui
and admirt'.hlf method, are under a necifTit; of ulin^ ii
prodi,'.i(nis number of chara.'Icrs, as they b.ive pro|Krlv
no letter-', hut diiVerem marks for aM" tlie different
words in their lan^-ii igc. Inltc.:d of typr-, thev tut
iluir rharav:;ei« on wooden blocks. When an author
is al'out tj piii.t his inaniii'iript, lie gets it h\i\f
tranl'cribe.1 on line traiifparcnt p-ipi r ; then thn engraver
glues raeh leaf upon a Ininolh block, with tin laic <if
ihe tvpe to the wuoJ, and then cuts awny the wood,
leaving only the types j which is elktted witli Inch a
degree «t n'cetv, that, when printed oil', they b) tx^
.1 tly reliniblc the oiigimil, -fs to render it I'iilicidt to
dillmi'.uin» the print from tiie iMiid .wiilin;'. Thii
method of d"i!'H bufniefs, it mult be a'lowed, is fulijcct
to zrciU iin;uinsiiiciivn.'<, on iwuuiit uf the iieceflity of

^■^

niulilplyitiK

r to the pa-
oUhiiii>, iliul
, lIU'V \W'\U\

r<ici'cil to thi."
viTV lliin.

ASIA.]

itiiiltiplyiiig the mimlicr of blocks of wood, and the
loiigth of time talcci! up in eiigniving ; and, ns tlic p:igfs
are fcparatcly worked olF, it mull be a long lime btlorc
a volume can be compleatcd. Hut then, on tlic other
hand, it is to be confideied, that th: Chinele cnviravcr
^Vorks his enara^-lirs almolt as fait as the Eiucp-.-an
printer eompol'es his. This eouUl not, however, be fuji-
pofcd to be done, without confidcrinjr (hat llie Chinel'e
t'haradcrs are a fort of fliort-hand, fame of which not
only exprcfs word's, but v.holc fen'.ericcs. Moreover,
when the whole copy is en^naved, ti'e author can order
to be piinled only juiT; fuch a number of books ;is ht
thinks he (hall have occafion for ; hv which means he
confcquently avoids that lofs which Kuropcan authors
and bookfcllers fullain from the number of fuperfluous
printed copies.

On fome occafions, particularlv in the pririting a
public ordinance, the Chinefe make ufe of inove.ible
characters; ami fometimes, for greater expedition, thev
fprcad a coat of wax on a wooden frame, and lb cut the
characters with their gravinj tool.

Thev have no prelles as we have in Europe ; fc^r their
paper would not bear the wcir^ht and prcH'ure i ( thofj
niachiiics : but when once the blocks are got leady,
and the paper prepared, a Iniglc man witli a biufli can
print a great quantity of fncets in the c(nnfe of a dav ;
nor is it their culhmi to wet their i'.ieets, but the) fprea.l
them on dry fran)cs, and fo take olV ihe iinpiellinn.
They ha\e a couple of bruflirs, one harder th;'.n the
otbei' ; ihev dip o!ie a bale in the iid:, and then rub the
furfaee of the block with it, fo as to wet it ii( itln-r loo
much or too little; for were it too wet, ilie cbataiter-
would of cor.fequenec be blotted, and if nut furtieienliv
fo, r.o ■mprelTion could be made. When they have thus
properly inked the eb.arav'Krs, they lay the Iheet upon
ihe block, and then ge ntiy paf^ the other briift o\cr the
paper, pieHii'g it fo as to indiibe the ink.

As the Chuiefe can only write, to can they onlv
print, on one fide of their p.iper j for othcrwife, on
acc(iunt of the thinnefs and tr.mfpareney of the paper,
the characlers would run one into another, and confufe
the whole. In order to obfcurc theblemiflies oreafioned
by the f.nkinz of the characters on the reverie of the
paper, each (iieet is doidde, and liitchcd bv the binder
on that f.de where the leaves open, and not on the fold-
ina; edge. Their books arc in general bound either in
filk, (luff, or in palteboard.

The printing ink is made of 1 'nip-blai.k, wcl! beaten
and expofed to the fun, and then bfted ihrougli a line
ficve : afterwards it is tempered with aqua-vit.e, and
mixed V. ith water, till it becomes of a proper confdiince.
To everv ten ounces of ink is added ..bout an ounie of
jilue, which IS dill'olved over the fire, and m:.\ed with
the l.uv.p-black and aqua-vit.r bifore it is tempered ui;l.
the waier.

The Chinefe are extremely ineeniniis iii il;.ir pciform-
ances in amber, ivory, coral, ebony, <liells, iVc. and
their public buildings arc another tellimonv of their ile-
gan: l.ille : in (hort, they dilcuvir gic.it ab'Iities n c\ery
Ml thai lends to promote the public welfare.

S K C J-. \!.

S./Vh.yj cf th. Chinefe ; thir .l/;„y.„.' ,. .■„' Mr'-.::! A'«;;e-
UJ^e, Dr/imiUi. Lntir'.iitnuiin, &c.

TIU'RF, arc but lew of the Chinefe who applv
themfeUcs to aiiv it the fpceiilalive leiencis ; n'o-
ral philof.iphy hath a!w.i\s been their priinare lludi,
and this they reduie to two principal liead>, \i/. (he
reciprocal duties between parents an. I cliildren, and be-
tween prince and people. I'etv.een polnv and moralitv
thev make mi diUiiielion ; the art to gmern x' eil, and
the art to \\\Q well, are with them one and the fame
prlnci|ile.

The fa::es of China have pmdiieed the niofl rx'eel-
lent moral bookv, and have fiiitcd their tlile .ind tenet.s
to the moll or.lmaiy c.ipacities ; llmUing nunc lo in--
flriie't the uninformed, tli.in to acquire applaule to tlieni-
feKes. Learning is there the only path to predriiient,
and none hut the literati arc go\«;mors of cities and
provinces.

The libraries vf China a;e ininierous clegantlv

Emimue of chin a.

built, fuperbly ornamented, ar.d enrieliej wiiii grand
collections, it is by the lludy of mondity, of hiilorv,
and of the laws of their countrv, that the degree of
doflor is obtained, which is leioii folloucd bv the ai-
qiiintion of a ge.evrnment.

Above three thoufand yeari pafl'ed from the Mofaieal
accou:;t of tl;e creati'in befme the Cldiiefe bad anv com-
merce with tlic polite or learned nations of the' "lobe,
or at leafl fuch as choofc to give themfelves tliat appel-
l.'.tion, for the Chinefe arc v.ry llitle behind ourfelvcs
in the moll c..p!:..l degrees of n Ur.ement. But v.ithout
our ailillance they were in polleinon of mod arts and
feience^ ; great therefiie, conlecuanily, nu;(c ever ha\o
been the genius cf theft; people. Since the period of
the decline of the (irecian empire, the liberal aris have
bern tranfmitted but f.ov.lv to the Italian?, Krcnch,
l^nglill), and other polite countries; but the Chineft;
were .-.cquainted with them lo earlv. ib.at the feienccs
m.ty be deemed natives of their c;j'untrv, they being fi
f :r from Handing indebted lo tjtecc for them, that t1iev
arc entile flrangcrs to the learned languages, and li.iv'c
not the fmallell hillorical traces of tht^GKcksand Hr-
mans, However, on the other hand, we mull coiiOder
what little piogrefs the Chinefe h.uc m.ule in thefe arts
.\m\ fcienees, and to what a degree of perfeclion iho
I'urop.ans have carried them durn'ig the kill ihiee cen-
turies.

'I'he Chinefe have applied ihemfelves witil great dili-
gence to allrononiy. I'helr Chu-king, a canonical 1 ook
of great antiquity, lets foith, that in the reiun of the
emperor 'l ii, v.hicli was more ihan ;v,-o thuul'ind ytats
before Chrilf, there lived Hi and Ho, two noted allro-
nomeis w!io, however, were in very great diTgiace for
iii'-t pnignollicating an eclipfe of ihc fun which liap-
peiied in their life-time. In ihe f;mc bcJ; mcr.t.on ii
made of another eclij-fe of tl'.e fun that h.ippened t«o
th.^ifand one l.iindied and fifiv-live vears before the
Chriftian ;era ; the triiih of which (lanj^ conlirmed by
the c.-dcul.ition of the jeliiit P. Sehaal. Gaiibil the jc-
fuif has oblerved, that from above an hui'.dred and
twenty years before the t.'iv.c irra, thev have given llio
number and extent of their conildlatioiis, vvhat (lars
anfwcrcd the f •Ullccs and equinox.^, the dvclin-.tlon of
the Ifars, the dillanee of the l.'opics and tlie t-e.o polo.
He adds 'Iiey were accjuaii'tej with the motion cf the
fun and mo.m, and alfo vl' the planets and fixed ilars,
though they did not determine the in^-iion of the laltcc
'.ill four hundiad years afier Chrill.

Coiiluciiis, wIk) v.Totc the hiftoiy of his countrv tv.o
ihoufand y-.usago, takes notice of t!ilitv-i"i\ iclipfcs tf
the t\m, all of wlilcb, aecoiding to the' calculations of
the jeluils hav.- been found to anfwer to the period
adi.Mied Ihcmby tliat learned hilioritin, exce|>t four, tw.>
f.l v.^ldeli are fali'e, and the other two d.Hibtiid : and
theChiiKli- are ai this veiy A.'\ portelied of leveral aflro-
nomieal book.,, wl.ieh lluy alii it wcic ct-mpofed unde:
ihe duialiy cf 11. n, wh.. ni^ncd befoic the binh of
I null; by wbl.h it .ppe, :s ih.it thcfe people, for up-
wards of m.> ihi.ufand y;-.irs pall, have be.n acqu.dntej
wilii lie lol.ir year a« conlUlnr; of three liundrei! and
fiXly.fivc d.iys 'and fom» hour- ; the .ijiparent diur"iul
inoiions ol the fun and moon from call to \.ell ; the mc-
ridioi-d altitude of the fun by the (hadow of gnomon;,
the iiidit aUenlioii of the lfar<, and the time of th"i;
pilling ihroueh the ni. I idian; as likeuife the revolutions
it Saluin, jiiplier, Mars, \'cnii«, and IMercurv: and
their oblcnatioiis, in thcfe part.ci.laic, have been pivitv
ne.ir the lame with ours in point I'i cxaclr.efs , thou -ii
liny h,.vc had no tables for th.- retrograde and liatioiian'
ahecls of the planet.. Anciein, li,.wevcr, as is their
aftrononiy, liny realim on this fubiccl, according lo I i>
t."omte, ..s ;iblmdly as the m.,11 ig'noiani ; thev imagine
tl'.;;t the l;ea\ens are an cnornun,, drai;on, who is"th>;
piolellLd (iiemv la the fun and nioon,~aiid rcidy m all
times to devour them : as foon theref.re as they j)eiccive
an ccliple, ih.-y make a moll loud no;,;- with drums jiiJ
brals keilles, till ihe mon!!er, a!!l;g;-,;.-,l. abandons h,..
prcv. b.ven the pimcipal m.mdarins fill on ilu-ir knees
and bow to the fun, linking iW- g,^und v^ilh tlult
lorehrads, bv way of cxptelliiig their conce.n for ili(.
dillicllcs ol that poor planet ; and, at the l.,mt time,
implore the dragon not to depiive ih,- woiid oi' i.< gloiious
a !umi;;;»i). Cliiis J,..ih cuileiiu picvuil ovit the ra-
tion.,*

A NEW COMPLETE SVt.TEM OF GEOGRAnn

)

«;

'(:

tional fticultirs ; ami tlid'c liilitiiious ccrciiioiiii'i arc
pradifcJ ill all parts of the cininrr j thmi^h tlic IcariKcl
know that the phajiumiiiioii ot cdipfcs is the effect of
natural eaiil'cs.

At Pe-king there is a tilbiiiial fet apart for aftronomi-
t.'.l proeeeiiiiig<, confilhiig iv' numhcrs of mathctnati-
ci.iMs, five of whom are apjiointcd to watch the motions
ot the heavenly bodies nij;lit and d.w, and to report to
the emperor any new ph.cnonienoii they obferve. A
(hflrt time before an eelipfe, the body of allronomers ac-
c[i:aiiit the emperor witii it, meniioninc; the particular
hour ot its approach, as well as the decree and dura-
lion of it, and an atcount of it is Ituck up in different
parts of the city, by way of preparii\g the multitude
ior the awful appearance.

'I'lie allroiiomers coinpofe annually a calendar, fcvcral
thuiMands of which are printed, and an edict is ill'ucdfrom
the emperor, prohibiting the printing and publifhing any
other whatever.

Their year commtnccs fre>m the conjuniElion of fun
and moon, or from the nearelf new moon to the fifteenth
day of Aquarius, the fii:n which the fun pafl'es through
in January; and this is deemed by them the bcglnnini:
of Iprnij; ; the fifteenth degree of Taurus is the point
determining tlv commencement of their fummers ; the
fitteenth of I.co their autumn ; and the fifteenth of
Scorpio their winter.

Their year is divided into twelve lunar months, fomc
of them confifting of twenty-nine, others of thirty d.iys j
and every five years ihiy h;uc an intcrcdary month to
adjuft the lunations with the fun's courfc. They
reckon by weeks as we do, and in like manner
give the name of a planet to each of the fevcn davs,
and according to the fame oidcr. Their aftrono-
mical day bcgms at niidni.:ht, which is divided
into twelve equal parts, each anfwering to two of our
hours.

The Chinefe have not the art of making clocks ;
thev have fol.ir quadrants and other chronometers.
Among other fimple inventions in private ufe, for the
purjHife of me.iluring time, they have a little perfumed
pafld of a conic figure, which they burn in the ni.iht :
this palHl is marked, to fhcw the particular time it is
made to burn, and hath generally five divifions, anfwer-
ing to the five vtatchcs of the night ; fo that thole who
wilh to be waked at a particular time, hang a fmall
mct.d ball by a ftriui; to the paftil, which at the time
burns the lirijig, and the weight falling into a copper
bafon awakes the pe'rfon lleeping.

I he firll pieces of clock-work that were ever fecn in
Chin.i, were t.ikeii thither by 1'. Ricci, who prel'entcd
the emperor with a repeating-watth, and a clock with
chimes.

The Chinefe arc but (lender proficients in geomctrv,
being confined to a Iniall number ot axioms, and theie
not reduced to any rejiular fyltem.

When the iefuit nnllionaries vifited thefe people, they
gave the emjuror Char.g-ki (that he might have an in-
ii^ht into i>ptics) a femi-C) Under, with a convex-glafs
in the middle of its axis ; which, direcUd to any par-
ticular ohjciif, delineated the image within the tube
to a very great nicety. 'I he empernr was delighted,
and an object glafs of much greater diameter was after-
wards pLiced in his gardens.

(irnnaldi ni.idf, in the jifuits garden at Pc-king,
four I'.iuiian figincs \:pon fcpur walls, e.ieh wall near
lifiv feet high, and the fi;;ures as high as the walls. As
he had niedv kept to the rules of optica, nothing wis
feen but forotts, wood-, mountain'., and objedls of this
kind ; but at a panlcul.ir point was feen the complete
figure of a well-proportioned man. T he emperor be-
held thefe figures with the gieatell ailmiratiun, and
crowds of grandees came e\<ry day to lee them ; but
what mill e.\cited their ama/einent w.i^, to obferve the
figures fo proportioned and regular u[v)n walls, th.it in
many pi lees were partiiuhuly irregular.

The emperor was pielented with many catoptric
inftruments, and among other things a tube 141 the form
cf a prifm, with eight fides, which, placed parallel with
the h<iri/on, exhibited eight different kcncj in the mod
llriking and animated nvuuirr,

Thev prefented him likewife with another, containing
a pylygoa i;lal5» which cuUeiUd into w:ic ima^c fevcral

parts of different ob'ccls. They alfo exliil.iti.d a iTMglc
lantern, which highly delighted the tmpcror ahd iiii
1. idles.

in the gardens of the Jc.'uits, three paintings upon
cloth were ihewn, reprereniing houfes, reads, villas, &c.
feeming to exteiul as far as the naked eye could reach,
and fo naturallv, that the emperor and his company
were at the firll fight deceived. In (latics a machine
was prefented, by the help of which a child lifted with
the greatclt eafe feveral tlioiiland weight. Some pneu-
matic ii-.ifrumei-ts likewile greatly excited the curiofity
of the fpeclato-.s.

As the ft.iU of the Chir.efj in natural philofophy anil
anatomv i- very fuperfici.d, it caimot be fiippoied they
arc acquainted much with phytic ; however, they pretend
to have applied ihemfelves elofclv to it even from the
eft.diliflinieat of their empire: certain it is, they have
fome very excellent praclieal phyficlans, the greatefl
part of whofc medicines confift of herbs, roots, fruits,
feeds, Sec. which are, for the mod part, good llomachics
and gentle purgiitives. Ky the beating of the pulfc they
pretend to knov.' the caufe of anv diforder, and in what
part of the body it lies j and indeed, they have difcovered
pretty exactly, hy this means, the fyniptoms of com-
plaints. They fay that the pulfe of a man differs fro(i>
that of a woman, and that it changes witli the fcafous
of the year.

AVhen they attend a fick perfon, they lay his arm
upon a pillow, and then apply their fingers to the
irtery ; at firft thev touch it gently, then a little
elofer, and lallly prefs it very hard : they take time to
examine the beating, and diftinguifti thj differences ac-
cording as the motion is more or lefs quick, uniform or
irregular ; which they obfeive with the moll attentive
exaijlnefs ; according to the variations, they pronounce
what part of the body is affected, how long th? diforder
will hold, and whether the patient will get the better of
it or not.

This fagacitv of the Chinefe phyficiar.s is truly ex-
traordinary, 'i'liey lay it down as a maxim, that a
regular pulfe bears four, or at molt five times between
every bveathing or expiration of the air from the luni;s ;
that if a pidli; beats U\ in that time, it is irregular;
it eight tlme^, the dKorder is dangerous; if more than
eijiht, nuirtal. 'I'hrv take with them freipiently a chcH
ol various drawers, tiparated into ;iboiit forty fmail com-
partments well fiipplied with roots, fimples, &:c. but
leldom prefcribe bleeding. Some phyficians take no
chert with them, but only prefcribe, and leave the pa-
tient to purchale of the druggills, who are in almoft
eveiv citi' or town in the empire. There arc fairs for
the fales of medicines only, and .iiic province buys of
another what it does not Itlelf produce.

The Chinele pretend to be the inventors of mufic, and
boaft of their having once brought it to high ficrfection :
their concerts have no dependance on a dlverfitv of tones,
or a dirtereiice of paits. They have no mufical notes, nor
any lign to denote the variations which conlliiute har-
mony ; they le.irn the tunes by the ear, and whei' thefe
are played on the inlhumeijf., or fung by a gt>od voice,
they are not dllagreeahle e\en to an 1- uropean.

Vihen the fathers CJrlmaldi and I'ereira played upon
the harpfichord before the emperor in 1679, his im-
perial highncfs was exceedini.'Iy delighted, and expreffcd
his inclination to learn to pia) on the inilrument him-
lelf; he was aecordinglv inlirutted; and as he was one
day playing a Chinefe .iir, I'ereir.i took out l;!-. pocket-
book, and pricking do«n the tune, played it immc-
di-ildy after him : .it wliieh tlie en.peior, ama-/.ed, afked
the father how he was i .'.jj.ihlc of learning a tune in io
(liort a lime, when the ur) bed of his own nuificians
could not become nialKrs of one without practilmir it
fevei.d limes' 'I'he m;!)io):.;ry replied, that the Kii-
lopeanv had learned the art of noting down Ibuiids upon
pnpei, through the meun^ of certain charaLlcrs ufcd
for that puri'ole. I'he emperor then, to be more fully
convmced, fung fcv< ral 3ir«, whii.li l'erei.''i pricked
down .ilfo ill Ills book, and t'len r;.,'i.ited them with thy
greatclt accuracy. 'Ihl^ was io f.,t.staC'.ory and picafing
1 10 the cnipero:, tli.it he acknowledged the hurojican
I mufic to be incomparable, ..nd accoidingly inllitiited
ja mufical ataJcmy, making w.c of \ua own funs pie-
Ifidctit.

8 -Ihtf.

ASIA.]

'I'hcfe people

E ?.i p I R E OF CHINA.

'lluf-

lavc iiivcntcil fcvcial kinds of mufic;i'.
iiillnimcnts I'lnn- m;i(lc of metal, others of (lone ; one
liatli fome rcfemblance to our trumpet : they have (onie
covered with (kins, like our drums ; they have wind in-
(truments of two or three kinds, as flutes, and a fort ot
little organ, which yields an a;ireealde found. They
have likewife many forts of llriiijed inllrumcnts, tlie
iliings of which are, for the mod part, madei^t filk, few
of tliem of gut; the generality of tliem conl'ill: only of
three ftrincs. They have one inftrument with li\en
firings, which is in 'great elk-cm amon:!lt tliem, and not
ililai',reeable when played l>v a mallei ly hand.

As to the dramatic' exhiiiitions in China, they have no
public theatres ; however, they have co.-r.panies of come-
dians In almoin all the principal towns, who travel about
with a portable theatre and Icejies and attend the piddle
entertainments given bv the grandees. Their performan-
ces are commonly interlarded wllli lungs and lunphonies
between the ails, with which the auditors arc highly
pleafcd. 'I'hev generally prcfent a liil of thiity or forty
plays, the (horteft of which will take up ihiee hours in
performing.

S F, c T. vir.

0/ the Cmals, Bril^fs, Ron.ii, 7\/npl.s, Tniiml'lr.!
Aches, Pa-di, and ^n-tit II 'ail of China.

TMK moft fuperb canal in China is the Yim-lean,
nr Royal Can.d, which is a work far fiiperior to
any thing to'be fecn in any part of Kurupe, and di\ides
China into two parts, north and fouth. Thus doth this
celebrated c.mal open an uninterrupted commun.ication
between the two extremities of the empire ; and all forts
of co'iimodiiics mav be conveyed with tlie utmoll fafety
from re-kill.; to Canton, about fix hundred leagues
dillant.

Indeed, this and the other canals iriay juftiy be cf-
teemej the nohkll works in China, confidernig their ex-
tent, their clear and defp water, tb.eir being fenced on
each fide bv banks liiu.l with brick or marble, and their
comniunica'tions with diiferent parts of the country ; tor
over them arc fine bridge, mott of which have fever.d
arches, and that in the centre high enough for barks to
pal's under with ilieir mails erecf.

The bridges built over the rivers arc of (lone, and of
very ftrong workniaiifhip ; ti-'ine of them are very li.uul--
fonie liruiture?, and of great length. Many arc of a
level ground, or iiidead of being built archwife, confifl
of larue (toius laid hori/oiitally en fnigle piUar.i ; of
this kind is the bridge of Suen-teheou, in tlie province of
I'o-Kien : it is built over an arm of the i.a, and i* (up-
ported by above three hundred pillars : its length is about
two thoufiind five hundred tect, its breadth twenty ; and
the (k)nc-woik, from pier to pier, at the top, confilt^
of large fingle niafl'y iloncs.

In the province of ICocitcheou there i; a bridge
called tl-.e iron liridgc, which conlKls of chains of
iron, reaching over a river extremely deep and rapid,
though not very broad: on each bank .ire laifed two
maflv piles of niafonry, to whith are faflened rh.iins
that crofs (o the oppofite fide, and on thefe are laid
broad planks. In one province they fix pole., of wood
into thi- rocks and on thofc lay broad boards ; auk-
vard, however, as tlul'e are, the country people pa(V
over them without feaiing any danger.

As to the high loads in China, the natives, by Indct'a-
tigable toil and iuduilrv, have proieifed methods which
the nioft (cheming or adventuious Kiiropeans could not
have done; tliele roads aie broad, commedioiis, well-
paved, h.indllime, and fecure. Tlie high roail in the
province of Chen-fi may be deemed a prodigy, it reach-
ing over mountains and hideous precipices. Upwards
of one bundled thoufand men are reported to have been
emploved ill the making this ro.ul, who levelled (iime of
the mountains, formed communications by arches with
oth. rs, and tiniflied it with (inpridng expedition. In
fome of the provinces the highways are bordered on each
fide with lofty trees, with rUtmg-places at a coinenieiit
difbiice from each tither ; ihef'c reding-places are in the
form of grottos, and adoid llielter as well as red. They
arc built by Come old mandarins, who upon 'piitling their
offices, and returning to their native piovinccs, recom-

mend thcnifelvcs bv works of ; his fori:: and the conve-
nience of the(i-- places is the gieater, on account if their
bein:; but few inns upon th'. Iiigli roads, or ir.deed In
tl'.e country; tho(e, however, that are u\,cm the high-
ways, are in general hamlfime and commodioiis ; but
ihoVe on the leller and nioie private roads are aukvv.irj
and miferable pLicci.

Amongd the mod famous buildlng.s of i!;;- Cliinef;
are their triumphal arches, calle.l by llie natives Pav-
leou. The mod celebrated of thefc monuments have
been crcA-d in vener.'.tion of the memory of great piincis
and warriors.

Thefe arches have co'.-.-.niDn'y three gat'.s, formed by
columns, the bafLs of which :'.rc without moulding or
embeilKhment ; neither have they capitals or coniice-, ;
the f'rize is high even to an .ablurdiry, to admit (pace for
ini'criptions, .1 : well a.> borders of ornaments, confiding
ofbird", flowers, human figures, Jcc.

'I'heir pagod^ or temples, erected to th,-ir fJ.iuious
deilies, are very numerous: they comid in general of
one tower, terminating in a dome: fome are built of
brick, and others of h.;rd tempi-red earth.

'I'lie celebrated I'orcelain Tcwer daiu's at a fm::!I
dlilanee from Nan-king, and is looked upon as the
handlliniefl and grandcd building in :ill Alia.

To convey to our readers a compete;;t iiiea of t!;c
magiii(u.-ence of this dnicturc, we prefLnt t!:e:n with
the following defcription of it, as given by i'. le
Coir.tc.

' 'I'his famous temp!", wiiith ly the Clilnefe is di!eJ
' the Tei'.-.ple of (iratliude, i» built ujion a maily foun-
' dation of a rock, v. hiih fV-.rn-.s a grand perron eiiccni-
' (lad'ed by a Anillullrade of roujii mr.rble, which is al-
' ceiuied by ;i fii';ht*()f ten or twelve fteps cii eve ry f;.'e.
' The hall, which (ervcs ("or tl-.c I-.odyof the temple, is an
' hundred feet in height, rir;ng I'prn .t bafis of marble
' one foot thick, which extending beyond tlie wall,
' forms a bcuder or raiud w.-y two feet in breadth all
' round the tower. The fniiitifpiece is ornamented witli
' a gallery and pillars, with a r..:ted pediireet, covered
' with grci.n tiles of a very brigl.t variiiih. The c.ibl-
' net within the temple, and which lies ojK-n to the
' (ii'.lit, is painted; it conf":ds of a prodigious r.i:mb>.i-
' of pieces of timber, dilVerer.tly boxed, and let onj
■ into another, which i.; looked \V{:^\\ as no iiic;:nf;der-
' able eiiibeliilhinerit in Chint'fe architeetiire. It muft
' be acknowiedrcd, that thi.-. l.ibyiinib of beams, coup!e^■,
' girder', &.c. has ('omcthing in it flriking and ama/iii'.',
' ihoiigh in truth it is no b tier than a regular kind i f
' cnibarr.iirir.em and confiifion, proceeding from the ill
' talte of this nation for architoc!u:v, who are entiriT
' llrangers to that noble limplicity fo jultiy admired in
' our W[\ buildings. 'I'lir ball receivis all its li'jht
•• throuch the doors, cf whieh there are thi.c tow.iid.
' the eail : through thele vou enter into the tower, which
' in.cke> part of tlie tim;''v:. Tiii', tower is an octagiii,
' ("orty feet wide, incl'f d by an outward w;ill ot tiie
'■ fiime tigure, at (i.x fi '.-t and a half didance, bcarin > ;i
' roof ;;t a moderate height, vvh:-.:i (■.cms at a didaneo
' to proieol from the bodv of the tower, a;:d serves f;;;-
' the (1-1,. r of a bandfiime g:ulery. The tower contlfts
' C'f nine (lages cr dories, each of wlich is adorr.cd
' with a cornice three det b.igh, and didinguidieil by a
' corbel projeoling jull beneath the windows, like the
' gallery bcluv.', thcuigli not fo far, as it li:ith no (bcond
' wall like that to f'upport It; and they Icfii n in propor-
' tinn to the iiicrciifng hci:;ht, and narrouing of the
' tower. I'he wall o\ the tower ii at lead twelve feet
' thick at the lowed dory, and above eight and a half
' at the top. It is iiicrulled wiib fipiares of porcelain
' inl.iid, but the wet and dud have \erv much impaired
» the beauty of the caling ; however, by what remains,
' one may judge what it has been. The (lair-cafe
' within is iiairow, and difficult of afccnt, on account
' of the height of the (lep.^ ; e..ch (Ion is firmed of
' large beams, eroding e:ich other liorizontalle, bearing
> the floor of a chamber, the ceiling of which is cmbeU
' lilhcd with did'ereiit kind.s of painting ; and the walls
' of the upper dories are filled with niches adoincd with
' idols in hallo relievo. I'he irafcmy is all gilt, and has
• the ap|ie,irancc of iiiaible or wrought done, though f
' believe it to he nothing iiioie than bricks cad i'l
' mould-,, .iiid neatly laid ; tor the Chinel'e aie very ex-
I' * fClt

A Ni:W COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGUArJlV,

' ^i

'f^

' \vvt at (lanipiii<: a" kiiuls of ornanicnfi on tVitir lirick<,
' wliicli Iviiur mailc nt a fiiii- canli, au.l well hUrJ, rc-

* ci'ivc thi; imprclli(Mi vt the nioiiKi imicli Iv.ucr than

* ours. 'I'he lull ficur is by imicli the hi;.',hcli ; the reff
' arc all of the fame ilevatu.n. I counted the Heps of
' the Itair-ejfe, and found them tJ be an hundred and
' ninrty j and upi'<n the meat ex.iei .idnuMliiiement I
' eould take, tlie lle|is one with another apiv ared to be
' full ten inehes hii;h, which makes the he:;ht of the
' Willie t<i amount to an hundred and fiU)-ei;hl leet.
' If we add to this the height of the raifed loundation of
' brick-work, that of the ninth lion, which h.-.s no

* Heps, and the crown or fe.minit of the building, the
' whole hei;^ht of the tower fiom the ;^re.und will appear
' to be abu. e two hundred feet : nor is the (pire or.e of
' the K-ail beauties of the tower; it is a kind of l..r;;c
' malt, the lower end of which is locked into a f<K'ket

* in the floor c( the iii,hth 1h>ry ; it lifes more than
' J'lXty t'eet above the ciown, and I'eenis to iland in the
' middle of a volute or fpiral twill of iron, at the dillance
' of fevcral feet from the mall, ending in a point ; Co
' that it refembles a holliiw cone hanging in the air,
' pierced through in ditFt rent places ; and upon the apex
' of the cone is placed a :,ilded ball of a prodi^iious iV/e.

* This is that famous ll.uelure which the Chinefe call
' the Porcelain Tower; though at piiL-nt it ii-av more
' properly be called the Ihiek 1 owtr, as there is no
' hunger any appeal anee of porcelain on the tower,
' and as the ijicrudalion on the outveard wall be ■
' low has much l!ie refemblance of brick poiilhed and
' varniflicd.'

The grar.d piece of arehitLclurc, called the (iriat \\'all,
was began about 2700 years ago. The Chlnele creeled
it, by way of d-.t"endi;ig thtnifdves againlf the Tar-
tars : it is a mailer-piece of indullry, iienius, and ptr-
Icurancc, excelling every fortif:catii.in attempted by the
ancients.

It was in the time of the cnperars of the fourth -Iv-
nrlty, according to hirtorian^, that the tirll and latt
Hones of this lamoui w.dl were laid. In older to fccuie
the toundation ot it on the fea-ioai}, where it begins,
they fenced and fortified it bv linking Ihips laden with
itones and iron, and othirv.ile ItrengtheneJ it by forts
and buKvarks.

.\s China is feparated from Tartjry by a chain of
mountains, this wall, which begins in the province of
C'hen-ll, on the li.le of 'I'artarv, is continued over
mountains and vallies to the 'orty-i^cond degree ot north
latitude, and then reaches I'outhward as far back as to
the ihirty-ninth : it is principally built of brick, and
bound with the Orongell mortar, inriniii(h tliat though
it lath ftood many centuries, it llill c<intiiuies tirm. It
is about live hundred le.ii;ues in leivjlh, including its
many tuiiiliias and winding*., and the imermcdiate
fpaces fupplied by the mountain^, which in feveral
plaeis are a natural lortiiie.nioii ; and in manv others |
there is a wide ditch onlv ; 10 thai of the red wall there ;
are not more than one hundicd leagues.

According to hilloiians, ',hi^ w.iU, during the reigns
of the Chiiufe emperors, w.is gii.irded continuaily by a
r.iillion ol fcddiers j however, liiiee the conqii'll of the
Chinefc by the 'I'artars, thev aiefaiisiied with o;.!y gu.ird-
ing particular parts of it.

Tr.ivcller.'> have greutlv contradicted each other with j
regard to the height and thickiiels of this celebrated wall ; |
we can, however, venture to alFirm, frt)ni the belt au- 1
thority, that its nrcntelt*U".ation exceeds not tiiirtv feet, |
and ils bread-.h is about fulHcieiit f(.r eight or ten men
to Hand a-b'eall upon it.

The reafon why fome wi iters make this wall fo much
higher than others, arifts frnm their taking the dimeii-
fions of fueh part or parts of it as ate njion fome hiirh
mountain ; for it riles and finks with the luiface of Ux:
LiuunJ upon wl'.ich ids built.

S K C T. VIII.

OyChincfe AiJ.'ltifliirr, Cities^ T'c-.vii., I'liinlliir,, ^c.

WITH rilj.eil to Chincfe arclii'eclurc, inoH of
the cities and town"- .ire built on a fijuare model ;
ta'o hajiiiloiuc i(reeCl^, liom call to ^^eH, and frviii noilli

to fouth, crofs each other in the ter.::e, ami div.i.!,; the
tc wii into quarters. Where thetl: Hreet. iiiteilea each
ot.ier, there is a large opening; fiom whence aie fe.n
the four great gates.

'I'licfe cities and capital towns are enclofed by '.cry
high walls ; and thole towns to v iiieh the Chiiufe give
the appellation ot war-towns, li.ne iii'ing ramparts lined
v\i:h thick walls, and fl.uiked v.iiii n.w^rs ; the whole
encompaHed with broad foliLs. in lon;e of tl-.e fticets
are the triumphal arches and pa;M>d>.

Their hoiilis aie ereeleil upon Hope pedeltal-, fmie
I luiik in tlie ground, and fome on the fiirfaca ; en theli;
pedellals, at regular diihinccs, are erected wooden pil-
lars, whereon is l.iid the timber fiom vilneh they 'pring
the root, which is almolt flat, thoimh nearly coierej
with tiles ; as foen as the roof is laid, the wails are
begun to be built, which arc cither of brick, wood,
i.r tempered earth. The body of the building conlilts
principally ot a porch at the entrance, a hail faciiii^
the fouth, and thice or four chamlier-', all ' n the
ground-floor ; the mercliai'.ts indeed have freipaenllv a
Httr) above, in v.hich their goods are depolited, though
for the molt part they have only the fame floor.
The Chincfe find great fault with our Hories riling
one above another; they exptefs th^ir fiirpiile at i ur
hazarding our necks in climbin:'; up our llaii e.'"e'.
W hen the emperor Cang-hi was iliev.ii fome models
of Kurope.iii houl'.~, he f.iivl that I'eiope inuil t er::iinl/
he a (iiiall and pitiful country, fmce, for w...-t oi"
room to builil, the natives were foicid to meant i-;)
into the air.

I'hey never make any windows towards the )!;•.■.(';,
becaufe they do not eluil'e to h< fern by p.^iers-bv :
at a finall diftance fiom the door ot the houfe within
is liullt a little w.ill brealt-high, on wiiich a Ikreen is
placed, to prevent thofe ulio enter 1. 0111 peiceiving
v.'hat is tranlacled tiie.e ; beliind the w;ill ale kMiai
little wiiiiling pafl'ages, teiminating in ditlercni conns;
and it is looked upon as very ungenteel not to have two
or three of thefe. They never ii'ceivc villtors in the
inner ro'inis, hut in a fort of anti-chamber, opi-inn:'
on all hilev, and have no other kind vi decoration than
a row of varndhed pillars fapportir.j; the carpentry oj'
the roof, which lies open to the vieiv, without any
ceiling intervening. They have in their houfes neither
tapeflrv, mirrors, o.- wrouj-ht chairs ; nor is gilding ia
Vogue any wtiere er.cept in he ampcror's apartn^cnts, or
in thole of the piinces of lae blood. 1 iiey have indeed
fome pictures, varnillied cabinets, tables, ii.c. and
pieces of wiiiti' f.ittin, upon which are inli.:ribed fen-
tences of nxira.'ity. Porcelain veiieis are the common
emhelliflnncnts :.s well as niove.iMes of every hiule,
for each a|i.irtn'.ei t is full ol them ; t.ltir pictures have
nothing curiiiiis in them, except the biiiihi.n-fs oi t.'.cir
colo'.iring ; f;r tilt natives have no idia o( light and
lliade. 1 hev lictjuei-.tly hang up thi" pielu.es of ih' if
ancellnrs, and fomeiimcs deeorete their apartniens v. .til
I'llken lanterns, painted ii< dilKicnt colour-., and luf-
pended like onr luHies. I'lieir beds aie tiitir principal
oriia:uent, making ul'e of '.he richell HullV, not fliewn
to Hrangers, it being looked upon as rejmgiuat to tlie
rules of good manners to lead people i.ito a bed-
chamber.

The CKinefe know nothing of the art of gla/inj,
but life the Hiells of oyllers and other tedactou- tilh,
ground thin even to a degree of tranlpareiicy, or ellij
fquare pieces of paper. It is iiectllai v to rem.iik, tliat
the torms of their windows and doors are truly whiin-
lical ; fome arc round, fome oval, and others Kpine ;
fome are in the lonn of Ji biid, 4 vale, a flower, a fan,
or other figures.

The habitations of the mandirlns and other perfris of
faHiion, have a prtjpoition.ible dej^ree ol iimplieiry witii
th: other houles, and in fubitance the architcelure is
the fame, the principal difference conlilling only m tiieir
greater number 01 courts and garlens : and indied, with
legard to tliele habitations, 'tis entirely by cuHom and
prejudice they are prevented from building them in a
more elegant taHe.

We I'rc tii'd by Le Comte, that wiiile he was at
Pe-kinj, a mandarin having built hinilelt a lioulu
loftier than dtw otl.er in the city, he was com-
plaincJ of to tlltt iinjjcror ; ujjoii w!u«.h, dreaUirg

tin:

ASIA.]

Empire of CHINA.

iii.l .liv.lA; the*

ICUVC .lA- !. ■ fl

ii-fcii I'.y '. iry
Ch'iulr j:uc
.imji;iitv ii'if.l
, 1 tlic wl,.,lo
;)f tv.c l>:i;i.ts

xIcRhK, rome
ICC i CM thcl'c
wxKleii pl!-
lIi till)' 'pviiig
LMrly coM.ii;il
ihc walls :ire
brick, vvciiiJ,
ildiiig coniilts
a h;'.il I'jciiiL^

all ' n ihe

frciijiiilly J.

jfltfll, tlioiirli

Uiiu: i'.H'r.
lliMivS niinj5
linilc ;;t i ur
i;r ibii c.-'l-'.
Conic nu;.I»'!s
iiiuil < ir mi/
lor \\ ..'I u(
to ni(.',;:il rj)

Is th^ i':v.!-,

ly p..^ltr^-;>y :

lioi;)'.; uiUiiii

.'li a Ikrtc'ii is

111 pc.'Ciivui!^

\ll aic liv. i.;i

I'crtni coi:r,f ;

Lit ti> lia\f uvi>

\ilitors ill tl'.e

i'.ii.r, o|'iM'.:n;;

LCoratidii tli:iii

; cjrp.r.try >-'t

wirliout any

houl'fs iicithir

■ is g;l.!in.; la

ip.irtr.'i'i:r>, ur

liiue imltxJ

., C^^'. uiid

iiill-rilvil L:\'

tlie iiMiiniou

I'ViTV IkuIc,

piiuures hjve

s ol' tl'.eir

ol liglit i'.iid

iu,ts ol' ill' if

i.irtiiii;:is \..tii

ur-, and luf-

liiilr piir.iipal

, noi fiu'wn

utuiu lo tiie

i.uo a Ix li-

the coiifciliicnoc of the offence, he immediately ordered
it to be levelled with the ground.

,f ;il,;.-iii~,
dactini' hlh,
tii.y, or lUb
iicii.iik, tl'.at
tnilv uhiin-
jiKer^ Ivjtr.iie ;
lluwer, u Un,

!uT perf.'f.'; of
iiijiliciry witii

iiiiiiicLUire is

I (July 111 liieif
indeed, uilh

y euihiin and
ii;^ them in a

<: he w;'S at
il.'h ;i liimli:
was com-

11,..", drea'.'.ing
tiiu

■f

Dtfcrlpum cf the

SECT. IX.

City of Pe-king
Cardt-n'., &c.

the Royal Pidace,

ami
anv

THE city of Pe-kinj, the capital nf the Chinefc em-
niie, like London, is eonipolcd of two cities ; rne
is filled the city of the Tartars, und tl'.e other the Chi-
liele citv; the circuit (.f both, without tlic fidinrhs,
iiieafures about fix lea;j.iie^. The imperial p.dace is litu-
ated in the city of the Tartars; lor it was here the
honfes were abondoncd and delivered up to the victorious
'J'artars when the prefent family came to the throne;
tlicfe refiil'iii^ to fulier the L'hinele to iiihuhit them
loirjer, the latter were under a necelhty of liviiiir
without' the walls, wliere they loon built them aimdier
tit\', whleli is mueh more exteiilive in leiii.-th than in

bre.ulth. ....

I'e-kinij is in the fortieth dcjrec of north latitude, in
the fine province of Pe-tehe-li, twenty leagues from llie

great wa 1. ...

The walls of re-kin;; are an hundred and lifty feet
ill height, and broad eiion^ih for feveral hoikmeii to
lidc a-lMcall upon the top ot' them i .".: proper diihiiiee?
are lar;:e fquare towers ; the ditch is dry, though very
deep aiid wide ; the gates are of an e.xlraordimry ele\a-
tion, and the architcClu'-c of them in tolerable iioial
tattc : at e.ich [;ate are two great fnvers, one without
and the other within ; they ccnhlt of nine (loric.-, each
with port-holes, and at ihe bottom is a fpaeioiis hall,
where the oiiieers and foUhers retire wiio come oii' guard ;
before each p.ite on the town tide is an (.pen fpaee of
about three hundred and li>ty feet, wliich ferves for a
parade, t.iconipalled by a knii-circular wall, equal in
breadth and height to that which iiielof-s the city ; and
here live hundred f( Idlers mav be drawn up in rank and

'I"hc Tartar city has nine gates, two lacing the eaft,
two the wdf, two the north, and three ti.e foutli.
The Cliinefe city has only feven, to each of which an-
fwers a iuburb. The latter city is much the moll po-
puUius.

Mod of the flrccts in Pe-king arc laid in a line; the
grand ftrect is an hundred and twenty feet wide, and a
lia;ue in leii:>tli. 'I'he llions, on each hde of tlie (bcLt,
furiiillied with a beautiful variety of porechin., varnillied
ware, and the richeli lilks exhibit a iiioll plealing pic-
tiiic. Kverv tiadcfman pl.iccs before the door of his
(liop a board handfomcly i:,:iiitod, and gilt at the corners
ai.d edges, cont.iining in l.".ge chaiaMeis an account ot
the diH'erent articles of trade that he has to difpofe of.
'iheic bo.irds or tablets btin^ placed upon pedellals,
each feven or tight feet high, and nearly eipiidiltani in
one continued range, ha\e a iiiolb flrikiiig and agreeable
appearance ; the lioufes, however, arc low, moil of
them haviiiir only a ground Moor. Nor arc the courts
of iuftice hiiilhcd in any higher talle tlian the genei.^lity
of the houles ; their temples are the moll iiiagh.tiaiit
lliue'lures, being embellilhcd with ftatues, and their
loiils, confiding of green or yellow tiles, cleg.iiitly vai--
iiilhed, and decorated with projecting dr.i ,ons.

The (heets of I'e-king, though to lon^ and fpaciou',
arc crowded with people pairing ; but not a firgle woman
IS ever fecn among the multitude. Th.re are fucli throni ;,
!hat thoi'c perfons who ride in chair, are oltcii under tiie
neeeintv of having a pcilon on hoilebaek to I'o before
them to clear the way. Sneial caules combine to pio-
duce thefe crowds ; as for example, belides the vail num-
ber of peafants who repair hither from the neighbouring
country places, with their camels, horles, mules, and
other beads of burden, the grc.atell part of the mcehanies,
iiidead of keeping to iheii ihops, go about the town in
cpied of buhiief:-, carrying with them the feveral linple-
ineiits of their refpeetivc pn^fellions. Harbers, for iii-
llancc, go about ringing little bells, to get cuftomers ;
they carry with them a (lool, bal'on, towel, pot and
tiic ; and wheji .iiy peifon calls to thi m, thrv run up {><
him, and placing their llool in a convenient plai c in the
llreet, thev fliavc the head, clean the ear-^, put the e\r.
brows in order, and brulh tlic IhoulJers all lur a lialf-

] penny. 'I'hcn they ring tl'eir bell .ngal.n, and nro rcath'
I for another ciillonier. The taylor>, who ply in tlic
I dreets, go home to the lioufes of their ciidoiners, and

do their work there : tliey do not ufe tliimM.s as ours

CO, but tie a rag Ui-oii their thumbs ; nor do thev lit
I down to their work, but lew ftanding, exiept when
! they grow tired ; the \york ii upon a tabic, and tin v'
; Hand clofe to it.
I Amongit the crowd in tlie dreets are l'.,IIad-fin rers

foitiine-tellers, tiuaek-d.'Ctors, &c. the latte'- lUlhibutinj;

thur r.oftrums, and cxti'lling their AVotiucrlal elli

caev.

With various lialle here fev'ral ways they run,

.Sume to undo, and folic to be undone ;

\\ bile lu.xury and wealth, and war and peace,

.Are each the oth.rs ruin ai.d increafe.

As livers lod in leas ; Ionic fecret vein

Thence re-conveys, there to be lod a"aiii ;

While did 'lent avocations each purfuc,

All have their fecret aims, and piivale liews.

Wh.tlier they fpread forth plcafure'.s lilken lai's,

\'. itch folly's winds, and catch h.-r tie.tiiin ;.-.ile,, ;

Oi full of bus'nefs fly from drcet to lln-ei,"

\\ ith looks imjiortanr, and unwcarieil feet ;

(h to the more ingenious arts ir.clin'd,

iM.ike china-ware, or fans to catch the wind.

'In felf, of eaili piinuit the current flows,

'I licre all their u ilhes ali iheir labours clofj ;

^'et private i-nds alhll tlie empire's aim,

1 or true lilf-love, and lin'al arc the fame.

Wiie'nevcr ^i pcrfon of didinflion goes out, be is at
ten.kd by :; gieat number v'i his domelHcs ; if he be a
in.iiidarin ot" the tirll rank, he is not only attended by
thele nut alio by bis fuboriiiiiate Riai.daiir.s, wlm alki,
to iiiereale the pomp i.l Id, retinue, are al! in parti, ular
drel'.is, aitcndcil by th; ii \ .dels ; fo that the train of
one 01 thefe inandaiins is of itii If fuiucieiu fj eiii'.i.iirais
adiMt.

'I he drccts are alvvays fo ineomnvuled either with niiij
in the winter, or ivA in the fuiMner, that thev are in
both feal'ons very difigreeable. 'I'here is I'o miich diifl
oecahoned by the cattle, that the city i^ in a manner
covered with it, which gets into the fliops of th"* trajef-
men, and greatly damages their gco.!<. Iirlced thev
fprinklc tlic llreet', but this has no gnat e'l'ct.

It has been aheady chferved, that no v.-civ.'. n arc ever
f en in the drejts : baice it may be eafdy judged how
populous I'e-king niiiil be, wlien it.* Ilrects can hardly
contain one half of the peopl-.-, who, accruing to the
adeitions of I'ome authors, amount to fix or kieii mil-
lions. I)u ll.;Idr, boweier, fays there are only three,
and !.c C'omtc reckons them at two only.

Pe-king is divided into a great number cf w-irdi, cverv
one ol which is again divided among feveral ofiiecvs, who
are I'o i.v.my ovcrleer-, having e.-,c!i the infpe^ilion often
h'lulcs, and are obliged to give an acccunt to the man-
darin of every thii.g that tranfpires i i tlvjir rel'peclive
divirums. Mailers of f,.inil;cs .ire cnus I / apf.vcrable for
I

» .ire cqii
the liehavio'ar of their children and ft ri ants; tlie fami-
lii-s in each didriet aic nor only cond aliud to alfiii an i
piotert each other as netel'ltv ni.iv lequirc, but if anv
lobbery or outiai;e le Committed, ail are ciually rel'iion-
I'lblc for it. ' . i

I.ewd women are not fuflercd to live within the
y.-alls ; tluir liOufcs aic of a particular kind, and many
of them kidge together, genernlly under the inlpeelioii
ol a man, who is refponllble for an\' dilrurbanee thev
occafion. In fonic pro-, i.;ce.= , prollitutcs are not toler.it^ J
.It all.

Pe-king is guarded by fi.ldicrs both day and nijlit,
wl'.o patiolc the ftrecls not only with thin fwords,
but with whips in their haiuh, with which thev lafli in-
dirt'eremly all peifoiis concerned in any riot or breach ot"
the public peace. Indeed, there is idways in this city a
garrilon of forty ihoufar.d mm to prekivo giod order
and peace. 'I'here are no clubs, balls, or other noelur-
na! meetings here ; and the I'oldiers take into cuftody
all perfons whom they fee in the dreets in the niglit'-
time, if thev do not ^ive a good account of thenil'elves.
In the principal fireets they found the watdies o/ the
night fl a I.'rge bell, or elfe on a dnnn of cxtraordi-

n»ry

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OE C.V.OC, K AV il Y

I t'i

ii:ir\' fi/e ; a watch cMi'.litis of two hours; the tint
ciiinmcnccs .it the apnnuch of evening, when thi-v
give one tlruke on t' • I'cU or ilriiiii, iiiiJ iit interv,il>>
repeat it during; tlie iiigtit. When the feeoiul w.Ueh
bei^iiis, they give a coii|-.le of ihokcs, .m.l repc.it the
r.iine as hetoie, till tlie third hegiiis, and fo on. Ihelc
hell>, whieh are of tlie i'.inie metal as oiu!-, are i'riitk
bv l.irj;e wooduji haiiuiiers, whieli coiifeiiiienilv in point
of iiiimd render them f.ir inferior to the I'.uroptaii. \* hat
they call the ^reat bell of I'e-kin^^, is, hevoiul all Joidit,
the largetl in the univerfc, one CNcepted j it was call
near funr hundred years a;.', and \vei:;hs an hnndred
and twenty t!in;iland pomui-.. That whii.li we e.\cept,
is the great 1h!1 of .Mof-.ow, weiehing thue hiindud and
twenty ihotiia'ul pounds.

We iliall now I'peak of that niagniiieent edit'iec, the
Emperor's p.i'aie.

'i'lns nol'le llrueinre is in an ciblon;.; fipiare, about
two Knj^lilli miles in length, and a mile hru.id. \V'ith-
jn its walls are contained not only the lioiife and gar-
dens of the cnipi'ror, but likewife a great number of
offices and lo,Les for his minillers and lervanls \ iti tine,
there are dvver.in.;-plaees for all the artificers tnipUned
ill his ferviee ; tlufe, howtser, are Knv ili-coi.irived
buildings,

T'hc palace is above three miles in circinifercnce ;
the front of it lliinis vvitli gildiu;.; and varnilh ; it h.i>
nine fiiperb courts, comniuiiie:;iinu; with each other
throu_;h grand arched gates, <_;ich with lul'ty gilded
turrets; the win_jS of tlie ceuits are lined with ranges
of g.iilcrief.

The apartments of the emperor are at the head o(
the ealV court, with poiticos on e.'.ch fide of the er.trance,
f;:pportcd hv grand colunuib. Round the royal apart-
nieius is a uliite niaible terrace, witli a biillultrade that
h.i-- tliiLC openings anlwering to (o manv afcents, one on
t, c!; fide, confilling of a lliglit of iUps, ai.d a gentle
flope in tlic center of the front.

•Among the .'.partmeius of the palate is the liall of au-
dience, where tlie emperor receives foreign ambatiadors ;
he IS I'cated in a fort of alcoie, wltii his legs acrofs in
the manner of the Tartars, furrounded by his niiniliers ;
and his throne is covcied with the richeit tapellry ; he
wears round his neck a chain of coral, and on his head
a cap bordered with fable, from wiiieh h.iiig peacocks
(cithers and i'.lken L.tTel-.

The ceiling of the ai'i'M-iiieniionrd li.dl is of carved
■work, painted green, and cm'ullilheil with gilded dra-
gons : the cohniins th.it fupport the buildings within
are llx or feveii feet in diameter at the bafe, ornamented
Avitii a tine red varnilh on a ground of exijuilUe plailter ;
the walls are of a Ibnning white, though without any
tapdlrv, pietures, or mirrors.

The other rpirtmen;-. are far graii.ler, in point of
ornament, than this lull of audience; a-, excliifive

:re lurnilhcd
and cleL'am

Ceilings, they
rich cabinet'.

the higlieft cdima-
r.i:dce;l anion;; the

of tlie carved and gildei
witli paintings t.'pel'.ry,
carj ct=.

In China, gardeiKis are held in
ti'Mi, and the art of gardening is
liberal arts,

'Ihc culture of the earth is deemed worthy of the ut-
rioft le.iilbitive attention, and conllciueiiily gardening
hath been carried to a much hi:lier degree of perteetion
ill that coiintrv, tlian i.i any other pait of liie univerfe,

'I'he royal gardens of Pe-king ha\e jiilViy ciiallengcd
the admiration of the curious, and may h; numbered
among tlie wonders of the world. They are a kind o!
Ilupi lulous drama, in which the bea.uti-.s luid defeats of
nature and the works of art arc admirably reprefented,
in fuch a manner as to afleel all the padions of the luirnan
ioul.

To fuch A nionauh as the emperor nf Chiiu, fuch a
garden lecms ablolutely ncceliary, for he is too much
the flavc of greatnel's to emerge from his palace but
upon fume extraordinary occafn'ii, or to be feen in public
but when flate necellUy requires it. His life therefore
nou'd be difagree.dilv infipid without the amufeinents
which his g.irdeiis afford him, and his dignity would
r' v.'ijr him the inedl confined, and Icalt air.ul'c.i pcriun in
his extenhvc dominions,

'I'hrfe gardens contain innunu r.able bui'dinvs, fome
regularly elegant, others rui.illy dmple ; loinc ol a

grotcfipic nature, and others in iniit.itioii of ruins. Thifs
all liie varieties of aivhitci^turc are blende d v.ith the pro-
duclion> of ivitiire. .Ami the aiii'iial, ve:H'tah!e, and mi-
ner.il creation, are iiappily united to con.piete a nioCt ai-
tonilhing feene.

J'very tdvantage hath been t.'ken of every f <it of
■Miiuiui ; licie- nature hath been ecnnted to du'plav her
beauties, there the feene is lanegiited by exliihiting her
d'fecl* ; in other places ihc hath heen compelled bv art
to pel form that whieh of llerfelf fhe tuulil not Ik'.h
executed.

I'lots laid (v.it with the iitmoll regnlaritv furround tl.e
regular buildings, and nothing is adniitteJ either in llie
labrieks theuilelves, or the circumi.iient plantations
to afreet the propriety or fyminctry of ihe whole. I.'iit
wlure the buildings are riillic, ihe fienc about them
is wild, and the rural taltc is coi.lpiciious in a kind of
natu,,d fniiplicity ; other parts, to excite gloomy idea?,
.ire laid out in a ruile i"'ibliniity, and the molt tremen-
dous objects are called in to render the wiiole more aw-
ful ; when the alfoiiiihej fpectator quits tlie melancho-
ly profjieet, and prc>ceeding h.rther, is foon agreeably
liirpii/cil liy the ga\eil leeiies of luxuri.-iit nature. lii
thele varioi;. parts a gre.it min.her oi bulls, llatiies, &c.
are difpofed, and aUv.iys fiiited to their lituaticn v.illi
the moll fcrupuloiis propriety, Thel'e are del;_'ned id
comnieinorate part trani 'etion-> of a remarkahle n.uuii-,
to per|>ctuate the name of I'ume I'mgiiiar character, tcj
excite the \arious p.iOions, diicrt the i.tieiuion, or c!:e
they allude to fome popular Hory. On theli; Itatue.s,
as well as on Hones, ruins, e\c. there are a variety
of inlciiptions, and lerf.-, tending nut onlv to aiiiiile
the niiiiJ, hut to promote the caufe of viriue and moralitv.
riiiH a Cliiiiele gardener is a poet by iiatuic, and
Ills works are dram.itic compul'itioiis, in wiiieh the iiMlt
matirial objects of rieation are felecied and improved by
art to emh..!lilh his labours.

In ihele gardens, the ditlerent iirencs arc adapted to
the difJcreiit times of the day, and likewile to the various
leal'oiis of tile year ; and as China produces all the vege-
taldes and phniis of Kurope, as well as many others pe-
culiar to tnat country only, there ii, a p.ipeiual verdure
in I'ome part or oilier of tlic garden : fo that tiic diiterent
feafons amufe the imagination in one hour ; and \ aricil
nature appears to be here compacted for ti.e enten..in'
nil lit oi liie empi ror and his court.

Here is Ifkewile a nuttopolis in miniature, in wliieh,
at certain times of the year, all tf.a.t is triinlaeted in
I'c-king is repeated by th:; eunuchs ot the leraglio, who
perfoliate various characters, biiops are opened in all
biiliiielle'-, and perfuiis ol all occupation, are ixpn fentej
in a lively and natural manner, in:i\ at tiuir varicu; eni-
pli'vmeiits.

Sham robberies are committed, all kinds of mimic
frauds perpetrated, and pretended courts of iullice held
on the leveial delinijuey.ts who are f.iiiiiii;'
hendcil.

A fine canal or river flows through tliis town, fliips
and haiUs arrive at the i;ua\s, gc oils arc landed, brokers
are employed, merchants purchafe the c, i:imcdi:ies,
which art placed in vvarehoul'es and i!u ps, and letailed
to others. In liiw, all the amufemi nls of a poiiie, and
and tlie liuirv ef a commercial citv, ar.-; h.re ixhihlted in
f ich a manner as to excite the curiohtv, and ibal upi-n the
imagination as rcditi'S. On the pl.iins are (hum lights,
and all manner of militaiy excrcifes ; e>n liie river mock
engagements of a luv .il n.iture, and rowing matches.
1 here arc nicnagcrieb ref. r.ihling woods of ferocious ani-
mals, and tame <!iies run about I'everal parts of the gar-
den at their plealure.

In ihole parts which arc intended to excite g"- imv
ideas, are tombs, hermitages, and ruins, amidii oreary
deferts and dclnial woods. Here are Wen dreadful pre-
cipices, barren rocks, dark cavern', impetuous cataracts,
gifdiets with I riminads hanging on r.ieni, teiiildc volea-
niics made by the means ol concealed liiiic-kiins. In
dark palVagcs the forms of dragons, furb-«, and other
liorriil objects, .nre placed in the inotb terrific atiitudef.
I he pafliiiger is likewife ihook by eaithquakes, wnich
are cauied bv cle^'.rical means, all'aulltd hv ar^ii.cial
thunder, lightning and r.iin, and lurpril'ed by the re-
port ot ordnance, ai d the iound of various waiiike in-
llrunieat'-. Many of the pUcv> ire ^uaidcd by nionllrous

(Tiants,

app.'c-

•I

ruins. Thifs
V.itll llic pri>-
;.'.li!c, ar.il :;•.:-
ctv' a nil lit iii-

L'\<rv r ot .It"
t'.i i!ii;'l.:y h.-r

ixllil^ltill;'. Iicr

iii|uHiil liy art
;ilil not iju\ J

' I'lirroiMul tl.i;
I litlu'i' in i'.)c
It pl:\iU;itioiis

whdlo. lint
-• al'uut then

in a Ikinil oF
aliKiniy iilc..',

nwl\ trc-.v.c:'.-
lulo inorc a\v-
Li' niclanclio-

on .".i;rcLaMy
t iiatiiro. Ill
, li.uiif, &c.
Iitu;'.t;t.n v. )lll

L' lifli.'l'.fd to

i'!;ab!c n.iiiin',

rh;'.r:'.ctcr, to

niion, "1- t!'e

tl'..-!c Itatuts,

art: a vr.rittv

ii'.lv to uiniilJ

anJ nujialitv.

natuic, aiiJ

i:ii:ii tlio HM'.t

J iininovfj by

re aJ.-.ptcii to
to the \arii>us
all the vivc
i:iy (itiuTS pc-
iViiial viuliirc
It llic diitiitnt
r ; anil varii il
tl/j ciiiL'ri..ir.-

;rc, in vvliit li,
triinraLti-'ii in
(irai;li<;, who
ip:'i:fJ in ail
c itpri IItiIcJ
vanti:' tn;-

ul« of mimic
t" iu'.Hoe held
n:i:,;ly appre-

•5 n\v;i, Anns

:: iniTuclitii-";,
a:-,;! :.-tailt.a

a pi'ii;!", a'ld
c I shiiiiicil in
ill a! ui»:n the
-• ii-.am tijhts,

ic livtT i!:cn.k

i:lj; ni-.tiiit"-.
Lrixii,!!-- ani-
ts ot l!ic {^ar •

xcitf <;,' ini7

amiJil iii'cary

ilicaiU'ul pr':-

iiit;s cataracts,

i.-iii!^lc vjlra-

mc-kiin>. In

-ad other

■ri!i'' attitude?.

)r..i'.f-, wnii'h

u' ariinLil

a hv lUe re-

• wai!;i<e in-

b) nionllious

(•ian;>,

ASIA.]

E M r I R F. OF CHINA.

giants, terrible di\;*, and iVightfiil dwarfs. Upon the
whole, this wonderful p.irdcn contains .m adcnililai!;!- ot
the liioll plcafing, luxuriant, melancholy, romantic^ and
furpri/.iug fcems, and i> calculated to excite all the hu-
man palliuiis in their ^rcatelt varieties.

SECT. X.

Sou-tchcoii, nnil

Drfcrlpthn cf tht City of Nan-kmp,
Canton ; Aauiit of I he Chinefe Marine and their Buiku

W\L ihall now prefent our readers with a del'cription
of the cities of Nan-kiiiL'., Soii-ltheou, and Can-
ton, .a'ter which we fii:;ll proceed to an account ot the
Chmct'c marine and barks.

The exU'nfive and once fplrndid city cf Nan-kin;,
(.1 name fignifyiiig the court of the foutii, as I'e-kiiig
docs the court of the north) is tlie capital of the pro-
vince of ICiang-naii, and was for many ajes the capital
of liie Cliinel'c einpiic, ..s well as the relidencc ol the
cmpi-rors ; whence it took its name. It is the largelt
city in China, and was orifrjnally uirrou.idcd with a
triple Wall, meafuring about lixteea leagues in circum-
ference ; but the p.dace, once famous tor its iplcndor
and magnitieeiicc, halh been deftroycd, as well as
many grand moruimcnts. The ftrects of this city are
narrow, but well paved j the houils low, but liand-
fomc ; the (hops fp.iiiou5, and moll richly furniilicd
with lioods. N.'.'i-king is celebiattd for its great num-
ber of librariet ; it excels likewife in printing, and in
artilicers of moil kinds: here too rclide the mod emi-
nent doiStors of ..le empire, as well as the greater p.rt
of t'uch n . ndarins as have been difcharged from tlieir
govern'.nints.

The t> in'bcr of people refident in this ancient ci.^
IS cllimai.d at about four millions, including thofe who
live i: ''aiks upon I'v watei ; and indeed, whenever a
city 1: luuated on . ..■ banks <n a canal or river, there
is fccn anoll'.er lar; ''.oating city of barks j lo that the
rivers and can.)'.- rl t,..ina, arc in proportion as populous
as the land.

'I'he prefent public build!, s of Nan-king have
ratbi ' . ;~,ean appearance, c r. a few temples, the
city gitlc;, and a tower aLoc^.. two hundred Icet in
hci ht.

The commercial and beautiful city of Soii-tcheou,
tiie fecond city of the province of Kiang-:.:ij, .•.lav, in
point of (ituation, be compared to Venice, thoimh
it far exceeds it in extent and populoufnel's. it is four
leai^uts in circunilerence, cxcitilivc ot the fuburhs,
which are very extcnl'ive: it abounds with canals of
pure watiT, capa'.lc ot bearing ihips ol heavv burthen ;
and iicie people are conveyed to almolt any part of the
CUV in gondolas elegantly painted. 'I'he commerce
and riches of this city, the beauty of its fuuation, the
fruitfulncis of the country around, the continued ap-
pearance of the gondolas, the concourle of vilitants,
and the natur.d politcne^ of the inliabitants, render
it, in the fullell Icnic of the term, the I'aradifc of
China.

Tiic large, wealthy, and populous city of Canton,
ciUcd by the natives Qi^iang-tcheou, and which is the
rapit.d of the province ot Qiiang-tong, is about as
!.;r^e as Paris ; the houlcs (land very thick ; the flreets
are long, and lather narrow, ahnoll all laid out by the
line, and well paved, with triumphal arches in feveral
of them i here are alfo tome temples of tolerable good
workmanfliip, in which the bonzes live.

.'\s Car.ton is I'ltuated upon the banks of one of the
finell rivers in China, deep enough for thelargtll Ihip-.,
all the curiofities of the empire are brought hither. In
going up the river, the eye is delighted with one of the
molt clianning proipects in nature, being nearly in-
compalled with \erdaiit fields, lawns, proves, and hills
gently rifing one above another. Hoth fides of the river
arc covered with barks, ranged on parallel lines, form-
ing, as it were, Itreets and .illevs; and in each of theli-
barks rclide a v^-holc family : the poorer fort ipiit their
bark in (he morning, and repair to the fields or llrcets,
to e.nn their livelihood, and return to their families in
the cveninp.

A principal (haro of the opulence of Canton flows

from its commerce with the Europeans, who arc ict
permitted to enter any other port in China,

According to a very exact computation, the whole
fifteen provinces of 'he Chinefe empire contain fouil.^n
hundred and fixty-ninc large towns, and two thoulaiid
large citadels or caftles.

As to the Chinele marine, the natives boaft th.it they
were acquainted with the art of navigation, and the
Indian leas, long before the birth of C'hril. They arc
acipiainted with the compafs, and pretend to he the in-
ventors of it J however, they ha.e but finall advaiii.'gc
of the invention : inllead of I'lfpending it on a pivot 1:1
a box, Co as to keep its co^uipoile, they place it uiion a
bed of fine land, which dots not prevent it:! being af-
fected W'th ihe fh. (ks of the veflel; .aid in rough weather
the needle often loles it; diiellion. 'Ihe Chinefe failors
are fiiperllitious enough to worftiip their compafs, and
offer perfumes to it in facrifice.

Their harks ha\'c generally two marts, and fomctiincs
three : moll of thcin, el'pccially thole iifed lor ni, rclian-
dife, have flat boticms, ar.d arc trom head to llcrn of
one and the fime breadth. The Cliinefe u'u:il!y laild
leveral chambeis or cuiiins, though all in the vellel's cen-
tre ; thcfc are of a moderate height, particularly the
niiddlcniolt, which is in g^-iural the higliett j and f.^me-
timos they l.ave only one large room erected on pillars,
open at the tide;., and covered with a roof llop'n.', oi»
which is a dome decorated with (ilken ftreams. ^ The
malts and fails have a \erv rude :'f|)eet, the '■ rmer being
of rough trees juir as produced by nature, except that the
twigs and branches arc lopjied o!f: ihe fails arc of mat,
ttrengthencd with pieces of hamboo : tlie veliel is
caulked with a fort of gum, min-led with lime and
bamboo threads, and the anchor is of a hanl wood
pointed with iron. They have another fort of bark.
not unlike our galleys, and which thev not only ul'e in
ihiir river-, but on the ll-a-coalh, a> likewile to fail be-
tween the illands ; they are jiainted at head and iUrn,
have three inafts, and in calms go with oar:;. The
barks, which carry the mandarins to their lefpeclive pro-
vinccs are not only large, but elegant, being highly var-
niftied, and decorated with dragons, Tlity generally
coiifift of two decks, feveral chamber?, little cabins, a
dining-room, apartments for fcrvants, and other con-
vcniencies. When a large bark faces a high wind, or
fierce current, it is drawn along by ropes ; at other
times large poles are ufcd, and Ibmetimes oars.

The de.ilers in fait and wood convey thole articles in
booths built on rafts. They bring the trunks of large
trees to the river fide, where they law them into beams
and planks; then boring a hole at each end of every
piece, they f.iften them together with ofier bands ^ind li>
form their floats five feet high, and about ten broad ;
they have no fixed meafiire for their length j fome ex-
tend half a league. At convenient diftances they eredl
huts or booths ; and as every length of timber is only
faftcned to the next by band;<, the whole united rate
moves cafdy anyway, like the link of a chain, and'is
very conveniently managed in the windings of any river.
In the huts, or booths, the people cat, drink, and fleep,
and often fell them with their lalt .and wood. Thele
rafts are fomctimes thus conveyed five or fix hundred
leagues, and lecn at a diftance like fo many little floating
towns.

Though the Chinefe know not how to 'cigate the
feas like the mariners of Europe, yet upon rivers .ind
canals they aie |ieculiarly tkilful. In the canals there
are fluices for the retention of water, and tliefe they af-
cend and defcend with a matchlefs judgment. In rapid
and rocky rivers, flowing with the utnioll violence lor
perhaps 60 or 70 leagues, the failors are for feveral days
together in continu:d peril ; and no European whatever
could navigate a vefl'cl here.

SECT. xr.

Cimpendiou!, accur.t/, and i/ilere/llng IJi/lory of China.

IN the year lyzg, Mr. Fouqiict, titular bifliop of
Elcuthcropolis, publifhed a chronological table of the
empire of China ; this t.iblc, which ww reviled and
corrtikd by a Tartar nobleman, named Nyen, fixes the
^' conmieiicc-

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GKOCRAPIIY,

*i:

■.* «

•y>

comniencciiicnt of tlic real Chincfc chronology in tlie
icign of Lvc-vnnu, the dntc ot' wliicli ;iiil\vcrs to tlii;
Mar 4X4 K't'oic Chnll. l-'artlicr t'l.m lh\> tlic writers
of the Kl\m^-mui, or grand chrcmclc of China, go
not, but VLTv ingcniioully acknowlcJgc, that tlnir
chronologi^■^ before that pcrioJ is not to be lii-pciiJcJ
upon.

Kopc of the literati fccni to ilifputc the antiiinity of
the L'hincfe ; but it is diflicult to afecrtain the lirll period
cf their true ci.ronoKigy.

Mr. J''on<]uet allow-- the Chlncfe nation to be near as
rid as the delUjjc ; nor docs .Maigret, in hi> rem.ulis on
the obl'eurity of the reii;n of l-'o-hi, deny the re.ility of
it; .Mr. Kourmont, and others of the learned, ci\e it a-,
their opir.ion, that the Chinefe have been a nation near
four thoiifand ye.'.rs. F.ven fneh as have treated with ri-
dicule the pretenliuns of thele people to aiuii|iiity, ail nv
their monarchy t.i be at Icall as ancient as that oi the
l.^vptians, All\rian^, or any other country recorded in
hiKorv. L'pon the \\hole, the antiijuity of the Chinefe
is great beyond all difpute ; but as to the iN.ict petii-d of
their origin, that is a point the moft fagaciouo cannot de-
termine.

Aciorduig to V. Du Haldc, the fill inh.ibitants cf
China k'ttled in the province of Clien-fi, front whence
they fpreail thvnifelves over the adjacent countries, I Li-
lian, re-tehc-1:, and Chan.T-tonj, which four provirKc.
together formed a C'lnfiderable kiir-dom, cont.;ining tl-.at
large tract of country lying north of the n\er Yang-tt'e-
kiang.

The fame of the fird princes of this infant inon.''.rchv
hrought toL'aher great numbers of furcigncis; wiieie-
I'ore, to evtend the bounds of their kiiu-doin, thev drained
a large tr.iot of low country that l.iy under water, fen-
cing the l.md againll the incroachments of the fea willi
high banks, and by the lame mean', contining liie courfe
of the rivers withm deep and narrow cl'.aniiels : I. .us iwo
fine provinces, 'I'che-kiang, and Kiang-n.m, were added
to tlic kiiiLidom.

" Under the reign of the rmprror 't'u," favs 1'. Du
Halde, " which thev place .ibovc two ihoiifand vcars
iKinie Chrill, they diremcreJ a l;irge tract of t rrityrv
to the liiuth, partly dellitute ot iiuiabitants : tins large
fxteiu of country, "lu and bis fiiciclliirs peopled \yi:li
ii'liinics at diiierent periods, under the controul of printer
«jf the blood, to whom they portioned out this new
countrv, lelervin^ to thenilelvis oiiK' fome aclcouw-
ledgment. I'hus were itirntid fueral little tributary
liin.'doms, which biing afterwards united t i the empire,
rendiied it veiv conliderable. During the rcig^i of Vu,
the mornarchv wasdr.ided into nine proviiice-, a par-
ticular delineation of which tf.is ii.iperor caufiJ to be
tligraved on nine bra/en veliLb In the \ear 3 ;;,
bclore Chilli, lever. il niiions lent anib.ilTiid<>rs to China,
;ind fuhniitted vohintarily to ,1 yearly lii'iate. To-
wards the end of the le:ond dynallv, about fwtUe
liuiidr.d years b' fore Chtill, certain Chincle Colonies
tvtended theinlclvcs to the ealb-in coad, and .alio IcMk
jiodirllion of le\eial idands. Under the liltli dviiailv,
which coininenced about the year i^T before Chrilf, tiie
Chinefe not only cnl.ugcd their borders to the noiih,
alter nuiiv liiinal victories obtain-il over the Taiio-,
tint pulheu their conipiclU even to the conrine-. of Ind.a,
vi/.. to i'eiju, Siam, Cainboya, and Hengal. Aboiu
fix hundred yiars after Chilli, Kao-tfou-venti, founder
i)f the twellth dviiafty, added to iheempiie feveral of the
iioillicrn pieivinces, lituated beyond the river N aiig-tle-
J(iang, .Hid whiili at that time compofcd a particular
Juni'.doiii fiibjicl to the I artars ; this went by the name
tif the Nnrihrrn Kinpite for Ceitril .ij^e:s. 1 Illy, tin-
rivoliition, whiih liapiwiad in Ifi.^, when China was
Aoiupierril by the Tartars, only l-:vcd to incrcafc the
^owei and isiciitof this 'jr'Vt eripiie, byioininj; to its
f..ini( r pi lielTions a lonjilirable part ol (ireat Varlary.
'I'liiis this \a(l tronarchy attained to the liiminit of its
prutiiil', b\ a •ladiial pro^rcl'-, ivjl fti omih in the wav
of ioiii|iielt like I'lher I inpie , u> by the Hidoin of its
laws, the reputjtiuii ul its (^uveriinieiit, and at lalt by
jti dilgrace."

The Chiiu-fc rnipire han been fucreflivily iiovctncj
liy fwcnlvlwo linpeiiil tiindies; llie order of l)ie dy.
Millies Kiinin'iiced with llie Unilly i>l Hij, tltv liilt ol
«'iit,<n) \v.it liutiiii^iaillivd by Uu tiUv vt ^ u»

!| The three Hid families on the Imperial throne fiil

j up tlie fpace of near two thoufand years in the Cliiiiiie

1 1 annals, wliilll the reigns of the fuccee^ling iiiii.-teen r.io-

j'narchs lc.;rcc nieal'ure an eipial fpace of lime.

I The UMiarty, or family of ^'ii, ended woh t'-.c reign of

Fvie, a wretch uf infamous menioiy, w-ho is laid to iia-, ii

drowned, in the fpace of one day, three thoufand ot his

; fuhjecfs, in 1 pit which he cauled to be filled wiili wine.

This and other enormities occalionod a revo!: ef Ins

fubjccls, who placed upon the thrcne rchiii-tan,:, 3

tributary prince of China.

Tcheoii, the Ldl prince of the lecond dynaO\ , rciu'wecl
binifelf abhorred by his fubjee!. on account of i;i> 'viel t J
and debauched life : bis penjile there*. le ajiplied to \ nu-
vang, .1 prince i-f .1 Ihiall neighbouring; '.(ate, and pKicci
hiin on the throne. Vou-v.ing, liowevtr, in t.".e be-
ginning of his reign, committed a very c ip tal I'.iult,
which in time was proslueiive of great rcvoiuiions. ;:i
order to gratify certain families, and the piinee- if
the biood royal in particular, he creeled for tiiem I'e-
ver.d petty kingdoms, which were at i'.rtt fcudatuiv
to the empire, but f'-on alter declared for inde]--endence.
L'ndir the thirleeiiih cm;ieror of thi^ d\nalh, .dl ihi fc
petty priiicci were engaged in intcltine wars, and d.f-
iractcd the wli'le empire. Cliini became a l':c.-.e of
rapine for many agi ■■ ; its .luthority vs-as held in cen-
tempt, and the tributary piinccs controuled the cm-
peroi-^, cntiironlng and dejioliii!; thein as thiir iticli-
naiion <ir caprice dictated. 'I'eheoii-kiun, the l!-.,;tv-
l.iih and lad emperor of ibis race, found a 'e'y
po'aerlul rival in I chao-liang, his vallal, the ki-i'. of
I lin, to whom he was forced to give up l>is cio\ -n ;
this reli-1, howr\er, bap|KMied to die fuddeiib-, and hi»
liei, who facceeded him, all) died foon after; {<> t'l :t
hij gr.iiidloii was the firll who cnio;.\d llie advant.i is ,,(
this iifurp.iiion. 'I'his grandii 1 wrs nair.cil Tcl-.u . ;.
liang-vaiig, and was the louiuler oi the li>ii:th dyna((>,
ivhiili g.ivc lour cmperot!. to Ciiina, and killed lurti-
ihree \ears only.

I he liith d.iiafty began with the reicn of I.iron-pr.u,
who was tirl^ a common fohlier, I'ral at the hr.id of
a g.-ng of rubbers ; he iiljt,iii>,d the Imperial throne by
dint ot violence, and yet proved binifelf capable r\ :• j.
wniiiig; with a bccoiiun-; di-Miity, jud giiieiit, |ii-iicir.i-
limi, aid iuliicc. 'Ihi- dynalty la(b d four hiiiidrej
.lad twcntyllx years, and pn-|i:eed a guat inany\eiy
reljwelable ch.iraelers ; but the hill monarch^ of ih.s ran;
faliiriii;^ themli.-Ues to be ruled by the court iinineii-,
hll into cbfgr.ire, nnd became a- oillous as the eiu.uclm
thcniu-ly.«. The people took up arms, and \v -rs enfii'M,
wblcll li-riiiin.it. d in ■> divilK.ii of the empiie i;.li> fiiav
pails, iind. r four dillinit fmercignsi ilieli-, bowc\er,
v.er.' re-iiiiited by Ti hao-lie-v inir, founder of the ("txih
dtniflv. i his monarch, alter ihe (hort reien of three
\e.its, died, and left I leoii-ti, bis fun, wtlo tilled the thtoni-*
|.iil\-one years, and then in ill Ih.'mefiillv abdieiird it
ill tiwnir of the ulurpei Clii-tfou-\outi, foiindcT of tbu
leventh dynalty.

rile feveiith race or dvnafty fiibfiftej one hundred .-n;l
lifty-tivc years, giving hlteen e-tiperois to Chiri.i, moil
of whom, tliriiiigh their want of capacity to go\ern, dii-
credited the elcvaleil tlation fif life in which Lite haJ
placi-il them. The lail of tliefe tii marchs was put tr>
ileath in the ficoiid year ot his leign by one l.iin-vnii,
who ipiitting the traile of a Oine-inaker, rommcncrd fil
dii r, role to the rank of genet. d, and allerw aids alijciuUd
tile throne of ihe empire.

This eiglilli dviialU, with the iiiiilh, tenth, and twii
liitlnwiiig, only comprehend one hundred and triK-'y-ei-^rht
years; in wliirh fpaee of time there w-ire 10 leln ihoi
tweiily-loiir 11 igil>. The Chinefe ann.ds if this pt-rlod
pirleiii us with fearer any ihitig but riiuhoiin, lapine,
andilelliiKliiiii ; weak, Ipuitlel., and fiijiertlilious piliire-,
contt'uled by their iiiuiilliTs, and liinu < f tbeiii b iraxed
aiiil even niurdeieJ by the very imii in whom they had
ronhded.

Uiid r the lirrt emp.-ror of the thirtrenth ilynallv, tbi*
peo;.!i- eii|o\ed the lileirnig.s ol p-ai e, the b.'ppv elVeol*
of the prudent and conllitiitmii il adiiiiiiillr.itiiMi of timfo
emperor 1. The tranipiilliiy, winch w.-s in i« iimre p.ir-
liciilar minn'r enjoj-ed duiiiii; the rcntn of rai-llon;',
the (ecoiid I'upcror of thii lamil^, 1, recoidej to the
itninvii.d huiiuui ut tint l'.<viic<gii< I'wltrr liivtn« th«

tUtU

-^ii

I tl\riin;< Til
the Cliiiuli;
liii.'ti-'jn r.iu-

!i tl\c r>:i ;ii fif
, l;iij I.i li:'.\v)
(iiMaiii! o( his
■il u'iili \v;iU'.
cvi'!: it l.:>
cliin-t.iii.-, a

ifi\, rcr.J.virJ
Ot' llli 'Vili cj
iiic'J to \ im-
c, aiiJ pl.icci
r, in t.-.c !-c-
cip tal I'.ui't,
o)uli(iii<'. l:i
c- plill.f if
lor liicni iV-
rtt I'cu.l.itviiy
mli-pcr.i'inci.-.

ill), ..il til' fc

ais, ar.J liil-
ir ;i fixnc of
Ik 111 ill ('■-•1-
ilcJ the cm-
tlu-ir iiicll-
, the ihirty-
ouinl » 'I'v

the Li'ii, fif
p hi^ iiov-n J
vT.l'', nii.l i'.i«
iff.i ; ('" t'l 't
;uKiiiil.i 1 s i«f
cil Tchu,-;- :-
lurtlt ilynalt',

l.ilKvl' lorly-

i)f r.irni|.p:ii,

th^- h'M.I <(

li.il il'toiic liy

^^^hk■ of ;• i-

nit, pftirli ■-

lour hiiihlivj

,it many mi V

< ot t'l.^ rn*c

urt c'limiili-,

IS thr cuiuich*

'r< ivil'ii'-H,

iiiu- i.to ton'

11', !'.o«T\lT,

r ot' ihr ("ixth

1 of thric

i-.l t)ic thtriif

:lV lie Itri! it

iiiailir of thv

r tiumlrcd rn.I
Ci'.i'i.i, mml

J'ONrTM, llit-

hiili l.ti- luJ

s W.ls put to
l.llll-VOU,

iiiimciH'Pil fill
.11 Js .ifci'nJiJ

r.ih, iiml twii

I ii'iic'j'.i'ii'ht
I'll lcl<4 tlioi

if iliit i^crioJ
II. i 111, ijpii..,
lilioii* piiiicr ,
thiin li-ir.iM'il
■viuiiii tlit-y h.iJ

ill .lyilllOv, l)li«

1. .ppy cWkcU

r. 111. 11 of thiifo

II II IllOIf p.ll -

of r^.i-tlon;'.
Mii.U'J to tilt
iT Hiven, the
i°k\t!i

ASIA.] KMriRT

fixth emperor, the irinqull (l.ilo of the nation \va!i dif-
turbcJ with m.-w commotions .laJ lli!itiim.s whitli !.-.!fcil
in contiiui.ll fucccilion from hi.< rci-ii Jowi to that ot
'J'chao-Oicn, the twciitictli iiiiJ la(l cnipuor of this

race.

Thcfc ilillijibanccs were occaHoncd by tlic aruitrary
ami oppnllivc co;ii!iict of the eunm'lis, to «hoiii the- ino-
narih> of this (hiially committeJ .m unlimited txcrcilc
C)fri-..;nl jiiiildii'tioii. ■fchou-veM. the captain of a ;;air.;
of b'.iutiili, talcing advanta^^e of tlieir unhappy bioii^,
licpoful I Lhao-fiRii, niuidtrcd iiiiii, .md luuiiilcJ, him-
fclf, the loiiiui-iith dviial'.y.

'lliiN dyiiaftv, \uth the four followi/i;:>, fiibfiftcd ;'bout
fifty years i in' which Ibort intenal no M^ thin tliirUvn
monarch:. I'wayed the Imperi il Iciptre, molt uf wlioiii
fiili'. red a lio'.ent death.

i:)iiriii;> theii' l.ilf dynanii~ it v.m;, thaf the Tartars,
who inl'.al'ited Leao-ton^, one of the molt northern pro-
vinces of China, be;;aii t-i render thin eUes powcrlul.
This province w.is ceded Ni thrm !iv the latt emperors of
the thirteenth rare ; and l\.;ii tfoM, lie ul of the lixteeiilh,
who was indebt.-d to tlieiii for hi-, advanecnient to tlic
throne, ^ave up to them li\tecii more town, in the pro-
\incc of I'e-tche-li, c.xchiiive of a tiibiite of liirec hiin-
titeJ thoul'and piec.s of (i'i<. Tliele IliaMietiil compU-
aiiccs iiierealed tluir j ,.Mr and pride, ar.d were pro-
ductive of w,ir% for four hundred years, whieli neatly delo-
I.ite.l the empire.

Under the nineteenth dynafty, the Chinefe cilleil to
their allillaiioc the Niu-tche, or callern Tartars, in con-
junction with whom they drove t.'^e r.orthern 'I art.-.rs
fioiii a coiintrv wliiili tUvli.ul poliilled upward* of two
centiiriis: the (Jhincfe, however, were oliliLcd to pay
deatlv for the aid of tiuir allies, who not only cii-
llrained tlicin o cede I,i...o-tong bv w.iy of coiiipenfa-
ti'ui, but . Il.i took polVeliion of I'e-tehe-li, L'hen-li, and
Ilonaa; and they fonie years allerw.u.ls Invade.l the
Mry heart of the empire, took Nan-kin;; the c.'.j'it.d,
Inline the royal palace to the jii.iin.l, and forced ihe
Chinefe to accept of the moll difliuneinable t.mis of p ui-
iie.ition.

Under this dynafty, another r.iee of T.irtari, called
the Tan-yii Tart-irs, lettled w.llward of China, en-
tered into an alliance with the Chinele .ij'ainll their con-
querors the Niu-lehc Tartars, and alui leveral (ii;;.r e-
inciits the Niii-tihe victors were thenilehes tonqutied
and diivcii fiom their pjlii'dions in l.eao. toii^ and the
<.th(r provinces, alter an ulurpition of an hundred and
llvinteeii vears. The lan-vii heroes, however, in ic-
•piii.il of their I'erviccs, deiiiaiiiled a I. tllemint in tl.ol'e
priiuiices from whence they had e.sterminated tiic Niii-
trhe IJaibariiiis-, thefe were accoidiii^;ly ceiled to them (
but not cnniented wiih I'lili tiili..n, they t.mk | . I-
ftflioii of \ iin-nan, .Se-tchucn, an.l H )U-;'iMii|', ; ami
in lefs than half a cciitury were mailers ul the \v!a !e
empire.

'I'his (iMiaftv, the twcntiitb took the n-mc tf S. n,
(nJ h.id tor Its founder Cni-'ion, foinih fun ol I ..i-
tlnu, in whom conimeiued the thiid lartariaii ulur-
pition. 'I he ^'veii family ja^e to China nine empe-
rors, the former of \Oioiii, by tluir piii.lentia) aiiini-
lullr.ition, won the hearts of thiir liibiictii but the
(uiceediii;.; nionaichs, iiululiiin;; in a lile of mdoleir.e,
luxury, an.l dillipation, p<Tccived tlieinlelves execllr.l in
the liii; of arms and natiiial courage bv the very |Hi jile
whom they had lonipieiid, who p.illillini; the Im'.ilt
(ci'limints of Iriedom, and dilpilii.i; tl eir dillipatcd \ .,-
tois, wielled compiell from then h.iiuls, anddro-t tl'in
I'ark tiilhtir native couiirry. 'This i|. n.nlv, which laMcd
iinly ciijhty-iiiiie years, bttamc e.siiiiil .ii tlic peilon of
Cliuii-ti, a very w.irthlel'a moiiaich, whu was aJduhd
to a v.irictv of vices.

Ihe twciitv-liill race ur dviu.dy, of which 'Tai-tfoii
Vs foundi r, lu'lilUil two liiindied .niil f.v. ntv-fix year..
'T!ic tuninioiioiis that happuud iii.iler tins lamily piu-
ikiced gradu.illv that i^raiul rcMliilioii wliicli .1 licoiul
timr placed a 'Tattarianl.iiiiilv on llic Ihroiiu of Cliiii.i.
'I'be progriis of which was as iolluws :

\\ ben tl'.c Niu-I.he or t.illcni Tartars were ripell'J
trmi l.eao-toii;; mid the empire, ihev retiiateil into
llie ancient country biirditiii|; upon l.i m-tiuip, dparat-
iiiit tlienuelves int.i I, vm dilliiul cantons, ami lii;litiiig
.ii;4iiilt (sell uihcr, till at Ivn^ih they wcK uiiitcJ in

F CHINA. 2/

fiibicclion to one foVcrcIi!ri. It happened that ihei'r mer-
chants, trading in I.e.io-tonij, having received '.mc in-
uijjnity i'rom the merchants of China, cxhibiiid a com--
plaint to the mandarins, who, inllead of attendiii..^ to
their complaint, aiii'iiiented conlider.iblv the I'rievance,
bv craftllv drawing t.ltir prince into an amhiilc '...'e, ami
levering liis headlrom his (houldcrs.

'The Tartars, ceraged at tliis crneUy ami iiiiiptit.iii<i
.'ct, niarcheJ a luimcr.nis armv into the verv heart ol
I eao-toiii:, conim:'.;ided bv'l icn-minjr. Ion of their 'iiur-
dcred prince, who liibdiied l.eao-ton^; and Pe-tcl'e-li,
but was fjon obliird to .ibr.ndon thole provinces, w! ■: h
were, however, with the reli of the Cliinele cmi ire,
.'eUne.' I.jr his prandfon 'Tfont:-te, h'lt v\ho was rut oiK
by fuddeii death in the moment of h.s irre;.t view of I'o-
vereigiity. lie had been biou;;h,' up . nd educated in
China, wa> malKr of the Chii.ele toie^iie, and per-
fi^lly acipiainted with the difpulition ..nd genius of iho
people.

The empire was r.t this period very critical! e filuatrd :
the war with the Niu-u:'.e 'T.'rtars corit.mied, ;.nd as
An a.ldiiion to this national calamity, there was a jrr. at
fiminc in tlic land. 'Tl.e then reis:i;i:ig mon.ii. h,
too, lloai-tloii;;, was a man of mean abilllies, fulllr-
iii;; hinililf to be dirciScd in everv thin^; bv hi- inia. iters
ami eunuchs, who gieatly oppiided tac people. A re-
volt was the confetjuence, and in a flmrt (pace of tinic:
there were eight different tactions under the fame iiiiai-
bcr of duels ; the;',' were, ho'.vevcr, rc.lucid afierw.iiiU-
to two, and at leii!;t!i to <Mie, headed bv a coinin. i.,ti r
named i.i, who invading and poli'cilin.': hiniflf of the
provinces of Ho-naii and Chen-li, lliied bimlelf empi ror
uf China.

In Ilo-nan he rommilted the moll ilreadful ravr'e~;
in his attack uf Cuil-on:;, its capit.'!, that town was
lai.l uiui'.-r waler bv a bidden bie.ikmg down .-t' tf.c-
dyk.s of the ^'elio'.v River, and three hundred thoa-
I'liil perfons jKiiilied in tlie inundation, lie afterw.uiU
m.irched to He-kin^ at the head of tliiic hundred thou-
land troojK, and lalcrcd liie city without the Kill op-
pofitioii; for he had piivatelv conveved into the citv .i
number ol his people in diiguil'.', who thr.'w open ii"j
uatti to him : and l.ali was the lupiiienefs of lloai-
tlong, the emperor, that he knew iiotiiiii'i of this iir.
ciiinlljiice til! the ufurpcr bad laid tl'.e wliolc citv unier
his fiibjec'.iiai.

Tiie cnipc^or, however, as f.ion as be heard the new",
mrirelied Ir.im I'.is palace at the head of fix liiindi. .1
o! lii . guard*, who licaclKrcullv abandoned han. Tluis
lituated, he riew ii'to the gardens of liis palace wi''i
his iLufjIiter, whole he.id he cut oH", and then hiir.';
himlilf upon a tr.'c : his wive-, his prime mii.i-
ii;, and ibnie of iiis cuiiuih--, alio dcllr.'ycd llieni-
lelv. '.

Tiie news of th mi lancholv event foon rc.iched thi?
iimv, thru miki'i.; war in '('ari.irv, under the cnm-
iiiind of a gener.d named ()u-faiig-i'iny, who iifufsd to
aikiiowlidge I.i a- hi-^ lovcreign j whereupon th" L.tter
put himlilf at the hiad of his numerous armv, for lliii
pvirp.'le of (ji.ing him battle. ()u-fin:'-guey ihiit hiin-
fih up in a llioiig loiiilied town ( thither I.i niarihed hi'«
troops, an I havin;', taken captive the L.thrr of t'u-fin;-
gU'V, oi.lercd him to be loaJ.d with irons, and plaii.l
at the l..i.t of the t.ivvn wall, leiu'in: word to bis Ion at
the f.uiie time, that if he did not iainic.bilelv fiirrcn.l.-r,
hi« l.itbci : throat ilioul.l Ih- cut lioiu car to car. 'The
father foiiinl iiu-aiis to fend a mill.igc to liii ton, bcg;iii''
hiMi to fill reader J the Ion lairiliccd hi-, lili.'.l elleeni In
ilir inteiiils of hi^ cnuntry, and the old man was m, ((
c:viellv pat t.i deatii.

The pitiiotic Iiml of Ou-fang-giipv, now inflamej
with raue, loacliidcil a jKaie with Ihe Niii tihe T;i-
tai'., and (n|'a.;id them to enter into an alliance witli
hiai agaiiil! I.i, wh ife lupctioi fot.c it was iitipolTthlo
loi him III iclill.

Tiling to, ilhir kill;', came l» his afliftame at lhi»
head ot riihiy th. ul.iiid w.uiioin, lutied the tyrant
to raile the Ii' e, |.iirliied hmi event." I'l-kui", an.l
fo tot illy routiil las ainiy, Iha, be was loin. I to flv
into the pioniKe ol Chrn-li, wheie he fprnt the rr-
niaiiider oi hii ilav» in oblcuiitv. Tf.ini'lc IuImij! tbin
liiceef'fiil, tlie iii i.pl,- idolized him as llieii delmrer,
Kiid liv tellwwvil kvcial dil(in;;uilbeii hoiiuiiit ii|m<ii thp

t.iilh '

1 1

I ■"

f»

K V. C T. XII.

Of the F.'fiyr'y ; his Pr:i:jJ:m t3 tl-i
th,- (y>:i,!tlcn l.f li tinuii- e.f nwiz
his Su.'.-.-.Hs; Lis Revenue cud mii.ta'-
ui.iimitcri Pni-cr.

T,»'.pk rf Tien }
ii.g th( P,ti'.i:rs of
; Fine ; his 5. lur'al

23 A NEW COMPLETE SYi;TEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

i'iithful Cii-f:inp-guey : the latter, however, ("ooii h.nl ]
t.uic to ri-jxiit hif h.uinj; Icagiinl hiinli'.l with (iv rrct 1
Biio powerful :i priiic. , ior 'I'lcMig-tc w.is ik^ I'cr-'.iT ar-
rived at I'c-kir.j;, th;iii he beg-ui to think of improvi:ig
thi- fucct'l- I'i his arin«, .md the t.uourable difpolition
ol the peuplc, (with whom, ;i>. luith been o' Iirvcd, he
had li'.en brought up and eoiieatij) into the means of!
his acv.,iiceiTient to the thrt.i:e of C'liina ; hut br'ng |
feizcj Aith nn illr.efs that fpeulilv I'l ought oti his dilTo-
lulii'.i, all that hu could <lo was 10 declare his ion em-
pecT, who was onlv ahi ut lix yuirs <if age, 1 hi-
tleclio'i was corliniied hv the graiuiits and people, who
in conlideration of the t-.cnal lervices done hv the father,
connived at the tender a.'e of the chii'l, who too's the
n.iine of Chiin-ci, and is eonfidercd .1 the foiir.iler of
the tweiitv-fecond dynal'tv, whieh now '.ills the inn<iial
tl'.ioiie cf Ciiina.

Thi'i reio'.ution happened in the vear 164.4., uniting a
conrKli ra^le part of tireat Taitai" to the ^ !i;;'.('le em- I
p:ie; and finee the uiicon, the 'r.'.rtais Rem rather to
have fuhmittcd to tnc !au5 of ;ho Chinete, than to have ]
inipofid any upon tlieiii, in lac;, tin- latter ni;'V he faid ,
to he as great gair.ers hy it as tiie Taitai^ tin nilclves. |
Ciiina Itili holds the feat of cnipiie, and has the fii- i
prcTie courts of jullict ; thither Hows all the opulence |
ot he united kingdom^, and all honours are conferred |
there. Both rations, fo oppolite in gi mus and charac- |
tcr, have each been conrider.tHy advaiitared bv the in-
corporation: the fierce Ip rit of the Tartar has given a
fpa:k of martial fire to the pcaci fill temper of the Chi-
nefc, w'nlc l!.j arts ami eomneice of the latter have
huinani.'.ed and foftened the fav.i,'c roughnefs of ;' e
foin .-r. Chii'a having acijuiied gnat additional (Irini^ith
by her union with Tartarv, has now no enemy to dri.al ;
nor were CM r tile opulence, power, gi.mdcin, and glory
o( ih.' Cliinefe empire gn atrr than at prrfnil : at home
it hath all th.e bklliiigs <>, p.ace, and abncd it 's re-
Ipc.icd: it hath eniovcJ a pcif.cl t. Muiuillity for lip-
Wards of fcveiitv years, ami is unrivalled bv all other
nations for it- public wo;l;s of ait, having thiify-two
rival pal.iccs, two hiindicd and fcventy-two grand li-
biarie-, ffveii hundrc 1 and nine hails, eleven hundred

and titty-iiine triiiniph.il
Ihiitv-one beautiful biidjrc
curious tombs.

i\h", three hundred vnd
aiij lix himdjcd and eighty

A chronological Tabic of ilic Twenty-two Dvnaliics of

fhiiia.

\c,;r, !•. K..e

Uuraiii n

Dvr.anic:.

and atur

tit" f..i .t

I'nipcror!.

(-hfiil.

IJvi.iliy.

i il.i

2207

•ts«

1 "

11 fh.u.;:

I7^'i

64 +

.'K

Ill I.IK, U

III!

X-4

IV Ifin

i4S

4»

\- Ha.i

r'6
Allii^^hiift.

4j6

VI fleuu-han

zao

MI Ifin

ah5

'55

\ 1 1 1 .Song

440

IX 1 fi

4-1

•fj

X 1 -ang

.5"'

I.V lihm

5S7

\U ."-UHV

5'/ 5

iit

.Mil l.i'ig

(>iK

28<)

»J

Xl\ Hcou-lcan;;

\\ llciiii-tang

cr;?

"s \ 1 1 Uoii-tiin

(jj'j

.\ . II Hicm-haii

94 7

Will lleou-ttheou

Xl.\' ."•nllg

i)(>-)

IJO

XX V ell

l/Ki

«q

XXI Mini;

Ijt.S

»77

a' XII niiiK

''•4?

''7_,

, 3

'I'hus it appears, by the above table, that the Chinrfe
empire hath been elUhlilh.d near 'uui ihuulaiil yc.u- ;
ihiiiii • whivh fpiiii lit lime, there have rr ^'iiid two In.n-
dnd and thiitv I inpi ior«,- - 1 he third lolumii fliiwk the
tluratiuii of each iJyiiatty, uriacc ul cin|Krgrti

THE cr:t;Kror of China is rtilcd by his fill■j^^^s the
fon of hcavui, the holy eir.pcror, tile foK ,ij
grand governor ol the world : they actually adore him;
not even h;s tirjl miniller, or his hear uiatioii^, mult
prefume to approac'i him wiclitii't falling on their L... ^s.
His other fulm-cts always prollrale theuikives whti: 1-e-
foic his thrc:;.', even if he he not llf.iiv; there; and if
they fee either his girdle or his robes, they mull a!fo tall
prolhate on the ground. No perfon, even ol th.e hilt
r.ink in life, p;'.lies bv his pahicc on horli.luek, <.r in a
chair, but ipiits his leal before he arrives .;t it, and walks
till he has got hevonil it.

'I'he Chiiiefe emperors, however, take no unconfti-
tulional advanta 'e of this exceilivc homage paid ll.ein by
their lubjccH, hut in i,eiier.il govern with lenity.

When they go to tlie temple of Tien with their ofTer-
in'^s or fcrihces of gr.aitude, they apjicar in all the m.ig-
iiihcence ot e nlirii poiii() : the pr'.cetlion (imiriiicvi
with drums an. I i:anipel>i a number of peifuns t. en
follow with Hayes painted ted ; il.efe are folii wed '■/
foldiers with red maces adorned with (iowers: tour I nn-
dred magiiiruent lantmn-^, and as n-any flambeau., ii.cil
appear, diti'.Min.' a moll grand illuirunation ; then loiiie
a L;ieat number of |icrfons witi< fpeais, in.l twfi;iv-fi.ur
h.inners, with the fi ns of the Zodiac painted on them,
which the Ciuhefe divide into twelve part-; the hftv-lix
other banners follow lhe(e, repiefeuting the f.:'i l;x
conllell.itions, to v.h'ch th; ChiiiOle reduie all the It.. - ;
.ibout two hundred fan-, and lever;'! iinihrella', ; le the
next objects J on the fans aie paint. d hiid-, dr.^ .ns,
eVc. the fans are held hgh in the air by nte.ins of the
poles, ai.d the umhic!'as arc niagmficcntly or.uiiirnt, J :
u grand heautet, furi.illied with golileii cup.s ?■ I other
v.duahle .irtich s, is ii< xt ..en; and then comes tlie em-
percr hiinlelf, who is on horfrbaci:, in rich appai.lj
he is atter.vled by his p.iges, and an huiidied nveii v ith
fpears ; and near hmi ate fix miik- white Heed-, vvluifo
trappiii;- lire adurii'd with jewels. The priiid- of the
hlooil, iiiamlaiiiis, ie. then'lollnvv, in their proper h; -
hit--, wit'l l.ve hiii.i'red v,>iilh- helon;jin-'. to the j .iltice,
lollowed b\ a thoiilaiid footmen. Tw.i grand chairn
are ii.\t 1. . n ; one is borne bv ab.iut forty tiicii ; v.n.l
tlie oiln r, which is i nrliderablv lari;er, by iipwarvX of
an hiinilrrd \ then come chariots il.awn bv i!e[haiit«,
and lome hy hoifi , t iih atie"ih<l by liity nvn. The
procetfion I 'ods w.th two tliouiand manlar.".s of Icitei*,
..nd the lame number of mandarins of ainu, all in their
proper dn lli-.

Notwithltan.'in:' the poii'p and eercir' nv, Ii .vvevrr,
111 the above pniieihon, the miperors lin ini in general
iivc III ihatf, lendor and luxury to wh.ii oil'.er eallein
innnaieht ate fo much acculbmieil, but i .int. nt th-in-
lelvc, except on public occahoiv, with a nu'd. rate at-
tendance, a ileceiit (rii;aliiy at their table, a. id • w'll-
legulated ircononiy in all their other expenn . I'liey
divide with their minillers the cares of govc. m«.if, not
laviii^' the whole 1 uijen on their own (li.ruldn. ; indcid,
iIhh .lie obligvd, by the laws of their countt , i'> t.ike a
loiii .liiablo IhaiC 111 ihe tiouble ujion thmil In -. A
miiiiitir hai. the privil.^c ol frlliM^' the rii>|«Ti>r of hi«
faults, provitled he does it with gn it humihiv anil tJele-
rencc ; 11 lie Jifcoieis any thin;' in the eondue't <>f hii
I6iiti;.'n in' ..iipjtiLjle uith the wellarc of th- tnipjrr,
he di.ivvs up 1 wiiimg, m vvh'c!', alt-M uliir- ev .'iv lie-
crfl'ary exprellnm of relpect l.ir h.s niaidle, I-, nnploret
him to ac'here ItedfalUy to the m.ciL.it (aw, ciltimis,
and ixampl's ol his pieilectflor-, mid tlici p"iiits out
tu hiin 111 what inllanee, he ha> erred. this v. ritiiij
lies upon a table with petitions ilaily pref ,.te I : Im thit
empeiui is obhg/ d to receive p'tiliuii-, or leinoiiHtanC' s;
the iieepl- have a ritdil, (ouiid.d tin cuHoitl t>- uneicnt
at the conltitutiiiii, id |,e allowed accilit 1 < Inin in
|iri(oii wiih any |Miiiion or leinfinftramr, when ilicy
have intorm.iiioM to hidm .ij'.ainft hi-- I'rtitcr* l"t anv
cgttupt piaiUct , I'hc emperor ii ubl>(cU to re ul anj

•uJwer

ASIA.]

Empire of CHINA.

r rf Tlcn 5
Pctlu:,'^ of
I his '■"■'"l

My-ri'. the

t'lU' lol' .iJ

ai'.ijic liiiii i
atld!!', nuilt

thcii L . ^s,
lis wIhi; I'c-
thcro ; ;iikI if
mult alio l;.ll
1 ot tl'.e hilt
ack, <>i' ill :i
it, anil ual!c$

no unoiilH-

[),iiil il.nn by

iiity.

Ii tlicir oflcr-

all till- 111.11;-
'. ( < rniri:u\i

pc lluiis \, (11

tblii wni !■/
■s; tour I "n-
imlitMii ; u.en
I ; thi'ii i(M.:c
;! twci t\.ri.iii'
ti(l on I "■•■T!,
; the lllh

th'.- t:-.

•all t'u 11.
nllas ; u-

!>!«, ill..

iiv.',m« III

fix
ux

ihc

the
oni.nni'iit. J :

ani

r- ! ntlKT

:lll1(■^ liio <-ni-

liili appau-l}

I'l nv.ii vi!h

llciii', wlmfo

(iniM IS of ilic

ir pri'piT h; -

In ihr I ir.uf,

^raii>l chain

itv tncii; ■•.111

iipvva'i'' dt"

hv I 'ill., lilt-,

ir.'.i. The

N rf Icitci',

, all in llii'ir

inv, Iv.ucvrr,
ii>t ill j'fnrral
oiliiT rallcin
.inf-iit tli''.n-
iiu«J.ratf af-
;d a w'lU
. IVy

mt . :t, lint

■ 1(1 ; nuVnl^

HI , 111 t ik" 1

•nl 1.1 .. A

n'|«Miii "'t hit

lilv anil tJfd'-

iiuiui't ol hi«

f 111 • iniparc,

iiii ' i-M'iy 111'-

>M' iniiilnrfi

aw>, I'll'oni',

1 I'lKits nul

i \\:s V ritin<

r .lU' I : l<j| ihi}

ii-.'.nHraoi' s;

"Ti ii.. iinciirnt

11. t • liiin in

wl.iii ihcy

IIm • r>. I'M .iliV

111 tu ir id »iij

•iiUwi'l

anfwcr th^fo pititioiis or n-nimiftrances : fhoulil he be
weak or iibllinatc ciioui;h t.) rcfufc to naJ them, or
caufe to be ill-treated the perlims wlio prcfeiit them, he
would become odious and deielleil ihroughout the whole
empire. 'Ihe ik' •((lily of jiiHice in him tends to make
him wife and intelligent; he i', wli.;t one would wifli
all princes to he, the idol of his peopk' ; he does not pol-
fel> his authority as a conqueror, or a le^iflator, but as
a r.ithcii as a parent he reigns, as a parent he governs,
rcwi.rds, and puniflies. He his two loverei^n councils;
one, wliich is lliled the rxfa council, is coinpofed only
of princes ol the blood royal ; the oilier, which is lliled
the I :niil in orJinarv, has, exclufive of tlu-fe princes,
feveral niiiiiiUrs called Colai.-, who iin.'iligate Ibtc
ir. liters, and iii.ike their report to the emperor.

A certain cu.lom of fome of the licerati and men of
genius of the empire, hath no fnnll tendency towards
rendering an emjH'ior lUidious to obli;ic his fuhjects ; thele
literati, diltinguilhcd as mum fur their iullice as their
learnini;, aic tixcd upi>n to obferve, with the moll fcrii-
pulous nicety, the i;cncral public coiiiUict of the em-
piror; each makes his own remarks, and, without coni-
iiiunicaliiig them to either of the others, commits them
to paper, which paper he puts into an olliec appropriated
folely for the rcceival of it : but that in ither a view ot
iiitcrelt on one hand, nor a die.id of diijileature on the
.other, may bi.is them in tlieir oblervations, what they
wrilc is' never made public during the piince's reiuii,

'•^ lior indeed while anv of the fniiilv lit on the throne.

!''2 r.ut when the crown p.in'es into another Hyiially. tlie e

manui'cripts Jic made public, and form the tiillory of the
lull dvnafty.

The emperor, from motives of poliry. If n"t from
principle, appears iKvays to have a p.iti .ai an '. lender
icyard for his people ; and whenever anv of his provinces
are V iiited witii a particular calamity, he for lonie time

': abllains Ironi all pu'ilic ainufeinciit-, keeps hiiiii'elt clok

ill his palace, and perhaps retrenehes fimc of the ordi-
nary taxes. His levciiue is imnienlV, amoiintin;; to
nuire than twenty-one millions a \ear ; and his arnu
is feven liu.ijicd a:id leventv ihouland tliong. He has
an iiniiniiteJ power to declare war, prmlaim peace, or
Coiieludc treaties. He takes cognizance of all impiutam
mailers tranfackd in the fix loMreigii coints of I'e-kin^;
tut tlij manaj^einriit of the tiii.inces is uiid..r the diiechon
of ilie mficers ot the tleond liverci.'ii court : all the re-
veilles ol ihe Ihite pais tliroiii;h thiir l.an.! , they bein;;
the a; pointed gaaiili.ins ol the inipci.il Ireil'iire. 'lie
public revenues arc not farmed, nor do thev pals throuj'i
the liaads of feveial under-iei eiver^, but the chief ma
gilliales of eich city rc^'ul iie and collect the levie-,
and remit them to .the iiealiircr-.uKi.il ol the pro-
viiue, who tiaiifnilts tlicin tu the lilbunal of tiiianccs at
i'c-Liiig.

' 4k s !•: C T. XIIF.

Of ill.- XJitil), and //•<• .M.nuUrim,

AS to the nobility of China, people are promoted
and ennobliil luie in piopoition ti their mtrii .
Ilioujjh, flrictly, noi'e but the imperial fviiilv have .iin
rtal tille of dilliiitli.iii, in whole favour live honor.in
degrees of nobility a:c cllahhlhid. the title of prince
is not only (jiveii to the Ions of the emperor, but allii to
his lons-in-law •, and to ihele litter are granted aiinu.il
flipends adiipiale Id llicir digiuty, but no amhoiily in
cuiitcipieiiie ol iiiairiajiej a piince o| ihe liivvill rank,
howcici, is lupenor to the tiitl main' ini 111 the enipiie,
linJ iii)iiiii;ui(hes himftlf bv a U'llow .iiiie.

I he toil o( a niundaiin tanks no higher on account of
','. his biiih than the tin of 4 pealaiit the emperor* inilie,!

t r.inlii ciitjjn tilUk anlwciiii(i; to tlii le . it Juke, tail, ai.d

viti:ouiii with us: but thcle do not liiictnd.

The) li.iM- a fingiij.ir nirtliod in Cliin.i of diniifjini;,
^y cnnolliiiji the aiicillots ol miy p-iiun bai k to the
ninth .iiid tenth generation j but this conlcr. no honuin
;-■' on his illiK ; 111 ilijt, piii|KiIv l|H.jkiiw, lluii- arc oiilv

two noble t.iiiiihes in China, that 1, whei.in nobilitv
is deiivalivr, \\r. that < it the 1. "iinij; ini|Klor, and
that of Coiiliu iu«, ti| whom we ll.jll ^.\c fomc account
ill I pii.pcr plncr. The ikfc. iiiUn-s of Conliuiiis have
►cs-n hoMouretl with diftinijuiDnJ puvilt^cs lor two

thoufand years j and it :i from his illuftrious family that
the emperor aKvavs chufcs a perloii of learning for {rovcr-
nor of Ivi-feoii in Chan-tong, the pLice of nativity of
that great philofopher.

The princes of the blood refide at court, and have
palaces there, thougli no authority over the people. Bc-
i'ldes the ladies to whom thcle princes marry, they have
i;enerally three nominal wives, on whom the emperor
bellows tit!vs, and v\hofc children take place next to
thofe of the lawful wife, and are much more relpccted
than the children of their concubines.

The mandarins arc the governors of provinces and
cities; thev are chofcn by the emperor. 1 hole are
called iiiand.iriiis of letters who have applied thcrilclves
to literature, and pallc-d through the de.'jeis prior to that
of the doctorate. Thife men have the direction of the
political government of the empire ; their nuiiibcr is
from thirteen to fourteen thoulaiul, and ar" divided into
nine cLities, out of the three tirft of which the emperor
makes choice of his minifters and officers of the tirlt
rank, as the col.10;, or niinillers of It.it'j; thejudacs of
the I'upreme courts ; the governors of tiie capital cities ;
the treal'urers ijencr.il of the piovinci.s, the \icerov-, &c.
Hut the chiliircn of -hofe who enjoy e\ en the very liigheft
oflices, aP^ tluiieiimes obli;.'ed to follow mechanical pro-
felfions ; indeed the Ion of a mandarin may fui cced to
his lather's wealth, but not to his tiij;nity ; he muft rile,
as his father did, merely by dint of merit, to enjoy ho-
iiouiable reputation. 'Ihe int'irior mandarins, or thofe
M.o are called to the inferior offices in the courts of
judicature and t!ie f.i'.anccs, arc appointed to the '.govern-
ment of the li iler cities, and prelerve the good order
and tranquillitv of the Itate. 'I he ditlereiice of I'ubor-
dination in tiiel'e li:veral clalRs is fueli, that the manda-
rins of the three frit chitles can order the balliiiado to be
-liven to the inferior ones.

As the mandarins are the rcprcfentatives of the fove-
rcij.'ii, a proportionate homage is paid to thun, .iiid the
people addrcts ihein on their knees when thev aie leatcd
on their tribunal. I hofe of hiirher clalVes have always
a pon.pous attendance when they iipp^ar in public : lour
11. en I any them in a magnihcent cliair, the otlicer. of
lli.ir court walking before them, tome t airying an um-
brella, .iiid others beaiiiu; on .1 cupper l';ilon, to ^ive no-
lice ot the ni.nidaiin's approach; ri_;ht eiilign-bear. rs
i \hibit on their eiifiiois the tales ot honour, in lar^i;
. har.iilei.-, ot tlii, j;reat man; ihel'e are fuccicded by
I'uitcen Ifindard-bc.irers, bc;'.iii.j; th • lunbols of his
I'dice, vi'/. a dragon, plurnix, and olliei ..r.unal- ; fix
people then are teen with little taiili I,, on which are in-
liiibed tile virtues of this maiulaiin ; two archeii. on
horlel ack are alio in the pioccllion, riding 111 freMit of
the principal j.uaul:, who ciiry large hooks o'lunKiiteJ
wiih I'llkcn fiiiiiie: lome carrv halbcit'-, tome maces,
I loine axes, t'nnii wiiips, (iinic llaves, .iiid lonie hinders
and cutlalles : others c airy chains of iron, and at length
come two men lo.uled with a cr.iiid ihtll, contaiiiinij
the lial ot hisolVue, \^hiletwo other perloiis beat upon
ketile-drunis. The maiiJanii then appeals, preceded
by two llandaid-bearers and the captain ot the i;uard> :
he IS lurrounded by p.i.j;es and lootnien, wliilt an otficer
holds neai hini a lar^e hamitbme tan. Ihe proceflion is
ilolid by piiaids and domellits.

It is not the lulloin lor people to manifcfl their re-
Ipeit, as the niaiulaiin p.illis along, by aiclamalions,

II bowing their Ivnlics, but by llanJiiiL', in a fixed pot'-
liiie, and bv a reierential lilence. W hen he goes out

III the night tune, inllead ot flambeaux there arc feveral
l.irge lanivins, on which are Inlcrlbcd hit title and tjua-
lilies,

Ihe mandarins being confulcred as the protcclois of
ihe people, il is requireil of tlinn that thev be ealy ot ac-
id., not only at their Itated times of audience, but
1 lery hour ol the day and night i the palace, iherefoie,
ol a niandaiin i« alwjis open; and at one ol ihe palace-
tati s there is a ki tlle-druin, which the people beat tor
iidiiiitlaiice when they have wcalion to appiv to Inm j
howevir, if the c lule of application be not it r.al cuii-
Icijiiinie, the applic int reveins the ballina''o.

The nuiuUiins aie dehaircd the mduluiiice of lh«

common lalhionable divetfiuns, bv llie ' >,s ol the em-

pill'. Inch as pmnip, lieqnriiling public walks, alleni-

blics (if., and it the leal) ihlluibaiist h.ppcns in a pio-

H since,

3®

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF C.i:0(;RAPilV

*<l

vincc, the inanil. -in iiuill bv lomc mir.ns or oilier im-
meji.\tely fiipprd's t, or 1il- i> :iliiiolt liiri- of ln.iiiir Je-
prived ot his governmint. It a rolilicrv or iniirilir he
coniinittcil, he L» ohliyil to liiul out ami bring to julliii.-
the ortciivler. It the crime be p.irrieiile, all the man-
darij.> of the dillri-'f are nirrieil out of their ofiiee?, be-
caufe it is fiippofeil tliat fn heinous a erinic eoiiUl not
have been eomniitteil, had the ni;indar;ns been more j;e-
nerally careful of the people's morals.

It a general inlinrection happeiiN in a province, the
viceroy of Inch province is deemed acccnmtable and even
ndpa'ilo tor it j it beini: in this c.ife a m.ivini of i;o\i.rn-
mcnt, tiiat he has citlier opprellid the iiifuri;eiit<, or
connived at the opprellion ol them bv his otficcrs ; for
that a people (ioverned by npriitht nuiiilhates, can have
no occal-.on to be difcoiuenteil and riotous.

riu' Chiiiel'e law ordain', that no perfoii (I1.1II cnjov
the coppice and ili^nitv ot mandarin in anv city or pro- i
vincc where he was born, or wberc, with recjard to :
relations and friends, he n\av have anv particular con-
nexioiLs J in (hort, two perfons of the fame family mull
not be mandaiiiis in the fame dillrkl, in order that thev
may .ici with the i;reater impartiality andjultice. If a
mandarin has the char.i''U-r of a covetous cr a mercilefs
man, he not on'v cxpoli himlelf to the hi'Ired (/f t!ic
public, but hkewilo meurs the difpleafiire of the court :
snJ if he hopes I,, be lontinucd in his oflicc, he mull
acquit himl'clf witli mtuleralion ai\d dillnterellednefs in
the (i.fchafjic of his d.ilie., the government watchiiii;
with incrcd.Lile vi<»ila:ice into the conduct of their ma-
gilUatCj. The emperor lends infp-ctors into the pro-
vif.ccs, who go di gulfed into the ref|K'ctivc tribunals
while ti.e nund.'.rins arc fittiiiL' there, and eiiqune le-
cretly of the people how the\' behave in their oilices ;
and if he hear-, of anv iiul-praclice, he difcovers the rn-
fi^ns of his diunitv, and declares himlelf the cmproi'.,
rin-ny. lie then tranfmits to Court the inlorm.nion he
has i(ccive<l, and tiie olVemlini' mandarins are bnui.rht
to puniflimcnt. Thet'c inlpectors of provinces, are [itr-
Ibns liK.kcd upon as pollellinj; very libirally the dillin-
puilhini; qualities of iullice, honour and humanitv: the
emperor himlelf, however, f.inietimes vilits a province;
and in this cale, the m.mdarins tremble with apprchenliuns
lelative to the caufe of his vilit.

Once in three vears there is a kind of general revicv*'
of mandarins: the I'upenor ma'.;it)rales enquiie Ihicllv I
!r;r) the condui.t of ihole of the iiifciior dalles, and |
tranfiml to court 'vhat thcv difcover, to the end that I
the iiil( and upiijht niav be propcrlv rewardcsl, and the
iniqu.ious as properly punillied, |

It a man ihouM be committed to prifon bv order of.
a mandarin, and Ihould die in caol, the mandarin i^
obliged to lend immedi itc intelligence of the event to
court, with a well-allilled certilicate that he, the maii-
•larin, wis in no wife the inlhumt iit of the prifoncr's
fleath i but on the contrarv.had proiiind him all necef-
faiy relief dining his illiufs, and had Milled liiiii pcrfon-
nllv.

Notwithllanding, however, the juniral vigilance ■.\rn\
rare ot government, the mandaiins too livqiienllv vio.
late the laws ot juttice and huinaintvi theie is no ar-,
mice, which the inlerior otiicers in particular tlo ti.it
pracliie in diceive the fiqu'rior mamlaiins; ihele will hii-
p ;;• nfii 1 1. m t le l.iprtinc tribunal-, and caule the eni-
I«ror hinilell lobe muled. I'hev fo craliilv vtj then
k..iavcrk, and in (tvir nu- iioriaK atfevt fuch an air ol
upiightiK'fs and public viiiuu, that 11 is not caiy to avoid
Ixiiiii deieived bv them.

I lie military i;ovrriinient of China it under the diree-
li >ii of an order nf mandarins 1 „l|ed the mandarins il
war, ofwho.ii there ate li e dalii-., \</. the mand.nrins
ot the rcat ;juard, thr mandarins of the lilt win;', limfe
of the light win:!, thole of the mam body, and ihofe
f.f the van-guaiJ. I hole live cl.ilKs iie unil. r ih'; jii-
r.fdiv'tion of III many 1 ourts (.r liibuiiab, whiih -.c all
liilm.:! to a lixih, m/. the fourth luvercign rouit at
He-king, whiih is rivfruhed with the eare of the mili-
laty ol the empirtr. I he prelidi nt nf the fixth tiibii-
II il of war 11 always a giander ul the reidni 1 liit ,llllllo-
l i\ cxtciuK to all military |<ctl<>ns t to him bi lun^t the
fufiromc cominaiid ol the army t hut, (hoiild there be
a war, the CliinJc law pieliiibes, there fli.ilt 111 Imh
cafe be ymmJi with biia lu c;«mmliliuii a liiandatiii ul ,

letters bearinj the title of fupciinieiiilant of .inn"; and
there mull be likevMie apiiob.red out il the l.ime ordei',
two inl'iieclors of his coinliic!. 'i'he ;;en^i\;Ii:l;nio uii.lci.
takes no e!iter;'ii/.e without the coiiunt of theie tb.rec
otiueis, who fend a pariiciilar account ef ills opt rations
to the fniirth fiiprcine couit at I'c-km;, tli it aufiil tii-
biinal, to wliivh even the g',;neial hi '.ilelf is a.-cciint-

' able. '1 iiel. mandarins, or oiiicers at war, are cuai-

' puted at no Icfs than cijjbteeii thoufand.

• s i; C l'. XI\'.

Of //•,■ Af.l.' sf T,is,!U:>; in Ci-ii.T, of the pnuti I. /ins,
and it'^'.xni M.tl'iii of p'inijhhig Ojf'niiiii , ; ihi J'li'
fjii:, uii.l ,/uiJ Dil'-mtJ) :J Trills.

TH K mode of tax.ition in China is v.-ell regulated:
every citi/.en, from the au,e of twentv to li":ty,
pavs a tribute proportionate to his income; If any per-
fons net'lckf to pav, they receive the ballinado, m aro
thrown intopiifon; and fometimes a certain luimbertit'
Inch aged poor are quartered upon them, as government
would otherwile have to maintain; and theie live iip.'U
them at free colt till the cmpeior's demands are lati 1 ' il.
The taxes are lent to government p.i'lv in c;iin, pa;ily
in lilks and other mert'han'lize, and p.iiily in l.dt, wnoj,
coal, and other lU'celliries. One pan ol the rov.il p;o-
viluuis itnt in, is dilliibuted to tne enipei r'. olHcetJ,
who receive weekly or inoiulilv n certain qn.uiiitv ol rice,
lilh, meat, fait, coal, '.'c. T he remainder of the ini-
penal (lores is delivered out in liKe manner to the
princes, the niinilKrs of (late, the man.lariiis o(
I'e-kiiii; and of the provinces, to the liilJ.cr--, ji. I n>
others.

i\> to tlie pen.al Knvs of thi^ countrv, ihel't is :u'vcr
P'lnidled with death the fnlt orfeiond time; ihe eiiir.i-
iial is only burnt in the arm with an hot iron ; fi the
tliiid ott'ence, however, he finely die-. The three c.l-
nii il piniiniments are, lti.in;',lln_', cnltlng oti the head,
.ind cutliiH"; a perlon in pieces; the lirft of thcl; is
looked UiHin as the nioU favourable, as the latter i<
the molt dreadful iuid (liocking ; lor the crmimal,
whofe fate it is to be cut in pieces, biin; lied fall to A

y<\ is (Irlppv 1 over his eyes,
:.:l..t(jr 1 f his own lor-

ake, the fl.iii of liis h.'.id
that he m.iy not be the i\

lUlf-.

Adultery is puniOud with the bafllnado; aiul the
lentem e tor murdi r i^ citlur beheading or (lringlini>j
the litter of tlul'e is accoint .1 the lea!l ignominious ;
for the Chinele annex the i ka of great inlaniv on ih-;
punillimri.i of behe.nling ; and the leafon tlu'V afli^Mi
lor it is, i!>.!t iioihiii;' mnie diffract till ran p'tfibly liap-
|H-ti toa|Ki|oii dyin ', titan ni>t to pieUrve ihe liiiniaii
loiin as <nti.e a^ it w.- ui'cii ih' in bv nature. Thole
wt: 1 luit'tr thi- death, arc not allowed the ufual leiemoii ei
of interment.

Maves doping fiom their maftcrs arc marked in A\a
left aim with ahuriuiv itoa, bdiJes receiving an hunuieJ
Ldhis.

The hafli.i.iilo .Hill the whip are the mod ronmiim pu-
niflimcnt'-. The delinquent IS laid (1.1, with his l.'cc to
the "roiin.I, .md receives tivenlv, lortv, lixty, 1 r ,111 luin-
dred llrok^- in bis nak.d Helh. /Mt-r th • wloppni'^ ij
ovci, iIk' liilenr is loried to I. ill at theleet 01 hr jiuJL'r,
.,!id iciiirn litin thanks lor Ins mm mil couevtion. Tin-
number ol llnp;' pvcn to an otVender, i> pro| iiiio'ied li
th'- liatine ot lu- ollcncei and as this ba'tinido aiiJ
whip lire ir'lijl'.l lor In. i.il crimes, an.l lui h ..s even
the mand.iiin» liirnifelves are li.ible to, they arc not con
tidered as inlaiiiou,, Tlic emperor hinildt tunutinic^
Mi'nmands this puniftimeiit to be inllictel upon jre.it
ptii..iif, an I aflLiw irds lulmits ih'-m tn hix pr-titui as
ulu.'l. Siuirllous |angu.i,e, rr lighting wiilt thi fil!i
III thelhcil, will Incur lliii challlleiluiit ; li iv, ivenif
acoinni'ii f/!ww on horliback does not dilmoiiit when 11
niaiidaiiii appear^, 01 irolles the tln-ct in Ins piehntc,
I,, ri reives eight or ten lliokes ; which is p'-iioiiiie I wilb
i (uih expedition, that il 1- tlti'ii done ''elore thcl' whi»
■MX preleiit know anv ihlll,^ of the m;...ir. M:ilb" iilif
I the l.ime coiu.bon ti t!ieir (cholar^, l.itlii rs 10 iliviik
I vlilldieii, anl ('i.iiulri-- i'> iheir tluincllics. The chat-
; liliiij^ iullru'uciit Ik a Iphl baiubuu.

Anuthi!/

i'l .inn5 ; and
Ik- (,uia- "tilci",

;li:!'.iiio im.li-1-
ot thcll- tl'.ivC

'Ills OjU IMlil'MS

llir .iul;ll tll-
It' is a.x.UiU-
Y.ir, ;uc LUIU--

•lUii i the Pi i-

vi.'i! regulated ;
v;iitv to il--:!)',
(• ; ii' any |wr-
(liii.i.lo, <ir iiro
t:uii luini'.KrMt'
:n p'V'.rnim'iit
tliclc llvo I'.poll
Ills ;ui' l-iti'^lK'd,
ill c lifi, [Kiiily

f ill l^'l(, WIKIl ,

tbo I'U'.il pio-
pci'.r'.i olfii'ci'),
lujiitily '•! rice,
(lir <it' ihi- iiiv-
ii\a!i:icr to tlie

m;iiulnriiis ut
i)lJ.ers, ar.l to

, theft is never

•11- ■, I'le i-iiir.i-

>i iron i l"i tlie

The three c.l-

; iirt' tlie head,

iirff «t thil; Is

;is the 1 itter ii

the criiniiul,

^ tied l.itl to a

over liis eye'',

his own tor-

l.ul'1 i .tiid the
cir llr.iii^liiiijj
i_^>,iu)llliiu<uis ;
iiitaiiiV "II the

111) tliey uili,'ii

in pudUily liai>-
rvc the hmiuii
i.itiire. I hiile

liul leremcn e*

marked in ritn
in^; an huntircd

H ((iiimiiin pii-

ith I IS t.'cc to

XIV, I r an liiiii-

li ■ wh'ppmu i»

rt lit \\\- jiid.T,

lueitmn. I lie

pri'l iil^'ined I.I

baMiii.iilit iiiid

(ill h ..V even

CV -TT lU't lOII-

iili II luinrliiiiri
teJ iipiin (re at
hi> \'i' li till i*
%m;:i t'.i fi;U
; n iv, I »in if
111!. M. It \i'ii-ii a
II 1,1.. (i.iimc,
p'liiii me I with
|..re till I ■ wha
I. M'llh-- life
l.iilii rs It) iliiik
i». The that'-

A'l.Alwf

ASIA.]

Annil.cr inlhumeiit f<;r puiiiniiiig ulUiKlers is the
raiuue i it is a wud.len collar nr pnrtable pillory, made
ot tvvii llat pieces iif wnoil, almut twi> leet hina.l, and
five (ir fix iiiclits thick, In h.illowtd a-, to encircle the
i-.cilc, and relt upon the Ihoulilcrs. When tliis inlliu-
ment is laltened round the ivek, the culpiit can neiilitr ,
fee bis feet, nor put his band to his muiitli, hut is under i
the lucellitv nl' bcini; led by funic ol'ur p.rl.in. This
unealy c.mlinenieiit he is lorccu to bear both day and !
iiij,ht J it is h'.-avier or lij^hter in proportion to the
oli'ence committed ; fome of iliem wel'b two hiiii- |
dre.l p iiinJs ; the cominoii fo;t wcijih bl'ty or lixty
pijiiniis. I

I'o prevent the hitVerer biin;^ fet at liberty by any per- ;
foil, the ma, iluaie caiilis a paper to be palled en where
the two halve... join, feiiUd with the public fcal. For
liime oriences the drliiupient is fenlenccd to wear the '
caiinue for fiveral nionilis, and tu apiH-ar with it in the'
public niaiket, which is confideied as a inaik ol the
greatelV infimv. I

Sharp, r^, .lamifleis, and difturbers c! the peace, are I
often puiiilhed with the can;'iic ; but they contrive vaii- ]
ous wavs til relieve ihcmlilvis, as by their liieiids walk- ;
inj; on each fule, an.l beariiv; the weijiht on their (hiiiildeis,
by enaiiis hi fiained as to iupport the caiiL'ue ; fomo by
kiicelins ivll ihe collar on llie (rrouml, and llliis live
thcmliUes a leiiiporarv nlief j and when they go to lelt ■
;it iii'ih', th.ir Inends iiave fome contrivance for them, fo
as thev may be at full length. i

111 ti. jfon.ible cal'es, in or.ler to extort a ronfeflion
from the paitv, tbev iile a kind ol r.ick lor the leet and
hands ; and time is Itilla much feveier tortutc fometiiiies
ufed on tiiife oiialioiis, wliich is opimiii; the ikin with
fcilliirs, and laitiiig tlw flelh. '

W'c mull not omit to i bit rve here, tint the olTiceof|
exceiitionir in China is fo I'.ir from being aiteiidid vutli ]
anv dilgi.ice, th, t it i> ellecmed .\\\ honourable eniplov- 1
rKiit: lie at I'e-kin^ wears a ;_'irt ev.'ii of yellow lilk,
which is the badge ol the cnnnroi's lervicc j iiav, one of
the diHin 'inlhiiig orii.iiiicnts of the princes of (be blood ;
and his inllriiinent tif puniftinient is wrapjicd in lilk of the
lame colour. ;

rile priioiis ill China are fpacious, commotlious, and
clean ; the iiUial number of perlons ronlincd in 'he
u.iols <if C.iuton oiilv, is computed at no lefs than
hftcen thoufanJ : thefe are allowed to w.ak at their
fi. veral trades and occupations for a lublilletice ; for
tl'ey aie not maintaineil at the charge of (;overii-
1111 lit. I he vvoiiKii prifuiiers are never kept with the
men. I

The Chiiu-fc iiave a very expeditious inodc of dif-
pitching tht ir trials; they lia\e no counfellcrs or
iawvers : every man pleads for himlelf. The plain- i
till' diaws up his grieiamr in writing', and t.ikcs it to |
the palace of the inandaiin, where heating i>n the
drum at the pate, he iiniiudiatclv receives admittance.
lie tluii ptif.nls his d.cUration to in ofKnr oi jullice,
who tikis it In tl e nundariii, and the luKerle partv is

Empire op CHIN A.

(. ttluviih fiat for ; who,

atelv balliiiidoul : but if
nh.il he al!i
ilocJ liiinlUl.

It I
the

'.'uillv,
iitift' he

I, I -, he lofcs his tauli, and

s immeili-
wrum in
IS haltina-

S I. C I. XV.

Of lit F...''''.:/lii.i! f';l.i':i/Uhnli i'l China, a, y^f.-ffal
h (Iv ilijf'r.nl .V..'.'. :/' ConluciiK, l.ao-k.iuiii, <;i./
l-ici rf /'■.■ Sf.'t »,'"I,.imai jf li'f St.iu e/' Judailin
uhI .\talio luianifiM i ,in.l >/' /'•< J-ijIiliitiir, J'l -
fiji, P(ijt\ulii», iiisl Siiffirj/!}/! i/ tin UiijIntH Alt-

TIIF. Chiiitfc
Ids, which
n.aiiy dll)'erciit irii;'

(//;. iii^Mfjfiin ij tin UiijImh a.-
are iln iSetl ptimipally into three

prim ipally
.'V he C'lilidi led as prulelliiij', lo
ions, fiiiH'iilition, howeiei, whuh j
III other countiies hath ellahhlheil ticlpotihn, and luh-
%ctled leeal j^tmimncnt, ha» no ii'lliieiue in China.
Oiieol the ahti\o three lei'ls aiknowled.is Coiiluiiui

for theit founder : the fee olid, I .lu kiuiii, and ihu thud , \en, A>e

the province of Chan-tcJ.^g ; he was coiilcmporary witli
I'ytiiagoras. In lii< morning of lite he cave proof of
a liberal genius, and, ;;s he a Ivaiiced in jeai', ap| bid
himlelf wholly to tlie llmiy of pluloibphy, partieul.irl/
to tlie ethical part. V. lien he was nineteen years ot
age he entered into the mairuge itate, and after having
one foil by his wife, paitcd from her, in order to i_-\ott;
himlelf with the greater application to Ilia lludics. W licii
he svas fufiieieiitly Ikiiled in the fciences, he undertook
to teach others, tiavelliiig fr.mi pvo>ince to province,
and cndcavmiiing to inlpire people with the love of
virtue, a contempt of wealth, and ,in aicilion to plca-
lurcs. 1 bus, by degiees, his reputation fpiead thnmgli
the empire, and he v.,i5 loon at the head of three tiiou-
fand dilciples, out of whom he made choice ol levcnty-
two to propaj,ate bis dociiine in diiferent places. Hl'
even prutleiitly avoided giving olfenie to the pujudices
of his couiitr;', by a too /lalous ami violent attack upon
its erroi-.i his inodcraiion and candour were etpial with
his genius ami learning. In all his actions, as in ;.ll
his dileourles, he fupport.d piccept by e.vampje. His
fyllein of religion was a Ivllen. of n.ituial law, whiih
ought to be the ground-work of all religions, the rule
of lociety, anil llandaid ot goveriunent ; he taught,
that reafoii was an emanation of the Almighty, and that
the fupieme law conlilled in the harmon\ bitwciii n.ituie
and re.ilon ; that the religion rLjHignant to realon, coald
not come from heaven.

t'onfueius, at the age of hfly-iue, was elevated to
the tli 'lutv of liirt m.iiillcr ol ihe kingdom of I, on, his
native country, whiih he gov. rued w.th f) much wiidoiu
aiiil nlpeit.ibic '.uthoniv, tiiat ill a little tunc the face o:
thiiig.s uiiilirweiit a total change ; hut thefe h.ippv efl'eiis
cf Ills |,(.o,l .i.iiiiinillration .iiur/.eal were of no long duia-
tion ; III- tiie king oi i on, feduced bv the alluienieiit>
ol .1 woman, loon lorgot the excellent advice and in-
llriu lions ot his minuter. Coiilucus, thereloiv, alier
vainly eii.leavuuring lo reclaim hi.ii, ijuitted hini, and
left his iLi'ivj toiintiy. in fe. ah ot wiler princes
111 other kingdoms', n.ir bid he occal'ion to travel a
great way, lor all wcie air.br.ioui to h.uc hini lor
their guell.

This gic.it an.l good philolopher di.d at the a.;e of
fevcn'.y-tliree, and had a niaJiulicent monument cieil-
ed to him near the city of Kio-fcii •, the Chinefe
entertain a profound veneration for his nieninry, ami
have a cl.ajKl ded.. .ted to him In aimed eveiv citv,
wherein the tiiand.iiin«, and other literati alleniblc on
particular davs, pirleiuing oiilatloiis to him, alier the
manner of a l..cnliee j li.mour-, howivcr, very lon-
trarv to the principles ol Conlucius. who never al-
lowed of luch hom.ige and worlliip being paid to t
I real lire.

The doilrinc of Confucius is I'le religion of the em-
peror, the princes of the blood, and of all people of
learning and tlilliiicbon in China.

The emperor, who is lole poiitllF, is iudge lilicwifc
in nutters if uligion j but as the national woillnp wat
made for the goveiiimeot, nut the govcinmeiit loi it;
and as both weie dcligiied lo be Uiblctvieiu i.i the ends of
the communitv, it is not the puiiic's nueiell to employ
the tvvo-lold pieiojjalivc lodged in lii» hands, lur the pui -
pofes ol IV I. limy.

The Chiiitle in general, acco.ding to I'. Ou ll.ilde,
have clear apprehenliHis ol a Supienic neing : they
do not. In then invocations to Ticn m C ban,;-!!, ad.
dicfs themlUvcs to the iiia*'. r.al heavens, but t.i me Knij;
of i leaven.

Ihe empeior Ch.iiig hi, in 171's, puhlillied an c.l.jl,
in wliiihhe deil.iled, " it is not to the vilibh an.i ma-
tt rial heavm th.it we uller our faciilicet, hut to ihe
I. Old ol Htaveii."

An.l Dii liable obferves, that the infcription, Picii
01 Vh.iiigli, on the liguie biloie whiih llitv olf^-uj
then laciilices, wis not to be un.letllood a» leprelcn-
Inlive ol the ni.itcrial heaven i it bun ', lolelv and purely
from a rchgious i.vireiKc l.i the .Sipunu l.oi.j of all
things, that th. v iboie to addrels himiiiidii .o'V t.ther
naiiitf than that .^l bupreiiic Heaven, L'nlvetlai llci-

Vu or I'oji.

Coiifui HIS

was horn five hiindrrd an.l fifiv yearn

However it niav have been aflerted to the contrary,
ll is well known that the Chincle lilti.iii lietpient the

kclv^ic Chilli, m Uiv kiiif^duiu wl Luu, wlush u uww |^ icui|iUi, luid 4iund vit itm UwtilKct m buaiiaon wnb

their

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIlV.

ffi

)!'

their eountrymcn ; m\A 'hey ilciUirc thty addrefs their
adorations to oni; Supreme Cioil.

Lao-kium was born alumt lix Inimlred years before
Chrift, in the pro\im'e ot' Hoii-qii.mg ; his marvellous
birth, according to the account given of it by li^me of
his dil'ciples, was as fnllows : his father was a common
fwaf^nt, and lived to the age of feveiity, without ever
having been able to obtain the att'eClions of any woman ;
at length, however, obtaining the love ol a cood ho-
licH dame, about forty years of age, he wedded her ;
and fhe moll miraculoullv, without having the leal!
connexions with her hulliand, proved with chil.l, but
was not delivered for upwards of torty years, tor her
pregnancv proceeded purely from the prolilic virtue o(
the heavens and the e..rth. At li nglh, however, (he
was delivered under a plum-tice of l.ao-lcmm, who had
hair and eye- brows white as fnow ; wherefore the people,
furprifcd at hi> whitem-f-, called him I.an-tfe, or the
old infant j but afterwards he went by the lunne ol
Lao-kiuin.

As loon as he attained to the r\ereife of his na-
tural reafoiv, he applied hinifi l( with unwearied ddi-
gcnce to the Ihidy of th-' feieneev, and made hnnfeli
maltcr nt the hillorv, laws ar.d cultom^ ot his country .
he wrote a book entitled I auil'e, cont.uning tne thou-
lind fentences, repUte with excellent morality. At
U ?igth, atter having I'pcnt a lite of (..litnde and lanclitv,
he ilied at a place called V, where a tomb was creeled
to his memory. This philofopher coi.llantlv pre.uhed
up loiitude as an infallible mean'- of devaing the human
loul above earthly things, and of <mancipjtrng it from
its material chanis ; notwitlillandim;, ho\ve\c:, this
his itrict and lohtaiy lile, he dilgratcd all, by ttaihing
that the fold died with the body.

I.ao-kiun , ui order to rade the reputation of hiv feet,
pretended that he had dileovered the leiatot proh-nj-
ing the lile of man tar bevond it^ ulual pinod ; and hi^
liifeipks even perlii.ided the people that tliev had tound
out a certain liquid, bv partaking ol whuh a man might
live for ever. 1 he time when this feet lli uiillud molt
vas under the cmp<tors of the thirlemth dvnatly, or
about the levenlh cer.tmv of the Chnllian iira ; it wa-.
alio in great repute under the nineteenth d\naltv, the
third monaieh ot which bieame a dupe to the dclulions
vi thefe people, thi.ugh their imixitlures wire to noto-
rnni«. 'I he tnuiuhr of the thirteemh evnally erected
a magnilkent temple l.i l.ao-kiiim ; and tin- lixth empeior
of the lame lannlv canted a Itatiic i.f him to be lit up
ill his palace, with great CLumonv. 1 he Sectarian, nt
ihe niiKteiiiih dynall\, as .ibove- mentioned, c.nifed to be
diopt, one cviiiiMg, at the piincipal gale of the imperial
tiiv, a invlKriou- b..ok, full of magic characler--, re
l.i;i\e to the iinocjiion ot (lenii and nemon», and
aiUrud lli.'.t this book kll liom Il'avcn ; tlie weak nio-
iiuith went hiinfeit to pay his relpeo) to tl.e bo(>k, and
tailing it with a iiligious reverenee to Ins pahice, he there
|l:iced it in a gold box. It was at ihis period thai l!ie
adorniion ot demon', and the idolatrous winlhip <if ^cnii,
and I'pirits ol diKercnt kiiuK, wa^ htll introduced into
I'hina; and at this time began likewite the rntlom ol
deil)in^' kings an. 1 heroes ; wl',i..li mmtal divinities wer.
honoured with the name of Chang-ti : hence an ai.'u-
11.1 111 may lulMy aiile With regard to thi* term, denoliii :
ftial cxalud idea of a Supiemc He im, whuh i'. IJu
Halde apprehends it to fi, lulv. I he prielK or bon/es
of this lii.t arc infatuated with (himencat noli<Mis ot
indicia! altrology, and the luperflit .ins of iiicromaiiey j
they exerciie vaiious ine.iinaiioiis and coniiiration^,
mixing will) their ridieulnut .uid impinus leremo-
nie» Itie inofl hideous liowlings, frighiful didortions
fif the body, mid coiitufed nolle of drums and coppei
iMfons.

hoe was born in India about a thoufanJ years liel'nre
C'hrill ; his diK'trine was iniiodiurd to the Chi net • nndrr
iMiliR-ti, fittcenth emfcroi ol Ihe hllll dvn.llv, who hav-
ing 111 a dream hehelil a gi:Mnlic liguic, tint to the l.i-
^\u- in liauh of the idol whole repKlLiitalion he had
iVrn.

The meflengris that wrir fnit t>n this cmious errand,
Hipping atapl.ne where the idol I'ov w.,s leveienced,
IhcN look .{W.i\ the inugr, and broiighi il to China, «i
tompanied by a conlidcrabic iiiiinlx-r ot l«on/es, wtm, fup
{lotted by the laiiiiliun of the rin|icior, pr^'pngilcd their

doctrine throughout the empire, and it is now the moft
highly favoured fed in all China.

I'oe taught the doClrine of tranfmigration long before
Pythagoras, and was the founder of the fidoration tu
hiiiilelf as a (lod. His difciples, after his deecaie, pre-
tended he had Ik-cii born eight thoufand timi •*, ;!ii 1 that
his foul had fuccclTively tranfmigiated thioiigh ditVirent
animals.

The bon/.es. In purfuanrp of their great mailer's
doctrines, maintain that fouls pals into ot ler bodies
after death ; and thty give out, that I'oe left belilnj
him live grand comiiMndincnts, viz. Never to depiiic
any cieatuie whatever of iN life j never to rob any man
of his property j never to be guilty of unthaliity j nc\ er
to tell a Ive, and .lever to dunk wine.

The bon/es hold, that there are places of rew.irds anJ
piinilhments i and lliev puach up acts of beiuvoleiiLe
to nionalleries, as pceul.arlv proliiable to the foul in the
next life; maintaining that lueh pious deeds will ablolvc
from lins, but th.it if they are omitted, the coi;rei]iicnce
will be the nioK dre.ulful tortures, and the liml will pal»
through the motl difgracelul metamorpliolcs, tin h as
nog', dogs, rats, alle*, iVc. The bony-, bud their
diHTlrine of great utility in railing contributions, unj
eidaiging the revenues : to all omw.ird app ..ranee, 'liey
lead a lile of great aulleritv ; liime dr.ig large hravy
chains afierthem, iwentv or thirty feet long, v.'hilc others
beat their heads and brealU wiih fluit itonis.

1'. I.e Comic ti IN the following Ib'ry of a ynunij
bon/.c. " One day," lays he, " 1 met in fl;e llieet ,i
young bon/i', whole apparent modcfly and dii n fs v.Muld
have CM lied the coinniileralion of any body : he w.is ia
a chain lluek full of naiN, with Ihe points towaids
liiin, iiilumuch that he v.as obliged to kn p hiirifell"
\erv lleadv in his liat, to I'revent ihiii p: rcing his (lelh :
in this chain two men lariied him w.iii c anious care
liom hiHile to hoiil'', lioppiiig at ev.r. d'.ir, where he
imploied the conipalhoii of the pupie: profiling ;.loud
that I'.e had placed himfelf in tins p.iiniul iiiu.tii'ii t<ir
tic good of then loub, and that he bad lul.-iniily Iwoiu
not to free hinilelf from it till they li.id bought up all
the nails in the ihain. The Ihalagem had its ULliieJ
ctTect."

I.e ("omte, fpeaking cf two others of thrfe priclls,
fa\s, " A couple of young bonzes one day hxing their
e\es upon tome ducks m a farm-yard, UI proltutc be-
f. Ill- the door of the hoiii'e, fighing, aid vmiI'IIv laimiit-
iiig ; the wife of the [H-alant obferving them, alkcj
them the caate of their (orrow. <) ' crieil lliey, in thole
ducks .lie the tiiuK of our dear laiinis! .'hi \ , „re
miliiable lell vou fli lul 1 dilju'lc ol or kill them. 1
infndid to till them, replied tl.e woman, but (incc
their bodies potlel's the fouls of your lathei«, 1 will not
dil|H>le of ihein. .Ah' (iniliiiued the impullors, but
(>erh.ips t'.u hulband may dilpoli; of iheiii ' an' ih' ii
wh.it will become of our poor lathers (nuls f The
woman, alleeled with their prelended dillril*, pave
them the ducks, that they mirht exrrcile tl.eir tdiil cj"":
mir them . hinveier, in the evening they loalLd aiiii
eat them.

Notw.thllanding the apparent pieiv and .iii'trr'.ty of

thefe priell>, ihey a.e not refpetiid, Init defpilid, iiifo-

iiiucli that ihiy arc under a necertity of udicmiiig

llaves, to train them up to their order, whom lliey oblige

jto pals througli a very rigorous probation bel in- they arc

'iiiiiialed, the no\ ICC, lor inllaiue, iiiuU ro ibout IVoiii

I door to door in a loaili; rag.'.ed garment, begging alius,

^aiid (hantiiig the praifes of Nido', to whuli he is a vo-

ii.irv; he mud ablbiin likewilc fiom animal food, and

obferve an almoll incellai.t walchlulinis, his fupnioi*

.uv.iking liim with greit rigour wlieiever they Imd him

lleepiiii;. \Vh>n he has gone throigli his prob.ilionary

llate, he is admitted to prul'l^, when all the bon/.es of

the adjacent monalleries alleinble, and, proftratiiig theni-

feUes betore the idol, pray .doiiJ, and chant hymns to

the f mil lot little bells; ilie novice all this time lying

piolli.ite at Ihe gale of the t.-ijiplc. Wle. n this part of

the iricmony is ended, the boiitcs raile him from the

ground, and lead him to thr ail.ir, where they invell him

ivilh a grry lobe, gird liim with cord, and put a cap

that hath no brim upiii his head ^ then they cordially

embrace cieli other, and depart,

TiM

V. •

s now the moll

ail long bctore
c ruluutiun tu
is dcccaic, prc-
inK<, :inil lli;it
iLPii!;l\ ditTLi'i'iit

LTcnt m.ifti-r'n
() ot icr linilici
•oe Idt bfhiiij
:vcr til iK'piive
I) roil any man
thallity i niMT

of rewards an J
if K'iK-vo!fni.e
the foul ill tlic
ciis will ablulvc
l;c cor.fcqiicntc
I' loul will paK
(lofcs, fill h as
/<•> fwid their
tril'iitioiis, aiii]
■;'■ ..raiici', 'luy
.iL. Liri^c h.'«\y
i;:, while others

■y of a yriir.;;
Ill the lliict .1
J I'll t'.fs v/ouli
nly : he w.'s in
points towaiJs
1 kti [) hliiifilt
nin.!: his Ih.'lli :
1 c aiiious tare
!■ or, where he
irol.llinj; aloud
III iicu.'tii'ti lor
luKriiily Iworu
hoii^hi up all
h.ul its (IcIiieJ

' thcfe priefts,
;!V tixiii.; their
I profiu!c bc-
i.'filv laiiniit-
{ them, allccJ
ihv y, Ml thole

.'1,1 V . ^te
kill them. i
i.in, but lime
lis, I will not
iinpollors, but
.m I ail I th- II

fouls? The

ilillrcl*, gave

ti.eir filiil cj'".

:y toalLiI aiul

id niirtcrity of
def|)i!i.l, info-
of II JieiiiiilK
loin the y obligo
bei in- they are
y) iboiit Inmi
be^t;ing alms
> h he is .1 \u-
iniat food, and

, his rupi'iioi*

tiny lind him
lis prob.iiionarv
I I he boii/.M of
•oftratiiii; them-
.luiit hyilin« !<•
this time lyiiij?
li, II thu part of

him from the
ihcy invcll hun

and put a i»[)
1 they curdiilly

The

ASIA.]

!•: .MPiur. OK CHIN A.

•Vv

a?;

-T'-:

Ihe C'hincfo ivordiip Foe under different forms, molt
of them extrcmelv hideous ; he is repieli.iited principally
bv three iizures : one is a j:ii;anlic m.iii, wlili a iiionKroiis
IhHv, liitln.; erof»-le^i:ed, in the l..illein t.ille : this iliey
Ihle the idiil of iiunioit.dity : the feeon.l is about twenty
Icct hiL'h, and is called the idol ol' pleafure ; and the
third, about thirte feel hiph, with a crown on his head,
is I'enoiliia.ited tlu' ;;ie.it ^iii^ Han. I'.xclulive ot thefe,
tliev iU'ie a great nuiiiber of little idols, not in their
p.'L^od.is tmlv, but ill tluir houles : all of thciii h.ae
their his or houlhold j;od ; thefe petit jiod-, however,
are not treated with th.-.t reljieef which is ihewii to their
ereat gods ; on tile coi^trary, if thefe do not f inulimes
t rant ihein their requell^, tlky i;ive them the balliiiado.
i!u: the meat [rods in the temples have the m.;il proUi'.iiul
vener.ition paid them. People I'rom didant pi ices p> in
in'iiri na^e to fo:nc of the temples on the iiK'Untaiiif,
pr.iltratiiiy themfelves repeatedly a; they alcciul. Such i
as caiiiio; iio on pil;;rim.iye, piirchale ol liio bcm/.c; larjie ;
jheets of printed paper, in ilie middle of v\'luch ij the
lijure of tlie god Foe. The devote':'; tie round the'r
luek-s and arms thing-, of be.ids. W'iicii they lorn thefe
beads thev prav to the l'<'e, and prollr.ilin^ themfUes,
th, V make a little red ciide upon the piper. I'hey
liken icipiell the bonzes to repair to the temple, to leal
and faiKtifv th;: number of circle;, v.-lrch have Ivi n
di.iwn bv them. Thefe they carry in gri-it parade to
burLiN, ill a little fealed box, lliliin' it .i palVport liom
t!iis life to the ne\t. On f-ne lokmn o, cai.inis, ihei
(ieror.'.te their houfcs with idois arr;'.!v;cd in order hv the
bor.ies, and leptel'ent with p.iintings liie tortures ot the
iiikrnal re, 'ions. I'liefe ceieinoni^s co'.tiiiue leveii day;;,
duiiiv; vehikh time they prepare and c -.fecrate trealure'
f.;r the other W'>rld ; to which end, they i led an ap.irt-
ineiit with pajKr giM'.d and p 'inted ; this thev lill with
|Ml!ebn,;rd boxes painted and vaniiilud, in which are
iiiiilati.Mis 1'! i;o!d an I fdver Iniots. ()! li.- ;'. tl'.erc are

t.'!iie liuivlre

l..r t!ie p;

u'e of f... .11 : fii.h perfo;f.

fioni peril til 1 as had not Hiieiewith lo ;i.Kiiie tiie ne-
led iry pallpiit.

The bon"s teach, th?t as everv t'lln; \v

i'- procure.

fiom iiothin:', fo to iiiihiir', imitl <\eiy lliing return;
l'...: in i.;der to live a life ot h-ppind's, we tT'.ii'.l en.h.i-
VI i:r, throii.;h praver and nu.lii.ni.in, to ;il li.e'.uilir
til our pallions ; that after this tiet'iry, we llunild .Acalio::!
ourlcKes to wilh for not!. in ', think of nuthini', and m
do :'olhia_: ; I'.ir, that as all beings, both anin-...u' ai .! in-
animate, ddfer from each r;her only in 'heir fii.ii .uvl
tpi.iiities, (he I'ooner a man appr.Mclics tc the i.atuiv ot
a li.ine, or .1 !o^ of woi J, tiie more perfei.1 iv- i<. In
ill Mt, according; to tlie do.tiine of tlul'e pilill-, 'tis i.i
tiie fupprellion or celi'ation of all dcfiri-, and a total an-
f.ihiiatioii of the rational faculties, liiat mtriiifie li;ip-
iiefs and virtue conlilt. \\ hen a man lu.th at;.;ine.l this
(late of peit'ee'.ion, he has nothing' to fear, tinv lav, be-
< Mile, ill laOt, he is nothing, or, if aiiv Ihii.g, he is
ir.fenlible to all tribulation. The literati, h"',vi\er, have
fpiiiledlv attjeked this dn'uine, ilenionUratin ■ that fueh
lu(iinity and indolence mult fiibvert aM n.>r..litv ; that
man is eleialid above other beings only by his ralionai
taculties, and by his praCliie of virtue ; ll;..t to iiidul ■!,
tlverihiie, in lii llupid an ap..:hv, is oiiiiliiii; to ibleha^a
theiomnum dmiis lor whu !i v.e were cui.ld, ..iid iinni
i'u\itabiy leiliice every ni'.ndier uf foilsry to a Uii!
villi the brute creation.

rii.iieli ilie mandaritis an I other* rf the litirat; abo-
iiiicte the idol ol Ilie, yet m cale ol a tiroii'. lit or other
lalainitv, l!iev invoke this deity, merely to plc.le uiid fa-
tisly tile pt.'ple.

The C'liiiiele, when any epidemical dil'eufe, or other
puMic niislortuiie bcfals a province, liipphe.ite their
puis with irieit lolemiiitv to leave ihcir counii\ j and,
lill tluir j;i>dlhips fliould be dillrcllcd on t!ie road, thev
lend witli them proiifions of rice and other victuals;
;iid as theic !;ods inav fii..,rtimes chufe to gn bv lea, thev
lit up lor them a iittle udded vellel, drcoi.itcd with
llrcaiiicrs, and lurnillied with lilkeii cables ;,.id fails ol
(ill matlinj;; in llie Item ol this vell'cl Is a i.dde, ele-
j'uitlv covered with a vanctv of diflus at wliuh are
piand luc Irightlul tiguiv, not unlike our tepn leiita
li.'lis ol latyrs , the boii/es lanv the idol- thus (.pilppid
ihroiK'h the Ituets in j:reat pump, and lluii laiinehini;
(he liiip i.ito the lea, cyiiimu it tu liie iiutcv uf the

winds and waves, ulfliing tlieir gnj, a
vii\a;'e.

There are fomc religioii^ of ki^'r note i
When the Tartars becair.e inaliers ot Cimm:,
tr.idiiced their ovs'ii religion into the imjiiu
tlioiirh for fubltanee of doelrine, is the fame
1,

prol':cioin

1 Chirn.

l',-V III-

wliivh,
vith that
■f t'le worihippers of bo,-, yet in poii.t of nuide i.f wnr-
Ihip is diliereiit. The Tartars h..ve no priell of llu:
order of boi;/.e-, but pi ii lis of their own, named l,ani,.s ;
and inllead of v.'orlliipping the god Toe, thev par :.do. a-
liiin to the great I.;;:iia, or high -priell, who'ii t.'iev denn-
ininate the Immortal Tathvr, believin; that he never dies ;
and the priefls omit iiothin^; that may L;ive ere.iit to tl'.c
deceit ; tor when one iiniiK-rt.il lather l',.ipnr;;s to d'e,
tliey immediately appoint anotlier th.ii rif..nib'.:< him as
nearly .v., pollible.

The ;;reat f.ama lefides .?* Ilarantnj.ij in 'i'ibet, where
he is 11. \erleen but by his favoaiite,-, i\Cvpt \dien he
;i. das his appc.-.rancc in t!,e 'c.i.ph, lo riCcA\ tfe olVer-
ing. and ndoralions of the ■,:. .i^le. if; then hts upon .1
find of throne, arrayed in line r,/,v-i ; the thror.e if
!i;;!ited only by a few lamps, wliica j:uc fo feeble :i
ligut, that there is no poilibility of difccii.ing plainly the
ie.Uiiiesof the arcli imr.ollor.

'Tl-.e faiee is fo ;-.dni,.ab!y condu;'!cd, that no fafpicions
are formed of it-, the people believe abfohitely tiiat the
gicat l.ama is inimortal.

A.i to th.e flate of jed.iil'm in Cliinn, ilie (ews wlio
ii;;iny ages a^ro ir.!'abited Cliina, haxe ;.t ih.^ p^riid a
fwiaitogue at K;.i-fonj!-fou, the c, pital if Ho-nan.
i'hey were vifit.d in the veer i - -.j. by T. tlo/ir.i, ait
lla';i.,n jefuii, who had t'le i.re of a Chrilii.in ciir're-
g.ition 111 tl-.e f.iiv.e ci'.y; tl-.is m..;"ein.;ry held levtial con-
ttrences w.;h ihem. Th-ey pcriniti, i him to il-e the
iiineimoil p.irt of tluir fyna^r'v ne, m f.i-.eiuin I'aiieti'rnni,
rel'irud o;ilv fit t'le high-p: u!'., v..-.j mver cniirs it
but w.ih the ir.oll pruti,un.l re-.sruue. 'Thev ihewv.l
him tuelie little tabeiiiades or pieii.-, i!i wliiih v erc
dep( i"iti,l th. ir l.iircd books j •.Mid putt.r.g bv >ir- of the
eii:;.iiii , they tool; cut a bi.ik wMien in l.-'auiitul iha-
ra.-Krs on long ill; ets of paichnunt, tolled round ILvcral
wooden ndleis ; tins v.-as their ]■ -nte.teiich, wh.eh ilicV
laid w. IS moll miraculou:! .' p-ei ned in tii- u ue of a
great inimd.iiinn that h.-p-xiisd in 10,?, v.h.ti tlic whole
cif,- of K.ii-lon:: full we-. I.;:d u: .er v..
le i.( . and chara>.li i'> had fiiilaiiv I f mi -
v.it,the chief dtlLiis of iheir fina:.i.
do/ n copies of it to be taken, and pi.,
nacles be; u'-inentiuned.

l.xelulive of the ab.ive maniifei'! ts.

I ; b;:t as tl:-j

'■ eiy fio->i tii-

h,,d caufed a

A the taber-

' hui ivim-

g e-.i-ra..*
laetcvl

..!..; their
-.. .i:-.-d 1,, .-n-
iii'.-t di - tiiiih
ed w.iii the
Ciller., 'i.i^-

i.l!''\veJ tra.'ition anions^
tT.ina iindr-r t.ie .' .r i!;/

be; . ol linail lolunus in rid ihul;, co;,*.
from the I'eiualeiicli, and I'r. -iiiti.ts < i'
boo!;* ; howcier, they l,;id the-,- had 1-^:1 i
cn.i-.oiuc.dbo.'ks at tiie time fi t-ie aho-. e-:i;
d;tiiin( nor did 1', tio/ani in the le.ill »
ot tliis aliertion, for th«.y wiie aeijuai:
names of Moles, |i .hua, Da^.J, t>
ki.-l, \c

li.iyani relates l:i.;t, fiom -an
theip, their aiiei-iiiMi i nic

of H,.ii, w-hiih co::.ini,ii-td two b.undr.d and Us
bclore i^'hrill, an.l lontiiiued unth.e Ch'-:..i • tl-T' ee f 'ir
h'l •..hr.l and tweiily-(i\ >iars ; fo that i'l li.is \..,le ic^e
'd li lie, we mild place the iiiK\.r:..i,i ipoe.ha of tlie hril
letll. mei't of th.- j.v.-; in tl.is ci-imtrv.

l hele people adiierc liedl; iilv to mull of ihe ancient
lert monies enjoined by the l.iw of M(i'.-., m cit. -.ii.'.ci-
lion. ^ llriet obf-ti in'cr of their fibbalh, and of i ••,er
j-v.iih Icalls, I* ttieulaily that of iinlcaiei.cd b:;adt
'il'.eveat the T.,lch.d I.an'.b : they i:r-.er drefs sn-.' pij-
vilioii on a Satiitd.iv, but p-i pan- ii (!;• pnc, ,.inif
iMiiiiig. When thev lead the Tent iteu Ji in tlie l na-
gogni', thrv nmr ihiir faces wiih a ir.inip.iront ti-d, iii
nil nun V of .Molis, \i-ho defceiiiied fioin iir m'.nii'taiii
«it;i his faercoMied; Ihey alii abllan liiiin blood,
cutting the veins of the animals thev kill, th..t it may
llow cult. P. (Jo/aiii difcoutliiu wilii liieni on the ad-
vent <if the .Melliah promiled in the lcriptiiic> u( llu
')ld TilTimrnt. and m the mari.llous piognfs uliicli
C'liiifli,inltv had in.idi , they .ippL.ned allonillied, ha.in <-
i.rver hiaid of .iiiy utlier Jifus than the Ion ul bir.icht
Tli-s n.akcs it piobable, tli.ii ilio tirll fettrilii; of the
Jew* in Clii:u wa> iwlually under ihu dyiully uf II m,
I bti'oie

1 I

34.

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM O E CEOGRAPHV.

Ir lore the inr.ii nation of our S.iviour. 'I'licre were onrc
nianv f.miiliis ot tliem, but tliev .in now greatly r-.-iluce'l j
ihcy keep dole toijitlier, :uul niiuiy only among tlieni-
lllves. Tluy e:iU the books of the IVnt.neuch by the
following names : lierilliith, \celellnialh, V'ayiern,
Vajcvlabher, and HabJabarini. Tliefe live books they
uiviile into tift\-llirce fe^lions, viz. CienLlis into twelve,
!■ xoilus into eleven, anil the other three into ten eaeh.
(io'/ani, npon eoniparin;^ their rentateiuli with a bible
lie had earned with him, found an exact agreement be-
tween them with regard to ehronologv, as well as the
age and genealogv of the p.itriarelis ; in other refpeel-',
however, tlie te.\t in their I'eiitJteiith wa-. much eor-
rnpted.

.M.'.hometans have inhabited here upwards of hx liini-
dieJ years; they have eonfuler.iMe fetllcmeius in many
ot the provinees, panieulailv in Kipiig-nan ; and as
they do not Ihidv to make prolllyte?, nor give anv eaiiie
<if jealouly to the llute, tlie goveriimejit nc.cr diliuth-
them.

Chriilianity is faid to have bern planted in China
nearly as foo-i as the rei'gion I'i Maliomet; it inuil he
aeknowled 'ed, however, that it made not the fame e.irlv
progrel's. Some fav that the Patriareh of the lnd.es lent
ChrilHan tni:non.;ri;.5. to China, mi the period of the
tiiirteenlh tty, in the eighth vear of tlie reign of

Tai-tfon, I "Ut the middle of the levcnth ccntu.y of
the Chriitian .xra ; and that, four vears after this,
Tai-tfju fii:iered them to prcaeh the gol'pel in his
Country. 'I'hey furtiier fiy, that in the year 1O25, tl".'re
was found in tlie province vi Chen-fi a Ihuie tnl'kt ten
feet Ion:; and tive broad, e uitainnig the names of feveniy
inilluui.iiivs who came from JuJea to preaih the gofpvl
to the Chinefo, together with a eomp.-ndium ot the
Chritlian faith, all cut in Syri.ic characters. It is a
known fawf, however, that towauls the end of the li\-
teenth century, when the European nullionarics I'uil fet
lo,>;ing on China, thev found no remains of chiillaniiv
ill the countrv. 1'. .Nlicli.U'l Kogtr, Neapolil.in ivliiit,
flift oi>ened the million 1:1 China, and led ti'.e wav in
whii'h thole of his ouKr that followed him have acipiiied
fo much reputation, by t!;e teliitr.onies they h.r. e givi n
of their zeal. 1'. Michael Roger w.'.s fueceeiled hy i'.
Ricci, of the fame fieirty, who continued the v>oik
witli fuch fuecefs, th.it lie is confulered by the jefuils as
the principal ibunder of this minion. He was a man ol
very extraordinary talents; he had the ait of lendciing
hiinlelf agreeable t.'i every body, and by that means ac-
cpnred tile public elU'cm ; hi in ibnie n.-.-anire leeonclltd
the aiitieiit leligion of tlie country to the full piiiuip'is
of thuilogy, ;.liuring t'lc jieoplc th.it his moial l\!\ni
was the fame witli tliat of their celibraled philoiopin-i
Confucius or, as the iia'.ives term hmi, Ciim-fu-cu,
or Cong-lou-tle. This I'eeured hull manv loHouer':.
At len.;lh, 1:1 I'.j?, the IJommicans and I'raiieiieans
look the fnld, though but as gleaners of the harvelt after
thejefints; and now it was that ciintentious broke out :
tl.eir full dil'putes, in waic'', peilijp-, jcaloufy lia.l too
great a iharc, were 0:1 th.- fubject of certain ceremonies
conierning the worlliip of Confucius, and fume honours
paid to the de.id; for as in t!v.ir luiural obuquies tliey
burnt inceiil'e, and praetiled bhation^, faeiiticcs, anj
fi-vcral other utes favouring of idolatrv, tlicle were con-
demned by one part ot the mi(Iioi-.arie>, as incompatible
wiili the inirity of the Cliritlan fait!'. Othi rs »f the i
niii;ion..riei of a ir.oie moderate temper, and who had ;
little hope of raifing up tlii> intant plantation to matu- j
rity without fuch mdulgeiicies, wcie for toteiatnr; thele 1
rites, lookin.; «i\ them as things of an iielilterrnt nature, I
and mere pirilival lerenioiiies. 'riiele ili.j.utes were a !
great hindr.iiice to the piofrefs if chrlfti.min', which 1
lloiiriflied bef.ue the auiv.il ot the Uoi.iiiiiraii and I'ran- '
\:ih.{:\ monks. .Several ye.irs were fpent in uUercalioii j ;
und the literati, 'vho p!.|lellci| all the einploynn nl-. under ;
^oi rnmuit, vviic fi olilliiunlv ati.u-hed to Confucius'
and the ellabl llied liles if th.if couiitu, lli.it 11.1 lei-
fonablc condeli 11. lions could Her pievuil w.th iliem
to abate any thing o( their fuperilition, tluuigh even
their nionm.h, Cali.'hi, gr.mted ,\n idi.l in il;o}, al-
br.ving chntliaiiity to be prrachid throu,,hont tlie i rnjitc.
SiHiuious apprals Wire 111,1 le to Komc by both paitici
«ifthc toiitcn.liiig tnnli jiiaries : at length, in 17C4, the
huly Ice dccrccJi that liie woid> i iiiu iiltd Clian)i-U

(hould not any longer be applied to the Heitv; that the
tablets, whereon w.-.s inlcrilied the word Kien.'-tien, or
" honour of lieaven," (hould be taken away Irom the
chrilHan churches; that chrillians (hould not .nllili at
ollerings made in Ipiirg and autumn to Ci.iilucius and
their lorefatliers ; that they (hould omit to enter tl'.u
temples treeied to Coiiiucius, and thenceforward pay iu>
tiittlier ai'.oration to their ancelfors; and lallly, that
thole tablets of their forefathers, bearing the inliriplion
of " the feat of the tiiul," (hould be renuncd from
every clnittian''s habitation. 'I'his rigid dec.-ee was,
however, fot'tened by a few privileges ; the converts
had the liberty of appearing in the halls of their aiuel-
tors, and to be fe.ecl..lors iif the rites there perforn.id,
but nevir by any means to paitieip.ite : they hul tiic
I'urther iiidulgeme of hanging up the tablets 01 their
anecllors in their lioulc-s, witn this provilo, that theic
flii.uld be no other iiikription on fiid tablets than fimpl/
the n.-.mc of the decealed. Hut noNv.thllan.lin:' theii:
indiilgeiieies, this decree of 1704, and a liibieipient
bull of Clement XI. in 171J, created liie utnioll con-
liillon. I lie miniilets of llate, and the other manda-
rins, ever jealous of the growing reputation of the je-
fuits, were continually deelaiming againll iheni, an.l at
length, by nnionllrances, obtained a revocation of the
edict tliat had been palled in fivour of tae Chrillian u-
ligion 1 by which means it fell under perlecution in
the leign of t!'c very monarch who toler.itcd it. Caug-
ht, and was al'terwaids entirely liipprelied by his lue-
cellor ^'ong-tehin, when all the mitiionarits were la-
nitiivd to Canton, and upwards of three hinu'red churciies
were eiiher pulled to the ground or converted to prol.,ne
ufes. l-'iom the period of this fatal c.-.t.i'.lr-.phe, wliich
h.ippened in 1725, ihrillianitv hath been fo tar from
g:uniiig ground in China, tiiat 11 i.. i,ow more perl'eeuuj
tnere tlian evir; ..r.d the lew who have coui age eii'Migh
to appe.ir in its def^iiec, aie cxpol'ed to the moll feveie
cruelties.

s 1: C '1-. X\ I.

Of iL- (lnrit.<\,- if i'.( O'wtf,; '/,■'..•> il/.'.v;', H'.i^hls,

H I: comnirrre carried on in the fiiieen provlnccj
ol China, is veiy little (hnrt of that can.ed on by
the moll comuiereial Kuropran ll.ile^.

A will regulated eirciihtion of commoilities cd.ibliflied
ihoHi .li a country of no Ui\ than eighteen hundred K Juues
111 em iimi'eieie.e, lan.iot tail to give us a comp-ieiu idea
of a 111. ll cMenfue commerce.

I'heir leveial kinds of nuuhandi/e find an eal\ con-
vevaiice Irom province to proi'ncc throuLrji tiie means of
their numerous riwrs and canals. In China .dl .ire liiilV,
boili ill toy. n and country; as tlio high ruads are as much
thioiiged as tile llrcets of a city.

riie traiFie which tliey carry on from home, is incnn-
lijirable, compared to tiieir inland lommtree ; C.uiton,
Knioiiy, and Ningpo, beirg tl;,i; only niaiitime ti.wii.s
ol any note for their exports and imports : betid ', their
navigation is very cniilined ; fT thry never fail bejonil
the (freight', of .'^imda, and lliiir roiiimoii vov.igcs are to
Japan, biam, .Manilla, and liatav la.

I'o japan they eiimmonlv fail in Jmie or July, and
carry thiilier giiig-feng, ihina-root, and rhiih iib, as well
as lilks, lugars, fvveei-lecntcd wood, leather, and Lu-
ropeaii ch'th ; bringing b.:ck pcails, red copper in bar*
and manul.ietured, (iibre-blades, porcel.iin, \ar'iini ware,
tauib.ii, and gold. The tambae is a fjiii^s ot copper,
with liiiiie mivtiiie of i!old and ftUer.

I he Cliim le esjiort to Man. lU and Si.im, t.a, drtig«,
filks, &e. and icciive piatlres . a y.] ithe 1. alio 1; the value
ol a Clown.

I'lmr lidiii;» for llatavi.i eoiilitls iliieflv in •irrcn t"-:!,
porcelain, leal-jold, nudiiinal drugs, and utenldi iii..dc
of yellow copper . tii-.ir leliirns are in pialtics, Ijiic,',
torioiti -I'lill-, Inulf-boxcs, agates, amber, Braid wnod,
and (■ iir.'pean iloth,

rills is the chief lorcigti Irsflie ol the Chincfc : foin*-
timc. they lad lu Aiheii, Maiaeci, I'otai:-.', Ctichin-
China, vv'> .

As to their commeire with the Kurrpeans, it is at pi«-
fclU much Ivlit cviUWi;!:ibiv ih.ill it hai l'i;cii, fur u> ) 'tac

i^uaiiutiU

i-f

Empire of CHINA.

Hcity, thnt t!ie
viiii.'-ticii, or
1W.1) iiom tl»c
J not allill iit
Conlucius iiiul

to ii.tcr llii;
DrvvaiJ i>;iy nu
,il hillly, tliiit
ihi; iiiliii|Hioii
rcnuncJ trom
decree was,

the converts
ot their aiicef-
iro pcrlornicii,

thev hnd the
:'likts ol their
ilo, that there
ets thim fimply
ill.uuiiii^ thcic

a liihleiiuent
ic utriioll con-

•itiier iTtanila-
itju ot the jt-
1 iheni, aivl at
(IC.UIOIl ol' tlic
le L'hrilli.ui u-
perU'eiitinn in
..till it, Caiii;-
■il by his liic-
arits were la-
iiiiircd cliurthcs
toil to prol.me
I'.Ui.phe, which
n lo tar Irorn
iioic perlecLiicii
:oiiia;;e eiiuirill
the i.tult lev ere

ILk.;; H'.iihn,

ftccn proviiucj
t cariicil Oil by

tic cllahlinii-d
ii;v.ireil Uj_:;ih-h
oiiip.ieiu iJca

il an eal\ con-

h the uuaiis of

.1 .'II are hiifv,

■re a'i i.ukIj

inic, IS incon-
vii- ; C.iMtori,

i.iiitinu' ti'Wits
hefnK^, their

ir r.ii'i h.'ioiul
\ <y:. ;;..s u.c t.J

ASIA.]

quantities of porcelain and varnilh wares have been im-
ported into Europe, and efpcciaily lincc the Europeans
have learnt to imitate thefe niaiuit'actures, their conmio-
dities of this fort have funk irrcatly in their vnlue. Eu-
ropean nicrchandi/,e has fuftcred the fame fate in the
Chinefe markets ; lor fincc the Erench and Englifh have
fo ahundantly finnilhed them with cryllals and (^lalles
f>f all kind-, watches, clocks, .^c. there is little proht
to lie niailc ot thele articles. 'I'hcrc is no tradini; to
Chun with advatni;ie except in lllver, for the piirchale
of their i'lgois ot y;old. i'hc princip.d, or indeed the
•inly llaple for Euro|)e3n '.-oinnioditics. Is the city ot
Canton : no other port in China is fuftcred to be open
to us.

It is now neccni'.ry to tr^at of the Chinefe money,
"R'eii^ius, and mealiires. Copper and lilver are their only
ciiiieiit metals; gold pad'es In trade as a commodity, and
even tilvcr is not coined, but cut in pieces fir particu-
lar payments; and in th.it cafe it is eftimatcd by it;
Weight alone, and not by any mark or device llamped
by authority: capital (urns they pay in inijots or bars
fif lllver. Mod tradi.' , people carry with them a little
b.dancc for the weighing of lilver: it conlllh of a fmall
pliite to hold the metal, an ivory or ebony beam, and •;
weight contrived to fliift upon the beam, all cont.nr.cd
in a commodious cafe : this b:dance is much liki: the
fUle-yard, and is fo curious and diilinguifliing a piece of
iiiechanirm, ;istoi^;i\e the precife wei.rlu of the niinutcll
things, even to the thoiil'andtli part of a crown-piece.

The Chincli; are very (I'.iick at difcerning the fmeneS
of lllver : 'tis in the piirchale of lin.dl matters th.it a
difficulty lies; for they are o'.iligi.l foiiic times ;o put
their filvet in the fire, and heat it th'n, fir the purpole
of more callly cutting it: fo that counting down the
price is freiiuen;lv tlie moll troub'.efome part of tlic bar-
gain. They are aware It would be more conv',-nie:it to
have money minted of a ll.ved value ; but this, tiiev
appirhend, would be a temptation for the c.xtrcife of
clipping, i^c.

Copper money is the only fort that is (lamped with
liny charail't ; they do not imprel's it wllli the head or
image of the emperor ; for it would be a dilhonour t'.i
a gre.at perfonage for any rrprefent.ition of h-m to pal's
through common hands; but tliev ;iie it di.'ierent iii-
fcriptioiis, pompoiifly fetting fottn the lilies or nam.es
of the imperial finiily.

I he pieces of money in nmft common tife are
.ihout the ll/e and v:du(' ol I'reneh denier^, having a
fipiare hole in the middle to put i liriii; throUi;h ; a
firing of thefe is commonly one th.iin'aiiil, divided into
ten parts by a twill of the firing ..! the end of each hun-
dred : ten ol thele dcnicrs m:ike one penir,' Erench. The
metal is neither pure nor beaten, and ir being mi.vd
with lead, the money hatli a dull colour and no
found. I

A-. thefe fmall pieces are f inielim.'S co iiit 'rh itcd, it
mull naturally be fiij>i'o:'eJ, tli.ii li' li'.\.-r i".ii lomed in;

iiy-

China, it would be much dehafcd. The cnuntcrfeit
coin is of Ill's weight, as well as of worle metal; and
if the ollcndir he detected, he lofi.s his rij'ht lu'.nd.

Some rf the virtuofi In coins have in their polii.',Ti(m
pieces that were coined in the caihelt dyiiallies ol the
empire.

In the reign of Cang-hi, according to the ali'jrtions
of I'. IJu Halde, a certain niandaiin named Tli-ar.g
was ch:'r".ej with a commiillon to make a colic. '.ion of
all the old coil.: he could pullibly get, lor the puipoli; of
furniflii ig the emperor".-, .ah'net with them. In the
courfe ri this fearch, continues Uu Hiilde, coins o; tiie
lirll dvnaltv were not only gi'thercil, hut fven thole if
tl;e reig'i of ^".lo, who, accoriling to liie aiiii.iis of
Cl'.ina, hied before the commeiKeineiit of the
nallies.

I'or the more clearly and readily comprehi ndin:: t!:i;
value of the iiioncv, we Ihall ohii'rve to our readers, th.it
the Chinefe di\iiie their pound into lixteen part^, wiileh
they call Eyang; the Eyaiig into ten paits whiili ihey
call 'Elyen ; the 'I'fyen Into ten other-, c:.lled T'irii ;
and the Eiien Into ten more, called by them Ei ; their
divifions reach no farther in llie fcale of merchandize : hut
in weighing ol gold and lilver they carrv them on almofl
to Imperceptible degiees, and alway.. in a decim.d pro-
gieflion ; on which account it Is haiJIv pollihle to con-
vey an accurate Idea of them : 'hey divide their Ei into
ten \\ .1, the W'a into ten Si "lie Se into ten Eu, thi
Eu into ten Chill (or grains oi dull) the Chin into ten
Yii, the ^'u into ten Alyaw, the .Nlyaw into ten .Mo,
the Mo into ten 'I'fyun, and the I lyiin into ten Sun:
the polTihility of which divifions almoll furpalles the
power of conception.

As to their nieafurcs, thcv date the invention of thefe
as l.:r back as tile reign of \V'aiig-ti, who lived I'eforj
the dynadies commenced. A grain of millet, they Uy,
was taken to determine the ilimcnfions of a line, or
tenth part of an inch, ai;,l ten inches to a foot : but,
as the form of thefe grains is o\al, and there arc dif-
ferent ways of arranging them, hence it happened, they
add, that In dilferent provinces fome dill'erence is ob-
l'eiv:ible in the mcafures.

I'hev have four dill'erent kinds ri the foot mcafure ;
lir(!, t;:e palace foot, ellablllhed by the emperor Cang-
hi, and which anfwers exactly to the l'..iis fool; I'e-
condly, tlu mathcmaticd foot, exceeding the former hi
the proportion of one hundred to nlneti-le-ven and :in
h.uf; thirdly, the artilicev's loot, wliich comes Hurt of
the palace foot bv only one line : ar;,l fourthly, the me:--
cha;u's foot, which Is longer than the afore-mentioned bv
fevcn lines. 1*. 'Ehoma'^, mi!lioii:irv matheni.itlci.in in
Chi:ia, made ufe of the tlrll of thefe feet to ailiiill the
ceometrical degree to the Chinefe meafuremeiit ; and ac-
cording to hi> calcul.ition, the degree, conlllUng of te.enty
of our gieat leagues, anfwers to two hundred Chinele
l.ys, even one of wliich contain^ an hundred and eighty
Chinele ftlhoms gif ten feet each.

•r Julv, anil
uiii lib, as will
.:hi'r, and Eu-
I iipivr In bars

ii'nlli w.ire,
ol copper,

ir. I- .1, drug',
abo.it the y.iluc

10 'Mrcii t'":',

u;.nli!-. m..ilc

[i,.o:.e-, lp:i. ,

, liraiil wood,

.'bincft : fointf-
tai::'. Cochin-

IS it IS .,t pi«.
fu. a;, fital
t;<iaiiiitit«

C II A P.

3'>

C IT A P. II.

ORIENT A L T .V R T A R V.

MANTCIIEOUX, or >.:.\XTCI![:V/ 'iWRTARS.

P E C T

'I'

T.irl

arv

/;) its ftid C':'...:t .
.■...(•■ 1 if tUi Pi(,\-'in,ii if MugJcn,
I'lith-kiir. Of thi Tuvt.irs i .'/■<■;

:/' li.ilKrn Tjrtary /« l^:!rt■-

Kiriii-uln, iti.J

Miimi.-ti Hit:!

R.mjrii, up:ii t'.i V.'u:tniy of th.ir Oii^^:

FR(HI China, :i r<nii-.trv ciucrJ \Mtli popuUnis
ciiw-, ;:oviT!icil in- aJmirable l;u.-s, :iiul iiili.iliiti-J
h: [inliihcil p. .71c i \vc- ftiiiM li-ail <n;r itiulrr', to
a iii'Lhboui ill;; klngJoiii, which Iltiiis ti> hv ii:.
alifoluts i!):'.trall, \iz. 'I'arti'.ry, wl-.ith ha; fcaivi- any
inhabited plair wortiiy < I t!ie r.iiic cif a W.vn in iis \j|t
extent. 'I'hc laws, r.ic Oi'lllllo fuiiiiticancv in ti-i-mlilvci,
and arc Ids rt.\rar.!vi!, an.l the pci'ple \cr^'.- np.i:i a Mali-
ot liarhar:iin. I'hi'i ountrv v.as hctlir kiMw.i 1.) ilu-
ancicMi-, v. I>') ca^Vil it Siytiiia, tlii'.ii it h.w hci.i to iIk'
mi>ilcrn>. InilteJ, \\<w ■ Ihc conipuft of Chin.;, by a
tri'ic if this (x-opio, anl tlif 1.U2 ui'.piitcs bi-tWi.i'n li^o
Ruiliaiis aiiil Tiirii-- cii ci'miii;;: t!ii: Ciinu-a, wc hni-
been niaue more aecjuaint il with their ciilimiis ami 111. mi ■
ncrs th,-ii fur manv ajes I\fi<re. Their want rf loeal
tliablilhiiicius reiiu^r a tlefiriptinii nf them illiiienit and
\ajue; for in this particular they lilcewife lutally tlitVer
fiom their pulite nci::libmirs as it is certain that a Clii-
lu-fe, when ouec elUblilhcJ, never removes fioni the p'ni e ;
and a 'I'artar during his whole life r.c\er continvirs l.ni';
on tlie fame I'pot, but is perpitically eriii^ratin;; frnni one
re^'iiiM to another. We II1..II now enter upon the b, ll
d(kiiptii>n of this cvte'ifac country whiih the nn.lt au-
ihcr.tic modirn auth.irities can iapplv.

This v.ill region, taken in it-, full evte:!!, Iv bi-iin 'ed
on tiie w-i-li by the Cafpian fta at.tl !'i-i(ia; to tlie fouth
by I'erlra, InJollan, /Xrracni, A\a, China, and Cou j ;
to rhc eall by the I'-icihc i;ii:'n j ami to ti.e ivirth b-.
the Frozen ocean. It lies bet-.-.-een the tifty-f.Iih aid
the one hnn-lred and forlv-fiilf i'<;jr..es of lonpiti: !e tV ni
London, and bet/em the t'liity-feventh and fnv-futh
decrees of North latitude, beiru three tho\il'ai, ' '-x h.;-,-

and

upward,-, ot nn;e

hundred hi

doui

iVie.l t ) the
111 of Ruiiia J

drcd mdcs Ion
n:ur.y plaa -.

( )ne part ' f this cMenfive 1
Chinefe empire , an<ithir i< iin.I- 1
and the th^r.l i>- independent.

Tartars ot ditt'-rmt deiuaiiinntions arc the inh.ibitants
of this wild, irhdfpit.ible, and def.-.rt eoiintrv. The
Mantihcoux or Mamehcw I'.irtars live ehiefiy in bnt*
on the banks • I tile rivers. I heir country is in the
i..:rth of I,ao-to:i_,;, the inofl eagerly of tlic Chinele
pro\iace«, ar.d is b^.uti.'.ed by th-.' riu-r Sa;.'halian-ula on
tiio north, by Ci.iea and I.ao-ton;^ on thj f-.;itn, caller' v bv
the ocean, and welurly by the .\lon|:i)l, cnintrv. It

divided into tiiree pro

viie. i\Ki:;di-n, Riii!i-u!a,

:.nd Tfitfi-kar 1 and I., ncr «ii:>in. ted th.it enterpri/in
'I artarian l|Nr'il, which in time triumphed on the imp- rial
throne of Ch.ina.

'('he province of Mu;rdin, it mu(} be acknowled^'rd,
( vliich i> about tw-o humird and feventy miles in lnu^th,
and an bniulred and twentv bro.d) hath a favtiurable
f..d, pioducing wheat, milkt, ai.-l c(;tton, is well av
plenty of palture tnr cattle, and I'veral lorts of fruit.

Ttiis province and its capit.d have b(>lh one and the
fame name, vi/.. Mu'iclcn ; and in Mii;'den, the capiial,
are (evcral pubhc buildm '-, -Jiid cumts cf judicc a- at
I'c-k.ni.

I Imi* the mo.'} pepnlni: ciry is F.-m-wani'-eliinp, wl-ich
[ :;i'.-cd m.iy be Ue.n;iJ the key .:t the great iiei'i'inl.iia of
Cores.

From Mueden all the way to the city rf j'e-kii;^',
which is ab.nit chvcn hur.Ii'ed niilcs diiiant, t.'uie .-^c
two lar^c hai-.dfome road-, which are kipt conlT.i.nlv m
rqiair, and which were witli great lab<iur formed >ery
principally fur the emp-.-ror, w;-.iievcr it flu>uM be ii-'s
,-cnal p!i-.:!'ure to \irit his i'an.niai! territories.. It nuin:
be re:!i. 'kcil, that one of thelo losds is for the pal.a-'C
of his niajtilyto 'I'art-.'.ry, and the ctl-.tr for l.i. 1 , ii'a.:t;
back fi.im'thencc to l'e-!.':nij.

kirin ula, the lieoiul province, and which h..". L.ao.
ton;.' i.Mi thr wcit lor its l.iiindary, the ocean i.ti 'iie caft,
t'oi,a..n the !";i;itH, r.m! t!ie river Sa^:-...li„n-u;.t n rliier-
!y, i-. a nionntaii'oi;-. dcl'art upwar.is of (even l.u..dr..J
am! f.irty miles in p n_.!h, and fi.x hundred in brea;!t:i.
.\dd. d to .. i;-(.!i bical., k' en air, h.cre is fc.-.rcc anv tiiiie»
10 be lei-!i b'.it the i;loomy t<ps of rr.ount.nr.'--, nor any
lliinL^ he.iid but the I. leous .'•.owiin:is of v.ci'.es ai.i
ti.'crs. Very little ri-c ;jrows hue, bui plcntv of o.si-.

There are 'i aitais who talce up lh..r reh.ioiice m liuls
on tlie ri\er L'luri, ami fuhiiii pn::cipa'ly up.m l'.;'.i ;
thefe are the \upi's. 'They imil..te the Ci'.ir.cl'c in di.f',
and the won'-n decrate their h...r v.-ilhra \..;i. iv ... l..,ii-
hles. '1 he Ke-clieiu I'arl.-.rs ',i\\: after the lame i;ijr.;ur
on tile banks of S.i'^lial.an-r:.!.

'Thu'e p-cople, when the livers aie fioz-n over, arc
drav n in lleJ^es upon liie i.e b. ,i.v..>. 'T.iCv ..rev.ry
ii'iioraiil and uiiciuli/ed, ll'.-.-ii^ii ptaiea'cL- and ir.o, -
tenl■^e.

Tile Viipi's hwe no fyver.-' -i pii:-..o, but clui.'e fi\c-
r.d ii;i.-l-. I'hc- .\Iu_;.Im pr..vin-.ia'-. h.ue a Tait.'.i.iii
.•1":. ra!, v.h.o ha-, lieutenant ;_•! r.crals an I a i^ri-at r.uriiher
of fi.l.lijis under him.

'I'litli-kar, v.-'iith is the thlr.! pr vi;;,e of Eaih-rn
'Tariary, and the cipit.l of uluch . ..: . n.. ncd 'Twilli-
k.ir, is peopled mollly bv Chin. I -. i uli'i-k-:-, the capi-
tal, is a jdace iM" tclera'.-!. tiad:.

The folar 'T.irtirs . •.- famous for h-.i!-.'--. ; i'lW.' ,
tlie ll.iiis o! v.huii aie of j-ii.ir 'iti'i",. t'< t , .m-..!
th.e women hunt tlum as well . • ih- m.-n. ! 1 ,e :i ir-
fiiil of this pailie tl-ey (.e(p:i'i::' . ::•■.-. u;::itl',,. . vl'.ictt
they are n.ver afi..id t.ieo'.ije, i.il ::• n'.-rai v -ct t.'-a
belter (f ll-.em i how. .1, il . i.y 01; .ri..i'a:.:'iv l.ills at
lhef.it of ill; . an-ir.;'., hi- . ...,,.•. .r ci iipani.ii.s
d.) not dee line their p'o .i i.-: t '.,- ; ' e ; ; r th.cii hte!.-
hood de[H-iid. priiicip .. :, • ' ine luis u.. j-,et by the.r
actiiily and pi rl'evei .1 ■ r. t.'ie :.e'.l.

J'here are k-\>'r..l I. .e p-.;-| !;;ii:--i.-s in f .;nr cf tl.i
riv.r^, and the inuii a.e l.-j;.'i!y clie.TiieJ iy t'le 11.1-
tive-.

'Thoiii;h the inh.ibiM".s li'T.'.r: ly i-:," diii'n'Mi lb J
into dill'ircnt miioii-, a'ld Ip^.-.k i.i dirieie:'.: ii. -'-...: ,
thcv ha\e all ne.:rlv t!u- i.mie 1uijii.i;'c.

'The oii.'.in an 1 cji'.o ".s ot tile T...;.if. are bolll c,(.i .ilk-
am i'lit ; lor the filmier toe Id r.e\ r be trace,', u.i ac-
iount of tliife pei>| ! • luin^ for lUch a lii";»i.l \eirs
been continiialK w.mh; -na,; i-.b.,;.: f..!i;; place t) pla.i".
As their aiieellors !•. 1.!, !i livd t'.-.:y ; ani il \.e ...x-
aininr the moll reiiioie .Mtiipi.ty, u:: l.'sa'l dii'co et a
I'.rik.n ; refrndjlaiice of thj [koplc (.t u.c vaily cjjOs, ajii
the I ar;ai-. of the prcfc.T, ;:.;:t,

S K C T.

f/-

ASIA.]

Kingdom of C O R E A.

'-clilii;:, v.-I'lch
jt |».'iiiiil;ii.i III

itv cf IV-kiiig,
ll.ir.t, tluiL- «ic
pt mnl'^Mtly in
ir luinicd very
t flioulil l-e liis
lorio'., li imift
(or thv (.■'.:.I:gc
■ lor 1.1. 1 . li'^^t;

SEC T. II.

Of the H.li^lm «/■ llti T-irtars.

THE rclijimis opinions cf the T.irtars h:ivc never
relaxed Uuir n.itur.il cour.ige ami t'ortitiule ; the
JMiilding of the lanioiis wall of China was a nui.ilelUn-
ilication of prcat f.-ar in th ■ Chiiiefc, when the rovin;_^ Inhes
of Tartars lo mmh alarnn il aiul aimoyed them. Had not
the former wanted h'lih f()irit and niditary Ikdl, they wonid
thenifelvi-s have att.i' ' d th-ir daiin;; toes, or at Itall have
kept them i.i :iAehv vvell-difeipliotd troops.

Hut to eoiiinicoiirfelves to the religion of thcfe people.

Their nlitrion app.ars, fro'Ti monuments of undouhte.l
authoritv, to he above p-ro years Handing, andisiuund d
on tl,e hdil.melf princi,''les of morality.

The Tartars have in ^encr-d been followers of the
(Jrajid i.am.i, or Imm.irtal Father, of \vhom we gave m
aeeouiit in our detViiptl.m ol China.

The rcli ;ion cf I.ama made eonfideraWc ptogrcfs in
early a^er,;" and the .iiithority of this thief pontitF is fo
highly revered, that l.'ie emperors of China, pievious to
the ceremonial of their coronation, always implore his
protection, and fend ium rich prLitnls.

'I'his worfliip has not, lik" liic Cliincfc, l).-;n m;.-;;.!
with otiur luteins. The ielii;i<ii> of the latter his hreil
often .iduherated with foreign fnpetltition-, ailapled t..>
the tade of the common people, 'i he Jews have Iceil
an end of then hierarchy, and th'ir temph- h.is been
deltroycd. 'I'amcrlane and the .Mo'j;iil. di!iiii;lfli.:d in ,i
great meafure tiie worlhippets of liramaj .iiid /ili x.iii-
der drove to extinguifli the I iired lire of the (Jaurs. Uut
neither time, nor the iiillu.,Ke iit man, l.;th had tin;
power of Ihaking the auilioriiy of the Cirand I,ama (
who, however, aeknowledgcs that he i. liO deity, but
only a repreUnlalive of the divinity, and that he is ap-
pointed by heaven to decide ultimately upon whate'. ef
relates to piihlie worlliip. Ilis tlieociaey cxieiids is fully
to tempoial .is to fpiritual concerns; hut all civil mat-
ters, held proplianc bv him, he confilcrs as iin-aniiiUnt
witli his dignity, and conimils iherelore the care of
i;overninent to ptrfons c.lculated lor tholl: d.'patt-
nieiits.

There a^c feveral worfltippors of the idol To:, who
pav an implicit and mnlf himiiliitin;^ oheilience t i tlieir
prieds making them pnleiil^, and iit;indin!; ihem a'*
liiev order or direi'l. I lule prielts are in I'l-iieral very
ii;n( rant, and many of them migr.-.'e from piace to pl.ioe,
1 in the lervice of religion and of thenileives.

■hl-h !:.-. Lao.
e.m o!i tile talt,
,-n-u!.i 11 rtlier-

■ fiveii i.iii.dr^d
red in brvadtii.
f.-.;rcc any tiling
nt.'i:;^-, nor any
of v.ii'.es ai:i
iciity ui oat-.
■e;i.:ence in lu:Is
ally up. in r.i'.i :
"hir.cfe in di-f',

\..;i.iy .•. Uu-
ic lame mar.iur

;v/-n f.v.r, are

■|'..cv are v,ry

aVle and iiio,-

I .It tl.iire fc vc-

ive a rait.ii..ii)

I rreat number

.e (if Eailern

■ n.. ncd Twitl^-
,i-k.:', tile cjp;-

hir-,-- ,: IM-Ie ,
f. t , r:r..l

11. 1 ' .»■ :) ir-
::;tl,-. . v-'liich
K-tiu : ^,.'t t.'-i
,....:..i;- l.ills :.t
i r ci r.pani.ii.s
, r liuir h«.l..
i... ,;-.•! by ihi.r

file cf l!.l

ili'.i^n'MiIb J

.-.re '■:.<lh cvj.i dly
1- iia.c.l, ..-.i as ■
a I. !'':> •■! \eirs
; pl.-.ce t) pla.e.
; aa i il i.e ^.\-
l^.'M ,':fco ei a
_ . .'.; ' V . L05, aiiJ

C H A P. III.

K I N G D O jNI of CORE A.

s r. c T. I.

, ■( Simr.lhn, Eil-'il, C'iimaU, and Sii!\ its J'lictahki,
Mht.r::!s ur.d /tninuili \ its Riviri, and J\>miUi li Intc

i\l'.:tntinii .

CORK A, or FCorca, ii .a large peninfula, fituatcd
between Ciiina and Japan ; It is between the
ihlrty-fotirth and forty-third dejiecs of northern
L.titude. irom north to fouth, Coiea is about lour
h;ir..lrcil and titty nii'es in lengili j and from call to
wed, it is about two luindred and lifty-live in breaulh.
On il.e i.orth 11. le it is contiguous to that p-rt ol Clii-
r.cl'j Ta:tary, which is called lii.- Mancheoux or .Man-
chew Taiiurs. NotwithlUndiiig this natural bound.iry,
tl.iy h.;ve budt on this lide a lirj,il wall as a limit ol li--
paration heiween the two kingdoms. On the well lide
Core.i hath a prolpetf of Ch..n-;oiig in China, Irom
vvhiih it is Icp.uated bv a bay, and oier this is li ^- moll
common paliage Irom Con a to China, the way by the
^■real mountain biing .dmoU inipaliable : in the wiiiur
feafoii they ciofs th.s bay on foot, it being then tro/, n
•iver. Corea, on the eail and louth, is bounded by the
uce.in.

'I'h.' rocks and faiui-banks along the roads of this
kingilom render the entrance into its port., very ditficult
aiu! dangerous. To the louth-iad tne land drelches
tar fiwards Japan, there being only twilve leagues dif-
tance b. twceii the citv of I'oulaii in Corea and llic il'.e
tit Tfullinia, which is under the jutiidi^lion of tlie Ja-
|)ane!e.

I he tlimale of Corea is exceedingly fevcre in the
northern parts of the kingdom, and the Inow lome-
tiims falls in fuvh ptodigious quantities, ih.it the peo-
ple are h reed to work a pada^e under it, in order to go
iioin on houle l.> another \ and ihey tix a fmall boaid
to till li tect, li) keep them Irom linking into the Inow.
As thisdiiaiy rfgioii yields no lice, the iiih.ibilaiits are
lurcid t'l hve upon barley; and, tor the want ot cotton,
I loath ihemfelves m llieep-lkins and co.)ile hemp'.n cloth.
This climate, however, piuduces grei.t pkniy of ^in-

feng, with which the natives carry on a very profii.ib'e
trade to J.ipai ; this i;in-leiig, liowc^ei, is inferior t.)
that of TarMrv.

Tne luutiier:! parts of the kingdom are fruitful, pro-
ducing e'cry neceliary of lile, as nee, iniile!, and other
(orts of grain ; alio idk, couoii an.l li..x ; the Coreans,
however, have not the art ot niauufacturini lllk into
I'.iih's. Here grows a kind of grain called I'ani/, ft
which they make a llroiig liiinor. The Japaneli, within
this lad century, have tauglit them t.i plant .ind di-ls
toh.iceo, the ule of which they were entire llrangers t"
bei'ire. Mere .ne lilver, l;'..d, .;ii,l iron mines; nor I'.o
the natives make an iiicoiiliderable protit of th^ir tviici,
l.dile .i;-.d raitor Ikins. The coimtrv abounds with all
foil, of cattle, as well as both wil.l aiul l.ime fowl.
riuy base a bred of horles not more than four or fiv.-
Ice! hi^h ; they have wolves, tvgers, an.l bears, but iu»
ell phaiits. In their rivers arc many i. rocoddes, or kai-
iiuiis, as dy.ed by the natives. The back of the kai-
m.in IS covered with lb ftroiig a coat of fcales as to b;
mulket-proof ; it has a large head, and a mouth oprn-
ing alnioll to its cars. Contrarv to all otiier animal-,
tins ctiatire moves only its upper jaw; its back-bone
conlillsot a long procels ot vciiebr.t or moving ioints ;
and ill it- mis It |.;ii|i ,1 I'l.ft 01 claws. It is a verv vo-
racious annual, an.l is alike jjrcedv of li(h and flilli,
particularly human tlelh. 'I his rou'itrv produces likt-
wiie great numbers ol lerpenis and other n ptiles ol the
venomous kind.

'I'he kmgdii'll of Corea is divided into ri'ht provinec,
cont.i.iiiiig upw.ir.ls ol iv/o hundred cities, with many
callles .ir.d toititud phu:es er'* teil on eminei;et-.

The mod conliderable riv..rs in ih;'" c luntrv arc th?
V'a-lu and the Tu-iiien, both taking '; ir riie v\ thi:
high mountain th.it joins Coica to Chinel'- Tartarv,
'iiie running to llie wed, and the other t^i the e.-.d.
I'h.s moumai'i, wiiirh ij tuie of the higliell i;i fVlla, is
alw\ vs covered with Inow, and is tiierelore bv tl ■ Ciiii'-lj
c.dled Cl-.ang-pc-cli.ing, and by tiic T.utais C!i;.n-;t!ia,
or the While .\louiitaiii.

s Y. c r.

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY

Of tht S'iith'tl \ their perfonal Hffpit.iHn ; thir F.fmi-,
nacy, tvid AUktion ti P/,;iJ'nrti; their Dnjs <:ml Hn- \
bitatiiii \ their Mivvws niiil Cii/loms, fiirluuhir'.y their '
Marna^t ivi funeroi Ceremitvn ; their Riii^iiK^ and
jL Or,-\. I .■' 'rlanks and leiigsoin It^imen,

livliifd anii'.'igft the other niiilc chilihiii, ihc il.:u_:l.lcrs
SECT. II. haviiii; 11(1 rhiiiii f" ;mv Ihnri- in thi- iliviiluml.

W'hcir iIk- i..thi.i i)t a t.uiii'.y lives to a vi"'y ;.clvaMCi.l

age, it Is cullninarv liir him tn make over the whole ot

his liihltaiicc to Ins cliltll (on, who in ih.it cafe t.ikes

bitatiiii; their Mivvu's mid (ji/loms, /ir/rr;.i<A/r.'v (/'c/'r jj pollelliou ot the lainilv hoiile, ami hiiilils a ("miller oix-

lor his aecd father, whom he proviJis (or with .'.11 ihiti-
I'lil relJKVt, tSoii^h lie has iiiiliiiiL; larther to e.\i).c' lidiii
him.

As to the funeral ceremonies of the Coir:"!'', flu y

WW
ana

n f of Corc-a are in general well fliapcJ,

a comelv touiitenanee, anJ arc veryllhiiry their dead o.'ilv at two fealiiis of the year, l-iiiii;;

and aiitiinm : and, liH the lime ol hurial arri'.es, thev
pl.ue the eoti>le ii, .1 kind of hut m.iiie of nillie':, raileil
upon (bur (lakes '.n their court . cr ^'arden.s. 'I'/vj deeead..!
lies in a douhlc coffin, the pi'rts of which are ernieiiled
clodlv to^'ethei, and is drcflid in his hetl apparel, win
luiiie ti'Vs l\iiij_' hy tlie IkIc o! iiini.

When the lime and place of huri.d .lie fixed on Iiy the
priclU, who are alw.ivs conlulled upon tliefe oiealiops,
all the kiiuireu nf ;!;.• decealed repair to his houle on the
evening precedinp the tunci..!, and p.i(s tiie ni^ht .11
caroii(lii<; iiid jojiiiv. At d.iwn ol d :y thcv fct out in
proiflUoii with thi' hodv, the hearers (■.ii.;iiig .;II the wav,
and keepin;^ i-x'acl nine with their voices and t^.-p-, v.-hile
the ult of the cuniimiiy picicc the air with their doltti>I
lamentations.

The common propk are mti rred in ;;rav.s tivc or (i<

(eet deep; but pi.opl- of r.ink are dqvilited in (loia;

\aults, whereon is commonl.' plaee.l tlie ilfiiV oi the

I dcceatcd, with an iiifsiip.i.ai ai boituni, uilphain^ hi^

titles, J;c.

Three div^ after •! fu'ur.il, the ern^i.inv who iuid at
tended it iituni to the f pu'ehre:, to tr.ar.e their 1 tlviiiii',
to the deeealed i which Uip'. r(li!;oiis pi.i^'.uc is it^i.al.si
monthly ai tlie full of tl.c moon, wiieji ihcy cut the ^rals
efowii.fi; i:uiid the v.iult or ^•,i.;vc.

Children mourn lor I'leir tainers tl'.rec years, dur.n",
which time no one is allowed to cxercile any piilli>
olfiee J a man nuill not even lie wiih his wiic j ("r
fhould any infant be born dtirin; the time of moiirn-
inp, it wo'ild not be allowed to be legitimate bv tla:
law: <piarrciiin^, fightiiii;, or immoderate liriiik-
iiig, is, during t.".e mourning, deeiiu\l a hi_;h miLk-
mcanoiir.

Ihc drefs of thr Core.ins, during this term of fj.Iiu'.'i,
the receiving ot vilits, and tlie giung entertainments; ills very mean; it confills of a fliabby gown vi cu.nli;
there are genc-nlly .ill'n belonging to them i grand |' (luff, under which thev h.ne a I ct o( luir-clolh corded,
court, a fountain, r.nil a garden plained with, rows o! :■ with a twil'ed hand, ot the ('ime iKingi.ig down (loiii llieir
trofs. .\t the lower end of the court are the .ipartnunts | hnts, winch are m.ide of green rulhc-s. I')i!riiig tlie whole
of rhe women, into which no (hanj.ers' are admitted ; ['time of mourning thev iKccr walli themfelvcs, and con-
lhoii?h the genlle'iicn, occafionaliy, fiitt'er their wives to I, (eipienllv appear 'cry hltiiy.

receive vifiis 1:1 the common-hall, and alio to fit at table ; ;i No (i>o:ier hath aiiv one bienthed his l.^ll, thin lii<
however, they always fit iinmediaiely oppolite to their kindred run into ihe (hci.is like li.iatic |x-op!e, t.arii'g
huiTiand. li their h.iir, and alaiming the v.l.iic ncighbouilu.od wil.i

Both fexes fmoak tobacco; even children, (ivc or (l.\ ' their bitter l.imcnt.tions

Cricndlv to ''... iigers, thole excepted who are unfortunate
iy fhipwrccked on their coslf, for fuih arc batbaroully
treated by them.

The Coreans arc nalur.illy cfl'eminate, much given to
pleafurc, and very fond of mufic and dancing. They are,
for thf mod part, wc.ik and credulous, and yet at the
fame time tricking and deceitful ; however, thev have,
notwithltanding, a law amongft them, by which Iraudu-
lent contracts are made void, where there is cvidoiu proof
of the deceit.

To be war-like i< no part of the character of a Co-
reiin ; he is not afliamcd of cowardice, and laments th.e
unhappincfs of fuch as are obliged to light : he is ter-
rified at the very thought of death, and coideipieiitly
the life of a foldier is his avcrfion. He abhcrs the light
of blood ; nor is he lei's lliocked at beholding lick people,
elpcciaHy (ueh as have any malignant dileale. The (ick
are removed into little ((raw hovels in the fields, wiiere
their relations are charged with the care of them, and
icciive llrirt orders to w.irn .all paflengers to keep at a
liillaiice ; and I'onictimes the poor wretches are entirely
foilaken, and (utr'ercd toperilh. When a town or village
is vii't;;d bv the plague, they hed.ge up all the avenues to
fuch a town or village with briars, and place fignals 011
the infected hoiifes.

The diefs of the higher clafTes of people in C'orca i»
a purple-coloured (ilk gown with long and wule fieeves,
and a I i(li or girdle thrown lound them j they .ill'o vivai
lur caps and linen bu(kiiis. The comincn ciades wear
tottnn ri l.enipen cloth.

The h.nifes in the country arc very mean, except
th((e belonging to people of diftinction, which are
handfome and (pacious : in the (font 01 tiiefc is an ad-
vanced apaiiment for the accommodation of (hangers.

years of age, linoak this plant.

.Marri.iges are here prohibited to the third degree ol
kindred. Sometimes children of (even or eight years
old are contracted j in wliieh cafe the lemales (an (uily
d.uighter excepted) are brought up bv the l.ither-in-law
till the celebration of ti.e nuptials. On the day of mar-
ri.ige the bridegroom mounts his ftccd, accompanied by
his friends, and, alter riding throu';h dlriereiit parts of
the town, ilnps at the door of his bnde, upmi which brr
relations come nut to him, and then conduct her to his
houfe, where the nuptials are wiinout further leiemoiiy
c«iifunmiated.

A man is allowed by the Corcan law to have feveral
wives, provided that he keeps only one at home ; a par-
tiality, however, is fhewn to the grandees, who often
keep three or four at home ; but then one of them ads as
fule and fuprenie miltrels.

Upon the whole, it is univerfally agreed, that the
Coreans do not in gencal manifelt any particular at-
tachment to their wives ; on the contrary, they too Ire-
quciitly treat them not much better than flaves ; they

not only at their pl'afure divorce them, but oblige them j temple, A\ the lime, refuuiiding with the dilcoidai.t
at the fame time to take along with them their chil- I iii-ilc ol dtums and copiH-r-hilons.
liren. Some cities ma.ntain within their particular imilUic-

I he law relaiivc to inheritance is as follow* ; The 1 tion rel'iKiclively, not lets than tour thail.iiid monks ;
molt conridcrablc part ol the lather's lubftance devolve s land there aie coi.vent, toiitamni live or hx huii-.
ta the (Idcll fvtii the relidue of his ctte.at> is c^u.Uy <i dud, which utc divided iiiio diiii.id claflcs of ten,

il !. ■ twciiiv,

.\s to religion, tiie Coreans in grneral do not con-
cern thnnfeUes much al-out r li.tious worlhin. A. -
cording to llamrl, the gian.lees .ippear void of all de-
votion, vt.\ rather idoii/.e ih.'mfehts thnn their gods ;
and though the common cl.ti.'s are inoi\- religious, yet
! their wo.ili'p leems to co.rid more in external ceieinniiy
: than inward -doraliMi. Ihe r. ligio'i of Foe, (i> mucft
' in elleem bv the cotiimonidty of Chuia, linlh in Coie.i
, its v"t;!ries alio; the country abounds with teiv.plrs con-
■ (ierated to thisdei^y : iiere too ..re the followers ol Con-
luciii •.

Upon certain loli mn iVIivils th v ali'miMe in their
I temple', when ev. rv one brhts a puce o| Ivveet-lcent' il
wood, ..nd throws it into a vale placed before the idol.
Tiic gre.itell part of the Cireaiis believe the dtvtrine of
tranliiugration, and that there is a future ll.itc of lewaids
and punillinienii.

I here ..re prodigious numbers of monks in Corca ;
they inhabit alinol' every pmt of tlic kingdom; ami on
tlieir lolenm lellrv.ds the (iipcrior ot the coiiver.t prelides,
while the led ol lb ■ religious aflilt at their fa.rihces ; the

k IN o M OF C rt R E A .

id.

vi"'y ;.ilviiiici'.l
r tho wlmlc- ut
ili.it call' takes
i :i riii.illir oiii;
1 with .'.!1 iliiti-

t(i ixpvcl trout

(lie y^'iir, I;'! in;;
;!l arri'. fs, thfv
)l' riil!ii-«, lailiil
I'iic ilcci'alc.l
h are icnicMtoil
ft .'.njurc!, win

llxod oil l>y ibi-

tlloK' onMlldl:',
Ills lioul'i' on thr
is till- :ii^ht ,11
tlicv M out ill
;iiii; .'.11 tlie \v:\v,
ain'i I'-.-p-, v.'hi'i-
kith tlnir dolctu!

•,r;iv s t'.v; or 11 <
|>..liti:d in lt(ii:i;
tw I (fi: y oi liv.-
1, u;lil..).li^ lli^

i.Miv who inid at •
j,vJ tlvjir 1 tUiiii.i
.;^'.KC is icfi.al.''i
thiy cut till. iiral$

rcc wars, i.unn;',
iTcili' any i;iiUi>.
ih his wn*: 1 I'T
time of moiirii-
I'^'itiniatc by tlia
noiliMaic ilriiik-
il a li;j,h iiiil.li.-

s term of (jili'.c's
!;o'.vn of Kiailc

uir-tloth ivinli'i),
; dinvii lioiii their

lliiriii:; tlic xMs
infelvc'., ami loii-

his I.Ml, thnn 1m
|x-"p!c, t.arii':^
i^hbouiiu.od \vlt,i

loral ilfi not cnn-
v.'^rlhiii. A' -
void oV all di--
ilv'ii thvir xmU i
ni\' rcl'ivo'i*-, ^'('t
\triird riMLMHoiiy
ol Inl-, I'll ninoH

ill, haih ill Coie.i
with tciiiph'^ iMii-
I'oilD'.vcr-i ol Con-

ali'.'m'L'lr in thi'.r

ol Iwcrt-icfiit' J

] hct'on- the idol.

ve till.' do^ltiiii.' of
ic I'.itc of icwaids

Mioiiks ill Corca ;
kingdom i and on
L- coiUPNt pa'tiili*,
iiir I'a.riticos ; tlii;
iiii thu tlii'cutjai.t

partii'u'ar i'liil'Jic-

th>iil.iiid ini'iiks ;

live or lix liuii-

ilI iLiflos ol ten,

twciltv.

A S I A.]

twciitv, and thirty each. Tlic fcnior of the convent is
iiivclKd with the authority of governor, and has the
power of iiiHidini: tlic li.illiiiado on his inferiors upon
any violation of the rides of their order. I hele monks
do not by vow bind themfelves for life, as in lomc other
countiie-, but have tlic priiilege of retiirnin,; to a fecii-
lar life will 11 w iry of f ilitude : and it inuil he ackhow-
Icdged, that their mode of life is not very elij^iMe ;
for thev arc not only fiibjidf to a tnoft riij;oioils dif-
eipline, but arc forced to pay heavy taxes iinpnti-d on
them bv the ftate, and arc belidts held in coinempl by
the j;i-iierality of the people. 'I'he Koy.d .Monks in-
deed .-.re better iclpcekd J thefe are fueh as live .aboii:
the court, and arc often employed in ohiccs ol hi;;,h im-
portance.

AW tie iiior'ks arc to go barc-hiadcd, and to nfraiii
from any connexion with the female lex, neither ate
they allowed to eat the tlifli of aiiiniaK. A failure
of obedience in tiiel'e ufpe. I.., is pinnOied with cx-
puir.oii from the monallery, bclidcs preuju.ly fullering
the baU.nado.

There arc alfo two monalleries for re!i;;ious women ;
the oi.e for daughter's of nobility, and the other for
yoiin:; wrnien of inferior rank. Thefe ladies ;;re all
thave^, but nnt ce.iilined for life ; they have a difpi ii-
fatinn Iroiii t!ie king lu marry, if they plcalc, and leave
the monallery.

S K C T, III.

Thi I'./livm ll.'i- Cor.am piififi /ir Oc Sdtncn j /''.-.'r /..)'.■-
^Mii'i <!i:il Printing ; li.'iir Mdhoit ;/' trinan^ up CliH-
dr;n ; their C:mnu-rci; and their Ahrity,

Till". Coreans prolVfs a peculiar efteem for the
feirnces ; and tor this their liberal talte they are
maiiifeldy indebted to the Chinele : in gco.'iapliy, jiow-
cver, they are exceedingly ignorant, as will appear pre-
fcntlv.

Like the Chinefe, thev have their doe%rs and other
literati, who diftingiiifit the'idilvcs by a double feather
in their raps ; thev p.ils re;^ularly to their dc^,rees thro'
cert '.in :inu'J.d cx.iminaii'ins in the chief cities, ai:ieeablc
to the C'liiiicie ciillom ; the i.rtemblage of candidates on
thefe ■■ cafinn': is very eon!iderab;e ; but, unfoitunately
the 11 .a':es of the elector'; are f'jr the moll pirt veii.il.

'11;. iiii'luil' .lubitioii ol a Ujrne I man iieie, is to attain
to the uiliin.uifhed hon. ur ot being doctor ut law and of
irms at the fame time.

In reopr.piiv they arc very ignorart, and have the
moft :;bf;ird n I'ioiis : they think that the globe conlilK
only of twelve kin;.;doir.'. ; thiir iT.ap5 extend no farther
than Mam. I'-ven the literati entertain the erroneous
idea th.it there are no more than twelve ii.itinn» in the
univerfc ; nor has it bee:i pofiihle to convince them nt
their eridr.. Indeed, it i* a hard tail: to remove the llnde
of erro, d.-.-kening anv eunin/eheiifion unacquai.itcd with
the liril i.rinciples of a iWeiiee.

The t'orean languaLjc li.tFers from the Chinefe, and
hath a ;,t of chancier^ peculiar to in".. If, which women
ml the ceiimon cl.iil"es of community f| cak and write;
ho-.v.\e:, tlie literati aft'eel thi: Chinefe laiigua;;e.

'1 he Corcnns have the t.nne method of printing as
the Cnincfe, and ihey have :t grand library, which is
tinder tlio immediate caic of thi; fiill p.-ince of the
blond.

The method ofbriniinj up children liere, is free from
all (e-veritv and hailhnefsi thev impl.'-nt iMo their tender
minds a lenfe of honour and emul.itioii j tiiey relate to
ll-cm the viitugs of their aiicellors, and fpiir thent on to
nllidiii'y in tJKT Itudii >, by cModing ti-.e i'livant '.gc and
teput.tieii ol learning ; thepiincijMl pait of which cnn-
filis in tile kiiowltd;;e of moia! piiilofophy, as prefcribed,
by the ;Me.;t Confiieiu.i. I

The chief commerce oi the Coieani is with the Ja- 1
panefe, ni'>re particiilatlv witii the ilbiiiders of T"l"iifliiii;i|
fuhjeil to Japan, who have a tactory at I'oulim ml
Corea, to v.hich place they brin;; the feented wood,!
ailuiii, paper, pepper, butValoes hoins, and ('.;hcr com- 1
modities J in ciih^in^e for whitli, thev receive cotton and;
gin-fciM'. I

Pieces of copper c.;l!e<' caf.s arc the only fpecies of i
money ufed by the Coreans, ai'.J thefe aic curient no tui

iher tlinri the fronticrii of Cliina : in other parts they
male their piymeiits in wedijes or iin;otj of iilvei, with-
out any Uanip ut miik uii them.

S K C 1". IV.

(y'll'f King; ,>fl/:i- C-rlt Gcva imait cf (Irea, ahJ tilr-
ti:' i rj puii:j!.ir» l)eHiiiliiei:ti ; of the A'Ulititry (Jcvtrn-
iiunl ; aiidif tijc A'iivtilD.purl'iimt.

Til K kin;; of Corca keeps co:itinu.:I!y in his fel"-
viec a ereat number of hiiilhold tioops ; thefe
guard his palace, and ait.-, id on liiin 'vheiever lie
oes.

If any jue happens to be in the way where the king n
palliii.', he mull iiiliantly turn afide', an.l ii'jt piefumc
to look at his in,ijtl!y J and the peoj le all lliut up their
door-, and « indows ; lor the king niu;! not be- feeii by any
jI them ; and Ihould any one be dilcovered peepinjj, ho
would fuller the ballmado.

Thuv doth thi^ prince, who is no more than a valTal
to the emperor of Chin.i, exereiii.- an uiilimit: .1 authority
over his ov.'n fubj.-i:t. He is l^rd of ,dl the lands in his
kin;;dum, no private fubjecf having t.;c abfilutc riijht
and property of any elbte. There lands hi. rnaielty
bciiows on wlionifoever he pleafes, and for whatever
term of \e;.r:. he tliinks proper ; thoug'', on the death uf
the feolfee, the i.:;ij rcvert:> to the er'...\,i.

The Coiean in,:iiarct\ has a council of (late, coiti-
pc'fed of leveral niinilb.rs ; theie air.mWe d.iily in hii pa-
lace, thoi.;-h none are iTJil'er.d to give an opi:iion upon
anytnin;; liil l=r;l .if-xd by liis :i;y.l'.yi neither d,.r-.- tliey
Meddle i;i any itate coacent witiiout liis roval order. If
they behave well, and to the fati;,fa..,iuM ol the king,
they are coiitimied in olfiee diiriiij; lilt j and tiiis iijij
held:. t;ood .df) w i'ii lelpecl to utiles i;oii;t offiecrr, who,
unlefs guilty of fu;.ie niifdemc.uioiir, j^eiieraliy die in
their employnKnts ; hut fucli empioyi;iLiits do not pais
by patent tn tiieir cl;ildieii.

.Magillrates of citic, and governors of .'ortitied places,
are chofen every thii.l )ear. In cali; of mnl-jiratbccf,
thefe aie eithir fciit into eX'',, or fe:;tci.ccd to luii.r
dc.ith.

The roy.il revcnu.; confift prineipvlly i;i the rents cf
lands granted to the people ; exeliiii-.c of this, hov.'eve:,
the kin^ has the tyilie of everv tli'n;; piouuct.ve uf pru-
lit either cm land or lea j the ty le of th.; fruits o! the
earth is collecUd m haivelt-time, before the crop is taken
otl" fioni the ground.

The penal laws aie here cxctcdinilv ri^oreus. .MI
rebels a;id traitoi-, together with their whoie families,
are cut oft" wiihuut the lead ^le;iin of mercy, and
the h.-.bit.itioii< of the fuft"erers I v, lied v. i;h JI.e ground.

If a wife kills l„ r huftand, llie is placed up to her
flioulders in the e.'.-th of fome hii^h-ioadj and clo'e to
lier is placed an hatchet, with whieii every one givci 1 er
.1 eh"p a lie palic» by l.er; in fiioit, all pali"er,.;ers are
!iy the l.ius obii.vd to do this exupt thole e^f noble
lam.ly. ]T,c iiKr-iilrates of tiic p'.ice where the murder
is peipetratr.i, are lal;;. iided Iroin t..e execution of their
office ; ai.d il I! be .; town of note, it forfeits its ju-
iilii;ction and be.M'iies fubordinalc to fome I'tlier town,
or at bell, only fome private hibjecl has the ca:e of
it. The fame p'-ialty is iiifli.led on any town re-
voltin-; fro;i> the <,bcdiencc due to its governor, or for
biiii.;,ing an acculation againll l.i.n not f.miided in
triiili.

Though a wonirni is lb feverciv pu:;;(lu'd for dellroyinfr
her hiilband, yet the laws julliiy and protect tlir man
who kills hi,-, wife dcteeled i'n adultery, or any other ca-
|)Ual orteuce proved by fublhr.ti.il evidence's or it lie
,:i\.s lier up to public juliice, (lie !< conden;ii.d t) die,
with permillion, iiowevcr, to cho,i.'"e the mode of her
full'triiig death; a:id in this cale the women gei.erahy
cut thi ;r own throat ;.

It has been afleiteil by fome authors, particularlv Ha-
mil, that hii'bands rue likewife piinillied with deiitlt for
adulieiy, elpceially if they be men of fimily.

Il ;ai uninarri.d man be detecled iiuiim. c>-n. vvilii a
married woman, th^v puiiiili him by 'iripp';;i;.'; liii i .ijWn
to the waill, and le;iviiig him only a paii of drawers
on ; then thcyfmear bis face with linir, pierce ai; uruw
thiough cull el hib CIS, and tic a kcr'? o'l his bick:,

whu4

1l i.

,,■0

A NEW CO.MPLKTP: system of CI: OCR. MM! v.

tliiou:;'.! the

Uiri't", a;i'j tlion lie receives llif ImiUiv in.

lloiric.Jt- (■(vmiiitt'.v! on ilic pi-iM'i I'l a iicrir..M is
puiiilu.l .i> follows : they oWi;;c' ilio iiimiu.il to IumHuw
,1 i|ii.iiititv i-i" vine 'jir, with wimll llic I'o.U ol tlie iiiiir-
f\. reil perl.iji has hftix walhed ; lluii ll'iv li.iniplf tlu- >le-
1 iii(ui;iit iiii.ltr ffiot. ;iiiil kitk liim oa tile belly I. II he

1^. Thd't is piinill'.eJ in the r.iiiic iii.iiiikT.

Clic ilileiplii.i- el tht lialluudo is veiv eomiiion hcio ;
it is -eiier.illy rnt'i^'lcil rti the pplU-riiM^, .mil I");iiet;i1ies
<Mi tiie (liiMs ;iikl the loirs o( the I'eet. ' When ihi-. -Iir.
lipiMc' (jvi Ibiuel, ' is jiieeii oil th^- (liirs, ihey hiiul
l' f (iirt'erci's )e^s to a couple of btiiehes, the one .u his
let't, .in.l the oiher ii:u!cT his l-,.i IS; ,md in fhi> i«v.hnc
tl'.ii llrike him on the iej.s with ,i loit of l.ilh ; they arc
iK't p'. riiiitred to inflict iiioie than thirty lirokes at a
ti'ii ■ i hov.eier, two or thiee Ivnns .ilti rwaru-- tiiey re-
p..it thi ihCipIi le, an.l fo on til! they liaie jjlven tlie lull
nunihe. (.1 (ii. ivis .ii;recaWe t i the fentepee p.ille.l.
W hvn an cft'mder is fei.teneiil to flitter llie b;\ltiiui!o on
the lo!r« of his lift, tluy compel him to fit Jouii on tin-
[•roiiii ', ami ilien tiin; hi> twi .iieat toes together, li\
them 1.1 a w.iojeii liamc, .iiul inflict (he ..ppuinteJ num-
ber of Itrokc-.*

W o;ncM and apprentices tomnuv !y receive the bafli-
ihe calics it thiir !.';;s. I'erfons who are in
r who ufufe to piv their other
naJocil o:i their Ihiiis,
line is repeated even
If.eeii day. nil they pav their dibt or debts.

.^t.ile crimii,.,!s aie tried bv tlie p.raiid roval council,
wVitli is obli';ed to lav ;iil the paiticulars of tlieir pio-
( 1 .'ii .s biiore tile kin.-.

. ^le eoniliiiiliiin ol the niilitarv jjoveriiiin'iit in Co-
res i ;.-.;iI'. tile fa'iie as the civil, caih province liuiiii.;
.1 •eiici.il, or ihief of tlv niilitia, with lour or live to-
Im.cK M ..'ii hill!, e.ich of them eoinmaiuiiii.: a regiment ;

1 lid every Co', nil It.is iiiiiler him |1) in.'.ny c.:p;aiiis, each
i'1 -vlii' li h,;s ilu' joveinnunt ot lonie loitiefs or town i
i'l liioii, 1'n.ie i» Icarte ;i viha^c but wliivh has a com -
in 'niliii ; ol1ie"r in it ; ar- 1 the inferior orticeis ate obli c i
to Leeji an aeeui.ite 111 111 .dl ihe men belon:;in;; t^i thi.r
r~'iie.'*;vi" corpli', uhiji thev tr.mfniit at ll.Uid times to
tlmi liipei.ir o;licct«, tliat the km;; ni.iy know cxactl»
the Miinilieroi luKlieis that he has i;i pay.

'I he Coreans always keep a roiilidir.dilo niinibrr of
ftiip- m lommiliion, and rvery nty is compel!, d to lit
f Mt I'Or eonipli te lliip. 'f'heir iKips of war have eoiii-
i- :..!) cvi. ir.it- and aSout thirty oars, with tivo or
tii I' .11 I I rjih oar, wl'.ieh, :im.! I to marines oi bo.ird.
Mil . .1 er- >v of Blxiiit three iaiad.id men raili (li'|i
1' .ii (lor . ii.i,;i!l piiT. p;';y nt caiinuil and (xit-^M-
• •' • : '.it e'c'v pr villi e his it- p.Tiieular .idmiral,
I •' N •■! 1 . I . Till. XV ar.muily ti.c (h j ■. of war be-
. .. • M t;> jT>ivma.

aiiMi. 'vith the kii

ire lilor.. are liiiti need to be 1

w' ieh lireadlul an.l paiiifil ili

s E c r,

C:,.^'

II :.\ f/Cor.a.

TII I ."s country was ori;.;iiia!ly iiiliabited bv dilTerilit
pe.iple, who hid e.ich their own relj eclive princes,
law-, nia\iins, and eulionis. In piuceij ol time they
united, and f.'rmed ther.ilelves mto ine n.;'.ii'ii. .'\c-
coniiiic; to the Chincl'e annals, the moll eoiiii.li ralile of
theie earlv natives weie named K.u-kiu-li, de;..endeil
liom the ("ariars.

\ iiipiievv ol (iheoii, emperor of China, is rilared
to have heeii the fult kin;; ol Conaj he v..;s, howevir,
(ei/ed and thrown into a Chinele prifon by his unelr",
for Iciiii inililemtanor i but (iheoii hemp alierwards de-
throncil by \'ou-van^, the louiidir of the tl.uteeiitli dy-
r.aliv, the nephew, wholtj name wis Ki '.li:, \va- le-
(toiid to his libiitv. lie retired ;i Corea, wheie lii!
I'ltioduceJ tile Chiiief: law--, iivi i<'ed his people, and
aiiiuitted hi:r!'elf ill I'-e pii"lic admiiiillr.itioii of ,-i;ta.ii
with L'reat prudence and wildom) not however, witl'-
oiit iireliltibly h.nb.uring the corrofive retleclioii that
\oii-v any was an uliiipei, and h.id depiived lii» laiinly
ot tile inipeii.'.l crown. This iieiit iiappioed in the )eai'
llii^ bitoie the Chi ill iaii lira.

I lie iiieediiu' of Ki-tle cajoved the throne of Corea
IV ..r nine hiindi- d ye.irs : but at i- ii oh Ti hiiati",-lian;>
vaiiL', emperor of China, fiili'lucl the C,iieai>, ami
iidiiced the title of then kin.r to that of Hem, or count,
Willi a very limited aiiiliotity anneNed. Ahoiit f.uty
years af.erwarJ a priiire of the family of Ki-il'e, nameil
Chun, ri fumed the title of kinj;, but was In a vuv (licit
lime d( ihioiiid, ..iiil at his de.iih the tacc of Ki-'.fe be-
came exinut.

A native ul Ciiina, rnied Vevnni, then lorcul h.4
wiy I) ihe itiroiic of C'urca ; and, in order tJ leeiiu"
hi- ulurpatrn, co'iri.d an a!li..iue with the emperur
of Chii.a, anJ olit.iI,ui! the title of \ .\n^ or Kiirr. Tlio
lo'. creijiity, liowe-er, di I m t continue a Ioiij; tune in
the laialv of \ ev-nan i lor Iks ;;randiiin w.is m.illacied,
aid t'le Chinele piotitin^j by the coiifulion atteiidaiit en
this circumllance, compieieil Corea a ficond time. U
was however, in pnncfs of time, r.lioied to its
am lit moii.iichual lorm of j;oveninient ; and the
kin:', li.bmitiid tn pay a tribute tu the cmpeior «.'!'
Cliiiia.

tiiiii.- the laft mentloneil pciiod, Corea h.-.s unJc r-
fone various revolution- i lonn lime- bi iii_;; under vafiiil-
a^e to the Cliiiiele, lomilimis tiibul.iry, loiiutiiiies in-
ilepeiideiil, and almod aivvay- .it war mtli th.it 1..11011.
It i> iioa, however, tiibiilarv to it i and l.i- I otejii
m.ijeltv, oil In, aiiceilion to the ihioiie, reeiive-, liorii
the riiipeior of Chiii.i, la- lonfuaiation ii[kiii hi:>
kill-. .

.'i

C II .\ v. \\\

or ihc Cuuiilrv iA ilir M () N c; () L S.

J ■ . I'

fif h

itluU.",
K.iika Mon'jol

S 1 C I. I.
/;i/."r, a ",1 (7- ■'•III,-', 'fll-Miti:-', <i

^- <.t('ai.il ,i. thoh' who H'l oinpai'icil 1 ..nuilaiie 11
111: tu.-i.iiwl! 1 f lull.. I, IViflii, i\e.

II I- toimtrv of the ,Moii);o)'. is liiiialed to lh,
iioif 1 of Cl.iHii, an.l ihe iwtivrs aie of ibv (.ime

Tins roiiiilrv is lummlid on liie cad by the ti rritorirt
of th. M.iiitihew>, b) the fiiiMttv of Kalkason the w. ft,
bv China on tin' li.uili, iii<l bv l-uiliiii I ait.iiy .md the
\\.\\\,\ I art.ii- on tilt 1101 lh. It i- ■''.■ Ill thfei hunJrtd
Icauuis III leii'Mh, ami two litllldnil In... I,

I he tlimiitc I. (.suediii'ily feviie hie, anil ice hef itn
lh. ; iniiiiil 11 '111 III iiiiH- niontli- ii t! er. It n .1 tmin-
iiy iioi v.iv well Kiiomi, <xie|ii ih. 1 p.iM id 11 winch
th. i.iiavjiis pal's III tiavclliiii; fuiit iMu'.-ovy lu Ciiina.

Ihi

Of rut Coi'NTRV of Tiir. MONGOL?.

itcJ liy ilifilivr.t
■lj-c>:!i\c jiriiu'j>,
la ot liiiii; tlicy
f Iiuiii'M. A>:-
I i-oii.l.li r.ililf 111'

ill-ll, llflwl'llJcd

liiii.T, i* riljtci
: v.'iis, liowcvir,
n by his iiiicic,
iittiTwanls ili'-
e tl',uli.i.iith Jy-
Kl tli', \v.\^ U'-
nixM» w lie If lit;
iiis ptvplc, aiiJ
i.itiun III Hil.i.rii

bdUl'MT, Wltl;-

; rclKvtion lli.it
IvL'.l lu> r.iMiil/
..it-'J 111 i!;j jjar

hroiic of Corea
W liiiaii.'.-li.iiij;-
l.'iHv.ir.s and
Hciii, or cuiiiit,
. Alioiit I'.iity
f Ki-t;'c, ii.imcj
> ill a vi u lliuic
:c ot Ki-ill be-

tllCM riiri.li' llii

nrJvr i.i I'jtiir.."
ill ih • iiiiptror
nr Kill.5. 'I'lic
a liiii^ tunc ill

l W.ls lll.ll'ulCK-ll,

.111 actjiiil.iiit (Ml
ooMil time, k
r.liii;i\l til \t\

llUMlt J .UliI tile-

be ciii|K'tur I'l'

iirca b.-s tmdi r-
ii;; miller v;ili.iU
, I'liimtiim-s III-
ii!i lh.it n.itioii.
.lllj l.i^ I nllVU
, ri'ni\i>, lioru
.ititm iipmi bi^

A S I A.]

Tlic n.uivcs nre in gcmral of a miiblli- I'lzc, but very
Oroiit'ly ni.uli.-, with bm.ul l.iii-s, black i\es, tl.it iioics
1,11!- whilkcrs I'.illiiw cunijilcxioii, ami oi a iimlt ruili
biliavioiir. 'Ibiir hair is marly as tliiek am! llron^; a^
bnrri--liair, which they cut clulc to the licaJ, ami Uave-
(lulv a tut't at toii: they wc.ir lar-c fliirts and cillicu
HraHcrs; ami their (;arnuiits, lined wiih (hecp- Ikiii,
riach ilcwi .ilumlt to ihcu Icet ; tbefe they latlui uii
their biii'ic- by Kniiig leailur lli.ips. Iii.Vi.il \,heii mi
lKirleb.uk, they wear a llmrt j.icket, with iiarrcw ilcer
Ikiii ilceve-, liaviiiy iht fur niilwarJ ; trnwlers ami hole
ot' the Came kiiiJ nl fkiii, both of one piece, and li.'ji
to the limbs, (-)n their liead> they have caps burJc.ed
with liir.

riie women nre not i|iii;e (' coarre-lctiirei'i as the
men, thoiiiih their drel'^ is imich the lauie as the men
We..t ill common.

'I'he animals inh.-ibitin; this country arc camels, Jro-
meJaiies, cows, horl'es, lliecp, mules, •.•lk.>, bears, ivgers,
and wolves. I iicic is .illo every I'lKcici ot' _.ame known
in I, mope.

Khiib.'.rb and ot'.icr mi'diciii.il herbs grow here ; and
lliere is pUntv ot C.ilt .iiul I'all.petre.

Tlieie are a race ot Tartar'-, called the Ivalka Mon-
gols, who arc I'epi iideiit on Ciiiiia j tliele dwell hcyon.l
the Moii' ob, and i.ike th. ir n..me Irmn the grct mer
Kalki. lieir perloiis, lubits, manners, &c. aic ihc
fiiiiic as the Aloiiiiols.

S F. C T. ir.

fthut

tutthtr A.^iu'it efthiNtitiw, t'l'ilr Wf>r,.!.-ri<tz
ft cm P,ii,<- II PiiKe ; their otk.r Cujhi^n iinti .linnrr's ;
'l:;'ir Drxty^-lf i'l H^rfehiuk ; ih.ir (:i:t,m{l fn /f^ii-
(iilliire; t'\ii Gr,\rnment, nlr;isns Ti-iiels, Ui,

TUF .Miiii;'o'., !!vc ill little moviri'.ile lints, formed
ol iwi.'s coicied with mattiilwooli tin v have a
fill III the iLiit r, with a hole- at the top to let out tile
iiiinak, and boaiils or benches round the tiie to lit or
lie upon. l.\er hai ir_: had an avcrlion to a letilcd hi.',
they continually rove about Irom place to place wiih
herds and (loeks, 'Ihey i;eiiiT.illy fit out in the fptin^'
on their peie^;i..iation , and their number ill on body
is fuiiueiitly ten thoidand, preceded by their herds, iVc.
when tluv come to an inviiiii^ fpot, tlu >■ ...eiipoiiit
till .ill the i;iafs and \erilui.' .le eaten up. I'lie l';io|s
on which tlicy lix iluir tents are coinnionly llie banks of
fome riier or like, and in the winter tli V remove te> the
.iilesol the niountains, wheie it is I'.id tlievare liiloeiable,
a^ foineliiius to make luiiterr iii.ous c.iiiimiiiiieaiions l,on
Inn t I hut.

I'hev eat horfe-tlefli, and filifill olhciwife bv huntin.;
and lilliin.;, as well a< on the milk ol camels, jmuis
COW!, and mares ; tiiev drink water that ha. been built i'
with tiie coarfelt lort of Chiiuri tea •, thev extrait n
fpnituoiis lu|iiiir Irom the lour niilk ol ni.-.res, and dillil
it after feiniciitatKn i with this tluy get intoxicated, aiul
III, oak a ^'leat deal ol tobacco.

Horle-riefh, ol v^ huh they arc p.inionately fonj, feime
Pi theni eat law i and it it b. vouiif'. and a little tainted,
the iiioie palatable aii,l delilioii>. I lu v air as liltliy in
tluir e': el's as in their fooil, at;, I Uink as t.iev pilsi the
dun.; of llieir ,- iti;.' thev oil; n make ule of as fuel.

'Ihc (ii"pori ui; a war, by la\iii; walle a toiimiy,
is a vciv ancieiit ciilloni aiimii^'ll thife people. 'I heir
irilies are com. 1 .iii.lt d by lep.ii.ne kliaii* or leaJeT«, .iiul
lliey ticCt a ^.tat khan, wliu conlcipaiilly tiaiins a

piranioiiiit power over ail; his relidciice is a kind of
mi!it.iry moving llatieiii, and he can briii,; into the
i;el.l Irom twenty to li.\ty or llveiity tlioufanl hoil.:-
II, en.

The f.'iar.d Chan f.f C.iinbaUi, as auihors relali', con-
troulf.d tlie wiiolc niiyhly re;'ioiis of 'I'a.taiy in the davs
of 'i'.iiiiirlaiie j and fo niiu h did he jiride lii:nleli on liij
uiiliiiiitv, opulence, and graiu'eur, iliat, " r:uh day
l^lavs one aiitiior) as foun as he was leated to elinner, a
iiiiiiipet lounded, by way of giving' i mi-'c to all lis
other inoiiaiclis in tb s^lobe that ihcy nii|,lit alio go tu
dinner."

'I he iMoii:'ols are remarkably dextrous in ii.m.Miii!;
their l'..bres, and fllootint; with bows and arrows j ll'.ey
..:e inured to horfem.iii.n-,) Irom tlieir i;it.iMcv, and will,
while III full ; allop, fpht a pule ill picets wnli an ainm ,
iboiuh at a conrider..ble^ cilfanie,

'I'lic .e pi-ople have the uiniod co-.temiit f.ir r-jrieul-
tu;-.', lookin.', upon all bul:m Is o! tli.ii. ki:..l .is t'.e iiKitt
..bj-.i llavery. When they arc ar.^ry wiMi any biHlv,
i' tv will It may be iii.i laic to work like iii ino|) ui.
\- hen aiii of thvin arc b, onv v -rv ii,: rm wiui ten
weiiiht ot '.ears, othei' i f t!i' m .iials. fiiir.'l huts for the
a:'(il in.aliiK i.e.n .. river, and there leave t'leni I'nr t 'r
l|n ti^. jiuiriv ii'.'o the iiextweild, and tiiink tliai in il.ia
tiiev do them a Iricndlvoihec.

.V-. their whole ein;)ii.viii' I t is the attendance on thrif
caltle, which tiic. 1^11 or e.\elianL'i' with the Cliiiiel'e io:
Ol d, nary tea, coarfe cloth, &e. tlicy are iieiei tiou'le.!
with much care or aiiviety j lor they have iiobiuly t>
plcjfe, nor any body in tear.

it cannot be I'uppoled that fiich a lavage r ice c-ii be
under any very rcyul.ir foini of j: ivernmeiit, ctp ciillv
as thev ate conlinuailv rovin;; fron. p' ice to pl.ice. Ic
mult beobfentd, however, tli.e as llieir muiitry is lii-
vid.d inti dillricts, and ill. it as eacli of thel'e h..tll a
k'lan of is own, the T.rtars of one proi intc inul nut
e.iiier.ite to aniitlier i thev are to conlinc tiiemf, Ivei
to thcirown nation, wiieie ihcy liaie l.i.l lit).-i;y to uuni
as nun li as they pliafe.

As to matimiony ainont; tliet*- delicate people, t'r;
men jMiehale their wives wnh c.utle; .iml wniiKie wife
IS iiiined of lorty, Ihj is cinploycd by ill.' Iiu.b.md ai a
Have, and as I'ucli mult attend the young wile wiiu luc-
e ed. her.

The Monjrols wntdiiii the idol I'l.e, and ihrv ha\,s
a W\'\\ pilelt amoiLJ: then', to whi ni tl;. '. do hdiiui'e,
and think that lie has the puwir of olM.iiiun ;• Ijvoiiri fruin
!■ lie lor them, \\ henevcr this pnetl lij'iiil'us lii-. plea-
fire to remove to ai'V particiil.ir part if lUe ciniiiirv, ;hi;
iiifetior priells .uid a iieit nuniltir o| oher peiU'iis att'-iul
iiii'i i and thofe wl.o relide on the (jiot i.i which he i»
uoiiiL', meet him im the road in innvds, luppUcatiiej
Ills blelHiiL' i whirh he never f..ils to bellow upon fui'l
as can make him an adeijiiate contr,bution toviards lii»
lupi irt ( and this he is in no doubt of leciivin.; lor hi*
heiieilielioii, as he lull' rs none to appioaeli his i.iereil
pel Ion but the lii};hor order ot people. 'J'iiis biiji piidl
IS named Khuluietu ; and fui'e of the dilud-il pcupUj
think tiiat the holv Ipitit wbii li animates h'm, iiiunrdi-
atilv iMi his death p.illes into the bodv of jiim whei i*
ekifd 111 liiccced inn; which tt.,iilini 'ration is pir-
;.'e!ly eonfiiiant fu the doelmie of the iiietenipl'yelmf s,
the ctt.ddi'.lied Ulleni in many p.irts, Othcis thin!; that
he glows old w.th the dediin- of the inuon, and refuine*
his \inith with the new moon.

Thofe who die in their huts, ate thiown into a hurn-
ini; pile, and their bodies loiifiinied to alli.., wheli ate
iil'.crwaids iiit'iied on fuinc luuuataiit.

by the fcrriforic*

ilkas on the \v, ft,
t ,11 toy ,iiid the
lit three liiinilrcd
I.

, anil ice lief on
I . It IS a loitn*
Mft o( It which
u'.eovy lu Liiina.
lh«

c li A r,

( 42 )

CHAP. V.

SIBERIA.

'3i

h ii

s K c r. I,

Dijl-v:>y, t\t.i:\ S:l:i.it.en, timl Climate of Siberia; it>
R':x\. ; and Mi'ui ; with an Auiunt cf ajurprifnt^ KiiiJ
cf Hciii- fiunJ in that Ciuiitry,

TH K ililVovci y ni Siberia was m.ide by one Anir.\,
:i ri.itive()l'Miik'iiv\, who liaviiii; oblrrvCkl coin-
p.mies coiiiiiij^ imiiu.ill) Irom {t with Ins, re-
liilvi J to ['ct an iiilight into their trade, clpeti-
allv a'i tlielc people laiUil down into Mulcovy by the river
W'hitlncda (on the banks ot which lie refuledl to the
towns ol . )7eii .iiid L'lienLM, litnated on the Dwjna,

Anna lunm! niean,> to clhiblilh a eorrelpondenie willi
them, ajid they UilTered hnn to lend lomo of hi^ ihildrtn
iiiid other relations with ih-.'m on their return.

Sd>ena is a country ol' \all extent, reaching from
fil'tv to I'lxiy-i iglu dijirces iioith latitude, and i< bouiuled
on the well by Rullia, Irom winch it is Icpaialed b)
ihc mountain-, of W'erkholaiiiia, which extend Irom
mount Caucidu-^, ;'nd divides Alia Irom Kurope ipiiie
to the Iro/.cn ocean, which bl)und^ it on the noitli ;
vn the talt it is bounded by the JapaneCe ocean, and
part ol laitarv, and on the Ibuth by the Came, It is
upwards or three thoufaiid niiUs in len;;th from call to
well, and is about li vcii hundud and fixty broad.

The foiuhern part of Sibeiia is the only part fit fir
human beings to live in : here the climate is mdd, ;.nd
the fail appears as if it would be fertile, if cultivated ;
hut, for want of inhabitant', very litilo torn is p:o-
duceJ. 'I he northern parts exhibit nothing but inipe-
iietruble wood-, fmnv-fpt mouniaiiis, fens, l.ikis,
marft-.cs, \c. and i^ wilh.il fo txpoled to the bli ak wimb,
that It is ijuitc barren and di folate. Not a bird appe.ii-
10 gi»c notice of anv change of fcalon : even rooks and
magpies i)iiit thelo defirt-, where nature becomes unite
torpid. I l;e nati>csare olijiged to make pallagcs iliroii;;h
heaps of fnow, an.l the ilclighls of dimmer aie rmt ex-
jiirmictd here lnr.!er than about three months, duiiii"
which Ihoit (pace ol time the inhabilaiit. low rye, <iit-,
peas, and barley, but which fildom come to any 1,'ii--
iacbirv peifi . lion. N:;ie months in the vear the iiaiivis
.ire partly Iliut up in their cottages, fi ircely ever ven
turiii;,' out ■. tir-trees of coiifiderable hcijlit bend uinK i
the weijht of fnow: a mrlaiicholv gloon f;iteads .ill
ap'und, and the Itulnefs i< iniettuptcd only by the tries
ol lome wretched tr.ivellcrs in lledgcs,

'I IS to thcfe dreary fcgions the Czars ff .Ntufooi .
haiiilh tluir courtlets and other j'reat |*rfuns who iiieu;
t'lcir ilifplrafure. Scire arc banilhru for a Inriiled icini
ofvrars .iiul others lor life, with the uIIowmkc oidv ol
iHK' penny per iU\, and lometuncs without anv uli iw-
.iiice ai all i fo thai, as they arc lent dillitute from jouii,
Ihele miiirablc exdis pal's a moll drea lliil lile. Ilu .
lliiKit fir their live!iho:id, and arc obliged to Iciid anait-
iiii.il tfdii.ie of lit, t„ xh- C/at' 1 tile they sue mod
leverely punijhtd by talk • iiiaKcrt who I'upiiinlei.d
them.

There ari* f vet .| lar^ie rivers In ihi^ rnunliv, the
• bit f of which tiir the lenilea, the OUy, and ihv l.eiia ;
il I (f contnm a'miolt .dj the l.ime kind* ol lilli as are i .> bi
Iw.ilid in l.iiri-|H-, t.MH>-, temh, pikes, i.rp, and briains ,
I .It (.ilmoii, I'T.elis, craw idh, li(. are nry (...ice.
^lur[»ellll<, wbitiii,", luiU'-ck, f:c. an ln-i'' m (leniv ^
.nl thue ate, UfuUs liiiiny foit) uf fill utikllonii in
l.uropc.

On the bank', of fomc of the rivers Is found a furpri-
fmg kind ol bone, like ivorv ; it hath the n lenibl.mci;
ol elephants-teeth, and is of diiicrc nt l.zcs. W lien ipiit
or lawcd. It exiiibits a variety of llmnes, luch as buds,
flowers, i*se. and the Ioniser it hath lain on the groiinJ,
the greater is the di\crlity. Of this bone liveral trin-
kets are made and fuit to China; and various are tie
opinions on this very extraordinary cuiioliiv : lome call
It real el -phant's-tccth, wliich they fay have l.iiii tlieie
ever lince till' llood ; others tl.iik they arc lulther icettl
nor bones, bi.t a kind of foliil ivury ; other, that ttuy
are the teeth ol lome ainpinbious animal dr.ven uji tha
liveis Irom Cireenlind. One aiillior, who dilfrr- fioni
thck, lays, " near the river <.f Jeniiea li.cie is a nuni-
llious .niinial which lives iinuer gri und ; its tecih have
been lound on the ground, and are like ivoi v."

Here are go^d, lilv;r, toppir, and iioii mines; alio
lapis lazuli, j.iiper, and icajitunes: the iron ores are
exsellint; the Irown iron ore i:. of a veiy hue :;rain,
Old the loa<hlcinc acts up..n,il on'v after it hai Ihcu
c.dciiied, '1 lul'e reh;ti.;iis hvcdoiivtry jjoihi tcrn-.s wirti
the natives, an.l the following year Ai ca l.ntnion jwo-
ple, who c.irried with them a variety of liinker>, c'.chan--
mg them for fns and other articles: In l-iiri, they n.ct
with every furitfs they eould willi for.

It was in the nnr:iiwrn part of .Sibeiia i!.is trafTic was
carrud on in the molt ilandellmc maii'ier, li'l the Am-
eiaiis, or family of Aiiica, l;cured, by lorifideiable pre-
fents, the pioteclion of piince liori>-(!odjen-o(r, lio-
tber-in-lavv to I'eodor Iwannovvit/;, the then rii;:iiin^
C/ar of Miifiiivy.

J'hey did not in tlieir deputation* infirm tMs piincc
that they had actu.illv ell.ililillied a commeitc in Sibe-
iia ; this mi'.;ht have coft if.cm their l.ves ; but ihcv only,
in a lutilul ii.eH'age, aiviuainied them with t:'..ir advii.iuie,
ar., Ill the o','poiiuniti< s tin le wne of Iclliii;; on l.iot 4
moll protit.ible Hade. Hori., \v:is (o ihaimcd with tli;s
iiitclli^'cnce, and with tile prclents he nad uceiied, that
he ol tame.l a patent lor their immediately colonl/iiig
ilie pails they weie ill; wl.ith patt nt all.i entail.. 1 on
lliem and liien poI'Ltiiy the lands ihiy wcie In p"lk itju
of, without licmaiuliii;; any tribute whatever to be paid
by them.

Numbers of o'het eoloiiiflj wcrf foon font to .Hibe.
ria, elioiled by Hoops; ihilf took ttilh tl.em iiui'niiiies
of lilk, ttink'.t', and oihi r ihiins, and pall-d ihr.jii^h
the leljvcluc temtorii's, diilribuiii.g them to the n, lives,
and inlorming them lliey wrie ciinio on an aniis.ible vn'a
liom tlie C/.ar. ■) luy tuvclkd alio lliuit^h Sain.il-
di.i, as l.ir as the livcr Oivy, in huh pomp tiiid l!..ic,
and dillribiiud their lavouis fii lil'er.illv, that the -in-
nioiedi..iis tiiimcd a v.ry hi\;li opiniuii vf them. Tlie
Kiil.iaiis It ant their laiigu;ige, an.l brimuht f vera! of
thcni h iiiir wall tiuin, who a* fo' n as ihey tntei. d .Mof.
cow, appi.Kil i..vilhej ttiihfveiv Ibiiig iney In liclj |
. hurthes, caliii", ard < titer huiuluigs, »l»lii»iHru tiiein
excecdm.'iv ; rveiy liiliv; w.is m w to t'icni. aul i..n«
I ipieiitiy li;j-l i» chaiiin. The l / ir, whoni t > v i > ..e-
t mcs law ill his p,.i.iie iiitrouildeti I v hi. (oKitiii , iinil
•,t I iher tim.s ill 'ii< io,.ih eiui>iiii>ali,..i b;, h.. ruarJn,
lhe\ lixk.il upon ; ft..v.e laini<u« dciiv.

■j htie |«'o|li, III tlvci'i voirvm.iiid iiOO wiih ib.ir
cou.itryin. II, I..1I..I rot to i-xlol ail ih.y hr<J l.'.'ii, and
iIh' leevpti'in tii.y hid met wirh. I he c<imii|iienct
vva-, that thty With i^rcal rendiiufs fubji.tej the'iilelvri

ASIA.]

S I B E R I A.

found .1 fiirpri-
thf ri i('nil>l,iiii\;
;.-.. W lien ipiit
Inch UN buds,
on the groiinJ,
ic kvLijI tiiii-
various arc tie
jfny : lomt call
ha\c l.ilii tlute
re nvlihur teeth
ther , ili.it Uwy
al Jr.vcn ii;) iha
■liii tiilfn- tioni
llieic IS a nuiu-
; its tei:h liuve
My."

un mines ; ailb
e iian ores are
iciy hp.c grain,
tr it ha-i liecii
ioihi tern;s wirtl
l.'nt more peo-
ike:*, c'.chansi-
Ihuri, thcj n.tt

i!.is traffic was
r, till the Aiu-
niriJeialile pre-
i-ililrii-od", lim-
; tiicji riigninjj

f.irni tliis ptlnce
iineitc ill hihc-
i liiit iIk V "nly,
tr.eir aJvii.tiiiv,
.tiink( on I. Hit 4
rnuj with tins
J ii telle J, that
itely colonizing
illo cntaili.l on
■ill- ill ji'.lk'fijii
:t\er to be puii)

I f.nt to Kibp.
tl.cin >|iii>iitiiip«
paiUii ihruugh
n to flic II -tivc?.
Ill ;iniii..>l>!e vilii
liu-ii^h Mainni.

"Mllp Hill li..lC,

V, ili..t ilic .-la-
ul tlicni. 'I'lw
MiiJit f Vera! of
ic) tntiiiil MdI".
;• ' iiii-y bil-.cM I

iklii'lllru tik'in

( icni. ..ul c>'ii«
ilium t .1 y 1 1 .,i(.
< toiiiiiti-, niitl
.1 by tii< t-turJtg

i,ce wiili their
r h'<J •.-.■It, mid
he coiiiiipit'tic*
u'tej tlu"iil'clvi-«

• »•»

to the payment of nn anniinl tribute, nn.! about the year I
15()5 became whollv the vallaK ol Riiiiia.

;Vi. Itbraiid ides howiver allinn^, that it was Sa-
nioieua m'l that was difcoiercd in the reign ot Koeilor
Iwannowii/,, and liiat Siberia had beer, dilcoveied in

111 order to give our readers every portible inlonn.ition,
we Ihall prefent tliem uitii tiie ;',ccmint of the dilcoverv
and leduction of Siberia as related bv the above-mentioned
author. He fay,'., that after the liifeovery of Siberia bv
Anica ill 1565, one Terniack Tiinofeiwit/, .:( the head
<.r a numerous gain; ol CoHacs, rav.i.'ed all tl'.c country
about the ri\ crs (Jcca and X'olga; that the C.'.ar th. re- 1
fore lent a conhderable lorce a[;ainll him, and obh^-.-dl
him to retire to tlie mounla.ns v.hicli divide Kiiilia Ironi
hibtiia; that he crnlied tilde niouiit;an», and ;;"t into
the territories of M. Stroi.'oiioft', whole f.ietidlhip he
had tliC good foriune to obtain, and bv whole aflillaiice
he embarked with his ' r.nditti on the 'l";i;;il, •mJ failed
tjowii that river to the place where it ililchaiffcs itfclf
inio lie Tiira. I'lirfuin.; his courfe on this river, he
feiztd upon the city ol Tiiinen, li;rpriled i'obolil:;,
made piifuiKT the Ion of the Chan Zutchuin, a boy
about tive've vears of age, .iiid iVnt liim to AIolcow,
with the offer of annexing Siberia to ib.c Kullian crovn ,
bv wliiili I.e obtained a pardon; he was however loon
allerwards til owned, and the C/ar l'enilin|; .1 number ol
tioops into Siberia, the whole country lubmilted to his
arrv,.'..

Having tliiis fir piwn a gfiioral ai
We (li lil iio'.v proce. I to particular^,
peiiinluia uf K.aiiulchatk.i.

4.1

ey, oat«, peas, tu:-

.4;

count of Siberia,
and dtfcribc the

s i; c r. 11.

rHMvsL'LA of Kami i iiATi; \.
Iti li.\t:nt, Sitiiiilnii, Ciimit/.; itiiil Minn.

TilK ealern ocean, whieli Upirates K.mullliaik.i
from .Ameiica, bounds this iieninlula in the e.ill ;
and oil the we' it has IVniehinfka for its boiinJarv,
commencing ni r the foutherii point of the cape <i|
Kamtfehatka, and e>itendiiig iioiiherlv betwvcn (Jeho:-
fkoy and the weliern loail of K^imilVhatka. I he
foulhctil part of Kaiiufchaika i, in tiiiv-oiic de^irec
north latitude, and in one hundieJ and loit^-ihue
tlegrees longitude call of London. This penini'ula l>
tiiMdel into two parts by a chain of h.lls nacliiiig Irom
mirth to fouth i Its '-iiief rivir> -tc the Awatfiha,
the K.iMUfcha:ka, tlic 'I't-ghill, and what is called th.'
(ireat Ki\er, hi likes lie evtenfue and numerous.

riir W'liter here ii iir.i very inclcmcni ; their fpiing
and fimimr, huweier, do not continue more than lour
month' ; nor is the tatter feafoii !>v .iiiv means agreeable ;
for as the ailj.icent lulls arc ro\pied with Inow, tiie air,
even ill the niiddli i-' e fiiinmer, is fomttimcs pretty
cold, attended with licipient rains.

Mines of iron and copper have been ilifeovrrcJ in
in.i'iv places i the iron me hath lice:) found to be Com-
\:..d, of » vellow colour, iiicliiiin.; to nd; and, in liiiie
parts, tilatk iiui.iliie particles have been olifervcd, niiie
tomp.iiit 'han the leli of the oie, lbs ore, when tiu.le,
cot Id not be atliacUd by the l«„Jlloiie, but became (.t in
n fit .!! ''tree when cab nud,

A 11 .iJ iron oie has been alii) dillovcrcJ here,
fir.ular to that found to the fouth-wel} of Kehaterineii-
I'lirg i its fiiiface wa> found to lie Coieiid witli a )ill.i\v
oihri, if a redd ih brown in ihi breakings of its f„;.J
pails. riic o'e, when crude, w.is hot act.'d upon In
thctoadllom, thoujjh lli^l.lly utiracl.d by it ana talu-
liailoii,

r ,e roppir mines arc like fomr of thol- produced
CM the Raph.rin imaintains, haviim the Malai lutes,
under the loim of Siabutiies and S't.daiimiic', in their
caiilicf, very beauiiiul, and lap.ible 01 lieing poliflied.

S K C T. III.

Tl-elrTiv'tr, Shuh, Atc.ii.ln.il Pi,,Nt<, I'tgttuL'ri, /im.
limit, Uiiili, /V//Vj, mil i'/.-ls.

Till, ••■itivc* of Kamlfch,itl<a h.ive a rhnirp of tim
ber (or a variety of uliv, as well ,is ,i plenii o,
hiubt ul diurs kinds: Uiey lwv« allu fc\cfal cxtillinl.

plants for medicinal purp-'-feS. Hal
nips, iVc. grow iikewil'e here.

riie grals Ijiiiiigs up (o tal>, thit thrv hau' thn-j
baiveiis, and the nhides fieouentlv rile to the hei-'lit of
;,ve feet. ' "

The tame and wild animals of this countrv arc ev-
tremely numerous. The wild animals ..re black ;.n;l
white bears; the firlt are very comm.ui. There arc
wobcs in all the foieti-, as wJll as lynsis, bo-os, die,
.Old a kind of liag very maili like the fall .ivdccr. The'
beais never attack a nun. uiil'lv th. v find him alKeo,
when they tear the fealp orf" the back p.irt ol ins luad,
and fometimes entirely iicllroy him.

There arc prodigious luimbrrs of fi.Nps, fomc w'llte,
fome yellow iiulimn!; to re 1 j f,mc ai,- grey, with i
bl.Kk llreak 0:1 the liack, and -.■re m ich value I ;
the white ones however aic 11.11 valu.-d, as be
(career. Theu- are th^ biack-ilufmit and I'le !•!.._
biealfcd foxes, ,.nd th' fc are in ;:en r.il loo ci.i'i/ 1 ,1
their purfueis, tluir liigacity cxceeJiiig i!i..i of the ./;:.ei
Ipeci''..

1 he opulence of this country conrill : i,i It* (^dilps a,i,l
crmim-s; the f.ihles, which are Void at a h.,.ii puce, c.>,cT
'lii'l.'i'imiJ in anv other part of the gjrbe : fii; nativ.s L.it
ihe IKIh, •mdclicem it very tine food,

The glib., or glutton, 1: alio found here; lil-wiij
other kinds of beaver, as ilie atis, rein-deir, aii.l /..v ■ 1,
Ibe natives collect themiLK.s i.i coiii;).'r,ie. tc tiiuc
thefc animals; liicv go at the cl.fe of ih.; nini. r,
liom the moii.h of Mar.'h to tiic end of April,
liking provifi m with tiiem. T.-c gimton, u'luli
h.iih a very lie fur, is a teriibL- riiem,- to th- d-.cr ;
it will vault itfelf from a tree upon the rle-.r's back,
and li>.ing bclwc'n the rreaiiire's burn-, ttar out his
eyes; the affiicteil an.in.:'. with v\. ch ol't'.ii., fillj
to the ground, when tiie giuttor rips his I'.clli :r. hli
bones.

riiere are great nil nbcrs of do'S in th's ro-mtr-,-, whi, \\
rclemble the l.uropeni, and live much upon mi ■ and
mil; thry fcratch up the gtouid for the foim. 1, an.l
lei/.e the other, liom their lireain-. 'Ine e d').;-. ;ie of
inhnuc utditv to the natives in dra.vinrj their (Ie.r''!e, over
'he fnow; they fc irce ever lof.' their v.ay even in the-
Ireadtiilell weather.

1 here arc llveral forts of amplil! ions aiiim.!> j oiia
:$ the Ici-cow, .diout ililrty feet in !er,.'tl., .\n\ Wei-h-
ing tix or feven thuul'and pounds; the 'i.iii of which 11
lo haul, th.it Icarce an hatchet or ave wi'l penetraia
It. 'Ibe llelli of a young fea-cow, properly boiled,
ha; a good tallc ; the Kan part is louiovi'hat like
veal, and the fat is like p.irk. I he ineilmd of catch-
ing this animal is bv ai iron hook (trucK inti it by
loine men in a fmall velFel ; then, bv a rop.- luM bv
peopl.' on Ihore, the fea-cow is ilr.iwn gradual
the land, while thnfe In the vcliil cut
with iiillruincnts in (cvcral pail-, of
i.vpires.

It is not .1 mattrr of .my grdt d.ilicubv to la;.e {his
fea-cow from Its t lenient, for it lU loin i.iifes it. hml
abo\r the lui face o, the Water, thou, h its li Jcs aiidlia.il
uc often feeii.

Here are Ib.l-horfes ami fia-rats: the latter have Ion -
hair« llaiidiii,! out 011 eich lidc of their mouth? like th. u"
ol Ml cat, mid they wcrih Irom live to cl ,ht thouiai.l
pomuU ; then e,c« arc a« lar.ie as 1 bull's, and tin y
nt people in boat;; even if they a,c blm.icll.v
at llieitl, they will not leliic, but
,Maw the V. ry llonts that are in-own: howtve,-,
Ali.n onie lieprivcd ol li';!it, tlurr it no j;rfat dan. t
o be apprihendcd fro.n tliem. i he male and fern", j

Its

tile tie
body t

;■ Ui
iturc
Vt it

ivi;l Hy

ill lies thrown

diiler both ill form and dfp-iliiion , f,i much In l..t,!t,
tlut they would be taken Ur dill.i, nt animals ; aiul
..s to Jifpo!iti..n, the li-m.da is mild, moli; olive, ^nj
"mi.l. A» a pioof of this, when an allcmpf is undo t.i
ici/.c a young fci-cit, and tn.- male, by its vi-oioiis
.hl.nec of It, 'aliords the lunnle ail uppoiuinnv of
lakint., It off III it, inmith i if, In this catr. thu I, nia'-
lliould h.ippen tn Jiop ii, the m lie abaml'.iis ln< .idvci-
I'ly, and living directly at the lem^e, (ci/.es lui with
■III imaginable fury; whrii the L.ltir (liivii to miti at*
lis ragr, by hcklnij hik p4w«, and ihiwins cvcty li ii uf
I ilimiuiuii, ' ■

1U^

A NKW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF C Er, CiR AIMI V.

it '

; All

1 1

M ■>

I '

? I

The Teas a'j.nmJ w.t'i fia'.s, which arc cauj;ht by
diflViLiit iiictho,i-> ; f.ii...tr;K-s ihcy arc killed lU-cpirv
iijiim io.>.>i ii: oiluT iMius tlity arc lakwii in t!K-
vaui.

A> tolh.- tilh, htro i-, amoiiii^ a variety, the iKrlct,
whiili is li' much iikc thi- (\ur-'.oM, th.it Uktl' i> fcarcc-
any i''lUrciKc, cxcipt that it i» liii.'Uir anJ innrc- ikli-.
caic ; it i> !<> lat, th it it may he fricil wilhuiit oil. Here
art' whales t'rDiii fi-v.ii !■■ liUten lathtims Ioiil'.

Allien^ the biiilai't" Ka:iiUcliatka, are c.i.'lcs, hawks
1« liens 'iwa.i-, ^iilf, wi-.lgi-oii.>, Jucks, tutkows, niag-
j:ics liiiiK', parti ul^i>, oie.

A hiiJ calUJ iliL- iii!-iieik ilivcr is very ciiriou? ; on
the lower part ot'its iicek it has a (pot ol heautilal red ;
llii- loaer parts ot its luek, Ivneatii this Ipol, i> covcieil
with tcat.icr!) M a bruwii colour in the iniihlle, and
fiij;e>' all round v., tli white : the hrcalt, belly, and lejs
arc of a very he.iiitilul white.

'['iierc is a varietv ol I'e.i-fowl on the coart nf the
taftcrn c.ean, a:. iVa-peaiuek-;, lea-pies, green flunks,
p.ilii.is, i»;. Here too are the tor.norant, ka-raveii, and
mile.

As to infeiTj, here crc T 'intimes fern clouds of
diai'.on-tiies, locults and glials. The draaoM-flie.s form-
in:; co'umiis, (tv with incredihlc Iwiltnef^ ; and the
gnits arc In trouhlil'oiiie, liiat tl;e iiiha'oitam-. arc ohlijicd
tu till ihcir t'acci.

S 1. C l'. IV.

Of t'f S'.rh'!; t' ::>■ P''fin<, Dr,/., an I JliUlif'iKf,
I' 'If J i I'ri.i ■ (^yyinin..! ; M tiiJ if hrinuii^ iijt U.'it-
du: ; lii.Uing l-'j'^e sj ti.ut'Jfii Pflft'll.

TH r. Kamnchad.des, or n.;tivcs of Kamtfol;aik.t,
inii.ibit the fouthcrn part ii this |H:iiinlula ; the
r.i..thiiii pa.t, litiMt-.J on the I'cnl' hn !ka coal', and
Oil that of the ulurn ocean, is iiilLiiiiti-d by the Ko.
iiki , and the KunU's diviil in the ill.mds txteiiu. i:
foul .ward I'f J ipan : fo that ilic iiuivtn of Ka'»-tfch...ka
8ie f.p.iialed into three dilliiiel naioii. n; pcpl". Thi-
peiiMilula has no one ti.\;J ;;cn(r.il appcll..iior. .iin., _
lie inh.ibiiaiits, tliough the Rullian-. < all tin v.hole
ro.mtiv K.imtieh.itka i it lus thv lucral names ol K'
nilki, iioilclicrctlky, Aw.itkha, Konki, L koi, jnd 'I vii
fome fiom the iiaw > if the natives, .md others In ••
fonic particular or i..eiiioi.d<lc rncuinltancc tn,.t h:.ih
OkC'.'iri-J.

'I'lic Koreki nations is fuhJuided ; tl'.ere are the fettled
Kon ki, aiiil liie watidrrin.' or rein-dier Kor.ki j the
I.I It ilw.lt upon the b I'.ivs <f river», and the iiheiii ro\e
iiboul Willi thei: h'-id-.

I he three divided nations have difterent laiviuar'cs ;
even t!ic fu! divid.d I'^uicki have c^tch u dillintl ian-
j;ua:;e.

'I he Kanitfiha.bles arc fliort in ftalure, and rrfemblr
ni')ll of llie ■•, let iMl.jI'itiuN of Siheiia, exu pt .h.it
ttuir IjCh i.ic fonicwiiat Ihurter, their mouths larger,
■iiid their chcks liiller ) thty have d.irk hair, hollow
eu-, Ihaip iiii'ii .ii;.l lawny coiiipjv.ioiis : the (warthi-
tlels < I til- ir vonipl \ioiM, is f id t i beiuLcipally ownii
to tht mfluiVice of the fun ri flecim!; fmiii the fiiow in
the'lp inj; leal'^ii i lot fiiOiV \n.\ t!mk ii|H)n the ('round
at (his Ivaliiii, which has in ),-.ncral liner d>iys than the
I iii.tr.er pfoiiutes. Sonieof ilie iiat vcs, who are obliged
lo he ill the woods, rover liieir laces \»ith a kind «if
Mif.i'i , InoI'vialc the (ItCvls of the fun-beams ilarlini.'
on il.c fiwiw ( for It is n..t only the complcMoi;, hut the
i)t f'f'Jit, which liiHVrs hy thisitfraction.

I 111 (lid, of Ihvir people conlilh of drcr ikins with
the far O'lt.vards i alio ol do- .-ikiiiv and other .ir.;m.ils.
Ihiy rften w^ar two coat the flee vis of ihc o iti r
««iat t" ichiiip down to the ki.cM ; they have a IioikI to
•t, .ih in bail weather fervci to cover the head : and
they ornainem ilir l-.uk pa;t with (hreds of (kins ■!"''
fjiPfi, lilts ,i| lii;;, „l diH"ete;it colours.

The women wear tile f.nne lori of garments as the
mer , ihoui'h tlKir coat, or r.ithrr Wa'llcoiit, lits dnler
lo their I'xliis, and i- dn urati-d with (lip, of reil, blue,
and yellow rli>lh, mirf ioniclimvi libbninj, or wivdlcn
till. T'o this w.'i((<'«at IS joined a (lirl ol |it(tiro*t cu-n-
iii.: a!ioi)t half way down the !. ,«. The men Wt-jr a
kailii:! bi.li ruuiid ttu;in, aiiJ tiitu ir;;s am covcicd >v.Oi

dit^'erent coloured ii.iiis; they wenr feil-rviii c.ips of
ha>, and foiiiLiiiiies a hat or c:ip of b;rch hark ; lonirt
have caps of grals phiited. 'I he woiiicn let iheir hair
iMovv much lon^e.-- than tiv-- rici; ; tluyp'ait it, .-.n.l haiiir
h;;'.!i tiiiikels tu it : ih y iiavc lur caj'-, that a.-e v.li.m
within, and hlaik vvl'.hoiit.

Neither men i.or v.-onieii ever wafli tiiem(el\e', 'nit live
in a mrll beallly niaimei ; liiey neither cut lli.-^r r.iils,
I nor comb out their hair, th.ii/li foinc pains be lu-it.AvtJ
ill pl.iilin^ the latter j tl.e if.e.i plait tl;ui hair as v.-iil a.«
the women. 1 l-.ey e.t r;'.\v I'.eih, c^riion, H.ile hlh, or
aiiv thing that comes in tlieii w-.iy, hovviver lihhv.
Ihey live in huts under tl.e jTound, covered with giais
or c.irth, and lometiir.es vvi;:i tlie Ikwis of the aninuij
they have killed in tl.e ,:M:,, undielied, and llinkin;; nio'lt
aSomin.ddy. They place IkmcIics in their hovels, w;i||
a l.;e-p!acc in one comer, and on thele '.e.-.clies ri; ilb
liicKil' Ives. Some ol ilie huts are covered vvi'h n.a'.-,
ami arc alio lined with truni. 'Ihclo are tli-ir ^^il.tcr
dwellings J nor are their lu-'.rrer retre.us n.uch be;u-r,
cxeipt that the, arc built on the I'urfaee of the earth,
an.l cofiltriieled with rather more rcgul.-.-.:i-. Thele o.-
deed are built hiah on pillar?, with bean:- tiuown .icroli
tliem, on vshich a Hoor is lix.d, with a n^'A riling from
c.aih lide to a centiiial point; and indeed it is neeellarv
that tlM fe funinii-r habitation-' (hoiild he t'-.us lii;^h : ellc*
ihe inliahitants would be in cmtinual da;i[;er honi the
Willi healts. I'h^y eat o-.it of bowls, or troughs, witli
their do -, and n vir wrdhll-cm aiiir.v.-r.l'.

Now a word or t.vo upon the niariir.^c ceremoni s of
ll' I'e cle. nlv an I d.licate p-rp'e: when ;; mm I ath met
V. .'h a y >-,iv: wot.. in lliat h- liiits, he to a^i.s into the
'-.site if hti p.;ie!ii ■, and alter the i-.\(.iia:;.'n n; a li-
lted ti.ac of (i-rutud.-, ohtaiiis either ;"rii>iili.in to
.ii..ri; hi.-, or is (:il'i;'iui.d witii a rimiital |.i; his li:viee.
Ii he ll.;. k-ivc to nvory, the mipti.ds (..:i.i:nci.-'e iaime-
■'. ! '.y, ;'nd the whnjj itwmonv coii;.ll, in the bn 'c-
L,r(ii.m I'i ppiiii,^ ihc briiir nak-.l, wlioi'e iIojl!i«, l.ovv-
Wis le Id fall bour-d 1-v lli.-.jis and giidle-i, that he i'nd*
it no I .ly talk to aecomj hlli his puiptle: at this criiis
I l.'Veial w-(,men (!..lt.r an.l p'otixi her bom him, who,
howiver, feci 'n: r.it o[;viiti.i ity lii lir..! her le;. i.u:iu'id,
m.k's liefli clloits to uikIuIs her : but if (l.r die- out,
. 'l.;r cxei iinations biir..; ..lli'f.-.ree, the women uha
■o.ue l.iil upon ilie n.an, Icratc .in-r his f.'ce, t.aiiii_;hi«
h..ir, and other .vife r.-Miplily ticatii'g him; 1.11 the hrije,
ftuvvi-j; fomc loncein for his diu-.tir!;', and lli^- wemeii
I. coming lets violent in their alKutt, the ir.aii at Ur.; tit
lucceii! , and t'lcii retires fr mi l-er, ivhn however c.dU
l.im la^k, and ;;c!.iiovvlcd^cs in a (iift I'.ainti.c t no
th It he has tomiuered her. Thus the citcnio;:/ ci.ds,
and ne\t day ihe hap,iy couple rijuir to the hut of
the hulbaiid. In ..bout a v..vk . rtuvards they m.kc a
vii'it to the wifVs parents, when all the relations it loth
parlies 1 1 inij alleniMc.l. tl.ey there celebrate t;..- mar-
ii.i.. k.ift.

;'.>nie of the men marry three wive«, w!io in .'/ncral
live in a friendly manner with one another, and a;e ucver
jealous.

'I ' -1 jh an attempt In a woman lo prnc;ne .-.1 ortii.rt
'.K : . ncd a very c..| tal ot'eiice, yet if ttMiu, he Lorn,
one of ilu-m mud be deliro)ed.

V.oir.iii put Iheir ii.fenis In a bi'frt, f.i^iiied \n an
clalliC pole, whuh is i.ifiiy n'-.ve I \Mt!i llie f i.it, to loclc '
t'lein. ^\» fiioM as i|-,iv cm ll.i I i •, lli- ir lej, , Ihiir ino-
tiicr leave ihim lo i' e vMver, i,ft'. lin^ ihcin to mil on
the ground any Wl> ii ; I'l. y aie inoll c.- .: •.jeii-/ half
Hiked, and Ix-in t" w dk .o a time when-' I "o,ea
child Wi ..'.,'. n..t le i.'. !e to linr.d. Ko.'T -ftei-,vaid. Ihcy
rui' abou' 1!! th.; fiio'e.

I he Kr-iiiifi'adaics lu-ver bury their dea 1, but i f'en
(;ive t' I m to llic ,1. j^s ; and (n , i.iat as tlic d' ei . '. d are

thus di VI iin.! by doj;-, .h- y will ciilurc to l! -nli-lei*
picafant lani.u'i- in llej^is diav.-ii by (iiie d^ ;« in ihii
otii't .vorld. ("hi» abominjMe lutlom, howii.r, is not
uiiiverf.dlv prai Iii'-d ; (onie lc:ivi iheif dead in their hut,
( and feck a new h.ibilation. 'I'he npp-arel of th.- dra4
1 iKifon is always thrown awa;-, (mm n lujieiilitioiis notinn
that whoever ihouKl wear it,' would mtot with I'aaie cpi-
lal nii'li^rtunv.

S K C T.

'M^

-ixin csps or
;h bilik ; iL'iiirt
let tlii'lr liair
t il, r.iul l;.iiii;
Ji.'.t ar-- v.iv,:c

;li.l\c«, liul live
lit ;lK;r i;iils,
IS b'j iHii.u'uJ
liair ai will a*
1, H.ilo I'llh, or
owivcr lil'.liy.
rul witli jiiiiis
jl' tlic aniiiMis
d llinkin;; ihd'H
ir ln-vcls, wj'li
Ix'i-.tlics rij- ill!
red with II. all,
re ilirir wii.tcr
s liii;ih Kn^-r,
i: of the earlli,
tv. Thclc ir.-
s tlirowa acrul's
ivjt' nfiiig from
I it is rucfli.irv
I'vas lii^li : tlltf
Linger irom iho
- troughs, widl

: urtmotii s of
;; in.in l.'tli nwt
1 .i^^s ii^to [l-.e
ii.u;.'ii ti: A li-
r ;vr'i:illiMH ti>
lor hi> fiivice.
r.imtii.'i- iir.m.'-
:. Ill the bn 'e-

■ il'>al!l>, lurtv-

i-;, tlut lie !'n'i«
I' ; at lln> criiis
liom liiin, who,
lur U;. pUatituI,
1 (l.r 1.1 i'S I'lit,
he wiM-iii wlio
f.'cc, ti.uiii/. h;«
l; t.'.l the briJe,
liU lU- wi-mtn
: ir.aii .U Iv'li^'.lU

V> lu'WMT C.lIU
t I '..lillti.C t'llC

iiuiiii':'/ ci.Js,

to thtr liiit of

■lU ilicv ni'kc a

i!.itii.i!> 1 ' loth
IcliMti; I..; nur-

w!;o ill .;rm.Tal

1, ! •i;c •.xmt

prix-.!to :.\ i<rii,.'i
f iiviiis he Lorn,

t, f.il. i-.nl tn ar»
lIlL- f It, tn luck
if !r ', , thiir inn»

ti'Liii III I'lll nn

>. •-..i-ilV lull"

I'.hi'i. ■ i "!' jT a

•I -ftii .v.iiil. ihey

dc.i.l, l)Mt pftfn
. tViO il' CI . '.J ate

: ti) l' il'lviu »
fiin' i!' ■,• III (he
, Imiwi ^ .r, i-i not
iit.,i{ 111 thrir hilt,
^ii'ci if ll>i' iI"ij4

lill'llllt!'"!" llDtKlR

« with fanie i.'.ipi-

;: t T.

ASIA.]

s 1-: c T. V.

■w,

T,'.,;V l/.z/iirf «r TritVi-Hi'ifi; ihnr hunting ef tlu Bear;
th: iilucil ikmijlii- Frip!'ymc':li tj bilh Mri; and U'omeu ;
the Cruelty cxfr:'i\',it ly l>'t Men when they fo to Ilur ;
the reiiiiifiNS Notiom oj thj'e People ; their Law with rc-
turJ }j AturJer ; lUir Dijejjes H uhich they are

Tit K K.mi;fi.h3d,ilcs always .ravel in llcdgcs drawn
t>y ill.-; the iii:iiib(T of do'^s is f^iMitrally lour,
which are iiiovc hy a wlii|). Tlii; |KMfaii in i)u- (Iciljii
i, li.itcd on the li^ht fide of it, with \i\< fict hanging
o\er, and is oWiged to bulancc hiinfclf with L'reat tare
lell the (Icdpv (houKi overftt. In toleralile mads they
rill travel a ;;rcat dilfame in a lliort time, cirrvin;: with
iheiri pruvifions, .'i.-. they can tra\cl ahout thirty verlU
a dav ; a verll is fonicwliat leb tlian tluce nuarteri of an
J.ii'Oilh mile.

.vmon, other animals they hunt the hear ; they life
rarket' lo walk upon the hiow with, arminr; themkUes
Willi pikiS, a id t.;kiiig dogs with them lo provoke tlic
■ iin.al. Ihiy then wait till he conus out cl his cii-
cliifiire, for tiiey would altacl- him to great dil.idvan-
tage whi'": lie rem lined there, heeaiile the (now being
very firm in that plarc, me bear wmilJ be able to nviiii
llinillli of all hi^ ilren^tli ; nut tlic iiilliiit he co'Oes out,
he finks inio the Inow, and while he is .-ndenvouriii;! Ui
dife.ua^e liiiiikll, the hunters ealily deltioy them witii
thiir pik.s.

The tVUowing is the manner in which ihey dri fs thi ir
ftal-jkiis; Ihey niii wvt and Ijm ail ou* the (kin, and
with Itones fixtii III \.ood fcra|>e ort" all the lat ; theti
they tub it with Caviare, roll it to{!etber, and Head on it ;
the) alicrwards fcrape It aji.iin, .\\\A ripiat the nrll pi.
cf th ir prccifs till t'.e ft'ii is thor'ni^lilv cleani i and
/oft. .--kins of beavers, deer, do^«, \c. ate prepared in
the fame niainv r.

'1 lie men, whm lint employed in huntinj: and fifhing,
veaee nets, und conlltuct liedges an.l boats ; and in the
fpring and (unnTier thev pu>eure the neceli'aries of life,
and l.v up a I'o e foi the lacceeding winter.

Maki'it; of Ihoes, lewing of rloith-, dyiiiij of fkiiis,
<kc. are the bufincfs of 'I.e wonicn, who alio make
i''ue of the drii d Ikiiis ot hlhes, and paiticulaily of the
>vhale. I hey ule a boaid .if dry wood to lignt their
f.res ; in this board aie I'everal rtmnd hole^, into one
<<l which putting ll..' en.l nl a finall round llick, they
roll it b.ckwardt M\i loi wards till the friction caufcs the
WO'id to taKc Hre.

VW- Kainifcha la'cs arc arrant cov.ards, and vet fi-em
to deijvile life, through an innate kind of lliipidiiy.
T'lrv liner aiMik their enemies o|X'i ly, unlets com-
pelled to it, but Ileal piivalily to their h it., and moll
b,,r''aroiillv ufe then, lutli .; them to pieces, and even
ti.truv' out their entrails: theft cruelties arc exercifed
wuh tiiuniph .iiid (houls of joy. W neiiever they heat
of a for a.U.iaring towards them, they retiic to tome
111 iintain. mil futify it as llroiigly as poflible : if there
be a piolvibility of the eiieiny gelluir; the aetter of them,
lli'V i.umedi itely cut the thioais ot their wi\es and chil-
duii, aiici tlici meet llieir allailants willi a fr.nnic rage,
fill";', their vvucs lis dear a* pollible, I hen weapons
aic IjK.ii., anil hows and ainm ..

.A- to ihu ieli?ioii» notions of tbffe pvople, they
rr .'t a (i'lt ol pillar on folic pliiii, and cover it with
a parcvl I'l r g». \Vhiiniir t^ey pafs bv tiiis pillar,
th' e thiow at it fume hO) or ll>lh, and avoid killiii; any
li.i.i or btall rear it. I hey think t'^t womls and I'lirii.
il i mountains arc iiih-bitrd by evil fpiiif, whom th' v
live ill I'.re.it tear tif, and make tin m olfmn(.'s : l.niie of
tlirm b ivt idi Is in th.-ir h it«. Ihey fjve n very im-
pel 'ect ii'eii of 4 Supienie Hcing, and think he ran
n.ilher dii(Viiie happnul's or mifrrv i the name which
t' ) hav? Jiir the l> iiv i« Kutchu. They rcvcunre
fone pjiticuUr aninuls Inmi which thvy aiiprthciul
iLinL'ir, and ftiiiiitlinies oiler tiren ht the boles of
|o«'s| i'i< V i'lipU'ti; itolvcii not to hurt them, and be-
((•■.ch .-.iiiphiWoin animals liot lo oiertct their boats,
Miny of tiM'tti, lii'wvvrr, d.lopt the Riillian manners,
mill iKiiitiinii tic culloiiis III iheii ciiunir^ ; I'lcv h.ivr
bvCI intt ' i. ,uc '< by K'alf: ai ii-i>riiiiiaiieti, i:i the Chillli.iii

SIBERIA. 45

laith ; and fcliools have been crcfled for their chil-
dren.

'I'hc law of retaliation is obfervcd ftri£llv by thcfc
people ; if one man kills anothrr, the n l.itions of the
perfon killed dellroy the murderer : they piinilh theft by
liuniing the fingers of the t!iief.

licfore tlii.fe p/oplc w\re c,iii;;iiercd by the RufTiims
they had fiicli Irciiucnt intelline i;ii'.re|s, that a year
ninly palled without foine vil!a;;e being entirely
ruined.

The fmall-pnx r'nkcs crcat havti"k l-'rc. Trr
Irun V, ami irregularities of parent', biing a variety of
dili ifes tipin their offspring, to w'vi h they apply roots,
herbs, i',c. The VcM-rcal dil'cale is very freii.ie.it Irmn
the inaiiner in which thefc people live together in their
huts, an I their excel'- of ilel-aiichery. Th-y \.:\r a dr!-
order called the luDiuuh, winch is a inrt of l-ab, u>
which till v apply the raw (kn ol a hare to eaule a t .ppu-
rition. i heir other diforders are the jja.fy, jaundice,
boils, ca. cers, i:c.

s K c T. vr.

The Fdnneei, /tr.,1 h:t Sf.r:}^:: ef K-^n'fhr.th ; re-unrL.'U
F.ri,pii-ns, Inunihitl'jn', im.l tiarli! pi..iei \ /'/■'"/'•■J (■ -
t.iratl ifl'-iiliii; ll'it-r ; J'myilar Sfies; Aluhi.lh: i ..',
/'■■• K.T'-.lj I tula!ii thy th.':r f'.jh mJ ,:.trii,.' I'e tut „r

01/ th

r.jr

IN K.nntlcliatka there arc three volraniv , the liiH i«
that of Awatehi, fo the northward i / the bav of
ihit lUMic i it is : chain of minint.nns, the bafc of
ivhich is coverei wiib tiees and exttnds to the biv.
riie iiv.ldle fofns a kin.I of amphitiuai''.-, an.l the
various fummits .vhicb a'e Ipiral cannoi be vi< wed wiih-
out exeiiiiig the moll awiul ideas, Tln-v alwavs emit
linoke, but r.iielv lire. 'Ihere was iiid. ed a icrriMe
eruption of finoke and cinders in the fumnier of the
year 173;, but it only continued one day; inanv ot -lie
cinders were near two pounds averdupoi/e in wei .t.
I'liis eruption w,is the forc-riin:icr of a tcrr.Me cintli-
tpuikc, w.iieh happened on the 0th of the trifain.:: t Mo-
ber, and in a (luart-r of .in hour tnerturiied all t! e
tents and huts of the Jvamtfchiidales, beiiv' accoinpni.ieJ
liv a lingular ebbing and ll.iwing of the fea, vvlii.h at
lull role to tl',e height of 20 feet, then funk, and re.
tir d to an unufual dillanee j it fj.m after role higher
than at lirtl, and I'uddeiily linking a.'.ain, retired fo
alloiiilhingly far from the common low water mirk,
that It was lor a coiil'.lerable time loll to the eve. At
length the cithipiake was repiated, the lea returned onrc
more, and loie to the heiglit of ioo feet, over>vIielme.l
the whole co,i;l, and then linally retireil, after ha. iiig
ilellioyed good , ealile, and many of the lives of th'' in-
habitanis, and Icit fc\cral lakes of fait water in the llJds
and liwer i' rounds,

I'hc lecond 'ulcaiio illms fioin llime mountains finLit-
ed between tlie river of K.imtfeh.iika, and that ui
robo'illji. Nothing w,r. ever known ;o ' , I ' fiom
thi^ but fiiioke, nil tlie year 1 7 jf)i when ■ ..iiitetl a
torrent of flames, winch deHr'yed all the iieighboutnij
loiclls. "

■['he third volcnno KTucs from the higheft moiinl.'in in
Kamtlihaiki on I'le banks of tie livcr of that iiiine. It
is iiuironed by an ainpiiiiheaiie of !ellir mouiii .ms, and
the head is rendcd into lupg ctev.ccs on cietv li'le.
Will 11 a (lorin is appro,iching, the (u»imil is funouiuled
by thrc;- g.rilli s «i lluoaky cloads. It cohiimially voin it
a coinhu'tdile fi.ii'ke, and Irrcjuently lar.'C tinders, \x\
^. .atefl ciuptitn bejan .^■ptemher J5, |-{'. a idconti-
iiued a week, which with an ejulupiakc ti.al lutliwcd did
very ioi/.kiahle (ian!.i;;e.

Hot iprin ■;» I're found on the foulhiT.t cxtrcmiiv 'f
Kami ,h Ilka: they lorm riiulets, ar. I rim ilr.olf th;
lent.ll oV the rivei ()/frna\a, vhich iiliies from the l.ine
Kuii' k;., and flien join ihal Itreaiiii the w.,ten howoer
aie not hot ill any confideral !c dcfne.

Near the river I'aiidji, is a inoiiiii.iin, from wlinfc
fu nniit a prinli^iiiiis catiract of lioil.ii.' waters 1.^11
Willi 4 lernble 10! I'e, then rumi'rig to x ceniiderabl*
dilhnce, tbiv eoitinue boilin.! up |.i the luiglit of a
loot, till they lot'e themfelecs" in lH''nl l.'ko, whii h
cuiit.iin 4,1 iiiliiiiii" iinmb'r of iilaiuU. Krini t' n

'•1 lU'iUi-

A NEW COMPLETE SVSTIwM OF GEOGRAPHY.

lH\'

•I I

mountain the inhabitants obtain fomc beautiful ftoncs
upon which they ft-t a great valui-, on nccouat of their
admirable variegated tolours, which ;uc iru-rely tlie
effects of the different powers ot hc.it, humidity, r.iid
friction ; for thele Hones arc w.illieil troni ihe mouutaiii,
and arc pulilhed bv the abo\i.-iiienlioued hct ii'iJ impe-
tuous w;;tcrs.

A fircat quantity of li(h harbour in the livers of
Kaiulfehallta during the wiiiier. In the fprui^-, wlien
the ice breaks, ihev attempt to get 'o tlic fea. Hut the
natives watch the iieads of the rivers, and take a i;ieal
number of them m a kind of nets ; fome they diy in the
fuinnier and lay by for thiir winter fo;>d, and tVoni
others they extract the fat or oil by me.'ii> ol red I'.ot
Hones, which they carefully relervc for a great variety
of Ullb,

SEC T. vn.

Of th,- Kiiriles, tin Korcki, tht 'IVhukotlkoi, arJ /'i
'I'ungufr; ii;.'<' t).i- M.iniun, IJ.jhmi, !')ic^ts, cii,J
Hdit.itiim of thfj't Jiur Hijlinct Katiens =/ People,

TM K Kurilcs, who dwell on the fouthern point <il
K.imifchatka, are inoie a,i.'reeably featured than
their iieighl'ours, and both fexes wear car-rinc- <it
iiKcr: with thefe they ar^- furnilhed by the lapaiiile.
The', are of final! ftature aid round vifagc, and pay
little rejiard to uniformity of drefs, their cloaths bein^
commonly lormed of the fkins of different animals.
Their ha! ii.iti.ins are like thofe of the Kamtii hadales,
though kept fviincwhat cleaner, and their pri>\ ilions are
generally the flelh of amphibious animals. Ihcfe pen
pie ire rTH;r. civiliwd than the lell of the nation, and
rcmarica'. '.c tor liicir hofpitality and peaceable dilpo-
fltion.

Tne Koieki, at lead the fitiled Koreki, (for this
nation is divided into what arc called the (ettled Ivoreki
and the wanderinit or rein-deer Koicki,! are imitator'-
of the Kamtfchadile* in every refped. 'I hefe people
ilwell on the coall of the eaflcrn ocean, fnin the ruei
Lkui lu the Anadit, and along the cuall of the I'ekliinaii
fea.

'l"he Korcki differ from each other both

difpo-

filion and form, as well as in their drefs and culioms
the wandering or rein-deer Korcki are iiatuially veiv
iiafiu.'., and often put their wivo to death Iroiii ilie
fiighteft fufpicions ; and if a man and woman be ac-
tually dcteiitcd in cumin.'! connection, both of ihcni
are fute to fuffer de.'th ; the women therefoie av^ud
li'tting oft' their pcrf'iis to advantage, and never walh
their faces or comb their head'-. Hut tins is not tlie
cafe with the wives of the fettled Kouki, who decorate
thcmfelves as much as pollible ; and li little d.ies jca-
louly prevail amonij this nation, that when f)nc m.in vifits
another, he has ahvays the Wilc or dauj^hter ol his Irieiid
to lie with.

The wandering; Korcki arc of fliort ftature, ilniK:
(hape, with ov.d 'ices, lart;e mouihs, and (hott notes.
Doth tlie Korcki and tlic vtandenrt; Korcki have black
luir ; but the former ate neither (hort nor (lender as the
latter.

The marria~e ceremonies of the Koreki are much th'.*
fame as at Kamtfchatka, and they have a great fondiK-fs
f«(r then offspring, whom they inure to ind'.ilhiou'. em-
ployment' Imm their inlancv. i\Iairia;;e is only prohi-
I'ltcd between father and daughtci, mother and fen ; they
|>encrallv marry into their own lainily, and pay very l.ttle
regard to perfonal accomplininicnts.

The ll'-dgcs ufed by the Korcki are drawn by rein-deer
in the winter, who will gu near an liundred nnle in a

A< to Ihe funeral ceremonies of the Kotcki, they
diefs the dcccaicd in his bei) ilimths, and tixin{|> him upon
n pile of wood, throw on it his bow and airow, and then
(rt tire to the pile, lie is ib.iwii in a lledee to this pile
bv a rein-dtei, whidi, while ih" pile is confmning i.
put tu death and thrown into the tiie.

•Lilfe the people in K.initlchaika, ihey live in H'»t ol
fpirit', which they think hovii in wood. Jiid on m mn-
tains, Ihey funietimi', lix tiie hciul oi * dug up'ui »
(take, attd tuniiuu; the animal's faw tuwards the call,
»r',', " lake thi-, and fend ii< fomtllnin bettri lot .t "

They, h; their other culioms, arc like the natives ( f

Kaintlciiatka.

The 'l'ch'iko:r!;oi inhabit the br.iiks of the river Aii.i-
dir, and extend ■.\\o<.v;i. the fllore, to the north f|id north
call, to iivcolviour degue-. it latitude; and thole
who live to tlic north o! Anadir, not litiii^ liibicct
to the Rufli.'.iis, otii.'i impril'oa and uedriiy tiiole wli^i
arc.

The habitations of the rchukotlkoi arc more cmn-
niodi Ills and v.Mim th.m thci:e of the Korcki ; and when
a viiiti.i come- to iec them, he is always pi, I'eiitcd v:.\\\
the m.ilLr of the hut's wilc or daughter, who liaiui- t>>
bur. a bifon of he' own urine, win 'Ahich the vifnt.r
walbo li, ■ mouth ; and rliib he is obliged to do, or he ik
Ij not looked ui>oii as a friend.

I The drcis of thcl'e people i> the fame as that vVorn by
the K.iiutlchadalcs- : their food is t;ie iciii-deer and other
anima!!..

file lun^^un confiil of vaiious tiibes, fpread through
dirierei.t par;> of Siberia, and arc of the old Sevthiaii
race i they are diftineuilhed into the Konni 'I'uiigiiti,
or thofe who ufe hoiles ; the Oleiii I'unguli, or thole
who ul.' rei:i-dccr ; and ilic Sabaticlii Tuii^uii, or thofe
who nuke ufe of dogs.

Hoth lexcs of .Saba. ■ iii Tungufi, who take up their
II tidi iKc between liio Lena and liie iVnfehinlka ocean, ■/>
nakcil in liiinmer time, c.supt jull having a fi:,..;i pi. •:
ol (kin round iheir wailts. In the winter thcv arc cloati.i \
with dcer-lkiiis. 1 he\ believe an ail-ru';;n.; i'rovidi v.^:, ,
but reverence idols of their own coidlrucliii';. 'Huv
h.in,; till ir dead upon tlie branches ol lU'i^, and bum thit
bones as toon ab ilic Hclh ruts off, or is devoured by uni-
in.db or birds.

S K C T. VIII.

Oft'i. Jakuti, i!.e Hrati!.', ih,- Kainlki, //,r Barabinf ' ;
(/ .Mahometan N. lion on .'• />.'...■.; Itlikh ; iiml li i
Otliochs : tuf/j tliL Mjiintn ti/ii.' •J!i/hm, cj'Uij.ji^iiul
Niilhm.

TH V. province of Jakuti, or Jakiitik, is fltuated to
the north. The cold in this province, and in tlic
other northern parts of Siberia, (jinctinub ii.creifcb fo
coufideraMy in a lew liouis as to (liike men and caule
deail, wii'i h:ip|i< 11 to be a' too (.'re. it a 'litlanee from any
habitatioi. i,> fiRlter thcmlcKes Ipeedily from it. In com-
mon c.ld Weather it freijuently happens that fome pans
only o| ti-.e imdy are tro/eii ; ill this cafe, it i< ufu.d to
nib till in with faow, by uhiili liie i iiriilation is ini-
inedi.iteii ri llored. W hen fuch an ai culent happen- to
tire l.icc, whieh generallv lolcs .1' leiifation, ii. tin's inoli
Irvete wtathrr the pi i Ion thus atfeiled nuil) be told ni'
it: lit without till- nccediny piece ot k.vlee, whi(h
people do each other by turns, the froien part Would
loon be loll. This leveie weather is luiceeded by fo h"t
a funnner, that the inlub.tants are obliged to go ii;>ii:,
naked. Ill the molt noHiiern \. ts, beyond the li.stielh
degree of latitude, l!ie eaitii prodaces neiih.-r corn nor
liuil) thtvare, however, fupplied with lhe(e iieccirarii.s
Horn the loiithein parts \ and iliey ate in want of neither
hill nor animal lood ; lot ihi y have a sreat diverlity of
the tornier, and a pleiuv of tame and w^ld b-alls : ..ni
as to fuel they have .dio a lufficieiuy oi that elii.iiti.'.l
article.

Ihe Jakuti have fome corn in th ur country i they
however |iav little regard to it) the hunting of aiiima'i
emp'.ovini; ihe.r cl.ief .ittcntioii.

The town ol j.k it/k, on the river \xnA, istheij-
piial of the pruviiKv, and is Jiout Ijui hundred miles
I liom the l-'io/.rn (X'ein.

I riir Jakuti form ■ ne of the moft confidcrable and nil-
< mctous pa^:an nations in all the vail cuantrv of Siberia,
1 and are divided into ten tribes 'iiakini; in the whole lu.r
i lefs than l.i.iy or foitv ihouUnd perrons, all under the

dominion and taxation ul Kutli.i.
1 I'hcio people believe in a Supreme Bt-ing, .ind have
1 an iinapc ol (mn ; the image, iKiwevcr, harti d \-tv I:,
! d«.ous afpeit , it has a fig he "d, and Urjj-r ije» "( ciral.
I riKV place It III a tree, and cover i: vtith tjrs : i.iice a
I vcai they aDemble tu^ethir, iiiol InviitK'' htifes, 8(c. ii
': this >iua«<-, lliikinr^ up the liurk.> Ilea N till round ile
tree. IVii litiiii; d. vn ;n a ciril', t: .-» dt.lik U a

i llo' 'it

IiUe the natives <ir

cs of the ri\cr Aii.i-
thi' north I'lXii north
.ititiit'c J aiui ilKik-
not huw-i I'ulijcat
1 utilnn ti'.ofc \vl;,i

kni iirc mnrr lmid-
■ Koiflwl ; .ini! when
IwMys pi. icmtJ with
'litiM, uho h.Mui- ti>
th 'Ahiih the Vili'.oi-
i^i-J tu Jo, or iie i>

nic as that Worn by
: ixiu-Jctr and other

ilics, fjMcad through
ot the uM Si'Mhian
he Konni Tuiigiili,
i run;;uli, or iholc
lii 'I'uni.uii, or tholi;

, v.ho take Ufi their
enfehinlka ocean, ;',ij
\u\ uw a li:..ill |)i<. a
iier ihcy aic tlnatheJ
il-rn';;:ij, i'ro\iii' nei-,
coiiitruclin;. They
I not-, and Inn n thi!
r '\)> Uc\oLiicd by ;;ni-

iiifki, //,■ Barahinf:!;
.„i! liiikh i (iiiil lit
iiijhmt cf ticjc jiVhtitl

ikiitzk, is fituaU'd to
province, and in tlic
motinieb intrcifcs fo
hike men and caule
t a ilillanec irom any
dv tr<nn it. In coin-
)()en> that I'on'.e pan>
lis tafe, it is uhii'l to
(iirulalion is iri<-

ateident happens t(}
tnlation, i;, tins rinlt
.ted iiiwll he Itjid oi'
ee ol It. viie, wh.ich
e frozen part would
s luneedeii by In ll'il

ohlijeJ to no jiartiv
, beyond tht lixticllv
res iieitli.T eotn nor
with thele nccell'arits
tc in w n>t of neither

a ercat diveility of
and wM h.alls : .nJ
L'tuy oi thjt clluitial

thur eountrv i they
he huntiiig ol'.llliln.l'^

iver Lena, is the < j-
it l.jiii lumdreJ inilei>

I ccnfi.lera'.ilc »nd mi-
ll) coantrv of Siberia,
Liiv^ ill the whole nor
peiions, all under the

erne Bt-ing, and h^vr

vcr, harti A vcrv I'..

nd Urt'" <Y- id ior;i!,

r 4; »4th 'jfs : ..iice «

i.:u' litiife», Alt. til

hi a 'h JI ri.und tie

.1 , I ■\ dt:lik oj" \

lii'- -tr

A:;1A.1

S I 13 E

,1 which they call cun.ifcs, a.-.d get intoxicated with
,i. Thev .dfo throw foiiie of the lujuor into tlie air,
and into' a tire which thev li^ht on the o.calion. I his
eereniony i^ pel formed in the fpring, and is tl.iir licw-
■jeai offcniiLj.

Tncycat hoife-ftcfh v.-itlvnt regarding whether it be
frcih or llirkiiii, and fiiici.ik a ;;ieat deal of tobacco,
Wl.eh they get from the Rulliall^.

I he h.it> in which tiiey dwcU are like the.fe "f
the other luti' WIS, e.xctpt that their furimer liovels,
lUui'.bling; a lug-.'.r-loaf, are covered with tlie haik of
iicvs, joined and tinbioidereJ very curioiidy with liorle-

'1 hcv 'jciierally leave their dead in then Imts, lluittiiig
u ) the I'.mi-, i'ld feekin^'; ano;liei habitation.

' The liratlki lart-irs dwell near the l.:ke Baikal, mniy
I.X whom aie j^ood mechanics, and others well ikilled in
,i;-.iiculture. Tlie food of thefe people is vcnilon and
li<ir!e-fiefl!, the laf.er of whieli they prefer. Some of
I. .,1V Itraliki are jwojile of confi.lerable property; it_i«
:i,jt iinconeiion fur a man to be proprietor of live 01 lix
hundred hurhs .is v^'e'.i as "f nunbers of other cattle.

'i'he K.aiiilki native- liwell hnther weihvau!, who live
in the faii'.e maniu r ;.i t.ic Urallki.

Stdl further v.^lKv.rd is the vaft uefert of liarba :
t'lat i- iid'.'.biti.i by ti;e IJ.iiabinIki : in funinier, how-
i.ii, the/ Ihiii their quaitei . and repair to tf.e banks
ot livers! '! hiir hovels wliich are low in tiie e.irth,
with the roof rilint; two or three leet above, are co-
veied with the ikii.s of .imiiials or with lulliis. As
there is no water in the defert of Harab.i, the liquor
of theic people, during their lefideiiec there, is melted
flow J they aho drink marLs milk, a> iiiJteJ do moll ol
the other lartars.

Along the river Irtfieh there \< a nation ol Maho-
llietaii>., who k' 1 p numerous luijs and flocks; thefe
pay a tiibule to Mufcovy, though ll'.iy are [.■overned
bv princes of their own. 1 hey led nible tile .■.iicieiit
Kiiilians ill their drefs, and the women wear rin;.;s in
their liofcs.

Along ilie livers Obv and Jenifa", dill further to the
weft, live the IMtiocs, ami who ir. !,.'l extend along otlier
livers whis.il diuh.i'i'.e theinflw . into thr two above-
ii'.entioned. In the funimer thefe people dry their lilli,
which fiivcs them in th,: winlei : thev have no nee, but
fiihf.ll .III loois, I'lh, wiid-tovvl, \l-. Their winter
hats au low tii the •;rriiiid, v.i'I' a roof of bark or
riiflus; in funiiiu-r ihey buil.l on vli.; banks of the rivei-.,
.iiid eiiiplov tla.iifiKes in tiniini.'.

The lUdf.cs of l!ie Oftiocs to .hawn bydo.-s, four
of whieii will diaw a lieu^e with ;?olb. wei^'lit ih»mi
ii (ifteei leagm-inaday. ^^ hat i, remarkable, th. v have
polls ill this country In." flcJ;;cs a« rtgi.lar as the poiU of
i iiiepi, wim rtl.i\<ot doj^s fir travi "ers to I'lanye »ii
1 .eir ioiiiiiey at lei diltaiirts . llie gre.ilci hurry a p^ilin-
^;.r is ill, the riiorc di>;:s they 1 ■ iplov.

.As to the te!i;Mtiii of ileie |cop''-, they hive fmall
i r.i/.eii iiliiN, pl.iced in fTovc-, ii oil ilic tops ol lioulcs.
Vv I All ihi .' ii..ii>e olivri. :-, they prrlVnt an aniiinl to the
I i '1, and I'lie of them puis up tli«' pelitiins of thofe who
i ought llic f.niilice i he then |iierees the beall with an
.l:ov.-, and ihey ai! ji in in killing him : tin 11 the animal
is drawn round the idol, and fume of iheiii Ipimklc the
blood iJiioii it ; they then ix-.\. th.' Ilcfll, a.;d c.l it (hout-
111 ; and lejoicm^,.

3 1. C 1. I.X.

SaMUISOI.\, ii .Sa.moieua.

Of the K.itivti 1 ll'flr Pn/.nis Dli/i, HMtJlkm, M;n-
iiii. i.;i.! Qi/hnii , llii:r .U\l' .J cj' luuhing tht S,u Do^,
thr'ir Ri!'^uui Suliim,

SAinoivi';ia,or .''nmoicda, is litiiatsd north wi-ll of Siberia,
a lar;'e province 011 the Kro;-.en Dcean ; it is iliv ided
into Obd'iia on the we!)-, ;'.nd .Maliaino and l,opp,i rail of
tiieiiv.r Oby . the Kiph.ean iiiinnitaiiis, lutiouiiJing the
river I'ci /Ota, are its wi (leiu boundaiies.

I he SanuHues, or .'laniiuedians, aie low in ll.iliire,
hro;irl-)hiiuldered, broad-faeed, llai iiofed, with han:;ing
lips, and fmall u-lv eyes j their compl xi.ms aie fwar-
thy i lu that it 1.. ubiavable, an cxtrcmvly Itot 01 cold

R I A. 47

climate hath the fame eft'eit on the Ikin. The hair of
both lexcs hangs at its full length, and the women's,
whkb is plaited, is adorned with red (lips of cloth and
bral's trinkets lixtd to it. The men have fearcc any beard.
The drefs of thefe people is a fort of wairtcoat and
bufkiii, with a fur tap; alio a co.it of rcin-dcer Ikin j
and in the winter they wrap over them a large fur coat,
which almod coveis them from head to foot ; for there
is a hood to the coat, which nearly obfcures the face ;
they in this ({j^imi alio wear thick boots; the vvumeii
too appear iii boots, with a kind of |)ctiicoat co:ii.ng
half way down their lej;s.

'l"heir dwelling-places are caves, in which thev live
nine mo.itlis in li.e yaar, and make fubterraneous paliage«
lor the purpofe of vifitin;: each other : they bu:n lan.'ps,
fed by a ftiiiking fiet'd lifli oil.

Ill thefe legions of Jarknefs the Samoiedians lead a life
ot jolli;y and mirth, lealiiiig upon ihcep, .).\en, deer,
ti(h, and horlc's ; and if the food l>e taiiuej, the better
they relilli It : the cntiaiK of an animal thev elLem the
belt pait.

I I.eir fiimmer habitations are in the relemblaiire of a
hec-hivc, and are covered wiih ihe ik ns el the same
they kill, vv.iich poifon the ;iir with men dench.

Ill tile winter they h.ive ikait- on theii leet, with
which tlicy Aide Iwifil;, on the ne and luid hojies \ii
fiiovv : tiiev arcfor the molrpart a llrong, hai.lv, he.ilthe,
active pe.iple. They travel in llcdgis diavvn by rcin-decr
or dogs ; the fledges meafure .ibout tight lei't in length,
and about lour in breadth, and tuiu up before in the
manner ot a ikait ; the rein-diir liave a very pretty ap-
pearance in tlieir harnefs, holding their heads Iti hi^li,
that their horns almoll tmn-h liieir bai..ks.

Ihe Samoiedes are tamous fT catching the fca-
dog. Thev ciawl upon the ice i.ttei thii, animal with
a larpe hook and line, and at a convenient ditlancv;
ihiow the hook; when the animal, in endeavourini? to
avoid the fnare laid lor it, j;encrally fixi s itfiif init;
the ere ture, however, though thus hooked, itim;)s
fometimes into the lea wiih fucli force and vioience
as to drag the man into the lea after him. From the
fea-dog IS extracted an oil, and the flefti is eaten by tiie
natives.

The Samoiedes believe that there is a Supreme Being,
and they ci'l him lley-ha ; Irom him they think every
human bleliu.g is derived ; that he is our all-merciful
and common j.arent, and will rewaid Iholc with an happy
Ifate heualier who live as they ought in this woild;
thev howevei woithip the Inn, the moon, and (tars, and
ali'.i levereiiee im.iges, birds, and beatts. They have
their puell, who pretend to be adepts in the magic ar' ;
wherefore tVy conlult thefe upon vaimus occalioils, H-lisi
feverallv vkiiver their oraiuUi deivrmiiiatioiis,

S t C T. X.

Oft!. . I>if/ Cii, i-i 0/ Siberia.

HAviie:; circumltantially treated of the chief of thofe
wiid uneiviliAed people who aie the inhabitants ot
-Siberia, we Ihall now preknt our readers with a delcrip-
liniiol the principal cnies or towns ot this couiitiy.

t'obollky, the capit.d, u.s built on the tide of the old
cilv which h.id been the name of Sibcr It is lituatcj
in lifty-eiuht degrees north l.ititude, and fixty (even de-
grees e.'.it longiiudi from London, contains about fif-
teen thoul'and inlwbilarts, almolt all Rulfiant, or ra-
ti..-alized. Of the latur theie arc levetal Mahometan
Tartars; the greater pait of them live without the city,
lor the purpofe of (vrforming uninterruptedly the ceremo-
nies o< their own religion.

lobollky is divided into two parts; the larger part
is fituated on the banks of the river Irtifz ; and the
oihet upon a hill, the top of which is a kind of plat-
loim extending to the e.\tl of the town. That pait on
the hill is fortified, both call and north bv a tampait,
badions, and a ditch fix teet broad, bonlcrr-d with palUla-
dots. The lower town is in a pl.i en the hill

iiHl the liver, and both towns taken arc of a

coiilidi Table liicunileicnce. All (he ivi.acations ol
the upiH-t town, which is called the city, are on the
flat ; the fouihein pail of the city, on ace cunt cf a
devi>i;orgr, is difficult ot acccft ^ at 11 alto I'.i wc(icr-i

patt,

A NEW COMTLETr. SYSTEM OF CEOGRArilY.

..'>^

'^ It

^^■^

:'(! •

p:\rt, bocauic llic riv.T fl')W< ;.t the foot of tlic lii'l,
v.aidi bciiiii; coiiioolcl ot' i looli- l.itul, i..ii\r.o: Iv to'-ilcl
bJt with uri ;it i1.m;,iT : l.irL'c i)R'ics Iriinioiitly luc.ik from
the hill, .mJ l.illii';^ into t.'x liMi, biar c\ t-ry tliiiU', bc-
K-.^- them.

l"hc citv of I'obnIiVi hns a govc-iior, wholV preroga-
tive ilmcMlS Illinois ;'.U ciwv Siheii;! ; brrc too is a foiiit
It equity conipoli'd of futin couitfcllors, who coiijuv.
bi.'ih civil .iiiil military ciinerm.

'riiere arc three chi;;i!.is ai\d a convent in the upper
t.vAii, or eitv ; but thife arc bmli </ vs-oihI.

in t!iv lower lovMc arc fucii rharclii-s acu! a conv>'nt
biiilt of lion.- : and lioin tl-.e upper to the li;v>er town
tht're aje three iliftlient coinr.umiiations.

I\jb.,l!Ui is at a liifVanee of near ei_iht hinnlreil Ica^'ucs
fri'".'. th-' ceiiit i vih'ri'loii, that tlie j>n\irnor may not
abufe the power v.iih win. h he is iia.lleJ, tlv.-i.- i> .i
pitccbr, \vh»> lanksnextto the (joviinoi, but wlio is not
iKpc-ndi i.t . 11 eithi'r him or tiie eourl ot eipiitv; fo that
i:;e lni!i;-.vl"s ai'iuJied hv th ■ ;;oviinor, or by the clian-
nrv, c.mnot h.n'c a .'.i;al ilkt,i.r.ia..tion without ilu- pioe-
toi's alUnt.

At I'obo', l.i there \* .in archbilhop, wlnif.- ilioeefe ex-
tendi cwr the iircatir part of .Siiv.iia. 'I he e:)ii.ili llor".
of chancer*, an.l ^iieat numlvis ol ll'.e iMiehants, li\e
in » very Kpuuble niarn.T. I

IT.is citv onee e.irned on a cnnfider.^bk' trafli.; wi'.h I
the Chineic by nieajis of caiavans : hut the recipr.iea' I
Vr.avcry ot tiu' Chinefe and i{ulii.;n tnereh.ints redimJ
it in a Ih'nl tine to a vciv lan^uilliin;^ (Kite. !t h.i-. u
U.iriil.'n cinlitimg el i-.vo rejjiinents ot ini mlr; .

.Mo:l p-ifoiii employid inidi r uovernniiiit here, aie
feni I'loni Mofcow and ."^t. i'llerlbuii;.

iuholli^i, at the dillance of about an I"n",lin» iiiile,
prel'eiits a mcl! pleafing arid beaiitifu! view f.. ii the nuni
btr of ns imall llteple-, melt of which are covered v.iih
br.:!* : Ihi'. a;;rccabf.- I'eeiic, howeier, dif..p;i ar», on en-
ternm thj town, tiie li"nfts of whith are all il w-oj,
and vci) dl built , the lovernor's a-u! archhidiopS p.i-
l.\ce«, the tovvn-hjil, and a fort ol citadel, are the onli
bill!.; n.:s fo.r.icd oi brick and (hme.

It IS lurdly polfiblc to walk ..Uin;r the ftrccis in thi^
cty for ihe d.rt ; cun the i.pp i to.vii is al»iniinahly
dirtv, except in t.ie li.ninicr tin c. I'pnn this account,
there are foot-wavs mi'dv bv plai k- in feme of tlie llteets ;
hoie.\er, they are ki pt in »ery had ordri.

I'be cilv ( f Ntiw.i.ill.oi i-. in the province of Tolol-
Tki. anil is liru.iti.l o.i the river Neiura. It has a foit
ard .ibiiut elj.ht hundred luuile*. Very valiid'le br.ifs
and copper uti iil'.ls are n:a,le here, .i.nd in its m uhl'oiir-
hciod ..!•.• cinfuierable iron work^.

CatiKttnduijr is alfo in the province of 'IVdmilki. It
r >i't.iuis iipva. .> of four hundnd h.-uifes, i-.xclii!.ve ol
lh..:i .'I ll.w fill iiil>>, v.h.eh.i.-e without the w.d!^. litre
are J W'.odcn ihefvh, a Ibme buddni..' for public odici-,
a'l "i" ...1, an c.xcitii'v, and a tullom-houle. It i^
;.^..'..J f-i llie river !u;, iind is well defended. It hein.,
II. ll ■ CMitte of all tlie S'beri.in uiine vvoiks, the diic.t.M
III th- niiTits takes up his rdideiice hae; the fabuihs
ire par;;, peopled bv (mh as toil at the n.iiKs, or by
ti 'i|> I' .1 iiiiiiier and dernud to labour for their odencf.
Ail I-'. . ot provilionv Are here in ^riat plenty, and fold cm
I...!- I'.'.t-!- s.rm'.

i luiiien, wiich is alfi in the province ol '!'■ biUVi,
' f;t;i.i;cd on the r.ver I i" i '. < the foiitliward, over
w , en there i- a biid.'e iii.A.,i.ls of ci^thty lathoriis
i.M." ; a; a fniall Jill .:;■ e hrlnw it there is a fbmc lort,
■.t\l withoit this fiiiliiie.itmri are five h.iiiJo.l lioiiles,
h.,i! a d n wi ndtn ihi.iiiu^, :u;d a tunvcr.t. I he
l.i'urbs ff riii."eir are iliviutil into tvvn parts, ilir one
(jill I ..1 i.i.nin; .ili .ut two hundrid an.l l.fty lioulcs, threu
jl .ic ciurchf' . .';da rTumi'Uty ■, ineolher part i' iiihthited
hi .Uaii'iniei.in I .irt.us .le.d liiic!iaii:in>, us will i> Uul-
!;..«' , th'- lonner ;..i.iii • a ii;ijfi|iu-,.rnd tin. l.ittcr achuich.
1 ;.e citv 1-1 roinlk'.v, wh'in is the e .pital df a pro-
vi'iee of OMi IIITIII-, I- u Kron^ froiii.;r place, hiti.' m
i.in -fix lie, I. IS iiitv iriiii.iiis tHirthlanriide, .ind iiicr;;liiy
f ur di;; eis lliiili fix i» inirles liini;iliidc fr<ini I oiidon.
It lo laitii aboil' two I Miifuid houles, and fita.ited on
tl-r i./ir I lira. A r Ole biiii ot wond, with foiirleen
I . CiA of ciiiiion, Hands in the liiidull p.irt o| the city.
Ii; !, .1 \\ ..le .illo a I alh -.Iral built ul woti'i a ihaiiiei)
luuii, ai.J an arli.iul.

In the lower port of I'omfjioy, there are four churthc?,
befrdes a moi;altery and a nuiincry.

I'rovilinns of ail kinds are rn great plenty, and tlie
people carry on a very confuler.ible trade.

Sariiii i» a larje pi dulous city, and is the capital of
a proviiue of the lame name, it has a Uronif fortr..!*
for its defence, parr lined Iv Coflacs. It is in lifiv-
erj;ht degrees iiorlli laiiliide, ■: d is likcwife iituattd on
theCbv, on the banks of wliicli near this place are ths
»)l^ocs.

I The town of I'oliem, which is fituatcd on a river tlow-
ing into the I'obol liom the north, is pretty well peopled,
and 11. dilen.led bv a foitiefs.

Jei.ifi ilk is a city of conliderablc trade, an.l is the ca-
pit.d of the piovime of Jenilei. It has three churches,
a monallerv, a iv.iniury, and an e;.. hiiigi- ; :uiJ the nuni-
hcr of homes is kven or ei^ht hundred. It is litu.Ued on
the river Jenilli.

Irkiitlk is a large papulous place, curitaiiiini; about
a thoiiland good hoiil' s, and luriouiuied hy p.'.ilii.iuoc: ;
It has four churches, uvii ol llonc, and two ul »i>oJ.

It is tliL- capita! of the province of the l.'.i.ie ri'me, and
is the fee of a b'l'iop, It is fniii'tcd ncaj the tivii /Vngiira,
a:id Is delended Uy a Itioii^ luit.

s F c r

XI.

OfthcGi-ii'r.is ar.J Mjnn:<i ct ;/,.• Ruffian It.'.uiit^ir.ti «/"
Mb:iia.

SOMK [Teat and le.irnid men have obfcrved, that
the diffcien^es in various coiintrres with re (| Lift to
ueiiiu-., Ill p..ilnin , ..nd to abiliti. s aiifj cnliiclv from
educ.ition, and the conllitutioii of diii', rent goviMrncms,
If this principle be adniilte.f, the ••ri-.iv;^ and rn-inurs of
the Uullian inhaMtaiiis < f Siberia mult be accounted tur
liom the delpotilm ot thtir government.

The Rulli.ms, thri.'ii.;l.out every prov inc?, fecm to have
the fairre palOori", the f.ime dilpi.lltions, a'ld the iaiiic
manners : even in their dtefs, their arnul'cmenl«, and
excrciks, there is no apparent variety.

Thefe peo;>Ie profi h the ri h:!ion of the (-reek church.
It w.'.s hrlt e(l i:lilhed hy W olndimer in the year ()Si,
and diti'ers from the Ronulh church ptiiuipally in the
to lowing pitticulais; The (irecks adminilier bapfifm
hy di; ping, the Roni.-i.< by fprinkling : the loniur coii-
kcr..le with leavened bread, .iiid the latter with unle.iveni A
buad. The Kulli.ins believe that the Holy Gholl pro-
iieds from the F athcr by the .Son; the Rom.ins believe
that the Holy liholl proeeids from the latlur and the
Son. The pncilion of l'cho'.iliic divinity hi'lh created
a grtat dirteiLiice between thefe two alleiiim.;, from
whence rraiiy argmiuiits and difput.itions h.ive ori-
iiiiuicd. However, many of the fathers Jiave lieipunily
ina.'e ule of bo h thde modes of cNpieHlrn. The
p pe is acknowh.. i,d as the till! bdhnji by divine ri,;hi,
and as liieli is tl'e cei.ti. ot the unity ol the church;
but the Riilliaiis retule to ..t knowledge the fui<reniacv of
iliis holiiul.., ;itul moriover in their latuhifiri ci iideinii
I the opinion of the Romans rcl.iiin ' to the li.ite oi pui-
gatnry.

The common people arc bigottcd even to fanatic. !m in
favour ot the dnek rehuiop, aird think i ley lulnl .dl its
duties in th. ir conijMaiicc with Ionic external ccj-cmo-
lif, and efpei i.dly in the obli rvarice of the Lent fnft>;
in oilur relj ,i's they addiiit iheiliulvcs lo eveiy Ipecies of
I iinnioraiity ami viir.

I As lo the geiicul mode nf living, as praflifed hy
Ithele (Kopk., ihey pas away K;eit part of the jcrin
lloih and idiincis, (hur up in their hovcb, the (illhi-
jiielsol which is bevonj cciiKCjition. I'tiai i)u.>inied with
I iilier iiiduttry or coimurce, r.ml hiivng no ih-is nf'
I.L'ertv, the.i wa''. and wiihi.. art; very cinumli nUd.
Slavery has lit ati-.le all tjic ritht of n.itiiie .nil' ?il',(l
them ; ihe liunmri IjK-cies \% a coin'rereia' article, fomt-
times lold at a high price i thi. dipravrly Ibll. < dll piin-
ciplis of humanity, and all kind r.f I'eiuiirct.!. The
uiivvholeloir'eliels and rirconvenieiuc of their h'vils ato
i.iiifiili.r.l ' , ir'i/mented by He in leniency of the
weather, whuh ohy atu a cnmii.i...ieatiuti with tit;
lii'li '.ll J tbeir windows are geei-.lly no note than
unu (well liij^h, and bx iiiclio wide i livtidei which the

inlK>

[Y.

re (oui chiirtlic?,

lilcnty, am! tl;e

!•. tlic capital of

a (troML' lnrtri.1*

It IS i.i tiftv-

cwilb lituatLd oil

Ins jilacc arc ihs

il on .\ river How-
ctty v.xll peopkJ,

e, an,l is t!ic ci.

as three eliiijxlie^,

L'l- i :iiid the nuiii-

It 11 i;iii,:tv'd oil

cuilaininii ;:bcn:t
■il liy (i.'.iiil^iJoc: ;
two ul WvJttJ.

L- i.M.ie ii'.me, and
the rucr An£:;ra,

li'.:i J:'.:.i:t<:i:li cf

!\ve obfciici!, that
e< with rcl'i L-it to
nifj entiii.lv trotii
rent (I'AiMi'ntins,
'.;» Uiid ni-iiii.r^ of
t be ateoiuutii tor
t.

incc, feeiTi to have
o!iv, .iMi| the l.iiiii:
' ainurcineiu<, arJ

t'lc (Ireelc church,
r 111 the \e.ir <)St,

ptineipally in thu
ailniiiiiiler bajitilm
;', ; the lorinir coii-
ter with nnle.iveni A
e iln'iy (Tholt pio-
l!ic iiiiin.ins hditic
[I'.e i athtr and the
uinity hi'th cnaiej
vo alleiii.ii.-, from
iitations h.vo ori-
ifrs liave Icequemly
I expredii II. 'I'he
inp hy divine ri,;ht,
lity i>l the church ;
>e the iin're'iiacv of

catechifiii C( iideniu
to the ii.ile oi pui-

vcn to faii.tiic;!m in
link t ify liiliil a!! it»
le external tueino-
ol' tliJ I/e:il (!ift> :
cs to evciy (picios ot

II', as praflilcil by

I art ot the Je:'r ill
hovel'-, the (ilt!n«
l'ii.ui|u.>iiited with

hav'tip m> i,!e;s of
: very (.ircimil'i n' id,

of n.itiiie anil ni;ft
perci»l article, l"itn;«
■avity IMI' < all priii-

r.f fer.tiirci-.t. I'ltc
c of their h"v«-ls are
ii'i leniency of the
i.i.,.iCatiuii with tli<:

.-.'llv no n.oio than

.• i bcWe* wlich the

iidK*

ASIA.]

SIBERIA.

inhihilants are almoft deprived of the light of the fun
during the ijinc it remains in the weftern conftclla-
ti>>ns i tliey are at that tunc in almoll continual d.irlc-
neC, receiving light only Croni fplintcrs of birch, which
they call couchiiies : tltclc native^, however, arc flout,
healthy, robull, muleular, and live to a p,rci( ap-
Though It mull be confeflid an infinite nuiT.bcr of chil-
dren die, el'peciilly anion;; me common pcopl •, of
whole tVinilies one third part is learte ever prilerved ;
parents who have ha<l lixleeii or eighteen children born,
havmi; olton no more than three or lour alive ; and the
(in3ll-|ii>.\, leurvy, and venereal dileale, concur cra-
diiall)- to thin the country of inhaiiitantj i lo that uii-
leli the Riifliaii goveriinient adopts foine incaiurc to put
a Oop to this depopulation, the human fj-ecies bcrc inufl
loon be extiiut.

The woitKn in genoral of this country arc tolerably
handfomc : and all ranks and ages paint. At 'I'obollVy in
particular the women arc extremely fair, and their
countenances pcrfeilly agreeable j their ryes a. e black,
languiftiing, and down-caft, for they ni-ver dare look a man
full in the face ; they wear no caps, hut coloured handker-
chiefs, which they fo curioiidy interweave among their
hair, gciiJTjlly black and unpowdered, that this kind
<if head-drifs gives thcni a very attra>:tive look. They
chanjije their Imeii but feldoin, and are unacnuaintcd with
that variety of undrefs to which the Europeans arc ac-
culfomed.

The age of the women of Siberia is dillinguilhcd by
their dufs ; the tdd are drefled in the RulTian fafliicn,
ami the yiuiig w. • r a Rullian lobe, in the manner
of the I'lilaiiders. They have Urait caps, with their
hair hanging down from each fide or behind j the cap
is .adorned with very indifferent fringes of a iluft" pccu-
Jiar to the place, which is Uiuiid rnund in curious circles.

In the houles of people of rank at Tobollky there are
leldoni nioie than two beds, one for the hufband and
wile, and the other for the children; all other per-
foni in the huufe lie promifcuoully upon benches or
mats.

The beds have no curtains j and inllead of a bolder,
they have feven or eight pillows, one Icfs than tht
other, railed up in the form of pyramids. This bed is
geiieially the principal piece of lurniture.

In i(jf)j, even people of quality uled to lie upon bare
biiilie-, III which a llin or olher covering was
Ipriad i there was (eace any lurniture in the houfes,
and very few tables were covered with a cloth at meals.

At Tobollky the men aic extremely jealous of their
wives, who leldom go out, but live wholly fequclfered
frurii iociety, and arc given up to indolence and lazinefs.

'I'hat Ipetics of rchiicd love which flows from fenfi-
bility, and predominates over the human foul, is here
iiiifeli and unknown. Here a lover has never the fatis-
faction of feeing the dilbrdcr and confufion of his
iiiiltieh, endeavouring, but unable, to conceal her
pjirion Such lituations are never feen in Siberia. In
this barbarous country men tyrannize over their wives,
.iiid titat them as llaies, rei|uiring of them the nioli
fetvilc and menial offices: no wcndcr then that the
delicacy of fentimcnt which charailirizes the natives of
mure civilized countries, is fo rarely to be met with
here.

1 hough the men ufe their wives with fueh Icveiitv,
they .ire very indulgent to their daughters they think
111 lined women fhould be wholly taken up with their
luilbands, but that lihe^ty Ihould be given to the un-
inariied, in order that by that means they may have an
oppoitunity ol getting hiilhands ; and the giils veiy
liKin avail themlinvts ol this libeitv, without cither the
oinfeiitol their parents or the fanclion of the chinch.

Tbeic is very liitle foeiety at Tobo'llcy ; nor i^ it
pofTible theie Ihould be much under a government where
uo ludiyidual enjoys that cflcntlal ft ccdwn by wliiJi '■

I the happinefs and welfare of thecitiien is fecurcd, A
' rec.procal fear prevails anion); people here; whence
I anfc miftrull, diffimulation, and perfidy. Genuine frienil.
fhip, that fentinient which fo powerfully contributes
j to the common felicity of human beings, glows not in

th brcaft of a Ruffian.
j 'I'hc people cf Tobolflty have no principles of mo-
' rality ; the clergy, who are very ignorant, arc as libi-
dinous and drunken as any. 'i hey make their wine
I with plants, drugs, and brandy. \Ve do not wi(h or
■ mean, however, to elfablifli an unfavourable opinion of
i the whole body of clergy from this difadvaiitag 'ous re-
prefentation of them ; there arc ibmc among them of
irreproachable manners, and liberal capacities.

The higher vlaflcs of people never enter into prieft-
hoodj by which means there is no intermediate ftate in
the ecclcfiaftic body ; it is made up entirely of the com-
mon people, or the children cf the prlel^^, who are
often the mod dilFolute j fo that the depravity and igno-
rance of the clergy arc the natural confcqucnrcs of their
not having received any principles of education.

The young women of this country, who, as hath
been oblervcd, have great liberty given them by their
fathcr.s, frequently divert themfelvcs with dancing. Some-
times fix or eight couple arc feen dancing tc^eiher, and
at other times only two, a man and a woman : moll of
their dances are characferiftic j a lover exptefles liis
palTioii by the molt wanton and lafcivious aiiuude.'.; his
11 iltiel's anfwers him with all the graces peculiar to her
lex ; which are extiemely .alluring m thele girls, as the
in.H'tivily of their lives gives them a kind of languor very
tender and exprellive.

Some of their dances are pantomimic, which the young
people perform with admirable dexterity; they turn
round on one foot, while they aie almoll in a fating
attitude; then tiling inftantly up, they throw thenilVKea
into fonie mimic or grotef'jiie pollute, which they vary
every moment, in advancing, retiring, or turning round
the roo.n. One couple alone generally peit'ornis this
dance.

Some of the young women aniufc themfelvcs in fine
weathei by Iwiiigin.; upon a plank ha'anced acroN .i beam
lying o.i the gruuii.l ; ihev p'acj themklvc) .it tiit ends
of the plank, and alternate'y raile oik- aaullicr feveial
feet high with great dexti.iity.

We fliall now bid adieu to the dreary tedious of Si-
beria; we Hull leave her lioz-'ii lull, l,er dieadlul
clime, her horror-ftrikiiig leer.e-. I Now liiall we ([uit
a vail gloomy defait, wlieic the thickell co.eiings of
fur cannot fufficiently defend the natives from the pieic-
ing cold ; whcic even brandy freezes, thoii.;h ke;)t in
rooms where there are fires ; where the ice of the difmal
lakes, from the condeiifation of air, crack. I'oinetimrs
with a iioife as loud as a caniinn ; wheic men and ani-
mals are fometimes Ihuck with death by the loIJ ; wiiere
even the fiiioke fio.n chimnies is at intervals prevented
from rifing by it; and where birds of all kinds drop
dead to ihe ground.

Here nature, with her blooming verdure, is never Icon
or telt, as with us, imparting new lite into all that
breathes or vegetates ; no trees ate here ado.'iied with
Irefh leaves, or enlivened with the flirill notes of ha:-
nionial birds : the animating laik is not hiaid giv-
ing the fiLMial of the rifing morn, or nuking the air
ring with his melodious voice, previous to his dropping

upon foine bed of flowers. No dreadful wintir

rii;ns triumphant in Siberia,

Notniihlfaiuling all the above difadvaiitagc, tlietc
are many fiiiall vlllage^ upon the banks cf the Oin,
which are plealantly fuuated, have a fine ertecl upon tlie
eye, and alTonl Ionic agreeable landlcapcs, particularly
Schorll; .ilkoi and Pogoll, a pirlpcclne view of whicU
will be iiiclud.'d 111 the number of uur plates.

C H A 1'.

C H A r. VI.

W E S 1^ E R N r A R T A R Y.

'i i

Th?!' cxtenUvc ilivilion of T.irt.iry lont.iin; kvcr.il n.-.tioivj cr trihes of T:iit.irs, which \vc
(Iiall cmimcr.itc .iii.l di.li.ribc uiiJ.ci' thj loUowiiiu, h^wtls :

ir.

if #

m ,

SEC T. 1. !

7'jf Kingdom of Alliaclnii.

VS r R A C H A N liis liitwicM 44 ■'c^,rfc , in
nimut-.s, mill 52 ilcgrifs Murlli l.itit'jiu. '1 Ik-
Idiigitiulc fiilV 14 O2 dcgtcc-s, 30 niimiti.'S.

Ii IS l-oiidtil on tlic i'a(t by the Cduitiy nf the 1
C'lli'.i-k*, tow.inls ihc loiith by Circallia, t.n ihe north j
I'- the kingJoin of Caz;in, ami p.iit of Sili rii. 'I'hc ;
r,:lKiii bounJarits arc ilil-iitb vciy little known, ami not '
inli.il'itc.1.

The metropolis of ih s kingdom is call A Adrathan.
It is huilt ii|vm .\n illantl ni the Vol_;a, kni «n hy the
name of the llle ol llaies. It i-. in 4O Jeg. IJIn.
jiorth latitiul? and 6S dig. eaft lon;:itiidc.

This citv is tomnionly fuppofed to contain ioc,"CO
inhabitants. It abouiui^ in well liirnilhed magazines,
and hatha citadel fiirioiuidtd by a thick brick wall, of
about 30 lect in height ; though this cuadil which
lie., towards the well of the city is itrcgulaily built,
^he ballions are ftionir, and ilic canm ns numerous.
Here 15 .1 palace for the governor, and another tor the
arehbilhop. In the couit of Ch.iiucry all civil and
niilitaiy atFairs aic heard and ailjnlled, and the recoids
are kept. The citadel h ith tnuc gates, one opens to
the citv, ano'hcr to the Volga, and the third to the
Tartar fnburbs. It contains likewilc a guard houfc, a
Metropolitan church, and a monaltcrv.

Tnis city is furtoin.ded bv a wall, between wl.ieh
and the hiules is a large intermediate fpace, upi/n
which none are permitted to b 1 lil. It eiuifilli. pin.ei-
p.diy oi tlirec long llieet- f om ealf to will, wlhih .ne
interlectcd by ni.inv <nhei~, and is tipon the whole
ab ut a mile in lengih. 1 he honlis ;.re built i.l tim-
b'l, the luburbs ate extiilive and more popiih'Ls lh.,n
ihe city. Theic are font churches and a immalliiy
licluiiiinj; to thofe of th- (iieek peifii ifion. '1 he re-
(ormid have a chuich built ot wood; the Koi an
C 'tholicshiive a monalferv, and the Ainieiii..n-. a church
uf Hone, Without Ihe liibuib. aie a iiav.d and iiiilitaiy
liofpitjl, and a large nionallery.

No Tartar is pirniitted 10 (lay all ni^ht in the city,
Armenian and Kuffian merch.ints inh.ibit the c.-iltern
lubuibi, and the Indians aie pcrtiiitted to live in
guarded Cara\anfeias.

Adr.ichan is garrifoned by fue teglmcnts of in-
f.nitiv and one of dragoons i many field regiments, and
Collacks, cxclnfivc of the Tartar militia, winter here,
lulides the gairil'iin itlelf,

'i'hc ufe of the regulais is to march >igainfl the wild
Tartars whenever they attempt to make any ineuihons
into this kiiicJom, and the iiregulars are employed to
Icoiir ihe defarts, m order to trace out the luiking
places of the banditii.

The commerce of .\llrachan confiils cliieflv in filks,
brocades, vi.Ket5, Iatiin5, diugs, copper, onton, I'er-
f'lan fruiis, wines, Iweetmeat'., 4;c. wlnih thiy iiiipoit ;
and in return e.xpoit meal, bill, lalt, woollen, 5<c. all
naval and mi'il iiy Itoi are piohilntid fioni being ex-
ported to I'erha,

I'he nurciiaiils of .ifiaehan hj\e pcrniirtion to navi-
gate iht Ciljiun fe ', belides which they alv..i)> keep

X grfat number of baiks on the Volg.i : formerly thefe
b.nt..^ \<e;c Ireijiienily lobb.d bv a flung body of piiau-;,
wliii liilier I. liked ;n the iminenfe v-'ood' luar the baiiks,
or on the illand'. in that luei ; but ihi'. evil is no v
pretty well remedied ; as the lawlcfs baiulnti who fpreaJ
fo iMn.li terror in Alliaehan have been .ilmod t.vtcrnii-
naied by the cate of the governor of Cafan,

The pumflinient for piuto who r.di on the Volga, is
to be b.aiigcd up alive by ihe ribs, upon gibbets ti.xeil
up.<ii ll.>..i^, wliere they .ire lett to e.k^uie ill the ^ f*

agonies, and if any peifons leliive th^in, thev 1
tl.^iiKeliC- li.ible to I'utt'er lb. fame punilhm; 1.1.

Nc.ii the iity of Allrachan, I'lter theliieat , i

a la.g' mulberry ga.dcn, .md deligiud to ill.'.,,,,. .1
(ilk 'adjiy, but the biiildinu and g.nden- are fallen In
decav, aii,J the inonev iir.ei.iUd to cany on this defign
ha, (luce been applied to more courtly and venal, though
lefs noble anl patrionc, puipofi -.

Ill t!e^ place the Rulliin-, who compofe a princip.il
part of the Inhabitants, are in the chief offices of flate j
the (i.-orgijn , who profeC, the Cireek religion, aie fimj
I f (eniiig in tlic .irmy ; and tl'.c .Xrnienian-, who in prr-
fnns, dilpoliiii ns, and teatiires very much rcfimble the
Jens, ha.e 110 oihcr ideas but ol (craping money to-
gcthei by the n.eans of tiaiTic, As for the Perfian and
'■ Taitar inhabit nils, they are too fond of indolence and
toving, to think of any thing tile, uiilcfs conipille.l
to It by abl'olute netcllity.

The i">.il of ,\(lrachan is I'ght rnd fan ly, but Co trin h
impn(.ii.it'd v,ilh lalt a- LtiaMy to add to its lUiilitv.
The earth produces no grtin, unlefs it has been ovci-
(l)«ed during the v. ii.ler le Ion, To nniedv this (om.-
of the Tan. 11 s c u: :t- n.h> -^ in ilieir giounds, wli.ch have
bei 11 uiuler w.ter, ,;i.d d,..ining them, they loon be-
eon c (it for t.lling, ai.ii in a very {hort time produce
abundance of grain or even fruits, which the ir.tenle
heat ot the climate loon ripens.

The natural produce of the crmiitry .ire rrei's, b-
i]Uoiice, k il, genitla, aci:leata, the lutb ..Utaihani.i,
nilraria, 5cc,

Tlie in!ia'..i;anls bkewife raife melons an! ponipion:;,
which they lat with bread. I'his loun'.iy likcwilepio-
diiccs fine giape, the fi,.vour of which in eatini' is
delicious, but the wine m.idc of them ii too fliarp,
which pioceeds from the f.dtiiefs of the earlh. The
iinilberries are unwholefome. The gaideii vegetables
are gool, but arc obliged to be continually watered, as
much to wafli the fait fiom them as mi aceo.;nt of tlu-
hc.it, for the lalt lies upon the i'url'ace of ih,; caith
every morning like an hoar (io(l.

All the (ame kinds of tame animals which are fo iiid
in Cireat Britain, abound in Allrachan, bcfnlcs whii h
they have a great variety if wild ones ; fuch as wiM
boais, elks, red and (allow deer, antelopes, haies, wild
holds, &c.

The ant.lope is of a light grey colour, of the fi/c of
a deer, with a head rcfe nblirg a cow, but the nofe is
Without giiftle, Il has line black eyes, yet is puiblin I,
the horns are beautiful and without branches. Thevae
taper 10 tiie tup, and hive rings at ei|ual diilances, the
lledi is IciiJci, but Kcuuj lu tailc of iiiulk.

Htie

FA.)

\V R s T r, R N- T A R T A R Y.

tars, whali wc

.ilg.i : formerly ihcfe
LioiK lujr tilt li.!ii>s.

It thl-i evil is MOV

b.iiuliiti who f|jriuil
'Ciii alniull txttrnii-
f Cifaii.

roll oil the Vol^'i, is
, uiHiii gihbct^ f irj
.■\,Mn: ill th<- ^ (*
,■!.■ til .m, ihcv I
|:iuiilh<;i'. III.
: r tlie ( iiLii ,
lit;iinl tii ill. ' ,,,.. .1
^.iiiUn^ arc l.illcii lo

cairy nil this iliTlgll
ly aiiJ venal, though

compolc u priiKljiil

ehiit offices of flal^- ;

nk rtligirn, an- foiij

iKiuaii-, v.hu in prr-

nuich rcfunbic the

fci aping miMiiy to-

5 for the Pcrfiaii an. I

ml of indolence and

W, uiili.l'i C'linpillf.l

fan Iv, but in inn li
til ailil to iti lUnliiv.
cfs It has been <»ii -

I'o ri iikJv th's dim ■
^;lolllll!s, wh:tli have
lioin, they foon bc-
y fhnit time projiicc
., which the ir.tciile

-iintrv ari- rcei's, h-
hc Ik lb .>lbaihani.i,

clons an.! poinpion:;,
coiin'.iy Iikcwile pio-

wliicli in eating \\
i them i"; too fliarp,

r the earlli. Tlic
ic gaiilen vegetables
ntiiuially waieiej, as
as on accoi.'nt of tlu'
liirface of th.- caitli

nals which are fo 'lui
chan, befiiles which
ones ; fuch as wi'J
nt.lopes, hates, wilJ

■Qloiir, of the fi7,c of
ow, but the nofe is
yes, yet is piiiblin I,
brantlics. Thi'ya'e
ei|ual diitancts, the
iiiulk.

Here ari- pclicins, corovaika'., fwans, ducks, and all
kiniK of towls that are to be toiiiul in Kni'laiid.

r e \'olya Is r< pUte wilh a ;:teal vai iitv of mod deli-
CMw* l.fh; but li.e.c aic but fnv re|.iil s m Adraihan,
and none woi:l, paitieulaiiKing.

I nc Riiflians, Armenians, (.Jcorgians, v^<-. wIk) in-
l.ah.t AUrJchaii have the fame ciilloms and manners as
tl\c people of Ibeir rclpiClivc counliies, but the real
ii.itnc", or Nai'ii I'aiiars, greatly diiRr lioill the others
».. manv rcfpecU.

J'lie" liVe in hnis formed of canes, or hullnifhes,
at tlic top of wlii-h a hoi/ is made to let out the linoke ;
then tuil is luif or low dung. 'Ihcfc huts, which aic
about 12 feet in diameter, thev covei in cold v»cather
VMih co.nfe cloin, and remain (hut i.p with their f.iini-
1h - till the iky i;ioHsnioie lereiie ; in tin- fiimmerthiy
move fioiii placc^to pl.-.ce for ihe benrht of frefli p il-
luiv lor then cattle ; when the tr.uel they load tiair
caiiicK, hulks and even o.xen with tli.ir v.ucs, c'.il.lreii,
huts, and utciifils. They pay no taxes, but aie obliged
to leive III the KuHian Wars ; and fome <.f their chiefs
aie always Utl in the c.lllcol Allrachaii aa hulla;^cs for
the (idelity of the iclK

'lliev base olive complexions, large f.urs, \ili;'. .
fni.dl bcaids, ate low ot (laiuie, and incliiud "• > ; i
Icncy. They (ha\e tliiir heads, wear a co.i;'.: (irc.,- c..>-
lock, and over it .i (heip-lkin cloak, wit*! (K wool o.t-
wards, and .i cap of the lame ni.iteiials. i nci.' woi.en
■%vcar linen, and a cap v.itli Kurtian com n it ging roiiio! ;
with nfpeot to their (leif ns and featuits they are to-
Jer.dde.

I'hev are in genctal Mahomet. iiis, and devote their
<)H's| ting to (Jod or liinic laint. Tlic m.di's wear a ring
ill the II ill car, the lem.iles in the iiolc ; the rings woin
bv liie l..tu-.' arc ulually let with a pace of coral, a ruby
or tuii|u> lie.

Hunting, filhing, and their cattle fupport them. I'llli
<h ied in the fun is ufcd inllcad of bread, thoiijih they fome-
times make cakes of rice, millet oi meal, winch they tiy m
oil or honey ; theirdrinkis water or milk, but mate's milk
they pieter, and arc cxceciliii'lv fond ot camels (leni
and horle-lleOi. llieir camels have two bunches on
Iheir backs, their Iheep, like thole ot I'eifia, have very
fat tails, and tluir cattle i. exceedingly lar^e.

S F. C T. II.

7"/'.t Iv A I. .\1 f C K. 5.

^■* II I''. Kalmucks arc the inbabitaiu- of a prodii^iou-
dciait, vvi.iehlies I'clweeii ilie ineis Don and
Volga.

Thefe people are continua ly rovin'i idiout ; in the
winter they ulually leli e on the bordeis of Circallia ;
they pioceed northerly in the fpring, and return back
aijaiii : t the latter end of Autumn. They ne\er culti-
v.itc any land, their only ricbei being their Hocks and
cattle, on whole ai count they piincipally loani about in
learch of liedi pallure.

Iheir tenipoiary or moving habitations, are huts,
which the poorer kind cover with reeds or rulhes, and
liie belter (ort with telt.

I licy are divided into dittcrcnt hoide's, e.ich ot which
hath us chief, but all aie (ubjcet to one lovcieigii who
is calltd Chan. Ibis Chan has an agent or envoy in
AUr.ielian.

1 lioiigh the Rufliaiis claim them as their fubjcc^s, the
Kalmucks always alleu their iiiiiepeniance, but admit
I. .at they aic happy in the fiietuUliip and protcclion of
tile CiMiri of St. I'etcrlburgh. And a Uiinian icfident
attended by a guaid of 300 loldicis alw.iys rehdcs in the
coiiit ( r lather camp ot the Chan.

i liey believe in one Ciud only, are fond of keep.

Hrie

' It is afbiiiilliiiij' that within the lalt 50 years, neither
till' aironiit oltlic lupprellion of the Kalniink's imuic of bu-
ll il i, iiiciiti.iiu d ill any ol cir S^ STl.MS of CI'.OCK Al'IIV;
U'<r tlie real tnetliod in which they foiNierl) uledtolii,y
tl,cir dead; vvhivli c\iuces, tint the uiiu'is of iii.iiiy
Syl'cnis of Citopraphy were iiic e cojisill, f, uni the
antiquated and llale works of oM''ilcte and iii.ieciiiate
aiitl.ors; utl erw tie tlirv mill h.ivc kniinii, tliat the K.i'-
niiic k Tartars never liiiiied their dead in the manner
lliey have deltribed i that the number i-f d'gs who ilcvuured

ng holidays, and are tclerahU de.-ent in th^ir mod- of
ivoilliip. However, they k;i p i Ids .ilioui tluin, but pn -
tend not to piy them ar.v kind of adoration, but onljr
to tieat thini with relpcCt oit ot regard t 1 the laiiits they
nprrfciit L'p^n all m rafioiis they atjed to proieij .i.j
Cliinefe religion, though they know ve y little of ii:i
principles.

1 hey uie an odd emblem of cic'i'y il' ..ing the tin e
of then isorlhip, which is tn;-, . >i; I a doub i:

gilt Ipi.ii, id' .iboet eiglit feet '> gth, is • .companed
with a rm;:, to wh.ch a lea.., . thong, wiih a piece jf
had .It Ihe end is falKncd ; - i'. ng their devotions the
end of the Ipcar is placed on the ground, and one ot
ill' congieg.iiion, with great dexterity, occalions tl.o
imial to turn roun.l duriii'.; the whole time : they like-
wile fiiig, and make ufc of cyn.bols, and otlici mulical
inlliiiments, which are llriiiged j to iliele iliey beat time,
.ind look iij'oii noiiv , which aie piiciced tioiii the tup
to the bottom ol the page. '

They aie allowed bm < r.c wile at a tinif : and adul-
tery is leverely punifiicd.

When two young peeple have 3 mind to marry, tliey

cohabit together for a twelvemoinh ; if in that fp.ice the

woman prove:, pugnanr, the niartiage is legal , but it

the contrary is the cafe, they are at liheity either to pair

'. jitirely, or to make aiioiier year's tri.1l. The iiiidei-

'. ;oing of lueh a trial is no ways injuiious to the repula-

' tion of a woman.

Conj'igal infidelity is rarely known among thefe peo-
ple. If the wife is caught tripping, file is inimedi.itcly
condeti lied to death ; and the hulband, if he thinks pio-
per, may be her executioner.

The iiiielU are neither permit'cd to have money or
wives; for thefe two lealons : liilt, they are allowej
to lupply their nccedities from the properties of whom
they pleafe ; and fccondly, they have the liberty of ppt-
ling a fingle night with any mariied woman thev chuir .
.:nd this is fo far from diigulling the liulbaiuls, that il'jv
take it as a mighty great favour.

The burials ot the Kaliiiuck) were perhaps the moll
fingiilar as well a^ the niol'. fignit'eaiit of any people in
the L'nivcrfe; they conhdered the dead loiiniiiy yeais.
Hid eiigaiied eieryelement in the conccriH of tl.; ir ^01 |'le.
In the hill place, they buried them, tli.it they might re-
turn to their original cl y ; but betore it was polTihle
lor the bodies to corrupt, they took 'hem up aga-ii,
and then threw them into tf Volga, 1' it tiiok caic to
lecure them li>, tli.il they .light e.iiilv be drawn out
again. After having beer iinmeried in water fjr loii.c
time, they drew up the bodic , and half buiiioj, or
rather roallcd them, to b)iiig tiiem aiijuainteil with th,-
element of liie : then, that tiny might not omit the
I'ourth el, iietit, air, the carca!es were ex poled u|)on tliC
banks of th^ Volga, to be devoured by buds of prey,
or i'.irtarian dogs. If they were devoured by dog'-, 11
was deemed a lucky omen ; for dogs being looked upon
in a facred light, they fuppolld that he Ipirit i.ppei tam-
ing to .1 .aic.ifj belonging to any pcrion djwiuied by
dogs, euiit be in an abfolute ft .te of felicilv.

Tills mode of treating thede.id has howiver, for foinr
jears, been prohibited by an order fro. 11 th.' impeiiat
couit of Rullia; and the Kalmucks, at prefent, .iie com-
pelled to buiy their dead in the fame manner as ih,;
Chriftuns of Aftrachan.*

Though the Kalmucks fecm neither to be fwaycd
by amSition or avarice, they arc always (lu.irrclling with
their neighbouts. 'Tlie Karacalpi-aks they have a par-
til uliir enmity to; to prcvint thefe quarrels, the Rulhana
are under the nccell-ty of keeping a military force upon
the banks of the Volga ; but thele troops arc only undir
arms in the fummer time.

llie body w .is inniiatci iai, as all theirdogs are looked ii)),'n i:l
.1 tiicnd ligbt ; and tint the pr lOliee ef onenlv expolinir the
dead budii's was liip)ii'el!ed in the year 17+0, by the ii'.tcr-
salioii and repieftiiiaiioii ,if Jiiliii Cook, i\l. 1). a Seit.li
gentleiii.ui, wito V .IS iinny years emjil.iyed Iw ilic court 1 f
llullia ill a metlicai cap.ieiry at .Altrachan ; and w lio reported
to tli.it ei'iirt ih.it one ol' the eliicf eaufes of the pl.igiie's vilit-
ing tlijt eouiitry, was ow iiig to 'he piitril'i'dc,iri..f. s of the
Kahuiicks, whidi wire roii'ini.'Uy t N|mlcil to be ilevnurd
'11 tlir banks of the \ 'dgi. and iieir ibe city of .'.lira ban.

•l".'.i;

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

r/j

^n
^

1.0

I.I

11.25

!r IM IIM

2.0

14 ill 1.6

Photographic

Sciences
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33 WIST MAIN STMIT

WHSTIR.N.Y. 14S80

(716) S73-4S03

■I, . 1 • '

-j,i |-;

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

The Kalmuck dogs arc exceedingly fierce, and very
voracious, and will attack any niun who gives them
the leaft offence. In bodies tJicy will alTault a number
of armed men ; but the inhabitants of Allrachan very
frequently go out on purpole to fhoot them, anJ in
time will without doubt extirpate the whole ('pccies.

SECT. III.

Of CiRCASSIA.

CIRCASSIA is t!ut country lying bciwccn the
Cdfpian fca on the cart, Afoph and ihc I'.iulus Mit-
tis on the weft, the high mountains of Caucafus on the
fouth, and Artraehan on tlic north.

Of this country the fouthcrn divifion is claimed by
the Pcrfians, the wcftern is u:idcr the dominion of the
Turks, and the callern pays obedience to the Kuflian
empire.

The land has by many writers been reported to he
ftcrile, for this reafon only, becaufe they faw no ap-
pearance of fertility. But it Ihould be confidered that
the natives undcrftand nothing of agriculture, and have
not the lead propenfity to be induftrious.

The natural richnefs of the foil is unqueftionabic,
and the furface of the earth when juH turned up will
produce a plentiful crop.

The capital ot Circaflia is Kiilaar, which was built
t)y the Ruffians j the citadel is only formed of earth,
but the garrifonconfifts of abo'jt 500 regulars, and 3000
Cofl'acks, the latter of whom are permitted by the Rnllian
government tocreit habitations on the banks of the Teuk.

Kizlaar is only in 44 deg. north latitude ; the air is
confequently wholefome and fercne.

The river Tertk, which flows from weft to eaft, pro-
duces a great variety of fifti, as fturgeon, falmon, &c.
It inLandirs beautifully through the country till it
dilcmhojues itfelf into the Cal'pun fea.

Pi Ivgamy, .ind the keeping of a number of concu-
tiincs Is permitted to the Circiflians, who profefi the
ALihometan religion.

Thcfe people arc lovely in their features, majeftic in
their perfons, and agreeable in their deportment i in
their natures they are large, and the men make excellent
fold.eis ; however, none but the principal people are
permitted to carry fuc arms, with which they aie very
expert, killing at a gieat diltanct, making ule ol liall>,
and rifle burels. The common weapons are (i.yiijiicrs,
bows jnd arrows.

The Circaflians, who are immediately uiulcr the pro-
tection of the couit of Kufli.i, hive ihicfs ul their own,
the principal of whom is Ihlcd Ktcuvitch, he is a nujur
geneial of irregulars in the Rufltan troops ; he is how-
ever always ordered to remain in Circallia, where it u
imagined his fervices can be the moft e(U-nli»l. 'I'ho'
the Circ.iflian princes are excctdingly honoiiied and
tifpe"'ed by the fubjeols, yet luchii tlicir indeptndtiuy
of the people thai they are not obliged to do any tiling
at their command inilels prompted by their own iiuli
nation. The princes themlilve* aie likcwifc iiide)K'n-
(lcn( on each other ; the moft confiderable of which is
the ihove mentioned Hccovitch.

Whatever prefenH the emprrfs of Ru<Ca fends to the
CiicalTian princes, their rifpeiHive fuhjeiflsexpe^t a pan.
If the things are not fuflicicnily divifiblc to be diiln-
huted, they will have an equivalent in f|>ccie, or (ome
other commodity, which may be caftly parted among
them.

In war all the fpoilt are divided amongft the Irimps,
the fovcreignt being excluded from having any (hare.

With refpc^ to their fubordination to RuOia, it 11
tinly confined to a formal nalh of allegianie, in which
they (wear to be fMhniilfuc to a certain number «l
(;cner.il laws, as lung as thiir being lo conlinu^'S cllin-
tial 10 the good of tlir RulTiins and ihimfiKes. The
imperial cnuit for many (ouent reafons (rhlotn intei-
ferrs with ihcit pulilical, and never wuh then relijjioir
concerns.

Like the Turk", they have h.iram* or fcrapbo" for
their Women, I om whuh all men except ihe hiilbaiiJ
ii excluded. Thrfr are fepurale frwni, though buiil
rontiguous to iheii dwelling huuhs.

The following fiiigularcuftom prevails in this country :
When the principal lady of any of their princes Is ill
labour, the firU Circalli^.n who hears of it, let his fitua-
tion be ever lo menial, runs and places himfelf at the
door of the haram, from whence none arc authoritcd to
drive him. When the lady is delivered, if it happens
to be a boy, he is richly drcfled with the utmotl fpeed,
and delivered to the Circaflian, who immediately takes
him home, and if he is a married man delivers him t.»
his wife to nurfej if he is a batchelor, anuife irull \.:
procured, and the child remains under his infpci^ion
and tuition till he is nine years ot age, when he is aguii)
returned to his parents, who receive hi.n with ar.Mi
rejoicings, and the utmoft public ceremonies. 1 lie
reafon which they give for this remarkable cuftcm u,
that the child may not be fpoiled in its infancy by the
delicacies of a court, or the effeminacc treatment which
he might receive in the haram ; but rendered fo hardy
dnd robuft as to become in time a buggatecr or hero.
For courage and perfoniil ftrengthare by the Circ.ifliam
eftccmed as the hrft qualifications of a human bring.

As the refpciTl which the Circa/lians pay to their chiefa
is voluntary, fo it is fincere ; but a prevailing pait of
their charai^ter is their veneration for ancient houfirs.
They are is great genealo^fts as the Welch, but more
tei'flciojs ot their family honour by not intermarrying
even for gain, with an inferior.

Whatever may have been faid by former writers con-
cerning the marriage ceremonies of the Circaflians, they
are fimply thefe :

The p.irents or (guardians enter into a nuptial con-
trail i the )Oung couple are then permitted lo fee each
other. After two or three vifiis, if each party is fatis-
fied, the afl'air is concluded, and nothing remains but
to fend the bride home to the bridegroom's houfc in a
clofe waggon finely painted, aiiended by the women who
are to live with her.

With refpedl to the contrafl itfelf, it falls heavy on th«
bridegroom, efjH'cially if he is aidently defirous of con-
cluding the match ; as the bride's relations give no-
thing with her but a few fuiCs of elnaths ; bjt the bride-
groom IS obliged to make them piefents to a great value
of horfes, dromedaries, camels, cows, jicc. If they hap-
pen to demand mure than he is pollelled of, it makes no
diftVrencc to him, for he imuKdiately m.ikes incurfions
upon his neighbours, .ind Heals as many as will make up
the deficiency.

Ihe people of Kirla.ir carry on a giwd trade with the
Ruftiani for an exee.'lent toot called Rubia tiiidkorum,
which IS ulicd in dsiiig a beautiful red colour. Befldei
a great variety of uleful heibs, this country furniOiet
the beft capers in the univcr(ic.

The wrxids naturally ptexluce vines, the grapea nf
which are fmall, but the wine madefiom them excellent.

Circaina abounds in wild fwine, wolves, and luxes i
to lalch thele they ufe the following method :

Alter digging a hole in the earth nine feet deep, broad
lit the bolluiii, and narrow at the lop, they drive a ftake
into the middle, which proje-CIs from the iurlaee of the
earth about four fe-ct, U|X>n Ihe top of the l^ake 4
moveable cart wheel ii fixed, to which a young pig it
fallened in the evening. The mouth eif the pit i> then
covered with branches of iieei in a very flight manner,
over which gtafs is fcaltercd.

I'hr pig J<ie> not fail to fqueak all night, being irri-
tated by Its confinement. When any of the above-men-
tioned animalt hear the iioife, they do not fail lo vifit
the place, which they no looner approach than they fall
into the pit, where ihey reno-n till morning, being
Inlally unable to difengage themirlvcs,

the hare i» hunted with iiounds much in the famo
manner as in England, am.' afl'uids great divctfion,

Circaflia halh at gr.'ral t. variety of g.. ^e as Aftri-
than, but the pheafanis in particular arc much moi«
numerous,

Krum Kixlaar the traveller may pafs through •
^real number of CofTaek villages, till he arrives at an
iMcllrnt hot well, whrre I'eltr the (Jiral built an
liolpiial fill :he cure »f feoihuiii paticnis.

t he hot Ipring is filualrd upon a hill, beyond lh«
indrpcndant village Hiagutflioi, fuiiih of the river

Tcreks,

ails in tiiiscountry :
their princes is ill
iof it, let his fitiij-
aces himlelf at the
ne are authoriied to
/crati, it it happenv
h the utmoU ipeeJ,
J immediately takes
man delivers him Ui
or, a nuile mull l.j
nder his inlpei'lion
;e, wfun he is again
ve hi.n with j;reat

ceremonies. I'lie
markablc cuftom it,
a its infancy by the
ate treatment which
It rendered fo hardy
I buggatccr or hero,
re by the Circafliaua
r a human bring.
ins pay to their chiefi
a prevailing pait of

tor ancient houlics.
le Welch, but more
ly not intermarrying

former writers con-
the CircalTians, they

into a nuptial con-
eniiitti'il III fee each
if each party is fatis-
nuthing remains but
degroom's huufe in a
d by the women who

", it falls heavy on the

■ntly defirous of con-

:'s relations give no-

loaths ( but the bride-

|ent.s to a great value

, iit. If they hap-

:ired of. It makes no

-•ly makes iiicurfions

my as will make up

'g'

(lod trade with the
Rubia tiii^toruni,
ri'd colour. Befldcs
i country furiiifltct

IKS, the grapcD of
fiom themrxccllent.

wulvt-s, and loxes ;

g method :

nine feet deep, broa.l

p, they drive a (lake
im the furlacc of th«
tup of the lUke 4
vhich a young pig ii
ath of the pit 11 then

I very flight manner,

ill nigh», being irri-
ly of the above-men-
y do not fail lo vifit
proach than ihcv fall
till morning, beiitg

iXS,

di much In the famo
great dlvctnon.
of g- -it as Aftra-

ular ate much mora

lay pafa through a
till he arrives at an
the (jiral built an
ticnts.

II a lull, beyond th«
luiilh of the rivei

I >fik>,

A SI A.I Western T

Terek, boiling hot water ilTucs from it, which fn-cHs
ili(m"!v of naphtha, and falls into a hafon, the diameter
„( which IS about 12 feet, and tli" depth three. C^ii the
wcIV fide there are fcveii fmall Ipiiiigsof the l.ime kind
of watc-r ; and on the call lido there' is an acid Ipriiri.
'I'hc water of the chief well will boil a fowl in about
nine or ten minutes.

Ill this country provifions in general, and meat in
particular, are exceedingly fcarcc.

About the city of I'eiki there arc a great number of
ferpcnts, who make holes in the gicund th.it arc ex-
tremely dangerous. Thcl'e Icrpcnts arc fix or leveii Ictt
in length, and about the thickncfs of a man's arm.

There are Ikcwife mice a,s large as fquiircls, which
arc called jerhuah. Their ears are lon;^, and their
fere feet fhortcr than ihofe behind, which prevents their
runnirg fwiftly j they, however, tan lay tluir tails over
their backs, and leap to a coniid.:r..ble height or dif-
tance.

A R T A R Y

Of the Rivir Jaik,

SECT. IV.

the Karakalpaak, Kirgec, avii Baf-
kccr Tartars.

officers had been : at
n of the v/holc afl'.iir ;

ijcis were treated exactly a,i the

liii;;th the court got iiilunnatn.

Init it was thought the mcili: (iruilcn: to wink af ::,

(he Rulli.iii miniftiy having too mucli Ceiile to quar-

r I with a kt of people whole I'cntiir.ents iiilured tlicir

iiulcpendeiicy, and whofe lituation rendered it inipoirible

to conquer them.

S K C T. V.

Of the Ulbcc Tartars.
Tartary is fitu.itcil

'reat ^'Io-

TH E river Jaik, which runs through a defart of a
prodigious exient, and at le;igth empties itieh'into
the Calpian lea, h.ith, at about 3CO vorfls from its I'ource,
a llrong town built by the Don Coflacks, 'I'his, after
the river, is called Jaik, and the Coflacks have hrav.ly
defended it from the attacks of all the dilFcrent tribes of
furroundmg Tartars.

Hotween r, .Irachan and Jaik river, there is no inha-
bited place except the above mentioned town. This
va(t defart is, however, infefted by innumerable hordes
cf wild T.irtars.

Thofc who wander ahi iit the Cafpian fea are called
Karakalpaaks, to the luiiihwurd of whom the ICirgccs
and Balkccrs take up their abode. The Kalmucks are
continually at war wiih thcfe tribes.

The Kirqecs and ISalkeers profcfs Maliomctanifin,
and being perhaps the moll ignorant and unpolidicd of
any who profels that religion, they are of courfe the
molf fiiperllitious.

Confonant to thcli: notions in the year 1739, durinj
the wai between the Rudiaiis .ind the Tuiks, they
thought they could not do a more cllVntial fervir.c to
Mahomet, than by injuring the Ruflians as mu.h as
thtir power would permit. They accordingly fc'l upon
all the defeiicclefs towns and villages of the province of
L'mfiiiialolka'a ; all who were young and vigorous they
carried with them, dcligiiing either to ul'c them as
(laves, or to f.ll iliem as fuch. The old, the intinn,
and the very young fell indifcrimiiiate viclims to their
rcniorlVlcfs fury.

The governor of Orenburg, however, beinc; informed
of thele crin 1 depredations, difpatchcd a body rf 5000
regutais and 3000 Coliacks, who marched with Inch
fecrecy that they attacked the Kii^ee camp in the night,
and dcftroyed the greatfit pit. ■•*' thole Ilarbaiians,
though thev w.'te at the lime 20,000 (Iroiii:.

The Coiracks firit uifcovered the river Jaik, and ac-
quiied giuat riches by fifliing in it \ and after having
cuied their filh, felling them to the Alliacliaii mer-
chants for the mart of Ruflia.

IVler the Cireat fome time before had enteied into
n Iclicnie for turning the Vidga to a political advan-
tage, and gave aiiixclufne privilege to one DtiiiidioH
with refpei't to the tilhing, advancing at the f.ime time
20,000 lublen, to enable him the better to put Ins dclign
into execution. In a few years Dcmidiulf repa. 1 the
money, and became exceedingly iich.

The linieries earned on in the Jaik river, at leni;th
•xciting the attention of the court ol Kuflia, they dctrr-
mined 10 tax the fifherirs on that iivrr as will as tliufr
cf the Volga ; proper (ihccrj were lent to enforce the
tax, who were thrown into the river 'ind drowned by
the Coliacks, to whom the very Idea of any kind of
taxation was abominiible. Continual rxpiellis weie
fciit from St, reteifliur^ih to rnqiiirc why the officer',
had nut fcnt an account ui then fuccdSi but the milkii-

S f ! E C Tartary is fitu.ited between the ^
gills dominioi's which bound it ( n the loutli, and
the C,il'pi:in lea which with I'cifia is the wcllctii con-
line i it h.is the country of th'O Kalmucks on the north,
and Tibet towards the cart.

The Uflx'cs arc generally cdccmcd as the moft civi-
li'/ed of all the Mahometan Taitars, not but they can
pilhi;ie and rou their neighbours as well us any other
Tartarian trib •.

'I'luy nearly rcfemble the Pcrfi.!ns in their drcfs, their
bo its which arw' unconimonlv lar'.;c excepted j the chiefs
wear a plume of feath;rs on their turbans, and at well
■IS ihcir kh.in pride theinfehcs much on being the
defendants of tiie rcnowivd Tamerlane.

Th -ir coiiin on fcol is pilau, or boiled rice, but their
gre.itdf delicacy is horfe (iclli.

Th-;y drink a kind of arrack or fomented liquor ma;'c
of ma es milk,

Th.-ir lingua;»e is a mixture of the Turkifli, Perfian,
and Mongol ; but they arc well acquainted with the
I'erfian language in its puiity.

'I'he.r arms are like thole of the other Tartars, viz.
large bows, arrov\'s, darts, and fabies, which they ul'c
with admir.ible addrefs. Of Lite tiiey have begun to
life mufKcts, and many of their cavalry wear coats of
mail, and carry fmall bucklers.

The Tartars of Great liuchaiia pique themfelves upon
being the molt courageous and rohiift of their whole
intioii'. The I'erfians, who are not deficient in point
ot natural courage, look upon them with terror. The
womiii themfelves afpiie to miliiary reputation ; they
are (frong and well limb'd but in tlieir Iimiuks have all
the delicacy of Afialic beauty.

The horles belonging to tliefe Tartars are not hind-
fome, but they are hardy, in.lef.itigable, and exceedingly
fwift i they are the bctf horlVs in thj world for the
Tartars to fcnur the defarts, as they can live upon
almoft any thing, and a ver)' Imall quantity of proven-
der feems to keep up tlieir ltreii(j:ih.

Th y are continually at 'A-ar with the Pcrfians, the fer-
tile plains of Korofan exciting them to make ficquent
excuilii ns into that rich and pluitiful countiy \ but they
do not liml it quite lo eafy to penetrate into the do-
minii ns of the (^reat Mogol, on account of the pro-
digious n'oiiiitain< which intervene.

Thole who lublilt upon their cattle, cr by plunder-
ing their neighbours, live fonctimes in huts, and fome-
times in tent', every tribe foiming a camp uf its own,
and frequiiilly move from place to place as it fuits their
inclination or convciiiency ; othci', whoculiiiate the
earth, and arc a little honclKr 111 their principles than
their wandering bicthren, firm loeieties, and live in
towns and vill.iges j thefc latter are either the real liucha-
lians or defeeiulanis of the .Sines, the aneient iiihabi-
tants of the country : or the Tutkumaros, who
were felllcd in the loiintry lung before the Ulliccs or
T.irtars, piopeily lo called, fiihdued it. 'The Ulhccs in
general, however, defpife the tlioiiglus of lultivation,
and duni It glorious to make excui lions upon and plun-
der ihrir neighbours,

'The capital of the country which lies in 39 deg. 15
mill, imrth latitude, is called Hoehara. It isluirounded
by a mud wall 1 the houfcs aie built of wood, but the
mofqiies and caiavanfetasare of biick : it is loleiahly po.
pulous, but not equal to what it was tormcrly. I he
khan is peimnied lo fci/.e U| on the propeily of whom
he pleat' s, which injures comiiauc .'uid damps the
ipiiit uf culiitaiion,

O SECT.

I'<l' • ^'

! I

I 4

A M:\V tOMlM.V.TE SYSTl'M OK (;!■, ()(ill Ai'Il V.

s i; c T. V.

Of the Ciii:i (lU l.cl^ee -taruvs.

C^RIM T-irlnrv, wlilcli was ancicir.ly call.-il Taii-
J lica Chtrtoridu-, ii furroiitiilcl liy thi' Ijl. • k S'.-a
on the well, loutli, oiul part cil tin- call. On ilic north
it has till.- Panhi< M.tDtis, nr.il kll'cr Taitui) joins it
on the luirth welt by a narrow ilHimiis.

Its grcati'll ixuiit, liiim i),)iili to liuith, is a'.Ciiit 1^5
miles ; its gre.itelt breadth li.in well to ealJ, is iie.ir
1^0 miles i ajiti its breaJih in oil-.e: pl.iCiS is only about
So miles.

It is lituatcd between 33 ami 37 degrees c.tII longi-
tude, and between 44 and 46Uegues noith latitude.

It is bv nature exeeedingly Iruitlul j .'.iiJ with culti-
vation would 1-e a fine couiitrv. 'I'herc arc t.iwns and
villages ; but the h(.ures aie wretched hut^. It ia luli-
jcwl to the Ciiand bijnior, uhoni the Khan is oblij^ed
111 time ot war to runiilh wiili 30,000 tifectivc men.
Thclc men, however, never rceeiviii!; any pay, p'undcr
and pillai;e in every place as they p.ils through ; on wliieh
account ncry man takes three or lour liorle^ wiih him,
behdts that on which he rides, to load with pluiukr and
captives. Whenever a hoile dies, the owner inuiu-
diately drelies the carcal'e, and invites his coniradej to
die entcitainmeiir.

In ti;i.c of peace ihcy purcbafe beautii'iil children in
Circallia ; and Icll them lu theTuiks, who pay lor them
in doathing, aims, coft'ee, tea, rice, raliiis, ic.

The thief cities, il they may be lo called, aic I'rcccp,
Crim, Aial:et, Sachin^tii, Cali'a, Sidagoy, fee.

They travil in clofe carts, which contain not only
themlelves, but their wives, children, bagg.ige, ^c.

A painted wacg.'n, and a but coveied with while
linen, with a painted cloth at the top, tied with red
things, are all they rive with their daughteis in mar-
riage i though they cxjitcl a haiidloiiic prekiit Ironi the
bridegi (.10111.

Tlieyburv their diad very deep in the ground ; creel
a tomb of mud over tlicit giavcs, and adom it with a
variety of (lags, exprelTne of the ijualily, liicumllaiic^s,
and actions ol the decealed.

The country of the Lefgfc Tartars extends near an
hundred miles 111 length, from north to foiitb, and
about fourfeore from call to well. It is feitilc and
picalant, producing all kinds of grain and cattle. The
people aie good mechanics, andcairyon leveral manu-
faclurc) ; they are nut only very warlike, but cxcil in
making fire arms, with which they trade into Pcilia.
They are an indepondant people, and their chiefs, who
are named Shamkalls, in any common calc of daiM^rr,
unite tliLir forces and are unanimous in their operations.

They are aitivc and will proportioned : their eves
ait; Mack and full of liie; their compleMon Iw.irthy,
and their leatures legular and eng.igin:;. They drtis
after the Arabian filhion, and wear whilkcrs ; lome few
iiiJeid let their hair grow.

They trade not only with the I'erfi.iH'-, but with the
RufTLins and Am. emails, giving li;c a. ins and madder
for cloalliing and nccrllaries.

Hat thi ugh they arc loud of i omm'-rcr, thry rin
rob Jiid pliiadrr „i well as uny of the other Taitju ;

i, however, if they pu iiiiic to p.roticl en' convey any

jj llranger, they ne\ei buak then woul:-, ir violate v,.:

] j laws ol holpitality.

l| They follow the 'i'uiks in their mode of woiflii,',
and the I'eiiians in tlieir inaiineis; but in one p.iuu 1:-

II lar they outdo molt o( tlie Uiiculal nalii^iu, loi tiny

i can drink Iij.c Gciiiians.

S K C T. Vt.

(J U ,N' C I, U S I U N'.

AFTKR lining parlieularized all the kingd.iirt,
llatis, and var.ojs t. ibes vi'hich coiiipolc tholl valt
regions i-.iiown by, and conipiehcni!td under the n.ia eof
Tart.iry, a country v.hich extends 4COO miles in len:;ili,
and 2400 in breadth, it n.ay not be inipr^ipcr to pieient
the while to the e\e in one general view by uav of
c> ncliiliiin.

Tins cxtcnfive coun'.ry ficms to b;' an epitome of ihe
univerle. It contains within its limits a v:.lt oecar,
VIZ. the Cafpian lea, wh.eli in f ct is no iv.orc than a
prodigious Taitanan l.:kc ; n.aiiy other lakes, iiinuiiie-
r.ibic livirs, and fon.c navigable, lome not j tile lorn-.er
contain illands, and bolli are well (locked wit!; fidi.
Mountains whole luminits reach the ch.uds ; linall
hills, cxtenlive plains, deiaits of an atloiiiniiii.z cacuiri-
lerence ; in line, it includi s wiihin its vait liinilj all
iliL varietiis ol nati.re with rtlpicl to land and water,
and ail that tile imagination can conceive of the p!i.a-
fant, the dreary, and the dreadful.

The air hath inmimer.ible v .iiiaiians from the pro..
digioUi extent of the couiuiy, as it partakes ot iho
Ill-id tiliipciatiirc, to belound b> yoi'.d the Arti. I'ohir
Cnde, and of the ler^iie clliii.it. s ol J''ianee andliaU,
.iiid the more luxurious atniolplice of the liner parts
of '1 urk<y.

The lud IS ei|U. illy various, .iii.l a I'cale of tlic T'.ir-
tarian prodiue iiii.hi bo dr.iwn, to d.l'cend fiom tiitf
hei 'lit ol lertility 10 ii.L- moll lUiileuegicc ol local bai-
reniids.

In Ionic place; not a vciv table (it for life is to be
found, nor a pebble that is w.atli looking . t. In olhcs
all the luxuries of v^inal iiatuie abuu.'d, and the mines
team with gold, fiKcr, loppir, iron, jafper, lapis
lazula, ^:c.

The people vary as much as their country or climate,
in pci Ions and nianners. Tliole in the weihrn parts, in
Ciicallia, audits neiglibourhood, ate the molt lovely and
delican of the creation. In the n id. lie regions tluy .ire
kis handfume, and in the eallern pans, about K.imtf.
cliaika, they aie very indift'erent. Thu^ the inhahit.ints
ol I'artaty, with rclpect to le. tines and perfons, may
be includid under ihice geiier:.| he,;d~, viz. the be,;u-
tiful, the pallable, and the loihiddini'.

'i'hcre are two charailleiillic ciicunillanccs indeed, iii
which all the Taitar nations and tubes unanimoullv
.igiee. In the hrll place tluy arc cxceeuingly fund of lb ,t
noble animal the hoife, iitlier alive or dead: alive,
as the molt excellent ol iWv.uits j ami dead, as the
moil dtl, lions of food. And lnondlv, they have .dl
the fame natui.d propenfiiy, not only tii plundei th.ir
niighbouik, but lu tub aiid pill.gecaJi other.

C M A P,

.cl cH- convey any

ir Tr.oi'e ol" wo;!!!!,',

',nit i;i one p.iiiiv n-

,il ii.il.'jiij, loi till j

[ 55 ]

C H A P. VII.

The E M P I Tv E of P E R S I A.

I N.

I all tlic kiiijilnirq,
li comiolc lliofv vail
a1 uiuiei' ilic ri.i.i cot'
(CtO luilcu in li.'ii^;lli,
.• iinpr.'pcr In |irclciic
icral view liy v.-.iy of

b;' an cpitp:nc of ilic
liinics a \..\\ occar,
ct Is no Mioic than u
DiluT lakes, innunic-
.inic not J tlu' toirr.tr
•II (K.ck'.d wit!-. fiHi.
the chjuds ; fniall
1 alloiiiniing cacum-
[hin its vaft \\m\U all
cl to lanil all'] water,
iiiictive uf till' p!ta-

ati.ins from the pri>-.
s it partakes (■! ili*
rydi'.il the Ariiv I'ular
uf I'lanec ami iijiv.
Lie of the finer p^irts

1.1 a li-ale of the 't'.ir-
lo <l I'centl fioni the
le lie^iee ol local bai-

lU for nfe is to bo
uoking . t. In othcij
xuir'il, and the ininej
, iron, jafper, lapis

ir country or eliniate,
n lilt wedirii parts, lit
le the molt lovely and
id. lie re^'.ioiis thiy are
pail-., ahout K..muf»
'I liii^ the inh.ibit.ints
les and pttfons, may

d^, viz. the bcau<
1(11'.

ciiiiillanecs indeed, ia
d tubes uiuniniuunv
cceiiingly loud ol th it
live or dead; alive,
and dead, as the
londiv, they have ..11
only to pluiidei ih.ir

a.h other.

CHAP.

s I-: c T. I.

^iiliquil-i cf Perfia, andi'itl and nr'tfyii Stn!f, Dtrivathn
of ih .\iim,' J Silualic'!, Extent, C'l'iMt,; Dii'i/ions,
Ahmitmni, Kive.s; firiitapul Cities, t'.irlii\Lr/y Ifpa-
han, &c,

PERSI.X hath been cilehraied in liiOory from the
very e.irlielt aLas ; but though the pinple h.ive
ofleii been C'llilid'. red as poweilul, they could
never be deinied happy. Defpotifiu and fupeidliun
li.we always h.id t(>o much inlluence in their polilieal
and lehg.'ous matter?. VVIieiever privaie prop.eity is
puearious and the hi.ni;iii rc.ikm nu.iiaekJ, the p-'.>plc
iii'ilt be niiftiahle. Not. ling but liberty -uanltd by
vhi.Kfome laws, and fieeJom of thought i iider f.iUitary
reltrictions, can under any pccple happy. I'loni the
remutell periods to the pi\fir.t time ue tiiid ti.at arbi-
trary meaiures have ruined the iv.oA poweil.il (hies, and
dipiipiilat.d foiiie of the fimll region^ in the univerfc,
Willi-- libtrty hath rendered other eountr.ea lefs h.ippily
fiiuate,!, opiilenl an. I potent.

It is probable that the word I'erfia is only a eornip-
tion of th-- word P.ir:hi.i, an.l that the nuuleiii IVrlians
derive then iia : e from tlivir piogcnilois the Panhian-i,
the ancient inh.ibitants of the country : the wjid itlwlf
implies a horlLiiiaii ; the I'erfi.Mij and Paithiaiis having
aiwa.s lijcn famed lor their (k\\\ in horlunanlhip.

Modern I'eiha includis all thofc countiies which wrre
anciently celebrat.d .uul known by the ii.'.ines of Media,
Paithia, part of AlTyiia, Hipcania, Colchis, Baettia,
Iberia, and Suliana.

It be- betwien the 45th r.iid 70th dep. of caft longi-
tude, and 25th and 44.1I1 ('e^;. of noith lalilude. It is
1 jjo miles ill leiij,ih, .iiid 1100 11 breadth, b-jing
bounded 011 the iioitli by tiie Cafpian U'.-, vvMeh fepa-
ratet it t'loin Ruili.i, .md on the iiuith eali by the
river U.\iis, which divides it t'min L'ib.-c 'l".irtaiy ; the
north well bouiidaiies are the Oai^hillan m<iiiiila.ns, and
the mountains of Ar.irat, which diiide it from Cir-
C'lfian 'I'artary ) India is the ealiein buiin.laiyi the
liu'.i .11 oce.iii, mid the j;ul|)lis of I'eifia and (.Jniius, the
f lutlmn i and Ar-.bia ..iid Turkiy, li.e wellcrn. 'I'hus
it i^ e> ,d lit that iioeojiilry in the world is more happily
(ituiled for eommerie, or betti r c.ilculated to become
a gte.it maiitime power ) but iti naiiiial ad^antag(-. have
always b.-eii lendeied of veiy lime ule by lU unh.ippy
poll leal eonllilutioii.

ihe piodigiuus inounlalns ot Ararat an.l Cauialus
li.ivc long made a diliinguilhed tigiiic in hllloiy ; nor
li.iih (hat long 1 haiii ot momi'.iins, known by the name
of Tauri-, wliiih run i|uite thimigh the empiie troni
N'.itolia to India, been lefs leUbiated. 'I'liele aie the
only mouiit.diii uf any cutiliJcratioii in the \\hule
C. uiitiy,

Ihe ihief internal difadv.intngc in Ptrfia is the
want of wai.r. Theic aie fewir liveis in this cniinUv
than in any other of fo v.ill an t.xtent in the woild.
The only rivei* wiirtli mmingarethc Kiir and Ar.is,
thy bi'th tile near mount Araiat, an.l diMiaige tl.eni-
llics Into the Cafpi.ui lea. The wellern boundary
iiidee , IS w .tir.d by ill I'uphiales and the Tigris i and
the riier Indus waliies the call, in pail ; the lliciii ca.kd
t)xiii does not m. rit the name ol a liverj and the lew
oilier livulels aie no b.tici than ditches, many of lluiii
being ih.-gieaieli pait of tlie year diy.

ll.iviiver, to remedy the ahme inconvcnienc v, the
I'c, flans haee Uippl id by ait what lluy have been leluled
by nature; and by the meant ol a jjieat vanity ol
I

canah, rtfervoirs, aqucducls, anil other ufeful and in-
genious contrivances, they fclJom know the w-ant of
water.

In a country fo cxtenfive, the air is of courfe exceed-
ingly various j but it is allowed that the provinces in
geieial are fe tile. Towards the OaghilKin mountains,
which aic continually co\ered with iiu.w, tlie air is ex-
ceedingly cold ; it is very hot in the foutheni parts ; but
the iiiidlanJ regions are agieeably temj trate, and lalu-
brioudy pure.

l-'ioin the d.llrae^ed Hate of Peifia for miny fuccefTive
years, the political divihiin of the provinces caniie't be
afceitained i but the moll iemark..'.i'e pKices in the
empire h.ive been vifited of late ycais by feveral iner-
cli.iits and otlier.s, who went upon tinballies ; the
molt autlieiiiic and iiiteielliiig of whole accounts we
(hall b'leud for the infoiiiialion ol our readers,

Ifpalian, the metropolis of llie l\ilian empire, and
the lapit.il of the province of Krahi, is fitu.Ued in a
pleaiant plain, and is defended from the winds by a
chain of mountains, whieh fiiriound it at it;veial miles
dillance; It is 1?. miles In circumferenee, exclufivc of
the fubuibs ; the ferin is oval, and ihuugli the ftrcets
arc itregu'ar, it teriaiiily mcilis the name of a mag-
nificent city. It however f.illi red gicaily in point of
population and iiipeibnels, by the devaitati'.ns ot Kuuli
Khan i fo that Mr. llanway, w lio was ihere In the year
17J.4, liiiag nes that not above 5000 ot ti.e huules wci.;
Inhab.tid ..t th.it time.

I'levioub to Kouli Ivhaii's ravages, it contained 18,000
houles, 500,0C0 inhabltante, i,Soo carav.infera-j, 160
mofejues, 2.60 piiblic baths, a (;ieat number of luperb
palaies, and lineli|uares planted with Ihaily iiees. The
ruyal p.daee, with theollic.s an.l gardens, is three miles
in eireumference ; the n.yal lijuare ij n.ar a mile long
and about three lurtongs broad. The foitifieations of
tins city arc however mean aiil we.ik, being iiu.lUy
made ot earth, and the moat whieh lui rounds ihem is
gener.illy dry, fo tliat the pl.ic is but In a deieneelefs
hiuation ; it is neveiilu'lels ii-it only tlie bell town, but
the gica-.ell me.rt of ce-mnieree in Perlia, all the ti,ide of
the empiieceiitiing lierej belidesihe valt i|u ant. ly of goods
of all kiiidj which aic biought by n.eieliants of all the
Orienial nat ons, wlio de. I in nuilk, aiiiber^ris,diainends,
pe.irl, g-.l.l, ive.

Ihe gieat market pl.ice or niiidan i^ 7:0 feet long
and J50 bioad i the lioiifis which furreiund it are
uniform, erected With brick^, and the (hops vaulted}
on the h.le towards the pal.iee aie the (hops belonging to
the lapi'aiic-i, goldfiiiiths, and diugeills, oppofite to
which aie the laveim, eating lumlis, linen drapcis,
mercers, woollen drapers, &e.

Through tiie maiket flows ,1 livu'et, the channel of
which I-. of Itone, by which the water Is conveyed to
two laruc icfer\oirs, that Uipply the greatefl pait of
the (iiy with that uleful artieK by the means nl pipes,
Un the banks of this iivnlet and round th- inaiket arc
plant, d a gre.it number of tver-green tr.e:., wlilcll
greatK u-femblc box, and being re.,iilaily eut, fo that
the lliops appear between iliciii, they a.ld enatly to the
eli-.;aiice ot ihe place,

Here are two coveted inufic galleries oppofite to each
otlier, wlieie the iily miiliiiaiis play eieiy iilcht at fun
let, or whenever tlu- Soplii nakis his .ippear. me.

Ne.ir ihe ;.-reat niaikel pl.icc is the be/.n, 01 another
inferior maiket place, which Is divided into ftvetal
llicels or other r.niges ol fli.-ps cmered over. In
ihismaikrt all ioit> ul inuchaiiui/i, and piovilions of

cvtry

A NEW COMVLKTE SYSTEM OF GEOCJRAPHV.

II
!!

•p

cvcrv k'nJ are foil, .iml the prices r.re allowed to be
rciliinable ; meat anJ hn.1 iiiJecil aic rallicr dear.

Several piecis of canmm vvitliout caniagcs, aie planted
bit'orc the royal palace. This palace conlills principally
('( the fcltival ha'l, where the Sophi entertains his nuhle;-
on new year's day, and the hall of audience wluie
he receives foreign anih.dladors, hcar^ ca'jl '■., and diliri-
butes jullicc; tiie latter has not only a Ipaciuus court
before ir, lut is in itfelf exceedingly fuperb and elr^^^ant.
At one end of this hall it a kind of alcove, which i-
feparatcd from the other part by a red callico cmMin,
which is occafionally drawn up by idle lfiiiv;s, and r.ll.-'
upon the capitals of the pillars, whicii bcmg ot wood
are finely carved and gilt, as well as the walls : the
floor is covered with a car pet, of a gold and lilver [ground;
the fides are adorned with pitlurcs painted by European
mailers: in the center is a beautiful fountain furroumlcd
by a number cf gold and filver verii:ls. In its hafon
many kinds of fruits and flowers arc ici-n floatirg upon
the lurfjce of the water. 'I'hcrc aie many other Ipa-
cious apartments in the palace, which itrangers arc not
permitted to lurvey. lielides the halls theie aic many
i'mallcr chambers, clofots, and gallciies, Ionic for the
entertainment of the oliiccrs of the court, who arc ex-
ceedingly numerous ; others lor the women: there ..re
many detached offices for the meni.il fervants, and a
i'anctuary or place of r. fuge for debtors and crimin.il-.
But It is remarkable that almoft every apartment hath
its own peculiar fubdividon of the garden.

Near the palace is a citadel, well garrifoned, and but
indifferently fortified, which contains the treafures, am-
munition, arms, ..nd llorcs belonging t > the Sophi.

'I here is a capacious mo!que near the foutli iidc of
flic Meidan, built of white marble, in fo artful a riian-
ner that the eye cannot difcover where the leparate
ftones are cemented together : there i^ a large court
before it, in the center of which is a be;,i.tiiul tountain.
Many of the other mofques are remark.ililc (or their
clep;;nce and grandeur.

Op;-.ofitc to the great mofquc are many t.rverns, and
tea lioufcs or coll'ee houfcs ; the latter arc held in great
repute, but the former arc deemed infamous.

In tire tea hoirfes people of reputation drink tea and
play a' ihefs. To the coft'cc houfes they go to drink
coft'ce, Imoke tobacco, :'nd bear the poets rchearfe their
humourous and fatirical compofitions.

In Ifpahan there are two convents, the one .Spanilh
and the other Italian, which belong to the Auguft;iie and
Carmelite friars.

The Sophi's ftahles are very large ; but the mod fin-
gular thing in thein is a high tower, built of earth and
the horns of Hags and a'ures, in commemor..trori
of •", great hunting match, in whrch Shah- Tamar kriled
acco of ihofe animals, whofe horns were en ployed in
the building.

There are many wnrchonfes in difTerent parts of Ifpa-
han, which arc ufually built three liotrcs high, with
vaults beneath them.

The liiburbs are large ; and that quarter, inhabited
by the AinKrii.i'is, is fuppofed to contain 3000 houles
and II churches ; there rs another ipiarler rnhabited by
(icorgians, who, as well as the .•\rmenians, arc Chril-
tians, and meithants j the thi-J quarter is the relideiiee
of the Gebers, or the defcend ants of the ancient I'erli.ins,

The city of Sihatji.icliie, the capital of the piiivince
of Schirw.in, is drvidtd into the north and foutli cityj
the walls of the former are Handing, but aic too low • id
weak to he of anv frvice in cafe of a fiege : tiiole ol
the latter wire demolrnied by Shah Abbas. The llree:-, a:e
narrow, the houfes low, and burlt onlyof earth. Thefliop ,
bc/ar, and two t.ipacious warehoulcs, are in ihe fouih
city. The trade chredy conlilts of raw and wrought
frik, c.illicoes, He, The Mufcovile merchant-, ile.il in
Rurtia kather, furs, copper, and tin ; the Cir.airiaii
Tartars trade in horli?, h'lys, and wonvn, th ■ lallei ol
whom they Heal on the Muf.ovite fiontiers. The (. wv
likewifc drive a conlidrrable trade here in gold, (iUer,
lirncade, t.ipeltry, woollen, filk, and warlrkc indrirmentv
'I'herc arc many tollegci here in which all the braiuhe:,
of Oriental learning is taught. The Molques are large
and numeruus : the iiiliib.tanti ufe the 'I'urkilh lan-

guage in vommon; in.ieid, it is gcnerallv known alKnfr
Herlia. The co.intiy round tliis city is fertile and [il.a-
fant.

Ardcbil, though large, h.nth nciihcr wall nor fortifi-
cation ; it principally conMlj of fae cjpiial ftr-.cis j
every houfc hath a g.iiden, or rather orch.ird, full of
fruit.s; and tl'.c llrceib are regularly planted witli elm>,
which reiidei them exctdingl .• beauiiful and ple.if.u.i.
The rn.iiket place is 300 paces in length, and 150 in
breadth ; rt is furround.id with Ihops, and warehoufi s,
every trade h.u ing its peciilur quaiter : not far dilLint
is a niolque of refuge where crimiiuis arc p .tecUd fi/r
a limited time; this is the buri d place of Iman Sade,
a child of theii' twelve l.:ints. When the lime i.^ ex-
pired the criminal mult .igain leek his f.ifetv in the grand
fancluary, or fepulchre of Seli, which is at a fmali dif-
t.incc. At the entrance- of the city, a little river divides
itfelf into two blanches, the one pjlles through it, and
the other furrounds it j iliefe (ireams are fometlnics lo
IwelUd by the melting of the fnow from the mountains,
that the inhabitants ate obliged todivert the fury of their
currents by nreans of innuinrable artificial trenches, or
the whole city would be overudi.lmed by the inund;ition.

All valuable coninio litics. Inch as jewels, goM, lil-
ver, brocades, &c. arc fold in a handlbme fcpiarc
fabrick, built upon arches on one frdc of the market
place; there ate three gates in tliis building, which
lead into three trading Itreets, that are covered over,
.ind well furnilhed with caravunferas, llorc-houfes, and
Ihops.

Sulthania, though greatly decayed, was once a noble
city ; it Hill retains marry nia.mrlieent buildings, the
molt remarkable ot which is a prodigious large molquc,
that com.iiiis the fepulchre of Sultan Mahomet Cho-
dabeiule, the founder of the city.

'I"hi-< mofquc hath time g.:tes of fine polirtied fteel,
which equal in bigncfs the gates of any church in Ku-
rope. 'I'hc Perlians pretend that twenty Itrong men
cannot open the l.irgert of them, without dillinctly pro-
nouncing liniik /lii hiiiji-hn, whicli lignilics, «/',■« for
the j[ike sf yfli ; hut on tiie repetition of thofe woids, the
hinges become lo pliant, th.it a child may ni.inage the
gate and fwing it open with the grcatelt e.:le. The
roof of the mofquc is ot blue and white tloncs. The
tomb of the before merrtioned Sultan is furroiinded by u
grate of poLIhcd Indian Heel, moll admir.ibly wrought :
«itliin the brafs rails, whieh lepar.itc it from the rell
of the mofquc, there are levcral book.i wrrtten in Ara-
bic charaijters, <if three irrchcs in length, with aliernate
lines of black and gold. The booki thenifelvcs .ire near
a y.ird fqiiaie. The HolHein anrball'adois, when in
I'erlia, procured fome leaves of them, which are now
in the duke l^f lIolHein's library, and contain a para-
phrafe u;on the Koran. At the entrance of the mofquc
is a beautiful fountain ■, the tower, which is of an
oiffagonal form, is fuirourrdid by ei lit other lowers.
Upon the tt hole it is a (Iructure wliich allonrllics the ima-
gination and gratilics the ciiircdity.

There are many othtr line rnolqiirs in the city, par-
trculrrly one founded by Shah Ifrniel, which hatli a
round tower over the ga;e, and the mutt is embcllilhed
by a magnificent pyramid, fiiiroundil by eight elegant
marble pillars. Near this inolque arc the ruins of a
triumphal aich built of IrecHoiie,

The city of Cafwin, the jiicient Arfatia, is tl»« prin-
cipal city of th'' province if 1 r.ik, which was originally
the celebratcil I'arlhia ; it cont.irns above 100,000 iiiha-
hrtarrts, yet liith luiiher wall nor loitification. Its cir-
cu'iifereiicc Is about a (icrnian league, and its fitu.ition
in a laridy pl.iiii. The houlirs are plainly built ol hru k,
but .ire neat and well furniflie.l; the Hreels arc not paved,
and coiifeiiiirntly diiHy; llie inhahiiaiUs are Cupplicd
witli water Irom a nciirbboirring mountain by the means
of pipes. I'hc people (In Iter themfelvei Irom the cx-
telfuc heals in vaulted cellars, where they likcwilc pre-
lervc ice and Inow lo ciiol iheir liquors.

Here is » royal paljrc ne.ir the market place, whicli
wa. creded by S i.ih Tamas ) he however alterwaidi
removed the regal (eat to i'auiis : there is a benutilul
,'.irdeii behind it, and another oppofue lo it : in lb.-
coiiimoii market prodigious quaiuitres of all kindk of

coinniuditrii

'11 V.

icrally known allmfr
ity ti fcitilcaiiJ [4.-.1-

iihcr wall nor fortifi-
liie cjpiial rtr.cts ;
[her oicli.uJ, full ol
■ planifd Willi i:\mf,
.iiuiilul and pkMfaiit.
Kiigtli, and 150 in
i>ps, and \varclniiili>,
.Iter; not far dillant
in.ils arc p jtccKd lor
placu of Inian SaJc,
'hen the time is cx-
liis fjft-tv in the grand
hicli h at a rniall dil-
,', a little river divides
pjfl'es through it, and
ams arc fomctinics fo
r from the mountains,
livcrt the fury of their
artificial trenches, or
icd by the inundation.
I as jtwels, gold, lil-
n a handloine fijuarc
ic fide of the market
this building, which
hat arc covered over,
ras, Itorc-houfcs, and

vcd, was once a nob!e
iificent buildings the
idi^ious large mol'quc,
altan Mahomet Cho-

(if fine [-fliihcd fteel,
)f any cliuich in Lu-
at twenty ilrong men
without dillinctly pro-
lieh lignihcs, e/'i-n for
ion cif thofe woius, tho
child may manage the
c gicatelt die. The
d white lloncs. The
tan is furrounded by i
lit admirably wrought :
irate it from the relt
Kiok.^ written in Ara-
length, with alternate
jki thenilclves .ire near
aiiibali'adois, when in
hem, which arc now
nJ contain a para-
•ntrance of the niofque
v( r, which IS of an
y ci ht other towers,
lich ationilheii the iiiia-

Iqiirs in the city, par-
llinacl, which hath a
he court is cmbclliilieJ
uiidi I by eight elegant
ue are the ruins of a

it Arfati.i, is til* priii-
, v/liich was otiginally
IS above 100,000 iiiha-
fiiitilieation. Its cir-
luiie, and its ritu.itioii
•plainly built ol brn k,
he (trccts are not paved,
labiiants arc fupplicil
iiounlain by the ineani
rinfelvis from the ex-
hcie they likcwifc prc-
i|uors.

c market place, which
ic however alterwauli
; thire is a beautilul
ippohic to it : in th.'
Ill ic< of all kinds ol
i.olliliiudilii>

ASIA.]

commodities arc fold. The lioi fc market contains many
fine buildings; ''"' wc canr.'jt omit one lingii r circiim-
Itance which is priidifed here: as fooii as the fliops aie
lliut a great number of prollitutcs make tliur appearance,
Bnd feat vhemfelvcs in rows with their laces veiled ; the
b.-wds ftand behind ibem with unlighted candies ; when
a nian makes his appearance at any of the rows, the
bawd lights her candle, that he may have an opportunity
of exam'mini; which face he likes ; wluii he has pitched
upon one, a bargain is made with ihc bawd, which being
concluded, the couple retire. This, like other large
I'erfian cities, contains many bagnios, caravanleras,
warehoufes, isc.

The city el Kom, which by Ptolemy was called Gti-
riana, hath lull much of its ancient fplcndour ; the walls
nre in ruins, but indicate its former importance. Its
principal tr.uie at prcltnt is in a much admired earthen
ware, and I'vvord blades, which are deemed the beft in
the whole empire.

In 33 degrees 51 minutes of north latitude lies the
city of Katkhan, in the iiiidlt of a line fertile plain;
this is o:-,e of the fined cities in Pcrfia, the houfcs in
general being handfome, and the public (fruifturcs fu-
pcrior to thule of .my other citv j the country ahi.ut it is
(o fruillul, that the very pooiell inhabitants live luxuri-
oully. The citv is ex.etding popuKus, not only from
the great nunilier of natives, but from the vaft influx ol
foreigners, who flock thither from all parts, paiticularly
from India, to carry on trade ; the walls and lortifications
are made of a kind of potter's clay. The Sophi hath a
grand garden he;e, in the midll of which is a fumir.er
palace, reputed to have a thoulaiid doors and
windows. Th's greatelV inconvcni-iny in Katfehan is
the w.int of water, as they have not any but what is ill-
talted, thick, and muddy.

The ci.y v.i R.fchd, 'wbicli is in 31 deg. north lati-
tud , .i.d HI 50 deg. lonnitude liom London, is ihe ca-
pital ol the p:oviiiceof (jhilan, which is one id tlie
null kitile, rich, and picalant provinces in all I'crlia.
I isl.irg^'and populous, hut iuth notthelejU loitification.
Thj (heels are agreeable and planted with trees j but
tie h.'ui'es in gi ncral are meaner than thofe of any other
city in thecm'piiej they are all covered with tiles,
or flates. The market place is capacious, and ctmtains
many nood fll' p^ ; and all the ntccliaries of lile arc
exec edingly cheap.

'i'he city of Deibcnt is filuat'd in 41 deg. 15 miii.
north latitude, and in 51 deg. calf longitude: it is .ibout
three miles in len:th, and near five hundred paces in
brcadih ; thecalile and wall are fi\e feet thick, and it is
fuppoled thev were ! udt by Alcxamkr the Gre.it, i hey
appear lobe built wilh I'reeltone, bit 111 nality aitacom-
poliiion of pounde.l niiifelc fliells, and pieces ol fne-
llone beaten to pi.vviler, which bein_ imiulded iito
the form of bricks, are I.? excellently cen.eiucd to^'ciher,
th.il the whole compefition is now haidirthan any mar-
ble i a garrili'ii of li\ e hundrsd fiddlers is kept here.

Schiia~, which lies ^iboiit two bundled miles to thi
fouthward of ll'i'ahan, is a place of lonliderable trade.
'I'he wines made hen arc the bill in I'crlia ; the fruits and
flowers ate ineiaiipai:ible, and the luiiounding country is
a peifeit paiadife ; but only about lour thoiiland of the
houfcs aie at prelent inhabited : it is the capital ol Pars,
the aiieiuit Peilia i aiul its college for the Itudy otoricn-
t.il literature, is one of the bell in I'etfia. Though the
Ilicvts .uc Hallow, the buildings in general aie lupcrb
and eh'i^ant, and the mofijucs aie innumerable.

The cities of C>imus ami Ciomhrooii, on the Perfiaii
(julph, are much on the decline at pieli;nt, though
lliiv were fiiimeily places of great coinmercial conle-
queme. Moll of the Ku opeaii natiot.s, particularly the
tnglilh, bale ellablilhed laCloiicsat Ciombroon, by the
ineans of uhieh they cirv on a tiade with the Peilians,
Turks, Tartars, .Aiabi.ins, Armenians, It.inyans, I'ie.
Of ihele fiielorn a more particular account will be
given herealter.

S K C T. II.

Tht \al:r,il H^jlsry cf Pcrfia.

THE molt linuiil.ir iiicunillance in the natuial
hiltuiy ol Ptrlia, ib what iclatei to tliv fprings ul
Napiha.

E M p I J! 1. 1 PERSIA.

The dark grev or black rnptha is princip.d'y found in
the little illai.d VVetoy. The fprings fi,inent and boil
highell when the weather is tb.ck and liaiy. It often
takes fire at the fuiface, fiirn.s a fl.iniing rivukt, and
rolls with great rapidity to the lea, wdiicii it enters and
retains its flames till it gcis to an allonilliing diltancc
from the fhoic. In line weather the fprings boil up to
about three feet, in doing which it often hardens till it
almoft doles the mouth of the Ipiing, and kimetimes
quite covers it up, and fi;rnis n hillock upon it. But a
Ipring is no fiioner oppoied and oblhuited in one place,
th..n it works its way umler ground, to another, when.'
it breaks out with redoubleci vulcnee. Th.- moi.ths i.f the
fprings arc about tenfeit in diameter, or more when they
have continued longopcn. ''"he poor people ufe the naptha
as oil in their lamps, and often to boil their provilions,
but It uivcs the fi.od a dilanre(?.,ble talK', and is indeed ii\
itklf very diigul) ng to the fmell. This occafii ns the
illaiid not to he inhabited, at any time, except when the
peoi le are galhi rinir iiaptha.

When alhts are mixed with the nnpiha, it burns belt
in the lamps ; it is kept iiiearthern vlIUIs under ground,
at a dillance from any dwelling place, as it is very apt
to t.ike fire, and when fuch an accic eut happens, it is as
dangerous as guript)\vder.

There is a thin white naptha found in the peninfula of
Apchcrim, which is drank by the Kullians as a cordial,
.iiid uledrxttinally as a medicine. It is purchafcd bvthe
Indian meithants, and being properly prepared, forms
the moH beautiful and durable i arnilh in the univerlc.

Near the city of Baku on the Cafpian lea, mines of
brimltine aie loiind.

The temple ol the Gebers, or Gaurs, whoare the wor-
(liippeis ol fiic, is about ten miles from Baku. The
earih lor two miles round hath bem long famous for
its fingular qii.iliiies, fiir on paring oif the furf.ce of ihc
earth in anv p.irt of that extent, to .he depth of two or
three inches, and touching the unci.vered part with a
red hot coal, it immediately takes fire. Though thi;
ftaine makes the foil hot, it does not confun.e it, or in-
jure any ihingncar it. II a hollow cane, or any other
tube, ihough m.idc of the llighuil m.itetiais, be put »
\\:v; inclies into the ground, and the top of it be touched
with fire, a flame will inll.intly burll out, v.'h.ch will
burn exceedingly clear, without coiifuming the cane or
tube. Thus the inhabitants of tiicle parts kindle a fire
and drcis their food Without cxpence ; for their houfes
c. nfilt only of a ground floor, which is not pived, fr>
that when they waiittodrels anv food, tliey run ihiee or
lour canes into the ground, and having kindled a fire,
they put on their pot. The flame mai be extiiii;iiiflitJ
in the lame ir.anner as fpirils i.f uine are. This flame
fmells liilphiireouflv like naptha, but is not quite lii
oflenfive, .iiid the n ore Itroiig the ground, the mote itrong
and ck.ir 11 the flame.

In I'e.lia we fee a fine country miferably negleileJ,
uhere nature has done much, and art liitle ; where cul-
tivation IS only fulilenient to ablidute neeeflity, an.l any
impi uvemeiit in agriculture is never once theiught of.

Towards Tart.iiv, and on the holders of theC'alpian
lea, the foil itielf is nither unfiuilliil, but to the (iiuth -
ward ol Mount T'aui us the natinai lei iility of the f^iounil
is allonidiuig ; the corn, which is brou!',ht to pernction
Willi a Miy lillle tiouble, i- admir.ible. Thev make
excellent wine of grapes, which arc the Ipontaneouii
pioduelionsof thole pails. The I'thcr Iruits are delicious,
and the face of the country teems w.th all the luxuries of
life.

No part of the woild producis better oil or finer
drugs; prticulaily f una and ihul'aib. The cucum-
bers, dates, oranges, piliachio nuts, mi Ion., and all
kinds of what Luiopcans call garden vegetables, are not
to be exci lied.

It is to bcobfciveJ that what hath been f.id rel.itrs to
the open coiintiy only, for no p.ople in the umveilcarc
moie carelul of ihcir gardens th in the Perfians j like the
Chinefe, lluy deem gardening one ol ihe m. ll impurtaiit
le. dices, .111.1 fpaie ii.ilhcr pains nor expence 10 rcnJor
their enclnleil ('.rounds beautiful, as well as ufclul, as a
dcferiphoii of iheir gardi ns will evince.

The Piiliiins do nut intitiducc fljwrr< into ibcir sir.
1' il«nj

A M:\V COMIM.KTE SYSTKM OF Cii: OCi R AI 11 V

the K

uinptvH') ill'

thiiV .trc the l'pom;\ni'oiis

■I

I'M

I, i

pro.liK-tnm~ <il" iIk- 111 M:-i but ilr.- gar.lcns aic lilli-il with
plaiu.iliiiiis ol' the moll excellent Iriiit ireis. I heir
Wiilks .:re tiiriimlly l.iui mit, aiul ("et mi both lidos with
t,-iiiiur tiees, a Ijieiieb ol" |)<ij)l;;i not known in Kinope;
it yr. ws to theh ight of u p'ne, beais a iVuit relenihlin^',
thT- chjlii'it, anil has hroaJ k^u•e^ like thiM'e o( the vine.
'Jt ihj wooJ tlie IVil'Mns make ih'-ir (io.Ts aiul winJow
Haiti. rs, as it is blown, I'nuK'ih, liiiel,' veintil, ami
ir.'.a'h r.iorJ he.iiiiit'iil tlKin the hnell w.ilniit tree. But
tliL- e i.'(';iu plume iheiiiltlves en the r Ikill in hyjrau-
h.s, 1;; ..Inch thev leeni to excel, anil their fountains
are ilcun.'cl the hiulb orn.uiKius of iheir g..rJens.

'I'lK- Eniperoi's t;.ir<h'n near the city of Ifpahan, called
l-'raih.uk, i.s exee^iiingly fine; it is exaclly l'i|iiaic,
li iu'j. lia'.i a ItMiiac lach w.iv ; it is divided at right
a;ii;le., bv the river Senderiith. 'I'owards the foutli ilure
IS a irount finely pl.uue.l with tieoi, which foim fe-
vir.il beautiful w.ilks ; on each fule are precipices,
iiia.le bv cutting the rock, and fr.im the top fcveral
lliciins of water fall into bafons at the boitoni, and form
a va.iety of artitici.d cafcades. There ae bafuiis and
fountains in c\ery walk, but they all dilVer from c. ch
other in appear.mec, and (pout out the water variiidly. !

In the nil Idle of the ..arden there is a vcr_\ l.irge l>,;foii,
into which all the fever.il llreanis dilembogue thenilUics, j
and fio'ii which a column of water is ihiown up to the |
height of 40 feet. The bafon is fi|Ua:e, and at cr.eh
corner there is a l.irgc pnilion, containing I'evcral fine
apartments, a liirned witli beautilul carvinj and gilding.
Th s garden is not oiilv pi 'iilcd with all the fpecics of
fruit-tiees in I'eil'ia, but «ith niaiiyfioni Turkey and
India, which wire procured at a g eat expciicc tor thai
pirpof, by Sh.ih Abas; amoni; which is a pceuliai
kind of vine, ihegiapis uhereol aie as large as a wal-
nut i tlicv contaMi no llone, and taile moft Jclicioudv.
There are iio gardiiurs to take care of this garden ;
that is, 10 niarter gaideneis, and lo others under each
of them. Ihi'v are lulleied to let any perloii lee the
j;ard>n for + kaihekies, or two-pence a piece; who are
allowed to eat whit fruit they pleal'e, but to cany none
a'vj\'.

In mofJ gardens there are fummer-lioufes, conialning
fo.it apariinentf, fuitable to the lour winds, where the
mailer itiav take the benefit of the air as he picafes ; and
it fiequcnily happens that tlicfe fumnier-hoiifes are far
(upenor to the .Iwelling houli:s, both with icfpcci to the
aichite.inrc and furniture.

Ill I'eifiaihc number of mulherrv-trecs is fo prodigious,
that it en.ibles the natives to teed innumeratile quantities
of lilk worms, which produce fomcof the niotl cxccllint
(ilk in the iiniicif-.

All the llowcrf that arc known in Europe are found in
thj I'ertian t'lclds, with n.anv others, peculi.ir only to
th.it country. For many miles round Ifpahan the
ground is enaiiKlUd, and the air pertuined by them.

The Howeis in general arc thought to be more beau-
tiful in colour, and more ple.ifing in their odours than
thnfc of iroll other countries.

Here are a gnat number of wild chcfnut, turpentine,
and .ilmoiid trees. Many piounccs produce trees which
bear thole gall nuts wh.ch arc tiled in dying. T here arc
gum, nialtick, and incenfe trees ; the latter, which are
found 111 C.iniania, rcfemblc the pear tree. The plan-
tanc trees arc l'u|ipofed to pievent the plague from vilit-
ing places, '.vbeic they arc found in abundance ; and it
is ailerted by the I'erlians, that at llpahan, where the
plague was toimeily trei)iient, no contagion hath hap-
pened finec ihe gardens and public walks ot that citv
were pl.inted wiih thcfe trees.

Willow, fir, and cornil trees abound. The manna
treia arc of vaiious torts; the bell yellow ii (ound in
Nichapoiir and p.irt of Bactiia.

They hue plenty of tobacco about HammaJan and
Suta, and the I'eifian poppy is deemed the finelt in the
univcrtr. The roots and (alladingare better titled, and
lets liable to create ructations in the {lum.ich, than thole
of any other country.

in Choiali.in thiy have rhubarb, which is in high
idinution, llioii;;h it mutt be confelfed that it is infe-
riur to that biau^ht from I'artary, Hcie ik pJrnty ot

iVna, niix-voiniea, callia, giini-ammoni.ic, aflaforlida,
iVe. All. ■< 'lida is common in all iheoiieiital coiintrii -,
being ufed 111 r.igouls, l.iiicis, loiips, ^c. it is allov.eil
to have the llroiigetl odour ot any tiling in the unueiie;
whatever vellcl it is put in, it always retaiir; the IiikII,
and all the goods in any tliip in wliiili aliafcctida i-i
packed up, are more or leis iniprigni eJ with the tcent.
In Pertia theie .ire two knl'is ot inuininy, the one is a
natural production wlii'li diltills tfoiu a lock, the otlier
!s taken Irom cmhalinul b .dies. It is an adiniiabiu me-
dicine in the cure of Aounds, bruites, &c.

G.ilb.iniHii and the cotton ir.e are \erv common, [lUt
there is anotluT tree which produces a very line cotton,
or rather a filk.

The melons, of which there are above twenty difler-
eiit loits, are pcrfcclly delicious and exceedingly whole-
ibme.

All the t'ruits of Kiirope are found in great perfeiSlion
11 I'erlia, p.irticularly peai hes, apricots, and neiilarines,
lome of which weigh eighteen or twenty ounces.

The pomegranates, apples, and pears, which grow
in Iberia, are very fine, as are the dates of Carmania,
the oianges of Hyrcania, and the onions of Hadtria ; the
\A\ mentioned are as tweet ts apples. The wheat,
liarley, lye and i ats, arc exceeding good, .md the rice
IS univerlallv admired.

The I'crfi. ins know nothing of grafting, but many cf
their role hiilhes bear three Ibrts of roles naturally. Salt,
fulphiir, allum, and falt-petre are here produced by fpon-
tancoiis nature. There are large quarries of black, white,
red and mt.\id marble.

'Ihe horfes aic the molt beautilul of the Kaft, thouih
not deemed to be (b Iwit't as the Aribian. The atles ae
of two tbrts ; rtitt, the native alics, which arc dull,
hiavy, and thipid ; and fciiuidly, the Arabian breed,
wliii h aro beautiful and docile, and arc in high dlima-
tion lor the fiddle.

'I here are three Ibrts of cimels, vi?. the fmall the
l.irge, ;in.l the fwift ; the t'wift can trot as tatt as a iiorle
can gallop : the huge can carry ijoo or l-jco wt. they
are not beaten, but niana a-d by the voice, the driv'cr fing-
ing a kind ot long, and Ihe camel proeeediin' f.iltcr or
tlower according to the modulation cf ihe voice.

Oxen are iifed in ploughing; but beef is feldom or
ever eaten. Hogs arc fcarce j Ihcep and deer plenty ;
and wild beall, fuch as lions, leopards, bears, tigers, ic.
very numerous, particulaily in Ifvrcania, Thejack.ils
dig graves, and tear up the dead bojics, being exceedingly
Ion. I of the tielh.

Thcie are abundance of locufts, or flving grafs-
hoppers : and many lilack ferpents, whole fling provca
mortal in a few nouis: many provinces produce a fright-
lul kind of Ir/.ard, which is above a yard in length.

I'eftia produces all the ditV. rent kiiids of fowls, which
are tbunil in Kiirope, but not in abundance; but wild and
tame pidgcons aie veiy plenlitul : tor it is imagined that
no country in the univetfc contains fo many pidgcon
houles, there being above ;^coo in Ifpahan and its neigh-
bourhood. The reatbn ot fuch a number of pidgcons
being kept is on account <if their dung, which the I'cr-
tiaiis deem the bell manure lor their melons, of which
lhe\ are lo tbnd.

Martlets and the iioura are taught to fjicak like parrots.
The nightingale is heard all the year lound, though it
lings tinell in the fpriiig : but the prinei| al bird ij the
pelican, which has a beak near twenty inches in length,
a head too largo in proportion to the body, and feathers
as toft and white as thote of a gooie. It utually rclls its
long beak upon its back ; its food is filh, in the catch-
ing of which It thews great dexterity.

I'here are a great number of birdt of prey, which are
t.iught lo fly at other game, the Pcrfians being gieat
lovers of falconry.

Kiefti watfr fi(h are not plenty on account of the
great fcarcity uf riven : but they have fca fifti in great
aintndance.

In C'armania there is a natural rarity called the wind-
poifoning-H .wer, which it it laid infecli the air. Thcr«
IS another fliruh called allei poilbn, bccaufe thofeanimaN
aie ton. I ot eating it when they can lind it, though it it
lure lu piovc muilal to them,

Tht

IV.

loiii.ir, aflafo-'iiJa,
; (iiii-'iital coiMitric-j
&c. it is alli)u> J
III" in <l>c' univciR' ;
,■> rctjiiri the IhkII,
wliicli [illal'icnila i.i

I cJ Willi tlic llCllt.

iiiiiiiiy, tlifciiii.' IS a

II a imk, the other
is an aJiiiiialiic nic-

■ icrv common, lut
i a very tine coitvui,

above twenty difl'cr-
cxcccdingly whole-
id in great pcrfeiSion
cuts, and iieiitaiine;-,
enty ounces,
pears, which grow
ilates of Cariv.ania,
lions ot Kadtria ; the
iples. The wheat,
g good, and the rice

afting, but ni:iny cf

oCcs naturally. Salt,
ire produr(d by fpon-
irriesot black, wl'.itc,

1 of the Kaft, though
ibian. Theaflesae
Ics, which are dull,
, the Arabian breed,
d arc in hi^h crtima-

:, viz. the fniall the
1 trot as fall as a norle
00 or 1 }C0 wt. they
voice, thi' dri\'er fing-
proccediiii; falter or
\i of the voice.

beef is feldom or

1 and deer plenty ;

s, bears, tigers, ^:c.

rcania. Ihe jack.ds

ics, being excecdiriQly

(Is, or flving grafs-
, whofe iling provci

:es produce a fright-

vard in length.

I»U of fowls, which
n. lance ; but wild and
lor it is imagined that

ns fo many pidgcon
Ifpahan and its neigh-

niinibcr of pidgcons

inj, which the I'cr-

ir melons, of which

to fpeak like parrots.
car lound, though it
princi| al bird is the
iitv inches in length,
1 binly, and feathers
. It ufually rclts its
1 IS hill, in the catch-

rd« of prey, which arc
I'crfianii being great

y on tccount of the
have fca ft(h in great

rarity called the wiiid-
infecU the air. Thcr«
, becaufe thofc animal

in lind it, though it is

Tht

ASIA.]

Empire of PERSIA

nit

The bezoar (lone is taken from goats, 1 oth wild and
time, which feed near the IVrfiaii g.ilfh. It excflN the
bezoar of Golcanda, bcciiufe the herb.igc upon which
the goats feed is thedrytft in the iiiiiverle. This Hone,
whicii is ufed in mcJieiiic ,is a fii.lonfic, is now gieatly
funic ill its reputition in the Oriental regions.

It is happy fur Perlia, which is lumuch troubled with
the I .nd locull, that there are ;;reat fwarms of .dmitlecs,
or water locurts, which are iLaiiral enemies, and devour
the others wherever they meet with them. Tluy are ot
the lize of an ordinary hen ; the feathers arc black, the
flefli grevifli, and the wings large.

At foinedidance from IlVah.in, the Perfian metropolis,
is Mahmoiidkcr, or .Mahnioud the Deaf, a river fo called,
which falls intoanextenfiveand beautiful bafoii, through
a ranee of rocks, which nature hath formed iiitu a kind
of fortification, with regular ballions, emliralures, ^c.
throii''h which the winds pals with artonifhing velocity.
As the traveller afceiuls the mountain, he is entertained
with a view of the river through a vaiiety of chinks. It
appears like a lake covered wilh rocks and inouiuains :
Hones, when thrown in, make a fiirprifing iiuife ; and
the riicr itfclf is deemed unfathomable.

SEC T. III.
A fucciiUJ and cur.dft Hijiory af Pcrfia.

TH V2 R E is not, peihaps, in the univcrfc a country
whofe liiilory is more replete wilh great and lin-
gular cvenis than that of I'erfia. It hath exercifed the
pens of the molt eminent writeis, both lacred and pro-
fane ; an 1 forms a principal part of the hilfory of the
ch:if nations in the earliell ages of the world.

i'erfia conlfituted a part of the firlt great monarchy in
the eiiivcric, fujipofcd to have hi en founded by Niinrod,
o- his Ion Helus, the Baal of th' ancient idolatrous na-
t.. ns. .Moll of the particulars relative to Semiramis,
and her Ion Ninus, are fo exceedingly fabulous, thai
thev are not worth repeating. Indeed the Perfian hil^ ry
is very little to be depended upon till A. M. 2083, when
Abr.mi fought a battle with four Perfian princes, and
defeated them with only 31S of his own family. Thcfc
princes were Chedorlaoitier, king of Elam or ancient
Pcrfia, Arioch kingof Ellalai, Amrasfhel king of Shinar,
and Tid.il king of Nations, a liiccedor of Ninirod.

The hilfory of the Allynan empire, from the time of
Nimrod to the reign of Sardanapalus, Is exceedingly
vague, uncertain, and mutilated.

Sardanapalus, who fiourilhed about the year of the
world '?237, was timid, luxurious and elteminate. He
painted and drelfed like a woman j was fond of none but
female amufemcnts, and palled all his time in h s fe-
raglio : he was a great drunkard and glutton, and ex-
tremely Iblicitous alter riches, not for the fake of hoard-
ing them up, fo much as to have an opportunity of
fpending them in rioting.

The following two lines were engraved upon his
tomb by his own peculiar order:

Httc hahto qua cdi, quaqiit exiitur.:li lihih
ILiufil : at ilia jitcait mulla is' pr,ttl,ira riiula.

Which may be thus rendered into Englifh :

All I've cnjoy'd, or eat, away I take.
What I can't reach, I leave for otheis fake,

which (hew the natural fordidncfs of his foul.

Aibaces, the governor of Media, contrived to be in-
troduced inio the palace of Sardanapalus privately, where
he b: held the fcandalous manner in which he lived, and
found that a potent Ibvereign, whom many warlike
nations obeyed, had, bv his luxurious and inai5five man-
ner of life, iTiulcred himfclf more ett'eminatc than a
woman. Arbaccs thcrcf.irc determined to dethrone him,
and being joined by others, found himfclf at the head of
a powerful army. Sardanapalus at firlt hid himfclf in
his palace, but being perfuadcd by foine of his nohlc,
to put himlcif at the head of his armv, he did, but was
dclcated and piirliied to Ninevah ; finding that hecouid
not maiitain that city a;ain(l the revolters, he ordciol
I vall pile of wood to be railed, and upon it burnt his

S')

treafures, his eunuchs, his women, and himTclf. After
ilic death of this emperor, the revolitrs divided his do-
minions ; thus Aibrces took Media and Peifia ;
Hdochus afTunied th government of Habylonia and Chal-
dea i Ninus the ficuiid reigned in Nineveh andthecii-
cuiiijacent couiuiics, and the reft of the confplratots
ulurped the other piovir.ccs, which had helped to con-
Hitute the empire.

Belochns, Jielcfis, Nabonsfi' r, or Baladan, as he is
termed in the (cripiiire, reigned 12 years, beginning nis
reign A. M. 3257, which is the celebrated xra of Na-
bonaflar.

He was fiiccecded by his fin Merodach R, lladan, who
was followed by I'cveral other kings of U.ibylon, to whofe
hilloiiis wc are ;otallv llraiu'crs, as nothing concerning
them hath been iranfiiiitted to pullerity but what is c\ i-
deii'Iy fabulous.

'I'he city ot Ninevah, where Ninus the Sccoiid, or
Tigl.itli I'llefer reigned, was at this time n;i:etetn miles
in ieni^tli, and about eleven m breadth, and the circuni"
lerence lixiy miles. It is oi the ciicun'.fercnce l\\?.t the
Prophet Jonah Ipcaks, when lie lavs in the Kaliern llile,
that it was a city of three days journey. Three' cha-
liots might goa-breaft upeni the walls, vsh eh were one
hundred f.'ct in height; the tower.s or cartles by which it
wa'- (urtilied. Were two hundred feet in height, and one
ih"U'.nd live hiindied in neimber. Niiuis conquered
.Syria, and annex d not only that kingdom, but all Ifi..el
bcvond Jordan or Cjalilce, to his own dominions.

Hol'ea, king of Samaria, being dcliious of (h.iking o(f
the All. rian yoke, cnurtcd the alliance of So or Sabachus,
the Ethiopian monarch, who had coiu|ueied Egypt. To
puniih the pK'luin|ition ot Heifea, Salinanafai, king of
Nine\.ih, ni.rched againft him with a powerful army,
plundered and l.iid walle the countiy, loaded Holea wi'.h
chains, iu-pi ifuned him duiing the r. ni.iinder of his life,
and cariied a,v.>y his fubjcii-tj the children of Ifracl, into
captivity.

S.lmanafar having reigned fourteen years, was fuc-
ceeiied by his Ion Sennacherib, or Sargoii, as he ig
termed in fcripture. King Hezekiah hiving refuledto
pay the ufual tiihute, Sennacheiib invaded Judea, .mJ
obliged Hezeki.di to give him not only his own trea-
fures, hue alfi) thole belonging to the Temple. After
receiving every thing he ccnild afk, he refuled to with-
draw his army agreeab'c to his oaths and pro:i ifcs, but
carried on the war, and reduced the whole countrv, ex-
cept Jerufalem, which he clofely inverted. At this crifis
he was informed that the kings of Ethiopia and EijvpC
were marching to the fuccour of Hczcki ih ; he imnieJi-
ately railed the fiege to oppofe ihein, but firft wrute .-»
letter to the king of Judea, replete with the inoll horrid
blafphcmies. Having delV.-.ted the armies of the Ethio-
pians and Egyptians, he returned to the fiege of Jerufa-
lem, where the vengeance of !1 ..\ en overtook him, fir in
one night 185,000 of his • .' were dcftroyed by the
fword of an angel, anil he was t.iripelhel to re-treat wilh
the wretched remains of his fii-cs. Thus the proudcd
monarch upeiii earth, who (tiled himfclf king of k ngs,
and viiSor of nations, was in a few hours brou 'ht from
the highell pinnacle of glory, to flume, conlulion, and
diftrcfs.

Sennacherib's difappointmcnts rendered him fo tvtan-
n cal, lavage, and cruel, that he ee en became odiuus to
hib own rtlatiems, and was at length murdered bv two of
his own fiin-, in his principal lemple, while he was pro-
Itrating himlttif before an idol named Nifioch. The
parricides fied to Arme.ii,!, and their younger brother
Efarhaddoii mounted Jic throne. The royal family of
IJabyloii becoming cxtiina about this time, Efarhaddoii
turned the dillrac'ied Itate of that kingdom to his own
advantage, and annexed it to his dominions, reiirning
over the united kingdoms thirteen years : piee ious "to hi«
death, he likcwife ciniiucied Suia, Paleltiie, and
Ifrael, and added them to the A'lryrian empire. His
whole reign was exceedingly profpeio'us, and lafted thirty
nine years. He was fucceeded by his Ion S.ioiduchinus,
or Nebuchadne/zar the firlt, who alcendcd the thruus
A. M. 2iiS-

Saracus Ills fon reigned after him. A general belong-
ing to this monaich railed a rebellion aganilt hini, made
« " Inmlclt

:!|!,i

HI-!

h:ll:

A N !■: \V C C) M P I . I'. T !•: S ^' S T E M O 1 " C !•: () C. R API! Y.

,:ii

himlUf mjdcr ot li.ibjlon, nigncJ tluic twenty ont-
yciif, anJ tl-in h.w iiig iiiti'ial iiiKi a trouiy with Cy.i\-
iircs, kiii^^ot' Miilia, they, in coiijiiiictioii, l.iid fugc to
Ninfv.ih, took it by (lomi, and i-ntiiily litll roved it.
Sar.iCiis huing ll.iin in tlic fic^c, the rucuf'slul gfiicul
Naliopulallai, tianskrri.il the liMt < f the Aflyriaa empire
to Babvlon, and w.is acknuwlcJijcd as l"o\crei^ii by u!l
rank'i of ih.i|iU-.

'The ni.iL;lihii\Tii)g monarchs, alarmed .it thi- gnuvin;;
power, joiJ rniious of the riling gicatjuMV o! Nabopo-
laflar, united their forces agiiiiill him and his colleague
C\ax.ues, ree<i\eieJ SMia.oid r.il<.flinc, and adv.iiced
as f.ir as the Knphratt';.

Nab polallei biiii^ grown old, fent his fon Nebueh.id-
ne/zar at the head of a powerful army a;;ainll them,
U'l;o defeated the confidiratc armies, ritook the eity ol
Carchemiili, and recovered Syria and Paleltine.

Me tlien ptnc'ratcd into Judea, laid fiege to Jerufaleni,
and 10. k it in the year of the world 339S'.

He put Jelioi. kini, king of Judea into iions, defigri-
iii;;toeariy him to H.ihylon in ordu to grace hi^ triumph.
But being at length moved to compafliun by the feieiity
of th.'.t kui:;'s aiiliction, lie relented, and rell'n''d liim
.Tpain to h:s~ throne i he, however, carried a gre.it num-
lerof Jews wit!i him into captivity, paiticul.iily (everid
of the royal family, j)lui:dued the king's tieaUiry, and
tien the temple, from wliencc he removed tlie moll
va'uible vclleN. From this ii'ra we arc to date the
Jevvilh captivitv at K ibylon, which happened in the
lourth year of Jihoi„kim king of Judea; among theiell
Daniel the piophet beiiii then only eighieen years of
age was carried into cajiiiviiy, as was Kzckiel a fhort
time after.

Nabopalad'ar living •\. M. 3.IQ9. l<is f"n Nrbuchad-
ti'-zzar, who, for fome time, had fliar^d the govern-
ment with him, now afcended the throne of Hahylon,
by the name and title of Ncbuehadni/zar the fccoiiil.

Ilib doi-.inioiis included Chaldea, Aliyiia, part of
Arabia, Palelbne and S\tia, over which he reigned
4 J years.

He had a dtcam in the fourth year of his reign, which
greatly oppreli'ed Irs I'pirits, though he could not recol-
lect tiic particular of it.

The fooihfavers, diviners, and magicians of the em-
pire were accordingly called together. When they
were all'enibled, Ntiuichadnczzar demanded of them
the paiticul.ir circuinituncc of the dream.

Tluy rcpiied, that it exceeded their fkill to tell what
any perfon had dicanied, their art extending only to
the interpret .tion of thofe dieams which were told them.
'I'his fo greatly enraged the king, that he ordered all the
magic ai.s and wifi' men to be put to death. In this
bloody Older, Daniil and tlitcc of hi-, companions were
ihcluded, thry biing deen.ed to polUfs all the leaining
and fkill of the Egyptians and Arabians. Daniel how- |
ner defued to have an audience of the king, when bc-
inu adir.iticii into his profmcc, he, to the king's great ■
alloniflin.ent, told loin the fublljiicc of his dream. The
kin' being now tonviiiced that th-- God of IfracI \vas
the t:ue Ciod, advanced Daiiul to the highcll offices of
the (late, his thiee friends were likewife promoted to
great trud and dignity.

About this time the king of Judea revolted, but v^•a',
killed in an engngeimnt vviih the troop; of liabylon,
under the comm.ii.l of one of Nebuchadnczzat', gene-
rals Jechoniah his fon was fliut up and ilofely belicgcd
in Jerufaleni by the Aflyiian army till the arrival of
Nebiu.hadnezz.ir, v\ ho loon made hiinfcif malfei i,(, and
()1 11 rdei id thee it), fending awa\ every valujbic to I'ain bin.
He plactd his own uni.le Zedekian upon the thione,
an 1 carricii Jechoniah, his wives, ofliceis, ai.deven his
l7'.other, iiUocjp'.ivity, exclulne ot a vail multitude of
the common peopi:-.

Zedtkijh, however, foon revolted, and Nebuchad-
nezzar again laid liege to J'ruf.ilem, which after having
been imefled above a twelvemonth, was taken by Hoin.
Zedekiah was carried to Habvlon into captivity, a'tcr
having hail h^s ey; s put out ; but his two Ions, his no-
bles, and all his principal t ffieers of ftate, were |iut to
the (word ; the lortilications of Jerufalem were demo-
liflicd, the eity burnt, and the tcmjde dellroyed.

Nibuehadnezz ir was now fo el.ited with piidc. t1i,.f
he ordered all.itueof gold to be made, of fixiy fe^t in
height.

'j'he idol being coinpleled, he convened together all
the princi|)al peoide ot liiicnipne, in order to drdica'e it
with the utmoil lolemiiity, and piiblilhed a decue tli.it
all fliould be thrown into a liery fuina.e, who refuf-.J
to ackiiowKd-e it as a deity, and to pay it adoration,

'I'hr.e Hebrew youths, hov\cvcr, named Anini.iF,
.Mif.'.el, and Azarius, or as they aie teimed in Iciiptur-,
Shadr.icli, Mefliach and Abcdnego, ablblutelv lefuled to
comply with the royal mandate. Heiiig, therefore, in
conlevjueiice ot the king's order, thrown into the fury
furnace, they weic niiraeuloully preferved from tin:
fi.imes by the intervention of heaven. This to aficuted
the king that he publiihed another ordinance, enjoining,
upon pain of death, that nothing ftiould be faid aguimt
the Ciod of the Hebrews.

Nebuchadnezzar then laid fiege to Tyre, but was
thirteen years before he took it. The principal Tyriaiis,
however, tfcaped in their vefTcls to a iieighbouiing
illand, where tliev creifed another city, which foon fur-
p.iU'ed the former in magnificence and wc.dth. After the
eoiu|ue(t of Tyre he luh.lued Egypt, and having at-
tained the pinnacle of glory, he ditcrmined to complete
the buildings and embcllilhments of Kabyloii.

Nebuch-idnezzar now fell a i'aciilkc to his own pride,
and by pretending to be equal to God became inf.rior to
man ; for the Almighty deprived hini of his fenfes j he
was excluded from the foeiety of men ; grazed in the
helds like the o\en ; had nails like the claws of birds ;
and hairs like the feathers of eagles.

In ("even yeais time, hov\cver, his fenfes wcrcrcrtorcd
to him, he leaHunicd the government, and being fenfible
of the enormity of human vanity, and of the immciile
power of the ;\linighty, he piiblifhed an edidl againit
idolatry, and died tlie eiiliiing year.

He was fuccecded by his fon Evil Merodoeh, who
immcdiattly lelealed Jechoniah from the prifon where he
had been confined thirty- lev en years. He was, however,
of fo vicious a natuie, that Ins own relations confpired
to put him to dcith, when his fillet's hulbaiid, Nezig-
lelVar, who was one of the confpiratois, mounted titc
ihrone.

Ill the year of the world 3+44, he entered into an
alliance with the Lydians againll the M-des, when
Cyaxarcs, king of Media, called in the ainflance of the
I'cifians i but before the war began the king of U ibyloii
died, and his fon Luborofoarchod, one of the moll infa-
mous monarchs that ever exiftcd, reigned but nine
months, being put to death by his own iubjerts, on
account of hisexceliivc wickednefs.

He was fucceedcd by a fon of Evil Merndoch, named
Eabynit, or as the fcripturc terms him lljfliazzar, A.
.VI. 344q.

In this reign Bibyloii was taken by Cyaxares, king
of .Media, and Cyrus, kingofPerfia, and an end put
to the Habylonilh empire after a duration of 210 yiais.
The fueceeding Peilian kings not only dellroyed a great
part of Habylon, hut choli.- their relideiice at Perfepolis,
-Shufhan, Lcbatana, &c. in ordci that it might fall to
dvc.'.y as liioii as polTiMc, by ceafing to be a royal feat.

C)rusand Cyaxares reigned jointly over the domi-
nions of thole they had lubdurd for the fp^ce of two
I years, when Cyaxares dying, Cvriis became fole mo-
! narch of Medi.i an 1 Perfia by birth, and of the Allyii-ii
1 empire by eoiujuert ; and tiie whole acquired the name
1 of the PERSIAN K.MPIRE, of which he was deemed
the firll founder. Cyrus divided the whide of hi» do-
minions into one hundred and twenty pio'. iiiccs, each
ol which had its governor, who was obliged to give ,i\i
account of his adminillration to three great oHicsrs ot
llate, o( which Daniel the prophet was principal.
The fevcnti.tii year of the liabylonifh cap ivity ex-
pired in the lirll year of Cyrus, when he publiihed an
iirdinancc by the perfuafioii of Daniel, permitting the
Jews to return to Jeiulalem, idloring at the fame tun.-
the vcliels which Nebuchadnezzar had plundered Irom
ihe temple.

Peace hi ing form.illy tllablilheil thronghout the em-
piie, Cyiub made it Ins praCUcc to refidc yearly feveii

month .i

aWy

A PHY.

.l.itnl witli piidc, ili.t
luJo, of fixiy Ic^t ill

convened tngctlicr all

ill (i:dtr to didicatc it

'iiblirticd a dcciic ih.'t

IliMLUt', wlio refill.,!

ic) p.iy It jdcir.itiuii.

VII, named An.ini,i;',

IC Itmiid in ki i[)iin ,

, nbloluti'lv It 111 ltd tn

Hcing, tlitriroii.', ill

tlirowM iiiti) the lury

y piellrved (rum tin:

en. Tliib I'o aftciltid

ordinance, cnjoiniiij;,

Ihould be laid a;;aiiill

Empire of PERSIA.

!jc to Tyre, but was
I'lie |iriiicipal Tyriaiis,
s to a neigbbouiin^
tity, whicli foon I'ur-
ind we.,ltb. After the
lj;vpt, and having at-
ictcrmincd to complete
i;f Babylon,
lilicc to his own pride,
lod became infrior to
him of I)is fenfes ; he
)f men ; jjrazcd in the
e I Ik- claws of birds j
s.

lis fcnfcs were rcdorcd

lent, and beinj; fcnfibli:

and of the iiiimcnle

liflied an cdiiil agamlt

ir.

Evil Merodoch, who
)ni the prilon where he
lie wab, however,
)wn relations confpired
cr's hulband, Ne/.ii^-
Ipiratois, mounted the

^, he entered into an
nil the M Jes, when
n the ainrtance of the
in the Icing of liibyloii
, one ol the moll iiifa-
d, reigned but nine
his own fubje<n3, on
s,

ivil Merodoch, named
IS liini IJJfliazzar, A.

en by Cyaxares, kin''
'crfia, and an end put
diiraiion of 210 yiais.
: only deltroyed a gnat
rclideiite at I'erfepolis,
1 that it might fall to
iig to be a royal feat,
uintly over the domi-

f(jr the Ipkce of two
,riis brc.ime fole mo-
h, and of the AlVyii.n
Idle acquired the name

vvliicli he was deemed
the whole of his do-
twenty pio'. inccf, each
was obliged to give .111

three great oHicg.'s ol
rophet was principal,
hylonifh cap ivity cx-
kvlicn he publilhcd an
)anicl, peiniittiiig the
loring at the famu ton.'
ar h.id plundered Iruin

<l throughout the em-

to iclidc yearly feviii

month.*

ASIA.] ■ ' •

months at Babylon, three at Sufa, and two at Taiiris.
After a reign of infinite glor\-, he died in tlK' feventieth
year of his age; the fcventh after his reigning folc ino-
nareh of the Perfian Empire, the ninth alter the cap-
tion of Babylon, and the thirtieth after his neing ap-
pointed to the command of the Teilian foices. ilis elded
foil C.imbyfes fucceeded him on the throne, though he
left feveral provinces to his younger fon Tanaoxarcs.

Cambyfes, in A. M. 34.79, inv.ided Kgypt, and
made hiiiifelf mafter of Pelufiam, or l.)amietla, as it is
at prefent called, by a fingular Itiatngem ; for he drove a
>Tieat number of thole animals wlii^h the ligyptians
adored, oefore the van of his army ; thefc were oxen,
cats, kc. The Egyptians peieeiviiig fueh a number of
thofc animals whom they venerated, would not flioot
afinglc arrow lell they ftioiild wound a god.

Aniafis died during the war, and his fon Pfamaticus i
ventured a general battle with the I'erfians, but was de- |
fcated and made prifoner. Cambyfes, however, treated I
him with great humanity, and relVored him to his throne,
but Pfamaticus afterwards revolted, which fo enraged
the Peril in monaich, that he put him to death.

A. M. .3480, C.imbyfes invaded Ethiopia, in
which expedition he loll a great part of his army by a
vaietyof accidents, andwa, at length compelled to rc-
lir". He was lb chagrined at his difappointment, th.it
on his return thi't-ugh Egypt, he deltroyed the city of
'J'hehcs out of mere vexation. To add to his aiJlietion,
he received intelligence, that an army which he had fent
to inv.ide Lybia, was deltroyed by a huriicaneof lands
in the defarts, which was fo terrible, that it had over-
wlielmed and fuftocated all his troops. This news rcn-
<lered him almoft frantic ; when artiving at Mempliis,
during tl'.e paroxyfni of his r.ige, he found the people
celebrating a certain feltiv.d. 'I'his appearance of mirth
rei'oubled his furv, for he fancied that they weie re-
ioicing at his ill fuecelles ; giving way therefore to ihe
"dictates of his anger, he wounded the facred ox with
his fuoid, and ordered all tiic prielts to be inftantly put
fo death. In (.\i\, his misfortunes had fo far in. paired
liis imderlt.jnding, and loured his t.inpcr, that he cx-
trcil'ed the ufmoll cruelties even upon his nearelt rela-
tions and bell friends.

In paflino; llirouj,h Syria towards B.ibylon, lie received
advice, that his brother Smerdis had ulurped his throne.
Cambyfes, however, well knew, that Smerdis was ac-
tually dead, and that this mult be fonie impoltor, who
pretended to be his deceai'ed brother in order to inipofe
upon the people ; he therefore determined to hailen his
march towards Babylon, to undeceive his deluded
fubjce'ls J bur, in mounting his horfe, he by ncci-
diiit wounded himfelf witli his own fword in tbe thigh,
of which wound he fpeedily died, A. AI. 34X2.

The ufurper Smerdi'.. who greatly relenibled the real
Smerdis in pcrfon, features, and age, was the fon of the
governor of Babylon, who was one of the magi.

The people were cafily iinpofed upon, and recognized
him as their king upon the death of Cambyfes.

As foon as he was I'eatcd upon the throne, he fequcf-
t:red himfelf as much as polfible from the people, and
particularly concealed himfelf from the tiobics. This
niylterioui condu>:t occafioned the principal people to
furmife, that he really was not the prince he pretended
to be.

A Perfian nobleman, whofe daughter was one of the
ufurper's concubines, gave her orders to oblerve if
tiinerdis had any ears. She allured him he had not; for
Cyrus had ordered bis ears to be cut oft", for lome oft'eiice
he had committed againll him during his reign.

'J'his difcovery being made known, a number of the
nobilitr entered the palace, and having put him to death,
cut otf his head, and expofed it to the people, who were fo
exalperated at the magi for allilling in the inipolition, that
tliey murdered the greatell part ot them, and inlliluted a
Itllival in commemoration of the event.

Darius Hjltafpes, who was the perl'on that gave the
ufuiier his iiiort d wound, was nnanimoully chol'en em-
p..or A.M. 34K3 ; he immediately maiiied Atofla,
t:i widow ol Cambyfes, and Arillona, another daughter
ol Cyrus ; he had man) other wives, « !io broui^ht him
a nunuruiis iH'uc,
6

It was this monarch who w.^s the Ahafucrus of tic
facred writings, and :,t the lequeft of i|iKen Either caufcj
the celebrated ccli;l againll Hainan, and in favuiir of the
Jews, to be puldiflied,

Darius rcmovi d ilu regal feat to Safi, when fomc in-
terelled perlons taking tbe rdvantage of his ableiice from
Babylon, ptrluaded ihe people to revo't.

iJariiis accordingly marched agiinft Bibvlon, and be-
fieged it tor eiglitcvn monlhs, without brim' i.ble to
take it ; when one of his geneials, named i;up\rus, pre-
tended to delert to tbe enemy, and by means if an art-
ful tale, contrived to infinu ite himfelf fo f.ir into the
g.iod gKiccs of the i'.ab) loni.jis, that they were weak
enough to tntrult him with the comm-.nd of their
forces. Tiiis power he foon iifcd in favour of Darius,
to whom he betrayed tlie city. The Peilian monarcK
ordered the wails to be demolifhed, and put to death a
great number of citizens, who h.id been molt active in
the revolt.

He af.erwardi made two unfiicccfsful expeditions, the
one int.) .Scythia, and the other into In.li.i; and in the
year of the v.-orld 3514, he iiuadi d (jivece ; but Milti-
adcs, the Alhcnlan giiier.il, gained a complete \ iclory
over the I'crfi.n army at the p:il-i of Miraihun ; thoiigli
the Perii 11 emperor had t:n times the naiuber of nicii
under his command.

Darius liien made preparations to invade Kg"pt, which
had revolted, but dying befoie his armv was eoinpletcd,
Ilis Ion Xiixes fucceeded him, in the year of the world
3519. Xerxes (.'cLcrmineil to purfuc his late father's
nicafures vigoroufly ; he accordingly maiched intoEiiypt,
anil fiibdued that kingdom.

Three years afterw.irds he invaded Greece, with a
confider.ible army, confilling of ne.ir 3,000,0c of men.
The Carthaginians at the fiime time had engaged to invade
the (jiecian territories in Sicily and Italy by fea. Xerxes
laid a hrMge of boats over the Helkfpont, that his valt
army nvght pal's with the greater facility ; but a Itorni
dellroying the bridge, the CJiecian writers pretend that
he orkaed the waves to be baltinadocd, and fetters to
be thrown into the lea, to let the waters know tliat he
was tlK\r mailer. Having caufed a ftronger bridge to
be made, the army fecretly pafled over it : however, he
was unfuecefsful in his expedition, no part of Greece,
except '1 hracc, fubmitting to his arms •, and Leonidas,
a Spartan p.rince, difpiited his pall'ane lb br.ively at the
pals of ThermipyliE, between Sicily and Phocis, that
10,000 Perlians were llain in various allault-, thou'^li
Leonid.is had only 4000 men under his command.

At length a treacherous native fhevved the Perfians a
way up the mountain wliich commanded the Strait.
Leonidas perceiving ihis, ji'dged it would be impofTiblu
to defend the pal'<, and theretore determined to die upon
the (pot : he accordingly difmill" d all his troop;, cxcepi:
thre; hundred, who chofe to fliare bis late. Before the
attack began h.- invited them to dine with him, telling
them at the fame time, that thev mull fup with Pluto.
The attack was then begun j Leonidas and hi; Spartans
fold their lives at a dear rate, all being killed except one,
who el'caped and carried the news to Sparta, where ha
w.is piinilhed for cowardice, in not Ihiyin ', and dyiu':;
with his companiims. This avilion, however it may
have been admired, appears to have bordered more upon
ralhncfs than real cotirage, and to have been founded
rather upon abfurdity th.in true heroifm.

(Jn the l.imc day that the ,,hove a:lioii happrneil, the
Grecian fleet, confiding of 41-.0 fail, defeated the fleec
of the Perlians, waiJi conliilcd of full one thoiifand
fliips.

Xerxes, however, proceeded to Athens, when the
Athenians fent their wives and children to Peloponnefiis,
abaiuloiud tlieir city, and retired to their Ihippincr.
Xerxes entered^ Athens, « hieli he firll plundered, aiul
then burnt. The Grecians, however, t.btaincd ano-
ther fign.d vifloryover his fleet at Salamis ; and a report
at the fame time prevailing that they intendid to cut oft"
his retreat by deftroying the bridge over the Hellefpont,
he therefore hailed back, and found the bridge dcllroyt,!,
not by his enemies, but by a (lorni. He, however, con-
trived to pal's with part of his army, leaving 300,000
men behind to continue the war, who wcig defeated the
'^ tnluiinT

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAPHY.

I-. i

*;l

'fM

t. .;!

■•

eiifiiiiij cainpnii'n liy AiiftiJcs ami I'aul'anias, and their
gciKr.irMniJ.iiiTuswj4ll.iin, In thd'c variuiis ixpcili-
tion> XiiMs li.ui iiliovc two ihirds of his vail arniy ile-
ftroycii, and was to ch.nrincd by his rrpcutcJ dir,ip|)<)int-
meiits, tliat he bnrnt all the Grecian temples in Afia,
the temple ol Diana a: Kphcl'us excepted.

Soon ali.r .VIitliiiJ.it.-5, an eunuch, and Artabanus, a
raptain ol the Perlian guaids, lormed a conCpiracy, and
niurJeied th s unhappy rnon ircli, who was Succeeded
(A. M. iSi^) by his third Ion Artaxerxes, the two
elder having been deflroved by the above mentioned regi-
cides, whom Artaxerxes put to death loon after his
afccndiiig the throne.

'I'his nionarch ful-dued E^yp', wliich h.id revolted,
and aflided the Jews in ribuihiing the walls of Jerul'a-
Icni. '1 he (irecians, how.'ver, continued the war, and
carried it into Alia witli fuccels, when Artaxerxes
thout;ht pioper toconrliKle a peace vj'ith them ; and thus
terminated a war which liad raged lor the Ipace of fifty
yeais.

Artaxerxes died in the 4qth year of his reign. His
funs, who were iiunrTous, difpii ted each their title to the
throne; at length Ochus, or Darius, prevailed; but
dving foon, he was fucceedul by his Ion Arlaccs,
(.■\. M. 36C0.) who ruled the whole empire, except
Lellir Afia, wliich was ber|U'Mtled to a younger brother.

Arfaces was b«in belotj Ins lather was kiirg, but his
brother Cjrus aftci ; the younger prince, therefore,
imagined that he had the greateit right to the whole
empire. To fupport il.is cl.iin, he railed a numerous
army of I'cifians in his :v>veinmeiit of Leiler Afia, and
having piocurcd the aliill.iiice of a body of auxiliary
Gieci.n-, he began his niaich to difpollefs his brother
ol his Clown.

Arfaces met him with an army of 1,000,000 of Pcr-
fians, at the dillancc of about leventy miles from Baby-
lon, when the army of Cyius was defeated, and himfelf
flain. The (irecian auxiliaiies, however, made an ad-
mirable retreat, under the conduct of their able and
learned general, Xenophon, whofe narrative of that cele-
brati-d tranfiClion is one of the fined pieces of ancient
hiftory that the moderns are acquainted with,

v\rfaces was I'uccecded by his fon Ochus, A, M. 3642.
This prince fubdued the Egyptians and Phoenicians,
who had revolted, dcftroycd all the fortified places and
tanples, and carried many of the people into captivity.
Amoni; the refl was an Egyptian eunuch, called Bagoas,
of whom Ochus foon grew exceedingly fond, and heaped
innumerable favours on him. This, however, did n(.i
prevent B 'goas from confpiriiig againft him, and poifoii-
ing him ui the 23d year of hi> leign. Not content with
this treachery, he in a very fiiort time poifoned his fon
Ochus, who fucceeiled him, and contrived to place
anoilur Oehiis upon the throne, who, it is imagined,
was not ill t':. h'all related to the royal family. It was
not, however, loiig before he was dilpleafed with this
nionr.ri'h alfi, and, :is nfu.il, had prepared a cup of
poifon for him ; but th'- king dilcovered his intentions,
■ind obliged him to drink the poifon himfelf. 'I'hus
was his repeated treach' ry ^nniflied, and the law of re.
fali.'.tion piopeily exercilei!,

Oeliiis then .Uumi ' t!ie name of Darius CoJomanus,
and (A, .^:. '•jt'6b) was invaded by the Grecians
under the conduct of Phi'lip king of Macedon, who was
( i.ofen general I Oiir.o of the confederate armico of Greece ;
bill being niiiidercd, his Ion Alexander, afterwards
known by the runie of AlcxandL-r the Great, fucceedcd
him.

This prince leingonly twenty years of age, pafied the
llelkl'poiit at the liead of 30,000 loot and 5,000 horfe,
Slid d.-fcaied Darius on the banks of the Ciranicus,
fhoiigli his army conruied of ioo,coo I'crfians and
10, coo auxiliary (jtccks : when Sardis and many other
cities lubmitted to the co;,i|iieror.

During the enluing winter, Alexander vifited the
temple of Cjordiaii, where he cut with his fword the
c.ieliratcd (lordian knot, vvl'.:cli fo many had in vain
attempted to untie, on arc.;uiit of the tradition, that
whoever could untie it fliould c.)iu|uer Afia, As foon
t» the fafon pe milted, Alexander marched to the
tt.iit: uf ilius in C.licia, when Darius very imprudently

attacked him at a time the filuation of his army w.it
admirable. The Perfians were again defeated, ami
Darius'snibthcr, wife, feveral of his childien, and joo
of his concubines, wir.i.ken priloners. All the cities
of Paleltine and Phuenicia now lubmitted to the con-
i|ueior, except 'I'yte, which fuftained a long liege; but
being at length taken by llorm, all the inhabitaius ueic
put to the fword, except two thoufand who were re.
lerved for crucifixion ; which cruel lenience thty after-
wards luft'ered up^n croliis creeled for that purpole along
the lea coaft, (o> no other rtafon than having bravelv
defended their livis and properties, and performed the
parts of worthy e lizens and h;:roic foldiers. 'J'his de-
tcllable affair will . . a lalling lligii.a up ,n the charafler
of Alexander, anil . lall his laurels will, ■ufaniy : Syria
.md Egyi't fiibniiti. I to the K-nijiieu,: Alexander
now vifited the ti n pic of Jupiter Aninioii, whi-fe fon
he preteiulcd to be. After having built the city of
Alexandria, he penetrated into Palefiine, pafled the
Euphrates and Tigris, and in the plains of Arbela
again gave the Perfians a total defeat ; the confequcnce
ol which was, Babylon, Sula, and Perlipislis, opened
iheir gates to the conqueror ; the latter of thefe, which
was then the fiiall city in the univtrfe, he burnt at
the inftigation of Thais, a Grecian courtezan.

Akxander then continued to purfue Darius; but
that unhappy prince was murdered by one of his own
generals named Beflus, whom Alexander aftci wards put
to death for his treachery. Thus ended the Peilian
monarchy after a continuance of 209 years.

Alexander :h.n earned his arms into India, fubdued
Porus, a pow ..jl mtnarch 'f that country, and ind;ed
conqi.ered the grcateft part of the then known world.
He .ilLeiwards married Statira, the cideft daughter of
the unfortunate Darius ; and at the fame time obliged
his ofliters to intermarry with Pcrfian ladies. Return-
ing to Babylon, elated by v.inity, and intoxicated by
fucccfs, he gave himfelf up to all manner of debaucherie ,
and at length fell .1 martyr to excels, A. M. 3681.

As Alexander had not named a fucceffor, his generals
(bared his dominions among thein. To Ptolemy fell
Egypt ; Seleucus, the fon of Antiochus, polllircd Baby-
lonia, and Syria ; and Caflander reigned in Greece.

In the year of Chrift 630, the Saracens, who fuc-
cecded Mahomet, made a conqueft of Perfia. The
'i"urks conquered it in the year icoo; and Tamerlane the
Great, chan of Tartary, iubdu ' Perfia and Turkey in
Afia, in the ytar 1400: after the race of the Tartar
monarchs Sophy or Sefi obtained the regal dominion of
Perfia, lomc of the defendants of whom arc at this
tine contending for the empire. He was fucceeded
by his fon Shah Thamas, an inhuman prince, who
was depofed by his fubjefls. His brother Coda-
bundi reigned after him. This monarch was fucceeded
by Shah Abbas, a powerful prince, who greatly en-
larged the Perfian monarchy by his conquers. Having
reigned glorioufly for the fpace of forty years, he was
fucceeded by his grandfiin Shah Sefi, who was a tyrant
and a drunkard. He dcfiroyed his queen in a fit of
inebriation, and at length fell a martyr to repeatetl ex-
celles. After this piiiicc. Shah Abbas the fecond, his
fon, reigned one and twenty years, but, like his
father, deftioycd himfelf with hard drinking.

He was fucceeded by his fon. Shah Sefi the fecond. The
country in his reign was gieaily dirtielFed by war and
f.iminc ; he died July 29, 1694. Sultan Hofiein, his
fon, was his fuciellor, a weak indolent prince, who,
by his vices and fupinenefs, gave great ofience, not
only to his own fubjeefs, but to the neighbourini; Tar-
tar chiefs ; one of whom, named Mereweis, furprifed
Candahor, penetrated a confiderable way into Perfia,
determined to march to Ifpahan, and even al'pircd to
the throne of Perfia itielf. He died, however, before
he could carry his plans into execution ; hut his
Ion Mahamood, who fucceeded him, purluid his niea-
fuies. He made alliances with the grand figiiior, and
gieat mogul, and prevailed on the liallii of Bagdad to
invade the Pcrfian frontiers, and the Ruffiani to attack
the provinces to'.v.uds tlie Cafpian lea.

The Perfim coiit were now ^11 the utmoft confter-
iiation ; MaliamuoJ was, by hafty inr.rthcs, approach-
ing

EIY.

latiun of Ilia army w't
e again ilcfLatcd, an^l

hib cliiUlrcn, and 300
rilonutb. All tlic citicj

I'ubmittcd to the con-
aiiied a long liege ; but
all (he inhabitams \mic
thoui'.ijid who wcic rt-
uil leiitiMcc thiy afttr-
d fcr that purpule along
1 than having bravely
cs, and pcrfurinrd the
aic loldiers. This de-
gii.a iij' n the charaflet
els wit;, infamy : Syria
iciuiiicu,: Alexander
:cr Arnmon, whi'fe Ibii
^'ing built the city ut
) I'alelline, pafl'cd the
I the plains uf Arbeit
cleat; the confequcnee
and Per((,p< lis, opened
e latter of thel'e, which

univerfc, he burnt at
:ian courtezan.
purfue Datiu' ; but
red by one of his own
lexandcr at'tei wards pnt
hus ended the Peiluii
f 209 years,
ms into India, fubdurd
hatcoumry, andind;eJ
the then known world.

the eldeft daughter of
t the r.inie time obliged
'erfian ladies. Return-
lity, and intoxicated by
manner of Jcbaucherie ,
eels, A. M. 3681.
a luccefl'or, his generals
hein. To Ptolemy full
tiochus, poflllled Baby-
r reigned in Greece.
the Saracens, who fuc-
iqueft of Perfia. The
coo ) and Tamerlane the

' Perfia and Turkey in
r the race of the Tartar
d the regal dominion of
i of whom are at this
e. lie was fucceedid

inhuman prince, who
His brother Cuda-

monarch was fucceedcd
rince, who greatly en-

his conqucfts. Having
s of lurty years, he was

Sefi, who was a tyrant
his queen in a lit of
martyr to repeaic<l ex-
i Abbas the fecond, hn
years, but, like hii
ard drinking,
hah Sefi the fecond. The
y dilirelled by war and
4. .'^ultan Hoflein, his

indolent prince, who,
;ave great ollence, not

the ncighbciurini; Tar-
ed Meriweis, furpriftd
erablc way into Perfia,
an, and even alpircd to
e died, however, before

> execution ; liut his

lim, (.urlutd his niea-

thc i;rand fignior, and
the B.illa o! liagdad to

^ the Kufliars to attack

n k.'.i,

•:i the L'tmi^ft eonder-
rty nu.rthci, approach-

ASIA.] Empire

ing towards the capital, where the pufillanin-.-ius monarch
oftcretl to rcfigii his crown in favour of his eldtlf fon j but
thefon having been educated ineU'eminacy and never out
of the fcraglioin his life, was more Iriglitncd than his
lather, and declined either accepting the crown or com-
manding the army. Piince Thomas, however, a
ynunger brother, having more I'piiit than the itll of the
family, dettrniincd to put himlclf at the head ot the
lorcis, and to oppofe the rebels ; but when he came to
take a review of the Peifian troops, he found lliem fo
eU'eminaie, undiftipline ', and dilpirited, that he was
Icniible he could not lepoli: any trult in them. He there-
toie Willi Jrcw hiir.felf liom the army, and retired towards
the Cafpian fca.

Mahaniood fliortly after entered Ifpahan without op-
polition, in the month of Feb. 1721-2, and imprilbned
the king and all the royal family, mofl of whom \u after-
warils delirii)ed. He beheaded tiie prime minifter wiih
molf of his iulierentJ, and f;izetl upon the i.ll.ites and
prdpcrlies of all who were ciuioxious 10 bin. j the nholt
conqucU being eli'ecled with only 5000 horle.

In the mean tine Sliah Thomas, the yo.ing fultaii,
adirmb.ed a body of troop.-, and be ng aily joined by
a great number of royaliih, he detern.ned f.i(' of all
to rcpti the Turks, who were ravaj^iig the Iromieisj
when intelligmce was brought him, that the ufutpei
Mahaniood w^s afl'aiTinatcd by one of his officers, nai.,cii
tfriff, who had fucceeded liim. Upon this information
the prince gave an iiwitation to Kouli Khan, who had
been tfrongly recommended to him, to join his forces.

Kouli Khan, at the head of fome Ufbec T.artars, ac-
cordingly joined the a.niy of Shah Thoma.-, and march
ing immediately againft Efritf'; he defeated his trojps,
took him pril'onrr, and put him to a very cruel death.
He then lurned his arms againft the Turks, aiid wrefted
from them all the places they had taken from the Per-
fiaiis during the laie troubles; and aftei wards compcllid
the Ruflians to evacuate thole provinces, towards the
Cafpian fea, of which they had poflellld thenil'clves.
Llated with repcatco lucccfs, he afpirtd at the imperia!
digi'itv, and, lliiiiulated by his ambition, he not onlj
depofcd, but murdered the unforiunate Shah 1 hon. .s ;
for that unhappy monarch was never heard of after
bis having been deprived of his throne.

As Kouli Khan's ailions have been the fubjcft of
unlveifal converfatlon, and the confcqucnces of which
they were pioduiftive are the moft recent particulars on
which we can with certainty depend, relative to the
aft'airs of Peifin, we (hall be rather circumftantial in
what ccnccnis that ufurper.

Among the mountains in the neighbourhood of
Mcflicd there is a petty principality called Chalat, which
is ruled by a chief wiiu in always a native ; this chief
acknowledges the empcior of Perfia as his fovercign ;
that monarch, however, has not the leaft real powei
over the abovementioned little ftate, but the court of
Ferfia winks at the nominal fubjection and real inde-
pendance of the Chalatites, in order to preferve their
Iriendflrip, othcrwife they wonld prove very troubltfome
neighbours ; for, fccuic in their mountainous retreat,
thty could, at pUafure, make excurfions into the ad-
jacent pIovlIlce^, and plunder the Pcrfians with im-
punity.

Kouli Khan, or Nadir Shah, was born at Chalat in
the ytar 16X7, and was heir to that little principality.
His t.itliei died when he was onl\ nine years old, and an
uncle of Nadir's was inveffed with the government till
he fliculd become of age. The uncle aiSted wiih luch
prudence and mnderation, that lie became exceedingly
popular, and the people unanimoufly confirmed to him
the gnvernment during liis life : for yuung Nadir gave
fueh early proofs of a haughty, turbulent, and tyrannical
fpirit, that the Chahitit.s in general prefagcd the moft
fatal confequenccs when he fliould be invefted with un-
controuled power.

As this trcainif nt was exceedingly difgufling to young
Nadir, he left the place of hi-^ nativity, repaired to Cho-
raffan, ard entered into the Perfian army in 1712 as a
private (iildicr (uily.

His llrcngth, courage, and military capacity, of which
he gave (iequent proofs, occafioned him to be promoted
10 the rank of colonel in 1710,

OF PERSIA. 63

The Ufbec Tartars having invaded Chora/Tan, the
governor of that provice thought proper to appoiat Na-
dir to the command of the Peifian troops, though by {9
doing he difgulted many fenior officers.

Nadir's conduit tended to heighten the great opinion
which the governor of Choralliin had entertained of his
military talents. He adted with great coura^ c and pro-
found policy, and not only defeated the I (bees, but took
many thoulaiuls of them piifoners, wi h all their tents,
ba^,;age, cattle, and the plunder which they had taken
frcni the inhabitai's of ChoralVan.

The governor greatly carelled Nadir, loaded him with
favours, and proniifed 10 recommend him fo ftrongly to
Shah I'huiiias, as to engage that prince to make him a
jjCneral ; a vacancy however falling foon after, a young
nobleman related to the governor was promoted ; this
fo cxaf|>erated Kiuli Khan, that he npbraid.d the gover-
nor in the moft iiilblent terms, and i;rew fo exceedingly
icurrilous, that the governor was under the neeeflity of
Older, ng him to be baftinudoed.

Kouli Khan now inediiated nothing but mifchiefj
ind aj foon as he recovered Iron' thec*iedts of ihechaftife-
mcnt, he fled to the mountains. Having put himfelf at
he head of a band of robb-rs, he continually ravaged
th? country and plundered the caravans.

His uncle hearing of his condii<5t, wrote a letter to
him, ftrtnuoufly exhorting him ;o refrain from fuch a
way of life, and that he would undertake to piocure a
pardon from Shah Thoni;. - for a. he had hiiherto com-
mitted. Nadir aliinted to his uiiele's propc fals, and a
pardon was proiu.ed. Naiiir, unJer a pretence of re-
turning his grateful ihanks to bis ui.cle, n p ir:d to Cha-
lat, with a low of his fohowcrs, w nere h.- vas cordially
received b) ihat ge Jcman. He Ind previt. fly hiwever
ordered fome liiindrtds of his men to aeivai.ce privately
towards the place, and ; 1 be ready to attend to a crtain
(ignal, when they were to rulh in at the f>n'y gate be-
longing to the liirtrcfs.

Earlv the eniuing morning N.idir murdered his uncle j
while his followers within fcized the gate with little or
no refilfance, an.! foon admitted their companions. Thus
did Nadir with very little trouble become poflcU'ed of a
place deemed hitheito impregnable, and whieh had fre-
quently withltood the whole power of Peifia; for with-
in the perpendicular and inaccefiable rocks which fur-
round it, there is land futlicient ro feed their cattle and
produce ail kinds of provili ins lor the maintenance of
12,000 men. Thus they are in no fear of a famine, and
the place|being'accefnble at onlyoii.- fmall avenue, which
is ftrongly fortified by art as well as nature, they are
able to put all the troops in the ui iverfc at defiance.
After Nj'lir became emperor of Pcifia lie always depofited
his t.cafures in Chalm, as the ftrongeft and moft fccurs
plrce in his whole extenfive dominions.

B.:ing now poflcUed of his nati.c patrimony^ with
the addition of (000 well dil iplined, bold and hardy
tioops, he became cxceedingi) loimidabi .

He then took it into his head to recover the city of
Nechabar, which the Afgans had taken from th«
Perfians, and fucceeded by the following Angular
llratagem.

He f( nt fome of his men to the mountains, who having
feized alarge party of ftiaggling Afgans, they were imme-
diately put to death. Nadir's men then liLi-ing drefled
themf. Ives in the habits of the deceafed Afgan-, pretended
to drive a great number of their companions before
them, as if they had taken them prifoners. The centi-
nels threw open the gates to let in the fuppofcd captives,
when the Afgans were all put to the fword, and the
ancient capital of ChoralTan was recovered. It was
after this exploit that the unhappy Shah Thomas court-
ed his afnitance, when he joined that monarch at the
head of 6000 men. In the year 1728 he was appointed
commander in chief of the Shah'sforccs, foon after which
he received the title of Tachmas or Thomas Kouli Khan
or Kan, the higheft title the emperor could confer. He
then made a very rapid progrcfs in the recovery of the
empire, as hath already been mentioned, and by carrying
fiic and fwo d wiierever he came, he was at once the
admiration and terror of ngt only the Perfians but all
the furrounding luilons.

After

ti''!*

A NEW COMPI-ETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIIV.

■1

AruT ihc rcuioval of the imfdrtunatc Sh;ili Tlionuis,
Kouli K;iii iliil not preCitme to nuniiit the tludiii.', Init to
feve ;ippe.!r;incc-, li.::l Ahba: M\r7..i, :!M iiil'.uu cit' fix
iiioiitb.'i olil, ami foil of the- Amvc moiimcli, dccl.ticij
emperor. He, however, took care to keep ;ill the
power as well ns the trcifurcs of the empire in his own
hnnd.s and to fill all the grc.it offices of ft.itc with his
own creatures.

Yoiiri;: Al-'bas now being confiJercd as emperor,
Kouli Ran determined in his n.ime to c.irry on the war
ai.iiiill the Till lis vi^oroullv ; but lird married an aunt
of the late em|Kror's. Then thinkini; of his own
f.iniily, he appointed his eldell fun ^'oveinor of Cho-
F.nihn, and his youngetl governor of Herat.

The w.ir ai^;inft the Turks was fuceef-.fully bc^Min,
Kouli Kan diovc them all before him, and laid fiege to
ti.;:dat. However, Topal Ofman, an able Turkilli
gcuerul, niarched to the relief of it at the hiad of
!00,ooo incn ; Kouli Kan drew up his array, which
confillcd of 70, coo men, and on the 18th of July 1733
a mofl binodv lialtle enfued, and Kouli Kan, lor the
firlftinie in his life, was defeated.

Kouli Kan being joined hv one of his fons with a
ronfidcr.ible army, iie again m.irehed againft the Turks
I'he I'eifi.in army was in this engagement repulled, and
K)lt 4000 men ; but on the 2bth of Oi^tober another
bliMiJy bat.Ic was fought, in which the 'I'urks were
totally defeated, lulin ; 40,000 men, all their ailillery,
tents, ammunition. Hole-, iVc. and the g.dlant Topal
Ofman was fl.iin 111 the .iction. 'I'o the credit ol' Kouli
Kan we niuft not omit to me;itioii, that he ordered tlmt
great ceneral to be buried with the utmoll pomp and
niagnilicence, and with all the military honouis due to
fo great a eliaraeler.

Kouli Kan now marched fo Schir.is, 'o fuhjugatc
th.it ci'v, and crtilh a p iwerful rebvllion which hap-
pened in rhole parts ; t"-! he foon effe^ied, and f|:ent the
enluiiig winter in reciuiting h f army, and making pre-
parations for tarrying on the war againll the Turks in
the lollowing Ipii ::. Kor it was importible that hi--
rnttrprizing Ipirit could ever be (lill J nor could his am-
hitioiis foul entertain any idea but that of war.

In the year 17J4 Kouli Kan was exceedingly fiiccefs-
ful both againit the Turks and the Tartars, who at-
tempted to join tluni, and before the end of the ve.ir
Ciiiu|uercd all the open country ol CJeorgia and .Armenia.
In 17 J5 Kouli Kan dcltroyeil great part of the Tiiikifli
army ,11 Aipa Kavi. Jn Ijj') (he yoiMu .Shah Abbas
died, wh.-n Kouli Kan coiiveiml the I'eifian ihiefs and
nobles, and told them that they were at liberty tochufe
an empctor. They iluriluic uiianiniDiilly b;gged him
to accept of the crown, being indeed .ili.iid to do other-
wife. Having mounted the throne, he ruled the Fer-
fi.iiis with .1 iikI (I iron, ilertro\ing many of the
loyal family, and putting 10 death all the nobility cx-
Ci t thofc who weie deemed ulmt , or wh'ile underlhind-
ing he difpifed. He then fci/ed many cll.ites, pjiticu-
l.ii'y thr chi.rch l.in K, and h.aving concluded a pe.iee
with the Turks and Riilli ins, he compelled the revolted
Ativans to fubmil to Ins own terms ; thui marching into
tlie territorie-. 1 f the (Jirit .Mogul, he dcleatid the
armies of that monarch, ii;a e himlelf inafler of Delhi
the capital of Hindolljn, took theCireat Mog il hini-
fi'lf priloncr, put miiltitiidn to the fword, and plundued
the empire ot jewels, gold, and oth«r valuables to the
amount of 87,^00,000!. Ileiling, a grealir tre.iline
lli.iiiany other monaith in any age or nation ever belorc
pollHUd.

Among other articles of inimcnfe value wis the im-
pen.il throne, comnionly called the |kmc(" k throne,
fiitirelv (it with the rniiit jewels j indcpeiuleiit of the
above lie look joo elephants, io,oro hoi.es, .is many
ramib, a gieat mmiber of caniiun, and » vaiiityot
other wall ke (lores.

I hcie imnienic ticilurrs he hiHged in his hereditary
principality ol Ch.ilat, but dn' not tiiid the gii.iiding
of ihcin either to I'liikH or IVrfians, but In 11,000
Cjcorgiins, all ut whom w. le Chnlliaii^. He Ih. n
(ubdiieil the I'llec laitats, and broii|i|it their country
lu be tribul.iry to I'llia i alter whiili he leluriud to
lijuhan, and leMiely ii|;iiinan<jcd hm (on loi ihc ni«l-

aJminilliation of affairs during his abfcncc. The ye.ir
I"4I lie fpcnt in quelling fevcral infurrcelioii'-. In
allthLlc expeditions hs" committ'd uiihea'd of criii:ltir!.
Among I ther rebels his eldeft fon prov.'il one, for he
attempte.l to murder liiin, butcfcapcd til! the year 1742,
when he was brought as a pril'oiier to his father, and
had his eyes put out liy order of that monarch.

The cruelties that Nadir Shah new c.tercifed both 011
friends ;.nd enemies, the armed and unarmed, are aiinolt
mercdible, and too fhocl'm; to be iccited : in fhort, he
deni'lifhed cities and tovviis-, l.iid w.illc feitile provinces,
plundered nil ranks ot people, and murdered fevcral
millions of the inhabitants of I'lrfia, and the iieii'h-
hoiiring nations,

'The 'Turks having in they.-ar 1744 fct up a pretender
to tlic throne of Perfia, who gave out th;it he vtas :»
younger fon of the late emperor Shah Thomas, Nadir
Shah lent one of his fons at tile head of an aimy againlV
him. The pret.nded prince was dcfeat-'d, and taken
pril'mcr. Nadir Shah being informed if thi!;, in a
tsiiipoiary lit of huniiinity, gave orders th.it he might
be permitted to cfcape, ticverthclefs he directed that
2X2 of his followers ihould be bthe.uled. In the year
1745 he ag.iin matched againft the Tuiks and dehatc.l
them; but in 1 746 and 1747, he was entirely employed
in quelling domellic broils, and intellinc rebellions.

Nadir Shah was now cciicral!y looked upon to be
in a Hate of infanity. His actions were ufually r.bfurd
and always unaccountable; lometimcs a gleam of genc-
rofity and humanity would feem to direct his inten-
tions, but avarice and the molt horrid cruelty at moll
limes predominated. He wa^, however, on the ftcond
of July 1747, alVafTinnted by five of the principal
officers of his on.irds. 'This event hajipened thus :
'The confpirators entered his tent about one o'clock iit
the n-.orning, when one of them (tumbling i^ver fome of
the cords that (aliened it, the Shah waked, (tartcd up,
leizid his fabre, and with one blow cut o(F the hea.t
of him who was next to him. He then ftruck the next
on the left ftioiilder with fuel, force that the fabre lodged
in the fpine or b.ick bone, and (tuck (o l.ill that beloic-
he could withdiaw it, the riaiaining allhdins dif-
patched him, and cut oft' his head, which they took
with llicm, and having buried their companions, they
retired.

When the people heard of his death they were grc.itly
rejoice.!: tliey imiiuui.aly put to death his blind foil
and his grandlon, and even all his v.'omen, led anv of
them fliould be pregnant by him, lo much did they
detclt the breed ol tliis cruel and bloody tyrant, whij
feeiiis to have thrown Nero and all the inhuman
monltcrs of antiquity at a diltance.

'I'hofe who h.ivc l.iicly publiflied geographical (y(\cmi,
and del'cribe I'erlia as it was prior to the time of Kouli
Kan, deceive ih. ir leaders, and give the public i\o true
idea of the modern It.itc of that empire ; (or they of
courl'e mention citus which no longer cxilt, and ilefcribn
Icrtile provinces which at pielent are de(dit. They
talk of millioi 5 which are cxtci initiated, ami of mag-
nificont buildings th.it are now levelled with the nround.
All has been .ind (till is anarchy and coiifulion 7n ih.it
unh.ippy countrv, ever (iiiec the above mentioned ty-
rant full niountid the throne. Several ol his lamily,
as well as oiheis, the deftcndants of the f.miily of
Sefi, have been and aic contending for the empire ; hut
.IS thiit various (iiciedrs, ami the late 11 volutions arf
not known in Kiiiope, at le.id not ptopcily authenti-
cated, Vin fliall here conclude i ui hillory u( I'crda,

SEC T. IV.

Ptrf-.ni, lltil/ili, Ciijloms, Atanntii, Ctrtrntn'm, Capa-
dliii, Alls, A'i;'('«i<'j, I.taining, liurnt.l A/en, Piifrr,
Manntr ef U riling, Amujemdlti, DivtrJ.eni, i'///i<».
llilicni, P.tnHjiiliti, (/..

'y^ H K I'erriaiu in general arc of a middle fiio, fm.i'l
1 limbed, but well made; liny have ufually
Konuii liolis. Mack cyts, and bl.uk luir; Their (om-
plexion i> tawny, .iiid ihcii lips thick. The men duve
iheir he.uN, though many young rcntlemen lud'er a
lock ul hail tu giuw vii each liJc by way of ouiiimrnt,

aiiJ

MIV.

atifcncc. The vMr
•il iiifiirrcifiion^. In
uiihi-a'd of criii-ltir:,
n prov.-il one, for ho
pcd til! the yiMr i 742,
iiu-r t(i his father, aiiJ
hilt nioniirch.
low i'.\irciri.d Iioth on
.1 iin.nrireJ, are aiiHolt
c recited : in (hort, he
iv..l(c fcitile [noviiiccs,
iiiid nuirdercd fiveral
'trfia, and the iieigh-

t-44 fet up a pretender
\e out th:it he vt.is :i
Sh:ih Thoinas, Nadir
cad ot an ainiy agniiiil-
s dcfeat.-d, and taken
ifornicd < t" thin, in \i
orders tint he might
lel's he di-ecled tliai
'che.ided. l:i the year
le Ttiiks and defiatcj
was entirely ciiiploved
Intidiiic rehellioii!!.
y hviked upon to Ik-
is were ufiially al'.fnrd
tinu's a picam of genc-
1 to direct Ills iiilti'-
inrid ciuelty at moil
nwcvcr, i>n tlie I'teond
ivc of the principal
event liappencd thus :
t about one o'clock in
thimhiing cner fome of
lah waked, darted up,
' )W cut oft the head
le then ftruck the next
:e that the f.ibrc l()dj;(d
uck (o l.iK tliat hcfoiir
auininj; adadiiis dif-
eid, which tlicy took
heir companions, tlicy

ileath tliey weregrently
to diath hr. blind fou
his v/onien, kit anv of
111, lo much did thry
nd bloody tyrant, wh(j
nnd all the inhuman
e.

d geographical fyftcms,
r to the lime of Koiili
give the public no true
at empire ; for they vA
ngcrcxill, and dcferibn
ent are dcldit. 'I'h y
iiliinated, and of niag-
■vellcd with the nround.
and coiifufion in that
. above nienliciiud ty-

Several ot In, lamily,
mil. of the fimily ot'
iig lor the empire j but
llie Ijte II volutions art

not pioprilv antheim.

hillory ul I'crlia.

IV.

tn, Ctnmtmti, Capa-
, Lurnt.l Afrit, P,iprr,
nil, Divtrjieni, Supii.

of a middle (ii(>, fmall
. they hAVC ufiully
l.ick luir : 'I'hrir <om-
liii k. The men fh*ve
iig gciulcnien fdff'ir a
c liy way of giiiaincnt,
anJ

ASIA.] ' Empiiil c

nnd I'.ime allow their beards to reach up to their tem-
ples. 'I'he religious, however, wear long bcardi. All
till' men, except grandees, wear caps, which arc pretty
hi"h, and gathered at the top ; but thole of ijuality
wear niagnitiecnt turbans. As they make it an unuerlal
rule to keep their heads gxccediiig vvariii, fo they never
pull olVeithercaps or turbans even to nionarclis. Their
t'avouiite colour is red, which they admire becaufc their
foldiets wear it, who, on that account, are called
kilclbjlhee, or red he.ids. They wear caliicoe fliirts
next toi'jfl^in, that aie covcied by (liort co;,ls or veils,
whicl. they girt with a fufli ; as the Vill rcaijies only to
the kuei-s, a large pair of drawers fupplics the place ol
brciches. Cloth (lockings are joined to the dr.iwers, and
flippers vvilh high heels arc worn inftead of fhoe-. The
nialeii.ds of their eloathing are, however, expenfr.e,
a, tlu'v coiilili of fd's, furs, cotton, mudin, :\-c. plain,
or embroidered wiih gold and lilvcr. 'I'hey often wear
loufe boots oil their legs, and always da-gc s in their
ladies. The drefs of the lower kind of women ilifl'cib
very little from that ot the men, and is rather collly ;
they, however, injure what beauty they have by paint
and waihes.

liy the M.ihometan laws the I'erfians arc permitted
to niany lour wives, :i;ul to kci-p as many concubines
as ihty plcal'e ; but it is the eullom of ilie country tor
tlie men to coiilider the women as mere Haves : ihcy
nriv, indeed, if thiy plcal'e, many lor life, 01 for any
dtlcrniinate time.

'I'hc reilian la.lies ufiially wear gowns of filk or
.cotton, and drawers of (he fame, which reach to tlieii
ancles. Aliout th..ir ancles and wrilts they wear brace-
lets of Hold, which aie ofien fet with precious Hones.
'I'hey let their n.iils grow long, and paint them red.
'J'he la.iies aio ani'oluie |)rifoneis, and the lower kind
of women ablolute drudges, for they are jhlig'dto till
the hind, |ilaiit the lice, and do every kind of Held as
Weil as domellic work, while their hiilbaiids go to
maikit, luinter about, o^ (iiiokc their pipes.

The I'erfians ule neither knives or forks, the m'at
buing cut into fniall pieces before it comes to the t..hle,
and IS feondilltib ited by a carver into a vaiiayof Iriiall
«ii(!ns oriather plates, lor the compair. .

Their dtink is mead, licer, and a kind id' liraiub, j
but at entertainments they makeallquor c.dUd k.diavea,
vliich i. kivc.l up in a larj^e china vellel 111 the nianiiei
of p'jntii.

'i'houi'h the common pe pic of Tcifia in general
h.have dil'iel,Hvllul to llrangers, which may be, peih.ip-,
owin; to tlieii extreme pmerty, yet the better loit .ire
•■.vceeuing [-oliie and hol"pit..ble. The g eat nunibei
of t.iMvaniei..s in this countiy may be adduced as a
jiroof of the hofpilility of the people. A caiawmfera is
a large fejuare bidding w.th a I'paciuus couit in the
middle : the biidc'iiig itfelf contains a great number
I f ch.imbers for the accommodation of tiaiellers, and
(tables In; their holies. A* there arc not any inns in the
lalleiii ce.iintrics, t.iiavanlcias are cxceedi'igly con-
xenient, ilioiudi nothing but llielter is to be idit.iincel in
tbem. A poor lamilv ufii.ily lelides in each to clean
tiic lo^ms .uid ih.blcs, and to gne pioper diitetions to
travi llei ,.

The I'cifi.in have many rural diverfions, which alTord
ih.m I'reat piciluie: Mr. Hell, in his travels, nientions
th.it he I'iW iiiaiiy gieyhounds and level al hawks who
\..ie trained to tly at, and purine, antcKpcs thus:
the h.wki fly reiuiid the head of the anteleipe, and
r tard its veh>eity, till t!ie hounds fei/e it j otheiwileii
(ouKI n.t be t.iken, for the antelope is much luiltei
thin anv hound in the uinvrile. The method of ti.'.in-
ing li.iwks to fly at antelopes is thus executed ; Tlicy
(lult'the Ikin. of thole animal', and feed the hawks be-
tween their lioin.i hence they are accudomeJ to fly
towaids, and hover round, the heads ed iho!e ..inmals,
'The Tatlais tiain li.iwks 111 the lame manii.r \o ll^ at
woltes and loxcs.

The I'm alls .nc f.'iul eif fwinging in a Ir.iy, fafli ned
by tiipei li\ ,1 In lour | nees ol wnod ; but this iluv
are compell'd to elo more liet|ucntly through ncceinty
than for auiufinient 1 for in many provinces, duiiiig the
liul wcailii, the taiaiilula diups n> vciiuin tipeii the

V PERSIA. ec,

fNin, which immediately penetrate;, and cccafions the
nuA\ dieadfiil fymploms to appear ; to ren.eilv which, the
patient is obliged to drink a great e]uantity of new milk,
and afterwards being put into the tray, mid Iwung about,
with great vcliemenci', a iiaufea cnlues, veliich carries
olF the dilbrder.

Ill many eif the principal cities and teiwns, but par-
ticularly Ilpahan, the I'erfians aie fond of the udlov. liij,
aniulcment: In kaue fpacious place a pole is fixed 111
the ground, on the top of which they put an apple-,
a melon or a trencher, containing money; they then
ride up and ilowii, and dioot at it on full gall.'p j if any
of the money falls, it beloii;;s to the feivants, and the
winner is obiig.d to give an entertainment to the com-
pany.

They pl,iy at cricket on loot, and likcwire on horfc-
back J th.y are fond of baiting w ilu be.ilt.';, encouraging
mimics, iiigglcrs, rtjie dancers, &c. With relp.ct te»
liui-t:n;, hawking, ami horfemandiip, they eejei;il irolt
n.itions, -.^mA exceed all at prefeiit in archery. 'I'hey
tliieiw thej.uelin with great dcxtc.ity, nnd are tolerably
exjiert in the life of fire arms.

The I'erlians, tluugh exceedingly ccrcir.onicus, arc
U'fs I'o than the Cliinefe, but iidinitely meire polite.
'They do all they can to oblige you, and always aeeom-
meidatc the Trariks or Eurojieans, with fteols. They
aie, however, taxed with diltinuil.ition, and infinceiit\-,
and not without fome reafor;. 'They arc uncommonly
fond of tobacco, particularly that from Americ.i, wluclt
lli.y fnioke in great eiuantities.

In f.iioaking, they ule a glafs decanter, called a callaan,
filled about three parts with v(:'.ter. 'i'he tobacco is
ledl.d up like a ball, and put lato a fm.-ill lilver vcfl'el
like a tea cup, to which a tube is f.idened lh.it reaches
almedt to the bottom of the water j another tube being
fixed above the water to the neck of the veliel, the:
liii'ikc is drawn through the water, by which n.earis it
b^'comes co il and pleafant. Mr. Ilanv/ay fays, that
;n Peilia there is a cudoiu which to an European tia-
veller ni.iv appear exceedingly ilil'.igreeable ; that is, if
he gives .mi entert.iinnunt to any capital perfoii of tb.e^
ciiiintry, he is obliged to prov.de a gieat e;uaiititv of
!w etmeats, not fii iiuich to entertain the mailer, as 10
diiliibute aiiicing tlie lervanis,

The i'erfians are fuperllitious to the l.id degree; the
twilling of the featuic;, the hands laid acrofs, the;
fingers inteicli.inged, and oilier particular geiluies e)fthe;
hi dy they fancy are full of magic power. Meteors, or
\vh..t are commonly called falling liar-, they fuppofe te>
lie the bleiws of aiigel.i upon ihe heails of devils. Cats
they venerate, but dogs au held in the grcatell dd'cflccm.
Sneezing is a good on. en, but yawning a bad one ; nay,
a perii'ii who was li lit fen by oixof the emperors, fancy-
ing h s life ind.iiiger, afiiiied an Knglifli gentKinaii, that
Ills falc depended iipni the repetition of .1 ceitainpraver,
when he came into the piefeiiceof the Sh. ill. I'or, faij
he, " Il I repeat it perfeiilly, I (li.ill rfeapc w ih my
lifci but if I dioulel happen to i>mit a fingle f)!l.ible, or
even to pninouiice a wotil imprupcily, 1 fhall ceriainly
be a dead man."

'The I'eili.ms are romintic in their thoughts, and cii.
thiifi.iltie in their manner. They aie all fond of (mjiiv,
but their poetry is all hypeibolical j yet, thoin'h .1
voluptuous piiiple, their writings upon love are delicate',
and the fentimcnts they inculcate refined. Their poetry
has ige'iieially a moral turn, .tnil iluir elegies anil
padorals ufiially inlinuate, that though their law permits
them to m.iiry four wives, )ct re.ifim lliailJ ciiifint;
them to one that the cnjouiunt of a beloved woman U
aeirtue, bce.. le natiinli but that celibacy is a vice-,
bec.iiife it operates againd the grand active principle of
n.ilute, which is to cncieafef the human fpcciei. There
the poets have more leiifc th.in the piielts, md the
lower clafs of people are p.renter phileifiiphcis ih'ii the
legiflators. 'The I'erfians, indeed, think pi.eti) iluinod
luTdiine Icieiue, and Inieiaking tobacco the moll i.iiional
.imiilcinem. If they are condemned leielii, the) e. hear
ihemlelves with a couplet, .md then meet iher laic
wilheiut the kail fear ; and when the fineiaking of

tobacco hath been piohbited by ilie e

I'trlinns have left their

inan\'

oiintiy uiid Icttkd in foieijii
H p'ft»

.f^fl^^

'!: ' I

66~ A NEW COMfLETE SYSTEAF O !• ' G EO C R A P II V.

il'piivcil (if this fomnifcroiis plea-

■'!■

parts fooncr than I:
lure.

The Pcrfian il.inciiig is not difngrrciMc though irregu-
lar, but the uuillc is iiitolcr.ihle, ;it U-;ill to an Kuropean
car. After the mufic is fimihed at any cntirtainmcnt,
the principal nuifuian prcfents an orange to the com-
pany, which is a civil indication of his cxpec'ting a
hanJfome graluitv tur hunfelf anJ band. At thefc en-
tertainments the company ufually drinlc (Iron!; liquors
in tea cups, till thi •/ arc (juiic intoxicated, each having
a pi .te of fwCLtmeats hefirc him.

There are nut anv people in the world who think Icfs ol
the future than the I'eifians i they are fciiul of enjoying
the prefcnt minute, and trull: entirely to Providence
for all that is to eufue. Their genius is penetrating,
and their fancies lively. Their capacity is gr.at lor
arts, fcicnces, war, and mechanical employments ; but
their profiifencf , luxury, and indolence, countcraifl
their natural abilities ; and the unfortunate policy of their
ruleis, is a ijrcat bar to every thing ufeful and liberal,
and militates ajainft every prupenfty to improvement.
'I'heir "old and filver laees arc admirable, and picferve
their lulbc long. They unJcrlt.uid potteiy trlerahly,
nial^e "ood porcelain, and are famed for their l);;ll in
china livettinp. They arc aciiiiainteJ wiih tlie gla!'s
muuifaLloiv, hut not fo well as to be able to make
loiiking glaiits.

The I'erfian lilk weavers arc equal to thole of anv
country in their lilks and fattins. Their filk, mixnl with
cotlo:i, camel-, <r go.its hair, their t.ibbi.s, tail'.ties,
brocades, gold and filvcr tilliies, Stc. are alinlrid all
Dver the world, the worknianftiip be in.; c'<ci,llent,
and the figures lively ; but the latter indeed are ufually
out of proportion, ai the I'eifiaiis kimw very little of
drawiiis;, and nothing at all of perfpciitive ; the execl-
Icnev oV their colour theref ire admits of their bein^;
adniuablo dveis, thouj',h ihev are but bad painters.
They ufually delign in piofile, ns they ;ire veiy iinfuc-
telVful in drawing full faces, or front hgures. They
have ncith-r modeller-, tlatuaries, or engrnveis, which.
41s well as the infuiTicciicy of their p.iinteis, may b.
cwin" to fome rigid relgioiis tenets, that prohibit the
artilieial imitation of any li\in;T creature. Tlirv are
neifectly well (killed in varnilhing, and their turncru
and joiners are tolcr.dde, but their c irpenters are fad
bungleis, which i ■ owing to the groat i'c .icity of tin.ber
thio'i 'hoiit the whole ein.)ire.

Th°y have no locklniiths, am! even the locks to their
fire arms are purchafed of the F.urojicai' 1. 'I'hc barrels
they make exeieliiiglv llioiig, but the lie, ks arc abomi-
nably elumfy. They ule n.-itiier bra(\, ir.ui, n.Tpewlerin
their kitchens, all their culinary iitenfils lieiriL' m.ide ol
copper, welt tiniudj their bra/iiis and tin-nicii being
very good woikrun.

As" they cannot male luol. in' glafie:, their cutlers,
who arc excelKnt mech.mics, make (K-el mirrors, which
fupply the deliciency ; iheir I'woid and fabre blades lan-
not be cxclled 1 their kni.cs, razors, fcillars, »Vc.
merit comnieiularion.

As the I'etfums are a'inlr.ibic archers, and plume
ihcmlvKcH cxcce lin^'ty o'l lluir Ikill in the ufe of the
long bow, the bow-:iiakei'- take infinite pains in mak-
ing that weapon us (iroiig and as elegmt as polVible ;
the material^ ate v.ood or horn bound round with
finews .Old llrunp with twilbj filk i the (luiver-, are
made of 1
lilur twi
vhi h in Kurojic is called Turkey leather.

The Pitfiaii taylors fit their tloaths as well, and few
much neUerthan the Kurope.111 taylors. .Many of them
Walk (luwer> upon garment'-, carpets, cufhion , and eur-
tiiii!-, Ill an adniit.ible inanni r. T"he exeelleiu y ol the
I'eilian gaiineiils confiltsin iheir being light, any, and
flimi : l!ieir JuIj (.onlequeiilly dots not impede Iheir
jiaturil .i>l,vily, nor give lli'in that air ol indolence
iu.d ertiminaey, of whnli the lonjj flowing robes ol the
Turks are piodiidlive,

Their (addles ate fu; crinr tn any in the iinivprfe,
With irfprct to the woikmanfliip in geiiu.il, and ihi
rmbioidtiy nil llitchin)> in p.Li'.ii.'ular j the Itiirupt lire
Ihi^Ml. but very beautiful.

llllll til U 111; Tlltll >*>l|l>U ■■>■« I tllW Illliivi ) l(l\.

leaiher finely embroiuered with filk, pold and
ill, iVc, the ie.ither is exai.'lly the (aine as that

The Perfians are exceedingly fond of all kinds of or-
naments made of jewels, fuch as little coronet', pluincs
in imitation of fe.ithers, and knots rclembliiig tiowers
for the heads. In fome provinces they wear a riiM-
through the nolhils let with a variety of (fjncs ; an i
many young ladies adorn themfelvcs with a fpleni:;d
mcklace of diamonds and rubies, whii h is fufpcnded bv
two gold rings that arc run through the ears ; iiicir arn s
are decorated with bracelets of jewels or pe.irls, or with
little manacles let with precious Hones wlieie they fhut.
rhcii necklaces fall into the boli>m, and have a liltie
gold box containing niufk or amber banging to them.
All who arc able load their lingers with lings ; the
lapidaries' polifli the ftones in a tolerable manner, but
the jewellers fet them vcrv awkwardiv, nor arc the gold
and filver-lmiths better workmen. Mechanics in Petda
arc indeed much rifpcilcd, and a merchant is placed on
the looting of a ptrfon of the firll rank ; but the Pei-
fians in general confider the matter more than the man-
ner of every article, and value it for its intrinlick worth,
more than for the beauty of the workmaniliip, which
renders their artills very carelefs about making impiove-
nients. They are fond of watches, but not one of
their mechanics knows how to make or even to mend
a watch ; they admit e printing, yet never attempt to in-
troduce that art into their couiitiy, though they conlVls
its utility as often as they mention it. I'cw work in a
(liop or have a fViop-board ; but the generality of aitiheeis
and tiadelnu'ii go to the tioules of th i.e who have otca-
ficii to emjd'jy them, and fit U|on the ground, or do
their work i:i any other polliire which is molt fuiuble
to the bufinefs they are upon.

The wire-drawers are good, and the tanners excellent,
not only at tanning leather but (hagieen, which is made
of the ri;iTip of .tii afs ; fdt and gall fcrvc them far rdl
the purpolcs of t.innin;;, baik being unnetdlaiy on ac-
count of the drynti> of ilie air.

The briek-mikers niit the clay with chopt Ihaw,
and then make the hricki in wood-n moulds, of ei il.t
ireheslong, fix bio.td, and two ami a half thick. They
then dry them fingly for three lieu s, and alterwards to-
itether for a much longer fpae;. Ihcfe biiiks arc drad
ill the fun, but thole which they d v wi'lifire, are mm h
larger, and are likewilc made in moulds, the compofitii'i
being two paits clay, and on of allies ; ar.d the kiln, m
whiih they are diied, i- uli.ally about twenty feven
cubits in height.

\\'e have already n.eiitiondl t!,c ^-reat fi anitv of tiin
her 111 I'erfia ; it is therclire not to be wondered at tiiat
in their buildings feaieeany thing is nride of wood ex-
cept the doors and lalhei. 'i'he lioules in general con-
lilt only of a ground floor, the bottom being caith,
01 cement, though fome aie paved, and the roofs flat,
as they arc exceedingly fond of enjoying the fiien.ty ol
the evening on the lops of ihnr hcufes, which arc ufually
fitiiated in the midll of pleifiiit gardens, and excluded
from public view by hi.;h w ill-, if the mailer has oeea-
lion to iranfai'l an) huluuf-, he does not introduce a
(Iranger into hi^ huufe, but fellies the aftair in haml un-
der the piaz7a in the liont of it ; for no Perl'iaii lioufe
is without fuch a pi.://a.

Next to the pi.r//a of n of! hoiifes Is a hall of
entertainment, wiiieh is always arched or vaulted, and
conlrqiifntly forins a dome ; aid indeeil no country in
the world Ins fo tn :ny llately domes beh iijong both to
public and priv.'te buildings as I'erfia. .Scviral doors
i open into this hall, which in hot weather nrc all fet open
in oi.ler as much as polTiblo to diaw the air, and encreale
the velocity of iH circulation. The wills are built wi'h
buck", the roofs are Inrroundcd rithei with a vi.ill 01
balultraiirs, and the I'etlians not <inly lake the nir on
them whi 11 the evenings arc fine, but f'e(piinlly cany
up niailratli"., and lie there all night. 'I'he kitdienn and
otfiie. arcdtlaihul from the hahitalions ; the fiie place
coiiliK, ()( a hole in the earth, where a rhaicoal lire
being kindled, ,1 kind of t.ible < oyerid with a carpet is
put ovci It ; brncith this the I'crfnns loiivtimes piil their
legs to warm ihein. The (inokv is tatiied avvav under
({toutid tliioiigli pipes, as theie aie very few chimnies
in the whcdc loun'ry. 'I'he doots arr Imall and incnn-
vciiieiK, an.l AlC liuii^ on without iMiigei, bcin^ fallrnril

titlui

APIIV.

iiiJ o( :ill kimis of or-
liltlf coronet', pluincs
)ts rclcnil>liiig Howe;.',
CCS tlicy wc;ir a riii-r
:iricty v( (tjiics ; art
elves witli a rpU'iiiiid
whii ti is liii'|icndcil Vv
:h the c;ir3 ; tiicir arns
xch iir pc.irh, or with
tones wlicK- tlicy fhiK.
iim, ;tiid have a litlic
licr ha'.igiiij; to them.
iigers with lings ; tlic
toU'r.il)le manner, Init
ardlv, nor arc the golj
Mechanics in I'trlij
incrchant is placed on
rll rank ; but the Pei-
rr more than the nian-
for its intrinfuk worth,
r worknianOiip, which
ibout nuking impiovc-
chcs, but not one of
iiakc or cvri\ to mend
ct never attempt to in-
y, though they comIcI'!
m it. I'cw work in a
e generality ot arliticets
t th i.e who have otca-
on tlie ground, or do
which is molt I'ui'.alile

id the tanner'! excellent,
lagictn, which is mu'i;
gall fcrvc then r,.r .;11
cnig unnecc iLiy on ac-

:Uy with chnpt lir.iw,
iod;'n moulds, of ei 'dt
uul a halt' thick. Tlicy
ius, an,) altcrwards to-
rhd'o biiiks arc drad

il: V wi'h lire, are iniih
noiilds, the compoliti-'i

aihcs ; ar.d tlie kiln, m
ly about twenty le\fii

ic ^reat d an itv ot' lini

to be wondered at tii.it

g is mide ol Wood c\-

lioulcs in general con-

I'otlom Icing caith,

ed, and the roofs flat,

njoying the firen.iy ol

icufes, which are ulu.illy

gardens, and excluded

It the inalKr has ok a-

docs not intrinlucc a

s ihe aO'air in haiul iin-

lor no IVrlian houle

I houl'es Is a hall of

arched or vaulted, and

d iinlred no country in

mcs l-cloinnng bolh to

I'crlia. Scleral doon

weather nre ull let open

aw ihe air, 3[v\ i.ncrealc

I he w dl . are budt wi'h

I riihri wilh a w.dl oi

t oiiiv lake ih'' nir on

I', hut I'cqurntly rartv

ht. The kitihens anil

talujiis ; the Inc place

, where a rhaicoal lire

■vcrcd with a carpet is

funs lunii limes put their

t i;. t ariicil away under

aie very tew chimniei

)i» are Imall and inenn-

t Ihiijcs, bcini; falleiie<l

tilhii

Emimre of PERSIA.

ASIA.]

cither by wooden bolts, a kind of wooden locks, or real
locki, which arc purchalVU of the Europeans.

In the day time ihcjr beds, which confilt only of a
couple of cotton ([uilts, arc placed in niches; at night one
of thcfc quilts is folded double, and laid upon the car-
iict, lor no perfon in I'erfia is without a carpet, and the
other is ulVd lor a covering. 'I'hcy are likcvvilc accom-
modated with a little fquare pillow. They go early to
iWcp, and only thio.v oft' their upper g-irmtnt, (o that
they are loon dielicd and undrclTcd ; they have little he-
fidesiniheii ajiaUniejus except I'ofas or culhions to lit upon,
and piliuWb to lean upon, for they ii..te to have thcu'
houUs crowded wi.h luperfluous, or unneccflary furni-
ture.

'I'lie Pcrfian lane,uagc is I'pokcn in common through-
out tlie whole empire, but ni>>re correctly in foiiie pro-
vinces than others. The Turkifti language is the polite
or court lan'^uage, and the Arabic is the learned lan-
I'UJse, in winch all liic books on fublime fubjCcts ate
written.

The IVrfian alph.abct confilts of twenty eight letters,
livine of whi li are vowils; their accent ferves in lieu
th leol' and points out how the voice is to be ii.oJulated,
ail 1 ti-.e coiilonants pronounced; they have no Ibips,
but begin evciy fcntcnce with a capital letter ; but in
wli.itcver language they write, they always make ufe of
Aial'ic char,K;crs ; tliey write Irom the tight hand to the
lUi, hk'-- the HJjreu . ; and inltcad of quill=, they ule
lecds to ni.-.kc pens ot.

The l'erli;'.n paper u a compofition of cottr'n and filk
ra;s, whicli is glazed by the comprcliure of a fmootli
iloiie; tluir letters are nicely rolled up, lor the paper
bc;;-.g excecdir.glv thin, will not bear folding as the
Liiui|e.ui paper does ; they are then tallentd with gum,
and Uaicd with a cypher or fonie yerfes of the Koran,
which are iiluallv en.;tavcd on the Herlian nn^s : the
impiclhoii is made with a thickiihink, coinpolL-d of galls,
gum, anil burnt rice.

As there arc no priming predes in I'crfia, the books
arc all maiiufcripts ; but the writing is beyond dcfcrip-
Iion beautiful and correct ; they write eight diU'erent
haiiJs, but cilcein that moll in which the Koran is writ-
ten ; this hand is called the Ncllcy.

Tlie feiences flounilicd in I'cilia before they lid in
Euro|ic, but the modem I'eifuns fill very (hort of the
Euiopem. in every braiieh of learning ; they are very
Uiilkilllul in the arts of tuition, while fupeillitiun fct-
leis, and afl'edtation degrades, literature in its pro^refi.
Tlicy are exceedingly fond of alhology, which tlii\
term the key of lutuiity ; they place an uiiplicit conh
ilencr in their altiologers, who are all natives of Cho-
raflan, and pretend to be dcfcended from the ancient
M.iri. They life an altiol.ihc to find the fitu.ition ol
Ihe liars, and can name the figns of the rodiac ; hut
t!.' y know little of cither the terrcdrial < r cclellial
;;1' lie ; and underftand nothing more ol arithmetic than
llir lour fundamental rules,

1 hiy calculate celipres tolcr ihly well, but dread the
llui ighis of comets. Then Almanacks are an aldurd
II ixlure of nltronoiny and judicial allrolojiy, morality
and p'edictions.

I ii ■ ,;r.ind Epoeh.i ' ;■ which they date all cvcnti, is the
lie ,,ra, or fliplit of Mahomet from Meci which took
•jilr.c A. I), hi:.. 'I'hey t'ckon twcnt\ ..uir hours to
x\\n\ dav, hut do iint fubdivide it into day and night as
wc i' I. ,\3 they bcji.in thcii week o[\ Sutuiday, Friday
is their Sabbath. Their year Iwgins at the \eiHal equi-
nox i tiieir I'oUr and lunar yeari ilitfcr in the fpace of
twelve days, becaiilc thry reckon but twelve moons to
then liiii.ir year,

riu- rciliins haie great natural parts, but inake a bad

life 1 I them. Their genius is but little cult vaied hy

iilucatioii, and lels by experience, .is th'y nc.cr travel

into l.>rci ;ii countiic-; and the famenels ot cultonii and

I nianiiiis in their own, docs nat afford a fufficieiu variety

I tor ohl'ercation. Thtv have however univerlallv a talle

I for poetry, as all people of figuic keep a pod in the f,i.

1 indv, who |i;oJiiCcs the ctTulions cf hl^ fancy at all en-

' liitaiumciiis, in order to divert Ihe company i and in all

cnrtce hou A^ pouts are to he met with, who omit no

spportunily ol givinu 'i>'vinMfn» of their «biliti«ii, In-

deed the l^;rfians excel! more in this fcience than in inv
other, which is ov/ing to ihc livelincis of their imagi-
nations, the fertility of their inventions, and the natnr .1
foftnef. of their language in writirg ; ihcy always niinglo
poetry with their piofe, and frequently uter rhymes in
their common ccmverl'.iiion. Tliey thinL that all philo-
I'ophers and moralitfs fhould be poets, and fiy that the
moll fuMime truths never appear fo ciu:;igir.g as when
delivered in vcrl'e. Their hillorians indeed aie rather
too poetical, and mingle iiiany fables witli fai'ts in their
writings.

Phvlicians are much cdeenicd in Perfia ; they pretend
to dii'cover dilcafcs by the pullc, as they do in China,
and know how to demand a large tec as well as any of
their bielhicn in Europe. I'hcy are perpetually at va-
naiuewith the allroiogers ; for when a phylician prc-
fcribcs a medicine, the patient will not lake it till an
art rologcr has confultcd the ftars, to fix precifcly the pro-
per tiiiie. If the medicine fails of fuccef>, the phyfieiati
blames the atlrologcr for making a niill.ike in his calcu-
lation, and the afiitdogcr retorts by acculiiig the phvli-
eian of adminilfring what was improper in the cafe.

The phvlician is druggifV, apothecary, and chvinilf,
but is totally ignorant of anatomy, as well as the fur-
geon. Indeed the Perlian lurgcons arc fo:i.c of the molt
Ignorant in the univerfe.

What little the Perfians know, is iiijured by their
art'e.;tation, and felf-conccit prevents th:ir making x
greater progrcis. Even their principal vntues, holpita-
lity iiiid humanity, are tinctuicd with ollcntation ; and
the nobler purfuits of the mind, and emotions of the
foul, aic lupprclled by their nuinerou; vices, a ' onf
which we may number lying, ch:at ng, fl.itteiy, diflimu-
lation, luxury, idlenel>, voluptuoulnefs, iV'c. They
arc however pretty teinpeiate in eating and drinking i
they have coffee fur brcaklatt, and at about eleven o'clocit
dine on milk and fruit, particularly melons, which il
ihe only thing that they Ircm tj 1.? intemperate in eat-
ing. 'I'heir chief meal, wliiih is at nlyht, confilts of
pilau, or b ulcd nee, and fowls or mutton ; they ufe
high fcaloning. A cloth is fpre.id upon a cirpct, their
handkeichicfs ferve tor napkin^, they fit down crolfed
legged, and dip their finge.s into the dith to feed them-
Iclves, knivis .,nd loiks not beni;"; iifcd at nie.iU in Pcr»
Ii I, as we h !vc already olifetvcd. 'J'hey drink water
and flierbct puhlickly, and wine piivatcly, thon!;!i it ig
prohibited by their religion. They likewiii; clicw opium,
hut not in Inch great qii.,ntities as the I inks.

The I'lilians l.dute by an inclination of the head, and
p'ltting the right hand to the brcalt upon the In art. He-
tore tiie king and great men, they bow with their faces
three times toward the ground; but near ril.itions, and
lamih.ir companions, filute thus, fic who pays the
compliment, pielb s one of the other perfon's hands be-
tween both his own, and then gently railcs it up to his
loiehead, which is expreflive of the hijjhclt and moil
I ordial cllecm.

The Pi-rfian bagnios arc ufually round, though fume
few are fquari!. I'he ro fs are covered wilh painted
tiles, Ihe walls arc cf a beautilul kind of while ftonc ;
each is covered with a dome. In the centre of the build-
ing is a large hall, floored with maildc, and a capacious
baton to bathe, round which arc the apartincncs to dicfs
and undrcfs m.

When the balhs arc ready in the morning, a feryant
goes to the tei race on the top of the buildiiiL', and blo«rs
.1 horn, to give public notice of the fanu". The mel»
bathe in the morning, and the women in ilie afternoon,
Whm the men have done l.ithinr, the n; le attendants
all withdraw, and arc (uci ceded by the fcnialis who arc
apiKiinted to atleiid the women. No people of anv very
lUeat conlideration, however, go the piildic baths, as
thry gcner.illy have baths in their own hoiifcs,

Ha.hing is not only enjoined to the Pcilians by their
religion, but it is particiilaily enndiicive to their he,i||h,
on account of their never enlirelv unilrrlliniT ihemlelves
when they go lo rrlf. Add tu thii>, they reckon it atnonj
their principal plealiires.

Helides bting well rubbed by the attendants at the bag-
nios, the haiheis (have tlum Willi iiuiedildi; difpalth
and Cair, and ihtrv cut the naili both of thi n hands and

titt,

V "(I

•1

, .. il'!

\ ■ t'

f,9

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CiEOCiR APIl \

tcct, rliafo the flcfti, :iiu! give tlicm a vtiy rough [nill
cf hoth ilii' aiii 5, ill urdLi to ihutth the la-rvos.

Ill Pcil'ia tiny have iirither whet 1 can iaJ,c^, nor pa-
lani|iiiiis. 'I'hc niui convey ihcml'clves aiiii their goods
bv ihc means ot' camels, horl'es, ami alles ; ami wluii the
Women travel, they are put into a kimi oC lipiare boxes,
covered over with cloth, which is lurpemic.l by hoops at
the lop. Theie boxes are hung like panniers on each
fije r>l ll)C camels.

The I'eifian mairl„L-cs arc ulually fojmlei! upon mer-
CCiiarv motives; the kgal wife beina; intcmleJ as a I'li-
pciiiitemlant ol' the other women. 'J'hey are iiukej al-
JoiveJ by law to have lour wives, ami as many concu-
bines as they pleaCe, but thry (cldoin marry any more
than one; and it is impoHiblc that they fliould ever marry
for love, bccaiile tlu) never ice their wives till alkr the
Contract is To lirmly made by the parents, or t'liends,
that they canni.t r>.cede tVom the ai;reement. The chil-
dren of concubiiH'i and llaves inherit eipially wrli the
childien of wives: thtieloie there is no fuch i!i i;^ a^
balt.udy in IVrfi.i.

The (nil preliminary of marria|.'e is the re^'lleriiiL;
the contt.ict before ihe c:m1 ma.^llrates. TIk bri.le-
groom then fends a rich piefcnt to the biide. On the
cnfuini; eveniii!:, he proceeds in grand procciiiiiii lo the
houfe whe:e the biidnrelul s, mounted upon a line horl'e,
liclilv caparilbnc'l, and attended by a b.uul of nuilic.
Uv the way the bride mecis him, attended bv her friends ;
flie is mounted upon a horfe or camel, and veiled fo as
not to be lien. I'hc cavalcades having joined lach
other, return together towards the bridcidom. The
biide beiiii led to the apartments dcii;;iud lor her, the
bridegroom loon folfiws, and for the full time in his
life is p rmittid to lee her. Hut the PeifLins are iiol uii-
ilcr ihc necillity of taking a wife for life, as they are al-
lowed by law tomairy fir .inyliniited time.

If a man wants to p,.it Iron his wile through mere
whim, and ihules to be divorced from lur, tlioujh ftie
li.iih not committed any fault, he Is iiiilij_ed to pay the
dowrv cuntracled for at the marriage. DivoiciNate lafil)
obt.ii.Kd, and both are peimiited lo marry again, liovs
are ol :\iic at ihitiem, and confei]iienlly become their
own m.ilteis and are legally auihoiiled to contract ma-
tnmonv. (Jirls are man lagealile when nine years old.
The eldill thildnn ;ue the guardians of the nil; and
the ellates of minors cannot be fei'cd lor the debts ot
paieiii-.. I'hc ert'cvts of ihofe who die ir.t. Hate aie dif-
Iributed bv the civil m.igilliatis among the nlatioiis ol
the decialed, aceonlmg to his own dileielion.

The I'erlian. m Lieneial bury their dead ; but the
gaurs, ( r delccndant^ of the anc eiit I'ei ban ., expofe them
to be devouieJ by birds of prey, oi oti.tr voraiious
creatures.

Whtn n pirfon is on the point of expiring, the Per-
fiaiis kindle lire, at ti.e tops of their Koulcs, which ferve
as beacons (jr fijiials to neighbouis and travelling llran-
gers to oft'er up ihvir prayirs tor tiie patient.

The iiiollah or piall bunt; lent for, he exhorti tlu
fick pet Ion lo repentance, who ulu.illy fays, Taube, or
I di) lepent. The breath is no fooner out of the body,
tlwin the furv iv m^ lelalioiis and frunds lit up a terrible
fcieaming, and like the irifll, make ul'e of n'.any all'ec-
tioiiateexprtlTioiis l^i the dead corple, btwailng bis late,
and declaiing their atHitlion to be part remedy,

l"he forple is wrapped in a kind of winding (Itcet, on
which many pillages of the Koran arc Itampid or writ-
ten. Thetolfin is filled with |.erfiinies, fait, and lime.

In the luneial citemoiiy, the hotfes, lutlun, and arms
c<f the deccal' d, precede Ihe coriile. Therr are iiu appoint-
ed beateis to carry a coffin lo the prave inl'erii a, a, every
•liie, Irom religious motives, make a point <d alfidmg at
lunera!-. Even the pco|dc of i|iialily, when tiny per-
ceive the appeaianee of a biining, will alight Irom their
hoifes and hi Ip to larry the coipie to the ground. 'Ihe
lacC of the dead perfoii is laid towards MvitJ, and an
inch IS tuili on lliat I'ldc near the grave.

Tile lelat oils of the deeeafed i irry provifion*; to the
prave lor fever il davs ..lli i Ihe biiiul, .iml very IrioiilU'
iX|KdliiUte with the dcliiiicl on Ins unkiiiJntK in leav-
ing them.

i'he/niuuiii in ragged clothes, but not in black, which

is a colour thev bate ; but their nimiriiiiii l.'.llj onlv
lortydays. Widows, however, leldom marry .ilterthey
have loll a hiilband by death.

'I'bc Aiinenians of Ju'pha nunnn anir.i. '■'.■■ it tbe
graves ol their decvakd relations and li lends, on t!ie vi-
gil of the feltival celebrated in eonimemor.ilion of the
vlilcoeery ol the holy crols. harly in the evening the
women proceid to the luiri.il pl.^cc;, tloaliied in wliite.
They kindle liie^ witli woo.l ..nd co.ils, which thev cairv
th.ther lor the purpol'e, place ligliic I torches, ;;i'.d burn
iiueiife on the gravis, and pal> the iiiglit in fad lamen-
tations. A multiiude of priells drelied in IdaA attend,
who repeat a let of pray v to fur fix, ten, and iweiKy-peiicv
each.

S K C T. v.

Kultfi-Jilad, Civil, Political, ami Military EjhUijn.
moils, S.Q.

KTK R the de.itb of Mahomet the Impoflor, two
L-ompetitors appealed, and claimed the piivilegcof

liicceeding him not onlv in fpiritual iiiatleis, but in tem-
poralities ; thefe were ll.ili, the liiilbaiid ol his dau.ihtcr
Fatima, and Abubckar his wife's father. Several en-
gagements enlued between the contending parties with
various fuecels. The death of Abubeker I'eimed to pro-
mile a celiation of hcdtiliiics, when Omar, one of M;i-
homet's peneral.1, ilartid up and revived the pretenfiona
ol Abubeker, and had great fuccci's. Upon Ins death,
one of his kinfmen named Oiiiian fucceedcd hiin, but
dying in ihc ^4th vear of the llegira. Hall became ac-
kn;)wledged bv all parties as the liKcelVor of .Mahonict ;
hut upon his death ; the ofllcer; ol the army declared the
throne to be void, and the crc wn elective, winch mili-
laied a^ainll the interell of iIo:;e:ii the Ion of Hali.

llollein railed an army to opp oli; .Mchiviah, ni-.other
of Mahomet's general-., whom the olHcers had elected.
H liiii wa^, however, del.'.it.d and linn, and ilcveil of
Ills Ions put todca'h, but atwiitih Ion made his elcape,
Ikhii vvlioin nia;;y ot tl»o fucceeding I'dliaii nionarch^i
have aliened that they were delcemUd.

With tel'pei:! toieligion, the I'erfian feel of Mahome-
tans adopt ihe piinciples, and follow the doelrims ot
Hali, as the Turkilh doth the commentaries of Abu-
beker, Omar, and C)lman, whom the Ottomans deem
the genuine lucceli'ors of ."viahomct.

Thefe feels are at p: rpctual viriancc with, and even
anathematize, cachother 111 thiir prayers. 1 he Mah(jme-
tans term thcmlehcs Mulielmcn, wiiuh llgnilies failhtul ;
iheir tenets are lo believe there is but one god, and
that iMahomet is his prophet ; and they aie llrictly
enioined to obl'erve, corporal puiilicatioiis, prayers live
times a day, alms, falling, ami pif-rimai-.e : to the above
articles the l'erli.ins add, ihat it is ablolutely iKccliaiy t'j
believe that Hall is the v icar < f God.

'Ihe generality of Mahometans believe in Iranfinigra-
tioii, and in.inv, that no pu: illimenl can be eternal. Their
paradife is cerl.imly feiilual, thou Ji many of tin ir doc-
tors of altipcrior niuleil! imlni/, aiealhamcd ol that leii-
luality, and allcrt, ihat it is only allei'orK.dly io, and
that the prophet Ipi.ke to the pairiuns ol men, in older to
awaki n their realon.

The I'erfians place Ilali far above Mahomet, and dif.
tinguilh iineleanneh into ablidute and accidental. Ab-
lolute fignilies driinkenne.'s, glutioriv, iVc. Accidcnt.il,
what is not of our own will and liekine'.

As thev are obliged to pray hve limes dally, they .iic
obliged to wafli lluir li.inds asollen, fir it isiineof their
priircipal maxims that prayers aic not aeciptable in hea-
ven, if the fuppleant's hand, are not wallied btl'jrc-he
begins his ijaciilaiions.

There aie a vanety of fiipeiliitioiis forma'ities to be
obferved in their ;dilutions and purifieitiont, fuch -n
taking up the water in the left hand, and pouting it iiilo
the h llow of llie right hand, tlun wafliing Iheicwilli
then hands, arm-, and Kct, They are likewilcoMii;rd Irc-
i|iieinly lo (hav their heads and f.icr^, ami clear thcin-
lelvis eiilirelyol all exciemenliliOiis hiirv.

Thegciui.d puiilicalioii oi w.illiing of the whole body,
is peifoiimd pitvious lo a pi!;jiiniagc, a tail, or fume c\-
tuordiiuiy .ict vl dcvuliolli

W ih

»,*»»

niouriiii; ' l.'!i , (in!v
IcKluiii iii.i:. '. ..'.u-\- th-. V

luuiin aiiti'j,''''- It tl.u
:uul I'lifiuli, ;m tl:c vi-
i<iniincmor,ilK)ii of th',;
i^ly i;i tlu' c-vciiinc; the
■, tld.ulic-d 111 \vliitf.
Cd.il.-., uliicli tlifv cairv
IkcI torches, ;ii;>l hum
the jiii^lit ill r.iJ luiiKii-
liielitd ill iihuk attrml,
, ttii, an J uvc-ii.y-jicixv

iJ Military Ejhliijn.

omct tlio ImpoRor, t«M
l.iniK-d the piivilegc ut
il iiMtlei.s, hut ill teiii-
h.ulli.iiul cil his iljiLihtcr
Ijthcr. Severs! en-
(HitcmJing partiis with
\huheker leiiiKi' to pio-
heii OiiKir, one cf Ma-
leviveJ the pictciifi'ini
xcfs. Upon his death,
nan lucceeiled hiin, liut
lci;irn, llali hceaiix ac-
' raceell'-ir of iMahtiniit ;
cil the army declared the
n elective, wiiuli niili-
in tlie (oil of Hali.
P'lli^ Mehiviah, nr.dther
ihe tiiiicers had elected,
and fliiii, and ilevea of
lih Ion made his elc;:pe,
cding I'ei flail iiuuiarchj
ndul.
Krliaii kc\ of Mahomc-
follow the doctrines uf
coiiinientaries of Alm-
oin the Ottomans deem
ict.

variance witli, and even
prayers. I he Mahonie-
, whieli hgnilies faithful ;
c is but one j;od, an I
; and they aie lliictly
iiihctions, prayers live
'il;',rimai;e : to the above
is .ihlolulely iitceffary lu
jod.

IS believe ill tranfini;;ra-
eiU can be eternal. Their
III 'b nianv ot tin ir doe-
aiealhainvd i>l that leii-
ily allei;orieally fo, and
fiuns ol men, in older to

lovc M.ibomct, and dif-
te and accidental. A'o-
K.ny, iVc. Accidental,
feekiiiu:,

le times daily, (liey .nc
ten, fir it is one ol llieir
: not aeci ptaHe in lie.i-
rc not \s allied biljri-he

1 t:oiis foriiia'ities (o be

purifications, futll a>

ind, and poiiriiin; it into

then wafliinn thciewiili

are l.ltewife oMiurd Ire-

lacr^, and clear them

oils h.iir'.

1iin_' of the wbolcbody,
age, ,1 l,i||, or fume t\-

Wi'h

|.ASIA.] Empire

With reCpca to their diurnal prayers, the firft prayer

Itnult be when the <un is in the meridian, the Iccmd

Iwhcn it is t'orty-iive degrees above the hoii/.on, the

thiid when t; I evening lets in, the fourth when they lie

down to deep, 1 1 the fifth in the morning.

'I"o nia'iic their prayers acceptable, the Pcrfians are
[tauuht that they inu'lt obferve the following parti-
fciilais: attention r.nd application, fervency, faith, ino-
Idclty, reveruitial love, hope, purity of mind, and pu-
' rity of body.

'ihe oeftures arp likcwife to be minutely regarded ;
the furplicant nii.it turn his face towards Mecca, divefl
himlelf of flioes or llippeis, and all ornaments, the fkins
or furs of unclean animals, &c. lift up ills hands, and
proltraie biir.felf to the earth. He mull likcwife never
oti'er up a prayer in any place where there arc lvalues,
images, pictures, &c,

A Perliaii niuit not pray on the hare floor, but always
have a Carpet on purpole : upon this he kneelj down,
and fprcads an Alcoran, a bead-roll, acou.b, a pocka-
glafs, ind an earthen difh ; thJn taking the glafs and
comb, he combs his whifkers. 'I'heir beads arc thirty-
nine in number i the littledifli contains holy earth, and
is the fame kind of rr.ould of which the Leads are made :
but wlifii they pray they arc not permitted to have
fabrc, fword, piltol, or even money about them ; as
oH-'enlive weapons and worldly pelf they imagine would
render their prayers fruitlels.

In the Pe. iiaii mofiiues the pricft rather aiils as a tnaflcr
of the ceremonies, than as a clergyman, for his buliiiefs
is neither to pujcli or pr.iy, but to keep order. Ail the
prayers wbi.li are laid in the mofijues are taken from the
gciier.d Mahometan liturgy ; but every one begins
where be tl'.inks proper, and chufcs out what prayer he
pleal.-s, without regai ding the left of the congregation ;
but then the PcilLiiis rcpc.it their priyers fo low, that
they cannot dillurb each other.

I'hough the I'erfians are pretty well acquainted w lib
tliecaufis of cclipfes, tluinder, lightning, earthc|uakes,
f^c. yet they imagine all thoie natural plucnoniena to
be fomanv evidences of God's dilplcafurc towards man-
kind. But great as their fuperltition may be in this, and
many other relpei-ts, they wordiip Ciod cnly, and pray
that he would encreafe their woildly happiiiefs, as well
as immortal felicity, without having recourfe to any faint
as trcdiator : they do not even rcqueft the intercelTion
cf Mahomet or Hali, though they fo highly reverence
them.

Alms in Perfia are of two kinds, viz. legal and volun-
tary. The bgal aie tithts, which arc not given to the
priefts, but applied to charitable ufes ; the clergy bauii!;
iufficiint revenues .ippliid to their folr life. The vnlini-
tary charities arc ufuallv given to the faquirs, or Mciuli-
caiufiiais, to he appropriated ti ulieve infoUent debtors,
diltrellcd Itrangers, and to erect niid ellablifli works ot
a public luiuie, fucU as caravaiifcras, bridges, rcfvr-

VOIIS, iVc.

The ninth month in the \car, called Rami ..in, is the
Pcrfian Lent. When this moon (iril appears, thecryers
cvirv wheie prnclaini it .is a fi^',ii.d bappinefs, and a i^c-
neral hymn isl'ungto wiUon.e iis .ippcarance i thellreets
ire illuminatid, horns founded, and a genera! joydiH'utes
itlclf thtoiigh the whole country. I he baths being
tcadv,thc people walh and puiily thcnifclves, in order to
enter upon tilt ir devotion. The coiuliilioii of the Ka-
mc'/.an is celebrated in the lame muiiiiir as tlic coin-
mcneenKiit.

IJuiing this grand f. ", the people are permitted to rat
e\erv evening, but they mull not talle anything till the
public crycrs proclaim the order tor thcin fo to do; which
proclamation is nude when the fun's cilk in below tin
horizon ; they are then allowed to cat Iwectmeats, fruit,
and oilier light fondu ) in a few hours alur thn j'o to
(upper, but eat (lowly and ablleniiou(!y, aj ilicy deem
it very dangf roiis to eat CMgerly after fading.

The I'erliaiiJ obfeive tliiee grand (eftiva!'!, vi/,.
1, The new year. 7, I'lie rrminemmat.oM if Abra-
ham's f.urificing his foil. ■^. 'i he martvtdom (d Holliiit.

At the tiall of the (aciifice, thole who intend to cele-
brate rideoiit early in the moriiin;;, mid facrilice a flieep
cr » jtiiat J linn letuniin^ humc, they order many niori

OF PERSIA. 6j

(heep and gotits to be killed, cut tip, and dift.ibtited
among the poor. But the principal facrifiee is that of a
camel, at which the emperor himfelf is prclenr.

On the firll: day of the featt the devoted camel is Kad
through the city, adorned with flowers, and preceded by
mufic, which ceremony is repeated till the iwilfih day,
when he is brou^iht to the houfesof all the great people,
who give money and piovilions to the pooi. 'l"he ani-
mal being then lead to an adj cent Held, the empeio',
with his imperial crown upon his head, and his whole
court attend.

The camel is then made to kneel with his face towards
Mecca 1 .he prielt repeats fome prayers, and the g.vcinor
or chief magiltiate of the eitv wounds bim ; the head is
;hcn cut oft and piefentcd to the kni:, the lourquirters
and the trunk are given to the five wards of the city of
Ifpah.iii, where lliey arc falted by certain families v.ho
have that priulige, and pielerved till the next ear,
nlien they are diltributed in moifcls to the populace.
The reafon for uliiig a camel upon this cceafioii is the
fiippofition of the I'erfiins, who fancy that Abraham
did not ficritice a flieep, but a camel.

The fcllival in tommcmoraiion of Hofllin and llafTcn,
is oblcrved as a lokir.ii tin:c of mounong, fatting, antl
tiibulation ; it lads twelve days, when altars are ereiS?d
at the corners of the ftrects, and a variety of trophiej
laid upon them. At night the (treets are illuminated,
pageants are carried about, tnd the piitds rep at the
legends of Hofiein and Hallcn, who were two celebrated
Perlian patriaciis, or imaiis, that piriihcd in the wars
with the Saracens, in the (i\ty-fnd year of the Meaiia.

Mr. Hinway gives the following aeeount of the re-
li^ioii of ihc(Jauis, or tieb.'rs, the poderity of the an-
cient inhabitants of Pcrfia. " J his religien was
tounded by Zoroader, who lived about the - ear of the
world 2b'6o. This great philofopher, being druck with
the demondratioiis be oblerved of the perfections of that
lelf-c\iftent Iking who is the author of all good, and
being at a lots how to account for the introduction of
evil into this woild, thought there were two principles
or beings, one the caufe ot all good, whom he imagined
refembled li^ht ; the ether the author of all evil, whom
he repiefented bv I'arlcnefs. Thus conlidering light as
th.' mod perfect (ymbol of ti lie wifdoni, and darknefs ,is
the repiefcniative of whatever is hurttui and dedru«3i\e,
he inculcated an abhorrence of all images, and taught
his followets to wordiip God only under the form of
fire ; confidcring the brlghtncfs, purity, activity, and
iiicdiruptibility of that element, as bearing the mod
petfecl refeinblance of the nature of the good Deity,
Thus the Pcrfians (hewed a particular veneialion lor the
fun, as the bri^hted imagecif Ciod, and odlie I up their
laerifiees in the open air, and generally upon the top of \
bill, t<irthey edeemcd it injurious to ihe niajdly of the

I (iod cf He.ivcn, to fliut hini up in walls, who hlU im-

I incnfitv with his prefencc.

•' About fi.\ hundred years after the fird Zoroader,
another philofopher of the fame name arole, who taught,

I that under the fupreme Iking there are two angels j the

I one of light, who is the author of all goi.d ; the other of
darknefs, who is the author of all evii : tli at they, by a
imxtureof light and daiknel's, madi: ali ihings, and aig

I in a pi rpetiial (Iruggle with each other ; that where the
angel o( light prevails there goml reiens ; and when;
the angel of darknefs, there evil preJominates, 'I'hat
this druggie (hall lad till the end of the world, when
the angi 1 of darknefs, and his (ellowcrs, fliall forcv er be
leparatcd Irom the angel of light j but thole who clnridi
their (piritual naliiie, and obey the angel of light, fliall
i;o with him into a world, where they (hall be rewaided
amidd everUdiiig bnghtnefs and tiiiiniphant glory. In
(bort, this lad Zotoaller cauled temples to be biiilt, in
which the (acted fire was oideud to be conltantly kept,
I'hrli' opinions wilha lew alieiaiions, are (till prefcrveci
by llieCichers, rr CJaiirs, the podcrity, as we have laid,
ot the anciint Indians and Peilim-, who are very y.calouK
in prcfeiving the religion of their amcdots, paiticulaily
with relpeit to their vcneratiim Ini lire,"

The evcrlalling hie of the Ciaurs is a (Ingul.ir phoe-

nomenon : it is (ituaicd about ten miles froni Haku, «

city on the (Jafpiaii St.i : there arc fcvcral (lone lemplcs,

S iupjolci

^:,

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

• '\\' I

:■!

I'H

i !

'•I

dippofcil to have bci-ii ancicmly dcJic.itcJ to fire. In
jj.irticiilar there is a little temple whcrethc Gcliers, or
Gaurs, now pi itiirm their ilLVotioiis. From the mouth
of a hollow cave that is placed near the altar, a clear
blueihmc jiVuc.-, which the lndi..ns and Pcrfiaiis affirm
hath continued ever fince the flood, and will remain un-
exhaudcd till the end of the world. Forty or fifty poor
devotees nfually refide here, who come on pilgrimage
from (iitteient 'parts, and live very ablhmiiiully, feeding
on nothing hut vegetahles. 'I'hiir continuaiue here Is
longer or Ihorter, according to the number of people they
h.ivctoprjy (or, as they i retcnd to make expiation for
the failings' of others, as well as their own. They have
an uncommon vcneiatit ii for a red cow ; matk their
foreheads with faftVon, and keep one of their arms unal-
terably fixed in a certain pofi.ion, cither upon tlie^r
heads, or fome part of their body. Their eloathing is
but trifiin:;, and their bed the hare earth. This atillie
method of living procures them great reputation for
piety among the (.i.iurs, and even occahons them to be
refpected b\ the I'crli'iis. Near the temple, a blue flame
ref.nibliiig th.it within it, ilfucs (torn a tktt in a rock;
ami the loil, for a confidcrable fpace around, lecins im-
pregnated with fire, as we have aiieajy defcribed in the
natural hillory ot I'crfia.

The Gams i:i general wear hats, which in a great
mcafuic lefemblc thofe worn in Europe. Their princi-
pal garment is a fliort clofe veil ; and they lurfer their
hair and beards to grow long. They think little or
nothing of human learning, and dtfpife traffic. Agri-
culture and gardening they deem the moll honourable,
3o they VN'eie the primitive employments of mankind :
hence, the reafon may be deduced why I'eifia was more
fruitful and populous in ancient time*, when all the in-
habitants were of the religion of Zoroaller, than it is
at prefcnt under the Mahometans, who all hate hufban-
dry. Neverthelefs, fonie of the Gaurs arc tolerable
mechanics, .md in general they aie deemed a ([uiet, in-
oftcnfne people, and have been hitherto rctmitted by
the Perfiaii government to have their own niagiftrates,
and to be legulated by their own peculiar laws, as far
as they do not clafli with the general welfare of the
Hate.

They drink wine, and cat every kind of mcjt, beef
eNceptcd 1 but never intermarry with any other fet ot
people. This, indeed, is of perfonal diLidvantagc to
them, for they are neither fj fair, fo finely featured,
nor fo well maile as the Mahometan I'eifians, who will
not, if poiiible, cither marry or co-habit with any
women, but the biauiics ot Georgia and Circaflia ;
great numbers of thcfe lovely females being annually
bought by the rich, and ftolen by the poor Perfians.
And it is proper to obferve, that fince the conmenicment
of the cuihiin of procuring wiies and concubines from
thofc places, many of the Mahometan I'erfians arc
much improved both in features and perfons, and at
prefnt arc very near as bcutiful as the Georgians and
Circailians thcmleUes.

The Gaurs futVer a man to take only one wife, and
prohibit the cohabiting with concubines, and ilivorccs,
unlcfi a Woman continues barren for the fpace of nine
jears, when they aie permitted to take anotlur.

As the Armenians are numerous in I'erfia, it is proper
•Q fprak of their religion, which comes nearefl to that of
the (iieek ihuivh ol any other. They .re tolerated in
IV'lfia, and even thi.ir patriarchs, archbilliops, bithops,
fir, are appointed by the I'erlian govonmient.

It feems that the Romifli nnlfionancs have been at
infinite pains i;i trying to perluade the Arnieni ins to
trknuwledgc the pap.il fupremacy ; hut their endeavuiiis
haNc always piuved ahortive ; lor their avcrfion n HrongT
i^aiud the Ronian tathidics than ag.iinlt the Mahome-
tans : llirv aie lo zealuufly Itieniious with rclpeiil to
religion, that lew ot them have been known to iipulla-
ti/.e, tliotigh the temptations to turn Maliomi tans aic
cwecdiniily alluring ; tot all the eiiates and ilfects of the
pireiits and rflations become the property nf the convert
the nmniciU he it acknowledged as a mullulinan. The
Aiineiiian monks mull not mairy, but the red of the
tkrgy may ; tliiugh a piiill is not pctmilted to fay
maU fui tl)c fjiaic uf luveit Ja/t tUu hw uuptials, auii

when he does fay mafs, he mufl be fliut up in the church
livcdayspievious,aiid five days fublciiiient, toliis perloiii!-
ancc of that ceremony ; during which tune he mull have
nothingtotaftebut vegetables and water ; but a lecond mat-
liage totally incapacitates him from o/fuiating ever aliei.

'i'hcir fails take up one half of the year, when ti.e
clergy and laity are equally obliged to ahll.iin fioni l-ili
and llefli, and not to cat any thing till after fun fet ;
many of the principal clergy tat meal but four tinui j
year.

'I'hcy believe hi tranfubftantiation, and never receive
the facramcnt in Lent. When they baptize a child they
iinmerfcMt three times in cold water, and then anoint it
with holy oil ; when the priell repeats, " 1 bapt>/.e thee
in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Gholl."
The oil is made by the patriarchs of aromatic drugs, and
dowel s of the hnell flavour, by whom it is fold to the
bifliops, who retalc it to the inferior clergy ; it is fold
extravagantly dear, and no baptiiin is deemed legal
without it.

After the child is baptized, the facramental bread and
wine is put into his mouth, when it is carried home
by the godfather, who is preceded by feveral priells car-
rying lighted flambeaux, mufic, ^c. and the day is
concluded with the utmoll feltivity. A godiaiher is
prohibited from marrying with a godchild ; and even
males and females of dittVrcnt fiiiidies, who have had
the fime godlathei, mull nut intermariy.

The Armenians admit of the ceremony of extreme
unction, but do not believe in purgatory. They
imagine that alter death, even the viituous will not go
to heaven till the reluireClioii, but only le comforiej
with the conlcious latislaetion ot ha\iiig fpent their
lives well. Concerning tnis and many of their o;her
religious tenets, their ideas are extremely conluftd,
vague and indtfinite. They hate dogs as much as the
Jews do pork, deeming lliem unclean creatures ; and
arc as fupciflitious as the Mahometans with rcl'pecl to
lucky and unlucky days.

The baptifin of the ciofs, in commemoration of the
baptifin of our Saviour, is thcpiincipal of all the Arme-
nian fellivals. The Moftovitcs, and fomc other
Chrifliaiu likewifc celebrate this fail.

I'he Mahometans as well :.s Chriliians ufiially attend
this (eftival, and many of the Perliaii emperors have
been known to aflift at it, though the Perfians have
now and then thought pioper to infult the Armcniana
upon the occafion ; but tumults arc generally prevented
by the attendance of a b.'dy of troops.

The ctrtmony is thus : The .■\rmciilaii clergy go in
proeelRon to fome river or rel'ervoir of water, with a
crofs, banners, &c. After the prayers are read, and the
anthems lung, the bilhops plunge the crols into the
waier feyetal times, and the people crowd as near as
poflible in order to get Ipiinkled with it : and this
is the day nfually chorcn for the baptifm of children.
The Armenian children are all married while they aic
infants, which is a political precaution in the parents,
to prevent theirdaughters fiom being fent to the ieraglius
or har.inis of the grandeci ; for the Perfians are very
particular in nuer committing adultery, or dcprivint;
any man of I, is wife: but though the contrail is made
in infancy, the co-habitation is not permitted till a
fuitahle age. However, alter the juvenile mariiav.e,
till the young couple arc permitted by their parents,
or otlier relations to come together, the bridegroom
aniuiall) makes a prefeiit to the biide at Faller, of a fine
filk garment and other articles, fuitablc to her (jualiiy
and condition.

When the time appointed for the celebration of iha
nii| tials arrives, the bridegroom richly drcfled, anil
inounteil upon a (ine horl'e, proceeds to the houfe of
the bride, attended by his (iieiids and relations j the
hnde then mount.-, a horle, and being entirely covered
with a veil, attends the company to the Armenian
church, where the mail i.it'C i> confirmed, and tlu: bifliop
gives the youn^r couple his blelfing •, they then retire to
the biiiKgroom's houlc, pieeeJed by torehen, muiic, &c.
a grand entertainment is given, and a few days alter the
blide's poilion i'. paid.

Uii the dsaiU uf an Armcniui, tlit cerpfe ii drencd

APHV.

be fliut iiplniliochurcli
ul)lc.iiRi]i,t<.li,i|)cr(o:ii,-
wliicli tiiiiclic mult have
i water: but alccond inar-
"111 (-iliciatipg ever alu',.

of thi; year, wlicii il.c
gcd to ahllaiii [,om )■,;,
lliiiig till ahcr lun fa';
It iiiuai but tour tinu^ a

lation, and never receive
tlicy baptize a child iln-y
Iter, and then anoint it
repeats, "J bapt;/,c thee
ion, and Holy Ghoft."
i of aromatic drugs, and
y whom it is fold to thi
ilerior clergy ; it is fold
aptilm is deemed legal

ic facraniental bread an J
khen it IS carried home

J by feveral priills car-
;, iSic. and the day is
Hvity. A godiaiher is

a godcliild i and even

f.mnlics, who liave had
itcimariy.
: ceremony of extreme

ill IJing.itory. 'lUcy

e \irtuous will not go
but only le comforted

ot tu\in2 'i't'iit their
id m.iny of ihcir (i;her
e cxirenujy confuftd,
te dogs as much as the
incleaii creatures ; and
jmetans with rcfpedl to

conmiemor.;rion of the
iieipal of all the Arme-
tes, and fomc other

falK

hrillians ufually attend
IVrlian emperors have
i^h the Pcrfians have

infult the Armcniaiu
arc generally prevented
■oops.

Armenian clergy go it^
voir of vvaccr, with i
3)ers are read, and the
ije the crofa into the
'plc crowd as near ai

1 with ii : and this
; bapLifuj of children,
arricd while they arc
Mution in the parent?,
iiigrenttothtleragliui
the I'erfians arc very
iul'ery, or dcpriviiu;

li ihecontraift is made
not permitted till a
1= Juvenile mariia^e,
led by their parents,
lier, the bridegroom
Jeat Kaller, of a hne
uitable to her tjuality

he celebration of iha
richly drcllKI, and
cds to the houfe of
' and relations i the
-iiig entirely covered
ly to the Arimiiun
rmed, and tl>c hifhop
i ihiy then reiin- ta
' ton hes, mu(ir, ic.
I « fewdayj alter (he

tilt corpfe is dreflej
in

ASIA.]

Empire of PERSIA.

in linen, but not put in a coffin ; prayers are read over
it in the church, where lamps and candles benn' lighted
it is left all night. The next morning it is carried to
the eatc of the principal clergyman of the place, who
prayt for the repofeof the foul of the deceafed, after which
{he corpfe is taken to the grave and interted.

Belides the above, there is a fed in Perfia termed bt.
John's Chriftians, whofj religion fccms to be a jumble
of Chriftianity, Judailm, and Mahometamfm. 'I he
Jewilh religion is tolerated, and a great numbci ot
Jews are fpread over the whide empire.

With refpcil to the conlUtution and prefent ftatc of
Perfia, liale cm 'je (aid with certainty ; for a modern
traveller who was lately upon lome important bufmef:. in
. that country, informs us, that when he was there,
" Tiie Perlians were governed by no fixed laws, but
by the immediate will and pleafur'e of their governors ;
they make indeed profetnon of religion, but that was
only nominal, and extremely fupertiei.il ; as for culloms,
they were altogether aboliflied, unlefs robbery, beating
and murdering one another, be allowed to be their
tuftoms." It would be however unpardonable to omit
the following particular.;.

Perfia is an abfolutc monarchy in the utmoft extent of
the word, as the properties, and even the lives ot the
people are at the abfolute difpofal of the prince. There
is no eftabliflied council, but the Shah talces the advice
of whom he pleafes. The crown is hereditary in the
male l.nc, females being excluded from the govcinment,
though the ions of a daughter are admitted to reign.
The Peillan laws will not permit a Mind perl'on to lit
spon the throne, which i-, the rcaroii why the reigning
monarch ufually pii'.s out the eyes of all his male rela-
tions. It is death (or any man to loulc at any of the
Shah's wives, even by accident.

The piime minifter is called Attamaet Doulct, or the
dire^or of the empire; and his chief bulinefs is to in-
gratiate himfelf into his mafter's favour, and adminiller
to .ill his caprices ; to keep from his knowledge all man-
ner of difagreeable news, to perfuade him that he is
the moft powerful prince upon earth, and that all his
affairs are in a piofperous fituation, though at the fame
time he is perhaps on the point of ruin, in the fame
manner as the prime minilkr depends upon the Shah,
the inferior oificers and governors of provinces depend
upon him ; thus there is a gradation of defpotifm through-
out ihe whole empire.

'l"he nadir, or grand mafter of the houfehold, is next
in rank to the prime minilUr; then the mehter, or
groom of the chambers, who is always a white eunuch.
Beild'3 the above, there are a mafter of the hoife, a
grand huntfman or fdconer, a chief juftice, from whole
fentcnce there is no appeal, a lieutenant cf the ice
in ewry citv and town, a fecreiary of ftate, a hnancier,
a royal phyfician, an inlpeaor ot the palace, a mafKr
of the ceremonies, and manv kans or governors of pro-
vinces, ihe fpiritua! officers .ire the zed.lcr or grand
pontiff, fubordin.ite to whom aie the fheik-cl, lelom,
and cadi, who determine all icligious difputcs, and adt
likcwfe as juUices and attornies ; next to thcic are the
pxiiiiamas, or fuperintciu! ints of prayer, and the mou-
lahi, or doctors of the law.

There is no hereditary nobility in Perfia, every man
l-.eing dift ii;uiilicd and lefpeilcd according to the office
he holds unJiT the prevailing fiction; ind.td the dc-
fcendant;: of Maho'iKt, and the great patiiarchs have a
peculiar vcncratinn flicwn them.

'1 he arms of Perfia are a lion couchant '.coking at
the (iin as he rifis over his back. The empeior's title
of Shah fignifics difpofer of kingdoms. 'Ihe Pcrfian
iii'Kiarch does ni.t fubfirihe his iiimc to public iiiltru-
mcnis, but the deed runs in this llilc viz. '• This edict
or act is given by him whom the univeilc obeyn."

Litilc can bf laid with certainty relpccting the Perfijn
force-, a\ perhaps no two of their monaichs ever had
tlieir armies upon the fame foot,ng ; and the number ol
trnnpj are u'ually proportioned to the exigencies of
ftate. It is however proper to obferve, that the troops
arc diliinguilhed into two bodies called kurtlkiet, and
{{Oiilans ; thele are cavalry, and upon a peace ctiablilh-
mrnt the former amount to about iwenty-lwo, and the

latter to aboiic eijrht thoufiind men; they are generally
well kept, and regularly paid.

The kortflcies arc the defcendants of foreigners, and
the goulans are made up of Georgian renegadoes and
llaves of all nations.

The tangtchies or infantry are compofeJ of the moft
hardy peafants, and amount to about fifty thoufand men.
The fortified places in Perfia are in general delplcabb ;
and they had no great naval power till the time of Kouli
Kan, who built a royal fleet, in which was a man of war
ofeighty guns. But it is imagined that they are laid up in
the ports, and rotten, as nothing hath been heard of
them fince the death of that ufurper.

SECT, vr

Pirfian A'ltiquUits, he.

HE moft celebrated, and fingnlar antiquities
in Perfia, are the ruins of Pcrlopolis, formerly a
fuperb city, till it was deftroyed by Alexander the Great,
to oblige the Grecian courtezan Thais.

Tiiclc ruins are at about thediftance of thirty Englifh
miles from the city of Schiras. They arc fituatcd in a
fine plain which is about 130 miles in length, and only
6or7 in breadth. This plain is overflowed with waterfeve-
ral months in the year, which occafions it to be fo exceed-
ingly fertile, particularly in rice, that it is covered with
little villages, or hamlets to the number, as the inha-
bitants aftert, of ti8o, including thofc which arc fituated
in the adj.icent mountains.

The ruins appear like an amphitheatre, and arc fituated
in a kind of f'micircle formed by the mountains.

The ancient palace of the Perfian monarchs, which
was formerly c lied the houfe of Darius, and which the
modern inhabitants term Chil-minar, or the palace of
Forty Pillars, is fituated at the foot of a mountain,
which hath for linu immemorial been known by the name
of the Royal .Mountain.

'l"he walls of three of the fides are ftill ftanding; the
front extends from north to fouth 3000 feet, and
from caft to weft 1995 feet, to the mountain
itfelf, where an alfen' is formed between fome fcat-
tered rocks, heyoiid which the rocks fecni to indicate
that there were formerly fomc other buildings, as many
of the ftoncs appear to have been polithcd.

At the fummit of the cditicc, there is a pl.-.tform ex-
tending from the middle of the front wall tv) the moun-
tain, being about 2000 feet in length. A pave-
ment of about eight feet broad is carried aloix' three
fides of the wall, which is twenty-four feet in heiijht in
moft places. The Hones of the wall are harder' than
marble, liiiely poli(hcd»and of a black colour, and many
of them are of an allonifliiiig bignefs. The principal
ftaircal'e is between the middle of the front and the
north-end of the building, and confifts of two flights of
fteps, that wind from each other to the dilhmcc of forty-
two feet. The Iteps arc but four inches lii;h, and four-
teen broad, and in number arc fifty-five on the northern
lide, and fifty-three on the fouthern ; the latter being
lefs entire than the former. It- is imajiiir-d that there
are many fteps as well as part of the w.ril under ground.
At the bottom of the above I'.ights of fteps, thrre is ano-
ther flight extending fifty-one feet four inches. Above
thefc flights there is a pavement of large llones and
another flight of fteps leading to ihe giound entrance.
Thefe latter fteps arc exceeding n;.ngnificenr, being fe-
vcnty-fivc feet wide. There are two grand pnrtafs at
thediftance of forty-two feet liom the fummit of the
upper ftrps : they are twenty-two feet four inches in
depth, and thirteen feet four inches in breadth. Within
c.ich there is the figure of a Iphinx uprn a pilalfrr in b ffo
relievo. Hoth thele figures aic fiiuiteeri feet and a half
high, and twenty-two in length, from the fore to the
hinder legs, but they are much damaged, and the faces
broken; that in the firft portal f.wes'the (faircafe, and
that in the Itcond the mountain.

There are fome chara^li rs on the upper part of the pi-
lafters, which from their niinuteti.Ms and height cannot
be diftinguilhed. The height of one portal' is thirty-
nine fci t, and of the other twenty-eijjht , the bafc cf both
is five feet two inches.

Tht

A X£\V COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CJEOGRAPHV.

:;^ll

':|1

Pl:i

III

The baffs of tlic columns which appear between the
poitals are covered with earth, but the capitals and othc.
ornaments are in line prcl'ervation, and indeed the whole
are but liitle damaged : they arc fourteen feet in circum-
ference, and tittv-lonr in ilevation. Anciently there
were two other columns between tbcfe and the laft portal,
fcveral pieces of w hich lie half buried in the earth.

South ol the I'.iine portal, at the diftancc of fifty-two
feet, theie is an admiiable balbn of water, which thougli
cut out ot a lingle llone is twenty feet long, rather better
than feventien broad, and elevated about three feet and
a half aboic tl\c furfaee ot ihe floor. A fpace of ground
of about one hundred and fifty pacts in length extends
from this b.ifun to the iicuihern w.i'l, and cont.iins a
freat many fragments ol large Hones, and p.irt of a eo-
linnn of twenty feet in circumference, which isnotfiutid
like the rell.

Southward from the abovemcntioncd portals there arc
two other lliilit< of (H'ps, the une towards the cart, the
ether to the welt. Tlio upper part of the wall, befides
fulia.:e*, and lonie fniall figures, is orn'.meiued witli the
riprilentalion of a linn tearing .1 bull to pieces ; tlie
figures ate Kirger than the life, and don ■ in h.AXo relievo.
This Itair-cale is half buried under the earth.

Korty-five feet in length of a wall extend from hence
beyond the lower part of the ll.iir-cafe, between which
and the welKrn front, there is an interval of fixty-fcven
(ect. I'his Iront correiponds with the lornur, and is
embtllithed with three ranges of figures, whieh arc in-
terfpeiled with charaiflers ; among the figures, are a lion
tcariiiL' an alV, that has a horn projecting f'om his fore-
hcail. On the other fide of th. Hair- cafe there are
three rangci of (mall figures, wh;ch arc much defacal,
being only viliblefrom the waitt downwards. The whole
wall is ninety-eight feet in extent, and only five feet
three inches in height. The figures are two feet nine
inches high.

On the fummii of the ftair-cafe, there is an en-
trance into an open court, paved with large itoncs, the
breadth of whicli is cijual to the didance from the tlair-
cafc to thefiill tolumns, comptiling the fpace of twenty-
two feet two inclies. There aic two rows of thele co-
lumns, each confiding of fix pillars, all of which are
damaged. Befides thefe, there are eight bafes, and the
ruins of fevcral otheis.

At fevcnty-two feet eight inches diftancr, there for-
ir.erly itood fix other rows ot pillars, conlilting of fix
pillars in each row, which were at the diflance ot twenty-
two llet two inches lioni each other ; theie are but (e-
*en of thefe thirty-fix tolunins now remaining entire,
but the bales of the others are ftill ftanding. Seventy-
two Icet eight inches from thek, towards the weftern
front of tlie (t lir-cafc, there vveic twelve otiier columns
in two raiii:es, hut thcf are only five of thefe remain-
ing. The grcuiul about l.e:e is covered with fragments
of columns, capitals, omamcnts, &c, among which
:rc interf|icrfed (omc ctiiious pieces of fculptiirc, repre-
teiuing camels on their knees ; rn the lop ot one of the
columns there is likcwifc the figuie of a camel in the
^'jove-mcniioned attitude.

I'ow.iids ihe call, a v.iriety of ruins prefent thcr. _lves
to vicvv, conlillii.g of wii.dows, poitals, avenues, pal-
(ages, t^:c. Ihe infide of the port.ds aic ornamented
with figuies in hallo relino. Tliefe nuns fiom call to
well are about 450 leet ; from nunh to fouih about
725 leet 1 and joo from the columns and moun-
tains. In the niidll, the earth is covenj with the
fi.igim iits of leveiity-fix columns.

Soultiwaiil t.om iliele, at llu' diilance ol one hundred
and eighteen feet, there is an cdifi>.e which appears to
be eliv.ited abo»e thi: rdl of the ruins, from its being fi-
tiiatcd <in a hill. The liont wall is compofid of 4 fin-
ale r.m.'e of llones of eight te.t 111 depth; it extends
tioin Call to well one huiniied and thitteen feet, but is
not eiiibeilillit'd with any ki id of oriiainent, in the
center are the remains of a duuble ftair-cafe, on the fides
of which are fiveral figures almoil obliterated. The
rcll of the building; coiiliilcd of a vari-ty of portals,
whii h are now in ruins. The largclt is five feet wide,
and five leet two inches in deph. towards the north
theic arc two portal) with windows, which arc walled up ;

beneath one of which arc the figures of two wcrrc.i
and a man, covered up to their knees with earth j ami
under the other the rcpret'cntation of a man holding 4
lion by the mane.

To the I'outh there is a portal, and four open win-
dows, the width of each being five feet nine inin!»
and the height eleven feet : on each fide of the gate th, lu
IS the figure of a tnan, w th a kind of tiara upon his
head, attended by two women, one of which holds .111
uinbrclla over him. Three niches on the infide are
covered with chara<5ters in the ancient I'erfian langnijre,
one of the infcriptions fignifies, " Strength is the gilt ot
God alone."

To the wertwarJ there arc two gat^-s which arc not
covered. One of thefe is ornamented within with the
figures of a man fighting with a bull. The other gate ii
einbeililhed with the figure ot a man, and a winged dec r,
from whole forehead a horn projeits. Horns wcie
anciently thj emblems of majefty and flrength, whch
occafioncd the poets to give them to the fun and moim ;
and Alexander the Cireat is termed bv the ciftern wri-
ters Dhulkarnain, or monarch of the hi rns of the fun,
that is, of the call and welt, or the paits where that
luminary riles and fets. Behind this building arc the
ruins of another, which in length exceeds the former
by 38 feet. It has niches cut out of fingle ftones and
windows, a double flight ef (kps finely embellilhed
with foliages, and fmall figures appear to the fouth.

Still farther fouthward there are fome fubterrcneoin
pall.iges, into which the natives will upon no account
enter, though they are fuppofjd to contain imnu'iili;
trcalurcs ; the cnly rrafon for which is an abfiiid
notion, that no light c.n polTibly be made to burn in
them. However, Sir John Chardin and Monf. lye
Bruyn, at the time thofe gentlemen were there, entered
with ligh;s, which were not cxtinguiftied by fome in-
iifildc power, as the fuperllitious natives fuppofed they
would be ; and after ranging about a confiJeiablc time,
they both agice in their relpeftivc accounts, that thcli:
pall'ages tcrminare in a fmall kind of aqueduct, which
is too narrow to enter.

Near thefe fubtcrraneous palTagcs, are the ruins of
another edifice, extending irom north to fouth 160 feet,
and from call to well 191 feet : ten portals of this
building Hill remain, with forty i.iclolures, which
were formerly rooms, and fevcn window : in the center
are the pcdeltals of 3b columns in 6 ran.'es. Beneath
the ground, which is covered wich feveral large ftoncs,
ihereaie the remains of fome aqueducts.

/.noth-r ilructure formcily Itood to the weftward of
the laft mentioned building; on the ruins of the wall,
which is Hill elevated about two feet above the pave-
ment, are the figures in bado lelicvo of fevcral men with
bnies in their hands ; within the enclolurc of the wall
there arc the reina.ns of f>.veral pcdelLils of pillars; on
the cad fide of thefe ruins are the remains of an elegant
Hair cafe, of fixty feet in length, the Heps of which arc
in general deltioyed ; the wall is dill eight (cet in
height, and the figures which adorn it are near as bi^
as ilie life ; on the Iront are the figures of a lion and a
bull fighting, and on the wings of the Hair cafe the re-
prefeiitation ol feural lions and other figures, with ex-
planatory characters ; between this and the lail mentioned
edifice are the ruins of fevcral columns, and thi;
remains of lour portals, witii the figure of a man, and
two women holding an umbrella over his head, on the
infiOe of each.

'1 o the north of thife, appear two portals with
piladers, on one of which are the figures of a man and
two women, one (.f the latter holding an umbrella
over the head of the former ; above the women is
a fmall figure with wings, which expand to each fid«
of the poitico ; over the other portal is the reprefen-
tatiun of a man filling in a chair with a Haff in his
hand, behind whom Hands anothrr with his right hand
upon the chair ; above is a finall figure holding a circle in
his lelt hand, and pointing to liimethini.r in his right ;
beneath this portal arc three ranges ot figures, which
have all uplifted hands : above the ihiul pilalter, which
is entire, are women holding an umbrella over the
head of a man. i'tic giound is covered with a vailctv

I af

'"^^i

^'TW

e figures of two worrc.i
ir kiK-es witli tarih ; ;iii,|
tion of a man lioldin;; .,

tal, and four open win.
g five feet nine iniii:-^,
-■ach fiilcof the gnte ih.io
a kiml of tiara upon hjs
, one of which holds .ui
liches on the infidi' nro
ncient I'erfian IjngiMj.,',
" Strength is the gin oi

wo gatjs which are not
lamenied within with the

bull. The other g.itu i;
man, and a winged die i,
projcds. Horns wcic
>y and ilrength, wh,th
n to the fun and moDn j
med hv the ciftern wn-
af the hi rns of the (\in,

or the paits where th.it
nd this building arc the
ngth exceeds the former
out of finglc ftones jnd
(kps finely emhcllifhed

appear to the fouth.

are Ibnie fubterrcncous
;s will upon no account
.■d to tont.iin imnienle
r which IS an abfmd
hbly be made to burn in
hardin and MonI'. Lc
men were there, entered
xtinguifhcd by fomc in-
us natives fuppoled they
lout a confiJciahlc tini?,
:ive accounts, that thcle
nd of aquedutl, which

ITajcs, arc the ruins of
lorth to fouih i6o feet,
te'ii port.ds of this
rty t.Klolures, wliith
window : in the center
in 6 r.'.nL'cs. Uenciith
ih feverai large ftoncs,
leJucls.

■d to the W(rtward of

the rums of the wall,

feet above the pave.

vo of fevcral men with

enclolure of the wall

cdelKils of pillars ; on

remains of an clet^nnt

the llcps of which aic

is fliU eight feet in

orn It are near as bi^

it;ures of a lion and a

I the Hair cafe the re.

ithcr figures, with ex.

and the lali mentioned

il columns, and thi;

figure of a man, and

over his head, on the

rar two portals with

fi;;urcs of a man anrl

holding an umbrella

above the women is

expand to caeh fi.le

Lirtdl is the reprel'cii-

r with a Ihitf in his

r with his right hand

urc holding a circle in

inhintr ill his right (

ges ol Mgures, which

ihiiil piladcr, which

I umbrella over the

;ov<;rtd with a vaiietv'

«f

ASIA.]

E M r I u F. ov PERSIA.

of antique fragments. The laft ruins of the ftruaurc
, now appear ; th.fc arc two port.ils towards the (outh,
■ under cj.ch cf whxh a man with a ftalf in his right hand

is feared in a chair; in his left hand he holds a vale-,

liehiiid him is another man, with a reprefentation o( a

piece o'^' 'i.-eii in his hand, and the tail of a fea horfe

en hir . •'''■■ Three rows of figures, with uplifted

hands, .'PI Eir below, four inthefirll, and five in each

cf the' other rows. Tiie feared li-uies aic larger than
.the life, the itll aio three feet four inches in height:

fevcr.il ornamental foliaL,es appear above; the higher

parts decorated with the figures of oxen, and the lower

parts with liens. On the funimit of the whole there is

a little wiii.;ej figure, who hath a glaTs in one hand, and

appeals to" be making a fignal with the other. 'I'hefc

portals are in depth ten lict f.>ur inches, and in breadth

twelve feet five inches ; the pilaller.'i arc near tliiity feet

hi"h. Un eaeh of the two wliich are placed northerly,

is^thc figure of a man ruung with another behind

him; and (Uli farther back, another is lien holding

foiiicthiii' that i broken in his hand ; before each fitting

fiirure are two others, the one holding a vcllel, the other

iif the altitude of falutation. IJelow th.fe figures are

five ranges of ;'.rnie,I men, and above, a Hone with a

variety of ornaments.

Some of the eolunins have capitals, and the ethers

rot, which is tlie only diflerence ; the height of thole

that remain entire is about 72 feet, and tl;'.' circuiii-

ferentc 18 fea 5 inches, except thofe that arc near the

portals. The ball.s, v. ' ich are cireiilar, are in circum-
ference 24 feet five ia.hcs, in height four Icet three

inches, and the lower moulding is one foot five inches

in thicknefs : the oinanieius confift of three kinds ol

capitals.

The drapery of the figures hath no afiinity to the

Grecian or Roman habits. The military drels is ngrec-

abl'.- to the I'erlian ai:d Median fafhion. The figures in

general arc hcavv, ilifi', and inele_'nnt; there is a limi-

Jaiity and want of taltc tluoiiglKuit the whole. The

floiies arc cither yellow, white, grey, red, deep blue,

light blue, or black.

N.ar the munntains are two ancient fepulc'ircs of

Peifiin monarchs, the fronts of which are ornamented

with various figures ; as there is a finiilarity in their

ftiucUire, the defcription of one will fuffice.

That part of the tomb on which the figures arc cut is

^O feet wide. The luight is nearly equal to the width

at the bale. On each tide, the rock extends to the dif-

tance of 3C0 feet: four columns fupport the entabla-
ture, the capitals of which are adorned with the fii.nire>

of two oxen to each, the fore legs being buit on the

top of eaeh column. The gate, which is at prefent

alnioll: doled up, is placed bi-tween two of thefe columns,

and appeals to have been embcllilhed with a variety ot

crnaiiicnts. 'I'he enta'.Kature and c rnicc arc adorned

with eif'jueen finall lions in ballb relievo, nine on e.ich

fide, with a vale ill the n.iddle ; above the lions are a

number of aimed men in two ian;;cs, confilling of

fourteen ill each range, who appc.ir to lift up their

hand.-, as if to fupport tile building above them. A kind

of [lill ir cappcl w,th the head of an animal who has only

one horn ornaments the fides. Towards thclelt, wheie

the w.dl prcijecis, there are three rows of niches, one

aliovc the other : in each arc two fii;iires i,f men armed

Vith lances, and on eaeii fii!.' are thice others equipped

in the fame manner. On the right fide are tiic figures

cf two men, wiih tl'.eir light hands placed on their

bodies, and their left on their beards ; on tl e fide ol

ihefc are three cihcis, in the fame attitude as thofc on

the opp lite fide; low;r down, betivrtii thefe figures

and a kind of pillar, there is on e.ich lide another de-
cayed figure ; above, on thtce llcps, tlicic is a figure with

a bow in his leli hand, of a roval appcaranc.' ; he feems
; to point at foiiielhing v.itli his right hand, liei'ore him
r (lands an altar, wiih a facrificc on it, and Haines afcend-
% inj;, and ab.nc It tlie icptcfciitaiicn of a moon, \\ith a
"' myllic figure over it.

1 Two leagues from thefe fepulchrcs, at a place called

''Noxi Riillan, theic aic four olher tombs, whiih re-

I'ciiiHe the olliers, only they are cut higher in the

lock. 'I'hc place receives its name Coin a gigantic

prince, whofc ftatue is there carved, and whom the
natives ail'ert to have been 40 cubits high, andinj
years of age when he died.

The bales of the tombs arc 18 feet above thecaufe-
way, and are about 72 feet in height and 60 feet
wide ; the rock is about twice as high as the tombs.
Heneath each tomb there is a fcparate table filled with
lafc fii'ures in badb relievo. On two of the tables are
the reprefentations of men fighting on horfcback, but
the fii;ures arc almoll obliterated. Between the tombs
arc three other tables covered with figures, among which
is a man on horfcback, preceded by two others, and
followed by a third, which is almoll: defaced. Thefe
tombs cover theexMitof 1400 feet, and a quadrangular
building appears at the diHancc ot about 3CO feet I'lotn
the lirlt of them. The figures in general are diell'ed in
the Roman manner ; Ruftan himfelf indeed is botli
drefi'ed and armed like a Roman, and the figure of that
prince and his horfe arc but of the ordinary lizc, though
the natives have lo greatly magnified his bulk. Before
Rullan there is the fi?,urc of a woman with flowing
hair, and a crown upon her head ; another figure is the
'emblance of a military pcrfon with a tiara on his head,
and his left hand gral'p:ng his fword ; there are fome
fi:;urc^ almoll defaced, which it is imagined were in-
tended to reprcfent men fighting on horfcback : the above
are all carved 111 the folid rock.

There arc two tables on the vvcftern fide of the moun.
tain with figures likewife carved in the rock; that to-
wards the left contains the reprefentation of two men,
one of whom grafps a circle which the other appears to
have abandoned; it is thou;jht that the former is emble-
matic of Alexander the Great, and the latter of Darius.
The tomb, fuppofed to have been that of Naxi
Riillan, appears very evidently to have been made by
D.irius Hyltafpes, as it cxaiitly correfponds with the
defcripiions of Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, and Ctcfius
in his Perfian hillory.

At I'yrmaraas near the city of Scamachie, are the
tombs of two Peifian faints. The firll is the fcpulchre
of Seid-lbrahim, which is furrounded with walls, and
has twocouits likea calllc, within which are many arched
aiiartments ; in the firll is a tomb iiiclofed within an
iron grate. It has two iUps to go up to it, and is about
two feet in height. To the left is a light gallery, with
white walls, and the floor is covered with tapdhy.
Through a vaulted apartment to the right, where there
arc eight tombs, is the piifiagc to the ftirine of Seid-
lbrahim, whofe tomb, which is two leet in height, is co-
vered with a t.irpet of yellow damafk : at the hc.id .et,
aiidfides,aicagrLatnuniberof wax candles in hraf . i.dlc-
fticks, .nd many lamps are fufpended from tl'.e ; n(.

At a fmall dillance -rom the above ia the fnm- uou3
fepulchre of another IVrfian faint, called Tirinabba,
of vvl'.oai Seid-lbrahim wis adileiple. It contains fevc-
ral niches, chambers and holes where the pilgrims take
up their abode, and perlorm their devotions ; for a great
number of pilgrims vilit both thefe fepulchrcs, andhaie
done ever fincc the reign of Shah Abbas, who pio.
Iiibitcd the pilgrimages of iMccca, and exhorted the
I'eifians to repair hither, which would he of equal
elfieaey. This he did with a political eicw, to keep
within his own dominions thofe vail fums which were
aniuially carried away by the pilgrims into the Turkifli
teiritoiies.

The fepulchre of Shah Sefi, near the city of Ardebil
is vifited with great pomp by the I'erfians on Whitfun-
Monday. The entrance is through a fpacious court,
paved with broad Hones, and furnidicd on both fides
with vaulted (hops. The gate is large, and crolTcJ
by a filver chain, from which another of the (amc
inetil hangs perpendicularly. The next gate has like-
wife a filver chain to it, and no pcrlbn mull pafs it with
any oti'enfive weapons about them, not even a knife;
the thiefholds ot this, and the following gates are
round, and of white marble. I'hc next court is long
and paved, and hath (hops on c;ich fide ; at the upper
end is a large vault, paved with blue and green (lones,
and hung with tapellry ; in the middle arc two large
iirafs ean.llellicks, which on Whitfun-Monday have
Wax li^jhts in them. The thiid gate which has a
T filver

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAPIIV,

III

'y.iJ

" III

fe.lip

., n

'1 ;i

, , , ,

!';' '; f

. h

}

.\ '

;i i i

filvcr clmiii over it k:'.ils to a court piiveJ wiili fiiKill
llulii-s of I'l-vcrul cnlouis. Tlic gate dI the place of llic
(Ipulclirc i> built like a tower, and aJ.iriad with various
filvci pLitts aiiJ riniT'i. At the ciitraiiec the pavctmnt
is covered with t.ipellrv', and all perfons arc here obliged
to pull off' their flioes and llippers. From hencg a
capacious };allery covered wiili carpels, and hung with
tapeftry, leads to another gate covered with plates of
gold i' hum whence theie is ;in cntiancc to a large
vault four I ithonis I'qiiare, enlightened by a ^.reatnuin-
licr of gold and filver lamps, fonie of which are three
feet in diameter : this vault is divided front another
only by lilver rails, and an afcent of three filver lleps.
'J"he latter vault is liLlur than any of the reil ; at one
end there is a compailnient railed about a foot tVo.n the
ground, and fenced of}" with lails of irally gold, which
cont iiiis the tumb of Shah Sefi. 'J'he tomb itielf is
thice feet in height, nine in length, and four in breadth,
Iliadc of white marble, and covered with criir.fon velvet :
IVom the root" a variety of gold and filver lamps hang
down, and on each lide are two very luigc candleftieks
of nialfy j;old, contajning wax candles j on the kit hand
Is a lault wherein arc the tombs of Shah Sefi's conlort,
and fomc other emprelles of I'erfia, and of Shah Ifniael.
Near ths I.' a fpaeiotis arched gallery fiiuly gilt, whieh
is ufed as a library, and contains a great number ot
inanuferlpts in the Arabic, I'crfian and 'I'urkilh tongues,
fome written upon p.irchment and others upon papir,
but all fupeibly bound, beautifully painted, and ele-
gantly covered with plates of gold and lilver. In various
uiches on the fides of the library theie are above 4CO
porcelain vcll'els, many of them lufiiciently capacious to
hold ten g.dlons.

There is a kitchen belonging to this edifice, the doors
of whieh are covutd with lilver plates : in this kitchen
theie is dailv dreji'ed as much provifion as w.ll feed
luco perfois ; the poor having three meals a day diKri-
buted to them from hence. Adjoining to the kitchen
there is a beautiful garden containing the fepulchrcs of
Sultan Aider, Shah' 'I'nm.is and levcral other Peifian
nionaichs. There arc imn.enfe revenues belonging to
this a(fonillii;ig edifice, which have been granted tiom
time to lime by many diltlreiit emperors.

Very near this theie is another tomb, creeled to the
memory of Seid T/eibrail the f.ther of Shah Sefi,
who was only a peaf.iiU ; it is of an oval form, raifcd
ten lleps, iidorned with glal's of I'everal colours, and
furiounded with iron grates ; the roof is of azure
gilt, and in the midll of it there is a large tower of blue
and green lloncs ; tl'.c floor is covered with lich tapeilry,
auJ round the walls theic are vaults or chambers fur
the education of childien j the tomb is fix feet high,
made of ioincis work, and covered with green velvet ;
about it hang two gold and two lilver lamps, in which
there arc lights cvtrv night; oppofitc to it is a fiiiall
thapel which contains the tombs of many of Shah Sefi's
family.

NearDcihent there are the ruins of a wall which ex-
tend 50 1-agues in length, and the wall is laid to have
reached fiom the Cafpianto the Euxine leas ; and on one
lide of that city are above 6coo gra\c iiones, inoll of
which have Arabic inf:ription!.

SEC T. VII.

Oj Gombr;on, ihi fjlands of Ormui, Haliara ^nJ Q;ief-
mo, r/j/ Perfian (lulph, /ii- Cafpian Sea, IJi.

C^O .M H R 00 N is in 27 dcg. 40 ni. north latitude.
J Thi:. cilv owes Its opulence to the decline of the
I'ortu^uele power in the K.dl Indies, and to the d 'mo-
litioii of Oiinus J it was built by the great Shah Abbas,
mid by the natives is called Bander-Ahaili, or the court
of Abbas , it is certainly a very great mart of trade :
the Eiiglilli t\:'\ fettled here in 16 ji, and were very
ferviceable to the belorc mentioned monaich in his wars
with the Poituguefe ; on v\'hich account he granted
th 111 half the cullonis of the port. The town is large
Slid populou"--, but exceedingly inconvenient j a wall
ei'compalfes it on the land fide, and towards the fca it is
liclendcd by leveral fmali forts, a cattle, and a plat-
ioxm : thouj^h the town is ri'. h, the houfcs are greatly

out of icpaii ; the fliops in genetal ar? kept be Ijania'is,
v.'hofe boulis are in better older than iholeol any ol the
other inh..bitain:. ; fume of them are Hone edifices, but
moll are built of lime .and earth. As the air diiriii"
the hot feafoiis is of a very malignant nature, imilt
iioufes are furnilhed with ventilators, whieh gre.itly con-
tribute to the p;efervation of the liialth of the people.
I'lie town is well fupplitd with lilh mid muiton j
rice is imported f.oni India, but wheat is fo plenty, that
the poor-fubliil principally upon bread and dates;
among ihe politer people pillau is the moll falhionable
dilh. J'he country abounds in apricots, pi ache-, pome-
granates, pears, plumbs, grape>, mangoes, and a gre;it
variety of other dilicious fruits ; the apricots aie danger-
ous when eaten to excels.

A fearcitv of water is leveicly felt here ; there is not a
fpring or well in the town, nor within feveii miles of
It, for the inh.tbitants are obliged to be fupplied from
a place called Allecn, which is at about that diltaiice;
camels arc conllantly employed in biiiiging water trum
thence.

The unwholcfomencfs of the air is afcribcd by captain
Hamilton to the reflce'tion of the rays if the fun from
a high mountain to the north of the city; whieh oc-
c.illons Inch an intcnfc heat, that the litiiation is in-
toUrab'e. On this account all who can aft'oTil it retire
into the country during the months of June, July and
Augiill. The heat even aH'eiits the fca, and "ocealioiis
very difagrceable exhalations to arife therefrom ; theie
vapours, joined to the flench of a vaft i|iiantity of
Ihell (iih that are petfeciiy broiled on Ihe lands cveiv
time the waves retire, eee.dion a kind of contagious
influm/.a ; gold and lilver, if expofed to the open air
during thcfe months, tarnilh in a very flioit time. As
:'oon as ever thcle heats commence tlie Kngllli fadoiy
leave the city, and till they are over relide at Alieeii,
where they have a good houfe, and an excellent garden :
in this garden thete aic fever.il groves of excellent Seville
oranges, which, though not natural to the climate, thrive
admirably ayd are alw.iys in a Jljte of verdur.', bearing
blofioms, and ripe and green fuit all at the lame tiii.c.
Many ponds of excellent frelh water contribute to the
agreeablencfs of the place ; and the merchants have
many ingenious contrivances to moderate the excefTnc
heat, and render their lltuation as pleafant as poffible.

At a place called iMinon, about ten miks diftant
from AlKen, an' ixral hot and cold baihs, which have
been cxperiei. as inlallible in the cure of all fcro-

phulous and amatic diforders.

Gonibroon is exceedingly populous .ind rich, by
reafon of the fondnefs which the natives have for tr.i ir
and the great commerce carried on by the EivliHi aiul
Dutch factories. 'I'he Knglilh factory is clote to tlic
lea, at fome diltance from the Dutch, which is a con-
venient, capacious, and elegant buiL.ing. (Jicat p;o-
hta aiil'e to both the companies from Ireighta'^e ; tor ,is
the natives have no lliips, their goods are "carried in
Englifh and i^iitch bottoms to Surat, and other Indian
mart-. The priiiJpal connnoililies, arc, a variety of
wines, almondo, railins, kifh-milh.s, dates, prunellas,
ginger, piflaehio-niits filks, carpet^ leather, lapi,-
tutty, galbaiuim, ammoniac, all'afivtida, tr.igacanth,
with many other gums, drugs, ^c. the principal of the
abovearticles, heingthe produce ofCarniania, aic brou-ht
to Gombroon in caravans. 'Ihe Lnglifh company iiiid
once a linall f.ictory in Carmania, for the fake of a iiiic
wood produced there, of excellent life to hattcis. The
companies pay no cnlloins, but at ccrt.iin tiims give
prelenls t) ihe fli.ibander, or principal Hcrlian oftieer,
to prevent his being troublefome. Private traders pay two
percent, for a pals trom either of the companies, that is,
one to the company, and one to the broker. The pal'i
admits them to the lame piivileges as ihe gentlemen of
either factory enjoy. J'he Knglidi have an agent at
Ifpahan who receives one third of iheconipany'.s profit ,
the chief at Gombroon one third, and the rell of the
fae-lors the other thiid.

There are three iflands near Gonibroon, viz. Oriiui,

Bahara and C.)iicfino, Oimus is about two leagues froin

the continent, and fituated at the mouth of the Peifian

gulp:i. It is about twenty miles in circumference, but

1 i>

AFHV.

ift:\l v.t^ kept l>v D.li.:a':s,
r than ihnlc ol any o) tlie
im arc (tunc eJiliccs, but
aitli. As the air duniiu'

nialignajit iialwri', innlt
lators, which grc.illy t(.ii-
nc hialtli of the |)L'(iplo.

with lilli .Mid niiutiin ;
It wheat Is I'o iilciity, th.it
ipoji breaii and dates ;
au is the mod la(hioiiabli:

a|)rieo!s, pi aches, punic-
Ck, mangoes, and a j;re;it
; the apricots ate dan^cr-

y felt here ; there is ikjI a
or within fevcji miles of
igcd to he fiipplied frum
s at about that dillanee ;
d in bringing water front

■ air is afcribcJ by captain
the rays < f the fun from
I of the eity ; which oc-

th.it the lituation is in-
!1 who can afi'oTil it retire
oiiths of June, July and
ts the lea, and occafions
to arife therefrom ; thcle
h of a vail i|nantity of
roiled on the lands eveiv
lon a kind of contagioiu

e.vpofed to the open air
in a very fliort time. As
mence tlie Knglilli failory
are over nlide at Alletn,

and an excellent garden :
groves of excellent Seville
ituial to the tlin-.atc, thrive
Aate of verdur-, bearing
'uit all at the lame tin;e.
I water contribure to the
and the merchants have

I moderate the cxrcfTnc

as pleafant as poflible.

about ten miks diftant

id cold baihs, which have

ill the cure of all fcro-

ASIA.]

is totally barren, and has not a fmgle drop of frerti
water in it. This illand produces Ionic of the molt
excellent white fait in the univerfc, and great (|uanti-
ties of a black fhining land, which are tranfported to
Europe, and ufed in dulViiig of writing. Among the
iifli taught upon the coalt there arc Ionic admirable
oyfters.

This city, which was large and populous, was creeted
byfonieof the ancient I'erli.m nionarehs, and cunt.iincd
about 4000 lioufes J but in 1507 the Portiiguefe to.>lc it,
and held it till ibzz, when they were expelled by ijti.ih
Abbns, adiltcd by the Knglifh, and the whole city was
denKilinK'd by the exprefs order of that monarch ; no
part of ;he idaiui is at prefent inhabited except the fort,
in which ther. is a Perfian gnrrlfon.

I'lie ifljiid of Bahara is remarkable for its pearl fifhe v,
which commences in June, and concludes about ih '
latter end of Augull ; the annu il pr.ilit is computed to
be jio,o;:o crowns: the pearls being tlie largelt,
brighteft, .uid moil elegant of anv found in the lalt.

(^iclino is a fruitful, pleafant, and populous illand.
and fupp'ics the neighbouring p.irts of the continent
with wheat, barley, and other provilions.

The IVrlian gulpli, or as it is otherwife c.illed, the
Gulph ot Bidbra, flows out of the Indian ocean, having
Pcrlia on the ealt, and Arabia on the well. It receives
into it the rivers tuphrates and Tigris, united in one
ftream. it w.is called by the ancients the Red Sea,
and hath been long famous for its pearl tilhcries.

The fiihing for pearls is perkirnied bv perlons, who
are let down to the bottom of the f.a in five fathom
water, by means of a heavy Itonc faftciied to their toes ;
Wlitn they reach the bottom, t'.iey pick up the (hills
with all poflible expedition, and put tiiem into balkeis
provided for that pa; pole ; they th:-n give a figiial to h.
drawn up to take breath, and rc.'refh thenil'elves with a
pipe of tob.icco, while others pull up tlie balfcets. All
|he pearls which weigh above ten grains are the property
of the emperor, and fevere penalties are inllictcd upon
tbofe who embe/zle them. The whole produce of the
various pearl filherles in the Periian gulph. Sir JoSn
Ch.iidiii fays, amounts to above a million ilerling
Uinually.

ARABIA.

' The Cafpian Sea, or as it 's ufu.ally called, the great
norlheni boundary of Perlia, is fiirrounded on every
' (ide by lanil, having no vilibie communication with
! any other fea, and is therefore more properly an ini-
i iiHiil'e lake. The ancients knew it but very imjwr-
I fecUy, and even the moderns had not a competent
kno.vledge of it, till Mr. Vanvarden Curveyed and
made an cxail chart of it, by order of the Czar Peter
the Great, in the years 17JO, 1721, and 1722. It lies
between the 37th and 4Stli deg. of north latitude, but
its greatell longitude does not exceed 3 deg. 42 min. it
receives into its bofom the vall river Volga, and above
two hundred other rivers, and yet it neither ebbs nor
flows, cnereafes, nor diminifties. Various conjeilture*
have been formed concerning this conftant plenitude j
and many have afl'eited, tli;it it inuft have fome fub-
terraiieous conimunic.itions either with the Black fea,
or the Perfian gulph, though the firlV is above ico,
and the latter above 200 leagues diftant. To ftrcngtheii
this opinion, it is affirmed (hat oppofitc to y^-^ilan in
Peilia are two immenfe whirlpools, which makea dread-
ful iKiifc, turn with incredible rapidity, and drawdown
uh.itever comes within their vortex, which indicate that
lome great cavities in the earth mull be nfar them.
.\bjut the latter end of Augull grf.it quantities of wil-
low leaves are oblerved to fl.iat upon the waters of the
Peifian gulph, yet there are no willow trees on any
part of Its coalt, but gre.it numbers on the coall of
the Cal'p an lea, which is another reafon for fuppofino-
that there mult be a fiibterrancous communication be-
twixt them. The waters of theCalpiaii Sea are in general
fait, but towards the places wl-.-'-e the rivers difeharge
tnemfelves into it tiny have a frelli taftc. The equality
of its fulnefs h.uh Icen thus pliild'ophically accounted
for. The valt quantity of vapours exhaled by the fun in
a climate fo intuilely hot, is a countcrballance to the
influx of waters, which is difcharged into it by variouj
rivers. Formerly none but Coll'aclc rovers navigated it;
but the Rulliaiis, who now pollefs a part of the coaft,
have man-,- vellels on it, and carry on a great trade to
various places.

populous and rich, by
he natives have for trade,

d on by the Knglifii and
ih lactory is dole to the

Dutch, which is a con-
it buiL.ing. (Jicat pro-

s from freightage ; for a>
heir goods are carried in
I -Sural, and other Indian
lodities, are, a lariety of

niilh's, dates, prunellas,

carpets leather, lapi,-
. all'.ifivtida, tragacanth,
. i^c. the principal of the
; olCarniania, aie brou dit

he Knglifh company lip.d
iiii.i, for the lake of a line
lleiit life to hatters. The
nit at certain tiims give

piiiuipal Periian oditer,
e. i'rivate traders pay two
ot the companies, that iv,
to the broker. The pafj

leges as ihe gcntletiicn of
'inglidi have an agent at
'I the company's profits
lird, and the icll of the

Gombroon, viz. Oriru(,

is about two leagues from

the month of the Peifian

ilcs in circumference, hut

CHAP. VIII.

ARABIA.

s i: c T.

ijli Exliftl, S!tua:iO}i, li^iiniliin'ii.

1:1 Diji/isns ; lis Soli

lift Ciim-.itc , :/ th: Antiquity of this (Jiiitttry ; Religious
Kctions of the Artibi before t'e Time of Ahhamct or
Alahoma, ivilh ih.ir Extent cf Dominion after the
Ejlahlijimcd cf his Rcligim. Of the Seas, Capes, Ri-
■ vers, and Mountains; farticuLtly Mount Sinai and its
Convrnt.

HAving quitted Pcrfia, we fliall pals over the Per-
fian (.julph to Arabia, a country equally famous
in facred and profane hillory : fur here the queen
of Shcba reigned, who formerly vifited Solomon on ac-
count of his wifiliiin ; Moles heie received the Icvitical
l»w ; and Mdiomet broached his hercfy. The inhabi-
tants weic formerly accounted the molt learned people
■jln the univcrfr, but at prefent they arr iultly dccme I fome
'^f the mod illiterate. From them the Europeans received
any admirable arts and fcienccs, of the names of which
e Arabians theml'elves are now ignorant. They have
Jreat natural talent;, which they do not wifh to improve j
ind a language famed for being equally copious, cxprcf-
nve, and elegant, which others admire and ufe more
than themlclves. One liaif of the people arc the moft

honeft exifting, and the other half the grcatcft thieves
on the earth, The fird are morally juil by accident,
and the latter are robbers by Sylkm. In one part of
the country a flraiiger might fleip with a purfc of gold
in his hand on the open plain without lolliig it : in ano-
ther, while wide awake he is in danger of havinir his
throat cut every moment. Merc are fewer towns than
antiquities, lefs cultivation than objce'is of cuiiofity, and
more wonders than waters. The face of the country
includes all the various foils in the uiiiverfe, the fertile
and barren, the ftony and faiidy. There are few clouds
ill the element, but many on the land j for in the defcrts
(uch altoniniing clouds of dull have fomctimcs been
railed by the whirlwinds, that whole caravans have
been overwhelmed, and thoufands have pcriflied by fuf-
Ibcation in thole dreadful tenipelts ( which Mr. Addifoii
I bus elegantly delcribcs in his celebrated tragedy of
Cato :

" Su.Men, th' impciuou; liiinicanes dtlccrd,

" Wlacl iluii' the air, jii circlin:, ciMits |ilay,

" Tear u 11 ihc luuls, ami iwcep whole plainiawayi

" The hflplir, trivelliT with wld lurnrifc, I

" Sets llii^ Jiy ilckrl all around liiin nli-, S

" Ami I'liioihci'd ill tin; Jully nlnrKviiiJ Jics, J

But

i-:<

g!!

• ■ m

A NEW COMPrJ'TE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAPIlV;

Hut to enter iipiin p.iill' iilar- :

Ar.ibi;i is one iil llic mull (.xtciilivc prnijirul.is in llu-
Itiiowii worlil : it is one tl ouLuul tlnvc Iniiuli.ij iiiiK's
Ion?, anil one tlioiiCaini twoluMulreil brunil ; it is fitii it'.il
between thirty-tiveanJ lixty ile^;ieci ol' lalkm lon::iluile,
S!i(i between twche ami tbiily decrees «l ncithein lati-
tiiJe; b^ing bounileil by Syiia, Diarbee ami lMe-Ai..bi,
on tlie north; by the liuli.in Oieiii on the luutb j by
the I'eiCian Gulph on the eall ; anil by the ReJ Sea,
whieli I'epaiates il lioni Aliiea, on il.e well. It is Ui-
videil iiriially into thicc parts, viz. Araliia llic Stony,
Arabia tile Delart, ami .Arabia tlie Ilap.py ; uhieh dillinel
.np|iellalions denote the nature aiiJ nu.Jiiy ol the toil ef
faJi einintrv rel'pcillively.

Arabia tlie Stony, whieh i.'. the moft wcftern, is the leal!
cf the three ; it i;i a wry baiun eountry, btini; euvercil
;ilinoll entirely with toeks ; i;s eapiial, I'elr.-ea, oi Stony,
llo^'d on a rock ; and here is the tanious mount Sinai or
Horeb, as recorded in the laered writings. 1

Arabia the Delart is a wild, ilerile, mountainous,
dreaiy, iiiiI'Lrable country.

Aiabia the Happy hath this flattering appellation, on
necoiint of the kindiiel's of its own fenl, in contrail to
the barrennelb of the otiier two countries. From hence
ihe ipieen of Shebawent to bear the voice ot Solomon ;
iinJ the Jews had a tradition that this princel's brouL'lit
v.Mh her the lirll braneli of the tree of the precious balm
of Ciilead.

As to the climate, a cnnfiderable part of Arabia is
under the ton id /one, and the tropic of cancer paiie.
over Arabia the llappy : the air is intenlely hot duriiii;
the fumincr. Thele regions, however, enjoy a molt
i\ icnc and pure Iky.

All hillories agree that this country was peopled at a
very earlv period. Dr. Wells fays, the country took
its name from its inhabitants, as being a mixed people,
compoUd (if lllimatlites, Medi. mites, and Amalekiles;
ill lupport of which allcition hi- ipiotes the vvoid Arab
in fcripture, wliieh fignilies in Hebrew, to iiii.x or min-
gle. Another author lays, " Arabia, or at kail the
moll ronliderable part of it, was from remote antii]uity
called Arabak : we howvver llnd it freinicmly ftiled by
their hirtorians by divers other names; but thole bid
the faireft for truth who deduce it from an Hebrew ori-
ginal, the word Arab or Kreb having feveral rignilkatinns
very favourable to luch a ctr.jeLluic : finm the word
Arab naturally and eafily flows Arabah ; and this notion
I'ccms Ills liable to exception, .'s Mofes himlllf llilcs
the wellern Arabia, Arabah ; which gees a cooil way
towards eviiicnK, that from its fituation it riceived that
name. Afterwards the Khmaelites, who were pifljli-d
of It, graduallv reducing the other part=, carried the
word Arabah alorig vvith them, and .ipplied it to the
whole pcninfula."

We cannot dil'eover at what period their form of go-
vernment comnunecd ; whether their knowled;,e was
derived from Indi.i, or whellier they aci)uired it tliem-
lehcs. It Iccms thiir religion was Sabeifm even pre-
vious to their acquaintance with the peop'e of Upper
Afia ; they had conceived fome elevated notions of God
at an early period ; they p.iid .iJoratii.n to the liars, as
luminaries enlivened ai.d beautified by heavenly Ipirits ;
Slid though they were entlufi ills, it does not appear t.iey
indulged in any particular fanaticii'm tiil the da\ s of
Alohammed or Mahomet, who I'llabliflled a new religion,
and tound it r.o difficult matter to iiitufe a fpirit of zeal
inio his followers j and this zjal led them on to con-
quell. They cxiendul their dominion from the w^llcrn
((•as to thole of China, and from the Canaries to the
Molucc.ns ; taking with them the ul'cful arts, which they
confidcr.'.blv improved.

The leas of Arabia are the Indian Ocean, the gulphs
of Bofiijra and Ormiis, the Red Se*, and the ftiei-hts
of liabinandel, in whieh are the capes of Rofalgate,
Miifsleden, and .Mocho.

The Red Sea, or the Arabian Gulph, which fl r.vs
from ih-: Indian Ocean, runs eallvvard as far as the ilih-
inus of Africa, to the town of Suez. It has its name,
according to (bmc author, from an orient brightnefs pe-
culiar to its waters, being tinned with a red niiii'tai
earth i and it has a rcJ f.;nd on its fliorcF, which is tre-

the water by tlie flux and lefluN of the li
violent in this Gulph, as to tofs it to anil

]uenily iepu:;n int to its quality and nature, miKc] with

I, which is fij
fro like allies,
ml pievini ils lubfuling to tlie bottini by a perpetual
vihement a^'jlatior. Sealaring people have conlldently
aliened, tint the land, thus biiinc and aLiitated by the
turbuKiit wateis, api'iais as led as blood, but that if put
into Kill water, it will link to the bottimi.

Some wiitcii have given it .is their opinion, that it:i
nanic is deiived iioin the Clnik word I'lrythres, lignify-
ing red, ifprcially as Krylhros was the iiaiiic of a king
who reigmd on the coall.

We will nut howuer dwell upon thcIc adverfe opi-
nions, but attribute the derivation to both, and aeknow-
lidi'e, that fiian whatever its name be really derived, no
fea has been more jullly celebrated : the pallligc of the
llVaelites through it, .md iis conveyance of all the rich
merchaiuli/,e of the eall lor upwards of tinea thoufand
yeais, have given it an immortal lame.

As to the livers of Arabia, they arc vcrv kw, and
none of them navigable ; the Chat, the I'ran, and the
Nagiran, are the only ones worth n.entioninfr, and thefe
are very fmall .ind (liallow. The wdiole country is fo
poorly w tciid, that the polleflion of a fpring is difputcd
vvith the (word.

The chief mountains arc thofc of Sinai, Gebcl el
Ared, and St. Catharine; the forivcr of which diferves
a particular dclcription ; it hath two I'ummits, and is
called by the Arabs the mountain of Moles, becaufe
many rcmaikable things happ. ned here to that prophet,
tt was luie, thev lay, that the Almighty appeared to
him in the burning bufli ; and the I..Illcr^ (liew a bram-
ble, whieh thev atlirin is ot the fame kin. I. Iljie he
likewife fed the flock of Ins falher-in-law Jethro; and
not far olf he llriick the rock, out of wlrieh water in-
llantly gufliid ; the llonc is of red granite, about fifteen
fret long, tin bn ad, and twelve high : the opening docs
nut refeinble any thing done by a toi.l, and is lomewhat
like the mouth of a carved lion : into thi> apcrtuve the
.•\rabs put certain medicinal heibs, which they afterwards
give to their camels, in cafe thev are difordeied, thinking
them very lalutary (or any dilcafc.

There is a convent at Mount Sinai founded by the
emprefs Helena, and dedicated to the celebrated St. Ca-
tharine ; it flands at the bottom of the mountain, and
IS an irregular, aukward building, of unburnt brick,
walled round, and (lopped up at every entrance to pre-
vent the ineurfions of the roving Arabs, 'I'hc only free
entrance is by a window that is upw.irds of thirty feet
liom the ground, and to whiih people aic drawn up in
a machine by a windlas. Within the walls, which aio
two bundled and lilty-rue teet long from eall to well,
ind tilty-lr.e broiJ from north to fiuth, a;c mills, bake-
houles, llore-houl'e , and everv olfiee neeillary to a fc-
ijuelltird fociety. Here is the flirine of St. Catharine ;
the relies are depohted in a maible ch^ft, wheieoii are
carved feveral pieces of folia'^e in bafii) relievo. One of
that faint's hands is (hewn to the curious, the fingers of
which arc covered with rings, adorned with pearl. Ad-
joining to the eall end of the church, wherein thefe re-
lics ;.ie preferved, is the chapel ot the Holy Bulh,
which tbe monks ad'ert grew in the f.imc fpot whereon
now lies a flag of white marble, wliich Chrillians ap-
proach and moll devinitly kifs ; nor will thev enter this
chapel with their Ihoes on. There are many other cha-
pilb about the convent. Here arc two wells; one is
called the well of Moles, which hath a very fine cool
water, and is drank in fummcr ; the other is called the
well of tliK Holy Hufti, and is of a vvaimer temperature.
St. Aihai afius was a biother of this inonatlcry, as v^'as
Sergius, who afTilled Mobamed in writing ilie Koran.
Tlll^ convent is exempted from all iunfdiciion, except
that if its own bilhop, who is electid by the monks, and
receives Ins his conlirniation liom the I'.iiriareh ot Jerula-
lem. Tile monks here live in the molt abltemious manner,
and 111 Lent rile at midnight to perform their dcvotiiMi-..
The empi;ror Juftiniaii lent an hundred f. in lies from
the Red Sea, and the f..nic number Ironi I'gjp'i tu dive
them as vdliils: at that time they were pritty nunierou-,
but now conlilt only of about forty or (ilty, owing to
dilputcj among tluinfelves, which coll Ic.etal of them

llitit

•^'i-

RAPiiV:

mil iMturi', niixi'.l w;;H
i ol the I'lj, wliidi is fo
i it t,i aiul Iro like adjc,
u liointii by ,1 |)i-i|ictiul
|Hcii)lc li;ivcj r()iirKli.iitly
IMC illlJ ;i;;;l.ie(ll by (li'i.-

blimil, Init tiiat it" put
tht.' Iidttoiii,

.1 tlicir ()|)iniiiii, that it<
wcinl iOiythn.s, (ignil'y-
was llic ji.mx' of a k\{-\n

upon tlufc ailvafL- rpi.
in to botl), and acknow-
mt be really cU'rived, no
led : the pallage ot the
ivey.Mue of all the rich
ivaid. of ihiec thuufand
I fame.

:hey are vcrv few, and
-hat, the I'ran, and the
ill n-,entio]iin;r, and thel'e
he whole ronntry is fo
Jn of afpring is difputcd

lofe of Sinni, Oibel el
orncr of vvhieh d'.ferves
h tn-o fummits, and i<
itaiii of iMofcs, becaufe
ed here to that prophet.

Alnii^Jity r.ppc.ired to
the f„thc^^ flieiv a br.nii-
e fame kin. I, ll,.ie he
hcr-in-law Jethro; and
out ot wlrich water m-
ed iiranite, about fifteen
: hi;.'li : the opening docs
ii toil, and i>. finkvvh.'.t.

into thi,- a|icriu;i. the

IS, which they afterwards

\rcdifordercd, thinking

It Sinai founded by the
to the eckhratcd Si. Ca-
n of the mountain, and
ling, of unburnt brick,
at t\ery cntraitce to pre-
g Arabs. The only Irtc
is upwards of thirty feet

I people aic drawn up in
iiin the wjIIs, which aio
long t'roin eaif to well,
to f luth, aiC iiiills, bakc-
■ office neccH'iry to a ic-

llirine uf St. Cath.irine ;
aible cluft, wheicon are
in bafib relievo. One of
tic curious, the fingers of
domed with pearl. Ad-
lurch, wherein thcfc re-
pel ot the Holy Buih,

II the f.inie fpot whereon
c, which Chriltians ap-
, nor will they enter this
here are many other cha-
L- arc two well.s ; one is
ich ha;h a very fine cool
r ; the other is called the
ot a waimcr temperature,
t this inonaftery, as was
'd in writing ihe Koran.
1 all iurildictioli, except
eleciid by the monks, and
m the I'.itriarch of Jerula-
: mod abltcmious manner,
> perform their devotiiui-,.
n hundred f.in lies from
iber troni Kg>pt, to luve
cy were prttty nunieruu-,

forty or titty, owing to

lieh coll le.eiul of them

ihtir

ASIA.l A R A

■their lives. Their vafTiis cultivate their gardens, and
'do other menial otiiccs. A lay-brother, or caloyer, is
appointed to attend upon llraiigers arriv.iig here, to Ihew
•thcin the chapels, ollices, and the library, in which are
dcpofited fomc of the tirll Greek books that were ever
nriiitid. The feet of pilgrims, on their arrival here,
ire wathed by the lay-brothers ; and thole of a prieit by
one of equal rank in the church. Dr. Hoeoeke, bi(hop
of Ollery, had the fatibf.iClion of being pnl nt at all
their Kailer ceremonies. The church coiit.i hii:; the
rclici of St. C.itharine, is called the great chunii ol the
transli'uratioii ; it Iks to the north ealt, on the lowcti
part ot^tlie convent, and cnlills of a nave, an iflc on
each hde, and three chapels on the outlide, lower than
the illcs. The pi:tuivs of Jullinian, and his em|ii>ls
Theodora, over the arch eif the high aliar .ire wJl exe-
cuted ill niofaic i and I'evcral inlcriptions lo he honour
of that illiilfrious pair are carved on the bums that
fupport the roof, which is of cypijf'i coveted with
lead, and is very antitpie. The Turks dellroyed the
pavement of th s church, digging it up in hopes < f dif-
Covcriiif; trealurts ; but it was elegantly repaired byarch-
bifliop Athanalius in the latl century.

Mount St. Catharin.: is lituaied near mount Sin.ii ;
and it v/as lo the former place that the bo.ly of St. Ca-
thaiine was biought, after her martyrdom under the ty-
rant Maxeiitius. It over-tops mount Sinai, and its toil
is a t"pi:cieb of Ipccklcd marble, in which are ki:n beau-
tiful •.onliguratioiis of trees, and other vegetable lepre-
fentations.

S K C T. II.

0/thi VtjUii!,' Piiiluci' if Jml'iu ; cf tin Aniinats, par-

tiiulaiif tie Camel.

TH V. moll prolit.ible pieiiluce of .'Vrabia is coffee.
'i'he eoiFee-tree is a native of the territory ot
Betel-fagui, a town belonging to Yemen, iituated on a
drv find at ihe dillancc of about ten leagues from the
Red Sea. It is cultivated in a dillridf Kfiy leagues long,
and about twenty broad ; the fruit is not every where
in cepial proportion ; that growing on high ground is the
fmallett, greenell, and bell.

Here are aloes, calTia, fpik-cnaid, frankincenfe, myrrh,
manna, and other valuable gums, cinnamon, pepper,
cardanum, oranges, lemons, grapes, peaches, figs and
poiiicgranates; alfo honey and wax in plenty: and in
the feas arc conlidcrable quantities of the bell coral and
pearls.

In the pl.iiii'i of Arabia Pctraca there are abundance
of Acacia trees, Ironi which ill'ues a veiy valuable gum,
and is gathered in autumn. Heie are however very few
foreft trees.

The principal t;rain here is rice and barley, and where
they can obtain water, they haie a great plenty of gar-
den ftuft", herbs, and flowers. Some of the di Irifts
alfi aft'orel excellent pilture lor cattle.

\Vith refpedt to the animal creation, here are the
iinell horfes in the whole world, wiutlier eonfidcred lor
their fwiltnefs, their beauty, or tluir fagaeity. Here
are flieep, cows, oxen, mule's, goats, hogs, deigs, i;c.
IJut the ir.oil ellecmed and ufetul animal is the camel,
which can carry lee en or eight hundred weight upon its
back, and with this burthen will travel at the rate of
■ about two miles and a half in an hour : it is therefore
the beall of burthen moll in ufe, and is peculiarly fer-
viccable in long and tedious journies, which are com-
monly performed in caravans, efcorted by guaids, to pre-
vent the depredations of the Ar.abiaii Iree-booters. This
creature is the moil patient and temperate of the whole
• quadrupedal creatiein ; it will travel for m.iiiy days to-
gether with only a tew dates, or loiiic balls of bean or
barley meal, or perhaps only the niikrable ihoriiy plants
it meets with in the laiidy elefarts, wlitie not a drop of
water is to be met with duiiiig perhaps a journey of eight
or ten days ; where neither buds nor infcels arc to be
feen ; in Ihort, where lu.thing preieiits itl'elf to the eye
but mountains of faiul and heaps of hones. T his ani-
; mat's power of fudainin^ abllimnce from di inking,
i aril'es iioni the conftructiein of its inteiiial parts ; fo that
i it ihould feem Divine Providence had created it pur-
polcly tor thi fultry foil of Arabia. ISefides the four
itomachs, which it has in common with all other ani-

B I A. • 77

mals that chew the cud, it lia; a fifth, i'erviiig a? a refer"
voir to hold more water th.iii it has an iimiiediate otea-
lion for : there the fluid remains without corrupting, or
without being adultcrateil by other aliments. When the
creature is thirfty, it throws up a e]uantity of this water,
by aeontraiitionof the mut'eles, into the other Itomachs,
which fcrves to macerate its dry and fimple tood. It
can, by its I'ccnt, difcover water at the diltance of half a
league, and, alter a very long ablliiicnce, will halleii
toevaiels it.

The Arab trains his faithful camel, from its birth,
to all the hardlhips it is te> undergo during the whole
eonrfe of its life ; he accultoms it lo travel lar, and eat
little ; lo pifs its days Without drinking, and its nights
without fleip ; to kneel down to be loaded, and to rile
the moment it finds the burthen equal to its ftrength ;
anu jiil-ed it will not futier an ounce more to be put
on its b.ick ihan it can bear. Its feet are adapted to the
lands which it is to pafs over, their toughnefs and fpuiigy
foftnefs preventing them liom cracking.

Such is Ihe animal fo often celebrated in the bible, the
koran, and the eaftern romances ; and with which the
Arabi in robber forms a fociety, for the purpofe of carry-
ing on his trade of plunder, in which the man is to have
all the protit, and the .iiinal all the fatigue.

When the mailer and his camel are equipped for
plunder, they let out together, traverfe the fandy dc-
farts, and lie in ambulh upon the confines to rob the
merchant or traveller. The man ravages^ malTacrcs,
and fei/,es the prey ; and the camel carries the booty.

The Arabian frec-bootcr qualities his camel for expe-
dition, by matches, in which the horfe runs againft
him. Ihe camel, though lefs ai^ivc and nimble, tires
out hii rival in a long courl'e.

The banditti frequently rob on horfe-back, as well
as on camels : they will alarm and dart upon a traveller
when leatl expeiTled, and gallop away, if uii.ler any ap-
prehentioii of a purl'uit, with incredible Iwiftnefs.

SECT. III.

Oftlh- N„i!i\-; ; their Perfins, Drefs, CiiJIoms, ait.i Man-
ners ; their Roving about from Place to Place ; their
Mveahle Hal/itatitns ; their Government ; their Food,
and their Manner of Drejfing it ; their Soei:ility, Prs-
hity, and Liberality, within their Tents or Huts ; their
Jiapiitiiiis Depredations when out of them \ their Divir-
fiom, particularly the Hufiting the IHId Boar a'd tht
Li'n. Slight Remark upon the 'Jealoiify of the Arabs,
and their Unmanly Treatment of IVomen.

'"O II E Arabians are of low ftature, flcndcr bodies,
A and fwarlhy complexions : their voices arc flirill
and cft'eminate ; their hair Is of a dark brown, and their
eyes are black and fparkling : they wear long beards,
aa a mark of gravity and confequence ; f rious and re-
ferved, they fpeak little, ufe nogcllure, make no paufes,
I and never interrupt each other. Their apparel is
a loofe diiorderly kind of drcfs, five or fit yariJs long,
and not let's bro.ad ; this they wrap round them, and are
forced to gird it with a falli ; at night it fervcs them for
a bed and covetliJ. Their upper garment is generally
wove in one piece ; it has a cap for the head, is tight
.ibout the neck, and grows wide towards the bottom :
this garment is on'y worn in cold and rainy weather;
under this, and the garb that wraps entirely over the
whole, foiue of them wear a long clofc bodied waiftcoat
without flccves i their fafli or girdle is of worlled, and
in it they Dick their poinards, their inkhorns, or badges
of their calling. The women wear a kind of ihort
waiilet)at and drawers, but fometimes they have only
a towel wrapped round their loins. Whenever they go
out, they to cover themfelves with the fame kind of ge-
neral inclofing garb as worn by the men, that there is
very little to be feen of their faces: for jealoufy, that
conllant dillurber of unguarded and impetuous minds,
here plays the tyrant in the breafts of the male Arabs.
Some of the men go almoft naked in the hot weather ;
others wear drawers and flippers, but no ftockings.

T'hefe people arcdiftributed into feveral clans; and the
whole number of inhabitants are fuppofed to amount to
about two millions. They bave (*t leaft the Bcdeuins

.!!. '

A NEW Complete system of geograpiiv.

i«: fi

* - '■ !

' Ui

or roving Arahs) no rittlcd place of ;:bodc, but fix
at liicii plACCs as uipply them with water, pallure,
and fruits, lulifiiliiig upon the ftefli ur milk of then
herds and cattle.

In this rinin<» life centers all their happincis ; and
they loolc upon ''their more fettled countrymen as abject
flavcs. 'I'h.'y fleep in tents or hut?, which they pitch
in the cvcninrr in any fpot piefcribed either by fancy oi
convenience, ° Thcfe moveable habitations, which aie
c,i!l.-,l Ilhvmas, from the ftiadc they afi'..id the natives,
»re of an iiblong form, and differ ii\ liie according to
the numbii of the people who occupy them ; they are
covered with the fVins of bealis, and lupported fome
by one pillar, fbme by two, and others by three, whilll
a'foitof curtain or carpet, made of (kiiis, divides the
tent into f.paiate apariments. The pillats are llraijiht
poles ei^ht or ten feet high, and four or live inches
thick, ierving not only to'fupport the tent, but btiiiLi
full of hooks the natives hang upon them their cloaths,
balkets, fiddles, &c. When they retire to llti-p, they
lay ihemfelves down upon a mat or carpet in the ceiitei
or in a corner of the tent. Such as are manied have a
corner of the tent divided of!" by a curtain.

However, the tents of thele roving inlanders, though
they may flielter them from the weather, are, notwiili-
llanding, attended with their inconveniences ; tor thecoKI
and the di ws to which the people arc expofed, do not
incommode half fo much as the fleas, vipers, Ipidcrs,
«nd fcorpions.

As to the govcTnmcntof ihife people, an heieditary
chief, afTifKd'by a few old men, determines .ill debates,
and puniihe* ofrenders. If his conducf pioves woilln
of the approbation of l.in people, tiny revere him: it
he be ):i.iliy ol mal-aJnmiillration, ihey put an end to
his exillence, and eleiil another of his fanuly in li,s
room. Thele peitv princes are ftiled Xerils and Imans,
both of them ineludiOK the offices of king and piitft

What tliefe people conlume in cntfee, dates, nee, and
tob,.cco, is bought with t'.ie butter they take to the
finntieri, and with the ca(h they get by the yearly dil-
pot'al at r.ot k'. than twenty thoulanJ camels, many ol
which .ire lent to I'erfi.i.

I'hcfe people retain fevcral of the cudoms and inan-
iiers we read of in fjcrcd as xvJl as prophane liiftory j
being, if wc except their religion, the fame peojile
they were two or ihiee thoufand years ago. Upon meet
ing one another, they fti'l ufc the primitive (ahitatioii
of, " l'ei.cc be unto you." Kefoi.; the Mahometan
conquells, the exprcflion \»a», " CJod prolong your
life." The Intel iers, out of relpect and deluence,
kifs th- feet, kr.ecr, or garments of their lupeiii.r.N ;
Whilfl children .ind other kindred pay the fame refprif
to parents and relations. The pofJure th y ohferve in
giving one anmhrr the faliitc, or .-.llemah, is laying the
right hand uo' n the brcafl ; while others, who are pcr-
hap? more inilmatcly aei)!iainted, or of eijiial age and
dignity, mutually kit's the hand, hcd, or llioulder ol
Mch other.

At the I'call of their Byram, and other pre. t folemni-
tic'-, the wife ompliments her liufb.md by kifllng hi^
hind.

It is no Jifgrarc here for people of the liighell «h:i-
rai'fers to buiv themtelvcs even in the molt n.emil oflien ;
lior i. the jreatefl prime or ehiff of thele counliics
»fhamed, to turn a drover or butcher, by bringing a
lailb from hi. had and killing it; wlnltl liis lady or
■pnncefi n'nkis a fire and puts on a kettle to diel.< it.

As to the fond of thrfc people, Ihry eat rice, ami anv
ii'iH of flefti, except that of the hog j but ha\e alwav
Ih: blood drained c irefully from cverv vein of ibe animal
Ihey kill. Tlirir null deliiioiis food ii ihi' flefli ol a
joung camel i and, for llnr bread, they make thin
Cake, (f flour, whiih thcv bake upon an heirth.

They (Irefi thru visual, by digging I'.des in the
(jiih, and thin making a fire with whatever fuel the)
tan gft, or with the ilric.l dung of their camein ; thev
carry their w.iter wilh them, loading their camels with
(hit neiefTary artiJe. *

rh<- wancieting Arabs p (|iir llieitiftlves on nbrrrving
the ftriillfll jirobity towards one another, and maintain
the chanictcr of humane, dilimeiilKd, and bemtiveni

holts, in their tents ; but, out of them, they arc favage
and rapacious, connnilling continual dcpiedatioiis in
the different towns and villages. If they are puifucu,
they mount each a camel nr horl'e, and make a precipi-
tate retreat, diiving a whole troop or rather herd ot
camels before them, loaded with plunder.

They trequently carry their incuifions to a gieat
Jifiancc; and Syria, Alefopotamia, Perlia, and other
parts, are not uncommonly the Icines of their depre-
datioi.s. Mr. Ives in his tra\els fiom Diaibekir, in
1756, particulaily lavs, " To-d.ay we joined a nation
of w;.ndering Arabs, vvnh their lamilies, and numerous
Hocks ; -the latter conlilled ol the liiKfl (lieep and molt
hairy goats 1 cwi re::, ember to have teen. We wanted
to buv fome ol them, but c.iuld not lucceed. 'Ihe
Arabs wtiejiilt come In in the Armenian mountain.s.'
The lame gciulemaii lays, " 'ihe Arabs are di\ided
into tiiiies) and, out ol .is nuiiv ut thele as pollible,
it is aJvileabIc, in crofling the delails, to i'elect men ^
for no tribe, of whom you hive a liiigle man, will hurt
or iiioU It \ou. (Jr if you met t wi'.h any ot iheir Icuutin >
panics, and can pic.ail with .1 ling!.' one to enter their
lent and dunk e-lVee, or vat lice or any thing, you will
then be I. lie fr.im any ;iifult, either liom thtin vt ihur
brethren, it bein:; an iii\.iiiabiu maxim with tlieni never
to molelt thole llraiigr.s they have eaten anil drank with.
Should any lut-paity cwne u|i w 'ih you, and hang bailc
til their mam bod) locominuiiie'te the intelligence ; even
111 that calc, if one of your n.en lan make giealei lialle,
and throw himlelf at t .e Ittt id ■.heir X.:if or prince,
and impl le pioieclinn, you may rell .ilr.ired of your
hie ami pro|eityj lor another maxim with them is,
tli.it wholucv^r liiall fly to the poweiiul, a..d lupplicatu
alhltance, has a 1 ;:!u t.i receive ii."

I'hc cultiiiii wli.eli Hill coniiniics of walking only in
landnls, or baretooted, r><]uires the ancient complimentj
of bringing water to a Itiangir, upon his arrival, to
Wafli his feet, thoi gh water be lo pccioiis an artli.1 ■ with
them. The peilon who prelenls hiinlell to do this
office, and to give the welcome, is tiie m.'.lti r of the
tent and tamily, who dillinguilhcs hiinfelf bv being the
molt ofiieious ; and who, alter his entertainment is pie-
pind, dues not fit down with the llrangcr, but ttandi
up and waits upon him.

When Itrangers are thus cuirteoufly treated, the hoU
t!iiius liiiiilell lutlieiently rei)ii!i(d, if prifcntcd with a
kntie, .1 touplc ef flints, 1 r a fmall (juantityof Jiino-
pean gun-powder, which being much ftronger tli.iii
that ol Arabii, is held In greater elletni, .ind ukd only
for prrming hrc-arnn. A^ to the hoUef>, the thinks
lurlelf Will r.waided with a li.ean oi ihitid, a lar^c
rreedic, or a parr of (eilliirs.

The lulbmiiig j, nn ai count I'iven of the recepticMi
wh.ch tome Kmopean iiK-rch.iius met wiih Itorn a tribe
of Aiab>, w.uiderrng trom eniintiy to country. *' Tlii*
extenliv. cnc.impmciit of roving Arab', fayt the author,
was iindci tlu' command of a prmcc, whole tent was in
Ihe center ; the relt were pitclxd .ibout ir, not ill a
eirciilar toim, but rxniding in length us the plain
iipenid, for the conveiiiiii.e of a llieanr ihit flowed
lhroiM;h llie encampment. As loon as the nie chains
were ,ili 'bted, who had prcvnullv lent Ix-fi.re them
lonie iiaiuf Arab,, ili-y were col ducted by fume <it the
prinet's chiel pe.iplc to 11 larger tent pinbed ne.M lu
his own, and the prime then silitvd ihtm, givin<{ them
a hearty welcome. In the eviiiiri!- a fripprr wai pro.
vrdiil, conlilling of a drill of pilau or boiled rice, and
lirveral dillies oi ineit exdulively. Next day a prand
enli rtainment w s grien l.y one ul "he prince's noidej,
at which hs highneh iiittndcH, ns did the nirri hunts,
rh.'dinnir, wliieh rorililled of two young rHnielt, a
ilrlh ot camel's Ixm s and liiup, and levernl dfhes of
riiedrelled various wavs, wan ci iidui'ttd wilh tolerable
dicorum, ilioii;.li ih' re «cre neith' 1 ktnv s, forks, not
(pooiis i (ingri . aloii' vncthe intlrumrntii made uliot."

The life of an Aralii in is one conlintied loiiiid ol
idlenels or •livrrfi ri : when no piillimc lall' him abroad,
he loi 1 III hi( tent, Imiuks his pipe, 01 llrclchns him-
Irir under the lliade of f >inr trtc. He lia> no i«ll(h lur
domellic |ile«l'urf, air I ('Mom conveilu, with lii» wile «ir
children : he valuet luilnnjj lo n>ijcliaslii> liuilr, beini{
I Iclduui

»*V

APHV.

of tlicm, they arc fjv.iire
runtiiiu;il JcpiuJaCiuiD ui
jcs. Jf they arc puil'uiu,
uric, aiul iiKikc a pricipi-

troop or rather herd oi
itii pluiidiT.

ir iiicuifions to a gnat
taniia, Pcrli.i, and otlur
lie IctiKs of tlicir ileprc-
a\cls fiom Diailiekir, in

o-ilay wc joiiicj a iiatioii
ir laniiliej, and minicrous

the IIikA ilieep aiul molt
> have leen. Wc wanted

.>uld nut luccecJ, The
e Armenian mountain.-.'
' 'Jhe Aral's ,ni diiideil
nanv of ihcic as poililii'.-,
ic delaits, to (elect men ,
'c a l'ir:gle man, will hurt
wi:li any ^•i ilieir Icoutiri '
a lin.;lo one to enter thejr
ec or any thing, you will
either (lom them epr tluir
e maxim with tlicni neicr
lave eaten aiiil drank with.

w'lh yoti, and iiaiig baeic
.'tc the intelligence ( even
.11 ean make greatei lialie,

of I heir X. Mf or prince,

may relt almrcd of your
cr maxim with them is,

powerjul, a.,d I'uppjcatc

c 11."

iiiucs of walkinL' only in
s the ancient complimemi
>i r, upon his ariival, to
io'vccioii.s an .irtul • with
eleiit.s hunfell to do this
me, is tiic m.'.lliT of the
(hvs himfdf by lieiii;^ the
his cntertaiiinieiit is pie-
ti the Itraiigcr, but Itaiidi

irteoufly treated, the hoft
imd, if prtfcntcd with a
I Iniall ipiantity of Eino-
ing nuieh ftrongcr tli.ui
tcr clleim, and uUd only
I the holicf^, fhe thinks
iLean ol tliicid, a laij^c

It iiiven of the reception
u.< met wiih Itiim a tribe
iiiiy to country. " Tliit
^ Arab', lavs the author,
niicc, uliole tent was in
ehid .ibdut It, not in a
in lcii:^th us the plain
of a Hi earn that flowrd
is (onii as the nic chanli
viciilly lint Ix-tore iheiit
Ol ducted by fume iif the
•.'ft lent pitilud next to
lilted thuii, (livin;/ ihcm
■eniii<; a flipper was pro.
pilau or boiled tier, and
ely. Next ('ay a grand
c ul 'he prince's nobles,
H, ns did the nirrib;inlj,
)l two yonni; ramds, a
ip, and (cveril d, flies of
.(iidui'ted with tolerable
eiilivi kiiivi, forks, nor
nflrumrnis n^tdc ult ol,"
onr cnnliiiued round ol
pnllime talK liim obrodd,
n pipe, 1)1 Krclchm him-
re. He has no lehfli Iwr
onveilo. With hit wife of
muiliailiia huilr, bein({
ieldoiii

'^Ai

iSIA.] '! • '• ■ ' ■

feldom fo well pleafed as when he is hunting : and in
this divcrfion they are excellent ; for mod of them will
hunt down a wild boar with aftoiiifliins!; expedition. We
find upon one of the medallions of Conftantinc's arch
a very beautiful rcprefentation of this (port, as performed
at the pivfeiic time by the natives of Arabia ; who,
after they have roufed the boar from its place of retire-
ment into fome neighbouring plain, endeavour there,
• ' by frequent overtaking and turning, to tire and per-
plex it i then watching a proper opportunity, cither
IraiLsfLK it with their lances from fome diftance, or
elfe, coming clofc by its fide, fix their fpears in its body.
At the hunting of the lion, great numbers of the
natives allbmblc •, who, forming themlelves into a circle,
inclofc 1 large fpacc of ground, of three, four, or five
miles compals ; then the people on foot advancing firif.
rufh into the thick.ts with their dogs and fpears, to
roufc the game j whiKt the hortemen, keeping a litll.-
behind, are always ready to change upon the fii/i
lially of the beall. In this manner they proceed, iti 1
eontrading their circle, till they at laft either clofc to-
•cther, or meet with game to divert them.
I The accidental paftime, upon theie occafions, is
fomctimes very grc.it j for the fcveral dilTercnr forts of
»nimals, fuch as hyscna^, h«rc8, jackalls, 6;c. that
happen to lie within the compalV, bcir.g driven to-
gether, ufFord a variety of excellent diverfion.

The lirit perfon agamft whom the lion flies, receives
him on his fpear, which fiirnifhe.s the others with ;in
opportunity of attacking him b.'hind ; the lion tiiidiiig
himfclf wounded in tlie rear, turns that way, wh ch
•4VCS the ftrll ni.iii time to lecover. Thus he is attacked
•n all fides, till, at lalt, they uifable and difpatch him.
, The eyes of a lion are always bright and tiery, and
be retains this afpc^t of terror even in death.

The roaring of the Jion, when heard in the night,
■fid re-echoed by the hills, refembles diltant thunder: this
loar is his natural voice hiseiy of ans;cr being aditferent
growl, which n (bort, broken, and reiterated : his cry
©f .iiiger 15 alto much louder and ii.ore formidable. He
then lafhes his fides with liis long tail, and his man.
fscms to (land like biillles round his head ; the mufcles
gf his lace arc greatly agitated, and his huge cye-brow.s
50ver a great part of his glaiinj; eye-balls. It however
appears Irom variou.s accounts that ilic indignation of
wis anitnal is noble, his cour.ige ni.ignaiiiinous, and his
difpolition grateful : hi- courage ii ten.jKitd with meuv,
and he has been known to (pare the weaker animals, as
If they were beneath his attention.

'("be Arabs aite.'t to harbour a notion that flu lion
Ijlires the tender lex. 'I'his aiii .lal was ccmlccratcd
lb Vulcnn in Kgvpt, on account of its liery conltiiuiion.
^"he poets yoke two lions to the chariot ol CylK-le, as
•ppcars by feveial medals ; ihtefligy of this animal was
lilfo c:inied to the lacnliees of that goddels ; becaule the
galli, her prielts, had dilcovered the feerct of fold ning
fend even tamiiH' lions, to fuch a point as to touch and
C«rcfs them without fear, according to Varro. The
Leonlines adored the lion, and ilampcd its head on
their coins.

Kowlinj is a favourite diveifion of the Arabs : they
to net Ipring the im\k with dog«, but (lude them-
IUvcs with a piece of cloth painted, llretcheil upon
Bvo reeds, and walk thus covered through the
fc\'eral buaks and avenues, where they expert to ftiul
game. In this painted cloth aie leveral holcN for the
fcwicr to look through, in order to obfervc what pallc
itfore biin. The Iporilman, on light of game, rrlts
M> (hhde upon the ground, and dirrc'ls the muz/.le ol
Ilis gun through oiieol the holes, and thus dilcharges it.
•' It has been obfervcd, that the rubnc pallion ol the
^rabs is jciloufv. The niairicd as well as unmarried
>'omeii, are fuljeCled to an outiage on the vutuc ol
llhrir (ex, which delicacy foibid.t us here to mention.

it IS laid to be lioin the Atil>l,iiis that leveral nations
.•rAfia, Aliica, and evm I.uropc nlcK, ha>e borrow-
•d tho(e contemptible pieoauiioiiii which jraloiily prc-
Vribes againll a lex ih.ii ought to lie the guardian and
iot the Have of our pleadircs. Polygamy is allowed,
Miough with certain limiutiuns ; and divorce it alto
•ciiniucJ.

A k R A B I A.

The civility and refpeft flicwn to the tender fex, in
fome of the more refined nations of Europe, are here
looked upon as extr-ivagancics, and fo many infringe-
ments of that law of nature which alTigns to man the
pre-eminence.

SEC T. IV.

Of the original htrsdiillion and pi efent Slate of the Scltnctt
in Arabia ; of fane pretended wife Mm, and the Im-
pojlors who prai^ife Sorcery; of the Language, both
the corrupt and pure Arabic. Of the Commerce of
the ni're fettled Inhabitants.

WHEN the power of the Caliphs was manifeflly
on the decline, the Arabs, after the example of
feveral nations they had fubducd, i.htew ofl' the yoke of
thele princes, and the country gr.idually relumed its
ancient mode of government, as well as iis primitive
manners. At this period, the nation being, as originally,
(iparated into tribes, under the controul of different
hiefs, returned to their original chara.£lcr, Ironi which
auihition and fanaticifiii had caufed them to recede,
riuy introduced into the countries, which they had
conc|uered, feienccs which they h.d pillaged, as it were,
in the coiirfe of their ravages, and all the arts cflential
lo the welfare of a people. An able writer, treating on
this (uliject, fays, " Witii regard to the ("cienccs, it
mult be coiifelied that the Arabians made a molt amazing
progrtfs ihercin : it was however Lite ere they began to
cultivate them, thmigh the fire and vivacity of their
genius rendered thcin very apt for the purpole. The
truth is, the firft Caliphs were utterly ignorant of every
ihiiig except the koran and the art of war; but under
tlie government of the del'ccndants of Abbas, a taftc
for the fciences prev.iilrd throughout the whole nation,
and men o! learning appeared on every lidc, who being
lavouied and protcvitcd by the princes, wcic improving
.irts and (tienees, and compoling woiks in dift'erent
kinds of literature." And the Abbe de r'leury fays,
" I'hofe Arabians, I mean all fuch as called tbemfelvcs
MuHiilmen, followed two kinds of Itudv ; one, which
was pmpei to them, and another which they borrowed
fiom the Greeks. i'lieir pr. per Itudy was in the hill
place ielii;ion, that i.-, the koran ; the traditions
which they attributed to M.ihomet and Ins firft dil'ciples i
the lives ol their pretended faints, and the lables they
rcl.itcd ol thtni ; cafes of coi'.fciciice touching the prac-
liec of their religion, .,s prayer, purifications, falls,
pilgrimages, and their fehoid divinity. Other;, treated
the koran and its comnunlaries rather as lawyers than
divines, na;iiely, to luriiifli tlieinreJvcs with pree-dents
lor det' rmining their dirteiences and difput :^ ; for (bat
>ook IS tlieir only law, even in matters temporal.
;)lhers ^ain applied tbemfelvcs to the Itudy of their
hillory, which had been carefully written, from the
comnKnccmeiit of the.r religion and empire, and con-
liniieil down lom time to time; hut they had not the
leall knowlcdgi of any hillory more ancient than their
own government, defpifiiig all mankind who weie before
iVIaboiiiet, and calling all thole d.iys the days of i^no-
r.iiice, becaule they did not know tluir religion. rhcy
were contenleil with the antiquity of their countrymen,
.IS eontameil in the works of their ancient poets, vihich
lerved them for an hillory of tliofc times : In which it
cannot be denied they followed the fame principle with
the ancient IJiecks, of cultivating their own tiaditions,
howevii f.ibulous they might be. Hut It mult allii be
acknowled:;ed that the beauties of tbcli poetry were
ever nieie'y fiipeiliiial, confilliiig imly of livclinels of
lancy and boldiiels of cxprellioii j they did not apply
tliemblves to that kind of poetry which Is bi It calcu-
lated to move the padinns. Their poets wric ufelul in
the lludy ol the Arabian tongue, whuh was then the
l.uiguage of the lilciati, and of molt pari cil the people In
thai gicat empire." The lame learned author further
lays, " the itudy ol mtdicine, among other things waa
not forgotten by the Amhiani ; but they ••lounded
itchr.Hy up. n gciicial lealoiis touching the loin qua-
litie* or aicidciit.1, the voiillitution ol the lour humours,
and upon fome traditional remedies which tiny h.id not
taken the tmuble «)uii iiwiliunii, Ai to aiuioiny,

which

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OP' GEOGRAPHY.

irff u^

hliich came to them in a very imperfect condition from
the (irecks, they made no ptogrcCs in it. It is however
certain we arc obliged to them for ihyriiiftry, in which
they made very great iinprovementb, if they were not
the inventors of it : but they alio mixed with it thofe
tiefcds which wc find fo much uiiBculty to feparate from
it, even at this time, viz. dclulivc arguments, fiipcr-
ftitioiis oiicratioiis, and whatever clfe hab furnidiud out
the whole race of quacks and impolKirs. I'rom thence
they fell cafily into nia^ic and all kinds of divination,
which mankind naturally follow who are not acquainted
vviiS phyfics, hirtnry, an.l true religion, as may appear
from the example of the ancient (Jrceks, Alliology,
which was the chief aim of their mathematical lluJies,
was in fuch high eftecm under the MulTulinan empire,
that princes made it their chief ftudy, and by its direc-
tions regulated their moU importantc11terpri7.es. With
refpeil to allronomy, they were mailers of the lame
a:ivaiitagos that had exiricd the ancient Egyptians and
the Chaldeans to piofccutc that iJudy, and were ac-
quainted likew'fc with all the oblervatioiis made by thofe
feniors, as .ilfo with alt the additions the (irecks had
made to them. We are indebted to the Arabians for
algebra, as alio the nine digits and the cypher, which
hath fo greatly facilitated arithmetical operations.''

The fciences in Alalia at prclent are at a very low
ebb I the Arabs afford no monument of genius, 110
producli'His (if inJnIlry, that entitle iheni 10 anv rank
in the hiltoryof the human mind. Phytic, philolophv,
allronomy, and the matliematics, for which they were
once famuus, are fo loll to them, that f.arcely the
traces of them arc remaining : we, howcvir, mull fay
(hat the preleiit Arabs have llrong intetlniU, and that
n.iture has in general given them a p^iiiius , but appli-
cation and imlination are boih wanting to inipiovc ir.

To remove a dilouler, they frequeiitiv ulc charms
and incantations, or haie it to contvinl with nature.
I'hey pour hot Irefli butler into fimple and giin-flioi
wounds, and this renujy lometimes lucceeds ; an ap-
plication of the prickly pear, roalled in adK-s, is giHhl
in fuppuralions.

Time IS in thefc countries mcafurcd by hour-gliflis ;
and in fome parts of Arabia i'etr ra, they have calendars
that were left them by their ancellors, which arc rather
curious, .ind in which the fun's place, the femidiurnal
and noClurnal arch, the length of ihe twilight, and the
houri of prayer, arc inferred In their propc 1 columns,
and calculated to a moment.

They know nothing of algebra, or numerical arith-
metic, though their ancellors fuimfhed us with the
characters of the one, and with the name at Icall of the
other ; yet they have a way ol reckoning, by putting
Cheir hands into each other's fleeves, and touching one

more than thirty leagues, or cllc to Lohia or Hodeidj,
whieh are nearer, and from whence it is tranfported ii)
lodda In fniall veH'cls. 'I'he Egyptians fetch it from tin:
la<'<.'nenlioned place,and all other nations from theforniei.
The quantity of cofl'ce exported may be ellimatid at
twelve millions five hundred and fifty thoufand weiidit.
The European companies take oil' a million and a half ^
the Pcrfiaitii three millions and a half ; the Suez fleet lix
millions and a half; Indollan, the Maldives, and the
Arab an colonies on the coaft of Africa, fifty thoufand ;
and the c.iravans a million. The coffee bought up by
the Europeans and caravans, is the bed that can be pm,
cured. And here we cannot omit to mention, th.it the
roving Arabs raife a contribution on the caravans ; thulc
which travel from D.imar to Mecca, procure an un-
interrupted journey for the confideration of an hundrcj
and fifty thoufand livres, to which the Grand Seignior
IS fubJeCled.

Mocha is fupplicd by AbylTinia with mufk, (hcfp,
elephants teeth, and llavts j by the eaflern coal! uf
Alrica with gold, amber, ivory, and (lives ; by the Pcr-
fiaiiGiilph with corn and tobacco ; by Suratwith linens j
by Pondicherry and Bombay with copper, lead, rnj
iron, carried thither fro.n Euiopc; and by Malabar
with rice, ginger, and other articles. Non ■ of thiie
branches of trade, howver, thus carried on at Mocha,
can be laid to be under the management of the n itives ;
the warehoufes are occupied and managed by the Banians
of Surat or Guzarct.

I'o the port of lodda (which is fituatcd near the cent r
of the Gulph of Arabia, about twenty !>-.igues ficni
.Meeca, and where the Grand Seignior and .he Xerift
ol Mecca fliire the authority and revenues between
llicni) Surat lends annually three fliips, laden with filk^.,
cotton, linens, and fhawls j and the Englifli at Bengal
alloeiatcd with the Armenians, fend three flnps alio an-
nually to the fame port, laden with linens and a varieiv
ot other articles.

S E C T. V.

0/ Ihe Reli^ioi of tlx Ar.ibs ; of thi PiallicN mJ Imp^f-
/«»V( «/^!'<r Marabbats i of ihe o-tnme Aiabian FaM-
licifm on ihe Death of Niahomet cr Mahomed ; ef tht
four fmniamenliit Points of keligion required by lie
Koran; of the PurifiaithHi and other Kiligioiii Ceremi-
Ilia. Of the falrmn Pilgrim.i^e to the Temple of Mecca,
uilh a Pefeiiption cf the guind Caaba, and tht Vitt-
nioiiiei of the Pil^ilnit.

WE ha\e already obferved, in the fiift fcclion 01
the prclent chapter, that the ancient religion ui
the Arabs w.is Sabcilin ; that they had formed fotiie luli-
lime conceptions ot the Ciinlhcid, and that they wor-
(liipped the heavenly coiilUllations ; though indeed it

another wiih a ceitiun joint or finger foexpnlTivi ly, that (hould at the fame tune have been remarked, th.if thcie

Without cviii moving their lips, they can conclude bar
gains or a^'reemeiils.

There are fome wife men, however, amnngfl thrm,
who, if vou IhUi vr ilien, are fo Ikilkd in li;;uies as to
be iibk, by eiitam combinations ot nunibeis, to form
even the moll wondciliil e.iU ulations.

Heic loo are fome lamoiis fiie-eaters and breall-
thumpus, who both prit-.nd to (iirceiy ; (he lormcr put
bnining wadding and Inch fort of Ihift 1 ito their
mouths, and the latter (dike (heir bieills with large
iron pins ; and yet neither ol thciii uceive anv damage
(toni iheic allimiftiing (eats.

Th'- lanj'iiige of tliele people \% Arabcfk, a very cor-
rupt Arabic. I he pure Arabic is only und. r(lo«>d by
(ome of the fetthd n.itivu on the lea-ioa(l«, and is
taught ill ihe lehuolj, a. well at ufcd in placet of wor-
fhip.

XV'rflnll now quit ilieie inland rovers for awhile, and
treat of (he cumnivrcal connectiuiit uf the niorv lettlcd
inhabitants.

It ha* bcrn alieadv obferved, thit the cofFec-trca, is
ciilfivand at Hcicl-faftui. None t> rich titiTcn' have
the fatiilailion of taliiiig the berry itlelf. The cummo-
tialitv mull be cnntriKnl with the hulk, wliich hovf^vtr
in.>kes a liquor of a very agreeable talte. At Iiele|.f.t;>iii
is filil all (hr roller (hat comes out ut the country by
land ; the icll is t,ai(icd tu Much* 11 the dillinee ol

was alio at that period a religion in Arabia Dcfcrta m I
quit: lo iati<mal, nor io free f'lom ctui liy as (he formu,
tor this conlilled in the oft'ciing of human (acrifices tn
the fun i and ptibaps we ni.iy lie jiillified in our iJe^,
when we prelumc to think, dia' rcligloui prolVllions 111
general are more or lets tintliitcd with cruelty, in pio-
pordon to the milder or ruder climate cf the country 1:1
which they are exerciled,

Ur, Weill oblerves, •' Chridianity was pra^tifed here
(Arabia) by St. Paul and Ins ditciples; fo that it u-
i| ceived the light of the golpcl very early ; but, in many
j parts ol II, II was much cloudid, if noi tulally ecMplcii,
long httorc the grand impollor, Mahomet, theif coun-
tryman, made liis appearance ; and upon their Ikiii;
fubdued by (he I urks, they embraced his religion. Bu;,
in more aiicivnt days, they were all idolaiiis ; heme
Almander the (jicat took it into his head to attempt (he
conqueft ol ihciii, ilul he mii;ht be wmOiipped b', them
as a drily, lor (hnu^h great numbers of them had an e\-
ailed idea of one all-ruling <imnifcjent and oinniprclent
Being, yet many had other denies."

Hiroiloius lays, "Ionic acknowledged two deiiii- ,
Bacchus and thccelillial Venus ; tlie loiniei they (liaJ
Urolult, and the latter Alilat." " Meii.e, fay., .iiiotli.i
author, the victorious AlexaiiiUr wiDied tu conquer tin 111,
lha> he might be then ihiid iJviiy. But death put alf'|j
10 hit alpiiing vicwt."

Thtr

Ife to Loliia or HoJciJh,
icncc it is tranf|ic.'rtcJ tr)
ryptiuns fetch il troin ihi;
cr nations from thefurnici,
ted may be eftiniaud ,u
111 filty thonl'and wiii'lu.
off u million and a hail ;
a hull' i the Suez fleet li.t
I, the Maldives, and tlu-
>t' Africa, fifty thoufand ;
rhe cott'ce bought up by
< thebcft that can be pro.
iniit tu mention, th.it the
n on the caravans ; tliolc
Mecca, procure an un-
ilidcration of an humJrcJ
hich the Grand Seignior

rffinia with mu(k, fliccp,
by the eaftern coait ul

', and (lives ; by the Per-

co; by Surat with linens J
with copper, lead, r^iul

uiopc ; and by M:ihibar
articles. Noii of thcie

hus carried on at Mocha,

inagcnient of the nitivcs ;

d managed by the ISaiiiaiis

I is fltuatcd near the center
out twenty Ii-jgues hem
Seignior and .he Xcnft
y ajid revenues between
rec fliips, laden with filks,
ind the Englilh at Bengal
, find thri'cfliips alfo an-
I with linens anil » variety

r. V.

of tbt PraliUt! iiiiJ linptf.
\fn exit (me Aiabian Fami-
oinct cr Mahomed j eftht
keligiin requirid ty tht
and clhtr Rtli^hui Ctrtms-
1^1 ti tht Tiniflt if Mecca,
and Citaia, and tht Cirt-

in the fnfl fcJtion of
lat the ancient ielii:ion oi
hey had formed fome luh-
head, and that they wnr-

lions ; though indeed it
been remarked, that there
ion in Arabia Ucfcrta ml

om ciu' Ity is the former,

g of human fjcrifices tu
y In: jiiliified in our idi^,

I' religious profiflioni in
id with iruelly, in pro-

clinute of the country iii

llranity was pradifcd here
dilciples i fu that it ri-

vcry early ; but, in many
d, if no( tulally e'.'lipleii,
, Mahomet, their coun-
) and u|Hiii their l>ciii;
braced his I eligion. Bu:,

ueic all idol.ileu : hcue
III his head to attempt the
be w"i Clipped b', tliim
iuIkis III ihiin liail an e\-
niliirnt and oinniptelent

kiuiwlidgtd two deitir ,
the lotmer they Hi i'>l
" lleii..e, favi. .inulli.i
r wiOird tu ci'nqucr lh< iii,
1). but death put a IKf

ARABIA.

Ther

iiASIA.]

v They arc accufed by fome authors of having wor-

a.fliipped the two eoKlcn antilopcs lb often mentioned in

■'•their hidories, and which were at length prefented to the

'I'emrle of Mecca. " However that be, (ays one writer,

.the Arabs arc divided into Gentile and Mulhilman. 1 he

former are (tiled Arabs of ihe times of ignorance, and

■the other the faithful and true believers; tor that is the

•MiK-aning of the wc.id .Modcni.^n, which we commonly,

■ ihou-h crroncoullv v.'iite Mun'jlman."

\lany of the moJern Aim1>s carry about with them a
iparagraph of the Koran, «h!ch they place ii|'on their
brcafls, or few under their c.nps to prevent (a(cinatioil ;
io addielcd are they to Cuperltition.

They have a gre.it viiKratirn for the Marabbats, who
arc deemed faints a" J "re perfons of a rigid and aullcrc
life, continually employing' tliernCclves either in counting
ever thiir beads, or elle in prayer and nuditation.

The above fiintlhip goes by l'uece(rion, and the fon is
entitled to the fame reverence as the father, provided he
can keep up an c.iual gravity and decorum. Some ol
them have the reputation of being blelled with heavenly
tifions, and comcrling with the Dodhead ; while others,
Whoaie fiippofed to work miracles, pretend they are
endowed with gifts which Maho.nct dutll not pre-
-tenu to.

. Such is the fatal prngrefs ami fucccfs of praiiticcs rn-
IroJiRcd and fuppoited'hy iiiipolliire i and thus is the
•human re Ion p.-rverted by abliird prejudices : for as
|b':n as an error in religion bcce^ms general, it become',
tllo the talis of an entire lyllcm ot woilliip and nio-

> Can we read un- agitate.', or can we contempla.e un-
iptoird, !lie lanaticilMi of thofc wicti hcd Arabs, who, on
Ihedia.hcd their memorable impollor, ran fir.ntic into
the l(:eets of Mclirii, civing out, " VVIicic is our
mediator and faviour? Where is the divine Mahomet?
XVh. re is our great .-po.lle ? How ! Can he he dead •
Jmpusihi.e ! 'He is not dead, b.it only ge;i;j fer a
Hvhile, as Moles, the fon of Amran, was gone fronr the

■ icople ot llrael loi ty days, and then returned t.i tlieni."

t So inf.tiiated were thcle people, that they would not
fuRVr the de.id body I'f tiie inipoitor to be interred, till
<>kbubcker, the lacceedi",:; Cabph, produced iVveial ■^.\\-
fcges from the K, ;an, coiiviuriir; the deluded nuiltitmle
that aecoidii ' to the ii.,turi; of things Mahomet inrrll be
fcallv and .ihluliruly de.ul.

The four fundamental points of religious practice
feiiuiied by the Koran, arc prayer, giving of alms, l.ilU
llig, and llie making a pilgi image to Mecca. Under
•rayer aie coiipreheiided thole leg il walhings and pu-
|ihc.iUoiis whieh are pieparatoiy tlureui; of whie-.h there
lU'c tv/o degrees, one called Cihod, being i total im-
tieilion of the body in water j and the i ther Wndi'i,
frhich is thi. wadiing of their laces, hauls, and fe^l.
fl'he liill is teipiired in Ionic cxtiaordinaiy cafes i«mv \
.the other is the ordinary ablution in comnuin cafes, .md
kefoic pravir, and mull nccellaiily be ulVd by every
|lcrl'o;i l-eloie he can enter upon that duty. S. me nf die
InuUiilinen pretend that thele puiilieationi were obfervcd
In the days of Ahiali.im, who, tlie\ aid, w.is enjoined
4iy liod to pr.ichle them, and was fliewrd the m. inner of
fnaking the ablution bv the angel Ciabriel, in the f'lrm

tf a heaiitrliil youth. Oihers carry the cullom Hill
igher, .md lay thcle religious ceremonies weie taught
0iir full parents by the angels,

Hil'iJes thell walhings, there is another purification,

terloimed by defiication, and which is enjoined in the
fih ehipier ol the Keran. It is called Al Tavamon,
df noting prop ily the ai'ticm of t.iking any thing from

the fuiljce, as line find liom the earth's fuiface i whenei-
he paits e.'f the body are loimtimcs rubbed with fine
laiul, inlUad of being wafhed with water. The words
■^f the Koran aie, *' tf ye he fick, or on a journey ; or
If ye have louchcd women, ami ye find no water, take
Biieele n fiml, and rub yourfeUes therewith."

UefiJes llietc purifying leier.ionies, there is the Cerc-
iioriy (if circumcifion ( w'ul', though not direilly re-
luircd in the Koian, is yet held by the Mahometans to
lave been originally ol divine inllituticMi, and is rxer
,'i(el on children ii» loon „,, they are able to pronounce
^e pm;. lion of their l..iih,
1

It is a maxim, too, with the muniilmcn, that as comb-
ing the hair, paring the nails, and [ducking out the
hairs of the arm-piis, arc all points of ckaiiliiiefs, they
are cfTentially neceflary to interna! ]nirill;r.tion ; and
thcfe therefore are looked upon as indilV'-iii'ihle duties.

Kvery (triel and confcientioiis mulTiiiir.an performs
public prayer five times aday, in confe.|iiencc ot th? di-"
vine command pretended to have been given to Ma-
homet for that purpofe ; this he dees either in anio'que,
or in fome other place that is clean, after a preferibed
form, and with a certain nu.nber of praifes or eja-
culations.

The muniilmcn of Mecca, when in a mofiiue, niufl-,
when they pray, turn their faces towaids the temple of
Mecca.

The Mahometans (or Mahomcdans) do not attend
diviae fervice in elegant appaiel, but drel's themfelvesi
only with a becoming, and coiifiltent decency.

Some of the Mahometans will not fuller their women
to attend the mofque j and the illiterate think that thu
female lex have no claim to the joys ot heaven, is having;
no fouls t,) be laved ; but the more enlightcneil, gciii -
lous, and candid, allow, that women are as well entitled
to heaven ns then. en : and, aeeonling to an able wiiter,
m.ir.y Mahometans think tiiat there is a manfioii in
heiven fet apart entirely for the fouls of good wo'iirn.

'I'he M.dioinctans arc fur the nudt part predeOina-
rians ; for one arlicle of faith in the Koran is God's ab-
loliitc decree and preJellination of both good and evil ;
that whatcier hath or fli.ill come to pafs, whether good
or bad, piocceded an, I will proceed from th.c divine will
alone: a feci called the Motazal it,- s, however, contra-
I de'tedthis do,:trinc, and iraiiil. lined that God could not
be the author of evil, and that man was a free agent.

or the abovementioned article in the Kor.iii, the
iiijiolt T Mah'i;i-,et made a very poliiic.il ufe, efpe-
lally at the battle of Ohod, in which he was lepulfej
by the Corai;' hltes. He calmed the mlnd^ of his party,
a''ter their deieat, by reprefenting to them, that the time
0,' every man's death is decreed and predetermined by
God ; and tiial, therefore, thofe v.'ho fell in the battlu
o!'(Jhod, could not polTibly have lived, had they (laid
at home : for the inevitable hour of their dillbiution
wai .trrived.

There is annually a iiioft n imcrour ariJ folemn p'l ■
grimagc of the Mahometans to the Masjad-A!-Maran,
or S.icred Te:nple of .Mecc.l ; which li'lj;int..^e W33
inllitule,! by .Mahomet.

To this holy temple, in the ancient citv of Mecca,
a prodigious concourfe refoit. The temple It.mds ia
the center of ihe town, and hath a famous Caaba, or
fiiuare (true'turc, peculiarly hallowed and 1' t apart for
wiirlhip : its door is of filvcr, an 1 a golden I'pout c irriea
ort the water Iroifl the roof. 'Ibis Caaha, from north
to Couth, is twenty-four cubits long { twen! "-three
broad, from cr.lt to welt J and itslaighth io iv .-feveii
cubits. The filver door, which is on t' e.i(t-fidc,
(taiids about fourcubits from the gr(nind,anu is afcended
to by a flight of (tops. In the corner next !.) this door
is a famous black (tone, laid to have been brought ,lown
from heaven by (labrii I, at the creation of the wjrld,
and which w.n originally white, but contrafted the
Maeknels that now appears en it from the fins of man-
kind. On the north-fide of the C.iaba, within a lemi-
circular inclofiire fifty cubits in length, (tands a celc«
bratcd white (tone, laid to be the fepulehrc of Khn.ael,
which riferves the water that falls from the golden
("pout. TheCiUiha has a double roof, fuppnrted within
hy Ihe o,.'langii!ar pillars of aloes v.ocid ; between which,
on iron bars, hang hiver l.'mps : the outfide is coveieei
with lich black damalk, adiuned with an inihioidercj
hand ot gnld, which is changed every year, being pro-
vided hy the Cirand Seignior. At a (m.dl dillancc from
iheCaab.i, on the calT-fidc, is the datu n or place of
Ah-aham, where is another (tone thit i, in high edcetn
withthc Mahometans, and on whieh theypietoid to fljcw
hisjipotdeps allerting, that he (tood on this Hone when
hcPiiilt the Caaba. At a fmall dillance alio the Ciaba
IS neatly (utrounded hy pillais, joined towarils the bot-
tom by a 1 iwbdlurtradc, and tow.irds the i..p hy filvcr
bats. Jull without ihii inclol'ute, on thv fjutli, north,
X and

1 1

i *i

8»

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CiEOGR AI'IP,'

ami vreft ri.'oof theC;uli3, arc tlirco buiU'.ings, in which
three p.i;ticulai lech all.:mble to ptrlurin iheir ilcvotioiis.
Tow;iriJs the iV.uth-tail is an eililice coieriii-; the famous
well Zemzeni ; all'j the ireaUiiy, aiiJ tlie cupola of
Al-Abb.is. But hcie we iiiud nut omit to nbfeive, that
this celebrated well is f.,id to hr.vc been the f.ui^e that
Hagar fat I'.e.ir lo when eomfortc J by the an;,el ; tlie
pilgrim^ ihink of its w..tfr, niiil attribute many virtues
(o it. At fome dillaiice the whule of thefe builuir);^
we have been defcribin;; is furrouiulej by a giand piaz/.a,
confiliinsr, acccirding to fome writers, li upwards of
four hundieJ ami fortv pillars, and has ;li!rty-eight a,alC3.
It is covcied wuh fni.iU dor/.es or cupolas, Irom the
four corners of wliich rife four gilded lleeples, i he
Caaba made no very fplenJid appear, iite in the days ot
itiahoniet, nor even in the reigns of his two luinie-
di.'ie luccefibis, Ahubeker and (Jmar : b' the ihuciure
has been fiiice raifed, by tlie munificence of fuccetding
princes and great men, to its priiuit magniiieent (late ;
though its primitive or ori.;inal form has not iindergiiie
anv material change hi'.ce the year of the lleigira 74.
The Mahametaiii pretend that this Caaba is nea;Iy
coc\al with the creation, allerting that Adam, aft.-r hio
exprllu'i from Paiadile, ohuincJ peiiiiillion o! the
Almightv to erccl it i that, howcvir, it wa. dellioytd
hy the deluge, and that Abraham rcbjilt it in the f.uiie
fpot and alter the fame mod.l.

To the above antii|ue and ciLbratcd cdilice it is that
the pilgiim ill piod.^^ioiis iiunibcis rniiuaUy nloit,
when iluie is a fan held lor ail loris of meuhandi/.c -,
people, m crowds, (toil) <lilu'ieni nations, .jli^ aibiing, to
the iMii. 'int guicially I'f n,it lefs than two luiiulicJ
thoufjnd, at which time eicn l!.c very vaults ul
tnol\,uc>, and the caves of nelglibuunng iiiounta.i.s,
are (iored with licli eiiiiniodiliis.

It mull he oblerved, that the holy temple is opened
four time, in the jear i but 'tis ut ilic folen-n Icalf ot
iheB.nrani, or hallcr, when the gre.Tteft ii:ultitud^'
aHenible, v.ho purchu.'c relics of the old hlatk camalk
covciinj, p;euous to its being lu^ceedcd by a new one
fr..m the (jiand Se i;nior.

The pil^i in.s peifoini many of the mr.ft abfurd rili-
glous cireiiiouicb i " and," fays an author, " at a
place called Lahboik tliey (Irip thiiiif.hes aliimil naked,
havii g iMily a napkin round ilnir nnddle, and ;.nother
round their neck ; in this cor.dil.i n they enter Mecca,
but neither luiy nor fell -iny Ihiiij; ftn eight days."

Dr. R. l'i'C!n:ke, howeve:, fpe.ikui.i of the pilgrimage
to Mecca, l.iys, " I"!!!.- pil^iims bound 'o Mecca com-
monly wc.ir .1 fort of hluk cloak, with a c.iiil ; the
p opie of Jl.ibaiy wi.ir limn white . it is filkned about
the neck With a huig 1 op, ani hangs loole beliin I. The
canicL are ornanuiiud, ifptcially llie le.iding one ol
every comp.iiy, wh.ch h.th 011 its bead a pliiivie of
feaihcr.i. .Many I uiks go Uns journey often j but it
is oblerved, thai they aie rjlher woilV alccr it than bc-
foie, and this is a coininoii fa; mg, "• If a man ha^ been
cntc at .Micc.i, take caic of him ; if he hjs bem twice
thrrc, have nothiinto do with h.ni j .-.nd if lie has been
three tiine> at .MictJ, reino.e f.om his nii^'hbouihood."
This is r.ot to 1 e thought an obfer\ation of the Maho-
mrtansi it is only remained by the Chiillians and Jews.

The leP-tlon h.ith at leall gicat ftvirity, and coirc-
fponds with the aciinionioui remark ot another author,
who, Ipcking of this f.iiiious p.lgi.inage, fays, " After
all, or.e would think thtle wcic a very pious people j
rnd yet a rcneg.ido, who went to Mecca in pilgrimage,
vlFirins th..t there is as nnieh dduiuhciy prattilcd (here
as III alinnll any part of the unimlc."

As foon as the pilgrims have got into the city, they
proceed 10 the ho'y temple, and walk loiind it feveii
times, th; three firll times in a very quick pace, to
manifeft '.hcif rcadinef^ to (Iglil for the tiuc Woifliip ot
Ciod. They accompany the r prayers with many llraiigr
gel) 11 res of the body, imitating the Haniirag, or high
priell ; and, alter having ni.idfii lacr.ticeof Ihcrp, repair
10 ihc vale of Mina, and ihiow Itunes at the devil's
hr.1,1, who they lay templed Abraham in this vale, u^eii
he was about to faciilice hit Ion ((hmul, nut llaac :
IQiiiiatI, tliiylay, wa'' the iiitriideil victim.

On the me.urtain of Mir.;'., which c<n(liiutt.< •' .
v.-;lc, Adam ai.d Kve, they prettnil, vi deied upwa; ;.
of two luiiulred yeais without Iteii...' each other, £l;j.
their c.xp'iliion lioiii l'.ir..dili-, till 11,. y h.'ppcned by nuit:
cbanre to iimt together .it thy to,s of this monni.iin,
when t.ve ihtw lloms at the ilevil's head, for hi-, h:.,-
ing held uji to her a gl.ils, and telling her, that lii
image Jhc thvii law was another woman with wh;;ii,
A'him w.is enamcuted.

I'lom ihis ir,ouir..iin tl-.e prieils deliver their pious i:.i.
raiigue , and ;ifiirwariis in the vale make frefli faiiihei.-i
of Jhe.p, the lUlh of which is j;ivcn to the poor.

■| huvenot alkrts, that whin he was in this part of itie
globe, iipwaids ot fix thoufnid perfons belonging to o:;.
caravan diitl in ilie ro,rd betweiii Cairo and Mecca, h.-
the hot winds and othei calani!li,,s ; and ihat tlie eti--.:,,
ol Inch as die devolve to the prie!)?.

As the iiorihein /\r.ibs owe Uihj.clion to tlie Tuik-
and arc governed by b.ilh.iws rtfiding aniongll th'^m, they
receive comnltrahle gr.ituitics from llie (jianJ bei 'niur
for proteclnig the piigiinij i.oiu the robljeriei ol tnci:
counti vmen.

Having, in oui abive genriai acctuntoi the teliiious
notions and circnioiius 01 tlieic pi oil.-, lud octafion
conlei|iKnt!y lo make fr,i;iieiit mention i:f the arch 1111-
poltor M.ihomet ; v.ediali now prel'ent 0',:r reaiiels v; 1 i
the lilcof iba; lo\creig;i and liipreme hyporrite ; which
wc fliall c. include with tl;c liillory of the Culijjhs I. ii
fuccellors j and tlun |iio^.cd lo a deleiiplion of I'ucli 01
ihe ciiics of Aiabia.is aicwcithy th: leidei's attciunn.

M.dii met dud in (.•:q: \i,< fiiee, (for was Ahubckw,,
who, dining the iho:t lei iii nf two \i..ns, m.idc himk:!
mailer of pai t of .S) 1 i.i ; and ti.e coni|uell of th.il country
was alleiward.' cj.;ipha;ed by Omar die fuccecdiiig c.i-
hph, whole army tlieii nurcli.ng into I'^gypt, ccnijucu'd
alio that region.

OthniJii, the fuccelVor of Omar, trod in the Heps ol
h;s predeteilors, and fignal./ed Ins Ti'\<'n by lean o|
ami'.: the S..i..Leiis penetiated into I'ulia, and alter-
wards direelin.; th.i. rav.igis towaiJi, Lurope, reilucej
molt part of .Sp.ui, i'rantc, iialy, and ihj ili.nids 111 th;
Mi'd.tiiraiiL Ul.

Thi sdid tin: fiircUlorj of thljcelibratej hypocrite and
impollor extend tlicir vicliHics and their reli.'iun over lUa
gicatcA pail ol Alia, Alrica, and Liirope.

SEC I'. Vf.

T/.e Life ef MahonicU

AHt).M l-.r, 01 Mahomed, as llilcd by the At.t.
bi.iii., was bo. n at Mecca, 111 t!,e fr.tii rentiiry,
111 the leigu of (ulliniaii XI. cmpi-ror -f ConOantlnnplV.
Mahomei, il\ni,,!i illitiT.it.- an.l of iiu-..n hirth, pod. ilul
a moll lliicw,! uiulcrlt.inilirg ; he w .s left an orphan at
about eight ycais of agr. und Abntcieb his tiule t. ok
him under lus ca.r. I'lll ibe age of iweo \ he live.l
with Ins unJe, who "as a tailor, fiid aitcrw.ir 's tr-
tered into the 1 r\ierol a weahby nerchant, whodyiii;,
.Mahoine; made lusaddiiiKs to Cad, ga bis widow, and
married hn .

Mahomel, duiing the time h ■ was in the fervicc vf h %
uncle, travellid into ."ivna, rahilme, and Lgypt, white
he nude particular obliTvalicrs on the gtiut v.iiieiy nt
religious IcCti, whole imipiiibv anamlt e.iili ..thrr ferir; I
inveterate, it ibr 1 10 e time ibat in iiuny points the w.-
jotity ot ihirm cudunlv com m rid.

After his in.irii.i.'.e wiih CiJiga, lit- coniiniied hi
commeici.d coiiiuai' n . lor Ionic yeai 3 wilh great fiii-
ccls, but at the fame lime was furniin^j a project nt in-
(lituting a new fulcm uf tclntinn, rrioie j^Jneral thiii
any which had hiiherto Imn cHablifhed.

As Mat^niret well knew the I'enius of hii countrvmrn,
he eiitcrlaiiied th' Hioll languinc hnpii ol lucre's : hr
was awaic that tjie Aiahians were fond of rnvrlty, iml
that ihevvTCic ad.lietid to ijlulionii anJ er.ihulinlin.

He was powfrtiilly aided in his grand lU fun by Sfr
giuj a nmnk, whii hcniir of loole iiiuialii, had rcliii(|uilh d
his cloylter aihl piofiflioii, tml was a fervant under Cn-
diga ai the iimc that Mahiiinct married her. This monk
wai sx^ei.lingly vvtU valculattJ, by hit o/uJition, !•>

fupply

i'.i

'.;i, wliicli cv nftliunf •' .
rftuM.', vi 'lii'icd ij|)w.i;,i.
;it lUvi,,.- i-.-.tli ollin", tin;
till t!.. _\ li.i|)pcnL'J by nuif
llvj t()|i of iliis nioiiiii.nn,
ilcvil's iu-;nl, fW 111, h. .
.111(1 tclliiiji; lur, tl);it ih
uiIrt woman wilii wl; .ii,

ii'fh deliver tlii-ir pinu!. i-.i.
c vale make trf/li Ikrilia-i
> !;ivci\ to the poor.
I lie \\.i3 in this piiit otihc
J piTloiis belonpiiv; tu o:;.
'1.111 Cairo aru) Alocca. 1- •
lilies ; and Uut tlic t.ri--c..
•>l!5.

L' liil>j>cUoii to the Tuik;
tfidir^ aniori'^ll tlioni, tin.)
. l:oni the tJiaiiJ 6i.ij;iijur
um llie roLiijcriLi of ihci;

!.<; accMintoi till,' tfli^iioiii
lif:c pio; I.-, Iijj octdlion
t iiicntion <.t the jrcli ini-
w pr.kiit o:.t rea.icrs vyi .
uprciiic liipornto ; whuh
liillory of tlis Cnlipl'i I, »
to a ilk'kupiioii ot" i'm:li 01
Lliy ill: rtulci'j afteiUi-iii,
■ (iicr. libr v/as Alnilici^v ,
i| two \t.iis, made hinil!.:;
.e coiii|uclt 1)1 tli.it couiilrr
(JiiK.r (iic liiccecdiii'f ca-
iig into K^jypt, tciiijucieil

5mar, trod in I lie (lops of
ied lii^ riii'ji liy teats ol
■il into I'nlia, and alter-
tovv.iidi. Liiropc, itiluccj
all, aiiJ til,- ili.nuls iu ih;

i» celebrate J hypocrite and
and ttuir reli^.un over lUs
nJ Lcnipe.

'. VI.

l,.liCTiiet,

icil, as ftiltd liy tite Ai,i.
C3, in t!,o ll\tn rciitiiry,
mprror .( ConPantinnplV.
I of IDC. r. b.Ti',,, poO;,;,!!
I'.o w s l.-tt an CM|)lian at
Alinti ieb his tiule tick
auc 111 HVLMv he I. ted
ior, fiiil altcrwi: 's ci'»
hynrrehant, HJioiIyin •,
o Caii.ga Ins v.idow, and

■ wa! in the Tervite of !■ >
:iliiK', and Ki;ypt, whirr
"• un the print vatieiy "I
a?,ainlte.n.li ..thrr lec'in.-l
t III iiuiiv points Ihc iir..
rid.

«Ii;a.i, hi- eonliniinl I. t
me years with prrnt Ciu -
lurniinjj a pn.jeet ol in-
i'lii, troie i..neral tluii
tal.lifhed.

'eiiiiik ol liii ciiintn ni'Ti,
inc hopes ol luecels : hr
ere fond of lu vrlty, an I
nil and ei.iluiliRlm.
lii^ j'.rainl lUfii'ii by Si r
^ MiJialo, liiid rrliiuiuidi. d
"as a l;rvaiit iiiidcr Ca-
narritd hfr. Thin monk
tJt I7 hii o/Uililion, to
fupplf

ASIA-l

A R A B I A.

•%upplv the dcfe-as of his illiterate mafter ; and when the

iyaiter'had maturely wei-hed the chivf articles ol the wor-

^'ihip he intended to cltablini, he made a bei-innnig in

' ^;|iis own family j he was linnble that no religion wonid

■'ie looked upon as trueth.it was not founded on revtda-

■Ition J hii firll ftep therefore was to make his wife Ca-

',; diga believe, that he had m intimate correfponduice

■;fetvilh heaven. r t r

>% The better to bring this about, he m.idc an artlul ule

'^'f)( an inl'irmity to which he was fubjeii>, vi/. the epi-

.'ijcpfy; whenever he was attacked with fits, he uled to

caution Cadijja not to form any erroneous opinion ol

4he convullive Ifiue in which (he law him ; for that, lo

far from b^ai^ a c.ilamity, it was a blcfling from heaven ;

that thel'e ti;s v/cre trances, into which he was miracu-

Joufly thrown bv the divine Ueiiig, and during which he

.recaived inl!rui!lions from him; which inllrui^tiyns he

W.is to make public to the Ions of men.

. Cadiaa, cither really bclievin;..', or aftcaing tn believe

this curTous itory, propiigated a report, that her luilb.ind

jurasinlpired ; aiid the impollor living very r.bllemioufly,

acquired a char.icl.r for fupcriof finctity throughout his

pcii'hbourhood. '1 he vulgar iniplici;Iy believed, that

fce really hiUl a converfe with the Almighty, and th.y

looked upon I'.ii ii-il p'^c tits as an iocoiitellible evidence

*f his infpir.ition. In a little time M.ilionitt boldiv de-

<!lared himlelf a nrojdict, fent by God into the wo. Id to

■^caeh hii will, an.i to compd mankind to payob^Junce

,to it.

His diUii)Ks iiiTicaring apace, the innginrates ot
^lecca thought it highly expedient 10 e.vercile their au-

tbor;.y on tills oce.lion, and figniliid a delign ol bring-
ngr\!.!-..ni t li.-fv.e them j the .att.r lioweiei being loon
■ Uppriv.^d ot thiir in enlion, made his cfca;ie in the
ilighi, accompanied by many of his delui'ed people, 10
*ho!n he made very iloquent and patheti. harangues,
fouehin ; the obil.icles raiied bv the wiles ol S.itaii, to
fhe propagation i,f thole tuiets that had been revealed to
Jlim.

\ 'l"he ignorant people, c.iptivatcd with the force of
his languag.', divoted thcmfelvcs entirely to his will,
with olf.rs'of facriliciiig their all in defence of him and
illiii doiLliine.

, He propoled to them, that his fyrtem fliould extend
pvcr all tlie neighbouring nations. The e.illern nations
Were at this criiis inleiilcd witli the herefy of Arius, and
Jigypt as well as Arabia was fill.-d with Jews, who had
(:onie hitlur on recount of the petltcution of the i.mpeioi
AdriiUi : the other ii,hjbit.ims of thcfc countries were
pagans.

I Mahomet travelled to Yatreb, which was aft rwar.ls
galled Medina al Naoi, iignifyiiig the city of iheprophit.
>It i. alio rail. d fimply .Medina, or the city, as inciiting

f> be honouied with that name alone, from it, h.iviiig b^iii
1 aryluni ft the great prophet,
'lo the lin-.c of the above llight to Medina the fol
Jnwers of Mahomet have fixed their grind epoeha.whnh
jjliev c»!l.d Hciger.i, or flight ; and thence loirmenced
(then cuM-.n.oii ara.
,:' .MihriiiKt got vaft numbers of difciples at Midina ;
3^0 whom he dei larcd that there w.is one (Jod, whocii aled
tliewoiM, and governed all things in it ; that ho h.id
lilt levir.l prophets into thewoild, the molt tmiin ill
i^t whom weie Moles and Jehu Chrillj but that a.s
Hhe endia'.ours o( thel'e h id noi been attended with fuc-
'^riV, (iod had now lii:nt his l.iil and grealcll pruphet,
'0liiU w eominiiriun tjr more full and e.Menlue than what
igtilii 1 Molis or Chnlf had ' een veiled with.
\ .M.l'.oi.it '. en finding hunklt very lormidabK', and
!*Jccure in the attachments of the foldiery as will .i-
'|i«)thers, meditated an attack iij on .Mecca, Hia dilciple
;: lipiuoved ol his dtlign, ae.d aceordin;ly he fent forth a
i.tiinfidi.taii.0 foice under the command of one flam/a,
i-MViiyiieir relation of Ins, (an uncle) and whom Iu
Itllioiight woithy of his conlideiuc, in eonlideralioii ol
[he '/.eal ;he latter hud conD.inlly Ihcwii for his doctrine.
H-uii'/iiy who to the blindili /eal ioiiied the molt ron-
Kununate natural br.ivcry, ni.uilicd at the head ot a
nuiMcion . bode, and l.iid licgc to Mecca, but wai le.
puibd With vonliderablclol.s.
'1 hit npulfc, liob\i:i«r, was Iu l'«r fioni dircoiicfrtini;

the bcfiegeij, th:it it fpiirrcd them on to the rciolution
of a fecond attack. They improved tin uilehes in li.e
inilitarv art with the utmoil alliduitv i lor it was rcllglf 11
that they meant to fight for ; their. .,;ood prophet had lolj
them that he mult, in conl'orniii\ to the will of God,
convert the people of Mecca; ihji lie mull fubdoc thofu
who relii,i..l to obey him ; for l!ir.t he was tocAaMilh 3
kingdom upon e.-rth which lliould jiiop.-ig.itc tl.o divine
law throughout tlr.' wnrld.

They accordingly :. fecond tiivc began their mr.rch ''•.»
Mecca, and on their ro.ad IMI in with a carav..n of
Coraifchitcs, v.diom they furioudy attacked, defcnicd,
plundered, and killed thole who refufel to cnibrncc the
e'odtrine of the holy pruphet, who then proceeded on to
Mecca, and forced tliat city to finrender ; but he wa?
afterwards defeated at the h ttlc of Ohod.

Abu So(i.in, his implachle foe, having put b.imf.lf at
the head of the Coraifchites, caul'ed his trorps to ad-
vance towards Medina, End iiolUlibd hiinlelf of .Mount
Ohod, diltant about four miles from that cify. R.'a-
hornet made a niolf fin ious attack upon hlii', to drive
him from his polb, and in the heginnin;; ol the ; itoii
obtained Ionic fmall .Tdvantage ; but being wounded, was
obliged to fjuit the field.

His difciples, finding their prophet had lel't them, were
ihuck with a generil pr.iiic, and a tenible ll sughter We3
tlieconleqncncc. Numbers ot them however got la'e
back to Medina ; fir the viitoij, infte.id of pnrfuing
the fugitives, eniployed thenu'elves in mangling the bo-
dies of fuch OS had fallen in b.ittle.

The women in pailicular were cruel beyond example;
for women, in thelcd.iys, ufcd to attend their hiilhands,
and frequently beat the drum at the head of a tribe.

The women, as hath been hinted, were moll inhu-
manly bdibarous ; thev cut and ripped up the bellies of
the wounded as they lay groaning on the ground ; and
it is rel.ited of Hondah, the wife of Abu Solian, that
feeing the body of HauiT.a lying r.mong othirs, Ihc
lipp'il hi !i up, and with her teeth tore out hisliver.

The above battle was a terrible llroke to .Mahomet ;
and he felt it ilill more fevcrdy when he difcovercj
liimfelf expofed to the repronehes of manv who had loft
their relations and friends in it: his im.igination how*
ever, always fertile, foon fug gelled to him the means of
lilencing the munnnrings and complaints of the people.

How he ctlVi-tuatcd this, ve have alreadv nuniioned
in f.',ilion V. It was by the following cunning fubter»
fuge ; " He cr.ln-.cd the minds of his ;aitv, .i.tcr their
deftcl, bv reprefcnting to them, th. t the time of every
man'., death is decreed and piedeli:iniiicd by God;
and tlr.:, thertforc, thole who fell in the batt'e cf
Ohod, could not poflibly have lived, had tiny Kaid at
hoinc : lor the inevitable hour of their dillblution was
ariived." »

The minds of the r.ealots thus made pcrfei.Tly cafv,
they appeared more heartily difpoled to ferve him than
eicr; and of this indeed they g.uc many proofs on
dillertnt occafioiis, when the piophet was attacked by
Icvei.il tribes, whom he dcfcalid and malfacnd.

W'hilll Mahoniet was engag. d in luhduiiig his couf.-
trymen, hi- geni.r.il oflkci , inhisnime, obtained con-
i|uelts in diltant countries ; and he was loon ni.iller of
iVIediiu, and m:iny oth r cities on the lionticrs of Syria.
The feviial tribea came to pay him hom u'c, except the
Cor.illchitcs, who however laid down th.ir aims for a
tiucc, to which the prophet nllentid, and a truee was
accoriliiiL'ly concluded for ten years. It may appear
lomcwhat lurpiiling that he did not endeavour todippiefs
Ihc only tube vvhiili refiled olie.iience to him; but hi:
thought il better policy to deler it till n more eligible
opportunitv (hould oHVi ; befules, this ttuco hi 'hlv fa-
vouud a proirct he li.nd lormed of ell.ibliftiiiii; a pil-ri-
niage to the C'aiha of Mecca; to which e.ul, he illucd
an edict, lonim.iiuling all Inch as had emhraced his
religion lo repair lo Nifcca to pcrfoiiii their devotions.
He alio HKfd the time for ilicir letting out on this pil-
trimagt, and prefrrihrd the eercuKuues to be obferved
onMie occahoii : and that he might not give any um-
br.igc in the Coraifchitos, he ordered that all the pil-
glims Ihoiild ^o unatiiied.

A> luuii a« It Wit known «h«t Miihomet wm -^n fuch

amicable

A NEW COMPl.liTE SYSTEM aF CEOCJRAPHY,

,: .1. :1!,

rrnio.iWc term- with tlu: Coiiiilchncs, crowJs of dilci-
ples 111 ckid to l-.mi. Thck- wuc tlic events of thj Ic-
vciitli UtigMa,

Tl'.Ji^s ill; i r.ir Cuiicil mi, M;ihonu't took up arms
ii-aiiilt llic Jews; indcc.l he li.ul ;\Lt.ick.d i1k-r- ik-oj)Ic-
fifcvHius to "his Jjtcat at Oli.-J, but w.is tlitckcd in i)i»
caiCvT of vicliirj Uv thiit hit:! .itiair.

lie fu-fcj fcveral ct the Jews town?, r:iJ amongll
others K.hb.ir, one of the ll.'jii;;.ll ■, but altvr that h.ul
lii:t to huvf met with liis ikv.th. H.uiiij; t.-.keii up lii,-
lod:;iii-s at the hoiife of one of the priiieiinil citizens,
\vlir>fe name was Harc'.b, aiiioiv^ other tliii.^s a poifoiicd
Ihoul.'er of muitoii was Icive.l »;) at table, u( whieh the
()!ojiliel ent, and was foiui taken ill : piopcr remedies
were however applied, and \u> h!e pielerved, though the
pi i Ion was ncvir totally eradicated. Who committed
thii atrocious oilvnec liobo'iy kni.w, and it was not the
prophet's inteiill to ccn;;dain iinieh, or buly himlell
about iIk matter; howc\cr, after bis death it was ilifeo
vered, that Z. inab, daughter of Haretli, had given him
ilie poilbn, on this principle, that if lie wa^ the great
prophu he- prvtenued to be, the pi ;:on could have no
irt'ecl on iiini,

I'ait of the poilon luikin_^' in lilc hojy of the pro-
phet, luitwithllanding many remedies had been applied,
he at iiiteivals v.as much indilpoi'ed : thi.., howcier, did
lift prcvoiu hiiii from ptirluin;; the vi^ioiy ot hi:, amis ;
lie carciud a.-a:nfl the Cireeks, and 1 j.htcd up the firlt
fpark of til. t i„!.d war whieh his difcipks fo rijjoioully
cariiwd < II for leier..l centuries,

Authois dilfer in opinion as to the catife of this war.
Be the caufe what it would, certain it is, that the war
was b.'aiin with all the fuiv that biviry .nJ vciv^caiKc
could infpire, Mahomet did PHit lic.id his t:oops himfeh,
but save the command to a I'tiural ol experienced v;.loui
and u'tiep-d'ty, naiiid K.red W'alid, who was of the
tiilx- of tin Ciiraircbite?, and had ihl'ingii llied hiinieif
gf'Mtlyin their feuicc, but aff iwauL Hew to Mahon.el,
mid became his liicnuous diiciple.

Kbaled be;;.-.M his march at the liea.l of only three ihou-
fjlid troop.',"^ and had the bolcincfs to gue battle to an
aimy of near twerty thoiifaiid. The action happ.ci-.til
rear .Mouta in S) ria, an! bo'ii ainnes engaged with the
utmoll f.iiy J but the full Hiock » as really fatal to the
Mahonula'ns through the inciiualiiv of their numbers.
Ah-..o;l all tlio i,.Ticci.s fein^:; k.lled, the troops loll their
cour.ijre, .ind Wi re on thjiuiintot Living j^rouiid, when
Khaltd yiafpin;; tUe llanjaid of ihc : reliamn, and flying
fioin rai.k to lark, cried, "Now will we break through
the battalions of theltf Ciieeks, and wn.ll the v ctory
fro:ii t'aci." hai.d.-, tr rcc,:!>c a glorious ciownot niartyi-
doiii." Ibis i.ltcrn.itive, fl.itterin;» to bi.;otj, levivcd
their courage. Kh..!ed f.dii'g luiioully on the enemy, the
troops lollowed bis c\.',mp!e, i.iid oblaMiid .1 vitlory.

After the ..boic battle .\l.ihoinct went in pilnrmiage to
Mecca, attended by a \all conconric ol Muli'ulincn.
'1 he pomp and magnificince he difpl.;v<.d in his joiirnrv,
and the lurrejititioiis flicw of religion with which he
vlfited the Caaba, made a gri.it iniprellion on the inha-
bitants of Mtcca, and cfpen.illy the C oraifchites, num-
bers of whom einbracid hi', religion : the example i',
tliefc, howevei, did not f.'Juce the rellof the CoraiVhite
tiibcj j they on the contrary broke the truce th>t had
been made, and gave M.dionict battle, but were totally
dueled I and fueh as dd no:, in conleiiuence of this
defcif, ciiibiace hii religion, were malficied on the fpot.
Mahoiiut caufed hiniklf to be aeknowledged tovereigii
■ f .Mecca J and the bi;:innin;> of the year followini',
which wa, the tijjhth of the Heigcia, (oinc few lc.it-
tercd diliidents, who had efca^w d tiic fwnrd of the tyrant,
contrived with gieat judgenu'iit and diligence to lorni a
ronlide.'. be paily , and, as fixjii as they lound thenilelves
riifrieicnily lotinid.iblr, took tl«; li' Id, lavaging many
of thofc pirts that had (ubmittedio his power.

1 he prophet, ciiiaj;ed at the inlofiue of this pre-
fuinptiious taction, put hinifcll at the Ive.vl ol his forces,
ail.l inarclicd logive them battle : accordingly a blood)
cnga.',.:mcnt cnliied, at a place called lloiiaim, in which
ihr: Hoops of MaliMDct, though lupeiior in numlMr to
the enemy, wiie v..,ijMuriy lepullcd : upon winch the
priipliet, flying to the yicliiinjr r^itki, miij rc-atiiiii.iting

ihein wilh liis pcrfonal courage, rallied then-, and ob-
tjiued a moll dnil;,,- victory.

This put a liiial end to the .Arabian liberty, and Ma.
hornet cauleJ himfelf to b: acknowledged loveieign of«il
Arabia. Uo deltru\ed all the idol,') and iromimcnts ol
paganilni, and luilcred no other rcliijioii to be profclini
hut hi.s own.

He now made a fecond pilgrimage to Mecca, confi-
derablv more fidcmn, and magnihccnt than the fiill,
and peifoinied all tbj ceremonies with great appcaranco
of devotion. He erected courts of jullicc, appointed
proper otiicers, and coultitiited a pontiff or high priell.
He no- longer appeared the dieadful coneiucror, but ilie
mild legillator, and the Arabians were foon rccontilid
to his government.

Mahomet tork a proper advantage of this gcncr,.!
tranquillity; he Ihen^^thencd his armies, and cxerciKd
tlK'iii hiinfelf : and the good policy of fueh precauil. ii
was foon apparent ■, for the Circeks, who ill brooked ilie
difgracc they had furi'ered at the battle of Moiita, refolu'd
on revenge, ar.d ..dvanced to ii.lka, a city on the fron-
tiers of hyria. Mahomet, at the head of thiity thcu-
fand men, went to incu them ; but the fjreiks, alarnud
at fo numerous an arniv, thought proper to retreat, anl
the prophet eiiiploytd the rcmair.derof the ycir, whieh
w.i-- the tenth < f the Hcigera, in levifing the fevcral lawi
he had made for the government of the Itatc. He then
made his third and lalt piLrimage to Mecca, which f r
excecd.'d the two lonner in pomp and niagnilicencc .
fomc of the moll coiilider.ible perfons in .'\r. bia ac-
companied him ; and Its wives (for he had more tli.;n
one) alio atteiiiltd h;in m ilalely liitcis, bo.ne b/
camels.

To infpire the ]!C( i!c v.-itli tl'e mifl awful \cncratioa
for hi- doclrine, and at the lame time to evince to then
that he was the fupiemc head as well in Ipirituals as ten,-
peials, he now himUlt pcformed the ollicc of poiuili ;
lie picichcd in the t.mple, and concluded h'n harangcc
With the propofition ol new r.gol.itioiis, which he aher-
wards publilhcd, touching the rites and ceremonies ut
the newly-cllahliflit.l religion.

He caulcd leicral camels to be flain and offered as
facrificcs ; which kllival was concluded by a general
farcwcl that he took of the people, \l: lound his
health much on the decline; the poifon that he had
fwallowed fome years before, now operated with greater
viidencc than ever ; he perceived that iiisdillblution w.is
not far ill, and took a foimal leave of his people in thj
lalt religious har.iiipiie he made to them.

On his return to Medm.;, his illiiefs confiderably iii-
crcafing, he repaired to the houfc of Aicfka, who wa;
his favourite wife, and there died at the age of fi.xty-
thrcc.

That he was dead, however, many of his difciplcs couU
not be peifuaded to believe, notwithllanding the null
evincing proofs was given of the f.ict, Onia-, one of tlu-
moft zealous of them, was paiticularly violent in that
ridiculous opinion, and tvtn threatened to run the fiilt
man ihiough the bod, who fliould dare to lay that the
holv prophet was dead. All Medina was in a Hate ot
tumult and confulioii : at length, however, Abubekrr,
a perfoii of gieat circumlprction and prudence, foliciied
leivc to haraiuuie the diKurbcd inultittule ; and pcr-
niiffion being granlcl, he with very forcible arguments
filenced the clanuniis of the molt vehemeni amonult
them, not excepting even Omar liimlelf. He prov.d
manifedly, fiom llie facied koran, as well as by the
lomir.on evidence of iiatuial reafon, that Mahomet w..s
really dead.

The tumults of the people then niadually fublidiii;,
tliiougli (he wildciii and piii 'ciicc ot this man, the onir
(dijciit ot conl-iitioii w.is now the place ot burial kr
hull ; fome infilled that he Hioul' .i ■ iried at Mece i,
bccaufe it was the pl.icc ot ht> .. t v.iy j others laid In
ou|;ht to be bulled at Medina, as liaviiij' been the jd ici
of tiis relidenec ; and others aigued that Jeiuliilvni ou.d-.f
to be his huiial place, as beiii^ the tiuc city of the
prophets.

The leiifible Abubiker, put an end to the difpiitc,
by lel. ling an expr i.lon which he laid he had heard lioiii
Mahgmct's own inuuth, and which was, that pruphei>

ought

1 ,

gp, rnllicJ then-, aim ^s.

•■ Arabian Hbcrty, and Ma.
knowlrilgcd lbvi.itij>ii ol'.il
!'(-■ idols and ii-omimcnts ol
litT religion to be proi'ciioj

irini.igc to Mecca, conll-
Tiagniticent thjn the fiiii,
nits with great appcaninco
u ts of jullicc, appointed
L-d a pontiff or hlgli priciK
icadCul conqueror,' but tlie
biiins were Coon rceontilid

idvantagc of this gcncr..!

h;s armies, and cxcrcilul

policy of lurh pricauii, ,i
jreeks, who ill brooked ilii;
le bjtileoCMout.i, rcCoKi-J
li.lka, a city on the J'ron-
thc head of thirty tlicu-

i but tlu-Grcik';, al,iri;;cd
light proper to retreat, and
i^nr.derof the ye.ir, which

in roiluig the l'cvcr;d lawi
'nt of the rtafc. He then
lagc to Mecca, which f.r

pomp and niagnifuentc .
le pcrfons in Ar. bia ac-
es (for he bad more tli.;n
it.uely liiteis, bo.ne by

tlv mud awful \cncraiir)n
nie time to evince to tl-.e a
13 well in fjiiritii.ils a. ten.-
rmcd the niHec of pontilf:
id concluded hii harangue
giil.itions, which he atier-
e rites and ceremonies ut

to be flain and offered as
IS concluded by a f;cnera4

people. II.- |„„iVd hji

(he puifon that he had

now operated witli greater

I'cd that his dillblution v/.is

leave of Ins people in th:
e to them.

'lis illncfs confiderably in-
mufe of Aufka, who was

■ died at the age of fi.xty-

many of his difciplcs could
nutwithlt.indiiig the niort
le t,ie(. Onia', one of ih,;
itieularly violent in that
h.ealtned to run the fir.'l
ould dare to fay that the
•lediiia wa-i in a (f-,ic „,
;th, however, Abubeker,
ni and prudence, (oliciicd
td multitude j and per-
h very forcible argiimer.f,
niolt vchemeiu amoiii^lt
nar binilelf. He proud
oian, as well as by tin-
;alon, that Mahomet w..s

then pradually fublldin.;,
ICC ot this man, the onU
r the place <.t burial ti'r
il' .). c. jried at Mecoi,

■ .. -'■''.ly . others faid he-
as having been the pi iti

ued thjt Jciulal^iii uu.'hc
niij the tiuc tity of the

t an end to the difputc,

le laid he had lieard lioin

vlin.li »aa, tliat piophit.

OllelU

A P A B I A.

ASIA.]

ht always to be interred in the places where they

id. All fubmittcd to the decifion of Abubckcr; a

v'e was accordingly dug, and the prophet was buried

Medina; fo that the opinion whicli fomc have

intained that his body was placed in a fepulchrc at

!ecca, is entirely erroneous.

•i The reader, from what has been above related, will

fable to form a pretty accurate idea of the piophet,
nqueror, and legiflator : we (liall now offer a few
jrds with regard to his general mental faculties,
|ild fliall then clofc the fedtion with fuch remarks £i are
jlkceflhry relative to his fucccffors.

k) Added to an eiigr.ging countenance and well-prnpor-
-jioncd figure, Malionut poffefl'ed a molt comprehenfive

Snius, and a firmnefs of foul ever capable of cncombat-
g the grcatei' ditfic iltics : tteadfaft and refolutc in the
purfuit of the mod amazing projcifs, he was poficfled
Jkf the means of procuring tuccefs ; b.is deep penetration,
his excellent judgment, his never failing courage, his
t»>weaiied perfcvcrancc, and refined fogacity, fupported
lUld diredted him to a Ihite of profperity and triumph
bi almoil every thing he undertook.
-!.M..lio;i et made no fcruple of acknowledging that he
il$ii r.i.l received any education, th.iugh author of the ko-
■II ; he was however one of tlie fuiefl and moft eloquent
Seakers in the whole counlry. He had not only a veiy
Mild memory and lively conception, but wr.sof a chcar-
pl and even temper: lie could luit himfelf to all times,

Srcumllaiiccs, and difpofitions ; he was as familiar with
e nobility as he was popular with the commonalty,
Ir'I CMild lend an ;ar of real (oi atieCted) coinmiferation
% the fijpplicatioiis ot the diUicU'ed.
«i It may not be unworthy of remark here, that after
tie deeilive battle of Il.inaim, when the prophet made
■■fecond pi!griin.ige to Mecea, a poet, who had fcverwly
hmpooncd him, lolicitcd the honour of being intro-

,4uced to him, that he mi, lit repeat fome vcrfes he had
ffritten in his piaifei for the face of things was now
fonliderably changed.

•■ The prophet could not forget the fevcrity with which
,%e had been treated by the poet j to (hew refentment,
iowcver, would have been a degradation of dignity ; he
iberefolo granted him permiHion to approach.
1, 'I'hc poet came trembling to his new fovercign, and
im his knees imploring forgivencfs for the raOi freedom
ke had taken in his fatires, h'-gan to pronounce his vcr-
its, being encouraged thereto by the niildnefs and com-
placency that fat on the prophet's countenance.
- The verfes were fo mafterly, fo graceful, pathetic,

■ fulogial, and elegant, that Mahomet not only .r.oll ficoly
|nd rcadilv pardoned him, but prcfentcd him with a
tich mantle lioin off his own back, and which he hini-
fclf placed on the back of the poet.

So fiiigular and dilHnguiflied an honour immortali/cd
Caab, (lor fuch was the poet's name,) who wore it
till his death with all the exulting pride and ainbition
natural to a human being on fo leniarkablc, fo memo-
table, niul fo great an oecalion.

Mahomet w.i^ much addicted to women, but had iht

,^rt to prevent this vice being of anv prejudice to hi., doc-

' trine J on the contrary, be would f.,mctiiiies make a

erit ol ii, pretending that it excited him to devotion.

There are two things in this uoild, laid he, which

..Jlre equally plt.diiig and neccll'iry to mc, women and
iterfuines; both delight nic, and llir mc up to fervency
fiy piayer."

iHillorians do not agree as to the nnnibrr of his wives :
(1 Arabian author lays be had fvLiitecn, bcfides concii-
ines. It is certain be had mnrc than allowid bv the
■'ptoran J bit be had privileges gioiindcd even on revela
ption J and the fame koran wdiieli made a particular deed
s.cr ailtioii eriiiiiiial, and f( rbid the Arabians in general
'»{ the practice of it, gave fiec licence to the Icgiflator to

^- • Thc(;ii<.iinilt:inc« cf ihu .ndMlina Ion are r.ithcr (iiij;ul.ir. A
^^p.utvp it i'.'tiM n.uiut! Imuhi;, iilj|in<r to ctubrtirr Mahoinfrniiirn.
^« t.ot u,i. Itvio! U[ioii liini 1 n|nni wintli, he m.l'I" lii^ ciiliipl;tnils
CTii.Mh. i.ilipli, iiiIkmimj; ihit llic i.isi niii;lii be liikii mH, ui .11 Iclt
^^ ruiiiilittl, IIS lie was Hiiiijiab ». ct luvinj; 11. *' Wh.u ii.(>UiIo vim
t^J.illuwi' aid Dinar. 1 lie man i'i|ilirit, ilini he h.iil ilmc. " Vi r\
'f ». ,,, iiMi',1 till- cali|ili, ihiii jiaiiiii- laxcd veiy iiuuli-iattlv." !■ 1
iglvn/, licwiviT, wlio (oirtdid a mult wicktil anU vimliilivi lu-l, ■■•ii

cxercifc. Cadiga, his firft wife, died three ye.irs before
the commencement of the heigera, being in her fixty-
fifth year. Aicflia, another of his wives, and who was
daughter of Abubekcr, furvivcd the prophet, as did
Haifa, who was daughter of Omar, and to wdiom tlie
care of the koraii was committed after her hutband's
death.

As Mahomet died without male iffue, and had no-
minated no fiicceflbr, different parties rofc, claiming an
exclulh'e right of appointing one. Abubcker, however,
who had always been the friend of peace and good order,
propofed twoperfons, Omar and Abon-Obeid, for their
choice of one of them ; but this propofition created ftiU
greater divifoiii, and theclcclicn remained undetermined,
till Omar, to the aftonifliment of every perfon prcfent,
addreffed himfelf to Abutektr, and killing his hand, dc-
fired that he (Abubcker) would affume the fovereignty
himfelf; and the latter was accordingly chofcn, amidfl:
the acclamations of the allcmbly : but he icfufed, from
an inviolable veneration to the memory of the holy pro-
phet, to take on him the title of fovcreign ; he chofe that
of Caliph, ligiiifying fucceffor ; and which was after-
wards ;Iie title of all who reigned over the Arabs.

JJut if Abubekcr wns indebted for his dignity to the
prcfciice of mind of Omar, it is to be prefumcd that the
hope which the latter entertained of one day poffeffing
the fovereignty, fuggefted to him the happy fentlment.
In being tl e inllrument of nominating Abub.kcr, who
was then far advanced in years, he had a view of ths
crown for himfelf: nor was iho clciflion of the former
accomplift'.ed without occafioning fome murmurings
;;ftcrwatds ; for Fatima, daughter of .Mahomet by his
wife Cadiga, had been married to a coufin of the pro-
phet's, named Hali, who was not preftnt at the elcefion,
and who, of conftqucnce, was cxcccJirgly diiratitfied.
liefid ■, it was aflinncd that thofe linenlly related to the
piop'ut had the gieateft light to the crown.

(.)in,ir, thcrcfirc, at the requcll of Abubckcr, went
to ihj houfc of Hali, ufing his utmolf endeavours to pre-
vail on him to afler.t to an clciflion that h.id been made
in due form by tlic concurrent fuffrai'cs of the nation ;
but no pcrfualives had any clfc'l ; Omar thcretbre found
himfelf obliged to make fomc very feverc menaces, and
Hali at length came and did homage to Abubekcr, not
however without cxpreffing his allonilhment at what h:id
happened.

Abubekcr, fenfiblc that Hali ought at kaft to have
been prefent at tlie election, and that bis complaints
therefore had been well grounded, proceeded to a juf-
tification of his own conduct, by relating everv circuni-
Itance that had happened ; and Hal', convinced that Abu-
bekcr had been actuated entirely by a luve of his country,
became quite rcconcikd, and latiticd the homage he bad
paid him.

On the death of Abubckcr, Omir was circled caliph
wi-|u.iit oppofition, having been nominated by the for-
mer ; and C)m;r, who was all'ailinated*, w.s fuccecdtd
by (Jthnviii, who alio met with the hkc fate.

Hall, after the refpiiitive rtigns of Abubekcr, Omar,
ind Othman, obtained the Caliphdiip,, but had no
iconcr afccndcd the throne th.iii he quaneikd with every
perfon about him, and at length becr.n e fo generally
obnoxious to his people, that he was forced to quit his
capital. A revolt rnfiied in Syria ; anil Moavviyali the
[:overnor thereof, declared H.,li nnvvdrihv of reigning,
.in. I cjufrd himfelf to be proclaimed the oi;lv lawful cii-
ln h, fixing his fcit at iJainafcus. H.ili took up arms,
but was defeated, and even was happy that by niians
of a treaty he could feciire the poll'elRon ol the title .-nJ
pierogalive of c.iliph In Arabii. He was fonn after af-
liilhiiaied, Ivaviog two fons, on tht tIJcIl of whom the
Arabians bellowed the crown.

H.iiV.in, Ion and fucccflbr of [hili, after a reign of only

iciing the mofipu a few ilavt altcrwards while ihe ciliph wai dure,
tiiek an o|i|ii)iliint|y of Ital.biiij; liiiii in i|ii\e iliti>iiiit | iin ol li.s
I'liiiy wjili 1 kivilr. liidanilv llie wrctili was (uiiiMnukil ; Inn lie
iltlcndc.) hi.iiiJI wiih Ihe l.lioHy mdnimeni, anil It ilil.ul ihiiiitn
"ihfr>, I'lvcn i>f whuin ilnd m iiKw hnurs. K.i Ih iil,.ii«, Ih.viivit,
weiT ni.ulc to lecnie him t aiid ihe alTadin al len ilwlilirniinj; he
Ihoiilil he over I'ovMieil, pliing.d ihe kiiilc inlu his uwn bowtln and
<'iil>iii-il.

" Y »b*ut

"I I .;

11 '^■tli

. '♦

h »

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

about fix months abdicated his throne in favour of Moa-
wiyah, who liad bicna continual terror to him ; fo that
Moawiyjh now became fole pod'ciror of the throne : he
was ackncwl.-il^cil by all imiiri;luii.ii as the true and law-
ful caliph, and was thcfiift of the- dynalty of the Oiniiii-
yaiis, (0 called from Ominiyah the head of that prince's
family. As loon as this prjiicc was firinly feated on the
throne, his firll grand object was to augment his glory ;
he prol'ccutcd fueii ciuerpriits as former caliphs had be-
gun auaiiill the Greclcs ; he drove them out of Armenia
and Anatuli.i, and adopted meafurcs to render the dig-
nity of caliph lieiedit.iry, which had been bcfoie elec-
tive, and fuccctded in liis ilefi^n : his crown defcended
to liis fon, and after'.vjrds to the reft of his pof-
terity.

That dynafty of princes maintained thcmfelves with
great glory for fourteen rucceli-ons, though not always in
a right line ; for biothers ol'icn afcinded the throne to
the prejudice of their nephews, when the latter were
not of due age, or llicrc were any othci reafens that ar-
tifice cculd adign ; but the fuccelTion was always in the
hciufe ol Oinniiyah till the time of Merwan the fecond.
The hnufe of Omnry.;li however was deltroyed by
the Abbailai'.s, princes fo denominated from their being
defcended from Abb..s, uncle of Mahomet. They took
up anus againft the Uniniiyans, under pretence of re-
vciifiing the death of Hair, whom, they allcdgcd, had
been murdered by them, and Abu! Abbas was accordingly
proclaimed caliph.

Abdallah, uncle cf Abu! Abbas, caufed an aSi of
grace to be p ,bli(lied, in the caliph's name, fir all the
Ommiyaiis who fliould appear b-forehim, and take the
oaths of allegiance to the new culipli. A day was
fixed f r a meeting of the chiefs or prmces, and Abdal-
lah attended them i but while he was preparing to tender
the oaths, a party of loldiers, appointed for the purpofe,
drew lip behind them, and dclhoyed them all on the Ipot,
except one, wlio cfcap.d and fled to Spain. Immediately
after tills bajbarous deed, the foldiers put to the fword
u great number of muilulmtn known to be devoted to
the houfc of Ommiyah ; and Abdallah, having put an
end tn the llaughter, completed his bloody tranfadtions
with a moft horrid entertainment !

'l"he above infernal monltcr caufed the bodies of the
Ommiyans, who had been flaughtcred by the foidicrs, to
be phued clofe to one another, and covered with boards,
over which he or.lercd carpets to be laid ; and upon this
flooiini;, formed by dead carcafes, he gave a fumptuous
f alt to the ofliccrs of the army, " Perhaps, faid he,
all (.f th.m may not be ijuite dead ; in that cafe we ihall
have the hapjunefs to hear them groan."

Such was the beginning of the rei^n of Abu! Abbas,
who however was not accufed of having any fhare in
the above malVacre ; nor d:d he enjoy the throne long,
foi he »as I'ei^ed with the fmall-puN, and died at the
a^e of eighteen.

Tlie above prince was fuccceded by his brother Abu
OialTer, funiamcd Alinan7.or, or \'ictorious; and foc.n
jfler liehad aliumed the diadem, his uncle, the infamous
AbJiliah, was crudied to lieatli, with leveral other.'., by
the I'udJenly falling-in of llic floor of a chamber in whicii
they were litiiiiy.

Almanzor built the city of I^agdat, which was the
capital of the empire till the lare of Abbas became ex-
tinct ; on which account the Abbafliaiij have been com-
monly called caliphs of Syria, on account uf their con-
ttiut abode in that country.

Ihe Abbadians, who lliled thcmfelves the true chil-
dren of the houle of the great piophct, pofl'elled the dia-
dem for mote than five bundled years, under lltirty-
feven princes.

'1 he ruin of the lioufc of Ommiyali was folely owing
to the uiilimi'.ed autliority with which they cntiui!ed the
govi rnciis of their prcivinees : the defecndants of Abbas
fell into the fame emit ; iliis however fiipported iheii
dynally longer than the Oinmiyans, but with lefa I'plcn-
doiir with ie.>ard to tlie extent of their authoiity. During
th'ir riigns, part of their tmpiic was at feveral timrs
giaiited away) and the teniloiies, tluu difmembi'rcil,
were eieilcd into as ni.iiiv I'ynatties ; of thefe were the
'i hafciruiis, aiid (he woHaridi s, who relgncJ in I'eilia,

Tranfoxtana, and Turkeitan j as alfo the Tholan.iit.
and Afchidiaiis, who ruled Kgypt under the title uf
fultans, though at the fame tinic tliey acknowledged ta.-
fupremacy of the caliph of I'agdat. But the Afchidijns
weie I'uccceded by the Fatiinitcs, who pretending to be
ihe true and rightful fucccfl'ors of Mahomet, as defcend-
ed from Hali by Fatinia, all'unud the title of calipl, n
Egypt, Thence the name of the caliphs of liagdat waj
fuppielled in the public prayers thioiighout the while
extent of their dominions ; the new dynally pollelled the
lull .nd entire fovcreignty for almolt thiee hunduJ
years, when, however, the Egyptian f'atlmites wire at
length totally ruined by the caliphs of Bagdat, who re-
covered the pofleflion of Egypt and Syria, owing lo
the mafterly conduCt of Sal.iheddiii, or Saladin ; to
whom, on confidcration of his ferviccs, the caliph Nafler
folemnly confirmed the fulianfliip of Egypt and Syria;
and in the bellowal of this grand atit of favour, Nall'ti
acquired a conftant protciitor ; and while the Mull'jI.
men of Egypt and Syria were fighting againft the
Chrilfian armies under the banners of Saladin, NalUr
quietly enjoyed at Kagdat all the honours due to il,o
caliphate, being acknowledged foveteign in all coun-
tries then inhabited by Muli'ulinen.

After the cxtimflioii of the Fatimites, a new dynafly
arofe, called Gengilkanians, from Cicngilkan their
founder. 'Jhis prince, who became highly renowned
on account of the rapidity of his exploits, put him-
felf at the head of an army of Moguls and Tartais,
and foon coiujue ed an immeiife irafl of land : his
fuccen'ors, who inherited his bravery, as well as hi>
antipathy to Mi.lTulnien, added to their crown almoftall
the if.iej which had been feized by the princes cf the
other dynalliis, and at length made iheuilelvcs maltcrs
of Bagdat, maiiacrcd the call, h and his children, and
by their death put a final end to the illuftrious houfc ot
Abbas, which had fat on the throne upwards of five
hundred years. At this period the liillory of the
caliphs properly coneludes ; for we cannot include,
among the caliphs, Ahmed, wlui was three years altir-
wards proclaimed caliph by the Mammalukes of Egypt,
under the name of Moilanzer Biilah. They called him
the foil of Daher ben Nafl'cr the Abafl'ian j and Bibars,
who was then fultan of theMammaluke,', caufed him to
be recognized in Egypt ; fc that a fecond dynafty of
Abbartians w.ib formed, if the name of dynafty can be
allowed to a race of piinccs who were only looked upon
merely as the head of the church. 1 his pretended
dynafty fubfirted t>l! the end of the reign of the Mam-
malukes, in the nine hundred and twenty-thiid year of
the heigera, and the one thoufand five hundred and
levenieenth of the ChiKtlan leia ; when Seliin, the firit
emperor of the Ottoman Turks, annexed al! Egypt to
his em pile.

We fliall now prefeiit the ieai!er with a chronologi-
cal account of the caliphs, from Mahomet, founder of
the Arabian empire.

Chionological Account of the Caliphs, Succcllbrs of
Mahomet.

Eleventh year of the hei^cra, and 633d of the Cliri-
ftian .xra. Al ubeker caliph.

Thirteenth of the htigeia, and 634th of the Chril-
tian xia. Umar,
(Jhriftian a;ra 643 Othman,
Heigeta 3S> ''*'"''• ^ta 655 Hali, kinfnun of Mahomet

40, 6fir Uaflan

41, 6O1 Moawiyah, firft of iho

dynally of the Ommiyans.
Heigeri to, Chrill. lera 679 Yczid

6K3 Moawiyah II.

64,
64,

97.

102,
104,

'25.
lib,
1J7,
■27.

thii raec ul the Unmii^uiU,

683 Mirwan
6H4 Abd.dnielck
70J W.iKd
716 Sofmaii
718 Om,.r ir.
711 YiiiJ 11.
7J3 Hefchain

742 WaKd II.

743 Vezid 111.

744 Ibrahim
744 M'.rwan II. the laft of

■4

Hemeri

A r II Y.

! alfo the Tho!.t,i,i;e>
■pt under the titk- uf
llicy acknowledged ta..-
t. 'But tlie Aftliidijiis

wlio iirctciiding to be
Maliomct, as dcfctiid-
i.i ihc tide of cali|i!, ;n

c.iliphsof Bagdjl wui

th:oughout the while
;w dviiaily polk'llcd the
alniolt thice hundiCi!
tiaii Fatimitcs wuc at
hs of B.ij^dat, who ic-

aiul Syria, owing m
jdJin, ur Saladiii ; tu
/ices, the caliph Nafli.t
) of Kgypt and Syrij ;
1 nH of favour, Nallct
and while the Mulfal-
:e fighting agair.ft the
iRrs of Saladin, Naflir
he honours due to il.c

foveteign in all cuun-
n.

itimitcs, a new dynaily
from Gcngilkan their
came highly renowned
lis exploits, put him-

Moguls and Tartais,
fc trai5l of land : hi>
bravery, as well as hi.
;o their crown almoll all
hy tlie princes cf the
iiade ihciiiltlvcs ni.iltcri
h and his children, and

the illuftrious houfe ol

throne upwards ot fuc
jd the hilloty of tlic
or we cannot include,
111 was three years aftir-
Manimalukes of Egyi't,
hil.ih. They called liun
|e AbalTun ; and Bibar^,

maluke^, caufed him lo
t a ficond dynafty ol
me of dynafty can be
were only looked upon
rch. This pretended
he rtij:n of the Mani-
d twcnty-thiid year ol

af.ind five hundred and
when Selirn, the firlt
annexed all Egypt tu

ailer with a chronologi-
Mahomct, founder ut

Caliphs, Succeflors oi

and 633d of the Cliri-

ind 634th of (he Chril-

li, kinfnun of Mahomet
Allan
oawiyah, firft of the

Yciid

Moawiyah II,
\U rwan
^bdaimek'k
WaUd
ol mail
Omar H.

Y>i:d a.

Heleham
Wakd II.
Vezid 111.
Ihrahmi

Mvrv.an U. the M of
Heijiti

ASIA.]

Heigera 134, Chrift. ara 752 Abul Abbas, firft of the

houfe of Abbas.
Heigera 136, Chrift. sra 754 Abu Giafiar Almanzor

755 Mahadi

78s Hadi

786 Hiroun al Rafliid

809 Amin

8 1 1 Mamon

833 Motafien, who was born
in the eighth month of the year, was the eighth prince of
his race, the eight Abbafli'in caliph, afcendedhis throne
in the two hundred and eighteenth year of the heigera,
commanded his troops eight times in perfon, reigned
eight years, eight months, and eight days, died in the
forty-eighth year of his age, had eight fons and eight
daughters, and left cxaflly eight millions of gold in his

ARABIA.

treafury.
Heigera 227,
■ 232,

■ • H7.

.' ». 248,

■ -. 252,

■ 25S1

• 256,

279,

' 289>

■ ' 29s.

i 320,

■ 1^ 322,

•» J ^9.

"■ .H3'

* 3:i4.

» 3^J.

•■;. 381.

* 422,

i 467,

•■ 487.

> 5 '2,

'•• 529,

• 530»

Chrift. iera ^j^% Wathek Billak

— — — — 849 Motaw.ikel

86 1 Montafler

862 Moftain

866 Motaz

869 Mothadi

870 Mot.imed

555.

506, —

575. —
622, —

6*3. —

640,

r "t".

vrand AbbaiCan caliph.

892 Mothaded

— go2 Mokiaphi

— go8 Mocktader

— 932 Cahcr

— 934 Rhadi

— 94.1 Motaki

— 944 Moftakfi

— 945 Mothi

— 973 Thai

— ggi Cader

— 1031 C.Virm

— 1074 Mofbdi

— 1094 Moftadcr

— 1 1 18 Molhrchcd

— 1 134 RalVhcd

— 1135 Moktaphi II. or Lecm-

rillah

— 1160 Moftangcd ■

— 1 1 70 Moktadi

— 1 1 39 NalTer

— 1225 Dhahcr

— 1226 Moftanfer
1242 Moftazeni, 56th and laft

• We ftiall now, as we propofcd, give an account of
the cities of Arabia, and of the ruins of Palmyra.

SECT. VII.

Pf th Ciliei nf Mecca, Mocha, Aden, and Medina ;
11^'iih an Jaount cf thi fuinous Mofque and Tomb of
. Mahomet in tht latttr city.

TITE ancient city of Mecca is fituatcd in a valley,
and furiounded hy mountain?, from whence the
■jftonc of which it is built was taken : it is about two
jlniUs in length, and a mile broad. The temple is in
'Ipie middle of tl'.e town, and is cilled Masjad Al Haram,
llr the lacred tempi'', of which we have already given a
Jfcfcriptinn : the houfcs heic make no great figure; nor
p it a place of any ftrcngth, not having any kind of for-
jfTications. The principal lupport of the city is the con-
ffeurfc of the pilgrims will come hither. TheXerifof
Wccca griicrally rtfidcs at his caftle of Marhaa, about
Ihree miles diltant j his troops arc entirely infantry,
mllcd Al Harrabali. There are fcarcc any fprings in
pr about this city except the Zcmzcm, the waters of
which cannot be drank for any continuance, being rather
brackifti, and caufing eruptions in thofc who drink too
wecly of it i fo that the inhabitants are forced to ufe
Sin water catchcd in cifterns. Many attempts have
:cii made to convey water to the city by means of
IqucduiSts, but have all proved ineffeilual.
'Mocha is a large, populous, trailing city and fca-
bri, iltualcd at the entr.ince of the Red Sea. Itcon-
lins about one thoufaiid inhabitants molily Mahomc-
fcns ; and here arc jjreat imdibcrs of Jews ) but thefc

are obliged to live in the fuburbs. The (jity, which is
furroundcd by a wall, has four gates and feveral towers,
fomc of them mounted with cannon, and garrifonej
by foldiers. Th; ftreets are fpacious, and the houfts
arc of brick or ftone, confifting of two ftories, with
terrafTes on the top of them. The fliops are judicioufly
built for trade, and flored with all fort, of commodities.
Here arrives annually the great fhip Manfonri, fent by
the Grand Seignior, laden with the richeft merchandizes,
and carrying back fpiccs, filks, calicoes, and othiT
valuable articles. Caravans alfo arriv "-"re yearly from
Turkey and Egypt. The port of hi. is formed by

two flips of land, on each point of whi^.i is a fortreb,
at the diftance of about three miles from each other. A
confiderable branch of cnmnierce of this city is coffee,
which is cultivated at Betel-fagul in the territory of
Yenen. Mocha was no more than a mean village of
fifhermen, till the king of Yenen drove the Turks IVoin
Aden, and removed its trade principally to the above-
mentioned city.

Aden is a large, populous city, containing about fix
thoufand inhabitants, and was a place of prodigious re-
fort till its trade was chiefly removed to Mocha. It is
fituatcd between the Perfian Gulph and the Red Sea.
.\den is fo called, according to the Ar.ihians, from its
founder Aden, the fon of Saba, and grandfun of Abra-
ham. It is furroundcd by mountain?, the lummits of
which arc fortified with cannon; and from which an
aqueduft conveys water into a cap.icious refervoir, about
half a mile from the city. There are many handfonic
houfcs, with terrafTes on their tops, in Aden ; and the
place is well fccurcd, by its advantageous fituation, and
proper fortifications. The Turks brcarne nufters of this
city, through treachery, in 1538, and with their ufual
cruelty hung up the prince of it: they committed further
afts of inhumanity, till the prince of Yenen, as we
have mentioned under the article of Mocha, extirpated
them.

Medina, which is about fifty miles from the Red Sea,
is fituated in a plain, and is furrounJed by a w.ill of
brick. Ilete are the m'fiiue and tomb of Mahr.mct ;
themofiiue is fupportcJ by four hundred pillars, and fup-
plied with three hundred filver lamps, which arc kept
continually burning: near the tomb of Mahomet there
is alfo the tomb of Abubekcr.

Medina has feveral other grand mofqiics ; but th:it of
Mahomet is ftik<l the Moll Holy. The houfcs of this
city arc in gencial low, and contain about twelve hun-
dred families.

Mahomet's tomb, which is in one of the angles of
the magnificent irolque, is of fine white marble, covered
with a grand cupola. The roof of the mol'iiuc itfelf is
a kind of tower covered with plates of filver, and on its
flooring is thrown a rich "old cloth.

The infide of the prophet's tomb is enriched with
precious ftoncs, of great fizc and beauty. Over tlie
foot of the coflin is a golden crclcint, fo curioufly
wrought, and adorned with fuch precious ftoncs, that
its value Is immenfe. The coffin is covered by a rich
pall of gold and filver tiftuc, over which is a canopy of
the fame: both are fent annually from the Rafliaw of
Egypt, by order of the Grand Seignior, with the grcatcft
pomp imaginable, on the back of a camel ; which ani-
mal derives a kind of fandity from it, and is never
afterwards ufcd in any fort of drudgery.

SECT. VIII.

Arabian Antiquitiis, ifc. Gmcml /fasunl tf Palmyra or
Tadmar in the Defavts.

TH E magnificent remains of Palmyra arc a fub'n\2
of too much importance not to merit our \ery par-
ticular attention. Before, however, we proceed ' to a
defcription of thcfe fplendid ruins, we ftiall lay before
our readers the lentimente and words of two able writers
0:1 the fubjec^, and then particularly treat of fo cele-
brated a piece of antiquity.

" Is it not a little flrangc," fays one of them,
" That hiftory fcarccly furniftics us with any informa-
tion, except^ fucli .is is purely conjectural, concerning
Palmyra ? 'I'liii tliafm in hiftory niav perhaps be owing
i 10

hit* i i

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

■ '■' I

-11

to the lofs of hooks ; or perhaps the ancients did not
look upon Palmyra as worth their regard, being much
inferior to many other biiilclini;s which they had."

The other jjcntleman f.i)s " Nothin^^ but occular
proof could convince any ni.iii, that fo I'upcrb a city,
formerly ten miles in circumference, could exift in the
midlf of tra>'U of barren iininli.ibitable I. nds. Nothing
however is more certain, than that Palmyra waj for-
merly the capital of a great kini;doin ; that it was the
pride :u well as the cmpuiium of the eaik'tn woild, and
that its merchants dealt with the Romans, and the
weflern nations, for the mcrehandi/.es and luxuries of
India and Arabia, Its preient aUerid liiuatioii, tli le-
forc, can he accounted lor only by nntuialeaufes, which
have turned the moil fertile trac(^ into barren defaits."

As Palmyra is htuated in a dreary defart, quite from
any coir.mon road, and be}ond the Grand Sti nior's
protviliun, there is no part of a tour through the Kail
i) difficult as a journey to it. An enquiry, however,
into the ruins of this place was rcfolved on by the in-
genious Mr. Dawliins, who was foon joined by Mr.
Wood, and Mr. Houvcric, the latter of whom
died before the defign was carried into execution.
The fourth peifon who had engaged in this pe-
culiar undertaking, was an Italian of experienced
ftill in aichiteeturc and drawin;^. 'i'he rendezvous of
this liientific Incicty was at Rcime ; where they fpent
a winter in itudyii g the ancient liillory and gcogr..phy
of the places they intended to \ ifit.

In the fi'r'ng enfuing, thefe g-. ntlemen fct out for the
kinojom of Naples, where they met with a fliip from
London for their particular ulc, having on board her a
collevlior, of deck hiflorians and poeis, befides many
voluii cs ( f antiqeitics and voyages, f^vcral mathemati-
cal inftruiiients, iic. which it w..b piefumeJ might, as
prefcnts, be of inilnitc ferviee.

As foon as they had embarked, they made fail for the
Archipelago, and vifiied every thing worthy their obfer-
vation there, as well as part of tircecc, Europe, the
coafts of th; lleilefpont, Pr. poaiis, 5;e. up to the
Black Sea ; alfo as the inland parts of Afia Minor,
Syria, Pha-nicia, Palelline, and I'^gypt.

They copied every infcription they happened to ineet
with, and bought up all the Syrian, Greek and Arabic
manufcripts they could poflibly get.

The chief defign of .Mr. Davvkms in this tour, was
to compile an hillory of the three G:'.ek orders (.f
architciilure, at leal! witli rcfpciSt to the changes fiom
the djys of Pericles to thofe of Dioclefian.

The difficulty of a journey to Palmyra, on account
of its peculiar fituation, has been alreatly remarked on :
no difficulties, however, could deter our adventurers from
profccuting their truly laud.iblc plan. In the courfe of
their peregrinations, during which they infptcted eery
piece of antiiiue aichitedure, they vifited Damafcus by
the way of mount Libarnis, over which they crolTed,
.nnd were here informed that neither the name nor power
of the bafhaw of Damafcus could be any lecurity to
them. Palmyra beinr^ entirely out <d' bis jurifdiflion,
and under tlut of an Aga, whoielidcd at Haliia, a village
on the "reat car.:van read hum Damaleus to Aleppo,
and from which the Oiontes is but at a (hort diftance.

To Haffia they went, and were mod kindly received
by the Aga, who exprcfi'ed great furptife at the journey
they had undertaken, and gave them an cfcort of his
beft Arab horfemcn, proper ly armed, who in a few
hours conducted them to Sudud, travelling through a
defart fwarming with antelopes.

Sudud is n niiferahle villa, confiding of huts, built
only with mud hardened by the fun : the inhabitants
arc .Maronitc Chriflians, who ju(l cultivate as much
land as they have occalion for, and make tolerable red
wine.

At this village they dined, and bought of a prieft fomc
Greek manufcripts : from thence they proceeded to a
Turkifh village called Howarcen, a mean place, but
which it was pr(futned had been once a fituation of fome
ci.n!equcncc ; there being in it a fquafc tower with pro-
ieiSliiig battlements, and two mouldering churches, in the
walls of whiib were leveral Corinthian capitals, as well
as largo Attie bides cf wi.i c marble.

From this place they bent their couife for Carietctn,
a village in which were fome few broken columns, ai.d
Cotinihian marble capiuils, with ivio imperfedt Griefc
infcriplioiis. Here they reded beft part of the fecond
day, to colledl their people, and give their cattle red ;
for in this part of the defart they may be eafily lolt, there
being no fettled ftagcs ; nor is there any water.

Ily the above day's delay, all the caravans had time to
come up, with whom this kept company, and travelled
two days without either red or water.

The company were now about two hundred ptrfons
in ninnber. With their camels, mules, alTes, &c. and
the chief guide told the travellers, that as they were
now in the mod dangerous part of the way, it was re-
quilitc they fliould put thenifelves entirely uuder his
direction : in confcquence of which, the fcrvants with
the baggige were ordered to fall back to the rear, there
to remain protected by the Arab efcort ; from whieh two
or three horfemcn, who lodc Tartar faOiion, with very
(hort ftirrups, were difpatchcd, for difcovery, to every
eiiincncc infight. 'I'he road was north byeaft, through
a flat fandy plain about ten miles broad ; nor was there
a fingle tree or a drop of water to be feen.

At the approach of night, in this gloomy place, the
Arabs dilniounted from their horfes, and featinu; tliem-
lelves in a circle, fmoaked their pipes and drank coffee.

At midnight the caravan halted two hours to rcfrcfh ;
and on the fourteenth of March at noon, it arrived at
the end of the plain, where fome hills appeared i and
here a valley was foon feen, in which was a ruinated
aquedui5l that once conveyed water to Palmyra ; the
fepulchres of the ancient inhabitants of v hich city lie
thick both < n the right and left, beinr f»ju ite towers of
confiderable height : and foon .liter havin ' paffed them,
a fudden opening among the hills exhibits a prodigious
number of grand ruins of white marble, . nd beyond
them a flat wade, extending quite to the Euphrates.

No profpeit can be conceived more 'omantic, more
ftriking, more melancholv, or more grand. Here are in-
iiumor.:ble piles of Corinthian pillars, without any iii>
tervcning building, or wall of the lead folidity.

In this venerable, this folemn, fplendid, romantic
fituation, our virtuofi ftaid fifteen days; during which
time the Arab inhabitants entertained them in their
huts with mutton and goats-flcfh.

" The walls of this ancient and dupcndous city
were flanked," fays NV- Wood, " with fquare towers in
many parts, particula.l^ on the fouth-cilt, but nothing
of them exids j and, frotn tb? beft computation 1 could
make, I imagine their circuit could not have been lefs
than three Englifh miles, provided they include ths
iireat temple. But as Palmyra mud, when in its flouriih-
ing date, have been much more than three miles round,
it IS not improbable that the old city covered a neigh-
bouring piece of ground, the circumference of which is
ten miles, and in every fpot of which, the Arabs fay,
ruins are turned up by digging. This is a fliil more
reafonable fuppofition, when we remember that fuch
frag:nents of antiquity as are found upon the three
miles eompals, jud now mentioned, could have belong-
ed only to mignificent fepulchres and public edifices of
the grandad kind j the molt evident proofs that can be
of an extenfive city. Perhaps then the walls, jud now
fpokcn of, inclofed only that part of Palmyra which its
public buildings occupied in its mod prnfperous date;
and were fortified, if not crcfled, by Judinian, who,
according to Procopius, judged this a proper place to
dop the fuiious progrefs of the Saracens. By fo clofely
infpei'.ting this wall, it appears that two or three of the
flanking towers on the north ead were formerly fepul-
ehral monuments ; and this is fomc proof that the walls
were pofterior to the monuments, and the work of a
Chriftian sera ; for the pagan religion would have con-
demned the metamorphofe as profane ; befides, the
(jiccks and Romans always buried without the walls of
their refpeiStive cities ; and the fame cuftom was rc-
ligioufly obfervcd all over the Ead."

North wed of the ruins of Palmyra, on the fumrrit

(if a rocky hill ftands an antique cadle, the nfcent to

which is very fteep and rugged : it is a mean dtuiSture,

not To old at the tiin« of judinian. It hath u ditch

-.. ' round

ASIA.]

A R A r> I A.

roi;n(i it, which cannot be pafTcd without fomc difficulty,
the ilijw- bridge being brolccn down. 'I'here is one-
builJing h(i<;, the Kiuaiiis ut which are truly (;rniul ;
and this, according to the opinion ol' Mr. Wood, w.is
the Tennilc of ihc Sun, which being much injured l>v
the Roniiin I'oldicrr, when Aunlian took the place, tluu
emperor ordered, for the purpolc of repairing it, three
hundred pounds weight of gold, tak'-n from the trca-
fures of /,;'nobia ; and one ihoufind eii;ht h'uvlred
pounds weiglit of filver, levied upon the people; bdiilis
the jewels of the crown. The hciiiht and folidity ot
the walls of its court tempted the Turks loconvcit it
into a place of (Iren-ich, and then on the nortli call
and fouth thev ftopfied u|) the windowi, dug a ditch t'.
the well, and deinolilhed the por;ico of the jir.ind en-
trance ; buihling in its place a k|uaic tower, loflmi;
that fide. 'I'o the cjil and fouth of this tempi, ar.
fome plantations of olives, ai-i fonie fnrali fiL-lds oi
corn, furroiinded by mud wall-, and wiiiere , l^y two
ftreams, which, though hot and (ulphuroiis, are bv iIk
inhabitants deemed very wli Icfomc, One cr tlicf.
ftreami riles weft of the ruins, in a giotto renly hi; h
enough to admit of a man's ft.indmg u| light; the
whole bottom is a hafon of clear waier, „bout iw^) fei i
deep, and the place, uii account of the heats biing
confined, is ufcd as a b.it'i. liyanclJ inlcription founu
here, on an alt ir fncred to Jupiter, we Ic.irn ihit this
Ihcani was much elUemed while Palmyra flourifhid,
and WIS under the care of certain people clc£led thereto
by ballot.

In the defart, three or four miles foiiih-eaft of Pal-
myra, lies the valley of Salt, whence Damafcus and
the neighbouring towns arc fup;ilicd with that com-
moJity, In this place David is fuppofd lo have fmote
the Svri.ini, as mentioned in Sanuul, book ii. chap. viii.
ver. I J. The ground is impiegnat d with f.ilt to a
confidetable depth ; and here they h.ive a method of hol-
lowing the ground to about a foot deep, and from tlie
fain water that lodges in it a tine while fait is gathvred.

" We have but little infor;;.ation from hillorv," favs
Mr. Wood, " of either Balbec or Palmyra : what know-
ledge we have is chiifly from Infcripiions. Do s not
this deleft cmvey intlruiftion, and convince us of the
inllahility of human grandeur i' The fate of tl.efe two
cities dirters from cveiy other ; wc have no tclfimonit.'>
of what they were, hut their own noble fragments ;"
which are defcribed in the following manner by another
ajthoi :

" Palmyra, in the dtfaits rf Arrbia, or, as by the
fcripturc ftile,', Tadmor in the vs'ildernefa, is a mod
awful (pcclacle. As you approach, the full object
which piefeius itfelf is a ruinated caltle, on the no th
fide of the city. From it yon defcry Tadmor, inolofed
on three fides by long ridges of mountains ; fouthward
of It is a vaft plain extending far beyond the fight. The
city mull have been of large extent, from the fpacc now
taken up by its ruins ; among which live about thirtv
or forty tniferablc families, in huts of dirt, within
a fpacious court which once inclofcd a magnificent tem-
ple, This court hath a (i.uely high wall of large fquarc
ftone, adoined by pilallcrs both within and without ;
-there are about fixty on each fide. The beautiful cor-
nices have been beaten down by the TurKs. Towards
the centre are the remains of a caltle, (hro iding the
fragments of a temple ofexquifite beauty, as appears by
what is ftill flanding of its entrance, viz. two Itones
thirty-five feet long, carved with vines and clulUrs of
grapes. In the great court arc the remains of two rows
of very noble inaibic pillars thirty-fevcn feet high, with
capitals finely carved, and the cornices nuill have been
of equal ilegance ; fifty-eight of thefe pillars are entire ;
there muft have been many more, as it appears they went
quite round the court, fupponing a moiV fpacio is dou-
ble piazza. The walks on the well fide of this piazza,
which face the front of the temple, fccm to have btm
"rand and fp.icious j and at each end are two niches for
Itatues at length, with pedeftals, borders, fupporters,
canopitf, ^c. carved wiih inimitable ait. Tire fjace
within this once beautiful inelofure, is (or rather was)
eiir( nipaflcd by another row of pillars of a dilKcrcnt
orilcr, fifty feet high I fixtecn of which are yet Hand-

ing, The temple was i-n.'icty f. r 'iin;, t' ' ab.>ut f' • v
broad: iis gran.: entrance ':; th aj p ..ij, by - .t

remains of it, to have been tli ; in ^n licent . ;c
world. (.)ve; adjnr-wr.v iiiili mg walls V'Uj c

a I'prearl eagle, as at l-i;:lhec ; an -re ihe tragi- ',i

of Cupuls, as well as of eagles, im.lt finely iiiiir.. n^
nature, on large ibjncs nioul.lering on the earth. N.i-
iliiijg of the temple llands but the walls, tlie wimlovv.
pla.esof which are narrow at ;op, hut richly adorn; d
with Iculptnre, In the middle is a cupola, all one li.lid
piece. Leaving this court .iii I temple, your e;.is arc
1 li.tcil with a great niin.ber of pilar, ol maible Icat-
ired for near a niiie. To the north you have a ll.iely
.il'.el.fk belore you, conlilling of liVn large Oones bc-
iioes its capital, graniily fculpturcd ; it is inoie than
ul'iy I'eet high, and is twdi-e feet and a half in circum-
lerence jnit al.ove the pedell;.! ; aiiJ it is ima;in.-d a
i.jtue once Hood Uj.on it. K.ilt and well of thi.-', at
■.he .lifliii','- of about a quarter of a mile, is another
obcl,:.., tli;;'. I; in. to have correfpondc.l with the fi.'ll-
i;iCiM lied J and, accoiding to tli.' Iiagnient of a third.
It Ih )ulJ feem that the.e ua- a lOntiMied ra.'i^e of
them. On one of them, whicii i- about fo ty (ecthi^h,
theic is a Gr ek inlcupt' n comauirorating two pa-
iriots ; and about an hundred pac.s from it is a large and
lolly eniia'icc, leading to a grand piazza, a.lorueJ with
ili.:ible pi.l.irs, on ii o;t of wl;:ch there aic inlciiptions. A
litiletaitncr, oiuvaiu to the left, are the remains of .1 ib.tely
pile of remaikablv fine maible, tw.ntv-two feet long.
t.)n the welt fide of the piazza are fevcral openings, for
gales i two of thLin appear to have bein the mull I'.iicrb
that ever captivated the human rye, both in p.int of
grandeur of work in- general, and the bcautiiul por-
pliyry pillars with v/hich they were adorned. Kallw.ird
ot the piazza are a great number of feattercd m.irblo
p liars, moll of which have been deprived of their ele-
gant capitals. A little ruined temple lies mouldering
at a (heiit diltancc, which appears to have been a very
lUiious Uiu.;ture. I5ut of all the venerable remains,
none moie attiait the admiration than the magnificent
Upulchicv, tovvaidj the north of the citv, extending a
mile and more, and which at a diftjnce have the appear-
ance ot tops of decayed churches, or bailions of ruined
lortihcjtions."

'I'hc magnificent city of Palmyra is mentioned, in
the Arabic trand.ition of the Chionicles, as fuhlilting
belore the d.iys of Solomon ; but Ji.-l.n of Anl;och, fur-
named iMalal.i, lays that it was built by Solomon, and
on the very Ipot v.hjre his father flew the Phi!:ltine
jl ehief; h.: alTinn; that the city was built in conimenio-
I latiiui of th,..t numor.ible ae'tion.

I Let IIS apply oiirlelvcs to fuch hiftoiical authority as
wc can any wiure meet with, ;.nd fuch as may merit quo-
tation from it:. ehara>iter or veiacitv. We find, in the
niniii chapter of the firft book of Kin^s, and the 8tli
ot the lecoiiil of Clironicl:s, th..t Solomon erected a
city in a wiKleriiefs, and called it Tadmor: and we are
infonncj by Jolephus, in the lirlt book of his Antiqui-
ties, that loine time aficrwardi the Gieeks and Romans
diltinguilhed it by the name of Palmvra, even while its

hrit name was ftill retained by the Syri ind this i.s

confirmed by St. Jerome, who tells us that I'aJmor and
Palmyra are the Syrian and Greek name of the lame-
place ; and the country Arabs, even at this time, call it
by the fermcr name. In this circumftance thiy are re-
markably particular, prcferving the ancient denomina-
tion of places through various revolutions. 'I'hiis the
Acca of the Old 'I'eltamcnt is at this day called by them
Acca i and the Greek names Ptolemai.s, in which that
of Acca was fur fome time immured, is loft through
difufe. Not that human judgement can pretend to ad-
vance, however, that Palmyra was actually the work of
Solomon : an opinion only can be offered, concurrent
with that ot the prcfent Inh.ibiiants, who, among many
other particulars, point out the wile m.m's feraglio, the
tomb of his favourite concubine, fee. &c. and lav. All
thele things were done by Solomon the Ion of David.
However, fuch Itruelures as might have hern erected by
Solomon, we will luppole to have bcncntinlv demo-
lilhed by Nebuehadnezzar, who in his march to the
Jiege of jeruf*lem ddtroyed this -: , as we »re afl'ured
i. by

■'■It!

!,.;fi!

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

by John of Aiitioch, For it ia aliiioft iinprdbable tliiit
buildirii;-, li> clf[;.ii\tly '^railJ, cmilil be prior to tbt fciot
ijj; ot i\k Cjiccks ill Syria ; ai il taking tliia (or granted,
we mud not be lurpriltd that Xi'i.'.iphoii takis no notice
o( it m his retreat ol C\ni? the yoiiiner, though he is
nimutely exait in lii"> Jelciijuioii et ihc ijclart. Niilher
Hiult weixprels the lead ama'.ement tliat it is not men-
tioned bv Alexandei, who alio crolTiid the del'art in his
I'oad to Theplachus c ii the Eiiphra'.e.i, l-rom iis litua-
tion between Antineh and Selencia, and its being a
(hong barrier a\;ainil the I'aiihi.iiVi, or.c would be apt
lo conjcchire that it wasfoniu.Ld by I'oiiie of Seleucidx ;
though nothing of it i;. to be met witli in biliory ; and
vet no time is more jiropcr to ni.ikc eiK|ijiry ahcut il
than I'roni the ilemile of Alexander to the ridudinn of
Syria to a Uom.m province. That the a'ra cr Seleucus
wasvifed at I'al.iiyra is puned by many iiil'criptions j
whence it mav he inferred that the plate I'ubmitled to
Alexander, and was for (ome time governed by his fnc-
ccliors i but this cvidenco tould nut be lt)oked upon as
abfolute IcdiTnon'.'.' if not lliengihtncd hy collateral facts ;
for it might with realoii bs laid, that the natives ol
Falmvra iil's.l the 3!ra of ihc ScleiKidx only, as com-
n-on with their neighbours. V.'e .ire toM by Appiaii
that Marc Anthony altcmp.ed lo plunder this cit\ , and
that many of the natives made their efcape by crufliiig
the Euphrates,

A\'c do nut tind that Palmyr:) is taken a-vy nwlee of
fveii when Pompey leduced Syria to a R' man province,
and v.-licn a t.xllc for the liberal at to began to be preva-
lent.

Appi.n, when he fpeak» of Marc .Anthony's vifit to
Palmyia, la\t, "■ At this time the f .dinvreiu's were mer-
chants ; thiv fi.pplied the Ror.ians with the commodi-
lifs "f Aiabia and the Iiidi;* j and his real n.otive for
attacking them was to mri'^h his troops: thoujh, to
give his conducl i!ie colour of julliee, he alVertcd tha;
they bad br.ikin the neutrality fublilling between the
Romans and tlic Parlhi.ins."

Pliny, 'p.-^vking of this noble city, fays,, " Palmyra,
which is on all liJts encompalled bv an extcnfive defart,
and totallv feparated from the red of the world, has pr<-
R-rved its indepcndante between the two great empires
of Rome and Parihia: it is didant from the Parthian
Sclciicia on the Tigris three hundred and thiity-feven
miles; fiom the highcdpait of the Mediterrane.m two
hundred and thn v ; ar.d frcMii Damafcus one hundred and
(tvcntv fix i the foil is lich, and it is p!eaf.intiy watered."

'I'h.: dieams, of which we have befoie fpiken, may
with gre.it truth be fiid to " pleafantly water the place,"
beiii" capable of receivins any direction to nurture the
foil."

As the Palmyrcncj, accf>rdin;5 to Appran, were mer-
ihrtit!-, and a wealthy pcoide in the time of Marc
Anthony, their riches and trade mud have been of foiiic
Handing.

Palmvra, according to the coiivs of Cancalla, was in
that Prince's lif'c-tiiiK' a Roman culony; and by foinc
:)ntir]tie infcriptions we dilcovcr, that the people joined
Alexander Seveius againll the Peifians.

'I'lie gr'.atcd figiiic Palmyra ever made in hidory, was
in the reign of G.Ohennus; under whofe diameful indo-
lence the Roman glory in the ead became coufiderahly
obfeured ; when Odeniithus, joining that emperor's party,
collected the i>oor lemaiiis of the difcomlited Romans in
Syria, whom he led againd Sapor the Perfian monarch,
piit hi' army to flight, and advanced with his viclorious
troops to Ctcfiphoii, the capital of the empire. On his
reliirn from this expedition, full of riches and honours,
and revered by the Romans as their lavioiir, he was
unanimoufly proclaimed Auguftus, and co-partner in the
empire with Galliennus.

Such 'j( the accounts cf Odenathus as have reached
pndeiity, fetvc latlR'r to heighten than gratify tlie human
C'jriofity. He was a native of P.tlinyra, and fo idmi-
rable a politician, that lie for a while held the balance of
power between the empires of Perfia and Rome. He
drove theOoths out of Afia Minor, whciethey had com-
mitted tiie mod violent ravages; and this was his lait
great adlon, in which, it was appnl.ciidcd, he v/as
ttcicheruufly iiain by .Vliconius his kinfinan. His fofl,

Herodts, foe.n afterwards fuffered the fame fate : norJi'l
Mifonius long luivive, being cut to pieces by the ful.
diet V.

'I'he fortune of the beautiful Zenobia, queen of Odc-
naihus, is well worthy the atteiiiion of our readers.

The vicillitudes which this lady experienced werr
various and liirprding, her charai5!er great and extiaor-
dinary ; though her memory is tarnidied with the fulpi-
cionof her having been privy to the dvaths of her huf-
band and fun.

The pel fun of Zcnobia was graceful and gciitcd ; her
complexion dirk brown i her eyes black, fparkling will>
uncommon luliie; her teeth beautifully white j her
countenance fprightly ; her air noble, and her voiccclcar
and powerful, iler drength was uiiufually great ; fhc
inured herlclf much to f,iiigue, was fond of riding, anJ
would lometimLs march on tbcit at the head of her troops.
In counc'l flie was cirrumfpcct and prudent ; in execu-
ting, b(dd and determined : flic coald be open or rc-
leiveil, mild or fevcre, as ocrafion required ; (lie was
geiKious, but not profufe, and oblervcd inviolably the
chailcd rulesof feuiale honour.

No woman wao better acquainted with hidorv than
this aceomplidied (|uccn : flic was miflrefs of tlie (Ircek
and Egvptian tongues, as well as of the Latin, whiclj
(he tr.iiiflatcd into the former. She boadcd hcrfelf de-
I'ccndtd from Ptoloiny, and reckoned Cleopatra among
her ancc'.lry.

That Zcnobia attended her hufliand in the fietd there
is not the halt doubt, fince the emperor Aurelian palli-s
the higliedeiKomiums en her militaiy prowds.

She adunitd, after the death of Odenathus, the reins
of government in the name of her children, and, rr.
nnuncing all alliance with Rome, attacked, and tot.;Ily
roiitrd the army of Heraclianus, the Roman gcner.l,
who was lent againd the Perfians, he himfelf narr'ow'y
efcapiiij from falling into her hands. She afterwardj,
while the exigency of public affairs called the attentirn
of Clau 'ius nearer home, ad'erted an hereditpry right to
the dominion of Egypt, as being defceiuled from Pto-
hmiy ; and having lecured a droiig party there in her
favour, (lie fcnt thither Zabd.is, a gallant oMicir, who
had feiveJ under Odenathus; and he, defeating l! .
Egyptian army, polVelTcU himfelf cf the province in tlw
name of his queen.

The Palniyrcnes, however, were afterwards routed,
and nearly dilveii from their new aciiuilitions, but taking
advantage of Probus, the Egyptian prcledV, who in en-
deavouring to cut oft the retreat of the vanqui(hc<l,
difcovercd his ignorance of the country, they totally
defeated his army, and himCelf was taken prilbner ; a
difgrace which he could not outlive ; hut, dying by his
own hand, left Zenohiamidrels of Egypt.

The progrefs of this heroic queen greatly alarrticd
Claudius, who being now near the end of the fecond
year of his reign, refolved to turn his forces againd her,
but was cut off by the plague at Syrniium in Panno.Tia.
He was fucceeded by Aurelian, who was not, however,
ftcured in his power without foine trouble, and who,
before he thought ot relieving the eadern empire, re-
formed the police at Rome, and reduced the (jotbs.
Vandals, and (Jernians. Thcfe great talks being com-
pleted, he eroded the Bofphorus at ijizantium,and havi; g
taken Tyana in Cappadocia, he proceeded to Antioch,
of which he polkiied himfelf hy (Iratagcm. l?y two
battles, one fought here, the other at Emefa, Aurcliaji
recovered the eadern ptovinccs, and forced the queen io
(heltcr herlclf within the wall of her capital.

We arc not acquainted with the reafons of Zcnobia
for leiiounciiig her alliance with the Romans ; but per-
haps (he will be cxcufed for the breixh by fuch who
tonfuhi h'' iharaiU'r of Galliennus, whole Iv ices weic
numeroi.o. ii v difi'ercnt a chara<:lcr was Claudius his
fuccellbr I

But tf) rctu 1 to Aurelian. This monarch having
taken every nec^ilary pn.aution to fupply his army with
provilions, proceeded to Palmyra, not howivur without
being confiderably hatraflej by tiie Syrian banditti.
Arriving at Iciritii before the walls of the city, he laid
clofe fiegc to it, and was gallantly rcfidej by the garrilon.
Being weaii.d out with military operations, the emperor

had

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jO ('ted in Lefiet
/ auris, and the

r*^ mount Cau-

ount Arrarat,
n nioiitjtains j
, particularly

Tigris, Mc-

_land Kara.

/ rth, and flow-

^ ^ ^k'r Ij () .fertilize that

wielopotamia,

: of Par,idile.

^.f and runn t>g

■^^reAaiiant fea. The

/ *^'v ...this river all
td Meanders,
;cs itfcU like-
I Cappadocia,
cs its rife in
j.Matc?, Jordan
amcil Jor and
iius i jt cmp-
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ha.l recou
him rciiK

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attacked
at Irnutli
hilt il.'.it 1
relief ! ;ir
'/ciiobiJ
L'luiiin,
but was tJ
tiiplir:'tc
Hal my I
lif.fl'cnioii
M\ part 1
cf lix lui
tut (lit hy
emperor";
put to ill
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thccoiul
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among
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be txccut
Ronii'ii t
chlUriii
aiicieni

ASIA-l

Turkey.

hn.l recnurfe to negocialions, and mnJe fomc offers to
/rn(il)iii, wliith ihi; nioli liaughtily ujccU'il, biddiii;'
him rciiicnibcr that her anttflor Cliup.itr.i prcCcrrcil
iloith to ilillionoiir. This enraging Aurelian, he ic-
attaclccil v.ilh redoubled vij^our ; and the licfieged ■ in^:
at length reduced to ihe lalt extremity, had no red iircc
hilt that of applying to their allies, the Perfians, (Vir
relief J and this relidution hting agreed on in cuncil,
/onobia herlelf uhdertook the carry. nj; of it into txe-
tiuion, and, mounting a dromedary, let out for IV ilia ;
bi:t was taken prifoncr ai Jhc was about to crols the
Euphrates.

Palmyia now fonn furrcndcred, and the emperor took
pf.ninion : he fpared the inhabitanrs, hut eairied olK ihe
heft part of ihtir lichcs, leaving behiml him a garrilun
of lix luindri-d archers, whu, fomc years alter, were
cut off hy the inlubitants, moll of' whom were, by the
tinpcror's con.mand, in confeqtiencc of the maflacrc,
put fo death, and thcciiy quite rui:ieil.

The emperor, atLmcIa, fct in foot an enquiry into
thcconduci of Zenuhia ; and liere, al.is, it w.is that Ihe
fulljed her gieat charatler by betiaynig her belt friends,
iimoug whom was Lon^;iiiu>, by whofc advice it was
that (he h.id rcje,;tcd the teiins of peace which ili ■ m-
lur.ir Aurihan had piojofid : for this he was ordcreu fo
be executed J but his millirfs was ulL.vcd to grace ,i
R'lniiin tiiumph. She afterwards married, and had
chddrcn at Conche, on the load from Rome to the
ancient liber, where the em^xror afTigned her fume

I lands-, and the remains of hor villa are at this day to be
. (len.

j I'aliiiyra was af'tcrwards >;o\'erncd by the Romans ;

I and, from a Latin inf^ription ftill c- tant, we difcovcr

1 that Hierocici vv.is for the fifth time prcfident of the

1 provinces, when Dioclcl.an here creeled fomc ma_nifi-

cent e lifice.-. In the year of Chrift four hun.iied, the

I lirlt lliyfian legion was quartered here; but Pio.opius

I gives u-- reafoii to imagine that the place was fo little

I regarded, as to be fo:netimcs left without a garrifon.

The Roman hillory makes no farther niciiiion of

Palmyra.

'1 here were two ihoufand Jews among the inhabitants
of Palmyra m tlie twelfth century, according; to Ben-
jamin Tudulenfis, a f iperllitious Jew traveller.

\Ve fhall conclude our account of this once grand
and llnirilhiiii; city, in the following quotation fro.n aa
author on the fuhjedt :

" That P.ilin)ra was ufed as a pi ice of ffrength, is
evident, from ai.erations which have been made in the
caftle on the h 11, and the Temple of the Sun, which
muft have been intended lordef, nee, and are not more
•Iran fue or fix hundred ycaisold. The iiidft perfei5l
.leceof aii;iquityis a maufi hum, upwards of leventeen
Hundred years old, with the flooring entire, and an in-
iipMrin ifill legible, infirmini; us that it was built by
Jambilicus, Ion of Mocinuis, as a burial pice for
himlJfand family, in the year ^14, which ajUwciS to
the third year of the chriftian arra.'

C H A P. IX.

TURKEY, in A S I A.

■i\M'

.:(;

S E C T. I.

0/ Tnxy^y in genirai \ in (litualltn, Extct, Divi/imt,
Aluintiiins, Xiitrs, Sic.

TF now enter upon Ihe delcription of fomc o(
' ihe (iiiell provinces in the uiiiverle, which arc
in the polleilion of the moll iiidoleiu people
rvirting. 1 he land here pioduccs more ipontaneoulU
lh,.n other pl.iici do by cultivation ; but the lupeiftitious
liiilions, aiul abfurd cutloms ol the pcopl,-, pievent their
tiiji yiug the half of lliofi? blefliiigs with which I'rovi-
deiue hath enriclied ihtir country. 1 hey are (laves to
the tyranny of the i;o\criiment, and to th'ir own paf-
(lon-, and take more paiii> 10 be luxurioudy idle than
moreacliic people do t.> be prolilaldy bufy. I he leli-
pKin and political conlliiiition oi the country obliges
lliein to innumerable aliliirdilies, while their iiiclin itioiis
impel them to fetic all iiianner of indulgciKcs, 'I'hcir
]i\i>,aie tlurefoie an od.l jumble of molality and libir-
liliilin, of fell'-driiial andrxccf..

'I'uikcv in Afia foiiiis a giaiul divifion of the Turkifli
*ni|iiri, the whole being nearly fquare, ami extending
about two tlit)ufand nines each way, It about. d'. nut
dull wilh llic necillaiirs, but with all the lu\iiiir> ol
life, and rxiitaiiis (oinc of the molt Uriilc and delightful
prinlncru 111 the iiniverfe,

Tuikcv in Alia, .il which only wc (hall at prelent
trrit, IS fitiialrd buwccn 75 and ^H dcg. of noiih un-
til. le, and 77<'iul «5dr^. «t ea(( longitude. It isdiMdrd
into canrin and wcllein : the latter comprehends iSyria,
P.iiilline, and Anut'dia, or the Iclli r Afia 1 mil the
(otiner I)iarbei i(, riiicomania, nnd ( leorgi.i,

Thiii com try n puliapi the brll rui.alid (or n.iviga-
lioii n( nny in the unuAile, but tlic natives do not know
Kvk lu iiiak* ulc of ilic uncummvi) iiatuul aOvaiitagcs

1! with which Providcrrc hath blelTcd th.'in. The feaj
which border on it arc the Imxine, or Hl.nk bea 1 the
It Iphurus, or fca ol ConllHntinnpIc J the l'ropi,nti>, cr
l.a of Marmora i the Hellefponr, and th /T,g an j:ea,
01 Archipcl.igo, which divide Al'i.i fioin Europe ; the
l.cvani, or White 8e.i, and Ihe Perfian Guljh. The
Kcd Sta likewile divides it (1. m Afia, which occifioni
the (iian I Seigni' r, among his other tubs, to ifile hiin-
fclf " LuJtJ ibf Lhii, If'hitt, mii RedStm."

The mounijins, which arc many, have been the mo(V
celebrated in f.icicd and picfane lnlli.rv of anv in the
uiiiverfe: the | rincipal, which are (ituated in Lcfi'et
Alia, are tJlyinpiu, Jda, 'lains, Anti-Tauris, and tl>e
Carmanian mountains. liclidis tlitle aic niouni Cau-
cafus or the D,iKhil(an mountains j mount Artar«t,
wluieihe ark rclleJ, and the other Ainu niaii nioii; la ns |
the mount.iins of C'urdiltan, and P.ilelline, particularly
mount lErmon and mount Ltb.non.

The piinci|al rivets .irc the Euphrairj, Tigrii, Me-
ander, Uiontes, Sar.bat, Jordan, Haly, and Kara.

'Ihe Tigris and Luphraies iile in ihc norih, and tiow-
ing lo«atds the fouih-calt, riidole and fertiiiie that
diliijhtf.l part of Di.irbick, the ancient Mekmotanna,
which i? fuppided to h.i\c been Ihc (eat of Par«dile.
The Oronies riles in mount Herman, and lunn i>g
north wcdwaid, emptiei iilcif into the Levant fca. Ihi
.Mcandir, which nks in nuuiit Taur », flows wcllerly
till It falls into the Archipelago ; l.om tliii river all
windinn or Itrpenlinc (Ircam.i are called Meanderi.
Tlic Saiabat lifenii Nalolu, and difthai^es ilfelMike-
« lie into the ArchiiH'lago. Halys riKi in Cappadotm,
.iiid IUII4 into (he Luxinc fri. Kaia takes its me m
N.ilolia-Pioper, and IdIIii into the Kupliiale". Juidan
IS tormcd by the union of two llieaiiis, named jur and
Uan, which tiftit ih( loot of Ami-Libinu«( 11 emp-

ttM

'!• d

t ,

A NEW COM?r.KTK SYSTEM OF dEOGRAPIU'

ties itfe'if Into the Der-il iV;), hut is only 3 (mall river. I
It tonus two lakes ; the n\ic ir.illcd Mciom, is v ly ln\;ill, I
and dry in I'lK-nmi'i ; the othrr c:i)led the (e.\ ot (i.illilce,
or I.ikc ot 'I'lbeiias, i.i r.ear thiiteca miles in leiv'ltli,
and Ine in bre.iiirh. It was in the let ot G.'lli'.ec th:it
St. Pc'er, Anvhev,', John, and Jamcf, cxtriilcJ thtii
protcllitjii as tilher;i in,

.■\s this pait (•(' Tiirlcpy is verv rxtcnfivc, the clini.ito
and n.-.tiiral jii>dii>itions gifuly dil:cr j wclliall tl'.enl<)ic
gi\c .1 paitiiiilnr dercriptioii cl" cviry pruvinre, in order
111 avoid guural -.'.llcriw in , vhich can only Iv true in

iiirc of Geo:": a, oi

part, and b;£

Gu.'gillsn.

n with the

S E C

0/ Gcor-ia,

Mingrelia,
Ci^rra

T. n.

Itnaretta, AIic.i.Tia, n-ul !
'.',1.

GC'RGISTAN, or the rounlry of Georgia, (for the |
tennination I in i. a Le't.i; v.oid, and li^n;^as
C.1U itrv) is hoiiPiled on the noth In- Cnc.iH-.a, on the
fouth by Arni'-MiTi ; on the eaft hy I )a;',hifi..n, and on
the weHitiv tlr: Lnxini ot Iil..tl»Se.. ; it ineluUes Cokhi.s,
Ihciia, a.ij AU'ania.

Gcor^iia, which is p::itlv fu^jcxl to the Tnrks, stnl
p.iilly to the Firfians, aboundi uith n-.iaintains and
woo.)', which aie interfp.: led with a v.inety ol heaiitiful
viles, and fertile plains.

G'orj;ia lias ,i diy air, cold in winter, anj hot i;
fa'.'.inier. It proJuecj ..U kin.ls of fruits, wh'ch ar< < .\-
(.eilint, r.nd tl.cb.'e.;d is haidiy to be p..ralli'td, 'Iheie
15 plenty of l"ne ca'tle : the porlc is a^niiralile, tlic wil.i
and tanic fowl inroinparable ; and the t^lli, buih I'ea and
river, eq-ia! any in tlic i-niierfe.

The inS.iliitantb ha\e b.lter, and drink inore wir.e
than any oti.e: p'ople in the wurlJ : a l.ori'c-Ioad of tlu
bcii, wiiu'i; 13 -bout thiee hnni.red »ei;.ht, k'lst'oronU
eioht niilhnj.']. The r'liiuty iikcwiie produces preal
qu.iiiliti.s ol c.Yce'ient (lU. Sir John Chardin lav,
that the Gicrgians are " robud, v..li.int, and c.f a i',ii.i.il
temper, rrcat lovers of wine, and very truity and failli-
fiil, erdi.'wed with r.ord n.lLral parts, hut for want of
Ciiticali. 11 vicious. Tne women aif jicnerally fo fan J
and c.sT.>-'ly, that t!.e wives ami concubiius ol the kiiij; 'I
of Ptrl'ia and his cunt, arc lor the niotf pait tieor^jian :l
women. Natai-- his »doincd ihcni w.th (jiacei no 'I
wlieif tlfe to be met will). It is impoiTible to Ice the i' '|
without loiir; il 'm i they .ire ol a good li/.e, clean '
limbed, an I weil flupel." Some modern tfuvcllcrs of i
rep'itation, howTvir, alT rt, that the abo\c, anj m..n\
O'lier ace. lints of the e\t:.»ord nary beauty of the
Gsorpiin women ate jutatly ex,ii;geiatcd, and ptorcid
tnoie Irom fancy than i.al obf. rvaiion. It is ccitain lli :i
th- woitien of all th: f.irroundr.g nations au eNcccdin_l)
(lifactcealle in tlicii pe tons and leatiires, and p.rhap:.llie
Georgian wom^n owe their re,iutation for beauty inoie
to the iigli-icfj of th ir nciylow.irs than to ihcir own
ic.l Mitiiiific charms. It may not be in. proper likew-U
to oM'eive, that in loiintrits wl.eie multitudes of fine
womei, ar eontinually fusii alout the llrects, with lluir
fi'.ces uniovereJ, heant. \i h f< re^aided and noticed th.ili
in thof ■ placci white ftnial.s aie gcnir. illy locked up,
and always veilsil, and liver perfoiis or liatiiies ratily
•.il'ible. VVc .,lv.a). tnieUain a grc.iter idea of th.it
which we fel loin or nrver (ce, than of what we are in-
tiinat.ly aci)uaiiiled With.

•' n.-ifliy fi.'H pro«i F.unili.n* !n ihc lovrr,
" r.i.lutinli^iyr, an.l pilli ii(Kin ilit feme."

Th" rrnfon l« p'.iin, t'lc mental faculties air more
lively ihm ihr coiporcil oruv, and the f.nuy cxa;;|^^e-
rate> mof • than ihe li^ht. Tims the Irtia^-ination foiiir
be.mtiei v/hi.-h the e- e rannty tee, and bcltowj (>• ecs
Whirh iiliial obh rvniiori cminot Iraie, while the p (•
fioiii intetefting theiiililvcs in the fcnfujl idea, over-
power the rr.ifon, and cnjpge tin heart (o inia;;ine what
never exili'.l. Ilmce thele ciptivalin; Wi itio, as lluv
Bfv' d 1 meil, arc nioie oMi ril to thcire\< lul'ion from pru-
n llC'iotii foci"y, .Mid to the foil or|lirit i.ri 'h' ours on-
(iimtliiiei , than to any c.\lrjui-liii>t)' (^ilii ul iitlutr to
ihcMifvlvi,.

Gtor;va fornicily contained many large cilie-, as Mf.
tory iiifcinis us, an.l tlv ir ruins evince : bat at prefent
there are but few cit cs and towns in proportion to th':
uiHomir.on fertility, and great extent of ih country,
and thole few are but ihiiily iiihabite.', whii h i- perhaps
owinj; to tiie ftlrbaious ciiHom of 1 llinj ihc juvenile
inhabit.ints for llave% for the lord,- fell ilicn iciiJiili iiui
vadiils, pirents then ihildien, nnd naiteis their fei--
vants, as thiy think pioper. Th',- principal faillors in
ihis iinnauiral bulinefs aie Jew.s, who piirch.ifc the b.iys
and gills when very youiij,', give litem a luitahk- educa-
tion, and whui they .iirive at a proper a.;e, dilpofc of
them to tlieTuiks and iVrfians, by whom tiny ate em-
ployed in their armies and fcraglio.s as concubiius, flave-,
mutes, eunuchs, foldiers, ^'c. and many havcbi. ii railed
to the rank ol llatefnien.

In (lel'ence of the abuvementirned cuftnm, the Geor-
gians plead, that it is for the bcnelit of iheir ihildien ;
lor if they Hay in their native country, they are fuie of
being haul working Haves, but when they are lold tliev
are moie careli'ed, live better, do lels, and have a gieati-r
. ch.incc of advancement than the, could ha\e at lionic.
I Many of both I'e.tes ind' ed, who have cbiaincd the fa-
! \o.r of the gieat, both in the Ottoman and Perfian
! courts, have had intei.It fufficicnt to fend for their pa-
: ruits and nlatioiis, and |;ct them promoted to places of
! ;;rtat irutf and impoitaiice.

I The Clcorgians aie great liars, implac.ble in their

I hatted, and unfoi.i>iving to thofe v.'lio have i.lTend.ti

I liiem, '1 hey do nut detni driinkenneis, liixuiy, or li-

; b.rtinifin crimes, or even IoIIkh. The cleruy in gene-

; iial are woifj than the laity, and ihcv.Mimn aie as Mciiis

11 eithrr. They liuit their beauty v.ilh paint, and their

minds hy the moll licentious hclnuiour. They aic alt

iifurers, and aH'eilt a grave dipui tment. Allreli.ions am

I tolerated in Giorgia, everyone being atlibtity lo ihink,

j pr.iy, and I'lieik as he pleafci. Many individuals of tho

lurrniindiiig nations lelide here, and the Armenians in

parliciil..! uieinorc numerous than t'.ie (jcoij;i,ins tliem-

I I.Ives. I'lny are likewilc richer, and occuj y the piin-

I cip.il places of trull and power.

riuir houfea aie all built after the nioiii! of ihc Fer-.
fianhoufesj they likewife imitate ihcni in e.itiii;;, fit-
ting, Ijing, Jcc. ihey ha\e butttitis and loops to their
lells, and wear them open at their biLalU. The liabiti
of the wonun ate cntiuly I'tifianj the nicn- Covinn^
lor the legs and feet is in the I'erlian fill. ion, but their
bonnets or hats relcmble thofe of the I'olaiu^c .'.

Th" (ivorgiaii nobles are all l)iants, and exercife the
moll deljioiic cruelty over their v-llaK and di p.nd.int.'-,
whole properties, liberties, and live;, they think at their
optit.n.

'I'he fovereignty of the Tiitks and Petfians over
Georjiia, is r..thcr nominal th.iii le.il, tor as they are .1
lilrdy warlike peop'e, and can cafily ritire to aiiJ ilcf.nJ
the p illes of iheir mountains, it would be dangtroiis t"
ipiiriil with thvin, as noarny couKl liibdii-; them, aiut
Irom the tviliire ol their countiy, they niiuht become ex-
ceedin;' iroubklonic hy milking incutlions into the neigh-
bouring I'urkllhand I'erfi.in provinces.

'I'lioiigh the prince ol liengia is a Mahometan, the

iieneialiiy of the people are Clirillian , or at le.vll pie-

tend to be fo, f r they arc fi cxtieinly ii-norant, that

they It.irce iinderllaiul the meaning of wh t ihey piofefi.

Sir John Chardiii mentions ; ii abiiird ciillom uhieli ptc-

I vails 111 this country, the reiionof which he could never

find nut, that i>, the buiMing tlieir chirehes upon h gh,

I and almnll inaceedibic pl.icei, where il.vy ate abandoi>ci5

I lo the injuries of the weatliei, and lutri led ti> he the ha-

I bitations of hiid*. I'rom ihe.r ftlnalior. the Gi .iigianti

I can fee thiin at a great dlllanci , when tliry never lail to

falute them Willi prcit rilpe.i, hut tnl<e <ate fridom or

I never to enter them. In liimr of tlic towns, hownir,

I the cliiirihet nie kept pr.ity decently. Ilefid.'i the pa-

ttiarch thee atefeieral bidiop., «tid « Qtc.it number ol

inf.'tior clergy.

St»me of the Georgians, who hsive irore decrnrv mil
confciriiic tlun ilicir neiglibour •, foil iw the Aim'eniaii
ciiOoni of iii.«riying their daughters when inl.ints, to
pieveiit then b.itii; I lid foi fuvcs, i^r l«ksn awaj by ibo
);reat loidi ai coiteubinci,

Th«

ASIA-l

The only confiJcrablc and fortified towns in Georgia
arc four in number, viz. 'rertis. Gory Cakct, '/..\v,3t\
Suram, and Aly j and the principal rivers aic the Kur
or Cyrus, and t'.ie Aragus ; the- firft rilca in the Mof-
chian mountains, and difcharges itfcif into the Cafpian
Sea J th^ latter fpririgs from the mountains, which fepa-
rate Iberia from Colchis, and fulls into the Cyrus.

Tillis, the capital of Georgia, is one ot the beft
cities in the oriental regions ; it is watered by the river
Kur. The walls arc itrnng and handfome ; it contains
fourteen churches, fix bjong to the Georgians, and
eight to the Armenians : the cathedral, called Sion, is a
Hone church, built near the river. A large dome, fup-
ported by four mafly pillars, rifes in 'he middle, the
iiifiJe is filled with miferablc Greek paintings ; and ad-
joining to it is the biOiop's palace.

On the declivity of the mountain there is a large for-
trds, containing an arfinal, a market, and a public
fipiarc. Here is not a fingle mofque, which is rather
particular as the city belongs to the Pcrfians, and the
piince himfelf hath ufually been a Mahomeian j but
prince Heraclius, who is fiippofed to reign in Georgia
at prcfent is a Chriltian, and we have been informed
haih attempted to throw oft" both the TurWilh and Per-
fian yoke, and to prevent the inhabitants from Idling
their progeny as llaves ) how far his laudable endeavours
have been fucccfsful we cannot pretend to fay ; but
hope, from the Turks having been engaged in an im-
portant war with the Ruflians, and from the prevailing
delhadiions in Perfia, that he hath been able entirely to
tender himfrlf independant of the infidels.

The Georgians ufe bells in their churches, fell pork
in the markets, and vend wine in the ftriets. The
Bazars, Caravanleras, and fomc of the houfcs are built
of fioiie, but the generality arc only en.iK'd witii mud
and briiltJ, and are low and dark. The ftrects are very
badly paved, and confequently difagiecabic either in
wcl, or dry weather. The palace of the prince is a
fuperb building, it is adorned with exicnfive and beauti-
ful gardens, aviaries, falconries, &c. and before it there is
a large fquarc furrounded by {hops. Teflis is fituatcd
in 42 dcg. 47 min. north latitude, and 47 dcg. 5 min.
ealt longitude. It is very populous, the Ibple commo-
dity is furs, but great quantities of raw filk are fent to
various places, as the Georgians know nothing of
weaving. The inhabitants of the city are tli'ught to
amount to about 20,000. Many tolerable houlcs, and
fine gardens, render the environs very pleafant for feveral
n.ili's round.

Thepiincipal amufemcntof the inhabitants ofTcflis is
bathing : the baths arc agreeable places, and contain tine
fprings, fomc hot, others cold, and others lukcwarni. The
Grand Vizir's houfe is the fined in the city, and the
Capuchin's monalU-ry is picifant ; thefe Italian fathers re-
ceive from Rome annually but 25 Roman crowns each
to maintain them ; but they are permitted to praftife
phyfic, of which they know very little. If the patient
difs they receive no pay j if he recovers, flives, wine,
cows, Ihcep, &c. arc fent to the convent, by way ot
gratuity. The (jeorg'ans have nu manner of notion of
taking money, but love to deal by way of barter 1 tra-
vellers have thcufoic an opportunity of procuring the
moft excellent provifions in great quantities, in ex-
change for trifles, fuch as ncclilaces, rings, bracelets,
knivt't, pins needls, &c. ihey ufe neither weights or
mealures, and are fuch bad atithniciicians, that llicy
cannot count an hundred.

In Georgia, a merchant is Icfs refpciHed than a me-
chanic ; and a mechanic lefj than a huniandniaii. The
principal mcnhantj and traders are Armenians, whom
the Georgians natur.illy hate, and look upon in the
Uine delprcable light as Jews arc confidered rn t.urope.
One of the mod cfpciilabic employments in Georgia
is that of a I ubiic executioner. 1 he profeflion is
deirmed refpirtjblc and honourable, and the profcfl'ors
are all rich ; if any man can trace a hangman amongit
hrs anceDur., he is cxtrtmely pmud ol it, and never
fads (o mention it frequently with exultation : at the
fame time obleiving that nothing is lo noble as executing
jullice, and that the lalcty of the Ilatv depends un tbe
txiciniination cftciminalsi

TURKEY.

With rcfpcft to Turkey and Perfia, Georgia is in
much the fame predicament as Flanders is in Europe;
for, when a war happens between thofe empires, this
country is ufually the feat of it. In 1578, the Turkifll
forces under the command of Muftapha BalTa took
Tcflis i but the Pcrfians coming to the alfiftance of the
Georgians, the Turkifll troops were defeated, and
70,000 of their men were flain in the battle. In 1583,
hudilitles were re-commenced, but the I'urks were
again unfuccefsful.

The prince of Georgia, befides what is ufually
allowed him by the emperor of Perfia, has the cudoms
of Tcflis, the duties upon brandy and melons, and one
(lieep for every fire-hearth in the whole country, which
amounts to 40,000 flieep ; the crown (dates fupply him
with wine, butter, wax, grain of all kinds, vegetables,
fruits, &c. A great deal of gun-powder is made in
Cieorgia, particularly at Tcflis, the mountains near that
city producing large quantities of nitic. The people eat
and burn a great deal of linfeed oil, which they h.we
in great plenty, but they value only the feed, as they
have no idea of beating the dalk for fpinning.

When a (Jeor^ian dies, a bifliop fays mafs over the
corpfe, for which he receives a hundred crowns. If
the difuncl has not left money fuflicient to difchargc
this exorbitant demand, forne of his quondam friends
very obligingly fell his wife and children for flaves, to
rai(e the money ; for the clergy mud not go unpaid :
the bidiop then fays inals, and afterwards lays a letter
upon the bread of the corpfe, which is only a ccm-
plimcntary card to St. I'cier, to inform him that the
tuncral expcnces have been liontfily paid, and to entreat
him therefore to be (b obliging as to open the gates of
paradife to the deccaltd ; the body is then wrapt up in
linen and buried. The Mahometans here have the fame
abfiud cullum of fending a note by the dead to
Mahomet.

The Georgian men arc ufually more ignorant than
the women ; lor the girls in general are brought up in
monaft^ries, where they learn to read and write. If
any of the girls chufe to become piofcflcd nuns, they
are authorilcd to baptize and applv holy oil.

The language of the Georgians ij remarkable for its
beautiful fimplicity. Father I-ami in his art of fpeak-
ing, mentions it in the following words, " all the
names derived from the primitives difter only in this
termination, jiini. If they arc narr^cs of dignity,
oflices, or any art, the derivatives add me to the pri-
niiiives. liy placing the fyllab!cy« before the name of
a thing, they form a derivative, which denotes the place
of it, thus ihredi fignifies a dove, and falhrtJi, uove-
houfe ; chutli, cheefe ; and J'aihutti the place where it
is kept."

Many travellers, particularly the ingenious Monfieur
Tournefort, infid that the icrredrial paradife, where
Adam and Kve fird received being, was in Georgia.
The latter gentleman fays, " it cannot be doubted
but that Paradife mull have been in the way between
Erzcron and Ti flis, if it be allowed to taki- (lie Phafis
for Prfon, and Araxes for (Jrhon, and then not to re-
move Paradife too far from the heads of thefe rivers, it
mud of nccellity be placed in the beautiful vales of
Cieorgia. And if we may fuppofe the Tcrrcdrial Para-
dife to have been a place of confiderable extent, and to
have retained fome of its beauties, iiotwithflandrng tha
alterations made in tiie earth at the flood ; and lince that
time, 1 do not know a finer fpot to which to aflign thii
wonderful place." He a(;ain lays, " as to Palclline,
where Ibme would perfuade us that Paradife lay, lo m«
it leeins trifling, to attempt to make four tivers of
Jordan, which is ilfell but a brook or rivulet, and be-
fides, this country is veiydry and rocky."

The wcflern pans of Ibena or Georgia, which tli«
.nodcrns call Mingrelia, but which was known to the
anciinis by the .ippellation ot Colrhiv, '. bounded on
the ead by (Jcorgi 1, properly fo called ; on the wed by
the Luxine fea ; lui ilie north by mount Cautafus | and
on the foulh by Armenia and pait of Pontus.

Mingrclia is watered by many livrri, vir. the Corax,

IIippuj Cyanein, Cliaiiflut., Abfaius, CiUa, Ophil

and Pliahs, yvlieie the Argonauts landed. All tht

A a abev«

*\ "ft

I U'

i ! m;'

.i l-UB

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAFUV.

' mi

"ri :;
*(

■ il

\ \

above rivfi's tinpiy iheiTiitlvcs into the Enxine fen,
but none of them arc coiiUJei.ible, ixcopt tlie Phiifis,
which tiTcs in mount Caucufus. 'I he inhabitants ot
this celebrated nii'untaln arc Uid by the moli authentic
writers tp have little bcfuleci Ipccch, which can entitle
them tu humanity ; they are tall and uell made, their
looks are fierce, an<l iiuiicate the fav.ige dilpolition of
their minds. '1 hey are in {.lA the inoH daring, fe-
niciiiuSg <in4 deter. niiied rubbti^ in the world.

The country in general isexticmely woo;ly, very un-
even, full ol hiils, and hut little cultivated ; the foil is
bail and Herile, the fruits are all ill talUd and unwhole-
fome, except the giapes, which night bo converted
into foi c of the beft wine in the univtrle, if the natives
(lid but know how tu make it. Rains alniod continually
fill, which occafion fuch a quantity ut humid vapours
(J mingle with the hot exhalations natural to the cli-
mate, that peitiUncies, and a variety of other dileales
afflii^t the natives al:r.oU continually. 1 he earth is fo
nioitl that the few who turn their thoughts tu iigriculture,
fovv their wheat and barley witliout ploughing ; and tor
their other Iceds, they turn up the land with little
wooden ploughs, which are lulficiently rironj^ to make
fuirows m lo fott a foil. Colchis was faid by the
ancients to be exceeding plcafant and hitile, and even
to abound in mines of geld, which gave life tu the cele-
brated fable of the gulden fleece, aid llie Argonautic
expedition) for the inhabilaHts uied to catch the <iold
dull, which was brought down by the toncnts In m
mount Caucalus, by fe;ting fieeecs of wocl acrofs liome
of the n.Ttrow pail'ages of ihoft torrints.

1 he country abounds in beeves, hogs, wild boars,
(lags, am! other venilun ; likewife in paitr.dges, phea-
lants, i)ua.l», SiC, 0:i mount Caucafus, falcons, eagles,
pelicans, I gets, lions, leopards, wolves, and jackalls
breed.

Their bread is m.idc of a fmall grain, called gomm j
it is agreeable to the tafle, lalubrious, cooling, and
laxative. The peopleol qu uity, however, cat wheaten
bread, no that they like it better, but bccauie it is
more (c»rc> . The principal food is beef and poik, tlie
latter being excellent, 'i'hc nobility fpend a great deal
of time in killing and catching game, fuch as pheafants,
water fowl, &c. but their favourite divcruon, is flying
the falcoii at the heron ; which is no lonner taken th.m
they cut the beautiful tuft of featheis lioin its he,id, and
let it go .igaiii. I'hcy have a great number of excel-
lent horlVi, which are never fliod, nor fed with corn.

The country Is every where intcrfpeifed will) hnufes,
but there arc no towns, except two little ones by the
fca fide. With rtfpect to calil^s there are about ten in
number, in the principal of which, named Rues, the
prince kee| s his court. Their ciillei are buik ot lloiu',
to the height of about fifty feet, in the midlV of a
wood. Hero their trealures .ire depofilcd, though the
g,irrifi.n confilh of only about fixiy perlons ; near the
caiUearc iVveral niaga/.ii.cs for provilions, built ot wood,
which likewife fervc for places of tetieat upon emer-
gencies. They have many huts made of branches of
tiecv, canes and reeds ; and are fo fecurc in fhcfe rcticatt,
th,ii none can come at them, but by one winding narrow
pallage, which is always ftopt up when they apprehend
an attack.

As the Miiigrclians have great plenty of timber, they
build their houf«s of wood, but nevei raife them above
two floiies. They have ncithci windows nor clumnies,
but are fuinilhcd viih beds and couches ; at night, aut
only the whole family, but the cattle all lie in one
room.

The qicii Jic will propoitioncd, and the women
pretty, hut they paint their faces and e)e. brows; they
wear their h.iir in culled ringlitj, are witty and polite,
IhiC vain, luxurious, tieaeheious, atid letociuus j dcx-
tioiis thieves, and glory in thelt, '1 hey thinic it pru-
dent, as well as lawful, tu have many Wives, brciiile
thry bring them iiiaiiy children, whom they can fell
lor money, or baiter i'or necellain's j when children,
hi wcvri, coinc loo quitk, they do not belilale tu inui-
dcr thcni. They likewili: murder the Gck and aged,
and pretend they do it with the bei«BVulenl defign ol
(Hitting them uut ol tbiiir miKr/ { aJullcry in tlu)uj;ht

but a trifle : when a man catches anotli>:r in tamiliaii;';
wiih his wife, be obli;^es luiii to pay a ho.:, which .;
immediately drclUil, aii.l all thieefit elown v.rv lovingly
to fealV upon it.

The lords not only compel the peafants to maintain
them, but fell them aiul their whole families wh.ncver
they think proper. 'I'h.y an- the umpires in all dif-
putcs between tluir vall'alj ; but when there ii a quar-
1 .1 between any of tlie t;reat lords, they hue recourii:
to arms. Their weapons aie hows, anovvs, (words,
and lances.

1 he ccelefiadics have long beards, bi t the laity
fufter very little of their b.iids to grow. 'I hev fliave
the head leav iiig only a little hair upon the foichead and
round the ears. M'lieir bonnet is made of felt, and in
winter is lined with fur, but is not of much ufe to
them, for when it rains, ihey put it in their pix-ket,
and go bareheaded to fave it. They arc fo poor that
the common people go almoft naked, and have onlv a
CO. Cling of a triangular !orm, which ihey turn againtl
wind or rain. They we;'.r a Ihiri, but have fcldom
more than one at a time, iind lh.it tliey only walh thies
times in the year. Th.- fhiit is tucked into a pair of
breeches, and on the feit they wear fandals made of
the untanned hide of a bufl'alo, which ate faflencd with
thongs of the fame. In winter they wear fnow Ihcrs.

The whole of cvciy family of both fexes cat togeiher.
I has grooms and (cullions dine daily with the kiii';
and queen. On holidays they cat venifon, beef ami
poik, b'lt at other times the maltcrs have filhand pulfe,
anil .iR . '.Icriors nothing but ?omms. If the vieather
will peiniit il"<'y dine in the open court. Both lexes
ufu.illy get drunk at their enttitainmenis, when tlu
men boail of their thc.'ts, and the women of llicir de-
baucheries.

The continual fale rj the Mingrelians to the Turks,
anil Perfians, and their perpetual Iquabblcs among thcm-
lelvcs, have greatly de()Ojiulated the country. The
revenues of the princo aie eliimated at about 2o,ooo
crowns per annum, whith arc rallied by fims, impo-
litions, the fale of (laves, and duties on all imports
and exports : of this money be fpcnds very little, for his
crown lands arc more than (utkci nt to maintain him,
and the people are oblig. d to work for him lor nothing.
His forces are primipally caiahv, and du not amount
to above 4CCO elfciitue nun. Lvtiy IokI lead.', h.s own
people to battle, but they arc lo badly dilciplined that
they m.uch, charge, and retreat without older. All
commerce is rariied on hy bait.r, thiiu^h thev have
money which bears the Poiii.n (lamp j but is coined in
(jforgia i the value of which is always Hueluating.

The Mingrelians profet's themfelvck Chriftian.s, but
are exceedingly ignorant in all riligious mailers; few of
the cleigy cm either write or read, ^ut thev greatly
iippile upon the laity, by picteiiiliiig to diviiiaiinn.
.Meifi ecelelialtieal writers lav that a Chriltian (lave
converted thefe piop'e in the reign of L'onflanliiie the
Great; but the Mingrelians theinlelvis attribute that
work 10 M. Andrew, whom thev afBim cane . iid
pre.icbed among ihrin, at a place called Piguiias, where
there i.s at pi lent a chuich. The head of their rclit'ion
IS called Caihulieos, who is obliged to go once in hia
life 10 the above-mentiuiied chureh to make holy oil.

When a iMingrelian is fuk, a priell is lent for, not
10 pray hy him, but to predict whether he will live or
die. I lav in 1; opened a book lie lo^ ks gi.ively in it, thiiu"h
he IS ui'.ul le to rtad a line ; then (hutting the hook
luddenly, he declares that the pa lent will iiitvitably
die, unlets a very h<andfome prrtent is made to liinilell.
The llek pcrlon being greatly ttrrihed eiitieats the | r ell
10 tike what he plealcs. 1 he confcient ous rlerpymnii
does not want twice bi.lding, hut picks up whatever ho
can lay hii hands upon, and urivei away all the poor
man's cuttle into the bargain; thus eo th -fe lii|H'r-
tt nous people lurter themlcKcs tu lie plundered by (heir
Ignorant clergy,

Iht CalhuliciK. is allowed by the govcrnmrnt 40a
vailiilt, who aiu obliged continually to work lor hiin,
ihat he m.iy be (upplied with whatever he waiii.s. In
letuin lor their labour lie dues not give thorn aiy pav,
but takes avi.iy their wives, uid Ullt (hcii (hildicn for

llavet.

A S I A.]

TURKEY.

<>5

(laves. Sometimes ho makfs a tcuir through his whole
tlioci-fc, which exttmls not only all over Mingrcliii, but
throughout Imcrctta, GuritI, Ahca, and Mount Caii-
tafus. 111 thcfc cxcurfions he dues not iitic.npt to regu-
late thepaftors, or iiiftrudt tho (Hoplf, but plunders and
robs both clergy and laity of all he can lay hi'i hands
OH. lndi;ed, if he was willing to tiacli his inferiors he
could not, for mort (Jatholicos h.ivc been fo igiior.int
ak fcarce lo know how to fpell their own names. The
Catholicos has fix bifhops immcdi.iiely under him ; and
thefc htads of the church abfurdly maLe the whole
Chnftian religion to center in one article, that is, the
abl*aining froi.i eating of flefh. They neither preach
nor pray J their moft important bufiiicfs being to get
drunk, daily: the inferior piiefts cupy their fuptiiurs ;
snd the people in general think tlicy cannot do better
than to imitate the clergy. It is no womler, therefore,
that the l\4ingrelians h.ive been deemed by travellers fome
of the wickcjeft wretches upon the face of the earth.
Somtlimes, after the prielln have with impunity defrud-
ed the people, and the Catholicob have robbed both, thr
prince takes it into his head to dipofe and plunder the
Catholicos.

The cathedral is a toler..blc buiMing, aiiJ the images
w.thin are finely adorned with gold .mJ jewels. 'I'hc lu-
perior cl«gy weac long beard^i, black bomicts, a^tJ lul-f^
of fcailct and vehctj but thofc of the inferior cKiii
laak^' but a despicable appeaiaiice, and are cMijed lo
work for tlicir great lords p.s hard .is the laity. 1 he ge-
rurality of th ir other churches ;'rc as nafty as liog ftyes :
and their images arc kipt very filthy, though their wor-
Ihip of them isexccedinjlv idolatroii'-. Having no bells,
when they call the people to cliurth, which is hii, feldtim,
they Ihike .igainll .i bo..ril with a gieat (tick. They pa\
the greatufl refpccl, aiiJ make the hiriiitt prefents to
tbofe Saints who have the charai5tcr of being tho moll
cruel and lavage. St. Giobiii is their gieatift favourite j
btcaufe they think that he would kill .ill who came near
biin, they thereknc only peep at him at a diU.ince, and
l.iv down their prcleiUi. Their niafs is after the Greek
manner, with thii dirierence, the Cireek prierts repeat
the whole perfectly, but the Miiigrelians only mumble
the ceremony, and blunder at every (thcr word. For
their chalice they ha\e a wooden bowl, and a wooden
diflj for their patten. They conlVxrate both leavened
iuid unleavened bread, and drink the wine without its
being mixed with water.

They bapti/e by iipmcifion ; and as fonn as the child
is chriltened, pricll, p.ircnts, godfathers and guciK', in-
dulge ihemlolves in gluttony and intoxic.ilum to the
grentcd excels. When a nan wants a wile, he mull
buy her : a tolerable good prueis gu en for a virgin, lefs
for a widow, and le.iit of all for a woman who h. s been
divorced. When the nuptial conlnn't ii made, the cou-
ple may cohabit together previous to the payment of the
money. They niav ailij divorce their wives either
for h.^rreniiefs or ill-niture,

Tliiy kei ,1 their dead forty days above proniid, during
which tune ihey nioiiin. At full, they make a terrible
howling and Icrcamini:, t' arin^ their cloaths all into
taller <, hea ing thiir biearts, fintthin; their f.ices, and
pulling oH their Iran by handfuls ; but their lamentations
guuliially diniiriilh, till the fortieth dav, wIkii the body
IS buried ; an uiiteit.iiiiiiicnt is niHde, the rnoll extrava-
gant mirth is encouraged, and llic ninurncrs get drunk
III order to forget the dece.ifed. When any of the laity
di.-, a bifliop alw..tys peiloiins the fiimral fervice, and
thin Liys claim to .11 that hel.jiiged to the decealed ; but
when a bilhop dies, the prince himfelf lays mals, in
order to have the privilege i>f pUindeiinghi) houfe. Thus
a burul is gemially the ruin of a whole family.

The Miiigrelians, when thev <at pork, oi diink w nc,
make the lijn of the crofs, for which none of them can
give the leait re. foil. All their prayers are .iddrad'ed to
their f.iiiil', to whom they facrilice, and their gieatell
fellivals are whin thefe images are carried about in pro-
celPion, in older to gel money from the people. At
Chiillmas and I'allcr, they do not Work, but lalHiiir all
tiic retl of tliu yeir, for they oblerve no Sabbath. They
keep the lour great leiits like the Gaits, vi/.. 4.8 d.iys
b«:fui« Lajicr, 40 diiys before L'hriltin;i3, St. I'dei'sfalt,

which holds a month, and the fad of the Virgin Mary»
which lafts 15 days.

In Mingrclia arc fome monks of the order of St. Ba-
fil. The/ obfervc the fafts with great pumftuality, but
arc very little follicitous about any other points of reli-
gion. They furtcr their hair to grow, cat no flclh, and
wear black bonnets. There arc nuns of the fame order,
who are neither confined to any particular place of rcfi-
dciice, nor reftricled by any vows, but become fcculars
when they picafe, and refemble nuns in nothing but
wearing black veils.

lu ancient tin.ss there were fome cities of note in this
country, particularly Pityus, Diofcurias, and Aea on
the Phal'is, fo named from the river in which it ftood j
Cyta, at the mouth of the river Cyaneus, the birth
place of the famous Medea, called from thence by the
poets Cytiis, Saracie, Zadnis, Suriuni, Madia, and
ZalifFa.

There arc two principalities in Weftern Georgia, be-
fide. Mingrclia, viz. Imeritia, or Imaretta, and Abal-
fia, or AbcnfTii. They lie to the fouthward of Min-
grclia along the Euxinc lea, and the princes of both arc
tributary to the Grand Seigi.ior.

Imaretta is about one hundred and twenty miles in
length, and lixty in breadth ; it contains many hills and
wood^, but the plains produce torn, cattle, pulfe, &c.
It is upon the wiiolcmore fertile and plentiful than Min-
grclia. They have foinc excellent it ui mines, cany on
a great deal of commerce, and coin money. The prin-
cipal towns are Cotatis and Akalziki.

Cotatis wus the refiJenre of the prince or king of Imc-
rctta, but is now only the rcfideiice of a Turkiih BafTa.'
It is fif.iated at the foot of a mountain, on the top of
which there is 4 ftrong enlHc to command and defend it.
It is watered bv the Phafis ; the town has no walls, and
contains only about two hundred houl'es. It lies open
on all 1/ )es, except where the rivers and mountain fur-
rouiid it. On the oppofite fide of the river, thete is z
ciia.lel on an emimnce, which has a double wall, amf
is flanked with hijh towers. It lies in 42 deg. 23 min.
north latitude, and 43 deg. 54 min. caft longitude.

Akalziki is likewile the refidcnce of a Turkiih Baflit.
It is lltuatcJ in a hole, furioundcd by about twenty hills,
in 41 deg. 55 min. north latitude, and 44 deg, 55 miir.
ealV longitude; the river Kur flows very near ir. The
town contains about four hundred houl'es ; the inhabi-
tants are a mixture of (jcorgians, Armenians, Jews,
Turks, Greeks, &c. who have icvcral churches and a
fynagogue. The houfes are built of wood, and the v.'alli
and fortifications are old and ruinous,

Abcalfia is the nor'.iii rnn^olt of thefc countries, havinaj
the Kuxine fea to the ("njth ; Circalfia on the weft, ana
Mount Caiicafus on t+ie north and eaft. The principal
traffic is in (laves ; the inhabitants, however, deal in the
Ikins of 'ygcrf, deer, .Vc. boxwood, honey, wax, and
thread, w eh they exchange with the merchants who
come up"U the coaft, for many things which they have
occafion for. They were once ChnlVians, but at pre-
I'ent are exceedingly ignorant, and little better than la-
vages. They go almoll naked, and live in little mean
low hiit^.

The Mamaliikcs, wlio were nncc fo celebrated in Afia
nnd F.cypr, and contended fo long with the Ottomans
for fupenority, were no othir originally than (leorgiaa
ehiUlren, who being brought up to a military life, be-
came fo powerful .IS to revolt againft their malters, and
ulurp the throne of F.Livpt.

Moft geographers iiu iude Comania in Georgia, which
is bounded by thedlpian lea to the calV, by a ridge of
moirntains which pait it from Cireadia to the weft, by
Afi:itic Mufcovy to the north, and by Georgia on the
fouth : the country is thinly inhabited, and badly cul-
tivated; but the foil it fl.it, low, and fertile. It is wa-
tered by frveral rivers, which defcend from the moun-
tains about Caucafus. The climate is rather cold, and
pretty much fubjci.'^ to rains. The inhabitants, who are
e.illed Coniani, or Kamouche, live principally by plunder,
Ihey wear Petfian linen and filks, but dicis like the na-
tives of Little Tartary : the men wear (liort jackets and
drawers, and the women long loolc gowns which le-
Icmblc fliifts. I'hey have nothing that cin be called a

tovrix

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A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

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town, but their little hamlets eonfill of about fixty huts.
Their food is milk, game, the flcfli of their cattle, honey,
fuch ftuitj as their country fpontaneoufly produces, and
rice, which they have from Perfi.).

Guricl, a (mall diftridl which appertains to Mingrelia,
ia too little known to admit of a defcription ; the man-
ners of ilie people, however, are fuid to be the fame with
tliofe of Mingrelia.

SECT. 11.

0/ the DagtJIan, or linghtjian Mountaim, Mount Cau-
cajui, tht Euxiiit, or Black Sea, See.

DAgeftaii, Dagheft»n, or Dag-Eftan, is bounded on
the caft by the Cafpian Sea, on the weft by mount
Caucafus ; on the fouth by part of Pc-ilia, and on the
north by Circaifia. The appellation itfclf fignifics
mountaineers, for Dag implies a mountain, and Stan
a country : the people call themfelvis DagefUn Tartars,
or Tartars of the mountain. They are ufually ac-
counted fonieof the moll ferocious of all the Aliatics,
and are deemed the defccndants of the ancient Harthians.
Thefe people extend thcnilelves from the capital of Cir-
calTia, for about forty leagues along the coalt of the Cal-
pian Sea.

They circumcife their children, and ufe fomc other

Mahometan ceremonials, but are ftupidly ignorant with

rclped to religion in general. They we.ir coats of

mail, c.irry helmets and bucklers, and ufc bows, arrows,

darts, lances, and broad (words. Their facts are very

ugly and tawny, and their hair black and difhcvclled :

their drel's is a long loofe gown, made of dark coarfc

cloili, and over this they throw a cloak made of the (kin

of flicep, or I'otne other animal. Th-ir caps, which

hajigdown to their eyebrows, are made of various flips

of cloth or fur. Their ftioes are made of only one piece

of (kin, and arc fcwcd about the ancles in a clumfy

manner. Their food is the flefh of their numerous herds,

and milk. They fparc neither age, fcx, or condition,

but rob all alike, and even plunder their very nearcll

relations, whole children they fell without the k-aft rc-

morfe. They oblige all merchants to pay them tribute,

and if ftrong enough rob them of every thing, which

occafions the caravans j.1 ways to have a powerful cfcort.

There are .IS many petty lords, called Myrfas, as towns.

From among thefe a chief is feleiUd, tailed Shemkal.

On the death of Shemkal, the manner of cleflion is

thus : the Myrfas afiiir.ible in a ring, in the tniddle ol

which (lands the prieft, who throws a golden ba'l among

thrm at random, and he tha^ 'iril touches it is duly

cledlcd. His power, howevc,-, is limited by the others,

n jr is he much rcfpciaed. Thefe Tartars are fometlmes

ctnfounded with the Lefgee, who ate a diilerent people,

though near neighbours. Tarchu, the capital of this

country, is fiiuatcd on the weftern coaft of the Cafpian

Sea, about forty miles north of Dei bent. It confiltsot

about one thouland wooden houfes, built after the Per-

fian manner, but in a more humble flile.

Mount Caucafus, which lies between the Euxineand
Cafpian Seas, is one of the high' ft mountains, or rather
ch.iin of mountains, in the univeifo. Innumerable Ar
trc(s are found upon it. It is full of terrible rocks,
hideous precipice , ilifmal caves, &r. Paths have Iwen
tut through it with immcnfc labour for the ronveuiintt
of pair.-ngcrs, but by reafon of the lUepncfs they art
difficult to pafs even in fumincr, hut in winter much
more lb, on account of tlie vail quantities of ice and
fnow. The highcll paits are covered with fnow all the
year, which makes the paflage exceedingly dangerous in
windy weathtri fur the clouds of fnow, when diivcnby
a hurricane, have been known to overwhrlra whole
companies of men and horfes. The pafl'age quite acrofs
the mountain is about one hundred and twciiiy miles in
extent: by the way arc fcviral village), well I'upplied
with provifions ; for the foil of thefe alUinifliing moun-
tains is fruitful, and produce plenty of corn, wine,
fiiiits, honey, cattle, &•. which is principally attri-
buted to the lithnef;. of the manure yielded by tie fnow.
The inhabitants have (lore of poultry, eggs, p.ilfr,
bread, 8(C. They breed hogs, wliofe flelh is very fat
and delicious. Though (ubjicl to the Ottoman Porte
they call themfelves Chriilians, but arc in icality little
ciiutlcd tu that epithet.

The Euxine Sea was only deemed a lake by the an-
C4Cnts. It is by the moderns ufually called the Black
Sea, though Tourncfort ohftrvcs, that it has nothin.';
black but the name. It extends alont nine hundicj
miles from cad to weft, and about three hundred and
eighty from north to fouth, in fome parts, but is lefs in
breadth in others. It is encompaflcd by Crun Tartary
and Circafliaon ilic north ; Anatolia, or Alia Minor,
on the fouth ; Turkey in Europe, on the w.ft j and
Georgia, on the eaft.

None but the Turks are permitted to navigate this
fea, though inlinite advantages would redound to the
Porte, if it. was open to the Franks, as the Ottomans
arc very unfkilful mariners, know little of nai igatioii,
arc without charts, and do not underrtand thccompals.

As this fea hath no communication with the Medi-
terranean, and receives many large rivers into iis bo-
fom, its waters arc freflier and clearer than thofe of moft
ether feas. The principal ri\cis which fall into it aie
the Danube, the Don or Taiiais, the Nieper, thePhafis,
and the Niefter, The Euxine Sea joins 10 the Paulus
Mocotis, or fea of Ar.oph, b/ the ftrcights of Catt'a,
which the ancients teinied the tiofphorus Cimmerius.

SECT. III.

Turcomania, or Armenia Major, anj Armenia Minor.

THE province of Turcomania is bounded on the
nortli bv (jfor^ia, on ihe fouth by Melapottmiii,
on the caft by P. rlia ; on the weft by Cappadocia and the
Lefler Armenia, from which it is It, arated by the Eu-
phrates. It is about three hundred miles in lengtn, and
two hundred in breadth, extending from 38 dej. zoiuin.
1042 dcg. norih latitude, and I'lom 39 to almoft 42 deg.
ea(t longitude.

Th s country in general is exceedingly mountainous,
not hut fomc line dales, and plcafant valli.s, are inter-
fperled among the hills. The country, h. .v:ver, pro-
<!uces nothing without the moft indefatigable iiidullry.
The inhabitants are forced to cut ticiichcs in order to
water it, and even many fpots are watered by hand in
the manner of gardens. But after idl, every kind of
grain is but indiiforcnt. The wine is liktwifc bad. The
cold is here very intcnfe, and the fruit extremely back-
ward. Snow foinetiin^s falls in June, but the hills are
covered with it all the year round. \Vc are informed
by authentic ancient writers, that Lucullus, who com-
manded the Roman army in Anrenia, was allonilhed to
hnd the whole country covered with fnow at the autum-
nal equinox. Indeed the feverity of the weather was
fuch, that he loli abundance of his troops by the cold.

Modern travellers likewile tell us, that in the middle
of July iec is found every morning about the fprings,
yet while the fun is up, the weather is very Warm,

They have a lingular method of ploughing the land.
Ten or a dozen oxen are put to one plough. The fur-
rows are made exceeding deep, to prelervc the feed from
the intenle cold, and to intcrii.inglc the foil of the fur-
face, which is faiHy and dry, with the more humid
eaith that lies beneath ) yet the land is fo impregnated
with fait and nitre, that the roots of every thing would
be b'iiiit u_i, if a prorulion of water was not every
where uled to meliorate the heat.

The ruer.-- which witcr ihi.s country arc the Cyrus,
L)cus, Phafis, Araxis, Tigr.s, and Euphrates. The
mountains are Ararat, the P.iryadix, Mariifiiis, Aiiti-
taurius, Abus, Niphates, .Multhitk, and Uordyxaii
mountains.

In fed, 5, of chap. 7, we have given an ample ac-
count of the religion, cutton-s, and cciemonials of th'i
Armenians ; wt Inall therefore unly obl'erve, that they
Ipeak two languages, which are diltinguifhed by the ip-
pellaiions of vulgar and learned, i he foimeris under-
ftoud by the Arn.cnians in general ; but to be well vcrfed
in the latter, is deemed a great accompliftinient, as it ii
only found in their ancient manuftripts, and ufed in the
performante of divine lerviee. They pretend that it
bears no aflii.ily to any other oriental language, but i>
fuperior to ilitm all, being more energetic, exprelfivc,
and elegant, and comprizing not only all the common,
but all the (ethnical tcrm> gf theuli>j(y, and the various

artii

ASiA.l

TURKEY.

arts and fcle'Kes. It" what they afTci t is true, it only
evinces, that the Armenians were formerly much more
learned .iiid poliflicd than tlit-y arc at prcfcnt.

The Armenian merchants arc in general men of pro-
bity and politcncfi. They manage ail the trade of the
Levant, and arc in fad the greatcll merchants in the
univcrfe. They fprcad thcmfelves over the principal
parts of the world, as many arc to be found in Italy,
France, Germany, Holland, England, &c. and in the
dominions of the Great Mo^ul ; all over the Turkifli
and Pcifian territories, in Siam, Java, the Philippine
Idands, and all parts of the call, China exci-ptcd. The
Armenians ilrike their bargains in the following fingi'' -
manner : Several pieces of money are put upon a '-'• a
any convenient place; the buyi r ^n;.! feller then dilpute
tvith great fccming carncrtncfs ..^jut the price of the
commodity ; the buyer ofFerini; tlic money to the feller,
who puflics it away apparently with much indignation,
and the fquabble has fuch an appearance of ill humcur,
that a ftranger would be led to imagine, it certainly
muft terminate in blows. The whole, however, is a
cuftomary afFeflaiion, and when the broker, who is
always prefent at this farce, thinks that an equitable
price is offered, he fqurj/cs the fellct's hand till he roars
out, which is a token 'hat he accepts the buyer's terms.
The capitalclty of 'I urtoinania is called Arzcrum, or
Erzeron. It is fituatcd on the northern extremity of the
province, about ten days journey from the frontiers ot
Pirfia, and five from tile Hlack Sea. It is the refulencc
of a Turkilh ball'a or bafhaw, is defended by a good
caftle, and has a itroiiggarrifon of JanilTaricb commanded
by an aga j it contains about eighteen thoufajid Turks,
who in general purchafe of the balTa the name and prii i-
leges ol Janiflaries, or a difpenfati an of committing all
kinds of diforders with impunity. The pay of a Jaiiil-
faryfrom the government, is from about two-pence half-
penny to ten-pence per day. In this city about eight
thouf.ind Aimenians, and five hundred Greeks lel'ide.
The Armenians have two churches, fcvcral nionallcries,
and a bifliop.

Arzcrum is a place of great trade, which principally
confifts of copper and brals ware?, the ore of which is
found in the neighbouring mountains ; printed callicocs,
red and yellow leather, filk, madder, caviare, gall nuts,
and beautiful furs, particularly fables. It is likewifea
repofitury for \aft quantities of merchani'ize, which
come from the Eaft-Indies, and a great thoroughfare.
All who go from hence to Perfia, except Turks, pay a
capitation tax of five crowns, and five per cent, for all
fpecir which they carry with them. Every llranger who
enters the town is obliged to pay five crowns, and all
merchandize is taxed at nine per cent, fix of which goes
to the Grand Seignior, and three to thebcglcibeg.

Fuel is very fcarcc, which is a great inconvenience in
a place where the winters are fo feverc ; in lieu of wood
they arc under the neceflity of fubitituting cow-dung to
burn. The fummcrs arc fliort and hot, and the country
tiear Arzerum is tolerably fertile, but produces no gnol
wine. The wheat is ripe in about two miinihs after it
is fown, and the bailey in about four weeks. In the
neighbourhood of this city a vaft quantity of poppies
grow, out of which the Turks extract their opium.
The caviare is made of the fpawn of llurgcons brought
fronrihe Cafpian Sea, where thcfe fifli aic remarkably
line ; yet it is inferior to that made near the Baltic.

The piles of cow-dung, which is made into turfs, and
the perpetual burning of that excrement, occafion a
fmcll throughout the city which is exceedingly otfcnfivc
to III. liners. Every thing you cat or drink, even the
very criam, is tainted w.th this vapour ; yet trav^dlei';
afiirt that thcic are coals in the neighbouring hills, but
the inhabitants neither uiiderlland their nature, nor how
to dig fur them. The wan r is excellent, rivulets of
which lull through moll of the itrecis, but the wine and
brandy aie difficult to begot at, though ihey arc abomi-
nably bad when procured, for the f.ilc of them is no where
more (Iriclly prohibited. 'I'lic CJrecks ate obliged to in-
habit the fuburbs, becaufc being tinkers, they make fuch
a perpetual clattering in hammering and making a va-
tiety of brazen ntenlils, that it would diftutb the iran-
^uilliiy of the Fuiksi fur iliofe gentlemen are fo cxcced-
9

ingly delicate and indolent, that they cannot bear the
thoughts of a noify trade. This city lies in 40 dcg. of
north latitude, and 41 deg. 15 min. ead longitude.

About fix miles from the above city, there is a little
village called Elija, which contains only a few fmall
hoiifcs built with mud, but is famous for an excellent
bath, which is a neat octagonal building. The bafo.'i
is likewil'e of an odlagonal form, and throws out two
gulhes of water as thick as a man's body. The Turks
are continually flocking hither from Arzerum to bathe.

On the lake Van, or Wan, which is one of the largcft
in Afia, there is a city of the lame name, fituated in
38 deg. 12 min. north latitude, and 44 deg. 55 min. eait
longitude J it is large, and (lands at the toot of a higit
craggy mountain, on which there is a fortrefs deemed
impregnable, that commands the town and country,
and has a llrong 'I'urkilh garrifon. Thi lake product j
a variety of fine filh, particulaily < ne of the pilchard
kind, great quantities of which arc exported to many dif-
tant places, as well as confuiiied at home, being ufcd in
fauces, and eaten in the fame manner as anchovies. 'Fhe
lake is one hundred and fifty miles in circumference, re-
ceives many rivers into its bofom, and contains fcveral
idands; two of thefe illands, viz. Limdaii and Adarc-
ton, are confiderable, each having little villages and a
monaftery of Armenian monks on it.

Cars, or Kars, or as theTuiks call it, Az;in, is in
40 deg. north latitude, and 43 ilr.;. 2c niin. cart longi-
tude, idx.bt one hundred and live miles north of Arze-
rum. Being the hlf Turkilh town t;iward< the I'erfian
frontiers, it is defended by a ilfon^^ ca'.tle built upon ,1
ftecp lock. Behind there is a \ alley watcied by i river,
which difch-.rgcs iti'cif into the Arp.igi, and thefe twii
rivers unite in dividing the two empires. The city is
almod fquar*;, and about half as big as Arzerum, but
is neither populous nor handfome. All Grangers have
twj things to dread, viz. the extortions of the Turkilh
officers, and the depredations of robbers. The houfcs
are mean and in a ruinous condition. The balTa of
Car is fubjccl to the governor of Arzerum. The coun-
try about It, though naturilly fertile, is but very little
cultivated. The Turks here have all private wells or
cifterns, from a fupcrftitious notion, that the Chriftians,
who arc much more numerous than the Mahometans,
pollute the public wateis, and render th'iij unfit fcr a
true Muirulman to ulV.

Irvan, Envan, or Chirvan, is fiturtcd in 40 dcf.
10 min. ncrih lat. and 45 deg. 30 min, ea(t long. It
is about one hundred and eighty nii'e? eait of Arzerum.
and has been alternately polleh'i.d by the Tu.ks and
Pcrfians a great many times ; in 1635 it was ceded to
the Perfians ; but whether the 'Furks have regained it
during the recent revolutions of Peifia wc are uncertain.
It is a fpaciousplaeo, but ill built and very dirty. The
town is watered by two rivers, and the neighbouring
country is extremely fertile in coin, wine, rice, cotton,
&c. Fhe caiHe is of no importance, and the fortifica-
tions arc made of mud, fo that heavy rains frcquenlly
damage it as much as artillery would. Over one of thi?
rivers called Zcngcric, th-.ic is a fine bridge uf lour
arches. The governor is obliged to trani'mit to Con-
(lantinoplc an account of all caravans, nmbaHiidurSi
(Irangcrs, &c. who paf; through the city. Here pro\ i-
fions arc exceedingly che.ip, particularly game, and the
fruits and wine arc admirable. 'Fhe public fquare, or
piazza, is handfome, and the bazar, or market, capa-
cious. 'Fhe baths and caravanferas, as well as the go-
vernor's palace, arc elegant and capacious buildings.
Fhe river Zcngeric iilues from the lake of Erivan, which
is about twenty-five miles in circumference, and contains
an ifland, with an Aimcnian monaftery, the monkj
ot which lead a life uncommonly auftere, never fpcaking
to each other but four times a year. Though the lake
which furrounds them is plentifully fupplied with the
nioft excellent fifli, and their little ifland abounds with
a variety of delicious fruits, they muft touch neither,
except on the four times when they arc pcrinittv-d to
fpeak to each other. All the reft of the year they are
obliged to live upon herbs and roots, and even thofe
mull not be obtained by cultivation, but fuch as arc ths
fpontaneous produce of nature arc 10 bo fclcfted. Near
B b Erivan

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.;3 A NEW COMPLETE S\

I'rivaii is anotlicr famous ninnartiTV railed the Thiec
Cliiirchcs, which is the refukiKc nf the great patriarch
of ihc Ariiieniaris, niulcr whom nrc forty-feven aich-
biflicip-, who have each fmir or fue fulfragans. The
arclibilhops, as well ^is the fudVagaiis, ufually rcfule in
foiiie inonalK-ry, over which they h ive a jurifdielion.
Every Armenian ahnvc the age ol fifleen is obliged to
pav li\c-pcnetf annually to the great patriarch, whofc rc-
\eniic amounts to about fixhundr.d thoufand crowns :
be is, however, out of ihi-i funi ol ligid to pay a conft-
der.ihlc tribute to the I'orte, and to give alms to many
poor Armenians.

Nacklivaii ftanJs about fev en leagues from the Araxcs.
It was formerly called Artaxata, and was the rcfidencc
of till' ancient Armenian kings. It is built upon a plain
V. iiich Hannibal ga\ c to king Artaras, who then made
it the capital of all Armenia. The celebrated battle
between Lucullus and Miihiidates w.-.s fou_,ht near it.
Thi-. city contains many barars, car.ivanleras, public
bailis, colFec-houfes, handfomc ftreets, &c. It is in 39
de;/. north l;.titude, 75 deg. 55 min. eaft longitude,
and rtands abu'.;t fixty three mles fouth of Kriian.

Zulpha, (ir old /ulplia, to dillinguifli it from new
Ziilpha, ncarlfpahan, in Peilia, Hands on the AraXes,
which begins to be iia\ i.;aMe about fi.\ miles below the
town. It w.is from this pio\ince that the famous Sh.di
Abbas carried 77,000 f.uitilies to help to re-pe(/ple fome
of the depopulated pails of his own kingdom. He
fettled part if them iir the province of Gliil.n', and the
re!> at Ifpahan, btit many of the former died by means
of the fcverilv ef ihc climate, bhah Abbas injoinid
thcf" cap'.iiatfd Armenians to apply themfelns to
tratBck, ar.d gave them great privileges .md eiicouiage-
nnnti i'o th..t I'.eir pclKiiiy .ne not only fume of the
rlehji people in Perfia, but ..re tf.c mod diltingu flied
iieichanls in thofc p. rts, tiaJiiig to the Levant, and
tiiany ether [.arts of Afra, and eoiiefponding with the
niereliai.ts of n olt comniercial n.-tions. About /iilj ha
are f-.ver„l Arnnnian nmiialUrie' , ihe monks of which
;ire Rom.in catholics of the donunican order ; many
young Armuiians are fcnt to Rome to be educated, who
on their return fill the vaeanciis that may have li.ip-
pcncd in tl'.c monaftir.es. The dilliicl of Zulpha C, ii-
tains about 6cco fouU, who are all Romart catholic-,
and do not in the kail di/Ter in th.ir woilhip from thole
of Europe, except th t mala is celebrated in the Armc-
trian inliead of t!ie I.atiri torgue. Their r.:^nbifliop is
ehofeii by ihemklvis, but he is obliged to go to Rome
to be confirmed by the I'ope before he can otiiciatc. The
iironks of one • i the luonafleries pretend that St. Mat-
thew arrd St. iJ.irthoK mew lutf. red tnart)r',om there,
which induce, great nun beis of both ChriHians and
.Mahometans to nfurt thither. At the foot of a high
mountain near Zulpha are fome nrcdicinal fpriirgs,
which are celebrated for nrany virtues, but more parti-
cularly for curing thjfe that are bit by airy venomous
creatures.

Armenia Minor ia at prcfent of no great importance,
though it w.is formerly very conllderable, being bounded
on the cilt bv the Luphrales, vshich parted it tioni
Ariinnia M.jur, on the foutli bv mount Tauiis, and oir
the wed an.l north by a loitg iha.n of mountains, called
Aiititauiia, .\inanus, .'v;c. It is In general a nrountainous
rouiitrv ; but in fonre places there arc fruitful vales,
..bounding with olives, vines, &c. This country was a
part cf Cappa.locia till the reign of Antuiehiis the
(jieat, when Zadriadcs and .\rtaxias, feiz ng on Ar-
menia, and adding it to fome ot the neighbouriiiu pro-
vinces, introd ic(d the dilHinStioii of Armenia the Greater
and Lefl'er. In the Roman times it was divided into lour
provinces, vi.i. Laviana, iVIaiiani, Araveira, and Meli-
tcne, which contained the following cities, Mclitenc,
Nicopolis, (larnace, Arabyllus, Daicufa, Zimara, and
l.ad.aia. 'Ihe ntanncrs, luftoins, &c. of the people
alw.iys were and (till are the fame as thole of Armenia
Major.

It is imagined that Armenia was firft peopled by the
immediate dcfcendants of Noah; it then bfcanic a king-
dom, and remained fo till it was lubdued by tlie Per-
fians ; it was afterwards polleired by the immediate fuc-
ceJlots of Alexander the Great, then coniiucri,iJ by the

STEM OF CEOCiRAPHV.

Romans. About the year 6S7, the Saracens male
thenrfelvcs malleis of it, and held it till they were de-
prived of it by the Tartars and Turks, from whom it
had the name of Turconianii.

It was on mount Ararat in Armenia that the ark of
Noah relied; but on what particular pan geographers
and hiltorians are not .agreed j the Armeitian monks tell
many fabulous llories which are not worth npeating
concerning it. Mr. Tourncfort tells us that the afcent
is not only difficult and tedious, but even dangeriuis,
through the ruggcdncfs of fome parts, and deep famls of
others ; not to mention the danger from the bealts of
prey; the horrid precipices are beheld with leiror, even
by the guides themf^lves. 'i'he fituaticn <if Ararat was,
however, very convenient for the fmis of No. h to pro.
eeed to the land of Shinaar, as the dillance is but ttitlinj^.

SECT. IV.

Of Diarbcc in central,

I A R B E (J in its largeft extent comprehends the
piovinces, ancientlv called Mefopotamia, ChaU
dca. Babylonia, and Afl'vria, and now termed Diarbec,
properly fo called, Vcrach, Irac Arabic, or Eyrace
.'\rabic, and Curdelfan.

It exteitds about 6co mites along the banks of the
Euphrates and Tigris, from mount T..urus on the
north, to the I'crfian giilph on the feuth. The breadth
in fome places is 3C0, and in others 150 miles.

'I"l',e air is exceedingly teiiiperato, and feienc, iin-
fcorchcd by excedive heats, and not inconunoded by
fevere iVolls. 'i'he country produces filk, and is fer-
tile, with very little cultivatioir, being rich in grain,
fruits, and pallurage. Nuimtous flocka, and abundance
of cattle feed on the l.tter ; indeed, in fome parts there
arc coi-.fider.dile uninhabited del'aris.

T he celebrated rivers Eiipliiates and Tigris flow
through this country, and not only fupply it 'vith ex-
cciliiit lifli, but contribute exceedingly to .s beauty
and fertility. The Tigris rifts in the Arnrcnian moun-
tains, andaetpiitcd its name from its rapidity, for that
word in the Median language implies a dart or arrow.
It palVes through the lake Arethufa, and afterwards
finking into the earth rifes again on the other fide of
mount Tauris ; that it is the fame river, hath been
eviitccd by a variety of experiments, for things thrown
in on one fide, are brought up on the other. It pro-
ceeds from theiicc to the lake Thefpites, but often finks
under ground by the way, particularly in one place,
where it hides itfelf for the fpace of twenty five miles,
and then hre.iking up to the fuiface of the e.irtli, it pro-
ceeds v\'ith great rapidity. Hetwcen Aiiyii.. and Mefo-
|)otamia it rceeives leveral rivers into its bolo.ii ; and be-
low Bagdat it branches into two channels, which both
difemhogue thcmfelves into the Euphrates, and by that
means loriii an illand.

The Iviiplrrates, which is the moft confidcrabic river
in Afia, hath its li;urce in mount Tauris ; proeeedirrg
wellcrly it croll'es 'I'ureomania, then turning louthward.
It divides .^yria from Diarbec. Afterw..rds running
along the VV'cftern limits of Arabia Defett.i, it waters
a great number of towns, aiul then flows fniooilily to the
eity ef Aria; where the refiux or tides of the Pcrfian
guij ll dillurb its llrcarn, and diftolour its waters, though
n.nety miles dillanee from it. At about to miles from
the Perlian gulph it unites with the Tigris. In general
.t flows gently, and waters a gre t number of fertile,
and delightful plains; Ito b iiks arc eml.ellidicd with
perpetual verdure, and adoined by many trees, particu-
larly palms; it is neither deep nor wide, except when
the in king of the fiiows on the Armeiii.n mountains
nccallons it to fwell ; but the waters arc deemed ex-
ceedingly falubrious. IJ.arbec, as a frontier province
towards Perfia, is always well guarded ; yet lucli is the
tyranny ot the Turkilh government, and the iiidoKiice
of the people, that the country is vciy little cultivatet',
and not populous. The divilMiis of this proviiue, at
well as of all others beloninng to the Tuikiih ciiipirc,
arc into bcglerbegatcs aird iMllulliips. 'J'li'frare fubdi-
vided into fangiaclhips, inleiio. to v\liiLli, ate the
ziaincts anJ tiautuitj.

■^ )• C T,

ASIA.]

TURKEY.

SECT V.

Diarbcc Proper, cr Mcfopotamia.

DI A R B E C Proper, or as the Arabs call it, the
Ifland, (roni its being litii.itol bawuen twnriici.s,
is goverjieil by a btglttbcg, umkr whole juiiljidioii
twelve CangMC act.

The caj)it.il ol this province is the city of Diarbec.
fituated in 37 dej;. 35 mm. north lat. and 40 dcg. 50
min. eall lim^itudc. It is cncompiilied by two walls,
the ouiermnll ot which is defended by 72 lowers; there
are but thtee jiiiies, over that towards the well (onu
Latin and Greek infcriptions aic lecn, though many of
the letters are ahnoft obliterated. The n.iiije, however,
of Conlfantine is Itrll vifible, -T'I frequently repeated,
which gives occ.ilion to (urmilc that it was either ori-
ginally built, or greatly repaired and improved by that
emperor. The rij;ris forms a h.ilf moon about ir, and
from its walls to the water fide, there is a Itcep piecipiec.
It contains about 20,000 inhabitants, aiul upon the
whole is one of the moll commercial, (trong, opulent,
and populous cities of all Afiatic I'urkey. It is fupplied
with water from the Tigris by ine.ins of an artificial
canal, and cmbellilhcd with many noble piazzas or mar-
ket places, and other decant bu.ldings, particularly a
fpacious gr.ind moftjue, which was once a Chrillian
church. On the fides of the liver are (everal caiavan-
fcras or inns ; and near the tov^n is a chapel, in which
the Turks affirm that Job lies buried: about ,\ league from
the cilv, the Tigris is lordable, nevertheilels there is
a flonc bridge over this very part, on account of the
floods, which arc occafioned by ihe excellive rains and
melted ffiows, and which often render the ford iinpallablc.
The neijjhbouring country if pUal'.uit and Icrtile. 'Tl e
pigeons arc larger and moie delicate than anv in Europe.
The meat, b'.ead and wine arc admir.ible, and the fiuit<
excellent.

The men are more afT.ible here, and the women are
treated with much morcpolitenef-, and hive grc:iter in lul-
gcnce granted th ii, than in any other part of the 'I'lirk-
ifll empire. Th chief manuf.iclovics earned on here am
dying, dreffing and tanning, paiticiilarly goats ikin,
which is con monly known bv the name of I urkey lea-
ther, of which immenfc qiiamiti. s are vended in all pans
of Afiaand Europe: they l.kewil'e Ju linen and cotton tu
great perfection, 1 he waters of the Tigris are faiJ to
be admirably adapted to dying, and give the leather a
finer grain, and leather, linen, and cotton, a livelier
colour than any other waters.

The balTa, who is governor of this city, is cxceedingh
oowcrful, and iifually has a body ot 2C^,coo cavalry
under his command, that he may be the better enabled
to repel the incuifions of the Ciirdes and I'ait.irs, who
in great comp.inies of horfe attack and rob the c.iravans.

The city of Moful or Moullul Hands on the bank', of
the 'Tigris, and is fituated in 36 deg. jg mm, north
latitude, and 43 deg. call longitude, oppotitc to the
rains of the ancient city of Nineveh. It is furroundcd
by handlbme ilonc walls, and is very fpacious, being
about a league in circuinlerence, biU the number of in-
habitants arc not proportion ibic to the extent. 'The
people have great commercial conne.'lions with the in-
habitants of B.igdat, and the merchants of C'unliltan.
Caravans likcwife pal's through it to and trnm Peifi.i. The
balTj, whole refidence is in ih^- calUe, h.is always jooo
men under his command. It is fingular, that the foil on
the city fide of the river is exceedingly barren, but on the
oppofitc it is very fertile. 'The heat is to cxccllive in
I'unimer, that none goout of doors fromtwohours alter fun
riletill an hourafterfuii fet. There is likewife a maligi ant
nnddangerous wind called famiel, which reignstrom lieiice
to Surat, and is fuppoled to be the fame eaft wind nu 11-
tioncd by Job. It is impregnated with little flieaks of
fire as fiiiall as hairs, which imniediattly kill thofe who
bicathcor inhale thctn, and turn them as black as a coal.
VVhen the people iiereeive them coming, they fall Hat on
their faces, and fometimcs efcape. 'This wind is telt
chiefly on the ba'iks of the river, but not on the water,
and is deemed to piocecd from lulphmous vapours, whieli
are kindled by ajjitation. Indepcndsnt of this wind

the hot air is often dangerous and itijurcs the lungs, in-
llimes the blood, and purehes the fkin, or rail'es it into
hlillers, and oecafions it to peel ittt'. On this account
travellers wear a kind of inalli made of a foft black
ci..pe to preii;rve their eyes. But if alter all their pre-
cauiion they become inflamed, the afflicted pcrfon
.ini'lnts them with a inixttirc . f fiigar and long pepper
lilted very fine, and made into a fahe.

Rika or Radia Itaiids on the Euphrates, in 35 Jcg.
58 min. north latitude, an.i 39 deg. 50 min. calt lon-
gitude, about 105 inil-.s fouih well of Diarbec ; the
balia, v»'ho relidv:, in the callle, has a garrilon of
12, coo Ijaiiis; it is, however, but a mean town, and
contains noiliing to nurit delLription.

OrphaorOiTn, lies in 37 deg. 16 min. north latitude,
and 39 deg. 15 min. cult leiigitiidc ; and is filiated .it
the he.id of the nver Scirtas on the calt fide of the Eu-
phrates, and about to niiles fioni it, 7 he inhabitant:
affirm that it was the pl.iee wi.ere the city of Edella ifood,
and where Abraham dwelt. 'The city is furroundcd by
a good ilone wall, and is ab;'Ut t;Vo leagues in eoir.pafsj
hut thehoufes in general are deferred, luid in a ruii.ouj
condition, and thofe that aie inh.ibited are but lo.v and
ill built ; upon the whole the place refenibles more <t
wilderiRis than a metropolis, ihini^h 'ravernier is in-
cl.ned to deem it the c.ipi.al ot Mefcpotamia ; tlie in-
h.bitant^ carry on a grc.t tiade in tome excellent
t ipctlii.s, and yellow leather. The neighbouring coun-
tiy is exec.dingly rich in corn, wine, fruits, Ur.
the city is govtined by a beglerbeg, who has 150 janif-
laiics and uco Ip-ihis undei his command, to awe the
.Arabian free-bouters. Several pleafant gardens furrouirJ-
the walls of the city, and aie watered by fm.ill aiti-
fieial cinals, whi,h flow thiough cuts from one that is
pretty l.irge j in the time ot our Saviour, this city and
teriit>-ry had a prince of its own named Agbarus.

liir or Beer is in 37 deg, 15 min. north latitude,
and 3S dcg, 15 mill, calt longitude. It is fituated on
the fiile of a hill to the call of the Euphrates, and de-
fended by two large old calll,', the one on the land fide,
and the other on the hanks of the river. The garrilon
confills of about 200 janiflaries and 400 fpahis com-
manded by a fangiac. The houfes extend from the
river fide to the top of the hill, where the caOle is
placed, the walls of which are in a ruinous condition.
On the oppofite fide is a noble, capaciou?, ftronL', and
well guarded car.ivanfeta ; the Euphrates is here "about
a mile broad, and itacuriei.t fmooth, (o that it is a kind
ol lerry fiom Syiia; eaiavans are not allowed to enter
the city, but are obligid to pals through a difficult road
by the fide of it j in < rder to g.in a caiavanfera on the
top of a hill, at ingbt the olhcers come to receive the
cuttoms from all, except thofe who have laddie h'lrles.
Here arc all kinds of pronfions in plenty, particul.ily
biead, wine, and filli. 'Ihe neighbouring territorvis
pleal'.mf, fertile, and v/cll cultivated, except to the
ealtvvaid, where it is rough, hillv, and rather Iterilc.

In Di.iihecare a few other lels coiiliderable cities and
towns, namely, (Je-zira, in 37 deg. 30 min, north latl-
lude, and 39 deg, 10 11. in. calt longitude. It is fituated
111 nil ifland of the 'Tigris, the woid Geriza fignifying
an idand in the Arabic language. It is a I'niall but rich
eommeicial city, where a great number of merchants
meet to carry on a trade in tobacco and gallnut,
which are plentil'ully produced in the mountains of
'Taiiris. 'They make no wine, but dry all their grapes
(or railins. 'ihe city is governed by a liey,

Amadia, or Amad, isaimut 72 miles call from Gezira,
and the lame welt from Moful, '/iliin, in the midway
between Orl.i and Molul, is a toler.ible town fituated on
an alcent. It is furroundcd with good walls and ditches,
well fupplied with fprings and fminiains, and furniftied
with good ilore of provdiuiis,

Nilbin, or Nafbin, about 35 miles from the Tigris,
s the refidence of a 'Turkilli langiac. 'The city is di-
vided into two wards, each on an eminence, with a large
UAc\ of ploughed land between. 'This gives it a pretty
appearance at a diltance, though both wards in leality
aie fcarce worthy of the name ot a finall village ; how-
< ver, arches, gates, and the remains of a noble church
arc Hill vifible, which evince that its anticni fituation

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A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAMiY.

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was liir fiiiiciior to its pa-fcnt. The foil is t'crtile, ami,
as the chief bufuicf-. of the inhabitaius is agriculture,
tlic l.iiul is well cultivated, ami the iiihabitanti plentifully
fupplicil with ccrn, wine, fiuits, iVc. Mcrdin, or Mar-
din, is fituatiil on the weft fide of the Tigris, hc'wci;n
Moful and liafjd.it, and about 25 miles I rem Diarbcc,
in 37 deg, 15 inin. north latitude, and 40 dcg, cafl lon-
gitude. It IS about 5 miles in circumfeitncc, furruund-
ed by a ftrong wall, and defended by an c.\cellew callle
of about a mile in compals, which is fituatcd upon an
almoft inaccelTiblc rock. The caltic abounds in fine
fprings, and even contains corn fields. It is thcrcfidcnce
of a fangiac, and a garrifon of 400 janiflatiej and 2C0
fpahis. Its rtrcngth is fuch, that Tamerlane the Great
was obliged to abandon it, after having inverted it for
rear three years. The 'I'urlcs have the following pro-
\erb concerning its impregnability, *' that to attempt to
take Merdin, is like making figns to the blind." The
city is viell built, adorned with many noble houfes and
a hne fountain, the waters of which come from the ci-
tadel. The manufactures arc, filk, cotton and gold
and filver ftuft's. The air is temperate and fercne : the
territory rich and fruitful. Many chrillijns inhabit the
lity, who have an archbifhop fubjedi to the patriarch of
Antioch.

SECT. VII.
£yraca-Ar.ibic ; cr, Iiack-.Arabi, tLi Aiu'unt Chaldia.

EY R A C A-Arabic, V'crack or Iiack-Arabi, hath
been anciently termed Shinaar, Babylonia and Clial-
dia. It lies between 30 and 40 dcg. north latitude,
and is bounded on the north by Diarbcc ; on the weft
by thedefarts of Sham; on the fouth paitly by the fame
defarts, and thofe of Arabia ; and on the call by Sufiana
anu the Median and Aflyrian mountains.

The name of Chaldrea is derived from the Chalda;ans,
and that of Babylonia originates from the tower of Ua-
be). The air of this country is in general very fcrene
and temperate, but at certain times it is fo extreme-
Jv dangerous, and the heats fo cxCLflive, that formerly
many of the inhabitants ufed to f.eep in ciftcrns of wa-
ter; and this pernicious prai5\iceis at prefcnt not entirely
difcontinued. The inhabitants arc fometiincs vifited by
the pcftilential wind already mentioned in our dcfcription
of iVIoful, and which has fo mucli excited the attention
of modern travellers and philofophers. As they have no
rain for eight months in the year, tlic land is watered
from the Euphrates and other rivers, by means of a
great number of engines admirably conftructed for that
purpofe. Sometimes it hath not rained for the fpacc of
Ivvo years and a half, and the inhabitants are thoroughly
l.itisticd if it only rains thrice annually, as that is fuf-
licicnt to anfwcr all their purpofes.

Herodotus informs us, that in the land of the AITy-
rians it very feldom raiiieJ, and that though the country
bore great refemblance to Kgypt, yet it was not watered
by the inundation of a river, but by the induftry and
ingenuity of the inhabitant;, which have rendered it
one of the fmeft and moft fertile countries upon the
lace of the earth. It certainly in general yields grain
two hundred fold, and frequently three hundred ; and
its fertility is fuch, that it would aftonilh a traveller who
had feen ail the reft of the known world. The palms,
particularly thife of the date kind, attbrd the inhabitants
meat, wine and honey. The millet and fefame flioot
lip to the fize of trees, and the barley and wheat have
leaves of four fingers in breadth. They have neither
olives nor graj,cs but the fefame is an excellent fublli-
tiitc to furnilh oil, where olives are wanting, and the
palm lupplies th^m with wine in lieu of grapes.

formerly the Tigris and Euphrates iifcd to overflow
in thi' moiiths of June, July and Auguft, and cover
the whole country with water, and the inundations
were ufuallv cncreafed by torrents of melted fnow, which
poured down from the Armenian mountains j but thofe
Aoods proving very detrimental n various cafes, the inha-
bitants guarded againft them by cutting a great num-
ber of ar'.ilcial cai.als, rivers, and rivulets, which they
«;fte6led with infinite afliduity and labour. Thus the
waters were propcily diilributcd, an eafy communica-

tion made between every part of the country, and ihr
inhabitants univerfally beiicfittd. 'l"he pallure, being
exceedingly rich, great numbers of cattle are fed, which
not only plentifully fupply the inhabitants with meat,
but with milk, butter, &c.

This country is famous for the great plain of Shi-
naar, where the whole r lee of mankind were collcdied
together alter the flood, and from thence difperfed thein-
felvcs over the f.icc of the earth ; for being ihc feat of
the terreftrial paradife, as fomc authors affirm, but that
opinion is denied by others ; and for being the place
where the tower of B.ibel was built, and the renowned
city of Babylon, of which the vclkigcs, or what are
(hewn for fuch, arc at ptefcnt very trifling.

The fiift foundation of Babylon is by fome authors
afcribed to Scmiramis, and by others to Bclus. Who
was the founder is not material, but it is certain that
Nebuchadnezzar was the pcrfon who raifed it to that
pinnacle of glory, as to become the principal wonder
of the world. The moft remarkable works therein were
five, viz. the walls of the city, the temple of Oelus,
the palace and the hanging gardens in it, the banks of
the river, and the artihcial lakes and canals made to
drain the river.

The walls were 60 miles in circumference, 350 feet
high, and 87 thick. The city was in the form of a
fquarc 15 miles each way. The walls were built of
large bricks cemented together with ?. hi. id of glutinous
flime found in the country, v^■hich is fuperior to any
lime, and grows much harder than the bricks themfclves.
They were encompaflcd by a vaft ditch lined with bricks,
cemented by the fame kind of bitumen, and lilled with
water. The earth which was dug from the ditch, fcrved
to make the bricks for the walls j we may therefore,
from the allonifliing magnitude of the walls, conceive
the grcatnels of the ditch. An hundred gates made of
folid brafs, ferved as entrances to the city } that is, 25
oil each fide. Between every two of thcfe gates were
three towers, and four more at the angles, and three be-
tween each of the angles and the next gate on either
fide, 'I'he towers were all ten fee; higher than the walls.
Eiom the 25 gates on each fidt of this great fquare, aj
llrects went in right lines to the oppolite gates: fo that
the whole number of ftieets were 5c, each being 15
miles long, cutting each other at right angles : thus
was the city divided into 676 fquaie?. l he houfes were
noble edifices, and a branch of the Euphrates ran acrofs
the city from north to fouth. In the middle there was a
bridge ; at each end of the bridge was a palace ; the old
palace on the eaft, and the new palace on the weft fide
of the river ; the former took up four of the fquarcs, and
the other nine; and the temple of Bclus, which ftood
near the old palace, took up another of thcfe fquares.
The old palace was four miles in circumference, and
the new palace eight; the Utter had thiee walls one
within another, and was ftrongly fortified. In the latter
the hanging gardens were the greatcft curiofily ; they
contained a fquare of 400 feet, and were carried to the
height of the wall of the city by feveial large terraces;
the afccnt was from terrace to terrace by ftairs of 10 feet
wide. This vaft pile was fullaincd byaiehcs built upon
arches, and ftrengthened by a wall of 22 feet in thick-
nefs, which furrounded it on eery fide. The gardens
contained all kinds of flowers, plants, and even large
trees. On the upper terrace was an aqueduifl which
fcrved to water the whole. To prevent the overflowing
of the Euphrates, which did great damage not only to
the country but to Babylon itielf, Nebuchadnezzar em-
banked the river with prodigious banks of bitumen and
bricks, and cut two canals to drain oft the overflowings
into the Tigris, before they fhould reach Babylon.

The ancient ChaldiMn language differed from the
Hebrew which was fpoken in Mefipotamia ; but both
tongues were blended together by means of the Jcwf,
and, mutually corrupting each other, their intermixture
formed the prcfent Syriac. The principal cities and
towns of Eyraca-Arabic are, Bagdat ir Baghdad the
metropolis, delightfully fituated in a fine plain on the
eaftern bank of the Tigris, and lies in 33 deg. 20 niin.
north latitude, and 43 deg. eaft longitude. It was found-
ed in the i+jth year of ilic Heig^ra by the c.iliph Al-

manfur,

II r"

ASIA.]

TURKEY.

tr)t

manfur, and Is built upon tlie f.\ine fpdt where thcnnri-
eiit Silcncia ftood, and not, as Conic writers have fall'ily
fuppolcd, where the ancient Babylon ftood. Biigilat
was the leat ot" nioft of the c.diphsol theraceoC Al-abbas.
In the year of the Hcigcr.\ bji, it wis talcen hy thi'
Tartars, in whofe hands it remained till 1392, when
Tamerlane the Great fubdiicd it. Ulun Cail'.m, a Tur-
koman prince, conquered it A. D. 1470. Sliah Ifinacl,
emperor of PeiTia, poflliled liinililf ot it A. 1). 1508.
'I'he fovcicignty of it was then cciili-lkd for alK)ve 100
years between the Pcrfians and I'uiks ; at length, A, \).
1038, it was totally fiibducd by the Turks, iiiuler thi
conduii of Aniurath the fceond, and hath remained in
their hands ever fuiee. This city was formerly cmbcl-
lirtitd by many fuperb palaces, and other nin^Miifi-ent
edifices, befides a variety of colleges and other fcininaries
of learning. It was populous, opulent and well f utified ;
the language was the nioft pure jiid elegant Arabic, and
the nuiiiiers of the people the moll polite ima^iii.iblc,
as this city contained moic learned men, and noble fami-
lies than any other in the call.

Though thiscity at prefent groans under the tyranny
of the Tuikilh yoke, it is Kill the ^rand ciiipniium of
the Ottoman empire tow.irds the I'erfian (idc. It is fre-
quented by innumerable merchants and paflengcrs travel-
ling to and from P«rfia into Syria, Palcftine, K_;ypr,
N.uoli.t, &c. A Balla hath his refidenee inn, 10
whom every paflenytr pays liibutc, which annually pro-
duces a very capital fum. Jiel'ideS niahoinctans, here are
maiiv chriftians who arc publickly tolerated, and jews-,
lonie of whom rcfidc conilamly in the place, but many
others only come annually in order to vitit the fcpulchie
cf the prophet Kzekicl, which flands about a day and a
half's journey from the city.

The P.icha of Bagdat is ufually a vizir. The garri-
foii amounts to about 3COO men, the city is near a mile
anda half in Icnfjth, and about half the lame in breadth.
The walls arc of brick ftriiigtlieMcd with towers, upon
which arc mounted 60 pieces of cannon, the large-It ol
which is not above a fix pounder. Towards the land fid •
arc four gates, and one upon the river. Over the river
is a bridge of 33 boats brought from Moful. The caftle,
which is in the city on the north, is cncompaU'ed hy a
wall mounted with 150 pieces of cannon without car-
riages. There is a tefteder to coller.t the revenues of
the Grand Seignior, and a cady to alTill; the pacha in
the civil government. The moUiues, of which there are
five in number, arc tolerably well built ; two of th.m
in particular, which arc adorned with domes, covered
wiih varnifhcd tiles of different colours. The caravan-
feras are ten in number ; the bazars or market places are
all arched, and wateicd I'ever.d times a day to Miiti;;atc
the heats which nii^ht othsrwife iiieommode the mcr-
cliaius. The pd:;iirus who viht .Meeca by land palV
through Bagdat, and pay four plarms by way of tribute,
which brings a very cimlid^frabie revenue to the Grand
Seignior.

The inhabitants of Bagdat arc computed to amount
to about fifteen thoufand ; during the fiimmer the mar-
kets aie kept in the night, and the inhabitants are obliged
t)lieontheii te r.in"; to avo !d theexcnlive lieats : indead
of candles, oil t>f Napthn is burnt ■, the women are al-
lowed to "O to tin- ballis every Wfdnrfday morning to
wafh and perfume thcmfeleeb; on Ihiitldays the married
and unmarried are permitted li go to the I'puUhres to
p'.ay for the dc.id.

Curfa is fitiiated !n ^t de •;. 3S min. north latitude,
and ^4 deg. 57 min. rail longitude, iil.nit 60 mile-, to
rlie louthward of Bizdai, and on the v.elt I'r !e of the
Kupliraros; it was foinierly a city of imporianee, being
the lelidcricc of the caliphi after they had qniit. il )),i-
niaf'-us, and before they had built liigd.'t, but i; now
ijuiie dcfolated.

TraNt on theTi:ris is n (Iroiij and well-rortlfied
town, having two ealUe,-, ; it is about 4i leajues bevonu
B.igilat. The Ch.dd.ean Apaniea is fuppoied lornierly to
have ftood here.

iJalVora, or UalVah, on the frontiers of Perfra, lies in
30 deg. 17 mill, north latitude, and 40 dog. 10 niiii.
eaft longitude, beiiii; about 250 niilcs louth ealt; from
Ua^jdai, and 240 luulh wvll tio a Ifp.dian: it w.i:> built

A. D. 636, by OiTiar the ftcond caliph, in order to
cut of}' the communic.ition between Perlia and India.
Tliis city is 12 miles in circumference, opulent, and
populous, but the buildings have nothing exlraordinar'
111 them, (he houl'es being only two ftonci high, bu'iC
with biicks dried in the fun, and flat on the tops. I'hc rity
!•• founded upon a ftony loil, and thecnviron'^ arc barren ;
but the ciicuinjacent country is fo exceedin'-.ly fertile
and dclii;htful, that it i- deemed by the Arabians one
ol the four paradiles of the eaft. The inhabitants are
(upplied wiih water fiom the Euphrates, by a canal
which is capable of carrying velTels of 50 tons burthen :
there is a lorlrefs .it the mouth of it, which is ab';ut 45
miles dilhint from the fea. The whole country I es lo
low that it would be fubiei5l to continual inundations,
if a ilout dyke or "mbankmerit did not prevent tliofc
calamities. 'l"he hot winds are very troublelume, and
bring with tlicrn clouds of land froM the neighbouiing
delcrts : it is a place of great trade, and I'warms with
vcll'els from moft of the kingdoms of Af'ra and Europe.
The Englidi and Dutch have very eonfidcrable factories
maintained by their refpeelive Kalt India companies, for
the better carrying on their commerce with China and
ohcr eaftcrn parts, their difpatches being forwarded to
England and Holland by the way of Darrafcus and
.Aleppo, by means of Arabian couriers, who are ex-
ceedingly expeditious. Tlie Dutch t.ade hcie with
(pices, and the Englifh with pepper, cloves, &c. The
jirincipal commercial atFairs are manancd by Armenian,
Indian and Pcrfian merchants; and all the richeft com-
modities of India and Europe are here foKl. The ca-
ravans to Alecca pafs through this city, which is ano-
ther I'ouree of wcaUh, I'he duties on goods sre abo;;t
5 per cent. The inhabitants confift ol Mahomet inf,
Jews, Jacobites, Nellorians, Ca'liolics, and Chald.i-.irt
Chriftiaiisor Chriftians of St. Jo'-.n, v.'ho are prcttv nu-
merous'. There is a famous college liere, called the
Academy of Neram, from its foundei Ne/,ani, Al-Molk,
the Grand \'i/.ir of Shah Malac, the third fultm of
Iran. At prefent thiscity is a (loiirilhing feat of lite-
ralure, though it hath fewer colleges than h^r.nMl'cu-,
or Cairo. 'I'he horles which are bought heie aic \ery
valuable, on account of their being .nble to travel with
great expedition, and t.) underi'^o incredible fatigue: they
iell tioni a thoufand to two thoufand crowns.

This city is riibjciil to an Arabian prince, who is
tiibutary to the Grand Seignior. His revenue aiiles
from the exchange of money for horfjs and camels fold
here, but chiefly from his palm-trees, of which he hath
a plant.Uioii of 90 miles in length. The manne of
planting the palms being very finguUr, we Uiall I'efcribs
it. About 300 kermis are buried in the ground iir the
form of a pyramid, with th-- points of the kernels up-
v/ards, till the whole ends v.'ith a fiiiglo kernel. The
earth is then preil'ed clofe round it, and rrpon ir. It is
afierted by Ibine, thut if the male and female palm arc
not planted clofe to each other, they will bear no fruit ;
while others afHrm that it may be made .0 bear by taking
the blolVoms from the male, and in- dilating the female
therewith at the top of the ftcm. The income of the
prince is fo great from money, hoifes, camels, and dates,
as to enable him to lay hv annually 3,000,000 <d' livrcs,
aft r all the cxpenees of government and his tributary
loan are delrayed. The prince gives liberty to pel Ions
ot all naii.ins to trade here, and the police is fo wM
managed, that people are lafc in the llreeis at all hourj
"I the night : the ;';arril'oii conlills of about 3"C0 ia-
nil'arie'^. In lOil it is .itiirmed that the pi.igue vi-
lited thiN citv, and I'wept away 80, 000 of the inha-
bitant'.
SECT. VIII.

Cutdcftan, or AlTyria.

(■^URDESrAN, or the country of the Curdes li"
.J on the call fide of the Tigr;s towards Pi.rha, by
which empiie it is bounded ealhvard by the 'ligris ;
I on the weft it hath Eyraca-Arabic on the fouth, and
I rniconiania on the north.

Towards the fouth it is not above go miles bro.ad, but

to the northward it extends near 200 mile» from eaft to

weft. Erom north to fouth it reaches Iro.n 35 deg.

C c 2^. nun

ill I

■■3i:i' :

I ,!■,

.V\l\

' Irl!

ilM ;M;i

, at

■*:1"

!ilit

\i^ •i

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

' 4 I

i "

30 min. to 27 dcg. 20 min. north lat. it was t'ormcrly
a fine fertile country, but having been frequently the
feat of war between the lurkifli anil Pcrfian empires, it
hatli been depopulated, ahd rendered almoll a wiWcrnefs.

This country was anciently known by the name of
AfTvria, deriving its name from AiTur, or Afhur the fon
cf Shem, and grandfon of Noah. The tirll great mo-
narchy in the univerfc was founded here j and here the
magnificent city of Nineveh once ilood. This city
was built upon the Tigris, oppofitc to where Moful at
prel'ent (lands. The walls were fixty miles in circum-
ference, the fame extent as the walU of Uab)lon ; there
was, however, a difference in the form of the two ci-
ties, Babvlon being cxaflly Iquarc, and Nineveh ob-
long : the walls were fufliciently thick to admit of three
chariots to go a-brcaft upon them > they were flanked with
1150 turrets, each of which rofc 200 feet above the
walls. At a fmall diftance from the ruins, there is a
Turkiih niofquc upon a hill, on ihi' place where it
is pretended the prophet Jonas was buried. His tomb is
•Iways covered with a rich carjict, and fome tapers, and
lamps are kept periKtually burning over it. Here two
Turkifh pricft* are continually employed 10 rc.id the Al-
coran, which dr.iws a great numbi.r ol Turks, Ptr-
fians, lie. to the place.

In the territory between Ninevrh and B*gdat are feve-
ral hills of fulphur, to which fome travellers impute
the pernicious quatitiet cf the hot winds, or I'.miiel,
with which the country about Old Bagdat is particularly
infcAed. I'here likewifc are fome fulphurous hot baths
at a village called Alchamam, which is about a day's
journey from Moful; and at Attcndachi there ii a hill,
from which the Arabs dig gold.

In the fame territory tamarifks, liquorice, and fumach
»re produced in great plenty; the latter, together with
fait, being infufrd in w.iter, gives it a red tinge, and
renders it cool, fwcet, and falubiious : taken in broth it
is a remedy for the bloody fux. This part of the coun-
try is greatly infeftcd by wild beads, particularly lions,
jaclulU, and ceraroulaclc<!, or wild cats, who are re-
markable for having large bl.ick ears of half a foot
in length, Thofe who navigate the river in boats
always go well armed on account of the lions, who
wilt plunge into the water, and attack the paflengers
with great fury.

The weflern fkirts of this province are wafhed by the
7 igiis. Three other ri.ers, vi/.. the I.ycu*, Caprus
and Gorguf , flow throu;:h it at almoft equal dillance« : the
fir (I derives its name from a wolf; the fccond from a
goat i and the third it the /erben o( Pliny.

I'he Curdcs are fuppofed t./ be the lineal defceiidanti
nf the ancient Chaldirans ; they inhabit this country,
jiid loine part^ of Perfia, and liibfitf piincipally upon
rapine and plunder. They are lontinually ujon the
wjtvh for caravans, and when they meet with one, it
they arc ftrong enough they ufually rob and murder the
whole company. While the weather permits, they dwell
in tents upon the plains, and do not retire to the villa-
ges till the fnows compel them. They lange from Mo-
ful to the Kuphrati's and acknowleil;;e no fubjei'lion
either to Turks or Peilians. They prctind to call ihcm-
felvet Chrillians, though they have the mod gfnl'-, ridi-
culous, fiipetftitinus, and ahfunl noti.mj ot chritliaiiiiy
'maginable i and their chief objcCt nf woifliip is the
■Icvil, of whom they are greatly alriid. In hue weather
they diive their herds and Hocks about in fearch of paf-
Mij, and while the hulhaiulu look out for plunder, the
women innna);e the cattle, and make butter and theele.
rn"ir diink is either milk or wiifi. Th. nil ridcupon
veiy fine fw.lt horfe , their niily Wiapon bmi^ a liner;
tlicir fnifi m- large, and made of co.iife brown tlmh,

• but fer\es likewil'e f> r a covering to thrir portable
houfei, which are fi|uaie, and m.ide of cane huidles. The
floor is coveied with man, and ieivis both tot the pin-
pn(e< ii( bcil and table. When they lemovr, ihcy liiad
their oxen With wivM, children and hiiiidv, which are
taken tn picirs for the purpofr. Theyare \ery dilagrec-
»hle til l<x>k at, having Imall eves, daik complexion",
wide mniitlit, bluk hair, and ferocious ufpvi'ls ; nevei -

• heled they arc very Uout and iimihle, and, while chil-
dren, ufually go iwli«d, whKh midrts them cxtrrtnrlv
hardy, J

Cherefoul, the capital of Curdeften is in 36 de^.
iioilh lat. and 45 deg. call long, arul is fituated about
150 miles north of Bagdat, The houfes are all hewn
out of a rock on the fide of a hill, which extends a mile
in length ; and there is an afcent to them of about 20
fteps : the baffi or governor of the province rcfidcs here,
and hath feveral fangiacs under him.

Arbella is celebrated in hii'.r-'y for the famous battlf
fought in a plain near it, between Alexander the Grent
and Darius ; it is in 35 deg. north lat. and 77 deg. 70
min. call long, and fituated between the Caprus and
Lycus, or tlic two 'Zabs, as fome writers term thofe rivers,
I'he natives ftiew a mountain in the neighbourhood,
where the ruins of a calHe arc yet to be feen, in which
tradition fays, Darius Hood to fee th luccefsof the bat-
tle ; the mount,iin itfclf was named Nicatorius by Alex-
.wider, in commemoration of the above vuitory.

Betlis is fituated in 57 deg. 55 min. north lat. am!
43 '^'S- iP ri\in. call long, and is the reftdenr^r of a
piince of the Ciirdes, who is indepL-ndcnt both of Turks
and I'crfiaii , ;md I'o poutrlul, that he can raifc a body
of twent; live thoufand horic, befides a confiderable
number of foot, among the ftirphcrds of the mountain',
who arc trained to arins; fo that though his dominions
are furrounded by Turks and Perfans, they are both
obliged to keep fair with him from motives of policy,
becaufe it is at all times in his power to flop and plunder
the caravans that go between Aleppo and Tauris, the
road from the former being within a day's journey from
the town, cut in fever.il places out of the rtKks between
two mountains, and only broail enough for one camel
to pafs. Both the town and caftle arefo ftrongly fituated,
that the only pafs may be defended bv ten men againft ,1
thoufand ; fo that this prince is really formidable, and
cannot be robbed of his independency. The citv is built
between two high mountains diftant from each other
about a ca-non (hot; tlie calUe is fituated upon a hill
that rcl'embles a fu^ar loal ; and thirc is 110 coining at it
but by a winding path cut in a rock, which is exceeding-
ly (Ic , rugged, nnd difficult to afcend. Before the caflfe
can be entered, three drawbridges mult be pafled, nnd
afterward! three courts prcious to the approach to the-
palace. The city extends, on each iiJc of the other
two mountains, tr< m the top to the bottom, containing
many houtis and twoc.iraianferas.

Harpcl IS lituatt.l on ihc river Capius, and is fur-
rounded by a mud W'll ; the houfes are mifrrably built:
it IS, however, a lar^e town, and the refidene ol a
r.iiigi4c.

Holwjii, in 35 deg. north lat. and 47 Jeg. 10 min.
call Inng. is lilualrd between the riunimjins thiit divide
the Pciluii, luk, Ci'rdillaii, and C'hal.laj. The Ma-
h.imetans, who believe that Klijah is llill alive, a{Krm
that he lives 111 one of the mountains iie.ir this town,

S-ome writers will have Amadia to belong to this pro-
vince, but the moll authentic gcographer.i place it in
Diarbrc ; we have therefore followed their example, t%
may be Iccn by referring to (hat province,

SECT. IX.

Afia Minor, Anatolia, tr iht Levant.

ASIA Minor, Anatolia, or, as it is cormpily fallc<f,
Natolia, IS a large pciiiiiliila, and h^tli licm deno-
minated Afia Minor to diltiii|>iiilh it from the main
Afiatic ciiniiiient. It received .ts Ktvmons of Anatolia
and the Levant, by which it is Hill known, on account
ot its eadeiii liiuatiun with iclp.-..'l to Kuii'|>e. On the
north It i( bounded by ilie Liixiiie lei; on (He north
well by the Arihipela^o, the llellefpuiit, the Propontia,
or lea of M.irniora, and the 'i'htacian Bofphoius, or
llreip.hi of Ciinftaiitinoplc ; 011 the fouth by the Levant
lea, Syna, and the Kiiphtates ; and on the fall by tht
Mediterranean. It lie, brtwrcil j; dej. and 41 dcg.
}0 mm. of noilh Ul. and 27 and 40 de;- of rill Innj,
extending in length ab.jut 600 miUs fiiHH e.ift 10 wtlt,
and in hicidli almiit -jio frim iiuilh to fuuth. It il
divided by nicKleri (( ojraphers into Anatolia, jHOMrlv
fo called, Ainafi.i, Al.dulia, and Carimanii. Thtft
provinces anciciil) includ«d (talatia, Paphlngiiiii,
PontMt, Byihinia, Myfia, Phrvgia, Lydia, .MotiaUt

lonia

) is in 36 de<r,
is fituaiej about
fes are all hewn
:h extends a mile
icm of about 20
inec rcfides liere,

he famous battle
iandcr the Great

and 7; dcg. 70
the C'npnis and
tcrmthofc rivers.

neighbourhood,
e feen, in which
ccefsof the bat-
atorius by Alex-
viiitory.

I- north lar. am!
e refidrno" of a
It both of 'I'urks
■an raifc a body
» a eonfiderable

the mountain',
h his doniiiiioii:

thry are both
olives of policy,
flop and phindei
and Tauris, the
^'s journey from
le rocks between
b for one camel
Irongly fituatcd,
fn men againft a
formidalde, an.l
I'he city is built
roni each othei
lied upon a hill
r.o coining at it
ch is exceedinp-
Hefore thccafll.:

be patll-d, and
approach to i hi-
de of the othci
oni, containing

us, and is fur,

inilrrably built :

refidencc of a

7 Jeg. lomin.
laiiis thiit di\ idc
>J. The Ma-
!dl alive, affirm
ar this town,
Jiig to this pro-
ber.! place it ill
eir example, »>
e.

evant.

ornipily Tidlrif,

^alh li.rn di'Po-

frorn the main

MIS of Anatolitk

'", on accoi nt

Jii'pe. On ihc

i on idc north

th;' I'ropontJs,

Uofphofus, or

by the Levant

the e«ll by the

R. and ^1 dcg.

; of riA l"n».

n e.ift <o welT,

> fouih. It ii

<')li.i, i>rop»fly

Tiania. Theft

Paphlig mil,

^lik, Mwifliit

loni •

ASIA.] t tJ R

Ionia, jf^olis, Carta, Dori«, PamphilrB, Pifidia, Cap-
padocia, Lycia, I/ycaonia, and Cilicia. Anatolia is
under the govornmenl of a viceroy or beglerbeg, to
whom fcvcral baflai, and a great number of fangiacs
are fubordinate.

Afia Minor naturally ii, and always hath been,
deemed one of tlie fineft countries in the univerfe ; yet
tich is the mifcrable policy of the Turkifh government,
and the indolence [of the |>eop1e, that it hath been fuf-
fercd to become a mere wildernefs ; and, though un-
commonly rich, fertile, and well watered, they have
permitted it to be over-run with weed?, briars and
brambles. The air is exceedingly ferenc and temperate,
and would doubtlcfs become ftill more falubrious, if the
lands were properly cultivated. The inhabitants are
not incommoded by excelTive heats, nor chilled by in-
tcnfe cold frofts ; all is moderate, delightful, and fa-
lubrious. The few cultivated parts, though the land
it prepared in a very imperfect manner, produce, with
little labour, great plenty of various forts of corn, ex-
<|uiCte grapes, of which admirable wines arc ma^'c,
oranges, lemom, citrons, olives, fi;;s, dales, kc. kc.
Bendes abundance of coffee, rhubarb, opium, b.ilfam,
galls, and many other valuable drugs, gums, &c,

Anatolia it excellently well watered ; the principal
rivers are thoTe known bv the names of Xanthus,
Cydnui, Mmn^cr, Granicus, Scaminder, Cayllcr,
Hcrmus, Paftolus and Caicus ; which difcharge them-
felves into the Mediterranean and Euxine feas ; the Archi-
pelago and the Euphrates, It hath fome lake;, the
principal of which, Guol-BugShaw, is JO miles in
length, and la in breadth,

SECT. X.

Anatolia Proper,

THIS is the nearcft to Europe, and the Urged of
the four provinces into which Afia Minor is di-
vided. It extends almoU from 26 to 35 deg. of call
long, and from 37 to 41 deg. of north lat. ncing bounded
by the Archipefago and Propoiitis to the ueit ; by the
Euxine fea to the north ; by Caramania on the fuuth }
tndby Amafia and Aladulia on the eail.

This province is governed by a beglerbeg, who has
fubordinate to him nvc fangiacs, 245 /.aims, and 7740
timars; the number of troops arc 60,000 : The annual
revenue of the beglerbeg is 1,000,000 of afpcrs.

Anatolia Proper contains the provinces nf Bithynia,
Myfia, the Lcfler Phrycia, ^olis, Ionia, Caria, Doris,
Lydia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Paphlagonia.

Kithynia is fcparated from Kuiupc only by the
Thracian Bofphorus ; the foil is naturally rich, but,
like many other fine parts of the TurkiOi empire, ii
very much neglcfled,

''tufj, or Butfa, a^ the Turks term it, is the cipii.il
of Bithynia, and was the metropolis of the whole Otto-
tnan empire before the Turks poflined thcinlclvci of
Conftantinoplc. It lie; in 40 d(,'>. ib niin. north lai.
and i() deg. 35 min. ealt lon^. It is fitualed at the foot of
mount Olympus, ic miln frr n the fea of Marmora,
and 58 fouth of Conftantinople : it is exceeding well
built, and deemed one of the licit |uved cities in all the
Turkifh empite j the (Irtcts are fpacious, the caravan-
fcrak noble and convenient, and the mofqurs magniKccnt ;
the latter are adorned with cupolas and minarets, covered
with lead, and computci at about 3C0 in number : in one
of the molif net, the loinbs uf many of the ancient I'urkifh
fovcreigni are 10 be fern, though the feat of empire has
been tranflated to C'onftantinople, this city Hill preferves
a (litre nf iij ancient grandeur, beauty, and opulence;
it IS likrwifc a place u7 cuiifidcrabic traffic, ai a caravan
fffs cviTV two months from hence into Pcrfia, and
ftveial others pafs thruufjh it from Aleppo, C'onftanti-
nople, kc. to ifpshan. In the Be/cl>iiie all kiinU of
commodities of home iM.iniifai.')ory, and dthers liom the
Levant, arc rxpofed to f.ilc j it 11 a large cdihce, well
built, and contains many exrtilrnt fhopi and ware-
huufet. The woikmcn of this tiiv mainilainu'e the
beft filki, hangin^',4, rarprts tapcllncs, fic. in Tur-
key. The city in about three miles in cirrumlcrence,
but lb« Walls aie falling lu dciay. It ii computed (0

fe B Y.

"103

contain 40,000 Turks, The Aiburbii, which are more
fpacious and handfome than the city itfcif, are inhabited
by 4000 Jews, 500 Armenian and 300 Greek families,
independent of many foreigners, who are fettled here.
The fine orchards, gardens, plantations of mulberry,
plantane, and other trees, &c. afford fome of the moft
delightful, pleafant, and fhady walks that imagination
can conceive. All the neceflaries, and even luxuries
of life, are excellent in their kinds, very plentiful, and
quite rcafonable : the wine in particular ib cxquifite, and
the fifh delicious. On a hill in the middle of the city
there is a caftle, which was once the palace of the fuU
tans, but is now running to decay. The fcraglio built
by Mahomet the IVth, is a noble edifice. The city is
governed by a balTa, a cady or moula, and a janill'ary
aga, who has about 230 janifliiries under him : in the
fuburbs, the Greeks have three handfome churches, the
Armenians one, and the Jews four (ynagogucs : in the
citv are fome excellent hot baths, and about a mile
from it the baths of Calypfo, which ate handlbmeftruc-
turcs covered with domes, and much frequented, on
account of the great reputation the waters have obtained
for their uncommon medicinal virtues,

Nice, or, as the Turks call it, Nickor, (lands .tbout
30 miles from Conftantinople, in 40 deg, 32 niin. north
lat, and 29 dcg. 40 min. eafi long, being fituatcd near a
gulph of the (ea of Marmora, called Alcanio or Afcii ;
though its ancient fplendor is much dimin;(licd it i^flill
a eonfiderable place, and contains about to,ooo in-
habitants, Turks, Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, whole
commerce is very great in corn, fruit, tapefteries, fine
cioths, and other merchandize brought from the Le-
vant i there is a fer.iglio in the hiphell part of the town.
The flreets arc large, and thchoufcs well built. This
city was celebrated for being the feat of the fii ft general
council convened by Conllantine againll the Anani
A, D. 325, and fince known by the name uf Uic Coun-
cil of Nice.

Nicomedia received its name from Nicomcdet
kin^of Bithynia, who made it his metropolis, refidcJ
in It, enlarijed and embcllifhcd it. The appellation
which the 1 urks give it is Ifmia, or Ifitiiginiid. It is
large, handfome, and populous; and is fiiuatcd at the
end of a gulph of its own name, 40 miles nnrth cait
from Buria : in point ol fituation, it exceeds all the
cities in the Turkifh territories, Conllantinople ex-
cepted : the inhabitants, compofed of Turks, Greeks,
Armenians and Jews, arc fuppcfcd to amount (0 about
30,000, who carry on a eonfiderable traffic in filki,
cotton, woolen, and linen cloths, earthen w e, and
glafs i befides which, it is the principal place licionging
to the Turks for (l)ip-biiildiiig. In many p:irt$ of the
city curious antient iiircriptions in Gi-eek and Lalm are
Itill vifiblc i to the wcllward is a fountain of mineral
waters, much admired fur it:; medicin.il qualities ; and
a little beyond there is a mole, luppofed to have beon
foimcrly made for the fccuiitv of the fliipping in the
harbour, which is al out a quarter of a league h>iig, and
12 yards broad. The gulph, which receives its name
fi«m this city, is only about a mile and a halt bru<d,
but IS verv long and deep.

Chalceilon, once an opulent city, it now an incon-
fider.ible village wiili few rrmains of its ancifiit fplen-
dor J its fituation ■'. on the illhinui of a peniiilul.i, ahoiif
17 milei to the eallward of Conllantinipic, on iheop-
pofitclhoreof the Ilol|ihoru;, This town ;iiicirnlly had
111 it a temple of Venn.', and an oracle I'l Apo'lu i it
has a tolerable h.irbiiur, and the river Chalccdoii tl'^wj
to the eallward of it.

Between Nicimirdia and Chalredon, the cncc opuli nt
city of I.^byflii Hands, which halh been lairouj liir the
death of Hannibal ; ii ii now dwindled to a vciy poor
and mean village.

Myfia and the Lelfer Phryjia are ufually dilctilied by
geograpbirs together, an the cxai!) limits are not afcer-
taiiied. In conjunilion they are bounded on the north
by the Piopumm, on the louth by I, ) ilia and the
Archiprlago, on the rail by Phijj; aMajor, and on the
weft by the Hellefponi.

In thurountiy, ine famed mount Olympus ii fituated,
or rather the ilout Ic ih^inof muunUmi lo diiiominatcd.

'1 hey

T i:

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1 '

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i-\

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV.

104

Thcv are thought to be the highcll mountains in the
c.iftcrn part ot the uiiiverle, paiticulaily the central
part, or the celcbiatcd Mount Ida of the ancients. Thcfe
mountains arc ciiMtlnii.illy covered with fnovv, and the
fides abound with pine and other trCe^, wiih wild thyme,
and other ftirubs, more particularly the lauJanum cillos
with broad leaves. About the beginning cf the dog
days the air of mount Ida is lb Icrenc tiiat not a finglc
breath of wind appiars llirring, and at nlgiit the fun's
rays appear to dart all round the horizon, which makcit
fcem as if on fire.

The principal rivers in this part of the country arc
the Granicus and ^T.luphus, which dilchargcthemltlves
into the fea of .Marmora ; and the Simiis and Xanthus,
which empty thcmUKes inlo the IKIIei'poiit ; theCaicus,
with the l'crj;amos and Cayller, How throu:;h Myfi.r,
which cont.irns the f llowrn:; plates, \iz. Cyzicus or
Cy/.icum, which is row Chizieo, and bpi;;a, thou^^h
nnticnily a magnifieeut citv, is at pieUnt but an incon-
fidcrablc town, fitmicd about jo miles wcHwarJ ol
}!urfa, on tlic f>>uth-e.Ul co.dl ot the iea of Marmorj.
Oppolitc to this town, in the I'ropoiitis, are ftvcral
finall idands, which a.e called the .\Iaihle IflanJs ftuin '
the j;reat ritrnibcr of nuible quarries in them ; they like- '
wje abound in corn, fruits, tattle, cotton, wine, 5cc.
LampCcus, or Lamplaco, as it ^ now denominated,
hith loll much of its ancient fplcndur : it is but a fmall
city at prcfcnt, thinly inhabited by a few Greeks and
'I'urks : but its port is convenient. It is lituated at the
mouth of the Hellefpont, oppofitc to (lallipoli in Europe
The neighbouring country is exceedingly fruitful in
wines and pomegranates ; the former even the inJolcnl
'lurks themlehcs wultivat.", and make excellent wine
and biaiulv to mix with therr (hcrbet.

Abydos, now called Avido or A\io, was formerly
trtcemed the key of Afia. It was here that Xerxis be-
j^aii his famous bridge, which was fo well compKatcd
ill a week, that i;o,ooo foot and 80,000 horfe, intlu-
five ot carriages and camels, marched over it. Abuut
1235 year' befure Chrilt, a mme of gold was tound
iicir this lity, whiJi cnabUd I'liam king of Troy to
carry on many ulLful and magnifiteit public works.
I'hilip ol .Maicdon laid ficge to thi-, city, ar'.d took it by
llor.n i but the citizens, fooner than be carried into
(l.very by ibe conipiL-ror, fet fiie to the city, and then
murdered their wives, ihildien, and tlumi Ive . Abydns
vv.iionce an cpilin|.al fe, II imias ihe biOiop iherti.l
hiving alTilled at the council ol Chalcedon. In A. I).
I J jo. It wa< betraicd to the Turks by the trcaclieiyol
the govrrnnr'j d.iu ;htcr ; and Avido is nt prefent one o(
thi ir ( .iHlcs upon tlic Daidantlle". It ft.iiids in 40 deg,
ih mm. ncrth In. and 1- dcg. 16 nun. call Ion. upon
th' l»ici.^lit ihit divides .Nfia f.um Luiopr, wlnJi i
ibr.r miles ov r.

The priiKip.il | laecs in the I.tflir Phrvpia ate.
Alio, formerly a conlidfraHe lea port town on the
fouth loaft, ii'nv an iiiconlulerable village.

Antandros now called St. nimitii, is litmicd fjillicr
c.id ol ibc f.)ot of mount Idi. I hough it was aii-
iiciit'v a place of impoitainc, i( inw Italic defctvc^
iirnt lining.

Ali.imytium, or KnJfomit, as the Turks c.ill it,
ll.in Is at the mouth of the giilph to « huh il givc> name, '
oppi li'c to the idand of Lesbos. At prefent, lii^e the I
I ill irnrioned pluc^, it is not td the leall iiipnuante, ]
tbou^li fi mull It »ai a place ul liule, and is lueiituiicd
in the .Ast) of III'- April. !es. 1

l'ti;;amii«, wliiili wj, i.iirne 1^ the mctrnpclis of a:
kinjdiiin IS now dwindled to a liti ill village, I'he dcta) '
ol gie.it iitu., ol whnh the velligcs fiarce remain, unii
tlic u lit I I aiK e i,: fjilenJoi, ;,iivc the bkll niuial lelTsiiu ,
111 ibi IpecuUtive mind. In iiic iiin«bility of human
(;liHy, 1 if the moiildeiiiip tenuiin of the llrongell and
iiioll magiiili>.e.it llrii,.tuie'., wc may pcrteite and bi
I iii^h* !o ri'fles> ot) out nun appniatliing moilalily, and
Iht geiirral dirr>iliitioil uhiili iiiiiO atiait all lubluiiiiry
lliiiij'. Thcli; inelaneh dir leflctitioin, however, »tc wA
only inftr.K'tiv,', hut a.lmit ol being lilrnded with ihr
mnll (.ihliine and pliifiMg ideas; well may ue txi.Uiiii
t«iili WMHir,

— — — " I love thrfr inrifnt riilnt j ,

We never mad upon them but we (Vt

•' Our foot upon fome itivtienrl hiftory,

" And <iuellionlefs, herein this open court

" Which now lies naked to the mjuries

" Of lloriny weather, fome may be interr'd

" Who lov'd the church fo well, and gave lb largely tc'f,

" 'I'hey thought it fliould have canopy 'd their bones

" Till dooms-day j but all things have their crul,

" Churches and cities, which have difeafes like to men,

'* Mull have like death that we have."

I'eri>amus, or Petgamos as thcTurkj call it, is fituatcd
bo miles 1101 ih of Smyrna on the banks of the Ciiieus.
Here flood one of the leven churches mentioned in the
Revelations: here alio the celebrated phyfician Galen was
born, and parchment invented, the word itfelf being only
a corruption of ''ergamcum, (roin I'ergamos. Some af-
firm, that tapeftry was likewile tiril invented at this
place. A (lately temple ol Eftulapius once cmbellilhej
this town. The I'uiks have heiea mol'c|ue, and tlio
Greeks a church.

Troas Alexandria, to the fouihward of Troy, was for-
merly the capital of the province, but in now ti^taliy ia
luins.

It is not pofitively agreed among the learned, whe-
ther the fuppofed rums of I'roy really belonged to that
celebrated city, or to the above mentioned 'I'roas Alex-
andria. We (hall, however, (peak of Troy from tho
bell auihoiities.

It is f..id to have been fituatcd on a rifing gr-und near
mount Ida, and about hvc miles from the (liure of tho
.tgcan lea on the river. Scamander, or Xanthus. 'i"ho
ancrent gcrttjraphers place it in 39 deg. 58 min. nortia
latitude, and 27 dcg, 56 min. calt longitude. Strabo in-
forms us, that there were fcarce any remains of it even
in Ins time. I h-' belt account of the Trojan war in
given by Homer j the rarrafivc, (tripped of trie poet cal
hclions, appears to be genuine, liurn ibc cnncuiraii^
tenimiiniesof the nvift cicditahle hitlurians of antiquit}',
and of the Arundelian maiblcs. The number of ihips
employed to tranlpoit the troops, aeeoidiiig to llomti,
was iiS6j but 'J'liucydidcs cjiteeds even the poet, ami
makcj them 1200 fail. The liiL-ulian (hips were the
laigefl, and carried 120 men in each ) the ihips of i'jii*
loCtclK were the fmallelt, and only tarried 50111 each,
I'loy, howivei, lit Id out till yeais .igainlt the formidu-
tile aiiiiy of the (jueks, wlm, when they took that
devoted Illy, fst it on fue and put moll ol the inhabi-
tants who Uid nut cfeapc to the Iword. Apneas in re-
latiii); to queen IJido the tircumlt.iiiccs of the fatal
night ill which Truy wak taken, lays,

" P.intheus, Apoll.i's pritft, a facred name,
" Mad kap'd the (irccran Iword-, and patt thefl.imei
" With irlaks laden tu my il.'or he lUd,
" And bv his hand, hrs tendei grarullon led ;
" What help! oh I'aiiiheus.' whither can wc run,
" While make a (land ° ot w .it may vet be done {
" Scarce had 1 laid, wlun raiiihrus willi a groan,
" IKiy i> no more, .uid Ilium was .1 town:
" The i.iial time., tli' appointed hour is come,
" When wrathful Jove's iiiiiocable dtxini
" rr.-,nsli.ts ihe I'loian (lait to Grecian h,iiic!s j
" I'he tue cunluriiei the town, the loe tuiiimanJj."

AccerJinj to the moll authentic records, Troy wat
taken April the luenty louilh 1 1S4 klure Cliiilt ^ and
111 eap'i.ic put an end to the kngdnni of 1 roy, alter
having ll>K)d ii^byriu from Tcutir to I'liam. Thu
rtmaikahle event indutct us 10 give Virgil's iniereltiiig
ateount of the death of i'liam, as it is tirgaiilly lian-
llatcd by Uivdcii,

I'yfihin, the Ion of Aeliilles, having puifued I'olilei,
one uf I'riaiii's foix, tu a pl:ice wheie that unhappy mo-
narch h.id taken icluge, luiis hini tluu' il,e body wiih a
lance ;

" Thi* youth I ansfi^'d, wiili 1 imrntablrrrici
" KxpiKi brliire In vvutehej pariit's tyrs,
" Wlluili galpini* at lliif' I !, will 11 I'r 1,1111 f,iW,
'* The le.,i of ik„tli ('Hc plait to iiatriic't l,.wj
'• Ajld Irtmliliiij', i"ois with iiigri tluu with l^f
" 'l^ie uoJ's, III I he,

. . pt . ..

requite ihy biutal rage, *< A(

ASI

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And

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W,i

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ASIA.I

T u R k r. V.

I'hfi; with ii Ipcclmg tluud his he.iit he foiuul, ^
I he lukc warn) bluod ciiin- giifliinu; thro' t!if wounil, I
\nd (,iii[!uinc (tic.im.s dilUiii'ii thi. l.ictcd ground. J

)■'

• Ab lure they will 1 barbarian, fi.rc ihcy inull,
I If there be gods in hcav'n, ai\d guds be jult,

Wlio talt'll ill wrongs an iiiroleni delight,
VVith a Ion's death t' infect a father's light.

• (hisf.iid, his feeble hand a j.ivehn threw,
Wh'ch llutt'ring feeni'd to luiiei as it Hew,
lull and but baicly to the tiiai k it lielJ,
And faintly t'-'ckl'd on the br,i/..n Ihield :

1 hen I'vrrliiis thus. Go thou Iroiii nic to i'\.tc,
And to my lather my luul derds rel.,tc :
Now die — wj'h that he draggM the ticiiibling fire,
Slidd'ring thio' clottcr'd blood, arid holy mire;
' Mis right hand held his blooJy faul..hion baie,
left he twilled in hib ho.iry hair,
Then with a Ipcc.lmg thrull his heart he found,
■111

Ai:

Thus I'liani fell, and lliai'd one c iiiunon faic
• > W.lh Iiov in alhes, snd hi^ t;iiii'd date:
" He, who the lee] trc ot ill Alia Iway'd,
" Whom nionarchs like donieftie- llaves obey'd,
" On the bleak (hurc now lies th' ..bandoii'd king,
" A hcjdlefi cartafe, and a namelels thin^."

We cannot here fo.bcar tranferibing the following
rall'ige from the ingenious niaiquis D'Ar^cns's Jcwifh
Spy; " i'he ruins of the eitics in the Archii)clago
have for feveral years engaged the cuiiolity of travelleis,
ct the Turks leli'en the- n every day, and carry aw.i)
v.ilt quauiities of the marble. How nuith therelore
nuil* there have been of it at riilf I I'he nioli]'i . of the
fultnn Aehmct was built only of the lloi.es fetth'd from
the rums of Troy ; the • ■ lumns which form (he pcr\llil
of that tiiniilc, and which are ii'Jt lei . th.in 130 in number,
were found all entire in the IIlK!. ol that imeient eitv.
I'or near 200 years tiie Terks made ul.' ol no othir bul-
lets for the canii-aii of the Djidanllr , than Corinthian
iharitcrs and column-, winch tin.; bicke to |'UC:s, and
tlien cut tomake tliem iMvethat |ui:jH,:e."

/■('.oil I! I 'udcu on the north by the Lefl'er I'hryjia,
cm the vcHl'i ' V^eanfea, oiithceuil by Lydia, and
on the foui ' ■<

I he cili> V i merly Myrina, Ciima, El.ea, and
I'hocea. M ,... .i called by tht Turks .\larhani, and
I'ho.ca, Foggij, or I'oglia ; at picliiit they are all four
III fo little importance, that were they united togetbci
tht* wciulJ make but a vry inconllder.ible village.

Ionia Lvs contiguous to i^olis, and contains, among
(ihers, i'oinv placeii of impurtaiicu, the principal of which
ii .-imyrna,

Smyrna, wbicli the Turks call Ifiiiyr, or Ifi.ir, lies
•;8 Jeg. 15 mill, nonh iat, and 27 dep. 10 min. tall
iun^. It is the 1" It fe.i-iiort town in the !.■ .ant, ami the
moll populous ami opulent cuy »l Alia Minor, h'roiii
Conllaniiiiuplc it is viglit days journey by land, and a-
bout I j^ leagues by water.

In tile lime of the Koiiian<, Smyrna was looked upon
as the mol) beaiitilul ot tfe Ionian cities, and was called
ihvOiifamtut e/,1/ia. A Turkifli rtbel lum'd l/acha-, in
10K4, ibiiughl piopei to .ilumc the title of km ;, and hav-
ing felled u|Hj|i .SiiiyiiM, made it his capital. At the
beginning ol the 1 ^tli century it all lav iniiiiiis except
the Inilids, III l^H It was I'in.illy lubduid by the
Tuik<, liaving bvca picvioully rebuilt at various pc-
riotls,

llie pint wliuli ij fhut 11,1 reached onie to the fool
III the eallle, but ii now dry, exirpt altera liw hea-
vy (liowen, whin it is leplenilhed Itom the (luiec.

The public ediliees have i>eni r.dly been erci'tid by ih.
I'uiks with the mateiials of the ancient cly. 1 In
be/eltrn, or niiikct, and the I i/ir khan were both
railed with the while mkiblc of the ihealte. The com-
mudious halbour and ailvaiita^eous lilualion h.ivc len-
deu'd It line ol ihr mol) opulent citici in Turkey, The
hi\eii m delended by a tlrmi^ c.illle, ami (hclicicd from
a I winds r«cept the wi Keilybv hi;'h mountains, Theie
1^ an alloiiiniiiiL', conflux ol people in Smyrna of fe\cial
iiatioiK, who ilirt'ei III maniieis, ilrefs, language, rili-
I'lun, iVc. Tlvc Tiiiks occupy the t'Malelt pjit of the
loAii ; the I'iokIIjims and Human L'aiholus hive then
ell ipi It, and ih. Jcwa alyiia^oguvoi two. 1 livAiiiicuiaiii

have a l.ugc hanJlomc church, with a contiguous burv*
ing ground. Doilor Chandler fays, " the Gicekj
before the fire had two churches. They applied by
their bilhop at Conftantinoplc, to rebuild that which
was dellrovcd, but the lum demanded was too exorbi-
tant to be given. By this policy the Turks will in time
extirpate chrlliianity from .imong their vall'als."

Tne mofques, baths, market and khans aic the prin-
cipal buildings, and I'ome ^of them are very noble j the
Itriets III general are iianow, inconvenient, and intri-
cate i but ihe mod diligrecabic circumftance to thofu
wlio live here is the great hcat.s, which commence in
June, and continue till September. During this fealbii
the ground is burnt up, and has large chafnv:, which
II is imagined give vent to bituminous vapours, that, if
coiiiined, would occafion earthquakes. Few years pafa
wiiliout a flitick ortvs'o, but in general thcyare'lelV hurt-
ful than alarming. They ufu.ily happen when the
weather is c.dm in fpring ;u)d autumn, at which time
the lea withdraws a onfidcrable way from the beach,
and the water is exceedingly low; a terrible one hap.
pencd ill 168S, which overthrew a great part of the
city. Smyrna Is likewife annually vifited bv the
plague ; when it rages violently, the coni'uls, f.iclors,
mereh.iits, &:c. retire into tl.c country j and manv peo-
ple abandon their dwellings to live a'bioad under tent;.
I'he iflandcis return home, ;.nd the grafs is I'cen to
grow in the llreets of the Franks quarter, which is ex-
ceedingly populous at other times.

The I'uiks burv wiihout the t iwn, and place either
grave Hones or pillars at the he,id and leet of the graves,
which ill gei.cr.ilare Ihaled with cyprcis trees. In their
cemeieiie.«, as well as th' fe of the Chridians and Jews,
mai.y antiqiiUics in arelutCLdiie are found: the burying
iround, belonging to the Englilh, is walled in, and
contains lome curious monuments, the fculpture of
whieli is aJmiralde. They were, however, not cxe-
cutid at Smyrna, but brought from Italy; one in par-
ticular is to the nunmry •,( Mr. Houvene, (the com-
panion o;' Mill'. Wood and Dawkins in their journey to
I'almyia) whodied at .Magn-tfia.

Smvrna is ple.itilLlly lupplied with provifions : the
tails of lome of the Iheep weigh ten pounds, and are
deem.d a great dainty. The lilh taken in the bay are
excellent ; wild hogs, hares, and all other kinds of
game, fowls, ^c. may be h id in abunJance ; the wine,
olives, fiuics, &c. are all almir.ible. The mufquitoes,
as well as a much Imaller (iy, of which the name is not
knowi>, arc extremely trouble lome, but more fo to
Itrangeis than natives; lemon juice is the bed remedy
for the liery t iinours which enliic. In the harbour of
Smyrna are always (hips of almoft ali nations, and all
burthens. The town is fuppofed to contain about
1 5 (:?-> Turks, 10,000 CJrecks, and 2,oco Jews, cxclu-
live o( Armenians, I'r.inks &c. The Fraiiki quarter is
bc'tir built and belter paved than any other. ThC
Furopeaii meichaiits bring hither a great variety of
HOod. from Iviiopc, the Fall and Well Indies, iVc. cx-
jKirt line and coaile word, filk, cotton, mohair, wax,
rhubarb, gall nuts, opium, aloes, fcanimony, tutty,
gall-anum, taeamahac, gum-.ragaeaiiih, ammoniac,
,ind Arabic, myrrh, fiankineei, ?, rrdoar, Kc. The
Jews here, as well as In nod parts 'jf Turkey, generally
manage all commeicial aH'.rirs ; or a' lead the principal
part of them goes either dirc'lly or indnettlv through
their hmds. The whole town, in fa^'t, i^ one con.
tinned ba/ar or lair; the confuls liom Fliglaiid, France,
,ind Hidland, have very handloir.e houfcs by the lea
lide. Iliis city is one of the leveii th.it contended for
the honour of being the biiih place of Hoiier, to whofe
memoiy .1 temple w.is built ; it is likewife the Cent iif
one ol the Icveii Aliatic churches mcniionrd in the
Apoc,<lyp('e. In the environs, Roman medals have been
fiequently loiiiid ; near it are the remains of an ancient
Koimn cirtiis, iheiiic and other luins, i^c. In the
luij.hbouihood a kind of earth is foiinil, which beiliir
boiled with ml makes . xcrllcnl fojp. The whole coun.
try is exceedingly ruh and fertile.

Cla/omine isliiuatid on ihe Ionian prninfula, about
jK miles to the louih wt ll of Smvtna ; it w.is one of
Ihv twelve aneuiii utiei ot Alia, and lamed ai the birth

I^ J l-liV.

,.t,i

' I

^^,ii

to6

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

place of Anaxagoras. It is now called Uria or
Vouila; it w.'.s a city of inipoitaiice in the lime of tlic
Ro!iiaiis, but is iiciw a dcfpicablc Aillagc, and better
known in the hidorians page for what it was, than for
any thing worth noticing in its prticnt iitnation,

•' When ruft (hall cat her brafs, when Time's ftrong

" hand

•' Shall bruifc to duft her marble palaces,

•' Triumphal arches, pillars, obelilks ;

" When Julius' temple, Claudius' aqucjucl«,

" Agrippa's baths, and Ponipty's theatie j

" Nay, Rome itfclf Ihall not be found at all,

" Hiiloiians books (hall live."— — —

^•F.rythrxn, like the laft mentioned place, was loi-
mcrly a oiifidcrjbl.' city ; but by the fame kind of ta
taliiy is now dwindled to an ir.Ci.'nridcrable village. It
li on the Ionian coalt, bctwi.cn Tcos and Clazomcne.

Tco5, the biith place of Anacrcon, was anciiiitly a
good f.a-port, but ij now Icatcc llic (liadow of what it
tormcrly was.

Lebidis, or Lebidos, is now a poor fca pi rt, near the
illhmus of the pcninfula, though itwas lormcily one ot
the twchc ca| ital cities of Afia, and was famed for the
oainrs of liacchus, which were celebrated there.

About 30 miles fouth of Smyrna is the city of Colo-
phon, cue of thofc which laid claim to the birth of
Ilomtr i it hsd a tempi.- and an oracle, but at prefent
is very incoiilidirable.

tphefus is in jS dfg. 16 min. north lat. and 27 deg.
3 mm. call long. It lies about 50 miki Couth of Smyrna,
23 from Miletus, and 63 Irom i-a jd'Cv.i, and was an-
ciently the mctiopolis of all Alia ; Eph fus and Smyrna,
having b'.tn termed the eyes of Alia Minor ; but of
this once fpUndid, opulent, and maiinilicent city, nothing
remains but about 30 Imufts inhabited by Gr>.ek •ami-
lies, who are niifcrably poor, and fo exceedingly igno-
rant, that none of them are able to read the admiralilc
epilHe with whiih St. Paul honoured ti-.em : its firll
bilhop was Timothy, whom St. Paul appointed to that
miniiiration ; St. John the Evangtlill was buried here,
The Greeks call this city Elcfo, and the 'I'uiks have
given It the name of Alafalouch. There are man) noble
ruins, particularly ol an aijucJiiiTl, a theatre, and a
circus. The ctltbrated paintir Parrhalius, and the
weeping |ihilofophcr llcratlitu', were natives of this
place. 1 he principal ornament ot tphtius was the
celebrated temple ol Diana, on. ol the wonders of the
world, it w.s built at the foot of a iiMuntain and the
he.id of a marlh ; which fituition wa» chofen, as Plrny
Informs ns, beiaufe lefs fubjeLt to <arth(iuakcs. Four
hundred years were fpcnt rii building ihij wonderlul
leniple. it was 425 feet in hngth ar.d izo in bre.idih,
belnj lupportid by 117 inaibh pillan ;o leci in luighl,
ut which 2- wvre moll curioully curved, .ind the rdt
admirably poliflud : the temple i I Diana w.i. burnt by
Kr^ll^ratu^, through noothir motive, as hi-hrmlelf con-
Icfiicd upnn the rack, ih.m to ttiirn/e hr; 1 me. 'I tWs
remarka.'lc tr.infaiTioii happeiitil t'.ie v> ly d.n on wliicli
Alexander the Cir«at was born, in the Mar of the
world j'iSO, "I 'he (loud 2t>43, and 45U livioie Chrill.
I'here is yet Handing a chuich dedicaicJ to St. John,
vvtiicii Was erected by the primrtive Chndians, I ut is at
puicnt converted into a Turkilh mofijue. We Ihall con-
clude this article with a t,uotation from ;ii ingeniuuk
modem traveller. " The tphiHaiis arc now a lew
tire-k piafaritJ, Iviiig iiiextirme wretchi i.'rrtli, de|Kn-
(jaiire, and iiileiilibilit) , the ttpiclciitatuo ol an illu>
(iiiuu> (icople, and iiihabiiirrg the wrck of their great-
ncfa ; funik th^ lubllra> tiiiii> ot the glorro > .cliliei's whieh
ihey r.nl.d, lu.lic b.iiealh the vaults ot the lladiuni,
uiiie the ciowded tcriie of their diver lions, and tome by
the abiupl piecipiica in the lipulchrci, which rcveived
their adm. We employed a couple of thrm fi pik
(lunes to ICf^^ iiillead ul a laJ Icr, at the arth ol the
(iadiiim, and to clear a pedcll.1l ot the portico by the
thciiie troin nibbilh. We had uccafun lor anvlhci to
dig at the Coiirilhian temple, andlVndrnv; t ilb. II idiuiti,
ihc whole tribe, tea or twelve tullowul, one playing all
tht wi/ befor« them un a lude lyre, and at iiinei

(hiking the (ounding board with the fingers of Ida I it
hand in ronctrt witli th'; llrings ; one of thuni had on a
pair of laiid:ds of goiit-(kin, laced with thongs, imd
not uncommon ; after graiiiying their cutiofity tbcy re-
tiiriKd back us they canii- with their inuliciaii in tront.
Such .ue tile pufent citizens of tjihefus, and fuch a
the cnndition to which that renowned city h.is btai
gradually reduced. It was a ruinous place when the
emperor Jullinian filled Conltantinople with its Itatucs,
.^lul r.iifed its church of St. Sophia on its columns. Since
then it has been almoK cxhaulted :" and again, the
fiine author fays, " the glorious pomp of its heathen
worfhip is no longer remembered, and ChriUianity,
which was thir« nuifcd bv apoftles, and foftered by
geneial councils, until it cncreafed to fulnels of llature,
barely l.rigeis on in an exillence hardly vifible."

Caria is buuiijcd by the Icarian fea on the loath and
well, by Ionia and ihe river Meander on the north, and
iiy PhrvgiaanI Lycia on the call ; the principal places
are, Miletus or Miletum, lorinerly one of the n.oK
Lorillder^ble citiis of Afia, but it h.is dwindled to a nic.in
village called by the Turks Palatfcbia. Jt (lands on the
fouth tide of the .Meander near the fea coad, and was the
birth place of the celebrated pliilolbpherl hales. Seve-
ral magnilicent ruins aie (I. II vilihlc.

There are Icarce any velligcs lelt of the ancient ciiicj
of HeracKa, Lathinum, Ileryglia, Mylafl'a, Ainyion,
Alabai'da, Stratonicc and Alinda.

Halicarn.ifl'us was formerly the metropolis of C;;ria
and has be-ri celibiated in hiltory for the maufoleuni,or
t.imb huilt by <|uetn Artemifia, in honor of lier hiifli,.nd
kirn; M.:ulblLiis, which was ot fo noble a flruitlurc ih. t
the aiiciciilb de.-mcd it one of ihe wonders of thewoijd.
Hence all tomb^, which ate remarkable for beiiii; luprrl"
arc called maulolcums. 'I'hele monuments of pretended
rcipc^t to ihcdeid, and real vaiiiiy of the living, hr:ii .
the lollowing lines to our rcnicmliiaiuc : "

" Can pnmpand pride m.ike diH''rcncein our dull !

" Go cali a cuiiouslook on Helen's tcmb:

" J Jo roles flouiilh there, orinyrtles bloom I

" The mighty Aloande;'- j-rave lurvey j

" Sic, is there ought uncoiiimon in the clay; 4 .

" ShiiKs the earth bright .iround it, to ilci iare,

" The gloiious robber of the world Ins there j

" What, Kuypt, do thy pyramids lompii/c,

•• What greatneli in the high-rji»'d folK' l;ei I

" The lineot Nilus this poor comlort tirinci,

" We tell thill dati, and traffic tor their ki"g<.

Mirnlus is a lea-port on the Jafic bay, about twelve
miks troiii Halicarnall'us , the Turks called n Mcnte', ;
It is at prefent the chief town in heli paits, and the
refiJence of a Tiirki(h tangiac j ar.MCmly it wa. but
a Imall town, yet the g )tini{ uncooiTionly tumptiK m
and largo, Diogenes, in ridkule of the vanity of the
inhabitant', told them to take care that their litlle ciiy
did not run away through its own gates.

Lyilia or .M*onu is boundid on ihe est! bv Phrygia,
on the well by the Archipelago, ontheiiorih by Mylia,
aiul on the louth by Cari.i. It was anciently called
M.eiinia, and w.i» once the king.lom of the cilebratcd
CiilIus.

It IS a fiuc fertile country, being w.itcrcd by the
Caicin, Heynun Cayller, Meander and the Paebilus, fo
criebiated by tlie ancient poets loi its land of gidd.
linolu-, famed lor lis wiiKs and latt'ion, is Ihc princi-
pal inouiit.iin 111 tbi> country. At priknt the indolent
Turks fuller this tine couniiy to be overrun with
braniMis, and to lie eiilirfly uncultivated. The chief
plai (s are,

Sardis, formal Iv the melrnpolii of f.ydia, and the
leal of the rnh kiii^' Cruclus, is now a v.ry incniilidc-
rable village, fcatid on the barrks ot the Pa.tulus, at
the (utt ol mount Tmolu^. It rs about 4H mil'-s call
III Smviiia, and only inhabited by (litpheiJi. It how-
ever coiitaiiii a 'ai(.'ccaiavaiilera for li.e ac ommodalioii
of tiavcllers and c.iraiarv, who pal thr >iic!i k (to:ii
Smvnii and Aleppo in then way to IVitia. ", he in.ii;-
iiihetnt rums that arc Dill vilihlc, give however an idr.i
of Its anlient fpl.ndiir to thu bcbolder. It wni otu- o>
ilu lenui) Aliativ chuiahtt, t'liil.id^U

ASIA.] ■" ■ ■ T U »

pj,i|ailclphi:i, »nothcr of the fcvcn churches, was
formerly a very papulous city, and is ftill a toleraMe
town containing about 7000 iiih^ibitants, who are .prin-
cipally Greeks. It is iilled wl.th the runs of many fii-
pirb edifices. H^re arc four churches ; and as th'
neighbouring country is very fertile, provifions arc
pretty plenty. The Turks c.di it AUa-Schcur, or tho
City of God.

Thyatira, or as the Turks call it, Akifliar, w.i<
another of the fcven churcJus. It itanJs upon the
banks of the Hcrmus, on th<j confines ofMyfia, al-ou;
j6miltinorth froni Sardis, and 56 north eaft ol' Smyrna ;
the houfes are low and mean, being built with mud
anJtuif. It contains about 5C00 inhabitants, who are
chiefly Turks. The only nianuf.iiilurc is that of cotton.
The neighbourini; plains arc full of cotton t.ecs and
tr.mnrifks.

Ma'^nctja, or Siphylum, as it hath been called todiftin-
cuifh it from th,it in lenia, or Suzlcted'.ir as the Turks
n.ime it, was anciently a city of great opulence and im-
portance, plcafantly fituatedat the foot of mount Siphylus,
about 70 miles fouth caft of Smyrna. The walls arc in
toU'r.il>lc prefervation 1 the inluibitants arc compofedof
Turks .ind Jews, the latter having three Synagogues. It
is now l;-.t a fmall trading town, having a tuanufadturc
cf cotton yam.

Tripolit 'is fituatcd on the frontiers of this province
towards Caria, and the river Meander ; it is fallen from
its aivcient fplcndor and is now a very poor village ; the
'J'urka call it Kocnikoi.

Din^fhifly is a handfome tr,iding town, well peopKd
with'I urk:, fituated at about -o miles JiftLUicc from the
mn'.ith ol the Meander.

With rclpci^t to the ancient cities of Tralles orTiallis,
Hicro-C:elare;i, Narrafa, jl'gria, Jovis-Taiium, and
L:.oJicca, thcic are fcarcc any vcftigc^ left except of the
latter, which was a noble city, and one of the fcvcn
churches ; the ruins that arc vilible arc of a circus, -.ind
three theatres of white marble which arc almo'.V entire;
the plate ii however uninhabited.

I'hrygia Mijor u bounded on the north by Biihynia,
on the louth by P.imphylii; 01 the welt by Mylia, and
on the caft byG.il,itiai It is waiered by the rivers Hcr-
mus, Meander, Marfias, and S.mgarius, and v^ould
with proper cultivation be exceedingly fruitful. The
Putjts call this country Germianj the lemark.ilile pUicts

.Uf,

Coty^um, or Kutahia, as th? Turks call it, whivh
(lands on the ri\cr Sanjior, about 73 miU'^ fouth c\{\ o(
liuifa. It wa.s a mi v tonfidciable city am; ;tlv, and 1^ (fill
a .cry floutilhing populous town : it is at pn lent the Itai
1)1 ahegleiLeg, .uid waslornuily the Turkdh cniiwror's
place of reridiiiec, piior to the taking of Conll.ir.tiniple.

M.dcun or M d;e'iin, w.is .uicieiitly the re ;.il feat of
the ccUbrated kiitu Midas, of whom it ts recnnli-d, thit
when he wa? a 1 Inld, 3 fwaim of ant- were obferved very
bufy one day, while he was ;i,1(ep, in conveying their
nuiVs of wlu?t into his mouth, whernipon th'' oriirf
hiln« conl'ultert, returned arfwer, that immenl'i* riches
Wtie pr-fii ;i'<1 In that oiiien. The ptediilion was ful-
filled, lor he W.1S accounttd by aiuicnt authors one iM'
t ic ,alM(t piimc that ever r,'i"ncd. Straho fays, he drew
ii. 1111:1. fc funis (loiii lh» mines o( mount Heimius ; the f.ihic
tj( .Miil.ii's bavin;; all'cs ears originated from his bcin:; of a
veiy fiilpicious tiinpcr .lud ciiiploying many (pies in dif
Triiit puts ol his doininioi.^, Lv which inr.uis fcarcc
any iiaiil.nlliim could be conceal J from his knowledge ;
(!i J iiidiui'l Ills l'ii!ij'.v)s to f.iy ni.iaphoMcallv th f he
had 1 'Mg ears, and js aflcs arc I'.ii.l to be endued with
tht ('siiK' of h.iiiii^' in a;:rrairr .' .mvi of p'-r(V,Mion thnn
;iiy other anmulj, they liki vile (nid he Ind a(Us ears ;
1 lit what was Ipoken mel.iplioiic.illy t.ine .it laft to bi.
Mil,;ail\ imai;:ir.l a faOt, lli wifh lobe ahlclicl an e
ivvrv ihili.r ho toi.eh.d into iv'd, tli' ;;i.iiitof lli.it will,
kiul ine (.onlVquent piiniftinieiit, which was that evi n h^
(ood Inc. iine gold, .lul he wa^ in dangerot bcint; (faivc<l,
ty haling in? i\)iii;delitm of .11; with, are aMli^cwili
luel.iphoi , iiid .4lliiiled to his aval i> iou- teni|i 1, which
w,i> never to W gr.ilificd with th'- heaps oi rich' s lie pnf-
(,!led, but .ilw.ijs '.I iviiij; (■'■ i.oic, and aiming lu tuiii
•lUii- coulu intg moiii^t W'Al liit|;< the puci j

K E V. ■ 107

" I'ondmcn by pnflions wilfully betray'd,
" Adore thofe idols which their fancy made;
*' PurchiifiMg richcj with our time and care,
" VVelole our freedom in a gilded fnare,
" And having all, all to ourl'elves refufe,
■' ( )r.piefs'd with blefliii;'S which we fear to lofe j
" In vain our riclds and flocks incrcafcour (lore,
" If our abundance makes uswiflifor more."

How mifurabic is the mifer, and how happy thofe who
think, that

" We to ourfelves may all our wifhes grant,
" For nothing coveting, we nothing want."

The ancient geographers placed Midcuni near the
north c.;ll limits of I'hrygia, on the river Sangarius ;
but there are nc veftiges of it at prefent to be fceii.

Gordium was cnre the refidence of (Jordius king of
Pluygia, celebrated for having tied the famous knot in
the temple of Apollo, which was known by the name
of the Ciordian Knot J Alexander the Cireat afterwards
not being able to untie it, cut it with his ("word.

Colode, ColoHuh, or Chonos, was fitu.iti.'d on the
(outh fide of the river Meander. St. Paul's epilHe to the
ColoHians was addreflid to the inhabitants of this city.

CJf the three la(t mentioned cities, as will ai Hiera-
poiis, Syiniada, Kucarpia, Prymncfia, Tiberlopol.-,
Hipios, iVc. fcarcc any traces are now to be lourid, ex-
cept the hot fpring, and ("uperb ruins of Hieranolis.

Apaniea was oneo one of the nioft confiderable citic::
of Alia, but is now quite run to decay. It was fituated
on the river Meander, a little above where tiie Marcias
fulls into it, and .Trofe out of the ruins of the :incicnt
Ctleiic, whole inhabitants were tranfplanted into it by
Scl ueus, who named it af cr his wife .^p,.nea.

Gnl.iti.i, by the Turks at piel'eiit called Chiagarc, is

btiiiidid on the north by PaphUiioma, on the luu;h by

Pamphilia, on the call hy Cappadocia, and on he well

by I'hrygia Major. It received its lumu from a tuloiiy

of Gauls, who pafl'ed through (jreecc into A(ia, anil

iVttlid in ir. A great number of (ireeks afterwards

nmigled with thcni, whence it was called Gjllo-Gr.i:eia :

, it was always a hue tciti'e country, and formerly it was

! well cultivated, but at prefent lies rieglccled like other

'places, through Tuikifti indolence. The inhabitants

I weie among the primitive chridians, as appeals by St.

, P-iul's epidic addnd d to them.

I Ancita, or as the Turks call it, Angouri, or Angora,

I is in ^o dcg. norti. Lt. and 31 dcg. 58 miii. call loiy.

! 7.^0 miles cad of liinyriii, jt is the refidence of a lan-

; ;^i.'C, :oid a very populous trading pLice. The inhabitants

I aic idimnted at 4r',coo Tuik', ^rc.o Armenians, and

ICC' (.irtcks. Thecl.ief manufaiilure was canibiets i the

i-vidtuces o( its piiniitivc grandeur arc innumerable j

I the difct", pia/.'it.i-, ^c. being tull of Ifatelv remain),

coKiii.ti', iVc. of the fined marble, porphyry, red iaipcr,

' <nd diIht beautiful (loius, clci;aiiily vvrought ; the nio-

i dern b-.iil 'iii^s, h'.wciei , ;'re mean, low, .ind formed only

of mil I and turf. A gre.it variety of infcriptions in

' (iietal languages appe.ir upon the i;atcs. In the cadle

I there is an ancient little dark Arm'nian church, built

' 1200 years ago. It has only one window which is not

' ghi/.eil, but hath its v.icancy filUd bv a tranlparctit

"'irMc thioi.gh which the light penetrates into the

! chinch, but rcceivis a led'lilh tinge doin the nature of

the done. This city was once an archbilhop's (ce, with

I iw iuft'ia_;ans under hiir. 1 he (iKcp bred here are (omt

I of the liiiell, and the i;oats the mod beautiful in the i.ni-

Iveilc; the hair lit the latter is of a dait/.lmg whiienc(»,

I .'s fine ai filk. It is culled naturally into hicks of H or

! t) inches long, which rn.ike t(-e fined vamhlcts. This

'uiii is (pun 111 ihe couniry, and nianui.,i.tuicdat Aii.ora.

I hefe ^;ojts areoiilv lobe (cell within a (ew naie< ol the

I eitv, as the breed dei-eneratej if they are ctrtiitl liirther,

i Holli is the mctiopolii of the province, niiil tht i«i-

I ^ iiic <f one 111 the 15 fanuinc- under the beglerbeg of

I Aii.tolia Proper ; the othei places are Andres (ituated •

i little to ihc ead ol Aiicyr.i, I'henna, lii called from its

I hot b.ilhs ; (termntle, tormerly (iermta, on the San-

J^atjut} 0|diiuni, » duty ill built town, viliith icccivri

itt

. .l"'IMt

M HH

' i

I -t

hi!

m ^

108

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

it5 n.inic from the opium iiiaJc in and about it, its en-
virons biing covered with poppiis, from which the Turlcs
cxtiact their opiam.

The aiiticnt cities, Tabia, Cinna, Afpona, Rcgana-
gali.i, Pilimis, Heliopolis, Rcgciniierus, iVIarccium, Pc-
lincfus, Claiicas, .toiuiin, Rtgetnoeade, Myracium,
Eudoxias, and Ainonum are cither totally in ruins, or
dwimilcJ to luch tufling villages as to Icarce del'erve
mentioning.

Pontus and Paphlagonia are contiguons, both lying
to the norili of (lalati.i, and being divmcd from Cappado-
cia on the call by the nvcr Halys, and on the well by
Metapontus.

Paphlagonia wa» anciently inhabited by the Hencti or
Vencti, troin whom the Vencrians arc delccndcd. The
Turks c.ill this country Pender i the principal places ol
which are,

Hiraclea Ponti, like many of the beforemcntioned
cities in the Tuikilli do;riinions, w.is formeily a very iin-
port.int, but at pieicnt is a very iticonfiderable place. It
ihinds on the Euxinu (in, on the ruins of the ancient
Heraclca. It was once celebrated for being therelidtnce
of the Comnit i family, thefoandeia of the rrcbiiitonde
empire. I'he houfes arc linall, meat, and ill built ; but
t!.e gatc^, towers, walJs, £cci contain many fragments of
l!ie grandeur of the artient city. The Turks call it
Piiidciaihi.

Claudiaiiopiilis, about 35 miles fouth of iler.iclca, is a
Vtryfinail town, tliougi mice an epiicopal I.e.

Amallri^, at the mouth of the iivet Partheiiius, c.ilkd
by the Tuiks Am.ilho, i-, now a very oblcurc mean town,
though anciently an important fea port.

'I'euihranua, now I'ripoli, ia liiil a good town on a
b.iy of the Kuxiiie fia ; but it mutt be ohicrveil that (here
IS a town of the fame name in Anatuli.1, fituaied on the
.Meander.

The following cities, though formerly confulerable,
arc now either totally deferted, or neaily in ruins; ami
h iving ncv cr been \ery remarkable, they certainly in their
prcfcnt decayed Hate are too infignificant to have any thing
laid about them except the bare mention of their namis,
which arc Amafus, now Amid ; (jaiijiau, now Zagyra ;
Junopolis, now L'inopolisj and Pompciopolis, or Ci-
nioli«.

'Phc moft confiderahlc city in this part is Sinope,
which was anciently the metropolis of the king lom of
Pontus and the birth and burial place of the celebrated
king Mithiidates. It is at prefeiit a good trading town,
hung in 41 deg. 14 niin. ncrth lat. and ^4 deg. 52
min.eall long. In ijtrabo's time inodol the llately walls,
idihces, and thocallle were Itandiiig. The walls, which
BOW lurround it, were built by the (iiiek ein|ieiois.
They h .vc dmil.le ramp-.ts, and arc (l.inkcd with p<n-
ta-tonal and lrian^?ular towers. (Jn the land hdc, how-
ever, it IS coinniaiidid by emiiunees which would great-
ly expotc it to an enemy, but by f a ii would rn|uiie two
fleets to bcfuge it 1 the callle is now luii to ruin,
and thcte are but few janillaries in it ; )ct the Turk,
arc fii jealous of it, that they lutur 1.0 Jew to live
in it, and confine the Ciiceks to a ccilaiii fuburb.
Here i> I prolitable hlhery, and a gicat deal ol trade I
earned on. Many magiiihccnt antique remains aic to (
be fccn, and ths new buildings ate iiuermixcd with I
inmimer.ible noble fragnunls of the old. 'llic water [
is excellent, and the country fertile; abounding with
walnut, olives and m.iple trees, and a tine fmt ol worm-
wood. Diogenes the ctlcuiated c^nic philoli.phcr, was
a native of this pl.icc.

The honourable J. itgiduij V. n Kgmont, cnvuy ex-
traordinary from the Linited Promiie. to the einill o*
Naples, in reciting his travels ihiuiigh .\nalolia fa)s,
" In the counlrv are gieat numbeis ol Hoiks, which
•' ali'ord the inh.ihilants an odd kind of diverlion, Tliey
•• plate hens egns in the llork':. in It, and when thr young
'• an liitchid, ihc male, lui Iciing them ol a dilkienl
" lorm Irom its own Ipccic ,, nukes a hijoiis noile,
«« winch calls together aciowd ol other lloiks hoviring
" about the nelf, and who, to rescn^'C the dil^rate that
•• the female hj» in appearaiiti bmu^ht on her iiell, de-
•» llroy Iw r, by pcckin\; her to diaih; the male in the
" mc ntimc making tliB h' aMell lamtiitaliin, at it be-

" wailing his misfortune, which obliged him (o have
" recourfeto fuch difagreciblc fevcritiis.

" Here I alio law the creature called. Camcleon : it Wit
" found among the ruins of Old Smyrna caUIc. The
" cieatuic was pretty large, and 1 law it change its colour
" three fevcral times, hi coming black, while, and green.
" It was placed on a piece of red cloth, and often turned,
" but never afi'unicd that hue : whether the creature was
"toolaig-, and the Imaller only inmate this colour, or
" fiom any other rcalbns, is bevond my phiiofophy to
" determine. With regard to its food iluring the eight
" days it lived with ns, I did not obfervc it to eat any
"thing, except fm,dl flies, which it caught in the air
" with its tongue."

,S E C T. XI.
Am.vsia.

AM AS I A is hounded on the north by the Euxine
Sea, on the fouth by Caramania and Aladuli.1, on
the ealf by Armenia, and on the well by Anatolia Pro-
per, and is governed by a beglerbcg.

The capital of the province and the refidence of the
beglerbcg is the city of Amafia, which the Turks call
.Vmnalan. It is about 60 miles from the Enxine Sea,
and 40 cart of Tocat, filuatcd on the rivcjr Iris, or Ca-
fjlinach as it is now called. Thouah the city itfelf is
large, the coinmerce is inconfidcrable ; the river, how.
ever, is navigable for fhips of great bur. hen up to tha
town itfelf. On a mountain to the ealt there is a ihonij
callle, and a wooden bridge over the ri»er. Selim tho
riiH emperor of the Turks, and Strabo the celebrated
antirnt philofopher, were hoin here. There are only
two caravanfeias at prefent in the city. The magni-
ficent fragments of antiquity, which are found in abun-
dance in .ind aLout this city, evidently prove that it
was formerly a plac? of gicat beauty and importance.
I.erio, or, a^ it was anciently called, Thcmifeyra, was
one of the llrongeft and moll importiuit cities of Pontus,
but at prefent it is but a trifling place, fituated on the
fea coall, nenr the mouth of the river Theruiodan, about
60 miles to the north cad of Ainafia.

Comana or Pontiea, was formcily a great city, hut
is now only a mean Ifraggling village ; it is about 40
miles from Aniafia, fituated upon the Iiis, or Calal-
inarh.

Siv.is, which authors imagine to be the antieni Sc-
balle, is at prelent a little fcatteied village, fituated about
55 miles loiith of Tocat, and 75 fouth talf of Amafia ;
yet mean .-s it is, a balla, fu,eiior to that of Tocat, re-
lidcs h re, .iiid an aga with a few jamiriiiis under his
command.

Phaiiiacia is about 44 miles weft of Trehi/onde, and
fituated near the co.dl of the Euxine Sia; the Turkl
call it Kerilan ; it is a large populous town, but its
haibour is only Ht to ricene thole linall vellels called
laics. It is generally imagined to be the ancient Cera-
funla, and u fuppofed to have heen fo denomiiiai'd on
account of the great number of cherry tices wl.itn grow
in its environs.

J lebi/onde, TrapcAonde, Trabernndf, or, a.s the
Tiiikscill It, raialio/.an, is fituated in the ancient Pon-
tus L'appadoeiJ, <.n the eallcrii parts if Amafi.i, at the
foot ol a hill. It is a kind of peninfiila running intu
the Eu.\ine fia. It lies in 41 deg. 5 mm. north latitude,
and 39 deg. 7.I min. eal) longitude, at about 18 miles
diltance lioin Tocat. This city was aiitiently verv im-
poitanllron being the metropolis of the Tiebiiondr
empire. It is Itill a pl.ue of great trade, and was I'aid
to contain 20,000 inhabitants prior to the year ihl",
when it was btiiiit by iln RulUans; fiiiie ih.it period It
huh been but ihinly pcwpled, tliouLh a TuikiOl b.iflii and
aCiieek aril.hiOiop ichile in it. The hoiilis are n.ejii,
and ill built. The cal'le is large and built on a rock,
out of whu h the fiirriiuiiding dilihes arc cut. The
harl uiii IS III lery li.id loiidition, and w II only admit
linall Tiiikilh baiks. The city is in the foini of an
ohiuiig lipi.ire, aiiddiiivnl its name lio 11 'I r;ipcfus, a
table, fiom whince we likewile have the woid Trape-
zium, a geometrical Icini foi an oblong fijuarr, whofu
an^l I and lidci mi: cuiifcciucnily unequal. The walls

A^IA.]

TURK n V.

cj liiin to liate

arc high an J flrong, Jcfcndcd by towers, bnttlomcnls, Sic.
ic is celtbratcil in hiHoiy for having been tiie birth place
ol many eminent men, anJ more <o on aecuiiiit ol the
niartvrdom ol 40 chrilliaii (bliliers, who were thrown
into a fro/.cn lake in the nciglibourhoo^!, by the order
of Licinus. Tlic environs, tlioujh litile cultivateJ,
are very fertile ; the neij^hbourinu; mountanis are covered
with (lately woods of various tree-, fuch as oaks, elms,
b-ech, &c. which are of an altonilhing height, and t !c
whiile f.ice of the country forms an agreciiblc landlcape.
'Ihjlincft forelHics about 25 niiKs louth of the cisy,
in the niid'l of which (tands the famous convent of St.
John, built all of wood, upon a hirb rock, and fnrround-
ud bv one of the mo!i romantic wildernelles in the nni-
verle. A great deal of rock-honey is found in the Miigh-
bouihood of this city, which is lo exceedingly lufciom as
to render the eating much of it dangerous. Tournefori
alcribcs this rich quality to the n.iture of the flowers
from which the bees extraiit it. In the city, the gai-
dciis and gtovis arc as numerous as the houlu, ; Init
the ii.hurbs, which are inhabited by Circeks and Ar-
uicniaiij, aie both more cxtenlive and more popilous
thJn the city ill'elf.

1 lieempire ol 'rrcbizondc was founded much 1 '"-'it the
time of that of Nice, by JJavid and .^'exici iieni,

who were tl'.e grandlons of the tiTu idroni, . 'lav-

ing; el'ciipeJ from ConltanCnopk-, , . ei/,ed u, ihe
Ealiein parts ol' I'ouius, Galat.a and Cappadocia, and
eii'ited the wh^de into an en-pire. This iiiipire was
founded A. 1). 1 204, and continued about 25H year-.
But ill I4('2, Mahomet the (Vend, futnamed tlu^ Cjriat,
coiu)uueil the wh'de, ai.d ba\ing put to death all tlu
reir.a.iis if the Commeni ianiily, added it 10 the 'I'urkilh
enipiie. Thus Hates liie and t.iil, their grcaintfs only
being the prefage ol tlicir dili'oluiion,

" \Vli;ii empire in it, childhood fiill appears,

" A watchful f.itc o'eriejs its tender years ;

" Tdl !;rown more llion , itthruits and Itretchcs out,

'■ And elbows all the k;ii,;e'<)ms round abt.ut ;

" I'lie place thus m.ide for its t'.rll breatliing ficc,

" It nii)\e' again for rale and luxury ;

" 'J'lll, fwelling by degrcs, it has poli'efs'd

«' 'I'he greater Ipace, and now crowds up the reft :

" When, from behind, there darts fome petty Itatc,

" And p lOies on its now unweildy fate;

*' 'I'hen down the precipice of time it goes,

*' And links in minutes, wl.ieh in aj^cs role.

Drvden.

Tocat or Neoc.ifarea, was anciently the ntctropolrs
of I'l.iitus I'eiieriioniaeus. It lies 1.1 39 deg. 4S rnin.
r.orlh latitude, and 30 deg. 58 min. ealt longrtude; and,
b.lides being the iciid rici- c.f the begVibeg of the pio-
miie, is a corifidcrablc thoroughlare for the c.r.ivaris
t I Aiiiyiiia. It (lands piir:lv at the loot, and partly on
the lulls of tvN'i) very high liil^, on the tiver I'l l.inlii,
which is liii'iirdcd to be tic Lupus of Pliny, that lulls
into ihc Ills li in:' mills bcb w Ineat : both rivers ire-
(jiiently fuill arrd oveiflow llie country. The lowri i>
laigc, lliong, and well built, in tiic form of an am-
pbithi itie : mi the top of two niarLlc rocks are twn old
lallUs. Ktcry boiif haib a fountJin of lielh wat^r rn
it, a, the r.ieks abouril with fine fp.ings, Vci, thoirgli
wnicr is fi pkntrful, il w.is dedm^el by fire in the bc-
giiiiiing of the pielcnt cerir iiy, and many eminent nier-
ch.irrl. Wilt- ihircby lotaliy rurncd. It loon recovered,
ho'Acicr, thioiigh the cxeeliency of its Iriuaiiiin, and is
now deemed the cenlir of Ali.tic coriv,.e ce : ihc cara
v.ins come I'turn Ui.irbec in 18 days; thole ol 1 ocat
p> to Siiiope ill fix davs 'ind to I'tula in ;0i but fueh
a^ go drrcclly to Sin)rn.i, without palling through
I'lula or .Angora, take upabml ^i'da\s with cameN, ir
2; wrih n.nles. The crivrruris are cxtiemely (ert le, (one
cMelUni pi. tits are pi educed, and iiir.i Us li llils lo.n.d,
(■.;iiiiii!.iily ni. riy firi lerianc.ius vc.i tar oris ol adnniahle
Il Illy. Like our (1. Ills ihey arc uiclobd rn niatricr ,
V bull ulieri l<i(ikcri dilplay lonie of the fiii^lt ciyft.dli-
7 itions iin.igiiiable) loine aie llf,c pctirlicd nioihcr ol-
|ia:l, .iiiH olliii , appear like caiid ed Uniun and orange
jvbl. '1 his lit) r, ^c\cii.ed by a c.di or cady, a vav-

IClJ

vodc and a janid'ary .iga. The garrifoii confids of about
l"o() janidaries and fpahis. The city and I'uburbi arc
(uppoled to contain 20,000 Turkilh, 4000 Armenian,
and ubout 500 Greek families. Ithas 12 molques with
minarets, and many Without ; feveii Armer-.ian cluirchos,
and one Greek chapel. Heforc the abovem ntioned lire
it contained 12 Cliirdian churches, one of which was
.'ichiepifcopal. The arehbiljiop has liven fuliV.igoi
bifhops. I'herc'werc likewife two monaderics, and two
miim.ries. 'I'lie manufactures are of filk, leather, red
linen, and copp?r worked into a variety of utcnfils.
About two miLs from the town arc two fiiiall rooms
cut out of the (olid rock, and held in great veneration
liy rliC Chridi.ms, who frrppofeit to havc-'becn the retreat
of St. Chr.l' llo.ii, during the time of his exile.

It may not be improper to oblerve that Anialia contains
the whole or the principal part of the antient provinces
;f Poriiuj Cappadoti.e, Pontus Poleinoniacus, and Pon-
tus Ualaticus.

•SECT. xir.

Aladulia.

AL.ADULIA, or Anadulin, or Onl.radir, as the
Turks call it, is the third divifion ol^Afia Minor.
This country is uii, ■• 7 |..jrpofcs of agriculture,

Iving rough and iiillj ,. abounds in excellent pa-

dures, and produces abundanccof admir.ible fruit, wines,
.md cattle, particularly horles and camels, befides vail
herds of goatj and (liiep, vcnifon, all kinds of game,
>\c. 'Idle mountains contain fiUcr, copper, iron, al-
liini, &c.

The province isdlvi.Ied into four fangiaefliips, wdiich
aie -gain fiibdivided into /a' inets and tim.iriots. 'I'he
iii i,j. ring banditti, or fiec-bootcs, are very trouble-
tome in thisciirritry. The principal places aie,

Cailar, the antient C.ifirea ; it is a large town on the
baiiKsot the .Milas, irai mount Argccus, and about 70
miles wed of Secias. 'I'he walls arc drong, and flunked
with towers. 'Ihe c.lHe is in the centre of the city.
The bazar is b.-.iuirome, and well furnidied with all
forts of merchandize; the houfcs in its neighbourhood
are built cith.r in the form of a tower with acupola, or
they refemble a fuiiar-loaf. The city is well fupplicd
with water from the river j and their princip.d trade is in
cotton.

Malaihiah, at the confluence of the Kuphrates and
Arfu, was antiently called Melitcnc. It rs in j8 deg.
21 min. north latitude, and j8 deg. 56 min. cad lon-
gitude. It wai formerly the (eat of the Ottoman
I'triicis, and now of a Greek archbifliop. It rs dill a
eorifiderablc town.

Mars, or Marafch, is a large wcll-btillt city in the
loulh-ead b uind.iiits o| the provinre. It is fitiiatcd on
a (mail iiver, which (.ills into the Kuphrates about iSo
mile> to the fouthward of Tribizohde; it is a place of
fome eoni.Tcrce, a;,d the relidence of a balla.

Antiently there were many line cities in this country,
fuch a, Tyana, Nyda, Na/iarizum, e\:c. which at pre-
lent are either heaps of rums, or (ueh mean vrllages as
not to merit the lead mention. Among the emrnent
men who were born rrr tins province, thcToreiiiod upon
the lid arc I'aulanias the (Jtiik bidoiian, the twc Grc-
gories of Nagian/cn, St. Hafil, and St. Cicor-u- the
patron of Lngland, of whom we diall (peak a few
words.

St. George was born in the latter end of the thiid
century, of Chndian p.inntsi he fened in the army of
the emperor l)iocleli.,n wiih great reputation for lome
time, when that morianli lelolving on a perfecution
ol rhe Chridians, and being unable to win over St.
George to P.ij.ariifm, he ordered him to be put to the
toilure, wh eh not (liakiiig hrs eonllancy, he was he-
iKMiltJ hy the eommiird <d that l\|-.;rit on the 2 {d of
April, A. I). 390. St. (Jeergc being repteientid on
hoileluek and ulling at a dragon, is only an emblema-
liial hpurr, implying, that he comiuerid the devil by
hi, faith and f niltian .irtrtude. Sever.tl tbuuhcshave
heerr .Udicalei, t,» iIiih faint ; the noble oidcr of the
V""'r ",,".?''"'"•'"' '" l"'i><'ur ol him, and the i^d of
Apiil II dill obluvcd in comrncmoratiun of hii mirtyr-
* * dwm.

I I

1:1! iir;

' Li

i*^

]t \

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

ilom, his bJs.nick'rs life wd uiuncrixed ^catji having
fccured tu him a gloiious name.

" Glory by few is rightly underftooH,

•' What's truly glorious inurt be greatly good.

Cooke.
SECT. xin.

C A R A M A M A.

/^ A R A M A N 1 A e.xlcnJ's itfclf ^loiig tljc Meditcr-
^-^ raiK\in co.ilt from iioiih to fgutb, coniiirifiiig the
anticiic l.yci;), Pamphiliiii Pifidise, Lycaoiiia, and Cili-
cia, with part qf Ifaufia, Phrygia, Pacaiiaiia, Ualitia,
Salutarjs, and Cappadocia. It reaches from the iicigh-
huurhood of Alcxandretta tu the gulpli of Macii, at the
mouth of which lies the illand ot Rhodes.

'I'hii country by the Turks is called Caraman-lli,
and is divided into the Greatir and Leflcr j the latter
IvMig along tiie lea-coall, and tiie fornur to the north of
mount Tauris. It is governed by a b glerbcg, whofe
revenue is exceedingly large, and fubordinate to whom
arc kvat fangiacs, with many zaims and timars. The
principal places arc,

Mvra or Myrra, which the Turks fall Strumita, Was
once a coniideral-k city, but is now dwindled ilmoll to
nothing i it is about 22 miles north call of Patora,
fituated near the mouth of the Liinyrus.

Patura was once the metropolis of l^ycia, but is now
a very inconliderable village near the r.io tli of the Xan-
thus between the gulphs of Macri and S,tt.dia. ^

Satali.\, the ancient Altalia, is called by the Turks S..
taliah. It was formeily an important city in Pamphylia,
at the bottom of the gulph of its name, in 36 deg. 45
min. north lat. and 31 deg. 20 min. calf long. It is the
ftron^cft place the 'I'uiks have upon this coaft. The
haibouf would be commodious, it the entrance was not
difficult and dangerous. It is one of the nioft fingulai
places in the uiiiverfe, being divided into three diltmdt
towns, each of which is divided Irom the others by its
own ll'ion^ walls, and the gates are fhut up precifelyat
noon every Friday till one o'clocif, from a pretended
prophecy, that on fui. h an hour ihf Chtiftians arc to fur-
priic It. The whole is about fix miles in circumference ;
the buildings arc good, th« place populous, and the
trade cunfiderable. The fummers arc fo hot, that thofe
who can aftbrd it retire towards the mountains, where
there is more air and (hade. The cattle, which som-
mands the town, is. a very gooil one. 'I'hc Chxiftians
had formerly a hne church in one of the towns, but it is
at prefcnt converted into a Turkifli mofquc. The
neighbouring country is very fertile and delightful, being
toveicd with citron and orangs groves, which afford an
txquifue (ratraiicy.

ha;aMl'u-, though anciently a t< Icrabic town, does
not at I'tefcnt merit the nanre of a village. The fame
may be faiJ of Antiocliia Pifidiae, or Ca;farea, which
ft.mds at the fcot of mount I auns, and was once the
inetiopolis of the province. Such are the vici/Iitudes of
fu hi unary things !

" Shi-rt is th' uncertain reign and pomp of mortal
pride,

" New turns and changes every day
'« Arc oT incoiill-.nt chance tlu.' conllant arts ;

" tincin fhe gives, lijon takes away •,
» Sue comes, embraces, naufeatts you, ajid parts."

HoWAKIl.

Iconium, now Cogni or Kogni, is the metropolis of the
bculeibeij^ate. It iramU ai the anliciit Lyraonia, in a
firlilc plelf.mt plain, near a hne liigulakc of frelh water,
which was am lently called Palus I'logilis. It is atwut

1 lu miles fnmi the Mediterranean lica. It i% futroundcd
bv Hrong w.iils, adorned with towers, and a broad dilch.

hie Turks only inh''l'i< ihc city. The Greeks, Ar-
meuiaiis and Jews inhabit the fubuihi, which are
fuacious. 'The city is connnnnded by a Imall calllc,
and adorned with fcvcral mofqiici, a ftraglio, and fomc
fpaciout car*vanliua», foi ihu acsoinmodaiioii of the

caravans and travellers which pgfs through the towji.
The mutton here is cnquihte, the wool of the Awxp
admiraWc, and their tails lo large, thit llcdges
arc fallencd to the animal, upon which they aru
drawn.

Tarfus, the birthplace of the groat apullle St. Paul,
yvas aiuieiitly the capital ot Cilicia, and one of the
fineft towns of the J-cii^r Afu, liut iit pixfi;nt is iiiiitis
decayed. Jt is fituated upon the Cydiius, about lit
mile.s from its mouth. 1 he Turks call tliis towik
Tatlou, Tarilfu anil Horn. If we may venture to
judge by llie ruins of the old wall, it appears to have
been near I2 nnlcs in circuinfeience. At the mouth
of the rivpr tbcie is a good commodious harbour, and
about a mile below tlie town there is the lake Uhegma,
through which the C'ydnus runs.

A ana is a_ confiderable town on the river Choquen,
to the eaftwatd of Tarfuf, about 35 miles on the
load to Aleppo, and about 18 miles Irum th; Mediter-
ranean. This (own contains a great number of beau,
tifiil fountains fupplied with water by aquedufls, and
over the livcr there is a fupeib bridge of 15 arches.
The adjacent country is exceedingly plcafant, and the
foil extremely fertile.

AJ.1ZZU, or Lajazzo, which was formerly called
Ifl'us, is fituated on a gulph of the Mediterranean, to
which it gives name. It was antiently a place of verv
great importance, and is at prefent a neat, llrong, opu-
lent fea-port town.

The following cities and towns, which were known
to the ancients, but of winch the moderns have but
very impel fcit accounts, are now fo reduced to poor,
mean, little hamlets, or fo totally ruined and deferred,
,is not to merit any particular delcriptiun, viz. Azar,
Ainzaiba, Tclencfl'us, Xanthus, Phcfelis, Pignara,
Olbia, Magydis, Side, Pcig.i, Sitnuin, Arpendus,
TerinelTub, Olbaza, Lyllra, &c. &c. &c.

The principal rivers in Caramania aie the Xanthus,
Lamus, Celtrus, Kurymcdon, Cydnus, Sarus, or
Smarus, Pyramus, Limyras, Latamao, &c. Caramania
contaius many celebrated mountains, moft of which
are branches of mount Tauris or I'aurus, viz. Olympus,
there being many mountains in Alia of this nanic ;
Cragus, the etymon of which Bochart derives from
the Arab.c word Crac, which fignihcs a rock ; from
whence it is probable the Knglifh word Crag oriai-
natcd i and Antigragus, all in Lycia. In Cilicia the
molt remarkable is Anu-ums. 'The great chain called
mount Tauris begins in Lycia, and runs caftwarrl.
But we mull not omit to mention the celebrated
Lycian volcano mountain, called by the ancients Chi-
nuera. Its bottom was infeAed with li-rpents, the middle
jurts afturded palture fur goats, and the top was haunted
by lions. This gave the idea to the poets lofeij.'n the
moiillcr Chim.x'ra, which was reprelentcd wiili the
head of a lion belching fire, a goat's body, and a fer-
pent's tail. Mr. Pope, in his tranllation of Homer,
lus, lujwever, ckangiid the Icipent's tail to a dr.igon's
tail.

" A mangled monller of a mortal kind,
" Behind a dragon's fiery tail was Ipread ;
" A jjoat's rough body lioic a lion's head,
" Hit pitchy nollrils flaky flames expirn,
" Her gaping throat emits intcriuil liie."

Hence incongruous ideas are called chimiera?, an!
iiiconfillent liralagemi arc laid lo be chimerical.

Kcllcrophon, being the firit who planted this moun-
tain, is hunourcd with the rcpuialiun of having rul)duc<l
the monller.

'The I.yciaiis built the city tif H 'phcfliie, near thi»
mountain, in honour to V'lihan, on account of iti
volcano, which is mentioned by Viigil in the (j:h book
of his /Kncid :

'• Before Ok pad'at'O horrid Hydra ftandi,

'• And Biiareus with all his hundred hands j

" Ciurgoiis, Geryoii with his triple hame,

" And vain Chiiii.ii. i vo'im, empty flama."

SECT,

lugh tlie town.

>\ o( the llicip

tlut Hedges

liicli they am

?Mk St. Paul,
ifid one of the
pixl'eiit ii nijitii
iiiis, about lix
M lUis towu
ay \eiitiire to
ippinrs to have

At the mouth
s haibuur, anj

lake Rhegma,

iver Choqucn,
miles on the
ri th; Mcditer-
mber of beau.
queJutfls, and
ff 15 archcj.
;ufjnt, and the

ormcrly called
ditcrianean, to
J pljcc of vcrv
, liron^', opu'.

1 were known
Icrns have but
luccd to poor,
d and defcrted,
in, viz. Azar,
lelis, Pignara,
n, Arpendus,
c,

the Xanthus,

IS, Sarus, or

ic. Caramania

noft of whii.h

vii. Olympus,

f this name j

derivts from

a rock i from

d Cr.ng origi-

In Cilicia the

chain callccl

lis eaftward.

iw' tclcbiatcj

ncicnts Chi-

its, the middle

was haunted

:s 10 fei^n the

ted Willi tho

and a ftr-

on of Homer,

to a dr.igon'j

'I,
ro.

imier.u, an!
oricjl.

i this mniin-
liviiig fu'jducil

r, near this
count of its
the t:\\ book

■ul, i

IJ."

ASIA-l

TURKEY.

f II

•S E C T.

SECT. XIV.
Syria.

n,i gntral Difcriptlon ef Syria, Divifiom, Suhdivi/uns,
Siluatiin, ExUnt, Climatt, Soil, Fertility, Produce, of
tht Inhabitants, (^c.

SYRIA, or, a« the Turks call it, Sourie and Sou-
riftan, was originally fo called from its capital,
Tzor or Tzur, which the Greeks foftened into Sur
and Tyre. This country, in themoft extenfivc lenfe,
includes Syria properly fo called, Phoenicia or Phcnicc,
andjudeaor Paleftine. It extends from north to fouth
about 400 miles, and about 200 from cad to weft, being
bounded on the north by mount Amanus, and a branch
of mount Tauris, which fcparates it from Armenia Minor
and Cilicia •, on the eaft by the Euphrates, which
divides it from Mcfopotamia or Diarbcc, and on tht
weft by Arabia the Dcfert.

The principal mountains are Libanus, Anti-Libanus,
Gilcad, Tabor, Carmel, Cafllin, Amanus and Alla-
daurus, with fomc fmalier in Judca, viz. Sion, Hcr-
mon, Ebal, Olivet, Calvary, Gciizzim, and Mo-

Of thcfe mounts, the Libanus, and Anti-Libanus,
which arcfituatcd in Coelo-Syria, are of an allonifli.ng
height and extent,

" His proud head the airy mountain hides

•' Among the clouds, bis (houlders and his fulcn,

«' A (baJy manile cloaths, his curling biows

" Turn on tho gentle Urcam, which calmly flows

«« While winds and ftorms his lofty forehead boat,

«« The common fate of all that's high and great."

Thefc mountains were formerly celebrated for their
lofty cedars, which at pieleiu aie reduced to a very
finnll number -, they arc green all ;he year, .\nd bear
leaves rcfenibling thofe of the junipcr-trcc, the fmell of
which is delightfully fragrant. The fmailcr fpecies
bear a kind of apple, as large as a pine-apple, but
fmoothcr, and of a browner colour ; ihey contain a
tranfparent balm which falls from them by drops at cer-
tain feafons. Tbefe apples always grow in cluftcrs at
the extremity of the branches. 'I'hc incoiruptibility ol
the cedar tree is owing to the bittcriicl's of the wood,
which is fo great that no woi m w II harbour in it.

The higheft parts of ihe!e mountain', and thofe of
Amanus, are covered with fiiow the greatcft part of
the year; and in foine hollow places, whither the fun
beams cannot penetrate, it remains uiulifl'olved the whule
year. Many of the cavities abound with pctrefactions
which are exceedingly curious

The rivers are the Euphrates, Jordan, Cafllmcer,
I, iconics, Chryforrhoas, Orontes, Odonis, Cherfeus,
with others lefs confiderablf, particularly the Coik, or
river of Aleppo.

The Jordan rcceivL-s its name from the brooks Jor
and Dan, which form it by Minting their ftrcams. It
formerly overflowed its banks, as both facred and pro-
fani- Winers inlorm u-; it docs not, however, do fo at
prei.iit, but flows wiih great regulaiity.

Syria is bled'edwiih the nuift fercne, temperate, an I
healthful air imaginalile ; duiing the hot inon;hs ot
June, July, and Aui;ii(f, it is agreeably rclrclhed by
cooling breezes from the Mediterranean. The tace ot
the country is delightful and level, the foil rich and
fertile. It abounds not only with all the ncccflarics of
life, but with all the delicacies which can gratify the
mod luxurious appetite ; and is fupcrior in point ol
ilimafc and produce, to all other countries that even lie
under the fame parallel of latitude.

" Here fummcr reigns with otic eternal fmile,

*' Siiccetding harvells bicfs the happv foil (

" K.iir fertile fields, to whom imlulgent heav'n,

*' Has cv'ry charm of cv'ry feal'on giv'n (

*' No killing cold dd'orms the beauteous year,

" The Ipnnginj llowcrs no coming winter fcarj

But, as the parent rofe, deciys, cmldi«,
'Ihe infant buds with brighter colours rife.
And with freOi fweets, the mother's fcent fupplies
Near them the violet grows with odours bleft.
And blooms in more than Tyrian purple d:eft.
The rich jonquils their gulden beams difplay.
And (hine in glories emulating day :
The peaceful groves their verdant leaves retain,
The ilreams ftill murmur, undefil'd by ruin.
And tow'ring greens adorn the fruitful plain ;
The warbling kind uninterrupted fing,
Warin'd with enjoyment of perpetual fprin^.

Lady Kl. \V. MoNTACL'E.

This charming country produces fpontancoufly a
fuperabundance of all that is ncceflary for the profit or
delight of man, for the indolent Turks are to 1 l.i/.y to
cultivate it. The only people v.-ho take the l.'alt pains
with the foil arc the Armenians and Traiikb, who arc
fettled in the country. From ivhit has been faid, it
may naturally be inferred, that the inhabitant? are plen-
tifully fupjilied with corn, wine, oil, figs, lemons,
iirangcs, melons canes, dales, cotton, honey, aro-
matic and mcui-inal herbs, Jfcr. they likewife breed
great numbers of buftaK^ei and other oxen, camels,
dromedaries, fwine, deer of all forts, hares, rab-
bits, and other game. They have a breed of goatJ
whole hair is long and of a colour exceedingly beauti-
ful. The flieep are fume of the beft in theunivcrfo;
thiir wool is exceedingly fine, and their tails fo large
h .t to prevent their receiving any injury from trailing
in the diit, they arc placed upon Hedges, as in fonio
oiher parts of Alia, liefides a variety of excellent fid),
this country abounds in wild fowl, fuch as partridges,
quails, pheafant?, pigeors, turtle-doves, &c. 'I'hc
plains aic fo tender, fat and humid, that the foil is turned
up with wooden coulters. In (hort, though Syria con-
tains fome rocky mountains, it would be the fineft
and mo'l defirable country in the univerfe, was it not
iiiuler fuch a dcl'potic government; but the Turkiftl
tyranny is fuch that it prevents the inhabitants from
evci tailing the fweets of ihat moft efTcntial neceflary
to human happincfs, viz. Liberty.

" O Libertv, ihou goddefs, hcav'niy bright,

" Piofufeof blifs, and pregnant with delight,

" Eternal plcafurcs in thy prefcncc reign,

" And fmiling plenty leads thy wanton train ;

" E.is'd of her lo.id, fubjei5fion grows more light,

" And poverty looks clicarful in thy light ;

" Thou niak'ft the gloomy face of iM.ifire gay,

" Giv'ft beauty to the fun, and Iplendor to the day.

Addison.

Bifidcs Mahometans a-d Jews, many Chriftians of
difi'erent fcils inhabit Syria, viz. Greeks, Latins, Ar-
menians, Malchites, Maronites, and Jacobites.

The Armenians differ but little from the Greeks, and
have a patriarch, whole place of refulcnce is Damafcus,
The Maronites of Mount Libanus hold fume of the
Circek, and fomc of Kutychian tenets. They give the
facramcnt in both knu's, and ufe the Synac liturgy,
rheir pittiarch is alw.ivs (tiled Peter, and looked upon
as the only true fuccellor of that apoltlc. The Jaco-
bites, who arc fo called from their founder Jacobus Sy-
rius, have a patriarch, who is always named Ignatius,
and deemed the real fucceffor of that celebrated father
and mart) r. The lirufians, who live among the moun-
tains, know little of cliiiftianity befides the name.
They in a great meafurc rcfemble the Curdcs who re-
fide amoi\g the Armenian n ountains, and pay a much
!;reater rcfpci!> to the devil than to God, for which they
aflign this curious reafon ; that ood is I0 vcrv good
humoured at all tunes, that he will not dc them any
injury, let them be ever fo negleclful aiui itmifs iu
their duty ; but on the contrary, the devil has trc-
quenily fuch mifchiivous fits, and is naturally inclined
to fuch diabolical fiolitks, th.it the utnioft precaution is
necctTiry to keep his iiifcrn.»l highnefs in any tolerable
temper.

The Jews arc here ll-c principal brokers i.T the mer-
cantile.

T. !<l

-'Hi
ii'ii

! :■ 1

. . i-il
.1- i I I

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CiEOORAPUV.

«IH

cuiitili', and ihi-ir wives the chief Jijcnts in llie iiilrigii-
iiig way i lor unJer llic piitciK-e ot vcmling jewels,
lace.'., pciriiiiics, CDlnieiics, tVc. they g -t .uliiiitiailce jii.'t
oiilv into tlie houles, but the haranis oltlie Tuiks, and
C.I11 llip a bilK-t-doiiv, eliidiiij!: at llie lame time tl\c
pcnetiatiiig eye of Aiiatic I'ulpieioii, witli as mucli dex-
ffiilv as a Neopolitaii valet can deceive a jtaluus Italian
huih iiid.

1 lic language (pokcn by tlie Svrians i. a corrupl
kind ol' A;abic or Morcfto. Hut nuill (if tlie inhabi-
tants of the trading and niaiitime tuwns ufe the Lingua
^ """nea.

taili of the pram! divifions of Syria, viz.. Syiiu
Propel, I'biLiiieia .iiid, I'aletline, is governed by a beg-
leibeg, I'ulHiidiiiate to wlicin ate many fangiae», zaims,
timai., eadies, 5ce.

S K C T. XV.
Syria P r o p f r.

SYRIA Proper is bounded on the (.luth by the De-
k-rts r( Ai..lii.i ..nd Plutiiicia ; imi the noitli bv
Ariiienia Minor; on the call by Mifoj otamia, and on
the wert by (he Mediterrane.in. Syria Proper had an-
ciently thicc lubduifions, viz. Ca-lo-Syri.i, or Syria th.
Hullow, Syria-Aiitiuehene or Seleueis, and Syria Co-
rn ig: lie.

The prineipal pJacCj in that fubdivifion, called Coma-
gene, arc,

Saniof.ua, v\-bieh the Turks now call Secmpfal, aiul
was once tlic capital of Comagi nc, but at piefent ii oiil)
a wrctch-d village, furrounded by heaps of ruins. It
flands (11 the Kuphratc', on the conliius of Armenia
Major, 21 miles finin EdilTa. The cckbratcd fatirical
poet Liuiaii '.va^ b:.rn here.

Doliea, e.ii'..d by the Turks Doliche, o;xe an cpifco
pal fee, but at prcK-it a mean ill built town, tliir.ly
peopled, and of little confideialinn. It is htuated on
the river Marfyas, which di.viiibogucs iiidf into the
Euphrates.

Nothing now remain but the na'res, and a little
rubbidi of the aneimt ciliis, Cjernianicia, Siiigia, An-
ti(Hhia.ad-Ta.iruiii, Ca'amaiia, Deba, Chaoniia and
Cliclinadura.

In that fibdivifion of Syria called Seleueis or Aiiti-
ocliene, wlikh i.* bounded on iheiu.ithby Comagi ne, on
the fouth by Ca-lo Syria and IMurnieia, on the welt
by the Mediterranean, and on the call by Mcfopotaniia,
the piincipal places are,

Scaiidercon, wliith was anciemly called Aiexandretta,
nrl.ittlc Alexandria, to didiiiguiih it from Alexandria in
Luyiit, lies '11 3') deg. 34 nun. nortli l.it. and 36 deg.
40 mill, call long, at about the dillance of 60 miles to
the weilward of .-Xleppo, tn vviiieh it i-s the port town ;
It llunds r.ear the fca on the giilph of Aj.17/1) : but it^
marlliy fiti.ition renders the town fo unhealthy, that it
only eont.iiiis at piefent a cinfufed and (Iragiling hiap
cit mem wretclied houfes, built, f wood or liuts firm-
ed of the b'lughs of trees, Inierv.'ven and covered with
muJ, ii.nabiieJ principally bv (i.-teks, who accommo-
date co.iin.in ir.ivellers and failms that rcfoit hither j
as people of a fupenor rank ufually lodge with the con-
fjlsof ih.ir iclpetlio nation:;, vvlioh.ve han.lfome houfes
at a conri.le.jble dillance from the town. Duiing tii--
ho'- imiiths tiie n.^tives tliemfeUe. r tire 10 a village tai-
led l}e-, 1:11, wdiidi is fituated on a high hill, at about
tw.> Ici-ues diltaucc i and ahounds in excellent water,
«nd adiniabic fniitv. If llr.ingers haiipcn to ariivc dur-
in; thii 1 jltrv feafuii, th^-y fel.f >m cfc.ipe with their lii vs.
Th'.' above niciitioiitd moiinlain yields a thu:ou;;lilare to
the N. K. v\iiil by means of an opening; and when-
ever it blows bar ', tlie (hips in the harbour all put to
ff« vi'ith the uimoll expcdiiion, to avo d being dallied to
pieef". Some alll-it that ibis city w.is built by Alexan-
il;rthe (j:c.t, in commemoration of a victory obtairud
over IJa'iu.. 111 Its vicinity. It is difendvd only by an
old (Leaved e.iltle, and a few loMiirs, un.lirthe com-
mand of the .'ov(riu>ri but we mull not omit to meniioii
thii lingular e r^unillancv ; ili.it the lorrcfjionden.u be-
tween Scande.ooii iind Aleppo, is carried on by the
lui,'iini ut i-iii-oiis, that are taught to fly b.ickwan's and

forwards with letteis about their necks. ?onic i.ilc Ir.i-.
vellers, hmvever, fay that this ciill(Xn is difcontiiiind.
The adjacent country is in gei;etal level, rii.h, and
fertile.

About 22 miles from Scam'vroon, is tlic ancient city
of Antioeli, or at le.ill its lenians. It was l.irmc;ify th,r
capital of all Svria, and one ol the nolilelt meii.'prditan
cities in ihvuniverle ; but is at piefent reJuced to a ptiov
ill. an hamlet, ronlalning only a few katttred h ulis:
it is fnu.ited ill a line plain ot 18 miles in extent, on the
livei Hali, or Oramc ; the Tuiks call li Antaekia. The
vail number of pl.mtain, poplars, fjcaniores, fruit-
tiee.s, &c. in the gaideiis of the town, make it at a dil-
t.iiice look like a forell: It has a caltle which coniii andi
the town and river, and fonie coiiliderable leniains of
antient temples, walls, e hurdles, iVe. together with
an extenbve c.mal. '1 he dilciples ol Ciinl! liill cbtaiii-
ed the name of Chriilians in this city. Saint I'acl
and Saint IJ.irnabas pie.uhed a twclven.onth in ihu
place; Saint Luke the Uvangelill, and Saint I;;naliui
llie niait\r, were boili heie. S.lucia, or Seleuci;i
Par.i, which latter denomin.ition w.-^s given to dil-
tinguifh it fiom another tmvii ol the laire name on tlia
I'lgiis was ancientiv a conlideralle lea-p rt town : at
pr. lent it is but a trifling village, lituated on the iiicdi-
terrane.m, at the mouth of the Oinntes, ..b.mt to milei
(loni Seanderoon. Tlie I''r;.iiks c.ill it the port ol Saint
Siniei'ii i but its TurkilTl ii.iiiie is Seluki-Jeiber.

Tert.ifu, which was fornnrlv called Urlhofi.i and
.\ntai;t 'us, from its being littni cd over igvinll the little
illeot Aradu~, was once a lamed fei-port, and ;.iiepi. copal
lie; at piefent it is a veiy ineonliderable place, ,iiid in-
habited only bv poor fillr.rm.n. It is ub.jut nine ii.iKs
to the northward of Tripoli.

I.ntakia, or Ladliik;\a, the ant ent I.ao.licc;!, \vai
founded by Seleucus Nicanor, or the V'nJtorious, ami-
called by I'.im afiir bis lillet's ii.in ..-. It is the niolb
northern cityof S.ria, htuated upon a iifiiig ground,
with a full profpei;! of the Ic, in 35 deg. 30 nun. iiortli
latitude. It is a conlidt.ruble iiiaiitin.e lovvii,

Thij city contains ni.uiy antl(|ue r.ni.iins, paiticu-
la.ly leveral rows of coliiiuns of granite ..i.d p ipb\rv,
witli part of an aqueduct, wli eh Joiephus atli.nis w.i.s
bu:lt by king Herod, The (IruJiire is fpac ous, but
not aiched. Here is a niof(|uc formed (;f a nlagllllic^nt
antient liiainphal arch, fupportcd bv Corinthian pilhrs ;
the arch;traie is cmbtllillud \u li a variety i/f warlike
trophies. Many Greek and Laiin inleiiptions are lonnd
among the luiiis, bat they aic in gentiol fo much de-
face.) as to be unintelligible. To the wellrt .-.id of the
city are the remains of a lOthon, lug enough to boul
the laigell navy in the univeife. The niouili, which is
.;hout 40 feet wide, is defended by a CulHc ; an i tl'.e
whole is in .111 amphithealrical loriii ; it is lo ihnaked up
at piefent, as toadniit only a fciV I'niall vcllels.

'I'lie remarkable cataconbs which .ire a little lo ti-.c
noithward t,\ the city, exciicthe attenti.^n of travelUis.
Thty contain large (lone C(,lliiis, einbcilillitd with eiii-
blvmatic hi'urcs, (hells, iVc. 'I'he cuers of lone aic
fuppoitcd by pilallers, generally of the C.uintlii in, bi.t
iiiir.elimes ol the Ionic order ; tliele colbns :ix i'e|)o-
fitsd 111 ctllb oil the lidcj of a number of chambers hol-
Imved deep into the ui.k, being e.ich from i; to jo
f et fi|iMie. The molt telpecivd i,f tli.le li.( uLhi.il

' cliambeLS is that calUd St. I'lckla, which is de.l.c.tted

I lo that liiil vir,' n ni..ityr; m the midll of it is a
fpring, to v.-hicli many miiucuiuus ciietts aic a'ci.^e.i.

I be whole ol the .idjaceiit coiin'ry is cxticr.uly ro-
mantic, lioni the int(.imixiute (d' rocks, wo .ds, lepiil-
chrs, plains, grottos, f-uniain , c.fcad.s, fi,-. A few
miles lioin a pl.ice called tlie S rpeiit I'ount.iiii, are tlio
fpindles, or niagu/.zcls, a name uliieli i. gueii to k-
veial p,iiii:d cylindrical buildings, that ate eiculed
over a niiiiiluT of lejiuLlires.

The luiiis ( f the .iiitiint ( Ity of Aik.i, are I'e-
lightfully lituated uppuii'e llie luirtlu rii eatiennty of
miunt l.ibanus; to the eallw.s.rd a tiiiur.tic iliaiu of
iiiount.iiiis appeal I a lire cxtenfue plain, inteilp; rli'd
with calllc-, vill.ige^,. p-.i.ds iiv.is, &c. opens tu il •;

, north, and the lea i, (.en to the well. The city w, .

■1 erected uii the (unr,.,t ^i j jiil; u.' j cuiiiial I'm,

vi.,Ji

^t-l'^^H

S'onic l.,(c (r.i--
s tlil'coiitlniiui.
fvcl, ritb, :\}\.i

tlic .uicicrU city
■M l.irjiicrhy tli.j
it mclli'(iri|il^lll
Juciil to a ptvn
itarcl h u!i.s ;

1-xti.nt, oil the
AKt.ickia. 'I'hi:
innioris, (>uit-
i.ikc It jt a ilii-
hichconiM ancli
Wi-- icniaiiis ot'

lo^lithcr Willi
III! liilt cluaiii-
i'. Saint I'aiil
n.oiith in iliu
S:iiiU Ii;iiatiiij
, or Sclcuti;i
: given to ilil'-
:<• iKiiiic on tha
|) rt toun : at
i! (n\ ihc Micdi-
..b.'i't 6c milci
ic pori ot Saint
Jclbcr.

Uiihofia ami
j; .iiill ilic little
iicl ;.iic^<i:itopal
place, .iiiil in-
i^jut niiii; n.il^s

I-ao,licc,T, wai
'iCturious, ami

t IS tJK- ninll

nfing grour.t!,
30 nnii, jiurtli

Wl).

i.iins, pa;t!cu-

i.J |). Hiliuy,
Hi iifii.ms was

("pac ous, but

a nia;i;nilic^iit
ithiaii pilhrs j
ity i-l Wiiilikf

oils ar;- Un:ivi
I lo inuih ile-
tHi\.-.iil ol the
DUyll to liuM

Mil, which I',
.nil' ; a,i I th.u

') ih.'al.t-il u^
Icls.

;> little to the

I of travclki.s.
ii.-ii with (.111-

ol' liMU- aK-

>tiiitiii.in, biiC

lis TC I'cpo-

rbairlurs luii-
0111 1 : to ;o
Ic 1^1 ul,.hi,il
li is i!i.%!,(.\:i,-.l

II ot It I, i
aic ., f, ,'.v.|.
i-.\tici;:.:y k,.

■" "s, l.piil-

h.-. A t. kV

itaiii, arc liio

gUlll lo I, .

iiri; cicitJ

ka, arc ,'0-

f;.tKiiiily ,)t'
::C lll.lil; ..(
, iiituli-, ilr.l
Optlls lu il :;
I'hj iity \v, n
oiiiial 1 rri,
vU.Ji

ASIA.l

T 17 R K E Y.

1 1

which appear.' to havf been a <rork of art ■, a line
(licam waters the valley below the city ; nevertluli (•■
the inhabitants were Cupplied with water from mount
Libanus, by means of a inagnificciit aqueduct.

SEC T. XVI.

Co£LO-SVRIA.

THE principal places in this divifion of Syria arc,
Apainea, lounded by Selcucus Nicanor, and lo
r.urcd in honour ol his mother, as Antioch was after
li;.> father, Laodicea after his filler, and Sclciicia Ironi
hiinlelf. It is greatly fallen from its former fpleiiJor,
but llill remains a confidcrablc town. Handing on a
f)Ot of ground which is almort furroundcd by a
lake fo;nr,d by the river Oroiiics, about 60 miles to
the fouthward of Aleppo j fo that it hath no conimuni-
c.ition with the land but by an idhmus, or finall neck.
The Turks and Greeks call it Hama ; it is the reli-
dcr.ce of a begleibeg, whofc ^^overnment is very tx-
tciilivc; the adjacent territory is exceedingly rich and
fertile; the city is well w.iteieJ, retains many inark>
of its antient magnificence, and was very early an cpil-
copal fee. It lies in 35 degrees 6 iiiiii. 1101 th latitude,
ami 37 deg. 18 min. ealt longitude. Near this city, Se-
leacus coiiiianlly fed 500 large elephants.

Between Antioch and 'I'ortol'a, near noiiiit Lii'a,
there is a little mean village called Maigat, wl icli wa^
antiently a coiifuKrabIc place, named .Maiathos.

Emel'a, Emilia, or Emila, is fituatcd between Apn
niea and Laodlcca, on tlic river Orontes. The nia.l
emperor IKIiogabaliis v..is born there, and on that ac-
count tiiok the whim into Ills head to be made oi.t ot
the iirielts of its temple ; th.' Turks at prefent c.ill it
Hainan, or Aman. It is unJer the Jurildiction of the
bi' -leibc" of Daniafcus, who governs it by means of a
deputy. It llill nlake^ a conliderablc li^iure, notwith-
It'iiding what it has lutfeied by e .rthi|uakes, and the
various changes it has undegonc. It is furrouiiJtd by
food Hone walls, with fix luperb gates, and leveral mag-
nificent towers at proper dillanccs. Vhc walls are en-
vironed by a fp.ic ious ditch ; ai.d on an eminence there is
acaftlc which commands ar.d defends the town. H. le
are fome fine churches, the grcatell part of which are
converted into mofqucs. The Cuthedral is a magnifi-
cent ftruifture, fiipporied by 34 marb.e cclumns, adorned
with bafib-relievob and Greek infcriptions. ThcChrif-
tians are permitted to pray m it at certain C'mes, bcfides
which they h.nvc fome churehes appropriated cniire';. ti
their own ufe. The b.iza.s, kans, caravanl'cras, i.'..
are in general very handfonie .'Iruiftures ; the inhabitants
trade in filks, and a fine kind of needlework of filk,
gold, ,iiid filver, curioufly intcnr'ingled together: the
adjacent country is very rich an 1 lende, and the gardens
iii the environs exceedingly dclightfi I, abounding in a
j;reat vitietv of excellent plants, and •jeli.,ious Iruits. li.
all the gardens inn nuiahle nuilbcrr tiees are planteii
in regular rows, and well watir. d, as the demand lor
mulberry leaves to Iced their filk wc rins is very great.

Aleppo, the finell and mort opulent city in all Syria,
les in 3O deg. 30 min. north lat. and 37 deg. 50 min.
call Ion::, ahout 60 miles to the caftward of Scandcroon.
It is built on eigiit eminences or hills, one of which in
the center of the citv is higher than the reft, and on its
top there is a (Irong callle,

Aleppo, including the fuinirb.s, is about fcvcn miles
iu ciicunifereiice: in extent, riches, and population, it
is infcri'r to Contlantlnoplc an 1 Grand Cairo, but ex-
ceeds them both in the elegance of its buildings ; the
lurrounding wall is old and decayed, and the ditch con-
verted into gardens.

When foitrcfTcs are fufFer'd to decay,
It Oicivs that peace and commerce bear the fway ;
'I'liat merchants of Hern oriiecrs .ere made.
And blood alone is the neglei^ted t.ade.

The hoiifes are of ftonc, built in a quadrangular

fonn, confining of a gtoiin 1 floor .iid an attic ftiny :

the loofs are fl.it, ;Mid eiilier fpicad with plailler or paved

with llunc : the ceilings, panncis, doois, wiiiduwsi &c.

ire neatly gilded .''ml painted, and adorned wiili in-
ltil|t,on» from the Koran, or the bell Afitic poets ; lo
that their very enibellillmients arc fublervient to the
purpol\s of moralitv, and their thambers .mc rendcnJ
tacit advileis to prudence and precaution. Of thele
• '•..criptions the following Ipeciniens may be entertain-
ing Id the reader.

The Maliometans are exceedingly fond of the two
following pall'ages from the Koran or Alcoran, which ,ire
therefore frequently lound about theii rooii^s written
n K trers of gold.

The firft, which is deemed one of the befl ada[;es in
the Koran is, " Forgive eafily, do j^iod ti> all, im > dif-
putc HOC with the ignorant." The other, whii h : latcs to
the Alniightv's Itopi'ing the deluge is, " Eaith Iwallow
d'.wr. thy w. ter.«. Iky drink 1 .. th.le thou hall pound
orih. The waters were iminediutely gone, the com-
mands of God were executid. 'I'hc .irk relied on the
miuntain, and tbefe words were heard, " // w loth
uilckf.i."

All Arabian poetical paraphrafe of that p. llV.^e In the
K. ra:i, which relates to the angel (iabi.el > cciii'uO.ing
Maiioniet to fee I'aradife, is greatly admired. Take an
Englilh iranflatien if the verlcs.

From heaven det'cending thro' ethcical flam?,
On earth .igain the mighty pro, bet c.ime.
To i'aradlle by faithful Gabtiel led.
While dreams of glory hovcr'd round his head :
He law, the (oil like puiell lilver bright,
1 he lolty rnountiin^ ilione with fplei;did liuhr.
The I'pacious VN'alks with dazzling liillie glow'd
Bv di'monds gravcl'd, and with brilhantj Itiew'd;
The lefl'er hili.slikc yellow amber lee:ii,
W liilc filvcrwavis tli 1 ' fertile niead,,ws (ireani ;
Tic lofty concave is th' Almighty's throne,
\\'\ia makes Ins mercies to the righteous known :
Angels and pio| bets occupy the phcr,
And dwell in manfions of celeftial grace j
Strccis pav'd with gold, with lamps ethereal ftiinc.
Rich guns .idorn the palaces .iivine;
Fair lapphire pates which none but faints can fe.:le,
l.ead to the jafper-green-befpangl'd vale.
Where atomatic herbs that evei bloom,
Refrcfli the fpitits, and the air perfume.
Here wine and milk in Itrcams mc.ind'ring glide.
So rich the waves, fo delicate the tide j
There cryilal fprings make agate fountains gay.
Where gold and filver fportive filhes play.
Delicious fruits on eveiy tree abound.
And load the branches till they kits the ground ;
Here QV^z-^S roC^i d'verfify the fcenc,
\\ hole ■■ .ows arc flcecv, and whofe feet arc green :
Hut by tlufe rocks no ba reliefs' betray'd,
Fer there Iweet honey by 'he bee is made ;
Hon.y that's blela'd wit'.' captivating pow'r--.
Drawn from eeleltial aromatic flow'rs.
All is enchanting which the place contains j
For here the cfience of all goodnefs rei^^ns.

Such is the rorranfic and whimfical paradifc of Ma-
homet, in which fpiritual and fenfual ideas are fo
blended and jumbled together, that it I'etms equally
calculated to ceba /ch the laint, and entice the tinner.
'Fhe imager, hov.'evcr, ilicw the richnefs of the Aliaiic
I'ancv i we therefore hope that the traiiilation, as it is the
firft thing of the kind that ever appearid in our lan-
guage, will not be unacceptable to the public.

VVc ftiall add the following fix infcriptions, as they
are concife and fignificant :

" Four things (hould never flatter us : the familiarity
" of princes; the carcHes of women j the fmilcs of our
" enemies ; nor a warm day in vsinter ; for nunc of
" thefe arc of long duration."

" One pound of food is futficient in one d:iy to fup-
po'-t you ; if you eat more, it Is a load, and you mull
fupport in your turn tbiit."

" Wc are the bow, and ftioot but In the dark ;
" 'Tis God dircds the arrow to its mark."

F f " lU

'ni

j iii ' " ! i:

! tu

11 +

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOORAPIIV.

" He th.it thinks to content his dcfircs by the polll;!-
" fion of what he wilhcs lor, is like hini who puts out
" lire with itiiw."

To obt.iin knowlalge you muft have
" The vigilance of a crow, the grci-UincIs of a hog.
*' The catcH'cs of a cat, and the patience of a dog,"

" I have cleaned mv mirror, and fixing my eyes on it,
" 1 perceived fo many defects in myfclf, that I calily
*' lor^jot thofc of uth(.T5."

But to turn to our defcription of Aleppo j the flreets
have a dull appearance on account ot biingthalucd from
the view bydcid walls, lfpallif.idt.es were ufed inftcad
of walK, It would render the Itrccts aduiiiably pleafant,
as the court yards are all prettily paved, and have a
fountain in the center environed with a little verdure.

The bell houlcs have ufually on the ground floor a
hall covered with a dome, with a fountain in the middle
to cool it. Among the numerous mofqucs of thib city,
I'ome are very magnificent .-.nd agreeable. T hire ii a
fount.iHi of ablution, and fonictiints a little gaiucn in
the area of each. In evi-ry garden you are furc to find
cyprels. The kans are Ipacious and elog.nt, but tlie
ftiops aie I'mall ; the buyer KanJs a'.wavs vsuhout, noiu
being adnittcd within a fli> p but the mailer and his
clerk. 1 hey ufuully (hut them about an hour and hair
alter fun -fit. '1 here is a great lingularity to be obl'erv-
ed in the hnules of Aleppo ; the doors aretlrongly cafid
with iron, but the locks .ue only llightly m.ide of vkooJ.
The ftrcets, though na-row. are extremely clean,
and alwavJ well paved: i\l oft'enfive manufactures and
dil'jgiec.ible :r des are confined to 'he fuburbs ; in which,
among others, there is a glals manufactory.

Fvery houle has a well, but the waters beingbrackifti
arc not ufed in drefling prn.ifions or to drink ; the
water fur thefe purpofes being brought from Ibnie fine
fprings by means of an aqueduct, and properly diftri-
butcd by communicating pipes.

The houle fuel is wood and charcoal, but the
bagnios are heated with dung, Uie parings of fruit, &r.
the gathering of which gives employment to many pooi
people.

Aleppo is fituated in a vaft plain ; th% environs of the
city is Ituny and uneven ; but .it a few miles dillant the
circumjacent country is level and fertile ; neverthelels,
the whole has the nanieof the delert. 'I'he wcltern part ol
the city IS waflicd by a ftream called Coic, which, with
the wells in the city, and the \«atcr brought by the
aqueduilit, is all the water that is to be found for tl)c
fpacc of 2^^ niiles round, 'ihe neighbouring villages
havin;j no waier but ram water, which they fave in
lar^je cifteriis.

The .lir is fo pure and free from damps that the inha-
btants iKep on ihc houfe-tops without the le.;lt incon-
\eiiii.iKc. Tho only winter is Irom December 12, to
J.inujry 10 ; but even then the fun h^s great power in
the middle of the day. The fiiow never lays more than
a d.iy upon the ground, and the ice is kldom or ever
Itron^ enough to bear the weight of a man. Front May
to the middle ot December the air is exceffive hot ; but
the mol) malignant he.nt continues only about five days,
during whiJi the inhabitants keep within doors as much
as polTible, and defend themfelvis from the pernicious
winds by fliuttinij clofe their windows and doois. The
harvelt tummerccs in the beginning of May, and ufually
lalh about twiiuy days ; the horles are fed with barley,
as oats do not grow nearer than Antioch. Near the
city, but nmii. pai ticularh in the neighl>ouring country,
from Shog:e lu Letachia arc a great number ot tobacco
plantations, a conliderable trade being carried on in
that article with Kgypt. The adjacent country yields
a few olives, red and white grapes, and feveral kinds of
fruit, which are but indifterent ; at (omc didance from
the city a fpccies of fuller's earth is found, which is an
cxcelle:it I'ubliiiute for Ibap. Black cattle are fcarcc, the
large; fort are kept for labour, the loialler have fljort
horni, and the huDahics are valued on account of their
milk • it is to be obfervcd ihat the Turks and Jews fel-
dom or ever cat beef, (heir favourite food being mut-

ton, of which they have plenty at Aleppo. Therir .i-c
two forts of llieep, the one much like the Knglilh fluep,
iiid the other of the fpecies with large tails, which thiy
drag after them onflelges, as already mentioned. I'lie
goats have long ears, and give excellent milk, which i>
lold about the Itruets from i\]n'\ lo Siptcmber.

The butter and chcele is in.ui^ eiuiei h.ini the milk ul
cows, inifFaloes, fhcep or goats. 'I'he pn.j, e aie very
kind of leban or coagulated milk. H.rc are |ileiity of
hares and antelopes j the latter are of two forts, vi/,.
The rinteUi|ie of the nioiir.tain, and the ai.fK pc of the
plain. The foinier is the molt beautiful, the ha k and
neck beingof a dark brown ; the latter, though its col.mr
is brightei, is neither fofwift nor fo well made. 7 amc
rabbits are kept in the city, and fome few wild ftags arc
found in the country, a^ well as porcupines ; the Franks
of the Roinilh perfualion often cat land turtles and
frogs. The camels of this country are good and fervicc-
able, but the horfcs are very indifferent ; hyaenas are
tound among the rocks, they ieldom attack the human
race, but commit gr.at r.iva^cs among the flocks, and
even plunder the fepulchrcs. In the city of Aleppo are
avail number of dogs ; and the environs isinfeftcd with
wolves ; lerpints arc innumerable, particularly a white
make, which is found in houfes, but whofc bite is not
venomous. The fccdopcndra and fcorpion often fljig
the natives, but a few hours pain is the only confe-
quence. Ikfidi-s the above, here are locufts, lizards,
bees, filk-worms, all kinds of fowls, &c.

Hawking and hunting are favour re amufements ; th«
fportlmen liavc a very henutiful Ip.cies of the grey-
hound ; fliooting is cxeiciled only for a fubfiftance.

Aleppo, by computation, is inhabited by 200,000
Turks, 30,000 Cluiltiaii, and 5000 Jews. 'IheChiif-
tians are (jreiks, Armenians, Syrians and Mtronites.
They have each a church in the fuburb Judidx, where
they all relide; the common !aii!^u.ige is vulgar Arabic :
the better fort of Turks Ipeak iheTurkKh; the Jiws, ■
H brew ; the Armenians their native tongue, and fome
ill' the Syrians underftand the Syriac ; but the Greeks
know little or nothing of either the ancient or modcru
Greek language.

In general, the people arc well made, of a middle
ftature, inclining to lean, but inaiflive and languid : the
citizens are ufually fair, but the prafants, who are ex-
pofud to the fun, fwarthy ( both have black hair and
black eyes : they are tolerably handfomc when young,
but fecni to appear old by thirty. The females marry
about the age of fourteen. It is very Angular that the
men giid themfelves very tight about the waift in order
to make themfelves look fender, and the woniiii do all
they can to render themfelves plump, as they Jrim a
llender waill a great deformity.

The p.ople in general are polite, but guilty of dif-
fimulation, and alt'eiSV.-dly grave. They often quarrel,
but never fight : the coffee- houfes are frciiucnteJ only
by the vulgar. The amufements within doors are
chefs, back-gammon, drafts, and the game of the
rini, which only confifla of gucrting under what
coffee cup the ring is put ; the winnir blacks the face
of the lofcr, and puts a fool's cap on his head. Though
Chriltians arc fond of playing for money, the Turks
only play for ainufement, or fomctiines for a fealt t >
entertain their friends. Dancing is dcfpifcd, and only
pradlifed by buffoons, who, as well as wrcltlers, an:
attcnd.ints at all entertainments.

The common briad is made of wheat badly fermented
and badly baked. People of falhion have, however, a
bettcF fort. Bcfidcs thife, they have bifcuits and rufki
llrwed with fcnnel Howcr,

Thofe who pay vifiis arc entertained with a pipe of
tobacco, wet fweetmcats and coffee, without f gar or
milk. When particular refpect is intended, flierii.t ajid
a fprinkling of rofc-water are added. But as loon as the
holt begins lo wifh his vifitor gone, the wood of aloes is
produced, which implies, that the vifit has (-ci-n I'ulfi.
cieiitly long. Men and wonieii here fmokc 10 excels.
I'he tube of the pipe is made of the wood of tin- role-
tree, but the bowl is of clay. Opium is in little elfcem
at Aleppo, and ihofe who take it to excels arc looked
upon as debauchees. Here ar« ii« coachc's, the bettor

lure

ASIA.]

TURKEY.

115

fort of people ride on horfcback, v/hh a number of Icr-
vants on foot parading before lliem. Women of uiiik
arc carried in litters, and the lower clafs in cuvertd
cradles on mules.

They go to bed early, and fleep in the principal part
of their cloaths. Their bed conlifts of a inattrals, and
over it a fliect, in fummcr ; and a carpet, with a fheet lewcd
!• it ill winter. The men arc either lulled to iel( by
mufic, fmuk.e themfclves to fleep, or ^re talked to fl.'ep
by their women, who are taught to tell iiinuinerable
itoric- for thai purpofe. The people in general arc
rrofsly ignorant, fiw even of the bcllcr fort can read.
The tlcigy ate not only divines, but lawyers and pliy-
fici.iiis. 'i'hey have many colleges, but little or nothing
is taught in them. The government permits not the
practice of anatomy : their phyfieians and lurgeons
therefore can know but little of the Ihudure of the hu-
iDjn body.

The old men colour their beards black to conceal
their age, and the old woincn dye their hair lej wiih
Henna to render it graceful. They llkcwife dye tiieir
haiidb and feet with the forms of roles and other flowtrs,
which to a Kuropean appears very i;ifagree.:blc. The
women in the village-, and all thcChinsanas and Arabs,
wear gold or filver rings through their right noftrils.
The Turks hrcakfad on honey, Liban chcefe, fried
eggs, &c. They dine about eleven o'clock. They ule
a table here, which is round as well as the diflies ; both
are made cither of copper tinned, or I'llver. The t.ibie
is pl.iced ujion a flool abuut fourteen inches high, be-
neath v\hieh a piece of red cloth is fpread to prevent the
divan from being fpoiled. There is no taMi--cli,th, but
their knees are covered wi'h long filk napkins. 'I"ht
dilhes are placed in the middle of the table, being brought
in one by one, and changed as foon as every one has
tailed a little. The Lcban in b.ifons ; broad, l.iUads,
pieties, fpoons, &c. are dilpofed in order round the
edges. The fpoons arc made if wood, horn, torto.fc-
(hcll, &c. They ufe neither knives nor forks. The firll
difli is brc.rh, and the lalt pilaw. The intermciliatc
diflies are mutton roaftcd and Hewed with herbs, and cut
to pieces ; dewed pigeons, fuwls, &c. ftufted with riee
and fpices ; but the mull favourite difli is a whole lamb
ilufted with rice, almonds, raifins, piftaehios, dc. They
have likewife a defert of fweet ftarch, and a thin fyrui)
with it, with currants, raifms, dried apricots, dices of
pears, piftachios, apples, &c. fwimming in it, ot which
each e.its a fpoonful, and then the repad is concluded. ,

They drink water at meals, and coffee after dinner j
fup about five in the winter, and fix in the fummcr.
The licentious diink wine and Ipirits publicly, but the
hypocritical part of the people in private ; and when
they once begin, they generally drink to exccfs.

They have a few black flaves in Aleppo, which .ire
brought from Ethiopia by the way of Cairo, but the
fl.ives in general ai-c white, being Georgians. Crimi-
nals arc hcie hanged, impaled, or beheaded, at the cption
of" the judge ; but 'anilT.iries are Itrangled by a cord
twilled twice round the neck, and drawn tight with a
pie e of llii k.

rhcChiillians of Aleppo eat much in the fame manner
as thcTurks,only the latter ufeoil,andthc former butter.

There is but little difference in the culfoms and ce-
remonies of the Greek, Syrian, Armenian, and Maro-
nite Chrillians. A .^Iaronitc nuptial cerimony is thus
coiidui5fed : The bridegroum's relations arc invited rotlie
h ufe of the bride to an enicrtainment : after fuppcr '
tliey return to the bridegroom's hoiife, who hitherto has
not appeared ; for he is obliged to hide himfcif, and not
to be found without a pretended fearch. At length he
is brought out in his woift cloaths, but foci after the
bridemen conduct him to a chamber, which con ains the
wedding garments, where he is left to drcfs himfcif.

A^>oiu midnight the company, preceded by a band of
mufie, and each carrying a lighted candle, go to the
bride's houfe and demand h r. Admittance is rtfufed.
A mock fight eiifues. 'I'he bi ide is taken prifonrr, and
being elulely veiled, is conduced to the bridegroom's
houlc 'I'hc night is fprnt in fealtiiig and mirth, but
the wide niuft no'. I'pcak the whole tnr.c. The bifhop
♦f ptieft tomes the ii.xt niyrning to perform the ceremo-

ny, in which he puts crowns on the heads, and joins the
hands of the biide and bridegroom, who each have a
ring to put (111 the finger. A few ridiculou.s, iininler-
elliiig and riotous ceremonies enfue, and the bridegroom
is not left to himfcif till twelve o'clock at night, when
he is permitted to retire to the bride.

All the bride's female acquaintance fend flowers to
her as prefcnts for fome days after her marriage, but fhe
is not allowed to fpeak for the fpace of a month, even to
her hiifljund.

The I'ranks here are principally French and Englifli.
The Knglifh have a conful, thaidain, chancellor, and
ihiati. The Krciich have their conful, drugumen, and
other oiliters, and are more numerous than the Englifh.
No Dutchman refides here except the conful. A few
Venetian merchants and Italian Jews arc, however,
fettled in the place. The plague is the mod dreaded
thing at Aleppo ; it begins to rage in June, and do-
ereales in Jiiiy i and ufually vifits the inhabitants every
ten years, when it commits vad dev.llations. To avoid
tlie infeoticn, the following circumflnnccs nrc to be ob-
I'eive.l. Never go abroad falling ; driiilc plentifully of
aeuls, live regularly, but not abflemioully ; avoid cxcefs
and pairion ; breathe through a haiidkerehief or Ipungc
wetted With vinegar, or an infufion of rue ; fwallow not
the fpittle ; wafh yourinuuth, face, .Tnd hand-, often with
vinegar j air your cloaths well, change thcni often, and
Imoak them with fulohur.

S e, C T

Phoenicia, or

XVII.

Phcriice,

THIS divifion of Syri.i, (akcn in i , larged extent, is
hounded by the Vleditcrran'-'n on the wed ; by
Cu-'lo-Syria and Batanca ci\ the ..^ll ; by Pal icon
the ibiuh J and Syria-Proper on the north.

Ill anticnt times this country made a very rr-, K.rabli
ti,;iire in hidoiy, on account of the ingcnuit) ./' .s inha-
tiitants, its manufactures, commerce, colonics, &c.
I'o the Pha'iiicians arc attribute - >. ,- invention of let-
ters, the art of navigation, pjafi r.i: ai i-^, 5cc.

I'his country is a narrow lli • of 1.. d nuining alon?
the fea coall from north t,< f.mth ; anciently it w.is di-
V iJed into Syro'PhcEnicia and Maritinie-Phcenicia, and
contained many fine cities and fea-ports. In the facrcd
writings it is didinguiftjed by the name of Canaan. The
{iiiiicipal places are,

I'ripoli, or Tripoli of Syri.i, fo called to didinguifh it
from other places of the laiiienamr; itdands in the Levant
Sea, in 34 deg. 3omin. north la. and 36 deg. 15 min.
eaft long, at the foot of mount Libamis. It had its
name from forming three cities, each a dade's didance
from the other ; one of which belonged to the Aradians,
another to the Sidonians, and a third to the I yrians.
All, however, arc at prefent united, and it is dill a
tl jurifliing city, being divided into what is called Upper
and Lower 'I'own. It is extcnfive, drong, populous,
and opulent, adorned with fine gardens and orchards,
plantations c 'vlberry trees, 5!c. The walls arc drong,
iiid fortified • ' ii ' ven towers. The cadle is the reli-
denceof the Lcj; ■ /'aeg, and garrifoned by two hundred
janill'arics. It is a drong fortrefs, fituatcd on an emi-
nence, and well dored with cannon. On account of
its importance it is deemed the metropolis of Phtcnicia.
Theci ■. IS commodious, and w.itered by a l.ttle river.
I'he ' jibour is very open, but it is rather defended by
fi. ; fmall iflands at about two leagues from it. There
arc fix fquare towers or cadles along thi- fllorc, well
fortified with artillery. The town contain.^ 8000
houfes, and 60, 000 inhabitants, who confift of
Turks, Jews» or Chridians. The river hath a good
done bridge over it, and turns feveral mills. The gar-
dens have all cafcadcs or fountains, and even the cham-
bers have water conveyed to them. In the gardens the
people fpend mod of their fummer, being bulled in their
filk-worm manufa£iory. The air is clear and healthy,
the country rich and fertile, and the town plenlifull/
fupplied with all kinds of provifions. Here is a laree
handfome mofque, which was once a Chridian church.
The Jefuits have a handfome college, and the Chriiliaiw
in {general fome monaderies and chapcU,

( Betryt,

H -^

A NFAV COMPr.ETE SYSTEM OF GROCRAPilV.

• ■ I ! I' .

Botrvi, or Rdtriis, was once a coiifidorablc pl.icc, but
is now a pour v illagc of finiirmcii, H.i[ulinj; on the couil
to tlic Couth ol Tripoli, ;>nd callcj hy ihc I'urks I'alroii,
or Elpatroii.

ByMus, or ByWo-;, fonncily a fine city, but now a
mean villaL;c,ilciioiiiinatc.l Cichail, i^ lituaieil uii thccoall
aVout 20 miles I'oiiih of Tripoli, 'lliu rivtr AJoiii-.
iltfctiulins; from mount I.ih.iniib run's throiij;h ihj town.
This river is l'iib|c\ t to Ivvill to .in iinniodtrulc dcuric
by the melting ol fnow, or f.illin:; of i.iins, and at ccr
tain times the wai' ri .ippcar bloody, winch the liipi'rlli-
liuus inh.ibitants ulcd to impute to the de.ith of .Adonis,
who is this alluded to in Scripture, iimlci the ii.une of
1 .imiiiu/, or Tl.anmiuz, E/ikiel vni. 14. " I'licn
" he broUjjht nic to the ilooi of the i;.itc of the Lord's
•' honk, which w.istovvaid the north, and behold there
*' f.it women weeping for I'animuz."

Milton, in his I'ar.idifc Loft, mentions the ciicum-
flance thus :

•' Th.iinmu?. c.iine next behind,

" Whole annu.il wound in Lebanon allur'd ;

" The .'svri;iii dainleis to Ijiiicnt his l..te,

" In anuiioii< d;ltu- .ill the liiiniiiers d.iy,

" While liiiooth A'i !iiis from hi-, native locic

" Ran pur,'le to the fe.i, fuppos'd wilh blood

" Of Thammu?- uaily woundud. I'he love talc

" InfeeU'.l Sicn's daughters with lile he.it,

" Whole w.inioii pallions in the i'M\i.<\ porch

" K/.i'kii-l law, when by the vifion led,

" Hi. eve fuivev'J the dark id latrici

•' Of .ih iiatcd'jud.ih."

The nitural caufc of tliis p'ctenJed bloodintf:, i'-
only a kind ol nnniiim ur red laiih, which is brought
siw^y bv the waiei . wlien tin y fwelt lu an uiiufual height,
and give the ri\er i crmifon tinge.

The piKtival l.d'le of Adonis i>, that hivini; neglect-
ed the 'good adMce given hini by \'iniis, rilili\e to
tiunting, he was dcvouml bv a wild boar, and alter-
wards tiansfornud by that godJcf» into the flower called
uncmcr.ii. The llory is thus toM by Oud :

" The trembling bov bv flight his fafcly fought,

«' And now rccall'd the bin: bv \'inu) taught ;

" Hut now too l.itc to fly the boar he lltiur,

" Who in ihe K'am his tiilks impetuous diovf,

«' On the d.lcoliUt'dgt.ifs Adonis l.iy,

" Tliemoiilter tiampliiig o'er hi.s beauteous piey ;

" I'aii Cyiluiea, Cyprus Icarie in view,

«' II ..id Iti'in :!lai his groans, and own d ihenUtuc,

♦' .And turn'd liet Inowy fwans and backwaid Hew. J

" Ijiit as (lie I.1W him giafp hi.< lat.l) breath,

«* Aiul '|ii • ': .Mf.' agoni/ing pangs of death,

" Down Willi Kvili flight ()ir plung'd, nor rage foiborc

«• At •Hue h.-r garnicm>, and hei hair Ihe ton ;

»> Nor Ih.dl tliev yet, 111. died, the whole d^s our,

«' With iimoiitrcurd, inexorable power.

«' F I liiee, loll youth, niy K.iti and iclllcfs ;' in,

" Sl'all in imnio tal nonuiiv nis leiiiain.

•• With fo!> .I'll p.-mp in aniiu.d iiles tetuin'd,

•' He "hou forevii, mv Adonis, mouin'.l ,

•' Then on ihe b' ••d-fwett iie^hi (lie lielloW",

«' I he kii'ied blo'iei in little bubbles lofe j

" I.ittlc a> lainy drop.., whiih flulteringlly,

•' Home by the wind, .long a low'rmg Iky,

• ' ^hort time cnlu'd till wheic tin bl'i.ij WM llicd,

•' A lU'Wcr biuaii 10 tear its puipic bend)

«' Suih as on I'uiiie apples is risejl'd,

" Or in the liluiv mid liut liall cuuceal'd ;

'« Still here the fate of lovely forms we Ice,

'* ,So fuddeii ladi s tin; fwel nuine,

•' The Iflde Iti nil 1.1 llormy hl.iKs a prey,

■• Th' ir hi kly Ih 1 'itrs dioop and pine iway |

•> The winiK loibil III. rtiiwii< In floiiiifli lung,

•< Which uwc to winls their na-iici in Grecian fung."

!n this tnwn tlirir r, a depui', noveinni, ru'liotilinaic
Inihe Ix'gler'iei.' 'I .'')MJ, .■ ,d a Imall ganifon , ihrie is,
h(>wevri, i>ul liliic I1..1U, ihc hiibuur bcii'^ alniuK
thu.kedmi.

Berytus was once a (lourilliing city, but is now upon
the decline ) the llieets are narrow, dirty, and daik.
It is, however, a trading pl..ce, and a ll.ige for the ear.i-
vans that go to Grand Cairo. It is lilua:cd on the f a
coart, in a countiy that is fertile a:.d delightful, about
forty miles from Tripoli. Aluuit ths town fonu- (lately
ruins aie vifible, paiticiil.uly of tlic palace and gardens
"f 'l"aceaidinc, the fointh emir or prince of the old
Druiiiins ; and ol an eld .inphiilie .lie, fiippoled to
have been built by Ai;rippa. Ihe trade conlilts of fine
tapellry, cainblcts, (ilks, cinnamon, nutmegs, ginger,
I alii, 1, pepper, iliiibarb, cochineal, &c. Along the
coall mulberry and other trees, gourds, colocynth, &c,
abound.

S.irept.!, Scrphant, or Serphanda, a city ancierily
celebrated for the abiMie which the prophet Elias made
111 It w iih a poor « idow, is at prefcnt but an indifFercnt
villigc, about a mile from the lea, and lituatcd on a hill.
Sidon, orSayd, as the Turks call it, a ciiy celebrated
both ill lacrid and profane hillory, more particularly for
it< e\teiilive tiade, is now a fmall town, and contains
.ibout lix thouland inh.ibitants. Heic are many mol\|tie',
two kail.., a public bagnio, and a fine liiu.ue building,
called !h'' cotton maiket. Thce.\port,s confil! ol 'Tuikey
leather, pirtachios, fcnna, buHalo^s, Ikin, cotton, llue
fiiKs, rice, foap from Egypt, alius, oil, raifin , ^;c.
There aie the ruins of a fine port on the north lide of
the town. The city 15 governed by a ball'a, and an apa,
who has iindei his eominan.l ..bout jco loldicrj, quar-
tered in the cadlc and the town. 'The lurbi ur is lane,
but not lafe, on which account the fliij-. ride at .mrhot
about a mile liom the town under a ridge of rocks. 'The
gardens in the luburbs contain g oves ol nniUurrv, olive,
tam.iiiiid, fycaii.oie, and other trees. 'The Trench ronfni
relidc, in a very picalint houfe near the biloicmcniionc 1
iiKks where the Ihips lie at anchor. Tlrcity, it ;• laid,
had It n.ime fiom the eldtll fon of Can-ian,

Tu., Tyius, or Sor, a^ it was anc ei.tly called, wis
fit laleil upon a rock, which its name implies, h was
ulually named the Daughter of Sidon, being about two
hiimlid luili.ngs dillant from tli.it citv. T \re li.d two
h ivi II-, one tow.irds .Sidon, and thcotiier tow'aids Egypt,
.lid was dmded into thiee cities, \\i.. Tal.T- Tyte, that
i-,'Tyicon the CoiuiiKiit, ot Old'Tyic; 'Tyre on the
lll.ind, ind Tyre on the Pcniiilula. The hoiifes of ihr
e.ty Wire very lolty, which was owing 10 the fcarcity of
giouiid. The I'uildings in gem ral were magnificent,
p.irliculiily the fuperb temple ended bv itsking Iliiain,
and dedie.'tcd lojupif r, llerculc, and Altaitc ; tl..-
w.ill.- of which weie 1 i^n leet high, propoitionahly bro.id,
tiinily liiili ol huge block- of Hone, and cemented toge-
ihei Willi a lliong w liiie mortar.

I l.is lowirliil iitv,oiice therapitalof Phirnieia, tin;

empoimmiit commerce, and miltrels of the lea, ecimlly

lamed lor it, tiade, be.nity, .ind opulence, and lor many

.leesdetmed impregn.ible, both from its almoll iii.:ccel-

fiblcfituaiioii, and ihediength of Us tortific.itions ni.i le

by ait, I, now a niere delirt, and cannot boalt ..I one

houfe hit intiie. Its pident inhabitants are only a few

poor wieichcs who dwell in caverns, and lubliil by

lifhing : luch is the completion o. I- /ekitls pioplucics

contcininn It, ol whuh we Ih.dl traiilrilse the woids ■

" 'Thus 1.1. !h the TO UCiOD, btliold lam aga.nli

■' thee, (il)riii, and will caiile m.iny luliuns to come

" up ajjainll I'hef, as ihe lea e. ul th Ins waves to i omc

" up, and they (lull dilliov Ihc walls ol 'Tyrusand bieak

" Uowii bet toys en ; I will alio In ape her ditt tioni hu,

" and make her like the top of a roi k j it fliall be a place

^ " lor the Ipreadiiig of nets 111 the ii,i<ll) o| the fea ; foi I

1" ha>ef|M>ken it, la ih the I.oid, and 1 1 Ih. II become a

1" Ipuil loihenaliun-," l./,ck. chap. xxn. j, 4, andc.

I It IS unccilain what kings ,eigned beloic Abidal 01

Abcmal, wh.. was to-empotaiy with anl .in enemy In

king Dasid. His Ion Hiiain, Ivh.i fuecee<led hiin, loiz

yeais lieluic Chiill, ffini-, howner, to h.ive iKren of a

dilleiriit dil|)ofniun, lor he not only mamiamcd a llric>

lticiii:(hn) and a'bante wiih D.ind, but lent nrcf">iisof

iclar and Ikilful Workmen to the roval plulmill , .iid on

Ins di mile iiaiilniillid lu his (on SciIom on, by eii.haflV,

letters of condolemr, which, with the aniwet", Wi'ie

extant in the tiinti wl Julcphui, ai that adnouble jewilh

\ wiilir

hi:.

TURKEY.

lit u now upon
•ty, ;iml dark,
>e for llic tar.i-
itcd on the (• a
iyhtlul, :iliiMit
I'll (iinu- rtiitclv
ji.- ami gifiltiis
itL- of the olil
'■, fii|'|)ofi.d to
loiililts of fine
tmcgs ginger.
Along ih>:
:oloc)iuh, &c.

city anciertly
hct Eliiis made
t an indiffl'icnt
jutcd on a hill,
cily tclchrati-J
latticularly for
, and contains
many mofiimf,
u.iri- buiMiiiiT,
ifil! ol 'I'lirkiy
, cutton. Hue
, raifin-, ^c.
f north lidc of
ia, and an aga,
foldicrs, (|uar-
irln ur is l.irjc,
ride at .inrhut
of rocks. The
ullurrv, olivr,
I'nrch ronfiil
foicnicntionc 1
city, it II laid,
n.
ly callc), w.ij

I'lics. It WMJ

ii'p abinit two

T)ri' li.d t«'0

owjtd'. Kcvpt,

>• 1 yif, that

'i'yrc on the

houf('>, of fhr

the frari-ity of

m;i.;nitirriit,

kinj; Ilii.im,

AHartc ; th^'

iiiilily hro.i,!,

riiuiiicd to, L--

'hirniiia, ili:
<■' li'.i, niiMJly
and tor many
inolf lll.;litf.

iitiim'. ni.i le
hoall ..I one
T'' only .1 iiw

nd lllllllll |,y

^ priiplu i-ict

the winds :

I am aLMiiil)

loiM to iom«

r*\ts to iiimc

u<and I'll ale

ilirt tiOMi It. I ,

lall he a place

the Ira i fi;i I

h .11 brcoinr a

t, 4, and J.

lie Abidal ci

an nifinv in

ed hnn, • ■ I /

He hccn if .i

•iiml a llrul

nl pril'">ie« id

"•lit j ;.nj on

I'V ritihalTv,

ll»ll«, w ■■■

I able ,l'-wi<n

Mlil.t

ASIA.]

wriKf informs ul. Hiram likewife not only furnifhed
workmen, and the principal materials for building the
Temple of Solomon, but advanced i2o talents of gold
10 forward that great work. Tyre was brrieged 13
years together by Nebuchadnezxar, who at length fub-
ducd it 572 years before Chrilf, when he put all the
inhabitants he could find to the (word, and dellroycd the
ancient Tyre. But many of the people had, in time,
prudently retired with the chief of their ctfeits, to an
iflaiid at fomc diftance from the fhore, wh;re they built
New Tyre, or Tyre on the IdanJ. This city, however,
at length fubmitted to Nebuchadnezzar, who appointed
Baal lubordinate king thereof, under his own fupremc
authority. In the reign of Azelmic, and -jjz years
before Chriff, Tyre w;^s befirgcd by Alexander the
Great, and taken by Iform, after holding out feven
months. He put to death the greateft part of the
inhabitants either during th« capuire, or afterwards 11
culJ blood : fuch are the horrors of iiifatiate war !

" The wand'ring babes from mothers bread, arc rent,

•' And lufte; ills they neiihcr fear'd norir.emt;

•• No filver rev'rence guards the (lo'iping age,

•• Nor rule ncr method tie the bo'iiidlcfs ra^e ;

•• Nothing but fire and fluighter meet the eye?,

" Nothing th' car but gioans and dil'mal cries.

CoWLtv.

Alexander, hcro-like, or (for we beg pardon for
proftituting the epithet) bravo-like, after dellrosing the
place, and murdering the inhabitants, was very lony
for his rafhnefs : and, like other worthies of the fame
precipitate difpofition, who become wife too late, deter-
mined to repair one evil by committing another ; in
confequence of which refolutnm, he fei/.cd muft of the
artificers in the neighbouring countries, sni having com-
pelled them to rebuild the citVi he obliged them to re-
(ide in it, K'rt he (hould have a great city without any
inhahiiantK. Surh are the humanity and wif.lom ol
many of the great heroes of antiiiuily, who fought for
fighting fakej did injuries in (lead of redrcrting them,
and quarrelled with every body to avoid being idle.
Mr. Pope very juftly obleives,

" Heroes are much the fame, it is agreed

•• From Macedonia's madman to the Swede ;

" The whole <hange puipole of their lives, to find

•• Or nuke, an enemy of all mankind i

" Not one j.ioks backwaid, onward IHll he goes,

" Yet never fees an inch biyond his nole,"

Having thus n built and re-proplcd this nnrient citVi
he thought pin|irr to Uile hiinlelf the Kminder of I'yrc,
111 order we fup|iofe to prevent the people from recol-
leitinj that lie had been the dillioyerof Tyre. The
city in time recnvrred itt beaiitv and opulence, beianie
cuiifcilriatr with the Roinun^, nnd w.11 invelted »iih
the privilcBPS of a Rrmian city on atrmint of its great
hdeliiv. In the primitive innei of cbriftianity, it was
ni:idr ihe Mcl'Opoliian fee ti>r the piovmccol IMurnicia.
In bj'i It WIS conquer-d hv the Siraerns, but 111 1124
recoveitd bv ih» ChiilliaiK. In 1 jb.: it was fin .lly liib-
dued by the Turks, in wUof>- h inils it has coiiliiii:ed
ever fiiicc. Thole infiiKI" tenk itfoonartir the redii.lion
of Acri or Acrr, where ihry eommitfcd (uch unheard-of
rrueltif, th»t the 'Tynans, fftilied v. ith the report
thrrenl, bttouk lhemlelvr<i to their fliips at midni^'ht,
and abunUoiifH tin- city to Ihrir liitv. 'They rnlerrd 11 the
nrxt day, and irdiued it in the Jiplorable filii.itioii of
whieh Ihe difmal iiiins are (till a nininimfnt. \Vr null
i-ol iMiiit to ohirrvr that the 'Tyrinns wit- psititulaily
ctl'bniiril lor dying purple, whah wks firft fmiiid out
hv iheiii finm an aieidrnt, vi/. a dog's lips bring l.iiely
Inmrd hy eatiiip of the (ilh < allrd ronehilii. 'Thu
frti IS • bdecinuin, a ->.ime given by theaniirnts to all
liftirs whc'te #irll bears .inv fHrnihlanee to a hunting
korn I and it appeas Irom I'liiiy that the famed Tynan
pvifplr wa» iibtainrd frcm it. 'This ilye wasliunuih
falurd in the time of the Knman niiperurs, on acioiin:
•f itt brinit the inipariil cvltirr, that uiie pound of it
11

coft a thoufand Roman Denarii, or above thirty pounds
ftcrling.

Acca, or as the Franks c.-ll it, Acra or Acre, waa
aiitiently c.illcd Ace or Accho, then Ptolcmais, and
afterwards St. John D'Acre, while it was in the pof-
fclTion of the knights of St. John of Jerufalcni. It is
about 28 miles from Tyre, in 32 dcg. 55 niin. north
lat. and 35 dcg. 47 min. call lon^. and on tiie Levant
lea ; it is very inconfiderable to what it was. Acre was
a long time a lubjcdt of contention between the Infi-
dels and Chriftian"^, durin;^ the crufades or ho'.y wars.
In the year J 191, Kichard tlic firlf, king of En^l.nul,
conquered it, and gava it to the before-mentioned
knights, whoheldit 100 years with great bravery. The
Tuiks, however, invcileJ it with an army of 150,000
men, and took it May ig, ligi. M.iry of the 11. ha-
bitants had previoudy retired to the inin'J')f Cyprus j
tliofc who remained behind were m.iilacred by the
infidels, who ra/.ed the iortificaticns, dellioyed its nobli;
edifices, and reduced it to the moll deplorable ftate. Th«
following fin^ular circunillance is recorded on this
occaiioii ; a noble lady abbcfs, fc.iring that heifelf mid
her nuns might fufler violation fium the brutality of
the conquerors, prupofed to her flock to cut and mangle
their faces, th.it by t .e dellruilion of their beauty they
might preferve their purity. To thii flienot only i.xcited
them by words but by her own example, which they
immediately imitated. The 'Turks finding them fuch
fpeiflacles of horror, inftiad of the b.auti.s they ex-
peillcd, ciuellv put them to the fwi rd : thus fell thefe
heroic ladies by the mean, they laudably ufid to preferve
iheir chillitics. It is proper to obfer\c, that when the
Danes invaded England, the ubbel's of ColJingham
u'^ed in the fame manner; we mav thirefore judge
fioni the fimilarity of the expedient, th.i* the lady uf
Acre copied the example of the Lnglifli lady :

" So dear to hea\'n is faintly chaftity,

" 'Th.il v»he;i a fnil is found finceiely fo,

" A th'uif.ind livery'd ani;eh, laequiy her}

" Oriving lar oti laeh figii ul fin ai.d guilt,

" And 111 clear dream, and fulemn vifiun,

" 'Tell her of thing, that no gro''s i.ir t.in I, ear j

" 'Till oft comeile with hia. i nly silit 'n'.^,

" Begin to cafl and teim on the outsvaid fliape

" The unpolluted ttinile of the mind,

" .And luin it by dearies to the louTs cfTcnee,

" 'Till all be iiU;Jc immortal."

Milton.

It was In this city that Edw.ird I. then prince of
Wales, leceiicd a wound with a poifoiieJ ariow j but
lueh was the coiiji^'al fidelity < ( his ptiiiccfa, that
Ihe liukid the poiliui from tlic wound, and by that
meaiis he was cuud : fut.U la the foicc ut rCal love,

" 'There is in love a power,
" "Theic is a fi>ft diiiiiity that dr.aw5 Iraiifporl
" Fven from diltiels, that gives the heart
" A cert.iiii pang, r\eelling fat the joyi
'* 01 giofs, unite ling life."

Mallit.

The city has an excillent f.i.'iti.'T wiili icl'peifl both
to lea anil land, yet has iu\er berii able tu iicovei iti
piilt nr Iplrndor. 'l has two walU well luitilied by
towers and bulwar t, which ire much deeavtd : among
ihe magnificent ruins, with the w.ilK, ate the temaiii.. of
thecathedial drdi. ated to St. Andrew, near the (ea fide,
tleehiiich of St. J. ''ii the tiiulai Saint of the lity,
the coinrnt ol the km^bt. hofpiiallers, the palace of
the grand inartei ol the order, a .d the lem.iiiisof a larjje
chuuh hrlon^iiig to the nunnery. Thrvenot alTcti),
ihat when he law the place, the icmaiiis ot ^0 ihutkhca
wer. (till vifildr.

Pan> as 01 Ctlarea Pbilippi, a celebrated p!ace an-
rienily, but now nothing more than a piKw \>lUff, at
the iiH>i of nntuiil Pains, 11 fituatid luarthe foiiue of
the Juidan.

iJamalcuB, a city much famed in ancient hiflory,

origiitally fwi iht ttliddHiol the fiill byrun kiiigi, and

U g uftcr*

I'i?

■Y'

iii

{ . ^

i'f

i'liil

I'f

,■,1 ii

< '■

'^ H

>■

mh;

i'1

I'l;

1 1

A NKVV COMPLETE SYSTEM OF (JF.OGRAPHV.

118

alterwardi f«i luiiif; a r'C^jl fcit ol' ihc dliiilu ol" ihc
Sjracelis, 1.1 ilui tul in 35 ili i'. 37 min. ii' rlli lat.
»nil 37 dt^. 4 mil). <.M\ U>iig. W ith icljucl to its anti-
€)uity it IS ilic mod vcmrablc in tlic wliolc univcrfc'i
it is gcmrally r.^jruJ 10 li.ivc been built by \-' t. (on ot
Abraham, and gtandhm of Shciii, llic Ion iil Noah, and
was the bitth-piaic nt I'lu/ar the lltw.iid (if Abraham.
[l Kings \i. 24.] It was poliiirid by the Manulukcb
till 150O, whm ihc 'ruik> tiim|u ud it, and have kcjii
it ivirrni^cj it is wafiicd U\ tin- 1 Ivor Itaiady, for-
merly called tlie Chryforiboas "r GolJcn Rivtr; the
form is an oblong fijuaic, ab.mt two nnUb in length j
at a diftaucc it appeals like a city in a wood, fioni the
great number of towers, domes, minaret*, ^e. inter-
fperfcd witli gaiiKiis and urehards. 'I'hf water of the
river is conveyed not only in all parts ot the eity, bnt
into the ncighbcMirin^ pla^i. The mohpies, b..j',nios,
baz.'.rs, kh.ns, ^^o. arc najjnihcent, but the piivate
houfes .ire Knv and mean, bui;g eitvlcd either with lun-
buriit bricks or 11 iid ; yet, tlii.u^;h the lioules aic dclpi-
cable, they are in gcmral aceo.i iiiodated with (lately
apattmenis, r>iu.iie ti;uit v'rd', m.iblc lour.t.iiis and
ni.'ihle portal- ; one cofi'e. -hoiife in the luvvn will con-
tain 500 pci'ple ; it is di.il id ii.to two paits, the one
for fumnur, the (tlitr for winter. In a I..rgc field call-
ed the Mcidan, nv.ar the eiiy, is an hi fprtil for pil-
grims andftrangeis of all reli-i.jiis, who aie maintained
at the Giaiid Siignior's expence. The gland moUjue is
a niai;nitieent edifiic, and was formeily a Chnili.n
church, built bv the cmpeior Heraelius in hi iiour ol
Zachariah, the father of John the U.iptill ; but at
prefent it is death fit any one 10 inter il but a .Mudul-
inan. About the middle of tl-.e e;t\ t!ieie ii> a eallle of an
mal fr)r 111, with lliong walls 14 1 lie lies thick, tl.inktd with
fquare towers, niouiitid w iili e, ,1.11011, and well tuiiiiflu I
with arm<, water, Jcc, Kifteeii tli ufand janilTar.'es gor:i-
fon it, vi/. 50CO to gu.iid the city, 5oro to attend
the fultaii when he goes to li.igdad, and 5C0C to efcoit
the Mecca cai.iv.in. 'i'heie is.i l.irje bake houfc where
bifeuits arc made for the pilgiuns that aie going to
Mecca, as the Grand S- ii;iiioi allows them 2.ocjinel.>
load of .bifcuit, and the lame quantity of vater. The
manufacluiei of I)amaf, ii> are feymetar.-, knive-, fword
blades, biidle bii-, and 111. my other 11 m and Heel
wares, in which .ibout 20,rr..i of the iiih.,bitants are
employed. Carava, s bring hither the meichandi/.is ot
Turkey, Arabia, and Iiidaj and ciravans arc con-
tinuallv Soing to ami rctuimng from IJ.igdat, Aleppo,
Mecca, .\c. The cily h..!h ei^ht gales .111, 1 dioii';
wall . The principal llie-ts bulh in cty and luhiiib,
are arched to keep oti' tlic tun and rain. Ihc neigh-
bouring.' tiiriiory is pkalant and fertile; the gr.ipes
arc rtmarkablv fine, foinc of the bunches weighing troin
JO to 40 p;>uiid5 1 and the (licep, which aic ex-
ceedingly lar.'C and tliiir neat dilaicus e.iling, have
laili that weigh in geneiai Co pounds. Niartlieeiiy
alabafler is lound in gnat (|ii;mtilies, and a red caith
efficacious as a remedy againil the biic of vciuimuii<
(natures, 'Ihc corn is r,<>t luii. lliiallied as in moll
other ceuntrlc", but the Draw i> cut oft" with iron
pincer.-, falli ned to Wooden lulii'rs, drawn over the
corn by a hoiii. ilcie the Jewi li.vc liii.e haiidfi>nH
fvnagogues, and Chiiiliaii> ol all dim niinalion.. have
their ihuiehcs of woifhp accofdmg to their own toni-
niiinion. This ciiy, by ilie Tuik-, is at piefcni
caILd .Scan or Siluii. The enipcior Julian foimeily
(tiled it the rily of Jujnlci, the l;yc ot the hatl, and
the Seat of MagmlKcnie, Mahon.u ' '.idding it from
a neighbouring mountain, was to dii>|,iitvd with the
appcarante of the iiiy and its iiuiroiis, that he lefufed
to enter, or even approach any n* ler to it, f )'ng,
" I am fiire there is but one paradifc deljj^iud fur man,
and 1 will not enj..v mini' in thi, woild." Tlic follow-
ing fingular i m uii.tljnees are by many aulhoi, f.iid to
hi.-ha-penr; duiii'j the fiege ot ihisiity by the Aia-
bians, A. U. ' 34. One niglit fomi; of the eentiiiel*,
who weic iipiHi duty, hiioil tlie nei;;hing ot a horte,
which was loming out ol one it the city galej | they
kept tllvnt till II .ipjiiou'id, whrn ihcy took the iidn
|illluner. Imiiiedialcly alter tin re i,;me out of the
i.unc gate onotbcr (.crfun un hwrfeback, vhu callid

the man that was taken prit'uiuT by his narrc. T Ive
Saracens comiiianded hull to .mlwer them, an.l to lub-
mit, when the eaptue ciied aloud in (jiick " ihe bird
is taken." I'l.e pi 1 Ion to wlioin thelc vxrds witc
fpokeii, compreheii ling their meaning, galloicd b..ek
again to the city, though the Saiaceiis knew not what
the piiloiier had laid, as none of them happened to ui.-
deill lid the Ciieelc langu.ijie; yet they weic fenfibU-
th.it by his me.Tiis tliev h.id li.tl a piil'oner: they llure-
loic e.irrit I him belore Kh.ilid tluir general, whode-
maii.'ed what he was: " I am, rsplicd he, a noMeni,-.ii,
and have mariied a lady who is dcrcr to nic tli n
life; 1 ut, when 1 li lit for lur liome, her paimts mjilc
a lli^hting anfwcr, and I'.ud ihev had olh.-i hiiliii Is tj
mind. Il.iviiig found an opp.iiti.nity tog't to the Ipcc^li
of ler, we agreed to leave the cily in tlic ivenii.i^, and
for th,it purpolc to give a eonfideiable lum ot nioiiey to
th ' I eiloii whofliuiiid be on guar. I that iii^ht : I leaving
the city tiift was fiiipiiied by that ni,iii, and 10 pre-
vent mv beloved wile Iroin l.illing into h s hands, I
I lied, 'Ihc bird is taken. '1 he dear creature uiider-
ll. Hiding my me.uiirg, leturned wiih her two lirvaiits into
the (ity, and who can Idanc me ti,r Ihewing fuih
leiideiiufj?" Said the general, " 'riien what iliiiik yoi
of the .Mahometan ieli.^ion .' cnibia.t it, and your wife
thai' be ritlorcd to you wh.ii we t.,ke the city; itfufe,
and you arc a dead man,"

Tlie po< r writih being tcriilie.', rrnruiufd tb.:
Chritii.n f.iith in thife word;, " 1 leltily that there ;s
I hut one G 'd j he lia> no paitncr, and l^laho•l et is h s
jjiroplict." then deioting hinilUf to the Inlidil-, li«
iiiliiiguithed himlclf in lightin.; ag.iii 'I the Chrillian?.
Dain.iicu. being taken, Jonas, lor th.rt wa.* his nam ,
laii in iVareh ol his beloved, and was inlornud that Ihi
hid immured herlelf in a nunnery, thinking that llie
Ihould never fee him any moie. Ho (lew to the coii-
veiif, ditcovered hiitiltlf to the lady, and at the fame,
time inlormed her of his hav 111^' chan.ed his religion.
This inlormalion induced her to ti at him with tiw
ulmod conttinpt, and to xmclude, t!ut as he li.id ic-
noiiiicid the C'hiillian r.liginn, it wa her dulv to re-
nounce him. A;;ricablc to this refi lution, flu kit ihe
city with the Chrilli.'-.ns, who were p iniiticd lodcp.iit.
Jena', 111 the uti. oil dilli.utioii api lied tj tho ;ieiuijl,
I ,ind I nlieated liiin to ditaiii her jiy loic-, lut Khahd
replir,!, •' that la loiild not do any t>Kii thiiij ; but .is
il)e Chiilliant h.i<l voluiitaiily luii'indeicii, lie fliotiiil
luti'er ihni todepait aecoiding to tl.c aitic'oi ci capitu-
lation."

Soon .it'll r, however, the Saracen chief r.'prntli;,<»
that lie hid tavouied tliiin willi (uch mild terms, and
(ul'tend ill. in to i.my aw.iv to much wialtli, ilclei-
inimd to piiilue and plundtr them, J.in. '. Iliongly
ur^.ed thi infidel t > e.vecule ttis leloluliun l|' ti'i!v, ami
oHcIid to Ik his guide. Thiy llieicloie Icll ihe my,
at the head of 4C0... hoilc, bcillg all dilj uiled liku
Chrillian Arabs, ihiv loim came up with ilie Chrif-,
li.iiis, a (haip coiiielt enlued, bui ihvSiiaens piovcil.
vn^ti/iii.us. iJuiin^ the e. g.igeiia nt, Jonas giii among
the women in teaieli ol Ins wile. R.iphi Khn Oiiinrah,
p.illii.!', iliai way, taw him lcuniiii)( with liii Ldi,
who. 11 he had thiowii upon ih: groi iid with feme n.j-
l< nee i and R.pio hunlelt U ^ d upon llir ilaughier
of the enipiior Hiiailiu-, a; d ihi.' Icauiiliil wido\»
of 1 huni.'s, a Cliiitlian ihiil who had bun killnl 111
the ci.gagn.eiit, llavm^ liiuied his ia| lives, he re-
luiiud to the )l.ice wliiie he had lelt Jonas, when he
found liiin bathed in Itats and hii wile williin); in
hu blood. Ln^uiiing the oi cation, Jonas wrung Ins
haiiJs, and uu'd, " Alas' 1 am the moll niiluible
creature e»illii g. 1 i..nie to this woman, whom 1
pii/(d above all things, and would lam have |H'iluadcil
h>, biiaiile I liid (h.ingid inv i.iigion, tnj
! vowed Hie Mould tcliic to a i lo It 1 to end her days.
Not being able to petliiade by t.in'ei ciitiiate', 1 de-
terniiniil lu enip!ii) lour, ami il:''iifoir thnw hii >lowii
andtoukliirpiiloiii 1 twiunllie ludilenly dit w out .1 kinfr,
dabbed hutill in ihr brvall, Itil down at rny leu, ami
iiitlanlly fxpned," Kapln imild not lU'iaiii fioni liaii
al ihii iiiuuiiiful rcLliuii) at lingth he fitij Ip comfort

him.

arc. 7 Ivi

lll.l Id lul>-
" ihc bird

lloi-.tJ b..vk

»V not Wl'Mt

(.tkJ lo Ul.-

•cm I'viiliHo

tluy tlicrc-

h1, who lic-

to nic ill II
aunts nutic
I Inilili (s t)
to the Ipcch
vcnii.!;, a;i(l
ol iiiunuy to
It : I leaving
ami lo prc-
h s haiii-'b, I
aiiifc uiidcr-
\\ r\.ii:ts iiiio
lu'wing liii-h
lat think yoi
nil your wile
tity i itfulV,

nruncfd thi

ih.it there -i

iho", tt is h >

lr.li.lil>, h«

e ChiilliJii?.

,-a.< hi') n.mn ,

tiiuil that Die

iing thai Dw

v to the con-

I at the fame.

his rclijiion.

iiin\ with ill.;

ai ht ti;id iv

r iliilv lo re-

II, Oti lUt llic

[ticil loJei'.vit.

iho i'fntial.

It Klui^.l

iiij i hut .!»

h.: (liotilil

tf tjp'.til-

ef r^prntir.,'^

Ivriiis, »iiil

.illh, ilcter-

(tioilgly

i!t, tiiJ

ell the Illy.

iiiU'il liie

ihe Chril'-.

' lis provctl.

go; ani<.ii|j

II Oineirah,

ih hii liidv,

ih fi-nic vio-

!«• ilaujihter

iiliil widow

Ul klilld III

tivo, he re-
al, »hcn lie
Willi inn III

» Wlullg lll>

.ll niiluahle

whom I

ve |u'iuu>li:U

, ilejl to my

iigiiin, ind

id her diiys.

tai.e', I df-

iw hti iluwn

,v out .1 kioir,

ly III I, and

11 fiuni Halt

J (D ttonifurt

hii",

1 1

ASIA.l T U R

him I " Heaven did not intend tlint yon flionld live I
With her, .md has thcreroK pioviihd heltcr lor you."
•' What do you mean f" l.'id (oiias, " I'll (hew you, re-
paid Raphi, .1 laily that 1 have i.i.l;cn ol admirable
bc.iutv» "I'd in the ritliell attiie ; I'll iii.ike you a prcltiit
of her to eoinjicnl'ate your luls."

Julias hcini; biou^lu to ih^- |iriiice('-, converled with
her in Greek, and received her as a prel'cnt lioin
R.iphi.

Alter the cirnage had cealed, the general, hcain^
thai the iniperoiS iiaiigliter was, taken, ihnianded her ol
Jon.is, wto liecly lelignird her, and reecivcd a prcl'en:
which Kh.nlod thought proper to make ; Jonas con-
tinued ever after aftinitcd with the deepclt nielamholy,
a lull punilhnicnt tor his apoltacy, tor which he was
fiaallv rewarded at the battle ot Yeiniuk, being Oiot
through the breaft.

'11k alioie llory furnilhcd the ingenious John Hughes
Kfil. with the pl'it of his execlleiu trjgidy, called tiie
hiege ot I'aiiialcur:, He has dilgiiilul the nanus of
lon.e of the piincipal cliaiaders agreeable to that lieeiiee,
whieh is allowed lo poets, and likewil'e in IbmenualiiK
devia ed Iroin the llory. We tliall contlude this di-
g'cl'iilp, v/hich we llailer ourl'elves will not be dieii eil
iiiiiiiteieiling, with the following riflcclioir, upon death,
made by Jonas, (or PhocT.i>, as he is called in the
pl.iy) when klulcd threaten., to takeaway his lile :

«' Whit ait thou, O thou great nnlKrioiis Terror ?

" i i;( wav lo thee we know 1 difeal'es, famine,

«' Sivurd, lire, and all ihv evir-opeii gales,

•' I hat day and night lla::d nady lo leeei'. c us ;

«' Lutuhn's beyond them ? who will draw that veil I

" ^ct IJuith's not there ! No, 'lis a point ot time,

" 'I'he vegc 'twixt inoital and iniim ri.d hiiiig ;

" it ni.vks our thou);hi ; f<n this tide all is lite,

" And when we've reaih'd it, in that very inltant

" '1 IS p.ilt the thinking of. O if it be

" The pang , the throes, the agon. zng ftru:'glc

" Whin I" I and body put, luie I have lelt it,

" .\iid theie'j no more lo fear."

B.dbcc, was called by the flrccks llillopolis, or the
Citv of th'. Sun. Its venerable ruiiu evince that It w.is
oiueoncof the molt ma'ii'llient ciIks in Ihiunueile;
lit piefent II is not abiive a mile and a I1.1II In eireum-
liieiicc, aii.l the poor iiih.ihiuii'.> live in mean huules,
no ways antweiahle lo the jjr.iinl ideas whiih t! c lur-
rmiiidiiii; luins give us of the dwellings ol then aii-
tcllof. "

The honoutable Van Ki'ont fays, " HalUer, ni'W
called lia.ilbie, is pn b.ibl) the antieiil Heliopi lis, ir
Ci y of the Sun ; and its ni w n.ime l^cnis to correl|K>nd
w til the ancient liaal 111 the I'luenieian language, liir-
liii.iiig an idol, p.irtn.ul.iiiy thai ol ih.e fun. And whai
Itiins to coiilirni me in n^v opinion that llalhic is the
ancient llilmpolis, or CiU ol the Sun, was a medal ol
Pliillippiis C.tl'ar, which t found lure. He is on one
li.'i- rcprelcnted as a youth without beard or ciown ;
mi.l on the icvetfe are two la^-.ies with the ends ol then
bi iks joln.d, and bitwien limn ih. le two words, CC)L.
nt I., wluiue It IS plain that ihij city was at ihit lime
a Human colony." It u llti.ilrd in one ot iliv moll
drli.;hifiil plains In the wmld, .it the loot ol muunl
Aiiiilib.iiiiis towards the willward it is about 30 mih ■
111 nil ol D.inialsus and the fame c.li lioni the lea
loill, in JJ dig. luiilh 1..I. and <7 deg. j,i n.ili. e.ill
lung. This pl.ue was by the .\iubi n> CiiiUd the Won-
der of Sviia i ami the nijgmrieuit luins arc eeiunli
thi' ailmii.ition iif all iravelleis who heiiold ilmn. A

I ipe b place, a imble temple, and lume o.hei luins,

II lid at the fouth well of the town ; and having 'leiii
piielied .111 I pieced In 1 iter intie., aie lunverlid niio a
c.illle, as It It railed. In appioaehing thelc veil, table
ril tni', a rolund.i fir inuinl pih allraCts the vnw, ..n-
cireled with pill is of the Coiiiiihian oidir, which lup-
poit a CO niir that itii's all luund ihe lliueliiic. TIk
w' iile, thoiinh preall) dicajed, exhibit iiiaiks ol alio
Ihihiiig elt'Lianci and gi.indeiir, bung built of niaible,
I miliar wohou', an I oilangulai willnii. I'he Itntks,
b) whvHii it lulli b«rii luiiveilcd ilitu a iliuicli, have

IC E Y. ^9

t.'.kcii infinite pains to fpoil its bfanfy, by d3ut)in(;'ic
with plailttT. There is a fuperb lofty building con-
tiguous to the rotunda, which le.ids to a noble arched
portico of 150 paces in length, that conduits you to ,\
temple ol altmiifliing magnificence, which to a miracle
hath withtlood the injuries of time. It is an oblong
fi]i:arc ot 192 feet in length on the outfule, and 120
V. ithin. The breadth on the outlide is gb t ct, and
■.viihin 60. The whole is lurrounded by a noble por-
tico, lupportcd by pillars of the Corinthian order, each
of which confill • only of three rtones, though the height
is £4 feet, and the iliamctrr fix feet three niches ; tliey
arc nine feet diilant from each othtr, and fioin the will
of the temple : their number on e.ich fue of the temple is
14, and at e.ich end eight ; the irchitrave and cornicu
arc exquilitdy crved and enibellithed : roiind the tem-
ple, between the wall an.i pillars, is an arcade of lari.;e
llnncs hollowed out archwile, in the centre of each of
which is a god, goddefs, or hero, executed with fuch
animation as is learce concciveable. Round the foot
of the temple wall is a double border of m.nble, wliofc
lower parts are filled with hallo relievo miniatuics ex-
preinve of heathen ceremonials and mvlKries. The
uitrancc to the tem|ile is the moll augult imaginable,
t!ie afcent being by 30 Iteps, bounded by a w.ill < n each
tide that leads to a pedellal, on which a tlatuc formerly
tlood. The front is compofed of eight Corinth an pil-
lars, fluted like thofe that go round the temple, and a
nobly propoitioned tr'angular pediment j in the inidll
j of tliefe pillars, at lix feet diltance, are four others,
refenibling the former, and two more with three faces
each : all thel'e form a portico 60 feet bioad and 24 deep
before the door of the temple. Under Ihe vault of tlic
portico the entrance ot the temple appeals through thelc
pilars 111 admirable proportion. The pi. rial is liiuaic,
and of marble, 40 fei t high and j8 w.de, the apeituie
being about 20 •, from this portal the I ottom 1 f the lin-
tel is feen, einl ellifhed by a piece ol leulpturc not to
be paialleled in the uinverfe ; it reprefenis a prodi.ious
large eagle in hallo lelievo ; his wini;s are expande',
and he laiiii-s a caduieus in hi> poiinci s j on iither fide
.1 Cup d appc.iis hiilding the cue ■ iid ol a filloon by a
iibhon, as the eagle Inmiclf holds the ntlur in his btak,
III a nunmr inimitably tine. The tenple is divided
iii'o lliiee ill . or .iihs, two narrow on tiie tide-, and
one bioad In the middle, by three rows of fluted Corin-
thian pill irs of ne.ir lour Kit in diameter and about 36
fell in height, including the pedittal ; the pillars arc
It In number, fix of a fide, at 18 tcet diltance from
,ach other, and 12 tioin the walls. The walls thcm-
lelves aic decorated by Ivvu rows of pilaltcrs, one .itovc
the other, and bctwuii 1 ach Ivvo of the loweimoll is x
nil he 15 leet high ; the lioltoms of the niihes are up. n
a level wiih the l.iks of llie pillars, and the wj|| 10 that
height Is wrouii.ht in the piopoition ol a Corintl.i.m
pedellal ; the nnhes llieinlelvcs aic Corinihiaii, and exe-
i iitcd with Inimitable delicacy. Over the round niches
are 1 row of li|uatc ones between the pilaltcrs of the
upper Older : the ornanvents are marble, .ind the pedi-
ment triangular. At ihe w.ll end ol the middle ifle, you
alccnd to a ihoir by 1 { Heps : Ihe choir is dillinginmed
from the icll ot the lahnck by two large Iqiiaic columns
adorned with pilallcis, which lorni a lupiib entiance.
The proliilion of .idmiiable Iculptme here is alloiiiOl-
iiiil ; but ihe aichitr^luie is the lame as in the [vij
of the temple, ixiept that the niches Hand upon the
pavement, and the pill.srs aie without piJeDals. Thr
principal deny loimirly woiftnpped here tlooj in a vaft
mchc at the bollom ol the chmr. The ihoir li open
tuwaids Ihe middle. The wiiide pile Hands upon vaults
of fill h excellent architictuir, and lo bold in their con-
lliiiition, that it IS imagined they wiie d Tinned for
loniethlng moie than metrlv to lMp|vm the fuperineiim-
bent building. This irmple anclrnilv was accompanied
by lome other in'gnihcrni buildin|s, as is evidmt tiom
four aleenis to it, one upon each angle, with marble
llrps long rnuufih for tin people to go up a hie II.

The palace, which is in what the Tur.s call tht
CallU, mill) have hern one ol ihe moll liiprib lliuc-
iiires that ima|tinj|iuii can lonicive, hut ii is much
mure decayed tl)<ui thv Uinple. It vught iw b« ubfcivrd,

that

\\'\

1 I

!mi-

i'*

I ' I

;i dl

• u

1 • ^>i

' : 'I'l

fl } '

1 ^^

'ii

S L C T. XVIII.

Pjlcftinc, JuJ.sa, /f<' Land of C»iiaati, sr //y Holy Laml.
•

TIIK third grand div, lion of Syria, talccn in its Urged
f.iilV, IS tiic aiiclint kin(;diiiii of Jud ■ ., or Jiiu'ei,
or l'.ilcllini- i the lorinir ot tluMc iiamei it recti4i.d lioin
Juduli, wholi; tube was the inoft confiderablc ot llie
twchc, and tic latlcr from the I'aKftiiits, i.i I'hihllincs,
as ihcy arc tern id in f^iipturf, who (loliitli-d the greatrll
part of It , it had likcwifc a van. ty of other names, luch
as the I. hI of C'an.ian, the l..iiid of lliarl, the Land
rf Gud, ilic Ljiid ot the lli'hKws, iS;c. but tlie inolt
prc-cmiiiciu appcilation by which it hith ever been di-
/lilluuiOied l^, the Hely LunJ.

1 he n.ime of Canajii it teetived from tht dcfccndants
ol C.ina..ii the for uf Cham, ur ilaia, who, being ex-
pelled by the Ifiaelitct, it was thencecalled the Land o
llVacl. li'.ith Jcwi and Chiilliaiii call il (he H»ly
Land, for thife dillinct rcalmx : the former give it that
ejMthct, hecaufe it wai fulcly a|ipropruted to the fetviec
ol God under tluir imniedutu dilpeiilauon ) and the
litter fo c.ill It, beraufc Chiill wai b.rn here, and it bc-
tamc the feeiie ol all th.it w.i wruujjhtor lurtired f ^r the
SALVATION of MANKIND, h wa* figuratively
called the L.ind of I'ruinilc, as hating been ptomilcd
by God himf II lu the ehokn people ol llraci, and the
land flowing with milk and hunry, fiom its uui Jerlul
leitiliiy. under the ucncr.'l nairc of Canaan, Judra,
or I'alellint, fomc ineludc the whole ol the land pol-
fcfkd by the twelve iribei, though it pciuliaily belongs
to no more than the eouniiy weft ol the river Jordan,
which Mofes himfcif pa.tieulaily iHimts out, l)eul. ii.
29, in this exprelfiun, " Until 1 (hall paft over Jor-
" dan intu tlie land which the LtMd otir C>od giveth
*' u»." Jm'ca, ill the (general xtent of it, mull there-
fore he divided inlu Lell'er and Greater , the (irralrt
iiidea extenthtl from the Mcdiiriraneaii to the
upliraici. Thi'' diviliuii w»i iKVcr pcaeeably pol-
lelicii b/ (iic Jew>, though ibey in lamt mciluic

fubvcrted moft of the Syrian powers The Lcrtl-f
was conKned to the land pofl'eflcd by n.tioiis particii..
larly marked out fur cxpulfion and extermination. T'l.ig
is evident from the commands 4f God hinilulf ; for
when the arinies of the Ifraclites mnrchcd ag.iinif any
of the cities in the former, they were ordered to mako
otters cf peace ; but in the latter no conditiuna were to
be propofcd, but the inhabitant:) totally dcftroysd and
roottd out.

The exart extent of Cana.in fcems to have been ac-
curately pointed out by Moles in Gen. x. 18, 19, in
hefe words, " The border of the C.\naaiiiics w;is Irotn
" Sidon, as thou coinell to Gcrar unto (}:i'/a, as
" thou gocit unto Sodom and Gomorrah, and Admah
>' and Zcboim, even unto Lafh.ih." The four i.ngh-s
wherein the four borders of the land met, are plainly
dcfcrlbcd, as the lollowing di.i^ram will evince :

•"</„.

The mountaim oC Lebaiiiin

ijo A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

that the old w.iU whiih enclofes both thcfc ftrmSurcs is
compofcd of fuch prodigious blov;ks of Itonc as almotf
tianl'cci-.ds bel.ef ; three in particular that lie clofc to
each other in \ line c.vlcnd 183 feet, one being 63 feet
in length, and the otiier two 60 feet each. A dark
arched vault, containing many bufts, leads to an hexa-
gonal building which tonus a fpaeio'js thcatic ; the end
opens to a tetr..ce uhich is al'ccnded by marble (Ups j
you then enter a fqu.nc toiiit mrrounded by magnifi-
cent buildings : en each hand sic double rov^■5 uf pil-
lars, which 101 m galleiics of 66 lathonis in length and
eight in breadth. The l)ottoin of this court is occu-
pied by a buildin;; ;inij/.ing!y funiptuous, which ap-
pe.irs to have been the body of the palace ; the columns
are as largo .is thoft ef tl-.e Hippodrome at Conftanli-
lioplo, nine of them a:e rt.inding, and a good piece ol
the entablature. But il is furpri/ing that each of thele
large ci luniiis is nude of one entire blixk only. All
the buildings in this ciftlc front the call, and the Co-
rinthian order prevails thioughout the whole: iheie
is no place wheic lueh piecious remains of ..rchiteiSure
and leulpture ^rc to be loend, as the fine talle ot Cjreece,
and the magnificence of Rom.- teem to be blended ; the
criiair.cnts are at once irirjmerable and exquihte. Be-
neath the whole ate vaiilt>, in which vail fii^his of mar-
ble flairs, of 1,0 Heps 111 a flight, are lici)ueiitly found.
1'he turn and elevation of ihcle vaults are bold and lur-
prifingi they contain many noble halls and fuperb
ipartmcnis, admirably deeoi.ited. Some of thele vaults
are dark, others receive light fiom large windo.vs
which Itand on the level of the ground above ; but the
moll fingiil.ir eircumllancc is, that all ihele allor.ifhmg
edifices are bu.lt with fueh enoinious lionet, as (hole
before-mentioned, without any viliblc iigns ( f mort..r,
or any kind of eenicnr wh.ittver. The prelent city is
furruunded with a wall of liju. re (lon^s, and loine
towers in good condition ; the gardens in the environs
arc plcafaiit, fiuitful, and well watered. Many houles
whieh contain various ap.iitn.cnis, are cut nut of the
folid rocks. It is inhabited by about 30 or 40 Chnlliaii
families, a few Jews, and neai 8co 1 urks.

Tyr.

Acra

Nuilli

Mount
Carititl

Land of Csnaan,
or ihe

J"1'P»

$■

Holy Land

JeltUSALEM

South

av»'

Ambu PLtixa

Paliftinf, or Judc.i, is fi'u.ite! between 31 deg, 30
mill, and j2 deg. 20 niin. iioith Kit. and from 34 dcji.
50111111. (o 37 deg. 15 mill, eall long. Inin; boiiidej
h\ the .Mediterranean lea on the well, .^yria'and I'hue-
nieia on the north, Ar.^.'iia Oel-it.i on the eaPt, and
Arabia I'etr.ea on the limth. It ii ihercfoie nejr jco
miles in length, and about Ko in breadth towards the
middle, but inrr.'alics or diminirtK-s ij or 15 miles 111
other places; the longcft day is about 14 hours 15 mi-
nules.

1 he ait of Jiidca is the n oil falubrious and pleafaiit
imaginable; neither heat nor e,.l I ate I'eit in the cx-
ireiiie, but an au'rec.ble fercnity diffufes ilfelf through,
out the year, which puts the Itranger in mind of Uie
golden age :

" The flowers unfown in fii Ids and meadows reign'.!,
" And Weill rn winds immortal fpring maintain'J.'

'1 hnu.'^h the e.imatf of this cruntry is at ptefrnt the
moll admirable in Ihe univeric, we have no doubt but
in the early »gcs of the world, when the pallor.d life was
the moll f -iioiirable, and agriculture the null refpe^ej
employ, It even fxccedid its pielint exeellemy, by
means of the »en(i.il cultiiation of the country. Of
the richnrls and fe'liliiy of ,ts foil we have the moll
aiithrntie lelliinonies ; m particular that it abounded 111
corn, wine, oil, Jinney, pomegr mates, date., fig», ci-
lioiis, otanjcs, .ipple^ ,,(■ rar..Jife, lug.it-eanes, cotton,
hemp, flix, cidais, cyprelles, and .1 great vaicty of
other iLitrlv, fragrant, ,ind fn.illul trees, balm of Gi-
le.id, and other precioin (irugj, &c. cattle, fowls, lifli,
•amr, nnd other delicjeies, ai well as neeedjijes .,f
hlo. Indeel, who.ver eonlider< the veiv lm.dl (xtcnt of
Jiidea, will be fenlifle that noihin- but fueh aftonifliiii r
lerlility could enable it to inainain fueh a niiiiilicr of
inhabitants ,is rtfided in if in the time of ling David,
finro ihry nmounted to 6,ccr,:oo. Ti,c p,.nlucc of
the land not only fubfilled this |.io!igious multiludf,
but there was a luffieunt fupclluKv to f, ml to Tire
and other places for i »po;ta ion. Yet the l,„l was only
eiiltivate.1 (ix yrai, in fcvc„, ,. the frpt nnial year was
always n lime ol riH from the afliits ot agritullure. It
IS tobeobfeived, that the » l.o'e o| llic lountry was cul-
tivated, and ihii woodc, pn.H, vv.ilK- grmmdj, &c
WMC unknown, It it now uuliapp.ly inluuiud by fom<^

i 'il

0^ <.

•y

■t

miiid ul tU(

ASIA.]

Turkey.

iii

of the moll indolent peo|))e exiting ; yet Dr. Shaw in-
forms us, that with a little cultivation it would yield as
much as it did in the days of king David and king So-
lomon.

The principal mountain of Palcftinc is the famous
chain that goes under the name of Libanus and Anti-
lib.inus, and iliviJis Syria from I'alclline : the whole is
about ICO leagues in c ompafs, and confifts of four
riil;os one above another, two of which are fertile, and
twobaricn, viz. llu- lower is rich in grain and fruit ;
the next rocky and barren; the third abounds in gai-
dcns and orchards, thnuph higher tlian the preceding ;
anil t hi- (11 in nit is (Icrilc and uninh.ibitaMi', by rcafon
oi the cxcedive ctildnefs en its ai:y brow : the Ma-
roiiilcs inhabit its lower regions, and Ar,.b3 all the
oihrr parts c.\cept the lop. In this mountain fcveral
confuler.dile, or rather crl.brnted rivers have their (ource,
VIZ. Jordan, Rochain, Nahur-Rr^ni.iii, Naha-Codicha,
and Aboiuli, the fiilt only of which runs through I'.i-
Mtinc, Of thefe mountain.j the wetierii part abme is
prupcilv called Libanus, the e.'.lUrn being named Aiiti-
iiK;iiu>, and the intervening part Calo-Svria. The
whole chain, however, ;.lv,'ay5 v.jf, and is liill looked
upon 31 a retreat for robbery.

Mount llermon, like Libanis, is very high and
capped wi;h fnow the great-ll pait of the year.

Mount Tabor, anriently ealltd .\lons Alabjriiis, and
Il.divriuin, from a cm of that name which flood upon
il, !•. adirinalile with refped to its eonfhnt verdure,
be.iutv, fcitility, and reguLiiity, a.s well as for its fitwa-
titn, which is m ih;- niiddle ot a l:'rge plain, at a di-
ftaiKC Irom niiy other hill; a Winding afcciit of about
two miles leads up to it, and the plain, nn its top, is
half a mile in length, and a i|uarter of a mile in
breadth. This mountain was the fcenc of our Saviour's
transfiguration, and eonfequently is held in great vene
ration, and has been much relortcd to by C'hriltians ol
all aijes.

Mount Carmcl, fituafed on the fea (horc, is the
moll remarkable h'-adland on that coaft. The prop! ct
Klij.ih is fuppofed to have relided here in a cave, which
it llill (hewn, previous to his being taken up to
heaven. The cave is i8 feet in length, and 1 1 in breadth.
Mount Olivet, or the Mountain of CJlivcs, is only
about a mile from Jeruf.ilem, being feparatid ihereliom
by the brook Kidron, and the valley of Jeboflliiphat. It
il of a confiderable height, and from its fummit there
iv a fine profpctt of Juuf.ilcm. It runs in a ridge, and
hii thite or four heads hi h r than the reft; from one
ol the principal C'loift afi ended into heaven, and the
imprertion of a foot in a hai.l rock, (hewn there at this
day, is faid to have bttn made by him.

Mount Calvary, or (iolgoiha, was the place where
ruf Saviour was ciueibed. It is a rocky hill on the
vvrll fiilc of Jcriifalem, and was anciently ufed as a ge-
i'.er,il charnel-houfe to tiat ciiv, from whence it deiived
irs name of (lolgotha, that Hebrew word fignifying the
place or lepofitory of a ikull, of which Cilvary is the
latin tr.nllaMon. This mountain, according to thi.
authority of the jntient faiherj, is the fjme on which
Abriham w>nt to oiler up his fon Ifaac. It was for-
meilv I'le place whei,- criminals were exeeutid, but,
fir.ee tile trueifixion of t.,'hri(l, it h.ith been U> reve-
n need and rihiled to by C'hnltiain of all denomiiu-
.ion«, that It h.th, if we may ba allowed the expref-
li' II, ilrawn the citv round about it, for it now llands
.'1 ; u- midlk ot Jeniialcm. Conllantinc the (Jrcat in-
t I'ld It within the new walls, and even Kit out fome
p.irt III Mount Sion, that none of Calvary fliuulJ be
iktiiid.'d,

.Vtuunt Moriih is the eiti'ncncr on which the teni-
I !e (i| Soliiiiioii w.i, built.

Mount (iihoii ((ands about » quart,cr of a mile from
jirufiilrn', anil on it the pu.l is fldl lo be fern from
wheiiv- Me/.ckiah brought water by an atjueduCt inti'
llie Illy.

A few other mouiitjins are found in I'aleltin'" lefs
iBnlidriiiblr ih.in ihe foimer, yet wmlh mem onin^, on
uiouiii of m»nv (ingul.ir i ncunill.inces which aie par-
t'cuiarly noticed in Ihe Holy Serlptures toiiccrniii^
"•rm ; «f thile, we fliall begin fult with Mount tbal,
il

or Hebal, and Mount Gcrizim. The fc mountains are
both remarkable on account of the following p.iitifu-
lars ; Moles had enjoined, that when the children of
Ilracl h,ul palled over Jordan, they flioi.ld (ct upon
Mount Ebal great Ifoiics, and, having ci vrLcl them wiih
plaifter, fhould write the 1 iw upon tl.rm ; v.d. Deut.
xxvii. 2, 3, 4 J and iliey wire to iniild an alt.ir there
uiito the Lord llair f.jod, .-nJ to offer bunu-oili.ting«,
and peace-offering.-, ai.d to tel !)r..t-' a kail uritj tlic
I-ord ; vide ver. 5, 6, 7, of li.c fame ch.ipter : and they
were to divide the pcop!-, .ind !;i pljccTrs of the tribes
of the people on Mount Geri/.i;)', opv.olilc to Mount
Ebal, and fix on .Mount i^b. ' j and tii.u the Lcvitcs
were to read, with a hud voice, tlie curies fet down by
Molts fo. the tianl'grcflors of the law, unto each of
wliich the people were to aniuer, Amen. [See the luc-
ceeding veil'e.s of the fame ch.ipier.l J flnia afterwards
perlornied the whole of the ib 've in iiiuiion.

Mount Kiigadi is ne.ir tlrC I. ke of Sodom : Mount
Amaleck and Ga!i.:(}i, in tl<e tribe cf Ephraim : Pif-
gah and Nebo, on the cih-r lide Joidan, whence .Mofes
was permitted to vicv/ the Land of I'rumil'e : the Moun-
tains of Gilboa, f.inu d for the defeat of S.ul ai.d Jo-
nathan, and the ch;.iii of bills call d the Mountains of
Gilead, extend from iicrth to foi:th beyond Jordan,
and are < elebratcd lor t'leir cxc Iknt refin or balm.

'Ihe princij'.'l inland leas, or ruber lakes, , re, tho
Dead oie.i, or L.ike of SoJo.-n ; the ^ea ol Galilee, or
Lake of Tibe las j and th. bamachoiii:e Sea, Sta of
Jezar, or Lake of Saniachun.

'1 he Dead Sea, I.r.l.o of Soiom, Afplaltitf L^ke,
or S.ilt Sc.i, h..th bid ma"y .; oils concerning ii, that
have been found .1;. ;!•.■• n.oti i'..'ii;.ous ;r>.veliers, iiiid
repe.ited e:.pcriii .-nts, ,,) be c'roneous ; pa.ticularly tiiat

iithni; Ui-.ild liik

il.at It calt Inch a Ittnch

.ind iniuke, that t',., \ciy hi.!, died in acien pliiig to
Hy over i'. . ill.,! tJiiiegicw ap|.ks about it lair without,
but ill a.r.e ..111 b;ttcriiels within ; and that the ruins
ol tl..- r.iiecit: » th„t ueri. deltroyed by fiie fiom heaven,
wire t! !1 i , be leen under the water in cle.ir ueather;
that .. Iinokc conllantly alVemled from it, &e. .Ml
thele abl'uid notions have been refuted Ik n; I'criptuie it-
Iclt by K< land, in his P.jltjiint lilujlnittj. This lake
is e.:!led Al'phaltiie, from the quantily of bitumen in
and about it. I'orMierlv it was iinagimd th.it great
i|uaiititics ol this coiiiburtible were tlirov»n up by this
lea i that, however, i^ not the cafe, for it ij ihc n.onn-
tains on both lid.s ihit produce it. It reCembles pitch,
and is only to be ilillingui(hed fiom it b\ the ft.lphu-
reoufiiels of il> lallc .ind linell. Kir the biuimen itfelf
Ibme have niillaken a black pebble found on the flioreu
of the lake, wliiih being held in Ihe flame of ,1 can.lle,
ptefenily takes lire, and burns with a molt intolerable
lUnch, llelides Ihe above (|Ualit\, ihcfc pebbles have
this lingular property, that by burning, their weight
only, and n.it their bulk, is dimiri Died. It is termed
the Dead Sea, bccaule it is fuppolld tliat no living
creature can exill i- t, on account of the e.vceflive falt-
nefs of it. waters; .Maundrcll, however, infills that it
contains lilh, and Iikewile gives tcllimonv againlt an-
ol'ier received npiiiioii, that is, if any buds attempted
to Hyover il, they were lure to drop downde.'d in il ; but
he declares that he f.iw many fly over it. Why it was
called the Salt Sea IS obvious, and it is imagned that
no col|i,;liMn of waters in the univerfe have (o gre.it .1
degree of fallnef<. The great phjAcLin G.ilen o.ilervcs,
that the exceeding faltnels of the water Is tinged with
an unplealant bilternefs; and lh.it, with lelpev't to Ipc-
cific gijvity, il at iiiiich exceeds other fca waters, ..s tbcy
do river waters. Il is about 24 leagues in Knglh, and
between fix and fevcn in bre.idth. It n bounded on the
eaft and well bytxceiding high iiiount.iiiis ; < 11 the
north by Ihc plains of Jericho ; but to the loulh ihc
view is rnlirely open beyond the reach ol the eye. The
waters arc clear, limpiJ, . ml ir infpireiit.

I he Sea of (Jalilce, or Lake if I'lberia!, is much
(mailer fhmi that of Soilom, but .ibouiuls in lifti, lul
IS highly commended tor Ihe excellency of its waters.
It was on this lea ih.it St. I'cler, Andiew, John and
James followed ihiir employ ai lilhei men ; the river
Jordan pallo through it,

II h Th<!

'\\» I

W 'h

!■; !'

'fi,

' 'i-i-t

\ I!

t2S

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOORAPHY.

■ ii(

The lak'' of S.iniachon is an hiindrcil furlongs north of
that of Tibeiias, ne.ir the fourcc of ihe liver Jordan ;
it is bctv/ccn fcM n i.iiJ tight miles in len(.;th, but not
sbovehaif a inilc bro.ul where uiJelK

There are luo othii fmall l.ikes in Jiiclca named
Phiala and J.iz.ir, but they are loo ineonlidcrable to
merit any dcfcript^on.

Jordjn is tlie molt coiifu!Lr:ible, or indeed the only
river in tliis coiintiy. It t.ilvcs its Inurcc at the lake
of Fliialn, cntiri the S.ini.n'i.inire i.ike, whence pro-
ceeding it divides the C^i of G.ddee, nnd at length dif-
chaiges itftlf into the Dead Sea : after rifiii^ at Phiala,
it runs under ground f r the fjiave of 15 miles, then
appearing again at P.iiioiini, it p:ilk> tlie before men-
tioned S.iniachonite lake, (Inw-lor 15 milci more, enters
the fea of Tibci us anil hnvioL; pad it, flicams through a
difart till it dik'nb'igues iti'elf nilo the Afph.\ltite lake.
Contrarv to the r,eiier.il n.aure of tivers it is fullelt in
funiiner time ; ii> banks a:e (•) covered with tall reeds,
willows, tamarilks, ivc. that t!iev h itbour innumerable
lions and other wdd bealls. Its llieam is fo rapid and
ftrone that a rmn cannot rtem it in fwiniming. The
bieaJ'h where it is wiOell doei. nut ixeeeJ 60 leet j the
waters are f.duhiious and incorruptible, but turbid or
inuddv, the n.itural conlcmiince id its rapidity.

The other ri\er-, or ra'hcr tnulets, lire Arnon-
Jabok, Cheriih, Sorcc, Kilhon, lUiior, Belus, Nahar-
al-farat, .^lul Je/reel.

The principal vallies and plains mentioned in fcrip-
tuie, and by piofjne writers ate,

Beraklnp, or the valley of B!e(Ting, on the weft fult
of the lake of Sodom ; the v.de of Siddim, which
ront.iins the Alj-haltite lake ; the valley of Sliaveh or
R.iyal Vail', 'he valley of Salt, the v illey of Jtzieel,
th- vale of Mambie, the vale of Rcphiaim, the vallev
of J-hofliaphat, the valley of the chil.jien of Hinnom,
the vale of Zeboim, the vale of Achor near Jericho,
the vatr of Buchim, and llic valley of Llah, where
David Ilcw the giant Goliah :

Where it was prov'd that he hath gre.iteft mi^;ht,
Whofe heart is i^odly, and whole caufe is tight ;
Thus weakncfs may I'upeiior lliength difgrace,
And the mod fwift, if impious, lofe the race ;
Giants in fin, (hall like (Joliali fail.
And Davids, arm'd by Providence, prevail.

Among the plains arc tliofe callid the Great Plain,
through which the river Jordan flows, the plain or
vallev of Je/.rerl, the plains ot Sharon and Siplieljh,
and the plain of Jericho.

The whole country at prcfent is a perfeifl wildernefs,
tlirouu'i the want of cultivation : anciently, when in
its mull flouiiflnn^ ilatr, it was faid to contain f.nie
defaits or wildeinell'es , but t!ii> is to be nnJerdool uf
fuch iraMs as piodutcd n^i corn, wine, oil, &c. but
were fet apart for feeding cattle, llocki of (hecp, goats,
&c. There was n )t a (tctilT fpot throughout the
whole country, thepioplc therefore haJ no conception
ul barrennefs. Hippy land ! where rich pallures and
beautiful meadows were termed de|■art^, through the
abfence uf real barienncf» i wheic the people, ideas of
fciiililv were confined only to fpots produiilivc of a
ptidufiun of luxuries.

Many natural curiolities are found in this country,
pariicularlv lloncs which exac'lly refembic citrons,
melons, olives, peaches, hunches of grapes, and even
many kind of tilh ; they ate found principally about
Itiouiit t'armel : lliofe that refcmb'e olives are tin I.apides
Judaici, which h >th always been deemed an excellcnl
icmcdy for the (lone and gravel. Near Bethlehem are
found little Hones whiih greatly ref nil.Ie peas, they
»rc therefore called the Viigm Mary'', Peas j and
another (lone of a chalky natuie, goes under the appel-
la'ion of her niilk , a (lone of the llale koid, which is
found not only here but in Phuenicia and Syiia, ex-
hibits in every flake the reprelentation of a great variety
of tilhei. We mjy include a'noiig the natural curiufilies
nianv I <>t and mnietal waters. Near the Dead Sea ate a
number of hillocks rcf'mbling places where there have
been liine kiln>i arid abundance uf Inline tfHurefccncct.

A thorny bufh grows in the plains of Jericho, w!:ic'i
bears u fruit tliat h.is fome finiilitude to an nniipe w.il-
nut ; trom this fruit the Arabs cxirafl an excellent 0.1,
which is a foverei^n remedy for biuifes, when inter-
nally applied, and lor wounds when ufcd e.iit.riialK.
its reputation is fo grcU that U is preferred c\cn to the
balm of Gilead.

Two more natural curiofities abound in this pl.un
of Jericho, viz. the wooJ-olive, the outward coat ot
which is green like the common olive, but i>cing takm
oft', a nut of a woo.ly fubllancc appears ; it is of abeut
the thicknefs of an almond fliell, and ribbed Kingwil. .
Alfo the caroub or locuft tree that beais a truit like ^
bean, in which are fome (mall feeds ; the flicll wjv.n
dried is eaten, and has a very agreeable lafte. St. John
fojourned heie, whence it is called St. John's delarts
and tliefe ate tl ■"■ght tube the loculls on which he fed,
.iiid not the anim.iTof that name as many have fupnofed.

J'ldea was peopled by the defcendants of Amor
Cham, who came hither with his eleven funs after the
confufion of tongues at Babel, five of whom fettled m
hyiia and Phirnicia, viz. Heth, Jel us, Einor, Gir-
g.illii and Heve, who v\'erc the lounJtrs td' (o many
nations, and thcfe were afterwards cncrealed by the
defcendants of Abraham ; that patriarch having been
called out of Mefopotamia to fojourn here.

W'c (liall now particularize the diftriils allotted to
the fcveral tribes, beginning with the two tribes and a
half who fettled beyond Jordan, .-Mid then pnccediii >
to the oppofitc fide, take in the other nine tubes ana a
li.ill as they lie from notth to fouth.

The lot of Ruben extended along the banks of
the river Jordan from the north-call coalf of the D. .nd
S a, and was bounded on the eaft by the country of the
Moahitcs and Animoiiitcs, on the fuuth bv the river
.Anion, which fepar..ted it from the country inhabited
by the Midianites, and on the north by a fm.dl river
which parted it from the lot of Ciad ; it fornmly con-
tained many goo.l cities, of which th-re are no paiii-
cular ancient defcriptioiis known, nor any traces of the
towns theinfclves at prclent remaining.

The lot of viad had half tlic tribe of Manallch on
the north, Ruben on the fouth, the Ainmonites on the
eaft, a id Jordan on the weft ; though naturally a
couiitty ol infinite richnefs and fertility, it at prcleiu
appe.irs like a wildetnefs ; neither any nxidern built
towns appear in this tract, nor the leniains of the
ancient.

The lot of half the tribe of Manaflvh had (Jad to
the (outh, mount l.ehanon to the nurth, [.irdan and
the Saiiiachonite lake to the weft, and the hills ot
Balhan and llermon on the eaft. This diftrict, with
reipctl to cultivation or cities, is in the fame predicament
as the two loriner.

The lot of the tribe of Aflier, on this fide Jordan,
was lioundcd on the north by Pha-nicia, on the fouth
by Z.ibulon, on the call by Naphtali, and on the weft
hv the .Mediteriaiiean ; of all the cities and towns be-
longing to ihc defcendants of .Aflier, none arc now re-
inaiiiiii^ except A. le, winch we have already delcribcd.
Saphat, a town near Acic, was deltroycd in the yeji
1759, by an carthi|uake, which did a gtcat dc.ii of
d image all over SyiM, bi.t more particularly about
Damafcus.

The tribe of Naphtali extended along the weAern
banks of the Jordan, fiom Lebanon to the fea of Galilee.
No vcftigcs of any of the antient ciiiis arc now m
being, aid the very lew villages aie fo poor and 111-
coiifidei..blc that ttavcllers fi aice mention them. Wo
(hall nenrtheilrfs notice fome particulars relative to
two of IIS ancient cities, viz. Capernaum and Dan,
though tliev no longer i xift.

Capernaum, dodtoi Wells takes notice, is not men-
tioned ill (he Ohl r< (lament i it w«s therefoie moll
pr<ibably one of the towm bull hy the Jews after their
leiuin from the Bah)loni(li < apt vily, on the fea coall,
that ii on the coall ot the (ea of Galilee, m tin-
borders of Zabiiluii and Naphtaliin, and confcqucnllv
towards the upper pait of that rouft : it took its name
fi ,m an adjoining Ipiing, famed for Ihc excellency ol
ilk chryftaliiie watcis. Our Saviuur choi't thii as the
* I plac«

ASIA.]

TURKEY,

■Jcritlio, ttiin'i
ail iinil);c w.ii-
an excellent i; i,
fis, whcii inter.
uCd c.'it.:rnallv.
rred cvtn to the

I'd in tliis pl.iiii
)iitvv:ir<l coat ot
but hcini; tiikm
; it is of abrut
ibbcd longwili.
IIS a Iruit like a
i the flicll whtu
taftc. St. John
. John's dclarti ;
n which he tcij,
ly have fuppoltii.
Jaiils of Anioi
en (ons after the
whom fettled m
IS, Einor, Gir-
Jirs v{ fo mairy
ticrealed by the
ch having bcm
lere.

ftridts allotted to

two tribes and a

then prc'ceedirij;

nine tubes anj a

; the banks of
all of the U.ad
K- country of ihc
iuth by the river
ountry inhabited
by a fm.dl river,
it fornurly con-
re are no paiti-
any traces of tlic

of ManaHeh on
mnu)llit^^ on the
iigh naturally a
ity. It at prelint
ly n'odcrn built

(cniains of the

(I'.h lijl Clad to

til, Jordan and

nd liie hills ot

s diltiiL^, with

Uinc predicament

this fide Jordan,
on the I'outli
and on the welf
s and towns be-
one arc now re-
teady delcnbcd.
>ved 111 the yi-ji
a gieat de.[| of
riicuUrly about

III}; the vseflcrn
le fia ol Clali!ec.
arc now hi
fii poor and ni-
n I hem. Wo
111 irs relative to
uuiii and Uan,

ICC, ii not mcn-
s ihercloic moll

I * J after their

II the fea coall,
• i.ililee, in tin-
"d confequcntly
I took its iiaiiiP
he excellency ol
lufc ttiii as the

I'laif

&f.

place of his rcfidcnce, In preference to Na/.arcih, where
the llub'.'ornefs and incredulity of the peopL- had ob-
ilruiited ihc propagation of his docliines. It was more
particularly the place ot his abode during the lad three
years of his life; and where he wrought a great r.uinb'.'r
of miraclis. Chnit, however, infornii.il the inhabitants,
that ihoii!;h thiir city was then exiJu.l iinio heaven, it
Ihould Ihortly be btxurjil lo hill, thai is, lo the moftd'j-
(ilorahle fituatioii ; ke Matthew xi. 23. which pre-
jiiition was vcrihcd in the Jcvvifli wai>, when it was
lot illy dellroyed ; fo that thcie is not at prcfeiit the lejil
trace of it left, uiilcis fix poor filhcrniens cott.iges may
be fo teiincil.

Dan, this citv was built by the Danites, who being
too lliaitcncd in their own tribe, and fcekin;; for a new
babiiatioii, thole of Zcrah and Lditaol ar oed 600 men,
who fei/.ed the rich town of Lailli, dellroyed its inha-
bitants, burnt the city, thtn ichuilt it, and called it
Dan, after the name of their pro|:ciiitor. It was pro-
b.iblv the lame as Laflia, nienti.ined Gcncfis x. 19. as
one on the holders of the land of Canaan : it vvasiiiuated
at the head of Jordan, and after haung receded its new
name, w.is deemed the northciii boundary of the land o,
Kgypt, as liecrflieba was the foutheni. H«nce the pio-
verbial fcriptuie cxprcrtion, fiom li.m to Beerfl.i a.
It was here that Rchoboam placed one ofhisgoK.ii
calves. Dan was given by Aiigullu- to Herod the Great,
who bequeathed it to his younger fnn Philip, (together
with the Tetrarch) of Liuria and Trachoniics) who
made it his capital, and called it Carfarca I'hillippi.

The tribe of / ebulun had the Mcditerraman on the
weft, the fea of (jalike on the call, lllachar, from
which it was parted by the brook Kinioii, on the foulh,
and Naphiali and Alher en the north. The priiicipul
town of this dillrict is Nazar.lh, where our Saviour
was brought up; it is now a \ery iiiconHdeiable villaji,
though once a line city, lltuatcd in a kind of concave
valhy, on the topof a hill. A convent is hi rebuilt ovci
the place of the annunciation : the monks (hew a lioufc,
which they infill was the houfe of Jofeph, in winch
Chrill (elided neat 30 years.

Bethfaida is frequently mentioned in the New Tefla-
nient ; Saint John, chapter I. 44. cxpref^ly tells us, that
Saint Peter, Andrew, and Phillip were of this citv ; the
mme in Flcbrew implies a fifhin;^ place. It is not meii-
iioiied in ihcUld redameiit, nor is that indeed altonifli-
ing, lince it was but a Iritiing viUagi', as Jofephiis in-
forms us, till Philip the Tctracli rendited it a magnifi-
cent, rich, and populous city ; at prclciit it only confills
of five 01 fix poor cottages.

Joppa, or Jatia, as it is at prcfcnt called, is fituatc.!
cnth.' MediteiiaiRan coali : it was anciently the princi-
pal fca-port town to Jirulaleni and all Judea, and the
place where the cedars of Lebanon, luoUj^ht in floats fiom
Tyre for building the temple, were landed. It was plea-
faiitly fiated on 1 rock in a beautiful plain, and fifiated
in {o drg. 20 niin. north lar. and 35 dcg. 3 iiiiii. ealf
loni>,. Jonas here embarked for Ninevah ; and from the
hiftoiy of his miraculous voyage, the Hory of Andro-
meda was fabricated by the heathen poets ; lor their fea-
monfter was no other than the Leviathan of the lacred
wilting", and the whale of the modcrni.

" Huge F-eviathan unwieldy moves,
" ;\iid thro' the wa^c. a living ifiand roves ;
*• in dreadful paftimc terribly he (ports,
*' And the vaft ocean fcafce his weight fupports.
" Where'er he turns, the hoary deeps divide j
" He breaths a tcnipcit, and he flouts a tide.

Broome,

We cannot help adding the fublime defcrlption given
by Job of this tremendous creature, which the antients
lo terribly dreaded, and which the moderns have found
the means not only to fubdue, but to render fubferviciit
to many domcllic ufcs.

" nil bulk is charg'J with fuch a furious foul,

" that clouds of linoak Irom his Ipread iiodiils roll,

" As from a I'uriince, anduhen rous'd his ire,

" i'aie ill'ucs Ituci liisjaws in Uicamnof file.

" The rage of tompcll, and the rc;T ot I'.-.-is,
" This great fupcrior of the ocean picafe;
" Strength on his ample (houlders fits in itate,
" His well join'd limbs are dreadfully complete ;
" His flakes of folid flefli arc flow to part,
" As (kel his nerves, as adamant his heart ;
" Large is his front, and when his burnifli'd evc>
" Lift their broad lids, the morning fcems to rife.
" His padimcs like a cauldron, bod the flood,
" And blacken ocean with the lifing mud ;
•' The billows feel him as he works his wav,
" His hoary footilepsihine along the fea."

Dr. VoL'nt's Job.

It was in Joppa that Saint Peter raifed Dorcas to life,
and received the mcll'engers of Cornelius. Though it was
anciently a vciy magnificent town, and a great commer-
cial mart, yet the harbour was nivcr con.modious, on
account of fcveral rocks, which render the pallagc into
It d,ingtTQus. It l.iy for many ages in luins, hut of late
hath been much improved, though it Hiil tails beneath
itsorijiinal fplendor. 'Ihe lower ground towards the lea
IS covered with good houfes, chiefly of lloiu . Tie prin-
cipal cnmmodiiics arc Ramah and J^rufdlcm I'oap ; rice,
and other articles are brought fiom Eg\pt, and ex-
ported from hence to v..iii^us places, which yields the
bafla ot Ga/a a confidcrable annual income. The in-
liabitantsarc fupplied with water from an excellent fpring
on the weC "de of the town. The Chrillians as yet have
no church, xceptone alniolt in luins and uncovered ; but
they have fcveral han.'lomc houfis appropriated to their
life, and (or the entertainment of pilgrims.

Caiia of Galilee, fo called to dillinguifh it from a town
of the fame name, which lay near Sidon, is not far from
Na/.arcth. Here Chnft performed his firit miracle, by
ciuinging the water into wine at the man iajc feaft. The
inention of the above bungs to our mind the following
cir. umltance : A young gentleman of great genius, who
w,is placed in a certain ieminary ot learning for cduca-
cation, a few yi.iis lince having the Miracle of Cana
given him as a theme, neglected to prepare it for the in-
Ijieclion of the mailer, till within a tew minutes of the
tiMiC wlun it was propei to produce it ; fearful of be-
ing puniflied foi his rcmiirncls, he fat down and com-
I'liicd the will L- in the lollowing admirable line :

•' The modtf water law the Lord and blufh'd,"

Thcm.lKrwas fo eliarin'-d with the energy of this
fentence, that he cafily pafdune I the young pupil for
not rendering his theme more piohx,

Cana was the native or at Kail dwelling place of the
Apollle N.ithanicI, 01 li. rtholomcw ; for he is exprelsly
llilcd Nathaniel of Ciia in G..liUe, ', ide John xxi. 2.

Ihe lot ol the tribe of lllaclur was bociiuled on the
iioith by Zeb>ilun, on the fouth by the other half of
M.inalich, on the call by Jordan, and on the well by
the M.uii 'rranean. It contained the mounts Carmcl
and Gilboa, the valley of Jezrcel, and plain ot Cialilce,
now called Saba : though its fertility is allonidling, it
contains only a lew milcr.ible inhabitants, who telide in
Icattered huts, and has fcaice any remaining traces of the
cities, towns, or villages, which it might loimerly con-
tain J but as I'ome of the phiccs in their ancient Hate
were extremely teiiurkabie, we (hall mention them
on account of fiiinc cuiious citcumdaiices with which
they were conneifted.

Shuium, or Shunen, was a city, according to Julhua,
xix. fituated on the borders of the tribe of lllachar. In
the I Samuel, chapter Xxviii, 4. it mentions that the
Philillincs pitched heie, as the Ifiaelites did in Gilboa.
This city was likewile famous, as the place of refidence
of the hofpitable Shunamitc, who was lo kind to the pro-
phet Elilha. Her benevolence, and its happy conlequence,
fiirnilhed Mr. Stephen Duck with the idea and luhject
matter of his cilebratcd poem called, Iht Shitnamilt,
which not only oecafioned his advancement liom the
plough lo the pulpit, but procured him the royal favour,
and patronage ol queen Caroline, Accept of the follow-
ing Ikeich of that pleafing perfoimancr, which the au-
thor hath put into the mouth of the Shunamitc herftlf,
who thui atldfclR-i the people ; ** My

li!

Iri'i

ill

t24

A NEW COMPLETE

, ',

" My lord and I, to whom all bounteous heav'ii

*' His blelTuigs with no fparing hand had given,

** Like failhtui ftiwards of our wealthy (lore,

" Still lodg'd the (Iranijcr, and relicv'd tlic poor :

•' And as Elisha by divine command,

" Came preaching virtue to a (Inful land,

" He often deign'd to lodge within our gate,

•' And oft rcciiv'd an hofpitablc treat :

" A decent chamber for him weprcpar'd ;

" And he, the gen'rous l.ibor to leward,

" Honors in court ircamp to us propos'd j

•' Which 1 tcfus'd, and thus my mind difcloi'd :

•' Heav'n's king has plac'd us in a firtik- land,

•' Where he fliow'rs down h:s gifts with copious lianJ

" Already we enjoy a fluent (lure,

" Why mould we be folicitoiis for more ?

" All blelTiiigs hut a child hath heav'n fupjjly'd,

•' And only that ih' Almighty hasdeny'd.

•• Which when ihcholv prcrcimt fage had heard,

" He laid '■

-Hail, gen'rous foul ! thy pinus cares

" Aie not forgot, nor fruitlefs ate thy prayers j
" Propitious heav'n, thy virtuous deed.^ to crown,
" Shali make thy barren wonih cinccivca fon.
" So fpake the Stcr ; and to <on;]ili'at my joy,
*' As he had fpokc, 1 bore the proiiii^'d hoy.
" But pliafurcs ate impcrftct hire below,
" Our Iwceteft jo\s arc ini.x'd with bitter woe.
" Ere twice four years were ineafuiM by my fon,
" So loon, alas' tliegreati.lt bK fling's i^nne.
*' The glowing mle was quickly leeii to faile,
" At onie bis beauty, and his liledeea\'d :
" The beauteous ihildby death Hill \uni)uifli'd lay,
" Still death intuited o'er the beauteous prey ;
" Till to the houfc the facred Seer w.is come,
*' And with fiiperiial pciw'r approach'd the nioin.
•* By the dead child, awhile he penfuc Hood,
" Then from the chamber put the niouining crowd :
" That done, to C>.<d he niadt his aident pray'r,
" And breath'd upon the child with vital air.
" And now the foul relumci her piiltine leat,
" And now the heart again begins to beat ;
" F.ife's purple curniit <i'cr the body fpreads,
•• While dcuth, rcpuli'd, ingloiiouily tccedcs."

Endor, mentioned in I Samuel, xxiiil. as a place of
rcfidencc of a witch, or woman who had a familiar
fpirit, to whom Saul applied to laife the Ipirit ni Sa-
muel, was fi'iiated on the welt of the river Jordan.
Both Saint Jeroin and Eufebiiis inform us, that in their
days there was a conlidcrable town of that name at
about four miles to the fouthw.iid of mount labor.
The circumllancc of Samuel's appearance to Saul, was
certainly fupernatural, and permitted by (iod lor the
wililf purpofes ; ami upon a molt fingular occafion.
Neverthelefs we fhould be cautious of draining fo rc-
mari<able a text, to favour the fuperflitious notion of the
power of witches, wizards, &c. and of the frequent
appearance of apparitions upon the molt trivi.il occasions.
A learned divine, on occalion of repealing the ait of
parliament relative to witches, witchcraft, *ic. in the
year i;30, preached a firmon on the text in i Samuel,
.xxviii. 6, 7. in which he very humanely and juflly ob-
('erves, that the vulgar notions concerning witchciaft,
and the affair of the witch of Endor, eilcntiilly differ;
and continues thus, " A magician in its belt fcnfeis a wife
man, or wile woman ; and this ib alio the proper mean-
ing of witch, ami wi/ard, or rather wifard, that IS, wit-ch
and wil-ard, in our own language, being both derived
Irjm the old verb to wit or wilt, t)i-t is, to know or un-
derltand j and do therefore imply no more than a know-
ing or iinderllaniling perfon ; confcqutnlly witchcraft
is the hidden art ot myftcrious practice of fuch a perfon ;
and thcfc words, I believe, were never ufed in a had fig-
nificatioii, till they were apprnpri.itcd fo fuch perfons as
preten.led to know more than they really did, and by
that moans impofed upon the ignorance and wcaknefs of
others f r the fake of gain; this men did by various
arts, wliu h were therefore called magical, that is crafty,
("ubtil, myltctiouj contrivances, in older to amaze the
(K'ople, and to make them belicveftungetliingsof theni.

SYSTEM OF CIEOGRAPIIV,

as if they could work wonders, and prediifl ftian'^;
things: (ometiines by the Itars, and then they were call-
ed altrologcis ; fometiines by conlulting the entraiLs of
famStitied bcalls, and the flying or feeding of birds, and
then they were called augurs or foothfajeis ; fomctimej
by charms, that is by verles, Ijcils, or love potions,
and then they were called "nchanters ; fometimes by
throwing of dice, di.iwiiig lots, or fleight of hand
tricks, and then they were called fuicereis ; and fome-
times by prcteiiuiiij; to raile the dead, and to coiiverle
ivith them, and then ti.ey were called necromancers:
but micician was a conimon naii.c to all ihele j and fo
feein the kr pt.re uiieh or wiz.iid to have been, which
arc of the fame import : but witehcralt now is feldoin
or ne>er alciihed 10 wile or knowing people j but to
poor dcfpicable igiiorant cieatuies, who have neiti-,.r
lenfe enough todileiid thenifelvcs, nor cuiiiiini' to ini-
pule <iii others. It is not lo much as pretended that they
forciel any tiling, or ever iiiakt theiiileUes famous, <,r
grow rich and gicat by the art of niaoic; it is a nicrc
relick of popery luiik deep into the n.inds of the i"no-
r.int and credulous, from which they are net yet | iir'ed.
In that riligion they have ptculiar officer- called ex'irci(l.<
to call out the devil, not only for the fpiritual "ood of
the pdflefleil, but for their own tcmpural adtaiiiagc ■
and thereloic it is no wonder if ( n thi.ie'dn\s) tlioy
lilled the world with lpir:ts, and Icril id made them as
lamiliar as they could do. It is in, .erty ,ind nalli-

ncls that makes a witeb, nor a^;c nor wrinkles, nor vet
a revengelul eye or mails lOll^ ;-iigue j bu' it is ciatt
and cunning ai d im|'o(liMe, jr t on l;K.t 10 m.ike a pri>lit
ot, and piaclikd to the deiiM.eiitot truth and relipion."
Indeed, lo tar hack as the rei|;ii ot queen Elizibctli,
the liaiids and iinpollurts of pietcndeil loniiiie-tellers and
diviners were fo well known, that an aiJt of jiarliamcnt
was palled concerning the 11, which contained the fol-
lowing words, " I'urtlier it is inac'cd, that if any per-
fon by wichcialt 1 r duinatt( n ptetcnds to difcovirany
hidden tre.fures of gold 01 lihcr, to tell where ihiii'j
lolt or llulen may be found, to excite any unlawful
artection, or to prejudice .my body in perfon or goods,
he fhall fuflVr a yeai'.- imp ilonme: t, and lland once a
quarter in the pillory for the firlt ott'encc, and for the
lecond forfeit all his gooils and chattels, and luftcr im-
prifonmcnt during lile. " Viile 5 C^ Kl./, c. lO.

A polite nio.tein wiiter h ith oliK rved, that it is re-
markahle h'.w iiii.eh the belief o( apparitions has leslt
ground wiihiii the lalt bl'ty yeais ; which he very iullly
.ilcribes to the general encicfeof knowledge, and con-
fequent de.ay 01 luperliiiioii. »' A belief of this kind,"
lays he, " might fpread in the days of popidi iiifatuat on ;
a beliel as muih fiipporied by ignoranee, as the ; hoHs
themlelves were iiidebteil ;o ni;_>ht." C)ne eil the princi-
pal arguments that hith been urg.-din favour of vilionary
appearances, is " tha' il there had been n>i real, there
could have been no counteif, it (hilling." But this the
fame author cM'erves is ,1 pucj of (o, hiltry ; fur the
fimile of the true (hilling inuK rlludc to the livin-'
perfon, and the coiinteilti: icfembl.-.nee 10 the- polt-
humous figure of him th..t cither ftrikes oir ("cnles or
our imagination.

There is another caufc, which in our opinion, hath
kept up the nitalu.itnn, I nee tlie iinie 01 the rcfoima-
tion. As our thoughts upon the fubjea aienuv.-l, they
may be agieeahle j and as thev are lnundeil upon ex-
perience, we hope they ate juH ; we mr-an the number
ol apparitions and phantaims tailed by di imalic writers-
for the pniieipal ideas eil the yulgar, lelative to ;;holl»
and apparitions, arediawn fiom what they have leenor
heard in the play-houlc ; and the brilliant eHulioiis e.f a
poet's fancy have olten woikt.i upon 4 weak mind (o
far as to m.-ike it imagine an ideal lunjecl a real objfe't.
We have no douht but the following liiiei have railed
innumerable vif'ionary fears :

" Be thnu a fpirit of health, or gnblin damn'd ?

" Hung witli thee airs tioin heave, 1 <it blaltj fioni hdl !

" Be thy intents wicked or eliutitahle >

" Thou corned in lueh a queilionable (lianr,

'« That I will (peak lo thee. Oh I anfwcr'me ;

" Let me lift burlt in igiiorinee, but tell

Whv

ASIA.]

TURKEY.

»*5

«< Why thy canonia'd bones, hears'd in earth,

•' H<ive burft their cearniciit'> > Why the fepuichre,

M Wherein wc faw thoe quietly intcrr'd,

" Has op'd it» ponderous and marble jaws,

•• To give thee up .-igain ? What may this menn,

" That thou, dear corfc, again in complete ftcfl,

" Rcvilit'll thus the glinipfes of the moon,

>< Making night hideous, and us fools of nature

•' So horribly to fliakc our dilpofition

" With thoughts beyond the reaches of our fouls ?"

Shakespearb's Hamlet.

The following lines m doubt have fupplied the
timorous with many tremendous ideas :

«' A f|iifit's force is wondetful.

" At whofe app.o.ch, when llaiting from his dungeon,
»• The earth will fhake, and the old ocean liroan j
" Rocks are n'niov'd, and trees are conjiii'd Uown,
«' And walls of brals and i;atc3 of adannnt,
" Are pafTablc us air, and tloct like winds."

Lee's Oedipus.

The poets have, however, made ample amends for
what they luay have contributed towards the continuance
of a belief of the freijuent appearance of apparitions,
by the ridicule they have tu pointedly and juftly thrown
upon allrologers and fortunc-t>.llers : Sir Samuel Uarth,
in defcribuig oDk ot° thefe pi.lb of focicty, fayi,

" An inner foom receives the num'rous flioals,
" Of fuch as pay to be reputed fools ;
" The fage in velvet chair here lolls at eafe,
*' To promife future health for present fees ;
«' Then as from Tripod folcmn Ihams reveals,
" And what the liars know nothing of foretels."

But perhaps the mod (Ktinted Mid humorous pic-
ture of thefe impollors ij jviiued by the ingenious
author of Hudibraj in ibe following lines :

" They'll fi.arch a planet's houfe to know,

•' AVho broke and robb'd a houfe below i

" f'xaminc Venus and the moon

" Who tto!e a thimble, who a fpoon ;

*' And thi' thev nothing will conftis,

«' Yet by ihcir very liV)l<i can ;;uef«,

•' And tell wiiat guilty iCpcA bojes,

•' Who llole, and who rcceiv'd the gooJs j

•' They feel the piilics ot llie Itars,

" To hnd out agues, coughs, catarrhs j

" What gains or lofes, hangs, or laves,

" What makes men gieat, whnt fiiols, what knaves;

" Bat not what will-, for but of thole,

" The liars they lay cannot dilpol'e.

Again of one in particular :

" He with thp moon was more familiar

" riian e'er was almanack well-willcr:

" llor fecrets underllood I'o clear,

" That foine belicv'd he had been there |

" lie made an inltrunient to know

** If the niuoM Ihonc at full or no.

'I'hf other half tribe of Maiufl'eh had Ill'achar on the
noiih, bphraini on the Ioik'.i, the Mcdiicrranean on
lilt' well, and the Jordan on the cafV. It was a beau-
till, I country, Kncly diverfitied with mountains, valli^6,
Uwns, fpring«, &e. The inoftconfiderablo place was
Hcthliin or Bcthllian, lituated on the well of Jordan
anil tile fi-ulh coaft of the fea of Cialilee : it wai con-
lid<.rable in the lime of St. Jerom and Kufrbius ;
thr Jcwf. called it Bctlifan, and tlic Greeks, Sythopolis,
.V It is likrwilie named in the Icriptures ) the Turks,
however, call il F.lbv/an.

Another remarkaiile place is Salem, or Solyma, as
Jolrphus calls ii, and which is likcwifc called fo hv
iMr. Pop«, who, in his invocation at the beginning ot
that beautiful poem, the Mefliah, fays,

*' Ye nymphs of Sotyma Iwgin the fong,
" To lienv'nly tliemes I'ublinKi ftraini btlong.
II

No traces at prefbnt are left of any of the other
towns, and nothing worth relating is recorded of thoic
ancient fituation.

The lot of the tribe of Ephraim, afterwards k:iown
by the name of Samaria, had the Jon'an on the eafl,
the Mediterranean on the weft, the tribe of Benjamin
on the fouth, and the half tribe of ManaiTeh on tlM
north ; it was here that the rupture between the king>
doma of Ifracl and Judah originated : the principal
places were,

Sichem or Secheni, Hnce Neopolis, once conTiderable,
being a city of refuge, and after the dellru£tion of
Samaria, the capital of the revolted kingdom ; on tlis
place where it ftood there is at prefcnt a town knowa
by the name of Naplofa or Naploufe, between the
mounts Ebal and Gerizim. It is the feat of a Turlufll
fangiac, and capital of a territory confiiliiig of lOO
villages. Mr. Maundrell informs us it is .'n a poor con-
dition, compared with what its ancient ruins (hew it
to have been, conlilling cl r^nly tw>^ llrcets lying paral-
lel under (jerizim, but well butit and full of people.

Arimathca, or Ramah in Hebrew, A'hich fij?nif:: m
hi|;h place, was the placeof the proplitt Saniu'.l's nativ.ty.

Samaria, anciently Someron, tro.i the inountwiiis on
which it was built, but now Stb.ifl-, was th.' capital of
the revolted kingdom, and raifed b/ its nionarchj to
^rcat fplendor ; it was dellroycd by tic All'yrians, but
Herod rebuilt it, and enibcllijhrd it with many niaf,-
nificent ediliccs, of wlii^h there are thll fome remains,
particulailv a large fquare pi.;/.za cncompified witli
niaibic pillars, foinc Itiuiding, o'licr: lying ; the Irag-
ments of fome (Irong walls, ai.d the church built by
the emprefs lid na nvtr ilic plac. where John the Bap-
tift was beheaded, or as icnie fay, barlcd. The remains
of this church a:c (iivicitl into two par.s, or.e of which
belongs to the C'hrift ms and oii' lo the i uiks ; the
latter divifion is |.av',-,. w:tii maibU', am^ has a chapel
underground, to winch 'icre aio 23 Heps to defccnd ;
there are three tomb. n. it, where it is affirmed the
Baptifl-, Kllflia and Obadiah ar biiried. The Turks
likewife fay, that it was In this chapel Saint John
was imprifoiicJ and beheaded ; for a trifle of money
they let Chrillians down to fee the tombs, or rather to
peep at them through fome openings In the wall. Not
far from thefe ruins Jacob's VVell is (hewn, where
Chrlll held the conferei.ce with the Samaritan woman }
It Is coveicd by a flune vault, and thofc who arc de-
firous of (ceing It are obliged to be let down through
a narrow hole, when they may difcovcr the mouth of
It : it is hewn out of the folld rock, is three yards in
diametrt-, and 35 in depth, five of which arc filled
with water.

Shiloh, or Slo, was celcbi.itcd for the tabernacle In
which the ark was kept, till juft before the death of
Ell, vide I Sam, iv. 3. ^c. at prcfent there is nothing
remaining of it.

Judca, properly fo called, contained th.; tribes of
Benjamin, Judah, Dan, and Simeon, and lay to the
fouthward of the whole country.

The lot of the tribe of Benjamin had Samaria on
the north, Jordan on the eaft, and Dan on the welt :
the principal places are.

The jullly-famed city of Jerufalem, the capital of
Judca, the regal fe.it of the Jewlfh moiiarchs, and the
center of the Jewllh religion. In Its moll flouriOiliig
Hale, this city was divided Into four dllliniht parts, e.ach
being inclofed by its own walls, viz. 1. The old city
of Jcbus, which Hood on Mount Zion, or Slon, where
the prophets dwelt, and where king David built a lu-
pcrh palace, which became the relidcncc both of him-
(elf and his fuccellbra ; on which account it was called
the City or David, t. The Lower City, or the
Daughter of /Ion, To called on account uf Its having
been built fubfequent to the other. In this divifuin
Itoiid the two magnificent palaces which Sulomon
built for himfelf and his quven 1 the tine piib.c of
the Maccabean princes ; the noi Ic amphitheatre creeled
by Herod, which was fald to be capable o| containing
80,000 fpciSlators : the citadel built by Antlochus,
which was dellroycd by Simon the Maccabec ; and tht
fecund citadel called Antnnia, which was crci^ted by
I i Hered

t [' • : i-H

,.' I»

', i)|

it'-

126

A XEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OK CEOCiR APIIV.

' I

Herod Upon n craguy rock. 3. Tlie New City, princi-
pally inhabited by nicrcliaiits, artifictr';, mechanics, &c.
and 4. Mouiu Miri.ili, oii wliitli tlic timplc of Solo-
mon wa^ built, ol wliicb an ample ildViiiuion is given
in the 6th and 7th elupicrs of the full bonk of Iviiigs.

JerufaKin is ;it prrkiit about ihrct- niilrr. in circum-
ference, ami lies in .;i dig. 51-1 m n. nnuh l.it. and 3b
dr?, call long, bciii;; litiiatcd on a rocky mountain.
Dr. Shaw fays, " The hills which (land about Jcrufa-
leni make it appear t» be (itu.ilcil, as it were, in an
amphitheatre, whole arena incliiu'th to the eallward.
Wc have no wlicrc, as I know ol, .\iiy dillinc't \iew of
it: that from the Mount of Olives, which is the leaft,
and perh.ips the farthcft, ii nolwilhflaniling at fo fmali
a dilhmcc, that when our Saviour was there, he might
be I .id, al 1 oil in ,-. literal fejilc, " to have wept over it."
There arc vrij lew rtma'iis of the city, cither as it was
ill our S,-!vioi!r's time, or as it was alt rwarJs rebuilt
by Hadrian, Icrircc one ilonc beiii^ l< It upon another ;
even the very fitiiation is altered ; li'i Mount Sion, the
moft eminent part of the Old JiruLjcm, is now exclud-
ed, anJ its (litche.s filled up ; vvbillt the places adjoiniii;
to .Mount Calvary, \<heie Chnit is faid to hj\c luftcred
without the gate, arc now aln ofl in the center of the
ritv." With rcfi>eJl to its pieUnt Hate, the Turks call
it Cuclfcnibarii- : it is thinly inliabitcJ i the walls arc
wc.ik, and without ballions ; the ilitch inconfidcrable ;
the i;ates are fix in number, \i/,. DaiHalius, St. Ste-
phen's, Herod's, Stcrtjuilina, IktliklKni, and Mount
Sion gate; bcfide the Cjoldm ( iate, whih is (hut up,
on accoinit of a prophecy which the 'links h.n c air.onj!
them, that by tliat .,'ne the Chrillians arc to take Jeru-
fa'cm. The llreets arc narrow, and the houlet mean.
Piljirims and travellers, who flack from all parts eithei
tiiruugh deiotion or out of curioiily, arc the principal
fupport of the ctv. A 'Turkifli b.ida refides hire, to
keep i^ood ordir, collect the Cirand ,S' ignior's icvi iiues,
and proic.-t the pilgrims tri;ni the inlults of the Arabs.

No Kuropciii Chridian is puinitud to enter the city
till the rcquilltc duties arc dilch.ir^rd ; nor can a (franger
faltlv llav here, willmut being upon jood terms with
the I. aim lathers.

'The pilgrims principal obji t is the church of the
Holy Sepulchre, Htuatcd upon .Mount CaKar\'. It is
100 paces in Icng. , and ho in breadth: the woikmen
were obliucd to reduce the hill 10 a plain area, in ouhr
to lay the foundation; but griat piccaution was u:ed
not to alttr any part of it, whciciiir Saviour's I'aflion
was concerned. 'I'hc Icenc of th' Criicilixion is left
entiic, Icit)'.' about 17. yards Iqtiarc, and Itands at this
da\ fo much higher than the lloor ot the clvirch, that
it IS aliMuled to by 21 ileps. 'The HnK h.piilchie,
which svas ori'.;in.>ll\ a cave hewn out in the bottom ol
the rock, may be ikiw compared to a giotto lljiuling
above ground, and hiving the rock cut away, and le-
velled ill round. Jhe walls ot the church of the
Holy S' piilchrc are o( Ilonc, i.nd tlic roof ot cedar ;
the call end inci ifcs Mount Cilvary, and the wcif the
Holy Sepulchre; the former is covered v.ith a l'u|eil)
cupola, liipportcd by 16 large tolunir.s, .ml open at
top. Over the alt. r there is another line dome ; the
na e conl!iti,tcs the I hoir, and thj ilUs ol the chinch
contain the molt remarkable places wheie the ciicum-
llinccs of our Saviour';. I'allion were tia. (acted, toje-
thir wih til'' tomb-, of Godfrey and HaKlwln, the two
full ChiilT.n kings of Jeruf.ilcm. In the chuich of
the Crticitlx.on, the hcile is niev.n in winch it is faid
the crols was lixcd. 'i he altar has thirc crolils richly
aJoiiied on It, particularly with four lamps i( imnienle
v.due, which aie k( pi conllantly boiiiinjr. i he cloiHer
round the fV'iHilcliic i- ui\idtd into fiiiuliy chapels. 'I'he
J.atiii', who l,.kc cae of the cliiitih, ha\e apartments
on the north well lii'e, but llicy arc never luHered to go
out, the 'Turks keeping the keys, and furnilhuig them
v.iih pioi ifioiis tlirougli a wicket. Some ginnd ccrc-
iii'iiies aic pnl'oinicd at l-aller, rcpicleiiiing t'hrifl's
pi'Dioii, (rucilixion, death, an. I iilurrdioii, of which
taki the follow iin: aithcntic .iccuunt :

At dufk the I il^iims and iiionks meet in the chapel
nf t 1: apparition ; the Iii;hts aie t .xtiiiguilhed, and a
letn:uli pleached by one of the L.tiii pialisi then c.ch

being furnifhed with a lighted taper, all walk in pr.v.
ccfliun round the i hurcli. They Hop (liil at the I'llin
of Flagellation, where a hymn m fung, and a ft.rnii)!i
preached : thence they proceed to t.ic Chapel of tin-
Prilbn, to hear anothci hymn and another ttriiion : at
the chapel of the Dn 1(1011 ol the (.iainient, to which
thev go ne.\t, a hymn is lung, but no Icrnion prcaihed.
I'hey then proceed to the Chapel of Derilion, tde uliar
of which is fupporttd by two pillars, ami uiideiiuath
is a piece of greyifti marble, on which lliiy lav the f .!-
dicra placed Chrilf, when they downed liii.i wiili thoiii ,
ami iiiooked' him, laying, " H.iil, king if the Jews'"
Here a ferinon is preached, and a fourth hymn is fun^'.
Thev next enter another chapel, parted from the f rn er
only by a curtain, and advancing tn the call cnJ, c< 11.;
to the vtiy (pot on which our Rcileeincr was crucilied.
This chapel is coveied all o'cr with Mofaic work; and
in the middle of the pavement, are fome marble Hones
ol leveral colouis, dcltgiicd to fliew the very pi. ice
wheie our Loid'a blood fell, when his hands .;iul icet
«cie pieiced : it is adorned with 13 lairp.s, and a caii-
dlelTck with 12 br.mches. An hymn is here lung, and
a (Irmon preached on fomc text relative to the palliun :
then two friars, who pcrliinate Joleph of Arimathea
and Nicoilemus, come with great lolemnitv fo the crofs,
and take down the image that reftnihlcs Chiift, \\hich
th?y put in a winding flieet, carr;, it to the Hone ol
uiK'iion, and fing an h\rnn over it : a fctnion is then
preached in Arabic, and thus the ceremonials concludi-.

On .Mount Muriah, in the fouth part of the cit/,
(lands the cdihcc called Solomon's Temple, which u
fitu.ttcd upon tht fame fpot as the anc:.-nt temple ; but
It is unr-r'^iii by wb< m it was ercLlcd. The middle
jiart, where the Jewifh Sandum Sanclorun; was fup-
pol'ed to ha»e ftood, is converted into a Turkifli
inolipic.

It is to be (ibfervcd, th.it the Tuikidi fam' ac who
govern' this citv, rcp.les in the very botife whc.-c Pon-
tius I'llaie is liippoCed to have foin.cily lived. The
principal p.'rt of the chu'che hnve been convcrtcJ into
mofijius. The I'ticHs and other Chii(ii;ns a-c kept mi-
fir.ibly poor by the tyrnny of the govcrnnunt, ai.d
have Ic.iice any fubfiifance but v/hat thev procure by
accomn od:iting llrangcrs with fooj and io.'gin'i, and
felling them rilicks. In the neighbourhco 1 of /eriifa-
leni, the 11, oH remarkalde antiquiiies are,

The |)o, I, of Uethelda and tiihon ; the former ik
130 paics long, 40 broad, and tight deep: it is at pic-
fent dry, and the arches d.immed up ; but Oihon, which
is al"nit a i]uait<r of a mile fioni Hethlchcm gate, i? a
m:i,;iii(uer,t relick, lc6 paces long, 60 broad, lined with
a wall and plai(li-r, and Kill well (ioied wi'h wa:tr.

The toir.b (.f the Vir-in .Mary, in the valley of Je-
hofliiph.it, has a c'tfcent to it bv a flight of 47 magni-
("cciit iteps. On the rijjht hind is the fcpulchre of St.
Anne, the mother of the Hlelli^d Virgin; and on tl,.-
kit hand is th.it of Jolvjh her hulbaiid j the whole i,
cut into the (olid rock,

.Ablaloiii's pillar or place, which it is faid was erciTI-
ed by tli.it pi nice, in or.Irr to perpetuate his mernorv,
as he h.d no mile iilu', lelciiiblcs a fepulcTiic,
ihou;'h It i'- not kn iwn th.it h'- was buried there.
I hire IS a : reat heip of llones about it, w' ich are al-
ways incrcadiig j for all Jews and links, who pal's bv
it, make a point of tlirowaig a Hone < ach upon the
heap, as a tiken of abhoneiice to Ablalmn for his tin-
natiii.il rebellion agiiiill his father. Th- ftru.!fure it-
(ell is 20 cub.ts (i)U.ire, ;iiiil 6c high, adorned btlow
with four c dumns of the Ionic order. Tioin the hei.-ht
of 20 to 40 cubits it glows lel>, and is plain, a (iii.ill
fillet at the upper end ixicpted : from thence to ilie top
it IS clrcul.r, and runs up fpnally to a point, the whole
beinjj; cut out of a lolid rock: th'ic is a room wtthin
confidciably higher than the level ol the ground with-
out, on the hUcs of which aic iiiihes, probably to re-
ceive coffins.

'To the eallward of the above is the tomb of /echa-
liah, the foil of Uatachiah, whom the Jews flew be-
twerii the temple ;in I tin- altai, as it is c3niuloi;:v fup-
pofcd. It IS cut oiit ol itu loik, ih (ect hi^h, as miny
(iiuaie, and aduiiicd with lui.ic columns i;n e.icli fro it,

cut

rut
the 1

trill, loi
liai in ' 1

ASIA.]

T U R. K E Y.

rut out ot the fame rock, and fupporiing a cornice :
the whole cnd^ in » pointed lop like ,t diamuiiJ,

The iDyal Icpulchrts without the walls of Jerufa-
Icin are fume of ihc troll eUbor<ite, curious, and mag-
nificent antique remains that imagination can conceive.
Dy whom tliey were built is uncertain, but they confitt
ot a grc It number of apartments, molt of which arc fpa-
cioii'i, all cut out of the marble rock.

Near Jciiifalem is a fpi>t of ground, of 30 yards long,
.inil 52 bruui, which is now the burial place of the
Armtni.ms. It wai formerly the accldama, field of
blood, or potter's lid J, purchafed with the pi ice of
JuJas's iiealoii, as a pl.icc of interment for ftrangers.
It is w.dkd round, to prevent the Turks from abufing
the hones of the Chrilliuns; but one half of it is oc-
cupied bv a ehamcl houfc.

At Ikthanv, wliieli Hood in the road between Jcrn-
falem and Jericho, the remains of an old callle are
fhewn, which it is airirnied belonged formerly to La-
7,.irub : there is a dclcent ot 25 Heps to the room where
he was laid, and the tomb out of which he was raifed.

Jeiicho is reduced from a magnificent city to a little
mean village, without any .tlligcs of its former fplen-
dor, except fomc grand arches of an old conduit. It
is about 23 miles from Jerulalem, and was remarkable
for being the firll city invaded by the Ifraclites after
ineir palVa^'c over Jordan, when it w.is taken by tlie
fingiil ir fall of its w.dls.

I'hc lot of the tribe of Judah was bounded on the
fouth by the mountains ot Edom ; on the north by
I'lenjamin 1 on the ead by the Dead Sea ; and on the
wtlt bv the Mediterranean. This was the molt fertile,
populous, and largelt of all the 12 lots, but at prefeni
there arc no renjains of any places which it might for-
merly cont. n, except

liithleheni, the place of Jisl'S Christ's nativity ;
and ilurefure tiic moll woilhy to be held in ellccm by all
niniikiiul, for the bliirniijs biou^ht by the Redeemer,
ai;reeable to the piophecy of Ifaiah; which prophecy is
thus paraphrafed by iVIr. Pope :

" Wrapt into future times, the bard begun j

" A viigin fhall conceive, a virgin bear a Ion.

" l-'ioni JetR's root behold a branch arile,

" \Vholc facrcd flower witli tVa^jrance fills the (kics :

" I'h' ethereal fpirit o'er tlie leaves Iha " move,

" And on iis topdifcend the myllic dove.

" Ve Heavens from higli the dewy nectar pour,

" And ill loft filence ftied the kindly fliow'r ;

" I'he fickand weak the healing plant lliall aid,

" i'lom Itorms a flielter, and Iroin heat a (hade:

" 1 ruth o'er the world her olive branch exiciul,

" And white- rcib'd innocesai tiom heav'n delcind.

" S.vift liy the yeuis, ami rife the cxpectid morn ;

" O Ipiiii'T 10 li^ht I aulj/iciouj babe be born.

" Haik, a^l.idvoice the loiiil) defait cheats ^

" I'repaie the v.iy, a Ciod, a Cod appeal* !

" A (i, .!— a God th.- vocal hills leply ;

" The lock* pioclaim ih' approaching deity :

" I.o ! caith receives him iVoni tlie bending Ikies ;

" Sink down ye n.ount.nns, ai.d ve vallie> iile :

" \\ ith heads reelin'd, ye re.iars, h.iin.ig? pay ;

*' lie liiiooth ye rocks, ye r.ijiid h.ods give wav :

" I he SaMour comes, by ancient bards foretold ;

" He.ir him yc deaf, and all )c blind beliold.

" lie froi.i thick films (liall purge tiic vilual ray,

" And on the lightlef-. eye-balls pour the day ;

" ' lis licth' oblli acted paths ot louiu! Ihall clear,

" And bid new muric ch..im the ur.tolding ear.

" The dumb fli.ill fing, the l.ime his ciuieti l\,rego,

" And leap exultini;, like the bounding roc :

" No figh, no inurmer the lad world Ihall hear,

" Fioni tv'iyeye, he wipes oil' ev'iy teai:.

" In .idam.iiHine chains Hull death be bound,

" And hell's grim tyrant feci th' eternal wound.

This city is dilLtnt between fix and fcven n\ile5 from
Jcrufilem, 10 the fouth weft in the way to Hebron : it
lis ill iioith lat. 31 deg. 35 mill, and in 65 de^. 50
irin. long. Aiuiemly i| was called the City ot UjviJ,
ha\ in^ been the bulh.i^>Iacu of the 10^ al pfalnuit. It w.ts

127

otherwife called Ephr«th or Ephratah : fee Gcncfis xxxv.
19. h was originally built by the Jefubites. and both
Jerom and Kufebius aflurc us, that the monument of
Jetl'c, the father of David, was here fhewn in their
time. Bethlehem is feated on a pleafant hill, in a fine
fertile plain, and enjoys a 11 oft excellent air. It contains
a convent of the Latins, another of the Creeks, and
another of the Armenians, and is annually retorted to by
a great number of pilgrims and travellers. All the con-
vents have doors which open into the chupi! of the
holy manger : for the place where the blefied redeemer
was born, and the manger in which he w.is laid, are
(hewn to this day. The manger is adoincd with three
pillars, one in the middle, and the others at the ends ;
in the angle, a ilep lower, arc two other fmall pillars of
an equal bignefs, between which there is a marbl'; manger
big enough to hold a new born infant ; and oppofite to
it IS a Hone, whereon ihe Blefl'ed Virgin lat when the
wile men came to adore the heavenly infant : the whole
i. become entirely black through time. At the dillancc
ol about 40 yards from one of the convents, there is a
giot hollowed in a chalky rock, where tiadition fays
the BlclUd Virgin hid hcrfelf and her divine b.,be from
the malice of Herod, fome time picvious to her dipar-
turc into Egypt: cattwaid, at the dill nee of about half a
mile, thcp^lg; s arc fiiewn the field where the ftiepherdj
were watching their flocks when they rtceiitd ihe glad
tidings of the birth of a blelU-d Redeemer. The ma.-ni-
hcent church built over the grot where the divine inTaiit
was born, is one of the moll luperb in the call, being
divided into five ides, firmed by four rows ot elegant
maiblc pillais, to the amount of 40 in nmi.ber, that is,
ten in a row; befidcs ihtfe, 10 more (upport the whole
choir, which is incloled by a wa 1 ; the pavement is
bcautilul, and the cedar roof proportionably nit;h. The
noble portico by which you enter the church, is fup-
ported by 16 handfome marble pillars ; thcchuir, which
is covered by a noble cupola, terminates in a femicir-
cle that contains the ..lur : not far from which are two
marble llair-cafes, confilting of i j (teps each ; by one of
thcfe the pilgrims defccnd to he chapel of the nativitv,
where there isan altar under i concave with a reprefeii-
tatiouofthe nativity, the wl de being illuminated bv
lamps continually kept burning. This magnificen't
edifice was built by the pious emprefs Helena, in com-
memoration of the birth of Chi ill. At a fmall dillance
to the fouthward nf licthlchcm, the fanous foun-
tains, pools, and gardens of Solomon are (hewn. 1 lis
pools arc three 111 number, lying in a row, and Co dif-
poled, that the waters of the uppermoll fall into the fc-
cond, and thole of the li:cond into the third. They
arc of a quadrangular figure, equal in breadth, but..!-
fering in len-tli ; the breadth of each being 45,1 fccf
but the length of the firft is 800 feet, of the fvond
icoo feet, and of the thud 1100 feet: tiiey are very
deep, and lined with a plaiftcrcd wall. Clofe to the
pools is a pleafant callle of a modern llruifl ire ; and at
about the diftancc of 700 feet is a fountain, irom which
,;. ., receive their waters. On the weltward of he city
■i. well of David is (hewn, lor the waters of wiiieh that
monarch fo paflionately longed, according (o the in-
fpiied writer, 2 Samuel, chapter xxiii. 14, c\c. " And
David was then 111 the hoid, jnd the garrilbn of the
I'hililtines was then in B tli'chcm , and David lon.cd,
and raid, () that one would give n)e drink of the water
of the well of Bctlilcl:,-tn, v^Sich is by the gate. And
three mighty men budte tlirou-h the hod of the
Philiftines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem,
that w'as by the gate." A.iout two furlon s from this
vve-ll, arc t'lc rcnuins of an old aqueduct, which an-
titntlycoi ved the waters of Solomon's pools to |e-
lul'aUm. ilclidcs the ibove-mentioiied chapels in Beth-
lehem, are the chapel of Saint Jofi ph, the hulband of
the holy virgn, the chapel of the innocents, thole of
Saint Jtron., Saint Paula, and Lull, ehium. It is pro-
|icr here to .difcrvc that Saint Jcrom was a learned and
edebratcd wiiterin the fourth ceniurv ; that Paula, and
huilochiiim hei daughter, were twoKoman ladies, in-
Itruclcd by S.nnt Jeiom in learning and piety. This
cckbraled city is, however, at prefeiit reduced to a mean
V illa-e, thinly inhabited by very poor people.

Hebron,

! I

li!.^

•;t» i«i'i

i :!P

V if

la»

A NEW COMPLETE SVSTEM OF GEOORAPin^

- r

^^:'

Hubron, the aiicienr Irat of David' bofora he rook Je-
r»l'alani, bathilong ttiic* bmii ruin«<l", near it ftaiida the
vill.ige called KIkahil, oiv a )ilca4iint hill that ovfrliwks a
moft delicious- valley. Kutnouj af its prefenc condition
is, it Hill contaiiM a Itandiomn ehurch, builr by the
emprefs Helena sver the Ibpulchrjl cave, where Abra-
ham and Saradf Ifaac, Jacob and i.oiih lie buried. The
Turks have fince turned thvchurchiiito a molque ; but
lurks, ChriDians, and ^ws, all regard it with equal
Mneratinn. This town is the capital of adilfrid, con
fifting of about 14 little villages, which the Turks call
1*10 Tetritory of iho Friends of God.

Bethznr, or Bethlbrai, formerly a very flrong fortrefs,
is fuppofiEd to hove ttooi) upon a craggy hill, 20 miles to
the fouthwnrd of Jerul.iltin, where there is now a vil-
hige named S.iint Philip ; from a tradition that it was at
a fountain near this place where Saint Philip baptized the
£unuch of Qiicen Candiwte.

Engaddi, a village on the tO|> of .1' rock near the Dead
Sea, about four miles taft of Tckoah, is famed for the
Ificat quantity of palms, and other odoriferous trees,
which grow on the moitntains above it. Among the
caverns of tbcl'c mountains, two are verv remarkable,
the one for beina the letrcat of Lot and his daughtcis
after the conflagration of Sodom ; and the other for be-
ing ti« cavern in which David (n <^neroufly fparcJ the
Kit of S.iul, comenting himtelf wuh only cutting off
Ihe flcirt of his garment.

The lot of Dan was bounded^ on the (btith (ly Simeon,
on the norih by Kphraim, on the cafl hv Judah and Hrn-
jsmin, and on the weft by the Philiilines country and
the Mediterranean j the length being 40 milea from
north to foutK, and the grcateft breadth not exceeding
it, miles. It abounded in all the neceffarics and luxuries
cf life ; and from hence the (^ies brought fuch noble
ipeclniens of its admirable fettility to the Ifraelitilh
camp.

The trihe of Simeon, which was bounded hy Dan
•n the north, by the river Trihor on the fouth, by Ju-
dah on the cafV, and a neck of land towards the Medi-
terranean on the welf, lay in the moft fouthern corner
of judea. This part was not fo fertile as the reft of the
land of Canaan, nor were the towns either many or
confidcrable, none dcferving any mention, even in an-
cient tinier, except Anthcdnn and Rhinocolura, which
are now poor ruined towns (landing on the fea coaff, and
liecrfheba, of which, in Gen, xxi. we learn that
Abraham havinsr entered into a folemn league of friend-
Olip with Abimeleclc, king of the Philiftines, to Cecure
bis property in a well againff the outrage of the I'hili-
ftines, who had taken fcvtn wells from him before, pre-
fcntcd the king with fevcn young (hcep, and entreated
him to accept of them as a token that he had dug fuch a
Hvell, and Ihotild thenceforth be permitted peaceably to
•njoy it ; upon which occafion the pl.ice was called Beer-
Shebi, or the Well of the Oath, becaufe of the eore-
nant made relative therero. Hence the city which was
ercited near it, in proccis of time, obtained the name of
fieerflicba.

A fmall part of the prefeni Paleftinc, fituated on the
coafl of the Mediterranean, and extending from the fea-
port of Jamnia to th« mouth of the river Be7.or, was
long fubjeft to the five lords of the I'hiliflines ; the prin-
cipal places were,

Afcalofl, which Is dwindled Into a very trifling ril-
tage, ftands on the Tea coaft, and was the native place
of Herod the Great, who was thence called Afcalonites.
It was an epifcopal fee fiom the earlieft ages of chrifli-
•iiily ', and during the holy wars had manv ftately edi-
fices remaining, which havs fince been all ruined by
the Turks and Saracens.

Gaza flands between two and three miles from the
IVIediterranean fea, and lies in 31 deg. 22 min. north
lat. and 15 deg. eafl Ion. It retains many monuments
of its priftine grandeur, and on all fides fome noble
remains of antiquity are to be fern, viz. fcveral rows
of ilately marble columns with all their ornaments en-
tire, magnificent fcpiilchres, monument!, &c. Among
their is one in particular furroundetl by a high wall,
which bclongv to a 'I'urklih family. Near the city
f^ands a round caltle, flinkcil with four fi^uires towers,

defended by two flrong iron g^tes and other works, of*,
polite to which is the feiaglio, where the bifl'a's wives
and attendants arc kept ; and a little above are the
remnants of an old Roman callle, the maKrial»of which
are fo firm that the hammer can make no iinprcilion on
them. The Greeks and Armenians h ■..■i each a c!li»rct»
here ; and near to that of ihi. -itfi. , ■ ■• inot )« (hewi^
where the temple (food whit'i oai ij 'on pfillcd dowrv
over his head, and delfroved at o.:. :'. ''.it ' : ' a p'CiC
number of Philiftines. The cittle 1. ",^ ."-fidence of a
lapgiac, who is (uppol'ed to have near 300 fmall vil-
lages or hamlets within his jurifdi(f<ion. At a 'Utio
diltance from the town, quite up to Egypt, the coiintri^
is inhabited by a race of wild Arab?, who ate continu-
ally roving about, not being fubjcit to any regular (jo-
vernment.

Mall'uina, or New Ga7.a, was the ancient fea-port to
the former, or Old (J.iza, and on th.it account only
was of note ; it (food about 10 miles fiom Afcalon, near
the mouth of the river Beioi : about it are ihU fome
antique remains, but whether they belong to New or
Old (i.iza is uncertain.

About three miles fouth from Ga?a, and two miles
from the fea, ft'ands a town named Lariflit j it is .it pre-
fent a poor mean place, defended by an old caIHe, and >
i;arrifon of 200 men j but was furmeily ctlefcr.ited as the
burial-place of Poinpey the Great, who was killed id
its neighbourhood.

At a little dilfance from the above flands RnpMa,
which is now (0 inconfiderahlc as fcarcc to deiervc men-
tioning J it was, however, a place of fome account iii
the time of the Maccabees.

Gath wa-i anciently the principal of the five capital
cities of the Philiilines, being the regal (cat ; but it
dwindled away fo early, that no vettiges of it arc nov*
remaining, and it is even iinreitain where it exaiSly
Ifoo-I. It was famed as the refidencc or the remnant of
the giant race, and w.i3 th" place of Goliah's nativity.

Lkron, or Ecron, was ihe noithermoft of all the five
cities which gave name to the five lordfhips of the Phili-
ilines; it was once a place of great wealth and power,
and frequently mentioned in the facred writings, but it
is dwindled to nothing, and not noticed by any profane
authors.

Afhdod, or Azotus, Which was fituated about la
miles to the north of Afcalon, bore an extraordinary
fame among the ancients. The fituation was inland,
;md the circumjacent country exceedingly fertile and
pleafant. It was formed for the temple of Dagon, where
was the grandelf and mod favoured god the Philiilines
had. To him they attributed the invention of agricul-
ture. Our immortal Milton thus dclcribes this pre-
tended deity ;

■ •• Next came one

" Who mourn'd in earneft, when the captive ark
*' Maim'd his brute image, head and hands lupt off
" In his own temple, on the grunfel edge,
" Where he fell flat, and (ham'd his worfhippcrsj
" Dagoti his name ; fea-mon(fer, upward man
" And downward fiftj, yet had hi* temple high
" Rear'd in Azotus ;"

Though fome controvert this opinion, and infiff that
the idol Dagon was reprrfented exaftly like a man, and
not like a monfler. This city, in the times of primi-
tive chriftianity, was an epifcopal fee, and was even a
fair village in the time cf St. Jerome, but -t prcfent no
traces of it are left.

Thus have we minutely defcribed the Hotv Land,
and amply dwelt upon many curious and rnterelting par-
ticulars ; but wc would carncftly recommend to out
readers to compare our geographical account of the va-
rious parts of Syria, with the piflages in which they ate
mentioned in the fjcred writings, when we have no
doubt but they will receive infinite fatlsfadfion from th«
cumparilon.

" Charm us, ye facred leave', with nobler themei,
'« With op'ning hcav'ns, and angeli r(.b'd m flames ;

y«

:r worki, o{».
* bifla'] wivn
ibove are tlie
iriaUol which

imprcilion on
each a c!ii>rc>»

• por (• Ihewii

p'illcJ (lowrv
'.it ' : ! a p'ot

."(ideiictf ot a
3C0 fmall vil.
. At a lutla
r, the coiintrv
[> ate cotitinu-
ny tegular go-

ent fea-port to
account only
Alcaloii, near
are IV\\\ f'ome

ig to New or

niid two mtles
a ; it is at pre-
1) Cifilc, and a
debr.ited as the
) was killed irt

ftands RapMa,
u drtcrvc meti-
jtne account in

he five capital
]| liat ; but it
of it arc now
herf it exaiSly
the rtmnaiit of
ih's tiativitv.
(t of all the live
p< of the Phili-
alih and power,
writings, but it
by any profane

latcd about la
1 extraordinary
nn was inland,
gly fertile mid
' Oauon, where
the Philillincs
on of agricul-
ribcs thiti prc-

ptive ark
dj lopt off

rlhippcrsi
d man
hrgh

and inlKf that
kc a man, and
tinifj of primi-
nd was even a
jt 't prcfent no

Holy Land,

nterelting par-
nmend to out
lunt of the va-

which they ate
n wc have no

dion from the

Icr thi-mes,
'd in fliines ;

y«

ASIA.]

M W rertlcl:. paflions, while we read, be aw'd t

" Hull, y-' niylltrioui oracles of God !

•• Here we b'.hold how infant time began,

•• H"W the dult muv'd, atid quickcn'd into man •,

" Hire, thro' the flow'ry walks of Eden rove,

«• Court the foft breeze, or tani;f the fpicy grove ;

» There tread on hallow 'd giouiid, where angels trod,

•' And rev'rcnd patriarchs talkM ns fncnds with Ciod ;

" t)t hear the voice to flumb'riiig prophets giv'n,

•• Or gaze on viilonj from the tliroiic of heav'n."

Uroome.

It would in this place be unpardonable to omit giv-
jp„ ihi- principal traits in the life of our Lord and Sa-
,iour Jesus Christ : a concife hillory of the Ulefl'ed
Kcdceniet fl>.<ll therefore be the fubjca of the cnfuing

fckiion.

G L C T XIX.

Tht Lift >f »'"■ ^I'jf'i ^"■'' "'"' Siivitur jEsui Christ.

TH E Temple of Janui • was ftiut ; the fceptic
had departed from Judah t i and the piophccy o(
Daniel was accomplilhcJ \. ; when (jod, out of his
cunipallion towards mankind, fent his fon into the
world, to take oft" that guilt of fin which defiled our na-
ture i and the great work of our falvation was thus
accompliflied.

In tiie time of Herod, God fent the angel Gabtiel to
a h"ly virgin, named Mary, who was efpouitd to Ji>-
fcpli at Nazareth, a city at Galilee, to itilorm her how
hiL'hly favoured ihe was ol God. The confuinmation
oltnarriage between Jofeph and Mary had not taken
place, as was the cullom not only among the Jews,
but with many nations of the call ; the parties being
often contracted in their infancy, but not permitted to
cohabit together, till after they had been icveral years
betrothed. Mary, however, conceived by means of the
Holy Spirit, and God lent nn angel to Jofeph, to con-
vince him of the challity of his fpoufc, and the divinity
of her fon.

During her pregnancy, (he travelled to Bethlehem
with her hufband Jofeph, in order to be taxed, agree-
able to a decree illued by Augultus Cxfar for a general
capitation tax. The city was fo crowded, that not be-
ing able to find any room in an inn, they were under
the ncceflity of retiring to a liable, where the Holy
Virgin humbly bowed her knees, and brought her firll-
born into the world at the expiration of nine months.
The conception being without fin, the produdion
was without pain, and notice was given to the woild
of the nativity of a Kedeemfr, by an angel and a
ftar. The angel appeared to the Jcwifli Ihephcrds, and
the liar was feen by the Magi, or wife men of the eaft.
At the expiration of eight days, the bleflcd infant was
citcumcifed ; and thus, by a tew drops, gave earnell ot
the abundance of blood which he was to fhed for the
purification of mankind.

Indue feafon the Holy Virgin prefcnted the Divine
Infant in the temple, and redeemed him, according to
the written law, with fi^e fliekcls, and a pair of tuitic
dons J lor Chriil liid not come into the world to ovir-
tuTii, but to fulfil the law. At this critical inftmt,

* Janus, the hril king of Italy, was deiScd at his dtaih,
a«'l liepiflcd willi two laces : the temple dedicnted to him
at lloiiie was alna)» kipi lliui in the lime of peace, and
(•|>i'n ill the time i^l wai. It was therefore lutuial that the
Saviour of MuikliiJ, who brought eternal peaie and f.ilva-
liim into the world, Ih.^uld be born in a time of general 11 an-
quillitv.

f jarob, on his deithbed, thu« prophffieih, Gen. \\h.
le. " Tlie fcepire frail not de|nirt troin Judah, nor a law-
giver from between his feet, until .Shiloh come; and unto
him fliall the gathering of the i>eo[ilc l*. " This prophecy
WIS acconiulilhed in the inoll literal manner j lor about the
nry time 111 which Chrift was born, the Romans drprivcd
the Jews of all regal authority, and appiiinled inagiltraies
ef their own to adminiiler jullice throughout all Syria.
Thus did the fiqitre depart fiom J'lJah, nor weic t>— Jew-
idi Uw-gi«ets liiHcred to retain any authority. The laiter
part of the prophecy wat equally arcompliflied ( for althuuKh
there are many lluuiilbing nations sf CbiiSians, the Jews
WC no langcr a people.
.. . « I»

TURKEY. 1*9

Simeon and Anna, two pious perfoni, entered the tern-
pie, being llimulated by a divine impulfe, when they
joined with great fervency in praifing (lod for having
fent a Redeemer into the world. Simeon, in particular,
begged to die, in the words of the ceh 'nated canticle
uled in the liturgy of the church, and takt.'a trim Luke
ii. 2q, " Lord, now lettcH thou thy fervant depart in
" peace, according to thy word ; for mine eyes have
'• feen thy falvation."

Herod being informed of the birth of the child, tried,
by many artifices, to get him into his power ; but Jo-
feph, being informed of his bloody intention, had the
precautiim to withdraw privately into Kgvpt with his
wife,and theholy infant,where they remained twelve years.
On their return, Jefus, though fo young, dilputed
with the moft learned dolors in the temple, and loon
after departed (ot Jordan, where he was baptized by
John ; when the heavens immediately opened, the Holy
Gholt defccnded upon him in the form of a dove, and a
voice was heard to pronounce thcfe words, " This is
my beloved fon, in whom I am well pleafed."

Jefus then remained in the wilderncl's 40 days, and
40 nights, '."ithout breaking his fail ; at the expiration
of which, the devil tempted him to eat bread of hit
own providing ; but J>.ri:? anfwered, " Man liveth not
by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from
rhe mouth of (jod." The tempter then rc(|uii«d a
di-monlliation of his being tiod, by perl'uading him to
ilirow hiiiilelf from the battlements of the temple. Fail-
ing likewile in this attempt, he took him to the top
of a high mountain, fhcwed him the glories of the
w»rld, and oftered them to him, if he would fall down
and worfhip him. This excited the indignation of
Jcfus to much, that he ordered him to depart.

Soon after he wrought Ins firft mir.icic at Cana
in Galilee ; he then cleanfcd the temple of merchants,
money-changers, &c. foretold his own refurreilion, and
convinced Nicodemus, a doiilor of law, of his divine
millinn.

He then travcrfed Judea with his difciplcs, baptized
great numbers, and repaired towards Galilee, where
John was in confinement for having, in one of his fer-
mons-, reprehended Herod for his inceftuous marriage
with his brother's wife. By the way he convcrfed with
the Ciood Samaritan, and rellored the dead child of a
nobleman to life.

He now travelled throughout Galilee, healinr all manner
of difeafes, reltoring the blind and lame to their fight
and linibs, cleanfing hpers, an<l doing all manner of be-
nevolent actions. Near the lake Genazercth, being
prcflcd by the crowd of people, he entered into Simon's
(hip, where he preached, and commanded the miracu-
lous draught of fifhcs.

At the pool of Bethcfda, he, on a Sabbath, cured a
poor paralytic man, who had been lame 38 yeats, bid-
ding him, '* Take up his bed and walk." I'he Jews
exclaimed againll the breach of the Sabbath, but our
Saviour loon convinced them, that a work of neceflity
ought to fuperfcde a ritual command.

Jefus loon after returned to Galilee, and cured a man
wholi: right hand was flirunk up, and withered. He
now feledted his twelve apolllei, to whom, and a great

X The prophet Daniel fays, chap. ix. 24. " Seventy weeks
are determined u(>on thy people. ' Veil'c 2;. " From the
going turth ol the commandment to rcltnrc and to tiuiUi |e*
rufalem unto the MclTiah the prince, fhali be I'eveii weekt ;
and threefeuie and two weeks, the lliecti fliall be built a ;ain,
and ihe wall even in troublous time:." Ver. j6. " And
after threefi ore and two weeks (hall McHiah be cut olt. but
Tint for himlelf ; and the people of ihe printe that Ihall come,
Oiall dellroy the liiv, and the far.ftuary, and the end there-
of (hall be with a (food." The feventv weeks of Danitl toii-
lain the fpace of time between the Iccend year of nariul
Nuthus, king of I'erll. , ,ind the deltrui5tion of Jernfalem
by V'li'palian, about 42 yeaii after the death of Chril).

The whole ^um^er of yeats are 490, .11 will appear by
dividing that number by fcv 1, which will give I'eventy,
the number of weeks incn'.uned in the prophecy ; for in
this, as well as nil other Icripturc prophecies, a'day figni;
lies a year, and a week leven y«an.

K Ic

multitude

'l-ili

■ <!

'T,!

iil'

iil.

■^

ijo A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CrOGRAPIIY.

, t ■

i f

^fl

niultitud« cl' pi'oplf, h( preuchcd liiat ailiifirable dil-
couifc cjUtJ thu SiinioH hpcn lit Alauiu^ whicli com-
prises all the )>!¥ It priiu'iples oi tlie Cluiltian reli^^iun.
Oil the tlcKciii I'lun) tlic moiinuin he hvjleJ a leper,
itiid in ri'turiiiiij> lu Capcnuuiii, cured a Uvdurite ler-
vant ot •> Rui.ait cuiitiirioii. At t)ut gale uf Nain, he
biought to Ilk J \viduw';> lull, as t.ie people were carry-
ing him to be hiinid ; then dmed with Sinuiii ihr Pha-
rifre, .111 I ciMilolid the penitent prol)itulr. In various
parts ol (ijliive he cuntinueil coiiilortnii; the .lAiiited,
healing the d.le.'I^J, and iiiliructiiig the i);noranC b)'
the moll e.xprellive parables, 'till he crull'ed the Tea ot
Galilee) whin < terrible itorm aiiiing while he was
nflrep in th ' (hip, his 'Jil'ciples awaked him, when he
rebuked the wa\es, anU leltoicd the lea tn a perfet^t
calm ; landing at rraehoniii.'i, he met two demoniacs,
fioni wh'Jin he 1..1II nut the il.vils that pollelicd thetr,
who entered iiiu> a herd ul Iwiiie, and uccafiiiicd thole
animal' to prctipaate tlwirl.l.es into the I'e?.

He lixm ..Iter peiturmcd two remarkable miracles;
the tirii was rei-ilnig the multitude in the delirt with tive
barley lu.wef, and two tilhes ; and the lecond was walk-
ir.4; on the t ! I luce of the water, with I'etcr, to the
(hip in wliuh w-re his otner dikiples.

Alti: performing many other niiueKs, and explain-
ing Ins million muie fully to his dilciples, Jei'ui at
IfiigUi, at ihe lime of the HalTover, eat tiic Pafehal
Lamb with his difeiple<, wallud their feet, and inform-
ed them, ih^t line uf the.ii flmuld betray liim. Judas
fiMiii after Kit them, thuugli it was night ; and then
Jei'js piejeh d lii« l.irewel feimon to his rem.iiiingdilei-
pits, in *hich he recommended liKial love and unani-
mity, and loiet'ld :hat I'eter (hould deny him, A
miiftiuide of armed men then luriounded him, and
Judas killed him, in ouler to diilinguilb, and thereby
betray hull. In the iiulHe, I'etcr cm ort the car «f
KlaKhu;>, the fcvaiit to tiie higii piielf) for which
Jclu; reproved iiini, and imnudiately healed the ear
of Malelliis bv to>ichin;; it.

When Jifus was led away, all his difeiples fled, ex-
cept I'lei, who fol'owed at .t dillan^e, and John hav-
ing tccoterid Ills fpitits, leturiicd into the hii;h priell's
ball, where Jrliis was brought iHlore Annas, who,
thijuj;h pnnce of the fanhediini, refufed to iudgj hiin,
but feut hiin bound to Cauphasi thither I'etcr came,
ind was i.bjll> iigid tliiee limes by the li.-rv.« ts to be a
(taiilcan, and of the ta'nily of Jelus, which he three
timet diiiKd, and torlwote : 'till Jeiiis ltx>kini{ baek,
reminded him ol bis purdictmii j then the coct ciew,
and i'eter, bviiig feiilible uf iii> crime, went out, and
went bitiitly.

ill (he ni lining the couiuil was to aAemble, and
while Jilus was in ciiKoiJy, t'le J;\vs mocked him, co
virid \ui lace, and having fiiioie hiin, called upeui hini
Co tell who It was. '1 he elders liitcwife did their cn-
diauiuii to I'libiiMi l.ilie wiinelict a^jiiilt hini, but were
oil fo fiirceUlul ii they expected in their iiilcrnal ma-
chination >.

I lu principal .uticles of accul'alion which their whole
nialiev c uld iiivenl, was onlv thit he had lai I he woi.ld
ilellioy the temple, .iiid in three day« build it up again.
I'o this Jelus making no repiv, Caiaphas al lured him
hy ihe I \in^(iod to lay wllelhci he wasCbnll the Son
of (jud or no. To which he aiilweied in (he athrma-
lite. Then Caiaphai aicufcd him uf b'afphemy, and
he was .iillaiitly cindenincd to death by I'ontiui I'llate
the Roma. I go\crnoi, who, ihou^'h nmleinus of his
innocence, weakly yiilded to the lolicilations of the
Jew-, and dclneiid him up to the foldiris to be cruci-
fied i who lull cruelly leal him, aiul fpil in bis face.

Ju las hearing the final I'cniciue, biuughl in the fil-
Ver wli.eh ihey bad given him as a icwaid fur his trea-
chery, and ihiowiiig it .imoiig them, l.ud, '* 1 have
bctiayid the innocent bloiHl,' W'lib the mmiey the)
bou.>iit a held lallcd the I'oltei's I'lild, In bury Kran-
^■11. Ill a'.d Jiiilas went oil mid haii;(ed himfell. It
Is likewile 10 I e oblerved, that I'ontius Pilatr wai fo<in
ofter lUpnfed by Vilellms the ;-'iiionfiil ( f Syria, on
ircmint of his iirat cruellies and txtoiti>nt. lie was
af>»r\v«rillhahinied rn Vincennck, in UtuI, where be put
• pcriud to hik miicublv cklitcncc with hit own hands.

Jefui, being arrayed in 1 kingly robe, with 3 re<\.' 1
his hanJ for a leeptre, and a crown of thorns upon lin
head, was le,; to Golgotha, in Mount Calvary, au.l
there crucihed, ivith this infcription over his head,
JKSUSC)l-NAZARt.rH KING OK IMiC JKW.S.

*,* Ihife who vjijb Is he ,1 i-.irt iia/'Jf uciount 0/ .•/'
I.ifi cf tur BIfjjtd Ltrd iinJ Siiiieur f rjm Chriji, may f
full) J,itii)i*(i hi pinijm^ thi Riv, Dr. Flei-twood',
Lilt OF L'HUIST, anjijliug ot 25 Sixptnny ntimiits, t.ich
of u hiih ii aJormti will/ u htauliful t^pptr-pialt, ixfrcjjk :
if lilt imji ilijltnguijhtd utiH jhiMii^ julijtili,

SECT. XX,

/t ^:m^aiJi:ki Hijhry cf thi Turks,

TH K Tiiik', who were no more than ScythLiii Oirp.
held';, that u'Vd 10 laniMe fiom one couiitrv t"
anulher with then flock? .ind Ivrds, hut rcfuled cliieli,-
n rlh of the Palus-Ma-otis and the huxiiie Icu.s, in the
eight centiiiy lia\elled fmiihwaid, jiiJ failed in Cieor,;i'a,
bctwten the Kuxine and the Calpian feas, whiTe they
continued about 200 years.

About the year ol Chrift lOCO, they removed farther
foutliward into .\tmciiia, tliename of which iluy changed
for that of 1 urconiania. They loon atici fiibdiied
Bagdat, ravaged Peilia, and made thrnilelvcs m-ilteis
of the nurthcrn provinces of Arabia; they were at this
ti.iie all Pagans; bin their leji'er Tan};iiilipire thoiiplu
proper to turn .Mahometui through polncil motive.,
well knowing! that a fovcrei^'H of a diflVicnt lelii'inui
perluafion is n.ver ai;reeable to the penetality of the
people. I'he Turks then proceeded to invade the Km-
toiies of the Cireci.tii emperor in Alia Minor, wheic
they coni|U .ed lever.d cines, as the Saracens had done
in Syria, Palclline, and K(;ypf.

TheChnllians being ^rreaily opprefled, theenipertirnf

I Conft.intiiujple, who was then at the head of the Afiaiie

Chrilliaiis, implored the allillanc of theditfcrent f.ive-

reigns ot Lurupe, in order to oppofe both Turks and

Saiacens,

The pope interrfled himfelf in the affair, and the
clerpy in general did their endeavours in excite an emu-
lation, by which the Holy Land ini^ht be refcucd horn
the hands ol the inhdeh.

All Kurope took the alarm, and in the year of Chi ill
loqri, the hrit trufade cnmmcncrd, when an allimilh-
irig niuliiiude, to the niimbei of near Hon,f>oo, enpapd
in the ente-priac, and pimeejed towards P.defline ;" but,
as they had not conlidered the Icnpth of the joiitney,
nor how the\ were to (uhfiH till iliev arrived in tfi;
enemies couiiiiy, above h.iK of thi, 1 perirtied by the
way, fome bem.; taken ofl" by licknefs, ntheis by Limine,
and otheis bv the fword, even in Chriltiin couiitiies
llirouith which they m.irched ; for as they oblerved but
little Older, and commiueil many ilepreilatiiMis, the na-
tives were Iretpienily obliged to ftand upon the defen-
live, and repel force by force

Many of thole who ariived at ConftnnfinrpU were
( ut to p, 'Cfi on ilieii landing; but thele were indeed
but a innlulcd multitude without diUipline or fubord -
natior to their leailiu : the more regular troops lollowed,
and priteeded with greaiei caution under the cnndue't
o( Gou>i>y ol Itoulo^^ne, and other commanders cele-
brated l.ir thiir military vxpluili ; thele arrived at Coli-
llantinople in tolerable onler, hul their niimben cireuly
liirpriled the lirecisn emperor, who began lo be moic
a;raid of them than he hid biloie been of the Infidels i
and iiiftrad ol joining his armies to them as he had pre-
vioullv proniiled, coniiued by every linilter mcani 1.1
diiheis ibeiB. llcduilt not deny the (hip^uny whicii
he had piumiied tu uanlpurl the iioops, Icif he fliu.ilj
levl llw nieiiliiicnl ol ihe ci.inmandin, who had g. rat
realon lo be dilplealed at his trt h heroin eoiiduil.

On mulfeiing Ihe iroop* u appeared th t the Chri.
•laiis h» I ior,ooo horfe, and near twice ll.at nunibri
of toot. This vaftaiiiiy bej;, n its npciatiniiv by be-
fieging Nice in Hilhynia, to .elieyr whuh, fullaii Sell-
man marched, but was lulally ddetited, wh<ii the place
luiiendcird, and was put into th« lirecnn einptrui't
hand', lu had hvrii lactioullv j|n:cd.

1 lu. Chiilliaiis (hen piocetdcd tswai^i Aniio«h,
' whni

'nl

with a nn! i
liuriis upon li,<

Calvary, uii.l
jvcr his hiail,
MIE Jt.WS.
U ttaouut af :! r
i Chriji, may i /
Flke iwoon',
n numi,rs, i.vi

irlt.'!.
Soythi.m Oir;<.

DC tllUIIt»'\' to

; tdiiliil cliitli,-
111' li'j,'-, III the
li\l 111 (;<.iir,.';i,
as, wli.ti; llicy

cmovfd larlhrr
rh thty tlunpcj

after fiibiliiril
iilflvi's in.ilhii
icy wete ;it lhi«
olipirc tlioiiplu
litic.ll motive.,
ffVrciit n-li:Miiii<
nei.ility of the
nvjJc the lirn-

Mtmir, ulieic
icrns had duiic

, theempfr(ir<if
1 of tlic Aliaiii-
' Hitf'crpiit (iive-
utli 'lurks ,111 J

iffair, nnd the
rxrite .\n rimi-
be rtfcueJ Irom

year of Chi^

en an a(fonirti-

,f~00, enpji'ej

leftiiH'i but,

( the journey,

airiveil in tfi;

riflied by the

iin by t.imme,

Ciaii coiiiitiicn

y oblcrvril liul

INK, the nj-

ili the (iifrn-

nfinr.plt were

> Wire jnHii'l

f or fiihord -

"ips lollnwiM,

I Ihc ci'iiiliiCf
msnticiv cclc-

riMil at C'oii-
iiiiben I'reuly

II to be ninii:
llic Iiifulclii
s he had pre-

ill. I nuani l.i
Plilij; wbdii
1 1' be flu.,. Id
who hml g>r»(
ui iIir').
h I the Chrl
t1 it niinibri
alioii'. by be-
h, lulun St li-
>i\\< 11 thi p.jt«
1*11 ein|iri>ji'>

iH, Antimli,
w Irii

ASIA.]

TURKEY.

'!»

when liiUaii Soliman, at the h''ail of 200,000 men, gflvf
them battle, but was totally defeats). Antiuch was (oon
alter laUii, but tlw ChiiHian leaders did not think pro-
Mr to put It into the hiinds ol the emperor of Lon-
O.iiitiiiop'^'i •'• hi.-- (wrhdy had repeatedly difgufted them.
Thuy ihcn marched to Jerufalem, which they invcHcd
with only 50,000 liK-ii, their numbers being l"o far re-
duced i and the garriU'ii at the lame time was more
r.uimuiu^ than the befie^eis. The arrival of a fleet ot
tni'lilh, Norman, Klcmiiii;, and Cienoe(e Ihips, how-
tM-r, gave new tpirit to their operations, by bringing
them a fnlh fiipply of m-.-n. 1 he outward wall wai
fcxMi carntd by Horm, and ihf city itielf was fooii atter
t ken (wold III hniul, when Godfrey of Boulogne was
Clowned kiiip of Jerulah-m. This (overeign loon fiib-
im\\ I'toleinais, Celarra, Antipatris, Alkalon, *tc.
but he dud within a yearafler hn coronation, nd Kalil-
win ol I>rii'»enlis luccet.'ded hni, A. I). 1100. In his
rei(;n tiK ChrilVians took the city ot Tyre, and obtained
three victories over the Inhdels; he then laid fiege to
the city of Damafcus, but proved uniuccclVrul in his
atli'mpt -, after reigning 30 yeari, he died, and was fur-
(crded bv Kulk, earl of Anjou, in the year l\T,\. In
this ri-icn the Chrilfians began to quarrel among them-
(elves i but Kulk, heing killed bv a fall from his hnrfe,
bis eldelJ Ion was rIecM king in the year 1 142, under
the title ol Baldwin th- Second, but being then only
1 1 years of age, his mother was joined With him in
the adminiftration of public affair-..

The Chiiftians, who had been in pnireffion of the
Holy Land and ruuntnes adj.icent inoie than 40 years,
hid trtablilhed four ddtintf kingdoms, vi7.

I, The kingdom of Edetfa, which comprehended the
eounlries on the banks of the Kuphratvs. 1. The king-
dom of Tripoli, whith was near tho lea-coalf. 3. The
kingdom of Anttoch ; and 4 The kini;doin of Jerufalein
Sanguin, {-lian of Alrppo, and :ifterwaids Nora.lin
hi:> fon, took advantage ot the conlii ual difioids among
the Chtidians, and retook many ot the conquered places,
which oicifmned the Chrillians again to c. 11 in the
iirillance ot the Kuropeaii fovcrtigns. Upon whuh in-
vitation, Conrad, emperor of Germany, at the luad ot
loo.con men, undertook the expedition ; bur the (ire-
cian emjierrr, proving as great an enemy to hini a> the
inhdels, he lolt the greatell part of hit army, and re-
turned home greatljpdilappointcd.

Saliidin, fultanof namalcii', had great fiicccfs aeainrt
the ChtiOians ; and, in 11B7, t^ok Jeiufalcm j 'his'n-
jt«gej Krcderic, emperor ot Germany, in another cm
fade J but the Impi-rial forces, who wete fw lometimr
fiKtrlstul, at length were vifitrd by the pl.gnc, wbuli
delltoj-ed the army. Richard the fiift of Lngland, and
I'hilip Aiigiit^iis of France, were then ftiniiilated by the
|,'i(>c to cany thiir arms into P.deHine, which they did
in ? I<)0 ; but tlir 'wo kings difagrteing, this, like the
jirevediii^ *:'.••:, .ir/es, likewifc tailed.

In the year lioo, CoiilJanlinople was taken by the
l',iliii», and B.ildwin, earl of Flanders, being eln-frd
emperof thereof, foon after laid fieijr to Adtianople ; but
the (ireeki inviting the Tartars to the r alUttanre, the
Chrillian army was dfleated, ami Hahlwin himlell taken
pnluiui. They cut ol< the hinds and feet ol the iin
hsppv monsrch, u\A h ft him to perifh mifirably in the
Held, where he died th e days alter, in the 33d year ot
his .ije, ;ind il> ol his ieij;n.

Heniv, the brother of Uahlwin, lirinp then eleijled
tinpcroi of Conltantinnpti-, bv the alTillaiice rit the
king of Thellaly, diove the Tartars out of Thtate,
an>l inoveud all the pl.icesthey h.iil taken.

Thi liillan of K.gypt was now the moft formidahli
M.ihonMi«n power ; therefore the ChnlMans dcteTfriiird
to invade K^vpt, which they did undet the condinll ol
I.ewii, king ■>! France, corrmionly called St. I.ewi',
Who ilej)jtied from F.iiope wilt- a fl>et of i8:'0 tail,
t«iitainin|t an nrmy of 6o,or3 men, including abiut
Ij.oro knights, Knj;'ifh, French and Cypriote. I he
army lanrftd • e.s D.nmeita, which they intered with-
«ulopp(/tiion. Vie IntidcU having presiniiflr abandoned
H. Lmrii 'tit Ins qusTii at Danm ita with a confidet.ible
|«t>iloii, »M.i iK-^tn his marih towards j'rand fair',
M iIm tieaU uf 10,000 hotle and 40,000 fout t byl they

were lo hnrrafTcilby theTnfidels, that they were above threo
months in advancing 40 miles, At length the Mahometans
taking an advant.igeof thcvan of theChiiflian army's^'
iii|^ lepai.itij from the main hoily, attacked tlic crufadcn
with great fury, totally defeated thcin, took the king of
France prifoncr, and all the troops who were not llaia
in the engagement. It was at tirit debated by the Maho-
nutans, whetherthey fhoiiM not cut the thro.its of all
their priloncrs ; but avarice getting the better of icvcnge,
ihev determined to fpare them, in order to exait a largo
raiiloni for the recovery of their libciiy. They tlicie-
fore agrecil to entranchile the king of France, and the
rell ol the prifoneri, upon the delivering up Damietta,
and paying fuch an immenle fiini of money as alinoll
drained France of its trealiircs.

Abi'ut this time an atmy of Tartars, iiiuler the con-
dui'l of Haalon, came ilown Ike a torrent f om the
northward, and took Hagd.it, Aleppo, Daiiialcus, and
Iconium. The liiltan of Fgypt at the lame time iii-
vadcil and took the prim ipal places in Sviij. This fiir-
cefs of the Infidels occalioncd another cnifjde to be un-
ilertaken in the year 1271, by prince Fdw'rd, aliirwards
F.dward the firll, king ol F.ngland ; he took Naza-
reth, and defeated the Turks in lev r»l erigicenients }
hut not being properly liij, ported by other Ch-ijlian
princes, he returned to Kngland, alter h.uin;; bcri a
y<ar and a half in Palelflne j wlieieupoii F.lphi^ lultan
of Fgypt, invaded Syria, took Trip, li, Tvrr, Sidori,
Berethiis and all the towns (mfTrfied by the Cliriltians,
except I'tolemais, A truce was however ;'j.ecd upon
for live years J but bcin;; broken by ih" Cluiftians, the
I'liltan of Egypt laid tiege to Ptolemais, Init dying bc-
fore the place, his Ion Araphiis took it by Horm,
and gave the plunder to his liildcrs ; after which the
Chriftians were entirely expelled from Paleftine, igj
yiars fublequint to the taking of Jiriil'.vlcm.

Hut Callaiies the Tartar, who w:'S Kneiri^in of Per-
I'li, rtvciii^id the i|uiriel uf the Chiillian--, I'y f.illing
upon the I'ult in of Kgvpt, d fearing his armies, reco-
vering moll of the places m Syria and I' litliiie, which
he had taken, a, d rebuilding the city 'f Jerufalem,
whi, h In- did at the iiifligation i f his i|ucen, who was
an Armenian Chriftian ; he likcwil'e otiend to join the
Chrirtian princes and K-if(ablilh them in the Holy
Land, bii. rhe principal (bvcreign? in Kiirope were un-
hippdy engaged in war among themlilit^, and cuulj
not thtriloie Ipaie any torus to Unl to PaleHincj
upon whivh, Catlanes ntned into Pulia, and the lultaii
"' ''g^'P* 'I'CovriiJ all Ik had lull.

Upi n the ihath of Aladin, the lall prince ot the
S'.lrucian famih, llie Tuikilh huds d.\ id' d tlir luuii-
tiy among thimlclvis, the princ pal . f whom was Otto-
man orOibman, the li,n of Fith.gtul.

The Chrillians of Hithynia, when the Turks were
drove out of Pirlia by the Tanars pcrniited their
(locks and lieiils to graze upon their mount mis , but the
Tuiks, after having hern heic for fome tiini-, le^'an to
claim the pl.ice ai a matter of tight, and to ililpute the
pofleffiuti of it with the Chrdli.m luiivci , wh-i h na-
turally led the latter to complain to the .;oveinoisof
the nrighlioiiiiiig Grecian catlles, that thv,le uhom thiy
had luccoured, through comp.iiJion, wanttd new to he.
their mailer!. The Orerian govcrn'ti therelirc af-
fembled a bcnly of forces in order to compel the rur"-!
to acknowledj^e the fovcreigntv of the (ireci.m etiptmr,
or to relinqinOi the place i but Olioman, putting b'm-
l-lf at the head of a body of troopj, delealed the Chli-
fti.ins, and took Cara Chilar, a lortrcl^ fiiualrd on the
liontiers ul Kithymaand I'liiygia, He afttrwaids plun-
dered all Uithynia, whic h (0 greatly alarnnd the Chri-
tli.ins, that they prevailed upon the governor of Hele-
iMftt to in\ite (>ttumaii m the rolemin/itinn of a wed-
ding at hik cattle, that they might have an opportunity
uf taking him ofT. Ottoman, being apprised of ihe
I I'l^n, loiiltived to inlioduic a paily of luldicrs in
diiguil'e, who killed the go>ctnut and all hi> gutfis,
■ nJ took polTcirion ol the cattle. Hi then made him-
telf mailer of many other places in Phtytti 1, and <ven
laid Cepe to the city of Nice. The empemr ol Con-
lliitiimpli lent an army tu telie\c the places, 1-ut it
wat Jvfciied ^y Uuonian, whw Item thii tune, vir.

A U.

mT\

!| ,it

I ,i!

,-J

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

■I

»3>

A. D. iJOOt took upon himlctf the title and ftate of
fultan, ind made Ncapolis the feat ui' his government.
The Chriftians invaded ihi: territories ot this new
fovereign, but were defeated.

Ottoman, noy growing old, lonOituted his Ton Or-
ehanes g«iier.iIinimo, wito I'ubducd all the remaining
places in Riihynia and Plirygi.i, and I'uccecdcd his
father, who died A. D. 1328, as lultan, or king.

Orchaiirs, havijig taken Abvdus, at the entrance of
the Hellefpunt, «n the Allan ih»ri', from ihrnce tranf-
porled his .irniy into turope, and took Ciallipoli in
1318, which was the full town the Turks e\cr |ioiri.ni:d
in Europe.

At the death of Orrhanrs, which happened in 1 359,
his fon Amtirath fuccerdcd him, who in the beginning
of his reign was Jillurbcd by a coiKcdcracy between
the leflVr .Mahometan princci in Afia .ind the Chii-
lli.ins i but fupptifling thefc, he tranl'porttd his army
into turopr, whcr^* he look mjny places lioin the
Grecian emperor, particularly Adrianuplc, which he
f'-ibdued in 1362, and made the capital of all his Afiatic
and European dom. lions. A^uut tins time the body ot
jjniiTarifs was e'.tabliflicd, for cury fifth captive above
1 5 years of age, waj by Aniuratli's order retained in
his feivice and cduc.ited in the fctaglio, when at a pro-
per feafun thofc uf the largcA iUture were tu be fclec'lcd
for the fiili.in's guard.

Amuraili returned into Afia to fupprcfs an infurrcc-
tiun, when the Servians, Uulgarians, and lllyrlans in-
vaded his Europran dominiuns, but tl'eempeior of Cun-
flantinople iv r JDining them at this ciitical jiindure,
Amurath at the head of 200, ceo men riofiid the liol-
phoius, and loi.illy defeated them. .\ ■iiiuth, however,
futvived this viiJlury but a (hort time ; for a Chrildan lol-
dier ptetmding to beg his lite of hiin, took 211 oppor-
tunity of flabbiiig him with a dagger which he had
concealed under his cloaths, of which wound the fulian
imiiiedijtcU died, in (*se year 1373-

Amurath w.is luciicdcd by his Ion najaztt, wlio, to
have no rivals, began his reign by the murder ol his
brnther. He then invaded Servu, and laid fiege to
Crotavj, which furiendered on condition that the gar-
rilbii (huuIJ have leave t<i match unmolrlled away, an<l
join tlie Chrift. an army. They were however no fuoner
out uf the town, than B.ijaxct urJeiul a dct ichmcnt ot
hii troupt tu put iliem all to the Iwoid, which blood)
injuiiinion wa^ immediately executed.

'I he enfuing )ear the F url ifti generals plundeicd
ihcc untries noiili of the Danuln-, while Bajazet him-
fell, pilling the Mvtiefpont, took the City of I'hiladelphia
in Fy^ia, con(|uercd Carainani.i, Ionia, anil the cuall
of Nahjlia. The compliance which the Ciicnan em-
peror had llu« n the Turks was not ol any lervitc to
him i fui Ha .1/. r, unminu, .1 of his obligations to that
inoiureh, l.nd (;e.',c to C'unll.intinople, which was to
well deiendeil, that he blockaded it tui ci^tht luecellivt
^eat», till Sigil'inund, king ol Hungary, allilie<l by th
French, eoinitclled Inm to laik the l.egc) but Dajairt
toon alui <ieli.ited the ChnDian annv, and took fuch a
multitude of prifoneri, that every luikilh tuldier had
a llave to his (liaie . after ;his vielory liai.i/el again laid
fif^e to C jiiflaiitinopl , but wu obliffJ a leeuiid time
111 laiT*. thi' fi'ge on acount of ilie approach of a vail
ariiy under the lominand of ranieilane, commnnly
c.illed lhc(iteat, who had been iiivittd to man h againll
lijia/ei, n»i only h) the empeiur of CunftantmnplL and
other C'hiini.in piiiices, but by the Mahunctaiu ihrm-
felvfs, who wite gteatly oppnind by that i\rant.

laineilane iiiarclird nill to Sebaltia, wh'eh he in -
vifted, and luimiioncd to fuireiidiii but the Turk>
liuDing to the numero'is gaitifun, and the llienj>lh ul
th' plavc, ticated the ui' ITage with crtiitenipt. Tanier-
l.ini then lore bigan the fiege, and having ii.ade a con-
Cdeiab!' brdch by uiidciminiii^ tite waJI, h; carried the
plaee b> Worm.

Hi)>r<i hearing uf Tameilanc't fucccfi, inarched at
the brad ol an aiiiiy ronfiflinguf 1,000,000 of ioldiari,
when a bloudv battle was tougbt in the plains uf Stella,
ill which the 'rurki weic totall)i delcatcj, and Bajacct
bimfrlf was taken ptifoner.

l'ameilan« at fitll treauJ hii royal canine with great

humanity, but being provoked by hit infolencr, he con.
lined hiin in an iron cage, and carried him with hint
wherever he went I'the haughty Turk, not being able tu
endure this ignominious kind of puniflimcnt, daOied bit
brains out againll the bars of his moveable prifon,

Tamerlane loon alter fubdued the greateft part of
Lcflcr Alia, took the city of Petfia in liithynia, con-
quered Syria, fubjugated Egypt, and returning bav.k to
his own cuuniiy, died A. I), 1404.

li jazet's tii'c Ions th>'n difputed for the fovcrcignty
of the Ottoman empiie fur ten years ; Solyman the
cldclt rciyned lor a Ihort time, but at length Mahumct
the youngeli, proving fuccelsliil, was unanimoully ac-
knowledged lole fovereign of the Turkifli dominions :
having rendered Walachia and Tranfilvania tributary ti>
him, he died in the year 1422, and was fucceeded by Ins
Ion Amurath, commonly c.dled Amurath the Second,
This pniiec, after fuppreinng leveial donietlic inlurrec-
tions, fubdued great part ot (jrecee, recovcicd Servia
and Caramania, and then invaded Hungary with an
army i( 8o,coonicni but was rcpul|id by the pn nee
of Tranfilvania, who bting joined by the king ol Po-
land, p,iired the Danube, diuve the I'uiks out of Ser-
via, and adv.mced to mount Hemus ; the palUs of the
mountains w:tc, however, lb well guarded, that the
Chrillians, not being able to peiietiate into Romania,
were obliged to reticjt j the Turks purfued them, .jid
coming up with ihtir rejr, a gcncial battle cnlucd,
when the C'lirilti.ir.s obtained a complete victory. It
was during ths eng.tiicmcnt ihat the celrhra!>d ScanJci-
lug, who lomni.iiiiicd a body of I'urkilii troops, lie-
I rted to the Ciiiillian army. I his prince wai the lo,i
ol John Cilliiot, piuue of Ejiiiu^, whole territoin.
Amurath inv.ide<', and coinixlic 1 him to deliver up bis
I iiir Ions as hult^ges lur h.s hddily : Amurath ilicii
oidried ;ill the )oung piinrei to be circunicilcd and in-
tlii.itled in the Maliunu i.in fnprrftition j and, on the
death of their father, lii^cd t^ie country of Epitus aa
his own, after p'ltting to death the thiee eluci piinces.
He howeu'r atlectcd to have a gieat intaid for th«
younger, on whom he conferred the tilt ot Scaiidei.
beg, which lignilics Luid Alexander, Siuiidtr implyni);
in the 'i urkifVi language Alexander, aud Ltj^ being the
titular appell.aion fur Uid. The Tuik's pretended
kindiiefs could not hoW\er efl'aee tiom the young
piinee's boloin the lenle <>f the wron)^s lie and his lamily
had luflained fiom the inhdel : he was a Chrillian in hi.
heart, and long meditated to cicape lioiii the Maho-
mctaii. The abote mentiuned battle pielented hini
wall an npporlunilt, when he not onh' eiitucd {ooo
loldieis, who were natives ol hit own couiiti y Epiiui,
to delerl wi> liim, but brought oli the Uitoinan lecre-
ta-y of war. '\c afterwards piiKCtded towaidt Croia,
the capital of '!pirui, and compelled the lUreiaiy to
write 111 Older 1 the nameul the balia his nialter ta the
governor, cnmm 'iding hini to delitci up 0\H city to
the care o< Scaiii erlicg ; the governoi not fuipicling
but what tiK Older really came fium the lialla, aiij
was wiitlen with the cotuuirenec ol Aiiiuiaih, dcli*
veied up the- place without lu Illation. Scandeibeg, being
joiiitd by tliciiihauit.in(s, imnudiatcly put A\ ihi' Tuiki
III the plate, who retubd to turn k'liiilti.in<, to tlia
Iword ; and hiving allembl.d an army o| la.o.o nun,
he matched lol'etiella, which luiienilciid upon llic lii|(
lummnn , and Stellula followed the exaiup'c, wheh
luicel, yavc him eiunuriigenKiit 10 nuadc M.icedonia,
and lay it under vail ionl:ibulion<, railing by thia
mtani a luriuunt fum of m. iiry in the enemy 't cuun*
tiy In pay and even .iui;inciit bi< aimy.

Ainuiath, being idaiined at tile proic-dniga of Sean-
dcrlK'g, lent All balla, at the head ol 40,^00 ilicn, ttt
prevent Ills rxtuifioni, but .ScnJeibei; hadll|e gixid li>r«
tune to defeat bun. The I uiLifli enifitior, uieading ih(
roiiln|ucnee of theic fucfccllo, pal bed up a ptact
with the llungaiian^, thai h.- nught bateau oppoitu-,
nily of bending his whole I >iee againll Siaiiderbr)(,
The Hungaiiaiii loon became imlihleof the ti tor Ihry
had coiiimillid, III nuiking a pcaie with the Turks at
th* time thr piiiKc of Epiiu. was lo Uicefslwl, an4
(unle«{uenll> tnable.l lo ni.ik'' a powcilul diseifion 11^
titcii Uvvur ; th«f>i lent niciits Wfitv fulluwed by a bfaaclt

bIciicP, hf coi!-
hmi With him
>t being iibic tu
cut, daflicd bii
)le prifuii,
reatcft part of
itithjriiia, con-
uniiiig btkk to

the fovcrcignty
i Solymnn thu
riijth Mahoimt
luniinouny ac-
ifli (iomiMiuii!> :
nia tributary to
ruccecdcil by hij
ith the Sctond,
r.eftiL mlurri'i-
:covcicJ Servia
iij-ary with an
1 by the prince
he king ot |»u.
k> out of Set-
c palK» ol the
rde.l, th.it (he
into Rimiania,
ued them, .,n(i

battle eiilueit,
te victory. It
irat.d .SeaiiJci-
<n troops, dc-
Kc wai ihe tun
hole lerrituik .
I deliver up bi»
Amuraih then
ncilcd and in<

i and, on the
y of Lpiiiis it

■ cidci piinccs.
ii'jiaid for th«
It ol Seaiidct-
tiiii/r implying

/j/j( bung the
ik's pretended
nil the younj;
: and hii lainiiy
..'hrillian Ml his
Jill the Mahu-
picleiitrd hini

■ ciitiicd jooo
Juiuiy tpiim,
Jiloiiiaii lecre-
iiwaidi Croij,
lie lU'ftiaty iii
« mailer tj the
ip th.'t city ID
nut rulptcllnz
he halla, anj
iinur«ib, dell*
iidt'ibeg, being

'<ll th<' I uik<
iKi.in^, to (ha
la.oco mm,
upon ilic liili
aiup'c, whith
Ic M.iddonij,
iiliiig by (hit
tiicmy'i euun<

lingi of S(-«ii-
,L0o men, It
.1 il|i' good fi>r«
, iJmading ihrtu.i
I 6i Jiidirlrg,
Ihe «ttof thry
the Turki <(
icrrilul, an4
I divcihon 11^
d by a bi*Kk
gf

ASIA.] T U R

of ihc irc.ity : they were, hr.wevcr, totiiHy routed at the
battle o{ Varna, and their kin.;, L'ladillaus, was (lain

in ilic IhU-

Amiir.ith now determined that hi< forecs mould pliin-
i' r l^pi'us > but thnc aiiulc'., which be lint lor that
iiuipolV, were rcvcrally delciii d by the lortun.ite Scan-
dirlMa i ami '' '* remarkable, that iii all tlitlL en^agc-
nuiits Scandei ben's forces luvtr .imouiit^d to aboiu a
tiiiiil p^'t "f '''*^ number ol tli.r Turki'.

Dillraclcd at kii.'th w.tli his continual lofles dif.ip-
n.iiniuunts, and dil^ats by an haiidlul of men, Aimi-
rjih ill a r.ige tailed »ii army ol i.v:',r'"0 men, at the
head <'l wli;th he liimklf nurtlK'', and laid lieye to
the capital city of Croia, which was defended by a
flrniv girrilim and a brpvc governor, on whom Scan-
djrlii" could I'epeiiil, while ih. t prince comiiianJe.l a
i5i in ■ army in the niountiiiis, which continu illy li..r-
raliVd tilt TuikitTi forces. Amur.illi allaultcd the city
in.iny times wiih great fury ; but not being .ible to
cany it, he die«l bifoic its walls, in the thiriicih vcar
(.1 hi< rci'V, •'"J '" 'l"^ y""' "f »''r Lord 1450, and was
|ucci>deJ by his ildell Ion Mahonv t, Ikiinanie.l

M.iliomtt the fecond. This prince, ininicdii'ly 'ipin
l!.i ikathot liii latlier, railed the luge, andittuined to
A'iii.inoplc.

Mjlimnct began his reign by murdering his brothers,
and then proceeded to bclie;;e L'onltantin pic, which he
t,«K on M.iy the irih, 145J. The lalt (innin mi-
i.oi'i, Coiiltantine Palfii" gus, was kdled in ih .ill.iiit,
aiul .ill hii teUtions, with the piinci|iil rili/..ns, alie,-
wards put to ilealh in told bli'O.I by Mahomet. The
pluiilci of ihii wealthy city w..s gi.cn to the tt" p ,
the feat of goveiiimciit was tianslcirol from Adri inople
In Conllantinople i ai.d havmj; thus .idd.d t o (Jriei. n
empire to bis own, he firll alluiiied the^itleof Lmpeioi,
wlich the fucccediiig fovereijjns of the Turki haie
tvei fince leiained.

Irene, a biautilul Grecian Mr^iiii, was t.ikin anion;;
(ther c.iptivcs in ConllantinopU, with whom Mahon.it
become lo cnaniourcd, th.il he iici hilled all p.ibln
allairs foi the cnjovMc lit ol hei locicty 111 pii\ate. Iliis
ttaiilVnef., with leipcifl to the biiliiicfs of the Ihte, oc-
cluneil a dan^jtruus mutiny anion,; the JanilTitiei ; but
M.ihonri'- tempi'r was lo liuce .nul lavage, that no:u-
diiill mention to him the (itualion of h>s affairs. Ii
may peihaps furpri/e many that lucll a foul was capable
t'f a tender imprillioii j but

'• I,o\T various miiiJs Joes varionfly infpirc ;

" He Hirs in gentle natu'cs gentle fire,

" I, ike that ill incentc on ihe altar l.iid ;

" Hut ragiiiL, tia.i.cs tenipeftuiius louls invade-

" A foe which tv'ry windy pallion blow*,

" Will pnde It ir.ountk, and with icxen^e ii glow;."

At length one of his halTin ventured to .icqii.iiiit him
wiih hu danger ; M.iliomet feverdy reprimanded him
li.i his inbdi lice, as he letmeil it ; but bein.', luilibt ■ ol
the leafonableiuls ol his adiiii-, lie told him, " That
hu lubicils lliould find that he lould role his pillion* a<
well a» he loiild lole kingdoms." lie then jne ordiis
that the piiiiiipal officii s ol the am \, and all the ;;ie.il
<i|)terti of Mate fliould atuiid i'.iiii the cnluiioj day in
the duaii.

At the time appointed, every our ait.nded with won-
I'c iiig expcstalion. Thecnip'ror aipemd, and With
hull the beoitilul Iiene, dielfd Willi th- nmll loltly
di. Ill all the ixlra\aj>,.iiice of Afiatic ib^aiuc .

" I'aory not f.'ircr paintt ihofe liriv'n-lioiii mtid^

" Daughltn ol I'aradirc, I .1 ever yoi.ng,

" For ever nioomniKt who, on beds ot llowcts

" Hy ft. cam* ol living walcis, lolt repole,

" 'I o coiwn ih' imnitiiial bill' of happy fouli

" Willi lapluiti uiiconcind." Miiiir

T he emperor ihrn oidenJ the lovely flic'k to It md

I pni a lulled fliHir, and lleinly deinail'h d of ,.ll prefeni,

II il'.ee ihuii|iht hi was blameal'le f n deiotm ' hinifill
Llo lo ibainiing ri oijrct. I'lirv uii.inin oully ngiced
^hji i( MMi ini|«>flibl« (vr 117 null (o ttfil) ii) much

K E Y. ,^3

j be.nily. " Then, faid h'-, yon fliall find that I am
I more than man." So fiyin(;, he inllaiilly leizcd the
Ian Irene by her beautiful lorks of hair, and llruck off"
her head with his Icynutar, to the great iiftonilhnient of
all pielent. Some have gie.nly commended, and (jtliers
have feveiely blamed Mahomet on account ol ihis hil-
eul.ir tranl'aiilioii. Among the lormer, a noble latirilt
of Charles the leeond's liini' appl.iuds him e,\cecdiiigK ,
and ircommend.s Ins comliict in the lullowiiig lines, ad-
dielied to that licentious monarch :

" (Jo read what Mahomet did ; that was a thing
" 1 )id well b ■come the giaiuhiir of a king j
" Who, all ti..nliioited with his milhcfs' charms,
" And never ple.is'd but in her lovely arms i
" Yet, when In. Jainllarus wifli'd her dead,
" With his own h.oid cut ulf Irene's head."

\Vheiher Mahomet was fated by the long uninter.-
iiipled pollellii'ii ol Irene's charms, or was really that
palrioiieally hi-roie mon irch he wi/lied to be thoui^ht, ij
ininiatiri.il J but it is our opinion, t'lat he niiglu either
have p.irtid Imm the lady, or e.inced his regard ior his
luhiccl; vt'ithoiit proccding to fuch a barhdioiis extre-
n ity. Ills feiouous (ondiiel plainly proved that all hii
pjflions ivere of the brui.il kin.l ; his love bein? lounded
on lenli.iliiy, and his pn teinlid lentiments ol honour
on a fivjj;e parade of di;nitv.

Ifeiii^ entirely rf'Uled fioii hu lethargv by his l.ile
diii^ii, he dcpriieJ (on.e of the p'incis <if the Moiea
of ilieir territories, lubiluid Seriia, and laid liege tu
Hcl^r.ide, but w.i- I'ele.ite.l by llunni.idrs, the b i\c
prince of I ranlilvania, who iinhappilv dud the fimc
year. M.ihomct then itt.ieked tluMahonuioi princes
mi the fouih colli of the Kuvine lia, p.irticul.irly the
prince of Sinope, whole capit.il he befieged bv lea and
land ; which beim; funetuleied to liini, he invclled
Ircbi/cuide, look it, and put dn end to that liille cm-
poe.

M ihovet ihui extended his cominelK in I u rope,
and fiibjiigated W.daehia. Ilis prodigious fui. el» ob-
i.iined hini the name of Great j iK.ert lelcls, he was a
iiioll .dunc'oned ctuj wuteh, and guilty of aliiioll
everv cro. e wioch lOuld debale human nature. He died
A. I). I4t<i, in the thiitv-ihiid year of his reign.

U.ija7et II. hiieldil) hn, li cceeded him i hut Ipent fu
rnueh tone in a pdgrimage to .Mecca, that he wis r.c.ir
hiiii'; liipplanied by his brothir /enui. 'I"hi> I" much
laincd him, tha' he h ;d his brother murileie', and
rewaided the all.ifiin with the pol{ of piimc niinidrr,
ihoii ;h he was only a baiber. He t ok feveral town'
I'roni the VciKtian. i Put was continually al.iini' d with
donuftic plots a;;. I, .11 his life, which at lin^th fuc-
eiide.l; lor he was 'tl. med by the Jaiiilfines, and li.'S
foil ^eliin made empsffr,

Scliiii be,;an lii> f { • 'sv niurdcrinu his father, hu
brothers, and all thei, 1 "i. "icii ■ he then liibdiied the
.Mim.lukcs, 111 put an id lo ;fe'r empiie in Kgyiit,
I which from that tiiiie h e: 'iK a Tinkiih piov.ncc. Se-
I Inn dud, A. I). '»!'', m the tiliy-foutlh year of hit
I age, and truth of h . nign, as he was jucpaiin;; to in-
j \M\e the Chiif'iaT iHones.

Sol\man th '.ccord, or Solyn • 'he i\f:ignificen',
' lui seeded h. (oner Seliin, and in.niediali ly after Ins
I accelTion, liid liei>e to Ui'.giaile, which hi iiK.k on the
I .fijlli ol AiiKiill, IJ^i. Me invadid the illaiid of
Khoei's the year ei.'umg, the ( ap'tal ol which iiibmillcil
! to hs arms on I hridinas d.iy, 15IJ. Solymaii then
nvadtd lliinjaiv, deleated the Hungaiiaiis, and took
I the tiiics ot Uud.i, Pell, and S''gcdin. In i^;() he pe-
ncil ttd;iiloAull and laid lir^e lo Vienna, but it

*.\\ III well delended, that he was obliged to laile the
lie.;r, and rclie: he, however, re. iiiitd a^ain lotii
.\ullria wrtli an irmy of 5, 0,0(0 mm, but the enipe.
' lor, and oilhi Ihrllian princes, hi in well pirpned
to itctne him, I e a;;ain letrcalr I to C'-'nllintinople.

The crlebi.itid lienoele admiial, Anduw Doii.l,
joining the fleets of I vcral (.'ht.lli .n pi weis, patlicu>
j laily that of Ihe S,' niaids. Invaded I'-e Mote*. Soly-
i man, in leliirn, oi.!erid his llrtt, iindei ihe command
I .<f hm idnvial Uaibaiwli.i, lo plunder the coafti vt Italy
<t LI and

■ ^ !'l

■ ! I

III

-^' ''Hi

I ■ '

■t

«.u

A NHW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

and .SIcilv ; thcic oijcrs being olicyrd, the Turkifli ad-
miral lluud uvci tui ihc AliiiJii cuJil, where he depolcJ
the dtya of Al,'.icis .iiiJ Tunis, and hud thule kinj^-
doms c.inlwKd tu him bv Solyni.in.

Ill iho ii;c. 11 lime Solyninn, with a luge army, in-
vadid I'tilia, 1 lit ii.it w .ill very little fiiei el-, in this I
cxpiilitioii. He lli.ii (rnt a fleet to t!ie Red Sea, to at-
t.iei^ t'le l\>iiii^iiele lettlLiieiits in the Kull Indies ^ but
IiM deli^u liivew'ite pri)\ed jb Mlivc.

'] h: lieiiih, who wcic idiiiiiiJing with the emperor :
of lieiiiiaiiy lur the M.Lnele, now n a le an .ilh.nieL
wiih the Tuik^, whole diet? ag.iin pluiidettd the Ita- i
I. Ill and Sicih.in euall:>, and the Ottunun ainiies met
likewil'c with great lueccii in Iliincary and It.ily.

In 154S Solui.an ag.! II in¥..di.d Krlia, but the Per-
funs dellroyrd llie coiiniiy befo e him .\b he advaiiecti,
h\ which nie 1:1s mull ol his army peridud, and he w.i> '
obliged a^iin to ie::tat j but, to make him (omc a-
nieiid.^, he, n (Jji, t'KK tlie llrong city ot Tcniafwaei
in Mini.; 11), aii.l the teriitotics belonginj; to it,

Sol) man, who was now ad\aiKul in ycais, was To
sluuilix r..iid ot his eoncubine Roxalaiia, that he put
hii elJii) loll Mullapha to death to nb'i^e her, and iken
conreiit.d to in.irr) h ', ihoujjh no Tuikilh lovereign,
fince the time ot H.ij.i/et, had c\er been r. anied, a!> it
wj. eonirsiy to the pohcy ol the lurkifh gmcrnment.

H'i i/et, the youn;;eU Ion, f<K)H alter uiiilorwciit the
fame late as hib brother Mullapha, fi'r be:r|; eoneerned
ill a pl.t againft the governniem. The Tu:k., now
male a Iriiulirj attack upon tlic ifland of MaUa, but
llill eoiitiuiej luccel'slul in IIii;iga;e; u hi 11 ileuth put
an end t' Sulvmaii's pro^tiT, A. U. 1566, and took
him oil' by means oj a bloody (lax in the 77th year ol
hi« ijje, and 47ih of his reign.

SjinuH, 01 Selim the a.\oiul, the only furvivinf il
fiiii of SoljMian, fueceeded hirti, while full expedition
was to invade the iflaiid of C\pius. He laiil liege to
Nieofi.i, wh.eh he ti ok by Aoini, A. D. 1570; .ind
the cnluiiu \ear he invilKd K.nna^i.ll.i, v\hieh capitu-
lated 11) on honoui.ible leims ; lut ilie );ariilon weit lui
looiier ii.arelud, than a ^leat luindet ol the inhabitant^
Were ni ill'aered, and the b a\c g'uitn. 1 Uiaj;.idino w.i>
fl.^yx^l abvc. The b. !l 1 Mu:! pha Lire found an iin-
meiile Itealure, whicli lie put on board three (hips, to-
gvihcr with nuny lovily t. ptivei, jnioiij; wliom was a
yoiiiij lady ol e\e|iiilite beauty, who, diead ni" tin
tho.ghts ot b< nj> laviilued to the embraets of a I'uik,
•ef hre to the powder, which blew op the lliip in which
llie wa', and the two others lh.it weie iieaiK, together
with luneli, a!! the Chi illi.111 rapine-, and the Turkifli
failurs. In the li.ean tnrc the l'iiikil:i admii.il piocied-
cd to make ilileents 00 niai y ol the \ eneiim iflind-,
as Epitiis, Daliiuilia, ^c. Ill m wht nee he earned many I
ih.iul.inds ol the inh..bit n't- mto e aptii it\ . It li afTiini- j
rd, that the iiwii of Cui7ola w.is fnrfakcn on the up- {
piiueh ol I'l riiikilll fleet, bv the govctn'r anil all |
the men , but that the womhii taking up arn <, drlendid
tlie place till a llorm aiole, iiid oblige I the Turks to
retire to their i^.dlics, in uuUr to prelene iheili, II this
r<cciit eiirumrtapce is f.u), whv Ihould the innderni
Jiliredit the (Xillcncc ul the aiilieiit wailikc lite bf
Aniarons '

'' So ma ch'd t!,e Thrsnan Am.-.rrtns of olj,

•' When riieiirodon with bh«>dy billows roli'd \

" Such troop- ii« theli III Hi inng aims were hen,

" When I he lent n et in lii;ht their riuiden enieen i

•« Siirh to the luld I'trithehlea led

•' From the firne ktr^'n when the (Irrcian^ (led i

•' With lnh t'lirii'd trnimpli.int from the war,

•> Her maids uiili incs jtiiiid the ioliy e»r v

•' The) clafli «iih mniile to re ihei| moony (hteld%,

•' While I. null (hoiils reiound the I'hrvgun fields,"

C'oiirajtc certaii-.ly it nf no fex, but a faculty of the
foul i and howevii iiiltom may de.'ref-, or dil'couraije
it in female", it c ttainly beton, 10 human nature in
general ll ir.en poflils a mou dviirmiried ceuragc in

Ccrlls which they f.iieire, women arc allowed to Im
lolTed M-ith a tupiruir incfenec of mind in fudden dan-
ger. , and, peih.ip', the latter it one o) th« lliuK di-
A>ii>suilhing cliaiaill«rillKi v( u<l courage.

" All dcfp'rate hazards courage do create,
" As thole pbiy frankly who haie lead eftarc ;
" I'relence of mind, and courage in dillrel's,
" Are more than aimics to procure fucccfs,"

DRYnr^.

Perhaps the fubordination to which worren have bcii
reduced by the policy of mnft nations, may in I'onj
niealurc have reprelled that ardent Ipinl for whiili tlu-
female foul leems to have been peculiarly formed by n 1.
ture ; for the very idea of flavcry renders the foul timid.

" True coar.ige, but from (.ppnfition grows;

" And what a;e fifty, what a thonfand flaves,

" .Match d to the fincvv of a linglc arm

" That IhikCb for Liberty I" Bi(ooKi>.

In the vear 1571, the Turks fitted out the lar'-ell
fleet that ever they feiit te. fea, which was eiigaL;ed, .it
:he entrance of the gulpl' of I.rpar.to, by the uniti-.l
Chiiftian fleet, conimaiuled by Don John, brother to
the king of Spain, in conjune'lion with the Venetian
ailmiral. The fight was obllinaleand bloody, and lati. I
I've hours, when the (.)tt()man fleet was tot.dlv deleaKd,
the Turkifli admiral, with 15,000 of his men, were
killed, .Mul i()o gallics taken, or funk: the Chnllian ,
on their parts, loll about droo men, among whom \vei»
maiiv brave .ind diftiiiguilhid olhcers.

After this defeat, Selim ci|uirpcd another fleet, nnj
took Tunis, on "he Barbarv coaft, from the Spani.irils,
which wai the lall confiderabic aiilion of his life, lor he-
d.ed Dec. g, 1574, in the jid year of his a-;e, ami
ninth of his ;eign, and was fucceeded by his elJeft
foil

Amiiiath thcThird, who like his predeerfTors, began liii
reign by the murder of his five brothers j and, to prove
himfell a tiiie 'Turl<, and not inferior ir, ciueliy to any
of his ancilb lb, he had ihini executed in his prcfeme.
Th.it nothiiij; rnif'.ht le wanting to complete the Ipee'U-
iL-, he obliged his late father's favourite fultuna lobe
prefeiit, who was fi alTci^ed at the maflicir of the
younj; piinces, that (he (labbcd herlelf to the hcari_ and
expired in the pnfencc of the young tyrant.

■ " Koul deeds will rife.

" Though all the earth o'ei whelm them to men's ewi j
'* .And miirdd, iho' it have 110 tongue, will (peak
" With moll iii.ratulous organ,"

Amuralh attempted 10 reduce the l-'cifian^, but 1 .ll
I'iree line armies in the ;ittcmpi. Thele dilipp. ni.
incuts I'o eh.i^rined hini, that in 15S1) he aflemhle.I m
aimy ol 180,000 men, and ga\e the lommand ot it to
the Citiliil Vi'/.ir. In this ixped tion, the Turks l.'lt
So,ooo by the fwoid and famine, for the I'crlians .il-
ways walfe the country when they are invaded, whuh
reii.iers a Petfi.m war much more dilacreiable to the
'Turks thin any othir. In i^r^J, as the fultan lound
that Ins troops cairied on this war with great nliic't-
ance, hewithdriw the army fiom Pcrfia, in onU r t«
employ it in llunuaiy. Nnthi.ij;, however, decilive
was done, and Am-arath died, Jan. iK, iy)i, in th«
jjil year of hit a^e, and lolU ol his icign.

Mahome! the Third, the fon of the above fultan,
bc,;an his reign, according to the Oitom'an cuftom, by
putting his biothtrs to death, who were no le(s than
tweniy in number : this, bonevet, did rrnt fatisfv him,
lor he ordered ten of Ins laihii''. loncibinei, whom he
iitiagined to be pregnant, to be thriiwn il»»n the U.
As loon .-.s he was fcated upon the ihrone, finilinc tl
his (reneial Kertat Hafla ha ! brc-ii unluccilsful in ilu -
;aiy, hi otdeiiil him 10 1 ; <lii' ^led. The Chril1i,iii ,
iinwfvtr, llill ptnvinj riU. lus, M.ihnmel afleh lei
an iirniy ol »rr:,coo ..en, put bimlelf at their head.
tiHik the city ol Agiia, white he pra.l.iid unheauli I
trueltii-, and afterwards dcfe,- ted the Chrillian army .
by which mens he recovered Moldavia and Walaebi;.
Btiii({ obliged to niarrli back into his o vn rounlry, !•
<iui'll fonii- domcllie tumult, the Cliilli.iis ln/eU th-
opporiiinii/, 4nd ruuv«rtU many ul ihi; plKw they ha I

li.|» ,

ASIA.l

T U R K E

»J5

■ttare ;

ich.

cfj."

Drvdh.

omen hjvc bcon
i, may in (iu'ie
t lor whiili tli^'
)• (ormciJ liy ii ;.
the loul tiiiiiJ.

ows J
(lavts,

UltUOKI!.

out the lar^clJ
w;is mga-cil, .it
I, by tilt unilt.l
(ihii, brother li>
h the Vciieti,m
oody, .1111I lali I
tot.iHv lUle.iKd,

his min, were
; the C'hrillun-,
long whom wii'

iDthrr (\cct, nnj
1 the S|Miii.iriU,
f his life, fill li ■■
of his a;f, ami
;d by his elJefl

crflbrs, bcjan W'l
; and, to prove
I', cruelly to any
in his prefenii.
iplctc the (peilU-
tc I'ultniM to be
maflacre of the
[o the hcari, and
«nt.

ife,
to men's eyrj 5
will fp.alc

ifian<, but Till
pfe iliiippcini-
hc afliiTibli.) in

nimand ot it to

the 'Curks I, 'it

he I'ei 11.111* il

invaded, whuh

rctabic to the

he fullaii toilful
h great rilitt't

fia, in ordi r t ■

iwcvcr, didlu..-
, I $95, in thj

above (iili.iii,
nin eu(*om, by
re no lels tluii
not (alijty hiin,
'iiies, whom liv:
II il>»o iht Iv
ir, finilinL' it
rdiful ill Mil
The Chiilli.in ,
iiMiel aHiii II i

at thoir Iliad,
tHid unhcaul'i I
.h'iftiaii .iriK) ,

iiiil \\'ulailii.

\ n muiilry, I ■

1 1 11* In/cil Ih

jiiaco thev ha I

hit,

loll' while, on the other fide, the Peifians retook
Tauris. Mahomet's crui Ities had rendered him fo ob-
noxious to the |)eoplc, thai. .1 coiilpiiaiy was lornud to
dtpol'e hiin, and plaic his tldeit Ion up,.,T the thione.
Hcing apprized of the aHair, he liiJ his Ion llranijleil,
and put 10 death all the conlpiraturt wlio were lu unfor-
liin.itc as to fall into his power 1 but imw, being c-^ ry
white unlu. ccl'sful, and many of thi. iiifur^ents eonii-
niiiii" in arms, he bej;nii to think ihit '.he wi.itli ol
tli,d purlued him for his manifold crimes. 'I'o aveit,
tlicieloie, the vengeance ol hiavcii, he ordered prayers
III lie put lip for liini throughout his ddmiiiioii^, and
km two niollas, or pried:, haieloot on a pili:i image to
Mecca, lie, however, dud 111 1004, vs.lli all ihi. iior-
ror> ol a guily conltieiiee upon him.

" Coiiftierce, what art thou .' thou tremendous pow'r,

" Wh'idoli inhabit us without our le.ive,

" And art within ourfelves another Itit,

" A nuller fell, that loves to domiiicr,

" And treat the monarch liankly as thi llave :

" II. iw dull thou light a loich tu dillant deeds,

" Make the pall, prtfcnl, iiid thr future fmwn ;

•' How, ever and anon, awake tlie loul,

" As with a peal of thunder, to llraiigc horors '"

Dr. Yoi)N(.

M.ihonier, at the time of his death, h.id reignr I nine
yeais, .ind was in the 45th year of his age. He was
fuicceded by his fun

Achmct, III whole rei:;n the Turks gained fome ad-
vanlajiis over the Lhrillians, beini; joined by the I'ro-
Itllanls of Aullria, Hungary, and l'iaiif)lv.iiiia, who
were fo cruelly perlccuted by the Koinan Catholics, that
thiv wcu obliged even to leek fuceour from Infidel-.

Achiret's principal fultiiia, undcrltanding that the
cnipeior lud taken one ol hn filter's llavc^ to his b>d,
was fo inlla'i.ed with jra|iK.fy, that (he caul'cd lur to
be 111 angled. i Ins Aehmet relented, by llabb 11^ hei,
and trampling upon her body. At length I.e de|artul
this lift on the i5ih of November, 1&17, in the _^ill
yea,- of his age, and i 'ith of his lelgn, and was luc-
leedid by his brother iViultapha.

'Ihe ..c. eflion of MuKapha uai extremely fingular :
the broiluis uf the fuliaiis had uliially been put to
di lib by the reigning lovei.i.;n, thiough the alilutd
idea uf icii'Jeiing hinilvlf lecurc ', but .\chmet, being
uiily I { years ol age when he began hu reign, was
aduled to Iparc his brother Mullapha, liFI he law whe-
ther he lliould have any children ot his own, as no
oihii piiiue ut (he Otton an laiiiil\ was then living. —
'I'hiK Mullapha was leiured bv the policy of the Hate.
nil .Aehnu'l had children, when it was debaicil in couii-
iil wluihu hi lliould not be put tu death, and the cxe-
euiiiin was Hj^ued upon accurdin|.l\ ^ but .Mulliph.i
was agj n providentially f.ived, l.ir Aclimtt duamin,;
that he l.iw his brothrr executed, was fo teriiH'd at flu
villiin.uy fpcCtnile of honor, that he would iic\ci luHci
ihc linliiuetoK' ■ t in execiitMin. Miillaph\ how-
(VII, reigned b .ive months, lor the hallas loiding
hull tiitalK uiiijiialilied to giniin, lliey again ceiiiliiud
liim to til. fei.if;liu, and adianci-d his nephew Oliuan to
tlu ihiiiiic.

oiHin altir the comniciicemrnt of lii^ reign, Ofmin
ni.iiilifd to ilie frontiiisol I'olaiid ; but the janillaiies
riliiliiig to niaich any l.irihrt, he waj obliged to patch
up a dilhonoiiiable pe,iie with the I'oles : this lu en-
'ajeil him, that he dctirmiiied totally to aludifll the
body ol lanillaties ; whiih thole i(,;ulai biavosuidri-
Daiuliiig, ihry n'uidiiixl him in lOn, and lellorrd hi<
tiiH Ir Mullapha to 1) I ihione : but he bvin^ no better
<|uiililiid 10 Kovdii tlia.i brfoir, ««'ai a Iccond time de-
I'oIkI, and Amuiaili, ( Ifinan'i ]iiuiigcr biother, ad-
Saiiiid (u ihe |iii|Hi|a' iliitmtv.

I li> leittii ol thi' piiiii , Ammalh the Fourth, whn h
ioiniiuiMed III li'J f, w.i^ not only filled wilh iiiUii-
ir^liiiiik uiiil mutir.ies but the relfians latMj^rd the
luikilh froiilieis, i.nd took ll.i^,dad, wh^ili (he <)iu>-
" Ji< loiies beluytd lliirc yeji «, withinit heing able t"
iCioxar. I'his vi.i|ieror wa« a iiu«l tyrant, but he n

and murdetiiig Chriflians and Turks. A drnmalie writer
verv juftly obfcrves, that the inoft favage animal in the
whole ereatiim, is a human creature without Iccling,

A dreadful hre happened at Cunllantinople during
this reign, which cuntumed upwards ot 20,000 houles.
Amurath, however, determined on a Ferhaii war ;
Inn, being in great want of money, he ciicoiiiiiged
a number of informers to acinic the lichcft people he
could get iiitclligcnec of with being guilty of various
crimes. I'his gave him a pretence to put them todcath,
and feizc their elteiils. Ky theic infernal means he was
enabled to i.iile an armv of 300,000 nun, when, march-
ing 10 the frontiers ot I'trlia, betook I aiiris, ordered it
to be plundered by In. I.ddicts, marthed back without
atchic' ing any thing laither, and then oideied a lellual
of leveii d,.ys to cekbiaic his wondi'riul com|uUls '

The cruelties of Anuiiath now grew dieadfnl to every
one i the murders he cnmmiited wcie incredible, and
the modc^ of execution were (hotkitig to human natuie ;
among the rcll, his bioihers Ii.1ja7.et and Ouhan fell
victims 10 his ferocious dilpolition : indeed murder was
his fiipteme delight, lor his inolf favoaiite anuifenient
was to fit in a pavilion, in the palace g.irdcns, and hie
upon thole who palle-d by in bo.i b, by which means he
killed a prodigious inimbei. Indeed, it nuilt be admit-
ted, that he feldom perloiined tnele fiolicks but when he
was drunk ; but the worll aHair lor his lu'-j.^U was his
feldom being fober.

Ill lOjy, he again prepared to invade i'erlia, but b"-
fore his departure cauled another of his brothers to br
llraiij'.led, who was a moll accoiiiplifhed and promiling
young prince. lie th' n invelled H.igdat, when the i;.ir-
rilon luircndered on condition of rcceiwiignopeiloii.il
injury, Amurath loleninlv promiled to Ipaic then l.ves ;
but they h.id no fooner laid down their arms than he
ordered them all to he cut to pieces, iniludniL' in the
bloody ni.indale not only men, but wonun aiiddiildren.
lor this coiujui tl he cauled a fellival to be | rucbimcd
111 twenty davs eontiiui.ince, at wliieh he \erv h.ippily
diaiik hiiiilell into a fe\er, thit took him ult on the
Sthol Kebiuary 1O40, in the iKth year ol liis reign, and
only {2d of Ins age : well might his lubjccts havs
l.iiJ.

" Our emperor is a Ivrant, ft.ii'd and hated ;

; '' We It.irce rinienibr in his reign one day

I " I'als i;uiltlels o'er his execrable head 1

" lie thinks the luii is loll, that fees nut blocd ;

" When none is llied, we count it liolul.iv,

" N^ e, ^^ iiu aie moll in iaiuur cannot call

" Out lives oui 0*11."

This tyrannical brute was I'm reeded bv liis brother
lluahim,

.Some liippole, that the realon why Ibr.ihiin was not
murdered a> well as Ihe tell ol his bioiher^, was owing
'o 1)11 II- not being any other priiue ol the Olt'im.in
line living i but olheis lay, lh.it lie was an ideot, on
whuh aeiount Aniuiath dclpikd liiiu too niiah 10
ibint^ him dangerous.

Ibiahim, hov.e»ti, had more cunning than was liip.
puled ; lur It appeared lh.it he had a^ted tolly oiilv ti>
lecure his lite, and pieiended In idcolilin 1 iily to pielena
hinil.il lioin beii.t; inuidcred.

Ill Ihe beginning of his reign he put an end to the
ravages ot the fav.igc Cullaeks, Kxik the tity of Alt>()h,
and .idded thv i;ical(ll part ol the ifljiid of Camlia In
ilie I'urkirti iliiininioii". He was, however, di poled
hi Ins niolhrr and the janiliuiies m i()4H, and nmrrii red
loon altir , h s fun, (Mahomet IV.) thitia child ol kveii
yeatk of jw, being placed on the ihrone,

lie lullana mother, the grand vimr, and the aga of
the imiflams were nuelle.l with the iidininilliation,
diiiiig Ihe nnnotitv ot the rmpcioi ) but, atlaiis tinn-
ing out a little unlucceisful, the gumd vinr was foon
depoltd, u- were Icveral others who luccceded hini j
(01 whoever r in fault, that mtnidei is lure to bc.ir ih,'
blame. In idjH, a liirmid.ible inliirict'tion was with
difficulty (uppreded. The t inks weie next Mliscd by
■|r plagui, which ufuaHv larried otl 14011 or 1500

I I

H!!t

■1'

icioxar. This vi.i|ieror w«» a miel tyrant, bui he n thr plagui, which ufuaHv larried otl 14011 or 1501
eeiiaiiiljf iiii)MiliM! ill III* 4iiulali(y, iipwily ojiprefliiig [, people evurjr diiy ill the cily uf Vontliuiiiiinplr onlv

**M^

A NEW COMPLI'TE SYSTEM OF (.liOfiR A I'll V.

i 1:

In lIiiii;T.iA- an obllifi.ite li.ntlc w.i« fnui'lu biiwan the
C'lirilli.ins and I'uiks, ill wliiih llic l.it;cr w.rf tut.illv
(Irtc.ilcJ, .ind li.('t I7,CC0 men dc.id (in iIk- fitld i.t luttlc ,
this occafiiintd a piacc liclwccn the I'ortc and the cin-
pcuir ot (icrmanv ; howtvi-r, m riTonipiiid the .ibuvc
lolX, the .nuicnt Ch.ldca was ruhJucd, .iiul addid to
the I'lirkifli cii.iiire, and the ill.md ot CaiiJia totall)-
ciiu^iicrcd.

In ll>7J, the Turks invadid Poland, coiiqnorcd many
of Its towns, and ijhligid the g<)\erinneiit to (onleni to
piv 70. '^00 dollars annually ; but on the (allure ol the
ilioiilalid paymi'iit, the war ai;ain h<i;an in the enfuin'^
year, whtn the I'olilh 2 "^''-d, Sobieiki, hal the pond
ioriune toohia na fignal vlclot) oier the Purks. About
Ihe fan e tunc the people o( Trlj oli, in lijrlary, killed
tl L b.dVa, and tlinw e^ft' the riiikifti yoke, by which
thev hi came iiidip ndant uf the I'orte in every thing, a
tiillciig tribute e^e 'ptcd.

In 1O83, the Turks laid liege to Vienna, but were
ntiaeked in their tienines, and mutid bv .!< hn liobulki,
kinj; of I'olami, at t'lt hiad of the (lermans and I'ldes.
'J'hc rity ot Ituda was afterwards invellel by the Im-
perialills, and take.i, Anj;. 22, 16HO. Kiiij; George
the Kirit, the.i elecior of Hanover, was prel'ent at thi-
fieye J ,-nd from thence bn iiglit th. two Turks, who
afterward' roi>ll intiv attended hint when he was king
of liiiul md : (iveral other iu;blf volunteers were pre.
font, particularly lord Cutts, who took a young 'Turk
prifoiicr. 111 whom he ^mvc the name of Budiana ; this
M.:l .1 nf.'M afurwirds luiii'd Chrilli.Mi, and became an
c'fficri .n i!ic Kns;lifli (ervice.

Ill the lame vtar, the V'eiuiians leeowicj great part

'' the Morea, ( rinee l,ewis, of Hadtii, totally de-

1 ! J the 'Tuik-, and the I'eK gave a great nverihiow

the I'attars. 'Thefe and other fublei|uent ill lui
iei;.i fo diipiritcd the troops, that tivy demanded the
{■'."id vi'/ir's head ; this (he grand feigiiior fent them
V. . the Leads of fevcial other gnat otiiecrs, without |j
V. Sich they did not appear dilpulid to be tali'^t-ed , but
1 :*r' dl his coniplialiees, tiny di poled him in the ^(jth
s M I hij reign, and 5jd ol h.s a.c. Mc was not,
('• wi »cr, inuideied, but died in the Icra^lio five years J
a'u;,

Solvman III. t'.e brothe: of thelafl emperor, wa'. ad-
vanced to the thtone in itjSy. In the beginning ol
this reign, the duke of Havana took Helgrac'.e, printc
Lewis, of Haden, obtained a vis'on over the Turks
at Bofiiin, and the VcMellms fxanded their frontiers in |
Circeee and Dalnat a. Thi.iuii of ill lurk induird the ■
Turks to ull'tr vcv advantagroui terms ol piaie to the
t'hrrllnns , but the treaty was btokm by the iiucliina-
linns of the I'leiuh king, I.ew.s XIV. w! o promiiid
|o Invade (ivtirjiiv, and divide it with tic Turks i but I
neither the Turks m 1 the hniii.h were able 10 comp.d
their defrriis, and Solyin.in died in the 41I1 \e,ir ot his
rrign, and s <' v' his a'.;e ; his brother, Aehm.t the
beconil, liicteriling him in lOol.

A iiiinuTous army imw palleil the naiiube, but on
llio Ifjihot Augull, I'lgl, the I urks were defe.ited bv
ptinec Lewis, ef Haden, whin the grand vi-yir, and
•;S,ooonien werr lUm. Ailiuut died in the 4th ye.o ol
hi> itig", and 5 ill of hi.s age, and was luei ceded by
Lis nephew

Mullipha ihf Sceonil. Tl.i^ iirirue railed an annv ol
I 20, 'CO men, took l.ippa, ad .bic.ite.' -he Impe-ilifts j
his Hcit V. .IS likewie luscelslul agan 1' he Vi . • aiis ;
hut on the oiher li.ind the Uullians lo » Aloph (loin
l.iin, and opened a toTiiii neaiioii to <h: lilick Sea.

Ill It',/, |iiiiiee huueiic diteatis.' lie I uiks at
Ol.ieh, wh.ii the prlnic m/t, and . 00 men, were
lliiii. A di(lionoiii.d>lc piasc l)Cin>; now concluded,
thcl'iiltm wis depoled in I 703, anil hu biutlut Achmet
aJvunrrd to the thieuie,

'The liiit thing th.u .Xthni t the 'Thliu lid, was to
(iilpLrc ;ili (he (;reat otheei» ol llate, w lio li„,l Urounhi
about the rrvalii.ion in his Uvour, by tralon, ns it
was laid, of their aliuniiiig tou imicli upon that ac-
count'

1 he king of Swe.lrr, in i;~.), after his defeat at
Piiltowa, look iilugt III the Tiilkilli teiiiloiies, and
liiil lullicient intcrell to (lir up the i^'and iVignior to

declare war agi nil the e7.ar of Mufeovy : tl-.c c7.ir
tailed .1 laige aiiiiv, but not aiftingwiih pi ii.lerice he
was fooii compelled to ligii whatever cciiditiuris the-
grand f^ignio? plcfed to pielcribc.

In 1715, the Turks dbdued the More, on vv!r,!i
the en peior of Ciuinaiiy deelaied war .umii.iI ihoi.i j
ai'j' the Ottoman aiir.y in 1 7 lO, was d.li.ited at C.ir-
lowils, by piiiice Tlugeiie. Ill this battle, ihe cum. I
vi/.rr, the aga of the janiH.iri..-, a great number it
b.illas, and ico,cco men were (lain ; Teiiulwair w.n
t.ikeii bv the Inipcii.ililli thib campaign ; and in 1717,
prince Tu-ene took Heigi.uie, and ag.iiii ileleaied .iii
army of Tuiks, coiilill'iig of 200,000 men. A peace
W..S, however, concluded in 1718, by the n.eJiation 01
(le.t llrilaiii and Holland.

Ill 17^2, the Tiiks invaded Petfia, and ha I loir.!;
Cuccels till compelled to retire bv the ceU brated Ko.ll
Kh.in ; Aehmct's ill (uecils ocealioiied him to be di-
polid, and hisne|hiw, Mahomet, was, in 1730, a 1-
vaiicid 10 the throne.

Mahomet ihe 5th, on his accelTion, made pearc with
Piili.i, ..lid enieied intoaw.ir wi.h Ruflia. In the vi . 1
I7<7, the 'Turks defeated the Impel ialids at Ciotlk..,
and took Orlova. In i;j9, they beliej^cd Belgrade j
hut a treaty being entered into beiween (he (ierinan_,
bunch, and 'Turks, it was unaninioiilly agiecd, th.u
the Turks fluMild have IJelgiai'e, bui th.- fortilic.itioiis
were to be demolillud. I he Danube and Save weie
to be tlie northern boiimiaiicsof the'Tirkitli tcrntor.i',
the river .'\tl.inta and the in n gate mountain^, the ealt-
em b'luiida V, and the river Lima, the well rri limit ,
tiw..ids Ihc Cieimiii doiii:;iions.

The Rulliaiis, b; ai. jilier treaty, were obllsed 10
d:"nolrfli all their lorts on the Palus-Mcrotis and Kux.ue
Se.e, and to dellioy the fortilications '..•f AfophJ

This nieinarch was of a pacific anil ;iii> difpnfirion,
and on th.it account lelpi'ud miieli l.y the Chrillian
pliiices; nothing niatciul, but what is above rclatei',
happened during his reign, ..rid on the I {th of Decim-
bi-r, 1754, at about on o'clock, he died fiiddenly o( ,
fit of thealllima, a'lil „bout thiec the fame .ilternoon hii
brother Ofinan w , proclaimed Iroin the minarets of iIil-
innlinii'. (liiiian ihe 'Third began his rei n in a iiu'r
of protoiind itain|iii'lity, and nolhin(T material oeeio I
till his death, which happened in 1757, when he w.:>
liiceeedid by Ins brother .Miilfapha.

Mullapha the 'Thud began his reliMl with every per.
follid adeanl.ige : he was ol a ditfeient dilpolitiiin In in
nnyof his piedeccfliirs, bur p of a liberal wj\ 01 think-
ing, a lov. r of haining, .111. 1 the lirll who nuuKluced
the ait of pruning into ihe ( Itlomaii empire. In th.:
vear 1710, a general fpii! of libertv teemed to diffuri-
itlcif Ihr. 11 -h manv paits ot the woild. The Tuil.ii;i
empire w.is .dlecled by its inducnee, tint (ieoipiai s be. mi
to afpiir at indep.-ndcnce, and main iiilurreClu.iis hip.
penid III Kgvpt a.'d C'ypius ; w huh, though tu|ipitllcd,
evinced the (pirit of the piople.

In I7t>«, a war broke- out bnween RulTia and thr
I'oite , a confeder.ey was toinud ai;aiiiH the Rulfiai s
anion > il.cir own luhi'Cts and dependants which w.i,
loimiiid and iiniejl.il by ihe Olti mans. ThccuiiK-
.leraies were, however, (.bbged to t. treat into the
Tiirkidi teiiilorles. 'The Riillians for-n d a line ol
troops along the frontiers ot I'nhiiui, laige bodies of
■Tart..rs api ei id on the Rudi.in Ihore, and a Tuikifh
.Tiiy was .illenihk-d betweiii Choiziin, lleiidcr, and
Uckal'-w.

In ! lie j-Ckj, the Uiiin.in admlril, Spiritdoff, f,f
fall ui ..ic I.njiit wilh ,1 powcrliil lt|iiailion, Adiriral
Klphiiillone hioii followid with anothir lonfideiable (led,
and ariivid in the ,\lo.ea in 17-). Count Orlott in »
Ihort time aliei joined ;he Kuilian llect oil' I'aroi with
another l>|u<dton.

All I ngageiiient li»>n after hipprnti! brtwrcn the
Tuikilh and Rullian lliets, iieai N.ipoli di-Kom 111,
in wliii h the I'lrinrr were totally dd.ited, -ind took
III Ittr III the h.itbour of the dboic mfiitioiud pin-,
wnither aumnal Tlphnilluiie puifued and did tlielti griri
daniai>p.

Du.iiiK this time count Orlod" was a.'ling bjr lar.d
in the Nluiea, but he loon alter joined the othn

liju.idien ,

c.vy : tl.c c7jr
iili [iiiKlcncf ho

COIldjtiullb tl'C

orc.\ on ttli .!i
ir :uMihll iIk-1,1 j
I.Uv.tal .a Cir-
ittk-, ilic oiiin.l
teal number ^ t
Tinurwaii w.,,
I ; anil mi 1717,

.tin llckMllj .!11

men. A pcacf
ihc n.cJi.ition ui

, anil ha I (linic
ckliratcd Kouli
I him to be dc.
., in 1730, li.

nadc peace with
i.i. In the vi.i
ilids ai Cioilk.i,
ii'pCj HclgraJc j
1 (he (ifrman,:,
ifly allied, th.u
ih.' (i'rtirn..itio;i',
' and S;ivc wuk'
rkidi tcrriKiri-,
iitain'', the lalt-
; will' rn lidiii- ,

were obllacil 1.)
rutis and Kux.ne

Albph.i

]ui> dilpofiiirin,
r.y the ChfilliiiM
Is ahove rdatd',
I jlh of Diclir
I'll (iiiMcniv i<( 1
inc altcrnonn hii
minarets ol' ihu-

rii Ml in a litrr
Ti:itPrial oonii ' '

, when he «•»•

with every per-

illlpolitinn til in
:il W.U 111 think-

whci iiuiihIik'iI
empire In th:

I'liiifd to ilift'iiit

Jeoipiai ^ l>i-. 11
lurriitlii'iis hip
oiiyh lupptclll'J,

Kiiffia and !!;■
lit the Kuiri.iiv
lilts which ttj .
The c.ml^-
n treat into tlir
irm d a line ol
lar;:c lioihcs ol
and a I'uikiOi
^1, liciidcr, an<1

, Spiritiloff', fif
liiin. Adriiral
iiiridi'i'.ihle flett,

lint Orliitf in »
ijti I'aru) with

i! between the
piilidi-Kom 111,

ated, ilid Iml;
iriitiiiiird pl.u •,
d did tlicDi i^ri.-i

1 a.'ling by lard
mcd the cthn

Iqu.idiur ,

A .SI A.]

TURKEY

nd the whole fleet, on the 7th of July,

'37

liiuaJ'oiis, am

I--U ini;ai;ed that ot the Jinks, when the Ottomans
re' cii'ed a total detcat. In this fight, which was very
iil.uidy ihI dil'perate, admiral Spiritdotf engaged the
I'apitiiia "' ICO guns, yard arm to yard arm, when the
1'iiii.illi ftiip takinit tire, the flames communicated to
li.e Riiflian fhip: both unhappily blew up, and the
iicws a lew officers and men excepted, perilhed, ci-
ther 111 the cxplolinn or the waves.

I'he I'uik"; now fled, in order to feciirc thcmfelves in
ihc buy ol Schifma, v^'here a few nights alter, their
fleet was tned by means of three lite-ihips. A perfun,
who was upon ihe ipnt, mentioning this aiftion, fays,
" A licet coiililliiig of 200 lail, almolt in one general
bla/c, prtlViited a pictuie of diltrcf.. and horror dread-
lully luhlimc ; while the flames with the utinolt ra-
pidity wcic Ipreading i!illiuelion on all fides, and (hip
blowing up alter ftiip, with every foul on board, that
feared 10 mill the wavis to Iwiiii lorlhore ; the Rufliaiu
kept pourin.; upon iheiii, Im h fhowtrs ol cannon bills,
fhells, ai.d Iniall (hot, that not one I'f the n any thou-
fandi of tlieir weiping Iricnds on land, who law their
dillrels, dared vciituie to their relief. Nothing now
rcniaiiKd but unite 1 (hrieks, and unav il'.ng erics, wliieh,
immd to the miitial inulic and t'' ' loud triunipl.ant
fliiiuts of the vietors, Icrved to l\iell alternately the
\aiious notes of joy and f now, that compofed the lo-
lemn dirge of their [the 1 uik.J departing glory."

The lols on the part of the Rullians was admiial
S "iritdofi''s (hip, and between 700 and 800 men ; on
the fide of the lurks, befiuis the deltruclion ol thjr
whole fleet, above yoco men pcufhed.

I'he I'uiks in great contlernation quitted Schifma,
ami hartiiu; to binyina, murdered an inciedibic num-
ber ot (iiucks and other Chnftians, whom they liip-
;itfed to be well atfectcd to the Ruflians, fpariiig neither
a^c noi lex.

Ihe Rullians in 'his expedition, fprfd dcfolaticn
thiough the coalls of Grecte, Alia, and the !''ands of
the Aiehiptlago, and grcativ injuied the fade ot the
Levatit ; but tliev acquired little benefit to thcmfelves
bv their luceelies. '1 his year, likewife, the I'lirkifh
.iiiny on the Danube, under the command of the
.•:rand vi/ir, was attacked in its trenches, at Uabadagh,
and totally routed.

In 1772 negotiations were let mi loot in order to
biinn about a peace, but the plenipotentiaries not agrcc-
wij;, the whole fell to the ground ; nothing, however,
was pet formed this year decifive or worth mentioning
by . ither a: my.

Ill tgypt and Syria the people were in open rebel-
lion ; All Hey was, however, defeated and driven out
ill Kgvpt by Slahoiiiet Abondaab, when he fou;.>Jit re-
luge 111 Syiia, and was afl'edtionately received by his
Iricnd CliicK Daher, an Arabian pi nice.

( )n the lilt of January, 1774, the emperor, Mulla-
phj the third, departed this lite at Conltantinople, in
the 5Stli year of his aj'c, and 17th of his reign, with
the character of having been the wifelf, hell, moll
hiiinani' and diliiiicrefted monarch that e\er ut upon
the ( Itloinan throne.

Abdiil-Mamet, the brother to the late emperor, fuc-
ecided him. Some commotions were made in favour of
the iiiung priiKC .Seliin, but they were eafily fupprelled,
and the war upon the Uaiinbc was earned on with
> 1 "Hir, nor did the ( )ttonian minillry (ail to encouraijc as
I'uiih «v pofliblc the rebellion of I'ugatfchert' agaiiilt the
Kiiflian "ovi rmiHiit. I'he Turks were, however, de-
: ud 111 vaiious engagements i dilurdci, inutinv, ajid
!' leilioii prevailed among the ti(«)psi the giauj viiir,
I'Mii; abanduind by the greutilt put of his forces, was
■111 :;ed to .iccede to the tcinis picfeiibcd by the enemy,
v ho had lurioiiiiik-d him at Schumla. 'I'hele ill fuc-
lies threw ihc who'e Ottonun empire i:iti onfufion ;
i'<' I'uite, howctcr, uiidei the prcfcnt complexion of
OuiM, t^iought piopir to ratify the art iciet u.' peace ;
the piiniipal of which were,

I. The mdependencv ol the Crimea. 2. I'he abl'r>.

'me eeflion to KulTia of Kilt>uni, K.rche, JciiicluU,

uiid jII the dilhi^l hetwien ll>e Bo;;, and Ihe Dinpicr.

{ A free lias i^.^tioii iti all the I'uikilll lean, iiKludiiij!

the pafl'agc through the Dardanillc?, with all the pri-
vileges and immunities, which are granted to the moft^-
fjvoured nations.

In return for which concelTIons, Ruflii was to rt-
lloreall flic had conquered, Afophar.d'raganrok excepted.

The grand vizir died, as is fuppoled, ot a broken
heart, on bis return to Conftantinople j and public re-
joicings were made at St. I'eterllnirgli, for the iiiicoin-
mon fuccefs of the Rulfian arms.

The rebel, Pugaifcheft', was foon after defeated by
the RuITiaii army, taken prifoncr and put to death.

The year 1775, proved fatal to the old ar.d biave
Ciiick-Dahcr, his country being conquered by Ma-
homet Aboudaab, with an army of Egyptians ; but
Aboudaib dying in the inidll ot his luccelfes, Chitk-
Oahcr was in hopes to have retrieved his affairs, when a
ball'a arrived upon the coall of Svi.a with a eonfiJeiablc
reinforcement. C'heik Daher w.a. foon fiihduej, his
trealurcs feized, and his head lent to Conlfantinoplc.

As we arc not acqur-inted v.\:h any circumftancc that
delerve mention more recent than tiie above, we (hall
conclude the Turkifli hiltory with the two following
ufeful tables :

A Table of the Ottoman Ivini.s and Emperors.

No.

Names.

Uegan to

re.gn.

A. D.

Ottoman, or Ofuiaii

1300

1 V3

Orchancs

1328

Aniurath

'359

Bajazet

'373

1 *-<

Solyman

1400

Mahomet

1404

Ainurath II.

1412

Mahomet 11.

1450

U.ijazet II.

1481

Selimus - .

1512

Solyman II.

1520

Selimus II.

1566

•

«3

Amurath III.

'574

'Ji

«4

.Mahomet HI.

'595

Achmet

1604

.Multapha

1617

•7

Oi'm.in, or Ottoman II.

i6itj

i»

Morat, or Aniurath IV.

1623

Ibrahim

1640

.Mahomet IV.

1O48

Solyiiian III.

1687

Achmet II.

1691

Muflapha 11. - - -

:69s

Achmet III.

'703

Mahomet V. -

1730

O'man 111.

'7j4

Muliapha III.

«7S7

• •

Abdul-Ilamet

. '77+

A Ta n 1. E, be which the years of the H-igera may be
reduced into years of the Chriftian JF.t^, anfwerable
thereto.

627

660

693

132

726

165

—

■;

759

19X

792

»4

K25

264

858

297

80 1

ir,

—

gJ4

—

957

3 16

99"

4 9

— —

1023
1056

461

S»8

10H9

1122

$61

fiSS

' . m

tt88

Thii

1- 1

i'l I

! 1 >

r ^:

1 „!■

1 f •

' i

I I
1

CI -i

r .

- ■ . ,u,i

r.'-'

'.>8

A m:\v complete system of geocraphy.

Thi< i.il)lf, iiiny bo coiitimicj farther, aJdliig .ilwayj
3 J to iMcli ruinibcr ol iht- tirit column, iiiiJ one to tatli
iiiimlicr of till- (ivdnd. The iili. uf it i» lliu^ ; to the
iMvcn yc;u of the hcigirj, .iii;l nlw.iys 6? t, iht' vc;ir of
t'hrill .inhvcr;ibli' to the full year of the hcigfu, nnd
liom the furii fulitr.iel always the iiuiiitier that Is in
the i^ble ngaiiift the givci; year ; or il that number is not
ill the t.ible, look for the number that is ncarcll to it.
1 i>r example,

Sujipolc you would know what vcai of the Chriftian

A>a anfwers to the year H58 of the hcigcra, adil Cn
to 8sti, tluis :

83S

621

147')
From the total fiihtraet ?.0, which in the table (lands
ajramll 858, the rem.iinder 1455 will be the year ot
the Chrillian A.t.i aiilwering to the given year of the
heigera.

C H A P. X.

/ft,"

1 » "^

IC "^

te N

K.*^ ;

1?;

A.- ^

I N D O S T A N.

INDIA PROPER.

S K C T. I. i;

/»• SitmitiiK, EiUnt, Dii'ijUns, Sulilivjims, Wf. li

TlIK principal and lichcll pan of India, called !]
Indollan, i> better known Iruin the ini.lliinablc |
commodities, whn.h u pioducis, than from I'
.my authtiitic hillouii >.( it, which have been ^,
traiifmittc<l to iis Irom ai;cii.nt record?, fciimpean j;
avarice hath, lowcvcr, taught iniiimcrible loidid ad- '
vcntiiicrs to lluJv it- ;^eiYraphv fword in hand; they ;
have waded through 1 lood to uleiu iichc, and by that
nuanb ha\e luniillKd u> with muik'rn aniiah which
Ihock lium.iiiily to read. I he bowels of ihi- iiihabi-
laiiis have bieii ript oprn to come at llw precious pro-
tlucli of the biAvels of llie o.iiih ; the richncf:> of the
country b.us btL-n tlie greatoil ml^ll>^tulle to the natni^,
theii gold niiiik , and thnr di.iiiu>nd. blaze but toiiiMic I
tobbcr» to pluiidei them j and while the heat of the
climate, and the delicious fruiti of the cait'i lull the ,
effeminate people into the lethaigie flumbirs of luxuiy,
ihey become an cafy prey to thole who are more foidid
and 1 old, and lia^ e lefs conlcicnce th.ui themfelvcs.

Well may tl>e worldly mifer pant for thcfc regions,
»nd fay,

Waft mc ' waft mc ' to that Jiflant fliorc, I

Where d«cIU ths precious i.lol 1 adore ;

Health, d.'.ujir, fi lends, religious, n;or.il tic;, i

I from liu- boitmn of my fmil defpne i >

Anil p.uil foi noiliny but the glittering prize, 3

Ma 1 ha; ;'; ^linu", \»hofe hi loin gold contains.

Whole U'.wels ;;lnw with r.ndiatit bnllunt veins j i

I'hy I nets wealthy as the flnmiiig iiiiiie, I

With gol Irn laml, and di'mond pebbles Ihine :

I'o gialp at treafurc i . aljiie to live :
Is th^'ic a blc'^Iiig I ut what wealth can give ?

Ten aiT.ple lailc. 01 diir rupees I'd take.
And frei.1) pa.t with coiif. iencc for tlieir fake :
Wh.its iiiiiie, or humanity to mc,
Wlirn captivating precious llonci I fee?
'['0 be a Mall, and pool, will never do,
1 II Brute coiniiience, and be a rich one trx).

With ti)iul p:o|iiioty, while the avaiicious feafts his
n.iriii with uolikn holies, may the voluptuous cvei the
luMiiioii'. krlilily ol thccouiury, in the elegant words
ci Thomploii :

" Bear me, I'oniona, to thy citrnn grove«,

*' I'o whc 1 the km->n, and the piiriiiig lime,

" Witli th' dcep(iraii){c glowing tlirough the green,

" Thi.i nhtcr clones blend : lay me rcclm'd,

" Bein a'h the fpreajiiig tamarind that fhakrn,

" Tamrd by the hne/e, 1I9 tever-cooliiig fruit.

" Qiii '..h 11') hot Imibj i or lead mc thio' ili(Mnaie,

" F.mbow'ring entlKfs of the Indian (ig ;

" Or thrown at j^aver eale, on fome fair brow,

" Let me belmld, by brev/y murmurs cool'd,

" Kioad o'er my head the verdant cedar wave,

" Or ihctch'd amid theic orchards of the fun :

" (live me to draii the cocoa's milky bowl,

" And fiom the palm to draw its ftclhin.; wine ;

*' More bounteous far, ihiiii all the Ir.Mitic juice

" Which li.Hchus pours ; nor on its lleiider twigt,

" r,ow bending be the full pomegranate fcorn'd,

" Nor creeping throtiyh the woods, the gelid luCC

" (Jf berries ; ult in liumble llation dwells

" Unaitful woith, alovc f.iltidioiis pi.mpj

" Wilnefs, tlvu belt aiiaiia, thou the pride

" Of veget.ible life, beyond whate'er

" The poets imag'd in the golden ape :

" C^iiick, let me itrip thee yf the tufiv coaf,

" S; lead th; ambrofiai ftcies, and fealt \m;Ii Jove."

Though a chain of immcnfe mountain; feparatcs ihi f«

regions from China, Tartary, and i'cidai vet Imlu

on this fide the Ganges w.is anciently fiiljicl to tho

I I'erfiaiis, and Alexander the (Jrcat puflud hi;. coiuiuelU

into Ii.dia, to the extremity of ih< (e parts whivh h.ad

been iiibutary to Darius. I'levioiis to the time of .Mix-

I ander, fome tirecians had traverfcd India in (eaich of

Icience ; and above jjon yeais fmce, the cekbiated

IMpay there wrote his adiiuiahlc fables, winch have

i fiiicc been tranlLaicd into mult of the known lan^ua;:r«

' ill the world.

j Indultan received iti name fiom the river Indus, antt

■ Is by the nativis called .Mn.'uUlan, or the empue of thn

' Great Mogul. It lies lietwcvn th« iiiJi.s and the

Ganges, which tail into the Indian oce.m .11 the dif-

I tance of 4C0 lea^^ucs (mm cath other, it i-; bounded

I by L'fliec I'ailarv and Tibjt on the noith; bv Acham,

Ava, and the bay ul fKiit>al on the call ; by tlie Indian

ocean on the fouih, and by the fame f a and Pcrfia on

the weft. It is fituatcd betwein 66 and 92 li. i;. ot

call long, fiom London, .iiid belvyci.n the 7th and 40tii

deg. of north lat. beiiii; 1041 miles long fH>m iiorili to

fouth, and upwards of 1400 bro,id in the widcll paii

from call to wi(k.

The empire of the Mogul is divided into fiveial pro-
vinces ; thoujrh It cannot be laid sh.t he is fole and
abloliitc maUcr of them i.II, as there are Ionic ra'as or
petty fovereiuns indepcn Iviit n! him.

The n.irih-caU dtntion of India contains the pro-
vince of Bengjl, as well as Jeiii d, Naii-nieiil, I'.itna,
Necbidi (ior, and Rotas. The iii>rll'.-wclt divifioti
extends to the li.intitu of Pcrfm, and loiiiainj the
provinces of Sorer, |elt Inier.', .Siiida, Talti, Huck-
nor, Mallan, Iltrc.iii, and Cabiil. Thcfc are all
liiualej on the river Indu;. 'i he I'outh-caft dulL or
ccaft of CjroiiM'.Jel, contain. Orixi, Golccnda, the

Cait

'il

:5I

rA^'

♦J

■o;

:&m

igcra, add Cu

the tabic (lands
be the vi-ar ot
.'cii year di' the

Toparatcs Ihrft
fu i yet India
rul'jiijf to tlia
I lui r(im|in'lls
itts vvIikIi had
; time (]f Ak\-
.1 ill li-aich of
the nlibtatcd
I whiih h.ivc
DWii laii;:iia"cii

cr Indii«, and
I'inpiic lit thn
nJiiS and the
'an at the di[-
it is hounded
1 ; by Acham,
hy tlie Indian
and l^c rlia nn

id 92 li, y. ot

■ 7ih and 40th
(loni iiiiiiii t(»
lie widtK [)ait

l.-i'

I I

■'"iM.

■iw

• ; il

I I

i^y

kkR.

II'

(II r^

ASIA.]

t.\i\ fiilc of Riiiiijnr, or ilie Ciinatic, MiiJura, and
Vanillic, ACiTic, Itnfrjpnu . L'^illiincrc, Hcndowiis,
L.ih'T, Aii;ia, Ditili, (iu.iK-or, NiMvur, Kjlipor, Chi-
tor Hcrjr, aiul Caiuiilli, ,\it: litiutcj iii the center di-
viliDii, An I till- (uii;i\-wi.il nialt rnnUwi'; Giizarat,
Uccan, and Uiliii;jr, oi ihc Caiiuiic.

'l"ho tropic of C.Mitii luii'. through the centre of the
riipirci ih' loiithiTii put lio< within the toitid zone;
■ 1 ni the vtrv liottcl} part ot the year, there arcgeiie-
i.illy lains which ironi aliout tin' iiul of June to Novmi-
hcr refnlh the eaith and loul the air j the Olower?
then, cfpcci-illy in A igcilt and iii'ptember, fall foi
llveral davs without internullioii, attended with tliun-
ilcr nnd lightnin;; : even in tlie faiiirt weather they h.ivc
linhiiiinir, thoiii;h without thunder, for federal weeks
lucceffivelv 1 hut this lii;hining never does the fin.illelt
detriment ; the n>.ie> at that feal-m arc clear and Icien.-,
aiui the e.rth reficdied with geiule breezes which in the
niornin;;? and cveniiip^ arc exirenuly n<>iccahle; the
heavens hive a moll heautit.il appeaiance, and veget-
ables fprin^ forth with incredible forwardnci';. IhL- air ib
pcrfun.ed with the choicelt fruits, affording an whole-
fume and tefrclliinL' nourifliinent, while the trees form
a fli.idc impenetrabii' to the rays of the fun.

Hilt it behoves us here to be particijlar with regard to
what arc called the nionfuons or periodical winds. 1 hefe
winds blow fix niiiithi in one direction, and fix in the
oppofite diiedion ; for inllu.ice, fuppofe they blow froTi
the loulhweft Ironi April to October, then they twii
iiboiit and blow from tl e north call fioni October to
April ; and at the lli liing or brcknig up of ihe nioii
foon, th'.rc are ulually fuih Itorms of wind as will not
futier .1 vellil to ride with anv degicc of fafety.

'I he chief livers of this empire are the (irnges anH
the Indus; ilu' f.iriiicr lifes Irom ditKcreiit lource. in
Tibet, and, aftir fevcr.il windings through Caiicafus,
peiitti.ites into India, acrols the mniiniains on its tr< n-
ti..r. This liver, attor havin^; formed in its conrfe .i
gnat nuinbirof lirge, fertile, and well peopled illandv,
difelur^es ittelf into the lea by fcveral channels, ol
which only two are frciiucnted.

The (ianges is held in the very higheft cfteem bv the
Indians, who worfhip itasadciiy, deeming thatpi.rfon
happy who terminates hiscxild.nce upon its margin, and
even felicitating that f.imily, an individual ol whicii
hath been drowned in it- Itreain. Towards the lource
of this river was oikc the city of I'.ilibothra ; the an-
tiquity of wh.ch was fo great, that l)iodoru>. Siciilus
fcruplcs not to (ay it was built by that Hercules, lo
whom the Greeks alcribed the moll I'urpriling .lolicn-
which had been ptrlormed in the world. In the davs
of I'liny, the opulence of Falibolhra was ecKbrated
lhroUi,hout the globe, and it was the ge'ieral mart for
the inhabitants of both fides the ii\cr that waflied
its w.'.lls.

I he CJangcs runs .i courfe of .tbout 3000 miles.

The Indus, which runs an equal courfe, waters the
wcjlern lideof Inlii, (lowing from the mirth-calt to the
fouth-well, and tailing into the Indian ocean by three
channel.-.

There .ire fevcral other rivers, as the Attoek, (ihe
Ilydalpes of the antients) tie Jeinmima, theCiucnga,
&e. which are all too infignilicant to merit a particular
dcff nption.

The mountains of this country divide it into two
fqiial parts, running aerofs honi iii rth to louth, and
eiiteii.linir as far as Cape Coniorin. Many of the moun-
tains produce iliamomls, rubles, aniethylls, granates,
crylolitcs, jalper, a-ate, &e.

I N D O S T A N.

'39

ilS

S E C T. 11.

I\'alHtal Hi/hrj,

II r ptcat chain of mountains mentioned above
teems to be a barrier, crciilcd by nature, to fe-
pirate the (Vafons j for the countries that arc divided
by them, though under the fame latitudes, have a dif-
lerent climate, and while it is fummcr on one fide of
ihele mount.iins it is winter on the other j though all
that IS meant by winter in Ibis country is, that time
of the year when the clouds, which the I'mi attrai^s

from the Tea, arc violently drove by tVie winds againft
the mountains, where they break and dill'olve in rain,
accompanied with frequent ftorms : hence the torrents,
which rufli from the mountains, (well the rivers, and
overflow the plains ; hence, too, the vapours which ob-
Icure the day, and diffufe a gloom over the country.

When the fair bafon clofes, the earth appears as one
continued dctart, except indeed that the trees never lofe
their verdure ; but the rains no fooner defcend, than
the earth appears almult immediately covered with graft
and herbs. It is a rule here, that th;y have the faireft
weather when the fun is at the grcatcft diilance from
them, and the worll when it is vcrtkil. The foil of
this country is rendered lo pliable for if; various pro-
du>;tions, by the exc^liive, but nourifliing rains, that
it needs little alTiftancc from the hands of the liulband-
man. The earth

" Its bofom does difplay,

'' Opprefs'd with riches, and piofufclygav :
" Wlicrc Nature throws her gifts with lavifh band,
" And crowns, with flow'ry luxury, the land :
" Fruits, rivers, meadows, groves, and airy plaint',
" Still ecchoing with the lavs of fwarthy Iwaiiis.
" Lovely confulion make, and ch.um the eye
" With beautiful irregularity."

In the fouthern part of the peninfula the natives live
principalh upon rice ; indeed, fcarce any thiii^ clfe is
fowii ' In the northern part there is excelLnt

barley atii it, and they have good pc.s and beans.

Their hi cows, and goats, bipply them with

nrb. in , tU which tliey make a great deal of

checfe.

riuiugh ihc gardens of India are extremely pleafant,
the\ do not produce any great choice of flowers ; here
i~, h iwevT, a vaiiety of fruit-trees, and what flowers
thcie a'C, i avc a mo(f elegant mi.xture of colours,
though few of tliem have any tragi ancc. The fruits
are mangoes, gua\as, pomgranates, ananas, pine-apples,
cocoa-nuts, orange-, lemons, limes, plantains, tama-
rinds, niulherrics, 5;c. 1 here are, iii the north part of
the empire, alio app'cs, pe_r', ami oihcr fruits that ate
produced in Europe. Hoth .^ruit and forJt-ticcs in the
louth part of India arc ever-greens, and fomc of the
fiuit-ticcs have green ami ripe fruit on them at the faire
time. Their kitchen gaiOCMi yiclJ watcr-niclon% pct-
heibs, potatoes, i^:c. They have alio gin^ci, la(?'ron,
uirii eric, fugar, cotton, indigo, opium, p I'.'.r-plar.t,
iVc. with fpacious plantations of fugar-eam^.

The cocoa and cott m trees are t!i-.- molt ufcfu! of anv
in India : the cocoa yitMs meat, -'.rir.k, anil oil, ai well
as timber for building : of the librcs if the bark they
make their cordage, and with the branches they cover
ihcir houfcs. From the cotton-tree they ha\e their ca»
lico, and moft of their cloathiiig j thi tree grows to a
conliderable heighth. There is alio the cotton ftirub,
of which are made ginghams, muflins, &c. The fhrub
and tree put forth yellow bloli'oms, fucceeded by pods,
the fkin of which biirfting, difcovers a tine, foft, white
wool. The banian is a moft valuable tree, and grows
to a confidcrable Wix j fome of its branches flioot hori-
zontally from the trunk, and from thofe branches flen-
der twigs fhoot downwards perpendicularly, and, tak»
ing trot, form other bodies, which, like pillars, fup-
port the arms they I'prang from j and thus one tree
comes to have fevcral bodies, covering a great fpace of
ground, and fulficicnt to fliclter at leatl twelve hundreJ
people beneath its cxtenfivc branches, Thefe tries are
even converted by the natives into temples j their fhadc
is the repofitory of their idols, and beneath the branches
their enthufiafts cxercifc on themfelves the ftrifleft fe-
verities.

Among other fine and valuable trees here. Is the in-
digo tree, or flirub, which is about thefizeof arnfe-trec,
but has a fmooth rind. The leaves, when flripped off at
the proper feafon, arc laid together, when a vegetabla
dew exhales from them. They aie then immerled in
water, contained in vcfTels adapted for the purpofe.
After the water hath extrailled the blue from the leaves,
it is drained off: the fciliment is then expofed in broad
fh,.llow vclTeU to the fun b(;ams, throuj^h the heat of

which

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Hiotographic

Sciences

Corporation

33 WIST MAIN STRUT

WIBSTER.N.Y t4SaO

(716) 877-4S03

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A NEW COiMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOCJRArHV.

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140

wliich the moifturc evaporates, and the indigo itfclf re-
mains in cakes at tlie bottom.

Among the animals ol India, oxen are of great uti-
lity, cither tor draii;;lit or carriage : though not Co large
as ours, they make much gieatcr fpccd, travelling thirty
miles a day, and more. len thoulaiid of thefe animals
are foinetimes fccn in a caravan. By a caravan we mean
a prodigious number of oxen, camels, or other hcaih of
burthen, loaded with merchandize. Their drivers have
never any fixed habitation, but take their families with
them. F.ach caravan has a captain, who is particularly
diftinguilhcd by wearing a llring of pearls round his
neck, and leceives fingular homage fr^m all ranks of
people. The caravan drivers are divided into tour
clafles, each clafs confiUiiig of 8c, 90, or 100,000
pcrfons. Thefe arc attended by their pncHs, and each
morning, before they fet out, they pay their ufual devo-
tions to lon.e idol. One caravan carries barley, another
rice, a tliiiJ peafc and beans, and a fourth fait. Tenor
a doicn oxen are generally employed in drawing a wag-
gon, and two in drawing lighter carriages. When they
bait, they aie fed with gral's, if it can be got j but
there is little of this to be had in the fuuth of India in
the fair feafon, which is the proper time of the year for
travelling, in which cafe they fubftitutc fodder. The
whole company deep in tents, except thofc appointed as
centincls.

Camels arc but fcldom ufed here, bcin" inferior in
utility to oxen. Thofe they have, differ but little from
the Arabian camels, which have been particularly de-
fcribed in Chap. Vlll. Seel. IV. p. 77. of this work.

The elephant is the largelt quadrupcdc in the uni-
verfe : it is in height from iz to 15 feet, and in breadth
about (even. Its llcin, except about the be'ly, is fo
tougl., that a fword cannot penetrate it : it is of a darkifli
colour, and very much fcarified : its eyes are exceeding
finall J its cars large j its body round and full, the back
fifing to an arch ; and on each fide of its jaws, within
the mouth, arc four teeth, or grinders, and two teeth
project outwards: in the male they bend downwards,
and are ftrongefti in the female they turn upward';, and
arc fliarpell ; both male and female ufe one which is
Iharp, as a defcnfive weapon, and the other, which is
blunted, to root up trees and plants for food. The
teeth of the male fometimcs grow to the length of ten
feet, and have been known to weigh three hundred
pounds each. The teeth of the female, though lefs,
are the molt valuable ivory. They naturally flied their
teeth once in ten years, and bury them carefully in the
earth, to prevent their biing found by man, as is ge-
nerally imagined. The elepli.int's tongue is fmall, but
broad ; the feet arc round and ample ; the legs have
joints which arc flexible ; the forehead is large, and
rifing i the tail refemblcs that of a hog ; and :he blood
of this animal is colder than that of any other ; but the
organ which moll peculiarly diftinguifhcs the elephant,
is its trunk. This fingular member is crooked, grifly,
and flexible, ab.iut feven feet in length, and more than
three in circumference towards the head j but it gradu-
ally diminifhes to ihc extremity. At the root, towards
the nofe, arc two pafiages, the one into the head, the
other to the mouth ; through the full it breathes, and
by the latter it receives it. piovilions, the trunk fcrviiig
the purpofes of a hand tJ feed il, and a weapon to de-
fend It. It is fo (Itoiij,, that it c.in lift a prodigious
weight, and fo delicate in the fenfation of feeling, that
it cjn t ikc the fmallcll piece of coin from the ground.

There cannot be a finer defcription of this unwieldy
animal, than what we find in the facicd writings, v\here
the elephant i, termed llehcmolh, which word, in He-
brew, implies '* tho ccilleiitive Ilrengih of many bealls."

" MehiiKl now Behemoth, whicn ( made with thee j
he cateth grafs as an ox. I.i, now, Ins llrength is in
his loins, and his force is in the navel of liis belly. He
niovrth his tail like a cedar : the fiiiews of his (lones are
wrapped together ; hii bones art as Drong pieces o(
brafs ; his bones are like bars of iron. He is the chiel
rif the ways uf God ; he that made hiiu, can mike his
fword to approach unto linn. Surely the moiini.iiiis
bring him forth food, w'htc all the beads of the field
play. He liclh uiiJcr (he fliady tt«ct m thtkuvcitol

the reed and fens. The (hady trees cover him v. iiii tlir.r
fti.idow. The willows of the brook coinpafs him abou;.
Heboid, he driiiketh up a river, and bo.dleth not; hi-.
irulteth that he can draw up Jordan in his nu;u!h ; he
taketh it with his eyes ; his nofe pieiceth throii;rii
fnares." Job xl. 15, &c.

The above palVagc is thus elegantly par.iphrafed by the
celebrated lir. Young :

Mild is my Behemoth, though large his fianie;
Smooth is his temper, and reprcit his llame.
While unprovok'd. This native oi tlie wood.
Lifts his broad feet, and piowls abroad for food :
Earth finks beneath him, as he moves along.
To f.ek tlie heilis, and iiiiiigle with tlie throng.
See with what llrength his haiden'd loins are bound.
All over proof, and ihut agaiiill a wound
How like a mount. lin cedar moves his tail !
Nor can his complicated iiiiews fail.
Built high and wide, his folid bones furpafs
The bars of fteel ; his ribs are ribs of brals ;
His port inajellic, and his arintd jaw.
Give the w.de foicll a,;d the mountain law.
The mountains fear hiin; there the beads ailmiio
The mighty llrangcr, and in dre.id retire;
At length his gre.tnei's, nearer they fur\ey.
Graze in his fliadow, and his eye obey.
The fens . nd inarflies .ire his cool icttcat,
His noon-tide ftielter from the burning heat;
I'heir fedgy boloms his wide coiieh are niaih'.
And groves of willows give iiim all theii (hale.
Mis eye drinks Jordan up, when fii'd with diouglr.
He hurlls to turn its current down his tliii.it j
In lilien'd waves it creeps along the plain;
He finks a river, and he ihirlls again.

The fcmd of the elephant is roots, leaves, grals,
(lirubs, iic. but he is fund of corn when he can get it,
and will drink wine to intoxication. Ihe female goes
two years wiih yoiinj, brings but one at a time, which
continues growing till it is 30 years of age, and is ex-
ceedingly lond of her progeny ; in eroding a river the
dam takes up her oll'spring with her trunk, and carries
it fafely over. It is remaikablo that the femiilo Is the
llrongeli and mod courageous ; but the male is the largell
and moll ■raceful. The docility and fagacity of this ani-
mal are univerfally acknowledged j though able to en-
counter the molt Itrong, it may be brought to be
managed by the moll weak ; its fenfibilny is fuch that
it cxpieflcb gratitude for thofe who treat it kindly, and
always evinces a fpirit of refcntment ag.iinll fuch as be-
have to it w,th indignity. Its eye, though fmati, is
cxprelTive and penetrating-, it is fond of niiific, and ex-
hibits tokens of the utniod f.itisla,ition, when it hears
the found of any mulical inllriimcnt ; its lenfc of fmcl-
ling is exquifite, but in the fenfe ot fecliiiL' it is fup-
poled tocxceed all oth^r .iiiiir.als.

The eUphaiit, when lamed, may be taught many
things, by which it is rendered both uleful and cntei-
taining. It travels quick with a gie.ii burden, and
when trained to war, will cany upon its back ,1 wtKiden
t.,wer, containing inrii, ammiinilion, .md provifions.
In the furtilicatiiin, which it beais, a cannon itollen
planted, and it wdl flaiul the firing of it without tlu'
lead trepidafon.

I'liiiy, and n any aiuient writcis, have given various
indanccs of the uncommon lag.icit'. ol ibis animal,
which tiu-ohle v. loiis of niodtrn tiavelh i . I. em tocon-
fiiin i in pariieiilar, eiptain Haniill >ii i.l.ile. in b -
aecoiint of the K.id Iiulics, ih.,t an iKjihaiit puflied his
tiiiiik iiiiii the windiiws 01 a liyloi's W'lklhop, when
one of the nun r.m hi- needle into it, whieli |o highly
art'ronted i.ic animal, ih.it he went In a nei^libouiing
brook, .Md lun 11. g filled his ti link with wat,i, I'lurnci
10 the fliop, fpoiilcd It II, .It the will. low, an 1 wafliid
all the ta\lors liom oli tlu pl.ice where they fat working.
Kvidentli Ihewinj, iliat he h.ad fenl. lufruicnt to com-
prehend an iiidigihly, and fpiiii rnoi "h to 'tfciit one,
j'.ining iit the (jme liiiu hmnaiiity Willi bis anger, and
giving his levcnpe a iiduuloui iiille id of ,v tragical
turn. 'I o contlude, the cclebtatcd Mr. l'.ip« icems

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ASIA.]

I N D O S T A N.

141

perlectly to acqulcfce in tlie opinion of this animal's
near npproach to rationality in thefc lines :

" How differs inftinft in the grov'ling fwine,
" Compar'tl half reas'ning elephant with thine.

Sheep, affcs, buffaloes, &c. are here in plenty. In
the I'outheni parts are Iheep, which have a reddifti
h.iir iiilti id of wool, and are much thinner and longer
kgijcd than ours j their flelh is. very dry and coarlc :
hiK I'trlian flieep however arc brought into India, with
good llceces, and tails weighing feveral pounds. They
have plenty of goats, and their kids are pretty good food.
The hogs here, particularly the wild ones, arc looked
upon as the belt butchers meat in the country. Ante-
lopes, deer, and hares, are here in great numbers, and
pioplc hive full liberty to hunt them whenever they
jilcalc. Among their wild beads arc leopards, tygers,
wolves, monkics,^tc. There is alio the jackall, commonly
called the lion's provider, from an opinion that it roules
the prey for that ai imal : the truth is, every creature in
the foreft is fet in merlon by the cries of the jackalls,
which run about in companies at midnight, making fo
drcidlul an howling as to terrify other animals ; when
the lion, and other bealfs of rapine, attending to the
chace by inftinct, fcize thofc timorous animals whieh
fly from the noifc of this nightly pack, which arc faid
to be of the fizcof a common fox, and to refemblc that
animal in the hinder parts, efpecially the tail, and the
wolf in the fore parts, particularly the nofc : its legs
arc fliortcr than the fox's, and its colour is a bright
yellow; it has the ferocity of a wolf, and at the fame
time the familiarity of a dog : its cry is between howl-
ing and barking, and its voice doleful like that of human
dillrcfs, Thcle creatures often go together in packs of
40 or 50, or ICO or 200 together, hunting like hounds
in full cry from evening till morning, and will fomc-
timts make their appearance in towns and villages : thus
united, thiv dellroy flocks and poultry, ravage gardens,
and e\en attack children that arc unprotefttd. When
they cannot obtain living prey, they fublill upon roots,
fruits, and carrion. They will voracioudy take up
the dead from their filcnt graves, and feed on the putrid
fleOi ; they are conlUnt attendants upon caravans and
ainiici, CNpcding that death will fupply them with a
fcall.

The tygers here are a kind of cats of the foreft ; their
hcad^ refemblc thofc of a cat, and tlicy never purine
their prey fairly ; but, on perceiving i*. at adllfance, they
lie down clofc in fome cover till t'.ie objc£t appro.ichcs
which they intend to fcize, and thjii jump upon it with
all imaginable fury and eagerncfs, I'hc tame leopard is
ulod for hunting, and will follow its game into any
tt.iii r.

There arc aaipbiblous animals cill.-d alligators, par-
ticularly 111 the channels of thnCiangcsj lome of ihefe
arc twenty feet long, with their backs armed with im-
pcnetiahle leaks, and will fwallow a man at a gulp;
he iHitfuci his prey as well upon land as in water ; his
IhhIv, however, being of fo great a length, he turns
with great difficulty, and a man may cafily avoid him.

There arc all k iil« of poultry in India ; but the flefh
is nut fo good as the luiropean. Here arc great num-
l>Ms iif vultures, and white headed kites, vihich the
b.iny,ins hold In high elllmation, and pay them religious
honours. They have no great variety of finging bird*
in India ; but they have bati nearly as large ai kitis.

The happintfs of living in fo agiecablc a part of the
l^lolic as India, would be confideiahly greater than it is,
were it not for the fwarnis of trnublclbmc infeCls and
reptiles. The nnilketocs orgnat» will fcize upon a per-
luii, on his liifl landing on Oiore, and in a night's
lime Iwell a man's face and head fo much, that his
fnciuls Ihall hardly know him : when an Kuropean
hiiwrvcr has been fome time in ihe country, he docs not
tuflir by ihem fo much) their llings have not then an
r(|ual crt'ci^t '. but, however, the^' are at all times lo
t'ouhklome, that pcoj.'lo keep liavci on purpofe to
hrudi ihem off, tfpceiall) In the f< alon of llei p a<id re-
•irenmii. Uiigj an. here alio in fwarnis j but Indeed
ihi,lv aiv avuidv,d hy i.aiiin^ tliv iul uf ihc «uuth on

which people repofe thetnrelves, for tliey cannot crawl
over the tar. Houfe I'corpions are here both tiouble-
liime and dangerous ; they are about as thick and as
long as a man's little finger, and fhaped almoft like a
lizard J their flings are not mortal, but caufe the moft
excruciating pain, infomueii that the perfon (tung is
almoft deprived of his fenfes while the pain lafts j if the
lealf dull be left in the corner of a room near the ceil-
ing, thefe creatures will get Into it, and drop upon the
couches that people fleep on ; they carry their flings
open at the end of their tails curled upon their backs.
Snakes will likcwile get into rooms or warehoulis, and
fuddenly dart at people. There are various kinds of
fnakcs and fcrpents in India, and the cobre-capelle, or
hoodcd-fnakc, is extremely beautiful, though his fling
Is as dangerous. It will fprcad its head as bro.id .is one's
hand, and at that time dilcovcrs a kind of human face.
The jugglers and merry-andrcws of the country cany
feveral of thefc reptiles in bafkets, and on Tinging to
them, and playing fome inftrument, the fnakcs ralfe
the upper parts of their bodies, and keep time with
mufic by the motion of their heads. Thefe reptiles are
firft drawn from their holes by means of a nuifical in-
ftrument fomewhat like a flageletj fo powerfully does
the mufic operate on them. This might appear fabulous,
was it not authenticated by perfuns of veracity and
charafter.

There is a little green fnake, which will dart from
tree to tree, where the trees ftand thick ; whence fome
people have given them the appellation of the flying fer-
pent. The centipede is no other than what the French
call cent-pied, and the Englifti wood-loufe : it is obvious
that it receives its name from its great number of legs 5
its fting or bite is as dangerous as that of the fcorpion.
Krogs, toads, and rats grow here to a confidcrable fize j
the rats are at leaft three times as big as ours, and are
verydaiingi they will fometimes fcarcely futi'er a per-
fon to pals. There is, however, one fpeclcs of raf;,
called the niu(k-rat, covered by a foft white down. It
is natuially very inoftVnfive, and obnoxious only on
account of its I'polling wine and tea by its infedlious
breath, which it cffcils by running over the boxes of
the firft, and gnawing the corks from the bottles ot'
the latter.

Many parts are greatly infcftcd by fwarms of ants,
which are particularly deflruitivc to cloaths, furniture,
and even buildings.

As to fifli, the feas abound with them : among thefe
are dolphins, bonitos, and albacores ; the former hai
not the faintell refemblance to the dcfcriptions of that
iilh as given by our painters ) it is as ftrait a rifli as any
that fwims, and has a bright golden colour, appearing
through the groundwork of a beautiful azure that is
mixed with it; the fifti, however, is no looner out of
its clement than its colours begin to fade. They
are commonly about a yard in length, and Iwim at the
rate of about eight or nine miles in an hour; the flefh
Is white, and has a very good talic. The honlto is a
film but dry fifti, and requires a good deal of fauce to
make it palatable. The albacorc is ncarlv of the fame
kind as the bonito, but grows to a much larger lizei
funic weigh from 50 or 60 to 100 pounds, and are
ftill drier eating than the bonito, I'hcl'e three filh pur«
fuc the flying fifh, which fpriiig out of the water on
being purlued ; and the large fize of the fide-fins of the
latter have given birth to an opinion that they are
affiflcd by them in the fpring which they make out of
the water : when their fins are dry, they drop into the
water again, and then take another flight ; and this they
repeat till they entirely elcape from the enemy, or ate
deftroyed. They are about the fize ot a large herring,
and are a good-tafted fift). There arc whitings, anj
a fift) like the bream, thougli much larger; there is aUb
the bald-pate, a palatable fifti, and which hath its name
fiom its having no fcales on cither its head or neck.
The ravcn-fifti is fo called from itk mouth bearing re-
lemblancc to the bill of a bird.

Here arc fome fturks from la to jo feet long: in

calms they are generally found in the open lea, when

ihcy follow fliips > great way, A fingle fluunce fron

the t4il 9I • (hark, would brruk * uiKi'l leg : when

N It drawn

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A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV.

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142

Jrawn to <he fide of a (hip, by means of a llroiig hook,
a man cuts off his tail with an axe, elCe nuith damage
might cnfuf. The Ih.irk hath a triple row of tectli ai.
llurp as razor: ; but as he does not fwim more than two
or three miles an hour, it is not diificiilt to avoid him.
When a b.iit is thrown out tor him, fixed to a lironij
hook, two or tiirec iilh, called pilot-fifh, and whith
arc very beautiful, I'wini btfo.s him, and crowd about
the bait ; tliey then return to their niafter, as if to ad-
vifc him on the expcdiemy of taking the bait. If he
comes t« it, he turns on his •'ack, takes in the bait, and
the hcok llrikes into his jaws. The rcjfon of hi^ turn-
ing < n his b.ick is, tliat his upper jaw i-i fo much longer
than his lower one, that he cannot take in the bait with-
out thus turning. The pilot-filh arc looked upon as
tlic nicclt filh the feas produce ; thov rarely take a
hook when in company with a (bark 1 but when they
part hum liim, tiiey will fonictimes bite, and be caught.
Th'.l'e hill, which are about a foot and an half in length,
arc tranfvcifLly (beaked with blue, and a kind of yel-
li)wilh brown, which hath a moll beautiful appearance
ill the water; they, however, when taki.ii out, lofe
much of their lulhc.

On the coalt of India arc many forts of flicll-fini,
particulaily ovltcrs, which aie little interior to thofc
taught on the coalU of Kngland.

SECT. III.

yt fart'tiulay account of tic hihaiu.Tits, their l.alits, rtlcin-
ncis, ci/Jhms, ccrcmoi:ics, Is'c,

TH E Indians arc of a middle ftjturr, and good
features. i he inhabitants of t!.c iv)r;hcin part
are of a deep olive colour, and thofe in the fouth black ;
th; mtivc?, who dw^ll on the nv rmtains in the centre
of the pcninliili, are cxcecdinitly hlatk : all have black
eyes, and long black hair. The women, by their f)m-
metry, deportment, and charming features, captivate
every European th.it beholds them.

'I he men wear white verts, cirt with a f.ift ; fomc
arc of hlk, fome of nuillin, an I fomc of cotton j the
(l-.evcs are very long ; and tjie upper pan of the g.ir-
ment is contrived to fit fo as the wearer's fliapc may he
fcen. Under this is anoihcr foniev. hit (hnrtcr, and
their legs are covered by their bicechcs j they we^ir flip-
pers peaked like womtiis fliocs, into which they put
their bare feet. Thvir hair is tied up in a rull, over
which they have a fmall turban.

The women have a piece of white calico tied about
tlicir waills, whith ro.ichis to their knrcs, and the relt
is thiown acrol's thtir (hoiiUlers, covering their hrcalt-,
and paitof their b cks. Thiir h.iir, like the mens, is
lied up in a toll, and is adorned with jewel'-, or toys in
imitation of them ; they have pi nd.iiits in their eats and
Holes, and fceial rtrinus of beads round their nrcks ;
they wear bri-.cilel- on tluir v\rilts and ancles, and rings
on their fiii::crs and tacs j they put their bare fe<'t into
nippers as the men do , thou ',h indeed in the foulhrrn
parti I'omc of the women wear no llippers or (hoes
at all.

'I he M lors, or Mahometan', appfar in a very hand-
fime and beeoming dr.is ; thivliivc grand turhaiu o(
riwh mullm, and their gainuns reach down to their
fi« i their ladicj arc iinbroidcnd in jjieat tafle, the end»
being decorated with gold and fiKtr tidnc : in their
laihcs they llick their daggers ; .ind they wear rmbroi-
deicd llippers, which tiny take oil, and Icive at the tout
u( a fopha when on a vilit.

They arc remarkably fond of fmnaking tobarco, and
ule the tallaan ; their method of doing which has been
particularly del! ribed in Ch.ip. \11. Sci;!. IV. p. 65
The poor loll i.p a leaf ol tolmcco, about four or five
inches long, and llghtln^ it at one eiwl, fiimnk tlie
ether, till It il about half cxhaufled, ind ihcn throw
it .iway.

The inhabltar.ti of Indiirtan refemble in manners the
other iiatAOs of .Soiiiliirn Alia : ihey arc cfl'rminiitc and
luxuiioiii, and a:c by tdiication laughl to arfect n i;i»ve
dtpurtmint. This naliirallv iniliatn them emly in the
am of dillimulation ; (bihat they can onrrls ihol(> whom
thayh.it-, and even bwhavc with the utmull affabiliy

and kindnefs to fuch as they intend fo depri\c of cvirt-
eiice by the molt fanguiaaiy means. Many of thiiii
might judly Uy,

" Why, I can fmilc, and murder while I fmilc,
" And cry content to that vvhnh grieves my heart j
" And wet my checks with ariihcial tetiis,
" And frame my face to all occalions."

From this mode of education, they fddom fiold or
wrangle, but often Kab each other invidioufly, and,
without having any public cjuaiKl, gratify a private it-
vcn;-e.

'I'heir method of faluting each other is, by Iiftin»
one or both hands to the head, accoidii g to the (]uality
of the perfon falutcd ; but they never falute with the
lelt hand fingly. \Vhcn they meet, tliey fay, " S,ilam
Ahicum ; (jud prelerve thee :" the reply is, " Alacii n
Salam i God alio prelerve thee." The lalutation of a
prince is bowing the body very low, putting the head to
the ground, then to the breall, and afterwards railing it
to the head ; this is repeated thrice; and fome fall on
their faces before a prince. An elegant modern writer
obl'etves, " That fometimes, to (hew greater awe and
deference, they inrow thcnit'elves into a lit of tremblinsr,
as if they were ftiakien by an ague; but this Wl piece
of mummery is rcfervcd lor great occaiions. In (hnrt,
there is no potture too bale, no laiigu.ige too Innnhle,
no fubmillion or flattery too giofa, to be given to thofe
they fear.

In vilin among friends, the mafler of the houfc never
gels up to receive his vilitor, but requefts him to fit
tlown by him on the carpet, for their (loors are fpread
with rich- carpets i brtel and areka are then olFered him
to chew, which, as in the neighbouring countries, they
have almon continually in their n.outhir : they fit and
ehiw together, but talk very litlle; they play at car.'*
fomctin.cs, but never game lb high as the Chinefe; nor
are they out of temper when they lofe.

When the Indians give a public entertainment, thff
fend for a number of danting girls, who entertain the
company with a variety of uance?, and perform plays by
torch-lijiht in the 0|Kn air, which they e.\eciite with
great judgment. 'Ihey cnihellifli their necks with car-
caiiets, their aims with I)taeelets, and iheir ancles with
fiiuill golden or filvir chains ; in their nnfcs they wear
jewels i and fome of them form black circle* roniiH the
white of the eye, which thiy think heightens ii. .latu-
ral I II lire.

The Mahometans riile upon elephants, horle"!, iind in
palanquins. A palanquin is a kind of cmith, coveicd
with an arched canopy, and hath culMons, quills, and
pillow! ; il hangs ii|>on b.iirrbnn, and the [irfon in it
may eiilur lit u,<iiglit, or loll at Ins cafe : the bamboo,
or hol'ow cane, is nbout five or fix inches diameter, .id
about ten feet long, wliieh, h.uing lx:cn bent whiij
viiun ;, grows in the projur (orm of an arch to fiipport
the canopy, The palHiiqiiiii Is commonly carried by
tniir men, two h^fiiie, and two behind, by mrans of
poles, t'le ends of which they place on their fliouldcr-.
I'lKifc III whi<h the lidies iidf, arc toyen d with a (ilk
nciting of iliffiTcnt coloiiu, that entirely prevent
thiir being fetn by any ptrfoii : this is done by order
u( tluir hiilbands, who aie nnfirally eery jealous.

The hacktc. s ate in common ule, and are drawn by
oxen, who vf II go on a brilk trot like hoifts, bavin'
been pio;>ftly trained. Thile Inckrees are op, n on
three (idea, ecvere.l at the ti p, and hold two petlbiij
with pillows at their baeks for the indiilgrncc of lolling :
the diieer fits iipi'il tlu' (haft, and goads the oxen,
which in gerrral are while, with their horns painted
bhuk by w ly of contraff, Thtfc vehicles are uled
chielly by the Genioos, efpctuilly the banyans, and
merchantv of .Kiirat.

'("here are alfi aniiolai and donlle*, whith are in the
C.mie form and make- as the p il.mquin' , though infcrijr.

None hut the Mogul himfell, the piincrs of the
''lo<id, and jiivHt men, tide upon elephants, which arc
iiiolt richly and pran lly rapariloned , and hee il inul*
be ohfrtvid, that the aiiin..! appears always dclij;htcil
with the (inery eil in ttappi g?.

I "Jl.o

i, . •.

icprnc of cvifj-
Many ol ihcin

I fmile,
s my hcurt j

fi.li!om Tiold or
invidioiifly, ami,
tity a pnvaie lu-

cr U, by liftiii»
n to the (|ualiiy
faliae with the
fy l.iy, " S,ilam
ly is, " Alacun
e Ijlutation of a
ttinu; the head to
LTwaids raifing it
lid (ome tall on
nt modern writer
fjreater awe and
lit ot trembling,
>ui this \M piecB
ifionB. In fliorr,
j.!ge too lutmble,
be given to thufe

f the hoiife never
[uefts him to (It
floors are (pread
then offered him
ig countries, tliey
tiB : they lit and
icy play at car's
the Chinefe; nor

tertainment, they
'ho entertain the

perform plays by
ht-y cxfciite with
r necks with car-

iheir ancles with
nnll's thi'y wear

circles round tlic
eii,htciis ii. ,iatu-

horfr<!, und in

to\itli, cuvcieJ

oils, quills, and

the pirfon in it

c : the banihoo,

hcs diameter, ; id

iKcn bent whiij

arch to fiipport

inonly carried by

nd, by mrans of

n ihcir fllouUlcr>.

vend Willi 4 (ilk

ntirily prevent

is done by order

ery jealous.

nd uie drawn by

c hoifei, having

IS arc <>p:n nn

d two pcifoiii

^(•iK'c of lolling :

gci.uls the oxm,

r horns painted

hides aie ufcd

he banyans, and

wliiih are in the
though intcrijr.

piincrs of the
i:uii , which arc
11,1 here it iiiiilf
■ilways dclij;hicil

■Jlo

ASIA.]

I N D O S T A N.

14-

The bell horfes ufcd in India arc brouL'Jit from Per-
fu and Ar.ibia, and the Mahometans take great care of

ihcni.

Their houfes arc of two kinds, thofe bnilt by the
Moguls, and thofc by the original Indians. The houfes
of tiic Moguls arc all in the Peifian t.idc ; in (hurt they
ft.iii to imitate the Icrfians in every thing; like them,
tliey aiie fond of haviiir; clejniit gaid^'iis, with pavilions,
fountjfns, cafc.ulcs, c<<c.

As the Gentoo inhabitant'; thi-ougliout the empire aie
twenty or thirty to on; of the others, niotl of the prin-
cipal towns coiilift of the habitations of the former,
which arc lor the niolf part very mean : in front of ihefc
houfes arc ihcds on pillar^, under wliieh the natives cx-
pofe their poods to falf, and entertain their friends or
iK-t]uaintanee : there ar^' no windows opening to the
llreets ; and even the pilaccs of their princes have no
exlcrnal eligancc. 'Ih; apartments in the huufes of the
wealthy arc ornamentcil chi'dy with lockinij-glane!,
which arc purchal'cd of the KuropcanS, and many of their
ceilin'^s arc inlaid witli mother of pearl .-.nd ivory. The
private rooms are always in the back part of the houfes,
for the bi:ttcr fecurity of the women, fo meanly jealous
are the men.

The Afoguls and chief Mahometan courtiers have
their ftraglios or harams well fupplied with handfome
w Miieii ; and fo jealous are they, that they confine them
very dole, and folio* the a'u.d Afiatic method of com-
niittinj; them to the guard of eunuchs : thus are fre-
qaen'lv faciificcd numlurs of young beautiful cre.itmes
to ihc caprice and jealoufy of one man.

The Mahometans have public hiimmums for bathing,
cupping, champing, &c. champing is chafing and rub-
\>\i)\> th.' limbs of a perfon, and caiifing the joints of the
wrilh and fingers to crack, in order to procure a brifk
circulation of the Mood.

The Indians m.irry in thtir childhood ; and fome of
the hi;;hcr ranks of the Cichtoos have the pri\ ilege of
h.iving feveral wives. The little bride and bridegroom
are carried through the flrccts, dreded in t!ic moll ele-
gant talfe, for fcvcr.il fucccd'vo nights, the houfes being
at the fame time illuminiMed. 'i"hvy are preceded by
their rcl .tions and friends, with nuific playing, and
llrcarrcrs ftying. They all proceed to the houfe of the
bride's f.ither, and the liitic couple being feaied opp "file
to each (ther, a'ld feparate I by a table, they reach out
and join their hands acrofs the table, wiien the pritit
puts a fort of hood upon the head of e..cli, and fujipli-
Litiiig heaven to prnfper them, gives them the nuptial
bcnedrJMon.

Wives begin to hear children at the age of .ibout
twelve, and treat their hulb.iniis with the moll profuun.l
rc!'pri;>, afre^'lion, and tmdorn.'f,. They aic entirely in
the power of the latter, and bring them no other dovviy
tliaii rhcir wearing appard, and prhaps a few f^ni.il?
fl.ives 1 they, however, enjoy much greater freedom than
the wives of the M.ihomitans j at leafl thofc do who are
ninritd to tradefmen and mrch.inics. The Bramins and
Danyahs generally conti^nt thi mfelves with one wile ;
thou;;h the other tribes of Geiuoos often t.ike more.
Among f imcof the naitcs, or iinhh's, prevails the llrang."
CiiUnm of one wife being fubjccl t* Icver.il hulbands j
tlic number is not fo niiidi limitted by any fpcclfic law,
as by a fort of tacit convention, by «liich it rarely ex-
ceeds half a dozen. The hulbands cohabit with hir
alternatily, accoidni ; to prioiity of man ige ; and each,
on going refpei'tivelv to her, leaves hi arms .nt the
d >(>r, as a fignal that none uf the otiars mull pre-
lame to enter.

All infiiit, at the age of about eight or ten days, re-
ceives its ninie from its aunt, or, in her abfencc, from
Its f.ither or nioiher : in about a niniith afierwaids it i<
l.ikeii to a p.i^oda, where a biamin ciowiis its head with
doves, caniphire, and faiidel-wood, and llie thild bc-
vjnies a llany.m eonipletc.

I he wife who has more hufhand:. than one, and who
b'liigs forth a child, nomiii.ilis it4 father, who is at the
expenec of educating it 1 but from the impradicabiliiy
d .ilTigning the real 'uir, the dKitcs uf the luilbaiid di -
Vidtes to the childri'ii of their fillers, or utheri near in
bk'oJ,

As to the runcral rites of thcfe people, fome bury the
bodies of the deceafed, and others burn them on (nlcs }
ihc latter is the moft cuftomary. Before they burn their
dead, they carry them on a bier to a fmall diftance fioin
the town or vill.igc where they died, drefled in their
uiiial we.iring appirel. Here a pile is creded, and the
corpfe placed upon it ; and as foon as the bramin has
vlone prayiiij, one of the corners of the pile is let fire to.
\'. hen the body is confumed, its relics or allies are ga- '
till red, and tlirown into the iVa by the bramin ; for the
funeral pile is always crcded near the fea or fome large
pi'.'ce of water. Some perlons, on the approach of ihuir
diilijlulion, reqiidl that their aflics may be put into an.
uiii, and carried to the Ganges.

The perfon who fets fire to the pile is always the
nearcft male 1 elation, who walks bare-headed, in .1 coaife
tattercil garment (iheir common mourning) round it
three -.imcs before h^ pla'jcs the fire-ftick; and when
the whole is in a blaze, he appears diftractcd with the
inolf agonising gritl.

The diflinguilhing anil fuprcme charafleriftic of the
Indi n married ladies, is fidelity to their hufb.inds. Some
of the wives of the bramins have even burnt themfelves,
in confequciicc of tiie death of their hufbands ; though
perhaps it may be faid that the injumilion of the laws,
more than fentimcnts of aftedion, occafioned fuch facrl-
fice. However, in anfwer to this, we fliall remark,
that numbers of women have burnt themfelves who were
under no fuch kind of injunction, but who were influ-
iiieed merely by a point of honour, and a moll f.icred
!C_;ard for iheir hufbands.

'I'he abcvc nioftdre.idful and pernicious facrifice is faid
10 have originated from the pradice of burning Gentoo
wives fur [loifoning their hufbands ) but this perhaps may
not be the cafe, as the law recommends a voluntary facri-
fice. The firll wife (the Gentoo laws allowing bigamy)
has a limited time given her to coi.fider whether flie v\ill
burn hcrldf or not ; if flie declines it, the choice is
given to the fecoiul j if the Icjond declines alfo, the con-
fequenee is, they both lie under the imputation of being
remifs in the genuiie principles of honour and tflecm.
^orne have been fo biguf.ed as to devote tiiemfelves whole
years to the lowvif and molt laborious employments, in
order to laa'e a fum of monev to defray tlie expences of
,\ pompous burning execution of themfelves : others
have bten more eagerly ambitious of facrificing them-
felves, in propoition as Iceiies of this kind bee ame Id's
common : liowevir, when their approaching fate ap-
pearc.l with all its horrors, they v/ere leized and agitated
with tiemor; inluinueh that certain mixtures were given
them, to llupify their I'enles j for it was now too late to
recede ; on the pile they were obliged to go ; and as
loon ai ihe flames reaehe.l them, mufic ilruck up, to
drown the noife of their fcivaining, while the Ipeflators
i'lined in fliouts of approbation. T'here have been
iiifianc.s, h'l'.vevcr, of women who have been animated
with the moll extraotdiuary cnthufiallic intrepidity.
About the year 1 743 the wtdow of the Rhaam Chund
I'lindit, in her 17111 year, fignilied to the bramins
I.Lt rclolulion ot burning herfdf; the dnadful pain gf
the death file fought was dLlineated to her in the moll
exiiidliie colours j all, however, had no elfed; (he
even put her hand into a fire, and behi it there loinc
time. Her liicnds finding her lo determined, conleiited
to .1 funeral pile being eieded j the inclaiicholy hour
appro.ichcd i (he look leave of her niothtr and three
children, divdicd lieifdf of her ornaments, walked
three times round the pile with the Bramins, from
whom Ihc received a wick of cotton, and inking one
more tender larewel of her children, &c. alcendcd the
pile, and fet fire lo it.

It is necdlary to obferve here, that the body of the
above I.idy's liuibaiid, Rhaam Chun Pundit, who was
111 the 2(jih year of his age when he died, wascoixlumed
on the fame pile with her. When Ail- advanced on ihc
pile, (he featid herlelf by him, .md, aftei looking ftcad-
faftly at him, in a few ininutcs let lire lo the pile ; but
difcoviiing that the Hanies bIcW from her, (he, with an
.iltonilhing idolulion, (et lire to It in a ("rf(h place,
when the whole was foon in a blaze,

Aiioihct lady, nut many year* fince, afpircd fo the

huneut

■4'

' ',.

rll.,l ' !■

ll II

t,llS!.il^i

' i|

'^\i\''

'II

ill

!'■ 11^

i|ii!^

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV.

144

honour of burning : flie was a native of Surat, and was
remarkably beautiful : ftie became a widow at about ig,
and intreated to confign herfclf to the flames : the 7ovtr-
lior, however, refufcd to grant her pcrniilTion ; upon
which, fnatching up a handful of red-hot coals, (he ex-
claimed, " Confider not my youth, my beauty, or my
wealth! fee how courageoufly I grafp this fire! judge
then with what avidity 1 (hould embrace a funeral
pile !•■

In The Siiikr's Lelltn, written by captain Thompfon
to his friends in England, there is the following account
of a lady's burning herfclf : -.^

" The rcfpcft the women pay to their dead hufbands
will ftagger the belief of every unmarried lady, when told
they bum themfclvcs witS the bodies; but of late years
it is much abolifhed, and utterly forbidden within the
jurifdidioii of the Englifh faftory. Two days ago I was
prcfcnt at one of thefe cruel fcencs, when the fwectcft
widow of twenty wis facrificed to the manes of an old
Jiufband. Tlic proccffion was trifling ; and though all
appeared in fiiiilcs, yet a folcmnity reij;ned through the
whole. In the fiont of this living funvral advanced her
three daughters (pretty creatures of fiom five to nine
years old) next her only fon, then a band of harfh mufit,
and laftly the widow, followed by her friends and kin-
dred. She was dreffed in her gayelt apparel, and adorned
with jewels, gold and iilver trinkets, &c. The funeral
pile confided of aromatic woods dipped in gums j it was
five feet high, and on the top was extended the dead
body of her hulband. As foon as (he arrived, fhe took
an afFedlionate leave of all her friends, and l.ilHy her
babes, who parted with fmilcs ; but I own 1 thought
the boy would have (haken her conftancy, dwelling
fome time about htr neck, which the pricft (crceiving,
interrupted her; the church receiving profits from fuch
horrid catallrophes. She then ftrippcd herfelf of all her
ornaments, giving fomething to all, and with the moft
unfliaken courage mounted the pile; taking thu head of
the dead body in her lap, and a jar of oil in her hand,
which, as foon as the fire was kindled, fhc poured over
her head, and without a figh, tear, or emotion, expired
in an inftant, whild the crowd filled the air with accla-
mations of joy."

The inliitiition of the above horrible facrificc is not
»fcribed to Br.ima, but fecms rather to be the invention
of fome bramin who carried his jcaloufy beyond the
grave : it is a piece of refinement diflatcd by a barba-
rous and over-ftrained aft'ciSion, and fuitablc to the cha-
r.icfer of ihofe fuperftiiious beings who think there is a
particular merit in rigid morality, or what they ftilc a
tranfccndent purity of manners.

Since the Moguls, howtvtr, became matters of In-
dodan, thefe (hocking fpcftacles have been much Icfs
frequent than formerly.

As to their food, both Mahometans and Gentoos eat
rice Hewed till it is quite dry ; this they cat as we do
bread. A favourite difli with them is what they call
pilaw ; it is a fowl boiled with rice, and feafoncrt with
turmeric. Another difh is the curee, which is a fort of
fricallcc of animal food or vegetables ; and another is
the kitcliarec, which is rice ftewcd wiih a fort of pulfc,
and is eaten commonly with pickles of different kinds.
'I'hey never ufe any knives, forks, or fpoons, but cat
with their (Angers only ; they always wa(h their hands
both before and after meals, and ulc only the ri;;ht hand
in eating. ''Vater is their common liquor; they alio
drink the milk of the cocoa-nut. As to beer, ale, or
wine, there it not a drop of either of ih fe liquors
made in India ; they buy all of the Fiuropcans. 'Ihey
have fpirits of fcveral forts, whici 'hey call arrack,
fome of which is diftilled from fugar, and fome from
rice; the latter i< drank chiefly by the common people.
Thefe Indians are in general very fober, and fome of
them abftain from all animal food ; the bramins in par-
ticular never cat any thing that has had animal life ;
curcei of vegetables arc their common .liet, the chief
ingredients of which arc turmeric, fpices, and the co-
cua-nut pulp.

The inhibitants of Indoltan are fome of the moft
iriailive and indolent people in tiic univerfc. — They of-
Un repeat an antient maxim, which ii expreflive of

their favourite foible, and may be thus paraphtafca In
Engli(h :

Better be filent, than to talk j
Better to fit by far than walk ;
Lying, you'll find will btttcr pleafe.
Than fitting, if you love your cafj :
Better to fleep than lie awake ;
But bcft — exifteiicc to forfake ;
For death concludes the cares and pains
Which bufy aftive life maintains :
Let me be indolent, or free
From living, buftling mifery.

The natur.:! indolence to which the people of this
country are accuftomcd, may in fome degree be account-
ed for, from the exceflive heat of the climate, which
prevents them either from purfuing bufinefs or ainulc-
ment the chief part of the day. T'hc only tinus ilicy
can follow thefe are, the larly part of the morning, and
the latter part of the evening, fo that they arc obliged
to rife early, and fit up late. All ranks of people, even
the moft menial feivants, iciire to reft after dinner ;
and from that time till near fun-fet, every thing is as
filent as at midnight ; after which theydicfs and recreate
themfclves according to their refpctliivc llations,

SECT. IV.
Jntiint and prtfent Jiate of liarnlng in India, languages, 'j'e,

WE may trace the origin of moft of the fcicnccs
in this country. Even before the time of Pytha-
goras, the Greeks travelled into India for inftruiilion.
The native Indians, or Hindoos, are men of lliong
natuj'al endowments, though they have but little lite-
rary knowledge ; they have, however, fome of Ariftotle's
Works in the Arabian language, as well as thoft of Avi-
ccnna, and fome paftages in the Old Tcftament. The
Gentoos, or original Indians, begin their year on the
firft day of March, and tlic Mahometans on tlie loth,
and their year is compol'ed of ihirtccn moons. The
day they divide into four parts, and the night into four,
which they again fubdivide into eight, and meafure
them by water dropping from one viflll into another.
In fome of the principal towns there ii a large vellci
fixed, which u perfon conftantly atlcids.

The bramiiis ate adepts in arithinct.c, at leaft in the
praiSlical part; in their childhood they are indrucled to
caft up funis by their fingers only. They have tables for
calsulating the approach of a i eclipfe, but are no theo-
rifts in their calculations. On the day of an eclipfe,
they b-ithc in water, from an opinit n that this purges
away their fins. Though they ate acquainted with the
figns of the zodiac, they think that the moon is above
the fun, though the rontrary be demonftratcd in an
eclipfe ; and that the fun, when it fcts, is hidden be-
hind fome cloud; fo little notion have they of the
globe'j being fpherical. Aftrology is their grand and
favourite fcience ; and the Indian bramins are the aliiu-
n.ick-makers, who mark down what they prophefy
will be lucky or unlucky days ; and fo infatuated are
the Gentoos, that their merchants will tranfaift no kind
of bufinefs on the days ptcdiftcd to be unlucky.

The Indians have very little fkill in phyfic and ana-
tomy. The bramins ufe charms for the expullion of
dilorders ; they, however, at the fame time apply fini-
plcs, and wiih good fucccfs ; th^'y allow no liquor but
water, mixed with calTia, lignum, or cinnamon.

The mordci bin rages fomciimes on the coafl of Ma-
labar ; the pticnt is fiiiul with a violent vomiting and
purging, attended with an acute pain in the intcuiiKs.
The cure for this is a red-hut irun applied to the foles
of the feet.

The Indians are fubjeift (o the bloody flux, which
they cure by the prcfciii tic^n of licwid rice.

Various arc the laiiguajrcs and dialcifls fpofcen in
India. The lan;:uage fpokcn at court is the Pcifian ,
what is deemed the learned Ijngnage is the Arabian ;
but none is fo gem r ally undcrliood tis the Portuguefc,
though much corrupted. Iiidoftan, incorporated w th
a great many Perfian and Arabia words, is fpoken

throui;huut

«• M

paraphtafcd in

people of tllij

ri-c be accouiit-
climatr, whicli
inefs or nmulc-
3iily tiiiu'i tlicy
c niurning, and
:hcy arc obligtiJ
af people, even
t alter 'Jiiincr ;
/fry thing is .is
cfs and recreate
tations.

1, languages, 'Jc.

of the fcienccs
: time of Pytha-

for initru<;tion.

men of llrong
! but little lite-
nie of Ariftotle's
as tliofc of Avi-
cftainent. The
eir year on the
ns on the loth,
n moons. The

night into four,
■\t, and meafiire
nil into another.

is a large vctlcl

, at lead in th^

are inflrucied to

y have tables for

' lit arc no theo-

of an c>.lipfe,

hat this purges

uaintcd with the

moon ib above

nflriiteJ in an

is hidiicn bc-

ve they of the

heir grand and

ns are the aliiu-

thcy prophcfy

infatuated are

r.ml'ait do kind

iilucky.

phyfu' and ana-
e cxpullion of
time apply iini-
w no licjuor but
nnamon.
he coaft of Ma-
nt vomiting and
n the intillijics.
lied to the foles

.111

l>'

tiy flux, which

rice.

ileitis fpol.cn in

is the I'eifi.ui ,
is the Arabian ;

ihc Poriugucrc,
icorporated wth
uids, is fpoliL'n
thioui'huut

ASIA.]

I N D O S T A N.

145

throughout Indoftan and other parts of India, though
the accent and dialcft differ in the fcvcral places where
it is fpok'n i the purefl is fpoken in the province of
Aura.

'The Gentoos write with a reed, or calamus, on a
fine tranfparent paper : in fomc parts they write with a
jine bodkin on the leaves of the cocoa, or palm-tree.

The game of chefs was invented here ; wc owe to
tlicm the ufe of cyphers, which, though imported a-
iMOiig us by the Arabians, came originally from India.
'I'he ancient Indian medals, in fuch cfteem amo.'ig the
C'hini-fe, prove that the arts were cultivated in India,
cvin before they were known in China.

SECT. V.

K!!!'!'" tf India in gtiural, and tht iUffcrent Scllarla in
particular.

NOtwithftanding the facred books of the Indians do
not produce thofe inftances of the marvellous,
v'liich fomctimcsllrike fo forcibly in the Greek theology,
thcii mythology is very irregular. The religious and
philorophic books of the Hindoos, arc called Hediis,
«hicli they fay v^'erc formed by Cjod himlelf. They are
wiitti;n in Shanfcrita, a language known only to the Ura-
niiiis, who confine thofe writings entirely to their own
trib ■, and have the gi neral term of Vedam. One ol
thelt; books teaches, that the Deity being abforbcd in
the contemplation of his own edcnce, formed the refo-
lution of creating beings, who might panicipate of hii
glory. He (poke, and angels rofe into exillencc, who
in concert chauiittd the praifes of their God j harmony
r<.i"ncd in the heavenly regions, when two of thefe fpi-
tits revolting, they drew a legion after them. The Al-
mighty then drove them to a place of punifhmcnt, from
whence they were rcleal'ed by other angels interceding
for them, upon conditions, which at once infpired them
with both happinefs ami tenor. The revolting fpiiits
received fentence, under difterent forms, to be punilhcd |
in the lowed of the fifteen plan.ts, in proportion to the
hemoufnefs of their firrt crime ; accuiiliiigly each re-
bellious angel underwcn', cighty-feven ttanlniigrations
upon earth, before he animated the body of a cow,
which holds the firft rank in the animal tribis, and which
they venerate in the moll diHingiiillud nianner. In fome
of the countries they do not fufi'er the openly killing of
cow> i it muft be done in privacy, and the flaughter not
talked of •.

The cighty-feven tranfmigrations of the angels, be-
fore each animated the bi dy of a cow, are looked upon
!■. fo many ilages of expiation, preparatory to a (late of
probation, which commences upon a tranfmigraiion
fiom the cow's body to an human body. In this (itiia-
tioii the Almighty enlarges the intcllecTual faculties,
and conllitutcs a free agency ; when good or had actions
halkn or retard the tunc of pardon. The good are at
their death re-united to the fupremc being, and the
wicked begin afrclh the sera of their expiation. Hence
it appears, that the metemfycholis is an ae'lual pumfli-
nicnt, and that the fouls which animate the t^ciierality
uf the brute creation, are nothing more th.^n wicked 1
fpirits. This explication, however, is not univcrfally |
aJiipti.d in India) for the doctrine of tranfmigration I
fecms to have been originally founded rather on hope 1
than on fear. It was probably adopted only at tirrt, as |
an iJea which flattered mankind, and would with gieat
leadinelb be embraced by men who, under the innuence
ol a delicious climate, began to be fenlible ol the fliort-
iiels of life. It muft naturally be a confolation to a man

* It !■; iinagliu'd, that Pythagoras enllcOled the niatrri.ils
with vUiieli lie lurnied his fyltcin of the Mtlimfychnlii frmn
till religion of the Uramiiis, as may naturally be fuppolVil
i rum lu^ great veneration fur the Ib.'er, \\'liieti he thus de.

I ..I _ I; . . #\. ;.i .

luiles aee

ording to Ovid

lliiw did the toilinn ox his deatli defervc,
A downright (itiiple drudge, and linni to firvc?
<) tyrant 1 wiili « hat jiidlee lan'H ilioii hopr,
Thi' piomile of ilie vear, a piniteoiis crop ;
When thou dtlh.n"!' thy lali ring (leer, who till'd
And piough'd with p.iiin thy elle ungrateful lield .'

far advanced in years, to think he ftiall continue his en-
joyments, and that his didolution only prepares a paf-
fage to a frefli fcene of exiftence.

There is reafon to believe, that the Indians were al-
mort as civilized when Brania inftituted his law:;, as they
arc at this time. It is from him the Indians derive their
religious veneration for the two great rivers, Gauge?
and Indus ; it was he who conlecrated the cow, whofc
milk is fo wholefomc and agreeable in hot countries ;
and to him is attributed the divifion of the people into
tribes ; whichJnllitution is antecedent to all traditions
and known reoJrds, and may be coiifidend as the molt
Itriking tellimony of the antiquity of the Indians.
Throughout all Indollan, the laws of goveinment, ciif-
tonis, and manners, form a part of religion, and are all
derived f om Brama, who was the interpreter of the di-
vinity, and author, through immediate divine influence
and dirce'lion, of the facred books. He piel'cribed dilFe-
rent forts of food for the refpeftivc tribes : the military
and fome other ranks were allowed to cat venifon and
mutton i fifh was allowed to fome hulbandnien and me-
chanics J and others lived upon vegetables and milk.
The Bianiiiia never cat any thing tint hath had life.
Upon the whole, thefe people ate very fober an I tempe-
rate. They divide palt time into four dilllnct ages,
and pretend to trace the exiftence of time ihrouali a
vaft fucceflion of years. The four facred books or
bedas, contain an hundred thoufand poetic flanzas, each
confift ing of four lines ; the full; treats of alliology, na-
tural philofophy, adronomy, and the creation of matter ;
the fccoi:d treats of relgi<.us and moral duties, and has
facred fongs or hymns in honour of the Divinity ; the
third has fur its fjlijefts all religious rites and ceremo-
nies, as falf=, feftivals, penances, puiificaaons, &c. and
the fourth comprehends the whcde fcieiice of theolojy
and metiphjfical philofophy. However, fincc the rile
of the Malvimetan religion, the IJramins have laid
afide the fourth book or be la, as the herefy of Maho-
met, according to them, hath been founded upon th.it
book.

The Bramins will fufTer no other feci to read their
facred books ; they arc bound by fuch (Irong ties of re-
ligion, to confit'C thofe wiitingi to their own tribe,
that were an individual among them detei!led in reading
or interpretini; them, he would at a certainty be expell-
ed. The coinmciits of the Bramins on the text, arc
the fame as thofe which have always been on relicriou^
books ; all the maxims which fancy, intercft, palTion,
or falfc zeal can fuggell, arc to be found in thefe hooks.
I'rielKralt has taken fuch fill pollcflion of the people,
that their confciences, actions, and condiiel, in Ipiri-
tuals and temporals, are lodged in the brcalts of the lira-
mins, and ate at their dilpolal ; for the heads of f.iini-
lies arc obligtd to have one of thefe fathers in their
huufes, who never fails to exercife that unbounded in-
fluence which impollors and fanatics always exert over
men who have not courage to confult either their own
reafon or their own feelings. In fhort, the people aie
mere mi'ch.niics, directed and moved at the caprice and
plealure of thcfo fathers.

Among the Gentoos, about one-third of the year is frt
apart as holidays, which are cither foalls or falls dedi-
cated to fume of their gods, of whom they relate the
molt whimiical and abfurd tales, and pretend that lliry
lre(|uentK take a trip to the earth upon the mod trivial
occalions.

The piincipal deity or divinity ilfelf is reprcfenlcd as
having an liilmitc number of heads, hands, and eyes,
which arc emblematical of his knowledge, power,

from ills \ ft reeking neek to draw the voVe,

'I hat n.ck with which the liirlv rlods he broke |

And to the hatehct yield thy luilbaiuhnan,

W 1k) finilh'd .Aiitiiinii .iiui the Spring begin. •

i'lum wlieiiee, L) nioiial men, this gult of blood

)I.ivt \e lUrix'd, unil Inierdieli d loud .>

lie tuuulit by nie this dire delight to lliiin,

Warn'il by my pricepts, by my praillce won (

And when >on eat the will-iUJcivIng be.ilt,

'riiinli on the lab'rer of yoiir litld you I'mll.

Let plough thy Heirs, iliat, whet) they loir their hri atli.

To linliiie, Hot to tlicc, they may impute their dealli.

O u snd

H mw

IMS

s : ■"

• •I ;) :

I '

I': i

''T 'n

b'i

TTTTn

*'( 1

L *'/

■.4'-9 ff 1

li -i

'1°

1, '

i '

I! ')

146

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

and penetration ; and the inferior attributes arc figured
hy a'.nuift every aninal or vil'iblc objcit in the creation :
ill pariicular, wilJoiTi is rcprej'cntcd by a I'nake. But
the ignorant, not content with one deity, have I'plit their
prii .ripjl divinity into many thoul'and parts, and changed
each attribute iiuo a leparatc i;od.

There are upwards of eighiy fcfls who fupport the
religious tiiicts of Brania ; in lomc fundamenial points
they concur, and nevcrdifputc upon any. They live in
triendfhip with perlons of all |.crfuafions, and admit of
no profelytcs ; they fay heaven h.is many gates, and
every one ni;iy enter at which he plcal'cs.

As to the iclij^icn of the Mahometans here, it is the
fame as in Peilla, ai.d is the religion of the court ; the
Mahometan fiiaticifm, however, having fuhfidcd here
to a degree of rationality and candour, all profellions or
religiins here, through this means, are praciifed Viit!i
ficcJom and tranquillity.

There is a (ci\ among the Mahometans called Ahlal-
tahkilc, or people of certainty, vidio believe there is no
other God than the four eleiiants j which, together with
the world and al! iis viciflitudcs, they affert to be tt^rnal ;
and that m.;ni;ir,d, as well as other things area com-
pound of thole elements, of which they are formed, and
into which they return and are dillipated. This opinion
is at the bottom the fame as that maintained by the arch
atheiil Spinofa, who laid the world was God, or the
)Vlf-e.\iftent being ; and that all pariicular beings, cor-
poreal extenfion, the fun, moon, plants, animals, men,
their motions, ideas, imaginations, and appetites, are all
nicelVarv modifications of that lllf-exillent being.

The term G-ntoo ddtinguifties the Hin.lios Irom the
Mahometans or Mufiulmen, ccmmonly, though impro-
pcrlv, denominated Moors. The word has its derivation
(foni Gentio, in I'oriugucfo, lignifying Gentile.

The Hnidoosare divided into foui tubes, the firft and
moft confiderable of which are the Hrandns ; of thcie
there are feseral orders: thofe who mix in fueittv aie
tor the moll part very corrupt in their morals ; th y f.iv
that the wjter of the Cjanges will w^ath away all their
crimes; and, as they are not fi.bjccl to any civil juiif-
die>ion, they live without either virtue or leftrainti ex-
cept indeed tiiat they have ihe great charadU'r of com-
piflion and charity ; jirlnciples eminently diltinguifliable
in the mild climate of India. The others, who live
abllisi^ed from the world, arc either weak-minded men
or eiithufijlfs, and give themfehes up to idlenels, fupcr-
llition, and n etaphv Ileal diea iis. We difcover in tlieir
arguments the very fame ideas which occur in the wri-
tings of the moft f.imous of our meiaphyficians ; fueh as
immutability, indivifibility, the vital and fenfitive loul,
^c. and as this mode of leafoning was derived from the
Greek philolophers, it is not impn bable that the Greek--
theinfelvcs might have borrowed this curious fpccies ot
knowledge fioin the Indians ; unlefs indeed we rather
incline to conjecture, that as the principles of mcta-
phyfics lie open to tiic capacities of all nations, the na-
tural indolence of the Bramins may have produced the
fame efteiit in India, as that of the Monks hath done
in F.unipe; notwithlhmding the inhabitantr of one
country had never communicatid their tenets to thofc of
the other. The Bramins are not excluded from govern-
ment, trade, or agriculture, though ftricHy prohibited
fiom all menial offices. 'I'hcfe tribes are not allowed to
interriiarrv, live, or cat and drink together. Whoever
\iolates this rule is banidied .vs a difgtaee to his tr.be.
But It is i|uite othi.rwile when they go in pilgrima;:e to
the temple of J.greiiat or the Supreme Being. At this
fealon the Bramins, the R.ija, the hufbanilmen and
mechanics, allijciate pramifeuoully, and makeotfctings ;
uniting, at the fame time, in one general fentiment,
that the dillinctions of biiili ;ire of human inftilution,
and that all (liaic alike in the favour or bleflings of the
Almighty.

When an Hindoo is banilhcd and difgraccd, he Is
forced to join the Hallachores, who are a fifth tiibe, or
rather the refufe of all tribes j f r they pirfor'ii the
vilelt ofTiees ill I fe, .'lid arc held in fiich j^eiuril abi uii-
nation, that on the Malabar (ide of India, if one of
tliuuk hap^ienn tu touch a peil'un of a I'upenur tube he

receives a dagger in his body, and the laws countenance
the deed.

Many of the individuals conffituting ihefe tribes are
oicrwhelmcd with the moft ablurd and laughable
fanaticifin ; fome wallow in the dirt, others put them,
felves in painful attitudes, extending their arms over
their heads till they are unable to recover their natural
pofition ; while others continue ftanding five or fix days
together, till their legs fwell exceedingly : they enter
unanimoully into an agreement never to comb their hair,
or walh their bodies ; thinking, by thus difgracing ira-
ture, they obtain the plealurcand approbation of heaven.
Such arc ibc defcendants of the ancient Brachmans,
whom antiquity never I'peaks of but with admiration ;
becaufe the alt'eclation of aufterity and myftcry, and the
privilege of declaring the will of heaven, have impofed
upon the vulgar in every .ige. The Brachmans were
looked upon as the friends of the gods, and the guar-
dians of mankind ; wherefore an unlimited veneration
was paid to them ; even princes confultcd them on any
momentous concerns, from an opinion that they v^'ere
infpircd.

The four tribes, or cialTes of Hindoos, arc thus
diftinguifhed :

1. The Bramins, who received thiir name fiom
Brinha. This cl.ifs is liC moft noble, as it proceeded
from ihe head ol Brinha when he created the world,
tt is allegorical of their fiipcriority over the other cliil'es.

2. Sirtri, or the Military. 'I'his clafs is faid to h.,ve
proceeded fiom the heart of Brinha, which derivation
IS faid to be emblematical of the courage ncccflaiy to
warriors.

3. Bice, or the Trader. This clafs is figuratively
faid to have fprung from the belly, as trade fupplics
mankind with the neceflarifs of life.

4. Suddcr, or Labourer, which clafs is typified by
having Iprung from the feet, pointing out by implication
the menial fituation of ihole who belong to it.

The Harri, or Hallaihore claf" or caft, are the refufe
of both Mahometans and Gcntoos, and their only cm-
ploy the moft bafe or rrcnial offices. The people of
this clafs, as they arc excluded from all fociety among
the Indians of every denomination, arc glad to find re-
fuge in the lap of any communion ; they therefore turn
Roman C.itholics, and, indeed, there are few other pro-
Itlytes that the miflionaries can boaft. It may from
hence be prefumed, that the black Roman Catholics in
general aie converts more from compulfion than incli-
nation, and nuiic a virtue of necellity when they change
their religion. If a married woman commits fome very
atrocious crime, her hufliand immediately cuts oft' her
hair, which is the grcateft mark of infamy with which
flic can be branded. After fuch an ignominy, none will
eonverfe, or be connciled with her ; fhe thereforo flies
to a prieft, and turns Roman Catholic, in order not tj
he totally excluded from fociety.

'Ihe Hindoos, or (jenloos, are confidenbly more nu-
merous than the Mahometans. Avarice is their chief
paflion : a paflion which prevails, for the moll part, in
perfons of weak bodies and little minds.

The lateft writer upon this fubjec>, which we have
feen, thus dcfcribcs their charailer :

" To fum up their general charaiflcr in (cw words ;
they are gentle, patient, temperate, regular in their lives,
charitable, and ftriiil obfervers of their religious ecrc-
monies. They are fiiperftilioiis, etl'eminate, avariiious,
and cr.ifty ; deceitful and diftioneft in their dealings,
void of every principle of hc-nour, gonerofity, or grati-
tilde. Ciain is the predominant principle ; and as a
p'lrt of their gains, bellowed in gifts to their priells, or
charities to the poor, will procure their pardon, they
can cheat without fearing the anger of their gods."

The divifion of the Gentoos into tribes or clafles,
difcovers a llriking peculiarity in th>ir government and
religion. The tribes are headed by a chief, who is in
iome degree refp-mfible for the conduiJt of thofe under
him ; and individuals, on proper occ.ifions, are foine-
tiiiies fuiiimoned to .iU'enible together, ill cuiiformity tu
the rcquililiuiu uf gu.viiuuLm,

SECT.

ti M'

laws countcnar.cc

p; tlisfc tribes arc
d and laughable
others put thcdi-
l ihcir arms over
.•over their natural
no; five or fix dayj
ingly : they enter

tomb their hair,
lus dilgracing na-
iibation of heaven,
cicnt Brachnians,

with adniiratioii ;

myftcry, and the
en, have iai()ol',.d

Ikachmans were
ds, and the guar-
limitcd veneration
altcd them on any
on that they were

liudoo!, arc thus

thiir name fiom
c, as it proceeded
.reatcd the world.
;r the other clal'es.
lafs is faid to h..ve
which derivation
urage ncccllaiy to

afs is figuratively
, as trade fupplics

lafs is typified by
out by implication
iong to it.
taft, arc the rtfufe
and their only cm-
. The people of

1 all fotiety among
e glad to find re-
hcy therefore turn
are few other pro-
ift. It may from
Oman Catholics in
ulficm than incli-

vvheii they chanj;c
commits foiiic very
itcly cuts off her
ifamy with which
loniiny, none will
fhe therLfora llies
, in order not tj

fulorably more nu-
rice is their chief
the moll part, in

Is.

t, which we have

lor in few words ;
;ular in their lives,
cir religious ccre-
iiinate, avariiious,
in their dealings,
nerofity, or grali-
ineiplc ; and as a
to their prielts, or
heir pardon, they
f their gods."
I tribes or clafles,
r government and
a thief, who is in
\H of ihofe under
:afions, arc fonie-
, ill cuiiformity in

SECT.

ASIA.]

I N D O S T A N.

'■47

SECT. VI.

Of thi Govtrnmtiit ami ConftUution, civil, miHtary, ii'i.

THE authority of the Great Mogul is fo c,\tcnfive
and delpotic, that both the lives and loitums ol
his fubjeiSs arc wholly at his dirjiolal. Civil fl.ivery
h.illi been here added to political flavery ; the fubjcct
op'jredcd, has no law to proieiit hni. Here a man
ftarce dares to think ; his fcul is (u much debafed, that
if, facuUics are dellioycd ; d-fpotiini debafes and (lifles
every kind of fcntimcnt. 'J'he fnhicct is not mailer of
Iiis own life ; he is not mafter of his own uiuleillaiul-
inif ■ he is debarred from all (tiidics that arc fcrviceable
to human kind, and is only allowed fueh a; are calcu-
lated to cnfl.ivc him. He is not nailer of his own field ;
the lands, and their produce, belong to the fovereign ;
;ind the peafant mult be contented, if he can earn jiilt
enough to keep himfelf and his family with a common
i!tg ec of decency. He is not mailer of his own in-
(liiitry ; every artilt-, who has been fo unhappy as to bc-
ti.iv his talents, lives in drc.d of being fated to fervc
the monarch, or fomc powerful courtier, who hath pur-
thali.J a ri'ht to ufe and employ hitn as he thinks pro-
per. He is not mafler of his own money ; he is forced
to eonc.al it in the earth, by way of fecuring it from
the tyrannic hand of power. The will of the Mogul
is the only law of his fubjtfls j it decides all law-1'uiis,
wiihout any pcrfon's daring to call it in qiielfion, on
p.! 11 I'f bein^ deprived of life. At his command alone,
the :;ieat!lf pcrfonages are put to death, and their po(-
fciliiiiis tikeii from thi ir families. No doubt thij abfo-
lute and tyrannical authority, with which the I ml an is
cv ry where oppreffed, mu(i fubduc his fpitit, and ren-
der hint incapable cf thole efforts which courage re-
quires. The climate of Indoflan is ar.othcr obilatle to
anv liberal exertion ; the indolence it infpircs is an in-
vincible impediment to great revolutions and vigorous
cippofiiions, fo common in the northern regions ; the
foul and body, equally enervated, have only the virtues
and vices of flavery. Since then the tlimate hath fo
powerful an effeil over both mind and body, its in 'u-
tiico niuft bear a mutual analogy to (he diffeient heights
cf the liiil on which a mm breathes, independently of
other local caufes, which murt make fomc exceptions to
the genera' rule. This is a recci\cd opinion with re-
gard to the vegetable fydcm. In many indances, the
heiiihth of the foil is determined by knowing the plants
which grow upon it ; and the hcighth of foil being
given, we may tell what plants it produces. Theft
facls are general ly admitted j for better obfcrvations have
been made upon plants than men. But to return to our
fubiect,

\Vhcn the fun rifes, the emperor of Indoflan fomc-
tiincs appears at a window, when all the great men of
his court are obliged to ati nd in his apartments to do
him homage. At fun-fet he alio appears at a window,
and receives the acclamations of the people. The prin-
cipal officers of his empire arc the prime vizir, the firfl
fecrctaiy of (hitc, the treafiircr, the thief of the eu-
nuchs, the general of the ek'phants, «nd the mailer of
the wardrobe.

No ptifons mud prcfume to enter the imperial palace,
except ihe r.njas and great olhters, who pay a molf pro-
found reverence to tlie tmperor, and pioitrate tlicmfclvcs
when tiny depart from him.

No pomp, magnificence, or luxury, is comparable to
the ollentatious brilliancy of the Great Mogul when he
appears in public. He fits upon a throne ot g<'ld,
glittering with precious llones : the throne and monarch
aie both upon the bjck of an elephant ; which eleva-
tion gives the emperor fuch an air of grandeur, as nui'l
fiirpals the conception of any European who has not
feen him.

As the elephant moves flowly on, the pcojile fall
pri.lliate hefoie their great aiul mighty piince. Thus,
hy dazzling the eyes of his (laves, and infpiring them
With terror, he lupports his defpotic authority.

Un the iliield ol this fplendid defpot are diamonds
and rubies ; on his head a gaudy turban ; and on his
iieik a rich chain of peaiU, Uwlidcs a fword, he has a

quiver of arrows ; and on the right and left fide of hini
hang rubies or diamonds; he holdii a ftaff in his hand,
adoined with drilled diamonds. He has rich bracelets
en his wrifls, as well as above his elbows ; and on his
linger- arc cofily rings.

When the Mogul marches at the head of his troops,
he is attended by about an hundred elephant-, richly
caparifoneil, and ten or twelve thoufand men. in the
centre, cither on an dephant, or a fine Pcrfian I orfe,
rides the emperor. Wlien he goes into the country, he
is feated in a covered chariot drawn by oxen.

The emperor has under him four principal fccrtta-
ries of Hate, namely,

1. The Hagfci, who has the care of the army, and
evhofe duty it is to obl'erve that the governors of the re-
I'peclive provinces duly pay their foldiers, and preferve
the proper number of men in each regimen;.

2. The AdeKt, who fuptrintciids the condudl of the
emperor's mii.ilfcts, and infpciits the decifions of the
judges.

3. The Divan, who divides the land to the lefpeiflive
officers of the provinces, and fuperiiitcnds their cou-
dui'^t over the people.

4. The Cafaumon, or High Treafurcr, who, once a
week. Lays the accounts of the different provinces be-
fore the emperor.

The Cons of the emperor are ftiled fultans, and his
daughters fultanas ; the nabobs are viceroys or gover-
nors of provinces ; the next in rank have the title of
khan, or cawn : the great officers in the army are (filed
omrahs ; and a chief, or general, is called mirza. The
fubah of the detail hath the fuperintcnd.ncc of all the
Mogul governors within his jurildiction, and whofe fu-
preme vicc-royahy is m.de up of leveral provinces,
eviiich were formerly lo many independent (latcs. The
women in the emperor's feraglio are upwards of a thou-
fand : he allows himfilf four real wives, and generally
mairies fomc of his own fubjcels : the firit Ion of either
wife is heir to the empire, though the crown is iilu-
ally enjoyed by hitn whofe fworei can do nioft execu-
tion. The fultans are married when about 12 or 14
years old, and aie afterwards fent to different govern-
ments, the heir to the throne excepted, who Ih.ys at
home. The fultana-, who are retrained from ii.arry-
inj, arc educated very liberally ; and, in coiifequeiuc
of thrir rellritlion from marriage, great indulgences arc
ofeii given to thole princcfics. The novernellcs of
thefc ladies have frequently no inconliderablc (liare in
the government ; for great offices are olten difpofed of
through the lolc infiuence of thcfe women, tath of
whom, indeed, hath a tiile aniwerable to fome confe-
(luential ilepartment, and correfponJs with the minifter
whofe title flic bears. The cmpeior, in rctiicmcnt, is
attendeei and fervcd entiiely by women.

Sound reafon fufiicicntly intimates to mankind, that
upon their "uiltiplication in the world, their honour,
peace, and ' I'tty, could not fubfill: without the efta-
bliflimtnt ■ 'il government i which cannot be under-
ftood witliou; "uprcmc authority. The fovereign au-
thority, whcti r it refides in a fingle perfon, or in a
council, as in a propei or particular fubjccl, produces
different forms of government. One fpecics or form of
government is, when the fovereignty is lodged in a
council, confiding of all the uicmbtrs, and every mem-
ber has the privilege of a vote; which is called a demo-
cracy : another i-, when the fovereignty refides in .t
council compofed of fele>Sf members, and is called an
ariftocracy : a third is, when the fovereignty is lodged
in the hands of one man, and is called a monarchy. In
a democracy the fovereign is ftiled a people : in an ari-
rtosiacy the power is in the optimatcs, nobles, ot fena-
tors : but, alas, in the third, the whole centers in one
man, who is lliled the monarch j and fuch is the Great
.Mogul i who confiders other princes fo gicatly inferior
to him, ihat, like the other Afiatics, he has t(JO much
pride to fend them ambaffadors ; nor are ambaffadors
treated ..s the reprcfcntativcs of their fovercigns, but
merely as meficngers. The letters of the emperor arc
received with as great humility and reverence as if he
himlelt v^as piefent ; for the governor to whom they are
lent, un receiving information that they arc on the road,

fcts

,i,f' i

I > -w

:i»

!! 1

148

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF OEOGRAPHV.

lets out with hii whole retinue to meet the bearer of
them, and no fooner comes within fight of him than
he gttj oli' his hoifc, anJ prodratcs hinifclf on the
ground.

In all capital cafes the emperor decides hinifelf, as
kis viceroys do in their different governments. Though
there arc no written laws, particubr punifhnients are
inflidted for paiticular offences. Murder and robbery
are punilhcd with death ; but the mode of executing is
entirely in the will ot the Mogul or his viicrov. Some
offenders arc behe.ided, foine hanged, foirc impaled upon
fliarp- pointed tlakcs, and other trampled to death by
civphants.

The poor criminal, who is doomed to fuffer exccflivc
torture, has the bones of his legs and arms broken by
the elephant, who kicks him in thofe parts with hii
heavy foot, and then leaves the victim to expire. There
have been inrtantcs of delinquents being torn into pieces
by dugs in the empire of Indcftan.

A court of jullicc is held at certain times, for deter-
mining difput^s relative to property, and other contro-
verfies among the people. It is called the Durbar, and
is a large building, open on one fide for the admiflion of
fjice^jtois. Hither the pcrfon injured repairs, and ad-
diefling himfclf to the couit, calls out with an audible
voice for jufticc againft the offender. As foon as he is
obfervcd by the judge, he proceeds to the upper end of
the court, and relates his grievances with all the hu-
mility he is niaftcr of, .as the favour of thcjudue is his
only dependance for redrefs. Tliis degree of Hatttrv,
howivcr, will not operate without it is attended with
P'-c^niary compliments; and tli.u party which outviis
the other, in this particular, is fure loobalii a c 'nqinfl
over liis adviilary: lo that the giicvance of the lom-
plaiiiaiu is oft.n encrcafed by advancing one part of his
piopcrty in cxpcclation of obtaining the other.

Courts arc likewife held for the adininiftration of
jufticc in every town and village, the principal perfon
of which ai'ls as judge, and determines all difputcs
within his diftriel ; the determination, however, is
gci\crally furmed in favour of him who difplays the
greatv-'ft liberality.

Law-fuits .nre here very quickly adjulled, as the whole
power of deciding is folely verted in the judge, whofe
principle is avarice, and whofc foul is a ftranger to
tender or equitable fentimcnts.

When the great Mogul himfelf holds a divan or pub-
lic court, he is fcatcd on the mullnud, whicii is a kind
of ftage elevated to the height of about two feet, covered
with a fuperb cloth, embroidered and fringed with
gold. In the center of the mullnud i:, placed an oblong
plate of filvcr gilded, turtied up at the edges, and rC-
fcinbling a tea-board, upon which the Conquei sr tf the
/AW;/, for fo the Mogul ftiles himlelf, fits crofs
legged like a taylor. His officers furiound him, his
couiticrs adulate him, aii'' the unfortunate petition him.
As there is fumcthing fingular in the ceremonial of
the latter, it may be entertaining to particularize it.

The petitioner is obliged to leave his flippers on the
outfide of the door, and to a.l.ancc barefooted in token
cf humility ; he then makes three falair.s, or falutes, to
txprcf-. his profound veneration, hows his forehead to
the jjround, and prefents his petition together with a
purfe of gold, as the one would be ufelefs without the
other, for the tirll only contains a I'ctail of grievances,
but the latter is filled with tlnit peifuafive eloquence
which .done tan induce the monarch to redrefs them.
The petitioner on giving the paper or purl'e ulually fays,
" Read this my petition, the day will come when all
petitions fliall be read." If the Mogul docs not chufe
' to rcce vc the petit! )n, he frowns and turns away his
head ; but if the petitioner finds favour in hisfiglit, that
ij, if the bribe is fuHicicntly large, and the minifters
have been previt-ufly well fee'd, he fmilcs and gives a
gracious nod ot approbation. The Mogul does not,
however, aKvajs redr^f> th: grievance when he receives
the memorial and it, golJcii attendant, but is frequently
f J charmed by the rheioiic of thc!atti-r, that he puts the
ohjecl of opprc-llion lo the trouble and expencc of re-
pe.it ng the lormtr.

buch ib the determination of juRicc in India !

-the balances (he hoKls

Are not to weigh the right of the caufc, but
The weight otthc bribe : flie will put up hi.r
Naked fwurd, if thou oft'tr her a golden fcabh.ird.

Lilly's Miuas.

Two grand and fidenin fertivals arc celebrated cicry
year in honour of the Mogul. The firll, which com-
mences with the new year, continues about io da)i.
Ijel'ore the royal palace a fplendid theatre is luilt, whuli
the emperor afcends, and feating himfclf on a cufliioii
decoraied with pearls and gold, receives the pieleiiis
brought to him (roni his people. The other teltival is
held on his birth d.iv, when he drefles himlelf in his
gaudied apparel, and enters a niaginti.ent pavilion, at-
tended by his courtiers, where are two large fcales, the
chains of which are of maffy gidd adorned with jewels.
Into one of thefe fcales the emperor places himlcll, 111
order to balance or preponderate the other, which is
filled with rubies, emeralds, pearls, gold, lilver, fine
Huffs, ciiiainon, cloves, herbs, iic. and an exadt ac-
count is taken of the diU'erence of his weight from the
lall year ; if he weighs more the prefcnt year than the
iall, the people (liout and rejoice ; if kfs, ihcy niani-
(elt every cxpreffion of concern.

Towards tlic coiiclufion of the firft-mentioned fefti-
val, the cmpcroi dillributes his bounties among the
grandees and others, confilling of oHiccs and digiiitits,
and whith he generally beltows on thofe wiio have
made him the moil conliderable prefents. The fecund
concludes with the dillribution, from the hands of the
Mogul, of golden almonds, and other artificial fiuits
lormcd of that precious metal j and tu tlie pour he
diltributes fmall pieces of money.

With refpei5t to the Indian camps, the foldiers make
up the finalkll part of them : they arc always
pitclud in one form, and are nearly round. Every
trooper is attended by his wife, his children, and two
lervants j one of the fervanis to look alter his horfe,
and ihe other to forage. The train of the generals and
officers is proportion.;d to their ambition and vanity.
The fovereign himfelf, more intent upon making a
parade of his niagnilicencc than upon the enjtrgenciei
of war, when he takes the field, is attended by his
feraglio, his elephants, his courtiers, and ainiolt all the
inhabitants of his capital. To provide fur the want;-,
or fancies, or luxuries of this nii.xed concourle, a fort
of town is formed in the centre of the army, full of
magazines and other articles. In Ihorl, hi re arc Ihops,
and all forts of trades are carried on as in a city. A de
tachment always marches before the army, and cKais
the ground : the whole circumference feldom takes up
lets than 20 miles ; for the foldiers alone generally
amount to about ico,ooo. The tents are commonly
white, except the Mogul'.'^, which is red, and is higher
than the rcit : it is encompalled by an enclofurc about
10 or 12 feet in height, guarded by the houlehold
troops, I'he tents of the olficets enciicle the em-
peror's, and are arranged according to the refpeCtive
rank each bears in the army. The camp leldom moves
10 miles at a time ; nor is there any order oblerved in
marching ; cveiy lold.er goes on as he pkafes, only fol-
lowing the corps to which he belongs : he is often leeii
carrying his proviliuns upon his head, with t.ie vell'els
lor drelling them ; whillt his arms are carried by his
wife, who is tomnionly followed by fcveral children.
I'he camp fixes, if pollible, at a phice where there is
a plenty of water j and the army hath frequently a
number of baigcs, placed on carriages that follow the
camp, and tliele are ufed by the Mogul when he takes
his plealure upon lakes or ruers ; he alio hath with hiiu
hawks, dogi,, and leoparJs bred for the game. In thefe
inarches fome of the emperor's ladies arc carried incog,
either in fome kind of dole carnage, or in fmall towers
placed on the baks of elephants, and are attended by
proper guards app. inied lot tiiat purpole.

ihe troops of the Mogul arc priiicpally furniflicd by
the rajahs; he has leveial regimems called houlehold
troops, which are his body guaids. There arc alio the
guards of the golden mace, ul the lilver mace, and the
iron mace ; thefe carry maces, and are all chgfcn men,

who

ASIA.I

1 N D O S T A N.

149

tuit
) htf
(cabl'.ird,
i'S MlUAS.

ck'bratcd every
t, wliicli coi:i-
iibout .0 il.i)i.
is liuilt, wliivli
t on a cufli.o:!
C3 iht pi dent i
otluT (etliv.il li
i hiinlelt ill lii;i
It paviliiji), at'
arge I'liaics, tlic
led with jewels,
leeii hiiiilell, 111
itlier, which is
oM, lilver, linu
J an exadt ac-
ivci^ht from tlie
It year than the
kfs, lliey niaui-

■mentloiied fcfli-
ties ainonj; the
s anil diyiiiiit.s,
thole who have
:s. Tiic letoiiJ
he hands oi the
r artiheial t'luits
to the poor he

who have diftinguiflied thcmfelvrs by their valour. But
the moll reCpeClable and honourable body among the
tmpcror's forces is a reginiein of 40CO men e.illed the
emperor's Haves ; thcfe arc the principal of the houfe-
hold troops or body guards ; and their darcga or com-
mander isa perfon of ver) icat authimty.

The arms of the cavalry are a fabie, a dagger, a bow
and quiver of arrows, a lance, a Icind of carbine, and a
Ihield : thofe of the infantry are a Iword and dagger, a
bow and arrows, a (liield, and either a pike or niulket.
They have alfo, as hath befoic be'-n obfervcd, fmall
Euns whiel\ they fire from the b.iclis of elephants.
Added to all thcle, ihry have an heavy artillery j though
it mull be conli-lled they are obliged to have European
gunners to manage it.

To jirovide for the ofteiitation and pomp of a camp,
the whole country is in agitation, and orders arc ilHie ■
for the biinuing in provifions from every quarter to fup-
ply it ; there is always great confufion in its operations •,
and a famine, with contagious dillempers, frequently
attend it. There are bcfidcs confidcrablc lolles mdaincd
in men, beafts, and iniplenKiits of war, in the crufliilg
difficult roids, and paitieuluily in p.illiiig over rivers j
for, in the rainy feafon, the rivers become fo rapid, that
the landing-place is of ten a mile below the place of em-
barkation.

The natives of Indoftan cnga|c in war as feldom as
pifliblc, noiwithlbnding they afteiSl a llrong paflion for
niilitary glory. Thofe who in battle have had the good
fortune to obtain foinc marks of dillindlion, arc cx-
culed from ferving for fome time, and there are few
who do not avail theiiifelvec of this privilege.

The general ill fuecefs of the Indian armies in battle
is owing to their being unacquainted with regular difci-
pline; for the aiElion is no better condudled than the
preparations for it. The cnvalry, in which confills
the whole ftrcngth of an Indian army, (for the
ir.f.iiitry are on fo low a footing as to be held in general
contempt) are ufeful enough in engaging with their
fabrcs, but cannot (land theiire of niulquetry or cannon :
they are afraid of lolinj' their horfes, which are mollly
Arabian, Pcrfian, or Tartarian, and in which their
whole fortune confifts ; they arc fo fond of them, that
fonjctinics they will go in mourning for the loia of
ihrrn.

They arc terrified with the artillery of an enemy, at
the fame time that they have a molt high opinion of their
own, 'vlilrh they neither know how to tranfport or any
wy make ufe of. Some of their great pieces, to which
they give pompous names, will carry balls of 70 pounds,
and rather obviate than accelerate the obtaining a vic-
tory J for when the Europeans march round them with
iheir light field-pieces, they put them into the gre;ncft
confufion.

Every rajah, as well as the fovereign, rides on an
tUpIiant; and the eyes of the whole army are fixed upon
their )>nncc : if he falls in battle, it is concluded that
he is certainly flain, and the troops all difperfe: this
itfords the Europeans an opportunity of fubvcrting the
operations of the enemy, and of obtaining a conqaell
liom the moft trifling armament,

Notwithdanding thiy have confidcrably fuffercd by
being lurprifed in the night by the enemy, yet they have
never eftablilhcd a necelTary vigilance in their camp ;
for at night they cat a prodigious quantity of rice, and
lake ftiong opiates which intoxicate them, and plunge
them into a dead deep, when they ought to be on their
guard ag.iinll their more watclilul and political enemy.

They think that the opiates w.inn their blood, and
animate them to heroic adtions ; and in this temporary
(l.ite of intoxication ihey, in their impotent fury, as
will PS drefs, (for the whole caflcin dicu has in it an
tdeminacy) bear a nearer rcfemblancc to women coii-
truuled by cnthufiafm, than to men of fpiritaiid mili-
tary prowefs.

SECT. VII.

Of the Trad:, fireign and dome/lie, Mtinu/a!Tiirts, Re-
viiiuis, Coins, Weights, Altnjiirts, ir'e.

H E merchants of Indoft.iii carry on a moll brilk
and flounfhing trade to Perfia and the Red Sea,

fupplying both Perfia and Turkey with all the rich
merchamlize of India; in return lor which they Import
pearls, carpets, and other Perfian commodities, but
chiefly trcafure, to a vail amount.

Revolutions in Afia are fo frequent, that trade can-
not be carried on in the fame continued tr.ick as it is
in Europe.

The Indians make ufe of European Ihips for the im-
portation of their tre.ifure, by way of fciurity from the
all'aults of pirates. They do not univerfally obferve one
and the fame method in painting their cottons; either
becau.'e there arc fome niceties peculiar to certain pro-
vinces, or becaufe different foils produce different drugs
for thi: fume ufes.

'l'h<; chief manufaiSures of Indoftan arc calicoes,
filks, and muflins : we import from thence indigo,
falt-petre, opium, pepper, &c, &c. with diamonds and
other precious ftonos. The articles taken from Europe
thither are gold and filver lace, Englifti broadcloth,
fword-bladc>, looking-glaffes, knives, tin-ware, brandy,
beer, &c, &c. All the goods carried to India, how-
ever, are trifling in propoition to the bullion and foreign
coin taken thither.

The goldfmiths arc a very ingenious fet of people,
and will imitate with great nicety .any work performed
in Europe.

In fome parts the natives forge very good blades of
fwords and poinards; they, however, have neither
clocks nor watches.

The cement ufed in houfe-building is made of fca-
(hells, and is harder than brick-woik; they <\.ver the
tops of flat-roofed buildings with it, througii which no
bad weather can penetrate ; and with this fame cement
they ficqucntly lay the fl .ors of their rooms.

The foreign trade of Coromandil is not in the hands
of the natives. In the weflern part indeed there are
Mahomet.ins who fend vcffels to Achen, Merguy, Siam,
and the eaffern coaft : cxclufive of fiiips of coiifiderable
burthen employed in thefe voyages, ihey have fmaller
embarkations lor the coalling trade for Ceylon, and
the pearl fiflicry. The Indians of Maflulipatan turn
their attention another way : they import white calicoes
from Bengal, which they dye or print, and difpofe of
thein again at the places from whence they had them at
a very coiifiderable profit. Excepting thefe tranladtionj,
the trade is entirely vetted in the hands of the Euro-
peans, whole only partncis arc a few Armenians and
Banians.

The quantity of calicoes exported from Coromandel
to the Icveral fea-ports of India, may be eftimated at
3500 bales: of thefe the Englilh carry 1200 to Bom-
bay, Malabar, Sumatra, and the Philippine ifles ; the
French Soo to Malabar, Mocha, and the ifle of France j
and the Dutch 1500 to their feveral fcttlemenls. Coro-
mandel fupplies Europe with 9500 bales ; 3000 of which
arc brought by the Englifti ; 3200 by the Dutch ;
2500 by the French ; and 800 by the Danes.

The principal employment throughout India is weav-
ing, but the greateft manufaiSory is at Daca in Bengal,
where the fined calicoes, muflins, and dimities ate
made. It is to be obferved, that thofe manufadlurcd for
the immediate ufe of the (Jreat Mogul himfelf, and hl>
zanannahs, are of cxquifite workmaiifhip, and of ten
times greater value than any that are permitted to be fold
cither to natives or foreigners.

The filligranc is .idmirable, the workmanlhip cofting
infinitely more than the metal itfclf ; it is not perforated
as with us, but cut into Ihrcds and joined with fuch
inimitable art, that the niceft eye cannot perceive the
juniflures.

The embroiJcry and needlework are Infinitely fuperior
to any thing of the kind done in Europe, but it is re-
markable, that the embroiderers and li-inpurclles, if we
may be permitted lo to call tluir, are all men, whofe
patience is as allonilhing, as tiieir flownefs is fingu-
iar.

The gold and filver filks, and gauzes, arc manufac-
tured at Benaras, but their richnefs exceeds their ele-
gance ; they are executed without talle, and make a
very dull appearance wl'cn finiflied, wanting the delight-
ful lilol's, and vivid colour , which fo greatly enliven,
P p and

hi- 1

'!i

:f: i'

' liM

m\%

fiW

ts^

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

i'1

»iid givofuch fpirit «nd beauty to the fllks and gauzes of
Euroije and other places.

The exceeding flowiiel's of tlie inaiiufaflurcrs rcn-
deii moll of the commodities of India very expeufivej
none will work but when abl'oluic niccfiity compels
tla.n to it. So that when a incrchatit has occafioai for
,iuv .irticle, he is obliged to fend foi ilr," maker, furniih
him with niatari^vls to proceed, aud advance him tl\c
ni"iiev that his l.ibour will amount to previous to his
entering upon the bufincfs. The work is then mifer-
ably tcdiou?, both from the natural indolence of the
nurkman, and his want of proper tools. For though
the Indi,ins feci the inconvenience of the latter, they
arc too idle to think of inventinj; fuch as would be better
adapted to the work, or calculated to facilitate the bu-
finefs with more eafc and greater cxpcditton. They
are yet unacquainted with the ulc ol a loom, and by
the union of an inai^tivc difpi fi.icii, and the mod ab-
furd prejudices in favour of old cuiloms, an cafy day's
bufniefs becomes a tedious week's labour.

They copy with exaihiefs, but have neither genius
to invent, or ingenuity to improve. Hence their works
are admirably neat without being (deafnigly elegant ;
and difplay the mod exquifite fmenefs, without the leal)
delicacy of taile.

How unlike is the indolence of thefe warm climates
to the unremitting induilry purfued in colder regions,
where

" The chiefcft aiSion for a man of fpirit

" Is never to be out of .iftion. — VVc fliould think

" The foul was never put into the body,

•' Which has fo many rare and ciuiuus piece*

" Of mathematical motion, to Itand llill.

" Virtue is ever fowing of her feed*

" In the trenches for the foldier ; in the wakeful ftudy

" For the (cholar; in the furrows of the fea

" For men of that profcflion ; of all which

" Arife and fpring up honor."

At Sural they are very fkilful in the fliip-building art,
though it niuft be acknowledged, their naval as well as
their other architecture, is rather aukward and clumfy.
Their veficls are made of a wood called teak, which is
as durable and folid as oak, and their malts come from
the coaft of Malabar ; their ropes are produced by the
fibres of the cocoa-nut tree, and their fail-cloths from
their cotton manufaftures ; they ufc the gum of the
damar tree for pitch, and their anchors arc for the mod
part European ; and indeed the moll valuable of their
cordage is the produce of Europe. The finall velTels
that are uftJ along the coall of Malabar, arc made of
the above wood, the planks being faftened together with
cords J they are flat at the bottom, and have not any
rudder.

The Mogul's revenue is fuppofed to have amounted
to about forty millions per year, before Nadir Sha
committed his depredations in the empire, who deprived
it of many of its trcafuies, and by enfeebling the fove-
rcrj^ii'i authority, enabled fcvcral nabobs to emancipate
thcimclves from his power. The revenues arife from
the culloms of the fea-ports, the produce of the fields,
tiic devolution of the edates to the crown, the prefents
iiom fubjeiSis, &c. &c.

Wc (liall now treat of tho coins, which are the rupee,
the gold moor, the pugoda, the fanam, and pice; the
vjhie of the rupee, a filver coin, is two fliilliiigs and
thice-pericc; the gold moor is worth about fourteen
rupees ; the pagoda is valued at nine {hillings, and is fo
called from itf.being llampcJ with the figure of a pa-
goda; the fanam, a filver coin, is worth three-pence;
and the pice, which is a copper piece, is valued at about
a halfpenny. Foreign coins are alio current ; but for
tiiflinj articles, they fomctimcs make ufe of coiirees or
fea-ih';lls, or blackmoor's teeth, thrcefcore of which are
v.iUied at about a halfpenny. C.ipital fums are reckoned
by leeks or lacks, carons or carols, and arabs ; the
former is an hundred thoufand rupees ; a caron is an hun-
dred leeks, and an arab is ten carons. They make a
tlircifold divifioii of iiitereft ; one of which is vice, ano-
ther neither vice nor virtue, aud a third virtue ; this is

their manner of exprellion. The intcreil that is vice,
is four per cent, a month ; and the intereft that is vir-
tue, one.

As to their weights, the common weight at Surat ia
the fcer, about thirteen ounces ; hut ai> iheir wei(;ht3
dill'er in almuil every port, anJ fomctimcs even in the
l',.me port, we cannot with any degree of accur.icy fpc-
cifv them.

The cofs, with which they meafiire their land 'v., about
an Engliftl mile and an half. In liquid and dry nic.Uurcs,
one n eafure is a pint and a half; eight ineali.ns are one
mcicall, or twelve pints ; and 4C0 mercallt aiv one gaiie,
or 600 gallons.

SECT. VIII.

Reads, Mttkd of TravtUlng, &c.

THEIR roads are not laid out as with us ; in the
open countries they travel over deep fands, which
in the fair feafon arc intcnfely hot about noon. At the
end of every tenth or twelfth mile, however, there is a
caravanftra or choultcry, for the convenience ut travel-
lers, with a refcrvoir or tank of water near it ; and peo-
ple, in the neighbouring villas, often order fires to be
made for the travellers to drefs their provifions. A ca-
lavanfera is a houfe confiding in general of two rooms j
and the rich people who travel fprcad their carpets and
deep in one of them, while their Icivants prepare their
provil'ions in the other.

Perfoiis in opulent circumftances ride in their palan-
quins on the roads, carried by eight or ten nun, who
are called coolcys, and who arc at proper times relieved
by others. As there are no inns upon the road, the
traveller t.ikcs care to furnifh himfelf with molt of fjch
necefliuies as he thinks he fliall have occThon for.
iVIorning and evening are the ufual times of travelling.
The cooleys arc hired on purpofe, and have not more
than three-pence per day each, and their provifion ;
though they travel at the rate of four or five inilci an
hour, and i.re almod naked.

Befides thefc cooleys, it is cudomary to have a guard
of inufquetecrs, for the fecurity of the traveller from
robbers and wild beads.

Here are no dated pofts, but letters are difpatched by
expielVes; and the bearers of them, who travel with
amazing expedition, are very moderate in their charge's,

SECT. IX.

Of the Prcvmcts and Cii'ia of Indajlan, &c. particuliirlj
Dehli and Agra, with a particular Account of a EaU.t
fought between Mm and Beafls, Sic,

IN the midland provinces of Indodan, the only placet
worth mentioning, are the cities of Dchli and Ap^ra.
The city of Dchli, or Dilli, capital of the province of
Dehli, fituated in the hcait of the empire, is in 78
degrees eaft longitude from London, and in 26
degrees north latitude : it dands in the form of »
crefcent on the river Gemma, which divides it ; and it
is didinguilhed into three towns, lying within about
110 miles north of Agra, in a fine plentiful country,
where the air is more cool and falubrious than at Agra.
The fird town that was built, is ("aid to have had nine
cadles and fifty-two gates. At fomc didance U a done
bridge, and a delightful j lantation of trees, leading to
the fccond town, which was taken from the Indians by
the Rid Mt^ul conqueror. This w.is adon.ed and en-
liched by feveral magnificent ( piilchrcs of the I'atan
princes, as will as other dately monument?, which v.rie
all demol.flitd by Sluh Jrhan, father of Aunngzehe ;
but the latter rcb'iilt the tov.n, and called it Jeh.in.Abail,
transferring the icjt i^f the empire hitlur from Agia,
where the iieat o! the fnmmer was too vii.lcnr. 'I he
third town, which was erected clofe to the fecund, and
formed out of i;s ruins, wa-; tailed Dchli by the Indians,
iiidead of jehan-Ah,id, the b.ifis of which was fald to
have been I. lid in blood, as the throats o^ milelaiiti.rs
were cut, by Jehan's order, " the better, he faid, to
cement the doiies." He fpared no c,\pcr,cc wli..tcvrr ta
adorn and bc.iiitify the gardens belonging to the rcyjl
palace, which wjs formed by an ingenious Venetian,
iftrr an Italian model,

Thi

v I il

I N D O S T A N.

n, the only places

empire, is in 78

ASIA,]

The city of Dchli is entered by a long fticct, with
arches im each ficlc of it, under wliich nrc the fliops of
the tradcfmcn. This fticet leads directly to the palace,
at the entrance of which are a couple of clepliantic figures,
on whofe backs ride two famous rajahs-, reprefrn-
tativcs of two brothers, who lolt their lives in bravely
defending certain towns laid fiege 10 by Krkhar. Tlie
palace wall, which is of hewn Itone, with battlements,
and every tenth battlement having a tower, is not much
Itfs than two miles in circumference. 'I'lic ditches en-
conipailint; the wall arc full of water, and are likcwife
faced with hewn ftone.

Into the fird court of the palace the p;rcat lords ar.d
other grandees enter, nicun'xd on their elephants, rieli'y
capariloned. This court has an avenue to a pall'.ge
adorned with brilliant porticos, underneath which aie
fmall apartments for the accommodation of the giinrds.
On each fide of the paflage are apartments for ladies,
and the halls of juftico. In the centre there is a fine
canal, formed elcgiiitly, at proper diftaiiccs, into leflcr
bafons. 'T"his grand pall'age leads to a fccond cmirt,
wheie the omrahs are lecn mounting g.;ird in pcrlon.
On entering a third court, the divan is feci in full view,
and here the emperor gives audience. This ffrmiluie,
which is open on all fides, and arched at top, is fup-
ported by about 30 marble pillars, which arc nic.ff
beautifully painted with flowers. It has a grand hall,
afccnded to by a flight of marble fteps j and in the centre
of this hall is a fort of alcove, richly ornamented, in
which the emperor is fcatcd on a throne glittering v\'ith
diamonds.

There arc many other public edifices in this city, the
Dioft diftinguiftied of which is a fpatious mofque, and a
very magnificent caravanfera. The latter of thefe w.is
erected by a Mogul princefs. It is fituatcd in a large
fquare, and furrouiidcd by arches fupporting open gal-
leries, where the Perhan, Ufbeck, ajul other foreign
merchants lodge, in very commoilious apartments, and
who have alfo warehoufes fur their eftcits.

The houfes of the great, which are on the banks of
the river, or in the fuburbs, are fpacious and airy, hav-
ing large courts, cellars, gardens, groves, ponds, foun-
tains, and enormous fans on each fide for the purpofe t.f
eooling the air.

The houfes if the poorer fort of people are built with
clay, and thaLched, but have convenient courts and
gardens.

There are befidcs thcfc a great number of fmall cot-
tages built of clay and ftraw, which are chiefly oecu-
pied by thofe who deal in provifions. Thcfc are fo nu-
mcrour., and in fuch clulteis, thnt fires often bieak out,
and great damage is don^, as well as man)' lives lolK

Here is a market for all fortb of green and d:y fruits,
which are b'ought from Peifia and other count; ic-, but
they arc in general exceeding dear; melons in particular
will fetch from fix to eight fhilliiigs each.

There are not any mechanics in this city, not from
Want of fkill in the people, but from the ill-treatment
of the omrahs, who, if they can meet with them, oblige
them to work and reward them according to their own
difcretion. The r:ijahs, and many others of the prin-
cipc'-l inhabitants, are exceeding wealthy ; their moft
eltimable pollcflions arc jewels, which they take parti-
cular caic (hall be faithl'ully traiifniittcd to their pof-
terity.

The Patans, who live at the foot of Moimt Imaus,
fo which they fled fiom the power ot the Moguls, ren-
dered themfelves formidable againft Nadir Sha; and
after the latter had abandoned Indoltan, they themfelves
invaded the country in its then weak and defencclcfs
flate.

The Mogul no fooncr heard of the march of the Pa-
tans towards his empire, than he called his great oflicers
of the army together, and holding in his hand, agicc-
ably with the caltcrncuftom, a betel, he oftcied it to that
general who fhould inftantly take on him the command
tif his forces, to oppofe the defigns of the enemy : but
fuch, alas, was llie pufill.".nimitv or perfidy of his of-
ficers, that not one of them would accept the offer made
by till ir iovereign ; upon which the young piince, who
Was only then about 18 or 19 years of .age, being much

».?»

concerned for the dirtrcned fitiiation of his father, Tili-
citcd that he might be fuftered to accept the betel. The
emperor, however, rcfufed it him ; but the oflicers or
omrahs joined in the entreaty of the piince j .is he had
fo voluntarily made the ofier, the emperor confcnted,
and veiled him with the command.

The oflicers, however, pique I at the prefiimption
and boldnefs of the youn;^ prince, cnt.rcd into a con-
(pirjcy to betray and i;ive hini up to the eneniy ; but
the piiiicc being happily apprized of their defign, laid
them aP under arreft, threw them in'o prifon, and then
vigoroufly attacking the invadcisof his country, ri.pulled
"'id diove them entirely away.

In the interim, the < onfpirafors ;;;ctting o;.t fioin pri-
fo:i, caul'ed a report to be circulated, that t!ie prince
was flam in the battle, and with violence entering the
palace ga;cs, Itranglcd the emperor, and propagated a
frefh rumour, that the fovcrcign, on account of his fon's
death, had put an end to his own life. At this fatal
crifis it wa', that the young victorious prince w.iS re-
tuiiiiug in all the pr.mp of war to Dchli, when hearing
i.f liie ho.rihlc catadrophc which had happened, and
apprehending his own life to be in imminent danger, he
liad rceourle to ftratagim : he aliliiled to believe, that
Lis father had died a natural death, or had killed hiin-
flfj and, afluming a fakir's garb, declared he (h.ould,
trom that moment, renounce the world, nor trouble
himfelf in the leall about government. 'J'he conCpiru-
tors, hearii.g of this his refolution, went for:h to nicut
him, and acknowledged him their lawful Ibieicign; but
the prince, however, allured them, he fhould not fuc-
ceed to his father's crown, but (hould retire to fome fc»
tliielfcred place for meditation ; to which end, he begged
their attendance that evening in the pal.icc, in order to
coiilult on the eleiitiun of an emperor.

The omrahs attended; the guards fcizcd their per-
fons ; and the young m<igul Amet Sha triumphed
o\cr b,:th his foreign and douKllic enemies.

Soon after, however, the tranquillity of Delili
vva> more ctfcclually di. imbed ; for the Patans, confi-
der.ibly reinforced, again attacked the city, conquered
it, plundered it, and feized on the royal trcal'ury. They
then marched hinnev.-itli their fpoil, which was fuppofed
to amount to more (jewels excepted) than Nadir Sha had
before pille.gid.

The I'atan invader, when he halted at Lahor, drew
a line from north in fouth, claiming a vaft track of land
to the welt of that line, tributary to the empire of In-
do(l?,n ; and leaving his fon Timur there as generaliflimo
and governor of this extent of territory, he no farther at
that crilis molcded Indoilan. But as all the riches of
the land were carried off, a general dejection enl'ued, the
grounds lay fallow, and the manufacturers llood Hill ;
the people v.oulJ not work fur foreign plu.ndereis, and
want and famine were fpccdily felt. Thus did ambition
opprcfs the fine region of Indoflan.

Many revolutions happened afterwards at Dchli, and,
in the year 1757, Timur was placed on the Imperial
ihrone.

The city of Agra is the capital of the province of that
name; it was toundcd in the year 15O6, by Eckbar,
who called it Eekbarab.it, and maJe it the metropolis
of his empire. It is fituatcd in 26 degrees north lati-
tude, and in 79 degrees calf longitude Irom London : it
lies on the river Gemma, about 700 miles north call of
Surat, a journey which the caravans gcneraily perform
in nir.e weeks, ;\n I ab..iit 5C0 leagues north of I'ondi-
elieiry on the Coroniandsl coalt. It (funds in the mid-
dle of a fandv plain, which greatly adds to the heat of
the climate ; it is about eight miles long, but not near
fo broad ; and no part is tortified but the palace ; there
are, however, generally, a great number of Ibldiers here.
The houfes are fo fituatcd, at to command an agreeable
[irofpccf of the river, and, acconling to Tavcrnier, are
at Ibmc dillaiice from each other encompaflcd by lofty
walls. The buildings of the omrahs and other great
men, are of floiic, and elegantly conftiucled. The
great numbers of mofqucs, caiavanferas, fquarts, baths,
and rcfervoirs, intermixed with gardens, trees, and
flowers, renders this place extremely picafant ; and the
royal palace is a inagnificfnt ftruifure, fituatcd in the
1 form

»rt%

i ii

I 15

li.. *S' i

Hi !'

ii^'

' H

1 -r'

i ■ V : f

'■«#ll

[I ■«■

III

'5>

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF OEOGRAI'IIY.

foi>m of icrefcent on the banks of the livcr, defended
by a lofty ftoiiewall mounted with cannon, and encom-
pafied by a broad moat, acrofs which are diaw-bridges ;
and there is a terrace garden cut through, with canals
of running water, mixed with verdant plats and fum-
mcr-hou!cs, forming a moll pleafing fcenc. The pa-
lace is diviilid from the city by a large noble fquare,
where the rajahs alternately mount guard at the two outer
gates, facing the principal (Ireets of the city. On en-
tering the firll gate of the palace, a fine ftone walk pre-
fonts itlelf, with canals on each fide of it j and further
on is feen a fpaeious fijuaic, in which the omrahs aiTem-
blc, and the Mahometan guards arc muftered. Still
further on, the eye is prefented with another grand fquare
or court, which leads to the Durbar, (another fpaeious
com) oiiginally the place of refott for perfons who had
audience of the emperor; during which interval a band
of mufic always played, while the imperial monarch far
on a throne of jewels.

Around the piilacc are elegant gardens, with fine ca-
n.ils } there are alio cxtenfive parks ; fo that the circum-
ference of the whole is very tonfidcrable.

This venerable city h.-id, in l6j8, no lefs than fc-
venty mofqucs j and pilgrimages aie at this time made
to a famous molquc, in which thcie is the fepulchrc of
a faint _}0 feet long and near i6 hroad.

Whtn a man has committed any particular crime,
and is purfued in order to be puniflbcd for his offence,
he flies directly to a mofquc, and there finds a certain
iheltcr : not even the emperor himfelf can hurt him after
he has once He wn to its facrcd walls ; for the attempt to
puniOi, in thi. cafe, would be a diiecl violation of that
profound lefprd and reverence due to fuch as have the
title of faints.

There are 800 purifying baths in this city ; and near
it itands that grand piece f architedurc, the maufo-
leimi, which ?o,oco men v re 22 years in building.

The grcatill part of the inhabitantj of Agra are
mahomci-- and moguls ; and the city flouriflics when
honoured with a vifit from the great mogul ; but in ge-
neral it has little to boaft of with regard 10 commerce.

Among other entertainment'! given by the great mogul
to foreign an^balladois, is one of a very fingular na-
ture; it conlilts of wild heafls of various furls fighting
with each other, or combated by men, who engage in
fuch dangerous enterpiizes to obtain the favour of the
king. 'I'hc manner of one of thefc fights, which was
exhibited at Agra, (when the inoguls kept their court
there) is thus defcribcd : firft, two buft'aloes were let
](X}fe at each other, and afterwards a lion and a t;'gcr,
the two latter of which fought defperately for funic time.
Thcfe being taken away, the governor arofe and fa!d ;
" The Great Mogul's will and pleafure is, that if any
Aaliant heroes are minded to give proofs of their valour,
in fighting againll the wild bcafts with fhitld and fword,
let them con\c forth j if they toncjuer the (ircat Mogul
will fhew high faviHir to ihmi."' On this three perfons
entered the liil, and engagid to niidcitake the comb.it;
when the governor calling out laid, " None nuiil fight
with any other weapon than fworJ and Ihield ; Ihofe
which have a dagger about them muil throw it away,
and fight fairly." A lion v^'ns then driven into the ring,
where one of the three lto<xl ready to encounter him :
the linn immediately ran to him with the greateft fero-
city, but the man defended himfelf a confidcrabic time,
till his arms growing weary, the lion laid one of his
paws on (h? fhield, and the other on his arm ; the man
finding himfelf unable to ufe his fword, and feeing the
dangir he was in, with his left hand diew out his In-
dian flilctto, and gave the lion fo violent a (lab in the
throat, that he immedi.ittly let go his hold ; after which
he fevered his body almott in two with hii fword, and
purfuini; his viiHiiry, cHVi-lually killed him, when the
people fhonled out, " Thanks be to (Jod, he is con-
queied." The Mogul, however, fmiling, faid to the
conqueror, *' Y<mi are a brave fuldiir, you have fouuht
valiantly ; hut dd not 1 eominand you to fie,ht faiily,
with fword and fliief ' only > but like a thief you have
fliiirn the lion's life with a flihllo." After this the kiiip
oiJeted the mill's belly to be iiiimei'iatily lipp d open,
and that his body Ihuuld be cariicd u thu baiki uf ele-

phants throughout the city ; w hich fcntcncc was imrre-
diattly executed.

A tyger was then hi ought to the ring, which was en-
countend by a very It rung man ; but the tyger was lo
acTive, that he luddcnly leaped on his aniagomll, and
tore him to pieces.

A very final 1 pcrfon then engaged the tyger, and at
the firrt encounter cut otF boili his fore feet, wliicli
obliged him to fall ; he then purfued his cfForis, and fooii
killed iiim. On this the king calling to him, alked hit
name ; to which he aiifwered, Geiby : the king thin
ordered one uf his fervaiits to carry him a cloth of gold,
who, when he ^..liveied it to him, faid, " Gciby, le-
ceive this coat, which the Mogul of his bounty hath
Cent." The conqueror received the coat with great hu-
mility, killed it feven times, and afterwards holding it
up, prayed to himlVlf for the Mugul's profperity ; which
done, he cried aloud, " God grant the Mogul to grow
as great as Tamerlane, from whom he is derived ; may
he live "00 hundred years, and his genciation continue
forever." Afttr he had thus exprelKd himlVlf, he was
conduiiled by an eunuch to ilie king, who, on his gi>ini»
away, faid, " 3c piaifed, Geiliy Llun, for your heroic
exploits ; this name you Ihall keep forever; 1 am your
favourable loid, and you my vafliil."

On the north of Indoftan is a very formiJable nation
called the Sthciks, who can bring into the field 60, coo
cavalry. They pofiefs the whole province of I'unjal,
the greateft part of the Moultan, and the Sindi, and all
thecountry towards Dehli, fiom Labor to Serhend. Th I.-
people ha\e found ueans to free thenifelvis from the
chains of dcfpotifm, though encompallcd by nations i-i
(laves. During the calamities of the Mogul empii ,
thtir number increaled confideiably by refugees from ilit-
ferent nations. It is aflirr.ed, that they have a temple
with an altar, on which Itands their code of laws, and
next to it a f>.eptre and a dagger. To be admitted amongll
them, nothing more is required than to fwear an utter
abhdtreiice uf monaichy.

C.iditnire, or CalTnncre, which is about 76 miles in
length, and 3c broad, is one uf the moll plcalant coun-
tries in all India; it is divided from Tartary by Mount
Caucafus, and is htuated on the northern part of the
empiru. It is furrounded by m« untains, and is one con-
tinued beautiful garden, yielding every luxury as well
as necellary of lile. The natives, who aic Mahome-
tans, aic induftrious, lively, fenfible, and ingenious ;
they ate of Euiopean complexion ; and the woni.n, who
are diftinguifhed for their perfunal accompi (hmcnts, aie
on that account purchaled by the omialis.

To the north of Caftiniiie is the province of L.ilini,
fituaicd in 12 degrees noith latitude, whiih was fub-
dued by the I'atans. In this pmvince are inolques, ca-
ravanlcias, baths, pagodas, palaces, and gardens. Thcrt-
is particuljily here antique edifiets, onceihe rdidence 1 i
the moguls, and on which ate iiifciibcd the exploits of
manv uf thole 111011, iichs.

'I he chief places on the weft of India are now to be
the objciili of our attention. The piovince of Sindy,
fituaied on the liver S.iid, is a veiy fruitful couniry.
Here IS a gic.it plenty of cattle of all forts, and num-
ber) of tame and wild fowl. The province abouin's in
wheat, rice, and pulle ; nor have they ever a dearili,
the Indus (nciflowing all ilic low giounds in Apiil,
May, and June, and TtaMiig a fat flinie that eniichei
the eaith.

This country producea fait p tie, (al-aimoni.ic, ho.
rax, Upis-lazuli, lapi,-iutir, .iHa-lirlida, lignum-dulcc,
be/oar, opopon.ix, and raw hik.

Thi- natives manuf.ictuie lu.ih fitk and cotton, ai
well as chilli/., and very handluiiie counteipaiies. They
make alio fine cal-inrts, l.ieq, eied and inlaid, wiihivoiy.
Thcycxpuit a gre;.i deal ..f butter, which is put lit
diippas or jais, containing hum five to 100 |>oundi
weight. The quota 1 f luuri (uri illiid from hence to
the M .gill, \\ 40(10 hoi lip, aiul nnoo fo it.

The ill..bli(hed t.l.g.i.n of the pe.ple is Mahometa-
nifm i there are, howcvei, ten Genioos to one Ma-
homet an.

The natives here h.ive ^pirtieuLir feflival, rilled the
Kcaft ol Wouly, when bgih Axes meet, and dame to

Ui«

ire MOW to lis

ASIA.l

1 N D O S T A N.

'5J

ihi' found of pipe', drums, anil cymbals. The women
dillribute fweet-ineats, and the njcii fquirt oil at each

other. .

Tatta, the capital of the province, is fituatcd in a
lirw plain ; it is about tlircf miles in length, and about
one and a half in brcaiith. Here is a pabcc for the na-
bob, and alfo a citadel. The citizens arc celebrated for
makin" very handfonic palanquins.

At a fmall dilUnce from the above city, arc fevcr.il
very l.irge and magnificent tombs, which contain the
remains of feme of the anti. nt mon.irchs of SinJy. The
lar 'cll, which is in the form of a cupola, is about 30
feet in heighth, and 21 diameter. It confifls of tlie
tnoft beautiful variegated porphyry, poliflicd in the moll
cxquifitc manner.

The cil.ulcl in Tatta, mentioned .ibove, and which
fiands at the welt end of the tmvn, has barracks and
fl.ibles, capable of accominodatiiig between 20 and 30,000
men and borl'e.

To the (buth of SInJy is the province of Guzuiat,
or Cambaya, which is rendered a pcninfula by Cani-
baya bay on the fouth-eall, and Sindy bay on th,; north-
weft, r rom north to fouth it extends about 300 miles,
ami from call to weft about 400 miles.

'I'he chief citv of Camhaya is Amadab.id, about 140
tnlles to the northward of Surat ; it is the moft noted
inland town of the Moj^ul empire, and is fituated in
23 degrees north latitude, and 72 caft longitude, from
London. It (lands in a molt delightful plain, watered
by the river Sabrcmetly. It is furroundcd by a wall ol
brick and ilone, flanked with round towers, 40 feet
high, and has 12 gates. The town, ineluding itb
fuburbs, is about four miles in leng;'', and the ilrieib
arc fpacious : the Mcidan-hah, or King's-fquare, in
which the courts of judicature are held, is 400 paces
broad, furroundcd with noble arches, and adorned with
palm, date, orange, and ciiron tree< j on one fide is
the king's palace ; on the fouth (lands a caravanlera for
the accommodation of llrangeis j and there arc feveral
other public edilicts. The Kngliflj and Dutch have
factories in this city ; and here arc feveral mofqucs be-
longing to the Mahometans, particularly one called Inna
Mcfgid, which Is very large, and has grand domes,
arches, and fpires j the whole fupportcd by 40 noble
pillars.

The town is fo intermixed with gardens and groves,
that at a didancc it has a molt plealing and rural afpfill.
It has upwards of 20 towns under its jurifdiiftion, and
neai 300 villages. One of the villages, c.illed Ser-
quech, is diltinguiflied for ihc tombs and monuments of
the antient kings of Cambayi, or (Jii/urat.

'!'he city, Cambaya, is fituatcd in 23 degrees nnnh
latitude, at the boitoni of a gul(di of the fame ii.ime.
It is about two leagues in tircuinlcrence, and has very
cxtenfivc fuburbs, cxclufive of fine (gardens ; the (triet.
are I'pjcioiis, and the houlcs well built with biick. 'I'he
tn^lilh and Dutch have failories here, though great
part of the trade is removed to Surat 1 on which account
the city is but thinly inhabited. It is lUrroundcd by a
brick wall, and has (everal lijnilchrcs, bcfides a (lately
cidle for the nabob

The U.\nian inhahitants here (liew a particular indul
gciue to monkies, which I'vaini, and are very milchiev-
om. Originallv there was an hofpilal for animals in
this pl.ice, and the ruins of it arc llill to be lecn. In
the country are prodigious numhers of peacocks, which
the natives catch after the bird has retired to red : the
dcfh of the young ones is white, and the t.ille of it
fomewhat like that of a turkev.

The tivie in the bay of Cambaya rum with fucn
ama/.ing rapiility, that it is laid tu exceed the p.icc of
the fwiltell animal.

I'he great commercial city of Surat is fituated in the
province of Ciu/iirat, on the livcr l'.;pt.i, a (hort di-
iljnce from the ocean. The (liccts of this city are ir-
regularly laid out, though wide at bottom ) the fhops
have rather a iii.an ajipearance, ihc chief liaders keep-
ing their ccmimodities in wanhoules ; here arc, how-
ever, a pleat iiunibir of veiy good buildiiy..

Surat was be^riin to be built about the inddlc of thi
lali century, and in a lew yean became a vvty con>
U

fiderabic place : it is faid to contain about 200,000 in-
lialiitantf.

Piior to the Englifli Eart-India company becoming
poliured of Bombay, the prefidcnt and council managed
thtlr afi'aiis at Surat ; where a fai'lory, which had been
ertablidi.d there, was dill continued, alter the prefi-
dency was removed to Bombay. This faiitory had re-
ceived from the Mogul government many very valuable
immuiiiti'.s j and i'erfuns, Moguls, Indians, Arabs,
Armenian.!, Jews, and Kuropeans all rel'orted to Sur.it,
where money was cafily obtained, and bills of cxch.ingc
were to be had for every market in India. Bags of
money, tickc'.cd ;ind fealed, v\ould circulate for years,
without being weighed or counted ; (uch was the ho-
nedy of the traders. Fortunes were proporticuiabic to
the cafe and rcadincfs with which they were td be ob-
tained by cominerrc : a fortune of 2;. 0,000 1. was com-
mon. Many of the Gentoo inhabitants of Suiat enjoy
places under the Mooridi government, fuch as colleilors,
furvcyors of the cudonis, &c.

The chief inhabitants, in hot weather, retire into
the country; iind the Englidi Kall-liulia company
have a very pleaf.int garden, kept In the mod regular
order.

There is great plenty of all kinds of provifions at this
pKace : the foil of the cour.try is extremely fertile, and
produces the fined wheat in India. Here ate great num-
hers of antelopes, and fomc deer, with plenty of wi!J
fowl.

The Moors, who have the government entirely in
their hands, tolerate all lelii^ions : when they take an
Lurope.-.n Into their Icrvice, they ne^cr make any en-
quiry about his religion, or wiOi him to become a pro-
lel I te,

Surat was plundered in the year 1664 by r.ijah ScvagI,
who carried ofl^ nov Icfs tliaii 1,200,000 1. The plunder
Wiiuld have been much more confiderable, had not the
Knglidi and Dutch avoided the depredation, by having
placed their richell commodities in the cartle, which
was out of the r.ij.ih's reach ; they h id, bel'ides, well
(ortified their fadloiics J fo that the ;l.,ndercr thought
it prudent to rctir-', without attempting to attack
them.

The above grand lofs fuggcded to the inhabitants the
ncccITity of crcding walls ; they accordingly built w.ills
lound the city ; not, however, that tin. pucauiion was
attended with the advantages cxpei'ted ; lor the Kiiglilh,
in 1686, dopped all t!ic ftlips that were fittin^; out at
Surat for the feveral feas ; and this 1 pprcliion continu-
ing a conflder.ible time, Surat was depiived of alniod
every branch of commerce that w.,s not its nun imme-
diate property. Notwithdaiiding tins .md other niirlor-
tiincs, however, Surat is at this time a (Imitilhing citv.
Of the produce of the maiuilat'lures of (iiizu .it, which
arc depofited in warehonfes, a confider.ibic pait is car-
ried into the inland countries, :ind the red to all p.rts
of the globe. 'I'he coiiimoJities molt (oinir.only ki.owii
are, blue linens, white linens, blue mid white checks,
printed calicoes, filk and cotton dulfi, )>awzes, (hauls, and
dulties, Surat receives, in exchange fm her expoits, prc.it
quantities of fpices from the Dutch i iion, lead, cloth,
cochineal, and hard wares fiom the Knglidi ; hik fiom
Rcngal and Porfia ; malls and pepper fmii M.ilabar ;
flaves and perfumes from Aiabia ; teas, (ug.ir., c.im-
phirc, quickfilver, and toys from China ; and Irom Prr-
fia, gums, dried fruits, pearls, and cojiper. The ma-
nufacturers here have generally their woik Inlpokeby
the wholefale merchants ; and this being the only fea-
piirt of any importance in thu Mogul's dominions that
the Kuropeans do not poHefs, the inland trade employi
gre.it nunibers of caravans (or the didiibntion of the
articles imported ; and A continual intercourfe is prrli rv-
cd (rom hence with Homhay, by both li'a and land. The
;;overnor of Surat, who, in the ndminiltraiion of public
jultice, attends pcrfonally in the Durbar, prcfidci with
I'.rrat date, and decides on all ailiions of a civil and
ciiminal nature.

liiinagar, the capital of the kingi'om of the f^itie
name, and which is about 100 miles to the c.id of
Carwar, (lands tui the fummit of a hij-h mountain^ nntl
IS furrgunded by no Ids than three wall).

Q.q No

,1;

,1 V

■!■ I

■ ■

. i.' i |.
.11 iJ

1 h Ai

; i

!I31

I'M''

: . .

■I ,,'il'
'I 'J

! ij

' ■I

»-J4

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOORAP/IY.

{; 'y

No Europeans have the privilege of eftabiidiing trade
ill ihis pl.ice, the prince only allowing them to be here
in the capacity of travellers or vifitors. The prince has
a very ftalcly palace; and the chief articles of trade at
Bifn>igar arc damalks, fattins, chints, rich velvets, &c.

S E C T. X.

Of the Englifti Pofffjjims and Settknunts in the Eaft
Indies, irr'r/i a particular Account cf the Cruelties txcr-
cijed on the Englifh in tl>e Black Hole at Calcutta.

TH E province of Bengal gives name to the moft
confiderablc gulph in Ana, and divides the two
f'l'nfiilas of the Indies ; it is bounded by Afem and
Arracan on the call ; by fcveral provinces belonging to
the Great Mogul on the weft ; by hideous rocks on the
north, and by the fca on the fouth. It is upwards of
240 leagues from eaft to weft, and is deemed the moft
fertile country in India for a variety of valuable articles,
fuch as fiigar, filk, gum-lack, falt-petre, rice, opium,
pi-pper, fruits, &c. the grcateft put of the Bengal filk
is produced in the territory of Caflinibuzar, where the
filk-wornis are reared and fed in the fame manner as in
other places ; but the natural heat of the climate hatchis
and brings them to peifeclion at all times of the year.
Confiderablc quantities of filk and cotton duffs are
manufaciured here, and circulated through part of
Afia.

Bengal is famous for its fine canes, and a fmall fort
worked into vefi'cis, which being glazed within-fide,
will hold any liquid. There is Tikewife an herb here,
from which very beautiful ftuffb and tapcftry are made.

The Englifti company's forces crtabliftied in Bengal
•arc very confiderablc. The power is inverted in Eu-
ropeans, though the bulk of the army conlifts of natives.
The whole is thus divided:

One battalion of Eu '

ropcari infantry,
One regiment ot lea- Each batta-

poys. I lion con

One batt;ilion of Eu-, tains ten

ropean infantry, ) companies.

One regiment of fea- and each

poys. regiment

One battalion of Eu- ten batta-

ropean infantry, lions,
One regmicnt of lea-

poye.

Each regiment of feapoys, or black infantry, is com-
manded by a jemantadar, or native officer, wlio is, how-
ever, fubordinatc to the Englilh olficcrs of a much
lower rank.

The artillery forms one regiment of four comp.inies
of Europeans; but the principal drudgery is done by
Mack feapoys : every eo.tipany of artillery is ftrcngthencd
by four companies of lafcars, containing jO men in
each company, who fcrve as matruircs j and the bri-
g.ules have atriK-p of black cavalry .ippertaining to each,
under the comm.ind of Englifti nflicers.

One of the latcft and moft elegant writers'that we have
fecn, who dcfcnbe thcfe regions, gives us the following
ai count of a review of the company's troops, in the
prclence of the Great Mogul :

" Upon a late great holid.iy amongft the Mahome-
lans, by dcfire of the Great ^logul, the Englifti troops
wcie out to be reviewed by himj but it appeared very
extraordinary to us, that he did not take the leaft notice
of any thiii^r, or even look on the troops, while they
were going through their cvoluiioni ; if he did it was
with au eye alkauiit much practifcd by the Muflulmen ;
it leemii it is inconfiftent with dignity to appear to ob-
/irve.

" However mortified the foldiers might be at this
fccming iicgKi;>, we were Kill pleafcd with fuch an op-
portunity of viewing aftiadowof eafteiii magnificence (
for, although the parade exceeded any thing I had e\er
I'cen, It was but a miniature of tormfr grandeur,

" All ihc trappings ut dignity were dilplaycd uigii

this occafion ; the Mogul himfdf was cMi an clcpli.int
richly covered v^ith embroidered velvet, the huw.icr
magnificently lackered and gilded ; his fons were \,\x.
wife on elephants. The plain was almoftcovcrod iiuli
his attendants, the ofBccrs of his court, their iciv.ir,:s,
and their fervants fervants, feapoys, peadcrs, &;c. itt,
did not amount to lefs than 1500 people. All, except
the feapoys, were according to cuftoni drcllcd in white
jemmers, and turbans ; the principal people v.cie en
horfcback, and well mounted. The train was increaltd
by a great number of ftatc elephants, ftate palanquiik,
and led horfes richly caparifoncd.

" The gilding of the howders, and pilarquin", the
gold ftuft's of the bedding and cufliions, the filvcr aiul
gold ornaments, the taftcls, and fringe of various
colours, fome of them even mixed with fmall pearls j
the rich umbrellas, trappings of the horfes, and all
together, glittered in the fun, and made a moil brilliant
appearance."

I'atna, which is fituated in the Upper Ganges, ij
thought the moft famous place in the univerfc, lor tlie
cultivation of opium ; but it is far inferior in its ftrengtii
to that made in Syria and Perfia. The fields of Patiu
are fponlancoufty covered with the flowers which pro-
duce it; and, exclufivc of what is carried into the in-
land country, prodigious quantities are exported to
foreign parts. The Indians in general arc exceeding
fond of it, though its ufe has been prohibited by the
moft feveie penal i-ws. In the neighbouring ifland,~,
however, it is ftill jonfumed in great quantities : they
not only chew it, but intermix it with tluir tobaccc,
when they fir.oke, which frequently inti xicitcs them
even to a degree of infanity, and prompts them to cor...
mit outrages of the moft picjudicial tendency.

Patna is the capital of the territory of the fame name,
and one of the largeft cities in India. 'I'hc Englilh
and Dutch have fai'lorics here.

Dacca, the moft exicnfivecity in the kingdom of Ben-
gal, produces the bcrt and tiiicft embroideries in golJ,
hlver, or filk. The town is fituated in 24 deg. noith
latitude; the foil is fertile, the lituaiion fine, and to its
market are brought the lichcft tommoditics of liuli.i
and Europe. It receives confiderablc /idvantages f.ciu
Its cottons, from which are produced ftiipcd and worked
mudins, more valuible in their texture than thole made
in any other part of India.

rhefaiSorv of Eoit-williani, at Calcutta, belong; to
the Englifh Eaft-India company, and is fitu.ilcd on the
Hugley, the moll weftcrly part of the Ganges. Hcreuie
very convenient ftore-hoiilcs, magazines, and an liolpi-
lal : here is alio a gairifon of foldiers ; and all kinds ot
provifions are very cheap at this place; though the air
of Calcutta is unhealthy, the wat-r bi.ickilh, the an-
chorage unfafe, and the neighbouring country ali'urJi
but few manufaiElures : iiotwithftaiuliiig which, gicjt
numbers of the moft wealthy merchants, invited by the
profpcol of fjcuiity and libeity, here fixed their rili-
dcncc. In 1757, the fubah of Bengal, whole indig-
nation had been railed by fome procedures of the com-
pany, invclled Calciitt.i, which was then in a dcLnce-
iefs ftate. The govern ir, alarmed .it the appearance it
a very numerous army, abandon::d ihefoit, and wiili
many of the chief inhahit.ints repaiied on bo.iid a vdlel
in the river. Mr. HnUcll, however, who was (ccoiiO
in command, aftilled by a few iniupid olliccrs and a
weak garrifoii, defended the place lor loine time, but
was at length obliged to furrender; and the inhabii.inn,
with the whole gariilon, were all forced into a dun-
geon called the Hlaik Hole, Iroiii vvh ch only 2 j outot'
146 pel Ions tame out alive; the reft were fullocalcd
with extreme heats.

A man of the leaft humane foelinj^s will cafily image
to himlcif the moft wiciilud lituatum of (uch a iium-
bir ol his fellow creatim . ci.imnied fwciher in a tube
of iX feet, in* dole luliiy nn'ht, with Uaice the fjintcft
tiuiilalion ot air. I hey had been but a lew miiiutc>
ei nliiud when every milciable captive lell into fovideiit
a perlpiralion, as brought on a moft racing iliirft. Tluv
all ftiipped oft' their tloaths except ftlr. Holwell and
three other grntlemcn ; and a piopoluion was then made,
ihat every man fliuuld 111 down on lii> liaini : thi^ex-
1 pcdiciil

V .fi. I

IS CHI .111 cli'pll.iiit

vet, the liuw.itr
is fens were \.,x.

llloit COVtfJii V, ;;|.

t, their iViv.-i-,:-:,
pcaJtrs, J^e. ;lt,
■(lie. AH, cxtt|,t
1 drtlkd in wIiul'
1 people v.\-ic ull
rain was iiuiealu!
ibtc palaiiquui:,

,J p.il.inquin^, the
ns, the lilver :uiJ
fringe of various
ivith fmall pearls ;
e horfcs, and all
de a moll brilliant

Jpper Ganges, ij
: univcrib, lur the
;rior in its ftrcngtli
he fields of Patiu
lowers which pro-
arrlcd into the in-
i are exported to
eral arc exceeding
I prohibited by tlie
ighbouring ifland^,
It quantities : they
with their tobaccn,
: iiit(-xicntos thtm
iipls them to con.-
;endeiicy.

of the fame nnn-.c,
lia. The linglifli

c kingdom of Ben-
broidetics in golj,
:d ill 24 deg. 1101 th
ion hue, and to its
iintoditics iif InJi.i
e ;idv.iiit.igcs fiiiiii
(iii|K'd and worked
le than thulc made

alcutta, belongs to

1 is fitualrd on the

Ganges. IKieaie

lies, and an hofpi-

i and all kiiidb ui

e; though the air

bj.ickiih, the aii-

g country all'urJi

ng which, great

ts, invited by the

hxcd their rtti-

al, whole iiidig-

uies 01 the coni-

hiii in a defcnce-

thc appearance if

he foit, and wiih

oil boaid a vdkl

who waj ficiMiU

I olliccr^, and a

or fume tiiiir, but

d the inhabitants,

orccd into a dun-

ch only 2 { <<ut ol

» were tutfucatcd

will cafily image
<if fuch a iiuin-
;cther in a tube
uaicr the faintclt
>ut .1 le^v miiiiitcj
l.-ll into fo violent
iiing ihirlf. 'I'hiv
Ml. iluhvell and
>ii was then made,
IS haiiii ; this cx-
pcJitint

ASIA.] I N D O S T A N.

■nedient was accordingly piaftifcd fcvcral times, and at

each time many of the unhappy wretches, more weak

than others, and who could not recover their legs when

the word was given to rife, fell all along, and were in-

ftantly fuffocated or trod to death. Repeated efforts had

been made to force the door, but to no purpofe. Uefore

nine o'clock every man's perfpiration and thirfl were fo

cxcertive, that " water! water !" was the general cry j

and an old jemmantadar, among the guards, being

moved with compafTion at their extreme futtering ,

ordered fomc fklns of water to be brought.

The tumult, madncfs, tranlport I the fury and

avidity, the confufion and violence, the lunacy and rav-
ings o'f the mifcrable captives on the appearance of wa-
ter we cannot poflibly convey to our readers a better

idea of than by tjuoting the words of Mr. Holwell.
" The water appeared !" fays Mr. Holwell, " Words

cannot paint to you the univerfal agitation and raving

the fi^ht of it threw us into. \Vc had no means of con-
veying it into the prifon but by hats forced through the

bars ^and thus myfelf, who flood clofe to the bars, and

Meir! Coles and Scott, fupplicd our fellow fuftcrers as

fart as poflible. But thofc who have experienced iatcnfe

third, or are acquainted wivli the cau'.'e and nature of

this appetite, will be fufficiently fenfiblc it could receive

no more than a momentary alleviation ; the caufe ftiU

fubliftcd. Though wc brought full hats within the

bais, there enfued fuch vi jlent llruggles and frequent

cont'cils to get at them, that before they reached the lip^

of any one, there would be fcarcely a tea-cup full left in

them. Thcle fupplies, like fprinkling water on (ire,

only ferved to feed and rjife the flame.
" O, my dear friend ! how fhall 1 give you conception

of what 1 lelt at the cries and ravings of thofe in the

remoter parts of the prifon, who coujd not entertain a

probable hope of obtaining a drop, yet could not divefl

ihinifclves of expectation, however unavailing ! and

calling on me by the tender confulcrations of friuidflup

and artection, and who knew they were really dear to

me! Think, if poflible, what my heart murt have luf-

fered at feeing and hearing their dirtrefs, without having
it in my power to relieve them : for the confufion now

became general and horrid. Many forced their pallagc
from the further part of the prifon, and prcfliiig down
thofc who were too weak to withftand them, trampled

them to death."

Mr. Holwell, from nine to near eleven, thus ftood at
the bais of the window, fupplying the poor creature^
with water, and was almolt prelled to death ; his two
companions, and Mr. I'arker, who had tVrccd himfelf
into the window, were really fo ; as were Mill, liai-
lic, Jenks, Revely, Law, Buchanan, Simpfon, and
fcvcral others, who lay dead at his feet.

Mr. HuU'cIl now calling out to his fellow prifoncrs,
and be;;ging, as the lart inftance of their regard, they
would remove the violent prcflurc on him, and futfir
hlin to leave the window, they pave way, and he with
great difficulty got into the middle of the prifon, where
the throiif", was lefs by the many that were dead, and by
nhcrs who flocked to the wiiulows; for by this time
tluy had water alto at another window.

In the prifon there wa, a p!at-form, raifcd between
ihiic and four Icct from floor, and open underneath.
Ipijii this I'lat-forni .^l . Holwell lay down anuni^
ininy dead budies, hoping here fpecdily to breathe his
lad; hut alas! he h.id not lain many minutes before
he was lei/td with a moll violent pain in his bread,
and palpitatiuit of heart, attended with a difliculiy ul
hrcaihiii': and an incicahng cxceflive thirll. Unable to
h.'ar thcie united pains, he made a vigorous eflbrt to
get to a Window oppufitc to him, and gaining the third
lank at it, with one hand fcized the bais, and by that
mians gained a fccond. In a few moments the air tiom
the window relieved the pain in his bread, as well as i;ic
palpitation, and dilKciiliy of breathing i but his thi fl
was as great as ever. He pot (omc wattr 1 but this in-
cuafing inllead of abating ills third, he contented him-
fell with fucking into his mouth the perfpiration from
his (hirt-flcevcs, and catching Urge drops »f they fell
Irom his face.
** Whim 1 WM at the windoWi" fays Mr. Holwell)

I was obferved by One of my miferable companions
on the right of me, in the expedient of allaying my
third by lucking my (hirt-flecves ; upon which, he
took the freedom to rob me from time to time of a con-
fidcrablc part of my ftorcj though, after I detected
him, I began upon that fleeve he was making free with,
and our mouths and nofes often met in the contcll. This
plunderer I found afterwards was a worthy young gen-
tleman in the feivice, Mr. I.ufhington, one of the few
who efcapcd from death, and fince paid me the compli-
ment of alluring me, he believed he owed his life to the
many comfortable fucks he had from my flceves."

About half afier eleven the majority of the furvivin;^
prifoners were in an outrageous delirium : every poflible
abufe of the fubah, and every infult againd the guard
that could be thought of in order to provoke them to
lire into the prifon, were repeatedly pra..Tifed to no
kind of efteiS. Indeed even before nine o'clock many
infults were offered to the guard to provoke them to
lire.

" I need not, my dear friend," fays Mr. Holwell,
" afk your commiferation, when I tell you, that in this
plight, from half an hour after eleven till near two in
the morning, I fudained the weight of a heavy man,
with his knees on my back, and the preflurc of his
whole body on my head j a Dutch ferjeant, who had
taken his feat on my left (lioulder, and a black Chri-
dian foldier bcaiing on my right; all which nothing
c.iuld have enabled me to fupport but the props and
prcffurc equally furtaiiiing me all around. The two
latter I frequently diflodged, by (hifting my hold on
the bars, and driving my knuckles into their ribs j but
my friend above duck fad, and, as he held by Xwa
bars, was immoveable.

"■' The repeated trials and efforts I made to diflodge
this inl'ufterable incumbrance on me, at lad qute ex-
liaurted mc ; and, towanij two o'clock, finding I muft
quit the window, or fink where I was, 1 relohed on
the former, having b rnc, truly for the fake of others,
inliniicly more for life, than the bed of it is worth.

" In the rank clofe behind mc was an < iT.ier of one
of thelhips, whofc iinm? was Carey, and who beh iJ
with mu"ch bravery <li ring the ficge, (his wife, a tir.e
wom.'.n, country bom, would not quit him, hut ac-
companied him into the prifnn, and was one who fur-
vived.) This poor wretch had been lonj raving for
water and air j I tuld him I was determined to give up
life, and leconimeiuled his gaining my datum. On
my quitting, he made an attempt to get my place, but
was prevented.

" Poor Carey exprefled his thankfulncfj, and faid he
would give up life too j but it was with the utmolt
labour wc forced our way from the window (fcvcral
m the inner ranks appearing dead, Handing, unable
to lall by the throng and prcflure around.) He laid
himfelf down to die ; and his death, I believe, was
very fiidden, for he was a fliort, full, (anguine man :
hii ftreiigth was great ; and I imagine that had he not
letircd with mc, I (hould never have been able to
foice my way. I was at this time fenfible of no pain,
and little uneafinifs : I found adupor coming 011 apace,
and laid myfelf down by that gallant old man, the
Rev. Mr. Jervas Bellamy, who lay dcid with his fon
the lieutenant, hand in hand. When 1 had lain heie
tome time, 1 dill had riflcitiim enough to luffer (omc
UMcafinefs in the thought, that 1 (hould be trampled
upon when dead, as I myfilf had been obliged to trample
11, on others. With fonie difliculty 1 railed myfelf and
t'.aincd the plat-lbrm a fccond time, where I prefcntly
lod all fcnfation : the lall trace of fcnfibility that 1
have been able to recoiled after my laying down, was,
mv laflt being iineafy about my waid, wdiieh 1 iintn.1
and threw from me. C)t what paffed in this interval It,
the time of my rclurrettion fiom this hole of horror, I
can give you no account.

" When the day broke, and no intrraties whatever
could prevail to get the prilon door opened, it occurcd
to a gentleman, (I think Mr. Secretary Cookr) to make
a fearch for me, in hopes I might have InHuenc*
enough to pain a rehale liom this fcene of mifcrv. Ac-
cordingly NlcliVs. Lulhinuton and Walcot undeitoik the

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A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

fca'rch, and by my ftiirt dir.overed me on the platform,
from whence they took mc, and, imagining I liad fomc
figns of life, brought me towards the window I had fiift
pofTeflion of. Hut as life was equally dear to every
tnan, and the Iknch from the dead bodies was intolera-
ble, no one would give up his ftation in or near th-.'
window ; fo they were obliged to carry me back again.
Soon afterwards C.ipt. Mills, who was in polTcirion of
a feat in the window, had the humanity to refign it.
I was again brought by tlie fame gentlemen, and placed
iii the window,

*' At this junclurc the fubah, who bad received an
account of the liavock which death had made amongl^
us, fmt one ol his jcnniiaiilajars to em|uire whether
the Cliicf furviiid. They fluwed nie to him, telling
tiim I had appeal .nice of life (till rem.iining, and that it
was poflibk- I ij'ght recover, if the door was foon
opened. 'I'liis ani'wcr being leturned to the fubah, an
order came in.niedi..:ely loi our relcafc, it being then
near fix in tiie morn'i::^."

i\Ir. Ilohvcll tiien piuec ' to relate, th.:t from the
number of dead bodies that were piled up agiinftlhc
door, whicli opened inward;^, iheic wab no pollibility of
openii^g it till the dc;id were removed; and that thib
work took up 20 minutes.

About a quarter after fix o'clock, the remains of 146
fouls, being only 23, c.inic alive from the dungeon j
among whom was .Xir-. Carey. The dc-.cd bndi.s were
dragged out of the prifon by the foldicrs, and thrown
into a ditch.

The furvivors were all fet at libcitv, except Mr. Hol-
well, Mr. Co'ir', Mr. W.'lcot, Mr'. IJuidet, and Mts.
Carey J thefoimir were oidired into the cufto.iy of an
oftieer ; and the latter was ilelained, on aecount of her
pcrfonal beauty, to be the further vi,flini of a frefli ty-
ranny, the luli of fomc great officer.

Mr. HiKull W.1S in a lii.;li fever when lie came out
of the prilbn, and was in this coiuliti'.n taken before
the fub..h ; as he w.;s unable to iJand, ihey carried him
to the tyrant, who faid to him, " I hear there is tie.i-
fure to a very confidcrablc amount fecreted in the fort ;
if you do not difcover where it is, you mult cxpci!^ no
mercy." Mr. Holwell allured him that he did not
know of any trcafure ; and the fubah finding no intelli-
gence could be got, ordered Mhir Muildon, the general
uf his houlhold treop«, to take Mr, Holwell into his
cullody.

It wai the voluntary oppofition made bv Mr. llul-
well, filter the governor, Drake, h.id quitted the tul,
that fn jiarticu'.irly eiiraijed the fubah j and this led him
to beiicve, that there mult certainly be fome confidcrablc
trcafure hidden ; for Mr. Holwell, it was imagined,
would iK't liav undcrtakm a work of fiich danger, had
he not bicn actuated to it by very interelted priiuiplcs.

Mr. HolwJI, unfortunately, during the hinry and
confiifion of the ficge, after the fort had been aban-
doned by Drake, forgot to emancipate Oniychund, a
confidcrablc black merchant, whom Drake had inju-
rioudy iniprifoned i whiih unh.ippv on- llion Omychiind
fclcnled as an a.:t of wihul lajullire ; and had it not
been for this ni.in's infiiiuations, Mr. HoUvill mij'ht
probably have been difehargeJ, iMtwiihftamling he had
fo highly dilpleafed the fubah in his fpinied defence of
the fort : at IcaO, this wa> the opinion of Mr, Holwell,
and which wa'^ llrengthencd by the confinement of Mefl'.
Coiitt, W'alcot, and Hurdet, who were perfons againft
whom UmychunU was known to have a particiil.-r
avcrfioii.

Mr. Holwi II and his companions were conveyed in a
backty to the tamp, and ihi re loaded with fetters : they
were lodged iri the tent of a Moonfli foldier., which w.is
lo fmall, thai they were under a neeeffity of lying, ill
as they were, halt in, and hall out of the tent, duiiiig
a mo(t difagrec.iblc and rainy night. The following
day, however, their fever fortunately connng to a crifis,
boils broke out on their bodies, and the day enluiiig
they were removed to the coall, from whence they were
foon fent by fea lo .Mux.idabad, to be difpnfed of as the
fubih niuuld think proper, wlio was cxpctlied to return
to ih'.t c.ipilal lioni Cab una,
Un tluir arrival .i( .Muxad.ibad, after a voyage ol

thirteen days, their boils had become running fores, 2rA
the irons on their legs had confumed the flcfh nearlv tu
the bone, Mr. Holwell now lent a letter to Mr. Lnv,
chief of the French fa6k>ry, with an account of thiir
mifeiable filu.itioii, and Mr. Law wa'! fo liumineasto
fend them every iieccllary they were in need of.

It V:ls on the feveiith of July, in the afternoon, when
ihey lanled, and after walki.ig f iine confiderable way ai
a public (pee'^t.iele, were placed upon a flicd, not t.ir
fioin the viceroy's palace, where they were relieved wi h
great luim.inity by the French and Dutch chiefs, as
well as by the Arabi.in merchants.

On the i8th of July the fubah arrived, and on the
25th the piior prifoners were led to hi? palace to know
their future faie ; but it happened that no audience
could be given them on that day ; and in the evi nuiir
the fubah's grandmother interceded for their rclforatidu
to freedom, at a feaft celebrated in honour of the viee-
roy's return home.

The next morning, very early, the unhappy fuffcrcrt
waiting the fubah's pafling to his palace of Mooterjeel,
and paying him, as (oon as be came near them, the
nlual homage, he call his eyes on them with an ap-
pearance of fome comp..ffion, and ordered their irons to
be knocked oft"; he at the lame time ordered two of his
officers to cojiviudf them wherever they lliould be inclined
to go, and charged them to prevent any infult being of.
lered to their peifons,

'Ibis gleam of mercy, late as it dawned, had the
more merit in it, as fome wretched fycophants had cx-
erciled their utnioll emleavours to prevent it, bv afluriii'
the viceroy that Mr, Holwell was pofl'cHcd of a liiHi-
cieiKy, notwithftanding his lofl'es, to puichafc his free-
dom. " He has fuftcred enough, replied the fubah ; if
hj be poflefied of any thing, let him keep it."

As foon as the above unfortunate gentleman and h's
friends obtained their difchargc, they took boat, and ar-
rived at Corcem.idad, a Dutch fetilemcnt ; whence llK'y
embarked, and failed for England,

After the above melancholy affair of the Black Hoi.-,
Mellrs Watfon and Clivc made their appearance before
Calcutta, and entirely reduced the place. The fubah,
iK/W more enraged than ever, led his army towards Cil-
eutta, and encamped within about a mile of the town,
when Colonel Clivc attacked him lb vigoroully, th.i
the viceroy was forced to retreat, after having iullaiikd
a confiderable lofs in killed, wounded, and prifoners.

The town of Calcutta is lituatcd on the banks it
the liver Hugly, which is an arm of the Ganges, It u
t'derablv Uige, but appears very uncouth to the eve
from the (Irjngc iiregularity of its buildings, tverv
pirlon who eiie'ts a houfe, pleales his own fancy wiiii
relj)ect to the mannei (4 the edifice, without pavin'
any attention to the nnitorniity of the town ; fo ili.ii
large and fmall, elegant and mean, arc blended to-
gether.

The principil ftreet in this town is called the Buza',
and is inh.ibiled by perfons who keep little fllops for the
laic of various ronmioditics. This place is leldum vi-
fitcl liy the Kn-li/h ; for they fend iheir fervants to buy
whatever is wanted, and lely on their fidelity in the
purchafe.

On the fiJc of the rivtr Hugly, near the center of
the tor. 11, IS the idd fort, in which is tho place of con-
finement called the Black Hole, where, at bcforemrn-
tionrd, the unhappy Englifh fuftered the moft wretched
punillimcnt by order of the nabob Serajah Dowl.ih.
Some ol the apaitnienis in it are ul'ed occafionallv for
the pciformancc ol divine lervice.

About a mile from the town, by the fide of the river,
is the new fort, whieh is a very handfomc and (Iroiig
building. It is lurrounded with walls, and is exceeding
fpaeious, cont.iimng niagar.ines for ftores, barracks for
foldieis, and elegant apaitments for the refpcilive offi-
cers; bcfides which, thcie arc houfes in it for the .ic-
cominodaiion ot the engineers and other officers who
rcfidc at Calciilla.

One part of the town is fet apart for the rcfidence of
the Porlugueic and Armenians, each of whom rxerciic
their own mo le of worfliip. There is a church be-
longing tg cai.li j but the I'yitugiult are rcftrained froni

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t.\hbi'ing their religious proceflions without the limits
(jl lb ir own diftrift. The generality of thefe people
are e.nployed as fervaiils, aiid execute the moft menial

''''>"'• - II- . ' .

The Armenian women are not employed in any kind

of buCncfs i but the men colleiS goods in different parts

u( lii.li.r (<"■ ^^^ merchants. Some of thefe arc per-

inittcJ to trade for tlicmfclves, and obtain very cnnfi-

dcrable poU'cflions. The drcfs of the women much rc-

feinblis that of the Mahometans, except the head, which

is covered with a turban of a prcpollerous fize. They

have hkcwife a fingular addition to their head-drefs after

marriaoe ; it is called a mouth-piece, and confills of a

pi'.^e of mullin, which covers the face from the chin to

the under part of the noflrils, and is placed fo c'. 'b to

tlie face, as greatly to impede their breathing.

There aie feveral beautiful villages about Calcutta,
which contain many elegant buildings, the country re-
fiilciiccs of Englilh gentlemen, who retire here, particu-
larly in the hot fealon, to enjoy the benefit of the air,
which ii cooler and much moic wholcfomc than in the
town.

The inienfc heat of the climate here fubjefls the in-
habitants to many difeafes ; but the moft fatal is that
called the Pucker Fever, which carries off the pcrfon
feizcd with it in a very (hort fpacc of time. It is faid,
that Icis women die here, in proportion, than men,
which is attributed to the abnemioufnefs of the former,
and the intemperance of the latter.

Madras, or Fort St. George, or Madrafpatan, (fig-
nifving, in t!'.e Indian language, the town of Madras)
is the capital of the dominions of the Englifh in India,
and is in 8o degrees call longitude, and 13 north lati-
tude. It is near 4800 miles eaft of London'; and the
fun rifcs and fets fooner at Madras by fix hours than
wi'h us. Its fituation is by no means convenient ; for
the ocean beats with prodigious violence againft the
(hore, and it is fubjefl to inundations from a falt-water
river behind it ; nor is there a drop of frelh water to be
got within a mile of i(. It has a fort and garril'on, and
in the middle of the fort is the governor's houfe, an
handfomc Ifone building.

There are feveral handfome ftreets in the town, with
good houl'es. The Europeans inhabit what they call
the White Town, which forms an oblong fquare of
about a nulc long, furrounded by walls.

The Englilh church here is a very pretty ftruilure,
with an handfome altar, a carved gallery, and an organ.
It is the cuftom here to play the organ the moment the
governor enters the church, which is floored with blatk.
marble, and upon the whole makes an elegant appear-
ance.

Here is alfo a frce-fch<x)I, where children are educated
in reading and writing ; befldes which there is a library,
as well as a church for the Portugucfe. Thefe are the
Hilly public buildings in the White Town, except ih.-
town-houfe, teforted to by the mayor and his brethren,
and in which courts of judicature arc held.

i'o the north of the White Town is the Black
Town, occupied by Armenia , Indians, Portuguefe,
an I oiluTs i it is near two miles in circuf.fercnce, and
i^ ciieom|iaired by a very thick brick wall, fortified in
the modem manner. The Ittecis are wide, but the
huiifes mean ) it is a place of great wealth, however,
ind very populous.

The junfdiifion of the governor of Madras extends
all over the coaft of Coromandcl, and the weftern coall
of Sumatra : he is likcwife captain of the firft company
of foidicrs, as the next in council it of the fecond : he
lives in "' -at Date, though hit falary is but fmall ) it
niulf be obferved, however, that he reaps connderable
tnioliiments fiom the privilege he has of trading on his
own bottom. His ufual guard is 3 or 400 black men i and
when he goes abroad on any public occafion, he is at-
tended by trumpets, tiles, and drums, with llreanieri
flying, accompanied by the council on horfcback, and
theit ladies in palanquins.

The council confili of fix perfons, who have annual
falaries. Befides whom, there are two fenior mer-
chants, two junior merchants, five (»i\or%, and ten
Wdtcrs i alfo two clergymen, a judge-advocate, an

attorney-general, two aiLy-maftcrs of the mint, and
a furgeon j all of whom have yearly ffipends, which
are trifling compared with the advantages they re-
ceive by trading for thcmfelvcs, and other emolu-i
ments.

We mufl not omit to obferve here, that in the Black
Town there is an Armenian church, as well as feveral
linall pagodas, to which belong great numbers of fing-
iiig gills, who fpend half their time in finging to the
idol«, .md the oihcr half in intriguing.

The trade of this colony is in the hands of the Ar-
menians and Jews. The articles the Englifli deal in,
arc diamonds, chints, calicoes, &c.

This place fubmitted to the French in 1746, but
was reftorcd at the peace. In 1758 they attacked it
again under general Lally, but were lepullcd by the
forces under the generals Laurence and D-aper.

Some years fince it was computed th.t the towns
and villages belonging to For: St. George contained
80,000 people, 50CO of whom were Europeans.

They trade to all parts eaftward of the Cape of Good
Hope; but the largeft fhips ufe the Mocha, Peifia, and
Surat markets, with Bengal and China commodities,
and touch on the voyage for pepper, cocoa, drugs, &c.
on the Malab.ir coaft. The European goods which
letch the bcft market price here, are wines, beer, ale,
cyder, cheefc, gold and filver lace, worflead and thread
(lockings, lead, flint ware, looking-glades, &c. &c.

The nabob of Arcot has an elegant villa at a little
diftance from Madras, fupported by pillars inftead of
walls i the apertures of colonades admit the light in
lieu of windows, and open porticos fcrve the purpofe
of doors i the ftile of architcifture is thus elegantly airy
and open, and the confequent coolnefs renders it a
luxurious retreat in a climate fo exceedingly fultry.

Gingi, or Gingcc, which is cncompafled with moun-
tains, confifts of two towns, called Great and Little
Gingi, both of which are furrounded by a wall and five
lofty rocks ; and on the top of each rock is a ftrong
fortrefs. From eaft to weft thefe towns are feparatea
by a wall fortifi.d with cannon, which one of the five
rocks defends as a citadel.

Fort St. David is a colony and fort belonginc; •£> the
Englifh, fituatcd four or five leagues to the Touth of
Piiulicherry. In the year 1686 this place was bought,
for the confideration of go.oco pagodas, by the gover-
nor of Kort St. George, for the Eaft-India company,
and is efteemed a fituation of very great confcquence to
the Englifh. In 1758 it was taNcn by the F'lench
forces under the command of General Lally, who blew
up the fortifications } but Foitune afterwards turning
her back upon the viflors, they were forced to give up
to the Englifh moft of their poireflions. Great quanti-
ties of chints, calicoes, and muflins are manufai^ured
here.

Tothefouth of Fort St. David is Tanjorc, (the capi-
tal of the kingdom of Taiiiore) which in 1748 M. Lally
att.tckcd, but was rcpulfeJ. It is fituated in 1 1 degrees
north latitude I and the kingu.im is bounded by the
ocean on the eaft, by Trichinopoly on the weft, by the
river Coleroon on the north, and on the fouth by the
territories of two great perfon.iges, lliled poligars, or
lords. The Englifh have a fort, with land belonging
to it, near the mouth of the Coleroon.

When M. Lally made his appearance before this place
in 1748, he privately ereifted batteries at the very time
he was pretending to commence a negotiation with th«
prince, and even fired upon the town ; when the inha-
bitants, inflamed with a juft revenge, attack«d the
French with fuch fpirit and vigour, as to drive them
entirely away.

The fort poftiined by the Englifh at the mouth of the
river Coleroon, and which is named Davecotah, wa»
granted to them by the king of Tanjorc.

Bombay is an ifland, fcven miles in length, and in
circumference about ao ; it is fituated in 18 deg. 41
mill, north latitude, on the coal) uf Decan, and form*
a moft cominodioui bay ; the haibout will hold a thou-
land (hips.

Bombay formeily belonged to the Portuguefe, who in

i6(ij gave it up to king Charlei U, en his tfpoufing tha

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Infanta of Portugal ; and the king afterwards gave it to
the Eaft-Irtdia company.

The climate of Bmibay, though within the tropics,
is not dll'agrceable to the coiiftitution of the Europeans ;
there are but few d^ys in the courfe of the year in
which the weather is very rntcnfe ; the ftiort hot feafon
precedes the periodical return of the rains : the night-
dews, however, arc extremely dangerous, and great care
fllould be ihercfure taken not to be expofed to them. If
people would but refolve to live temperately in Bombay,
they need not be afraid of the climate, for it is far
healthier than many other of the European fcttlements,
though it was once ftiled the burial-place of the Eng-
lifli : but people have fince prudently guarded againlt
the caufcs of the general fatality which at that time vi-
fited them, and thctc are now fome good phyficians on
the illaiul. They have wet weather at Bombay about
four months in tfic year, which is commonly introduced
by a very violent thundcr-ftoim : during this feafon all
tradiji;; veH-ls are laid up. The rains begin about the
latter end of May, and end in September, when the
black nierch^Mit? hold a feftival, gilding a cocoa-nut,
which they confecrate, and commit to the waves.

The land of Bombay is engaged principally in groves
of cocoas, rice-fields, and onion-grounds.

The town or city of Bombay, which is furroundcd
by a wall and ditch, is a mile long, and has a pretty
good calUc ; fo that it is well fecured, and edeemed one
of the flrongeft places the Eaft-lndia company have.

The houfcs of the Englifli here confift in general of
a ground floor only, with a court both before and be-
hind, in which aie offices and out-houfes. Moft of the
windows arc of tranfparcnt oylVcr-fliclls, which throw
a pretty good light ; and the flooring of their habita-
tions is a fort of rtucco compofcd of fticlls that have
been burnt; this they call chunam, which, being well
tempered, and becoming hard, has an elegant polifli or
it. The houfrs in which the black nieichants refide,
are in general ill-coiitrived, aukward llruilurc?. The
Enj;li{h cliUrch is a vcrv neat building, fituated on a
plcafant green, round which are the houfcs of the Eng-
iilh. As to ihe pagodas «i' the CJcntoos, they arc fuch
miferable flruilures, as not to be worthy of a dcfcrip-
tion.

Bombay is divided into three Poman catholic pariftics,
in the churches of which any popi(h pricft may officiate,
except a Portugucfe ; but againd the priilh of Portu-
gal the Englim formed an objCvHion, from an appre-
hi'iifion that thefc fathers might probably have rather too
clofe a connctlion with others of their own country in
the adjacent fcttlements belonging to their mau;r. Ihe
government is entirely Englilh, fuhnr'innte to the India
c mpany, who appoint by commiflion a prefident and
council i and under the immediate diredlion of the pre-
fident, who is (tiled commander in chief, are the ma-
rine and military force. The comrrion foldicrs are of
mnnv nations, fome Portiiguefc, fome Dutch, and others
French : what are called Topaflcs arc for the moft part
blacic, or of a mixed breed frcmi the Portugucfe. There
are alfo regular companies of the natives, who arc called
feapoys.

Here arc no difputcs about profcflions in religion : all
•re alike tolerated. Liberty of confciencc, freedom of
fpcech, riches, and honours, diflinguifh the people and
clime of Bombay.

The chitf idands near Bombay arc Butcher's Ifland,
Elcphanta, and Salfette. The firft is fo called, from
nteat numbers of cattle being kept in it for the ufe of
Uoinbay ; and the fccond has its name from the cnormoir
figure of an elephant cut in ftone, and which, at a dil-
tancc appears as if alive, the (tone being cxaftly of the
colour of that quadrupedc. On this ifland, which is
nearly one entire hill, and about three miles In cir-
cumference, there is a temple hewn from a rock. This
real curiofity, which is fupported by two rows of pillars,
Is 10 feet high ; it is an oblong fquarr, about «o feet in
length, and in breadth about 40 j and its roof is formed
of the rock cut flat. At the larther end of this fingu-
lar Urudliirc ffand the fij-urea of two gianti, the faces of
which, however, have been much mutilated; the Poi-
tiiguclc, when tbcy firft became potieflicd of thitilland,

disfiguring and injuring thefc pieces of antiquity a|
much as poflible. This curious fabric has two doors,
which front each other ; near one of thein arc fevcral
iin.igcs, inuch disfigured; and there is one image ftaiid-
In; ereift, with a drawn d.igger inonehai>d, and a chilj
in the other. The other door, which Ojiens on the kit
hand, has an area before it, at the upper end of which
i> a range of pillars or colonade, adjon'iig to an a))art-
mcnt ornamented with regular architcftute, round tlie
cornices of which are fome paintings. I he whole of
this temple differs from any of the moll antique Clcntoj
biiildin;;3; but no dilcovrriis can be made as to the
a'ra when genius and labour produced it.

Salfette lies fo the northwaril of Bombay, being about
26 miles in length, and 9 or JO broad. Here is a
ruinated place called Canara, where are fevcral caverns
in rocks, which confulcr.ibly gratify the curiolity of fudi
Europeans as vitit them. The fiiil of Salfette is ix-
tremcly fertile, and great plenty of game is fouiu! m
this ifland, which it muft be acknowledged is a molt
agreeable fituation. It was originally conipiclici;.led
under the rej^ality of Bombay, and ot eonlequeiiee be-
came the property of the Englifh crcmn when B jiiibay
was given to Charles the Second ; but the Portugucfe
defrauded us of it, though it is fo connetEled with Bum-
bay, that the people thereof cannot well I'ubfilt without
it, having of nece/fity ainioft all their provifion-s fioni
it. The Portugucfe, however, Inft this ifland by the
invaf;e>n of the Maiatta^', who inhabit the continent
bordering on Bombay: they are a very formidable tribe
of Gentooj, who have extended their dominions by
dint of arms. Their chief or king refides generally oii
the mountains of Decan, at a fort called Raree, re-
ported to bo the ftrongcft place in theunivcrfe; fo well
and powerfully guarded is it by nature, being furroundcd
by tteep inacceftible rocks, that no enemy can approach
It.

In this well -defended fort the king, or mar-rajah,
holds his court, and lives in great Iplendor. He h «
long been the avowed foe of the Moguls, lubahs, and
nabobs; making war and concluding treaties jull at
intereft or ambition die'latcd.

The .Vlarattas are equally bred to arms and agricul-
ture ; the ufe of the former they have learnt of the
Europeans, though they depend greatly on targets, which
will turn the ball of a piftol, and even that of a mufket
from fome diHancc. 1 houf^ti their mufkcts are but very
indiffciciit ones, their fwords are excellent, and they
ufe them with great execution. Their targets arcqimc
round, and rife in the centre nearly to a point. The
horfes on which thi-y ride arc fmall, adive, and will go
thiniigh any fatigue".

As to European arts and manufaflurcs, thev recci\«
little eiicouragrnient among thelie people, who pn-rei
thole of their own country to the molt curious that can
be fhcwn them.

We (hall now give an account of the celebrated pi-
rate, Ke>iuia Ji Angria; wliofe dominions were taken
from him by the Eii'^lifli.

This notorious and cnnimon difturbcr, about a cen-
tury fince, from the huinble condition of a private in-
dividual among the Maraitas, rofe to thcelcvaied lplie,<-
of ..dmiral, and ferved in the wars againft the Mogul;
and being, in confcqucncc of his lervices, appoindd
Rovornorof the I. tile ifland (/f Severndroog, he took the
freedom to fel/c many veflels that he had onee the coni-
niaiid of, and in time became a very formidable enemy.
He took fevcral of the fea ports of Ins rountrymcn, aiil
extended gradually his depredations near 60 Ica^.'uei
along the coaft. The lucceflors of this man, by a
fcries of good fortune on their fide, became at lenfih
fo powerful, and with their power fo daring, that they
feiicd not only the vellels r>f their countrymen, but
likcwifc all Eurojwan and Mnorifh fliips that they niet
with ; fo that the Eall-lmlia company vvrre under a ne-
ccflity of taking nieafurcs to trufli tliele conniion rob-
bers ; no attempts however agaiiill them (ucceeued tiil
the year 1755, when commodore James, with a fm.ill
fleet of fhips under his comiii and, levelled fix of An-
gri.i's forts with the ground, and dcflioyjU fevcral fhips
] that were riding in his haibjuii,
* Tlie

INDOSTAN.

ASIA.]

Xhe reader will here observe, that the ruccefTors of
the (irft piratCi Angria^ were all of the fame faoiily and

In February 1756. rear admiral Watfon and colonel
rjive anchored in the road of Geriah (the ftrongcft
rlnce belonging to Angria) and fummoiicd the fort to
luriendcr; but the anfwer was, that the fort would be
defended to the lall extremity. Next day, however,
fomc relations of Angria came to the admiral, dcfiring
iljc indulgence of a few days to conlider upon this im-
portant matter. This was abluluicly rcfufcd ; and in
the afternoon of the fame d;iy th'i fleet weighed and
ftood in for Geriah harbour. The engagement com-
menced about two o'clock, and about Icven Mr. Ciivc
left the (hips with the forces under his command ;
landed at a convenient place, eaftward of the fort, anil
was loon joined by a cuufidcrable Maratta reinforce-
ment.

The bomb vcflcls threw fliells continually into the
fort till the next day's dawn ; and on this day a fecond
fummona was fent to the fort to furrender. 'I'he
jnfwer was, that the fort would be defended.

A general attack now began, and about two in th>'
afieinoon a magazine in the fort blowing up, a flag of
fubmillion was dilplayed about four.

Upon this, the admiral demanded immediate admit-
tance into the fort ; but the melUngcr whom the ad-
miral had fent returning with an anfwer by no means
fatisfadory, the attack was renewed, and they then
foon hung out a flag of furrender.

Mr. Clive, who had confiderably annoyed the enemy
tyUnd, thcncarneoii bo.ird the admiral's (hip, in om-
nany with an officer from the fort with articles of capi-
tulation, which were agreed to, and Geriah became
potrefi'ed by the Englifh, with very little loli, there not
being above 20 men killed.

Anuria, who had prudently efcaped from the foit
before it was attacked, was now totally ruined. A pif'
digious quantity of (lores and ammuniiinn, rupees to tin
am-urit of IOC, coo pounds lletlui^, and eftccls to
the value of about jO,CCO more, were found in the
fert.

Angria left in the fort his mother, his wife, and two
chikiien ; and a very tfte^ting ftene palled between theie
captives and the admiral, as the reader will find in the
folliwuig quotation from captain Ives's voyage to
India.

" The admiral with great humanity," fays Mr.
Ives, " vifited tlitfe unfortunate ciptives. Upon hi.~
ciurancc they all made a reicrciitial bow, even to the
very ground, (liedding m.uiy tears. The admiral bade
rlum be comfort^, prmv.iling ihtm that they Ihoul i
furter itn injury. An'ria's mother, (Irongly alRoled,
crieJ out, tiut the people ha.l no king, (he no Ion,
lier daughter nohulband, thcchildri. . .10 lather." Mr.
Watfon replied, " he would be their faihor and ti\eir
friend." Upon this, the youngeft child, about (i.\
years old, innocently taking the admiral's hand, cried,
" Then you (liall be my father." '1 he admiral, over-
powered bv the fuiralions of the moment, turned afule
1(1 conceal the lears that were ready to (tart from hU
eves. It was his intention to fettle thefc poor captives
at Uombny ; but they alked pcnnifliun to remain at
Geriah."

Admiral W.itfon receiving letters from the Englifli
fifietary of (laic, informiiii; him that he might quit
the tail-Indies, the climate of which had much dif-
ane d with him, he was happy in the profpev^l of re-
tuiiiif ho r.r, but was prevented by intelligence from
the hall-Ill. Iia company that ^oco troops had embarked
finm France in (ix lail of the line, and fix India (hips.
I'pcin this, every pie|iaiaiion w;:s made to receive them,
and 1.11 fix weeks a good loik-out wa'. kept from the mall
hL .J J but two (hips arrivin;; from liii.^land, without a
i\!Ublc ubuiit the I'liiicli aiinaineni, it w.is ciMieludc.l
tiKit the whole had never any foundation ', upon v.liieh,
» body of troop-, wi'Ji a tiainof artilleiy, wa. orJcreJ
to march to (Joleonda, where Monl. IJuplix ami hs
countrymen had ainalled ama/.ing lunis. Hel'ore the'e
troops, howner, could march, news arrived that the
nabob, Scraj.ih Uo^vla li..d tak<.'u ihe J:inglilh futt at

^59

CafSmbuzar, near Muxadabad, and was foon expected
to make his appearance before Fort-William in Cal-
cutta, Scarce had this news. been received, when a
rrefh exprcfs arrived with the tidings that the nabob had
a£lually t.ikcn Calcutta, and had played the barbarian at
the tr.-igcdy of the Black Hole ; a particular account of
which has been already given,

Trichinopoly (lands in a plain that was once incom-
pafl'ed by plenteous plantations of trees and opulent
villas, but which now wears a much lefs plcafing afpeft,
'J'hc town is about four miles in circumference, fortified
with adouble wall, and defended by towers; it has a ditch
near 30 feet wide. In this town there is a rock about
300 feet high, on the fummit of which is a pagoda.
Trichinopoly is the key of Tanjorc and Madura, and
gives them great influence. It was a principal fccnc of
our military operations lad war.

In the year 1753, the French made an attempt to take,
it by furpriie ; and vainly furmifing that firing alone
would terrify the garrifon, turned a couple of our 13
pounders on the battery againfl the town, having prc-
vioufly fcajed the outer Wall. They were, however,
t' rough the exertion of equal judgement and bravery,
entirely iC|u'fcJ, and upwards of 360 Europeans were
made prlfoners.

Madura, which was taken by the Englifh in 1757, is
the capital of the province of Madura, and is a large
ibrtlficd town.

About 10 miles to thefouthofCan:nor is Tclllcherry,
where the EngIKh Eaft-Indla company have a well de-
f. nded factory. The town (lands at the back of the
fort, and has a (lone wall round it. The religion of
the place Is that of the Gcntoos ; there arc, however,
fome few black Chriflians who live proteiSed by the
faiSlory. A fine deep purple opium is produced here-
about.

At Anjcngo, which is farther to the fouth, the Eng-
lifli have a factory with a fort and garrifon. It is
lituated on a fandy point of land at the mouth of afmall
river, which is three-fourths of the ycarchoaked up with
fand, and not a drop of water fit to be dranic can be
iiad within lefs than three miles of the fadlory. This
fetl'enient is in general moreadvaiitagi ous to the agents
of the company, who purchafe ciniiainon, pepper and
chian on their account, than to the company them-
feh cs, who only trade for linens of no great worth, and
ibout 50,oco pounds weight of pepper. This pl.,cc is
jjovcrned by a queen, who Is not allowed to marry.

The port of Carwan is fituated about 36 or 38 miles
to the fouth of Goa ; and here is an Kiiglifli fadory,
V. hich Hands on a very commodious bay, lacliij; an iflothat
produces every fpecies ot j;a;nj, '! he town ibfurrounded
by fertile vallies, yielding coin and pepper in ^rat
plenty. In the woods on the inountnins arc deer, elks,
wolves, tygcrs, moiikie,'-, with wiKI peacotki and other
birds j alfo bees that are particularly large.

SECT. XI.

Tht French PoJ/,j/i^ns in India.

PONDICHERRY, on th. Corom in..'cl co.ift, is the
capital of the French fettlcnunts in India; it is a
large handfome town, fituated in Hv drg. 30 min. caft
long, from London, and 12 deg. 20 nun. north lat.
The (treets are all very regul.ir, ami the principal one
not lefs than h.df a Ic.igue King. The city i» furroundcd
by a wall, and his fix gates, 10 or it baltions, and
\ipwards of 400 cannon mounted, c.\clulive of mortars,
bombs, &c.

The town (lands upon a low ground, and velTels
cannot anchor nearer than within abtuit half a league j
even the canoet cannot come up to it by fome way ;
fo that the lilacks convey pcrfons and mercant'le articles
to the fleet In flat-bottomed boats.

The chief buildings in Pondicherry arc, the houfc of
the governor, the jcfuit's houfc, and an elegant (Iruc-
tiirc in the company's gardens. The hoiiles m common
confid only of one (lory, as is ufual in moll of tho
towns of the province. The (Jcntoos generally deep in
ilicir cgurti, or on the tops of thdr huufci : th«('c peo-

( f. I

lliiii' If

( i

•I! 'IR

: :

'■■:« ::

I l-f

>il i:

iH.

160

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTfeM OF GEOGRAPHY.

pie toil hard in their refpciflive profeflions, fuch as weav-
ing, p;iiiiting, &c. for about a penny per day, and
their ufual I'uod is boiled rice; for the country, not-
withftanding its natural diynefs, produces great quan-
tities of that necullhry of lite, owing principally to the
unwearied indudiy of the Gentoos, who at proper dif-
tances dig wells in the fields for refrelhing the ground.
The laudable fpirit of indulhy in the Gentoos never
animates the Mahometans, who arc as indolent and
lazy as the former arc afliduuus and careful.

"I he governor, when honoured with a vifit from any
great perfonagc, is attended by 300 peons or foot-
guards j and when he goes out on any public occafion,
he is carried in a palanquin, the canopy of which is
•mbellifhcd with the moll fuperb ornaments.

Pondicherry, which in the year 1693, was taken
by the Dutch horn the French, and rellortd to them at
the peace of Rvfwick, was in 1751 taken by the£ng-
lifll, but leftorcd in 1763.

Previous, howevc?-, to the period of i75t, rear-admi-
ral Bofcawcn was fent nut with a fquadron, confifting
of the Namur, the Vigilance, Dcptford, Pembroke,
Ruin, Cheftcr, Dealcalllc, the Swallow (loop, and
fonie bomb tenders, in order to lay fiegeto Pondicherry ;
theie being at that time already in India, under admiral
Griffin, the Princcfs Mary, the Mcdway, Exeter,
York, Winchefter, Elthani, Harwich, Prefton, Med-
way Prize, Pearl, and Lvcly. It was on the i6th of
Oiifobcr, 1747, when the admiral hoilled his flag at
Spithead, and he arrived at Fort St. David in July
1748. On the loth of Auguft, the army were in full
motion, and preparing for the fiege ; the nth, the
French made a flicw of about 300 infuntry aad feme
cavalry, at an entrenchment they had thrown up, hut
abandoned it on the approach of the Englifti forces. The
Englifh attacked the place with their ufual fpirit and
intrepidity, but were conftrained, through the violence
of the periodical winds, to raifc the fiege, after fuftain-
ing a lofs of 757 foldiers, upwards of 260 feamen, and
feveral engineers.

Karical is an ancient city and fettlement belonging to
the French, and lies in 10 deg. 34 min. north lat.
about four leagues fouth of Tranquebar, and 25 fouth
of Pondicherry. The town contains five fpacious
pat^oda-i, nine leficr ones, fuur mofques, between 6 and
700 houl'es, and about 5 or 6000 people.

Tirouniale Rayan Patuam, which is under the jurif-
d ctioii of Karii al, and lies to the fouth of it, is a large
town, containing four large pagodas, near 30 IrlTer
ones, four mofijues, and about 500 b iik houfes, c^-
clulive oi' 24 public inns for the accommodation of
traveller.-.

Chanderiiagorc, belonging to the French, is fur-
roundeJ by a wall, and well fortified ; it was, however,
reduced In' Mofirs. Watfon and Pocock, in conjunflion
with col lul Clive. ChanJernagore has the difadvan-
tage of iKing rather expoCed on the weftern fide ; but
its hatbour is excellent, and the air is as pure as it can
be on the banks of the Ganges. Here is a very con-
fidcrable manufacture of handkerchiefs and ftripcd muf-
lins : this, however, has not made Ch. ni!crn.'gore the
rival of Calcutta, whofc immcnfe lulence Ciables it to
engage ill the moll extenfive commercial u^dertaking3.

SECT. XII.
0/ the PtJiJ/iim ef ihi Portugucfe, Dutch, Danes, tfc.

GO A, the principal place belonging the Portuguefe
111 India, is fituated upon an illand about 12
miles in length and fix in breadth, furrounded bjr a
river of fait water falling into the o.-e.nn a few leagues
below the town, and forming a mod excellent harbour.
It lies in 15 ueg. 20 min. north lat. and 74 deg. 20
min. eaft long, from London. 1 he houfes, which are
of ftone, are fpacious and handfome ; and there are 27
churches and convents befides a cathedral, a noble
hofjiital, a houfe of inquifition, and other public build-
ing'.

Two velTeU fail annually from Macao to Goa, laden
with china and othir artielcs, that arc rcjcfled at Can-
ton ; the owners of which are generally Chinefc mer-
chants.

The ifland produces a great variety of excellent fruits,
though but little corn ; and hete is a plenty of hogs Mi
fowls.

The flaves of Goa pay great homag* to their fupc-
riors, whom they attend with umbrellas to (belter them
from the fun. The ladies wiar rofari*s of gold and
filver, golden bracelets, diamond pcndan's, anJ pcjil
necklaces. They wear no Itockings, but have vjiy ele-
gant flippeis.

Roots and fruit, wiih rice and brc.id, are the chief
food here. The poorer foit of people fubfift upon
boiled rice, with a little falt-fifli, or fruit pickled. Very
little butcher's meat is eaten } for the flclh iii general is
lean and iinwholefome.

The religion of the people here is that of the Ro-
milh churcii ; and. the court of inquifition, that infa-
mous tribunal, proceeds with a molt cruel rigour againd
fuch as are Hileil heretics: numbers of Jews and Indun
Chrirtians have fallen vitlims to the inhuman inquifitois ;
many Gentoos, however, cfcape thefe fevere pcrfccu-
tions, from their dillinguifhed diligence and indufiry,
which, in this particular, bears great weight with thofc
who are invclled with the power of infli£)ing the dread-
lul punilhments of the inquifition.

It is a rcafonable conjeflure, that at the time when
the natives of Portugal firft began to make their foreign
difcoveries, mankind were not very well acquainted with
the political principles of trade, the power and influ-
ence of different Ibtcs, the benefits of viilory and ac-
quifition, the mode of indituting, cilablilhing, improv-
ing, and prefcrving colonies, and the emoluments arifing
therefrom to the parent rtate. Animated v.ith fucctfs,
and the rage of conquclt, they extended tliemfelves over
countries which they could not pbflibly prcfervc, with-
out impairing their own ftrength. Fire-arms, wearing
apparel, and various other articles, not being brought
o that degree of perfeiElion they have fince acquired,
the PortiiLUcfe could not carry any thing to India but
money. Of this they fo n grew weary, and by com-
pulfion took away from the natives what before they
had obtained in the way of trade.

When thedifcovery of India firll eng.nged the atten-
tion of the Portuguefe, they imagined that the appear-
ance merely of their (hips in that country, would en-
lure them the polTeflion of it ; that the commerce of it
would prove an exhaufUcfs fource of wealth to them j
and that, by the riches flowing from it, the (late would
become equal with the moft refpeiSlable and formidable
powers. There were fome among them, however, who
did not haibour fuch extraviigant and delufivc ideas :
they, on the contrary, gave it as their oj^inion, that the
refult of a purfuit after rich minerals and meichandizc
abroad, would be a negleft of agriculture and manu-
factures at home : they ventured to prcdii^l, that the
Hate, carried out from it. centre by the iinpulfe of an
afpiring and ridiculous ambition, would attract the fub-
jeils to the remote^ parts of Afia i and that fuch pur-
fuits would ultimately lead to a corruption of moral-,
and terminate in general ccnfufion. The prophetic ol>-
fcrvations of thefe (icnfible politicians were fully verilicj
and confirmed 1 for of all the conqucfts the Portugueie
made in India, ihcy poflefs none but Goa, Macao, ami
Diu. Thife remaining poil'eflions, however, are more
than fufficient to entitle them to a confiderable (hare in
the affairs of India.

Dili, or Dio, is a city fituated on an ifland that bears
the fame name in the gulph of Cambaya ; the ifland is
three miles long, and two broad, and is divided from the
continent by a narrow channel. The city is large, and
furrounded by a (lone wall, well fortified ; it has a very
fate harbour, and was fornieily a place of good trade :
the harbour is defended by two Itroiig caitlcs on the
land, and every approach on the lea fide is prevented by
prodigious rocks and elifts.

The buildings in this city are fupetior in grandeur to
thofe of molt other cities in India, being pr/ncipally
built with frec-ftnne and marble. The city (tands on
an eafy afccnt from the great caftif, and has five or fix
fine churches, befides convents, elegantly adorned with
paintings, &c. The churches form a moft pleafing
profpea from the fea, having their beautiful front* to.
wards it, 7"ha

ASIA.l

In 1670 Dlu was attacked and plundered by the
Mufcat Arabs, who did it Co much diiin:igf that it hath
not to this day recovered its former fplcndor.

Miliapour is ahout three miles fouth of Fort St.
Georec, and was once the moft confidcrable place on
the Coromandel coafV. The Hortugucfe raifcd it from
the verge of ruin to a ftate of opulence and magnifi-
cence, but were driven from thence by the Moors, when
it became fubjcft to the king of Golconda, but was re-
duced by the French in 1666; the Dutch, however,
in conjunftion with the king of Golconda, about four
years after, took it from the French ; upon which the
lintifications were entirely deftroycd, and never repaired
aftcruiirds. The inhabit.mts are (Jentoos, Portu;^ucfc,
and Moors, and others of different nations. The Por-
tUj'Utfe, after fettling at this place, when in its declin-
iiic Hate, and beginning to rebuild it, gave it the panic
of'^St. Thom.is, Irom an opinion that that apolUc was
m.irtvred here; and thefe people finding (bine bones,
coniiudcd thiy were thofe of St. Thomas, efpecially as
it was pretended his fepulchre was on a hill at a little
clillanre from the town. Thefe bones they enfhrincd.

Calicut, the capital of the kingdom of that name, is
fitiiattd to the fouth of Tellichcry. It is furrounded by
a Iriik wall : there are about 60CO brick houfes, moft
o! which have gardens.

All nations are admitted here, .hough none have any
fwav. 'Ihc fovereign .s a braiiiin ; and this is nlmoft
tlK >nly throne in India that is tilled by a perlbn of this
firftcla's He \t lliled famorin, or emperor, and is
the mo't potent of the Malabir princes.

The adminlilration of public affairs here is in general
bad : no police is eflablilhed ; and the trade, which is
hudcd with iiiipofts, is almoft entirely in the hands of
.T lew of the vileft Moors in India. 'I'his was the firft
place at which the I'ortuguefc landed in 1498, after
vhcir d.fcovcry of India.

Ci'nti:;uoui to the prince's dominions is the country
of the raja of Sarimpatan ; the natives of which are a
civilized, juft, and humane people ; and it is faid their
country was never yet conquered.

Farther to the fouth is Cochin, a city fituated in a
kingJom of the fame name, in ten degrees north lati-
tude. There arc two towns of the name of Cochin,
the old and the new ; the Utter w.as built by the Portu-
guefe, and had feveral very handfonic houfes, as well
as churches and monafieries j many of which were
dcftroyed by the Dutch, who took this place in the year
1662, aflifted by the king of Cochin, who had been
extremely ill ufed by the Portuguefe.

The above monarch, at the time Cochin was taken
from him by the Portuguefe, had prefcrvcd his il^nii-
iiions, which have been repeatedly invaded by the na-
tives of Travancor, a country extending from Cipc
Comorin to the frontiers of Cochin ; and 'tis from ne-
ctflity he dwells in the Old Town. His revenue is
14,400 livres, ftipulatcd to be paid him by anticnt capi-
tulations, ont of the produce of his cuftoms.

The king of Cochin lives in the Old Town, which
is fituated on a river half a league from the fca, and has
feveral pagodas.

In this town is a colony of indnftrious Jews, who
are white men, a id abfurdlv boalt that their anceflors
were fettled here at the xra of the nabyloiiidi captivity j
thcv have, however, been certainly here a very confi-
dcrable time. They have a fynagogue, in which their
records are prefervcd with great care.

Cananor is .1 confidcrable town in the kingdom of the
fimc name, with a moft commodious harbour, and is
fituated in 12 degrees north latitude. The Dutch, who
have on all occaiions diftinguifhed themfclves by their
iiiduftrv and enterprizing genius, have a fort here of
reat extent. Cananor was originally poflefli:d by the
'dttugucfc, from whom the Dutch took it in the year
1660. It is a very populous tov/n, and is inhabited
principally by Mahometan merchants. The chief ar-
liiles in trade here are pepper, ginger, cafTia, ambergris,
niiroholans, tamarinds, and precious ftoncs.

At ihe bottom of the bay there is a large town inde-
pendent of the Di.tch, under the jurifdiiiiion of a
puncc who can bring io,oco Ciuups into the held.
'5

I N D O S T A N.

i6i

f.'

At the diftance of about a mile from Chandernagore
is Chinfura, more generally known by the name of
Dougli, and where the Dutch have a fort, but no other
polleffion whatever, the territory round it depending on
the government of the country.

Fifty miles to the north of Calcutta is Hiigley, where
the Englifli had once a factory, but removed it to Cal-
cutta. This is a place of very confidcrable traffic, par-
ticularly in the article of opium. The Dutch have ti
faflory here, created in an open place, at a fmall di-
ftance from the river. It is defended by a ftrong for-
trefs, and furrounded by a very deep ditch.

Saumuipour is a fmall place, but celebrated for its
precious Hones, which are nor, as in other places, dug
from mines, but found in the fands of the river. Great
numbers of people ;'.re employed in fojrching for thefe
valuable articles,

Uandel is a faiflory for the fale of women to the
Moors and ]Jutch : it was formerly the chief feat of the
Portuguefe commerce 1 and there are fome niiferable
wretches remaining, who employ thcmfelves principally
in the above (hocking traffic, and are at the diftance of
about 80 leagues from the mouth of the Ganges.

Chaligan is a place where the Portuguefe once efta-
bliflicd a fort of ablblutc or fovereign power, and tbrmcil
an alliance with the robbers of difFcrent naticns, who
took refuge here, and acknowledged no fubordiiiatioii
to any prince whatever, not even to their own : the
Mogul, however, finding them too troublcfonie to be
borne with, fent a force againft them, and totally ex-
tirpated them. The town has no confidtrablo manu-
facture : it lies in 23 degrees north latitude, near the
mouth of the moft cafterly branch of ihe Ganges.

Tranquebar, which is the next fitikinent on the
coaft of Coromandel, is claimed fy the Danes: it is
fituated in 11 degrees 16 minutes north latitude, fur-
rounded by a wall, and is about two miles in circum-
ference. It was in 1621 purchafed of the king of Tan-
jore by the Danes.

The ftteets of the above town are wide, and have ^
brick p.ivcment on the fides. The habitations of the
Danes and other Europeans are of brick and ftone, but
with only the ground floor ; thofe of the Indians arc
very mean.

'ihe Danifli mifTionarics here have a congregation,
which thrives, though vigoroufly oppofed by the Popilh
miinonaries. They have a fchool here for youth, who
are iiiftrm.4ed in the Proteltant faiih ; alfb, a printing-
office, and a paper-mill. The f-nvn is fuppofed to
contain about 5000 inhabitants, " hath a moft agree-
able prolpcifl trom the fea. It od a fix months fiege
in i6c)9 againft the king of Tai.j re's forces, affiftcd by
the Dutch, and would in all I nan probability have
been taken, |i.id not Governor Pitt fent a reinforcement
of F.nglilh from Fort St. George to its relief.

Thus haying defcribed the chief European fettle-
mcnts, we fliall make a few gcner.il political remarks
upon Coroinandel.

The fondncfs for the rnaniifaiflures of Coromande),
when it firft began to prevail here, infpired the Eu-
ropeans trading to the Ii'di,in feas with a refolution of
forming fcttlemcnis there. The firft colonies were efta-
blifhed near the (bore : fome of them obtained a fettle-
ment by dint of force ; moft of them were formed with
the confcnt of th"; fovereigns, and all were confined to
a very narrow tradl of land ; the boundaries of each
were marked out by an hedge of thorny plants, which
was their only defence. In procefs of time, however,
fortifications were railed, the colonifts incrcafed, and
each colony flourifhcd in proportion to the prudence and
opulence of the nation which founded it. None of the
companies that cxercifed an cxclufive privilege beyond
the Cape of Good Hope, had any concern in the trade
of diamonds; this was left alw.iys to private merchants,
and fell by degrees wholly into the hands of the Englifti,
or the Jews and Armenians who lived under their pro-
tei^ion,

Almoft the whole trade of the coaft of Coromandel is
now in the hands of the European? j though for fome
time Coromandel was no objci'l of their attention, it be-
ing fcparat«d by iiiaccenible mguntains from Malabar,
S f where

■{■:

4 '-

•'1

■If

■if- i,«

■]*■

ii: •■ f

! iililfe i

If H ■ ! 'f

!' ' I

i6z

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

where tlicfe bold navigators endeavoured to fettle. Spices
and aron.aticf, w'nUh pr mij ally tngigi-d their views,
were not to he found tlitre. In lh<iit, ci^il dilRntioiis
had hnnin^cd fioni it tr.i.ii|uillily, fccuiiiy, and indudr).
At this period, the riv.piic of biliiag.ir, to vvhiih til s
extcnfive loiinny was lulijccl, was verg ng to tuin j
the nion.iichs of that illi.lljjous llate railing g adually
into an h- b t of wnli irawiin; theniltlves fronj the fighi
of their people, and of leaving the care of goteinment
to theii 11. niikis ami g>ncr;.l>, tlic governors <.f depen-
dent priivmces threw ott' their fubordiii.tion, and had
afTiuKed the pren^gativc of kingf, jiilk when the Euro-
peans made their ajpearance upon the coafl.

SECT. XIII.

Of the Ki'phm of Golconda.

OI, CON DA is a kingdom extending a6o miles
al;ii.;; ihe biiy of U.ngal, in the form of a cre-
feent, an ' fro.i! call to w ft is ahout 20J miles in the
broati^ll ,r It. It has Kiin.igar on the fouth, the moun-
tains of (jata ( n the welt, and thole of Orixaand li.il-
ligate oil Ui i-,u. III. 1 iii country is famous for its
dianiriui n.i.ivs, in f ir.e of whiJi the di.inu.iui^ he fcnt-
tercJ wiil'.in a few fjilionis of ihe ca, ill's furficc, am',
others .iic il feoiered in a inineial in the roeks more
th.in iorty fiiheiii- deep. 'I he worlnien dig into ih'"
rock, and then, by inians of fire, fifteii (he floi^e, and
fo proeted till ilisy find the vein, whxh often runs undci
the lock tv,o cr tb.ce fuilongs. All the earth is brougli
out, and, aiter grc.it care i> bellowed on it, pioduc;
ftones of a cnifuljiablc fizc, and pretty good water, but
of dirtVren! fh.ipcs.

The workiiun, in order to dlfcover the fituation ol
thefc ftones, b il.l a cilleni of clay ; on one fulc, to
wards the bottom, !s a fnuill aprturr, which, whui
dofcd up, the e.iith cont.iining the diamonds is thrown
into the cilU-rn : water is then poured in to folicn thi
earth, and aft.rwards diawn oft' by means of the fniall
drain. When the ciftern is clear fioin mud, the gr.i-
vell/ fand is critically feaiclied, diiriiij; funlliinc, for
the diamonds, tlic lullre of the ft.jncs thenifelves aihft-
ing the fearchers in their endeavours tj find them.

The lupeiint'.iiJ..nts arc oM.sjed to look after the
workmen with the uttnoft vigilance, left they fhould be
tempted to embezi'.le any of the precious articles which
llicv arc employed to difco/er.

One of them was once dctccled in putting a finall
ftonc into the corner of his eye; ami theie liavc bien
nwnv inftancci of their fwallowing the diuiiiomls.

The Banyan n crchantJ arc the principil peifuns con-
cerned in this trad,;, but both aie greatly opprclled j
the fitll affecting to be poor, and the latter being (o in
reality ; for the governors do not luIRr any to be rich,
if it conies to their knowledge. In Vifiapour, however,
they are more hiiiniiiely tre.itcd.

All diamonds that exceed the weight of a pagoda,
are the king's property; but all of an inferior weight
appertain to the merchants.

The largell diamond ever found was prcfcnied to the
Mogul, weighing 279 caratt, each carat being four
grains.

The niuking artifia.i! diamonds hath been attempted,
but with no proper fucccfs, the bell of them falling
very Ihort of the genuine ones.

'Ihe real diamond is not only the hardeft gem, but
thchaidell fubltance that hath hitherto been difeovered \
when polilhed it is perfeiflly clear, and admirably pellu-
cid, and exceeds all other preciou.s ftones in the fplen-
dor of its rays und the liiftre rcflccled from its fnrfaces ;
but in the dark it docs not (hint, as it hath no light ol
itfelf.

'I'hcfe ineftimable ftones arc warmed into perfection
by the powcrlul beams of the fan, whole prolific in-
fluence gives biith alike to the brightcll biilliant, and
moft incoiifidcrable weed :

«< Rehnld the felf-famc fun with varying rays,
«« Hlulh in the rofc, and in the di'mond blaze;
«« \Vt prize the ftioiiger ctt'ort of his pow'r,
«' And jullly let the gem above the flow'f."

But to return to our general account of the kingdari
of Oolccnda, The cliiel harbour of this kingd. m ij
Mafuli, atan ; and the country extends fiom the gwl^ii
Vifiipour: it once formed a part of a very extcnilvc
empire, lubjcct to the cii.peior of Bifiia.'ar, aiij toin-
piehemled neaily the whole cf the peninlul.i, from tt.e
nonhein cxtiemity of Orixa to Cape Comoiin.

Golcon.a city, which is about 2j8 nines welt •'
Malulip.itaii, ami about 200 north-well of Maeirals,
IS liiuated in a good foil i.nd falubnous an : it n. ■ iionc
walls furrouiided with deep ditches, divided into tiiiiki
or ponds of clear water. It has many grand mofepjes,
111 which are the tombs ot the kings ot Golconda. In the
\ear K14, it luffered greatly by an inundation, wli.n
ibout 5000 houfcs were walhid away, and lome thuu-
finds of people and cattle perilhed.

Mal'ulipaiau is fitu.ited on the north fide of the river
Nagundi, which fepaiates Golconda and IJilnagar, in
'il deg. 40 mill, call long, from London, and ib dei>,
jo mill, north lat. It was, towards the dole of the
..ill century, one of the moft thriving towns in India,
and ihe moll advantageous of the tnglilh f.ie-tories,
I'he Dants, I'orluguele, and Dutch had alio faiioii";
hire, and the c.'.lloiiis amounted to 14,000 p.g.-das per
annum, it biing the moll eclcbtaied mart I'oi cal.cois,
indigos, diamonds and other p tcious ftones; aiici
ilieie were about 200,000 inhabitanls : it is now, how.
ever, (r.ly a Dutch ladlory fir chiiits. It is fmrounded
by a wall and diteh, and towaids the land lide is adeip
. orals, over wh.ch is a bridge of wood.

In the year 1759, the trench were in poflinion of
'.his city, under the Marquis d; Coiillaiis ; hut it w:;s
t.ikeii from them by the Eiiglilh fuices under the com-
mand of colonel I'orde. Near the bar the waves of trie
lea arc fo ra; id, as to make a noifc like the ca-aracts cf
the Nile, and lometimcs have almolt as great a fall. The
lieat here, elpecially in May, is fo intenle, th.it people
date not in fume parts of the day ftir out of their
hoiifes.

Pittipoly, or Penta-pooli, is between 20 and 30 milts
to the fouth- weft of the city ofMafulipatan ; and here the
Knglilh have a fadlory. The printed and dyed llutfs of
this place are highly clleeincd ; and in an illaiul oppohte
to it grows a roit, which makes fo deep a colour, that
it is obliged to be mixed with other colours to mike it
lively.

I'hc Knglifti have a fniall failcry about 100 miles

.ihcr fouth, called Coletorc ; and Hill a little farther
louth is a failory belonging to the Dutch called Pah-
catc.

s f: c T. XIV.

Ilijhry of Indoftan,
II E rich country of Indoftan, according to tra-

dition, broiiL'ht to its foil the full comiueiors of
thcwoild: hut whether Bacchus, Heriules, or Sefoftris,
were the triumphant viclors, wa at leaft know that it
proved an exhaultlefs fubjcel of fidlion for the ancient
Greek:.

The Indians had a tradition that Bacchus was a native
of ihcir country ; that he taught the method of prcfTini;
grapes, and making wine; tiiat he likcwife employed
hinilelt Ml pruning fip-tree.s, and other fruit-trees of a
larger lize ; th.nt lie ell.thlilhed a little principality in the
country of Nyfca, and called his capital Nyfa, from
the name of his nurfe.

We arc to Itippofe that Bacchus was merely the name
of an Indian prince who had very fuperior talents in
this eaily age, and. was much beloved by his people.
He was a great conqueror, fays tradition ; he was alio a
wife Icgillator, a builder of cities, and inllitutor of di-
vine woifhip : he reigned 52 years, died in extreme
old age, and was then worlhippeil at a pod : he left hii
dominions to his children, by whom they were enjoyed
for many generations; till at length fcvcral revolutions
happening, many cities threw oft their fubjcdtiun, and
cllabliftied forms of government of their own.

Ill the ancient hlftory of the Egyptians we find, that
Ofiris, the great conqueror of that country, having
added Ethiopia to his dominions, nulled into Arabia,
and ftom thence into India, where lie touiided the city

ASIA.] I N D O

of Nvfai anJ taught the inhabitants the art of mak-
inK wiiit : hence we nay rcifDiiahly coiijccluie, ihat
Oliris and Biicchiis wi re cjne an.l tin.- fame.

]t is a point agrctd upon iiMucrl.fllv among the lite-
rati, that ihc Egyptians, to ftiengthtn, as well as to
diffulc tlair prevalent opinion ihat ihey were the nu.ft
ancient people in ihi' worKI, anil the ari» ami kicLCts
wiie derivLii fiom ihein, were aci uDoincd to ir nslt i
whatever they learnt or read, witli rc.;ard to the nic-
Eirr.iblc aiitiiiiis of the princes of other counities, to
tluile v( their own.

Che An\rian, which was the (irll of the gre.it ein-
piies eft ibliflifd after iheloiil, was governed, on the
Jt.ith of Niiii-S, In- his wh'ow Scniiramis, foundiei
of ine ancient babylun. 'I'his gicat piincefb, aitcr the
foni|iii(t "f Buclria, lelolved to iintier:akc that ol
India; the m. t ves of her rcliilution were the nian»
acc<'iints (lie h.:d heard of the f. uiUulnefs and riches of
the countrv. Well knowing fo import.mt an tntcr-
prize wou'd be attended wnh great difficulties, (he
ordered a prodigious army, drawn from all the pro-
vinces ol her exienlivc empire, to afl'nible at Bactria :
(lie comm indtd aUo the people of I'hccnicia, Sjria, and
Cyprus to lend h. r a number of fhipwriglits fufliciint
to build 2"C0 barks, which were to be io coiilfrudtee', as
to be taken to pi.te?, aiul carried fiom liaitrii Eci the
Iii.ijs, wh-re (he undeidooJ the Indians had a cun-
fiJerable n.i, al force.

I'liis political iiid p-netr.tinc; queen, knowing that
(he Indians went to war on elcj h.ints, invented huge
marhines mad of the hides of oxen lewcd togiher, le-
feiiibhng ele(.iiants, and which w re carried on the
baciis of camels. Every thing being in readinef> for;£lion,
hei in lieity marched to inv,.du InJiaj ai d Siabrobatcs,
then kill'.; if the coiintiies bordering on the Indus, prc-
paicd to defend his territories. He allunblcd a nioft
numerous ari.y, and canf.d 4C00 boats to be built ot
cane, to encounter the Allyrians on the liver, having
his armv and elephants drawn upon the (hore ready 10
fupport them. 1 he barks of S^iniramis however were
victorioui, icoo of the Indian boats being funk, with
thwir crews, and great numbers of perfnns taken pri-
foncrs. Upon this, Stabrobates abanih n d the oppo-
iirc (horc, and left the enemy a free palTiue, in hopes of
attacking thcin with great r fuccefshi land. Smir.imis,
as foon as the Indians withunw, converted her fleet into
a bridge of boats, over which Ihe marched her whole
army, with the counterfeit elephants in front. The
Indians were allonilhcd to find that the invaders hail
elephants, but were foon infirrmed by defcrters ot the
dexterous trick played upon them. A battle enfucd, in
which the ipiecn hid at hriV the advantage, but was at
length totally conquered, and forced to retreat back to
her own country in the grcatcft confufion. According
to the chronology of CaptHus, this event happened
about the year of the world 197O.

'the next invafion of India is rejxirted tn have been
by Sefollris, king of Egypt, who palled the Ganges,
and luhJmd all Alia, even to the ocean. The Ethio
piaui are alfo reported to have ln\adcd India; but as the
tircumllanecs of fuch invalioii are extremely obfiurc,
weihall oiiit faying any thing about them.

As to what thu ancients have recorded with reeard to
Hercules, it is piobable they might have an Hercules
as will as a Hacchus, and that he might excel other
men in Ihength ; that he left behind him a numerous
eft'spring, among whom India was equally d.videdj and
that after his death he was worfhipped as a god.

If we coiifulcr tliefe matters properly, wc (hill dif-
covcr that the early natives of India were acquaintrd
with laws, g'lvernnicnt, and arts, whilll the red of the
e.'.rth was lavaL^e and defert : prudent inftitutions pre-
fer! cJ th.-Je people from corruption, anil th.ir grand
care was to improve and enjoy the natural advantages
of the earth.

When Alexander entered thefe regions, he found
man,' f.ce cities, and very few kings. A country di-
vided into numberlefs little (fates, fome <if wh eh were
iridepcndent, and others endaved, could not make any
very conlulerable del'eice a^ainll the Macedonian hero :
he palled the uvcr Indus without the lead oppofition,

S T /. R

163

and, as foon is he W!U on the other fide, received no-
tice that an li dian prince wn^ advancifg towards hini
with a very formidable and wrll-dikiplined ain.y.
Alexander, on the approach of this army, whi h he per-
ceived 10 be very nuii.crou;., iiMiudiately drew up his
I'.iies in order of battle; hut had (i)on ;he fat slacfioli
.0 find that the prince who coniin.nu! d ir, Mophis,
ad no liollile inteniicn, but came wi'h that military
pa ui'c to deliver up his dom nions ; which, however,
.itier the piiiice h.d made his liibi illliin to Alexander,
■veit given him hack by ihe laiter hero. Ambilaius,
.'.iio^h^r 1 rincc, followed tl.e example of Mophis; hut
I'lius, wh'ile dominions lay b.-yond the nv. r Hydaf|,es,
prepared to defend them bravtlv ; he ad'emhleu a very
.Mimejous aimy, in order to difpuie the pal age ol this
.Vlacedonian invader aciofs the river. Alexander how-
ever forced his |::flage, and ciitiicly defc.ited Poms,
.hough with a very confid.rable lofs : he afterwards
leltoied to that prince his doniini.ns, in confcquence ot"
the great cnura;;c he h.ul (hewn in fo nobly defending
himleir and hii people, 'i'he valour, fpirit, and iiili-
taryjudg m nt < f this traii, were very f^ilIy let forth
and extcKcd by the pen of Alexanilir himfelf, in
epifllcs tjat he altei w,;ii's write on he fubjcct.

Alexaiu'e., in in.M ory of this victory, built the
city of .Nica;a, and caul' d another city to be built, in
honour of his h.^rle liuecphalus. He aftervvaiiis palled
the river Aerliics, and fubdiiing the whole coantry
that lay betvve n i. and the river ll.dalpes, ni.ide a pre-
11 nt ol it to Poius. He then invaded and dcftroycd the
vJuilis.ns; ti o., the city of bang.ila bv iloimj at-
t eked the S pl;:t », who fuon fubmiited to liim j and
m.irch'.'d into the domini..ns of king Piiygeus, who
.illo f. on (ubmitted.

'I h-' conqucfts of Alexander in India may be faid to
have been owing either 10 an admi aiion of his trarfcen-
ient qu ditics, or to the cxercile of luperior f.uee: the
Indians never betrayed him, but pnkrved the.r pro-
mifes with the nioft (Ifict honour ; aid they appear, in
all the accounts we have of Alexander's expedition to
India, to have been a people wJI governed, obedient to
the laws, and jealous of thofc ailvaiuages that were the
lelult of their reCpccfive ronltitutions ; which, duly
coiifidered, will appear the highelt character any people
can dclcrve.

Hy tollowing Alexander in his canquclh, Sandroculu',
an oblcureman, but who po(lc(ii;;d an happy genius, ob-
tained a complete Itiowledge of the art of war. This
man, by the molf enterptihng views, ilccp penetration,
refolution, and fortitude, became the inftrument of ex-
pelling the Macedimians from the provinces they had
invaled j and, making himfelf niafter of them, united
all Indollan under his dominion. IJut how long he
reigned, or what was the duration of the empire he
louivdeHl, is not known.

The Arabs, at the beginnip'; of the eighth century,
over-ran India, and fubjecfed Come (evv illmds to their
dominion j contented, however, with quietly trading
on the continent, they did not make many fettlcments
on it.

Some barbarians from KhoralTan, aliout three ccn-
tnrits afterwards, invaded India on the iio-;h fiJe, an J
extended their ravages to Gazurat, carrying oil' immenlc
Ipoils,

Thefe were fuccecded by Gingis Khan, who, at the
head of his Tartars invaded the wclKrn pa.ts of India,
about the year 1200. Afterwards the Patans reigned
over the line country of Indollan.

At the- end of the 14 h century, Tamerlane, from
Tartary, nude his appearance before the north lide of
Indoftan, and fccuring the northern provinces to him-
f If, gave up the plunder of the fouthern to his o/Hcers.
He aj.pc.ired refolved to conquirall India, when fuJ-
ilenly attacking B.ija/.et, he fubdued and depofed him,
•nd (ound himfelf mailer, on uniting his eoiiquefls, of
thj va(t tradt ot territory from the coa'l of Smyrna to
the borders of the Ganges. After his dcceaic great
tumults arof-, and his pi ft> rity were deprived of the
lieh Ipoils he had made, Uabar, fixth defcendant of
(Uic of his children, alone furvivcd toprcferve his nama.
This prince rcij^ncd in Saimrcand, and was dethroned

■I

■■|;r

iji

I »

164

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF". (iEOGRAPIIV,

!-y the Ufbec Tartars, who obliged him to take refuge
in the CihulKl.iM -, vvheie he was rcceivcil with great
kindiich bv the guvciiioi ol the province, who turriilhtd
him with ail army of foldiers, and thus addiefl'ed him :
" Not to the north let reieiitment call thee. Gracious
heaven hat brought thee to the fweet banks of the
Indiij, that thou nia\it he adorned with one of the
fairell Jiadciiis in the worlJ. Let Indoftan he thy ob-
ject : that country, diitraiilcd by continual wars, is in
need of a i;iw (bveiei;;n. I'o Indollan then turn
thine eyes: there inaylt thou eredl a new monaichy,
and ellablifh .1 lame adequate to that of the great 'I'amer-
lane thine anccllor." liabar ;idniired the kntiments and
:idvicc i..f the guvcrnur, whofe name was Ranguildas j
ii pl.m of conquell was ijuicldy formed, and prolecuted
with \ igour. Siicccis crowned tlie great undertaliing ;
and thus a del'in\)r.c.d fugitive piiiicc was ordained by
fate to lay the hafi. of the fubfcqucnt power and au-
thority of tlie Mo^ul Tartais.

liabar, foon ;ilnr his conqiiefl, introduced a fcvere
and military dileiplinc; but, however, while he was
bringing liis l"iilin:ts under the yoke of defpotifm, (for
though the I'oMii of government which he found in
India was of an arhiirary kind, yet it related merely
to civil concerns, fuitablc to the culloms of the country,)
he carefully confined it within fuch certain limits, as to
prevent his I'uccellbrs, though abfolute, from being un-
jull. The chief pillar of his power was a body of
4000 men, who were (tiled the firit jvcs of the fovc-
reign. Kroin this body were choicii tlie omrahs, who
compofed the councils of the monarch, and on whom
provinces and conliderahle immunities were bellowed.

The great Mogul annuidly vihted his provinces, pre-
fcrving his authority by a paiade of great military
power; and the InJulfan emperor ■> have long fupported
that external pomp, with which their fubjccts arc more
captivated than by juHice, as being more imprelled with
what charms the eve than benthts the mind. Thus by
dazzling the eyes of the people, and infufing terror
into their fouls, the Moguls prefeived and enlarged their
territories. All Indollan, except a fmall part of Mala-
bar, became fubjeil to the emperor Aurengzebc, who
fhiincd his hands with the blood of his father, his
brothers, and nephews. At the death of this monfter,
who had in.ide the Mogul power much abhorred, it was
irrecoverably reduced. Commotions arofe as to the
right of Uicctllicn : only one law was generally admit-
ted, \iz. that nolle but thofe of the family of Tanicr-
l.ine flioulJ lit upon the throne; though at the fame time
it was well kno.Mi that eiery emperor had the privilege
to chufe his luecclTor, without having any regard to
confanguinitv. 'I'his indefinite right caiifed univerfal
confufion ; aiu! in this flate was the Mogul empire when
Kouli Khan invaded it. Difcord and lumult prevailed
cverv where ; and the gcner.al calamity reached the coaft
of Coroniandel, after having to \cars harrad'ed the pro-
vinces. 'I'he Euiopcaii merchants trembled ; and dread-
ing that their tiade woulj be entirely ruined, hit on the
expedient of having a territory of their own, capable of
coi.t.iining a njn.ber of manufaflures fulUcicnt to make
lip their lading. 'I'he lirft pcrfon who thought of this
(chtmc was one Dupleix, who had long ftudied and
was well acquainted with the dil'pofition of the Moguls ;
he llatlered hin.l'elf he fliould be able to attain a great
fway in Indollan : nothing deterred him in the intended
execution of his plan ol influence and power, though at
fo confulcrable a diflance from his native country : nor
did any thing ingage his attention but the glorious emo-
luments which would accrue to France from the pof-
I'clTiuii of a new dominion in the c«ntre of ACa, He

foon undertook to difpol'c of the fubahfhip 01 the Occ.'.n,
and the nabob/hip of the Carnatic. 'I'he fuiiiivr i),.
coming vacant in 1748, he in 1750 gave it to ijahibat-
jing, a fon of the late viceroy, alter having experienced
great wcakncfs hi the Indians, and a corruption of nun-
tiers in the Moguls 'J'hc nahoMliip of the Carnatic he
beffowed upon Cnundalaeb, a kinlnian of th.: late n,i.
bob, and made him giveupavalt territory in return lor
this fignal lervici ; the chief ac(]iiilition was Scniigham,
the fituation of which gave the French gnat ii.Hueiice
over the neighbouring countiies, and an abfoluie cuii.
troul over 'ranjorc. They afterwards got other very
confiderablc poltcflions, and Duplei.t himfelf was in-
velKd with the dignity of a nabob.

The Eiiglifli, the avowed enemies of the French,
llirred up a rival, Mohamed-Ali-Kan, againll Chiinda-
laeh, nabob of the Carnatic. Thele piinces often en-
gaged, th':.igh with a lUuiluating fuccel'a ; nor was it
ealy to furniife for which of them viitory would ulti-
mately declare ; for it was well known that neither 01
them would lubmit, whillf he had either troops or
money. The Englilh and French miniftry, however,
caul'ed the two companies to iix certain terms of agree-
mcnt : thoy formed a treaty, which commenced wiili
the fufpcnhon of hoftilities in the beginning of 1755,
and which was to end with the eltablifhment of equal
territory and commerce on the coaft of Coromandel and
Orixa ; but before this bufinel's had received the fani!lioa
of the Rritifli and French courts, a ficlh war broke out
between the two nations ; the lelult of which, in India,
was, that the French loft their fetilements, and left tlit
Englilh mafters of the leas.

O;' the principal pl.aces which the French ftill retain
in India, we have alieady given a delcription, in our
account of the European fetilements.

Of late years the Mogul is a mere fh.adow of grcat-
nclV, and ufed only as a tool by the Knjlifti l-aft-Indu
company. We have no doubt but it will prove enter-
taining to many to penile the paition of a inock mo.
narch, who ftilcs himfelf " Great Mogul ; Emperor
of Indoftan ; the Invincible Conqueror ot theUiiiverle;
King of the 'Woild," &c. &c. &c. to a company of
merchants.

" The Humble Petition of the Grand Mogul, to the
I'refident and Council at Bengal ;

" If this country is to be kept, put me in poft'elTion
of it, and leave a Imall detachment of troo|is with me,
to fliew that I am protedled by the Englilh, and th.y
ftiall be at my cxpcnce j that if any enemy comes at
any time againft me, I will make fuch connciSfions in
the country, that with my own troops, and the afore.
mentioned fmall detachment, I will defend the country
without any farther aftiflance from the En:;li(h ; and
/ will pay thtm, cut of the rcviiiiits if the country, whut
fum they Jhall /teniand yearly. If the Engliih wiii,
contrary to their intcreft, make peace with the vizir, I
will go to Dehli ; for 1 cannot think of returning again
into the hands of a iii;,.i who has uled me fo ill. I have
no friends I depend i';'on more than the Englilh; their
former behaviour to I'C will make me ever refpeiS a:id
regard them. Now is their time to be in poflcflion of
a country abounding with riches and treafure : 1 Jhall
be fatiified with whatever J/iare tkiy plenfe of it. '1 he
Rohillas were always enemies to the imperious virir ;
they are all my friends."

This fingular petition, which was dated from the
camp at Banaras, 22d Nov. 1764, was tranfmitted to
the council by Major Heitor Monro.

■uj

_^.,t'i:

. ^t,

CHAP.

t '65 3

C H A P. Xt.

EMPIRE of AVA.

SECT. I.

Sltuatiin, EouHtlanei, and Exttnt ; fomt Account of the
£mpcrer of Ava's Palact ; Niitural Hijlar</, iic.

THIS empire, which is between 15 an J 28
degrees north latitude, is bounded on the call
by Laos and Siani j on the weft by Bengal ;
on the fouth by the Indian Sea ; and on the
north by Tibet.

According to the moft authentic writers, Ava is larger
than the whole empire of Germany. The king of Pegu
was originally in poireflion of the greater part of it ;
but two mighty princes of Ava and Siam have dcftroycd
that monarchy ; and the king of Ava is emptror of
both Ava and Pegu.

Travellers and hiftorians have given no particular ac-
count of Ava, though Uiey pretend to know the extent
of the country. All we can coUcft is, that the opu-
lence of the emperor is fcen in tlit n...„.;ificcnce of his
jjalace ; " which, fays Mr. Hamilton, is built ot Itone,
and has fuur grand gales, viz. the eaftern gate, called
the golden gate, becaufe ambaflaJors are admitted at it,
who make prcfents to the emperor, when they approach
his royal perfon j the fouthcrn gate, or gate of juftice,
at which people enter who want to piefcnt petitions ;
the weftern gate, or gate of grace, through which fuch
perfons pafs as have been honoured with any particular
favour, or have been acquitted of any oft'ence unjulily
laid to their charge ; and the northern gate, or gate of
ftate, through which the emperor pafies when he is in-
dined to flicw himfcif to his people."

Le Blanc, Ipeaking of the palace, fays, •• In one of
the courts ftands the figure of a tall man, all of folid
gold, with a crown on his head, enriched with rubies
of a confiderable value : round this figure fland four
other golden ftatucs. In another court is reprefented a
giant fitting, all of filver, with a crown of filver on his
head, fct with rich jewels ; and in other courts are
other rich ilatues, formed of various kinds of metal,
with crowns on their heads, adorned with rubies and
faphires."

The fovercign of Ava and Pegu has fevcral nclgh-
louring ftatcs tributary to him. Pegu, which is within
the tropics, is flooded when the fun is vertical ; but the
jlime, left by the waters, gently fertilizes the low lands.
As to the higher ground, this Is parched with intenfe
heat after the rains have ceafed ; and the natives arc
obliged to water their fields by the communication of
fimll channels from citterns and refcrvoirs.

The hills of Pegu are cloathed with fine wood, and
the bamboos are of great utility to the native?.

The fruits of Pegu are oranges, leirons, citions, figs,
pomegranates, bananas, durians, mangoes, goyvas, co-
coa-nuts, pine-.ipples tamarinds, t^c.

The inhabitants ul'c a grc.it deal of rice, and fome
wheat : they have plenty of gaiden-ftuff, which is a
chief part of their food. They have alfo pulle of va-
rious kinds, good poultry, and a variety of fifli.

I-c Blanc, Ipeaking of their fifh, lays, " They have
a choice of excellent fi(h ; and tlurc are, in lome of
the royal parks, ponds of clear wiiter, where tortoilesof
.1 middle fi/.c ate kept and fed, the (hells of which r.re
a mixture of feveral colours. With thefe they work up
ni:iny things, as cibinsts, boxes| and other furniture,
•5

making very hsndfomc work, for the fljclls are poliihe
like diamonds, and are tranfparent."

The country produces rubies, fmall diamonds, and
other precious ttones ; iron, tin, and lead ; falt-petre,
wood-oil, oil of earth, elephants teeth, fugars, &c.
The iron is faid to be fo excellent in its quality, as to
be little inferior to ftecl.

The Pcguans have few horfes dt (heep^ but plough
with nxen and buffaloes. Deer are exceedingly nume-
rous here ; but though thefe animals are very flefhy,
they are not fat. No place abounds more in elephants
than this and the adjacent countries ; they compute the
(Irength of their armie; by the number and fize of thcf;
animals,

SECT. II.

Of the Pirftni and Drejfts of thi Natives j Fcndnefs of
the lyomen for Strangers, Of the Charity of the Priefis.

BOTH fexes are wcll-lhaped, and have good fea-
tures : the women are confiderably fairer than the
men, who are of an olive complexion. Both are very
thinly clad, and the bvft among them wear neither ftock-
ings or fhoes. They let their hair grow long, which
they tie on the top of their heads with a ribband, in the
form of a pyramid. When the ladies go cbroad to pay
vifits, they wear either a cotton or filken frock, under
which is a fcarf girded round the waift, and hanging
almort to their ancles. This drefs is faid to have been
the invention of a queen of this country, who confidered
itas the moft graceful drefs thatrould adorn the female fex.

The women here are very fond of ftrangers ; and any
man, during his ftay in the country, may be accommo-
dated with a temporary helpmate n hence mofl of the
foreigners who trade hither inarry one of thefe wives,
who are very obedient and oHiging to their hufbands.
The wife goes to market, drcfl'es the viduals, takes care
of her hufband's ifftols, and even fells his retail com-
modities for him. If Ihe proves falfe, the hufband fells
her as a (lave j and if he proves falfe, fhe poilons him.

When a hufband quits the country, the wile, at the
expiration cf a twelvemonth, marries again, provided
the hufband does not leave her a maintenance by a
monthly allowance.

The priefts of t!iis country are called talapoins, who
recommend charity and humanity .ts the greatefl of all
virtues ; and indeed thele men do honour to human na-
ture, if the accounts given of "hem be literally authen-
tic. When the mailer of a veflll happens to be fliip-
wrccked on the coaft, and he, by this calamity, be-
comes the (lave of the fovereign, the talapoins humanel/
intercede for him, and get him into their pious care
and prottftion. In their temples thefe good men fupply
a diftreffcd ftranger with every thing he wants $ and as
they are phyficians as well as priefts, they tenderly take
care of Tick perfons ; and, after their recovery, give them
letters of recommendation to fome other convent on tht
road they travel.

Real charity and benevolence influence the whole
life and aifions of thefe men. They never make any
enquiries about the religion of a ftranger; it is enough
that he be a human being, and that they can relieve
his neceflities.

They imagine that all religions are good, which in-
culcate the moral duties, and focial virtues. That per-
T t fecutioo^

'IF

. It

lif

ij^ii

■ ni

'■y

i66

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

fecution, and all modes of worfhip which are contrary
to humanity, or univerfal philanthropy, arc obnoxious
CO Providence ; and that the Almighty delights in being
adored by various ceremonials j but that all modes of
adoration ihould be conflftent with the mofl refined be-
nevolence. In fine, their maxims are calculated to in-
fufc in the liimian he.irt unbounded charity and ge-
neral toleration, and to ■ i .

" Grafp the whole world of reafon, life, and fenfe,
" In one clofe fyllem of benevolence ;
" Happier, as kinder in tvhale'e^ degree j
•' And hci^jht of blifs but height bf charity.

Pope.

SECT. III.

Ttmplts, Idoli, Sairifits, Eiil Spirits, Magicians, and
Fejtivals.

THE temples, and the idols in them, are grandly
cmbellifhcJ. A temple near Syriam has the name
of Kiakiack, or god of gods : in this edifice is a large
figure lying in the attituilc of flecping, and which is pre-
tended to fiavc lain 6000 years in tins pofture.

There is another temple near Syriam, which they
call Dagun ; but none except the priefls muft enter
there; and as foon .-is Kiakiack diiiblves the globe, the
idol in this temple, which is a!fo called D.igun, is to
gather up the allies, and create a new world. The
pricfts 'vill not dcfciibe the Ihape or form of Dagun,
but fay it rclemblcs nothing human.

Le Blanc fays, " I faw in one of their temples a
filver idol of gigantic fize, which, as an oracle, an-
fwercd queftions, and prediJled what was to happen.
They have an iJol alto called Frotoque, of the fame
Dature as the former, though of different compofuion :
this idol, they pretend, intercedes with Kiakiack for the
wicked ; and once a week they facrificc a fwine and
three pullets to it."

Some of the faciifices of thefe people are very fingu-
lar. Having immolated a white ihcep, and mingled its
blood with meal, on the day of the grand feltiial of
Kiakiack, they didribute it with exhortations, and fay
it is the blood of Kiakiack. For the celebraiioii of an-
other fort of facrifice, they purchSfe a Have at a viry
high priee, who is youthful and handfome, and having
purified him, thiy iloath him in a white robe, and
make a public fhcw of him for forty days, telling the
people he is the chofen innocent who is to die for their
fins : upon this, offerings are prefcnted to him, and pe-
titions m.idc that he will intercede for them before Kia-
kiack. Areca is plentifully given him each day, and he
is attended in his procefTion from place to place by ihe
found of hrafs kettles, flagclets, &c. At the expira-
tion of 30 days, public notice is given by the prielis,
that in 10 days more he is to fct off to .-ipproach the
holy thione of Kiakiack : at this time they attend dili-
gentlv on his perrmi, and particularly notice whether he
dreads the hafty advance of death. They then drench
him well with aieca, and, if poffible, deprive him en-
tirely of his fcnfes.

On the day of his difTolution they condui5l him to a
temple, and laying him flat on a llone, rip up his belly,
and (hen taking out his heart, burn it, and offer it in
(kcriticc to tlic idol of the place.

The I'eguans believe that all the ills which bcfal man-
kind, procetd from certain evil fpirits that hovrr
about i they therefore wo'fhip thefe demons, in ordci
that they may nut be affliiled by them. Some of thefe
fpirits, which they call '/.\h\, enter and torment them,
th< y pretend, when they arc celebrating their fcflivak ;
infomuch that thufe thus podcncd by them become fo
indifpufed, as not to he able to cat, drink, or fleep. A
mrigiciari is then called to their afniiancr, who is foli-
cited to enquiic of Satan how long they are to be thus
tormented, and what method ii to be ulcd foi their de-
liverance. The maaitian, after a proper confultation,
conducts the nfflitlcd to a field ur mountain, in the
night-time, and placet them in a cavern. I'hen, by
tho iiilUutitiuii vf Lucikt, lie (^iihut certain luibi,

and burns them in the cave; upon which the evil fpirit
immediately flics away.

At thc;r grand fefUvals, pcrfons of high rank attend
in their richeft appnrei, adorned with jewels : here
they dance to mulic, which, from brilk and lively-
changes to doleful and melancholic; when, in veiy
plaintive Ifrains, they (Ing of their anccflors ; the men
alternately fighing, the ladies weeping, and all acknow.
ledging they fhall never equal their good anceffors, who
pcrfor-ned fuch and fuch great feats. After a peneral
lamentation, they revive their fpirits with good food, and
lefume their merriment.

SEC T. IV.

Of the Empi-ror ; the Hcmage paid him by his Suhp'Sis j In
pretended Alliance to the Planets ; pompous Crtmjr.y ;/,.
Jerved when Amla[j',idors attend him ; his Punijhmcut /
Offences. Of the Govemnunt ; Ceremony of proclaiming
iFar, and grand March of the Eiepbai.ls.

THE emperor of Ava, who is fliled fovereign of
the white elephant, is almoft worftiippcd by h'j
people: he calls himfclf the king of kings ; ;ind his
fubieels, either in fpeaking or writing to him, Itilc him
a god. He is fupcrior to all other fovercigns, as bcin"
allied to all the planets ; the fun is his brother, and the
moon and liars his coufins.

As an opportunity of feeing his majefly'i face is ihc
grandeft honour that can be conferred, when an nni-
baflador approaches this great prinrc he is aflinded ly
found of trumpet, while heralds proclaim aloud tlu-
honour and happincfs he is about to receive. Tli-
king is at this time attended hy all his minidcrs, ai.d
200 guards, fome with daggers, and others with flcU
bows finely polifhcd.

Every morning, as foon as the king has brcakfadeJ,
his majefty retires to an apartmei ■, from whence h- can
lee the perfons who arc^bout the palace, without bciii>
fcen : and that he may be thoroughly infoimed of eitry
thing of moment that pafl'ts cither in the city of .^va,
(the metropolis) or in any of his provinces, deputies ol'
great officers and governors arc always refident in the
palace; for he holds the reins of government entirely
in his own hinds, and punifhes with great rigor fuch
officers and governors as arc guilty of nial-praai<es.
When he hears of the commiffion of any enormous
crime, he itfues his royal mandate for fuch offence to
he tiied by judges of his own choofing ; and, if th«
delinquent be ccmviacd, he fixes the particular punifh-
ment to be infliaed, which is the being trampled to
death by elephants, or fome other equally ciuel mode of
punifliing.

Every town in the dominions of the king of Ava
hath a kind of .irillocratica! government. 'I'he governor
feldom prefides in council, but appoints a diputy and
12 judges, who meet in a large hall, and every msa
has the privilege of pleading his own caufc.

When a man is comiiuitcd to piilon for debt, ind
cannot or will not pay his creditc r, the lattci may dif-
pofe of him as a flave ; and this pmilege gianted to
creditors flimulatej the common people to nulultry.

When th* empttor makes wai, the heralds proehiim
their lovereign's will with ll.iming torches in their himds,
and the governors of provinces are obliged to raifc fuch
a numbei of troops as the fl.ite wants in addition to the
accuftomed m.liiary edablilhment.

A tioop perhaps of icoj elephants arc foon fccn in
full maieh, the *ing being feated on his throne upon
the back ,.f one of the whittll, intended by all his
nobli -, wiih tiiimpet> and other niilitaty mulit foundini
as they niuKli to the held of war.

s n c T. V.

Of the Kir^ditH of Aiacciii, or Arach.in.

Till S kini'dom, which is called by fome the em-
pire if Mogo, is loiiiided on the call by Aia,
.111 the wed hy tht- bay and country of Heiy,a!, and on
the noith by Tipra ; it rxlend. al.uiit 4i''u miles in
kii^ili, ajiJ cwiHiii<.nr.atnuinbuwl i>U<e», many .-t

whuh

)

«r Arjchnn,

ASIA.]

which are uninhabited, Trem the muhiplicity of wild
beads that infeft the whole country.

The inhabitants of this ItingJom arc in general very
robuft, and are diftinguiflied by having remarkable
broad and flat foreheads ; they are fo fond of this par-
ticular in their fliapc, that when a child is born, they
bind a plate of lead on the forehead, which they do
not remove till they arc fatiiilicd it has had the wifhcd for
cfFcA, Their i^ufes arc exceeding red, and the nolhils
wide; but their eyes are fmall and (juiclc of difcern-
Dient.

They are very particular in the colour of their habits,
which, among the common people, is generally a dark
purple. Thofe of diftin<Sion wear veilments of white
cotton, %with an apron before them, and a kind of bag
behind their backs formed in plaits. Their hair is di-
vided into locks, each of which is tied and ornamented
wiih knots of fine cloth.

The women are much fairer in complexion than the
men, but are proportionably robulK They wear a
garment made of cotton, which is bound fcveral times
round the body, and re;ichcs down to the ancles; and
over their necks and fhoulders they have a kind of hand-
kerchief made of flowered gauze. The better fort wear
a filk fcarf on one of their arms, and decorate their hair
with a variety of ornaments. They have rings in their
cars which aie made of glafs, and lo large, as to hang on
the (houldcrs ; and the arms and legs ar-; ornamented
with bracelets of filver, copper, ivory, &c.

Their hoiifes are exceeding fmall, and are made with
branches of palmtiees, or canes built upon pillars, and
covered with leaves of the cocoa-tree : but the better
fort have more fpaeious buildings. All the houfes, how-
ever, are made without chimiiies, or any convenience
i\<\ firing, fo that they dtcfs their victuals without door^
in earthen pots.

T!,ey have great plenty of all kinds of provifions, but
arc exceeding ttnipcrate in their diet. Their common
drink is made from the leaves of a tree refembling the
palm-tree, which if drank new is very fwect, but in a
few days will turn four; and inllead of bread, they ufc
lice.

Thccountiy in grn"r.il is very fertile, and produces
all kijidt of fiuit, wiih various forts of gr.iin. The
climate is very healthful and plcafaiit in funimer, but in
winter, it is much otherwife ; for the inhabitants .ire
fuhjciit to agues, from the great imnieufity of rains that
fall during that fe«fon, whi^h continues from April to
O^ober.

Here are prodigioui numbers of buftaloes and ele-
phants, who teltify a particular difgult at thole that
wear red garments} but thefe bealh are cafily ovcrned
by the herdfman, and will readily follow him when they
arc allembled together, which it etfei^ted by the found of
a horn.

I'he king of Araccan, who is as powerful as any >f
hii neighbour;, g!nerally riTidet at the capital. He has 12
princes under niin, whole refniences are in the chief
cities of the kingdom \ and they are perniitled to aflume
the title of kings. The king himfelf is Itilcd, " Em-
neror of Araccan, poiUllor ol the white elephant, with
the two Caniqurs, rightful heir of IVger and Hrama,
and loid of the 12 kings, who lay their hair of their
heads under the foles of his feet, &c," lie is fecn by
his fubjeils but once in five years, at which time the
palace it fiirrnunded with buildings and fcaft'ohls crc>:U'd
on the occifion. The kin;; tomes from the palace
drclTcd in the mnft fumptiious manner, featrd in an
ilfgant tent placnl on the back of an elephant, richly
taparifoned. He is fidlowod by hi. courtiers tiding on ele-
phants, whofe hainefs and trappings are fupcrbly adorned
with diamonds and other precious jewels, '("he king
thm, with his .iitcndants, rides thioujrh the principal
Dnets of the cny, alter which hu rciiiini lo the gieat
ft|iiare before his palace, where Ins (uhjciifs renew their
iMth of allegiance to him, and the evening is concluded
bv all ranks of pco|<le with the greaiell lellivily,

'I'huy have great numbers of temples and other faerrd
places, wirch aie !)uilt like nrcples, and cimtaiii many
idols, whom they ivurfltip. They h<dd a fealt annually
in cuntDKiuuiatkiit of the dead, at which lime they carry

Empire of A V A.

167

one of their idols in proceflion, attended by a number of
pricfts drcflcd in one uniform, confiifing of a long gar-
ment made of yellow fattin. The idol is placed in a
large heavy chariot; and I'uch is the fuperllitious 110-
lions of the poorer fort of people, that many will ihrow
thcmfehcs under the wheels, and others will tear their
fliih wiih iron hooks faftened to the carriage for that
purpofe: they take great pains to colour thcfc hooks
with their blood, and they arc afterwards hung up in
the temples, and prefcrvcd as facrcd relicks.

Their pricfts are of three ordersj the highcft of which
is diftinguilhed by wearing a yellow mitre, hut the other
two always go bare-headed, and they are all prohibited
from marrying, on pain of being degraded.

When any perfons are ill they fend for the pricfts, who
pray with them, in return for which the patient offers
iacrifices of fowl, &c. in proportion to their rcfpci^ive
abilities. If the patient recovers, it is attribute I to the
prayers received from the prieft ; but if he dies, the
pricft tells their relations that their facrifices are accepted,
but God defigns the patient a greater favour in the other
world. If the patient appears incurable, the prieft
thinks it charity to drown him.

When a perfon of diftinciion dies, the body is burned,
but the poorer fort are thrown into the river. They believe
in tranfmigration, and therefore ornament their coffins
with the figures of fuch anim.i!s as they think the moft
noble. Every family has fome peculiar animal, by
whom they fwcar, and whofe figure they mark with a
hot iron on different parts of their body. Their nuptial
ceremonies are performed in the prcfence of this animal,
and they always offer him part of their provilions before
they cat.

'l"he Moors are the principal people that trade with
the iiihaliitants of this kii gdoin, and the commodities
they purchafe confift of eleph .nts teeth, tin, lead, and
timber for building. The ordinary money is lliclls, or
fu. all pebbles, 80 of which are valued at nine-pence ;
! ut they have a filver coin eftimated at two Ihillmgs, in
exchange for which they have fuch a number of (hells
as to become burthenfome to the poffeffor,

Araccan, the capital of this kingdom, is large, and
well fortified: it is fituatcd in a valley, and is 15 miles
in circumference. It is cnclofed by very high ftonc
walls, and furrounded by a ridge of ifeep craggy moun-
tains, fo artificially formed as to render a peneiration al-
moft impregnable} bcfides which, there is a caftlc
within ftrongly fortified. The city is well watered by
a fine river that paffes through it in dift'erent ftreams,
and at length fotmi two channels, which empty thein-
fclves into the bay of Bengal.

The number of inhabitants in this city are eftimated
.It 160,000, exclufive of foreigners. 1 he houfes in
general arc fmall, and built of bamboos } but thofe of
the belter fort are fpacious and handfome : in it arc up-
wards of 600 idol temples, moft of which are fpacious
buildings elegantly ornamented. The palace is ex-
ceeding magnificent, being decorated with the moft
coltly ornaments. The apartments arc lined wiih
various kinds of wood that difchargc the moft agreeable
fragrance ; and the roofs of thofe belonging to the
king are covered with plates of gold. In the centre of
the palace is the grand hall, wnich contains a canopy
ornamented with wedges of folid gold, relunibling fugof-
loaves. Here are hktwife fevcral idoh of the fame
metal as large as life, and ornamented with diamonds
and other coltly jewels. In the center of the hall is a
cabinet of gold, lupporlcd by a large (tool of the fame
metal, and overlaid with diamonds and oihcr precious
ftoncs. This cabinet contains the two Caiiiijues, or
famous pcndanti of rubies, which the king wears at
his coronation, and by which he prefervci a fuperioc
authority over his vaffal princes.

Adjoining to the palace are fpacious flables for the
kina's elephants, tygers, horles, tit. and near it is a
confiderable lake wiih fmall iflands, inhabited chiefly by
piiclli. I'his lake is fo fituatcd aa to be a lecunty lu
the inhabitants of (he city, Ihould they be reduced to
the ncceflityof flight by any attack from an enemy ( for
by cutting a bank which fnnoundi it, they migiic
overflow inc city, and retire to the iflands,

Tlw

«;:'<;

f m

!''«

H'l

i) il

,.ii- '

if,i

A MEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

V,-M

!■: ; i

i n^]<

p:m

The fuburb] of this city are very extenfive, and the
adjoining countries delightfully plcar.int. The villages,
mountains, &c, are beautifully divcrfified v/ith fields
of difterent kinds of grain, intermixed with pieces of
water, and numeroas flocks of cattle.

The Dutch have a faiSlory in the neighbouihood ; and
at many of the fliops in the city are to be purchafcd
fome of the richell commodities in Afia. The Moors
are the principal people that trade here, who often obtain
confiderable poflcflions by purchafing diamonds, rubies,
and other precious jewels,

Exclufivo of Araccan, the chief city, there are many
others of confiderable note in diftcrcnt parts of this king-
dom, as alfo many capital towns remarkable for traffick;
the mod material of which arc,

Orietan, which is fituated on a branch of the river to
the fouth-well of the city of Araccan. This is one of
the 1 2 capital cities, and is governed by a viceroy, who
allumes the title of king, and receives a crown from
the king himfelf. In the neighbourhood of this city
is a large mountain, on which is a fortified place for the
confinement of ftate prifoncrs, or other diflinguiftied
criminals. There is another mountain called Pora, on
the top of which is placed their priiicipal idol, which is
wotlhipped by the king himfelf on a certain dayonccin
the year. Between the cities of Araccan and Orietan
is a fpacious river, the banks of which are delightfully
fliadcd with tall trees, that form as it were an harbour ;
the pleafurc of failing under which is confiderably
heightened by the multiplicity of peacocks that are con-
tinually moving from one tree to another. Thefe birds
are exceeding beautiful, and fully anfwcr the fine de-
fcription of them given in the book of Job, which is
thus elegantly paraphrafed by Dr. Young ;

How rich the peacock ; what bright glories run
From plume to plume, and vary in the fun !
He proudly fpreads them to the golden ray.
Gives all his colours, and adorns the day '
With confcious ftatc the fpacious round difplays,
And llowly moves amid the waving blaze,

Rama is a city of confiJcrable note, but is little re-
fortcd to on account of the great danger in getting to it
either by land or water j the former being dangerous
from the number of wild hearts with which the moun-
tains arc inferted, and the latter from its being fubjeifl
to fudden tempcrts.

Dobazi is another large and populous city ; but is
chiefly remarkable for having a good harbour, and a
fpacious river, by which gre'at trade is carried on with
the neighbouring places.

Dianga is a large town fituated 1 20 miles north of
Araccan ; the inhabitants of which are chlelly Portu-
guefe fugitives, and arc indulged with very confiderable
privileges.

Peroem or Pcom is a town of great trade, and has a
very convenient haibour. It is the rcfideiice of a go-
vernor, who keeps a grand court, and cxeicifes the ab-
fulute authority of an eallern monarch.

SECT. VI.

Tht Kingilim ef Tipra.

TH E kingdom of TIpra, or Tipoura, is bounded
by the cmplie of Ava and pirt of China to the
fouth and call, by Indepcndant Tartary to the north,
by Araccan to the fomh-weft, and by InJoftan to the
weft. Tavernlcr informs us, that tocrols it rri|uirc>
15 days : it Isexceedinply hot, being under the Tropic
of Cancer i the jir is ncverthelcfs pure and faliibrioiis j
but the water iii fn bad that it occafions the throats of
the inhibltants to fwcll to a prodigious fi/.e, The
fovercign, and the nubility ride upon elephants, or are
carried in palanquin*, hut the common people in tra-
Velllnt; malie ufe of horfe«, or cixcn indifcriminatily.
The accommodationi for ftranperi are bad, and the be-
haviour of the natives rude and impoliftied j the fnhjeiHs
of this kingdom pay no taxes, but in lieu thereof la-
bour annually one week for the king, ei'l-.r in his
mine or hn filk works, fiom whence alone bin revenues
•(true, Ht exports );uld «nJ filvtr t>i China in ingots,
1

and in return receives filver, which is coined into two fpe<
cies of currency of 20 penceand 21 pence value each : gold
is coined into afpers, which are worth about five (hillingj
a-piecc. The fovercign of this courtry is tributary to
the king of Araccan. Geographers fay, that the river
Caipoumo runs from Chiamay lake through this and fe-
vera! other kingdoms, till it difembogues ittelf into Ben<
gal bay. Wc have, however, more relpefting this
country faid by travellers from hearfay, or conjedure,
than from any authentic credentials. Concerning fome
of thefe wc may juftly exclaim :

" Freely they cenfiire lands they nt'er explore,

" With tales they learnt from coafters on the fliorc;

«• As Afric's petty kings, perhaps, who hear

«' Of diftant ftates from fome weak traveller,

•' Imperfcft hints with eager ears devour,

" And fnecr at Europe's fate, and Britain's pow'r.'*

SECT. VII.

Thi Kingdom of Boutan, »r Lafla.

BOUT AN has China on the eaft j Tibef, and th«
Mogul's dominions on the weft ; Tartary on the
north ; and A fern on the fouth,

Tavernicr, who is the only traveller that gives an
account of this kingdom, fays, tha; when the mer-
chants of Patna and Bengal come to the foot of the
Naugracut mountains, they arc carried over them on
the backs of women \ there being three women, who al-
ternatcly relieve each other, n every traveller. Tha
baggage and provifions are carried by goats, who climb
the mountains with wonderful agility, and are able to
bear 1501b. weight. They arc a week in palling thefe
mountains j the women, for their trouble, receive tu
the value of a crown each, and the fame fum is paid for
every loaded goat.

The drefs of both fexes is a kind of felt in winter,
and fuftian in fummer. They wear a high cap adorned
with pieees of tortoife-fhell, or boars-teeth, which they
deem grand embellifliments. The women decorate their
necks with necklaces of amber or coral, and both mala
and female wear bracelets on the left arm, from the cl.
bow to the wrift. They are exceeding fond of fpiti-
tuous liquors, and conclude their entertainments by
burning amber. Here is plenty of corn, rice, pulfe,
grapes, wild muftard feed, rhubarb, inuflc, furs, co-
ral, &c.

The natives are grofs idolaters, and more particu-
larly venerate a cow, which they term " the nurfc of
mankind."

Thefe people have had the ufe of fire-arms time im-
memorial i from iiifcriptions on fome of their cannon,
they appear to be 500 years old. None are permitted
to quit the kingdom, without a Ipecial licence from g».
vcrnment j nor mull any one take a mulket with him,
unlef* he gives p.opcr fecurity to bring it back again.
On the backs of their elephants and camels, they place
fmall cannon, which carry half pound balls. The king
Is always in fear of treafon, and has a guard of 8oO'J
men conftsntly ittending him, though at the fame time
he is vain enough to call himfelf a god, endued with
the attributes of •' invincibility, aniTinvulncrability !"
Thus docs vanity impofe upon itlcif and its admirers j

" For the dull world moft homage pay to thofc,
" Who on their underftandings moft impofe j
" I'iill, man creates, and then he fears the elf,
*' Then others cheat him not, hut he himfelf:
" He hates realities, and hugs the cheat,
" And llill the only pleafurc's the deceit.
" So mcleor'i flatter with a dazzling dye,
" Which no exirtence ha> but in the eye."

The people who have flat nofcs are ftrong and well
made, biit the women are more rubuft than the men.
Silver mines are fald to abound in this country, and,
by the king's order, filver money is coined here, each
piece being of the value of half a crown, and of an
oitagonal form : hut they have no gold, except what 11
brought into the country by mcrthinti in the courfe uf
trade.

SECT.

[V.

ined into two fye-
e value each : gold
ibout five (hillings
ry is tributary to
ay, that the river
rough this and fe-
es itielf into lkn«
■e relpefting this
"ay, or conjedure.
Concerning fonie

:'er explore,
ers on the fliorc ;
who hear
c traveller,
evour,
Britain's pow'r,''

■ Lafla.

i i Tibee, md th«
: i Tartary on the

Her that gives an
; when the mer-

the foot of the
ied over them on
« women, who al-
■y traveller. The

goats, who climb
, and are able tn
ek in palling thcfe
rouble, receive tu
imc fum is paid lor

of felt in winter,

1 high cap adorned
• teeth, which thty
mien decorate their
r^l, and both ni:)l«

arm, from the cl.
ing fond of fpiri-
entertainments by
corn, rice, puHe,
mulk, furs, co-

ind more particu-
m " the nutfe of

fire-arms time im-
: of their cannon,
one are permitted
I licence from g»-
mufket with him,
ng it back again,
camels, they piac*
I balls. The king
a guard of 8oO'j
h at the fame tima
god, endued with
Imvulncrability !"
and its admirers i

pay to thofe,
aii impofe {

fears the elf,
t he himfelf 1
cheat,
deceit.

he eye,"

ire ftrong and well
buft than the men,
this country, and,
coined here, each
crown, and of an
lid, except what is
ti in the courfa of

SECT.

ASIA.]

M A L A C C A.

169

S K C T. VIII.

Tl>t Kin^dtiH of ACem, A-iem, or Acham.

AS K M has China to the caO, Iiuloftan to the weft,
Tipra to the fouth, and lioutan, with part of In-
(iepcndant Tartary, to the north. This country, in
the reii'H of Aurengzebc, w.is conquered by the Mo-
frills, who difcovcrcJ it by navigating the river Lac-
qui.i, which has its fourcc in the lujie Cliiain.iy, and
dil'chargcs itfelf into the Ganges. The abovemciitioncd
celebrated Indian lake is 180 leagues in circumference,
and lies in 26 degrees north latitude.

This country, bcfidcs being one of the mod fertile in the
iiniverfe, is rich in mines, which produce both the no-
blcll, and the moft ufeful mclals, viz. gold, lilver, ftecl,
iron, lead, &c. There is plenty of the mult delicious
animal food, but dog's flelh is deemed the greateil
dainty. They make no wine, though they have excel-
lent grapes, which, when dried, arc ufed in making
br.indy. The lakes of this country arc of a fjline qua-
lity, and the fcum which rifes to their furfacc is con-
vened into fait,

from the leaves of what is called Adam's fig-tree,
another kind of fait is cxtradcd, and a ley is ni.ide,
which renders their filks admirably white.

The natives pay no taxes whatever to government,
ttic king contenting himfelf with the fole poflcHiun of
ihe valuable mines which his country contains ) nor are
thofc mines worked by the natives, but by flavcs which
he purchafes of his neighbours,

Kvcry fiibjcifl hath a houl't, a large piece of ground
contiguous thereto, and .-.n elephant to carry his wives,
of whom he is permitted to have four. Previous to
mnrriage the Afemians infirm the women minutely of
what they cxpeft them to do. The females being thus
precifcly inftruiSed in their duty, fehlom difoblige their
hulb.inds. The inhabitants towaids the north have good
complexions, but thofe who dwell fouthcrly are rather
fwarthy. All have very large holes bored in their cars,
from whence defcend heavy pendants of gold and filver.
They wear their hair long, have a cup upon their heads,
and go naked except about their middles. They adorn
their arms with bracelets, which arc buried with them
when they die. Their gold is current in ingots, but
they have pieces of filvcr coin of two (hillings each in
value. They have great plenty of gum lacque, which
they export to China and Japan, to varniu cabinets,
ihilfs, ^c.

The metropolis of this kingdom, and the reddence
of the king, which lies in 25 deg. 33 min. north laii-
tudei is named Kemmeroofe, or Guergucn ; a,nd the
city of Azoo is the royal burial place. When any
king is buried in the grand temple, his favourite idol is
buried ; this always being either of gold or filver, the
vaults are filled with immenfe treafures. The people
inijgiiic that the righteous have in the other world plenty
of what they defire, but that the wicked fufFer all the
miftries of hunger and thirft. Fall of this notion, and
not entertaining any very high idea of the morality or
piety of their nionarchs, they bury with them all kinds
of edibles, great riches, feveral of their wives, officers,
elephants, flavts, tie. left they (hould fare worle in the
other world than they did in this. It is imagined that
the Chincfe received from the people of Alem the in-
vention of gunpowder, though they have fince thought
proper to arrogate it to thcmfelves.

Before we conclude, it may be proper to obfervc, that
the following places near the coaft of Ava are reckoned
in the Pegu dominions,

1. The ifland of Dola, which has a good harbour,
and where 20 houles are appropriated to the purpofe of
taming elephants for the ufc of the king of Pegu,

2. Cofmin is a feitile ifland ; the houles of the na-
tives are built on frames of wood, and afcended to by
ladders, on account of the furious tygers with which
this country abounds. The inhabitants go from hence
to Pegu in boats, in which whole families rcfide all the
yi!ar. This country produces figs, oranges, cocoa-nuts,
wild boars, parrots, afles, &c.

3. Meden, a tolerable town, where a market is kept
on the water in boats, the commodities biing (haded
from the fcorching fun beams by umbrellas.

4. Negrais, a town and cape on the coalt, due weft-
ward from Pegu, from whence it requires about 10 days
to fail. '1 he harbour is good, but a (helving bar ren-
ders its entrance difagieeable and dangerous.

5. Diamond idand, near Cape Segrais, is celebrated
for two Pagan temples j the one called the temple of
the «' god of the dffli<£led ;" and the other the temple of
the " god of the atoms of the fun." This ifland is
low, barren, and rocky; but the chief ecclefiaftic of
the kingdom rcfidcs here. He is greativ venerated by
the people, and takes the right hand of the king, who,
on his demife, is obliged to attend his funeral with his
whole court, and to defray all expences thereby in«
currcd.

CHAP.

XII.

MALACCA.

SECT. I.

hi Sliuatiiii, Boundariei, Entint, and Dlvifian 'mil pilly
Slum ; till Cm/Ii, Hills, end Dtjin 1$ ef thi Kingdom
if Malacca \ tbi VtgttabU> und Jnimals ; Acount ef
ihi Nalivii 1 will) a Rtmar': on lljt Purity and Eltianci
tf ihiir Language.

MALACCA is a peninfula, fituatal between
the fccond and eleventh degree of north latitude,
and is bounded by Siam on the north, by the
ocean on the call, and by the (heights of Malacca on
(he fouth wed i being about 6ou miles long, and 200
broid. It it feparatcd into fniall kingdoms, vi7.. Ma-
l.uea, from which it hath its name, Johor, Patana,
Sincapour, Pahan, Trangano, Pera, (.^ueda, and Li-
gor. Some of thcfe arc independent Hates under dif-
ferent defpotic prince;, and others arc tributary to the
king of Sinm.

The continent of Malacca is faid to have been ori-
HiiiJly joined to the iflajid uf Sumatra, and to be tlic

Aurea Cherfonefus of Ptolemy. The coaOs of the king-
dom are flat, marfhy, and unhealthful) and the inland
parts of the country confill of fcaice any thing but
barren hills and dreary defarts 1 fo that it produces no-
thing for a foreign market, except a fmall c^uantity of tin,
and Ibme elephants teeth ; the common neccflaries of
life are produced in gardens ) and fmall quantities of
peafe and rice are reared in fuch parts of the mountains
as appear to have any tolerable foil. I'he natives have
a fupply of provifions from Sumathi, Bengal, Java,
Siam, and Cambodia. Here is, however, • variety of
fruits, and particularly the mangoOan, which is very
delicious, and refembles a pine-apple. Here are cocoa*
in abundance, and a great plenty of aloes ; and at to
pine-apples, there are no better in the univcrfe than ar«
to be had here. The ramboftan, a line fruit, it about
as big as a walnut, with mod dclicioui pulp 1 and the
durian, though not pleafant to the fmcll, hu a very
agreeable talle.
Sheep and bullocks uc fcarce her«i but pork, poultrjf
U u fui.

>ih

'■ i ■

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEInT OF GEOGRAPHY

170

tad fifli are piclty pk-ntirul, The wild animals of the
country ire tygcrs, wolves, &c.

The natives, who are called Malays, are of a tawny
Complexion j apd thofe inhabiting the inland parts of
the country, are remarkable for the ferocity of their
manners. The men go naked, except having a piece of
cloth round their wild.

The women of Malacca, who have their hair very
long, and are extremely proud, wear a loofc filkcn gar-
ment embroidertxj with filvcr or gold. 13uth fcxcs have
jewels in their eari.

It may be truly faiJ, that while nature had done
eve^y thing in favour of the Malays, in their priHinc
flate } while Ihe had bounteoufly provided for them, by
placing them in a ferene and falubiious clime, where rc-
frelhing gales and cooling ftrcaiiis aflwage the heat of
the torrid zone ; wlierc 1' e foil teems with delicious
fruits i where the trees aie cloathcd with a continual
verdure, and the flowers breathe their odours ; while
nature, I fay, h.id done thefe things for the Malays,
fuciety did tlicm every pcflible injury : for fuch has been
the influence of an arbitrary government, that the na-
tives of the moll happy country in the globe have be-
come remarkably ferocious in their manners. The feu-
dal fyftem, which was fiift concerted among the woods
and rocks of the north, h.ns reached the ferene regions
t>f the equator. The Malays, as we have aire dy ob-
fervcd, are governed by defpotic princes : this fcene of
arbitrary domain occafioned a general f.ivagenefs of man-
ners : in vain did bounteous htavcn beflow her rich blef-
fings on the Malays ; thcfe ccleftia! gifts fervcd only to
make the people ungrateful and dikontcntcd. Mailers
lit out their fervices, or rather thofe of their de(Kndants,
to the higheft bidders, heedlefs of the lofs which hus-
bandry would fuflTer in the want of hand'..

After the Portuguefc had taken pofTeflion of the chief
city of thefe people, the latter, ill brooking a I'ubniif-
fion to their new mailers, either retired into the inland
jjarti, or difperfed thcmfelves along the coaft. Havin;;
loft the fpirit of commerce, they imbibed th.it of con-
^ueft, and fubducti a large Archipilago on their coaft,
while the Portugucfe rendered Malacca the moft con-
fidcrablc market in India. Lod to all commerce, I fay,
they fell into every excefs of fiercenefs and barbarity.
The men are never without poinards, with which they
commit murder, when harm is Icaft expefled.

But VK muft in juftice fay, that fome there arc, who
ire » poliflicd, well-bred, humane people; who diftin-
guifh thcmlclves by their talents, and particularly in the
ufo of a langu.ige efteemcd the moft pure, nervous, har-
monious, and copious of any fpuken in the Indies :
they ftudy it with great care ; and many do honour to
its natural graces, by turiiifliing elegant poetic conipo-
fitions.

SECT. II.
Auiunt of lilt City tf Malacca.

THE city of M.ilacci is fiiJ to have been founded
upwauK of 2C0 \eai5 before the arrival of the
I'ortugui.; in 1509; jiuI 111 the year 1511, niphoiilo
Albui|uenjuc fubdued the city, after it had made a moll
vigorous defence ; he pliindetcd it of immenfe trealures,
vatt niagaiines, and whatever could contribute tj the
•Icgancies and plealurcs of life, and then put the prince
tu death : the kmg of Siam, however, enraged at this
tiuelty, aftcrwardii took the city by ftotm, aflilted by other
urinccs equally incenfcd agmnft the murderer : but the
Purtuuutfe alteiwards retouk it, and built churches,
monallcriei, a caftic, and a colligc for the Jefuils. In
the yur 1606 the iJulch, in tonjunction with the king
«f Johor, bigan to be very Iroublefome to the Portii-
gue(e, and, after a (eries of hollilities for the fpacc of
35 yeaia, diprivcl them of it in 1641.

I he mcani thuy adopted of obtaining poRrffion of
the city was as fjllowi : Hnding that confulctablc dif-
putei had fubfiltcd between the king of Johor and the
Fortiig'iele inhabitants, Ihe Dutch inltantly formed a
dtft^;!! of attackin<; and reducing the place, Aerord-
iii^ly l!iey fiued out a fonnnlable fquadion of (hips it
llatairia, and entered mto au alliance with the king of

Johor, who attacked the city by land, while the Duteh
inverted it by lea ; but the invaders rinding tlicre v^cs
no poflibility of reducing it, and hearing that thc^ovcr.
nor was a very fordid, worthlefs fellow, the Dutch, by
letters fecretly conveyed to him, officrcd him a confu
derable premium, if he would facilitate the furrcnder of
the fort. The bribe was accepted ; the Dutch foon en-
tered the place, and, to lave the payment of the pre-
mium, murdered the governor for his civility ; the due
reward of a traitor, but mark of equal bafenefs in the
bribers.

The city of Malacca is an extcnflve and populous
place, furroundcd with a ftonc wall and baftions : many
of the Itreets are fpacious and handfome, and arc fh.ndcd
with trees on both fides : the houfes ftand ptcity clo.'c
to each other, and are built chiefly of bamboos, though
fome of them are of ftone. The governor's houfe ii
handfome ^nd commodious, and is iituated in the fot
garrifoned by ioo Europeans. The harbour is one of
the beft and fafeft in that part of the globe, and reccivtt
veftcls from moft parts of the Indies. When polTelfed
by the Portuguefc, the city was remarkably opulent,
being a grand mart for precious ftones and gold ; and
before the Dutch made Batavia the chief place of their
commerce, it had all the rich commodities of Pegu,
Coroinandsl, Siam, Banda, and other countries : but
at prefent its commerce is not very con&derable.

SECT, III.

Of the Kin^demi of Johor, Sincapour, Patana, Pahan,
and Trangano.

TH E kingdom of Johor, which is about 100 leagues
long, and 80 broad, is the next country to the
north of Malacca, and is walhed eaft and weft by th»
ocean : it lies in one degree north latitude.

The country, which is woody, abounds with tin
pepper, elephants teeth, gold, ai|u;Ia wood, cane.i, ci-
trons, lemons, &c, and among the quadrueeJes arc
deer, cows, wild boars, and buffaloes.

The natives are reported to be cruel, trcachcrom,
lazy, and lafcivious. The common people, of both
fexcs, wear nothing more than a piece of fluff round
their waift j the females in a fup, rior degree of life,
wear cilicoe garments fattened with a filkcn girdle :
they paint their nails yellow, and the longer they arc,
the mote genteel. The iflanders live principally upon
fago, f'liits, roots, an/ poultry ^ but thole natives who
relidc on the coaft, fublift for the moft part upon filh
and rice brought from Java, Siam, and Cambodia.

There are among thele people about 1400 Chinefe
families, who arc diftinguifhed for their induftry, and
carry on a confiderable ti„tfic.

T he natives, who are a nuxture of Mahometans and
Pagans, have piieft-. fent to them from Surat.

The Johor iflands lie to the north-caft of Cape Ro-
mano, but produce nothing fit for the carr\ingon com.
merce. Pulo-Aure, one of them, is peopled hy Ma-
lays, who arc faid to form a fort of republic, headed by
1 chief. In this ift.ind ate (rveral mountains, which
pioducc plenteous pl.iniations of cocoa-trees. Articles
III trade arc pun hjled here with Iron, and the people
have the iharaflcr of being very honcft, friendly, and
holpitalile.

Sincapour, or Sincapora ifland and town, lie at the
roulhernmoft point of the peniiilula of Malacca, and give
name to the Ibuch-cjft pan of Malacca ftteighis. Here
is a mountain which yields excellent diamonds, and
fugar-canes grow to a great lize. The foil of Sm-
capour IS fruitful, and the woods produce goc»i timber
for (hip- building,

Patana, which is about 60 miles long, lies on the
eaftcrn coaft of the gulph i.f Sum : its port had once 1
cotifidcrahic traffic with Coromandfl, Malabar, Goa,
China, I'onquin, and Cambodia j but the traders un-
happily hnding no rillriclion put upon the commilTion
of piracies and murdeia, were under a neccflity of with-
drawing their commerce, and turning it iiiio another
couric, highly beneficial to Siam, Malacca, and Ua-
lavia.

Patana abound* with gram and fruits \ and here art

buttaloct,

r, Parana, Pahan,

ASIA.l

Empire b p S I A M.

buffaloes, fowli, Und fame of the moft 'leautiful doves
ercr feen ) the wild animals are tygersi, monlcies, ele-
phants, &c.

The king of Patana can bring i8,oco troops into the
field, and has more vefl'els than any of the other neigh-
bouring fovercigns. TheChinefe bring hither a variety
af articles in trade, and take confiderable returns.

The natives, though proud, are kind and obliging,
and are remarkable for their fobriety.

Pahin lies to the fouth of Patana, on a river of the
(ame name, in which there is much gold-duft found.
People of fortune rcfide in the capital of Pahan, fituated
about 150 miles north-eaft of Malacca: the city, which
it but fmall, has the appearance of a garden, from the
number of cocoa and other trees planted in the ftreets.

The king of Pahan's palace is a wooden ftruilure,
and the other buildings are in general of rccds and
ttraw.

The river here waflies the foot of Malacca hill, and
along its fides is planted pepper. The adjacent country
is low, woody, and well ilored with game : Aquila
and Calamba wood, coarfe gold, camphire, nutmegs,
iic, are alfo produced here. According to Sir E.
Michelburne, Pahan is well peopled, and carries on a
conflderable traffic ; but the natives who are Pagans and
Mahometans, are reported to be the moft an ant cheats
in the world,

Trangano is fituated next to Pahnn, and is a fine
healthy country : its hills produce a plenty of rich fruits,
fuch as oranges, lemons, limes, darians, mangoHans,
mangoes, &c. and the vallies teem with fiigar-canes
and corn. Gold and pepper are likcwife produced here,
and are principally exported by the Chinefe refidcnt in
this country.

The prince's palace ftands on the banks of a fine

'/I

river near the ocean ; and the Chincfc carry on a con-
flderable trade with the adjacent countries.

S E C T. IV.

0/ Pera and QiicJa.

TH E kingdom of Pcra, which is a mountainons,
woody country, is famous for its produce of tin,
there being more found here than in any part of India.
Its capital, Pera, lies at the bott in of a bay about
15c miles north-weft of Malacca. There arc foino
hideous defarts in this country, abounding with wild
elephants, tygers, &c.

The people are mere barbarians, and of a moft. trea-
cherous dilpofitlon.

Qiicda is a very fmall territory ; its capital, Queda, is a
fea-port town, diftant from Patana 140 miles. When
a foreign merchant comes here, the kin^' pays him a
v'fit in perfon, not to compliment him on his arrival,
but to receive prefents from him : the prefents, how-
ever, are not made till the vifit is repaid ; and then the
king honours the merchant with a llat near his royal
perfon : his majefty at the fame time chews betel, and
putting it out of his mouth on a fcnall golden plate, the
merchant takes it with great refpcdt, and puts it into
his own mouth : this is an eftabliflied cuftom, .ind muft
alwayv be ftrictly obferved.

The natives of this place are divided in their religion,
fome of them being Mahometans and others Pagans |
and In their difpofitions, they arc in gencr.il very de-
ceitful, treacherous and cruel. Its chief produce is tin,
pepper, elephants teeth, canes and damar, the latter of
which is a gum that is of excellent ufc in the making
of pitch and tar.

CHAP. XIH.

EMPIRE of SIAM.

I. M

■if

SECT. I.

Eljmlogy if ill Kamt, Siluatiin, Extent, Divifuns,
Sut-divi/iens, (S/c,

SIAM was fo named by the Portucucfc ; the Malays
call it Tfiam : and as Sum or Tfiani fignif'es Free
in the Peguan language, it appears to be a tran/la-
tion of the name of the inhabitants, viz. Tai, or Free-
men } though they have long been deprived uf their
liberty.

This kingdom, which is furrounded by mountains, is
bounded on the eaft by Cambodia and Cuchin-China, on
the weft by the fea, on the north by Pegu and Laos,
and on the fouth by Malacca and the bay uf Siam,

The general fituatinn of Siam Proper (by fome called
Upper Siam, to dittinguilh it from the Lower, and
which contains feven provinces, vii, Profeloue, San-
gueloue, Lacontai, Camprngpct, Cocontcpina, Pcche-
bonne, and Pllchia) wai determined bv theubfcrvatioiit
made by the jefuit miflionaries ; but its dimcnfions are
uncertain. It is not known in what p^rt of the penin-
fula of Malacca Siam Proper commences, nor how far
it reache* beyond it. Some geographers f.iy, the moft
fouthcrly part is fituated in about the nth 6ca. of
north lat. and it furmifcd to be above 550 miles long,
and 25c brcid ; though in fome pans it it not more
than about 50 miles in breadth.

The chief river of Siam is the Mcnam, or mother of
Waters, which difthargei itfclf into the gulph of Slum :
the fource ol this river is unknown to moft of the in-
habitants, or they mifreprefcnt it, in order tn magnify
its origin. Another great river is called the Mrcon t
tbis fftlSh tbrgugh Lw( and Cambodia, and falU uitu

the Indian ocean : and a third river, named the Tena-
ferin, lalh into the bay of Bengal, forming the ilia of
Mcrgiiy, which has a moft excellent harbour.

Siani being, as we have already fald, furrounded with
mountains, and having few hills within the Intcrmcdiato
country, is one wide extended plain, with a great river
branching and running through it from noith to fouth.
Thefe mountains form two huge chains, one on the
we(tand the other on the eaft fide, dimini(hing gradually
as they reach fouthward, Tlicy yield diamonds, fa-
phires, and agates.

The feven provinces of Slam Proper, or Upper Siam,
have their iianies from their piincipal titles, which arc
fituated near the fea-toaft, ( r vn fome of the rivers.

As to the climate of Siam, the winter here is dry, and
the fummer wet. Were it not that the fun draws clouds
and rain, and the wind blows from one pole when ths
fun is declined towards the othrr, thu torrid zone would
doubtlefs he unlnliabitcd. Thus in Siam that great
luminary being to the luuth of the line during winter,
the north winds blow continually and cool tlic air. On
the contrary, in the fummer, while he is to the north
of the line, and vertical to the Siamrfe, the fouth winds
reign In their turn j and thus either caufe inceilant
rains, or at Icaft difpofe the weather to be rainy. It is
thefe winds the Portuguclie call mon9aus, and 01 her
nations monfuons : and hence it is vclfels have tuch
difficulty to approach or depart from the bar of Siam.
Thus the bleak winds of the frigid zones temper th«
rxceftive heat of the torrid, and the warm breezes of ths
torrid flow through and giv« genial warmth tu the tem-
perate, till they reach the frigid, and in fome meafurs
qualify thrt extreme told, whith in thole iiihofpitabU
regions benumb luturc, fur

•• Ai

I :

It ,'

^1^ l:

',1 . k "

I. ^

171

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CiEOGRAPIIV

" As five znncs tli' ariherial rfgioiis binJ,
•' I'ive corrcfiiunJcnt arc 10 earth afligu'd.
" The full w!th rays direJtly darting down,
" Kircs all beneath, and tries the middle zone ;
" The two btiieulh the dlljant poles complain
" Or einiltrs winter, and perpetu:*! rain ;
" IJctwixt th' extremes two happier climates bold,
■•• The temper that partakes of Iiot and cold,"

The principal places in Siani Proper, arc
Chantcbon or Liam, which is fituateJ near the
gulph of Siam, at the nio'ith of a river to which it
gives name : it is about a day's journey from the fea, and
has fonie confiderablc inland trade.

ISankafoy is fitUjtid on a livcr near tlic bar of Siam,
The fciiiJ himfilt is the f 'le meithint belonging to this
place, for ail the tieiih.uit's tcetii, fapan and aquiia
wood is remitted to liim. They malce here the ex(|iii-
jite fauce cilled baliichang, on which the epicures of
Siam regale ; for many of the Siamtfc fall martyrs to
a luxurious appetite,

" It is a fliamc, that mnn, that has the feeds
•' Of virtue in him, Iprin^jing unto glory,
" Should make his foul degenerate with fiPi
•' And flave to luxury."

This fauce is a compofition of cod, dried (hrimps,
pepper, I. lit, fea weed, &c. pounded together, nnd
beaten to the confilknrv of a paile. In the above nun-
tioiicd river are two fmall iflands bclonuing to the
Dutch.

Uancocli, fituated about 50 miles fouth of Siam, is
rcmarlcable for its larii,e gardens, fnmc of which extend
three or four lc,i.;ues in length, and arc filled with
trees that produce the moil delicious fruits. The river
Mcnan runs from lunce to Siam, and i:s bank* are
adorned w;tii many ple.ifaMt villages, the hoiifes of
which are maile of bamboo';, and ereiled upon ibkes,
on account of the inundations of the river, which
would otherwife I'weep them away.

At Louvo, the king of Siam palTes feveral months of
the year, for the fake of having more freedom than in
the metropolis, where he is obliged to be fliut up, that
his fubjeiflsmay not lofe that profound refpeit v^'hich they
entertain of hrm, by feeing him too often j for foliiude
an I indolence are the chief charactciiftics of his
Oi^nity.

*' Upon a couch of down in tbefe abodes,

'• Supine with folded arms, he thou(>btlcfi ncds ;

" No palTions interrupt his eal'y reign,

" No problems puzzle his lethargic brain }

" But dull oblivion guaids his peaceful bed,

•' And lazy fogs bedew his gracious hc.id ;

" Thus at full length fuch pamper'd monarchs lay,

*■ Baflcing in cafe, and flumb'tiiig life away.

Between I.ouvo and Siam thcrt is a eonmunication,
by me.ins of a large canal, on each fid', of which are
e.\tenfivc plains abounding with rice.

The king's palace at Liuuo is a bnck building, but
exceeding capacious, and fiirroundei by f nc gardens j
the roof is covered with yellow tiles, which, when the
fun (hincs upon them, appe.ir like gold. The town
itfelf is populous, large, and pleaftnt ) and (lands about
the diftance of 14 leagues from Siam.

Probat (lands on a branch of the livcr Menan, about
65 miles north-ejft of Louvo. The king of Siam
annually repairs hither in grand proceiTion, to woiOiip a
mark in the rock, which is pretended to be the print of
the foot of their idol Sotr.mona-Codom.

Pourcclano, 320 miles from Siam, was formerly a
confiderablc city, defended by 14 baitions, but is tun
(o decay.

Menang-tan, fix miles to the north of the l»(l men-
tioned place, is celebrated on account of the pilgrimages
made to it by many devotees of Siam, Pegu, I^aos, &c.
who repair hither to pay their refpeills to one of the
ob'jve mentioned idol Sommona-Codom's teeth, which
h here preferred with great care.

Teniiaflerim, about ?.oo miles from Siam, is a pl.ico
of confrderable tfadc, fituated on a livcr, to which it
givis name,

Cui is a town near the former, from whence the kina of
Sian receives great quantities 6f tin and elephants teeth.
Margui, about 14.0 miles fouth-weft from Siam, it
fituated in an ifland near TennalTerim, and dcctned tlis
belt port in India. The commodities fold here are
cloves, nutmegs, mace, verzina, nypha, benjamin, 5;c,
nypha is a llrong white wine diftilled from the bloflbmuf
a tree ; befides which, the country produces rice, tin,
elephants teeth, aquiia wood, &c. There was onCc an
Englifli f.uitory here, which the Ead-India company
took great pains to ruin and abolilh, ta it interfered with
their emoluments.

Ligor i.s the metropolis of a country of the fame
name, which was formerly an independent (late of
itfelf; but a few centuries ago was conquered by the
Siamefe. It is about 3)^0 miles fouth Of Slam, and
contains a Dutch faiflory, which is built of brick ; but
the houfts of the natives are creeled with bamboos
thatched with reeds. At about three leagues dilbnce
there is an uninhabited in.md, called Papiere ; and
Sangoie, at about 36 miles fouth of Ligor, products
gold, tin, ckphai.ls teeth. Sic. which arc purchaled
by the Dutih factory. On the weflern coall there is
an ifljiid c.illed Jonfalem, which was formerly a king-
dom, but at prefent is of no importance,

Martaban or Mart.ivan in the bay of Bengal, wai

once a kingdom, but is now only a Siainefe province.

It produces corn, oranges, lemons, figs, pe.irs, chef.

nuts, mediciiul plants, oil of jtirarny, gold, fiher,

Heel, iron, lead, copper, rubies, lacque, benzoii-,, ^Vc.

j The people make a kind of black porcclane, with

I which they trade to Malacca. This country is y.o

miles long, 115 broad, is fo fertile as to have anniiallv

three harverts, and is bleflid with fuch a pure air th.il

! the inhabitants never are a(Hi£lcd with the head-ach.

j On the wcilcrn coall of Siam arc three clufters of

I iHands, viz.

I. The Nicobar idands, about go leagues from th«
continent, .ind 120 north-weft from Sumatra. Tlie
mid. lie cluftcr are all well inhabited except one, and 1)14
■ land in general is very fertile ; they are called Sombrero ;
I but 'he northein duller named C'arnicubars arc not lo
I populous. The irrhabiUnts, who are of a tawny copi-
j plexion, paint their fjcos with various colours, and the
dicfs of theprielt-s is lingularly wliimfical: their cloaths
lit them fo clofe that they fcein to !« fewed up in them ;
they wear hnrns on their heads turning backvi-are's,
which, as well as their faces, are painted giccn, yellow,
and black, bihind them they have a long tail, and ex-
actly refemble the figure which the painters of Europe
have thought proper time immemorial to reprefent the
devil by. About eight leagues to the fouth of Sambrero
are two well inhabited and fertile iflands, called Ning
and Gowry ; the inhabitants of which will fell a hog for
! three feet of iron hrop, and a pig for one foot ; they
fpeak a broken kind of Portuguefe, and are fo frmd of
tobacco that they will give a (owl for a leaf of it. The
(onthcrn clufter of the Nicobars are very mountainous,
and the people much more favage than thofe of the middle
and northern clullcrs. The inhabitants of thcic idand*
worftiip the moon, and venerate certain grottos in th«
rocks as temples. The men fcrupuloufly confine them-
felvcs to one woman ( and murder and theft are feldoni
heard of among them.

Nicobar, properly fo called, which is the principal of
thefc idaiids, and gives name to the reft, is near ico
miles north of Sumatra, about 10 leagues in length and
four in breadth ; is watered by many rivulets, and is
verv fertile. Thr "babitants are robuil, well made,
and in their '-.vii -femblc the people of the neigh-
bouring continent . they employ themfelves principally
in fi(hing, and are fonie of the moil expert fwimmcrs in
the univerfe ; and Kempfer aflSrms, that they can over-
take a (hip under fail. The EngliJh (hips bound t«
Sumatra ufually touch at this illand,

2 The Andeinan iflands lie in 13 dep. north lat.
.ibout ioolca;;iirs north of Sumatra j they »r« well In-
habited by a bold favage people, j, 'fll*

''ill

ASIA.]

Empire ok S I A M.

'73

n The Cocoa iflanJs, 35 Ic.igucs'weft fouth-wcft of
cJiic Negt'ais, produce agicat abunJance ofcocoa-trccs
but arc Uninhabited.

SECT. II.

Natural llljhry of Siatn.

WITH rcjard to the foil of Siain, it may be faid
to confift of cultivated and uncultivated land;
thrre is fcarce a flint to be found in thi- whole country.
The land fecms to be formed by the mud dtfcending
from the mountains; to which mud, and the overflow-
inis of the river, the foil owes its fertility: for in the
lusher places, and parts not reached by the inundation,
jUisdrie:! and burnt up with the fun foon after the
rai.i'^ are over.

Si.im h.ul once the reputation of being very rich in
tniiii^'' : and indeed this appears from the great number
of ftatucs and other cafi works ihat are here, many of
which arc of gold. Mr. Vincent, a French phyfician,
difcovcrcd a mine of very good ftcel, and annthcr of
ctiryftal ; alfo a mine of antimony, and another of
rmerv ; cxclufivo of aquaityof white marble, and a
rich gold mine. The latter mine, however, he con-
crilcd from the nativci. They have plenty of tin,
which however is foft, hut rendered hard, as well as
white, by being mixed with kadmi.i, a mineral rciUiccd
cafily to powdci ; and it is this white tin which is called
tutenagc. Mr. Vincent, during his (lay at Si.mi,
taught the inhabitants the art of feparating and purify-
ing metals.

Near the city of Louvo there is a mountain which
produces loadftoncs ; and there is another near Jonfalam
on the Malacca coaft : but thefe minerals, it is faid,
foon lofe their virtue.

The moft profitable trees in Siam arc thofo which
p.-oducc cotton, oil, and varnifh : indeed the bamboo
may be ranked with them, it growing to a prodigious
frac, and being of the utinoft utility.

The forcfts aft'ord timber for Ihip-building, houfe-
buildins, &c. Here Is a wood that will not cleave,
and is c.iUcd woodmary by the Europeans. Cinnamon-
trees arc natives of Siam, but not fo good as thofe of
Ceylon.

Iron wood grows here, and furnifhcs anchors : there
is likcwife a wood as light as fir, and of the fame colour,
but more fit for carving, as it always ftands the chill'el.

Rice is the chiif grain ufcd here ; but wheat is fome-
tiines fown upon the land that the inundation docs not
csteiid to: this is watered byfmall channels cut through
the fields.

The Siamefc rear piilfe and roots in their gardens ;
and they have radiflus, garlic, anJ potatoes; but no
parfnips, carrots, onions, or turnips ; nor have they
aiiv of the kind of hcibs that we make ufe of in
Liiro|)C.

Tiieir flowers are tuberofes, jen"amines, gilly flowers,
tricdicts, amarantluife^, iVc. but thofe have not the
frjj;rance of the Kuropcan flowers. (Granges, lemons,
citrons and pomegr oiaics grow here, I no other fruit
known in Kurope. Here are mango, ins, tamarinds,
l)jn.\ius, ananas, mangos, durians, &c.

The aniu'als here are tygers, elephants, horfcs, oxen,
buffaloes, (heep, and goats ; there are fome hares, but
no rabbits. As to deer, there is a great plenty of
them.

Peacocks, doves, pigeons, partridge?, fnipes, par-
mts, fp.irrows, and various other birds, are here in
abundance. A bird, called the Noktho, is a very re.
m.iikahle one : it is larger than an oftrieh, and hath a
bill near three feet in length.

The infecis are white ants, marin-gowins or gnats,
milk'pcde« or palmcr-woims, &c.

The Siamefe, in tilling their land, employ both oXcn
and biift'.ilofs ; thefe they guide by a cord run through
the gtidle of the nofes of the animals, with a knot on
ejih fide, that it may not flip: it alfo palVes through
a hole or ting at the head ol the ma.hine iifcd for
ploughing. Nothin,; t.\n be more fimple than thii
(dniith ; it confills of three pieces of wood ; one is a
li)n^ beam, which lirve. lui the drju^hl-trce ur pole;

another is crooked, ferving for the handle; the third
is a ftrong fliort piece fattened underneath at the end of
the handle ; and it is this which bears the (hare. Th6
whole is fixed together by leathern thongs,

S E C' T. III.

Of the Natives ; their Perfons, Drefsy Manners, Cu/loms,
i5'c.

SIAM, confidering its extent, is not very populous.
The people are of fmall fl:ajure, and well propor-
tioned ; their complexions are tawny, and both fexes
have broad faces ; their eyes are fmall, their mouths
large, their lips thick, their nofes fliort, and their jaws
hollow. Their hair is black, thick, and lank; each
fex has it cut fo fliort as to rc.eh only to the top of
their ears, which are particularly large. Doth men and
women dye their teeth black : the great men arc faid to
paint their legs blue, but the ladies never ufe any paint
at all.

People of diftinflion wear a piece of callico or (ilk,
about two ells and a half long, which reaehes to their
knees. Ciieat officers and placemen v^ear, befide?, a
muflin fliirt, as a fort of vcft : it has no neck-band, and
is open before ; the fleeves are not lefs than two feet in
width ; they are without plaits, and reach almoft to
the wrifl. In winter fome put over their flunilJers a
breadth of ftutt", or painted linen, like a mantle or fcarf,
the ends of which are neatly wound about the arms.
The king wears a vert of brocaded fattin under his fliirt,
with (lecves reaching to his wrift ; but none muft wear
this drefs except thofe who are honoured with it from
the prince's own hands, who fomctinies beftows on his
generals a vcft alfo of fcarlet, to be worn only in war,
or in fome great hunting match ; this reaches to the
knees, and buttons before ; it has wide fleeves, which
are fo fhort as not to reach even to the elbow. On thofe
tvvo oecafions, the king and his retinue appear in red ;
his guards have muflin fliirts given them, dyed of that
colour. They wear likewife what they call a cap of
ceremony, which is white, high, and pointed like a
fugar-loaf. That worn by the prince is adorned with a
coronet of precious ftoncs ; and thofe which his officers
wear, have fevcral golden or filver circles, by way of
dirtinguiftiing their refpciSlivc dignities.

The Mahometans have introduced the ufe of popuflics
or flippers, a kind of pointed fhoe, without either quar-
ter or heel ; which they leave at the doors of the houfes
they enter, to avoid foiling the rooms. They approve
of hats for travelling ; thougli very few cover their heads
from the fun's heat, except on rivers, where the refrac-
tion may be too violent.

The men wrap their callico or filkcn garment, (which
the Portuguefe call pagiie) about their loins, putting
one end back between their thighs, and tucking it in
behind ; fo that it refcmbles breeches : the other end
hangs before, and, as they have no pockets, fcrvcs to
tie in a knot for holding their betel.

The women wrap their pagn; about their wairts, and
let it fall halfway down their legs; they cover their
flioulders with other cloth, the end.s ofwhieh hang down
on each fide, but they do not wear any fert t,f cap on
their heads. The common people go almoft naked, and '
have neither flioes nor flippers on their feet. The wo-
men load their fingers with rings, and wear bracelets on
their wrifts and ancklcs, as well as pendants in their ears.
The natives of Siam are remarkably clean and neat ;
they bathe three or four times a day, and perfume thcm-
felves : they wadi their hair with water and fweet oil,
and keep their bli'.k dyed teeth as clean as poflible : they
ipply a pomatum to their lips to render them pale ; for
pale lips and black teeth are the marks of delicacy and
beauty.

Such women as do not chufe to bathe have water
poured upon them : they never go quite naked into a
river, the idea of infamy in the fex being affixed to
nakedncfs ; nor can a greater aftiont be oftered to a
."liamefe lady than the introducing any obfccne cunvcr-
l.iiion. The laws of Siam prohibit the importation of
all Chinefo figures or paintings tending to give olFence
to female mudcfty.

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'74

A NEW COMPLETE SVSTEINI OF GEOGRArHY

I: r

iJry ; r.or is r.ny care bcftowcd on the poultry. As to

The people of this country have very clear iilcas, and
are extri-incly fm.irt in converl'ation : ilicy are by nature-
kind and complaifant, thoujjh rather haughty when too
much riihiiiiflion is flicvvn them. They abhor both
(Irmikcnncfs and adiilttry, and'a riaccrc stlliniim lublifts
between men and their wives, who brini; up their oH-
fpring to be as temperate, modtft, obliging and afiec-
tmiuitc as ihemfelves. Ihey are piutial to ihe cudoms of
their anceftors, and little admire the curiofitics of foreign
tuiintries. They are timoroiis, carekff, ijulolent, and
have an avcrfion to ihe fpillin^ ol hum.in blood.

Their iiliial food is rice and fifli. The fca yields them
Very excellent f.fh of all kinds ; they have fine lobflers,
delicate little turtles, and fnK.ll oy(ler>, betides a va-
riety of fifli that the Erropeans aic unacquainted with.
Here teo are very fine tiver fill), particularly eels ; the)
however pn fer dry falt-fifh, even though itllinlcs; and
tiicy cat mice, rats, Iceulls, and li/ards,

A pound of rice, coiling about a farthing, with a
little lalr-f.lli of no greater value, will I'crvc a Siainef..'
the whole day, their faucc is only a little water, n;ixi.d
with fpiees oi herbs. They have a favouiite difli called
la-la-chaun, made of fniall fifli reduced to a niafll.
They drink arrack, which is very cheap, or elfc com-
mon water. They ul'e bufialo s milk, which ) icids a
fine tiiick cream, and in greater plenty than the n ilk of
our €Ows : 'hey however make no cheefc, and very little
butter. They f<-ldom cat flcfli j \^•hen they do, they
pieferthe intellines. All animal food ihere istouyh and
d
wild fov.l, thcfe they never eat at a

1 hey drink tea when ihey receive company, but do
not put fugar into their cups as \vc do ; they put a bit
of fug.u-c:.n.!y ii to th ir mouths, and fip the tea.

Servants and llavts, wh([i in the preicriCC of their fupo-
riors, muft never (land, bi;t kneel, or fit on lluir heels,
with their heads inclir.cd a Utile, and their hands raifed
to their foreheads. When inferior peoj Ic pafs their fu-
ptriors in the (treet, they bow 'he body, join their hands,
and rail'e them to IhLir heads. In .ifits, rii inferior
proflrates himUU, and never I'peaks till Ipokcn to by the
perfon to whom he makes the \ifit; ;'or the pcrfoii of
fuperlorrank mull always fpeak fiiK. The vifited offers
his p:ace Co the vifitant, and preRiits him with fiuit,
betel, fee.

When a man of quality vifiis his inferior, he walks
upright into the houle, and the '. ifiteJ receives his vifi-
tant at the door, and attends him thereto when he de-
parts. In (liort, the cerci:ii',iies irbkrvcd at Siaiii are
almoft as numerous as thofe of China.

The tight hand is looker! ipon as more honourable
than the left ; and that ;^ ii t of a roem oppofite the door,
ii always oft-'rcd to a vifitor. If there be much com-
pany, they aic 1.11 fcated ;.ceordii.'^ to their rcfpcrilive
rallies in lite.

Thcfe people, however, :u)twithfl; nding their general
ceremonies, are in fomc iiillanees rather indecent ; for
they bekli without ret>i,.int, ai;d with their fingers
wipe ofi' the I'weat from their faces.

The head is in this rountry very p.'culiarly rcfprilcd ;
fi r there cannrrt be a greater atfrunt tfieied than to touch
the head or the h.iir of any perlbn. 1 he icfptel to the
head indeed is (liewn by raifing Jie h.inds to it in the
ccicmony of falutation. When j Utter arrives fiom any
perfon lor whom the receiver las an eflccm, he holds it
up to his head, and perhaps I lys it upon the crown.

The Siamele will never ('-.ep under the feet of their
inferiors. Their houfes, '.hough of but one (lory, rife
gradually, and the iniiermoll apartir.cn's, which arc the
tighelt, are deemed the r.ioll lior.ourablc.

The thildrtn ol t'.ie Siamrtc have much docility and
natural fwcctneis ol klit'potition : ihey arc ipflruihted to
exprefi great mn-el'ty in c\ery actic.i, and all poinUe
fubniiffion to their fupeiicr^. Parents arc the more care-
ful in the edutat.on of tluir children, as they are ac-
lountable for their ofluiees.

'Ihe Si imel'c arc thoroughly vcrfed in all the princi-
ples of refined good-manners: thry are fo cautious ol
faying any thing that may give the leaf! offence, that they
v.'dl nor ..veil relate a ciriuuittanie founded on indilpul-
ablc lavfl, iftheiclc any part of it they judge difagicc-

able even to the moll infignificant in company. They
never plume thenifelves on their own eapicities, cr ;it.
front otliLis for their ignorance. Like the Chir.cfe
they feldoin fpeak in the fir II: prrfon j and behave with
a general relpia, courtefy, and politenefs, which dillni,
giiiili them as a well-bred people.

With refpect to their method of travelling, they ride
on tl e biirt'alo, the ox, and the elephant, tvcry peilbn
has an unlimited privilege to hunt and take a wild ele-
phant, but he mull not kill him : the female is cinploycd
in com.non ufes, and the male is trained for war.

The Siamcfc alfo ride in chairs or fedans, which arc
fipiaie, with flat feats placed on biers, and are car.-'icd
on mens flioulders. To fomc there arc eight men, to
others four. Some of thefe Icdans have a back and ..uns
whilft others arc only cneutnp.iied with a rail. Sonic
arc open at the top, and oth.rs have canojiies. 'lis
ni.t every pcrf.n, however, who can ride in one of
thcCc fedans ; 'tis an honour allowed only to great people
of the court. The Luropcans have the privilege of rid.
ing in palanquinf, or canopied couches, carried on nuiii
(houl.ers. Un.brillas' are not allowed but to fueh na-
tives as have the king's royal faniflion for them.

The Siamele difpofe of their daughters in marriage at
a very early age. If the parents of the maiden apjuoic
of her lover, they confult an allrologcr, after the ni..tch
hath been propofed by women advanced in years. The
tortunc-teller is to infcrm them whether the match will
be h,:ppy or not ; that is, in faci, he is to know whj.
ther the man be opulent or not ; for I'uch is the defpotifm
of the government, that individuals arc oblgcd to hi.:;
their wealth. If the anfwer of the nflndoger be l.u
vourable, the Uner makes three formal vifits to ii^s
miftrefs : on the thiid vifit, the relations of the paniej
meet, when the young lady's portion is paid, and th;
marriage is looked upon as fully compleated, wiih.i.t
further ceremony, lor the piefcnt. However, a l\w
days afterwards the new-married couple arc fprinkUJ
with water appropriated for ihal piiipofe, and prayers
arc olTered to heaven for their felicity. The wedding
is then celebrated with featting, dancing, and mufie
at the houfe of the bridt's father. *

Men have the liberty of marrying fevcral wives ; very
few, however, except :he higher elallcs, marry merj
than one; and this is doneratle.' for grandeur and Hate
than from motives of either convenience or reg.ird,
Thofe \uio have many wives, ilile one of them tlio
chief or great wife, to whom th: others arc fubordi-
nate ; for the latter, though legitimate, are confidenvl
as fl.ives-, being pii'clafed. M.irriage is forbidden in the
firll degree of kindieJ ; yet a man ni.iy marry the filter
of his wife, after the death of the latter. The fut-
ceffion in families is in the children of the great wife;
thofe of the other wives are, like their mothers, dcemtj
flaves, and may be fold as fueh by the heir at law.

The wives of the ordinary clafs of men hert work
for their hufljands, and maintain thcin during the whole
time thvy are in the fervice of the prince, which i?
about fix months in the year : they till the land, buy
an. I fell goods, and do other neccllary bufincfs.

Divorce is heie tolerated, on condition that the liuf-
band rcllores to his wife the portion flic brought him,
In this cafe, the children are divided equally between
the difuniting parties, who are at liberty to marry
again as foon as ihey ple.ile. People of relleaion and
reputation, however, avoid thefe divorces if poflible,
well knowing that they do them no credit ; and in ge.
neral, as hath been already ohierved, the mar-
ried people live together in great harmony and efleciii.
The hufband, who has abfolutc authority in his familv,
can dilpolc of all his wives except the chief, and alio
of the children of fueh wives.

The women of Siam are faid to be more irn.iciouj
and jealous of the honour of their huaiaruU, than the
latter are themfelves. They have a ftrict regard to
virtue, and cannot bear the' fmallell hlemifh on their
reputations. At lead, this is the charaiiter of the wo-
men in general.

'ihe Siamele bury their dead In lacquered coffins:
thefe they place upon a table, till every neccllary pre-
paration is nudt; lui the funeial, in ih« mean time

thev

ASIA.

Empire of S I A M.

^7S

thcv light up tapers, anJ burn perfumes. The tala-
noiiis or pricfts adcmblc, and fiiig ftanzas for which
thfV arc well requited by the relaiions of the diceafed.
The corpfc, in proper time, is ta!:cn into the fields to
be burnt ; the pile is made near feme temple, in a fquare
fpot of ground fenced with bamboo. The body is de.
coi;itcJ with gilt and ftaincd paper, rcprcfentiitive of
bifJs, flowers, fruit, &c. which are for the ufc of the
dt'ce.ifed in 'he other world, where fuch emblems ar^
fiinpofed to be animated and realized.

Tlic proceHion of the corpfe to the funeral pile is at-
fcniled by various inftrumcnts of fulcrr.n niufic, and the
mourners are all in white.

On tiieir arrival at the place, the body is taken out of
the coffin, and laid on the pile ; then the priclls fing,
and a iire-work is foon played oft", Abo'it noon (for'tis in
the morning the dead are thus earned) the pile is fet
tire to, and the afties of tlie dere.if d arc afterwards de-
nol'tcd in fomc part of the tem) le.

The poorer (Hn of people do not burn ihe bodies of
the r ileceafcd relations, but cither privately inter them,
or elfe cxpofc them on a fcitfold in the open fi.ld,
vVherc they arc devoured by birds of prey.

As to the religion of the Si.iii.cl'c, they arc taught,
by their talapoins, that the foul tranfmigrates ; that all
lutiire is animated, and informed by a'fational foul ;
th.it heaven, earth, woods, hills, vales, water, (ire, and
hoiil'cs, arc animated by fomc fpirit ; that the foul ol
ni.m pafles through many Ihitcs, and is then confined to
an human bodv, to be puniflicd for its crimes : ;.nd,
the better to efiablifh the doiHrinc of this pre-cxiftence
of the foul, fomc of the talapoii.s pcrfuadc their difci-
plcs they even icmcmber their fever.il tranfmigrations.
The foul, they fay, is formed of fuch fubtile matter as
not to be touched or fcen, and yet after death retains
•he human fliapc : but though the foul be material, yc
it is by no means periOiable, but animates the body ol
fomc other creature : it is fenfihle of pain and pleafurc,
and will at length rc-animatc an human body. They
believe too, there are certain places beyond the vifible
globe where they (lull he rewarded for their good or
b.ul aftiorib : there are nine diftirivit regions of happincfs
and miferv ; the foul docs not pafs immediately from one
itatc to another, but has new birih wherever it goes;
therefore, they maintain, it (lands in need of fuch things
as it had been I'upplrcd with in this Irfe; hence they
burn various eftcits and cmbhmatic figures v\'ith the
dead ; .nnd implore the latter to do them no hurt in this
life, as they have fo amply provided for them.

They maintain that the foul relidcs in the blood, and
therefore deem it improper to open a vein, or make any
incifion in the flefti, by whiJi the blood might iflucoirt.

As to the nine degrees of ftlieitv and pirnilhnient, as
we have jull rnciitioned above, they believe that the nine
fitll arc above this world, and the other nine under our
feet. The higheU of the lirlf nine is the place of
niolf blifs, and the loweft of the fecond nine tlie place
of moft niiliry. Hut however great may be the felicity
cf the higheft paradrfc, yet that felicity is not eternal,
nor exempt from inquietudes ; frncc it is a (fate in which
a p rfon is not only born, but alfo dies. The true pa-
ladile is of anoiher kind. If, after feveral tranfmigra-
tions, a foul, by the good works done in each new
life, arrives at fuih a <legrce of merit, that there is not,
in any of the worlds, any mortal condition which is
worthy of it, then iliry fay, it enjoys the Hireupan j
that is, 1 has difjppcared, and will return no more to
any world, hut remain in a Hate of eternal impalVabr-
Irty aird happincfs. This is, properly, the Indian's
heaven.

When a prrfon, yet living, is fuppofed to have me-
rited this everlafling (tale of happirief:, they afcribc to
him great ilrcngth boih of intclleds and body j they
fiippofe he pofleli'es univerl'al knowledge j that he re-
members every thing that oteurred lo him during his
feveral tranfniigrations, and knows what is to happen
tril the period of his departure from this Irfej that,
hi fore his exit, he (hall have th? power of working mi-
racKs ; and that his death will be of a more noble
krird than th.rt ol other people ; he (Ilitll vanilh, lay
they, like a (park lu(l in the air.

It is to the memory of thcfe fiippofed pcffcfl beings,
that the Sianiefe crcrt and dedicate their temples : but
the perfon who, they pretend, has furpaflcd the men
that ever lived a life of rightcoufncfs, and to whom they
therefore pay adoration, is Sommona Kodom. Kodom
was the proper name of this man ; and Sommona figni-
fies a talapoin of the woods.

The books of the talapoins aflirm, that the above
holy perfon was the (on of a prince of Ceylon, and
that he not only cxhaufttd his whole fubflance in con-
tinued acts of munificence, but even pulled out his own
eyes, and then flayinn- his wite and children, gave them
to the talapoins (or The fame books alfo aflert,

that before the entrai, A the above extraordinary cha-
raelcr into the paradife of eternal blifs, he had acquired
an amazing corporal ftrength, and could work miracles,
being c-ipable of extending his earthly frame to what-
ever dimenfions he thought proper, and then of dimi-
nifhing it even to fo finall a point, as to become totally
invifible,

IJut whatever power they afcribe to this great Som-
inon.i Kodom, they do not maintain that his power ex-
tends over other nations ; nor do they confider him as
the irirtrtiitor of their religion, but only the reftorer of
it, after mankind had relinquilhed fuch wife precepts
as had been originally laid down for them.

The Siamefe allow of the prai5\ice of all religions,
and never wifh to convert any perfon : they do not,
like the Europeans, extol faith as a grand virtue ; they
believe, becaufe they know not how to doubt j much
Icfs are they pcrfuadcd that there is a mode of worfliip
which ought to be the cftabli(hcd religion of all na-
tions. The priefts do not hold, that a foul fhall be
punifhed for denying their traditions ; for they them-
felvcs have a rclpcct for every religion, even if they
.arinot immediately comprehend it. They do not ima-
gine their religion to have proceeded from heaven, or
that it is in every point confillent with reafon : they
frankly acknowledge that there are inconfiftcncies in their
lacrcd hooks ; yet, upon the whole, infift that their reli-
gion is founded in truth and virtue : they hold it to Iiave
been born with man, and penned by fomc extraordinary
human judgment that never committed any kind of fin,
though uninfpired.

We fhall clofe this feiflion with obferving, that the
principles of the Siamefe morals are reduced to five ne-
gaiivc precepts.

The firit precept, " Kill nothing," is extended to
vegetables and feeds, as well as animals ; becaufe they
believe the feed contains the plant, or is only the plant
itfcif uirder a cover. The perfon, therefore, who keepj
the precept inviolate, can live folely upon fruit, which
thcv confider only as part of a thing that has life, and
which thing does not (u(Ver by having its fruit plucked
(iom it : but in eating the fruit, the kernel mu(t not be
devoured, as being a feed. The precept even forbids
the diftruiSlion of any thing in nature ; becaufe, as hath
been alreidy remarked, they fuppofe every thing to be
animated with a rational fpirit. 'Ihus they believe, that
to break a branch of a tree, is like breaking the arm of
an innocent man, and offends the foul of the tree; but
when once the (bul has been difiodged from any body,
they think there is no crime in feeding upon the latter,
Tlry have methods of evading many of the rules or«
daincJ by their religion,

The fecond precept, «' Steal nothing," is moft
rtriflly and religioudy obfervcd ; as is the third gene-
rally, " Commit no impurity," The fourth, " Lye
not, nor dander," is enforced with great warmth and
zeal by the talapoins, and obferved, as much as the
fiailty of the human heart will admit, by their difci-
plrs. The fifth and laft precept, •' Drink no intoxi-
cating liquors," prohibits not only the drinking ftrong
liquors to cxccfs, but even the drinking them at all,

SECT. IV.

Pavlicular Aumnt cf tht Talapoim and TtihpmiJJis,

HERE arc talapoins of the woods, and thofe of
_ the towns ; but as any perfon who is learned may
become a talapoin, he who inclines to enter into the

fpiritual

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1 76

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CEOORAPIlt.

fpiritual brotherhood, firft applies properly for aJmif-
fion, and then afliimcs the dilHnguilhing habit, which
is a garment ot" various colours ; but he has no fliirt or
veft, and goes bareheaded and barctbotcd. The habit
confifts of four pieces of cloth ; the one is the angfa, a
kind of (houldcr-belt, five or fix inches broad; tiny
wear it on the Icfi (hnuUler, and button it with a fiiigic
button on the right hip. Over this belt they have an-
other, called the pafliivon, reaching; to the ground both
behind and before, and leaving the two arms, with all
the right flioulder free. Over this is the papat, which
reaches low behind, as well as to the middle bcfi)rc, and
is generally of a led colour. They i;ird the whole with
a piece of yellow cloth c.illcd rappakod, that completes
the four pieces of which their habit confills.

The talapoins have (hinge conceptions of the na-
ture of fin i for, fuppofiiig their ideas in this rcfpeift to
be ever fo comprehenfive and juff, they, however, \ io-
late, for convcnicncy, the Ih.ctelt rjlcs. For inltancc,
though they thcmfelves refrain fioni the commiflion ot
aiflions repugnant to the piinciplcs of their icligion, yet
they readily connive at whatever the laity do. 'I'lui';,
rice being a feed, they will not boil it, as boiling it is
killing it J but they will eat it when boiled, nor be dif-
pleafed with thole who commit the fin. Whatever fins
the laity commit, thcfe fathers c.\piatc by their good
works.

A talapoin is never fuffercd to Intermeddle in any dale
affairs ; nor mull he, if avantidufly inclijud, in the Icafl
flievv it : he mull never adorn hia apparel, or betray anv
particular fondnefs for women.

The fpirit of the inftitution of this holy order is to
iead a life of devotion and penitence for the iins of other
people. They fubfirt entirely upon alms, and are con-
ftrained, fo long as they continue to follow their pro-
fclTion, to live finglc, on pain of being burnt; but not
burnt to death ; or the authors of the Univcrfal Hiflory
arc in a great miftakc when they fay, " It is one of the
privileges of the talapoins, that they cannot be put to
death."

The talapoins are ignorant of the founder of their
order, though the people think them and their doftiine
a] antient as the world itfolf.

Thefe fathers educate children, and at every new and
full moon expound the principles of their religion in
the temples. When the rivers fwcll, they preach con-
ftantly every day, both morning and afternoon, till the
inundation fublidcs. They relieve each other, and fit
crofs-legged, in a high itate-chair; and when each con-
cludes his fermon, the people give him alms : fo that
thofe who are induftrious in preaching, loon become
rich.

" This time of the inundation, fays an author, may
be called the Lent of the talapoins : their falling is to
eat nothing from noon ; they only chew betel."

When the rice harvefl: is got in, the talapoins of the
towns go every night, for three weeks I'ucccflively, to
watch in the fields, under little huts, and in the day re-
turn and deep in their cells, near the temples. In the
centre of their temporary habitations ftands the hut of a
fupcrior. They make no fires to guard thcmfelves
againft the wild bealls, their fancHty being deemed alone
fufficient to protett them. But it muft be confidercd,
that in this feafon the beads meet with a good deal of
forage, and are not fo (harply on the hunt as at other
times : bcfidcs, the pricfts generally take care to have
their huts fccurcd by fome fence. The people, however,
attribute their prcfervation entirely to the purity and ho-
linefs of their manners. They think th.it a tyger, when
coming up to a talapoin, will only lick his hands and
feet, and then leave him.

At dawn of day, the talap(;ins rife and wafh thcm-
felves. They then attend a fupcrior to the temple, and
fpend two hours in prayer, and finging hymns, which
are engraved in the B.di tongue upon long and broad
leaves. Both the talapoins and the people prollrate
themfclves three times upon entering, as well as leaving
the temple : the objcfl of their homage is a great idol in
the building.

As foon as fervice is over, the piiefts go and beg alms
in the ftrcet : their begging is of a peculiar nature ;

thy have an iron bdwl in a piece of liix-n, which iV.cv
throw acrofs their fliouldeis by means of a cuid, ami
then fix thiniielvis at Ionic door, « lliout opining;
their lips: the people, however, generally give tlKi.i'
fomcihiii'.', and, vvuh whatever tiKy get, thiy rep.iii (j
the temple, to make an oll'ering of it to the iUul.

Having breaklalled, they apply thcmfelves to ftu,!y,
and the jnllrui.'tion of their pupils ; in the aftcnio.-a
ihey llecp ; and towards ni;;ht, after fpending twohuuis
ill pr.iyer and finging, they rtfrefh thcmfelves with fume
fruit, and retire to their natural rclt.

At every iijw and full moon the people wafli the t.i.
lapoins, alter thefe pricfls have fliavcd iheir faces, he.uls,
and eye-brows ; and when a fupcrior ot a convent di; s,
another is elected in his loim by the brotherhood. The
name of the fiiperior is Chaw- \' at, or a lord of the
convent. The highcft, however, in oftiee, is the S.iii-
krat, who ordains the talapoins, .'S our bifliops do their
pricds. But though the fankrnts ah.ne can conditme a
talapoin, yet the jurifdiclion of the former extends no
farther than jud over the people of their own paiticu-
lar convent.

The clergy ha\c great privileges granted them;
among others, they are exempt from fervices under the
king, who therefore, led they become too numcroui;,
ciules them to be examined, at particular times, as to
their knowledge of the Baly language, and of the holy
writings. If ihey arc not deemed I'udieiently learned,
he reduces them to a fecular date. Some thcufaiidi
were reduced in the year 118-.

The talapoincfics are nuns who live with the tah-
poins in the fame convents; which convents are a num-
ber of fingle houfes danding upon bamboo pillars at a
Imall didance from .aeh other. Of their temples wo
fliall give an arcoupt, when wc defcribe the city of
Siam.

Though the talapoinefies rcfidf with the men in the
fame convents, yet, uS they aic never admitted t.ll tlhy
are old, there is no apprchenfion of a criminal con-
nexion. Every pcribn w ho goes to a cunvent, goi >
there entirely by choice, and li.is liberty to leave it
whenever he or fhe plcafes.

SECT. V.
0/ th{ Laivi of Siam, au.l Pui.ijhitwiti ihf'uitJ J'.i

THE laws of Siam are contained in three lain.c volumes,
enjoining an unlimited obedience lioiii children
III their parents, and luhjcifling the former entirely lo
the iiirifjiiiiion of the latter.

The governors of provinces have the fole command
in both civil and military concerns.

With regard to puinfhmcnts for offences, fome arc
equitable and rational, others ridieuluus and barba-
rous.

The ufual punidiment for robbery is the bciiij
ohli!.'cd to pay double the /aluc of the effVifls ftolen, or
the luftering corporal punifhmcnt, as the dcliiuiuent
may perhaps have no edecis to compenfate with. Who-
ever hc'c wron,ifiilly keeps pofleflion of another man'-
edatc, is confiderid in the light of a thief or robber ;
fo that, when cjctlcd by law, he is not only obliged to
give up the inheritance to its ri(^ht owner, but alio to
pay, exclufivcly, the full value of fuch edate ; half of
which goes to the party injured, and the other half to
the judge who tries the caulc.

Perfons guilty of rebellion are ripped up alive; aiul
thofe convifled of treafon or murder arc trampled 10
death by elephants. If a great man of the court be de-
tcclcd in embezzling any of the royal ttcafurc, they
pour melted lead or other metal down his thnut.
Omidions, in a general execution of orders, are
puniflied by cutting the head with a fword, called
pr-icking the head, as if to punidi the memory.
The baftinado is fometimes exerciled in a very rigoroui
manner. Alniod the finalhd appearance of guilt con-
firms the crime, and to be acculed is nearly enough lo
render a man culpable. When a perfon, however, di-
figns to profecute anorher, he is obliged to draw up a
petition, rn which he dates his complaint, and prefcnts

:optc wafli the U-,
ilicir faces, hcaJs,
of a loiivint liii 1,
rothcihood. Tho
a lorJ of i!ic
jfticc, is thf .S.iii-
r bifliops do tlicir
c can conftituie 3
forniCT cxiiiuls no
;hcir own paiticu-

i granted them ;
erviccs iindir the
le too nuincrou5,
ciilar times, a* to
, and of the holy
tficiently Ic.irncd,
Sonic thtufaiidj

v'C with the tah-
nvenis are a niim-
\nibco pillais at a
their icniplcs wo
fcribc tlic city of

It the men in tlie

admitted till th>y

a cjiiiiinal cun-

a cuMVi-nt, £01.

hcrty to lea\c it

i/ieiiti ihfiLitd J„i-

hrrrl.irn.c volume?,
ICC hum childtia
foimcr entirely to

the fole command

ifFcnces, fonie arc
iluu3 and barba-

;ry is the bcinj
: effects ftolen, or
\i the delinquent
rate with. Who-
of another ni.in''
a thief or robbei ;
ot only obliged to
)wncr, but alfn to
ich dlate; half of
I the other half to

led up alive ; and
• arc trampled to
F the court be de-
yal treafurc, they
own his throji,
of orders, are
a fword, called
(h the meniorv.
Ml a very rigoroui
ncc of guilt con-
nearly enough to
in, howcvci, di-
^ed tu draw up a
lint, and prefcnis
It

ASIA.] '. ■ EmP I R6 OF

it to a Nail of chief, who conveys it to the governor of
the province in which the offence was committed. When
tvery thing is prepared for trial, the parties have fum-
monfes lent them to tnake their pcrfonal appearance in
court ; where, merely by way of form, they arc advil'cd
to con'ipromife matters. At length, however, the go-
vernor fixes upon a day for all parties to attend again ;
and on this day, if fufficient telUmonies are not pro-
duced as to matter of fadt, and admifliblc defences
made,' both plaintiff and defendant are coiiftrained to
walk 'upon red-hot coals, and he who efcapes unhurt
is looked upon to be innocent. In fome cafes the par-
tics arc oblintd to put their hands into boiling oil ; and
in both thefc ordeal trials, by fome dexterous manage,
nicnt, one or the other of the parties is faid to remain
rnhurt. Loubierc relates, that a Frenchman, from
vhoin a Siamefe had ftolen fome tin, not having fuf-
ficient proof to convift the offender, was advifed to put
his hand into a pot of boiling oil, with this afiurance,
that if he was juft in his accufation tho oil could not
poffihly hurt him. The Frenchman agreed to the trial,
but alnioft confumcd his hand, whilft the Siamefe, who
had readily fubmitted to the fame proof, drew his hand
out of the oil unhurt.

There is alfo a proof in this country, by placing the
parties under water, and he who can remain there
lonireft is fuppofed to be innocent. Sometimes emetic
rills' are adminiftered, and he who can keep them on
his ftomach without vomiting, is looked upon as guilt-
kfs. " Tliete trials, fays An author, are made in the
nrcfence of the king and magiftrates ; and it fometimcs
happens that the former caufes both plaintiff and de-
fendant to be thrown to tygcrs, and if either of the per-
fops has the good fortune to efcape, he is deemed iiiiio-

We (hould, from the nature and extreme abfurdity of
thefe trials (which are praftifcd in other parts of the
world as well as Siam,) fuppofe them to have been long
fince abolilhed, had we not the concurrent affirmations
of refpcaable authors to the contrary. We will flatter
ourfelves with the hopes, however, that ignorance and
infatuation do not caufe fo frequent an exercife of them
as in earlier ases. The committing a couple of men to
the fury of a tyger, is the very excels of equal ignorance
and cruelty 1 for if both be devoured, what proof of in-
nocence is there in either ?

The provinces frequently appeal from one to another ;
and the prcfident of the tribunal in the city of Siam, can
reverfe a judgment given in any of them, except the pro-
vince appeals to the king ; fo that where the parties are
opulent, a fuit is fometimcs very tedious and cxpenfive ;
and when the poorer fort of people have formidable ad-
verfarics to cope with, their innocence is but a (lender
fliield to them. Suits ought alwsys toend in three days,
but fome laft as many years. They have no attornics j
the parties either ad, and fpcak for theitifelves, or
depute fome relation ; and what each fays is minuted
down by the governor's clerks.

'I'he funftrons of governor and judge in the capital
are divided into two offices ; and the fubordinatc offices
are given to the principal officers of Hate, who compofe
a tribunal in the palace royal, and to whom all appeals
are made. Indeed when the king removes from thence,
the prcfident liilpenfcs julticc in a tower out of the royal
inclofure; and to him alone belong the determinate voice.
Judgment is never executed without a fpccial comntif-
lion from the king 1 and to prevent opprcffion being
exercifetl by the governors of provinces, officers arc
appointed to repeat to the king every thing that paffes,
incaufcsof particular confcquencc in the courts of judi-
cature : the falutary intention of this conftitutional mea-
fuie, however, is generally defeated by a connivance be-
tween the officers.

As we have, in the courfc of this fcilion, fpoken of
the punifhment inflided for treafon, we fliall add a
nuotation from an author who treats of the trial of capt.
Hamilton for that offence at Siam, in the year 1719.

" In 1719, Captain Hamilton being at Siam, and
coiivcrling with Oya Senncrat, a m.n in power, about
I. mie alteration in the Knglilh treaty of commerce, hap-
jxiicJ to fay, that " the king had been impolcd on."' |

Now it Iten
Siam can i
captain mi%
.tnd brought to
appeared •"■ wifl
lifon, who alfiii
words in thi-
afked by the j
the former ackn

♦7-/

the merely faying that the king of

ttwng b- deceived, is treafon. The

re in 'ew days i;rken into cufiody,

ourt rf ,iitice, w .re Oya Sennerat

, ai brought .videncc one Col.

captain utter tho

lut Collifon facing

that ljn)>u , and

Jt, the Li\

c h heard
lUn language
he undtriio
. ^ing he (lii: jt, the ta| **t

acquitted. Had he been conviii<eu, lu woui ' n

immediately executed on the fpot, the elepii .uig

ready."

Lefler crimes are ufually punifhrd in 1 vcr\ litable
manner; for lying, the mouth is fewed up neat is

obliged to walic about fcveral days with a (m. ''n

pillory about his neckj and one who is guilty 01 dl.uii:
ing another with a malicious intent, is fentenccd to b«
quickfet, that is, fct in the ground up to the flioulders,
and his head fcvercly buffetted about. In thefe rational
punifliments, itriil equity fcems to deal her judgments
with impartiality,

" Of all the virtues, equity is beft,

" Valour without it is a common pert ;

" Pirates and thieves too oft with courage grac'J,

" Shew us how ill that virtue may be plac'd :

" 'Tis our complexion makes us chatte or brave,

" Juftice from reafon, and from heaven we li.ive ;

" All other virtues dwell but in the blood,

" That in the foul, and gives the name of good."

Yet it cannot bedcnied, that in Siam, as well as other
places, favour may be bought ; equity is frequently facri-
ficed to a bribe, and the fmiles of the law are dil'pofed of
to the bell bidder.

" Laws bear the name, but money has the power,

" The caufe is bad whene'er the client's poor ;

" Thofe ftrift-liv'd men, that fcem above our worlj, i

" Are oft too modeft to refift our gold, N

" So judgmtHl, like our other wares, is fold ; J

" And the grave knight that nods ufon the laws,

" Wak'd by a fee — Hems ! and approves the caufe." '

They have, however, one excellent cuftom here, which
is, that none are permitted to upbraid a delinquent with
his offence, after he has fuffered the fentence of the law ;
nay, the crime is fo little thought of after thepuniftiment
has been inflitlcd, that the perfon is carcfled as much
as ever ; and an offender who is one day in the utmoft
difgracc, may the next be advanced to the highcft dig-
nity Vol by his fuffering

" The fcurf is worn away of each committed crimC}
" No fpcck is left of his habitual flains,
«' But the pure a;ther of the foul remains."

S E C T. VI. . .' ,

0/lhfir Laitgitnges and Learning.

THE natives of Siam have t\fo language's, x'lt. the
Siamefe and th*- Bali : the latter is their learned
and facred language, . .t former has thirty-fcvcn, the
Bali thirty-three letters, all confonants. The Siamefe
refembles the Chinefe in fome refjicfls : it has neither
inflexions of nouns or verbs, thefc being fupplied by
four or five particles, placed either before or after the
veib.

The favourite ftudy of the people of Siam U arith-
metic, in which they ufe ten chara\5tcrs as we do, and
ate very ready in calUng up accounts.

They have no ideas ot the graces of oratory j nor
have they the art of printing among them : books are
engraved with an iron pencil.

riicy have very flender conceptions of philofophy:
and as to the laws of their country, thefe they do not
ftudy, unlefs placed in fome office whero a knowledge
of them is efl'cntially requifite.

As to aftronomy, they know nothing of the fyftem of
Y y the

! ,H

■; I

, !■:

;'' !M

'P\

1 i

ii!

! ' ! ;-

M-

ll'\

i' 1
I ill

il-'f

:■?■

¥k

: ! V

j -1

i '.

!i : -

' 1'

kill

I !1 I

I ' .i

-,*.■(

I.I

H i

.' I

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

■!■• II

the world : like the Chincfc, they think that cclipfcs are
occafioned by a mighty drngon ready to dcllroy both the
fun and moon, and therefore make a gic.u noife with
brafs pans, &c. to frighten away the monftcr. They
believe the earth to be fquare, on whofe extremities the
iirch of the firmament rcfts.

Their calendar has been regulated twice by able Euro-
pean allronomers, who have taken two epochas, diftin-
gulflied for fome rare conjunflion of the planets: the
nrft refers to the year 54.5 before Chrift ; the fecond to
the 638th after Chrift. Their year they divide into
three leafons, beginning it at the firft moon of Novem-
ber or December : they have no clocks, but judge of
the time by the fun : they have four watches for the
ni^ht i and in a court of the royal palace, there is an
hollow veflel with a fmall hole therein ; and this, fet
upon water, gradually lets it in, till it finks juft as the
hour expires ; and then particular pcrfons about the
palace (irikc loudly upon copper bafons, to 'proclaim the
expiration of the hour.

As to aftrology, no affairs of confequonce arc ever
undertaken without a previous confultation with fomc
prophetic and learned fagc in that fublimc fcience.

They fcarce know any thing of anatomy or medicine ;
indeed there arc fomc phyficians among them ; but thefe
muft aft with great caution : for if they prefcribe for
the king or royal family, and do not give relief, they
are fevcrcly cudgeled. They cure moll dil'cafes by fudari-
fics : their whole prafticc of phyfic confifts in ufing cer-
tain receipts handed down from their anccftors, Thephy-
ficians fometimcs prefcribe purgatives, but very feldom
emetics. Their chief difeafes arc fluxes and dyfenteries ;
and the fmall-pox often makes great havock amongfl
them. When a patient is paft all cure, they fay he is
enchanted.

An author, fpeaking of thefe people, fays, " They
know nothing of chymiilry, though they paflionatcly afFca
it ; .-ind fome boall of profound fecrets. A king of Siani
once fpeiit a prodigous fum in fcarch of the philofo-
pher's done."

As to mufic, they ufe a kind of violin, with three
Ar'ngs, and a fhrill hautboy ; alfo little drums and cop>
per bafons ; but neither play nor flng by any kind of
notes. They have alfo a trumpet that makes a very
harfli noife.

When the king goes out, and the whole royal band
attend him, the founds have an extraordinary effect
upon an European ear.

SECT. VII. ,

Oftht King ! gtntral Relation of this dij^clic Msitttrch, in-
cluding an Account of his Pakcf, Guards, r.nd Eltfhants.
Of the Ladies who attend on his Majejiy : of the ^leen :
ef the King's annual Procejfims j of !/;; Army, Navj/,
and royal Revenues,

TH E king of Siam, who' claims a kindred with all
the flats, is a moll: defpotic prince, and is almoft
adored by his fubjefts : even his minjllcrs, when in
council) never mufl prefume to fpeak to him but upon
their knees. His palace is a mofl fplcndid edifice, fitu-
ated on an eminence, and may be compared to a city,
fo extenfivc is it, and fo grand are its feveral pyramids,
towers, 5cc. This fupeib pile, which Hands on the
north fide of the city of Siam, and is built with brick, is
furrounded by three inclofures, and fpacious courts be-
tween each wall. The apartments of the king and
queen are in the innermoft court, which includes ^veral
elegant gardens. The people always prallrate them-
felvcs on entering or quitting this inner court.

An intelligent author, fpeaking of the royal palace,
fay.*:, " It is a mile and a half in circumference, and
divided by courts : in the two firft »■-" lodged the ofHcers
of the king's houlhold } and in the others arc I'ill to he
fccn fame old apartments of the ancient Siaim ;> n -
narchs, eftcemcd as facred places, with lovely row^ f
trees before them. There are alfo fomc antique tempi ,
grand and ornamental. The king's apartment, which i^
in the innermoft court, was but newly built when the
Frenth ambafTadors were at Siam : the gold, which glit-
ters iu a thoufand placet, diftinguifho it from the uilier

buildings : nor can any thing be better done than tV.a
carved work with which it is adorned on every fiJc.
The queen's, which is very magnificent, adjoins to the
kind's."

The palace gates are always kept Ihut j and at each
gate ftands a porter, who, on any perfon's wanting ad-
milHon, informs an officer of it ; and no one can ever
be admitted that has drank any fpirituous liquor; on
whiih account the officer always fmells the breath of
thofc who enter. There arc always fix hundred foldicrs
in and about the palace; but thefe are never armed,
except on particular occafions. They ate the king's exe-
cutioners as well as guards, and a patty of them tow hit
balon when he goes on the water.

I'he king has alfo two bodies of horfe-guards, who
are natives of Laos and Mcen ; and a third compofed
partly of the natives of Indoflan and Chincfe Tartary.
Thefe horfc-guards always attend bis majefly when h«
goes abroad ; but it muft be obferved, tjiey arc never
fuft'cred to be within the palace gates.

In the firfl inclofure of the royal pa)ace are the flablea
of the bcft elephants and horfes : the former arc named
by the king, and attended with great care; that which
has the moli honourable name, is treated with the grea-
ter rcfpcft. They have always their rich trappings on
when taken out of the flables ; and the people have an
opinion that thefe fagicious animals poflefji the fouls that
formerly lived in the bodies of great and famous men.
The king will never ride upon a white elephant, from
a notion that it is animated with the foul of Ibmc prince.
His majefty is (tiled, king of the white elephant ; a title,
however, which the king of Pegu difputes with him.

In thr innermoft court of the palace, where, as we
have obferved, the apartments of the king and qiieon
are, there are handfome halls, befides a grand hall nf au-
dience ; at two corners of the latter there are two noble
doors, afcended by a flight of fteps : the window has
three umbrellas, one before it with nine rounds, and
two on each fide with feven ; the umbrella being, in
this country, a mark of flate, as the canopy is in Eu.
rope. In this hall the officers receive their orders, by
the intervention of forty pages divided into four bands,
who proftrate themfelves, half on the right hand, and
half on the left, while the monarch (hews himfelf at a
window looking intpthe hall.

None but ladies are allowed to ati... :' his Siamefc
majefty in his bedchamber, who drefs and undrefs him,
except indeed putting on his night-cap, which he does
himfelf, as nobody mufl touch his head. His pro-
vifions are drefTed by females alfo, who. wait on him at
table, after fome little ceremony between them and the
eunuchs with regard to the bringing in the difhes.

But though the king is thus attended by women, he
has gentlemen of the wardrobe ; the mod diflinguiihcd
of whom has the honour of having in his care his ma-
jefty's golden cup.

The queen has her elephants an4 balons, and is at-
tended with great pomp wherever (he goes : (he, however,
is not fecn by any body except her female attendants and
eunuchs; for (he is always in a chair inclofed with
curtains.

The eldeft fon of the queen docs not always fucceed
to the crown, but generally the eldeft fon of the king by
the firfl concubine that brings him a child. Daughter*
never inherit the throne.

When the king goes abroad, he either rides upran an
elephant moft richly caparifoned, or is carried in a grand
chair. Once a year he palTei through the city, with a
numerous train of elephants, and bands of muiic. The
populace, during the procefTion, fall proftrate at the
approach of his majclly, and rife, after he has paffed
them, to gaze at him.

Once a year alfo he (hews himfelf on the river in a
grand balon covered with a rich canopy : fcveral thou-
fand other balons are fcen upon the water at the fame
time, forming a moll elegant fight. He is rowed to a
temple on the oppofitc (hore, where the priefls pray for
him, and prefcnt him with a couplo of yards of cotton
cloth, fpun and woven on that d.iy. At lun-fet ho
leaves the temple, and is rowed back to the palace.

An author, fpeaking of the king of Siam 's water pro-

ccfGon,

ASIA.] / " EmpI RB (

tcffion, (ayi, " His rearon for honouring the river and
his pec>pl<= >' ''>■' time, is to forbid the water rifing above
fuch an height, or to continue increafing above fuch a
number of days : however, it often difobeys his majetly's
commands,"

Koofficer or other perfun muft ever prefumetoapproach
the king in his royal apartment without a previous order
eiven him : this is a law made for the pilncc's fafety.

The great officers muft never vifit each other pri-
vately ; the vifit muft be on fome public .occafion j and
they muft always fpealc loud, fo as to be heard i for if
they fpealc in a low tone of voice, it is fulpeiflcd they
are conlpiring againft the ftat« i and evtcy perfon who
hears any thing faid that is not favourable to govern-
ment, is under a neceflity of commencing informer; for
'tis death to conceal it ; and ti.erc always a number
of fpies ready on the fpot, to make general obfervations
of the company.

Thoii;h it is high treafon to fay the Icing can be de-
ceived, .et he is often and eafily deceived ; for all in-
formers are diflioneft, and the Indian princes love to be
flaticrcd : the courtiers conceal their real fcntimcnts from
their prince, and the prince conceals his own from them :
they muft never prefume to point out any error the fo-
vcrcign hai committed^ or be fo bold as to tell him that
it is impoflible to execute what he commands j they
therefore implicitly obey him, and if they mifc.nrry, ex-
cufc the mifcarriage afterwards in the gentleft terms.

The common people live in much greater fecurity and
happinefs than the nobility and officers of the crown j
for honours here never lead to happinefs, but to anxiety,
dread, and a perpetual difturbance of mind. " The
common people, fays a refpeftable author, enjoy plca-
furi's which their foperiors are ftrangtrs to ; nor indeed
»re they fo liable to be oppreffed ai the fubjciSs of fome
other countries, free accefs to the throne being always
had when complaints are to be made,"

That no individual (a talapoin excepted) may avoid
ferving his prince fix months in theyear, every man is
enrolled ; and compairies are formed and commanded by
a Nai or general officer.

When the Siamefe go to \wr, their order of encamp-
ment and battfe is thus : the army arranges' iifcif in
three lines, and each line is compofed of three gfcat
iquarc batallions, the king being in the centre one.

The nine batallions thus formed, each has fixteen
male elephants in the rear, accompanied by two females,
bcfides others of thofc animals for carrying baggage, &c.
The Siamefe rely much on their elephants, though the
latter cannot be managed with a bit and bridle like a
horfc ; in ftort, when they arc wounded, they often
turn back on their mnftcrs, and throw the whole army
into diforder.

The battle always commences with a difchargj of ar-
tillery, with which they have been fupplied by the Por-
tuguefe; and then they exercifc their arrows, but never
come to a clofe engagement.

We (hall here beg leave to quote a few words from
an author who. treats on this fubjcit, and who fcems to
have taken great pains to obtain a thorough knowledge
of the Siamefe. " As their religion, f.iys he, infpires
them with an horror of bidbd, they, to avoid killing, do
not ftioot dlre£lly at one another, but higher ; yet fo as
that Ihe (hot may fall among the enemy, arid oblige
them to retreat ; which one party fails not long to do,
when they perceive it to rain darts and bullets. Indeed,
when they find themfelves purfued, they fhoot lower, in
order to ftop their adverfaries ( who, if (lain, are then
thought to be guilty of their own death, by approaching
too near : for the order which the king gives his troops
is, " Kill not, unlefs ye are forced to it by neceflity."
As for fieges, they are wholly incapable of carrying
them on."

The fame author fays, «' The srffiies of Siam, and
indeed all the neighbouring countries who hold the me-
tcmpiychofis, bu^ themfelves only in making flaves ;
and the ufual way among them of waging war, is to in-
vade each others dominions in difti:rent parts at the fame
time, and to carry off whole villages into captivity."

As to the king of Siam's navy, his majefty is not
laaftcr of above half a dozen capital fliips, the crews of

F SIAM.

1^9

which arc foreigners ; he has, however, cxclufive of
thefe, about fixty gallies of war: but they arc fmall,
with only one man to an oar, who is obliged to row
(landing, the oar being fu (hort, for lightncfs fake, that
if not held perpendicularly, it would not touch tho
water. The king, in his naval expeditions, only makes
reprlfals on fuch of his neighbours as injure him in his
commerce. His royal balons, or pleafure barges, con-
fift of about an hundred and fifty, and are very mag-
nificent.

As to the revenues of the king, they arifc from cul-
tivated lands, exports and imports, vefTels, gardens,
fruits, fines, confifcations, &c. &c. His treafury
is immcnfely rich.

SECT. VIII.

Oflbt Nobility, grtat Officer! of Slatt, and Amhajfadort.

NOBILITY in Siam is not conftituted by birth,
but by the prince's favour, or by opulence. He
fometimes ennobles people of the very mcancft extra(5>ion,
provided they have any particular ferviccs to recommend
them. To thefc he gives, as a mark of difliii£lion,
either a golden or filver boufletic to hold their betel.

There are five dcerecs of nobility, viz. the Oyas, who
pofTefs the higheft places, and whofe golden boufTettc or
box is much better wrought than thofe of the inferior
nobility.

The Okpras form the fecond degree of nobility, and
are confiderably more numerous than the Oyas. From
the Okpras, the king's ambalTadors extraordinary are
chofen.

The third degree of nobility are the Oklouans : thefe
have only a filver boulTette, chafed with fcftoons and
branches.

The fourth and fifth orders arc the Okkowns and Ok-
munes j out of whom the king chufcs his judges, go-
vernors, &c. and whofe boulTette is quite unornamcntcd;

The authors of the Modern Univcrfal Hiftory fay,
" The king of Siam has many lords, who are peculiarly
atti^ched to his royal perfon : thefe always live within
the palace. Others there are who are employed with-
out, to govern .iftairs, and prefcrve good order among
the people. The rank of tach nobleman is dilHnguifhed,
when he appears abroad, by the richnefs of his (word as
well as' other marks of honour. The ladies are alfo
diftinguiffled in proportion to their refpeflive ranks."

The abbe de Choify fays, " There are eight great
officers of ftate in Siam, viz. the Maha Ommarat, who
is the next to the king in authority, and fits in his pre-
fence ; the Chakri, who regulates the affairs of war and
juftice; the Aahoon, who is generalKTimo both by land
and fea ; the Okya Vang, who fuperintends the affairs
of the palace; the Okya Pracklang, who has the care
of foreign affairs and the royal magazines ; the Okya
Pollafep, who has the charge of the king's revenues;
the Okya Jombarat, who is head judge of all criminal
matters ; and the Okya Pakdi, grand treafurer. Thefe
prime officers, with the king's approbation, difpofe of
all other pofts in the realm, and are refponfibic for any
errors committed in them."

All the oflScers of government, refiding in the capi-
tal, muft daily attend in fome part of the pahice, except
tbejr have leave of abfence, on pain of being fevcrcly
whipped with fplit rattans, which cut de^ in the flcfli.

Ambaffadors in Siam are confidered in a very inferior
light, being deemed only the fpecial mefiengers of the
princes whom they rcprefent ; which office is far from
being accounted fo refpcitable as in Europe, and other
parts, Thofe who come from the neighbouring fovc-
reigns, that are dependant on, or conneftcd with tlis
emperor of Siam, are obliged to proftrate themfelves be-
fore him, and advance towards him creeping upon their
hands and knees. Ambaffadors from independent Afiatic
monarchs are treated with fome trifling degree ot greater
refpcft. But the European ambafladors are exempted
from many of the ceremonials which the others are obliged
to obfcrve. They muft, however, not attempt to open
their lips till the emperor has firft fpokcn ; and when
they do fpeak, to be exceeding la«onic, a long harangue
being deemed an egregious infult,

SECT.

■-.. I

I ^ri

'' l'4

'li

■y\ 1 1 'i

l-l

•i
I •

ri C; ■ J-! ■

iS.

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.'

SECT. IX.

f^:/: City o/Siam, Hiujis, Fnrmtwe, Tradt, Six Alsnihs
Service cf tht People, whiih thtj qrt sbli^id If ptrfrnm
iiniiiially far tilt Empcnr, ■•■■■, .'

TM 1-- city of Si.im, the metropolis of t|iQ Siamefu
cmpiic, is in 14 <lcg, north l;it. and lOt dcg.
5 mill. lung, its circiunfcicncc is lo^iijlest and many
canals, whofc fourrcs arc in the rivtr Mcnan, pais
through it; as thcyarc navigable, the convriiiency to the
inhabitants is very great. The walls are thick and
^igh, built of (tone and bricks, of both tvhich materials
fome of the bridges arc eredeJ, though moft ate built
of wood. The only public ilrudhircs worth notice are
the palaces already deicril d, and the {eniples, which aie
Jo i!;ilded on the outfidc, that the eftulgencc of the fun
beams refle\!led from them, dazzle the eyes of the be-
hoIJcis. Une of the latter, which is a fquare building,
contains 100 idols, pla«.cd in niches 4 feet from the
ground. They arc as big :.s life, fit crol's legged, and
arc all gilt. The figiirci of dreadful dr.igons are pLiced
at the gates of the temple--, and above 50,000 taljjioins
refide in and near the city. In the vicinity of Siam, the
French have a church, a bifhop, and a college for con-
»crts ; the Portu^uife have a chape! ; and in the city
itfelf are many Chinefc tiniples. .Xbout a mile below
the town the Dutch have a factory ; and the fuburbs
on both tides the river arc in general inhabited by
ftrangcrs. The ftrccts arc narrow, but regular ; the
houfes are built on raifed ground, by reafon of the frc-
qnnit inundations; and the inhabitants in the rainy
fiaf'ins go .'vbout their bufincfs in boats. All the houfis
arc built of timber or cane, except one ftrcet, which
contains 200 brick dwellings of only one ftory. The
markets here arc well Itockcd with cattle, wild and tame ;
rice, fruits, pulfc, roots, 5>'c. And the tmde confifts
of the admirable gems of Pegu, filvcr bullion, manu-
fiitured iron, broad Itanimel cloth, locking glades, &c.
China wares arc cheaper than at Bantam. The river
will contain vcflels of 400 tons burthen, and divides the
citv into eight parts.

rhe walls and floors of the honfcs arc of cane
materials, covered with inatts, the windows are holes
fa the fides, which .ire always open, the Hair-cafes
are Ladders, the chimnics are apertures in the roof, and
their fire place is only a bafket of earth in the middle of
the room. The cattle arc kept in the houfes for fear of
inundation". I'he principal pieces of furniture are, a
fmall couch covered with a mat, which fervcs for a feat
by day, and a bed by night ; but when they retire to
reft, a mattrafs fiufltd with cotton is added in lieu of a
bed ; many have likcwife a Oieet, a quilt, and a pillow ;
the reft of the furniture confilU of lacqucrc I lablci, ca-
binets with drawers, copper and earthen vtfllls, China
ware, &ci Befidei whi'h, every family has a chcft of
working tools.

The emperor of Siam claims fix months labour from
all his mtic fubjeils ; if he is at war, they are inrolled
as foldiers ; but if it is a time of peace, they arc emplovcd
in agriculture, mining, building, ti/liing, rowing, Kc.
They arc divided into bandi, each of which is under
the dircftion of a proper officer, who frequently (up-
plici their ncccflitiei by lending thim money, paying
chcir credicort, &c but this often turns cut tu his own

•tj/llf; .k I*

. .«-.r> , .

1. *., '

advaiita^c, as all who arc infolvent become his (lave).
I'hofe who row the emperor's baloni, barges, and 1.011.
dolas, are branded in the wrifts to be iicculiarly di'ltni-
[luilhed; they are better dreli'ed, and better fed tlm,
fueh as belong to the other bands ; but at the fame tiiiic,
they are harder wgikcd, and oftener corrected.

Thus all th' advantage which from drefs they gain^
Js loll ill punilhmcnt, and funk in pain ;
While the llill greater (lav'ry, renders crude ; :
The (iiiell fauces to the dainticil food, .:: ..j.-.| ,

r-. >r "(I ,

,'1 ;ii y r >

SECT. X.

■'■ ' Hijhifof Siam.

NOTHING that «n, be deemed authentic of t!ii!
hiliory of Siam is known previous to the year
1500, nor do the Siamefe themfelvcs pretend to be
polUflcd of any ancient records.

The Portuguese adiriii, that in 1511, when they
took the city of Malacca, that it was governed by an
Arabian prince, named Mahomet, who was totally iii«
dependent of tlic Siamefe fovcreign. From the above
.-CI a nothing remarkable happened till 1640, when the
Dutch took Malacca, which they ftiU retain, from the
Portuguefe.

In 1688, the genera! of the Siamefe troops, being
popular among the foldiers, and having the army at hij
devotion, took occafion to quarrel with his fovereij;n
in order to dc.'irone him. This he elfeif^ed, and d.-
p.ivcd his mafter of life, in the manner of a royal in.
miiiai ; that is, by pounding him to death in a laige
iron mortar with a wooden peille. The fecrctarj "uf
ftate was kept conlined three years with the Siamtfe
pillory about his neck, and was never, during that time,
permitted 10 quit his dungeon, but when he was t.ilien
out to be feverely lafhed, in order to make him accufe
fome of the principal people of having accumulated
riches by clandeftinc means, that the ufurper might have
fomc pretext to plunder them. Th? ufurper, however,
enjoyed but little fatisfaiHion from reigning; a.<i he lived
the martyr of guilt and flavc of fufpicion, his crimes
encrcafcd his fears, and his fears multiplied his crimes ;.
for, while his confcience tormented bim with the idea
of the murders he had done, the dread of being himfelf
murdered prompted him to commit more, snd induced'
him to fancy that his fecurity could only be founded on
the blood of thofc ht fufpcdcd.

" The man who rifcs on his country's ruin,
" Lives ill fi crowd of foes, himfelf the chief;
" In vain his powV, in vain his pomp and pleafurcs;
•' His guilty thoughts, thofe tyrants of the foul,
" Steal ill unfccn, and (lab him in his triumph.
" Wretched diftrafting ftate ! when cv'ry obirrt
«' Strikes him with hoiror, cv'ry thought with fear."

The above revolution was the ruin of the faAory,
which the I'rench had juft Ixfure created at Bancock.

Ill i;i7, the Siamefe monarch invaded Cambodia
with so,coo meivby land, and ao,ooo by fea, but proved
unfucccfsful in his expedition, which is the moft recent
circumftaiuc thai wo are acquainted with, relative to
this country, that can be depended on M authentic.

»*(». J'l y«-i'« ,■*. '

. 'Win ,i\. I ft'if .

• I ■' . •.' I'l: r )i ti .

•' \ '
! • ' I (• < 1 . ' :' '".I

1 ' ' ^ ■ f ' • k« ' .11 • • •• ,._ •'

' ■' , '':<<<»..« ^.'t , >>•»( .;•

'^- t< -, • , I* • ,...> , 4„,

.♦-L4

CHAP.

PHV. ' •

t become his flai-o}.
u, barges, and j.oi,.

be iwculiarly lii'iti,,.
and better fed tlu.i
but at the fame turn-,

corrcilcd,

n Jrefs they gain,
ill |)aiii i
nders crude
food,

■ - ^- :• -"ti ;.

il authentic of tha

JTcvioub to the j-ir

Ives pretend to b«

151 1, when they
was governed by an
who was totally in.
From the above
11 1640, when ths
till retain, from the

amefe troops, being

ving the army at hii

1 with hi) fovereigii

he effected, and do-

inner of a royal i li,

to death in a )ui;;e

■ The fccrctai) tf

rs with the Siamife

er, during that time,

when he was taken

to make him accufc

having accumulated

eufurper might have

i^ufurper, however,

cigningi as he lived

jfpicion, his crimes

ultiplied hit crimes ;

d him with the idea

cad of being himfcif

more, «nd induced'

I oiily be founded iia

try's ruin,
ifclf the chief;
JOmp and pleafurcu ;
ants of the foul,
n his triumph,
hen cv'ry obje rt
thought with fear."

uin of the faflory,
efled at Bancock.
invaded Cambotlfa
sbyfea, but proved

II is the moft recent
J with, relative to
n u authentic.

VH:

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>-»!

..»

•«»

i'l«.i

<< T '

-1

r «8i 3

CHAP. XIV.

' (V )

Of T O N Q U I K.

CHAP.

SECT, I.

til Bcun/iarif!, Exttitt, and Silualhn ; ill CUmati, Soil,
tmd Priduct ; DiviJ'i 1 of the Country, with iht Man-
ner!, and Cujhmi of the Inhabilatitt,

TH E kingdom of Tonquin is bounded on the
eaft and north by the empire of China ; on the
welt by the two fmall kingdoms of Laos and
Bowes, bordering; on Siam ; and on the I'outh
and fouth-eart by Cochin-China. It is about joo miles
in length, and 400 miles in the broadcll part ; and is
divided into eight provinces, viz. caft, weft, north, and
fouth provinces, Tenay, 'I'enhoa, Ngeam, and the
province of Cachao. It lies on the fuie of a gulph,
30 leagues acrofs in the wideft part, at the extremity of
which are feveral Imall iflands.

As to the climate of Tonquin, thiscoiinf ry being fituat-
fd under the tropic, the weather is extremely variable ;
however, their two chief diUiniftions with rrfpeit to
this are thofc of the dry and rainy leafons ; the former
pf which is the more agreeable, and continues from
September to March i during which time the north
wind blows without intermlflion, and the air is he.ilih-
fiil, except in January and February, when the weather
is frequently very fcvcre. The rainy feafon becins in
April, and ends in Auguft, the foiith wind blowing all
the timej the three firit months of this feafon are very
unhealthy. During the months of June, July, and
Auguft ine heat is very intenfei neverthelefs, the coun-
try, at this time, has a moft pleafing and beautiful ap-
pearance t the trees are loaded with fruit, and the plains
covered with a rich harveft. However, as the land inoftly
lies low, particularly near the fca, it is lubjciS to fre-
quent inundations \ and when thefe arc greater than
ufual, the natives arc confidcrable fuft'ercts.

Added to a good foil, there are great numbers of
canals j and as rice is the chief food of the natives, lo the
hulbandry of it is the pea(ant's whole employ, and the
land gencr.illy rewards his toil v.'ilh two crops yearly.

'J'he oranges nf Tonquin ate faid to excel all others
in the caft f<>r rirhncls of flavour; and here are guavas,
tnanas, arek.is, p;ipay«, &c. as will as various kinds
of flowers, amoii;; which are veiy beautiful lilies and
jcfTamins, though the 'I"oiu|uiiicrc dilcover not much
laftc for this elegant untertainiucnt of nature. Indeed
the lalii's here hive a gicat cftecm for one particular
flower, which retains a vny fragrant fccnt even for
Ij days .ificr it is gathered : witn this fluwer they de-
Mute thiii pcrfoiis, when in their belt and ga\eft
ap;i.iicl.

ronnnin .ilTords no mines of gold or filvers there are,
howeu'i, imii and lead mines in abundann. Silk-
woini>. aie alio here in I'tich plenty, that lilk is almoft

II rhrip as cotton. Su^ar-canc likewife thiive well
in this cotiiil'^yi and tluy have a lort of tea which they
< ili Clii'i bang, the leaves (il which they boil ; as alio
nni.ther kiiiJ (ailed iliia-way, the leaf of which is not

III till any uie, hut the lluwcr, when dried belore the
iiir, make, a very a^',ieeablc liquor by inlufioii, ai the
uih'r J,ii< hy decoChiiii.

1 iMii{iiin, at hifuie obfcrved, is divided into eight
|.rMtinees) inionK wliuhii the metropolis Cacho, the

I lii'iue III the ihova or king, but this city lias no
reinau^l'le buildings rucept the royal pal.ice, which
ft.'tidf III ihr (ciiire ol it. 'I hi, 11 a fpacious edilice,
'■rcmrpillid hy a uall, ttithin the pircinci nf which air

II vi r^tl building's t>vu lliiiirs high, with gates and fronts
in a iiipi'ib lafte. The ihova's apattiiicnti, and iliulc

of his concubines, are grandly decorated with gilding
and varnifti-work ; and behind the palace are large
handfome gardens.

The houfes of private people in this city are of wood
and earth, and chiefly of one ftory ; thofc of foreigil
merchants only are built of brick.

There are to be fecn in Cacho the remains of an an-
tique palace of marble, which, according to the dirbioug
authority of their hiftories, was creeled by Li-baUvie, the
fecond elctSied fnvereign of the kingdom. From the
ruins of this building one would jud|>e it to have been
one of the grandeft and moft magnincent ftiudures in
the caft.

The Tonquinefe are of a middle fize, and pretty
well proportioned ) they are of a tawny complexion
bordering upon yellow ; their hair is black, thick, and
long, falling in waves upon their flioulders. ^ Their
teeth are as white at fnow, till they colour them ^lack,
uiTng for this purpofe a corroilve compofition. They
much refcmblc the Chinefe, and, like them,
have great natural politenefs, without being alto-
g^;her fuch flavrj to ceremony j they are fuperftitious,
inconftant, and intemperate. Their provifions are dref-
fcd and fervrd up in an elegant tafte ; and they perfume
both their tables and their dilhes. Their ufual fare
confifts of rice drcfled various ways, eggs, pulfe, roots,
fowl, fifti, buft'alo, pork, beef, kid, and frogs. 'I'hey
have neither lable-cloths or napkins ; and, Inftead of
forks, ulc ivory fticks as the Chincfe do, and eat much
in the fame manner. The food of the common people
is rice, dried fifli, and pulfe, and tea is their ulual drink t
but the higher chfTcs mix arrack with their tea, and
often become intoxicated with it. The grandees have
halls in their houfes, for the encouragement of Tinging
and dancing in the evenings; and indeed, every villa
hath its houfes of mirth and jollity, wiierc the people
affemblc, efpecially on their feltivals, and caufc plays to
be a£led : the ai^iors ate generally about half a dozen
In number, and the dances are performed by the wo-
men, who fing at the fame time. A merry-andrew ton
appears, exciting the laughter of the fpectators by his
drollery and humour. They have feveral kinds of n ..-
fical inftrumcnts, fuch as kettle-drums, trumpets,
fiddles, guitars, and hautboys.

Theli: people celebrate a great number of feftivals :
two of them are kept with more than ordinary liilomnity :
the firft is held at the beginning of the y«<ir, which at
Tonquin commences with the new moon iic.ircft lu iltc
end of January, and funieiiiiies three or four days
fooncr : this fcall laftt about 12 days ; but the full day
is rather a day of lamentation than of rejoicing, for
they then (hut up their habition, and keep within doors,
for iiear, as they pretend, of meeting with lonie un-
lucky obje<ll in the ftreet, which might prove to them
an omen of ill-fortune in the rourfe of the cnluing
year. i)n the day following they begin their ftltivity,
when booths and ftages are ercdcd in the fticets, in
which are lei'trlcnted difTerent kinds of fticws ; nothing
is heard but the liiuiul of iniifieal inftriiniciits, and the
wild uproar of riot and lierntioiilncls. The lecond
grand Icftival is kept with the fame kind of mad miiri-
menl, in the fixth inoi 11 ; and, exclufive of thrfo, the/
oblerve two monthly fralla, in which religion has lunic
(hare, it being cuftomaiy at thefe frails 10 lainlice lo
their iinccftors, by oblations of provifioiio at ilicirlombi.
Another loleinnlcKft is what thry tall lan-ja, on which
their king given his public bencda'li' n ti< ibe ciumiry,
and plou{;ht two or three furrows wuii his own h.'iidi ;
wbiihcuillum the priiuct of Toni|Ulii have undoubtedly

/ s bai*

I *

! i

■ti-:';

A NEW COMPLEt£ SyS^EM OF GEOGRAPHY.

'11

182

liorrowcd from the Chincfc emperors : the natives prac-
tife taftinjr and prayers by way of preparation for this
feftival.

S E C T. II.

. I i . ..

Of ihdr Altirri.i^cs ; of their Sciemts, Language, Mimti-
failures, C:mmace, Rcligim, and Funeral dre-
msr.ics.

IN Tonqiiiji, as in China, yoLng piSojile miAl Viot
marry without the conRnt of their parents ; and
females are fclJoni difpofcd of in marriage before the
age of 16. When a young man fceks a maiden, he
firft appJies to the fa:her, and makes him a prcfent.
After the articles are agreed upon, the man fends to
the hoiile of the young woman fuch prcfenfs as have
been ftipulatcd, and on the wedding-day the fathers of
both faniilicE, accompanied by their friends, condurl the
bride to the bridtgroi^m's houfo, where the ceremony is
performed m great form. Then' is no wedding with-
out a ftalt, which holds three or more days.

Though tlie men have the privilege of marrying fe-
Veral wive?, yet only one takes the title of wife. The
Itien are lulVercd to divorce their wives whenever they
pleafe; but the women cannot divorce themfelvcs with-
out confcnt of their hufbands ; however, when they
are thus put away by thiir hufbands, they have the
privilege cf takirtg with them not only the effc6>6
which they brought, but likcwife the prcfents made to
tlieni ;previous to marriage ; and if there be any chil-
dren, thefe are left with the father to maintain : on this
account very few divorces happen.

If a woman be convieled of adultery, (he is con-
demn'- d to be tjamplcd to death by an ekphani : the
odulterer is alfo fcntcnccd to die, but net to futf'er io
I'everc a death.

The Tonquincfearc indebted to the Cbinefe for the
created p.irt of their arts and feicnccs : they are little
fkillcd in themathcmatici or altronomy ; nor have they
any public fchooN, the children being privately educated
at home by thieir parents, liic att of medicine here in
principally conhned to the knowledge ot fimples, and
the phyficians pretend to be as fklfiil as thofc cf China,
with rcgurd to the pulic : they judge of the cault, feat
and qMaliiv of the diltempcr, by the number of pulfes
in one refpiration : their lurgtry isconhncH to the ufc of
cauKics and cupping, which they practile in moll dif-
or.'ers, uting gourds and c»l»ba/hes in the Utter inllead
of glall'es. The fever, dylencery and linall-pox are the
molt common maladies the people of this country are
(ubject to, which they in general treat pretty tuccefs-
fully, bv means <if certain dunks and pruduii regimen.
They pr'efcrihc tia, »i hot as it can potJibly be drank,
for the head-ai-h.

The langiia!;e of theft peojile ;ihounds with mono-
fvllables ; one of them in ftmie intl.iucrs ligiuhei 11 or
12 dittcnnt tilings j the pncife fenfc ol which in con-
veifilion is only dilting iilliable by the diticicnt uUlcc-
tion and modihciiiioB ot the voice.

The Tontpiinfla huve good ininufaAurei cf filk,
potters ware, and papci | tlicii \.irnillied commodilics
art 111 g'xid tllimjtion i they wo:k well in wooil Miid
iron, un Vrltaiid the ail ol tuindtiy, aiul know how
10 cilt cannon ; hut notwithttanibng ihi. their inge-
nuity, they make hut little advant.ige of it, through
want of geiiKi . kr iraOic, I hiir chief irade t» with
the Dutch Bill Chimfe, wlio buv up then filk both
ri\w and In thr'iidi and they alio fell larg*' quantities
of Ihcir wrought lilk to the tJigliOi. I hu article
chiefly inipoiieil inn Tonqiiin au lali petic, liilphur,
I'ingliih broad-i loth, &c. I'he Iraderi arc fuid lu be
fairer ilcabis than the Chun Is'.

It does not a sp' ar that ihcle people have any coinngr
(if their o\Mi, but make ule ol fiircigii cuin, and par-
lictilarlv topper money, which they have from China.

Ai to the r^l ijKin ot lUe 'l\inqiiiin.le, they profits
two lyUiJms, both leieivnl Ironi their neighbours the
Chinefe I the one 11 »h.it ol Cunfuciin, the tuhlhinceol
which, u> held by th'm, conlilt^ in an inward dcvo-
lion, or ohlcr\,iiuc of loin* fei ri t litei Ml honour of
the dead, aitil in iht prn.liia ol moral virtues : the pro-
fiUvrt uf thii l^ilcin have ituiihai (>ticlli| t«iii|>kt, bi

any fixed mode of public worfliip, every one paying h :
adorations to the Diity in what form be thinks propt' :
they wotfhip one God, whom they believe to have cridtcj
the.univsrle \ and they alii) pay a kind of inferior ado-
•ration to folufe fpirit.;, as the vicegerents of the fuprcmc
governor of all things. Some believe that the fouls uf
pcrl'ons are immortal, and that there is a future ftate of
jewards and puiiiflimems i others, however, aflign im.
rnartalit^otily to the fouls of Ac righteous.

The other religion which thcle people profefs is that
of I'oe : this is the religion of moft of the commoa
people, who woilhip many idols ; and indeed thefe hive
their temples and their priefts ; their temples, however,
arc no more than a kind of pent-houfc raifed on props,
in the. figure of an oblong Iquare, and open On eviry
tide, without any altar ; the floor is generally raifed lone
t'ect above the level of the ground, for -ts fecurity
againif floods, lb thit it is alceiuUd by fteps on ali I'uics.
Idols, fufpcnding from the roof, or placied in Ibuie pnrt
of the wood-wuik, make up all the furniture of thilb
aukward buildings. The priefls 1: .id a very awdcrclife,
and fubfill chiefly on alms; they refldc in mean huts
near the temples, to offer up the petitions of the pto-
pie, as occafionally brought to them, which they read
aloud to their idols, and then burn them in an inccnfe-
pot, th« petitioners being all the time proftrate on tlia
ground. The religion of Foe is divided into many
I'ects ; the moft confiderable is that of Lanzo, wholo
followers profefs magic J they pretend to the prediaion
of future events, and aK divided into different claflis.

As to the funeral ceremonies obfervcd by the Ton-
quiiicfe, they drefs their dead in their riclwlf apparel,
and put fmail pieces of gold or filvcr, together with
pearls, into the mouths of the rich j and into thofe of
the poor, are put little copper pieces and other baubles :
they do this, trdni a fuppofition that ihey hereby fecure
the dead from poverty in the other world, and themfelvc»
from being haunted by thfm. There is great emuU-
tioii among the opulent in providing fine coffios lo(
themfelvcs ; in framing thefc coffins they make no ulii
ot nads, as this would have the appearance of laying a
conflraint on the decealcd, but only cement the boardi
together.

The corpfe is conveyed to the place of burial with
f ^.funeral pomp, the fens of the deceafcd attending,

loifntd ill robes of grey cloth, and fupporting thim*
lelves with a itaft', as it ready to drop to the ground
Willi immodeiate grief: the wives and daughters tollow,
robed in prey, and ciying moft bittetly ai\d loudK.

1 he cldeft ton, duriitg the proceirion, proihates himlell
leicral times before the coffin, and Ibmetimes thump*
upon the lid of it, ai if to awake his father from <h|
lUep of diath. The refl of the funeral iolem<iiiii)< 01
thele piople dilRr very little troni thollc of the Chi-
nefe, aivd their mourning habiliments arc exactly tli«
fame,

SEC T. in.

Of di Oii^in of the Tonqulnefe ; sf the R/v^/nlisni cf
lie King'hm; the trieHitiiil Tiihuli- paid to China 1 «/
their iiiu!ir, and ihtir rial Sivtreign ; their CavlrknuKt
i»nl Liait ; their Aimy, and their Saval rtra,

'"p*IlK Tonqnintfe are of very antient origins but
I mailers relatipg to ihc foundation of their govtrn-
I inent aie buried 111 oMcuiity ( for thcic people writ
I many agcj ignorant of the an of writing. One of the
titft kings mentioned in their hilbuy was Ding, faid to
I have reigned iro years before Chrift, and to have bcra
I railtd to the throne by a troop ot banditti : he, how-
ever, reij-ned wh Inch tippteUion, that his fublei»s re-
volted, and muruircd hiin. Tliu revolution aiid niiir-
dor weiK followed by hmg wars, which at length ter-
iiiir.aied ill ll,e cU\'tioii ol a king, named Lc-day-hail,
in whole reign the Chinefe nuaJid and over-run t!ie
kingdom. This prime, tiowever, d> tended hiiiilolt wilh
iIk greateft biavery, ai d drtealed tlum lovnaj timrn,
but could not drive ihrm out of the couiiliy. I'pon
the dialh of Le-iliy-han, Li-hal-vie wai pl.ieed on the
throne, who vjiiqintheil and totally diove die Chim-le
from his lerriiciies. The pollen y ol ihii piinco cn-
Jjuyida ILUiquil nuga lur li>ci»l geuertuoiii j and the

lait

•HY,

every one pay;ii^ |, ,.
n he thinks propi. ■
clicvc to have taiStoj
kind of interior adci.
rents of the fiiprcmc
L've that the luuls c,f
: is a future (l.ite of
however, aflign im.
ightcous.

leopU- profcfs is that
io(l of the commo.i
md indeed thcfe h;ivc
if temples, however,
)ufc raifed on pt'ips

and open On every
generally raifcd I'oii.c
nd, for Its fccurity
by fleps on all fulcs.

placed in (bme pnrt
e furniture of ihdc
id a very a«(Kii: life,
refldc ill mean huts
petitions of the peo-
;in, which they read
therr. in an inccnfo-
imc proflrate on tlia

divided into many
It of Lnnzo, whula
lid to the predidion
to diltVrciit claAi'S,
jfervcd by the Ton-
thcir riclwil apparel,
filvcr, together with
; and into thofe of
s and other baubles :
it they hereby Iccure
orld, and themlilvci
ere is great emu\i.
ing fine coffins lor
It they make no ulii
>earanac of i«Yiiig a
ly cement the boat J|

place of biiriai w^iili
: deceafed attending,
id iupporting them.
'rop to the ground
,d daughters lollow,
tieily aiid loudlv.
, proHrale^ himlclt
Ibinitinies thiimpi
his father from ihf
leral folenmiij(j< m
iholi; ol the Chi-
ts ate cxa jLy th«

flf't li.et)itul!mi if
f'ciiil Id China 1 if
II i lltir (UvlruiiKKl
Saial rint.

ntiint orii;in j but
an of their govtrii-
thifc people wcif
i'ltit;. One of the
was Ding, faid to
and lo have Ii«t«
•aiulitti : he, luiw-
tiat his fubieils re-
volution and miit-
ich at l<ii({th ter-
amed Lc-day-han,
.'lid over-run tlic
L'iideJhini(i:ll with
urn luvciul limrj,
■ ciiuniiy. I'jion
wa? pLitcd tin the
liii've the Chini-lc
>t ihu piincc in-
leratjuiii ) and the
ia<t

ASIA.]

Of t O N QJJ I N.

183

laft kill" of this family Iraiiiig behind liiin but one
daugluer, this piiiiccfi iliared the thioiie with a noble-
man whom (he efpoulcJ ; but another grandee, named
Ho conlpircd aguinft the qucci^, I'libJued he/ Xufb^'i^.
ill battle, put both of thjin to death, and took pnf-
fcllion of the crown ; whicii tici^litry and cruelty occa-
fioiicd a revolt of his Yutljt^l who t|Jplied TO the •
Chinefc for aid," ftttd occil'iOmd 'icir errtrJmce ihT{) tTie '
kiiii^J' m with a numerous army, which drove awa\- the
tyraiit, and, as a reward for their fer\ ices, took pol-
Icfflofi flismftlves of the ^ofcmmcnt, forcing the lon-
quincl'e to accept of a viccitiy frhtn China, who chan;>cd
the furm of the conlHtutiOn, and introduced the Chi-
nefc lar\'5 atnd cuftofTis.

■ '1 he Tanquinefb, however, in procefs of time, headed
-bv a man of a moft intrepid fpirit, named Li, took up
aims agaiiift the Chinefc, put them all to the I'word,
and compelled the fmperor lo alicnt to a difhonourable
pc.ice. Li was crowned king of Tonquin ; and all that
the Cliincfe were able to obtain was, that the kings of
TtMiq^irl flioulil hold the trcvwn in ftatty under the em-
ptror> v'f China, Bud |>uy ihtin a trieiminl tribute. This
trcaiv was concluded about tiie year 1200 of the
ChiifViail Kra» and both natioiis have faiJifully ohferved
the iirticles of it e\er fiiice. The Tonr :inefe fend am-
bad'adois to I'ekin every 'three rs wi their tribute,
vho do hoiTKigeto the txTeptror : ' tb attcr alfo (t-nds
hif fi.ibaffadOrs to Tonquin, wlui p I with the ut-
n-ifiit haiightirtef's ; infoninth that whui the king has
eccrlioii 10 treat with them on nny important matter?,
he ii obliged to wait upon them, inf^ea!^ of their at-
tending upon him ; iiorcan a prince of Tonquin afcend
the throne of lijs ancettoi; without a confiuiiation from
the hand if the emperor of China.

The dcfcendants of Li fat upon the thrnne for two
centuries, artier vfrWch enfued many revolutinns. About
the year 1460 of theChrifl- n xra, a fimplc fiftinmaii,
named Mack, afUrped the crown, but wa^i deihoiicd by
Triiiff, another ufurper, who covxred his ufurputioii
with the pretence ol reitoring the family of Li to the
throne, and accordingly catiled a youn;; prince of that
■houfc to he crowiied j but whillV he beftowckl on the
prince the title, he rtlorved to hitnfelf the reghl power,
^hder the name of Ghova, mr general of the tc«lm.

Tringhad a biothrr ill-law Whulc name was Hoaving,
inn ot a governor of the prorinccof Tingwa, to whom
Tring lay under fomt (larticular obligations ; for thib
governor had not oiilv bveii gi-eatly his friend, in nffill-
ing bin in his ciiltrprize with the troops of his pn-
\iiice, but likewile ditpofijd of Ills daughter to him in
Wedl'Tk J and, Worcovt,, on his death-bed committed
to him the guardianfhip of bin only ion, who was this
Hoaving abm'emciitionrd. lion in|»reflcflcd Witti grc.u
toncrrii on the coiuluft of his hrother-iii-law and
guardian, in having eniplovcd his fatlier's forces to fet
diiy other than himfclf (Hoiving) on the throne of
Tonquin, and conceived on the occifion fuch a Ipirit pf
rcleitiment, that he not only Vcfufrd to do homage to
the new king, bot openly took up 'arms, pofli^lle'd Him-
#ll of Oichm-China, an antlr'nt province of Tonquin,
and, sftrr the example of hn b/other-in-Iaw, c.iufcc!
hinilcif to be procLiimcd choia at the hrfld nf hi< itrmj'.
Thelc two generals govenieti with .ibfulute nudiority,
the one m I'unquin, and the other in Cccbin-China, tnd

X .

I 1 ^ i I i.t •( ;•■■

.. 7 ,;• 1 ■ • ■

I ! ■

-•! l'- • ■

i" ■ .it ■■',

. <■, ;c,'l '

. 1 , It . ll • ,■ .

r. !••• . ,

I waged war with each other as long as they lived, with
I fuccefs nearly equal on both fides. They tr,.nfniitted
the title of chova to ih'.'ir fuceeflbrs, and their dcfcend-
1 /ilKs enjoyjt to this prellnt period' of tiii.c in both king-
doms, liut we ihall here ccjiifiiic ourlelvcs to the chova
of Tonquin, wh 'e indeed arc at piefcnt two fupremc
j Tn.agillrates or foverefpn ;, the Oiic titolv, the other real :
the fo^ner thf the flatiie ofViva j bti4 in the chova aic
vi.lhd all the powers of goveinmcnt. 'The authoritv of
tlic bov.i conlilts piincipally in giving the firm of rati-
fication to the decrtrci of the chova. The diijiiity of
! the latter is hereditary, and his eldeft fon fucceids him :
I but the fuctdfion of bovas is uncertain ; for when t
: bova leaves fcveral funs, the chova, chufes which ol' iliem
j Ik- pleal-i, and may cien raifc a collateral branch to the
I dignity.

1 Each- province in the kingdom of Tonquin hath iti
i particular governor, and every governor has a m.imjjrin
I (or his lieutenant, who has the caic of adniinilUring
jufticc, and of feeing that the laws are propeily ob-
; fcrved, which indeed i^re the Chinefc laws, as intro-
dttccd .imongft them inthctwelfth century: nevcnhelef;,
I they have fomc particular original conftitutions of their
own ; and it has been obfervcd, that in feVcral of their
antinit laws, there arc more manifclf teliimonics of
cquiiy and humanity, than in fomc of the ulagc:, prac-
tifcd by thcChincfe J however, on the other tiand, it is
an incontrovertible fad't, that fume of the courts of ju-
dicature in Tonquin arc fo corrupt, that there are few
offences for which money will not purcb ife impunity.

The bova, who has only the (hadow of authority,
lives Ihut up in his palace, and his court is very liitle
reforted to; whereas the couit of the chova is graced
daily with a fplendid appearance of company of thft
higheft rank. The chova keeps a great number of con-
cubines, it not being cuftomary fur him to inairy till
his advanced age affords him but little hope ot his hav-
ing any more children; when he always cfpoufcs a
piinccfs of the royal taniily, who ranks above his con-
cubines, and bears the title of Mother of the kingdom.
jl 'i'hc c mcubine who boic the king his fiift fun, is treated
i| with dilliiigujflied honuur, and takes place next to t'i4
l! qui'cn.

1' The army of the king of Tonquin confids of 15c, CCO
j; men,cxclulivc of to, 000 horfe. 'The loldiers are picked
I; men out of the different villages, and it is the chief
ij pride of the officers to have the firelocks of the men
. neat and bright : they arc fo nice in this tefpecf, that if
j: the arms become rufty, they (fop a wetk's pav of the
\\ fuldiei's wages lor the firlt offence, and for the fvconJ
I infliff corporal punifhment. When the army marches,
I the generals, and other principal officers, tide upon
j elephants.

I The 'Tonquincfe arc by no means good fuldicrs; and
this may, in a ercat meaiurc, be alltibed to the elKmi-
I naey of their officers, to the want ol militiiy encou-
j ragemcnt, to the influence of money, and tu tne favout
I of the great.

I The naval force of Tonquin confifts of a confider-
' able number of gallics, barks, and boats ; but thefc aie
. better calculated for coafting on the lca-(hore, than for
lung voyage;^, They have no fails, but make ufs of
h oars gnly.

r\- 11

'■. I |.',i .

i.il- lil

r t

ip t

CHAP.

mk':ll

''■ ''':{ ',

•^■M

( .184 )
C H A P. XV.

COCHIN-CHINA.

SECT. I.

0/ lis Siluatisn, Extent, Bmndarics, Product, Inha-
bit ant 1, tjfi..

THIS kingdom is fituated under the torrid zone,
and extends, according to I'ome, fiom the eighth
to the 17th ; and, according to others, from the
I2th to the 18th degree of north latitude; it is about
5C0 miles in length, and is bounded on the eaft by the
Chinefe Sea, on the welt by Laos and Cambodia, on the
fouth by Champa, or Chiampa, and on the north by
Tonquin. It was originally a province of" Tonquin,
buthas, for upwards of 3C0 years, formed a difliniflking-
liom, and is, lilce Tonquin, tributary to China.

This country produces great plenty of rice and fugar ;
and they have gold and filvcr mines. Here are alfo
eagle wood, calambac, an ordinary fort of tea, and fe-
veral kinds of drugs. The kingdom is divided into
five or fix provinces, and is well peopled : the king le-
fides at the capital of Kc-hue. Along the coaft -re
fcveral iOands fubjicl to this kingdom, which produce
many ufcful fruit and other trees.

Cochin-China is vifited by a regular annual inunda-
tion, happening about the middle of autumn, and over-
fpre.iding ihc country lor two months j it leaves behind
it a kind of flimc, which hilps to fertilize ihe land. In
this wet feafon the people fail about the country in
barks ; ncr would they be fccurc in their habitations,
were they not to erefi them on piles, fo as to leave a
free pafTage for the water below.

The houfes are built of canes entwined together, fo
that the walls refemlle the fides of a wicker balket ; and
thefc they plaifter over with a mortar made of dirt or
lime. They cover their habitation with draw, or the
leaves of cocoa, and they cunfift in coninioii of one
ftory 1 the window frames are clofcd up with Jap.in
paper, or Naker fliells ground to tranfparency ; the par-
titions of their chambers are formed of (kreens, and
their floors are covered with mats, which fcrve tliem
both for feats and beds : in the houfes of the opulent,
indeed, the rooms are furniftiid with handfome chairs.

The Cochin-Chinefe arc a temperate people, and the
chief of their food is rice and fi(hi which they have in
great plenty : they have no kitchens in their houfes,
for (car of accidents by fire, but drefs their provifiuns
by the river's fide ( for the country abounds with rivers,
on the hanks of which their towns are built : and when
the wind blows from the fea, it is cuflomary fur a ful-
diir to go about beating a dium, as a fignal fur people
to cxtinguifti their fires.

The Ciicliiii-Chincfe, though but impcrfeflly civi-
lized, podefs that felicity which might excite the envy
of more improved focicties. They have neither robhers
jinr liej);ars •, and hoipitality is lien in every habitation.
A travi Her freely enters a houlc in any villjge,fits down to
cat and drink without any invitation, and depart*, with-
out acknowledging the civility : he is a man and fellnw-
trealurc, and theirlorc welcome ; if he were a fureigiur,
he would excite more curiolity, but WouM be e>|ually
weltoine.

Though pride and luxury arc not in general encou-
raged by ihelic lulivrv, yet i; e wealthier fort know how,
uccafiunally, tu entertain thoir 'ncnds in a fumptuuu';

manner : at thefc times their tables vie with the Eu-
ropean, either in variety or cookery.

The common (leople, at public feftivals, aflemble in
the ftreets, where they fpread their mats, and, fitting
in a circle, eat their provifions, while tumblers ana
mcrry-aiidrew!, excrcife their mummery,

SECT. II.

0/ the Chiva, tr Ring ; tf the Gevirnnnt and Lmut if
//if Cochin-chinefe; thiir Mechanics, Trade, and Mtnt),

TH E king of Cochi'i-China is a defpotic monarch,
and fo difficult cf accefs, that the mod confider-
able or opulent of his people mud not prcfume to prc-
fent a petition to him, without prcvioufly making court
to his chief miniftcr of ftate. He gives audience at his
palace gate in a Ibrt of ftate-litter, fuperbly gilt, and
fomcwhat rcfembling a cage. No perfons mvA approach
nearer to him thai; at the diftance of fourfcorc paces.
His palace, as hath been obfcrved, is at Ke-hue, the
metropolis, where, after the eaftcrn cuflom, he keeps
his fcraglio, guarded by eunuchs. As there is nothing
very (Irikingly magnificent in the palace, wc will not
trouble our readers with an account of it. When he
goes abroad, he rides on an elephant, on which he al-
ways fits fide-ways, and is accompanied by guards : on
his head he wears a turban of the fineft callico ; pen-
dants of the richell brilliants hang from his cars ; he
has bracelets on his aims, but his body is almofl bare,
having only a covering round his middle, and he holds
a fpear, or rather a long javelin, in his left hand.

The provinces of Cochin-china are governed by man-
darins, and different courts of juflicc; and if a man-
darin (hould be conviiLlcd of mal-adminiltration, he is,
at a certainty, puniflied with death. Nut only all the
officers of flate, but even the lives and fortunes of the
people, are entirely at the difpofal of the king.

In cafes of treafun and rebellion, the laws of this
country are exceedingly rigid j thefe capital crimes are
not only puniflied with the moll dreadful tortures, but
very fevcre penalties are likewife inflidcd on all the
kindred of the traitors. Other oftcncci, that are in
any degree heinous, ate punifhed with death, or the Ids
of a limb : though it muH be acknowledged, that the
all-powcrlul influence of money toi> frequently (hcltep
thcguilty from the puniibment due to their einnes.

The Cochin-Chincli:, though totally unacquaintnt
with the feiciices, arc very (kiltul mechanics ; and, lu
the manufuiflure of filk, tney far fiirpals the Tonqui"
nefe. They make fugar-inills auJ waler-rngines, luit
know not how to make any fort of fiir arms. 1'hcir
foreign trade is by no means conndcrAbic ; filk, cotton,
betel, aloes, wax, japan wood, calTia, and fugar, arc
Ihc chief articles they export ; the greater part ol which
are purehafed by the Chinefe, who, indeed, have nearly
en(;roned the whole of this liade to thcmfelvei. '1 t,c
only mnney current in this country confilU of pieces of
ccpprr linn k in China, like thi.l'e ufcd by the Ton-
quiiicfe. .Silver is exceeding fcarce with them, tnfo-
much that .1 man deemed wealthy, wiio i> poflVITcd
of Ko or ICO pia(lre^.

The ftatc (if their religion, their martiagd, funeral
ccrrinunit% £;<.-, <ic the famoas it Tonq^aiu,

CHAT.

( i85 )

CHAP.

XVI.

!i^

s vie with the Eu.

icCi and if a man'

Of the Kingdom of CAMBODIA, or CAMBOYAj with
the Ifland of P u l o - C o n d o r e.

SECT. 1.

Sltii/iti'Mf ond Extint ef the Kingdom ; Prcduce of the
Ciuntry } Perfins and Drtfs of tht Inhabitants \ thiir
ManvfaClorits and Emptoymenti,

THIS kingdom is fituatcd on the eaft (Ide of the
gulph of Siam : it is bounded on the wefl: by
Cochin-China ; by the Indian Ocean on the
fouth ; and by the kingdom of Laos and the Kemois
mountains on the north. It extends from north to fouth
upwards oi 300 miles, and is about 210 miles in breadth.
The river Mecon, which is very fpacious, runs through
it, and falls by two channels into the fea. At the place
where it firft rifes, it is called Longmu, after which it
takes the name of Mecon, and continuing that name
for a confidcr.ible fpace at length changes it to Ou-
bequannc. This river has an annual fwcll, which be-
gins in the monti) of June, and continues till Auguft,
when it generally rifrs fo high as to overflow the ntigh-
bourin" countries. It runs the fame way for fix months
together, owing to the foutherly wind;, which drives
the fands in fuch fhoals that the bar is entirely flopped
vp, and the current is by that means driven back, till
the wind (hifts and removes the funds, when the cur-
rent is reftored to its regular courfe.

The country in general is exceeding fertile, and pro-
duces various kinds of grain, particularly rice and corn.
There are likewife a great variety of fruit-trees, as
orange, citrons, mangos, cocoas, &c. Hercarealfo fevc-
ral kinds of wood, as the fandal, aquila and japan,
fticklack, and lack for japanning.

Rice here is exceeding plentiful and cheap, as are alfo
flcfli and fi(h ; the two Lift of which nrc the only arti-
cles allowed to be purchafed without a permit from ihc
king. A fine bullock h frequently purchafcd for a
dollar ; and the common value of rice is one fhilling
anil fixpcncc for 140 pounds vveiglit. I'oultry, indeed,
is very fcarce, bc?aufe the few that arc bred, when
young, retire to the woods, where they fliift for ihcm-
fclves 1 nor do the people take any pains to fcek after
them.

The cotmtry produces feveral kinds of rich commodi-
ties, particularly gold, cambogia of a gold colour, or
dcrp yellow, in rolls, raw filk, and elephants teeth.
There are likewife fcvcral forts of very valuable drugs i
and many parts abound with amcthyfts, garnets, fap-
phirci, corjiclians, chryfnlitcs, and blood-ftones.

The animals of this country are, wild elephants and
boar'^, *vhich are exceeding numerous, particularly m
the woods ; tigers and lions j alfo wild cattle and buffa-
loes ; with many horfes, and a prodigious number of
deer i all of which every pcrfon has free liberty to kill
and convert to thtnr own ulc.

The inhabitants of this country arc in general well
ftiapcd, and the women in particular are exceeding hand-
foiiie. The men wear a long veil which reaches from
the fliouldcrs to the ancles ; but their head and hct are
b lie. Tlic women wear a thin garment that fits quite
c'liie on the body and arms ; and have a kind of petti-
cnat that reaches from the waift to the ancles. Their
hiMds have not any coviriiiii, but their hair is drellcd,
and curioufly decorated. Uoth fcxes have long hair,
and take great pains in difplaying it to the greatcli
advantage.

I'heir riligion \; the fame as th:it of the Siimcfc, and
llify worlhip the fanu deities. They believe thai all
animal', as well .i» liuni-m beings. Will be hercalter le-
wirded or pui.itl'cd. Ther piiilU are cliolen irom
kmong Ihi laity, aiiJ iirc luile icipecled by the people

in general ; nor have they any other provifion for thcit
exiftcnce than what arifes from public benevolence.

There arc feveral manufaflories in different parts of
the country, for making callicocs, mullins, dimities,
and other curious pieces, which arc mucli fuperior in
quality to thofc made in Holland and other parts.

The poorer fort of people arc employed in making
beads, fmall idols, bracelets, necklaces, &c. They
alfo weave filk, and work curious tapcftry, which is
ufcd for lining chairs and palanquins of the quality.

SECT. II.

Of the City £/■ Cambodia.

Til E only city in this kingdom that merits the lead
notice is Cambodia, which is fituated on the river
Mecon, about an hundred miles from the bar. It Is built
on a rifing ground in order to avoid the annual over-
flowings of the river, and principally confift: of one
large iTrcot. About the center of it is a palace for the
rcfidence of the prince : it is a very infignificant edifice,
furrounded by a kind of wall, with ramparts, ia which
are leveral pieces of artillery.

The power of the prince is defpotic, and favours are
only obtained from him by pecuniary compliments.
When he thinks proper to diftinguifh any peculiar fa-
vourite, he prcfents him with two (words, one of which
is called the fword of Ibtc, and the other the fword of
jufticc. The pcrfcn on whom this honour is beftowcd
receives them with the greatcft marks of humility, and
after prollrating himfcif to the ground, retires. Whca
he has received this high dignity, the fwords muft be
always carried before him whenever he goes abroad on
public occafions, and all people are obliged to compli.
ment him in words adapted to the elevation of his cha-
raflcr. If he meets wiih another who has received the
fame preferment, they enquire of eich other the time of
their being honoured with this great diftinflion, and he
who laft received it muft firft falutc his fuperior, Thefe
pcrfons arc empowered to hold courts of juftice j and
the choice of puniftimcnt, whether in civil or criminal
cafe;, ii left folcly to their determination.

They have only one fort of coin in this kiagdom,
which arc called Galls : they are fmall pieces of ordi-
nary iilvcr, with char.iclers on one fide, but plain or.
the other ; and are valued at about four-pence fterling.

SECT. III.

Of tht Ijlmd o/Pulo-Condore.

THERE are feveral iflands which lie off &■ -oa.'^
of Cambodia, the moft diftingui/hcd of < his
Pulo-Coiulore, fituated about twenty leagues .outh
from the weftcrnmoft channel of the liver Cambodia.
It is between four and live leagues long, and is the only
inhabited ifland on the coaft.

The ii.itives of thu ifl.ind are of a middle ftaturc,
and well (haped, but their complexion is exceeding
fwarthy. I'hcir hair is llrait and black j their eyes art
remarkablv linall, and their noles high: they have thin
lips, fmall mouths, and wliiie teeth; and in thtir dilpofi.
tioii arc very courteous.- They go almolt naked, except
on very particular oct.ifioii?, when they arc drellcd in a
long garment girded about the waift, and orii.imcnted
with various coloured ribb.ind^.

Their houfes, whith aie very fmall, arc built of

bamboos, covered with loni; gr.ils. 'i'hey are railed f«-

veral fcrt from the eanli, on account ot the dampnefi

of the ground ) and they have neither dogrs or win.

3 A dkWI,

iV'

■t

c; I It

I'.S

■ !f^

A Ni:\V COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

dows, Co tli.it one fide is led opci. as well for conveni-
ence of ligln, as for the entrance of the people.

Their religion is the fame with that of the Pagans,
and they worfhip idols, reprcfcnting horfcs and ele-
phants. In a fmall village, on the fouth fide of the
illand, is a temple, which is a mean edifice built of
wood : within it is the figure of an elephant, and with-
out is that of a horfe.

This iffand produces fci'cral kinds of fruit : among
thefc is one about the fizc of a peich, which is very
jui,-y and grateful to the palate, and has fo fraf^rant a
fnioil as to perfume the air at fomc diftance. Here arc
alio fcveral forts of trees, particula:iy a tall one
near four feet in diameter, in which the inhabitants
make an horizont.nl incifion half way through, about a
foot from the ground, and then cutting the upper part
Hope-ways within till it meets with a tranfverfe incifion,
a liquor gradually falls into a hollow, made in the fcmi-
circular Uump, which, when boiled, becomes good tar,
and if boiled dill more, comes to the folidity of pitch,
inftcad of which it is ufed. One of thefc trees will pro-
<!uce two ijuarts of juice every day for a month together,
when it dries up, but will recover itl'clf in a very fliort
Hme.

There is great plenty of grapes here, both red and
white, that nearly refenibic ours, and have a very de-
licious tafte. They grow on a ftrait tree, whofe trunk
is about a foot in diameter, upon which the fruit hangs
in clutlers, in ine fame manner as the fruit of the cocoa-
tree. Here are likcwile wild nutmeg-trees, the fruit of
which grow* among the boughs like that of the wal-

jiut-trec. It greatly relLinblei the true nutmeg, but Ij
fiiialler, and without cither t.illc or fmell.

Here :iii; leveral foits of fowl, as turtle doves,
pidgeons, wild cocks and hens, parrots and parroiuii.te5 j
alio fevcral kinds of animals and reptiles, as hogs, jjiio.,
lizard.', &c. and the fea produces a great pliM.ly ut tur-
tles, limpets and mufiks.

Although this ifland is conveniently fituated forcirry-
ing on a trade with Japan, China, Manila, ToiK|ui:i,
and Cochin-China, yet the natives in gencr.il are vciy
poor, and have little other employment th.m g.itlicriii,r
the juice of tlu' piicli-trec, and making turtk- oil, hy
boiling the fat of the turtle, which they cxpoit in grcn
quantities to Cochin-China. Another atticli: ii wl.i^;h
they arc employed is making brine for falling I'm ill liOi,
like anchovies, that are caught here in great abun-
dance.

The Englilh fettled on this itlanJ in 1702, when the
faflory of Chufan, on the coaft of China, was broke
up. However, they continued here but a fliort lime,
for having made an agreement with fome Macart'ars, ;ip.-
tives of the illand of Celebes, to ferve for fohlicrs, an 1
aflift ill building a fort, and not difcharging thciii at
the end of three years, (for which time ihev were en-
gageJ) they rofe in the night and murdered every En--
fiflini.in they could find on the illand. The idand luJ
been purchal'ed by the Englifli of the king of CaniboiHi,
to whom, pfter this circumftancc, it again rrii'ittd.
The fort was principally demaliihed, but fome ftw ic-
mains of it are Hill ftanding.

jiij

1 *

i'tl'H

CHAP. xvir.

Of the KINGDOM of LAOS.

SECT. I.

tti Biundarid end Prcduci ) Nature »/ thi InhahUants ;
their Mannerly Cttftmn, Ceremonies, Uc,

TH i S is a rich plentiful country, but is little
vifitcd by Europeans, It is bounded on the
call by Cochin-ChiiM and Tonquin ; on the
wed, by linania ; on the north, by the lake Chamay ;
and on the fouth, by Cambodia and Slam. Its extent
cannot with certainty be afccrtained ; but the general
opinion is, that it reaches from the 15th to the ajih de-
gree of north latitude.

The mod valuable article produced in this country
is benjamin, which is eftcemed the belt in quality of
any throughout the Indies ; it grows in great abun-
dance, and brings fo confiderable a revenue to the king,
that the exportation of it is fevercly prohibited. The
gardens abound with a great variety of fruit, and they
nave rice in abundance, which, though difFcrenc in
tafte from that of any other country, is efteemed the
bell in the t»R. They have a great plenty of honey,
wax, cotton, amber and mufk ( and ivory is fo little
valued, from the great number of cleph.ints with which
the country abounds, that the teeth are ufed for fences
to their fields and gardens. 'I'hey have prodigious herds
of beeves and buffaloes, and the rivers abound with all
kinds of fifli, fome of which are of an iiiinionfc dze.
In thcfe rivers are found gold and filvcr duft ; and in
feveni parts of the country are min<^ of iron, lead and
tin. Salt ii alfo produced here in great abundance, and
prodigious quantities of it are exported to foreign parts.
It is tormed by a white froth left on the rice fields after
harveft, which afterwards bvcomet coiidcnfLd by the
heat of the fun.

The Langiani, or inhabitants of Laos, are naturally
very affable in their difpofition ; and though they envy
fucn as are in a more eligible filuatiu^ tbai) themlelvfi,

yet th«y a i flriftly honcft, and appear to be utter
ftrangers to avaritious fcntimenls. They aie in 'Ciiu.il
well fliaped, and though their complexion is of an elite
caft, ytt they arc much fairer than their neighbours;
the women aie very niodcft in their carriage, acul in
other refprcls little inferior to the women of IVirtugiil.

Their food principally confifts of rica, the tielli of
the buffalo, and fcveral kinds of pulfe ; they cat four
meab a day, and have very great appetites, iiutwith-
ftanding which, they are feldom aflliiled with any dil-
cafes. They fotnctimcs cat fowls, which they dni!
without pluckir.^ ofl-' the fe.ithersj and they kill them
by ftriking them on the head with a flick, the fhcdJiiii»
of blood being confidcred as one of the grcateft crimes."'

Their employment princip.illy confills in hullnndiy
and filhingi but they arc naturally of an indolent difpo-
fition, nor will they attend bufinefs till they are reduced
to it from abfolute ncceflity.

A robbery is here feldom heard of, but whon
fuch circumflanccs do happen, if the criuiiul
cannot be found, the neighbouij niuft make rcltituiion
to the parties injured.

If a woman is found guilty of adultery, flic is
deprived of her liberty, and for the rell of her life is con-
fidcred as an abl'olute Have, and mult be fubjc>i( (o fuch
fevere treatment as her hufband fliall think proper to

iofiia.

Their marriage ceremonies confifl only in the parties
promifing bclore two who have been fume years joiiicj
in wedlock, that they will be true to each other fo long
as they fliall live) but they often part from the molt
trifling circumitanees, and this may be attributed to the
infigiilficancy of the mode by which they arc joined to-
gether.

Fornication is iwrmitted among the laity, but the ta-
lapoins, or prielU, are prohibited liom it under fcvcrc
puuiOimvms. rolygamy u alig jlluwcdj but the fiilt

wac

only in the parties
luinc years joined
each other fo long
jart ftom the molt
attribiiicJ to the
ihiy arc joined lo-

' laity, but the ta-
in It undir fcvcic
vcJj but the 111 It

Kingdom of LA

ASIA.]

wife has the pre-eminence, and irull be treated with
(Treat relpccl by the others, who are confidered more as
her fiivants than her companions.

They itrongly believe in forcery ; to prevent the
CiTlAs of which, during the time a woman lies in, all
her rcl.itioMS and friends repair to the houfc, and divert
ibcnirelvcs with finging, dancing, and other amufe-
nuiits. They do this that the magicians or I'orccrers
i!i;iy not come near the woman j for fliould that be the
cile, they would immediately take it for granted, that
ill • inl'ant was bewitched.

A creat fertival is alfo held on the death of a perfon :
it is cekbnited with much fplcndor, and continues for a
r.ionth, r.t the expiration of which a pyramid is erected,
till the top whereof the corpfe is laid : the t .I.ipoin; or
rriclts (who are the only perfons invited to the fc(lival)
tlicn (inp: certain longs, which they' aflcrt quali-
iics the foul of the deccafcd for the manfions of par.i-
dife. After the pricfts hav; fii\i(hcd their fong"-, the
nvraniid is fct on fire ; and when the body is conlumcd,
the aflics arc conveyed with great ceremony to the i>.ij;ud,
cr iil'ii:il place of interment, \v1;lh: the better fort of peo-
ple c:edt itiagr.ificent tombs to perpetuate the memory of
their ancetlors.

The Lsngians profcfs the iPagan religion, Thofe
vho deny the tranfmigration of fouls aflirm, that the
wicked, after death, arc irredeemably loft ; but that
the good aflumc a body of air as light and pure as the
fun, and that after infenfihly palTing through i6 heavens,
where they enjoy the moft celellial felicity, they return
to their natural fliapc, and are for ever after in a per-
fect iiate of h.ipiiiiieis.

When they are ill, thev implore the favour of thofe
fouls whom they fuppofe to be in the celeftial Hate,
vhich they do by making thorn prefents, inviting
them to cat with them, and citertaining them (in
ilka) the fame as if they were really prcfent, and heard
and f.iw every tranfaition ; and to add to the folemnity,
they fing particular fongs, attended by a rough kind
of inufic, which is continued day and night till the
patient cither recovers or dies.

The talapoins or pricfts are in general very indolent ;
and though they originate from the moft humble ft.itions,
yet on their being elevated to the dignity of prieft, they
allumc the moft diftinguifhed arrogance. They arc
under tuition from their childhood till they arc 2J years
cf age, when they undergo an examination, and if ap-
proved, aicinunvdiatcly appointed to the order of pricft-
hood.

SECT. II.

Cf the Power efthe Sovereign ; his Dignity, end /Ac pai-
tkular Homage faid l.im on all publii Ounfum ; his
VJJiccrs of State, Is'c.

THE fovcrcign of Laos prcferves an unlimited
power in all cafes, whether civil or ccck iftical ;
and all honours and employments are folcly at his dif-
pulal : the private property of individuals is fubjc5t to
be conveitcd to fuch purpofcs as he fllall think proper;
fo that no lamily can be f.iid to enjoy their own poftcf-
finns. When a perfon dies, all bis ctfefts become the
pioperty of the king, except thofe which are moveable j
lo that in faft no perfon, who has an eUate in land, can
properly ''all it his own. The pricfts, indeed, have I
the peculiar privile-ge of difpofing of fuch things as arc
inmiediatcly occupied ; but their property in laitd is
under the dirf(tlion of mandarins, who 1ft it out to
farmers, and one half of every ihird year's rent is
convcrtid to the ufe of the king.

The king confiders hinifelf aj fuperior to all other
fneicigns, and the grcateft homage is paid to him by
all ranks of people. In order to imprefs his people with
a due fenfc of rrfpr6l fur him, he appears in public twice
every yearj and his fubjet^ts are fo elated on this oc-
c:ifi(Mi, that tbry tcftify their happincfs by the moll
diltinguifticd rcji'irings.

The chnrae'leriftic by which he diftinguifiies his fu-
pcriority over other princes, is from th« length of his
cars, which an; lo dirtcnded as to hang upon his fh.oul-
ders, 'J his is conlii'clTd a? a mark of the highoft dij;-
liity ; and the ircail) for obt»inin|; it ate tiled in their

bh.

187

infancy, when the (le(hy parts of the cars are repeated-
ly bored, and they are extended by weights hung at the
ends of them. The people in general are very fond of
large cars, but they muft be careful that the dimenfions
of them do not come near to thofe of their fnvcreign's.
When the king appears in public, his fubjedls exert
themfclvcs to exprcfs loyalty to his perfon iind govern-
ment. They bring a variety of wild beafts, particularly
elephants, which they decorate with the moft fupcrb
trappings: they have alfo wrcftlcrs, gladiators, &c. all
of whom afTemblc in a large area, or field, before the
king, wiio is diverted with their various exhibitions.

The fplcndor of the king's court is moft diftinguifhcd
when he goes with the mandarins and nobility to ofter
prefents to fome diftinguiflicd temple. On this occa-
fion the king is featcd on a beautiful elephant, decorated
with trappings of gold, which hang from his fides to
thc;;roundi and the king is drefled in the molt funiptu-
uus manner, his garments being loaded with diamonds
of imnienle value, Tli^; mandarins go in (Vmit, the
king follows next, r.nd the nobility cli;lo the piocclfion.
Thcfclaft arc mounted on fine horles clcgantiv dccoiated,
and with them arc a great number of cattle, richly drefled,
and laden with prefents for the idol.

The women are prohibited from being ken in the
ftrects on thefc days; they therefore Ijok out at their
windows when the prccelTion paflcs, and fprinkle fccnted
water on the ing, atid the prefents that are going to
bo offered to the idul. The talapoins arc drefled in their
richcft habits, and meet the king as he arrives at their
rcfpedlivc convent.-;, afiir wiiieh they attend him durinj;
the time he facrifice» the preleiits to the idol.

There arc fcveral tributary kings that come to court,
in order to pay hum.ige to tlic king of Laos, and iliey
acknowledge their fubmiflion to him by niagi.ilitcut
prefents.

The king's principal officers are fevc:i viccrovs, the
chief of whom is diftinguifhed by the title of viceroy-
general. This oificcr executes the principal bulinc'i of
the government J and on the death of the king, adjufts
all matter's, and difpofcs of all employments till a fuc-
ccflbr is chofen to the throne,

Thell- viceroys are governors of the feveit provinces,
into which the kingdom is divided. They fupport their
characlcrs wiih the higheft dignity, and a.c always con-
fulted by the king in matters of a public nature. They
have each a deputy, who officiates for them in tb'. " rc-
fpcflivc provinces, during their abfence, or when the
affairs of government command their attond.incc at
court.

The viceroy-general his the diftinguifhed privilege of
riding on an elephant in .Jl public pioceffions ; but the
others are only pcriniticd to go in chairs, attended by a
number of feivtmts drefled in one uniform. The man-
darins, and nil other inferior officers, go on foot, with-
out any attendants.

Every pro\ince has a militia of horfe and foot, who
arc maintained at the expence of that province to which
they belong ; and the officers arc all dependant on the
viceroy-general.

As the king is an abfolutc monarch, they have but
lew laws; but every family has a chief, to whom the
reft arc all fubordinntej except the talapoins, who aie
c.vempted from it on account of their facrcd charaifters.
Thcfc vafl'alagcs arc a convenient fccutity to the ftate,
becaufe, on any emergency, the king, by giving n 'ticc
to the chiefs, can allenibtc a confidcrable army in a
little time,

any chief is convi(5led of committing a capital
offence, all his relations are immediately deprived of
their poflellions, and are for ever after employed in dif-
charEing the moft fervilc offices. Crimes arc here
punilhcu with fuch fevcrity, that there are few offen-
ders I and in all civil aftairt the judge's determination
is abfolute.

SECT. III.

Of the capital City of Laos.

TltE capital city of this kingdom is by fomc called
l.anchang, and by otlui^ Laiijeng. Itisfitiiatcd
in the interior patt of the kini,dwm, 111 iB uc^. ncilli lat.

.Wf

4'i

'\t

l> I

l! '

ill V

f :

1 I-

' 1

^W'

111

' ! 'm\

" f ill

i'.

I ! H

11^ ■

- ttik

1 r^||H;!i^

4 1 ■ f 1

?■' ■

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV,

II is defended on one fide by the great river Lao, and on I
the other, by high walls and extenfivc ditches. 1

The moft diftinguilhed edifice in this city is the pa-
l»ce, which is very lofty and magnificent, and, with the
offices and other buildings, extends more than two miles
in circumference. The architcflure is exceeding grand,
and the apartments within are furniflied in the moft
fumptuoiis manner : the baflb relievos, in particular,
are ib richly gilt, a; to appear as if covered with panes
inftead of leaves of gold.

A French hiftorian, after defcribing the elegant con-
ftruflion of the palace, as well as the magniiiccncc of
its furniture, fays, " There is lilccwifc as extraordinary
a temple, with a tower of too cubits high, and thin
plates of gold, which being moved by the wind, make a
delicate harmony." This writer, however, in all his
defcriptions borders fo ftrong on the marvellous, that
there is great reafon to doubt the truth of his alTertion ;
more efpccially as it doth not appear that the circum-
ftances related by him arc confirmed by any other tra-
veller.

The houfcs of the better fort are built of won,l, ;;,,j
are very lofty and handfomc j but tliofc of the tomnvm
people arc very low and mean, and chiefly made ot
dirt and clay. The talapoins or pricfts have libmy i„
build their houfcs of brick or ftone ; but all otlicis ;i;r:
retrained from the, like indulgence.

The houfes of the quality are in general very clri-nni!',-
furniflied; inftead of tapeftry they line the w.ills with,
mats beautifully wrought, and ornamented with foli.i^;-,
.ind a great variety of very curious figures.

The inhabit.iiits arc all Pagans, -.nnJ lir.vc temple?
which contain the idols they worfliip ; they ai-e more
ftri£l in the execution of their religious ceremonies tlun
the people in any other part of the kingdom, and p.iy
much greater rcfpect to their priefts.

There are feveral other towns difprrfed in varioii->
parts of this kingdom ; but neither of th;m contain
any thing that demands the leall attention of the tra.
velkr.

CHAP. XVlil.

'!!•

Of TIBET.

SECT. I,

Siluatim, Exttntf and Boundaries ; Cliwiait, Soil, na-
tural Produce, Rivers, &c,

TIBET, the laft place we have to mention on the
continent of Afia, is fituated in an excellent cli-
mate, between 30 and 40 dcg. north lat. but it is
furrounJcd with very extenfivc mountains. It isca'led by
the Tartars Barantola ; but then it includes all that
large track between the great river Ya-long, and the
fourcc of the Ganges. The Chinefc call it Tfan or
Tfan-li ; aiid the inhabitants of Cafimerc, as well as
thofcon the other fide the Ganges, call it BiitanorButon.
The country is divided into three principal parts, name-
ly. Great Tibet, Little Tibet, and LalTa. This laft
divifion being the moft rich, as well as the moft plenti-
ful province, and the refidence of the grand lama, it
frequently gives name to the whole country.

Tibet is bounded on the eaft by China ; on the
weft by Indoftan ; on the north by the country of
the Mongols ; and on the fouth, by Ava. The
whole country extends in length, from eaft to weft,
upwards of 1700 miles, and the broadeft part of it
from north to fouth is about 1780.

The climate of this country is in general very tempe-
rate and healthful ; but on the wcftern parts it is cold,
cfpeciallyon the tops of the mountains. Though the land
is in moft parts high, yet it is often overflowed from the
great torrents of water that pour down the rocks after
luavj rains. The mountains arc fo clofc together,
th.it t!'C tops of them fecm almoft to join, and the rocks
which lead up to them have fo dreadful an appearance as
to ftrike the greateft terror in the mind of the fpei5^ator.
There is a road between the mountains, but it is fo
narrow as to be not only inconvenient, but very dan-
gerous to travellers, and in fome parts bridges are made
acrofs the avenues that lead from one mountain to
another, for the convenience of paflengcrs during the
times of the floods.

The foil of this country is ingeneral fertile, and pro-
duces great plenty of rice and pulfe. It is particularly
famous for the produce of rhubarb and mu(k j the latter
of which it cftccincd the bcft of any to be met with in
India.

Here are many rivers, feveral of which produce great
quantities of gold, particularly the Kin-cha-kyang,
which enters the Chincfe province of Yun-nan, whofc
name fignifies, the river with golden fand. It is from
fome one of thcfe rivers that China is fupplicd with
gold, which in purity is fiid to exceed that brought
from all other parts. It is uncertain where many of the
rivers in this country difcharge thcnifclvcs. The Nu-
kyang, which is a very principal one, enters Yun-nan,
and after a confiderable courfe changes its name to Lu-
kyang, from whence it pafTes into the kingdom of Avn.
The Lantfan-kyang alio enters Yun-nan, and aficr
being joined by feveral fraall rivers, becomes the (jit.it
Kiw Long Kyang, (that is, the river of the Niiiis
Dragons) and flows into the kingdom of 'f'unquin. The
great river, which runs through Tibet, is called Yoru-
tfan-pu or Dfan-pu : this river flows from the eaft of
the mountain Kentaus, but it is diflirult to determine
where it difchargei itfdf; it i? fuppofcd to fall into the
bay of Bengal, about Araccan, or near the mouth of
the Ganges in the Mogul's empire, which is called by
the inhabitants of Tibet, Aronkck, or Anonjcn.

The towns in Tibet are in general cxcecdini^ fmall,
and very poorly inhabited ; nor is even Laflli, the prin-
cipal place of the country, in the lealt fortified. In-
deed, there is but little occafion for fortifications hi v,
the Tartars in their wars rather chufing to fight in th.:
open fields, than to undertake fieges.

Great Tibet, the fecond province in this country, ii
fituated to the notth-eaft of Kiflimar j and its climate it
much the lame as that of Lali'a, it being furrounded
with hij^h mountains. The foil is alfo very fertile,
and produces various kinds of grain ; but they have few
trees and little fruit.

Little Tibet, which is alfo exceeding mountainouj,
is fituated to the north- wrft of RiOimar, and is bounded
on the eaft by Great Tibet. The foil is in getcral
good, and fome parti of tlic province produce vcryric'i
fruits, particiilnily mciens.

The trade of thia country is but very fmall, the
chief articles produced in it being wool, mufk, coi.il,
amber, and jaflKn. 'Iliis laft is a ftoiic of a bluifh eaft,
with white veins, and [■, fu hard as to be cut only bv a
dianigiid. It i. eflecnicd vf great value, infumuLh (hat

Viiry

TIBET.

ASIA.]

very hnndfomcdrinkingvcflels arc made of it, j-articularly
for (he uCe ol' the great Mogul, fomc of which are inlaid
with gold.

SECT. II.

PirfmiefthcIiiha'itantiofT'xhn; their Die/s, C:<J!ims,
Language, Religion, iz'c.

T\l E natives of Tibet arc in general a vcrv robuft
people, and of the moll healthy conltitiitinns.
They have an olive or tawny complexion, their iiofcs
are flat, and their faces vi-ry broad ; but the women are
much handfomcr in their features than the men. They
arc naturally very indolent, and the common people in
particular are exceeding futhy. The garments of both
fcxcs are alike, coi)fiftin;» of a lari>c piece of coarfe
cloth f.iftened round the bodv , a girdle; and on
their hcids they wear a kim. t-. bonnet, which is de-
corated wii.- ;ces of tortoile-flicll, and other trifling
baubles i but the better fort ornament them with coral
and beads of amber. Both fexes wear bracelets on their
lel't armf, which arc faltencd with be.idj, and round
their necks is a filk twift, from whence hangs a long
firing ornamented with coral, and at tlic end of it is a
boar's tooth.

The poor people live principally on rice and pulfc,
though they have various kinds of flcfli ; they are in
ge.ieral very temperate in their diet, but will often drink
to ixcefs, and are exceeding fond of fpiritiious liquors.
They have a particular veneration for the cow, which
they never kill, as they confider that animal in the moll
facrcd light.

The houfes of the better foit are tolerably handfomc,
and chiefly built of wood ; but thofe of the common
people are low mean huts, made of flones ludcly piled
together.

Their language bears a (Irong affinity to that ufed by
the natives of Si-fan, a country which lies contiguous
to three Chincfe provinces ; for which reafon the Chi-
ncfe extend the name of Si-fan throughout Tibet, not-
withltanding the forms and cuftoms of the two coun-
tries are totally different. This langu^ige coiifills of
lour vowels and 20 confonanls ; 96 compound cha-
ncers, and ten double letters.

The king is a defpotic prince, and is as it were fecludcd
froin his fubjeOs j for be very fcldom leaves his palace,
and when he docs it is fn privately, ihit it is a great
rarity to obtain the fight of him. All bufincfs of ;i
public nature is referred to his prime minider, who,
iinlefs it is a m.ittcrof fome very fiiignlar tendency, ad-
iulls it without ever confultin!; the king. When am-
bafladors defire audience o! his m.ajc(ly, they apply to
the prime miniller, who, if he approves of their cmbaify,
prefents them to the king ; on which occafions his ma-
jelly is feated on a throne, drefltd in the moll fumptuous
apparel, and on his bead is a crown ornamented with
the lichcd diamonds.

With refpcft to the religion of Tibet, in fome parts
they arc Mahometans, and in other parts they profcfs
Paganifm ; but the latter are much lefs fuperllitious
than (hofe in other idolatrous countries. They are per-
mitted to cat flcfli i and in moll particulars greatly rc-
fcnible the maxims ufed by the church of Rome. They
differ entirely fiom the Indians in thei; religious prin-
ciples, as they rejeil male-polygamy, and the do£lrine of
the tranfmigralion of fouk. They chaunt iheirpraycri,
and prtfent offerings in the temples, which they receive
again from the prieft in the moll folemn and devout
manner.

The great number of lamas or priefts in Tibet is
almoft incredible, there being fcarce a family without
one. Thefe people obtain the facrcd fun(flicn either
from a principal of devotion, or from an cxpeillation of
preferment in the fcrvicc of-thc grand lama.

Before the war between the inliabitants of Tibet and
the Calmuck Tartars, the grand lama was fovercign of
all Tibet ; but lincc that time he has rclinqtiifhed all
temporal concetni, and dedicated himfelf Iblely to thofc
of a fpiritual nature. He therefore nppoints a governor
to ai^ in his ftod, who ii diRingulOied by the name of
Tip...

»7

189

All the lamas arc prohibited from marriage, and from
having any concern in worldly employments. Ths
tipa, orgoternor, wears the lama habit, which conflfts
of a frize garment reaching to the ankles, with a hat of
a red or yellow colour, edged with gold. The others
wear various kinds of bonnets, by which they are
dillinguifhed according to their rcfpedivc dignities.

The grand lama refides near the city of Laffa, in a
fp.icious pagod or palace, and is revered by all ranks of
people in the moA facred manner.' On particular days
he is feated on a kind of altar ti<fhly ornamented with
gold, above which is a grand^ canopy, and beneath his
feet, a magnificent culhion. Here he receives the ado*
ration not only of his fubjcfls, but even (Irangers of
the moft elevated characters, who come from different
countries to pay him homage, relate the fufFerings they
have undergone in the courfc of their pilgrimage, and
to obtain his blefling. Even princes themfclves are
happy in obtaining this (ingular benefit j nor is there any
greater rcfpeft paid to them than to the meancll vaffal.
Ihc grand lama confidcrs himfelf fo highly diftinguilhcd
above the reft of human beings, that he never conde-
fcends to move in the Icaft from his fituation, or to
oflcr Eny return of falute, even to a prince ; he only
l.iys his hand on the heads of his worfhippcrs, who re-
tire with a confidence of mind that all their fins are
pardoned.

This ftrange adoration arifes from the exalted idea
the people entertain of the power and holinefj of the
grand lama. They believe that the god Fo lives in
him, and that he is immortal ; fo that after he dies, the
foul changes its abode, being placed again in an entire
\KV body ; and that the place of his refidence is made
known by certain pretended tokens, which can only ba
difcovereil by the other lamas.

The moft diftinguiflied idol worfliippcd by thefe peo-
ple is called Manippe, which is reprefented with nino
heads placed in rows .ibove each other in the form of a
cone. Before this image they perform their facred
rites, and amidft their ejaculations exclaim, " O Ma-
nippe mi-hum I" that is, " Manippe fave us I" In
iirder to obtain the favour of this idol, they frequently
place before it various kinds of provifions, of which
iliey earnellly entreat it to participate ; and thofe are
the happicft who in this cafe can procure the greatcft
d.iinties.

Bcfides the grand lama, there are feveral other princes
in Tibet who aflum-: the lama habit; and under the
titles of his chief ofiiccrs, preferve power independent of
him, and receive a peculiar homage from the people.

The dignity of lama is not alone confined to the na-
tives of Tibet : the Chincfe and I'artars go to Laffa to
obtain it; for to be admitted into the number of the
;]rand lama's difciples is conCdercd as the fummit of all
earthly enjoyments. Thefe never exceed aoc, out of
whom arc chofen the inferior lamas, that live in pagodas^
and are treated with the greateft rtfpe£t by the people
where they refide. One of the moft diftinguifhed titles
among thefe is the Hutuktus, who are confidered as
little inferior to Fo himfelf; but thefe are not confined
ro the pagodas, nor even to Tibet, but have liberty to
fettle where they think proper; and many of them
obtain confidcrablc wealth by the liberal oRcrings of
their numerous worfhippcrs.

Some of the lamas are tolerably well fkilled in phyficlc
and furgery; and others are acquainted with aftronomy
and the calculation of eclipfes. Few of them, however,
can read their ancient books, as they are written in a
langu.ige which has been a long time difcontlnued.

The inhabitants of Great Tibet fomewhit differ in
their religious ceremonies from thofe of the other pro-
vinces. The fupreme deity, whom they worfliip, is
called Conchock, and they have another named Urghien,
who they believe was born of a flower ; and the idol
they worfhip, in confequence of this opinion, is tht
ftatue of a woman, with a flower in her hand, who
they fay was the mother of Urghien. They likewife wor-
fhip faints, and ufe beads in repeating their prayers.
The lamas here have a particular drefs from thofe in
the other provinces ; they ufually afltKiate and live to-
i;ethcr, and arc held in the higheft veneration by tht
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190

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

laity. They have fuperiors according to their icfpeftivc
dignities ; and one above the red is Co diftinguiilicd, as
to be treated with the greateil refpeft even by the grand
lama hiififeir.

The laws of this country arc but few, as offonccs
are very rarely committed ; and in all matters of ;i trifling
nature, the adminillration of juOice is veiled in the
lamas ; but capital cafes are referred to the grand
lamu.

The men are prohibited from polygamy, but the
women are allowed fcveral hufbands. The firft child born
is taken care of by the firft hu(hand, and thofe born j
after by the other hufbands, according to the priority of 1
their marriage. 1

We have not any particulars relative to the hiftory of '
this country before the lalt century ; at the beginning I
of which, the king not paying that refpeft to the grand I

bma which he thought due to him, the latter called in
the ainflanec of the Tartars, who took the king pn-
foiicr, put him to death, and cftablilhed the grand lam»
in his ilcad. A few years after this, one Raptan, ari
experienced commander, relenting the fate of his nijal
mafter, commenced hoftilities with the then lama, whom
he declared an impoftor, and in an engagement defeated
and killed him. Elated at his fuccefs, and fully refulv-
ing to make the lamas fubfervient to the fovereign, he
ravaged the whole country, demollftied the pagodas, and
banifhcd all the lamas he could find. Raptan, however,
was afterwards defeated in feveral engagements by the
Chincfe troops, and was at length obliged to retire,
foon after which the tranquillity of Tibet was again
rcltoi'cd, and it has continued on its original footing
from that time to the prefent.

' «HI

CHAP. XIX*

ASIATIC ISLANDS.

of the lilands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

1. The E M P I R E of J A P A N.

f '

S E C T. I.
Niimt, Extent, Divijiant, Suti-dhi/^sni, (ifc.

THIS extenfivcand opulent empire is known to the
Europeans by the general name of Japan; but
the natives ufually call itNiphon, which is the
name of the moft confiderablc ifland belonging to this
fovereignty ; and which appellation fcems to have ab-
forbcd thofe appertaining to the other iflands of the em-
pire ; but the vanity of the natives induces them fome-
times to ftilc it Ten-ka, or Under Heaven, intimating,
that it is the only country in the univerfe, Co particularly
fevoured as to be placed direiftly under the celellial
regions ; on which account they frequently call the em-
perors Tcn-ka-fuma, or the Jivtreign undtr heaven ; and
indeed they imagine that fun, moon, ftars, earth, feas,
iec, were entirely formed upon their account, and for
their accomodation only : fuch is the fingular modefty
ef thefe Afiatic IflanJers !

" A(k for whofe iife the heav'nly bodies (hine,
• Earth for whofe form'd ? Pridcanfwcrs,'Tis for mine!
" For me, kind nature wakes her genial pow'r,
*' Sucklei each herb, and fprcads out ev'ry flow'r }
" Annual' for ire, the grape, the rofe, renew
" The juice ncibteous, and the balmy dew j
" For me, the mine a thouTund treafurcs brings ;
" For me, health gufhes from a thuufand fprings ;
" Seas rowl to waft me, funs to light me rife ;
" My footftool earth, my canopy tne Ikies,"

In treating of Japan, fome authors have thought
pru|>er to launch out rather too much, and enlarge upon
many things hyperbolically ; by which, inftead of a
genuine account of the place, they have furniflird ut
with fome mighty pretty romances ; and fcveral tra-
vellers, who have written concerning this empire, have
unfortunately rather too much indulged that faculty fo
generally attributed to them, viz. not adhering clofcly
tu veracity, but trulling mure tu an inventive imagi-

nation than truth. A fancy fertile in fii^lion is certainly
a very neceflary qualification in a novel writer; but it
is an unlucky circumftance when it haunts the hiflorian
or geographer. Therefore, faithfully to difchargc the
talk wo have undertaken, we fhall not amufe our readcis
with any fabulous talcs, but confine ourfclves tu
fafls only.

The empire of Japan, which confifls of three large,
and many lefl'er iflands, is 130 deg. eaftward of London,
extending from 30 to 41, deg. north lat. and from 130
to 147 deg. call long, the whole duller being about 600
leagues in circumference, and 200 in length.

The larger iflands are Japan itfclf, Ximo the next in
extent, and Xicoco the fmaller of the three, which it
fituated between the former two. The Icfs connderable
iflands, of various fiaes, are licattcred round ihofe in an
irregular minner.

The topographical divifion of the whole empire is
into feven capital territories, five of which are in Japan,
properly fo called. Thofe territories were formerly divid-
ed into 62 provinces, and the latter fubdividcd into 6C4
diftric'Is.

Niphon, or Japan itfelf, extends from 33 deg. 10 min.
to 41 deg. north lat. and from 131 deg. and an half, to
147 deg. and an half, call long. It is divided from the land
of Jeflb by the (Ircights of Kamtfchatka, being in length
about 660 miles, and in breadth 400 where broadeft j
but the form is fo exceedingly irregular that the exacl
circumference is difficult to be afcertaincd.

The grand fecunty of this empire from foreign in-
vaficn are, the tempcftuous feas and craggy rocks by
which it is furrounded ; indeed they feem (o high and
inaccefliblc, that when fcen at fea, from a diUance, the
whole appears as one immenfe rock :

-A rock that braves

" The raging tempeft, and the rifing wave* ;

•' Self propt it feems to (land : its folid fides

«« Keep off the fc.a-wccd*, and the founding tides."

SECT.

I -. !

ASIA.]

Empire of

SECT. II.

Natural Hijltij.

BY the fituation of Japan between the fourth and
fevcnih climates, the i'un lifcs with the Japanefe
about eight hours before it docs with us. The fca
breezes greatly mitigate the heat in fummer, but they
add to the cxcciTive coldncfs in winter, and render the
fcafons here more inconftaiit than in any other parts of
the Indies. Heavy rains fomctimes continue almod the
year throughout i but in the months of June and July,
which arc called the water-months, they are always
txceflive. The country ii lilccwife frequently vifited
with dreadful ftorms ana hurricanes, thunder, lighten-
ing, &c. by which the natives fuftain great damage.
The foil is rocky, and rather (Icrilc ; but the induftry
cf the inhabitants hath overcome the unkindnefs of na-
ture, and given fertility to a land of itfelf unfertile.
They havr iice, of which they make bread, and brew
beer ; with the barley they feed cattle, convert their fine
wheat into cakes, and of two fpcciis of beans, they grind
one to meal to boil for eating, and with the other make
a kind of confcdlionary. They have befides Indian wheat,
millet, and many other forts of grain. Even the rocks,
and other barren places, have been fo well cultivated,
as to produce abundance of fruits and plants. They
have good pafturage, which feeds great numbers of buf-
fjlo;s, oxen, (heep, horfes, deer, &c. and various
^lowers and herbs, particularly excellent tea. The cn-
cirdii^j fcas, interfering rivers, and interior lakes, a-
bound in fifh.

The livers are in general exceedingly rapid, and many
dreadful catarafts fall from the mountains. The princi-
pal rivers ;uc the Ujingava, whofe waters are fo turioui,
that no bridge can be built over it ; the Corric, that
takes iti name from the province in which it rifes ; and
the Afkagava, remarkable for its depth and perpetual
fluiSuation. The chief lake, Called Citz, is lOO miles in
length, and 20 in breadth. It is formed by the conflux
of fevenil rivers, and difembogues itfelf into the fea on
the fouth-wcft fide of the ifland.

Hclides the bcforemcntioncd animals, they have a fine
breed of horfes that are fmall, but uncommonly fwift,
ami extremely beautiful. Many wild hearts that yield a
great number of valuable furs, an.l elephants, whofc
teeth are a very profitable article to them.

Their feas produce red and white coral, ambergris,
sJinirable pearls, and many curious fhells, fea-weeds,
i:c. but the greateft wealth uf the empire relults from
its invaluable mines, particularly thole of gold. The
emperor claims an exclurivc right to all the gold and
filvcr minei, as well as all the gold fand in hia domi-
nions. The copper niincj arc innumerable, producing
a fine and coarfe fort. 'Ihe boweb of their mountains
arc likewife pregnant with fulphur, iron, and ileel.
They, however, have ntt any quickfilvcr, antimony,
fal amironiac, calamy, cinnabar, or borax.

Salt they procure by inclofing portions of ground near
the fea, covering them with iine fand, and repeatedly
throwing fea-water upon the fand, till it is well im
pre;;nated with the falinc particles : it is then placed in
large vcHcIs, with holes in the bottom, for the fait to
fall into proper receivers, .is it filtrcs through the fand;
after which it is boiUd, and brought tu a proper con-
fiHency as with us.

The fulphur every where inclofed in the bowels of
the earth is fuppofcd to be the caufe of the frequent
tatthquakes, and of the volc.inos, of which there are
tight very dreadful ones in the empire. From the fame
caulc their hot baths, and mineral fprings, which are
extremely numerous, may be deduced; fome equal the
heat of boiling water, ami oihers are even as hot as boil-
ing oil. They have likewife many cold mineral fprings,
but thiir phyficians arc fo i^jnorant, as lo be incapable of
advifing tiiem to the proper uff; of cither.

In Japan are found a fpecies of white ants, which
are t.i..ee<lingly beautiful, but very niiftluevous ; for
they pierce, with their little fnouts, through evciy thing
they come near, except metal and (lone, and (jre.iily
d^iiuagc all kini.'.» ol ^uods, if not prvvenled from ap-

JAPAN. 191

preaching them, by ftrewing the adjacent places with
fait, which thefe little infei^ts abhor.

The ducks of Japan arc fome of the fineft in the
univerfe, for fize, Ihape, and beauty. The nightin*
gales are likewife the mort melodious to be found. The
beetles make an agreeable kind of humming noifc, which
gradually riles to a pretty high note. The night-fly,
however, exceeds all other Japanefe infers for its
beauty ; the body is about three inches long, round,
and finely (hapcd : it has four wings, viz. two clofe to the
body, which make a brilliant appearance, by means of
the admirable blue and gold ftreaks with which they ate
tinged ; and two above thefe, whofe tranfparency not
only admits of the others being fccn through them, but
even adds to their Ihining lurtre. This infeil is a
mighty favourite with the ladies, and has given rife to
the beil fable ever written by any of the Japanefe poets j
with a tranflation of which we (ball here prefent our
readers.

A Japanese Fable.

A Niphon youth fat in a fhady grove,
And thus bewaii'd his unluccefsful love :

l^ike the night-fly, my cruel fair, 1 find,
Alike (he's lovely, and alike unkind.
Inlcifl I 'tis thou haft my deftruftion wrought |
By ftudying thee her cruelty (lie caught :
In thee, like her, I various charms furvey j
Dcfcribing thee, her faults I can difplay.

Nothing in fymmetry excels thy frame ;
Thy head is coral, and thine eyes arc flame ;
Tranfparent winys the blue beneath infold.
And give a polilli to the ilreaky gold :
But fueh attractions how do you employ ?
You charm to kill, and pleafe but to deltroy ;
Then, your mort faithful lovers to remove.
Pretend that their finccrity you'll prove.
And IlII them, if their paflion they'd reveal.
The fpiry flames from tapers they mult fteal :
The haplefs moths, to prove their love, afpire.
Singe their filk wings, and in the flame expire.

Their fate is mine — I ev'ry (hape allume, ^

And aim to pleafe with prefents and perfume ; C

But meet difdain, and in her frowns confunie ; j

Like the poor filly moths, obey to burn,
And in niy paflion find my fun'ral urn.

Near the hot fprings a great number of camphire
trees grow, which refenihlc laurels, and bear purple,
or black beriics. The cedars of Japan arc fome of the
finetl in the univerfe; and many other trees abound in
thofe iflands, particularly plintancs, &c. and fome which,
when lown or cut aCunder, exhibit admirable figures of
birds, bealh, landlVapes, &c. Of thefe many curious
pieces uf furniture are made, which, when polilhed,
have a moll beautiful cft'e£t.

Among many ufeful (tones if various colours, there
is in this empire abundance of excellent marble, which
is u!ed in the conftruiftion of man;' of the principal edi-
fices. The porcelain earth, &c. w^ (hall defcribe here-
after, and only inform our readers, that, with refptit
to other articles in the animal, vcge:able, and mineral
fyrteins not mentioned above, Japai abounds in molt
that have alrea.dy been drfcribed in CI ina.

SECT. III.

Perfons, Hiitits, Manners, Cvfloms, natural and acquired
jlciomptijhintnts. Learnings ti.'c.

T\\ E great difparity between the persons, manners,
and ilifpofitiuns of the Japanefe, evinces that they
are the defccndants of dill'ercnt nations ; and that the
empire of Japan was peopled at various times, by the
emigrations trom, and revolutions of, feveral countries,
and the accidental (hipwrecks of people, who were na-
tives of regions unconneiSlcd with each other : hence
no general defcription c.in be given of the inhabitants ;
we fliiill, however, particularly dcfcribe the perions and
inanncis of the majority, in which the greatell fimila-
rity is [Kirceivable, as fuch a pitturc may be termed the
prevailing charui^U'iiUic.

The

i!|]-

1 '

i, I

nn\

i V

II -. Ii

192

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

The generality thcix of the J.ipanefe have but a for-
bidding appearance ; a very flat nofe, and cye-!ids dif-
guftingly thick, disfigure a t'acc unproportionably broad,
and dilagreeably tawny. Their ilature is Ihort, their
bodies thick, and thcii legs clumfy. Many differ from
this charai^er, and relemble the Chincfe, from whom it
is imagined they are dcfcendant; ; and fome few, parti-
cularly among the better fort of people, and thofc of
the northern provinces, are fnnilar in their appearance
to the Europeans.

The Japancfe habits are a fliort jacket of filk next to
the flcin, and a long cotton gown over it. They wear
no coveting to their heads, but when they go abroad
defend thcmfclves fiom the exceflivc heat of the fun by
means of umbrellas ; and the appearance of the men is at
once martial and effeminate, for by their fides they wear
a b.road fword, or dagger, and in their hand carry a fan.
They are, in another particular, fingularly inconfiftcnt,
muffling thinifelves up in cloaks when at home, and
throwmg them off when they go abroad. Unlike moll
other nations, white is their mourning drefs, and black
deemed the gayefl apparel : the travelling drcfs, how-
ever, differs from the above ; it confifts of a very l.irge
hat made of bambo fplinters, which totally defends the
head from heat and wet ; and a cloak made of oiled
p:iper, fufficiently large to cover man and horfe, wliidi
are both fo exceedingly light, that their weight is
fcarcely felt : ribbons wrapped round their legs, inftead
of (lockings j and wide diawers, with flits on each fiJe
to receive the extremities of their gowns, compleat the
whole. None manage or dircft their own horfe, for
none ride but fuch as can have a perfon to lead him.
Not therefore having the bridle to mind, a Japancfe tra-
veller anuiles hiinlelf with finging, fanning himfelf, or
perufing the fubjeils painted upon his fan, which ufu-
ally arc a map of the country, defcription of the rend,
account of the inns, number of milis fiom ftagc to
Itaje, price of accommodation at each, S;c.

The bright (;de of the general charafler of a Japa-
ncfe is di.imetrically oppofitc to that of a Chinefe : he is
niuJcft, patient, no ways avaricious, temperate, a ftran-
gcr to envy or dcfamatiun, and ftriiSHy honeft in all his
dealings : his dcporirr.tnt is grave, his words laconic,
4nd his behaviour affable j gluttony and drunkenncfs arc
Co him unknown ; he defpifes idle ceremony, and is fin-
cere in what he fpcaks.

The dark fuie of the charai^lrr of a Japancfe is filled
with very black lines, and fome of his vices feem incon-
fillcnt with the \ iriues aferibed to him ; but travellers in
general, and the obfervers of human nature in particu-
tir, know, from experience, that in the charadlcriftics
of every country there arc incohcrcncics : the moft au-
thentic authorities roprcfcnt a Japancfe as being cruel
to an excefs, ambitious, proud, uncharitable, and pof-
fcffed of fo little feeling, that he will fuffer a fellow-
creature to perifli, fooner than give him any relief,
though what he g:ive could not be the lead inconveni-
ence to himfelf; and fo exceedingly revengeful, that if
he IS difappointed in gratifying his refentment againft
another, he will dellroy himfelf. In war they are fero-
cious and fanguinary, and when a town is taken, put
all the inhabitants indifcriminately to the fword.

'i'he Japancli: aie fo quick of apprehenfion, that they
make an amazing progrcfs in whatever they are taught,
and iitver forget what they once attain. Their com-
mon learning cunfifts in reading, writing, underflanding
their own hidory, civil, military, and ccclcfiaAical ;
and a few fimple precepts of morality ; but many of
them acquired leveral branches of the mathematics and
philofuphy from the European miffionaries at various
times, which their defcemlants ftill retain : their philo-
lophy, however, is timStutcd with many fupcrftitions of
their own, and their aiVronomy blended with the abfur-
ditics of aftrology. Prior to the arrival of the Eu-
ropeans in their country, they were fo ignorant with re-
fpe£l to geography, that they imagined their own em-
pire, China, and Siam, to be the only countries in the
univerfe ; and even of the fituation and extent of thefc,
their notions were extremely imperfcft : they have, how-
ever, many univerfities, and public academies, for the
training up of youth in the learning of the country,

and the prailicc of the moral duties. Thefe fcmin.ultj
are well lupplicd with books, and rcfortid to by a great
number of iludejits, governed by bon/.as, who are ufu-
ally of noble dcfcent, and well endowed with mm c,
for their luppoit. According to the Portuguefe inii'
fionarics, thefe fuiieriors of the public feats of learnin-
are adepts in moral philofophy, and great mailers of tlii;
moll pcrfuafivc elocution.

They have no regular fyftcm of phyfic j their iU,S'.or,
truft to experience, and always prefcribe according to
precedent, if they have a precedent to go by j°b .t
where that is wanting, they proceed entirely by con-
jcflurc J fo that fimilar cafes, and guefs-work, form tin:
whole of their materia medica : but the moll falhicnaiilc
remedies, upon all occafions, are hot and cold hailis.
The furgeons are more unflcilful than the phyfieiaiu
in every thing except the cure of the feuki, a nuill
grievous kind of cholic peculiar to the Japancfe, whnli
They almoft inftantly expel, by taking blood from the
part afflifled, with a fmall needlp made of gold or filvcr :
both phyficians and furgeons arc, however, hrj-hly
eftecrncd by the people, and ufually acquire confiderabis
fortunes by their prafticc.

The Japancfe poetry is lofty, fublime, melodious,
and defcriptive ; their mufic is lefs agrecnble, but their
paintings arc the bell executed by any of the Orientalj,
though they fall f.ir ftiort of the Europeans in every cl'-
fential except colouring, in which they exceed them.

They lay claim to the invention of gunpowder .nnj
printing, as well as the Chinefe : in the preparation
and ufc of the firll. they are much inferior tu them ;
but ilicy exceed them in tlie latter, which is pcrfotnieJ
iti a fimilar manner, as well as in the compofitiuu cf
ink and paper.

They write like the Chinefe from top to bottom in co-
lumns, which they begin at the right hand ; and tlicir
letters were originally the fame, but they have changed
the form, and even the found, of many, in order to
differ as much as pofliblc from the Chinefe, whom they
naturally hate, and affed upon all occafions to defpife.

They educate their children with great care, and win
them to a love of their ftudics by motives of emulation,
and the moft captivating endearments. They differ
from all the other oriental nations in inculcating a con-
tempt of pain and death, teaching them to defpife all
kinds of luxuries, weaning them from every thing that
in the lead tends to effeminacy, and Inuring them ta
every kind of hardfhip.

Their mechanics and man ufa(?lu rets excel in their
different branches, and are even far fupcrior to the in-
genious Chinefe. Their filks and cottons arc excellent,
and their Japan ware and porcelain unequalled ; but
great rertridlions ate laid upon their trade, the Dutcli
being the only Europeans who are permitted to enjoy it;
and even when their ftjips arrive, they are obliged to
land their great guns, and all their other weapons, fails,
tackling, &c. which are carefully depofitcd in w.ire-
houfes, till they have the emperor's permiflion to depart,
when all is again returned, and they are under an obli-
gation to fail away immediately ; and the natives them-
fekcs are not allowed to trade, by the means of tlicir
fhipping, to any places but China, Korea, and the
land of Jcflb. The fwarnis of pirates in their fia,
add to the obftacles that obilrudl their commerce.

The commodities exported are wrought filk and cot-
ton, rice, Japan ware, porcelain, gold, filver, copper,
iron, fteel, artificial metals, furs, tea, finer and better
cured than that of China j gums, medicinal herbs, root?,
&c. diamonds, pearls, coral, (hells, ambergris, &c.
The Dutch faiSory is fituated on a rock, called Difni.i,
near the city of Nanguwzak, from which it is feparaicd
by a wall and a river ; and out of this little iflaml,
which is only two miles in circumference, none of thi:
Dutch are permitted to ftir. This rcftraint the people
of the faftory always fuffer, and the merchants and
failors are compelled tocndure it during their continuance
in Japan, which ufually lafts about nine months.

The Japancfe, for whatever goods they want, pay
cither by way of barter with other commoditieii, or
in bullion of gold, filver, or copper. Their ftiips,
which rcfemblt thofc of the Chinefe, are built of cedar

Wto.l,

In'.

rfort.d to bya^.J

lonza, whoarc''ul„:
■ulowcd will, ;„„„,

the Portugucib „„,.
|l'c (cts of Icarni,,-

S'Mt madcfi of (1,;;

[^yfic J their <!,„ao
tferibc accoidi,,, ,,,
lent ,0 go by;°b,,
fed entirely by ,„^.
l.icr,.work, form ,l,o
[the n,o(l fafhi.„ai,:e
[>ot and cold ha.lis
I'ha.. the phylica,,;

L. r '"'"? ••• "'<'"
[the Japanefi-, wha,',

f"g blood from the

■ae of gold or (ilvcr •

'. however, h,,,hl„

lacquire confidcr^bli

fublime melodious,
grecnbic, but tbeir
'y of the Orient,,!-
ropeans in every c| '
ley exceed the,,,,
of gunpowder ,-nJ
'" the preparation
I inferior to then
which is performed
the compofitioii cf

op to bottom in CO.
bt hand; and tluir
they have ch.in.rcj
t"/"iy, in o;dcr ;o
hiiiefe, xvhom they
■ca/ions to dtCpia.
•^^eat care, and w,n
""cs of cmulaiio,,,
nts. They ditRr
inculcating a con-
ncm to dcfpiib all
^ .every thing thi^c
d muring them to

« excel in their
upcrior to the in-
tons arc cxcellciif

unequalled; b„c
trade, the Dutch
nJtted to enjoy it-
ey are obliged to
er weapons, faili,
pofiied in wart-
itiiTion to dri)nrf
B under an obl.-'
he natives thcin-
^ means of their
'■orea, and the
s in their C^^,
onimcfcc.
bt filk and cot-
l filvcr, coppc,,
mer and better
laf herbs, roots
™''ergris. ^.c

called Difni,,,
1 It is feparatrd
15 little ifland, ~
"> none of the
aint the people
merchants and
ir continuance
monthr.
ey want, pav
timoditica, or

Their flnpj,

built of cedar

Wtod,

ASIA.]

wood, but are only fit for very ftort voyages) they
are built from 8o to 90 feet in length, and fiom 20 to
25 in breadth, and conllruclcd both for failing and
lowing : 'hey contain many little cabins, fcparatcd by
ftreens, foldmg-doors, 8(c. They have only one malt,
and one fail j the ropes arc made of rice ftraw, and the
anchors of coaffc iron. The J.ipancfe picafurc boats,
which arc intended only for the navigation of lakes,
rivcr.s &c. arc extremely beautiful, being finely gilt,
carved, and othcrwile adorned with the mod curious
and fuperb cmhelliflimcnts.

For doincilic purpofcs the Japanefe coin various
pieces of money. The gold coins are obans and cobaiis ;
ten cobans make one oban, which latter is of about two
guineas value. The filver coin is compofed of a variety
ot flat pieces of uirtcrcnt fliapcs, dimenfions, weigh',
and value ; and a copper coin is llamped for the inferior
purpofcs of change.

The public edifices of Japan rcfemble thofe of China
in their architciSlure and magnificence ; but tlic private
buildings, though crciled upon the fame model, exceed
them in neatncfs, fimplicity, and convenience.

The furniture is plain and ufcful ; the floor, or ra-
ther pavement, is only covered with mats ; though it
muft be allowed that the houfes of the nobles are ele-
gantly decorated ; almoft every houfe has a garden, in
which much induftry, and I'ome taftc, arc difplayed ;
and the apartments of moft houfes arc divided by move-
able wainfcots or fcrecns, which may be taken away at
pleafure, and many apartments thrown into one upon
any particular occafion. The fcrecns, couches, beds,
tables, cabinets, ice. of the grandees, are all made of
the bcft materials, admirably wrought, and highly fi-
niflied : they are, however, lefs gaudy than neat, and
Icfs fuperb than elegant; but their cielings arc exceed-
ingly magnificent, being made of the bed cedar, admi-
rably carved and gilt, and inlaid in a molt ingenious
manner with gold and filver plates.

The coaches, equipages, and drelTes of thofe who
attend on the emperor, arc very grand ; though nioft uf
the coaches arc clofe, particularly thofe appropriated to
the ufc of the women.

When the Japanefe falute, they ftand cie£t, unlefs it
is before the emperor, or fomc great lord, when they
proftrate theinfelves. If a perfon lahitcs them, they fit
down, inftead of returning it. Thus, by trying to
avoid the ftift' formality, and tedious ceremonials of the
Chinefc, they frequently run into extremes as difagrec-
ably abfurd :

" Extremes, though contrary, have the like cfTcfts :

" Extreme heat mortifici like extreme cold :

•• Extreme love breeds faticty, as well

" As extreme hatred ; and too violent rigour

«« Tempts chsttity as much as too much licence."

They black their teeth and nails, and let the latter
grow very long.

The Japanefe are temperate in eating and drinking,
feldoin touch the flcfii of any animal, unlefs it is killed
in hunting ; arc equally abficmious with refpe£l to fowls,
and even hfl) ; their chief food being rice, heibs, pulfe,
fruit, &c. They are neat in dreffing their food, fit
crofs-legged to eat it, and make ufe of little flicks in-
ftead of knives and forks. They drink warm water at
their meals, but after dinner and fupper, they indulge
themfelves with a difli of tea.

At the time of any public feftival, they arc enter-
tained witU mufic, dancing, play.«, and niafquerades.
Their dramatic pieces are neither fo correft or elegant as
thofe of the Europeans, yet they arc not without their
merits.

The marriage ceremony of the Japanefe is :elebrated
by the bonza, or pricft, before fome idol. It is with
them as with us, the rici'. go in coaches to be married,
but the poor are obliged to trudge it on foot. The
bride and bridegroom having a lighted toich, or a
lamp, put into their hands, the pricH performs the ce-
remony ; when the bride, to evinco that flu is deter-
mined to commence a woman, burns her dolls, and all
the ttinketi and toys of her childhood ; the coiiMiany
»7

Empire of JAPAN.

»9J

then congratulate her on her marriage, and make her a
variety of prefents to recompcnce her for thofe flie hath
deflruyed. Th« rejoicings continue fcven days, dui-
ing which every thing is done to promote mirth and
fcltivity, and at the clofe of that time the bride ii
conduced with great ceremony to her private apart-
ment.

They pay an annual vifit to the topibs of their anccf-
tors ; at which time, when the cor.ipany have arrived
at the fepulchics of the dead, >he bunzas dcfcribe the
litiiation of the perfons deceafed, and inform their rela-
tions ol all they have occafion for in the other lile, which
demands are ufually very extravagant ; the kindred, how-
ever, furnifh every article with great fjtisladlion, which
they fend, together with a few kind and complimentary
incfl:iges, to the dcfunrt, by means of iho bon/.as, who
(otivert tlie whole to their own ufc, and leave the ded
to ftiift for theinfelves as well as they can.

The pages and dependants who attend upon the gran-
decs, engage themfelves by a moil foUnin oath not to
outlive their lords, but upon their deccafe, to put tiicni-
fclvcs to a valuntary death ; vshich oath they are i,c\er
known to break. The funerals in general, but particu-
larly thofe of the nobles, are conducted with great pomp
and folemnity, ai\d no manner of cxpcnce is (pared ; as it
is a prevailing opinion among the Japanef that the
greater the expcncc of a funeral, the happier th; de-
ceafed will be in the other life.

'I'he corpfe of a principal pcrf m is drc-flld in the moft
fuperb apparel, and placed upon a litter made of ceJar,
in the ornaments of which the moll cxquifite workman-
fliip is difplayed ; the wrmen are carried in clofe coaches,
or fcdans, and the men, elegantly drcded in while gar-
ments, walk on foot. Many bonzas follow, fome fiii!;l,ig,
fomc playing upon miifical inltruments, and others carrying
thebannersofthedcccafed. Thcrcar is brought up by the
domcftics of the family, who, like the reft of the mourncrf ,
are clad in white. On arriving at the funeral pile, which
is built of the moft fweet fccnted woods that can be pro-
cured, and the fragrancy of it heightened by the addi-
tion of ipices, gums, oils, and other perfumes, or odo-
liferous materials, the corpfe is laid upon it. An ora-
tion fuitable to the occafion is fpokcn, ftanzas are fung,
and then fire is put to the pile in fcvei.d places at once ;
a variety of cloaths, wines, flowers, fweet herbs, pieces
of money, vifluals, &c. arc tlien thrown in by the re-
lations and friends, as prefents to the defunct for his
particular ufc in the other wnrld. The whole then
concludes with a banquet, and .n entertainincnt of
fuch mufic as is bcft calculated tj banifh inelanchuly
ideas.

Secluded as Japan is from the reft of the world, and
little as the origin or ancient -jnneiSlicis of the inha-
bitants arc known, their c^'rclnonics bear a pretty it,oiy
rcfemblancc to thofe formerly uf>.d by th .• Grecians r.iid
Romans. The fuppolition of the former, that an ex-
pcnlive burial is of fervice to the circumftanccs of the
deceafed in the other world, cxaiflly coincides with the
fentiments which the latter entertained.

" Mean tim' the rites and funeral pomps prepare,
" Due to your dead companions of the war ;
'■ The laft rclpcfl the living can bellow,
" To (hicld their Ihadows from contempt below."

VlRClL.

With refpeiTl to prefents for the ufe of the dead, their
notions appear to have been pretty fimilar.

" Then twice around the kindled piles they go ;

" Thrice horfe and foot about the piles are led,

«' And thrice with loud laments they hail the dead ;

" Tears trickling down their breafts bcdcw the ground,

" And drums and trumpets mix their mournful found |

" Amidft the blaze their pious brethren tluow

•' The fpoils in battle taken from the foe ;

" Helms, bits embofs'd, and fwords of fhining flcel {

" One cafts a target, one a chariot wheel ;

" Some to their fellows thei- own arms rcftore,

" The faulchions which in .uckk-fs fijjht they bore ;

3 C <« Thtii

|-i'!ji

, '^ii

JH!

.!. 1 :'

■■\ imi

till

A NEW C0MPL£T£ system OF OEOGRAPIIY.

I'>:

•• 'fheir bucklers picrc'd, their Jait. bcftowM in vain,

*• And Ihivcr'tl I.inces gather'd from the plain ;

*• Whole herds of offer'd bulls nh nit the fire,

" And brillled boars and woolly fhtcp expire."

VlROIl.

The bonzas or Japanefc pricAs are not only the chief
fnourners and officiating perfons upon thcfe ocCafions,
but the undertakers likewifl", as they furnifh every thing
but the prcfents, and order the ceremonials of the whole
affair.

The enfuing day, the nearcft relations gather up the
bones and afhes of the dcccafcd, put them into a rich
funeral urn, and depofit them in the ftpulchrcs of their
anccflors. This is likcwifc agreeable to the Grecian
and Roman Cudom.

*' And l.ifV, the rclicks by thcmfelvcs difpolV,
*• Which in a br.izcn urn the prieRs inclofe."

The fcpulchrcs arc at a diftance from the towns, fur-
J-oundcJ by an inclofiire, and planted with trees, which
gives them a very agreeable appearance.

The Japanefc in gcncr.il are healthy ; many, however,
are troubled with the Icprofy, a diforder equally dreadful
and naufcouS ; am! thcfe who are infc'lcd with it are
bbliged to live ir, fome folit.ii;- place, fecladed from fo-
ciity, where t(icy rem'.iu without affiUance or compaf-
fion, till death puts an crd to their miferable exifteiicc.
The fma!l-pcx, and bloody flux, arc diforders known
here, but nrt much dreaded. But they arc totally un-
acquainted with the flone and gravel, gout, rheuma-
tifm, &c.

SECT. IV.

Ctvtrmnent, Runiit ; civil, milllary, and tccUfiajUcal
h.jtabltJhmKnli, i^c,

JAPAN is under a monarchical government, and de-
fpotic adniiniftration j it was formerly divided into
many petty fovercigntici;, the princes of which are at
prcfent either immediately dependent on, or tributary to
the emperor of Japan, and may be depofed, or e- n put
to death at bis picafure. They are near fixty in num-
ber i and it is the grand policy of the emperor's court to
encourage diflcntions between them, to engage them
in perj-etual wars againfl each other ; that by keeping
thcin in continual alarms, and weakening them fre-
quently, they may the mure clTclVially I'ecure their fub-
jcdion ; and neither give them opportunity to unite, or
permit them to acquire ftrength fufficient to become in-
dcpcndant.

The emperors Were formerly at the head of religious
as well as civil and military matters j and undcrthe title of
Dairo, were tli-pontifTa as wcH as (jveroigns of Japan ;
at wliich time they were held fo f.icrcil, on account oi
the ecclcfiartical being blended with the regal authority,
that a defeflion in any of their fubjofts was deemed as n
rebellion ai^ainft Heaven itfclf. Thcv were iierreinij
n.loreil I but ilie ubfurd dignity which they afftrttcd, and
flatc in wliiih they p.ilTcd ticir time, reiidcicd their
lives none of the nioft dcfnablc ; they were clofcly con-
fined, as it WIS deemed dcri>i;a:oiy to their confequencc
to fuffcr the fun to fliiue, or the wind to blow upon
tlicm i thus through a lidiculwui p.itadc <f Importance,
were they at once deprived of thice of the grealcll
blellings of Providmce, vi». liberty, light, »n I frelh air.
M.iiiy other marks of hii gruidcur were equally dlfagrce-
alle, and even difguRiiig ; tlvey were ne\tr fufTere.l to
put thiit feet to the ground, to wear the (.ime clo.ith>,
cat out cf the fame uten' ' , or lie in ilic fame bedi
twiici nor were they pen> J tnha\» their hlir cut,
their beards (hwcd, or tbu: i.^iN |..ired. Their titlc-
«i\d the niji n I of approichii;,.; ihiin were rqiially ab-
furd, the full liordciinj on bl.ifplieiny, and the latter
on i Irdatry. Thus tonliwcd to » fditary effeminacy
and luauiiuui inaiHivity, 'he admininiatioii of publa
afliiu was delegated to the prime minlfler, who was
ililid Ciibn i and it wai one of the Cubon that (tripped
the DaiKi of having any concrm in the civil and mili-
taty authority. So thil tin- cii'>.) at piefefit may be
icttncd tli« tmperur, ai he haih all the powtr t and the

dairo, the high priell or pontiff, as he ftiH ponilVes aU
the ecclcfiallical dignity. The cubo goes once in tiva
years in grand proccflion to the city of Meaco, to do
homage to tlie dairo, and acknowledges himfclf his de~
puty ; this ceremony, however, is a mere piece of af-
fedlation, and only calculated to prevent an infurree-
tion in favour of the dairo, who ia Aill highly reverenced
by the common people.

Theadininiftration at prefent is compofed of a conn"
cil, in whitii the emperor prcfides, four miniliers fe-
Icifled from the princip.d nobility, and twenty-eight af-
filiant counfellors, four of whom are tributary princes,
who come tn the city of Jeddo, and attend by rotation.
And not only thefe, but all the other depenaant king')
arc obliged to attend upon the emperor fix months an-
nually. The governois and nobles mud be in Waiting a
limited time, and the eKleft fons of all the tributary
princes, governors, grandees, nobles, Ate. muft be edu-
cated at court, antf remain there during pleafurc, by
which means, the fbbmifiian and fidelity of all the piin-
cipal people in the empire is fccurcd cither by their own
prefencc, or the hbftages they leave behind them. In
critical times, an oath of fidelity is adminilleied, and
the wives and younger children are obliged to rtfiJe in
Jeddo, till any florm which is thought to be impending
is blown over.

As indudry is the bed prefeivatite from mifchievous
thoughts, ioo,oco of the common people are conHantly
employed in pilblic works : to thcfe precautions we may
add, that numerous garrifons are difperfed throughout
the empire j all cities and towns are divided into wards,
feparated from each other by g^tcs, which arc fliut and
giiarded every night.

I'rom what is faid above, it may eafily be inferred
that the em|ierot's fccurity is great, and his court nu-
merous, and that what adds to his fafety, coiitiibntis tti
his grandeur. His army, garrifons included, ccnfift of
ico,oco foot, and 20,000 horfe. This is tl.c pcnro
clliblifhrnent, but in the time of war, the tributaiv
princec are obliged to join the royal ftandard with fucfi
a number of troops, as encrcafes the firft to 368,00?-,
and the latter to 38,060 men. The cavalry we:cr ar-
mour, but the infantry have not any thing defenfivc luc
helmets.

The Japanefe troops m«rch in divifions of 50 men
in e.ich, five in front, and ten deep, each divifion bcin^
commanded bv a fingle nffitcr, who keeps them in
exaft order. They are aimed with either mnfkcts, pikes,
bows and arrows, lubres and tarj;ets, or battle a\e«.
Five of thifc divilioiis form a kind of rcj;iiiHnt; but
they arc not a. c .inpanied by any warlike mufic •, be-
tween each divifion aie three led horfes finely cspari-
I'oncd, and three fliwis are appointed to le.id each horfe
with long reins. The captains ride on hoiliback be-
hind their rrfjicflivc divifions; on each fitic of thi iiorfci
are a kind of pannlcis, containing the officer's bedding and
barrp,.!ge. When an officer j^rowi old, he it pei mitred
to h.ivr a fmall foit of courh or fupporter behind him,
againll which he may commodioully lean when fatigued
by liltinr^ upright.

The Kvcniies of the rmpr - are eertsinly very {jreit,
fome authors nniiin ihit they amount to lK,ooo,rool.
Horlinj,, but the tiu'h of luch aflations it greatly t»
be doubted.

Their lawi are cxcerdinn fevcre, and their punifh-
ments fanguinary ; the hrll have little or no mixture
ol lenity,^ and the latter are more than adequate to the
crime. Tlicy hoe no code of (tatutes, the emperor "i
will being the pr.md law, and the Inclinations of the
Aibordinate princes aiid governors (in.il In their own
kingdoms and provinces -, even every petty lord, or the
mailer of a faiiiily, have a power over the live> of their
valTals and relations. "I he finallcft crimes are puniflud
with deftthj and the only iiiduleence (hewn h to any »*'
the tributary kinoi when they offend, and ihit is no more
than «llowiiig them t) e«ccute themfelves which i«

dremi^f a mijfhty favour,
is banilbment to a drnuv

The nilldeO fenteiKC in Japan
and almoft bairfii iflsml, fur-

rounded bv rocks, and dfflitute of .dmoft every etmifort
of life. Iligli lir.ir„ii, jiid other crimes nf iin atrt)cinin
nature, whiUi cvdicun 111* empsroi'i (aiety er int«(T#,

ASIA.] Empirk o

»rc not only piinidicd in the prrfoii of the ciiminal, but
his parents, children, and nil his relations arc put to
death on the fame day, ict tl-.cm be at ever (o great a
diftaiicc, cxpreflcs being fcnt for that purpofc to the
(lillerent govtrnors. With rctpcift to other crimes, the
male rchitions only are put to death, and the females fold
as (lives.

Thi modes of punifliment arc thcfc, viz. crucifixion
with the he.id downwards, burning, boiling in oil, tear-
ing to pieces by wild horfcs, cutting to pieces by the
executioner, bchcjding, hanging, tic. If the criminal
elcapcs, he is executed in cfligy; but "'is unfortunate
relations arc punifticd in reality for crimes, of which,
perhaps, they never had the leall conception. ^

«' ^\'hcn fanguinary laws arc ftrain'd too high,

«' The haplcis giiihlefs for the guilty die;

" And greater crimes the legiflators caufe,

«• 'I'han the poor culprit who infring'd the laws."

The worfhip of the Japancfc Is the groflcft idolatry ;
they think that the world cxiftcd from eternity, and
that t!ic idols they worfllip were originally men, who
for their exemplary piety, at length were transformed
into dcitifs. They are divided into fevcral fc4ls, the
priiic pal of which are, i. The Xinto, or thofc who
worfiiip only the ancient idols. 2. The Siutto, or thofe
who admit of no ceremonies whatever in religion. 3. The
Jiuilzo, or thofe who have introduced many Cliinefe,
SiinK-fe, and other exotic idols. Thc(e arc fubdivided
iiilo many other daffcs, by whom fun, moon, flarj, al-
i\\. (1 every vifible objciV, and even the devil himfelf is

Wiii.iupped.

I'he chief idols belonging to Xinto's fccft, are Ainida
and Xara j Amida they miagme flouriflied many thou-
fand yea! 3 fine, and having done many penanees,
p eached many fermon;-. and pctforn ed many iniiatles,
prew tiled of life, and put an end to his dwn cxifieiiue,
when he was about 20DO years of age. Xaui they think
lived 8000 years ago, paft much fueh alife as the foimer,
and when he was about 3000 yeais of age, immured
biinl'cir in a cave, the moutli of which he caufcd lu be
clol.J up.

Their next idol is Cambodoxi, who they fay in only
of gco years Handing; he it fecnis was a great aflro-
logcr, and (hut hinii' If up ali\e in a tomb, which he
had caufed to be crci^led, piomiling to come ko his fol>
lowers again ; we do not, however, hear that he ever
kept his proniife by paying them a vilit.

biich hath been tin' luperdition of many ages and
cuiiMliies, abfuidly to ^:kC to the creature what is due
aKine to the Cieator, and to canonize thofe who were
fo I'ufTicicntly artful in iheir dcligns, or Angular in thcii
wiuni:> as to impofe on the weak.

*' Who firft taught fouls, endav'd, and realms undone,

" Til' enormous faith nf many maile for one ;

" I hat prou I cxceptKni to all naiun-'n lawi,

" I'll invctt the woild, and eounur-woik its caufe:

•' F'ir(c fuft made c ini|iiill, and tliat coiii)Ucft law,

" Iill lupirfluiiiii tauL^hi the tyiaiit aw( i

" IIkii lliar'd the tyranny, then lent it aid,

" And >;<)d» nf niuju'iois, llavej iif fiibjeih rr.adc ;

" She from the rending earth, .md burlinig Ikick,

" Saw gods lefceiid, and henils infernal rife:

" (lods partial, chmigclul, paihoiiali', unjult,

•' W'hiifi atltibutes w ml ,.., rucnpe, or litft j

" Siiili as the fouls 0. cow ird^ might lonciae,

" And torm'd like tyranis, lyiants wou'd believe."

I'cmpl. < in Japan are innumerable, uid the number
of n,nnan>iici are fcarcely ciedillc. The monks are
Milui lepulats or fecnlus, Thf n -iil .f's tefidc in ron-
v> " , fomc of which contain a thoulund moi.kt or
iipa '-lis i the feciilits ate dil'perled ahixit and live
ill I" i> ate huut'o. The foni er are ciieci.dingly.bftt-
Iimou>, hut the latter Itvc in luxuiy ai.d ull•'luf^.

fioina of the Irmplei are rxtr.ui'OiiMiy foi ihcit extent
and inagnlficuncr, lutticulaily one i.iar Meaeo, which
riiiMiMi .^3.3J3 i'!>!>. 'I'hc temi le of Cino, thf Tm
ul Aiiiida, cuntaih) ICOJ imaj^es, joo un eaeli fiJi',

jf J A P A N. i9j

the workmanfhip of which i! cxquifite. The temple of
Mcaco, which is as big as the church of St. Paul, Lon-
don, cont.iins the largcft idol in the Japanefe empire.
The chair upon which it fits, according to Sir Thoma*
Herbert, is 70 feet high, and 80 broad. The feltivals
are as numerous as the dci;ies ; and as the number of the
latter are fo great, many of the former arc daily cele-
brated in different parts of the empire ; the number of
feftivals greatly exceeding the number of days in the
year, and various ceremonies arc ulcd upon thefe occa-
flons, according to the antiquity, dignity and reputa-
tion of the idol whom they intend to honour.

It may not be improper here, to fuhjoin an account
of the introdudlion, fucctfs, contimiation in, and ex-
termination of, Chriftianity from Japan.

The Fortugucle jcfuits introduced Chriftianity into
Japan about the year 15521 their (kill in the mathe-
matical (cicnces being their recommendation to tlie em-
peror, nobility and literati. They gained many prole-
lytes among the lower orders of the people, who were
won by the mild precepts of a religion fo different from
their own, which abounded in the mofl bloody tenets j
and captivated by the innumerable charities of the mif-
fionaries M the poor, blind, lame, and difeafcd of all
denominations, whom their own priefts reprefentcd as
marked out by the vengeance of the gods, and afHiiSfed
by means of their anger. Many of the petty kings, and
of the nobility, likcwife became profelytes ; but thefe
the mirtionaries reprefcnt as hypoeutcs, who embraced
the Chriltian faith merely through intereiled motives,
that is, either to monopolize the commerce of the Por-
tuguefe, or to learn thofe arts and Iciences in which the
jefuits were capable of inftruiJting them. The mifTiona-
ries had great fuccefs till i(ji6, when being accuCed of
having formed a plot to dethrone the emperor, and fub-
vert the government, great jealoufies fubfined till 1622,
when a dreadful pcrfccution enlucd, not only of the
Chridian foreigners, but of the native prolelytcs.
Chriflianity was totally extirpated, and none are fince
permitted to profefs the Chrilfi.an tenets, uiid<r pain of
death i nor is .1 (tian;;cr (iift'ered to land in any part of
the empire, unlefs he lirll publicly lenuuncct thcin.

SECT. V.

A Dtfcriftitn if tin chitfCilitt 0/ Jipm, and ef ll t mag.
nijitint Marih of tht Cuh, tt pay Hima^t la llx Du.ii.

MEACO, ir Miaco, U fituated in the pnninre
of Jamitto, in 45 dcg. 38 min. north lat. and
1 {8 dcg. 15 min, call long. bci"g 276 miles welt of
J'ddo, and was the ancient r ropolis of the whole
empire, as it is at prefent the refidcnce of the d liro. It
Is built in a pleaCant and cxtenlive plain, on the loiitheiii
e'all of the illand <d' Japan, being fuirounded at fomc
didance by mountains, which give a delightful and ro-
mantic prolpcit to the whole.

The circumjacent country between the city and the
mountaiiii, and the mountains themfelvca nie covered
with temples, fepulchres and monineriei, and embel-
lilhed with a variety of oithardi, gardens, groves, cif>
cades, and purling (tieanis.

" The various lesves on ev'ry houftti are fe-en,

" S'ime rudd) cidour'd, foine of li|',htpr green j

*■ The painted birds, companions of the Iprin^,

*■ Hopping from fpray to fpray aie heard to fin^ )

" Both eats and eyes receive a like deli(jhf,

■■ Enchanting mulic, and a charming fight."

Threecnnrilenble livers likcwife water this fertile plain,
and unite ilifir (Ireaiiis in the enter of tht city, where
a magnificent Hone bridge facilitates the coinmuiiica-
'ioii between the upjier and lowtt town.

In the north part of the upper tnwn the ilairo li.n his
palace. And on the wrUern fide is a llron^ c»llle, which
fiivcs ai a palace for ihi cubo, when he i jmes to pay
hninage, It cniilains a fiiiall gaiiilon, i'^ fioo yards in
length, has a tower ui lh« cent 1, and is lurrounded by
two ditches, the one dry, ihc other full of water, and
abbundinj; with the moO delicious fift).

I'his city hai|;tcatl/ dccliiied fincc the ciii|Krui'* cdtiri

•t IS;

' 11

.1 '

^i »!

Phj

til

!9« A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

V.i

W' '

( '

II *

has dircontinufd to refide here ; it was then io miles
in length, nine in breadth, cxclufive of the fuburbs, and
fur'nunded by ftrong and (tatily w.ills. The itreets were
long and narrow, and excceJingly crowded with inhabi-
tants ; for on a lill being given in by order of govern-
ment, the number amounted to 529,726, though the
dairo's court, and ftrangcrs not conlbntly refiding in
the place, were not incJuJcd. But according to the
beft authorities, it docs not at prcfcnt contain above one
hundred thoufund fouls. The univcrfitics, colleges,
monallerics, temples, arc almoft incredible in number,
and magnificent in appearance j the following lilt is faid
to be genuine, by writers of the greatcft veracity :

Temples of the Budfdo kA
Do. of the Suito feiit
Number of palaces —

Do. ftrcets —

Do. bricl;;es —

Do. houfcj —

3893

— 2127

— — 1S7

— 1858
- 87

— "38,979

Though the public building? are magnificent, the
private houfcs arc but two ftories high, built of wood, and
covered with clay, or thatched. Every houfe is obliged
to have a lefervoir, or trough of water alv\'ays ready in
cafe of fire. They however join neatnefs with their
fimplicity ; and every trade or calling hath its particular
ftreet or dillrich

The dairo's palace may be deemed a city of itfclf. It
is indolcd by magnificent walls, flanked with ftatcly
towers, and lurioundLd with a double ditch. It con-
tains twelve capital ftrcets, in the center of which are
the royal apartments, lupcrbly built, elegantly fuinidied,
and adorned with gardens, orchards, pavilions, terraces,
groves, &c.

The city of Jeddo, or Ycddo, the refidence of the
cube of Japan, or aiJting en perot, i.s in 35 dcg. 48inin.
north lat. and 144 dcg. lu niin. caft long, and (tands in
theniidll uf a fine plain in the provinccof Mufafi. It is at
prcfent the moit nnportant city in the Japanefe domi-
nions with relpctl to commerce, opulence, extent, and
number of inhabitants. Ir is in the foim of a crefceni,
and exceeds .Meaco both in circumference and popula-
tion. It is ind-rfeflcd in alnioll every ftreet by canals
nf water, whofe banks are planted with rows of trees,
'I'hefc canals not only ferrc as ornaments to the city,
l/Ut a^eo^fingular utility in cafes of fire, as they both
aft'orJ a ready fupply, and ftnp the progrcfs of the
cimflagration. The city is not furroundtd by walls,
but has a lire ng caflle to defend it j the river Tonkag
w.iters it, fupplies the callle ditch, :ind being divided
into five ftrcams, h»s a bridge over cich. The principal
fif thcfe bridges, named Niphonb.is, is the ftandard from
which all the roads, pofts and dilianccs in the empire are
t-kcn. The tributary princes who aticnd on the em-
peror, are oblged to refide hrre with their whole retinues
all the year round. The(liect> arc wide and handfomc,
but mote irregular than thofc of Meaco. The public
buildings are munificent, but the private dwellings are
It mean, and at the lame lime as neat an thufc of the b.--
tore intntiuii' d 1 iiy.

i'he impel iai pal.ice is a moft noble building, formed
|iv ihrcc cinctures, or circ.lar piles of buildings, and
inclofing many fticcts, courts, apartments, pavilions,
»u.iid huules, gates, diawbiidge^i, gardens, canals,
&c. iVc. In it refidcs the emp lor and his f imily, the
riyal domeftics, tributary piinres, and their retinues,
(lie miniftcLs u) Hate, many otTieeri, and a ftrong gani-
I'dii. The walls are built of fi t Hones, which arc not
cemented by mortar, or biaced together with iron, but
being prodi^Kinny large, aie liid lool'e upon each other )
which is a preeautiun taken, ilut tbry may not icceivc
any conndciablc injui) lioin the (anhijiiaket whit h >ie
U) I'lrquent. i lie while pile i.f buildings is covered
with Rilt til's, fo that at a dill.incc it makes 1 inofl
Iptendid appearance, and leeins to be a huge inountain ot
gold. Many of the ftatvly apiiimeiits tre lormrd, and
•llried at plralurc, by nieans ot ma;;iiificent fcrrcns, and
fup'oili movealde p.niitiuns. I'lic piincipal aparimenti
•le, ihc halhfalUnJiiut, where the ^mpcror gives audi-
ence. 'V\\t LtiiiiKitJiiiKil'f' , where the mmifters ol ftate
mtci. I'hc /W. </« ikt^iJunJ mtli, where the tribuUrjr

princes do homage, &c. This palace was built fo Iat(
as the year 1600, in the reign of the emperor Tayko.

This city is under the direction of two governors,
who rule a year each alternately ; under thefc are in-
fcrior officers like our aldermen, who have the diiefliiii
of particular diftrifls or wards ; and fubordinate to thcle
are the ettonas, who have each the care of a particuKir
ftreet.

Next to the above two, the mod confidcrablc city in
Japan, is Ofaeca, which is fituated on the mouth ut
the river Jedogawa, about 15 leagues from Meaco, and
ill 35 deg.. 15 inin, north lat. and 137 dcg. 20 min. eait
long, it is deemed the principal fea port in the empire,
and is filled with an incicJible nuni'.ier of metchun:,,
tradefmcn, mechanics, ccclefiaftic!!, fic. Indeed, it is
fo populous, that an army of 80,000 mm has been
drawn from it upon emergencies. It iS near 15 miks in
circumference, contains many elegant houfes, and feme
palaces belonging to the nobility. A flrong quadrangu-
lar caftle dcfe.ids the port. The wails are thick, the
towers with which they are flanked, well fortifieJ, and
the garrifon numerous. Two officers command here,
one has the fupcrintendance of the caftle and the emi-u-
ror's treafures, ftores, and cuftoms ; the other piclide;
over the garrifon ; but the city itfelf hath a governor uf
its own, who has the regulation of all civil affairs. The
houfcs in this city are covered with a kind of earth ui
a yellow colour, which gives their roofs an ele:;:;nt
appearance, and great quantities of this earth arc tr..iii-
portcd to other paits ol the empire. In this city, the
watchmen make the hour known by means of three in-
ftruments. An hour alter funfet, they beat a drum, the
luccecdiiig hour is fignified by Hi iking 011 a brazen bowl,
and the hour fubfequeiit to that by tinging a bell; the
next hour they begin again with the drum, procr u to
the bnwl and bell, and foeontinue the whole nii'ht, ufini'
the three inftruments alternately. In all other pans of
the empire, however, the hnur of the night is tolj by
beating with two wiinden cylinders againft each other.

The city of Surunga, in 35 deg. 22 min. north lat,
and 142 dcg. 30 mill, eaft long, is the capital of the
province of the fame name, aiul a very confidcrablc iVa-
pnrttown i fome of the emperor's once refidcd in it ; and
Captain Saris informs us, when he was there, that the
Knglifh were permitted to trade with the merchants who
lived chiefly in the fuburbs. It is now greatly on the
decline, but ftill retains fome of its ancient privileges,
particularly the liberty of coining nuinry.

Saccai, which ftamls about twenty mile! from Ofacci,
is inhabited by a proud letof people, who all boaft of llie •
ar.ceftors, and pretend to be dcfcenJod fioni the ancu. •
Japanefe emperors. This city is very advantagcoulH'
liuiatcd as a place of ftrength, being d. tended on tic
different fides by a ftrong wall, an inacceflible moun-
tain, a capacious ditch, and a formidable caDle.

Near the harbour is a little illand, called I'ie-nei, re-
lebratcd for its plcafant groves, and famed as the icfidtinc:
of a favourite idol, fo whofc temple many of the in-
habitants of the ci;y repair in boats i and, fome Ihiiui. 1
an exccfs of 7,cai, jump into the water and drown thmi-
lelves by the way.

The above are the prineipal places in the iflani! nf
Nipluin, or Japan, In the illand ul Xiino, the ilnel
cities arc,

BufluOt which though fald to be the capital, is not
particularly defuilied by any author.

Cangoxima, a tea-port 011 the foiithern part 01 ihr
idaiid, was the firtl place where the Hortugiiefe land. J
when they difcovcred Japan. It lies in 31 deg. 4a mm,
north lau and 133 deg. 16 min. raft long, a [\mn^
ciiftle IS built on a nnk in (he harbour, and a \i^\\'.-
houfe on annthei very hi^h rock in the harbour, A gm J
garrifon is keptliticj and many llatelv 'einplej adoin
(he city,

Nangaiaki lies in north l.it. 31 deg, '36 min. ami in
131 deg, 22 mm. call li>n|f. in the irovince of Tyrn,
and ii the only place in i^ie whole Japincie empire,
where the Dutch are permitteti to come. The city is
in the firm of « crcfcent, delichiJi.lly fitiialrd aiflon;;
veidcnt lawns, ami luirrundid by plcafant hllli : it con-
tains mioy h.indiuiiit buildings, pittivultrly ttinpU',

}c the capital, is not

ili-iT, '36 min. and in
I iiivtiice of Tijtfi'i
ule J.ipiticii cmiiiri',
1 romr. Thf city n
„llv fitiialcd anion;
lUaf.int hilli : ilcim
piiticuUtly Itippl' .

ASIA.]

Empire of JAPAN.

197

anil is ftronuly garrilbned, tlif ftrccts in general arc nar-
row anil crooked, but ri'n a confiJerable length, the
tiinple or I'omc public building ulu.illy terminating the
villa i the town is watered by three rivers, and divided
into u|iper and lower ; the former containing 76, and
thclatar6l (Irccts; but ftrangrrs rcfide in the fuburbs,
and arc narrowly watched. I'hc principal buildings
arc live warehdiifes, in which are laid up all the mate-
riali lor firming three men of war, which, upon an
eincr"cncy, may be taken ontf and put together in a
very ihmt lime ; a powder magazine, the palaces of the
two "overnars, the palaces of between io ami 35 gr.m-
ilecs, bz temples, 35 biidgts, 20 being of ttone, and
the relt of timber, and the gukina or piifon, which the
■Koplc very emphatically llile Hell. It cunlilfs of about
100 duiioions or cages lepurale from each oiher, apart-
11 ents liir private executions, and baths in which the
iirifiii'.ri a;c obhgcJ to w.ifh tliemfelves, in order, ai
iiuch .!s polliblc, to prevent infections.

The il and of Xicoeo i:> divided into four provinces ;
Ava is the capital of the whole, but of that, as well as
(lie uthir towns of the illaiul, we have no paiticulai dc-
Icr piion, at lealt none that can be dep.nd.don.

iJcfiilei the thiee great illaniis already irentioned.
ir...nv others .-.pperLiin tn llic Japaneic empire ; Ionic
lew ol'whiih an Inhabited, Iml n.oll i,f I'.eui a;e mire
del' rts ; of the tirll kinJ, thj ifland of I'irando is the
liiOlt lonlldetalil.', it exienJs liom jj deg. 20 min. to
.(4 de.:. norih lai. aiid f.om iji :o i j2 deg. cad Inn:-.
'1 iu Difch Hill line! ili.-ii factory .,ere, bu It man)
cle'iant ''.uufes, and er'CUd iome exienlive n a^izim.i \
bai^'hr I.ipan>.le l..ncyiirg that they defuiieJ the hitiei
Ijihii 101 lorti ilian uauhouKs, they weic, by ordei tf
ihciciuit, ibli;.;ed to quu the illanJ in 1O40, and con-
fine ihcmlelies to tl.e.r factory at Naagaiaki. The
idaii.l contains nothing worth particular mention, e.\-
icpi its c.dle, whuh is larj;e, ftrong, and llatcly.

\Vc fliall now give a defcription of the grand march
irpioc-fli«n of the cubo from Jcddo to Mia.o to pay
bo'iai'C to the Dairo, the preparations for wliicli ufuallv
( ';? un a twelvemonth. The route between ihe two
CCS IS divided inlo 28 ftages, two of which the Cub.)
.rfotms ill a day, cnterin; the fi ((. at noon .ind put-
iiiii; up at the other ai n';',ht ; hciiee the wli.ile journey
tikes up a foitnight to coinplete it. At eiery (ta|.'e
tlie loiiipages and guar^ls re i haiii^ied, but the wh>li.
ji'jii m the procellion, and (ollow the Cubo entirely tn
jMcaco, fo that the tetinuc is v.ry cuiilideiably aug-
liKPttd dadv.

His excellency Conr.iid Krammer, the Dutch am-
ballador, inli'imi us, that In idj.'), when he was in
J pan, Ihe Daiio and Cubo agreed to uniic ihcir
I unurou . relinuis, in onkt to lender the Iceiie moie
fpleiu'id and niagnihccnt. '1 he llreits weie liiewe:!
With a white glittering I. nl, which ijive lliiin a lil»ei
appcaianee, and on each lidc a balliillradc vsa-. euctei'
and liiicJ with a double file of fuldieis, who wcic all
iloatlieu in white rubes : ihi y wore .1 Ityinetar on each
iulc, a v.iniftled cap on their hcaJs, and a pike in then
ii^ht h ind.

At the dawn of day the fuprrh nvaleade began, the
iliinnllies ill caih mnn.irch went t\A\ carrying the le-
fpedlivc I'll Kills in bo»ei admiiably wrought, and ele-
panily Viiiiifhcd. I hcfe were Inllowid liy 100 mag-
inhei lit (elans, containing (he ladies and gentlemen iit
the IJ mil's court, and uicli being eariird bv four men
In while pimcnts, a lei v.int atlendini; every one, and
liolJiiig OMrit a ieautiliil timbicllatit lilk hiuly ein-
broideted wilh gold; 14 prnllemtn on horfeback (iic-
l-eultd, thi ir tap) bruwii and vaiinlhid, and aJoined
«iih a Mick pliiineol Iraiheri, iheir boots were gill,
then drawers III fatiin, covcitd with gold and filvcr lace,
and ilitir aunt weie I tmciars, lioM*, and aiiows. The
hoilcn on whih they '.'ode wrrc fiiiall, beautiful and
hij'h fpiritid, iind I ihly caparilHird. The laddies
bring tinrlv (inbioideivd, and th: htdllirs made 1 I ly-
ptn Ikin, tlrgaiitly decniaiu! wilh ird (ilk and gold
Irinpii. The hoilri had brlitles two gill horni placed
bclwieii ihtir (Hit, aid ihrir maiicn cuiioully oini-
tiitnted wilhj'oKI and lilver wirn. tath hnrle was led
by two men who In id the bridle in one lianii am' •> i.^li
tli

umbrella in the other, and every one of thefc gentle-
men was followed by eight fcrvants; drelled in whit;,
and armed with two fcymetars ea. h. The horles
were (hod upon this particular oceafion with a kind of
red filk, jult ftiong enough to fcrvc fur the day : after
thcfe came three fuperb llatc coaches, each of which
had two beautiful black bulls to draw it, every bull
being covered with crimfon filk, and led by four men.
The coaches were of a fliiniiig brown, finely gil:, and
embelli(hcd with the moit .ndmirable decorations ; be-
fide.a door on each liJc, tliey had a door behind, cni-
bjlliOicd with felloons ; the wheels were fliud, and
ihe Ipukcb plated with gold elegantly enamelled ; thi;
hod Cs were liiuarc, but the roofs of u circular form ; tl.i:
iiilidcs were of a fliining black varnifh, painted wilh
the arms of the Dairo: each coach contained one of
the D.iiro's wives, and a female aitcnjant j anJ all
lliKC were flrongiy guarded by a srcit number cf loot-
iiieii. liehiiid e,.i.h coach wai a pair of llep"; plated with
giilJ, to fine in lieu of a limibiiard, and ;he lli,pcii of
the lade, who was riding in it j 2j fedans fiilloweJ
filled with the ladies ot honor j their chairs were made
. f a fine while wood, highly pulithed, and adorned with
plates of copper elegantly wiought ; they wereea.h ear-
ned by four men in white, fi,lloweJ by two v ith um-
brellas, and guaided liv a numerous efctrt ; then came
08 gentlen en on horfeback, attended bv a grc.-.t num-
ber of f otmcn. Thefc weie fnlluwcd by the princi-
p.d ;;r..ndees and mimltcrs of Hate, carrying prcfeiits of
nertur.ablc value, and fucceeJed by 20o nv>blemen 1
then caii.e th-: Cuhu's brothers, and 164. tributary
kings and novernors, each atte.-.ded by a fuitable re-
tinue : thefe Were followed by two It te coach;«, tichr
and more magnificent than the former, the firll con«
Lining the late emperor, Fcde-tadda, whj had abdi-
.a.ed he crown in favour ol his l^n TciXogunfama,
II ho followed his t-ther in the other coach, both being
I guaided b) 400 folJiirs richly accoutered i alter ihcie
I came m..ny other fupeib coaches and carav.;n, and 30
r,\l..n ch lirs, m.id. i f ebony and iii rv, riehy embcl-
hihe.l, covered by the mr.lt fuiTiptuous uii.! rjias, cf-
ciiried by muiiy le:v..nts both bo.ie and foit, and fol-
low. d by a large band of muficians, v*ho lun to the
t iiie ot tlieir inllruinems. Then fnlluwed ih Dairo's
I leilaii, cariied by 50 gentlemen richN apparelled, and
p;cceded by 4-5 lite giiauii; the cli..ir itiilf was as mag-
nific.nt .5 ait and expcnee could inal.e it. The inlide
ic.ucleiited u blue Iky, embelliftied with the figures of
ihe lull, moon, and planets, .idmiiafK foinuJ with
.lianiiiiids i;nJ other pieeious lljiics ; perched on the
lumiiiit of il.c outlidc appeared the li^uie cf j cock,
wilh txpjiided wings, made of mally ^miI.I i and the
wliolc casalcaile was doled by a laiinetous ntiiii e el..il
111 tlie molt noble garments that ait could fuinilh, ut
money procure.

SEC r. VI.

Hijltry ef Japan.

\\ V. J.ipancfe annals of early times are filled with
fin h 11. iinfifienl ahfiirdiiies, and ridn wlous lablen,
lli..t no d. pel taiice I. in be pl..ccd on ihrm, nil about
Odu years bcloi • Clinll, wh ch is their common a-ra j
and, according t,i which, our pielent year 177; is with
them the year 243; \ u is likcwife tu bv iiblcved, that
ih Japaneie year be(>iiis the neaief) inw ni.on, whicll
eithir precedes 01 follows the 5111 dav ol Fibruaiy.

The hillnries of Japan, written by the lutnc, take
veiy little nuiice ol the policy, \iiluc3, ticis, 01 iianf-
ai^tioiis of their monaiehi, but nie hlUd wilh an ac-
cMiintol their derceni, names, birth, lucccflinn, Irngih
til reign, Nc. Ihe lullowiiig chronicle i> taken liuia
their own hilluiiani,

■ • Siii-mu, the liiuinirr of the Japanefc inimarchy,
began hn reign 660 year > lnli.re Chiill. In the 7Jth
pear of bin reign he initiiulcil a form of goveinmrnt^
illaMilhed iawt, civilizrd the pruple, taught ihrm
I hiiiiioliigv, and other am and Icirnees i dnidrdlim*
into ycais, and yiais into nMiiihs anddiy^i Inured
the crown to hii polterily i and having rugned 79 yean,
died in the I4ylb year ol hii ige, amiwai fucceeiird bjr
hit thiid lull t but «• nothing paiiiculat hapi'fncd in hit
i L' reign,

fc 111

I ;' 'W

■I M

1 !i

I Ij]

Ilh - j

h ■ :i

f i

' I

'j .

198

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

rtign, or the reign? of fivcral tif lii5 fuctcnbrs, wc ftial!
only give a catalnguc of them till a remarkable reign re-
quires a more ample account.

Order of fuc-
cclTion.

N.imcs.

RcigixJ
years.

DieJ,

aged.

SlM-l'ci

Liici

Itoku

Kofio

«3

Koau

lOI

'37

Korci

■;(>

128

Kowkim

116

Kav-kwo

III

Suin-tin

1 19

*ii

S.hin

9i5

' i9

Kcy-ko

'43

Sevmuu

108

Tfiau-ai

15 Tfiau-ai was fucccijcd hy his emprefs Sinku-cogu,
who was the full fcmile that reigned in Japan, Ihe
waged war again (I the Knrcins, and headed her army
in pcrfonj but finding hcrfelf pregnant, (he returned
to Japan and was lielivercd of a Ion, that fucceedtd her,
and who afterwards, on account of his military ex-
ploiis, was ranked as a god, and became the mars of the
Japanefc; the emprels herfclf, who riig.Kd 70 years,
was deemed the bcliona of this country.

Order ot
fucccfTion.

N.Tnns.

Ki-igmi
vears.

IJied, aged.

W'oolin

Nintoku

«7

III

Kitfiu

Faiifcy

Inkiuo

Ankoo

Jurukia

Age uncertain.

>enci

Gen-foo

Nin-keii

1 1

liuief/.

Age uncertam.

Kci-'rci

81? Ho:h
-1 J diificd.

Ankaii

Seukva

Kim-mc

. ''^ ■

^lt-at^ce

Age uncertam.

3»

Joo-mci

Ditto.

Siu-Sium

;

Ditto.

Syko

3<^

This was an tmprrfs,
licr age is not noticed.

Dfiomc

1 2

A^c uncfrlaiii.

3*^

Kwogo7,u

This was an emprefs,
her iige not known.

Kootoku

Age urKcrtain,

Sime

An cnipref', her age
not knc'wn.

rcn-lfii

Age nnrerlain.

Tcu-niu

•4

Ditto.

Tfilo

An cmprilv, x^r iin-
klinwil.

Mon-mu

1 1

Age unkniiu n.

tji.nmu

An cmpn (-, a;^c un-
known.

Genfioo

An iiiiprcl«, (he ab-
dicated, lived 25 yiais

,iflerw.ird'i,»nd dievlin
the 4Klh year of hei

Age unrcrt.iin.

Sio.mu

Koo-Keii

\n emprefs, age un-
kiioivn.

Kai-Tai

A:'e uncertain.

Sco-iokru

An einprcls age un-
known.

Koonin

Ditto.

ICwan-n>u

»4

Oidu c(
fuccefliiui.

52
53

54
55
so
57
S«
59
Oj
61

Names,

Reigned 1
years. |

Kei-dlo

+ \

Saga

Siunva

Niinio

•7

Montoku

Seiva

Jolcy
KiKiko

8 1'
3

Uda

Day-go

Siiizaku

U J

Died, aged.

Their ages not men-
tioiKd by the Japanefc
liiiloriaiii.

62 Muiakami, in the ye.it of Chrift 947, and 16:7
of the Japinefe year, calltd together a fynod ot ilie
clergy, to regulate all that related to the ecclcfi;illiv-.il
edabliflimcnt m Japan, and to prefcribe the ceremonials
of the modes if worfliip piopcr for cv.ry fe.^l.

From the death of this monarch, till the rci;.n nf
Kon-jcy, 13 emperors are mentioned, in whofe ri.ij:,u
nothing worth recorJing h.ippcned : thi'y occupied ih;
fpacc of 174 years, and the lalt was fucceeded by

7O Kun-jey j this monarch began his reign in tli:
year 1142, and in his time was born the celclir.i-i' I
crown general, Jeriiomo, who rendered him .'.f fuffi-
ciently formidable to (trip the Dairos of their fecuLr
power, and to iiitaii it upon his own family.

From this period a double chronology commence:,
including the reigiis< f theDairob and of the Cubos

The number of Dairos from Kon-jey to Kin-fen, is
38, who occupied a fpaie of 545 years, that is, troin
tiie year of Lh:ill 1 142, to the year 1687, or from iha
Japanefc year i8c2 to 2J47 1 after which period, thu
exel ufion of all Chrift iaiis from J a| an, the Dutch excepted,
and the total filcnce of the Dutch writers upon every fnli.
jecl but thofi which relate to trade, and emoluments accru-
ing from their commercial affairs, render it impoRible to
fay any thing far.hcr of the J.;panefe hiftory. And aj
the Dairos are totally excluded from fociety, the tram'-
aftions of that period arc not to be connected with their
names, but (hould be recorded in the reigns of the
Cubus, wbich ate as follow :

Reigned.

Reign

I J'lritomo

•^

""is Jnfi-motzi

'"^

2 Jiiriiic

16 Joli-kafru

not one.

3 haiuielomo

•7

17 Jo(i-No i

■ +

4 Jorit7.ne

18 (oli-Kat?,

5 Jori fa lie

19 Jofi-Malla

6 .Mime-taka

fin no 15

20 (o(i-Navo,

ind.hi.ta.l

7 Korejal-'iniio 24' g

2 1 |ofi. tannic

iS' "

8 Kunie-lin 10 20' !i.

22 |i>li-fimnu

'■1 ''

Mori-kuni-

iniiu2 5

23 Joli tar

10 Sunun-hnno 2

24 Jofi-tir

i'>

1 1 Nari-joli-linno 1

25 |(>li-tair,i

12 Taka-udfl

/O Ji>li-aki

1 j Jiiii jaki

27 Ni>lienJ.',!t

14 Joli-mi'.z

4'>j

\.:',', '.•idc-Nii'au

During lliii reij^ii Cluill \nui bum, peituniied lii<

The ages of ihcfe prince* the Japanefc hifloriani
do not mention, and indeed they h.ive berii morcreinif*
in this p iitiriilar in the (cccnl th 'ii the eaily reigns ; pci-
haps till.- •rat len .th of the formei lendeud them mori:
rem.itkjbli thin tiu latter could be from their gtiicul
buMty, but to piocccd.

2(). Fa)! Ik , this monarch w.is of ,1 very mean ex-
traction, but in liib youth taifed himfelf to be butler to
a iribut.ity piiiKc, and by diiit of valour and mer't
was at liiij;lli exalted to the cubofhip. Me was the liil!
nionanh who obliged the petty kings and great lord*
to .iltcnd upon him perf-inally, and fiiffcr their wivri
and kindled t» relide in his pataec, a" hoftii<{ci for their
'1 fidelity i by which prudent policy, he IKiick at tie
I vityroot of that tilwrllious Ipirit fo eomnii'n in Japan,
and put an end to the pulTibilily of railing inl'urrtCtions,
He expelled the i'ortuguefcfrom Japan, prohibited their

riiil«>, ftfltiUtd liii inilliun, wu ciu.:iti«d and |>1 irihvd.

'heir agfi not men-

"iKJbythcJapancic

loiians.

iiift 947, and 16:7

her a ijnod o( the
i to the tcclcfialli.Ml

ribe the ceremonials

ev. ry fc^t.

ch, till the rci-n „f

led, in vvhofc ta,;,,

: thiy occupied ihi

fucceedcd by
an his reign in the
born the cclchr,i-c.|
idcrcd him .'.{ (uffi.
ros of their fccuLr
1 family.

tnnlogy commence':,
id of ilie Cuhoj.
11-J17 to Kin-ftn, is
years, that is, troin
r i6(J7, or from tho
• wliich period, this
the Dutch excepted,
iters upon every (uh.
.1 emoluments acrni-
ndcr it impolTible to
fe hiftory. And aj
1 fociety, the tram'-
ronnecled with their
I the reigns of the

Reigned,

lotzi
afru

not one,

'0 i
:.it7.
Inli:,

I.1VO,

nd.liitta.l

nnic

1 S' _'

ninii

M '■

r
r

ir.i
(i

«lobu

Jajinii

fo hinorijiii

vi: bri

1 more rem il*

e eaily reigns ; p
rndcrcd them m
from their gene

ore

>f a very mean cx-
felf to be butler ti»

valour and meft

He was the till!

gi and great lord*

fuH'cr their wivoi

■i hoftai^es for their

he (laick at tie
romnii'n in J.ipin,
iluig infurrttlions.
n, prohibited their

d Jlid gl irilivd.

ever

ASIA-l

ever after trading with his fubjcfls, and bcgnn the
(iril pcrfecution ai;ainll the Chriltians. He died on the
6lh of December, A. D. 1598. After hir. dcccafc hr
was d(.ilii:J. and called the S.ijii.i A/int of Japan.

"O. Cil'^^iihacundono, the nephew of Taycho, is ac-
counted the 30th Cube, as he reigned for fome tiiiie in
coniuniiiion with his uncle ; but having dilobligcd that
n;o:iarth, h.- was ordireJ to rip up his own boivcis, the
nioll honourable method of fuftciing death in Japan.

31 Kidc-Jori, the fon of 'I'.iycho, began his reign
at li\ years ol age ; during hi; niinoiity, the affairs o.
rovernincnt were conduiSed by his father-in-law Ijcjai,
lor i' ide-Joii had been contraiilvd in his infancy to a
c;au^h!cr of that nobUman, who traiterouily deprived
him of his crown and life, after a reign of 14 years.

27 Ijijas-Samma, h.ivinj; ulurped the throne, made
•1,J following aiticlcs the principal oli;ciils of his reign.

1. I'hc tJt.il extirpation of the PortuLMicfe from Japan.

2. The prohibition of any of his fiibjefls from leaving
the empire, and recalling thofe wl,o were in foreign
rarf:. j- Ihe publication of fevcre ediifts againft
.Milling, luxury, and duelling. 4. The granting a
Dutch faflory to be cftabliflicd in Japan.

The pcrfecution againft the Chiiftians in Japan,
both iiriea and foreigners, was carried on witli lucli
horrid cr.elty, that in the fpace of the four firlt yeaisof
his icigii 20,570 perlbns WJre mall'acrcd. Notwith-
ifiiidin'T which, in the tivo fuc.eeding years, after thi
churches had bc-n (hut, and the public profcliing of
Chrillianity prohibited, the Jefuits, by tucir private
cnJcavours, rr.sde i2,oco profclytts ; and when any of
tliife were deteclcd, thcs nut only abfolutely ufulcd to
aH.irc the Chiillian f„itli, bni readily lubmiited to
dc.:th, and fullered martyrdom with aftonifliing ton-
(1., ■ \'. And indeed, tlu' peiUcution CMiuiiuied 4c
ye.i .^, reckoning from its commencement in the reign
ot 1 aveh I, wit'i unremitting crudty, before Chiilti-
aiiity could Ic toully exteriiiinated. Ijeja reigned i.bjut
iive v. ar. alter the death of Fide;Jori, and died at about
70 years of age,

33 Fi le-Tada, the grandfon of the above monarch,
U we have already inferred, continued the perfecutioii,
tillat kiigth the Chriftian-., driven to the utmoll defpair,
retired lu the number of 37,000, to the cafUcof Sinia-
bara, in the ifland of Ximo, whcic they determined to
defend themfelves to the lalt extremity. The Japanefe
irmy laid fiege to the place, which held out for thiee
months ; but at length wa^ compelled M furrender on
the 12th of April, 163s, when tlie Chrilfians were all
put to the fvvord. This monarch rcigiicJ 18 years, and
was fucceedcd by his fon

34 Ijcmt7.. This emperor reigned 21 years, and
was fucceedcd by

35 ljet7.nako. This moinrcli, who was the (on of
the lornier, reigned ^0 years, and left the ciuAii to
his fon

36 Tfmajos. This piince was the laft Japan
nonarch tliat we have any autheiiiic account of, and
was upon the throne when thclJi.tch amballador was M
J.i|)an, 111 the year i6g2, being then 43 ycais of age,
aihl having teignid 13 yeai.^i he uas a great philoib
pher, a (trut obleivcr of the la« s, exceedingly htiniani
and benevolent, and, in the true fcnlic of the word,
the father of his people.

S K C T. Vtl.
7Ti4 Land ff JetTo w Jedfo.

JESSO or Jedfo extends from 41 to 50 deg. of north
lat. which tiack is known, but how muJi fariher it
reaches hath not been afccrlained \ nor do the Japaiu fi
peojiraphers fcein better acquainled with it than the Lu-
rop.in. The fuulli^rn pail Ik-., oppohte to the noiiheiii
road of Niphoii or Japan, and to;nihcr they form thi
(Irti-htsof Sanpaar and Jifi, wliieh are fcparated b)
the little idand Klatfuma. The Japanefe tra.lc to Jeito
fur fun, and a (ifli called kau/.akki, that is i.iught upon
ittcoaft, and which iiconfldrrid in Japan as a gicit deli-
cacy ; but tlif natives of Jdio never conir 10 Japan,
• > they arc afral I tii crofs the llicighli, though it tv-
quirei but a d.iy tu fail uvct them.

Empire of JAPAN.

'99

'I he natives of JefTo arc flrong, fierce, and fivagc;
they wear their hair and beards long, and cover tlnni-
lelves all over with the fkin of wild beads, with the fut
outwards, fo that, upon the whole, they have a molt
trightlul appearance. The Japanefe informed captain
Saris, that thofe who live on the fouthern coalt arc
much more civili7.cd than fuch as rcfide in the inland
parts ( and that the en pcror of Japan had a governor,
,.nd a garrifon in th'. capital, which is called Matzimaij
to receive his tribute, which i" paid in furs, fcMtlieij,
and filver.

The natives arc expert in fifliing, huntinc, and the
ufe of the bow and arrow, which are the.r only wea-
pons. The country is neky, woody, l»ut little culti-
vated, and in many places lairen ; it only produces a
coarle kind of bailey, foiiie roots, and a few fruit tretb.
The people worfliip the fiiir..'ineiit, but have but lev/
religious ceremonies; they are ftrong, h.-.idy, and ad-
dicted to diinking, when they can procure liipii'; 1
they have thtir ears bored, and wear lilver ornaments
han;vng to them.

The above is the account the Japanefe give of tl.ij
country and its inhabiiaiils j but Father Dc Angili-, a
Sicilian Jeluit, who went tlutlier in the year ib20, and
lelided among the people a confiderablc time, gives a
more favourable defcription of them, and informs us,
that ill-' natiies of Jellb aic floutcr, taller, and fairer
than li.e J ip.inefe ; tli.t they Ut their beards giow very
I'll,;, liUt fliave the loic-parts of their head; that they
11 nko a very ftrong wine, v\-hich they drink to excels j
and diefb thenil(;'vi.s in very pretty lilk, cotton, or limn
-own;, which arc long, and embellilhed w.th nccdle-
»o k ti Icrably executed.

He likcwife tells US, that bcfidcs bows and arrows,
they ufe lances, fcymetats, and poil'ored darts; that
they arc quarrclfjmc, capricious, paHionatc, and rc-
vengelul ; but at the fame time almoil as ceremonious
and iafiiucre as the Chinefe j polygamy is allowed
among thun, and adultery they thus punilh : the man
pays a pecuniary fine, and the woman is cK fe fliaved,
which is the greatcft difgrace that can happen to her.
If the g.illant lehifes to pay the iiiulcf, the hufl)Jtid
h.\5 a right to lirip him whenever ami wlKrc-ever In:
meets him, and fiiid him home naked j to itLct which,
he calls to his alliilaiuc .dl that arc near at hand, who
arc obliged to aid him in plundciing the adulterer. All
ihc paiticulars n entioned by the above Jefuit .ue lOii-
tiiiiud by feveral Dull h ni.iiiners, who have, fince his
time, kifited Jellii ( and larther add, that their boats
arc made 01 llight boards ll-wtd t),.etlier with coids
made ot the balk of a tree, called kjXo, v.hicli when
they leiuin (t^in fifhing are unlewcd again, \:\\\
eaitfully laid iij> ) that many of the iialiie< wear rings
on th:ir finger> as well as tiinkvts in their ears, ::iid
paint their lip. and eye-biows blue; that the men at
veiy jtalous ; the women in geiuial modi It ; and the
[I language a coiiupt mixture of the Ch iKle and Ja-
l] panef' tongues.

i| Tley h.iVe no place in the whole countiy that can
' Icfeue ihe iiaine 01' a city, even Mal7.iin,ii the capital ii
j 1 very iiuonliJer.dilc town. Here the piince ot ti.e
; . .initry, as well as the Japaii'.fe governor, triidcs ; but
the toiiner is obligCil to go once a year 10 Jeddo to do
'.oinage, .11. d nuli,e a prefcnt to th^ cni|ieior of Ja-
pan.

'I hcnia.incr of t\.ecuting ciimiiials i' Ibnulhing fiii-

gular,the cutpiit it laid Ilat upon his back, his arms and

legs being ftrelcl.td out, and held light by two ftout

clluws to each i the exceutioncr ihen, who is armed with

\\n iron headed I liib, dances round him, liiigs a fuig,

I .'lid at length dikhaiget liieh a blow at his head .is

I brc.ks 111. iViill, whiih is iniinedialely followed by

I mother iipun the lloniai.h that dilpHtclas him in an

: inf)aiit.

I Of the Ilii{licr jVilb or Oku, we have no other ac-
I count fiom the Japanefe gengraphcri than that it is
I) in niiUs in Kngth ; but the luuthcrn paits of JelVo,
.ilicady dclidbcd, wcic ti>iu)ucred by Joritonio, the
nil C'ubo of Japan, and annexed lo the dominions of
I lilt eiiipiit,

CHAP.

I *

ijM

uJ' ^ '^A ';;

;^'i

iti

»( '

: V-

^Li

( 200 )

CHAP. XX.

1. Of the Illands of F O R M O S A and HAINAN.

f>,

SOME parts of thcfc lllaiids btlong to the Chincfc,
to whom the natives are fubjeft ; but, in the other
parts they live independent, and are only fubjefl to
their own laws and government.

Formofa, which is the moft fertile of thefe iflands, is
altogether a very fine country j and for that rcafon it ob-
tained its name, the word FormoU fignifyingyir/r or
beautiful. It is fituated nearly oppolitc to the province
of Fo-kien in China, and is computcil to be 216 miles
in length from north to fouth, and .ibout 70 miles in the
broadeft part. Its longitude from Pckiii is from
3 deg. 20 min. to 5 deg. 40 min. eaft ; fo th.it when the
lun is a'inoft vertical over it, the climate is rather hot ;
but this is far from being difagrcealilc, .'is the violence of
the heat is greatly nitigatcd by the fituation of the ifland,
which is fo elevated as to receive the moll agreeable
advantages from the cooling breezes of the lea.

Thus while the lun with r.iys inlenfe allail,
The zephyrs nalten with a friendly gale j
Glide through the fainting Formolan's retreat,
And quench the ragt of cquinoclial heat.

That part of the ifland prfT.flid by the Chincfc is
pr.rticul.irly fertile, .ind produces great <]uantities of dif-
ferent kinds of gr:iin, el'p cially rice ; and its fertility is
greatly accclcraicil liy the numerous rivers, whofe ftrtams
glide conveniently through it.

This illand likewiie pioJuces as great a variety of
fruits as arc to be found in any other putts of the Indies ;
particularly oranges, cocoas, banana';, ananas, govava.*,
papayas, &.c. Alio feveral kinds of thofe produced in
£urope, as peaches, apricots, figs, grapes and chcfnut.
They hive likewife a fort of melon, which is of an
cblonc form, and much larger than thofe in Kuropc :
they ctiiifill of a white or red pulp, and are full of a
fine juice, which is exceeding gr.iteful to the talte.
Sugar and tobacco alfo grow here to the greaiell per-
feiiion ; and the trees that prenluie thefe are fi> a^rec ibly
a.-rangcd, that they appear as if calculated to cinbellifh
the moll beautiful g.irden.

The wild beads of this ifljnd are but few, and thofe
feldoin fien, as tlicy chiefly inhabit the dilt.int parts of
°., which are exceeding mountainous, and fcldom re-
forted to by the Inhabitants. They have lome horlis,
flieep, oxen, goat-, and hogs. They have but few birds,
the principal of which is the pheafant ; but the rivers
produce great plenty ul vaiious Kinds ol fifli.

The coafts about this illind are very high and rocky,
and have neither havens or fea-ports, fo th.it it is almoll
inipofTible to eh'ecl an invafion. 'I eovang, or Tyowang,
is the only biy in the whelc ifland, where fliips of any
bulk can approach ; and this is lituated at the mouth of
a river fo narrow, xnd defended by luch high rocks and
forts on each fido, that no enemy could polfibly cuter
it, without being npulfed.

'I he inhabitants of th«fc parts of the illand belonging
to the Chinele have the lame manners and cultom^, and
are under the fame govirnmcnt, is thofe «t China ; lb
that a repetition cf them would he here unnecellary :
we ftiall thercfoic only delcnhc the pcrlons, m.innerj,
and ruftomJ of the natives.

'I'he natives of thii ifland, who are fubjee^ to the
Chinelir, arc divided into 45 boroughs, i,r Ih.mij, •{(>
of which are in the northern pjirt, and nine in the
fouthern. They arc in general of a low llatiire, h ivc a
large mouth, and are very (warthy m lon-ple-iinn ■ they
have a very high forehead, and are altogether gre tly dif-
proportioncd, for the body u very (hort, the neck
I'mall, an«i the atmi and legs icmaikaoly lung,

Thoy go almoll naked, their drcfs confiftinc; nn'v li
a rough piece of cloth tied round the waili :u\iJ le chinr
to the knees ; but they adorn tlicr bodies with the
figures of trees, flowers, ai;iinals, &c. in iluiiii; i>l
which they undergo fuch violent pain, that only a iniall
part of the operation niutl he peiforined at one tai.t; |.,
that it will tuke fomc months before the vhiJc i. cuin-
pleated. Thele cnibeliiihinents, however, arc i,iily
permitted 10 (uch as have dillingiiiihed thenileive!, cirha
by loal^ of activity or cour.ige. The better lort iuoid lU-
puiiifliment of obiaiirng thefe ornaments, by ului.; tit
hair eil animals iniciinixcd with III k, and enibrci.le eil
withhold and filvei. They have all, however, 1:1>i;;y
to triiamcnt their iirms ..nd ears, which they Jo vviih
the gicatelt piofufiiii, .mil on their heads th. y viea. 1
kind of coicnet, the t( p of which is tcrninated he j
plume made <'f tic fcitliois of cocks 01 plual.;i,ts. In
Ihort, the whole of iheii orinnients with tlie aw<vvai.'.
ncfs of their flhipe, form to^^eilicr a veiy wliinifii.'.! ;.p.
peaiance.

The climate of ihc northern part being hfv tcmpc-.
rale than the knthtrii, the iiihahit.ints aie letter tlot'uj,
their drcfs conliiling ul the (kins of bealls, pjr: culjily
Itags, which they kill in hunting. '1 Ins j',ainKm,
however, is very Lii.outh in ii> form, being fhaped luc
a vellmcnt woiii by priills, ai'.d without iKevcs. 'I liiy
wear a kind of I'liniut on their heaa^, Hiadc of Uic
leaves of han.inas, and a Jorncd with ccronets p!aceil
one aliiive another, in the f rin uf a pyniDidj the
whidc is fjftone.l with locks of hair of dificrent colouis,
:'nd tKc lop of it, like thofe 111 the fouth, is tcrniiii^itud
by a plume of feathers.

The houles »f thole in the northern parts are built
after the manner of the Chinele; but thole of the fouth
are mean coit.i^cs ma.le ot e.irth and hambixi coveird
with ftraw, iiid fo dole together, that tin v are only
feparnted by a very flight par.ition. 'J'hfir cultomt,
hovKcvcr, in both parts are the I'jme. They I aie
neiiher chairs, tables, leiiches, ot beds ; inlKaj ot ihe
litter they ul.- th. leaves, of ti.es, which they (pre.'.d un
the floor, and lay th.inlelvts down vt'it.'iout anv fo'tui
coveiiii_'. They drila their vieluals In a kind ul cl.iT.
ney or llovc pLiced 111 the center of the room ; and .tie
e.iccediiij^ filthy in the r m.inner of eating it ; they luvi:
ncithii iliflies, Ipoon-., or linivcs fo that when ilw
provili II li diedeil it i-, l.iid on a piece of wood, or m ;,
and ihey pull it to piece* with thcii fingers. Thcv ilu
not lai:e much y.\n,% in jrelliiig their meat, for the li:i
it is done ihe better the. like it, and nne ol thcni ad.
mire it molt when it is to raw as bartly to have telt ilti:
cllei'li of the fire.

The r fiMxl chiefly confifts of loilcd rice, which thrj
e. t inlUad of bred ; the flcfil of (hecp and go.its, ,iiid
game, which they foineli;ie> eatch 111 the wood., fy
(hooting thiin, or runnir^ tl.cni down ; the l.ittir 1. the
mod common nuth d ; tor their agil ty u fo gre.it, tbit
tiny Will even out-tun the (wifteft hoife.

'I hctr Wlapoll^ are bows and arrows, vthich they ufe
with luch dcMnilv, tint they will kill a plieafant 11)1-
111^ at ti.e d.llame ol 4' o yard-.

They have little ceriiiiony in their mariiipcs ; nor da
they piiichai • Ihiir vvlve. as in China. Wh'.n 1 man
lives on anv ihjtcl th.it ho tvKhei to be his wile, lie fvi
frural davi to.^eihcr with mulie, wnich he plays lur
fonie time li. li.rc the door ; luit he is not prritiitted »
eniet the h n:le. If the ohj ft ol \\\% aRc.'tion appiovci
of hini, (he conn, out, and tliey agree upon temu,
which hi-inj m .de Ifiiuwn to their paient., the mar-
liage fealt n ptrpiteJ, uiiJ the iiiei.di uf i.,cli |:iiiv arc

ll.V.iCj.

^ I N A N.

•cCs ctiiififtin^ only nf
he waift :uid'ie tiiinj.
the. I bodiua with ihc

Is, &C. in iluilli; uf

lain, that ojilj j I'mj])
jrinrd jt one tui i ; |.,
oic the vhiJc i, cuin-

hovvcvcr, are ..uly
lluJ thuMildus crher
ic better li>it .ivoid tU
amtnis, by uliiij ti.c
lilk, and tiii'oiw.lt ;J
all, Imwivcr, l;|y;i»

vihitli thi-y ilo u.ih
.■ir hcaJs they »-ia. t
h is ttririiuii'cl hv i
:ks oi pluiil.:i.ts. ' In
ts with ilic aii,ujt,'.
a vny wliinifit.'.l r.p.

)'.irt bi-iiig 1(|\ !ci)\|),-.
lilts .lie Inita <.lot!uJ,
jt bcallb, put : c'j!a:lv
ing. 'Jlus j;aiiiKi,t,
irm, biiiig (hj]Kj |i«

ithoiit iK

'III,

■ ht.iif, Miadc i.i ili'c
with ctroiiL'Cs p'acej

of a (lyiaiiiid j the

■ of ditiiriiu culoui,',

ic I'uutli, la tcrniiii^lctl

irthcrn parts are built
but thole ot the loiiih

and bambuu cuvcrrj
r, that they are duly
on. 'J'hfir cuHomj,
: (jirif, Tlicy 1 avc
r beds i iiilKad iit the
which they Ijie :d un
II without »iiy ("oT ot
lis in a lind oV cl.irr;.
it the room j and ate

eating it J they have
S (o that when tbe
ccc n( wood, til in i,
ii fingers. They da
eir meat, for the Ini
nd one ol iheni aij.
lartly to have Icit iik

ilcd r!ee, which thcj
herjj and go.ilt, .iiicj
ll 111 the w^joi!., ly
•wii J the lattir u the
il ty it gre.it, tb4l
hoile.

ows, wliich they ufe
itili a phcafanc Bj-

ir niarriiprj ; nor io

Miia. \\'Ji(n a man

I be \\ii wife, he p<«i

wniib he play* lur

i> not pcritiittiH 9

>l affcclion appi'.vti

agfie u(>.in ternii,

parent-,, the irur.

■ d> of laili pjin trt

ii.t.iej.

ASIA.]

FORMOSA.

• v':cu. I ill! f'-'l^ conruir.mntci tlic m,^rriage ; after
wbiihi ii'll'-''"' "' '*"-■ '*''''-' i'''''''t; lioi'ie with her hiil-
bind, h- coiitimies in his iather-iii-law\ houle, aiul
rtdvidc as well for him ab for liiniklf duiing the le-
liLiiiider of his life.

Witli m'pcct to their lellgifln, Ibmc writers have dc-
fifiiud ihcin as btiiig in.ie iiifid:'ls, which we can alii n
no otliei rrafon for, Init from their Inin;' confulered In
by the ChinclV. This, however, is ;: l.ill'c allertion :
ihfV liLlievc in one Supreme Iteinj;, ami ffem to enter-
tain wilii lu'iions than the inhaliitnnt^ of many e.'llein
1,'intrics. The Chincfe i,eknov\'ledi;r, that they aic
11, it liili>el to eluat, thieve, or iiiiaiii.!; hut, on the
loiiir.uv, that tli-y pi.iillili- all the duties of equity and
iiiuuial bentvolentc. 'J'liev worllii/l idols as In China,
to whom they olter lacrihecs of hoi;s, riee, lie.

'I'luir funeral ceremonies are very trifling, hut the
manlier of treating the diad before interment is very
fni"ular. \V'hcn a pcrfon die<;, tliey lay him on a kind
(jf fc.iftold made of banihoo, which they place over a
How lire for nine days j alter which they wrap the corpIV
in a mat, and lay it on a hi'iier fcalfoM, covered with
J piivili 111 made of (hrcds of lilk, cloth, 5;c. Here it
KiiKiiiis for two years, at the expiration of which, they
li'is, a laigf IkjIc in the "- I, and bury it. Lacli of
t!ide ctn-iiuniics •: ac ied witli leading, mufic,

(i.inciiig, l<c.

The notions oi liunianit, . ilh which tbcf! people
are |'e>n.'lied, and the iiiipreflion an obj.it in diltrel's
Krikes on their mind, ib difplayeJ in one ciiltom,
v.h.eli is alinolt univerlal, namely, if a perfon is cv-
ccediim ill, or atfliiited with any painful dil'order, whieh
is net l.kcly to be removed, they think il a kindnefi to
difpateh him.

The I'ovcnment of each town or horongh is cnfined
to it ell. Three or four of the mod antient, who arc
known to be men of integritv, arc appointed aj jiul.-cs
over the rell, who dctennine i.ll dilVercnecb ; and he
w!u) fe'l'iife's to I'ubmit to i!ic deeifion, is banifhed the
te.wi, nor can he cither return, or he adniilied into any
ot t'ae others, lb that he i^ obliged to finifli Ins days,
without ever again partieipaiing of the natural ciijoy-
nicnts of locicty.

The iiihnhiiants here pny an annual tiibiitc to the
Chiiul.', wliich coiih.iS cl ceitain (piantiiies of grain,
the tads ;:iid iViiis of Ihigs, and nthei prodiicfions of the
e<iun:rv. In order to gather thi» tiibute, a pcrfon is
a;i;)o.nted to each town, who learns the language of the
iiiiivcs, an.l difchargcs the office of intcrpntcr between
l.'Kin and the mandarins of China. There were for-
iinrly twelve boroughs in the foiithern p.irt of the
llliiid that paid tribute to the ChiiKlej but, from the
ivriiiinc conduOl of their interpritcr, or ('athcrer of the
l.ix, thry revolted, drove the interpreter out of the
•own, and no longer continued to pny tiibutc to China.

Hiving fald thus much of the natives, we fliall now
|(iye fome account of the capital city on tliis idjiid,
wh.'.li, ve'itli I'evera! other confiderable towna, is in the
fufli-'liion of the Chinefe.

The capital city heie is called Tai-nuin-fou. It 1-.
huge and populous, and carries on fo exteiifive a tiad •,
th.it it is little inferior to fome of the moft opulent in
China. It is plentifully fupplicd with all kinds of pro-
»ili(in«, tither of its own picduit, or romm(vlitie>
kroii;.hl fion other countries, as rice, cotton, fu;:ar,
♦.iiie, tob.iceo, and dried venifon, the 1 itter of which
is greatly admiicd by the Chincle, an I confidercd as the
ni.dl dtlu ioiis food, Tlicy have likewili' all kinds ol
fruit", nulicinil lii-rbs, mots, gums, ^c. with plentj
id 1 nil), lilk, and cotton ot various (orts.

The lioules arc in genera! veiy fniall, aiu) arc built of
c'av, covered with thatch. The llreets are Ion:; and
fi'.iiioiij, ;ind the building on each fide have .nwiiings,
lii.it join in luJi a manner ..s to cncr the Hrcet ; bu:
li.i I air only iifed Hming the hot months, to keep oH
ih.- rxieHiv.' heat ol ill.- fill. Some of the lliccts lie
ln'ir three inilet in linglli, and betwe-cn jn and 4; Icet
bioul ; ihrf; llfcets are thicHy occupied bv deaieis,
W'h'ili fliiipj are fiiinillicd Willi all kinils of jjeio'-,
i,ei>i,l and dilpUuil t» the gieiirtt advantage. I'IkK

Ihi

ippai very biilluiit, and liiany people waU in
lk>

201

the llrccts merely lo gr.ltify thcmfilvcs with tlic fight of
io pleat a v.iri;tv of the riehelt commodities.

The ci;v is not defended either by walls or fortifica-
tions ; but it has a good garrifon of horl'e and foot,
confining of 10, cm men, who arc principally Tartars,
Thcle are eommsndcd by a lieiitcnant-gcncr d, two ma-
■or-i'Ciierals, and a number of inferior officers, who are
.^t liberty to relin(]uilh their fitiiation after h.avn;-, fcrvcd
tliicc yiais, or fooncr, il oce.illon (hould rti]uirc.
. The liaibour is tolerably good, and (hehered from
the winds ; but the cntiai.ee to it i; dangcioiis for lliipu
of burthen, the bottom of it h-ing rocky, and the
water not .ibovc ten feet deep at the hi.di.ll tides.

Acccrding to the mod auihenlie liill.ui.ins, the ifland
of l''orinola was firit inhabited by the Japanele about the
I'cginning of the laft century. 'I'hefe pcipio were fo
pie, lied with the appearance of the country, that they
built fevcul liiiall towns, aiii foe n fettled a colony:
however, they were but a fliort time on the illand be-
fore they were intciruptid by ih.; Dutch, a fliip be-
longing to whom being accident.illy forced iiu-i the har-
bour, tile peOjile l.inded on tlic illan I, in order to ob-
tain refrcOiments, and rcp.air the d..mjgc the velTel had
fuftaincd by the (loiin. i'le:.fed with the apparent ferti-
lity ot the country, and the whoLlomcnels of the cli-
ira'c, they formed a plan of circunivcniiiig the Ja-
I ' taking the ill.ind into their own pollefPion.

h ..1, however, of oft'eiiding them, leff it niignt be
injurious to their traJe, they were very cautious in what
manlier they proceeded ; Jiid though they were the nioft
powerful, yet they weie latlicr defirous of obtaining
their wilhes 1 y artful than violent mcafurcs. To ef-
fect this, thc\ earncfUy inireated the Jap nef-, that they
would permit tin ni to build .1 huiife near the fca fide,
which, thcv alhdgc 1, would be of the grctell- utility to
tlicm in thiir p:.nagc to and from J.ipan. This icciucft
was refilled, which produced a fecund folicitation that
met with tiiual fiiccef--, Unwiiling, however, to give
up any endeavours they could pioje.'t, they again re-
iiewe.l tlu.ir folicitalions, and prcfled them to give con-
liiit, aH'iuing them that they defired no more ground
tlian what might be encomp;:!!'. d by the hide of ::n ox.
The modeltv, .s well as oddity, of this rccpiell, had
tlie wiflied-for etrciif, and the Japancl'c at length gave
their conlent.

The Dutch had now made nn opening into tlicir fu-
ture intentions, and immclutely dilcovercd a piece of
cunning little thought of by the Japanefc, 'i'h'y got a
large hiele, whieh they cut into a numher of fiips, and,
filiening the whole t.uutlicr, covcreil a very oxtenfivc
piece of ground, on which, infte.ul of a fin|le building,
they creiitVj fevcral fpacious h.ibitati.ins. The Japancle
were at firll greatly ve.sed at this Itratagcm, but, from
the fingularity eif it, they wcic at length pacirtcd ; and
were fo far from cither cnvving the Dutch, or beinij
any way apprcheiifi\e of danger Irom tlum, that they
p( I milted them lo do whatever they thought proper;
.ind of this indulgence the Dutch were not ileficient in
liking the grcatilt advantagev, fur they loon erected fe-
eiial llrong buildings, partieulaily a lallle, which they
called Zealand, fituutcd on lo advantageous a (pot, that
it w,is impolhble for any fliip to enter it, of whatever
I'oice, without being repiilied.

The Japanefe, being either oirended at the great pro-
;;rrfs the Dutch h.ad made, or not finding the advi:i-
i,i';is they expceU'd, foon iiiiittcd the ifi.nd, and left th(
Dutch in folc pollenion of it; after wliiJi the latter
eic'Icd other tcrtifications oppoltte to tlieir new fort,
and railed lueh other dcfenco, as tnade them complete
mailers of the ilbiiid.

The Dutch, however, conlinucd here but a few
jcur^i for one of the Chinele geneLiK (a man ed an
eiiterpi/ing genius) being dcleated by the I'art.ir.s, who
were then at v*ar Willi theChiiule, fixed his views on
i'orniolj, formed a rellduiioii of nufliii.' the Dutch, and
eltab'ifliing a new kingdeuii on the ill.iiid. Acioiilingly
he fiiled from China with a very confilriable fleet, and
aiii\ing lieMi the mouth e>f the luib mi, he l.inded fume
of his men, and began to atluk ilu loit ot Zealand,
riie Dutch, not being appieli nfivc nl .inv danger,
wcie ill pic>\idi.d to att.ick lo powerful an enemy : they
i L h.J

'i!i

4 If

■I!

ulhli''

:.S !

:^ !i

^'fff s m

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF 'GEOGR Al'H V

502

h;id only four fliips in the linrboiir, and not ubovc 20
men in the loir, cxclulivc ot tlic natives ; notwith-
ft.inJing which tli^ y niaiic ;o luicihle an oppolitionj that
the fu'gc lartcd Ujiwaids of three month:.. The Chi-
ncle general w:.i 10 enraged in licijiij thus iliCippointed,
that he at length had recourf^; to a very dcfpcrate cfturt,
which had the ddircd ctVecl. He converted levcral ot
his veflels into tlre-fliips, and the wind liappenins; to be
high and favourable, drove them into the harbour, wlun
three of the Dutch (hips were entirely deftioud. 'I'htis
iituated, the Dutch could not ni..ke any lariher rifilt-
ancc, and the Clunefe gen.'ral oliVring the 11 liberty to
depart wiih th ir effeds in cafe they vn'ouIj furrtndor,
they readily accepted the ofFer ; and puf.ing all their \a-
luables on boajd the fliip that vv'as Icit, they dcparteil,
and left the Ciiincfe general fole pollUVor of the iflaiid.
The general immediately acknowledged fiibniiffion to
the emperor, and feveral other towns were foon built r,n
dift'erent parts of the ifland, the inhabitants of which
have ever linee been ful jicl to the government of Clniia,
and, as. haih beiii before obKtved, teftify their fubnnf-
liua by an annual tribute,

HAYNAN, the other ifland to be noticed in this
chapter, (the piin. ipal part of which alfo b.'Ioju;s to the
Chinefe) is of conlijerable extent, and fonic of the
towns a:e very populous. It is fituat.d between IC7
and 1 10 degrees c lit longitude, and between i8 and 20
degrees north latitude. It is bounded on the call by
the Clrintfc fta ; on the welf by the coall of Co-
chin-China ; on the north by part of the province of
Civiang-tong, to which it belongs , and oir the fouth
by the channel cf I'aracel, which jcins the callrrn cojft

oi' Cochiii-China. It is about 200 miles

lenath

from eaft to well, near 150 in brc.idth, and about 400
in circuir.feiciice.

Iti principal city is called Kiun-tchcou, and is fo
frtuatcd, that fliips lie at anchor clofe to its walls with
the grciicfl ftcuiity. 'I'hc ftrccts are very uniform, aird
fome of them at lead a mile in length, but the houfcs
in general arc low mean buildings.

Btftdes the capital, there are levcial other confidcrable
cities on the iHaiid, all of which are fitiiat "d near the
I'ca-llde, and fubjecl to the jiirifdii5lion of Kian-tchcou,
which is governed by ni.indarins of two orJcis, namely,
thole of learning, and thofe of arms.

There is a iriic port on the fuuthern part of the
illand, the bay of wliich is near 20 feet deep. There
is alfo another very convenient port on the northern
part, the entrance to v\hnh is defended by two fmall
foits, though the depth of water docs not exceed 12
feet. Here the harks f.etjucntly come from Canton with
various coitimolities, in exchange for which they take
feveral kinds of minerals, the lutural produce of the
country j for in fonie parts of the ifland there are gold
and filver mines, as alfo mines that produce the lapis-
laiuli, which the natives of Canton ufe in painting the
blue porcelain. Between the two forts that defend the
entrance of the northern port, is a large plain, on
which arc feveral handfomc Chinefe fcpulchres.

The climate of thisiiland is in general very unhealthy,
particularly the northern part, though the foil is tole-
rably fertil.-. riic fouthern an. I caltcrn parts are exceed-
ing moun'.ainous j but the vallies beneath are rich, and
piodiico great plenty of rice. Here arc likewife feveral
iorts of very valu.ible trees, particularly the rofe, or
violet-tree, which is fo fr.igrant in its Icent, that it is
purchafcd at a very high pi itc fur the fole ufe of the
cnipcri;r. 'I'liere is alfo another tree little inferior to
thii ; it produces a kind of liquid, which by the na-
tives is called diagon's blood, and, if thrown into the
fire, ditt'ufcs a fcent of the moll agreeable natuie.

Indigo grows very plentifully on this ifland, as alfo
fugar, tobacco, and cotton ; and they have a g"^*' v-*-
riei) of the moll d^'licioiis fruif..

The chief animals on this ifland are horfes, fliecp,
cow-, .ind hogs. On ilie mountains, and in the woods,
arc prod giou. numbers of apes, lome of 'vliich arc very
large, of a black colnir, and the features of their facts
fodiliinci, a^ t J rcfenible the human fpccics with greater
uicrncfi thill any uthiii to be fuuiid in th( univcifcj

but thcfc arc very fcldon\ feen ; and though the n~Xi\i.<,
have ofien endeavoured to catch them, Jet they are lu
cunning .ind alert, that they ha\e ba.'Hcd every inachiii.;,
tion they could piojecl.

Thele apes appear to be of the fame fpccics with two
lent Come yeais ago in a Coafting vellil, as a ptcfcnt
trom a merchant of the rajah of the Carnatic domi,
nions to the governor of lionibay, a particular dcfeiin.
lion of \\'liich is thus given by Mr. Grofc in his Icyn'e
to the EjjI Iiiai.-i : " They were, fays he, fcarcely two
leet hi^;h, walked ercdt, and had perfectly an human
form. IJiey were of a fallow white, without any hair,
except in tliofc parts that it is cullomary for mankind to
have it. iiy tlitir melancholy, they feemed to have a
rational fcni'e of their captivity, and had m.inv of the
human actions. They made their bed very (.rdcrlv in
the cage in which they were fcnt, and, on bcin^ view-
cd, would endeavour to conceal with their haniis thofe
parts that modcfty forbids maiiifelling. The joints of
their knees were not re-entering like tiiofc of monkics
but laliant lilcc thofe of men ; a tircumilance they have
in CJinmon with the Oran-outangs in the caftern parts
of India, particularly in Sumatra, Java, and the Spice
Iflands, of which thefc fecm to be the diniinutivc;,
though with nearer approaches of rcfcmblancc to tl;e
human fpccics,

" But though the navigation from the Carnatic coaft
to bombay is of a very fhort run, < f not above fi.t or
fevcn degree?, whether the ki air did no: agree with
tl'.cm, or that they could not brook their conlincmciit,
or tliat the captain had net pioperlv Ci-n'ulted ihtir pto-
vifion, the female fickcning firli di..d, and the n'ale giv-
ing all the dcmonftratioiii of grief, fiemed to take it to
heart fo, that he rcfufed to cat, and in two days after
followed her. The c.piain, on his return to lioml-ay,
reporting this to the governor, was by him afkcd. What
he had done with the bodies ? He faid, he had fluiiJ'
them overboard. Being further aiked, \\'hy h.- did nut
keep them in fpirits ? he replied, that he did not think
of it. On this the governor wrote afrtfli to tlu mer-
chant, dcfiring him to procure another couple at any
rate, as he ftiould grudge no cxpence to be ninftcr of
fuch a curiol'ity, T he merchant's anfwer was. He would
very willingly oblige him, but that he was afraid i:
would not be in his power : that tliefc creatures caui-:
fiom a forcft about 70 leagues up the country, whcie
the inhabitants would fonietimes catch them on the
(kirts of it ; but that they were fo cxquifitelv cunniii;;
and fhy, that this fcarcely happened once in a century."

This ifland alfo abounds with various kinds of game,
particularly deer and bans ; alfo a great plenty of birdb,
as partridges, woodcocks, Inipcs, turtle-doves, ami moll
forts of water-fowl, all which are little inferior to thofe
in Kuropc. I'hey have likewife moll forts of lifti in
great abundance ; among thefc is a little blue filh found
among the rocks, which is fo beautiful as to be eflicni-
ed of greater value than the golden filii ; but they will
live only a few days out of their natural clement.

The natives of this ifland are ihort in Katurc, of a
rcdd.ni complexion, and fomc of them greatly defor-.c.l.
I'he men wear only a Lofe garment, reaching lio'.- ilie
waill to the knees : it 15 made of callico, and tuc co-
lour is cither a deep blue, or quite bUick, The women
wear a garment made of the fame llufF, though diftVient
in form : it fomewhat refembles a waiflcoat, and tcichc*
fiom the flvjulders to the knici: and they arc farther
dillinguilhcd from the men by llrcaks irada on tlieir
faces with indigo, Hoth fcxcs braid their h..ir, and 01-
namcnt their ears with rings; and their hats, which t.c
under tl ; chin, are made of Ittaw or rattan.

Their chief weapons arc bows and arrows, in the
ufe of which they are not fo expert as the inhabitants of
Korinofa, They have aUo a kind of hanger (aliened
with a girdle to their waill, which tlicv generally ufe tu
clear the way in forells, or other woody places,

Thefc natives occupy the center part of the ifland,
which is very mountainous ; and here they live inde-
pendent, being fubjciil only to their own laws and modci
of government, 'lliey ate fcldom fen by the Chinefe,
except v<hcn they make an attempt to (urprizc any of
the neighbouring villij-cs, This, however, lyldom hap-
pen',

ASIA.]

I. A D R O N E ISLANDS,

20J

niTS aiiJ when it docs, tlicy :irf naturally fiic-li cowards,
(hat hi'lf a dozen Chinclc will defeat at lead an hun-
dred of them.

M;\ny of them arc in the fcrvicc of the Chincfc, who
fniploy thtni to ciiltiv.itc ilicir Uiuls, and lake care of
their cattk'. Otiicrs of them arc allowed to poflcfi vil-
Ja'H-s on the plain j an 1 the princip^il part, as in For-
niofa, pay an annual tribute lo the emperor of China.

Between the ifland of Forniofa and the continent of
China, are a nun.ber of fniall iibiidb called the Pjfea-
dorc', or Tiflier Iflands, which are fiuiatcd in 23 dtp;,
north latitude On the wtft fide of one of thcfc iflands
is a laree town, with a foit defended by a garrifon con-
fifting of 300 Tartars.

Thire is likewife a fet of idinds fituatcd between
Forniolii and I.nconia. Thcfe arc cnllcj the Five Ifle?,
the northermolb of which lies in zo deg. 20 niin. north
latitude. The largeft of thefe ifl.mds is uninliahited,
on account of its being a harrcn country ; but the
others have fcveral good towns in ihcm, and are very
populous.

The hills of thcfe ifl.inds are rocky, hut the vallics
arc very fertile, being well w.itercd with running ftreams.
They produce plenty of pinc-appios, plant .ini, b na-
nas, fugar-cancs, cotton, ponipions, and potirtoes ; and
there arc alfo great numbers of gnats, oxen, and hogs.

The inhabitants of this ifland are of an olive com-
plexion, and arc fliort in ftaturc, with round faces, low
foreheads, and thick eye-brows. They have black hair,
which they cut fo ftiort that it barely touches their cars.
'I he men wear only .1 cloth about their middle, and
have no covering on their heads. The women wear a
Ihort petticoat made of coaife callico, which reaches
from the wsift to the calves of their le;;5. Both fcxis
wear rin;;s in their ear?, m;'de of a metal refcnibling
colli, wl ich they di;; out of the mountains.

Their himfes arc icry fir.nll, ; nd cnfift only of a
few port', bounded and covered with boughs sjf trees.
1 he fire-place is at one end, and here they l.iy boards,
rn which they flccp. The houlVs are built in rows one
above anolher, on the fides of ihc rocks, .-uid they
•.ifccnd to ihein by the help oi Lidders. Theic is a kind
of ftrcct to each row of houfcs, which luns parallel
with the tops of the huildin;':s in the row liencath.

Thcfe people arc naturally in|.,inious j they undcr-
ft.iiiJ the life of iion, uhicli they work inlo various
foinis, tind build very nc.it boats, th.rt refcmble
th"fe with us called yaw!?. Tlirv ha\c likewife Ionic
la-oc vellLI.'jWhicli thiy lowwith twelve or fourteen oais.

Their food confifls chiefly of vegetables ; but they
fomciinics make a didi of locufls, which at particular
feafons of the year come to devour their planls. They
catch them with nets, and either broil them on the fiie,
or bake them in an eatthtrn pan. Their cliicf diink is
water ; but they have a licjiior that in tafte and colour
rcl'cmbles Englifli beer. This is called Haihce, apA
gives name to one of thel'c idands. Ir is made with
lugar canes, boiled and mixed witli black berries ; after
which, it is put into jais, and when it has worked live <r
fix days, it becomes very fine, and is tit for ufc.

Their language bears no affinny either to the Chincfc
or Malayan, but is peculiar to themielves. 'I'he only
weapons they ufc, are lances headed with iron ; wheii
they go on the mountains in purfuit of bcalls, they
we. r a kind of armour made of a buHalu'.s fi<in, whith
has llecvcs, and reaches down to the calves ot the legs.
It is wide at the bottom, but clofe abcmt the fhoul-
ders, and is of fuch folid fubftancc as hardly to be pene-
trated.

They arc in general a very civil people, and will nei-
ther engage in quarrels among thcmfelves, or with firan-
gcrs. The men are chiefly employed in fifhing, and
the women in hufb.indry. Each man is prohibited fiom
having more than one wife, who treats him with great
refpcift. The boys are brought up by their fathers to
filliing, and the girls work with their mothers in tlis
plantations, which are in vallics, where every perfon
plants as much ground as is fuflicicnt to lupply the nc-
ccflitics of the family. They have not any laws, neither
have they occafion for any ; every fanniy has one fupe-
rior, to whom the reft^aic fubfcrvicnt ; and children be-
have with the grcatell refpcit to their parent'.. In fhrrt,
thcfe people appear to enjoy real felicity, by feeking that
liappinefs in their own minis which is not to be found
independent of oiirfelves ; they have no arr bition, and
therefore arc not dcfirm.s of leaving their own home ti
feek after imaginary baubles ; they conient (iiemfelvcs
with the fituation in which Providence has placed them,
and each fucceedirg day contributes to enctcafe thtir
happincfs :

If folid happincfs we prize.
Within our bread this jewel lies.

And they ire fools who roam ;
The world has nothing to bcftow.
From our own felves our jo\s mull flow,

And that dear hut our huine.

L'".|M

lll>

'lit

CHAP. XXI.

The MARIAN, or LADRONE ISLANDS.

TII K S K ifland?, which are about twenty in num-
1hi-, belong to the Spaniards, ami weie fnft dif-
rovcrcd in 15?!. They obtained the name of
Marian Iflands, trom Mary queen of Spain, who reigned
a; the tunc if their being liril inhabited by her fubjciffs.
Till y arc alfo known by the name of Thieves Iflands,
which epit' ct was given to them by Ferdinand Magellan,
the firll perfon who dil'covervd them, on account of the
continual robberies for fomc time committed by the na-
tives.

The I,adionc iflands lie about 6co leagues to the cad of
Canton in China ; -c" leagues call Ironi the Philippines,
and 7 jco weft fiom Cape Corientos in America, ''/he
principal part of them have been for many years uninha-
bited, notwithltanding they are all plcafanlly fituated,
and the foil in t;eiRial is very ferule. The only one
that can pr<ipeily be faid to be now inhabited by the
Spaniards is Guam, where a governor refules, and
wheic there is kept a veiy Ituing garrilon. It is at this
illaiid, that Uw M.uulU re^ilkr lliip j^cucrally takvi> in

frefti provifions and waters, in her paflage from Aca-
pulco to the Philippines.

The iflands of Tinian and Rota were once very popu-
lous ( but the former is now quite uninhabited, and the
latter contains only a few Indians, who are employed in
cultivating rice for the inhabitants of Guam.

Guam IS about 40 miles in length, and go miles in
circumference, and the numhcr ot inhabitants are cfti-
mated at 4000 j out of which it is fuppofed icoo live
in the city of San Ignatio dc Agona, where the governor
ufually refides. It is pleafantly fituated, and aftords a
fine landfcapc when viewed fioiii the lea. The loil be-
ing rather dry, it produces l.ttle lice ; but they li ivc fc-
veral kinds of excellent fruit, particularly pinc-apple.5,
melons and oranges. They have likewile plenty of
cocoas, yams, and a fruit about the fize of an apple,
which, when baked, is exceeding good, and is ufed in-
(Icad of bread.

'I'he natives of this ifland are ftrong and wcll-Iliapcd,
but vf ail olive complcxivi) ; ihey haw thick lips, a long

virtue

ao4

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CKOCRArilV.

vifngf, ntut a (Urn cnuMtnuiice : they wear lonp b'.ick
li.iir, uiioiiU tlieiniclvcs v.iih the oil ot tlu cotoa-iiut,
aiiJ paint thfir trcih with red anJ bl.iclt c:ili^urs. 'I licit
lioulo arc chiefly built of ftoiic anil timli.r, ant! the
t^[<- of llu'iii are covered with tiles. Their lood chicilv
e iiiills of coeua-niits, binanas, fowls, f'fli, and potk ;
tlic latter of which is peculiarly fwcet in its t.ifle, the
hoys being principally fed with cocoa-nuts, w hich ^row
here in the grealell abundance.

The indigo j lant grows wild in man)- parts of ihefe
iflanJ', as do teveral other ai tides, wliieh would be
very \aluiblcif properly cultivated; but as the clhci
idands are uninhal ited, and are too reir.otc, fo the Spa-
niards in.Iu'i^c their natural indolence by not taking any
notice ot iheni.

'Hu nativ.s of Guam, Who arc Indians, formerly
ufed llini;3 and lances .1-. weapons of defence ; but thev
haic for (bmc vcari b-en rtdraincd from cxercifing the
latter, ii'.Piiad of which, they life pieces of clay, made
of .111 ovoJ form, and bai;'. d fo hard as to belittle inferior
in fubliance to iiono. They throw thefe with yreat
dexterity, and fclduin inifs the ibjecT. Some of thefe
pieces or balls a;e fo large, z;id thrown with fuch force,
th..t tluy will kiJ a man, though at a confiderable
dillance.

Notwithflanding they arc an ur.polidicd people, yet
they are far fu'in being deficient in capacitv ; and in
forr.c things have dilcovered jireat abilitus in mechanical
invention, paiticulaily in the conftrudlion of their boats,
which arc fjid to be capable of running fcvcn leagues an
hour, 'I'hefe b.'ats, which arc the only vcileis tliat have
bv'cn here ufed for many ycais, are thus defcrihed in
Commodore .Anfrn's voyage round the world : " The
hciu and (lern of the proi arc exactly alike, but her tvvo
fiJe,> :;ie very d, If. rent. That intCHded to be always the
lec-fuk bcmg fi.it, whilft the windward Cdc is built
roundin,; in the manner of other vefTtls ; but as her fmall
liteadih, and the flrait run of her leeward fide would in-
Lllibly make her ovcifet, a frame is laid out from her to
windward, to the end of which is faftciicd a hollow log,
firmed like a fmall boat. The weight of the fi.imc is
defi^ncJ to balance the proa, and the fmall boat, which
U always in the water, to prevent her overfettiiig to
windward. In fhort, the body of the prca is formed of
nvo pieces joined endways, and fattened together with
baik i for no iron is ufed in her conftructioii. She i»
about two inchci, thick at the bottom, which at the gun-
w.ilc is reduced to lefs than one. The prca generally
carries fix or fvVm Indians, two of whom arc placed in
the head and i'.crn, who Iteer the veflel alternately
with a paJJl;, according to the tack flic goes on, he in
the ftcrn being the fteerfman. The other Indians arc
cmplovcd in baling out the water, which (he acciden-
tally (liips, or in fctting and the trimming the fails.
Thefe velltii fail moll excellently on a wiixl, and With
cither end forenu ll run from one of thefe iflands to
the otlier and back again only by fliifting the fail,
without ever putting about ; and by their finall breadth
ii.d the fatnifii of their Ice-fide, are capable of lying
much ncjer the wind than any other vdVel hitherto
known."

'I'he natives of Guam are not in fricndfhip with the
fpaniatds, for \<liic!i rc;.fon the latter always keep here
three companies of foot foldicrs ; they have likewifc tvso
finall caftlcs, each mounting only five guns ; and on an
eminence near the fea is a fmall battery, confiding of live
pieces ol cannon.

The other iflands here, though uninhabited, afTord a
great polity of provilions j but neither of them have atiy
commodious harbour.

Tinian, which '. a vc.y beautiful ifland, is fituatcd
in lb ('egrecs north latitude, and from its delightful ap-
pearance, is called by the Spaniaids, Bucnavilla. It is
about twelve miles ill length, and fix in bicidch; and
is occafionally vifited by the natives of Guam, who fail
there in their proas, and bring from thence fume ol
its molt va!u..b!f produitions.

'I'hough thi> ifland is uninhabited, yet it is one < f the
molt d'.-liglitfiil f|Miu in the univcifi . It is divided into
hills and dales, both oi whith ate beautifully diveifilial
with wuudt and lawut. The wvoJt cwilUl of tall

trec.s, whofi; f,i;cading branches yield tlie liu.ri d.IlcmMi
fruits ; and tl'.e lawns, wliieli arc in g-r.eral very hnuj,
are covcicd with a fine trefoil, intei mixed \\\\>„ ;i v.i.
riety of the moll fragrant flowers. Aiin.ng the fun;,
is one of a peculiar nature, called Uhyma, ar.o ui'l\1
by the natives of Guam indcad of liead. Tins fiu:;
IS I arlicularly dcfcribed by the writer of Anion's vu,-.
age. Ha fays, " It prows upon a pietty lutty in'c,
which near the top dividis into larj.c and lpieadiii>
brar.clu's : the leaves, which are genei ally from a tuit
to eighteen inches in length, arc of a rcir.ailuUc
d..cp gieen, and notched about the edges. 'I'hc fruit,
which is found indifferently on all parts of th»
branches, is rather of an ov.il form than round, ,t
is covered with a rough rind, is ufually i{:vt:n cr ej'Iit
inches long, r.i.d each of them grows fingly. It ij
mult proper to be ufed when green, but it niufl be
full grown ; and being roailed in the embers has foaic
diltani refemblance in tafle to the bottom of an aiticholcc,
.ind, like that, is of a foft and fpongy natuic. As it
ripens, it becomes foftcr, turns yellow, and l.as a lulei-
eus tallc, with an agreeable finell, not unlike a ripe
peach : however, it is then clti-cmcd unwhulel'iMiie, and
is (aid to produce fluxes." This excellent and uftful
Iruit is in fcafon ci.^ht months in the year, arid grows
to a more confiderabk fizc than in any of the neigh,
bouring iflands.

Here are alfo many other vegetablcsof a very ufeful na-
ture, as fcurvy-grafj, forrcl, mint, dandelion, creeping
purfclain and water-melons ; all of which arc cfiicaeious
fur many difoidcrs, particularly thole of a icuibutiQ
natu-c.

This ifland likewifc abounds with cattle, and in tht
woods are ;:riat plenty of different Ions of poulirv,
The cattle arc fo nun.crous, that it is no uneomnun
thing to fee lome hundreds of them grazing together j
which, when the in,ind is viewed from the fea, gr-ati/
enhar.ces tl'.e b.auties cf the profpeel. The ilelh of
thefe animals is well talleil, and very cafy of di;^c(tioa.
The poultry is alfo ixeciding good, and very readily ob-
tained. They art in general large, and can hardly fly
an hundred yaida at a time, fo that they arc frcquuitly
caught by being run down, which is the better tfli^l d
from the openings of the woods, th^t in Ionic pails an;
very confiderable.

Near the center of the ifland are two large pieces
of water, which arc well (tucked with plenty of wilj
fowl, as dueks, teal, curlews, and a biid called tl;e
whillling |»lover. The natives of Ciuam cateh tiKio
with fiiarcs, which arc ingcnioufly prrjedtcd, and ihs
is the only method when by they can obtain them, as
they are rettrained fioni the ufcof fire arms,

'I'hc only inconveniences that attend this ifland, arli'j
from the great number of mufquetos, ; lul other Ipec' s
of infects, which, if they hap|)en t) fix on the fKin, \i:'l
produce an immediate inflanin atioii, and if proper re-
medics are nut foon applied, will be piodii,;live it i!;»
iiioft fatal confequcnces. There are likcwil'c fotnc fi. --
pions and centipedes i but ihcfe are fo few, tlut the) ..;
icldom fecn,

This ifland, as before obfcrvcd, w.is once cxci-cdii g
populous, being faid to have cont.iined at Icall ;<.■,. j
iiih..bitanls. It was in this fitiiatiun about the br.in-
nii.g of the prclint century, when a drcdful mort-luv
raguig among the inhabitants, piodigious numbers cf
them di.d ; and the mortality racing with crpi.d vio-
lence in the iflands of Kota and Guam ; the Spaniardi
obliged thofe that lemaimd at 'I'iniaii to remove to
Ciuam, in ordir tom.ikegood the deficiency by the lair..
ber of foul, mat lr;d pciiihed in tliat ifland j (iiue vA.Ol
lime Tinian has been totally uniiilia''itcd.

That Tinian was one a populace place is evident from
the ruins of buildings flill to be fecn, many ot whieh
ate of a very paitleular form. 'I hey generally coni'irt
of tw,) rovi's of pyramidieal pillars at i.bout twelve ket
didance, each pillar in the rows being about fix le;C
al'under. The pill.!:; arc compofed of (and .Tiid lloi.e
euiiented togetlier : thiy are about thirtixn fict high,
,ind a'moft five fea fijuarc at the haf.- : ilie top of eaJi
is crowned with a leir.i-giubc, which is ma-i.- of the
fame tompufilion a the pillars, and i> ijuitc fulid, 1 he

lUtit'CI

ASIA.]

PTLIPPINE ISLANDS.

205

natives of Guam fay, thcfc r.rc the ntnniiis of buildings
once fut npart for tliofe «lio li.nl uig.igiil to prcdrvc
fome religious vow. This, indeed, might have been
the cafe, as inftitutioiis of a moniiliit n.iturc arc to he
nict with in inoft I'ligin tojiitrie-i j but if we fuppofc
them only 10 be the remains of common dwelli,ig-houli.s,
it is a convincing proof itiai tlic number 1' inh.ibitants
here mud have been confiduiablc, ;\s tlicrc are many of
th'fe ruins difperfed in various parts of the ifland.

Xhe idand of Rota has not any tiling in it that de-
mands particular attention. Its chief produce is rici,
which is cultivated by a few InJians, who live there un-

diflurbed, but arc fubjefl to the Spanifli governor that
rcfidcs at fiuam.

The other idands, though uninhabited, are in gene-
ral exceeding fertile, the air good and the climate tem-
perate. 'I'hcy alfo produce plenty of provifions 1 but
they are feldom vifited on account of the great incon-
venience arifing from the want of water for anchorage.
That which has the greateif convenience in this particu-
lar i3 Tininn ; but even there it is very unfafe, particu-
larly from June to October, which is the fcafoii of llie
wcltcrn monfoons.

CHAP. XXII.

4. The P II I L I P P I N E ISLANDS.

!; -I

I 1 1!.-

HE Philippine Idands, which are about iioo
ill number, lie from 5 to 19 deg. norih lat.
and from the 114th to the 1 jClU dig. of taft
long, being fituatcd in the Pacific Ocean, 300
ni:lf! to the fouth-taft of China.

'1 licf.; illanJs, ingeiural, profufely abound with ci'ery
delicacy that couKl glut the molt lu.xuiious appctitv j
and the foil is incmiceivably feiiile, but theexcifTivc

hc.it fiom thiir vicinity to the line, th'' innumeiabi
nox.oiis iiifc6ls, and vcncnuius iept;les ; the dreadful
cirthqiia'f.es, the rrci|iicnt erupiions from iii.iny of thcii
mountain-, which are volc.ui c ; the great number ol
poll ■nuiib herbs and flowers, frum which the moll per-
nicii^u- v.ipouis c;;l ile, and the tcrtribic fiorms of thun-
der, lijhuiing, and r.iin, which fprtad (hocking dcvaf-
tatioiis at; and, con, bine to render thom neither fafe nor
dcfirable In fine, this clufter of ifl.uids refcmblcs a
fair pcrf.n with a oul temper.

Ee.iiiiiei can thus enchanting fniiles impart,
^\■hil; fecret malice lurks within the heart j
Tiil led in tears, the hsplcfs lover drowns,
Maityr'd by f.rlfehoods, lucriiic'd by frowns.

Till' prii'cipal of thefe iflands are,

1. Ia'coma or Manila. 'I his ifl.nd is the larg''^
of the Piiillppines, being near 410 miles if; !::'.i;ih nid
above iS^ in br^ idth j it is fituatcd in i 5 deg. north
lat. is diCiied more hcalihy than any other of the I'lidip-
piriesj has many miiintains which contain gold, (Vr-
tilc plains, fine paitures, and fprings of the mod excel-
lent u.i'tr in the uniierlc. It produces butt'aloes, cow:.,
flieep, ho;s, g Mts, horfes, fruit, &c.

The city of Manila lies upon an excellent bay,
which i,< circular, and near rjo miles in circumference ;
the p rt is of courfc remarkably ^ood, and well lituated
fur the Chinefc and h'afl-l.'ulia trade. It contains
about jeco inhabit.mis ; and du;ing the laic war, was,
in 17^2, t.ilwen by Admiral Cornilh and Sir William
Draper. It was, liowe.er, d jiul.ited to be tanlon.cd :
bui the ranfoni nonev hatli 11 vcr yet been entirely 1 if-
cha.-,;cj. It is a h.indfome city, cuiit.iining leveral
fpa.ioiis dreet', good luiufcs, elegant churches, decent
convents, and toUrabb colleges: the feat oftheSpanifll
povernnunt is here. TIh- piu lis t.ike infinite pains to
ni.ikc converts to the Roinfh f.oih, aiul ;iav,."bccn pretty
li:cvef-ful in their endeavours. The Indians pay a pcle-
t xj .ind a coiiiide.-..b'e fiim if money is annually
eIIowcJ for 111': fupi'urt of f.ir.alc orphans, born of
^paiiilli and Indi.in p.iients,

2. St. John lies between (even r.nd eight deg. north
lat. is jliove 110 mile; in leiij'.tli, .ind about 70 miles
ii! biea 'th where bro.i<Kd. Tlie l.ul is feitik-, but with
the oih.r illands It panares nf thc^ieneial inconveniences
liefote tecilcd.

'I'lie Inhabitants arc good-naturej and

humane, but exceedingly ignorar. ; t'lcir marriage
ceremony is nothing more than putting earth upon the
head of the woman, in token of her fubordiiuite ft,ile,
and the ncccdity of implicit ob.diencc to her hufliand ;
they call theniRlvc? Chridians, but their notions of
Chridianity are fo few, that they fancy baptifni all that
is nccedary ; previoiio to baptifm, however, thej think
it indilp.nfably reijuilitc to immeife their children in
water. They wear only a loole robe of cotton or callico,
which hangs to their feet ; the men throw it over their
fliouldcrs and wrap it round their waid*, the women
tovcr their heads with it like a hood, and clofe it at
thtir bre.ids j but the men go bare headed, and the
children naked. In this ifland there is only cne town,
which is ereilcd upon pods, but it is both inconfiderablc
and moan, and the furniture of the houles delpicable.

3. Mind.inao is 180 miles in length, and about 130
in breadth ; the hills arc dony but produce many trees }
the vallies ate fertile and well watered, and the inha-
bitants arc pUiitifully fuppli^d with all the necefTarics,
and many of the luxuries of life.

This ifland is governed by a fultan, fubordinate to
whom are fever.. I petty fovcrcigns, who rule over various
diftricls. The above monarch, when he goes abio.id,
I" can led in a palanquin, and has a ftrong guard to at-
tend i'.im, who arc armed with lances, fwords, anJ
b.iyonets.

The n;.tivci of Mindanao trade chiefly to Manila and
Borneo; ind the Dutch come from the Moluccas to
purchafe of them rice, tobacco, bees-wax, 5cc. The
common people arc always boading of their honelty, anJ
practifing roguery ; they deal whatever they can lay their
iunds on ; and the magidratcs indead of piiiiidiing the
delinquents will protciit thcni in order to partake of the
booty.

The inhabitants of the various didriiHs, or fubjefls
of the feveial petty kings, fpcak a dittcrent language,
but have a gener.il refemblancc in perfons and features ;
they ; r.' llioit of llature, have tawny complexions,
Imall eyes, little nofes, wide mouths, thin lips, black
tccih, and lank hair ; they are ingenious, yet indolent;
ai'live, yet lazy ; and good-humoured, though revenge-
ful. 'I hey live on the flclh of bud'alocs, mod kinds of
fowls, all forts of filh that tfieir leas and rivets artbrd,
lice and f.ii;<). They are, however, but flovenly in
their cookery, and cat without either knives, forks, or
Ipoons.

The Spaniards had formerly fomc fettlemcnts in this
ifland, but were driven from hence by the natives,
who are ever lincc extremely je.ilous of any foreigners
making any fettlemcnts among them.

The inhabitants in general are Mahometans; tliofo

who tcfidc in the interior parts of the tountry are called

, Milanoons, and poll'cfs feveral gold inincs. The peo-

3 !■' pl«

^ ' i:

'' I

'■ ill^

io6

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

•\

)''• 1

■ '1

'■'■ 1

Ii 'i

pic of the north-wcfl part of the iflaiid arc the moll
faviigc ; ami in making \\ ar neither [.'ivc or take quarter ;
they allow of pol\ jiaiiiy i and iu- fuhjcct to liuxes,
ajjufs, tholics, and the fcurvy.

The city of Mindanao, which is the capital of the
whole illand, ib fituated on the foiiih fide of the ifland, in i
6 deg. 20 niin. north lat. ami 1 23 de^. i ^ mil!, call long,
!t 15 watered hy a fniall nvcr that wiil nnt admit of
fliips of any confidetahle buiJiii, and ih ie that do
come lip to the tiry are greaily in danger of havin?
their brtton>3 licllroyed by worms, which ahoimd in
thalriier, unlef^ ihey arc well ftKathed. The cil is
fquare, being alK.ut a nide each wjy, ih-' houf.o are
built open pclU, near 20 feet hi^h, with ladders to
afecnd to thun, according to the dfual f.^ftiion of
budjing in th. i^hdippine Hhmh- ; tlu-y coi'l:!t of but
one floor, hut ate divideil by p.irtitions into many apart-
ments. The fiiUan's palace i.s fupported by 1 50 wooden
pillars, or rather pods, and is much hiL'.hcr than any
other houfe in the city, havin;; iron cannon in the
hall, and a bread fixed {lair-eae to afecnd to it. The
Malayan, as well as the lan^uiiae propir to the ifland,
is fpoken m tliif city. All the floors ot the houfes are
matted, upon which the people fit crofs-hggcd ; and
the principal trades ate fliip. builders, goldfmiths, and
blackfmiths.

4. Bi«h(d is fitiiated to the north of Mindanao,
being about 120 Oiilcs ni rireumf^rtncc ; it produces
cattle, filh, roots, rice, and gold.

5. LaMe is about 270 mile, in circumference, and
is fituatcd about 20 leagues north ot Muid.inao; achain
nf m'-iit.;ins runs thiough the middle, and occafions
fuch a fingular variety in the climate, that while the
northern fide is benumbed with the chilling blalls ot
winter, the fouthern p;'.rts .-irc chearcd with the genial
warmt'' of fummcr. The foil is in general feitilc, and
the people tolerably civilized.

6. Par.igoii, by fomc called Liitlc Borneo, lies between
9 and 11 dig, north lat, .;iid 114 and Ii8deg. call
long, and is the remoteft of t!ie I'hilippinc iflands to
the foulh-wcft; it is 240 miles in length, and 60 in
brca-th ; dillerent parts of it have ditVerent mailers j
the interior diftrieis belong to the native Indians, the
r.orth-call parts to the Spaniards, and the fomh-wcil to
the fovcieian of Borneo. The Indian inhabitants are Ma-
hometans, and pofiefb the nioft military fpirit of any
people who are natives of the Phdippines. It produces
prodigious large fig?, a fmaller fort, which is fupcrior,
and plenty of I KC, Three inconfiderable iflaiuls, called
Calamines, lie to the north and north-eaft of Paragon,
which are reiiiarkabic for nothing but producing the
edible birds nell,

7. Miiidora is about 60 miles long, and 36 broid,
and extends from 12 to 13 deg, norih iat, and from
119 to 120 eaft long. It produces gold and pepper,
and is divided from Luconia by the flreights of Alin-
dora.

8. Philippina was the firfl that was difcovered of
this cluft^r of iflands, and confcquently gave name to
the reft. It lies between 12 deg, and 14 deg, 30 min,
north lat, and is the moll fertile and pleafant of all the
Philippines, cxhibitmg a feeiie of perpetual verdure;
for here the fun, which is powerful, without being
difagrceable,

— " Wakes the flowers that flecp within the earth,

" And calls the fragrant infants out to birth :

" The fragrant infant., paint th' enamel'd vales,

" And native incenfe loads the balmy gales ;

" The balmy gales, the fragrancy convey

" To heaven, and to their gods an oftcring pay.

g. Sebu, fouthwcft of Layte, is 60 miles long, and
38 broad i on the eaft fide of it is the town of Nombre
de Dios. TheSpanllh Itandard was firll fct up here by
Magellan, the primitive circumnavigator of the world,
who was afterwards murdered in this ifland by the
natives. The town of Nombre de Dios is guarded by a
confidcrablc gariifon, defended by a ftrong fort, and
haa a good haven ; the ifland produces cotton, bees-
wax, garlick, onions, an I the plant abaca, of which
SQfdagc and packthread ate made.

10. Panay lies b Mccn 10 and 11 deg. nniili 1,|
and 12c and 121 call long, and is about 300 niilci i,,
circumference, and has the name of being the molt
populous of all the Philippines; it is watcud fv m, try
ri\erj, and ii exceeding luitliil, particul.irly in licc,
of whiih it pioduces about 100,000 buflitls annuilly
above what tiie natives confu.m', Almofl adioinin:; to
this i-, the little ifland Imava?, wlixh is ttmarkabli
foi nrthing but producing a confiderablc quantity of
f'arCipcnlla,

11, Negroes Ifland lies between 9 and 11 de;-. nnitd
lat, and is aiiout 3CC miles in ciicuir.ferencc. The 1,,.
lives are the blacktftof any of the inhabitants of the
Philippims, from which ciicumftance the dlaud is
called Negtoes Ifland, Bees-wax and cocoa-nuts „ic
the only produce of ihe place : the bees are rema-kabjy
imc ami l.irge, and the people uncommonly fKililin in
ii.aiiaging them; but, in other refpcils, the nati.i -^
rude, brutifh, and ignorant, which has gi^en 1 .e tQ
this proverbial expreliion, M'.fr«j IJInnd is inhal/iltd l.y
i.iiicis and l>ees, hut the uiii^td natiies tire w'iftr and l,'liir
i^onriied than the ivaliiiignall.es. Indeed, ihe prudence,
decorum, and various legulaiions ofthefe f,igiciuU4 little
inledls, are truly aftoniOling.

" Of ail the race of animals alone,
" The bees have common cities,of their own,
" An I common fons ; beneath one law they live,
" And with one common ftotk their traffic drive;
" Fach his a certain home, a fcv'r;.l Hall,
" All is the ftatcs, the (late provides for all;
*' Mindful of coming cold they fliarc the pain,
" And hoard, for wintei's ule, the fummor's gain,
" Kome o'er the public magazines prefide,
' And fame arc lent new iora<;e to provide ;
" All with united force combine to drive
" The lazy drones from the laborious hive;
" Their toil is common, common is their flcep ;
" Tliey fhakc their win;;s when morn begins to peep,
" Ruih through the city gates without delay,
" Nor ends their work but with declinine day,"

12, Xolo is the moft fouth-wefterly of all th, Pliilip.
pines; and is governed by a lovereign prince of its
own : it produces great quanlines of rice and ekphaius
teeth, and indeed is the only iflan.l, amoni» the Philip,
fjines, in which cliphants arc br d. 'i";.e air In this
ifland is tolerable, being ret'reflied by Ircijucnt rains;
the lea yields pearls, and great quuili.es of ambergris
arc found upon the ftiores ; the fod is fertile in fruits,
rice, and pepper; and numerous birds of cattle graze
in the paftures.

13. Maftute lies to the weftward of Tandaya, is 90
miles in circumference, and abounds in gold, civ.t,
bees-wax and fait.

To fpeak of thefe iflands in a general fenff, it nii.ft
be allowed that they are extremely iich, and miglit be
rendered as fcrviceablc to Spain as their American
colonies ; but either through the ignorance of the
Spanifh miniftry, or the negledl of the court of Spam,
they have hitherto been rather a burthen than a benelit.
That they might be a fourcc ofgreat wealth to the poliei-
fors will appear evident to thole who coiifidcr that tliey
produce great quantities of grdd, and other metals, pearls,
ambergris, lo,idilones, ivoiy, beis-wax, an exctllent
fruit called tauter, of which a moft delicious pickle is
mad«; mangoes, durians, oran.;es, larger and better
than thole of Luropc ; Inions, both four andtweet;
palm-trees, of which there are 40 fpeeies, the princip.d
being the fago ; tamarinds, plantains, bananas, c uiia-
tree, ebony ; moft of the common timber trees, fugar
canes, tobacco, indigo ; cdorifcrous and medicinal
herbs ; admirable flowers ; moft culinary vegetables,
particularly potatoes, &e,

Providnue hath kindly p! iced a fingular fpeeies of
cane-trees about the mountains of ihele ifl.nds, winch
being cut yield water in great pie i:y. Thele canes
atlord great ridief and lelrelhnient to thenat,.>s, vvho
would other A'ife be par hed with thirft, a-, no running
ftreams or f|.Tini;s are found in any of ih- . iountair.>
where they grov/. So wife and buuiitilul is Providviiei:
ill all his difpciifations.

" The

ASIAO

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,

<i The holy pow'r, tlint tluths the fciifoK Is earth

n With words, with fruits, witl> (lowers, uiiJ ver-
dant plains,

" U'hofe bounteous haiuU feed the wliolo brute crea-
tion,

«' Knows ail our wants, and has enough to give m."

They have one pluit tliat has all the proi'irtics of,
and IS iifed as a (ubltilutc for, upiiini ; of llui the na-
tives are very fond, and (rei|ucally intoxicate tliejn-
lelves with it.

The camondog-trce is of Aich a poiicinous natiiie,
that inllant death feizcs any lying creature who lalles
cither its fru.t or leaves: it iiitfe;.-. no verduie to [;r<)W
beneath its (hade, and if tranfplantcd, potions all vet;c-
tablcs that arc near it, exie[it a fiuub, which is an
antidote to it. The natives make an iiicifion in this
tree, from whence a liquor flows, into which they dip
the points ( f their arruws and darts in oider to puilon
them; aftir which, a wound received from .my of thofe
weapons proves mortal. IkllJesthis tiee, th rtaremany
poifonous herbs and fiowrrs, as we have already ob-
fcrved, whofe effluvia has very dreadful effedts. Ijiit the
wife Creator has furnifhcd all thcfc iilands with (hnibs
aikl iierbs that arc antidotes to thofe of a poifonoua na-
ture, and prevent their baleful etf'ech, if piopirly uled ;
of thefe, I he moft particular is a |.lant that bears fonie
rcfcmblancc to ivy, the fruit of which, when pounded
int.) a powder, and t .ken in any kind of drink, is a n;olt
pow.'rfiil anti-poifon, ar.dconllqucntly much valued by
all who iiiha'.it tiicfe idjnds.

The I'hLippints likowil'e abound in cattle of all kinds,
wilJ bc.ills, whofe flc!h ai'd (kins are valuable articles j
horfes, Iheep, civa tats, ga;i,c fowls, lilh, 5;c.

The alligatoi , a;e very dan;;erous ; and the ...nana, a
kind of land alli[^ator, docs a great deal ol much'cf.
Here are abundance of In.ikes, fcorpions, centipedes,
&c. The peacoc'rvs, parrots, coc.i es, and turtle doves
are very beautiful j the xolo bii-1 e.its like a turkey,
the cambo.\a is a well tailed fowl peculiar to thele
iflands ; and they have another kind of lo-.vl, whofe flvlh
snJ bones arc quite black, ihci are ncvertln-lcfs delicious
food. The herrcro, or carpenter, i> a line large green
bird. It is tailed c.irpcnt^i bccaule its be..k is f.i hard,
that It di^s a hole in the trunk, or fomc large br.uich
of a tree, in order to build ii^ nelK

A fea-fowl, calleii 'h. tavan,l..}s :t . eggs in the fand
to be hatched by the heit ol the fun ; the v.ilu,.ule birds
that build the edible ncih arc ».-!isd lalignaro, and arc
very n niicrt IS in thcfe ifland.-.

Tlie ni'n.Kic and hihoons found here are very fa-
gacious J duiia^ !he lialon, when there i:, no fruit to
begot, ihcy go down to th,- f.-a-fulc to catch oyders ;
that the fifh niay not p;nch th.ir pav. .-, tlivy put .: (lone
bctwien the ih-lls to pievcnt their fliuiting tlofe,

'I'lie inhabitants of thcfe iilands in g lur.d arccom-
pol(:d of native blacks, and tawniss ; Ciiineie, (r the
poderity of Chinele, who have long (etticd .i.iioni^
thcni i Malayans, Portugucfc, Spaniards, other Euro-
peans, and a mongrel breed from the whole ; thi nial
features, cnnij I' cl.ons and manners of the people c-' •
I'cqucntlv \arv fioni each othi r.

The blacks have long hair, and arc as exaflly pro-
portioned and well favoured as any of their colour;
foine of tiicni dicfs after the Spanifh fafliioii, but others
h.wc only a cloth round their wailh ; they arc •.'; fond
of any thing that glitters ; the women tic up their hair,
and decorate it with jewels, if tluy c:. i ., .t them, but
if not, they fubllitutc glafs beads in their room, not to
lofe the opportunity of bcinj^ fine: they likcwifc adorn
themfelves with bracelets 'in their arms and legs, pen-
dants in their cars, and rings on their lingers j and

fonic of them paint their facfs and bodici. The Chi"
iK'fe, Spaniard.s, I'ortugucfc, and Mal.iyans, drefs ac"
coring to the manner ol their rcfpcdfivc cc untre.s.

The food of the natives is rice, fifli, and fruit, huf
very little (Icfti j they drink water, p.ilm wine, and
fpirits dillilled Irom cocoa and palm-trees. The Spa-
niard.s. however, live luxurioufly, catin;; flvfi'i at noon,
and tilh at night, and indulging themfehes with all
manner of Ahatio delicacies j Spani.irds, as well *•>
natives (moke tobacco, but the latter only chew bttel
and arcca.

Their amufcments are fwimming, bathing, d.mcing,
mul'ic, and diamatic performances ; their weapons .ire-
bows, arrows, l.inces, dairgers, and darts; and they
delmd themlelves with helir.cts, fhields, and btcall-
plates.

Among fomc of the Indian nations poly,5amy is per-
mitted, but in others it is not allowed, except in cafes
of barrennifs ; they admit of divorces, wlii' h frequently
h.ippen ; the hulband buys the wife Irom iier f..uijr, i r
nearelf relation j a htait is facriliccd, an ei.tertainmcnt
made of the (l^lh, and the bride and bii.l^room haiiiij
cat tog. ther fiom the (anic trencher, a:c deemed law-
fully married.

Children are cither named after herbs or (lowers, of
from fome acciilental circumltirce that occurs at the
time of their birth ; hut as foui as they marry they
duifc new names, and thr.ir parents are obliged to make
oie id their old ones-.

'I'hj dead aie wallied an ; perfumed, wrapped in filk,
.'.. I put in a clofe cofTni, ncr.r which a chelt is placed
that 1 ontains the arr- of a m;in, or domillic utcr.fils of
a woman ; mourners are hind to alfill in iiiaking a dif-
mal iioile , hut as '.••.i\ as the body is buried, an enter-
tain eent is made, and all is converted to inirth and
fellnjty. In ij -ral they r. irn in liack garment;,
an.l (have iheir head? and .cs-hrows. They are all
exceedingly fupcrlhtious, pre .. the moft grofs idolatry,
and their religioi.,s tent . ii? a jumble of ideas ridi-
ciiloufly ahlurd.

'I'lie Caroli.. or New Philippine I", 'ids, arc but
very imp^rlcu y lr,.wn; the iuil\ acci. ;-.s wc have of
theui arc iho; writ "i bv two priefts, viz. Father Clan
and Father liohien, uhich were . ompo(cd at Mania,
and faid to be toundc.i on a -lefcpption of them r',i'..;i
by fome of the n.itives, who were driven hy Itrels ol"
weather upon the ill.md ut I'.uulayi, in the jear 1696;
thefc accounts, wiiieh place thofe ill.inds between 6 and
12 deg. noith lat. and 127 and I ^S <:■!;.. caft long,
were puhhlhcd in the I'hilolophical iraTilaiftions ; they
arc neverthele: deemed fabulous by many, and the more
fo, ai they contradict each other : oncof thcmiflionarics
making them 32 and the other 87 in number.

Thole gentlemen from their hcar-fay intelligence, how-
ever, inform us, that they aic exceeding populous,
and governed by a king, who relides in euic of them,
named Lainarec ; that tiie natives refer.jble the Ma-
layans, go almoft naked, paint their bodies, fpcak a
language fomewhat like the Arabic ; are without any
form of worfhip, make no fet meals, live temperately,
.xc. They h.ave a f.-w fowls, plenty of (i(h; and fertile
lands, but they are without quadrupeds of any kind}
the women adorn themlelvis with necklaces, bracelets,
and rings, all made of tortoife-(hell : but, to conclude,
thefe wi iters both agree in the fame inconlillenccs, viz.
after informing us thev are of fo placid a difpofitiort
that no quarrel ever happens among them, and war is
totally unknown ; they proceed t.' d ;lcribc their weapons,
and to let us know that thev take a grc.it deal of pains
to make what mull prove ulelels incumbrances, as they
have no foes to fight, quarreh to decide, bcalis to hunt,
or game to kill.

:i :

il:.

I.:,' I

•tl

CHAP.

Sf, :i '.[

jf 'r.<

K ■

,«;

C 2oS )

CHAP. XXIII.

5. The CELEBES, or Illand of M A C A S S A Px.

Tll I S is a very cxtciifivc aiul popuUnii! couii-
tt)-, coiituiiiii.g, l)(.!iJ:> the city ct M.icalF.ir,
which iill'if gives ii.\iiic to the ifl,:iul, many
gooJ ti wii> Will ii\l aimed. It isilivl.'cil I'luiu
RiiriKo l)v the fluiL'hts I rM.;c.ill!ir, as it i>by thcdci.m
trcmi the A(oliiixa l!l.md>, on the c. It, ami the I'hilip-
piiics I'M the north. Its evtcnt limn north to I'oiith is

tipw.n \ls

.,{

and

th.' iHoadelk p.irt it is

ne,ii .^40. It is divide. ! iiiti> fiM peity kill; ,-'iinis or pro-
vinces, the piincip.d ol winch aie, Celebes en the ncich-
wcll, and jNIacallai, wli ch takes in all tl^c (oiithcrn
pirt of t'.ic ifland. As hII tl.c o'.hci p-nineis are (uh-
jci'l lothele two, the i(l.\r;d is Ibniaiiius called by the
iKinie of one. and liinicii'vc- by the other.

'I'lie ciun. t-' is lo h hut an I m.J•(^, an.! thcnfore un-
healthy, cxccjl at the time of tlu- nuithein nionfooiis.
Thr wclirrii | art lies Inw and flat, luit the Ibuthcrn
part i \cr\ lii.ji. In the ri\iis heie is Inand ^i.ld dull,
whiih is walV.id ilown in tiic f.uids from the in ijhlMur-
in;; hills by I'.c ^rat torrents of water that lejrc!' ics
fall .d'ter cscelVue tains.

Thib country produces crcat plenty of various kinds
of vc^et,ible>, which are all excellent in tiieir iju.ih-
tics ; the lice in p.utic ilar is faid to be nuich fuperior
to that ciiltiv.itcd in any otli r pait of the Indies. Their
fiuits and fl.AVers aie n.uch the l.niie as thofe in the
Philippine*. 'I'hey h,i\c pepper, f.igar, betel and a;tk,
with the bcfl cotton and opium ; and their cattle are
much larger and linu than ..ny l<i be nut with in otlur
calKrn covintiie«. Their oNui :ind bullalocs are u fed
only for diuu^ht, and ihcy h .\c \ery finall hoifes fur

riJir

bit the natives ufe i.o other fa.ldic than a

painted cloth, without flirriips orbiidic, b.ivirij; only a
cord fallened to a bit made cf wood. Thcfc hoil'o
have a very haidy hoof, and are never ftloJ,

In the W00J5 and forefts are prodigious numbers of
monltii.s and b.dH ens, wli.cli arc fo larj;e, and go 10-
pcther in fuch conlidcrable boJit«, ih;it tluy ate vciy
dan 'Crcu:. to tr.iv.llirs. They arc of dill'eicnt ctdoiiu,
foine of tlum b in^ijuite I'lailc, (nine of a III aw colour,
and others white ; the latter of which arc in geneial as
large as a m.iltirt', and much more 'infcliii vmis than the
ethers. Some of tlum have lonp fails, .ind walk en .dl
fours •, an.' others are without lails, and walk i.piight,
ufing their fo:*: fett as h nds, and in thiir aiiions pteatly
frfvniblmg the human fpccics. Their going m (iich
proiligmiis numbirs li'^ether (riir^s thrm lioin the mote
novverlul bialls ol ;he foieft ; but they h.ive one enemy
by svh; m they arc liinn Innrs roni|Ufter, namely, lir.
pcnts, which .iieheicil a inolt (Xtiavidin.ny li„e, and
have fuch a;ility and (lienglh, that thev will (uiiUie
them to the t p^ of tree , and Inqiienily Jetlru', th'iii.

There i> but one laigc iiiir in the ill.i: !, and this i>
dangcrouk by reafon of its being gicatU inlclUd by cru-
Codiiis. it lulls fioin Duith to louth into the biy id
Macad'ir, vshcre it is about liali a Ita^tiic broad, and
WaO*'''' 'he walls of the citv of that name : Its (.hannrl
is ti .' en lu^'h in lome placis lo admit the larked vcf-
felt ; na; in others it is veiy (liallow.

The natives of this illand .ire laihir Hiort in Oiturr,
■I'.d o( a lij;hl ulite coinplexe 11 . they are pailaulaily
ford ol having Hat lu.ln, inlomuih tl at they pra.;lilc
mrihoJ) |i. then inlancy in ollani that dillinguifhrd
fotiii V. oh as much labour and aiiention as (he L'hinele
t'^aii t do lu ai ipiire linall leri, Niiihtr mc men
Ircat any covniinj; uii ititiii h\iiin but Ihcir hair, winch

is of a fine (liining black, is Ingenioudy tied up, a.ij
lioni i; hang curls tlut lay LM.Hcfiilly on tl.eiuck a::il
(hoiil crs. 'I'he men ornanuiit their haii with it wl,,
but tlu" wonieti do noi 1 the l,.tter only wear a c;olJ
chain round their necks. Hoth ll.xes, liowevi'., dve
then n .ils red, and their teeth either bl.ick or red.

The dicfs of the I iw'er fort of pco,dc coiihlls in a
h'ide garment made of cotton, which iciches below ',\k
knees j hut none of them wear either flioes or (lock.i) .
The women ha\c a long gaimeiit made of niunin, \\.\:\
llr.iit llieves that iuitlon at the wrills, helides wl.uli
they wear a kind d drawers made of cotton, that aic
t,i:lcnid round the wa It, and icaeh to the ancles. '1 lie
gaiments of the bitter loit arc in.ide ol Icailit cloth, ir
iHoiaded lilk, with large buttons of folid gold. 1 he;
have okewiie a very h. luifome f 111 made ol lilk, and e.u'.
br iideied, which duilaies ihcir dag;;er and piiife.

The di.t tf the Common pcajle cui. lids | nr.cip.i!''/
of lice, heih.s, roots, and lilh ; and their tilual diii,;. A
water or tea : the bcltei fort eat tlilh and poultry, i/c
lorii.tr being generally beef 01 k.d, win h are both e.\.
cccding lillej and they diiiik tea, codec, ,.iid el.:>eol.:te,
t!.e latter of which they get liom the Spaniards in I'm
rhilippiiie Illands : they alio ufe p.dm wine, ari..tk,
and 1 ther fpir.tiious liquors. TIkv have but two n e.i',
a ^\.v, one in the morning, andiheoihcr abeiit 01:1.
let, the l.'.tter of wh.ch is the piincipal ; in the ii.tir-
meiliale fpacc thev relielh themlehes by e hewing Iniel
an I areki, or fmoaking tobacco iiilerm xed with ^■^ luni.
I'hcy fit crofs-lregtd on the floor at their mr.ih, ami
hive very low l.ible.s for their provifions, whieh :.:e :,t
on thmi in platis or didio ma>ic of wo.d ; but tli y
ule milhi r knives or fpoiiis.

Their lioules arc l.n.ill but very nc.it, and areihiidr
! ink of ehonv, and 1 iher wood of variegated loloirs.
riiev have but little liiinlliire, except the ncce!!.,n
utciilils lot dulling their pio\ illons ; but what ihey h .1:
IS always kept exceeding clea:' ( ami to prueiitife
houle Icing made filthy, ihcy have vellil* to Ipi: m
when l!.iy chew biiil 01 Imoak tol acco.

The men arc in geneial veiy lobud, and nitu ."v
tl coura';ious, that Ihey aieilli n ed the bill 1.1. hi.
in India j |..r whiih ualoii they .in licquenil) hii.J
into the fiiviee of other priiicis, in the lame maiih.i .1
the Swifs .tre in Kuropr. Thiir aims aie fabic* I
d,ijgei>, the latls-r of which Ihey oft. i\ inficl <■ '1
poilciii i n-id they hivr trunks, fiom whence thry I ,. >
poifoned daits : ihefe dails aie poiiitid w th llie ti'oih .1
a lifli dipped in tlkMciionioiij juice of tuliiii drills ili..t
grow in I'le M.uiitiy, and it Is f.,ld they will (Ink. a
inaik With them at near iPr \aids ililljncc.

The ii.,tivrs of tliii ifl^ml wtie the lall cndavcd by
the Dull '1, who, howiver, could not id". a a com,...!',
till aflir a very long .md txpiiHi\e v(ar, in wlmh w re
tni toyed , dim. II all the force ihi y had at that tlii.e ul
India. The Dutch fiiltjoiied the iijiuti to cp|>-.ic i!ic
I'otlugtirfe, who made an atlmpt tofulidue this illnid i
but the laiirr bein;; Iihjh tnin|ufred, ihc Diiich imine.
d.alcly look fib polUdien ol 11, and have prcfcrved aii
abloliitc dominion over it ever fiiue.

The iralun whv the I'oitiiMieje, and the Dutch ;.riT
ihcm, cndea.ound to luli.lui tins illand, .itole (i.ni ii
min^ hliialed near tlie Miduica and llaiida Illin .,
which prodiue I ih j'lrat |hiiiv of ilovcs uiul m,i.
lings, Ihc pofl^inion 1,1 »h,;, ihty loul.l not h.oc
kkwtJ without being mallwti of fhi. idaitd.

Tl.si-

^ A

ASIA.].

Thcfe cndjvcd natives, if well iifiii, are in their dif-
jiofuimi loving and faithtiil j but it ill treated, they will
not be latibfied till they have had revenge on the party
l,v wluim they were injured. Tluy are h^fty and
luflionate; but they have Cuch juft notions of honour,
Ihat when they difcover thcmfclvcs to be wrong, they
will condemn their own conduft, and be glad to comply
wiih any fubmidion that may be thought ncceliary as a
Xfionipenfc for the offence committed.

They are very induftrious, quick of apprchcnfion,
and have very retentive memories. Their minds ficm
to be flrongly impreflcd with the mofi ju(t ideas of fricnd-
Ihip and all focial duties; (bme of them hive been
known to hazard their liv( ., and properties iji defence of
ail injured ftrangcr ; while others have facrificcd their
ilfitcs for the relief of the dilfreflld.

The women of Celebes are obligrd to be very circum-
fl'cft in their carriage, and very careful not to be feen
in fonipany with any other man than their hulband.
\V\kh this happens to he the cafe, the hufbaiid is
indenuiified if he kills the man he find;- with his
wife. The lead familiarity a married woman fliews to a
llrangc man, r/cn though but a glance of the eyes, ij
conlidcred as a fufficient injury, and the hufliand readily
obtains a divorce. On the contrary, the hulband (i-
pciniiited t > have as many wives and concubines as he
thinks proper ; and the mere children he h.xs, the
griater he is confidered as bring uleful to focicty.

The natives here of both fexcs arc rendered aiHive
by a cuftnm pradifed during their infancy. Kvery day
their nurles rub thim with oil, or water jiill warm ;
and thefo unctions encourage nature to exert herlell
with the moft extenfive Irecdoni. M;:le infants an.
takui from the bteall when a year old, ihcir parents
having an opinion, that if they fucked longer, it would
greatly prejudice their uiulcrllandings. \\ hen they arc
five or fix years old, the children ot any dil(imf>ioii are
cntrullcd to the care of fome relation or liiend, that
their courage may not be weakeiic d by the careifes of
their mothers, and a habit of reciprocal tendeinefs.
They do not return to their parents till they arrive at
the age of 15 or 16, when the law allows tliim to
marry i but this is a liberty they fcldoni ufe till thev
jirc thoroughly veifed in the t\iri ife 01 arms. The
bovs are lent to fchool to the prieils, vs'ho teach ihcm
re.iding, writing, arithmetic, and the precept'' of the
Koran ; for though thev retain many Chincic ceremo-
nies, yet they are profeflVd Mahometans. The giiU
»te taught 1(1 re.id and write ; to fpiii, cook, and mike
Clualhs i for as theic are not any la\lois here, the woneii
not only make their own cloiths, but alio thofe worn
by the n en 1 and fome of ihem are lo indullrious and
expcit, that they will obtain very hjiidfunic foitunci by
ihit profcirioii.

1 he inhabitants of tbi< roiintry arc fo little adlu^ed
ti infamius p.-acticcs, or litigious difpiitrs, ihatthiy
have neither lawyers, aifornics, or baili|j\. IT any
HiftVieiKO arife, the piittes apply perConally to ihe
judge, who delermiiies the matter with expediiion and
cqiiiiy. Ill fume maltcis of a criminal iialiiic they aic
pfiniittfd to do juitice lo thenifelves ; and if a man
detects another in the coinintflion of uilulicry, nuirdor,
ot rolibery, he has a light lo execute jutlice hinifelf, h)
diflioying the culpiit.

In the cetebtation of martiagr, the hufliand receives
no other poraon with his wile than the pteftnti flie u-
ccittd before nurii.ige. A< fomi as the piicll lias p.i-
luimrd the crremiMiy, the new-married couple are ciui-
iined ill an apaitineiil by thinifclvrt tut thice fuiccllive
day.", having only a fcr\ant lo bung tlirui Inch nctel-
liiiiei ail ill y inay have iHcafimi lot, during winch time
their friends an I aiquamlaiurs arc entertained, and
f.iiM icjoicings niadi- ,tt the bouir of the bridc'i (aihcr,
t\f the expiration ol the thue d.iyni condiivU hn wife hcNne,
ard each apply tln'inltlvcs to bulinel's, he In his ac-
rurtunicd prulclfiur, aiid flie to the julie> ol houfv

Wldv.

W'htn a man has rrafi n to fiifpeJ^ hii wilr of in-
fiiJiUty, he applies tu the ( tidl fui a divuivc ; and if the ,

»» I

TIic CELEBES.

iO<)

compLiint appears juft, there is no difficulty in obtain-
ing it. In this cafe the fecular judge pronounces the
accufcd party guilty, declares her to be divorced, and
fettles the terms ; after which both parties have liberty
to marry again.

Thefe iHaiidcrs arc all Mahometans; but they had
originally ftrange notions of religion : they believed
there were no other gods but the fun and moon ; and
to them they facrificed in the public fquares, not having
msteiials which they thought fufficicntly valuable to be
employed in crefling temples. According to their creed,
the fun and moon were eternal as well as the hcavcnr,
whofe empire they divided between them. Thefe ab-
furditics, however, had not fo Lifting an influence
either over the nobles or people as is found in the re-
ligious doiSrines of other nations. About two centuries
ago, fome Chriftians and Mahometans arriving in the
country, communicated their leligious iVntimciits to funic
of the piincipal people, when the chiif king took a
difguft to the national religion. In conlei|ueiicc of this
he detcrmiiRd to adopt one of the new lyftem.. that
were now oftcrtd, and for this purpofe he convened a
general aftembly. On the day appointed, he afcendcd an
eminence, where, fprc.iding out his hands to heaven,
and in a ftanding pofture, he addredld himfelf to the
Supreme Mcing, requeftiiig that he would by fome means
iiforin him which of the two fyftcms of religion were
the ninft pleafing to his will : and in the fervency of
his prayer thus exclaimed, " Speak, O my (Jod, fincc
thou art the author of i\Ture thou canll difccni the
bottom of our hearts, and knoweft that it is impodiWe
they ftiould entertain any thoughts of dilbbedience. Hut
if thou condefiendeft not to niake thyCelf underftood
by mortals j if it is unworthy of thine eliencc to employ
the language of man to dictate the dutus required of
man ; I call my whole nation, the lun which enlightein
I1U-, the earth that fuppcrts iiie, the w.iters that en-
vonipals inv dominions, and thyfelf to witiiefs, that in
'he linccrity ot my heail, I leek to know thy will : and
I decl.ire to ihie this day, t!iat I fliall acknowledge, as
the depofitaries of the oracles, the minifteis of either
leligioii whom thou flialt caufe to arrive the hrft in our
haiboiirs. The winds and the waves are the niinillcrs of
thy power j let them he the fignals of thy will."

\Vhen the prince had liniftied, the allvmbly biokc up,
with a deliriiiined reCuliiiioii to wait ilie orders ol hea-
ven, and to follow the liill milHonaries that flioiild arrive
in the coui'iry. 'I'lir I inks wire the moft active, and
the apoltles ot the Kot.iii Ibon altvr aiiivcd ; in coiife-
queiKe of whiJi the lovereigii and hs people imbraceJ
Mahomctaniliii, and were circmnciltJ ; and the other
parts of the in.in I loon followed their example.

Thi fe people aie great pieteiulets lo mag c, andcirry
charms about them on a luppolition of their letariin;
them liom every ilaiiiier. \VheM any one is fo ill as to
be given over bv Ihe phyfician, the pnefts arc lent for,
who attributing the violence of thiir diCeafc to aiifc
from iStnctvil Ipint, fiift nrav M them, and then write
the names of (!od and Nlahomet on fmail pieces of
paper, whivh are carefully hung about then iicvks ; and
it ihe paiieiii dots not loon iccover, hij death is con-
fidiied as inevitable, and tveiy prep.ir ilioii is made for
tin expcflrd period.

Their funeral ceremonies are performed with great
decnuv i lo lecuie which the nii iiiell peiloii iiukei
provifn n while in hc.iliii, by adi,^iiiiig a cvitain funi lo
dtliay the incidental ex^icnccs, A» loon a> a pvrlon it
d< ad the bivly is walhed, ami bung cloathed 111 a .thitc
iid<(, is pUctd in a riHitn hung with while, which 11
feinted with the ftrongelt pviluiiies. Merc it innliniici
lor three d.iys and uii Ihe fuiirlh it is caiiicdim J
palanvjuin to the gr.ive, preceded by the liiends and re«
lationi, and followed by tin pticlls, who have atten-
dant', thai carry inrenio and priuiiiKs, which are burnt
all the way liom the houlc Vi the gia*c. The body 11
interred without a colRii, ihctc iHiiig only a plank at
ihc hoiioni ol the gi i\e lor ii to lie on, and another to
cover It i and when this lilt is plued, the e.tiih it
thrown III, and the ((r4VC filled up. If ihepeilon is uf
any diftinguilhcd quality, a h indfome Innib 11 imme<
diaielv placed uvellbf ^utc, adortiid v% ilh flowvii i and

\'\ v

l\ 'k

,1 1

2to A KiiW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

the relations oiirn inccnfc anJ other pei fumes for 40
fucccftivc days.

The government of thi; idanJ was formerly monar-
chical i and iji order to pnvcnt the ciown falling on an
infant, the clJcIl brotliei fuccccjtd alter the Jcatii of the
ling. All place:> of trull in the civil govtrnnitnt were
difpofej of by the piime miiiillcis ; but ihe ofTicers ol
the revenue and of the lioulehukl weic appointed by the
fovereijjn. The kingS forces, when out ol Ji'^lual fervicc,
were not allowed any pay, I iit only their cloatli'', arms
and amnuinitiun. It is laid that in fonic foiintr wars, he
has brought into the field 12, ceo horle and 80, coo fool.

The lad war with the Dutch produced the total
c'.eftri.clion of both king and country; fince which this
illav.J has been under ilie government of three different
princes, who are coiiitiitly at vaiiance with each other ;
whiiii is a very favour iblc tircumlliiMce for the Dutch,
will ii.i:;ht othcr>vil\; meet with a powerful oppofmon,
and bed ;i ivcd of thole advantages they l;a\e fo long
pii/lMli-d I M this r.le the globe.

Tliele princes hol.l alK iiihlii s at particular times on
aRiirs th.t concern the general inuiill ; and the lelult ol
their detiiiiiination- btcomis a law to each Hate. Wlien
any conteft anfes, it is decided by the governor of the
Dutch colony, who prelides at this d.et. He holds a
w.itehful eye over thcfe I'itt'erent fovcieigns, and keeps
them in perfiiil equality with each oilier, to prevent
ai.y of them fiom .:ggrandi/.ing himfelf to the piejudice
of the company. The Dutch have dilarinid thun all,
under pretence of hin.liring them from injuring each
other ; but III realitv with a view only to keep them in
a Hale of lubjeclion.

The Cliinefe, vvlio arc the only foicigncrs permitted
to eon e to this ifland, biing hither tobacco, gold wire,
china, and unwrought filks : in return for which they
tike '^jiuin, fp'iiiuous li(]uors, gum lac, and linens.
Thry j-et but little gold fiom hence, but great quan-
tities of rice, wa\, (1 ivcs and tripam, a fpecies of mufh-
room, which, the rounder and blacker the more ex-
cellent it is ellecnied. The culloms bring in 8o,oco
livres tu the company ; but they obtain a much larger
profit from their trade, and the tenth part of ihetciii-
toiv, which they hold m lull right of f.ivcreignty.

^lacall'ar, the chief city here, ij fiiuated on the

I banks of the river of the fame name, near the f, uth-
I welt corner of the illaiid. Mere the Dutch haie a vct»
' ftrong fort mounted with a great nun.b.r of cjimcn •
and the g.!itifon coiifiils of boo men.

The ftieets of the city arc in general very long and

fpacious, and are planlLd on each fide with trees, but

there are rot any of them paved. The mofquts .mj

houfes of the quality uic built ol (lone ; but th'll of

ilic common people aie built of vsood, and elevated loim

the giound by pillars. T hey aie m.ide of woo.i uf

vaiious colours, and the tops of i hem arc coverid with

pahn or cocoa leaves. Heie an. large m.ikeit for iIk;

fair of piovifioiis and other commodities. Themj'Uti

aic opened twice a day, vi7,. in the morning and e.tii-

in», liefoie the rifing and letting of the fun. 'I he p.u.

V, lion J are hi ought to maika and fold by women onlyi

lor if a man was to be leen in th.it eh.ir.icier, he would

be treated » ih the moll dillm^iiifhed cinte;ipt. 1 lie

'1 nun bir of inhibitaiiis in this city weie tormeil) eiliiv.aicd

Ij at i^ir,cco nun able tu biai arms j but finee the Dniili

i depiived them of tluir trade, great niimbeis have fur-

laKcn it; and the other towiu and villages, which were

, I loportioiiably populou-, have been greatly dcicrted for

i th? lame leafeii.

r '.''hconlyirincip.il place on this illand, exclufue of

I the city of Macallar, is the town of Jnmpaiuiam,
i which is fitu.ited about 15 miles to the fouth of M.icif-

I fir ri'/er. This was the hi It place of any impoitaiue
i' taken by the Dutch, who ha\e a good fort here; unit
there is as commodious a haibuur as any to be met
I With in the l.idian fca.

I I 'I'her* arc fevcra! iflands about the Celebes th \t f;o
I by the fame name, the principal of which is fiiaat J

about five leagues from the louth-ealt corner. This
ifl.md IS about 80 miles long, and jo bro.d : rn the
eaft fi,!c of it is a large town .ind h. ib<ur called C.lla-
eafl'ong, the Iticets of which are fj acious, and cntIof..a
on eaih fide with cocua trees. The inhabitants sic
Mahometan', fpeak the Malayan tcngu: , and arc go-
verned by an ablolute piince.

On the nnrth-ca(i of this ifland arc the flreight.'i of
Patience) fo called from the great dlVuultv in palTiiiij
them, which arifes from the violence of the cuiiciits,
and the contrariety uf winds.

CHAP. XXIV.
6. Tht niand of BORNEO.

I t 4YlBk I it

I II I S '\i one of the Sunda id ndi, and it rec-
koned to be the laijien in all Alia, if not in the
world, it being at lealt aoco milei in circumfe-
rence. It IS lituatid hctwcrn kven dcg. 30 nun. north
latitude, and four dcg. 10 mill, fouth, und' r the equi-
noi^i.il line, whi;.h divides it into two umquat parts,
It^viii Jeg, 30 mm. Ijn^ notthw.ird of it, ami four deg
10 min. lo.ithwaid ; fo that it is 7CO miles in length,
and 480 in brea hh. It is t'uundcd on the e.ill by the
Celebci i on 1 -veil by Sunialra 1 rn the north by the
fhilippincs t aiiJ on the fouth by the iiland of J iva.

The ..ir, confidrring lie fitualiun of lie country, it
tsilerable, particularly on ihof^ pant next the coaft,
which me lefrtflicd cvny moriiiiig by tixdinir brcexes
Irom ih" I a, othciwif' the heat would b* ibloTulfly in- j
lupportable. I hele parts, however, aic very unwholc-
fumr, at they lay mi 4 flat for many hundred nitlrt, and i
•ic annually n.eiflowrd. When Ihe waters retire, a
muddy llime is Itft on ihc lutface of the earth, which ;
(he fun finning upon Wilh ptrpcndiciilar rays, oecafiont
thiik fogs, ihjt ifterwaids turn lo rain, with cold chil- '
ling wiiid« ) fo thai the air at this time is very unwholc-
fomr. Aiiolhrr ciicuinn.ince ihit contributis to thii is,
the gieai iiumUr gf liugt and vthtt vtiaiin Ufi on tht

mud, which being deftroyed hjr the heat of the fun,
produce an intidcrablc lleiuh.

The diy lieafon iKgint in April, and contm irs nil
Scptrii her, duiing which tune the wmd ii calletly lie-
twerii .• fouth coalU <if Borneo iiid the Ifland of
Java i but fiom Sepiembrr to April liie winds arc wrll-
erly, attended by violent llorms of r.iin, thunder, jiul
lightening. Thele llormt arc fo continual, rl|itci.illf
on the loiith coall, that il it thought very cxtiaordinaiy
to have two houri fair weather in the rourfe of 14.

The pioduce of this country, exclufivc of ricr, whieh
it very pirniiful, confifts of lunkinccnfe, muH, aloes,
(lepper, cinnamon, and other fpiiet ; alfo various kindt
of fruiti, with excellent mallic, and other gums, wax,
cafTii, honey, cotton, and the befl camphiic. Though
this Ufl article is principally oblainrd from the root of
the cinnamon tree, which grows in the other fpicu
iflands, vet the beft in q aliiy is gathered from another
tree that is peculiar to this ifland 1 for which icalon it
may not be iinpiopfr here to defcribe iti nature and
qualities.

The lamphiir is a fubflanrt of a very ringiilar in-
tuie, diltdl.ng Irom ihe tice in the nunnei of gum, an.'
Ihickcmng into linall graini of dilierent figures and

fiici.

lie, near the f, uih-

Diiuh hdu-
u.'i.b.r ol c

a very
JlliiUl ;

K-ral very loii!» and
Cidc witli ircis, but

The iiiurijuis ,iiij
lloiic i lint tli'l'^ of
, aiiJiltvutcii iiom

nude of vnKf\ uf
11 are covtrrd witli
irgc m.ikcti f(;r ilic
iiies. Tin: mjrlitj
moriiinj' an J cm-
tlip full. 'I he pal.
Kl l>y wointii only 1
h.iradcr, he would
J ci'iiteu.pt. The
L- fi)riiicil) cniii.itcd
but fun.,- ihf l)uii.l>

iiiinibciii t)av>' for-
ill.igcs, which were

greatly JifcncJ fur

idanJ, rxclufivc of
II of J.Tni|iaiHhiin,
the fouth of Macif.

of any inipoitaiuc
nioJ fort hrrc -, ;irid
: li any to be met

the Celebes th it I'o
of which is fiiuat J
-eall corner. This
30 bro.J : on the
. ibrur called Cull.!.
jrious, aiul cnclof^a
I'hc inhabitants iitc
tcn^ur, and arc gu-

arc the ftrcights t.f
dlllculty i.i i^.lTii.;
icc of Che cuiiL'iii.,

r heat of the fun,

and coniiii ir< i<ll
iiid it ralterly br-
and the ifland iif
the winJi arc will-
rain, thunder, jnd
oiitinual, rl|Kci.illf
I very cxiiaordinaiy
le rourfe uf 14.
ufne of rice, whuh
teiifc, niudt, aloei,
alio various kindi
1 oihrr gunii, wax,
aniphiic. Though
d friini the r(K)t nf
in the other fpico
ihrrrd from anmhrr
I'M which iraloii it
nhe Its natuic and

a very fingiilar ni-
naiinri uf ^uin, an'
rtercnt (iguiei and

flKI,

ASIA.l

BORNEO.

21 f

f/.rs. It is whi"^ '" c'fir, tf a Mttor tafte, and in
itjliii(ll l'i ptnetraiintr as tibe very (ihcr.live. If ihiowii
into the lire it will immeiliatuly H.inie, and continue
huiiuni: till it is totally conmnuil. It will alio burn in
waitr, ana the liiinke wliich anfis lr;-m it will proiluci-
|,|ji.~dh I'liot. A^ it confills of high volatile pait , it
is vcrv penetrating, iliicuiieni, corrobdratmj, ;ind pio-
ncr to refill puttefaiition. It i' the inv>ll eificHCious
[1 jphorctic kniAvn, ili great fjb'.ilty dilFuling it thrnujh
the fubftanc. Ill tie paits almull ai f>^on as the warmth
of thf Itoniach has. l>t it in motion. In llie courts uf
cilkin priiwcb it is btrncd with wax to (Inr.gihfii the
light i and tac Indi.iia Ccijucnlly mix it with acrid and
aroii'.itic fubllancei, tf wliic'i tiny lorni troches to be
chewed, 1.1 iiiler to promote dikli..r^e of f.divation. It
is uf fuijiilar elHcaey in inll.ininia'.;<'ns, v, hctlier internal
or external, and has been tiniiid ot ulc againfl (evei>
when worn as an aniukt. Sonic put a grain or two of
it iiito a lO'.tcii loo h, ai. 1 even uf.- it as a j;arj:ariiai in
the toolh-ach. If a Iniall tjuanti'.y of it be boiled in
aiiua-vit* ill a dole place till tue whole is cvapoivtcd,
and then a lij;htcd turth ui eaiiJlc le intioduced, the air
will immediately catih hic, and appcir all in a (l.inn-,
tho'.i.;li no damage will arile either to tlie room in the
ficilators. It is faiJ the caniphire, when firll taken
fnni the tree is red, but ihat it is alterwards n adc
white either by the lun or by tire. Little of the intui il
caniihirc, however, is fccn in Europe, the Dutch t.l.-
in/ care it fliall come rcrincd by lublimation, and ready
picpared for our ufe.

I his ifland likewifc produces great quantities of ex-
tel'.ent timber, with the cotton Ihrub, caiic'., and rat-
Ur.i. In the riMi-, par'icula.ly that of Sucead.mea,
are found excellent diamonds, and great (|uantities ut
told dull aie gathered from the fandj.

The bad Itoiie is alfo found heic, and the wihl ape
produces the richeft bezoar llone> that arc any wlieie to
be met with. Here are aifo mines ol iioii and tin,
which are laid to be excellent in their c|nalities.

The animals of this country arc, ii\cn, buffaloes,
hoifcs, dicr, and i;oats ; bcfides which there are leveral
foils of wild beans, as elephants, bears, tygers, mon-
kies, baboc ns, ^c. Thcfc laft are very numerous, and
of dirtereiit Ibits and fliapes : but the moil i!ilHngui(lied
is that f(Kcies cillcd by the natives ( )iiran-oiitain;, or
man 0*° the woods, which Captain lleeckniaii has thus
pariiculaily dcfcribed in his voyage to this ifland :
" They ^'row, favs he, to be fix (ect high ; thiy w:;K
wpiight, have longer arms than men, tolciable good
tjir(, (hjndfomcr, 1 ;im luic, than fomc Hi ttcntuls
that 1 have fcen) large teeth, nu laili nor hair, but on
thole parts wheic 11 grows mi human liodics : thev ar-
icty nimble-fi'oted, and mighty Ihoiig ( they throw
pif.it ftones, (licks and billets at thole pcrfons ih it of-
Iciiu ihcni. '1 he natives really believe that thel ■ were
formerly men, but iiutaniorpholed into bealls In. their
blaiph'mv. They told n\c (Iraiigc ftones of them,
svhieh I could haidly ciedit. I buugiit one out of cu-
iiohty fur lix Spamlll dollars ; it lived wiih nu- fcvcii
niuiiihs, and then died ut a flux : he was too young 10
flicvv nic any pranks, ihriefore I (hall only till you that
lie was a great tliut, and loved (dung liquors 1 for it
i/iir back* were tuircd, he would be at the punch-bowl,
rivl would veiy olicn tipul the brandy cafe, lake out .1
boitle, iliiiik pUriiluliy, and put it very carefully into
in place a.aiii. He flept lyiiiK .ilong in a human po-
(lu'c with one hand mder his hrad. He could not
iMiiii, but 1 know not whether he nn/hi not be capa-
Vli til bring taught. If t' any time I was angiy with
him he would ligh, fob and cry till he louiid that I was
moncilcd to him i ami though he was but about twelve
months old whin he tlied, yet he wai lliongcr than any
man m the ihip."

II le are pairots and puoketi of varioui forts, one of
• huh II called by the llaniareviu /sir//, and is greatly
adniiicd for ill beauty. '1 hry have alio (eveial other
k nJs of buds ; but not any 'ike ihofe in Europe, cx-
crpi ihc fnaiiow. During the time ul thr writirn mon-
fimii the lily II frequently daikcncd with bal«, wlin h fly
111 piodigious numbfis : thry are ealW by dime KKing
Ca.i, and 111 colour, Ihape, ajid Inicll much lelembic a

fox, thouj'Ji not fo i.irjf ; but their wine', when i x-
t ndcd, arc not Uts than i'lX feet from ihe tpof tii;
one to that of the other.

I he rivers .niid fea-coafts produce great plenty of fi(h,
cxclufivc of mullets, breims, &c. known in Kuropc.
Among others unknown here is one called the C'ockiip,
which is m<'lt (Klicious in its talle. There is .muihir
called the Cat-I'ilh, which the natives are cxeeedin^j
lond of : they have lar'.;e niiid heads, with barls o'l
the (idcb like the wlutkers of a i at : tome of them arc
lix feet Ion/, and are well (hap.d in the body, but they
liavc not any fcalcs.

The natives of iliii illand are of two forts, who difl'er
as well III their perlons and did-, as in their cullom^
and religion. Thole who inhabit the fea coal! arc Ma-
hometan.', and are called Uarjirein<, from the town f
Haiijar, to uhich moil nations rel'oit to purchalc the v,i.
rious coitiinoditics of the country. The Hanjareens ac
rather low in llatuic, ai.d of ,1 Iw.n tliv coii.pkxion, b.it
on the whole lerv propi rtion.iblv in.n!'-. The common
I'cople ha\e n 1 other covering t" their bodies ihni a
Im.. II piece of linen fallened loiind the WjiH; but the
better fort vsiar a kind ot w.ii.ico.it ma.lc of filk, or
Kiiropcaii clolh, over which tluy inr.iw a loofc narmrnt
of filk or bctJla, that reichis to ihe kiiefs. They alfo
wear a pair of drawer';, b.l ban not cither (liirt, Ihocs,
IT (lockin;',s. Their h.iir ii nod up in a roll, and co-
veied with a piece of inuibii or callico ; and svhm they
go a! load, they always i.nrv a dag-.r svith t'lcm.

The Wiimin are Inialler thin ihe men, and ihiir fca-
tuies much ir. TC delicate ; they ate alfi much taircr in
conipkxn n ; .iiul, coniiar\ to the nicdc 1 f n ell Inili-.ii
woiner, wa.k V' rv iipii^nt, and I'ep with a graceful
air. They arc Virv eoiillaiu u'l r nuriiai-e, bi.t are apt
to bcflow l.nvours w.th grc.t fictJom when l"tii;;!e j and
however ii;dilcrcet ilicy may hive beiii in this po nr,
thev aie not conlidereii the w ric lor it by th-.ii h'll-
b.mds, nor dare iiny one ic; rouh them for the faults
thev have eomnuttiii previoub M their mair!a^c.

With reipect to the liilp fit, en if thcic reople, they
are iiitui.illv quick > I apprehcnrion, and veiy (|uic! and
peaee.ible till thoroughly provoked i in v.hch cal'e, no
other CO ipi illation can be adniiited than the lit".- ot the
aggiefl'ur, which they ( btam with ihc grr.itcfl privacy.

The chief pait ot their fixvl here, as 111 other hot
coiinliics, is nee 1 but with it they cat veiiilon, lifh,
and fowl. The better fort ate ferved in velTcIs m.<dc
of geld or river i but the piwrer fort ulc dillu's m.ide of
earth 01 liMlt. 1 iu y ull li: 1 lols-Ie.'ped at their niealt
upon mats or caipu^: both lexes chew belil .md a>ck,
an. I are vciy fond ef linoaking tobacco, with which
they often mix opium made into pills, after being boded
111 watir till It lomei to a conlillency. Ihe wbulc
company ulu..Ily f.iioftc out ot the I. me pipe : the mat'er
begins, and alter liawHiMmoaked two or thiee wtirf",
he gives It to the pel loll ncarclt hiin. In m whom it p.it'""
round till il comes to the mallii again, llie Chir c
have taught them to game, but thi» they fcldom _ ric-
tile. Their principal d vrilioiii are dancing and coiri*
di s, which aie pnlornnd alter the nuniier ol the call.
Thrit lural I'potis are ftiHiliii^' at a maik and hunting,
They travel chiefly in the nij;bt, on account of the
cooliirfs of the air at that lime . the common people
ufually go in covrird biali, but the better Ion travel by
land on elephants and hoilVs.

Their nlual lalute is thr falam, lifting the band] to
the head, and bending the IhhIv : *hcn ilu> apj>ear be-
fore their lupcriors, ihry raiie their hands aKive the
lorihcad ) and if before a prince, they ptollrate ihcm-
Iclvri oil the ground, and rctiic bickwardt un their
kncei.

The inhabitants of ihr inland parts of thi< ifland are
taller, and much more robull than ihe lio'iaieeii'.
I'hry are c.ilkd Hyajoi, and ate I'agaiis in iinir reli-
gion : then ciimplcxion is mmh iiioie Iwaitny than lh«
irhahitants ot the eoall ^ and thrr imir o dr.flyeni-
ployed in huiitini( and alltnding their cut'.. They fa
almoll naked, having only a fmall piece > I l.iien lallcneil
lound the wait) : thev plint their bo.l es fit a blucilh
loloiir, and helmcar them wiih llmking oil. Some of
ihcm ate very fund of having lai);v can 1 Iu obtain

whitlk

.Li^;^: ^

i .i'li.

liH'

'f n

^ ! ' :^l

'♦

A NLW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

ifc ift I i.

at:

whicU ihcy make holes in the (oft parts of them when
young 1 to thefc holis arc faftincd weights about the
brc.idih of a ciowii piece, which continually prclTing on
the cars, expand thmi to I'uch s length, as to reft upcui
the (houldcrs. The better fort pull out their fore
teeth, and place artificial ones in their itead made of
gold i but their grcitelt ornament confifls of a number
of tygcrs ti'cih, which are ftrung together, and worn
about the neelc.

The Banjarecns, in barying their dead, always place
the head to the north, and they throw into the grave
fever.ll kinds of provifions, from a fupcrftitious notion
that theCe m.>y be ufcful to them in the other world.
They fix the place of interment out of the re.ich of the
floods i and the mourners, as in J.ipjn and China, are
ilrrlfed in white, and carry li|^htedt.)rches in their hands.

Both Pagans and Mahometans allow a plurality of
wives and eoncubincs ; anJ the niacriagc ceremonies of
both are the fame as in oOur Mahometan countries.
The girls arc generally maiiiid at the age of ten, and
leave chilJ-be.i.in^ before they are 25. They in ge-
neral live to an advanced age, which is attributcii to
their Crcqucnt ule of the w.'.ter, for both men and wo-
men bathe in the rivers once in the day j and from this
pr.iilicc tlicy are prr)ilii;ioMs expert in fwimming.

The Ungua^zc 01 thufe on the co fl is the Malayan j
bur the irtanil.rs have a language pcculi r to themivlves ;
and both ictain moll of the fuperlliliuui cuftomi ol the
Chin Ic,

They know little of phyfie j and the letting cf blood,
however lielpi r.'.te the cafe of ti.e patient, 13 to them a
ciicuniltjnee of the nuill ulainiing iiaiure. An inflance
of their great tiiiiiUity on thi'< occalion is thus given by
Capt. IKccliiijan, who was under the ncceflity of lub-
inittirg to that o|x:ration. " One day, fays he, being
indifpofeJ, 1 oidered the fiirgcnn to bleed me : Cay Uc-
ponaticc, and iVveral others of the natives being in the
room, anc! ftrangers to the operation, wcic in great
tmazcnicnt to know what we were abojt, till at length the
vein being opened, they faw the bhxjd gufh out : on
this they were fo frightened, that tliey immediately ran
cut of the loom, iryini; out, irjn gtl.i iilitf, that is,
the man'b heart or mind is I'oolifh ; after which they told
US we let out our very fouls and lives willingly, which
they laid w.is very ill done, 'I"o this I anfwcrtd, that
their diet being mean, and thiir drink only water, they
had no occafion fur bleeding i but that we who drank fo
n inch wine and p„,.th, and fed upon fo much flelli,
which rcndeicJ the blood hot and rich, i.ad an abluliite
lieceiray of doing it, oiheiwife we fliould be lick.
*' Aye, fav> Cay Dipjiiaitee, I think that (hews you to
be Ihll gtea'ei fools, in putting yourfelves to luch ex-
pcnfivc (.haiges on purjole to receive pa:n for it." This
wai certainly a very trite oblervation, an<l fully evinced
that, if they wanted f.iilh in the utility of this " pe-
dient, they were not defei^Hvr in natural uiuUillandi.ig,

They fuppofc molt of llair diilempers t.) anfe from
the malice of fomc evil demon ) and when a perfnn ii
fick, inlleaj of appl).ii^ to nudcine, they make an en-
terlaiiiment of vaiioiit kindt of provifions, whieh they
bold under I'l me conljiicuous trie in a field \ thcfe pro-
vifions, wh.ch conlilt of tier, tii*N, fifli, &c. thry
•Act for the relief of the perUn alflided \ and if he
rn'OkCis, tlicy rcpi'at the oti'e.ing, by w.iy of returning
thank, tor the blelfr g received \ but ,i the patient dies,
they expr. r» their rckntnient agiinll thu I'pirit by whom
ke It fui'ixiied to hate bcLii ali'eeled.

They hive not the le.ilf knowlcd:;e of aftroii'.my, and
when an rilipfe happens thry think the world ii going
la bj dritioted. 'I hey likiwifc know little of arithme-
tic, and llieir onlv method of c.ikiiUling is by parallel
line* and n.ove.ible but ona on a boitd.

Among the|c piople arc loiiie of the Chinere, who
■re the only periuiii that keep open Olopt. The eimi-
modilici thry fell lunlill "f ihnts, calhcui, tea, drugs,
thina war*, and other ailulit.

Thei- turient money i< dollars, h.ilf and quarter
dollari i and for fmall change they have a foit of moiicv
nwdr of lead in the form of rin^i, which are llruiig un
• kind tU dry Itaf,

'I'h* (WW III aiiti faAeiiei to which the Euroi>eajii

trade, are built on floats of timber on the rixri;
each town coiifi.'s of one long ftreerj and, to Icciuc
them from being carried away by the itream, ports arc
driven into the ground near the fliore, to which they are
fallened with cables made of rattans. E ich houli: con-
lifts only of one floor ilivided into dift'crcnf apartments
according to the number in family : the fides of the
building are made with fplit bamboo, and the root i^
covered with leaves of trees j the walls are made high
for the benefit of the air, and from their tops han^ co-
verings that reach within five feet of the logs, and itc
made in, a floping form, to keep oft" the fcorching heat
of the fun. The floats are made of large logs of wood
and the houfe^ are fo light in their conllruition, that a
<neat part of the float is feen alove the furfacc of .he
water. The houlcs of the poorer fort are built on piis
of bmboos, in the mud on each fide, and are ranged
in an uniform manner behind thofe on the floats. At
high water they get to their houlcs with boats; ,ind
when the water is low, they go from one to the other
on logs of timber. It fometimes happens, at ebb tides,
when the current is txceflivc ilrong, that thefe houlcs
will be removed a confidcrable didance, and with great
difficulty brought back to their original ftations. In.
Ilanccs have been known if their being driven to lea,
and totally loff.

The principal parts for trade on this ifland arc four,
vi?. the city of Borneo cm the north, FafTeer on the
eaff, .Succadanca on the wetV, and Banjar MalTcen on
llie I'outli. The lalt of thefe is the moll confidcrable
on account of the river Banjar, which is lb commodims
as to admit (hips ol the greateft builheii. This river
runs from north to linuh above half through the ifland,
and towards its mouth h near two miles broad. Iti
banks are planted with thick groves of evergreens ; and
one branch of it is called the China river, from tht
Chir.efe junks conftantly pilling it.

About 12 miles up the Banjar river from the fra, for.
merly Hood a confidciable town, which was principally
fcijuented for the clove trade. It was near l!. :> town
that the Kiiglifli cllablifhed n fjdtorv about the year
1700, when the natives, who had their floating houKi
on the river, retiicd to Tiitcs, bavin/ behind them leve-
ral families of the ChinrlV and .MacjU'.irs ; and loon
after the prcfidcnt of the Lnglifli factory was deputed
governor of the town. This fa''.lory, however, conn-
nucd but a (hort timet for the Banjareens havini> rc-
ccive<l a confidcrahle luin of money fiom the company
for pepper contracted for, tcfulcd to deliver the gools)
and the Lnglilh, not being able to obtain redrefs, .ihaii-
doned the place. About four years after, the Kail-
India company attempted a fccond leitlemeni, and tiie
Banjarrrnj (eemc-d delirous of renewing the tritde, efpe.
cilly as the Engliftj gave them tilvcr for their goo.lj,
and made no demand of the money of which they had
before b^en cheated.

The Englifh, in ouler to fecure themrelvcs from fu-
ture depredations, and to protcc'l the Chinele and otiur
nations that caine to trade with them, detcrmineJ to
ercdt a ftronp; fort ■ in confcquonee of which a jtreat
number of pil.s were driven to raile the foundation, and
fecuie it fiom being dami:',rd by the water. (he
biicki for tli.s building were inaJc by the Chinele at a
pl.iec c illrd ToinlKrnco, about Ho miles lo the eaft cl
Banjar tmr, whcr.' the Kni;lilh had a hoiife j and the
limber was fupplie.l by a Uutchnian from the coail ul
Java. A fad dilaller, huwc\er, loon betel the proleeu-
lioii of this woik : one of the vcdcli laden with tinibcr
lieing diove on the coalt of .Mandava, and the governor
undeitlandiiig for what piiipiilc it was defigncd, he dc
tained the rtiip, and i aulcd all the rrew, except one nun
who el'capcd to Banjar, to be murdered in hii picfcncr.
When ihe Banjareiiis weir inf. rincj of thii circum-
liance, they immtdiatcly diltroycd the foundation of the
intcndid (oit, attacked the lictorr, which they buiiit
entirely to the ground, and obliged th« tnglirti finally
to abandon the country.

Thcic are not any remains of Banjar town now to be
fern 1 lor the nativr«, as bct.ire oblrrved, leaving it
when 'he Kn, lifli tirlt lettled here, it fell to decay 1 and
the lalt evc.tliiuvv wf the LngliOt pioJu(;Ml in total de.

Aiu^liuat

f t--'

'HY.

ber on the rlieti;
reer; and, to lecuic
he ilream, polls arc
e, to which they nrt
. E ich houle con-
different apartments,
the fides of the
DO, and the rooi u
walls are made high

their tops haiij; ca-
o( the logs, and ^rc
Y the fcorching heat

large logs of wood,
conltruition, tliat a
e the furfacc ot ,he
brt arc built on p jos
fide, and are ranged

un the floats. At
lis with boats ; and
)ni one to the other
appens, at ebb tides,
■f, that thcfe houles
nee, and with great
iginal nations. In.
jfing driven to ia,

this ifl.ind arc four,
nrlh, PalFccr on the

Uanjar Maflccn un
ic molt coiifidcrablc
ith is lb comntiod iL us
iiuiihin. This river
f through the illand,
■o miles broad, hi
s of evergreens ; and
hit. a river, from Hit

^er from the fra, for.

hich was principally

was near t!i i town
tory about the ycir

their floating houloi
inj; behind iheni Icve.
Macaflars ; and foon

factory was dcpulod
ory, however, conn-
lanjarccns havin|r re-
y from the company
o deliver the goolsi
obtain redrefi, .ihaiN
ars after, the Kail.

leitlement, ami liie
wing the trade, rfpc.
Ivcr for their gooJ-,
y of which they had

ihemfclvci from fn-
^e Chinele and oihir
them, deturmiiicJ (.<
e of which a glut
• the foundation, and
y the water. The
liy the Cbincfc at a

miic^ to the rail cl
ad a hoiile ) and the
an from the coafi ol
in bclcl the prolciu-
Is laden with timber
J, and the governor
vas defigned, he dc-
evv, except one nun
rrrd in hii ptcfciicc.
luJ of thit circum-
hc foundation of the
r, which they burnt

the knglifh hiully

njar town now to l-e
ohlerved, leaving; it
It fell to decay i jnd
luJuCi:«i ill total de»
tiiUCtiull,

ASIA.l

BORNEO.

113

ftruflion. Its original inhabitant', hnvc ever fince rc-
fidcd at Tatas, about fix miles higher, to which the

t'hinel- riv'i;r is navi^M

and beyond it the water is

iJccp enough for (liii's uf the t;reati.il burden. The fhips
that now go from Kiiropc ulualU lie oppofiiL- the place
where the tnalilb l.-ibirv Hood, which w,is at the moiiih
ot a finaller tbannel, called Little Tatas River. The
Enclilh had likewilc a failory at Succadaiica, one of
the mod wholefome parts of the country, anJ the )Koplc
iiu i;.oft civilized : this they alio quitted, but for what
icj' .n is not known.

1 he inland pait of this country is divided into fevcral
nit:v kingdoms, each of which is govtrned by a rajah,
ui ivin!r. Formerly all the rajahs were fuhjidl to the
i.;..h of noiiieo, who was cflecmcd the fupiemc king
o.er the whole idand ; but his authority has b.en of
l.itc years grently diiniiiiflicd ; and there arc other kings
iqual, if not more powerful than liimfelf, partieularly
the king of Cayionyc. The town where this prince re-
lijcs is lltuated about 80 miles up the Uanjar river. His
palace is a very elegant building ereciid on pillar, .ind
is open on ;ill fides. Bclore the palace is a larrc build-
)!i^, eoiitilting only of one room, which is let apart
lor holding councils, an.l entertaining foreigners. In
ihc ci litre of the room is the throne, covered with a
rich canopy of gold and filvcr brocmle. About the pa-
lace are planted fcveral cannon, which ate fo old, and
mounted on fuch wretched catri.igcs, that they aic iiei-
llicr ornament.il or ul'clul.

This prince is cftccmed the grcatcll,on account of the
fulloms he receives at the port of Uanjar Mall'cen,
which aic eflimatcd at 8coo pieces of ci^ht per aii-
nu"'.

The mod confijorable prince next to the abov:*, is
the king or fultan of Ne^aiee, whole p.ihiee is lituatcd
at a place called .Metapoora, about 10 miles fioni C.iy-
ton'j,e. Before the gates of his palace is an haiidf in c
ainioury, which contains a g e.it number of fire-arms,
and feseral cannon. He is .dvvavs on good tirms with
hii neighbour the prince of Caytonge, and to thcfc two
piinccb the rell arc lubordinale.

Great homage is paid to tbef; princes by the natives,
»nJ it is diflicult for a flrangcr to get actefs to thim :
the only means to effec'^t this is by coniplimeiitiiig them
With fiHne valuable prefeiit, for avarice is their d.iilinir
pallioii ; and the Uranger will be treated with rclpciSl in
proportion to the piclent he makes.

" .See what money can do ; that can ch.inge
•' Mens manners; alter their condiiioiis !
•' C) thou powerful metal ! wh.il aiiihoiily
" Is in thee ! thuu art the key of all mens
" Mouths."

The inhabitants of the mountains live independent of
iny of thrfe kings ; tluy are divided into ditlrreiit clans
under their refpedivc chiefs, and aie fubjec't to a ijo-
vernment peculiar to ih.n.lelves. They aie (eldom lixn,
as they live in the woods and foreds, where ihei are fo
fecure, that it would be a dilficiilt niaitir to attack
them i and they arc fo lavage, that ;iii attempt wuuU'
in all probability be attended with the moft fatal eoiifc-
«]ucnces. Their arms aie a dagger, and a trunk about
ievcn feet long, through which they flioot poifir ed
dans nude of bi afs, and bailed on each fiile. Their
diels confills only of a piece of cloth wiap|ied round the
waill, and a rag about Ihnr heads. They often come
down ig Tatai to get tomniudiii** from the IJanjaiccns,

in exchange for which they give gr.lJ, bczoar, rice,
wax, lie.

ThL- Dutch poll'efs the principal parts on the coaft of
this Illand, and aie mailers of the le!! ports, and moll
valuable articles in traffic ; but there arc many creeks
about the illarul, where others have free commerce with-
out moleftation. And as this country produces a great
variety of articles, whofe value are moic illimable to
other nations than to the Dutch, fo numbers of foreigners
relort here for thole cc nimodities that are bed adapted to
the trade of their own nation. 1 lie Cbincfc and Ja-
paiiefe come here for Ipices ; the Malayans for gold ;
and thole (rom the Mogul countiy, in I'carch of dia-
monds. As the Dutch icckon the pepper, cloves, and
cinnamon inferior to thole of othirfpice ifiands, fo they
lurter them to be fold without inteiruption. The natives
are fupplicd liy the Dutch with the maniifaclures of
India ; in exchange for which they receive gold, dia-
monds, and other valuable commodities.

The principal articles piirchafcd here by the EngliHl
nierchants are, pepper, gold, precious Hones, and a gum
called dragon's blood, which is laid t" be finer here than
in uiiy other part of the world. They buy it in drops
about an inch long, and the price is ab.iut 40 dollars for
a p'.cul, which in weight is 1321b, They likewile buy
Janibee canes for about lour dollars per hundred ; ami
the fine monkey bczuar lor about live times its weight
in filvcr.

The goods the Europeans carry there confift of guns,
pidols, gunpowder, flu ,1 lead,' iron, and itetl bars,
nails of dillerciit fizes, hangers, knives, and other cut-
lery wares, boots made of red bather, fpctacles, lo<ik-
ing-glalles, clock-work, callimancos, and various forts
uf lii'.eiis.

Hctiico, the capital city. Is fituated at the iiorth-weft
corner of the ifland j and lies in 112 deg. two min. caft
lonnitudr, and in 4 deg. 55 ir.in. north latitude. On
the cad fide of it is an excellent harbour, adjoining to
which is a large river, capable of accommodating lliips
of the greafed buithm. The town is very large, the
driets fpaeious, and the houles well built; thev are in
;.viieral three dories hgh, covered with flat roofs, and
the fultan's palace is a very elegant and e.xtenfive
building.

This city is the chief fat of cominer'-c in the illand,
and the port belonging to it is continii.illy croiijed \\ iih
(hips from various nations, paitieulailv from China,
Cambodia, biani, an I Mil.a\a; and there are prodi-
gious numbers rf boats that come fioni tli- I'hilip|iine
and other idands. The Duidi impo; t lure gl.ifs, cin-
nabar, cloths, woolens, and iion ; in exchange for
which they take eauphiie, j^old, and precious doncs.
The Poituguefe and Englidi have fijine tiade here,
though no lettled fai5lory j but there are merchants of
both nations who correfpond with the company's la;tori
on the coad of Coiomandel.

Heforc we i|uit this chapter, it may not be improper
to oblerve, that thole who baiter with the nat.ves of
Borneo, mud carefully examine the goods thev pur-
chafe, and lie that the weight or me.ifure is jud ; for
they arc errant cheats ; and furh drangcis are they
to any reniorfe of conference, that he thinks hun-
felt the mod ingenious, who commits the mod dilliii-
guidied Iraud. They make compofitions to imitate Ibme
of the mod valuable article), piiiicularlv bizoar and
bars of jjold, the latter of which is fo anfrlly executed,
lh.it unlel'. a penetration is made rniiiely thioinh them,
llie dtcepiiun caiir.ut bcdifcuvtrtd.

^Ih

"is,

:il

'■4

111

IBM

» t

< I- i

■ ilH; .1' 1 ■ |!

.it' . \}

I • 'i

CHAP.

rfi

( 2'4 )

CHAP. XXV.

7. The SPICE ISLANDS, or MOLUCCAS.

TH E Moluccas lie between five dc-. north, anJ
fcvon licg. foutli latitude i aiiJ fiom 121 to 130
dojj, eaft long. The pimcipal of them arc.

h 1

The Bjnd.i idnnds

Tcrnate

Tiilorc, or TiJor

Moiir

Al.ichian

H.ichian

Amboyiia

lioiiro

Ccr.itn

Cilolo

Boutoit

Randa

I'ullort'ay

l''j|(itiii

Neia

(iiiin in:ipi

Guiliaicn

Alllhcfcpo-
duce 11 lit -
II1C;!S, &c.

Mod of
thcic pro-
duce cloves,
&c.

The fpicc. of thcfc ifl.inds were kinwn (o the F.u-
rojifans li>iii biloie ill- p.iiri;;e to tl:c t.ill Indies l>y t ic
WAV of tlic Cape cf (Jool Mopr- '.. i been found out,
I'Oui.' brought to the Miditirr.ine.in by the w.y of ih.
ReJ Sea, or fume imcs thr lu-h Pcifii and TuiftCy.
Ijut the I'litUjjuefc difti.wrin^ the bclu:eincntioi ed
p.H'agc, and |-.cn<tr..tin;; to ihtll; iflamis in 1 511, tie
emperor Charle, V. tl.utiici thiiii a> his own 1 bat t c
''oriu.;uiil' woald not ^ivc t cut up : tluy weie, ho.v-
ever, diivcn out by t'le Uiitcli, who ; re it pruint iii
lioliillii'ii of tliiin. C ovrs and i.ut iic^< arc nut pro-
t'.ucid in any otiirr part id the 1111 v.ife, and the pdclie
Dutch delliny great ipiantities aiiuua'iy, in older to
ketp i!p the priio, and not glut the ni;;r<ets.

I he nutmCj; rikiiiMes a pra h, an I the clove a lau
rd trci.only tlie leases arc f.nalUr thin cither : the fruit
cf the foimct is b.th nutnir^aiul n.ucr, the nutmeg be-
i.'g the kcn.i!, and ih ■ niaee a kind ol leaf that in. lofes
the luitn.c '-llirl , ail the whi.Ie is roniained in a
l.rjp coat like that of a walnut : but the tlivi> appcii
in elullets ; ih- b!<'fl.)in changes gia<l lally fn.in while
to ^ricn, re ( and brown, which latter a ihe eharac-
t nilic of i s ripciuf" ; but »hi n it i:> dried in the fii.),
It levcivcs a blatkifli hue. The ilovc is patluied (0111
S ptcinbi r to Keliuaiv, an 1 the nulme;; in Ap.d, Au-
gi:lt, aiid Dccmibcr. The Apiil cioji ij, Inwoer,
diiiH'd the bill i a d the niitmcjs, when galherfd, aie
boiled ill li ne to pnvent their hiing woim-caien.

I. 'I"he Banda nlaiiJs, or ihofe wliuli proilucf the
nutmegs, 1il- in ar each other. 1! inda, the principal ol
I'l.m, IS ..bout 20 nil! -5 long, and i,- bioad. lUlidrs
the larj;e loiefts of iiulnic^ ..nd ilovi ir^fs wh.th grow
Ijiont.'hcu.itly, and reipiire not the ball iroiihle, the foil
is ferule in a vaiiety of d lie oils liuits. 'l'\u iflaiul is
in the iha/ie 'I a ctefcent,a id ih.* cmicavity ol ii loims
an exdil. lit by, iie.ir wliuli the piincip.il town HalrU.
tsriital biook? Ih.w from a lin.ll mo intaiii, water tlu
whole luu.'ili), and tender it ixceedingl) pUalant.

" In wanton tido the wreathing vidumci fluM^,
*' Still foinrn^ reedy illaiiils tt ihcy go (
" in fniooth nitaiidtrs to the nei^hbi'urinf; main,
" Each liquid Ivipent >liaws tU lilver liain."

The nntivcs arc ftroii;; in thrir perlims, difagrerable
in their lialiire^, nia>icious in thir tempi 1-, and me-
lanchtdy III their difpufiliuiu : the Dalih t\t\,

They arc iii^ly and ftrong,
And bear malice long.

The illand is divided into tl'.rccdi(lrii.1s ; the rclifionsare
M..liometanilni and Puganilin. The natives hcc fliipsof
I'.mie foice, containing a lew eannon in tach, and ufe
biKklci,, b ik and brealt pl.ites a> di.fei;fi.c, aiid car-
bines, dart^, l.iiiees, fcyinetaif, 5cc. as oiKiifivc uva-
poiis. The men ae \^'.y iillf, and oblige tiie women
not 1 Illy til do all the donititic drudg. ry, but to culii-
vate tic land. 'I'hey have tlirec h.r.tlls in the )cjr,
but make fiuit a piiiKi;:aI p,irt of iluir ilict.

At the wilteiii pait of tb.e ifl.md tlie Dutch have a
fort, wh'ch IS erected upon the top ol a n.o:intaii
and aUei.ded to by 324 i\onc flcps. At tl e foot d ib.c
mount iin llanda a neg:oe ij\,n, the principl faifioiyof
the Dutch b.in;; at Kcta, which is will furtificd, as
are a!l the landing places in the iflaiid ; and the whule
under il;e diiiclion and fiipciintcnJancc of a govcrncr
and council.

The rollovving nr'.icles arc iinpor:cd into thif and tlij
o'.h.i li.iiiJa ifl.iuN i i_(t\\ ihaiiis, poM cii;is, cii.inKilcJ
and daiiialked l\vi rd blades, lilvet cups jji t, i^ur.s, china
ware J bioa I cloth, \ehcts, danjlk , ilaniieh, : cc,
&c. I'he exports are ip ces and fiuit.

Nothing e.M> be laid ol the other l.itt'e li.nda idand ,
but uhat IS li'.cludid in the aboie geiieial dd'ciipti&n cf
Ualida.

2, Tcrnate is not abrvc 24 niilci i;l circiimrcrcnrc j
but th iiigh inferior in fi/,e to lone of the other Mo.
laccas. It Is d-'iiicd the print.; il botli by tlie D.iiih
and native--, as the Dut.h make it th.' head fc.t of tluir
govcriimi lit, and the ih.cf piiiiec of th.fc ifljiiJs tl:e
place (if his lefidei.rc.

This ifla d ptodnec'; closes in great .'bwndancc, aJ.
mirable ubi oiidi, debcious Iruits, a IVa' g'lJts, and foiiic
pouitiy, but not rice or any other giaiii j for the c\.
eeir.veliiat wliii h is riijuilitc to ripen Ipitc--, and me.
li liate liui;, parches th- earth fo as to lendir it inca-
pable of bvaiiaij; wheat, barley, or rivC ; for here the
fun is fc' n in all his Iplendor ai. I power, and his lu-
ll Riice is fo iircall/ filt, t!,at his rays pciutrate thiou;h
t le ports of the caith, and waim the foil to a cunu-
tlciaLile depth iicncath the fuiLicc :

" For like a ciant ftronu, or bri.'rgrf om gay,

" The full fpMiu< dancing through the gates of day;

" Me (flakes his dewy lucks, and hurls his beams

" ( ' c 1 the pioinl liiih, nn.l WMriiis ih' rallein llrea,iis;

" II > fury cnurleis bound above liic main,

" And whirl the ear ab n ; th" cthci al plain }

" The (iviy ci. Hilars, and th? c.ii difplay

" A Hream of glory, and a flood of day."

The want of the various kinds of p,rain commonly
ufed ill bread, is not, howcvir, felt by the natiu» ;
lor ilii V have a fubllitntc, whiJi makis the mod whnlc-
f.imr and exi]ui'iie cakes in the univ.'rfc, that i', th.'
pith nt a tier eallel S igo, whofc (..lubrious ijualit.es
are well-known in Kur"p •. This exi'llent tree is not
only I f uiilitv with rel|icil to its niedmnal viitues, ami
for jiilding them bie.i.l , but it afloids them Iikewile
drink, cloaihiiig, and (li If r ; (or by iiKifmn a lupinr
' IS drawn from it th it i xiecdi! moll wines ; the leavs be-
ing a kind ot roll' n, the fmailtr are converted into
i' ini.ent-, and the l.uper iileJ to thaich their houlci.
rh:» I ii-ad coiitnt-nn . to the lonprvity of the natives,
moft ot whom live loan iro yean of ai;c.

The king IS iheiliufdt all tie Moluccas receiving
tribute liuiu every one of the ilUndi. I'he naioii

ftiugghd

CCAS.

fljjtlK religions are
lativcs h 1'. e fliipsof

I ill (.;ii;li, ajij me
dit'cifi. c, ;i:id c.;r-

as oll'ciifivr. vvLa-
obligc liio wointii
g, ly, but to culii-
r.ilts in the )i..ir,

II ir iliit.

ilic Dutch liavc a

0|1 Ot' 4 IliOUIUJ 11,

At il c luot Ol ll'.C

princip 1 fafli.iy of

is Wi.ll Inriificd, as

jiul ; aiij tlic \vlu,le

l.uicc i/f a govciiicr

:cil iiuo tliif and t!i:

(>!.I Li'i;is, iii.uiullcj

jjis ^i t, (;iir.s, china

alk-, llaiiiii'l:, r cc,

nit.

I.ittli' H^nda ifl.inj',

ciKial dtkiiption ol'

s in circiimrcrenrc i

lie of the other Mn-

h(it!i by tlic D.itih

;h.- hcid let of t!uir

of th^fc ifljiids tl'.i;

■ r*:»t .'liiindancc, aJ-
I'cA' ^"-ts, iiiJ (omc

r i>i;iiii J for the c\.
pen (pice--, anil nic-
js lo icndir it inca-

■ ri>c ; for here the
power, and his iii-

cimratc thron-h
the loil to a cciiu-

r!>,rf Pin gay,
h ihc gates of Jay ;
luirls his beams
ih' railein Ihcaiiis:

:u' main,

1 al plain }

.liiphiy
J . I day."

of ('.raiit comtrnnljr
It by the nalm-^i
< s the moft whclc-

niv.'rfc, lh:it i', ihc
f.li.brioua qualit.c
xi'llent tree is not
iluiiial viiturs, and

ftoids them likcwilc
y iiicifmn a lupinr
ncs i the Icav's he-
nre converted iiU'i
ha'ch their hoiilc*-

rvity of the iialivts,
if .i<;e.

Mdliitca^ rcceivinj

and>. 'I'hc iianvii
ftiuuth.l

MOLUCCAS.

ASIA.] iM u 1^ u L, *.: A ^. 215

n „|(^(l auainft the encreachnients of foreij'ners many l| recover their loH. The king has made a report, that a
but were totally fubJiad by the Dutch in lOSo; l| l,.ri;e track of land on the north (iJc of il>c illand, ill

' ' ' j llio didrii*^ t.f Xiilla T;iCory, has liein i'w.-.llowei up,
by wl'.ich l6 plantations h.ivc been totally dclhi'Vcd,

vcarSi

'nd the laltcr have at prefcnt fo irany foris, and Inch

rtroii" ■'■nrilons, that the lornier do not entertain the

leaft Wf-' °'' Jfi^'ng 'l^^'"' ''■°'" ^^^"^ country.

The ccncrality of the natives houfcs are built of cane ; i
fonie lew of the better fort, indeed, have wooden houf s.
With refpci'l to their furniture, a mat fcrves them in-
ttead of bed, chair, and table; lor tfcy lie on it, eat
and drink on it, and fit on it. Thi., and a pot to!
jf-lj their victuals, a hatchet to cut tlvjir wuod, and a j
calibalh to hole! their w.iter, make the whole cat iloguc |
of thtir houfholJ utenlils : th ir windows are n-'t
fflazcd, nor are their doors Iccurcd b;. b cks. They
wear lilk or callico, and all pcrfoii.s make ihcir own i;ar-
niciiis, the king and giandcts excepted. Their fuel is
cdorilciou. woods, and ccn their liiiiths ufe notliin;; :n
their forpes but almond fhills. The king relLles ai
Malava, a little town fortihcd with a n.ul w.ill i but
thcfiibuibs, in which the Dutch facloiy have a tine
„j,dcii, is pretty large, and well iiihal iied by blacks.
The p.ilate is but a trivial building, but the i;arilciis be-
loniling t'' '' 3"^ ^'^y p'eai'ant, and cuiitiin an .iviary
filled with a ;;ic.it variety id be ulilul bird-, wliol'c hii-
nipnious miles are dcbgliilul t.i the c.u.

This prince has a cabinet uf liuli.m r.irities, and F-u-
ropc.in cuiiofities i he is attended by i loiili lir.ible rui-
iiui' and wears a fumptuoui j^aimeiit of Dutch iiianu-

i he waters in this ifl.ind ate remarkably clear, ■
the hfli extiemely delicious ;

" No fivelling inundations hi 'c the grounds,

" 1! ,t cliryll.il current- glide within tlv.ir boun Is :

" 'I'lieliiiny brood their wonted haunts f.ilake,

" ri lal in tlie fun, and fcnn jb'i'.g th like;

•1 Will Ireiiiient Ieap< tlicy ran;;e the (li i!!ow ((reams,

•' Th.ir hher ce-ats iifl.ct the dazilin:', b.-a'iis ;

«' Till- plenteous lire mis a v.rious r.c fipply,

•< '\'n<: iu ;l,t.iy\l prrrh with tins of rytun dye j

" 'I'lie lili'tr eil m Ihniing volumes roll'd,

•' The yellow c.irp w th fe.iKs bedoppM with golJ i

" t'.vift trouts diveifilv'il " ith ciiml'on ll.iins,

" And pikes, tiic tyi.riits of the wat'iy 1 1..11..-."

Tcrnatc produces parion, which ate biiiulfonier and
(p(a!i iiu'it diitmclly tiian thole of tlie Wilt- Indis ;
but (!■.'■ moft remaikib'.e i.t the fe.itherej r..<c in tlii-
ifl.ii.J 1- the bud of pa'ad.le, which is judlv deemed
t^c moll be.iut :ul l-nd in the univeiie. The he.id is
1 kc lli.ii ol a iw liow, b.it the bill conli.l.taSlv loni.'er -,
the l-ody IS final,, but .he plum.ge d Ipiay- fu(.h a I-
n:iuble colours, as aie iiieoiiceiv.dily plealmg to beh. Id.

Til ic is a vohano in ihi:. illand, wliun calls out a
fulphiueous file three ir.omhs in the year, and Inimtiiie- '
d^es j.'riat milchlil, wlmh was the i.iie iiitlie \r.ir lO^S, 1
w!an It delliiiyid many houles, and did other c n- !
fil.i b!e d.imajje 1 and we have 'bi- lecmt account ol
its,: eadtul divallaiioiis in a leticr liuni a meicb.iit at
L.a.ivi.i, dated C)ct. iS, 1776.

" We have tin- lullowiug account of the deploiable
fit'i.111011 of the idard ^if leiniti."

" On the 4th of July l','7S> ihucwire nmre than
100 (hi'Cks of raitlujuakis Mt heie, lonu of "Inch
vnrcfi viident ih.it they ftemed 10 ihreaieii (lie dellruc-
tioiiol thrwhub ilLind ; about the 2 th o| A igull tlu\
»ue ti It .inain, and the buinin;; mouii'aiii aliei a dread,
fill rx|.iolinii, tliiew out hot Itoms, iindcrs, and lava
in abundanie i and on the 5ih uf November the earth
was never llill for time houi-, the mountain leeiiud all 1
on file, ami the molt drcjdtui Itor.ii of Ihuiider and
li.'litiiiim fell in cvciv pail 1 I the ifland, which threw
Ihc iiib.ihitantt into lueh a i onlleination, that they iiin
fioni one part to another for Ihclirr ; but none was to
be found, the fiaw.n lo extremely boilleimi- that the
d.fliuelion was iiuvilablc there, and on tkie land the
utth opeiiid and tren.biid under them, as il tl.c wiiole
illand was (!oiiig to be annihililed ; but ly lb- pr.i-
vidrnce of the Aliiii(;htv, .1 calm was lelloreil, and the
iiih.ibitanH had lime lo be what daiiMj;!- h.ul been done,
whin it apptaritl ili.it llie Dutch fcltlnient had liiliend
bat little i built Mill be loilie •ear-, bclulc th'. lll.indiis

d i.'fi pel Ions have been cither burnt, or drowned in
the lea, where many of them took reluj;e in their
boats. Thi. report has been confiiii,ed by about ;jo of
the unfortunate inh.ibitants, who are rciidervd diead-
ful objeilts by wounds and burns in this ftiocking event.
On the 5'.h .iiid 6'h of November, the eanhiiu .kes, and
efiufions of fire, llone, and fulphureous fmoke from the
mountains he:;.in as bad a^ ever, but no lives were lolt.
The horro:s of this night aien.it to bcdeinibcd, lot the
thunder, lightning, and moll (hicking carttuiuakes con-
iimcl witho.,t ir.ierrup'.ion for 12 hours, with llic moll
teri.ble violence i fioni this ever dtcadluUy to be le-
niembeied night, there w.rc no more enrthiiuake: till
July 1, i;-', when they weie agun felt for two
hours, bu; I o' v ioleiii."

3. Tidor li s to tlie fouth-cif! i thecaplial, which i?
of the fame name, has be.n llrongly foitilied by the
Dutch ; lo that on account of its iiituial (Irength, and
the impoitiiit works they hive added to it, the place is
deenid iinpregi able J the haibour is however, but in-
different, being dry at low wale , which foinctiincs
proves very inconvenient to ihe n cr« h.ints.

4. Motir, a very fin.ill illan I, ab.iut pontile! north
of the lin , is fecuied by a ihon.g Dutch I'orliel;..

5. Machian iKinds to the fnith of MoHr, and ii
ne.irly und r the line; it riles in a conical toim 10 a
onlidirable beigh.t, and feeii.s at a dillaiice l.ke a finglc
mountain. I'he cloves of this idand and lidor aio
lupeiior 10 thole of any other of the .Molucca-. In
tiisilland, which i only 20 miles in ciicuit, the Duleli
have levcial fiits.

6. Bic'iian, (ireat and F^iltle, are to the fuuthw.ird of
the IJne, the (iilt is fertile in fiut, lago, filh, iN:c.
It lormeiiy prediiced cloves, but the Dutch onlered
them to lie grubbed up to prevent their becuiniiig too
plentiful. It has a good harbour, dilcnclevl by .\ llronij
loitj but tlurc is nothing telpeeting Little liaeluan
which is woithy of mention.

'I'he above .ire the Molucca iflamls, propeily fo cal-
led ( but a- thoe which follo.v pro.'ue ihe fame kin 1
of Ipices they aie included under the Lni- genc;..l ajj-
pell nil n.

7. Ainboynn, which is 1 ctter than 70 mil: •- to th.:
iloilliw.ird ol lljiid.i, IS about 72 miki ill ciiciim'eience,
and bis in 3 d.g. 8 min. louth lat. and i.'7 de ;. 10
aiin, calt long. It coniairis at | r.l'-nt above 5c pro-
leilant ihureli 5, and n any of the ii.it vev, who have,
neenlent oier to I ioiland tot cducation,olficialc as cUipv-
inen and miirionar.is, by which means pud'elytes are
CAcecdirg iiunieroi". The toil is ver) feiiib , produi ing

potatois, millet, tobacco, fugar, bamboos, J'.t, but
the air is iinwholefome ; there is a good bay, which
penetrates very far into the l.ind, and by that ineai>9
forms a co.nnuidioiis harbour, The people extract a
fpirituoui lii|uo', and a kind of oil from cteiii cloves,
vshuh are loth good in paralytic cafes. Tin; mui vvear
oiilv a piece of cloth about tin ir waills, and ate mighty
proud of h.iving laige whill.eiSi they puri. hale the. r
wives, but III c.ife ol baiiennefs divoice thcin. The
vvoitien are both of a loofe, and of a malicious dilpo-
lition i on account of the earthiiuakcs the houfcs arc
.ill huill very low, 'The lining ani impotant fortiels
railed Tort Vii'lory, is the ll.iple of the Di tcli Kall-
liidia Company in tlufe part-. It is ddfendc.l by lour
bulwaik-, .1 broad ditch, and a gaiiifon of 800 men.
I'he T.nglilh h.ul foiniulv f. Clones here as well as the
Dutch i but in H>1\ the latter mill'acnd the foimer,
and nil rp d ihe dominion of the Spice llliiids, which
had been eede-l to the Englilh by the n.itives themfclvcs,
111 putt. op the Kiiglilh and lomc Japir.ele to dcitli they
ulfd Ihe inoll boirid cruellies, 111 older to e\t irl con-
lelTions concerning a picteiided plot, which they ac-
cii cd ihein of h iviiijj formed i nod 10 the (haine of
king Jani' s I, and king Chailcs I. mi fiti-fulion w.'.t
obtain d lor the villainous barb ri y ; Oliver C'lOmwell,
wai iioi, however, lo eafy abcul ihe niaticr, for b?

fiijhteihil

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III'

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H|r.|.

1 ^1

A NEW COiMI'LETE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAPIIV

2i6

frightcncJ the Dutch into the payment of 300,000 1. as
fomc kind of rctrihution. There arc fi;veriil populous
villages in the ilhml, in the churches and chajH-ls of
which religious fcrvice is peiforaicJ both in the Dutch I
and Malayan tongues; it contains likeivifc many
mountains with fprings of water on their lumniits.

8. Jiouto, in 2 deg, 30 niin. (uuth lat. and i25d.'g.
30 min. call long, is aho,.t 75 miles in length, and 30 ■
in breadth. The Dutch have here ailrong f'rt, though j
the ifland is pcrfetlly fceure fmin the fingul.irlty of its ;
coaft, which rifes in a hi^h ridge, and er.cunipallei the .
whole as with a wall. It c. ntaiiu I'uine picd.gious ;
high mountains, hut is iieveithclefs very feriile, pro- ,
tlucing cloves, nulmegs, cocoa-trees, b.nanas, piany, ■
green-ebony, beans, puis, potatoes, tobacco, Indian
wheat, lime-trees, he bs, (lowers, »Vc. Among the ;
beads arc the civet-cat and a fiiigular kind uf loe-buek, I
whole flcfll is veiy delicate. 1 lie natives are black, and :
go entirely naked till they arc 12 years of age ; at which
period they tie a piece of ch ih round their wailh, and i
never wear any other ga-mcnt. 'I'hcy are Mahome- ]
tans and Pagans, but upon lie whole have very littl,' 1
fenl'e of religion. When a illation die.;, they ..ppeLr
very fad till the coipfe is in t!ie giound, and then they [
fteni merry to an cxcefs j but do not forga to make a
kind if fepulchre of (lone and ilay to cover the grave of ,
the defuiie't. The next day alter tlie wjnien are de- ,
liiered of children in this illaiid, they go ..bout their ;
ordinary work, wlille the ni'.n indulge thenifeUes in i

bed, and pretend to be vartly ill. Indcal of a craJlc
they put their infants in a kind of net-work liamnioik
which they hang upon a peg whenever they are xul
buly to dandle it in their .lrm^.

g. C'eram is in 2 deg. 30 min. fouth lat. and in
127 eaft Ion J. and produces cloves and nutmegs, biiti,
w.oJy and niounlaiii"US. The Dutch faiilory, talliii
Amlay, is ilefeiided by a ftrong fort and good garnrnn ;
ihe inli..bii.ints, wlio are I'agans and Mahometan^, own
the king of J'ernate as their loveicign, though tluy
have a piince ol their own who dwells at C'ambcllu,

ID (.jilolo extends from one deg. fouth to twodcj.
north l.it. and fiom 12510 128 call long, and is Kp
miles I.Mig, and 1 10 bro.id ; the air is nnhealthy, and ih-
foil piodiiees rice and lago, but no fpices. 'I'hc inlia-
')il..nts are dioiig and tall, but barbarous and cruel, ain
have an independent foveieign of their own,

II. Uoiiton lies between 4 and 5 deg. fouth la", an.l
in 121 deg. 30 nun. call long. It is 75 miles in leiij^th,
^o in breadth, has a good harbour, and contains a lar x-
town with tolerable houfes, built in the manner of iliuic
of .Mindanao : this town is inclofed by a (tone «a!l, ;.ii|
firrouiided by groves of cocoa-trees. 'J'lie n.iiue> ,i.'
goveriieil by a prince of their own, (peak the iNLlaiaii
language, and profefs the Mahometan religion.

Main wiiiers have iiuKideil New liuinca amon" ih:
.Moluccas, which is I'o glaring an abfurdity that we ... |ii
.lil fuiuic ^" '..fliers will avoid it.

CHAP. XXVI.

I I. '

8. The ISLAND of JAVA.

Tin.*) irt'.nl Is fituatcd between IC2 and 113 deg.
call KMVMtiule, and between 5 and S deg, of
fouth lat. being about 700 nuKs in length,
200 In breadth, and ujiwaids of 900 in circumference.
It is bounded on the lall by the ilhuid and (heights
c f Hally, on the well by the (lieights of Suiiihi
(from whuiee it is c.dlid one of the .S.nida Illaiuls;)
«in the north bv llie ifland ul lloineo j and on the I'outh,
l-y the Indi.in o.'ean.

The air of this ifland is in general very wholcfoinc,
nn.l the country exceeding feitde, and beautifully divcr-
fified. A chain of mouiitiiiis runs through the center of
It that arc fern at a confiderablc dillanec lioin fea. The
moil dirtinguill'.ed among tliofe is one c.illed the Blue
Mountain, which is coveied with wowls and gr nes of
Ihe cocoa-nut. It is (aid thefe mountains produce great
i|uan;ities of gold, but th.t ihe natives take particular
laie to conceal it from the Kiir.nean..

The iiii.ll diilinguiflied pioductioii for which this
ifland is famou., is the tocua-iuit, which grows
here in great abundance, and is laid to be luperior
to any in the ln.!le^. This truit the natives c. t at
their meals in the fame manner as we do bread j and
they cxtrad a litinor fr in it which they ufe in fauces,
find which I- alio elHcacious 1:1 meiluin.il cafes. Befidcs
lliis the cocoa-nut pioducis another Injuor that is viry
(uol r.iid phalaiit, and m talb is lomewhat like water
Iw^elencd Willi lu • ir. 'J'hc trunk alio produces a third
k:nd ol liipidr, «iiith ti.e natives c.dl y.uv/, and the
tiitopean. pilm wine, from the cocoa being a fpccies of
that plant. I'his liipiur is \ery Oron;;, fo that when
Ihc natives life it liuy mix it with l.ime of th- water
t!ut runs Itom the nut. The tice on which this fruit
t;iows is large and rtrait, thick at the bottom, and
taper at lop. The nuts h uip in clullerson iIk branches,
joined by ateiuliil fomelhing lik': that of thcvinc. The
brandus, uhiih grow mar the top of ihe tree, ftioot
out ai diiikrcnt periods, u that (hi. fiuit is 11. hrcc

(lajes at the Time time, fomc of it being only in blolTiim,
fume green, and otiieis quite lipe. 'I"he nut is cmeicj
Willi two rinds, the oulirmoU of which confirts 01 .\:!j
tough thieads, and is of a reddiflj colour : the iiimr
rind is of a brown colour, and very hard. The in;:
within is about an inch thick, very folid, and in 1..1!:
rcfembks an almond. Travellers fay that the a_e ol
this tree n.ay be always known, fiom a circle that aiiiin.
ally gri w.^ round iis trunk, l.ikewil'e, that wluii .1
child is born the parent . plant a cocoa-tree, and if anv
perion a(ks tlu.r age, the father rch rs tl'.em to Im
cocoa-trees, which on this occafion are numb..'ied ac-
cording to the biith tf the children.

lithdes the ailvantages already mentioned, the coo'.v
tree pioduces good timber for building, and the braiuln
.ire ul'.d tor covering the houfes. The bark is aim 01
great ler' ice, for the natives icducc it into tlumil!,
and m.,ke (:oiid cordage of it lor the ufe of their ,'iiip.
ping. The oih(r fiuits produced on this ifland .i.,
plantains, bananas, anana--, mangos, durians, oraiun
ot leveral forts, limes, lemons, betel and areka iiut'i.

Rice is the only giain that grows here, but they h.ivi!
great plenty of vegetaliles, as cabbages, lettice, pailhv,
teiiml, nlelon^, pompions, potatoes, cucumleis .tihI
radilhis. 'I hey liave likiwifc confidci-bic plantatinn
ot liig.ir, tobacco and cofllc.

'I he animals of this country arc, oxen, horfe«, fliccp,
hogs, and deer. The flefli ol the hops is fwiet, arj
the lenilon excellent ; but the niuiton is liii.dl and very
diy. 'Ihev have likewilc plenty of fowls that are ex-
ceeiling gold, paiticularly peacocks, paitridges, phii-
(ants and woo.l pnlgeoiis ; and the rivers puuhiee
vaiious lulls o( lifli. in the wwids and foreKs are great
niiitibcis of wild be.ift', as huM.loes, tygtiv, rhiiioce-u-
(Ics, mi.nkiei of various kinds, and wild holies: and
there aic alio piodigious' liunibers of ferpent-, (onic of
which .lie of a vety txiiaordiiiary fi7.c. I here a c likf-
w!.- many fl)i;_^ '."■•■«;1'. and a fiin..ik4He aiiiniil

C.Iivl

ASIA.]

called Jacko*; •' ■' almoft like a lizard, is very ma-
licious aiiJ difchargcs its urine at every thing lhutolicndi>
it ■ the urine is of luch a quality, that it will canker
the Mh, and if the part is not immediately cut out, the
oWcrt on which it falls mud infallibly perifli. l'"ew
acciJe"", however, happen from this creature, as it al-
ways gives notice of its fituation from the fingularity ot
its voice, fo that animals as well as the natives have an
opportunity of efcaping it.

The ifland of Java is divided into fevcral kingdoms
and principalities, all of which were formerly under the
government of their refpeiSive princes. At this time,
however, it may be confidcred as coiifilting only of two
parts, viz. The north coaft, which is under the do-
niiiiion of the Dutch ; and the fouth coaft, which is
fiibicft to the Icings of FaUmboan and Mataram. The
Jiiinlifli had formerly poffcffions here, hut they were
oultcd hy the Dutch in the reign of James II. and the
latter may now be faid to be chief maflers of tliis extcntlve
country.

The natives of this iflanil are dcfcendants of the
anticnt Chincfe. They are in general very robuft, of a
browM complexion, have Isrgc eyc-btows, flat faces, broad
checks, and wear their own hair, which is Ihort and
black. The women wear as much hair as can grow
upon the head, and to increafe the ijuantity they ule
oils, and other preparations. It is formed into a kind ol
firciilir wreath upon the top of the head, furroundcd
with another of flowers, and the whole is faftcjied in
very elegant lafte by a bodkin. The men wear a piece
of cloth wound feveral times round the vi^M ; and the
women have a garment much of the fame nature, which
reaches from the (houlders to the knees. Thole on the
cojil arc Mahometans, but the relt are Pagans. The
women arc very conftant, and pay a particular rcfpecfl
to their hufbands; but they arc naturally indolent, proud
and revengeful. Polygamy \i here allowed, but if the
hiilVuui is found guilty of infidelity, the wives c.n
very I .ifily obtain a divorce.

The moft diftl'sguiflKd folcmnity amongft them is a
weililiiig, on which occafioii both the families borrow
as many ornaments of gold and filvcr as they can, to
jjoiii ihc bride and bridegroom, fo that thiir dicH'es
arc vcryfhowy and magnificent. Among the better fort
the fcalls given on thefe occafions ♦.ifl fumeimics a fort-
night, and fomctimes longer, during which time the
ma:i, although married the firll day, is kept by the
wotnen from his wife ; nor will they even fuft'er them
to fpeak to each other till the cctcmoay of fcafting is
over.

They carry on a confiderablc trade from one port to
another, particularly to the ifland of Borneo, where
thev get diamonds, which they difpofc of to iheDutch
in exchange for other commodities.

Thegcneral tr.ide, however, of this ifland ii principally
in the hands of the Dutch, as are alfo the chief pro-
dtiolions of the country ; ai\d the natives cannot be con-
fidcred in any other light than as their fubjeds j for they
not only condefccnd to trade with them, but bring their
comnioditics, efpecially pepper, tu B.itavia, where the
Dutch buy it ready cured, fo that they have not any
trouble in preparing it for fale.

The Dutch have prodigious numbers of fugar canes
in this country, efpecially about Hatavia; fo that they
not only fupply the colony, and the fadlorics in ibc
Spice Iflaiids with this article, but they alfo fend great
quantities of it annually to Holland. They have like-
w;le large plantations of coftec, which, tiioiigh not
equal in quality to that of Mocha, is yet exceeding
good, and they fend conftdarable quantities of it every
year to Europe.

Bantam, which was once the metropolis of a great
kingdom, is the principal place of commeicc at the
wettern part of this ifland. It (lands in a plain at the
fuot of a mountain, from whence ill'ucs a river that
divides itfelf into three (treams, one of which tuns
through the town, and the others fuirouiid it. It is
II miles in circumference, and before it was reduced by
th; treachery of the Dutch, (who firft joined the natives
againll their king, and then (tripped the l.itter of all regal
power) was very populous, well forlitied, nnd iiloiiicti
ao

JAVA. 217

with feveral elegant buildings and palaces. At this
time, however, it is a very ruinous pLce, inhabited
only by the poorcft people. The houfes (land on piles,
and arc built with reeds and canes ; and there are only
three principal (trcets in the city, through which rua
channels of the mod filthy water. It has, however,
a very pleafant bay, and round it arc feveral fmail
iflandt that retain the names given to them by the £ng-
lifli when they traded in this country.

The moli diftinguifhed city now in this ifland, and
indeed the molt important of all the European Ictile-
ments in the Indies, is Batavia, which is built oa
the ruins of the antient capital of Jacatra.

This opulent city is fituated abou{,4,o miles raft of
Bantam, on a fine bay of the fea, in ie6 dcg. eaft long,
.ind 6 deg. of fouth lat. The bay in which it ties extends
eaft as far as the cape of Karovant, and weft as fur ai
Rough Point towards Bantam. It is called by the
Indians Jacatra, and by the natives and Chincfe, Ca>
lacka or Calappa, the name they give to the cocoa, the
principal and elteemcd fruit of the country.

At the time the Dutch firlt came to this place, which
was in the year 1619, it was in a very infignificant
iiatc, being (urrouiided with watery Jjid fenny grounds,
and fubjeil to great inundations liom a river that raa
through it : but the Dutrh thinking this fpot the mod
advantageous for their trade on the ifland, demoli(he«l
the old town, and alter cutting canals and drains to
carry o{F the wa'cr, thcycredtcd the prcfcnt city, wiiicli
tliey called Batavia, and which has ever fince been their
cjjv'il liat of comiT.erce in the Indies.

The port belonging to it is exceeding fafe and com-
modious, there being feveral fmall ifljnds round it,
which fo bre.ikotf the violence of the v\'inds and waves,
that 1000 fail of (hips may ride in it with the grcatclt
fecurity. At the mouth of the river that joins the bay
from the town is a boom that runs acrol's it, which ij
every iiighi guarded by a detachment of foldiers, and at
this place all vcHUs pay toll. A very confidcrable ad-
vantage peculiar to this harbour arifes from the north
and louth winds, the foimerof which blow in the morn-
ing to bring in vefl'els, and the latter in the evening to
carry them out.

The city of Batavia is divided into two parts by a
river : it is of a fi|uare form, and is fuppoled to be larger
than any city in England, London excepted. It is very
uniformly built, and the houfes in general arc of (tone.
I'hc (trcets are Ipacious, and in the m"lt diftinguifhed
of them are canals faced with ftone, and planted on
each fide with evergreens ; there arc upward? of 50 (lone
bridges over thefe canals, befidesdraw-bridgis and others
nude of wood. The ftrcets in general arc about ja
feet broad, and paved on each fide with brick, whicl»ii
raifed above the highway fer the convenience and fafety
of foot paflcngers.

The houtes are plain but very neat, and behind thcin
arc large gardens well ftocked with garden ftufl", ami
moft kinds of fruit. The public edifices in general are very
magnificent, particularly the governor's houfe, which,
though only two ftories high, is yet very lofty, and may
be fccn a great diftancc at fea. Other diflinguilheil
buildings here are, the great church, the ftadt-houfe,
the orphan's hofpital, the houfe of artifans, the fpin-
houfe, or houfe of corredlion, the pcft-houfc, and the
Chincfe hofpital for fick and aged people. Here arc alfo
two churches, one for the ufe of the reformed Portu-
puefc, and the other for the Malayans ( but Papifts and
Lutherans are prohibited from excrcifing their modes of
wotlhip.

In the center of the city is a large fquare, ufcd as a
parade for the garrifon. On the welt fide of this fquaro
(lands the great church, on the fouth fide is the lladt-
houfc, on the north is a range of very elegant buildings,
and on the eaft is a large canal Ihadcd on each fide with
lofty trees.

"This city has four handfomc Mtes, two on each fide
the river; "md it is encompalTed with a ftrong rampart
faced with fto:-c, and fortified with 21 baftiont furiii(he(J
with cannon, fo planted as to be of equal fervice either
againft an inftirtediun or an invafiun. On the weft
fide uf the city is a large calllc made in the form of a
3 1 quiijiuni^le,

■i I

' J

fir ft*

2l8

A iNEW COMPLETE SYSTExM OF GEOGRAPHY,

I ;?

, 1

liiii i j;

quadrniiglc, which cominanils Invh the city and roaJ.
It h.is four haiiJloine b.illloiis (attd witli Ihiiic, and
four gates, one of which i.-, called the l.iml-gate, where
there is a iloiic bridii;e with J4 arches, tlie center one ol
which is of a diii'eicnt form, and much larger than
the others. Within the boundaries of the calllc are
feveral elegant buildings, particularly the houfe of the
governor-guieral ; and here are liliewife apartments for
mod of the principal officers belonging to the company.
In the catlle are likewifc arfeiuls and mag.;iines well
fupplicd with all lcind:< uf ammunition ) and here all tiie
attairs of the company .ire tranfadled.

lielidesthe fortiti^aiions already mentioned, there are
fivLVcryUrong fens fituatedal fone diftance from thecitv,
as a deleiicc ag.iind any attempt that might be made by
the natives, and 10 fcciire tlieir retpcclive maiiufac'lurrs,
particularly their powd-.r-mills, I'ugar-mills, corn-mills,
*%c. In fliort, the Dutch have erciftcd fo many forti-
iications and othtr works for the iife of the faitory, that
they could fubfilt here without having any intercourfc
with Ku'ope; and if occafion fliould require it, would
be able 10 dtfeiid thcmielvcs ai;ainlt a verv power-
ful enemy ; for inthe ifljiids of Ormus and Onioll, two
leagues from the ci;y, tlicy have yards and doclcs for
fliips, with plenty ol tinihir and all other materials; a
large rope-wallc, torges lor anchors, ..\c. and fouiiderits
for iron and br.ifs cannon, mortar , bombs, Ihtlls,
bullets, &c.

The number of regular troops wiili which the city
and forts are ganifoncd amount to between 10 and 1200c,
1000 of which arc conllantly kept on guard.

The fuburbs of the city of Batavia are very cxterfivc,
and their fituition delighttiil, I'hc whole country is
interfperfed with beautiful villas, plantaiiom mat yield
an agiceable lli.ide, and uardcns willl.iid oat :nJ finclv
ornamented. The better lort of people rcfide iiioft part
of the year in the I'uburbs, and thule in office only go
occafionally to JUtavia as bufiiiefs requiro their attend-
aiut.

The inlubitants of the city and fuburbs of Batavia
are formed of virions nations, who all prefei . t- the
drcdes, modes ar.dculloms of tliclr refpectivc countries.
This n.otley group lias a very Urange appearance, the
idea ot which will be belt conveyed to me reader, by
giving fomc particulars 'clative to each.

The Javaneft., or natives ol the country, who rcfide
in a particular quarter «( the fuburbs, are chiellv employ-
ed in bufbandry, building of boats, oi tifliing. 1 he
men are of a tawny complexion, and wear oniy a gar-
ment made of callico, which reaches from the wailt to
the ancles. The women arc much fairer than the men,
and Hare good katures : they cover their bodies with a
piece of fillc or callico, under which is another piete
tied round the waift, and formed like a petticoat. I he
women drcfs their hair, and the men wear a kind of fkull-
cap ; but both fcxes go without Oioes or ilockings.
Their houfes arc built of Iplit bamboo, with a fpreadmg
roof that extends on e.ich fide to keep o5" the violent
heat of the fun \ and are much Uipcrior in neatnefs to
thofe of other Indians. They live very ablleniiouny,
their food cnnfift'iigof rice, truits, and dried fi(h j and
their general diink is cither pure water or very weak
tea.

The Cl'ine/r, who arc very numerous here, are not
only the greaieft retailers of melt conmioilitus, but
many ol them are excellent mechanics. They chiefly
employ their iit;ic in bufbandry and i^ardening, andfaim
the fiflKTV, CM Ik- and cuftoms. They pay a tax to the
IJuteh for pcrmiiroii to wear their hair, which is gene-
rally dune up in a roll, and faflened to the hinder part
of the head with bodkins of gold or filver. The dillil-
lers of arrack are chiefly L'hinele, who pay 50 lealsex-
cife tor ever cauldron they make. However, they re-
ceive foinc privileges from the company ; for they have
not oidy a Chiiicfe governor who manaiics their atFairs,
but ihry are alio allowed a rrpicfentati\c in the council.
They bring tea and porcelain hither from China ; but
thole who are employed for this purpofe mull not con-
tinue on the ifland longer than fix months. The drcfs
and culloms of the Chincfe here are the fame as 111
Ciuna, which have already been defciibcJ in cur aciouni

of that country : but they have fmgular maxims in i|.e
interment of their dead; for they will never open th<
lame j^ravc where »ny one has been buried : timf
burial-grounds, tberclore, in the neighbourhood ut
Ijatavia, cover a prodigious (pace of ground, aiij tl,j
Dutch take the advantage of them by making them pay
large funis for ground for this purpofe. In order tu
prefcrvc the body, they make the coffin of very iW '^
wood, not with pl.inks fadened together, butcutu..[.
of a fulid piece like a canoe ; the coffin being covered
and put into the grave is furrouiided with a kind of nior.
tar about eight inches thick, which in time beeomcs
as haru as Itone. 'I'he relations of the deceafed not only
attend the funeral, but alfo a great number of wccpinir
women, who are hired on thefe occafions. In llatavu
the law requires that every man fhould be buried accoie'-
ing to his rank ; fo mat if the deceafed has not kit
money I'ufficient fo pay his funeral expences, an oiEccr
takes an inventory of his goods, which are fold, and
out of the produce he buues him in the maimer pre.
fcri'ocd.

The Dulih arc the greatell merchants here, and ate
alfo very good mechanics : they keep the chief inns inj
places of public cntertainmcjit ; but they are far from bein.'
obliging to their guclh, and particularly to forcij^ncr;.
riicy pay two reals a month for their licence, and -u for
every pipe they fell of Spanifh wine.

I he i'orii.<^:.Jt here are very numerous, and in
order to dillinguifh them from other Europeans, they
are called by the natives Oranferante, or Na-i.'.i.cn
men. They in general fpcak the Malayan langin;;-,
but fome of them a corrupt dialedf of the rortti^uilc;
and they have all renounced their religion, by p;j.
felling the principle» of Ltiiher. i'hey are chieily em-
ployed in the moft i>rvile offices: fome of th.in are
iiandicraftfmen, othc.s ,-^et their living by hunti;;.', and
the greater number by w.dhing linen. They luve fo
clolely followed thecuftoms and manners of the Indians,
that they arc only dirt nguilhed from them by tluir
leatu'-cs and complexion, their ll;in being confidorjbly
lighter, and their nofcs not lb flat ; and the only dif.
lerence in their drcfs conliils in the manner of adjullin»
their hair.

The Malayans, who refidc here, are of a very tawny
complexion: they wear a fljort coat with ilrait flcevcs,
and a cloth falfcned round the middle, 'i'he women
wear a waiftcoat, over which is a cloth that reaches
from the waill to the ancles ; but neither fex have any
other covering to their head than their hair; ntr do they
wear either fhocs or ftcckings. 'I'he men are cbie.'y c.n-
ployed in filhiiig, but fome of them are rct.ail trader?,
though greatly inferior to the Chinefc. They profefs
the Mahometan leligion j but they are naturally very
profligate, and will not hcfitatc to commit the moft in-
.'amous criints.

'I'hc Amitoynifi are a very bold and dcfperate people,
and for that reafon arc not permitted to rein... in the
city, but live together in one quarter of the fuburbs
They arc under fubjeflion to a chief, who always re-
fides with them, and has a magnificent houfe furniflieJ
alter the manner of their country. The men go ainioll
naked, having only a piece of cloth fallened round the
wailf, and a kind of turban en their heads made of
cotton. The VNoinen wear a habit that fits very doic
to the body, and they haie a mantle hanging loole over
their fhoulders. Tlieir lioulics arc made of wood, and
covered with branches of trees; they arc pretty loftv,
and the floors are divided into feparatc apaitmcnts ; fi.
that one houfe will contain feveral families. The incii
are chiefly carpenters j but fomc of them belong to the
Dutch troops, and arc much valued for their naturil
cour.ige and intieuidity.

The Tipaj'cty or A/undiitrs, are a mixture of Indian
and other naiu.nj, and have much gr«ater privileges here
than the rell. Many of them arc confide r.ible mer-
chants, and have handfome houfes; fomc of them are
tolerable good mechanics ; and the lower fort are chiefly
employed in hulbandry and gardening. They dill'er very
little from the Dutih in tlieii drcfs or method of living,
only the men wear laiije breeches or trowfers that rcaeh
down to their ancles, The women wear a waillcoat

awl

[Y.

gular maxims in i|,e

will ncVlT 0|HI1 iht

been buried : ilmr
ic nciglibuurlioud u\

of ground, n\^ the

by making them pay
irpole. In order to
: colBn of very tir <
togetlicr, but cutu„i

coffin being covered
d with a kind of niur.
licli ill time becomes
the deccafed not only

number of wiepin"
ccafions. In liaiavu
ulJ be buried aceuiJ-

dcceafed ha nut Ictt
1 expecccs, an officer

which ate fold, and
n in the maimer pre.

Tchants here, and are
:ep the chief inns anj
they are far from bein.'
ularly to foreigners.
;ir licence, and ;o in
e.

> numerous, anj in
>lher Europeans, they
trante, or Na-i-utcn
le Malayan hn^ii^j-,
t\ of the rort>ij.uite;
•ir religion, by pro-

I'hey are chielly cni-
s: fonic of thtin ate
ving by huiiti;;.', and
liuen. They luve fo
lanncrsof the Indiani,

from them by thiir
Liu being confulerabiy
t i and the only dif.
c manner of adjultir.g

, are of a very tawny
)at with itrait lleevcs,
niddlc. 'Ihe women

a cloth that reaches
t neither fex h.ue any
leir hair ; nr r do they
men are chieiy c.n-
m are retail trader",

inefe. They prokfs
Ley are naturally very

commit the moft ia-

nd defperate people,
itted to rcliuv. in the

iiarter of the fuburbs
f, who always re-

ficont houfc furniflied
The men go almcll

th falUiicd round th:
their heads made of
t that fits very dole
Ic hanging loofe over
made of wood, and
they arc pretty lofty,

)aiatc apaitmcnib ; fc
families. The ir.on

f ilicm belong to the

aed for their luturii

a mixture of Ini'ian
greater pi iv ileges here
re confide table mtr-
fonie of them are
lower fort arc timfly
g. They d. Her very
or method of living,
)r trowfers that rcuh
ncn wear a waiitcoat
and

ASIA.] JAVA.

anJapieccof c.lllico round thcwr.ifl, but tliey have not
any covering on their heads except the hair, whieli is
tied lip in a roll. rhe!'c people iifidc both in the city
and fuhiiibs : their huules are fevcial (toiics hii;h, built
of brick or Hone, and liic ir.lidcs very rcatly lurnillied.

The Bo^uis arc forni* "f the dcfrend.inis ot the aiuieiit
inhabitants of Maeallar and the neighhourini; iflands.
TiiHc have their (luancrs In the fuhurbs, and being, lilce
the Ambovncfe, verv haidy an.l bold, ninny of them
are employed in the feivicc of the .iriny. '1 heir iifual
weapons aie bows and anows ; and loitic of them have
labrci and bucklers. In their own country they gene-
rally JO naked, but bcic they wear a very deeeiit drefs,
and are particularly fond of ornamenting theit hair.

The Timorcii"! were lornicrly inhabitants of an ifland
to the e:i(t of China, but were brought ti this place
by the Dutch. Thefe people were originally I'agnm,
but many of thent have turned Chriftiaiis or Mahome-
tans. 'i"hc habits and culloms ot thefe people arc mueh
the l.ime as thnfe of the Macadiirs ; and their chief
employment confills in hufliandry and gardening'.

The AV^rsi-j here arc chielly Mahon.etans. Some of
them arc [v.dlars, and hawk about the ftrcets glafs beads
and Coral , others follow mechanical trades ; but the
nioft conliJcrable < f them deal in free-llone, which
thev bring I'rom the nei;.'hbouring iflands.

Such is the mixture of people that conrtitute the in
habitants of this city and its fuburbs ; and iiotwith-
flanJing the great ditlercnce of their culloins, manners,
drefs and religion, yet they preferve an unanimity that
can only be attributed to their anximis purfult alter
commerce, which fecms to infpire their fouls wi.h one
umicrfal fenfation.

«« Thus, while around the wave-Aibje^tcd foil

" Impels the native to repeated toil,

" IndiiHrious habits in each bofoin icIgHi

" And induOry begets a love of gain.

" Hence .;11 the g^'od Irom opulence that fprings,

" Wiih all thofo ills fapcrfluous trcal'ure brings

" Are here difplay'd. Their much-lov'd wealth

imparts
«' Convenience, plenty, elegance and arts ;
" But view them cloler, cratt and fraud appear,
•' E'en liberty itfelf is barter'd here.
," At gold's l^uperior charms all freedom flies,
" The needy fell it, ami the rich man buys.
" A land of tyrants and a den of flavcs,
" Here wretches feck diihonourablc graves ;
" And c.-.lmly bent, to (eivitudc conform,
•' Dull a5 thcii lakes that fluinbcr in the ilorm."

As the principal part of thefe people arc compofed of
different Indian nation', fo the chief Iiulian languages
aie here fpoken ; but the motl uiiivcrfal are the Ma-
layan and the PorlUj;uefc.

All the inhabit lilts enjoy liberty of confcicnce ; hut
they are lot allowed to cxcrcile their refpeiSive moiesof
worfliip. Prieft. an I monks are permitted to live here,
hut they ate piohihiled Irom being pdili' ly fecii in
the relpc^itive habits of their prielHy otd - .

'I'hc Dutch have founded I'cvcral fcho i< in Bitivia
for teaching the learned lanjiiiagcs j and inolf mechanic
arts ate biought to great perleclion. They hue a print-
ing-huufe, paper-mills, and powder-mills; and among
the handicrafts are, Tujar-bakers, citton -weavers, car-
penters, ropc-maker.i, bricklayers, thipwrights, fniiths,
biaziers, cutlets, &c,

Hatavia beiiii; the great emporiuin of the Dutch
Ea(^- India company, they import here not only the
produiSions of Kuropc, but alio the mcrchnndiie ol
Japsn, thi! Spice Ifland*, Perfia, Siirat, Ucng.i', the
cii.dsof Malabar and Commandel, &c. Though liiey
Will not permit any Kuropeans to tr.ule here, yet a
number ol Chinele junks, from 300 to 500 tons
burthen, arrive once a year, by means of which they
arc furnifticd with the commodities of China without
being at the cxpcncc and inconvenience of fending their
own ihips for thole nccellary and prolitable articles.

In the city of Haiavia aie held the two grand coun-
nls, that govern all the dominions belmijMng to the
Duti.h ill the Kalt-Iiidics. Thefe arc diltinguilbcd by

art

different appellations : the firft Is called the Council of
the Indies, who direiSf all public matters relative to go-
vernment : the other is called the Council of Jtiftice,
ill whom arc inverted the adminil?ration of juftice to all
parlies. The higheft of thefe twoan°emblies is compofed
of iS or 20 perfons, called counfellors, and the gover-
nor-[;eneral is always prtfidcnt. They ufually aflemble
twice a week, or oftencr if called upon by their pre-
lilent; and their general bulinefs is to dgliberate on
Inch niealures as may be mod conducive to the intercit
of the company.

'Ihe governor-general has the power of, and lives
with a dignity equal to, a fovereign prince. He receives
all the Indi.in kings and the'r ambalfadors, many of
whom come annually to Hatavia. When he goes
abroad, his coach is preceded by a troop of horfe-
guards i on eaih (ido walk a body of halberdiers, and
the rear is doled by a company of foot foldiers. The
drefs of his guards is exceeding handfoinc, and the
whole forms a very brilliant and grand proccflioii. His
lady has likewife her proper atiend.mt'i, and when ill
public, appears with a dignity not iiil'erior to that of a
queen.

The moft confiderablo officer her'*, next to the go-
vernor, is the diredor-;!eiieial, whole bulln I i \.i pur-
chafe fuch commodities as aie brought to the pmt, and
to difpofe of fuch as arc taken Irmn it. He is fole
mailer of all the magazines, and has the I'upremc direc-
tion of every thing that relates to the commercial in-
tereft of the company.

As liatavia is a place of the greatell trade in India,
the cullonis mull be very confiderab'c j more efpccially
as the inhabitants arc in general wealthy, ai,d alinoil
every article is fubjcif to a duty.

The taxes arc paid monthly ; and to favc the charge
and trouble of gathering them, on the day thev become
due a flag is dirpla)ed on the top of a houfe in ih^
center of the town, and all parties are obliged imme-
diately to pay their money to the proper officers ap-
pointed to receive the fame.

The mop-y current here confifts of feveral forts ; as
ducats, wl ch are valued at I'jz (livers; ducatoons,
at 80 rtivci ; imperial rix dollars, at 60 ; rupees of
Batavia, r.t ^0 ; fchellings, at fix; doiiblc cheys at two
(livers and an half; and doits, .nf <<"" f'i.nth ot a (Hver.
Some of thefe coins arc ot two foits, though of the
fame denomination, namely, milled and iinmilled, the
former of which is of moll value : a milled ducatoon
is worth 80 (livers, but an unmillcd one is not wortli
more than yj. All accounts arc kept in rix-dollars
and ftivers, which are here mere nominal coins, like our
pounds fterling.

Befidcs their land forces, the Dutch h^.c a number
of men of war fufficicnt to engage any fl e,s th-y are
likely to meet with on the Indian fcas. And from their
great importance in this part of the globe they afl"iime
the title of " Sovereigns of all the leas, from the Cape
of Good Hope eaftward, to Cape Horn in America."

Having thus noticed every nccelTary particular rela-
tive to the city of Batavia, we (hall now defcrihe fuch
other remaikable places in this ifland as merit attention.
About 80 miles eaft of Batavia is Cherebon, a place
of confiderable extent, and where the Dutch have a
faflorv. The country is very fertile, and produces
moll kinds o*" provifions, particularly rice. The in-
habitants arc under the dominion of four great lords,
called fuhans, one of whom is particularly attached to
the Dutch, and for that reafon is diftinguiihed from the
reft by the name of the company's fultan. The reft,
indeed may not be undelerving of the like epithet, as
they arc in alliance with the Dutch, whofc friendihip
they endeavour to preferve, and whom they confidcr as
their folc protei51.)rs ; for had it not been for them thcfc
petty princes would have been reduced to the fubjeflion
of the king of Bantam, who made dcprv J itions on
their dillriilt, but was fubvcrted by the iiiteipufuion of
the Dutch. Since this circumftance, the lultans have
tellified their gratitude by granting many dillinguiftied
privileges to their piotciitors in thefe dominions. The
chief perl'on belonging to the Dutch laiilory here is called
the refidgnt, who correfpond* with the joverror-genc-

; l:\

.i-l

I i.\

■S. '

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

) 1

2XO

ral of Batavin, but is (o\t]y iiiilcpeiiJciit of any other
otHccr. Here is a good fort, wlicre tlie Dutcli h.ivt n
garrifon confilling of 80 men ; about u mile niid a half
from which is a large temple containing the tonibs of
fevrral of the princes of Chcrcbon. It is a lotty build-
ing made of varic^utcd (tones, and very elegantly orna-
mented within. The generality of their priclK rcfidc
near thii temple, the whulc aider of whom arc treated
with the molt dillinguifhid reflect by the inhabitants.
It is faid the Knglidi had once u factory here, but that
having made too free with the wive* of the natives,
they murdered them all, and levelled their buildings tu
the ground.

P.ilamboan, the capital of a kingdom or principality
of the fame nime, is fitiiatcd in 114 dcg. call long,
and in 7 deg. 30 min. fouthlat. on thedrcights of Bally,
through which the Eall-lndia fhips fometimes pafs when
they are homeward bound from Borneo : in which cafe
they generally touch at this place to take in water and
frefh provifioni. This kingdom, which is independent
of the Dutch, lie> at the fouth-eaft end of Java, in a
picafant country watered with feveral rivulets, which
fall on each fide of the town into the neighbouring
ftrtights. The rajah, or king of this country, gene-
rally refidcs cither at I'alambo.in, or ;it a fort 15 miles
from the fea. His dominion reaches from the calt end
of Java 80 miles along the Ibuth-coaft, <uid about 60
miles from noith to fouth ; but its extent up the coun-
try is not known. This kingdom is faid to pro-
duce gold, pepper and cotton ; alio rice, Indian corn,
roots and garden (luff. Their aiilni.ds arc, horfis,
buHaloes, oxen, d.er, and s"ats j and they have great
plenty of ducks, gi^ele, and other lorts of poultry. I'he
fovereign and his fubjcds are Pagans, but there are
fonie Mahometans among them, and a few Chinefe.

Mataram, at the time it was an cmpin-, extended
over the whole ifl.ind, and even now takes up a
confidcrable part of it, is imdtr the goviinmeiit ot the
Dutch, and was the lalt reduced to fubjettioii by them
on this ifland. Mataram continued its liriigglcs for
independency till the year 1704, when the Dutch took
the advantage of an opportunity th.u offered in a dil'pute
relative to the fuccedum of the crown, between the Ion
and brother of the deceafid fovereign. Thefe two
rivals produced an univerfal diviflon in the nation. He
who was entitled to the crown by order of fucccflion
had Co much the advantage over his antagonill, that
had it not been for the Dutch, who declared in favour
of his rival, he would certainly have got the fupreme
power into his own hands. After a fciies of contclls,
the party cfpoufed by the Dutch at length prevailed :
the young prince was deprived of his fucceflion, and
his uncle, who was unworthy of the character, ufurpcd
the throne.

After the death of this fovereign, the company placed
the legal heir on the throne, and d.ctated I'uch laws to
him as they thought bed calculated to anfwer their
finilter purpofes. I'hey chofe the place where his court
was to be fixed, and fccured his attachment by erecting
a calile, in which n guard was kept with iiu other ap-
parent view than to protect the prince. They employed
every artifice to lull his attention by plcafurcs, made him
valuable prcfents, and flattered hmi by pompous embaf-
fies. From thi'i time the prince and his fucccffors have
become mere tntds of the company. The ncccflary
protciflion allowed them by the Dutch confiltsof joohorle
and 400 foot : but the cxpencc» the company are at on
this account ate amply n paid by the advantages arifing
f^igm the countrv. 'i'he liaibuuis afford ducks for build-

ing all the fm ill vefit'ls employed in the fervicc ; and
tiiey arc fuppliid from hence with the chief pan oi ii,c
timber that is ufed in their relpcitivc (ettlcmeiiti. Jj,;.
fides thclt: advantages, they aic furniflied with vjuuuj
produittions of the countiy at certain Itipulated pncc>,
which are fo low as tu produce very pecuniary unulu-
ments.

'I f.r Vinj' ;o,-- of Mataram is in gcner.il very fertile,
and pro! ;^.- . rc»t i;uaiHUies of rlrc j as alfo pleiuj uf
fruit. 1' ; .. I'ki'wift various ioits of animals, pji.
ticularly he." •: (lidp, gals, and rcmaikabic lai^t
oxen. The i.,vrsatJOuiid with fifli, and the >yooils pio-
duce great plenty of game But the moft valmbl?
articles of this country aic, rice, pepper, cadjang, cot-
i| tun, }ain, carJamun and indigo ; the latter of wliicli is

I citiciiicd to be as good ill quality as any found in liic
I Indies.

The king ufually refidcs at Matarrm, the capitd of
ij thekingduiii. His palace is a very handfome l^.-cm;

I I buiIJing, adjoining to which aic many good houk:, b:-
il longing to his uubles, who every day wait on him ; aiul

I his fiibiei^ti in general pay him the greated homage.— It
jl is here to bcobiervcd, that though thefe princes arevjU
1 1 fals, yet they arc permitted tulive in as great Itate .i«
■ • wlieii ihcy were really monarchs , and the orders ct tlie
I Dutch are always executed in their names, Thcytlicri-
; fore afl'ume a dignity not inferior to the mod dcipot c
' prince, and when they go abroad, arc attended w.:li
• eveiy diltiiiguiflied mark of royalty.

The lad (ilace of importance wc have to mention in
this ifland iM J.ipara, fituatcd at the button) of an c jii.
iicMce called the Invincible Mountain, on the uj,i .4
which it a fort built of wood. It is a very cunlid.i. be
town, and haj a good ruad fccured by two fmall lil.j Js.
The Eiiglifli had once a failtury here, but Ihcy mic
driven from it by the I'ortiigucfe, who at that tine
were ni.idcrs of the place. This country produces aln.oit
every ncecllary ci iiie, efpccially cattle, ho^s and poul-
tiy; they have alio great plenty of rice, with v.iiious
fuits of the molt delicious fruits; and their wnun
abound with the bed of fifli. Bat the molt valuwllc
coiniioJities here are pe| per, ginger, cinnamon and
iiulign. In the woods and mountains .ire fevcT.il i^ir..'s
of wild beads, as budaloes, <i. ^ -, tygers and rhiii.i.c-
rollbs i the hitler of thefe the natives hunt tor the f.KC
of their horns, which they convert into iitenfiis th. t ;it
much admired, by rcafon that they will not coi.i.ia
poifoii ; for if any compofition of that quality i^ put
into them, they will immedi.itely break to pieces.

The natives of this country arc much like t'lofc in
other Indian nations; and thiy have the fame kind cl
cudoms and ceremonies. They aic very fond of pub-
lic divcrfions, particularly the reprefentation of come-
dies, which principally cunlills in finiiing and diincin';
and they aie luch Ihvcs to cock-fighting, that by i!ic
large fums they lay, they are often reduced to the mil
abjedt diltrefs.

The inhabitants of Japara are chiefly Mahomclar.'.,
as is alfo the king, who generally refides at a pl.vc
called Kattafura, where the Dutch have a fort and : r.r-
rifon. This prince reigns abfolulc among his fuljce;i,
who are very faithful, and pay him the greatelt hoiii;:'c.
Like mod cadern monarchs, he is conltantly attended bv
women, and takes as many wives and concubinci as h:
thinks proper. When his counicr.. obtain an audience,
they appioach him with the gieated humility; and
even his pricOs lo revere him, that forue of them gwin
pilgrimage to Mecca, to make vows foi the piofpe;ity
iif liiiu &i.d hi. family.

CHAP.

HV.

ill the ftriicc J .inj
lie chid |).wt ol tuc
■c tctilcmcm-,. lie.
niflicd Willi vjHuuj
liii flipulutotj jincc>
y pecuniary unolu-

gcncral very fertile,
■c 1 as alfo plenty of
iitsuf animals, pii.
d rcmaik^iblc Ui >c
, and the i^ooils pio-
[ the moft valujble
rppcr, cadjanp, cot-
hi; latter ot wl.icli is

as any fuund in (tic

[ar.-:m, the capital of
handioine ';;.'.:. u;ii
lany good houC<^ l»
>y wait oil him ; iiu\
jreateft homage— It
thtfe princes arc v^l-
; ill as great IKitv: d
nil the orders i.t iIk
Limes. They tlicTi.
o the nioli dilpot c
, arc attciiJcd w.;h

c have to iiien'.ioii n
: button) of an c m-
ntain, on tlic to,> of
is a very coiiful^L.be
by two I'niall ill.i Js.
icre, but they »ifc
*, who at th.it tine
intry produces ;ilii,uii
atile, ho^s and |k;uI-
if rice, with v.usous

I and their w:it<rs
jt the molt valuiUc
iger, cinnamon and
ains arc Icveral 'kn;<U

tyger* and rhin.:i-c-
es hunt for the f.,kc
into utenfils th. t ;ic
cy will iK't coi;i:i;n
that i|uality i> put

rcak to pieces.

much like tliofc in
vc the fame kind i.f
c very lond of pub-
rcfentation of come-

ni;ing and danciiu;

ghting, that by i!iC

reduced to the n, .It

chiefly Mahomctar.5,
■ refides at a pUie

have a fort aiiJ ; nr-
aniong his (ubjeeis,

the greatell honi:;'i..
onltantly attended by
nd coiicubinci as li:

obtain an aiidiem'.-,
atclt liumiliiy -, and

I'ome of them ^v i:i
I'i foi the pioljKMiy

C 221 )

^■i.: I'.

CHAP.

XXVII.

0. Of the Iflands adjoining to Java, particularly the Illand

of TIMOR.

C H A P.

THERE ire feveral illands bordering on the I
coafi of Java, which are conveniently fituated ]
for accommodating fuch European veflelsas pafs
them in their way to Borneo. The IJutch have fc-is
in ...eft o( theft iflands, and the inhabitants arc fubjedt
to their governmeiii.

Oppofite the eafternmoft poi.-.* of Java is the ifland of
Madura, the moft valuable product of which, for fo-
re; mi markets, are deer Ikiiis. Its princi; al town is
Aiabia, fituated near a deep bay about eight leagues
from the wefternmoft land of Java. The full of this
iOaiid is very fertile, and produces feveral foris of grain,
particularly rice •, alfo various kinds of the molt deli-
cious fruits. The chief animals are, butiuloes, horfes,
Ihccp and oxen, the latter of which are remarkably
Urgi', and the flcfh little inferior to tliofe of Europe.
The buildings of the inhabitants, and their maxims and
ciilloni', are much the fame as in o.her Indian nations ;
but ihey are divided in their religion, fome of them be-
ijig Mahometans, and others Pagans. The men aie in
(general very robult and cour.igeous, for which re.ifon
t'lcv are calkd upon by the J}utch, when occafion rc-
quiii's, to ricruit their forces at Baf la, or fuch others
of their fettlemcnts, where there is any dthciency in the
fixed number of thiir troops.

The ifland of Bally, by foine called I.efTer Java, is
fituated to the eaft of Java, from which it is divided on
the weft by the ftreights of Bally. It is a fmall ifland,
but produces a great plenty of all kinds of provilions;
and the natives, like thofe of Madura, arc very Itrong
and bold. The freights arc narrow and dangerous,
and it is with great difficulty a palfage can be made l';oin
Madura to this ifland, owing to the violence of the
winds that blow from the fouth once in ?4 hours.

To ihe eaft of Bally is the ifland of Lambntk, which
ii .ill'n very fmall, but produces every neeeHaiy aitielt-
tor ilic enjoyment of the inhabitants, though nut any
piticiilar one for foreign markets.

Near Lambock arc the (Ireights of Allafs, fo called
from a town of that name on the flior'^, oppofite
so which lies the illand of Combava. This is a much
l.:ri;tr ifland than either of the former two, iiotwith-
IhiiJiiig which, it does not produce any particular arti-
t'e fill exportation.

'I"o the eaft of Combava arc two fmall iflands ca'ltd
Sippi ; but they arc not cf any account in commerce.
AJioiiiing to tlicl'e is the ifland of Floics, which is tole-
libly large, being 150 miles in length, and upwards of
5: in breadth. At the welt end of this ifl.tnd is a town
i.'.lkd I.arrentoucka, the inliabitants of which arc di-
liinjuilbed for the infamous pradicc of poifoning
lliaiigers.

At'a fmall diftancf from Mores, is the ifland of Solor,
whcie the Dutch have a faiitory ; and to the eaft of this
lie the illands of Lcol.ina, I'mlcrra, and Milumby, all
(f which are only remaikablc for producing a fmall
i)unntity of findal wood, and fome caflia-lignea.

Amidll this cliifter of iflands, the mod confidcr.iblo is
TiMior, which lies about 50 miles from the ihrcj laft-
nkiitiuned. It extends almoft north-e.ift and foiitli-
wcrt, and is fituated betwixt 124 and 1 i8 degrees of
tall longitude from London i and the middle of it is in
Mine degrees of fouth latitude. It is upwards of 200
miles in length, and more than 50 in breadth i and is
divided into (eveial principalities or kin;;domi. It has
not any navigable ruers or harbours, but there arc fc
vcral bays where Ihipt may tide at fume feal'ons of the
20

year with the greateft fafcty, as the fliorc is good, and
free either from rocks or flioalj. The Outch and Por-
tuguefe have both f.;(£lories on this ifland ; but the latter
is the moft con fidcrable.

The principal kingdoms in this ifland are N.tmquimal,
Lortriby, Pobumby, and Amaby ; each of wh ch hai
a fovereign who governs his own territories ndeinndent
of the reft. Thefe kings are abfolute mon..rciis, and
preferve a dignity not inferior to other pru tes of the
eaft. They have leveral rajahs, and olhir ..ill,. i;iiifhcd
officers under them j all of whom, wiih iliin (ubjcfl*
in gc^.^^^l, pay them the greatcit himage. Each ning-
dom has a l.mgua^e p;-ul'ar to iifpll ; but the manners
and cuftoms of the iii.i..btanls are much the fime.

The ifland ot Timor is very fertile, and produces a
variety of valuable articles, particularly cocoa-nuts,
which grow here in great abundance. Theie arc alio
feveral forts of trees that make excellent timber for fhip-
building ; and in fome parts of the ifland are I'aiidat
wood and cotton trees. They have likewile many kinds
of fruit, as pine-apples, mangos, jaka.~, plantains,
pomegranates, oranges, lemons, lime.s, and wild tama-
rinds.

The tame animals here are oxen, horfc, goats and
fliccp ; and the wild ones, buffaloes, wild boars, and
different kinds of monkies. There are alfo great num-
bers of li'/.ards, fcorpions, and ferpents of various fort',
fome of which an exceeding large, and much dieaded
by the natives.

They have different forts of poultry, among which
are ducks and geeic ; but thefe wire firit broug'it thi-
ther by the Europeans, and the climate being too hot,
they do not thrive; and arc therefore very indifferent
food. In the woods arc great numbers of wild fowl
and other biriii,, fo.r.e of which are greatly admired for
the b>jautics of their plumage. One of thefe Is called
the ringing-bird, from its niufical notes, which ini!ia;c
the ringing of bells ; it is a fmall bird, and is bc.uiti-
fully variegated, the winjs lieing blue, the head of u
tcddilh calt, and the brealt a fliining crlmfon.

The feas and rivers produce gieat plenty of fifli, par-
ticularly the former ; among which arc mackarcl, turtle,
prawns, craw-fiOi, feveral iorts of oyilers, and cockle!>
of a moil extraordinary C\zs.

The natives of this ifland are of a low ftature, and
very fwarthy in complexion ; but they are ftralt, and
their limbs rather delicately cnnflruited. Their drcis
confifts only of a fmall piece of cluili tied round the
waift, and on their heads tlicy wear a cap or bonnet
made of palmetto leaves: the bettii Ibit decorate th.ir
heads with a kind of coronet made of thin plates of fil-
ver or gold, fcollopcd or indented on the edges ; and
the infide of it is cutioully ornamented with feathers of
various colours.

'l"heir ufual employment is hunting and fiftiing, in
the former of which they arc veiy expert. Their wea-
pons are fwords, ilarts and lances, .md with thefe they
go into the woods in purfuit of buffaloes, which they
run down, and then kill them with their daits.

Land here is of little value, for the natives in gene-
lal aie too indolent to tic at the trouble of cultivating
it I but thpfe who do arc rewarded by the land becoming
their own property.

They know little of arts or fcienccs, and arc very

poor mechanics, their principal ingenuity 1 iinfiftingonly

in building, the implements and materials foi which

they icccitc from the Chinefe, whoallu briiij^ thcin rice,

3 K. ua,

i>,.i

212 A NEW COMPLETE SY

^•-i, iion, p'lrccl.iin, ami raw anil wrought filk ; in tx-
cnangc lor wliicK they take bccs-w.ix and laiidal wood.

The molt m'licraj lan;:ua;cs ukii by the inhabitants
of this ill.iiid arc the iMalnvn, and a corruption nt the
I'ortug.icle : hut the n.iiivcs have a linj;uapc ol' th.. r
own. It IS r.iid, thole who a:c indc|Hndent ol the
Diiich aiKJ I'oitugucl;-, have a peculiar enii.ity to Kn- ,
ropean Itran.'.i . ; and that when aiiv land on the coall,
if they hue a:i upporiunitv, thev will not lielitato to
riufder thtm.

The lort helonjinii to the Dutcli here is called Ci'.n- .
cordia, luuaied on a lock near the lea, between two and
three niilej Ironi the louth-eall point of tbc illand. It
is a plain builduiL>, and porrly loiiificd ; but the na-
tive's are lo well atVcified to them, that they arc not '
uiivi.r any appri.henlion of ilan-or. 1 he:c are line par- i
den, bclon^iii); lo the fort, wIikIi arc incloled bv a li.ine
wall ) iheli- [vnJins produce pleniv i<t levcral kmd» of 1
vegetables, ai alio a '•leaf viimv of the moll delicious
fruits ; -.ud oppofitc to the entrance of the lort u a Irtlh ,
water river that abounds wiih vjrict\ of tifh. |

The Purtuiiueic Ictil.mcnt on this illaiid is called La- I

STEM OF C^F.OCRArnV.

phan, and is fitiiated by the lea fide about thice leaguc^
to ilic call of the Dutcli loit. It is a v^ry liii^ll p,^^,.
c Mitaining only a Uw mean lioufcs, and a cluneh in., ^■
of boards, coveied with palmetto leaver. '1'hi.ie i,, i,^,
deed, a kind of plillurni lieie, on wliiih a.c Ax iu.„
l;uii< i but the whole are lo much decayed as to be im.
ilcied ainvill ui'clels. 'I he people in p.cneud I-^k.A i;,^
I'ortuguele lani;uaj;e, and the natives have btin lu ,;,.
termixid with the I'ortuijuefe by mariiajcs, thjt n j.
dWTicult to know one tVum the other. They ,ic viiy
foil J of bcuij; called I'ortuguele, and moll ol ti.^ni p;„.
Tis the Roman Catholic religion ; hut iii il,c other
parts of the illand they arc eiihcr .Mahometans or l'.i-
g-ns. bonic trade is camel on at this place by iluCai.
ncfe, who come here annually with their |iiiik>, a: i
take the commodities ol this country in exehaii,: • i,,,.
thole of their own. Hut ihc place where ilic ;;u.;nit
trade is earned on is I'orto Nova, liluated at the lall uiJ
of the illand, and wheie the I'onui^uefe goieinor uhi..lly
relides. I'his town, wiih that ol Concordia bvluii>iivM>i
the Dutch, were fome lears a^o attacked by a pitate, wiu
plundcicd, and then dcllroycd levcral of the bu..diii >.

c n A p. xxviir.

10. The Illand of SUMATRA.

SU M AT R A, the moft conriJeiable of the SunJa
l^lnd^, is fituatcd in the lii.Uan ocean, betwcMi
1) 5 and i;4 decrees call longitude, and fiic di^.
70 nun. north latitude. It is bounded on the i..ll by
fioinco, on the north by Mahtrca, on the fouth-ca!l by
Ji\A, and /il the well by the Indian ocean. It is lon;j
und .lario e, reaching in a direcl line fion the north-
Will to t'.c louth-eall, and i- aboit Scj nnlcs in Kngth,
and lor in bieadth. It is the li;l( of the rcnuik.iblc
illaiid- that foiin the ('teat ArilnjHlago of the calf, the
cnti.incc of whuh ii, ■ it w.n, blocked up by this
ifland .ind Java, which form a barrier feparatiii.; the In-
dian fiom the Chincfc ocean ; with this exception, that
in the center bctwciii the two iflanils there is an opni-
inc, which appears a. il purpofely delijncd to adin t a
free paffa. c for the advantages of loinmcnc. I his
opening is called the fliciizht of SunJa, the louth part
ol whikh lo the nfrth of Java, and called J ua (lead j
and rhi' noit'i point ij the fouth of Sumatia, calle I
Klat Poirif. Thcfi' ;wo ate about fix leagues afunder,
littwccii which (hips pal's from Kurope d'reftly to Hi-
tavia Ol China, wiihout touching in the Iiulic* : they
ftrcteh awav raft fioni the Cipe of Good Hope, and
tiiakw- no land till, having 'ratcifed the whole Indian
S.a, they ati;vc at Java ficad.

The air cf th's ifl, nd is in (rrncral \ :ry iinwholc-
foinc, arifin ' chiilly from the two cxttemci of heat and
cold, ..nd ine intermixture of wet from very heavy
raiiij. The day ii\A night arc equal, and t ic inconve-
l.iu.cc ihiit occur tiom ih'.- cxccfiiic heat of the former,
a;^ g'fiily increalcd by the cjld chilling winds of the
laucr.

A ' li i 1 "f mountains runs throir'h the whoL- idanJ
from ih: I ■itii-call to the noiili-wifl, and here the air
ji mo:r w lo'ffoini than on th; coall. There are alfo
cinfid.' I mounta.ns on the welt coal), in one of
V. i'.cli 1' a volcano that Ircquciitly thrswi out Aanici of
Tic.

'1 ' ■ iTi'. r':">ni, or periodical wind , Hiift hrre at the
CI, • ■% t'lry do in other pain i I the Ind an lca«,

I , ^ l;\ n oiiths in one diicvl'oii, and li;i months In
J'' ,. iifiitf ''ircilion ; and near the coalt th ic aic olh'-r
Mriuj> .1 V K, whith blow lh;-glealill p.iit ol thf

uy frwn kli« IMiMiJ m ihcmjhtaud pait ul t.K mu.-a-

in^ from tlic land ; but thife fcarce cxt.iid f.vcn m I.s
fioin the coall.

Thtic ..IC nianyfmall tivcrs on tlii., ifiani!,but not-iir
of ihe.ii iuvipalle, and their waters are very u.iwh, lii.inp.
The river Iiid.ipuia, wliiih falls into ihc V.-acn th,.- nui
coall' liaia w.,1' r tinged with ted, occa!"ioiii.d,as it is Uiil,
by the gre.it iitaiilily of o.ikcr that grows on it, baulii,
whiih aic alw.,y5 covered at the time of the floods. I L
waters of all tlie livers that ouiflow the low cuuiitii. ,
arc v.ry foul, and not lit li.r ufe till they |ia\i 1, , i
boiled, and inlufcd with tea, or I'ome other wliulvluu.c
hcib..

The moll valuable pnxlucc of this ifl.ind is pepjicr,
riic, fugar, camphirc, gold-dull, bi/oar, canes aaj
Cotton. The foil is in liniie pails \eiy Icitile, and \i -il
watireil with .ivulets ; but in the low- lands next the i,i
arc abundance of bogj and maifties, wliiJi ptnj,.,;
only rtcds and canes of bamboo.

Mere are plenty of moll kinds of fiuits, «hi li ii > !
to the grcatcft pcrfct'lioii, .:nd are equal to ..ny foji,J mi
the Indies ; as cocoa-nuts, limes, orange-, man ■),,
plantains, guavas, jakai, duiians, piiic-appli ■;, ii'i.,(i-
gollecns, and other trop.ial fruits: tiny lia\c all,, nu'-
Ions, |>cai, beans, potatoes, jams, radilhcs, poi-hii! ,
fallads, and plenty ol all kinds of i;aidcii.|tuit'. 11.
it likewifc a plant giows here callul baiu', wh.'i r,
fomewhat like hemp, and when inlulid in Liiuor, "|'--
lates much like opium ( this ii fomitinus iilid by 'a
natives, pa.licalaily when they arc cni3j;id in war, a ,t
aiumatcs ihnii to piilnuc in the moll daiigeious ui •
diriakin;:!.

The animals here an', horhs biiflalor!, Jre,-, ;•.).«,
hogs oxiii, .iiid hog. dicr, fioin the latter of v»li ih
Is obtainid a fpciin ir kind of the h.t ti II i
Tins lloiic i. of a dark brown colour, mi'l hi l« >
coats, the intieimoll of v»hivh i> coviie I «iih lii.ii
ftrings but the outer roat u a":.- Imooih W h ii ll,-
(lone IS diU.Kcd in -ny liijuoi, its |i(lj is ciccJii;
hitter I but if a Imall (luiiiiily of il i, taken by I'li'"
who have an oppriflio:! ol the ll.mui.!i, a foul 1 1 ■ '.
or a want of appriiii, it will ■irii,,\c the cml ji! .i.ii> ,
.'III i> alfo Viiy cintaouu. in othsr diivudsfS UKiJeui u
hum in iialiiic.

In Ihi! wi^vUi 411(1 meuiilair.i ue fevcra! fwtli of wiU

ti'l'll'ls

riiv.

iilo .iliotit lliiiv |cj[T„(.,
: li ■» v.ry In.^h p,'[, ,.

■>, .lllj J cluircll li;., [

Ic.ivi-.. 'I'Ikic U, ,„_
n wliiili a.c fix iu,i,
1 JcciycJ .lb lo be rill.
ill cciici.,! ipu.ik ij,^
ivi'a have bfiii lu ,.|,
■ niatiiajcs, tliat u j

Ilm. 'I'lu-y ..ii; n.,^

ami molt ot n.wii p:,,.

Jii ; but III il.c other

.Malumiclans or I'j.

tlllk pl.ICC llj- lllcClll.

with thtir imil.', a: i
intry in cxi han. ■ (,,r
ICC wlicic the -ri.iiiii
rnii.iliil.it tliciall iiiJ
r^iu-Ce (^iniriior iiru..||y
.oiuorilia bi.loir;inj> tn
laikcd liy :i pir.m-, ^vlu
ral ut lllc l>u..Jiii ',.

ASIA.J

S U M A r R A.

ce cM.iul f.icn m l.i

ilii:. ifianil.lnii iu>t..ii^
arc vciy uuwii. Kinnir.
lUo lilt Icacii til,.- vvuv
<)cia:'iuiia',,'.s it iilaiil,
at yruws (11 it. banU,
nic of llic floojj. I h;
low the low cuiinrii, ,
t till Ihcy li.m |i ,.,
omc other wliolwluii.c

this ifl.ind is pcjijicr,
\, bi/oar, caiKs .i.ij
. \i.iy Icililc, ami « ll
low-lapJs luxl thi U.I
iflics, wliiJi p;.)J,^i:

of fruits, whi li Hi!
cijual to .Illy |(i.:i,.l ,11
c\, orange-, ni.iii «,
s, pilit'>a|>|ili^, 111.111-
' : thiy ha>c al(<> iiu--
S ruJi(his, iioi.h.i! ,
Ciuliii-lliil}'. T! .
allul Imiu-, wh.,'i 11
idifij ill l.i|iior, "I'-
omitinui iiii.l In •:!■

■ "'.•'!;"' '" w If, -1 '•
ic moll iljiignuui ui •

biiffjloi-;', lirrr, ymt ,
I the latter of Mliih
ul the h.t at It 'I
cutoiir, iitiil hi i\<'i
>• iiinicl wiih 1 1144I

■ (iiiouili. U h II tfii-
it» tide 1.1 C«lt Jll{

it '{■• lakiii l-y I'll r
mucli, a foul ll-:,

llu\G I'll Coil Jl! 11.11- ,

r ilifiiiJcii inciJciii 11

C licVCful fvltl Oi Willi

ti.i.ii.li,

iiiimjl», as tygers, elephant', rhinoccroles, monkies,
siiil wilJ boars : thirc .nrcillo I'luirr.-N, (iii.nio., porcu-
nims alligatois, Ccrpciits, feoi pious, ii,ii!(jin.tiis ami
(iilur veiioiiious inli'cl:i ; aiul this is laul to be the only
id.iiul ill tbe I'.all-liulies wlure tlieie ate beirs.

Ituy have fevcral forts of poultry, p.irticularly fowls
anJ iluik'- i .illiJ pii^con-, dove., parrots, parokets, niac-
kawi, iiiul 11 t'teai vaiiety ol filial! birds.

I'hc rivers abound with fifli, .imonj; whicli are, imil-
Itl , iiawhlh, lliiiiiip'-, cell, oylttrs, i;e. and tiny
h.itc |i niiyol turtles : but foinc ot the livcis arc greatly
pelK'ieJ with crocodiles.

The ii'iith put of the ifland pro.luccs jircat <iiianti-
lii.ol "i.UI, v('liich are f;ot out ol (he rit ii and inouii-
1,1 M- ; and the traile ot Achiii piiiici|ially depeii.ls on
till, valuable eoininudity. Theie are alio niiiics i.l tin,
jiiiii, b.al-, copper, j<c. It his not any uheat or rtc,
but gic't iiu.intities ol batlev, honey, «ax. In ;ai, gn
rej, and pepper, with vvliii.li they load their v lie s
ruiv \ear, ai.d tbey lend thiir pepper and i-old in e\-
cli.iii:;e tor rice aiul opium, vvhiili our lu-rcli.iiita lend
llii-iiriiom llen];.il and other paits.

I he iiih.ibitants ot tins illind aie of two forls : thole
th.t mil bit the eoall aie M.ihiir.ctaii'- ; and the niouii-
laiiieers, r.r natives, arc I'a^aii-. I'hey .iie in genual
vf a iiiodiiate II tiiro, and a veiy fw.irthy coniph x on :
ihn have black eyes, lla'. f.ccs, and hi.;h cheek b lusj
ihui li or IS lon^ and blaik, and they take 1 at pain, lo
die llir.r tctlh of the fame coloui : liny lik,v«iie bi.
(miai ihcinle've. w.th oil, as in dtlicr hot countiies, lo
pKVint lieiii); Duu^ by the ii.leCis, and let th^ir iiaili
|.iinv ixcecdiii): luii^;, Iciapiii)' thdii till tliry arc Iraiil-
p.Kiii, and dying thciii wiili vciinil.oii.

riie poonr f iri (to almoll niked, living only u liiiall

Siecc of I loth lalUiied round the waill , .ind about t..cii
cjJs ihty wear a piece of linen, cr a cap nude ol
Icaiei ule.i'bliin; the ciown of a bat ; but they have
nti'hci (hoes or llockiiigs. 'I'bc better Iml weardraweis
ut bii'Ciho, and .1 piece of cilli.oor lilk wr.ipprd alKiiii
lliiii loins, and lliiown over the lelt llioiiider ; and
when in town) they we.u findals on ili.ir kit.

In thrir dirpohiions they are very proud and re-
«cn;:>i>d ; and lo Indolent, that lli.yvvill iieiihcr rn-
(lean .1 I^> improve themlelves in ait. and Icinues, or
in liulluiidry i but luli'u their iraiii.f.idtuics lu be lui;-
lultd, and then LiuN to lie uitliiil i iillit. tloii. It
fuici^iurs, thcreloie, wire not to lupply their iliUcI',
Clicy would moll likfly lufler ihenreKcs to be nducul
10 J lit.i};c Hate, and only pieUive their v xilleiue, like
the bialts ul llic country, by liih aiticiis aa is lui-
lii:lid without the allil'inee ol indulliy. Thiir cliul
fiH'd Is rice, Willi which they lomtiiio ufe a l(ioii);
foup made ol iUfli or fidi, or .1 linall tpianlity nl meal
hi^lily lialoiied with Ipicei. The Mjhoiiiclaiis, ai in
cliur couiitiies wheic the fame ielij;ioii n piolelUd, aie
\rry abllenuuu. in the ufe of meats, p.nticulaily Iwiiic's
llvfh i iieilhrt Will th v ><>u>b Hion^; lii|uois . but the iia-
liuteat all kiiuls ol flelh, except beil, the ux beiii^', I'le
priiuipat objci'l ol their woilhip, I'heir common iliink
It liJ, 01 plain water i but they foineiimes ufe the li-
ipmr t.l youii{- tucoa-ilul ., wlncli i> viiy iiioliiii> and
plcafant Thiir laluiatiom aie much the lame a> in
uihei Afiat'c coiintrus, and lh>y alwayi lit ciula-lrggcd
va the fliHir at llieit meals.

'J'he M.ihoineians Ipe.ik and wiiie the Ntalayan I n-
{•luge i but the natives have a !aii);ii.i(n' piculi.ir i"
Ihiinlelves. 'I'helc lall wi.le as v«e do, horn the lui
haid to lheii);lili and, iiiileid ol pen, ink and pipii,
Ihiv Wiite, or lalliei eii;iave, with an inlliunuiii
iiude ul null on the uutliJc ul a banibuu cane. The
M^Ia^an^ Miite liutii ibe ii^ht li.iiid Ui the Kit)
tui lluy iiic ink, and wiitc with pent on a Imt ot
biDwnilh p.1,11. They ire iny iiidili'eient aecoinpt-
miii, but 111 tins dclcel they aie alliil<.d by the baiiianv,
whu iilidc ainoi,|>f( them, and ite ihefly eniplovtd at
il ikitu leiili: their .11 count , bein^ioiilid. ud in iha p.ir-
111 u'.it tu li.itc .bdiue> little iiile lUl to tlixle ol Lul<>|'V.
I lieu only velUls hei« aie ll.iii^ pni.k, which .iie
|;ti'ally aliiiiied lot th' lie I aii.l koiivenieiit niaiiin (
wliK h thry aie loiillnulcd. 'i If y aic veiv expsil in
tiuiidiii^ (lull hjat.>| tat iii all wlhei i)ieclUiiu.4l .ul.

•J

they are very deliclent. The Chiiiei'-- arc the chief inc-
chaniesuntheillar.il, and ^reat numbers ol them havi:
lettled here, pailicul..ily at Aciieii. ii^vtral failol Chi-
iiele imiki iiilvc hcie annually, brini^ing w.th theiiiiieii
and oili.r produce ul the counliVi as ..llo aitifiecii ol
vaiious trades, wli , during their II ly, eii-pfiy tl-.cin-
felvci in making c.ihiiut gujd.s, houiln Id luiihture, and
tuy-i, wiiicll tl'.ey e.Mpole lu lale 111 .1 Iti.U c.dKd lliu
Clili.ilV C.in.p, li.uiied on an eniiiKiii.e near Ce lea.
When they Have lol.l ll.eir uooiL, ihcy leturn home ;
but ;is they aie naluially .idJiclcd (o p^ainin;^, they kl-
dom leave the countiy l.ll they h.ive loll .il tlicr piu-
pert) ) a:id Mine will eairy it tu liicli lui.;llis, as cvcii
todi!pol' el their own \iliel, lole the iiionev, and theil.
woi>. their p.ilia^e liori.e in anoihr.

I he illaiid t;l Suiiiaiia is divided into le\ ral king-
don. s .,n.l pi ii up. I.Ik :, ; but the mi.ll e iMi !uab!e is
Aelun, which coirpiihcndj the whole nuiiluin p_it of
the iHand.

J-Xiluhveof ihe kir.jof Ac' en, who is tiie ^tcattlt
moiiiKli ill the ill iikI, tlieie aie I'eteial oranca.a:, or
let lords. 111 III.] kiiiiHloiii, wMo cterul; lev ici^il
.luiliitity 111 (hcii icipictiie uiiiiiiicsi but tliev ill ac-
knowl d^^e the km;; • I Achcil lli.n lupei o>, and accept
ol the ^rc II otfues in his eouit. In loinur litnt ^ the
kln^s h.iu cxcicii-d luch di I'pjtic povvci as c 1 diiplacc
lome of thcle, ami d. pi le othcis ; ami, rtli tl e lUoliary,
iiill.inces ba.e bei n knoAii while llule pimc s ii.ive du-
) ored the kiii'., ...id plietJ . nullier on 11. e III.. me.
riiue have been upe.iUd llru,glis betwcin the mo ; ul
Achei: and ihele (iiiices lor lourcivtil power ; and if
the liirmer has in loii.e lei-ns bscii abiidul , b. h. s in
others h.id a vciy Inn ted autm lily. i he kni- has tl e
puwei ol dilpiiii.g ol tlic Clown tluiiii,- his lile lu luclt
ol his cbildiin .s he 1: inks propc-r, wlulher born of a
Wile 01 a c iicubiiie : but il the kiii^ do<.s nut d pule
of It III Ills tik-tin.e, tbeie aic loineiiiins kvcral cuni-
p litors lur It) an I he who is mull lavouud by ihis
oi.iuayas, or valial piinco, ulually c.inies his pu.nt i
aii.l III ihele cales the How 11 is cKclive.

Aihui, the capil..! I ity ol this kin^dem, is filiialcd
ill ii{di;;. 30 mm, tail lun.^itude, and live deg, jo iinii.
iiiiiih lalitu.le. It ilaii. .s 111 a plain about lue iiiilei
lit III Ihe lea, |ooa miles luuth-ialtui I'l.tt !>;. (i.oi^it
111 India, and 4^) n iks iii llh-wcll uf lue cily ol hlji.'
laiva. The iLnleir, wliiih is lu lar^e as lo be capahU
ol c'liitaiiiinc, any iiuinb.'i (i( the largcll 111 |'s, 1. cuill-
m..iidiil by a Ijiuiou. biitHls incoirpallsd wil.i a ditcll
well loiiiiud aeiuidin|> lo the liidi 11 manner, and
iiKiuntcd with c.innoii. Thcie .iie kun gates lcUinj>«
in^ lu the iitv, belidci whth theie ate utiier iidoubti
and luililicatiuiis m the adjacent mainiis,

'I'iu' city c< iil.iiiH about 8 -jo houles, which au
huilt oil polls two kit above the ,-.tuiiiid, 0.1 aceo.nit of
the ;'.!> .It tails ili.t linictimcs lo usctflo.v the eily, lliat
the iiih.ibitaiils }'!> Iioin one houle lo another iii bo.its.
The Aoois an I liics are made ol Iplit baiiihuo-, and
Ih.y aie lovered With iccds, eocoa or pali.ilto leaves.
I In v .lie chiilty divided by pall.ladvC', cxiept in Ivvu or
ihue p.otliuLl Hints let apail lot lla. U, and one that It
palliculaily iiihahilcdby the ClliiU'le. I he I'.uiupcans live
a. iirai cichuthit .is thry can, ui a bng Kiiil neai liio
user, 'lluy coiifill ul Lli^bni, O.iuh, Oaiics, aiij
l'oilui.'u>ir, who, with the Caatuials and Chtiitle, an:
the t Iml ti.idiis in the City,

'I he king's palace is lituatid in the cetrer of liu
.ily, and |. an otdiiiaiy b iiluiii); ul an oval form ) but
It IS vriy Ipai iou>, biiii: at Uall a mile and „n hill iii
1 iiciiiiikiiiur. 1 U'le .le kveial cuiils 1I1.1I le ,1 lu
Ih royal apaitmeiis, each ul whiih is deimdtd l.y u
llioii ; |;ate guauhd b) loldiils. rbcpalue is IIICshII-

palltd ly II l.iipe nioit, uii ihe li.lt> ot which (,rowr
lee.ls aid catio ul luch iilitiicnk' llii^'ht as tu loiiccal
111.' whole buildin,(. I he .;at.a ale luiioUiid.d b/ 4
liioti.; w.,11, on tiie tOji ol Mliuh, III dilluHII p.ilt.s, a
pl.iitc I liiiall ^uii't .uid lliioii^h the palace lum a li-
sukt kit the soiit.ii ciicu ul balhuiyi Ihe btilluni uf
winch Is paved wi llliiall.le,

i he ii\)^'^ hUt bants and iiijija/uir' aie kept ill tliJ
ouici couils ol th pal.ice , and at pr' pel dill.iiics aiC
I«ui4l fiuall iJ.'la As.l „UuiJ.d aliJ III icj With aft ilei r

.1.4

;' »

'•\

i .1 i'

n ra '*

• ^-i

ft' I '' ' i

'^tiii

i^j

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OK GEOGRAPHY.

2:4.

and fire-arms. But the king's grcateft ftrcngth confifts
in his elephants, winch arc very numerous, and fo
trained, that they will (Kind unmoved ;it tha firing of
artillcrv : it is laid, that when they pal's the king's apart-
ments, they will I'aluto liim by bending their necks, and
railing their trunks.

The king h;is alfo a proit number of hotfe«, all of
which, as well as the elephants, have rich and magnifi-
cent ttaj'pings.

He is nut at any rxpcnce in timci of war, for at his
command all his hilijcits are obliged to march at their
ovin ex|KMue, and cany sviih them provilioiii for three
months : if they are l:i the field longer than that time,
he fupplics thcni with licc lor their fiipport. On ili-jir
going out he Uirnirtiis them witli arms, a rrgiller of
which is kept, and iluy arc obliged to rtllore ihini at
their return. M

The king of Achen niuft certainly be very riih, for 1
he is at muth Lfs expenee than any other prinee in the r
Indres. In war lie is only at the cxpcnte ot arms,
povdir, leal, and riic, v» hich is very trifling ; and in
peace it docs not c^ft hini am thrntr, even for the main- -
t inancc of his family, lie his more flclh, fowl, ami 1
all kinds of provilioiLs paid liim hy his fuhjei'ls, than ,
«re C(i:i!uincd in the palace, ami ihe lurpUij is fuld at :
the market for his heiiJit. He dividis hereditary ellaies ;
ai.ong his lubiecS , whom he cihli^'cs to turnrlh him'
w.th a lertain iiuanlity of rice every vear. This he puts ,
into hu m..,a/iius, .irrJ exports to luch pl.icts where I
there is a fcarcity of that article. |

fie is nut at .ny cNpencc either f;.r his own cloaths,
or ihiitc of his cunci.b.iits ; for on a reitain dav :n the
year, all whu h.'> '■ any office or pl.^cc in the city, ire
olili^eil to make r.im a prtlent ol imc or more gamieiits,
aicoiding to the income of their place-. If the king
drfij proves of what is j refeiiteil, he returns it back, aid
the olKcer that gave it is lure to be turned out of hi>
|)laee, uidcfs hi adjulls the matter l>) complimenting
h.m «ith a film of mon^'y.

He is heir to ..II his lubjech who die without mali
in'.epaiil if tluy have any daughters iinmafiied, hi
hnJi thiin to the p;'.lace. He is alio heir to all f.i-
regntrs iliat die williii his leniioiies j for whin fuel, a
pcifoii IS known to be ill, the king's (iTieers take poi
fclTioii of his hovifc, and on his death remove hisefl'iel^
to the callle. He h.is the ellates of all thole put to
dejlh ; and alinoll cv^ rv dav pr'idu.es an inftance <p(
fome innocent man's fiirt'inii^ purely 10 gratilv his un-
bour.dcd av.rricc. If it is n wcalihy perfon in ofTuc
that is piieheJ on, he i:< acculcd of in il-.idniinillra'
lion J an), t.i prevent their aliinnting their ellates or
^ >ods, he tiU) them by furpii/e, ami has th.'r wives,
chi'dicn, fiavcs, callle, and all their nuiveaMes
in ihe raIHe, btfore ihev kiuvv thiir Icntcncc.
the tyraniiv of this defputic piince •

I'he inhabitants <.f Achen ate more vicious tha in
other places on the loall ; they aic proud, cnvioiii, nd
ire.teheiou ; del,)jle tlnir neighbour?, and yet piitrnJ to
have more humanity tlian the inhabitants of any
cth.r nation. Some ol them .irr good ii" hame ,
cipecully in the buiMing of i^alliesi and ihcv air
very dtxiruii in doing all kin Ii of linith's work : ihev
alio woik will in wood and enpprr, and (umc cf them
are Ikilled m making artillery. They live vcy abllc-
niioufly, ihcir thief food bein? tire, to whiih Innic nl
the bettr Icit add a Imalt quantity of fifh ; and their
iil'ial drink i« water. Th-y are very fond nf luhacio,
though ihty h..vJ but little id (heir own raifing j and,
fi,r want ol pipev, thry fmokc 111 a bunco, in the (ami-
Itiaiinci as the inhabitants on the cojft of Corooiandel.
The bunco it the leaf ol a Ir c rolled up with a little
t jl'acco in it, whi'h (hey lijtht at one end, arul diav«'
the Imu k throii|(h the ot)ier till it ii nearly buirit to the
lips. ThiferoMi arc very euriuully formeil, and (,real
uuanlities of them iic fold in ihe public m.irket .

Thev arc all M ihomef ins, and, a^-reeabl'* to the laws
i.f the Kur.in, are permnicd to marry ai tnaiiy women
at they pitile, but the hrrt is rniilled to Ihe ptefi-rener,
and the ihiidien hy her are ritcemrd (he lawful heui.
If any dilpulri jrile between the hulbind and his wives,
th-y may Irparate, proviiird they mutually rctiuett it )
I

but the (olicitation of one or.ly will not be fuiTi,

'udgcil
chi

A court of judiee is held five times a week foi Jeter-
mining all matters of coniroverfy, in which one o( d,,.
chief orankayas prtfides as judge. Then- 14 i,lio a cri-
minal court, where co|;nlzance is takdi of all quairelj,
robberies, murders, t^c. comnitte.l in the city; and
there is a third court, in which the tadi, or chief prjcft
prefides, who takes cognizance of all inliinjjenieiiij 01
an ecclefiatiical nature. Dendet thele, there is a ci u t
for determining difputes between merchants, w'xihcr
fiireigneis or natives. Here an eKi£i account i'- kept of
all the cullnms, gifts, fines, and commodities biloiijijiig;
to the king, with a lilt of all the perlons who buy of
his inajelly, pay the duty, or make him prcfents.

Robber ies and murders aie more frequent here ih.in
in any other part of the Indies, notwithllandinu the
laws are of tiie n'oll l<;vcre nvture. All olleiiUr- arc
I'Kuighi to a fpeedy trial, and the punifliment is iiitl,tl.
I'd immediately after their co'iviitlion. If the offence
be of a tr, fling nature, the pu.iifhment for the fiilt nmc
IS the lols only of a hand or foot, and ihc fame for the
fecoiid ; but mr the third, or if they roll to a coiiiiJer-
able amount, they are rmpaled .ilrve. When the l„i;.l
or fool is to be cut 1 ft, the limb rs laid on the e e of
a bri).id hatchet, and the executioner flrikes it witli a
large mallet till the amputation is perlefled ; and then
thev put the (lump into a hollow bamboo Hulled with
rags OS niols, to prevent the criminal from dyini.' 1 v tnc
lols ol blood. After he has thus (.ift'ercd, whether hv
the king's command, or the feritcnce of the jud;'C, :||
the igiiiiniiiiy of Ins crime is wiixd olf ; and if .nv one
upbraids him with it, he may kill him wiili impimitv,
Nluider and adultery are piimfhcd with death ; an.', i;i
this cafe, the criminal has many exeeuiioners, hebeln'
placed amidit a number of people, who it.ili him witli
their daggers ; but female offenders ate put to i!(.it.i
by llranjiing. The king is frequently .» Ipeilaf r ct
thefe punrfliments, and lurnarmes acts himfcil a. c.ve.
cutioner : and though luch a Ipedtacle mull, to 1 t.il.
ing mind, appear of the mod horrid nature, yet lo Iriilc
does he leem to be afl'edetl bv it, th it inllanci' havs
been known ol his executing' a i iiminal, and iiiimiil:.itcly
going to entertain himfelf With cock-h;ihting, a diver-
lion more univctlally eltcemed than any other in ihc
coiiiiliy.

Having thus noticed every mateiiil particuLir nla-
live to the kingdom and cily of Achen, welhiMnve
point out the olhri places that are dillingiiillird in I'l 1
illand, beginning with tliofe on the wtllern coad. I he
fill! o( thefc is Menroolrn, a lellUment belonniiij' to
the Englilli, but < hu lly inhabiicd by people ii o' irr
nations. This town i« lituated in lOj deg. call I m ;i.
lude, and ihiev d g. lo mm. foulli latitude. Tlie .il-
jaeeiit country is mountainous and woody, and in li r:
paid are volcinos that frequently illnc iMit fire. I h:
iir is verv unwh'ilcfuine, and the mountains a'cgenc-jlly
coviied with thick clouds that biirll in llotms ut ilimi-
d'r, ra'ii, tie, The foil is .1 fertile ilay, and the
ihref produce i^ grafs ; but near the lea it is all a mo-
rals I'he natives build their hnufes on bamboo p tl :
as at Aehin, but the Knt'liih build their? wih Ioii''t,
not only fiom thtir br.n;; in want .if Hone, but 011 ai
count ol earihqii ikcs, which vciy lrc(|ueiitly happen m
tins part of the idand.

On the iiorih-wcH fide of the town ii a finnll river, bv
which the pepper is brought here from the inland p.vi / i
the country i but there is a great incunvrmcnci in lln .
ping It, on account of a dangerous bar at the niou;', . I
thciivci. I'he road 11 alio dangerous for (hips, .1 n
has no oth.r delrnce from Ihe violence of the lei lim-
ing the fouthwi It monfooiM, than a fmall plaiee.Jiii
Rat Idind, which, with the land point of Sill .In,
makes the haven. 'I'he town 11 about two nnlrs ot
circumference, and is known at lea by » very hgh
flender mountiin, railed the Suj-ar-l.oaf, which iilc, 111
the country iij niilei beyond the town.

The pepper brought heie loines Iromthe terillories of
two neighbouring lajahs, one ol whom refidri at ^in-
gledemond, at the liuttuin ol a bay 10 01 la niiUn lo
the nsrih j an4 (he other at Bular, 10 milet tu the rait

•J hill-

lit

HV.

will not be fuiTi.

)f8 ;i week foi dttcr-
in which uni: of the

'rhi.T(r I!, ilio » cri.
akin of all qujrrcls,

t in tlie city: and
cadi, or chid piicft,
all inlrin^cn.inis ot
cle, ihcre 19 a cu t

nitrchants, wlicihcr
Et account i^ kept of
inimuditicH litljiigir.jr
pcrlons who buy of

him prcfcnts.
E frequent here than

notwithltandiiiff the
■e. All otKriUi- arc
puiiifljmeiit is iiifl,i.l.
tioii. If the offence
nciit for the full timt
mil I he fame for ihc
ley roll to a conlidtr-

e. When the h.'.iiJ
. laiil on the c'.e of
ncr llrikci it viiih a

p> rledteil ; and ihcn

biinihno llulitJ ivitii
lal from dyin|.' In tnc
l.ittlrcd, whetiicr bv
ice of trie iud;'e, .11
1 oti ; an<l it ■ iiv oi;c

him Willi iiii|niiiitv,

will, ile.it*! 1 .111.', Ill
«miiioiiiT«, he bc'.n »
, who iLili h.ni Willi
:n arc put to i!(.ii;i
Jtlitly .1 I'peital'^r ot

actb liiinfflf »• 0.1-.

^acle mull, to 1 f.cl.

ij nature, yet lu little

tint inllnnct! hai:

nal, and inim<il:.ite!y
fk-ft;'hlinj.', a diver-
an any uthcr in ihe

eilil particubr ril.i-

Aclien, »e (hal! n w

diltingiiilhed 111 ih 1

wtllern coad. 1 he

kmeni lieJoiiKini; 10

hy people il .iMtr

loj deg. caU I >ii.;i.

Ii lalitiide. The j 1-

wundy, and in ifv:

due oiit fire, 'Ih:

luiitaim a'e generally

\\ in lloims ut tliuii.

criilr I lay, and the

le le.i it i» all a nv-

"es on hanibon pi ;

Id theirs wnh tiiiil>:r,

f (lone, hilt on in

lrc(|uenlly happen m

ivn ii • fmnll river, hv

in (he inland p.n 1 1

icunvenicnci in Ih ■

i bar It the mouin . 1

erous (or Ihipi, ai u

nee o( the lei .!ui-

a fmnll plaie cilii 1

I point oi Sil!i'.ir,

about two niiU"! iit

lia by a very h jjh

l.ii.if, which iiic> in

Wll,

I mthe tertilorirt of

honi refido at Sin<

III 01 I a milc<^ lu

10 milei lu the eait

llitle

ASIA.]

Thcfe two raiahs have hiufes in the town, whither they
me when they hue .iny hiilincls to tranlaCt with the

t6olb. weight of pepper ; and they alio pay to the
owner for every fuch quantity 10 Spanifh dolljr>, wcij-h-
inireach 17 pennywei-hts .uid 12 grains.

'Ihe Englifli tiill n tiled on this ifland about the yc.ir
i68s" ' f"^* ye.ir.s iilicr which the Kail-India company
built a lort, and called it Koit ^ork. In 1^.93, a con-
tagious dillemper r.iged with lu h violence, that the (•<)-
vfrnn and council all die.l in a very Ihort fpace of
,ii,ic vvhith was attributed 'o the town being lituatfd
on 10 iiiiwhiilel line a (pot as not to be borne by an hu-
rcipian conlliiution. In conlcquenec of thii calamity,
the Englilb, ill '7'9i began to build a new (oit 111 a
,„orc healthy part, and better adapted for rrgular foni-
(iciiKins i but ihtv had no fooncr railed the walls of it,
ihiii the natives who had a long time been ;it enniii)
with ihcin, atlaCKcd the place, and fet foe to the prin-
cipal pJit of their buildings ; on which the govrnur,
»Kh his Imall ganilon, p.ccipitatily embarkMl lor U .-
mil, leaving bchi.d them fevetal ch. (Is ol money, and
ill the aitillery, arms, ammunition, tic, 'Ihrn.tivis
howeier, finding thenifeivs greatly iiijuied by the ab-
fcncc of the Knglilh, and in't having I'ny imthod ol
dilpoling of llicir pepper, in a fliort lime afier invited
them to return, and again take polleflion of Ihur ik-w
ftttlenient. 'I'liis iinitJlion being accepted, the fori
thiv had bigun \v.is loon complcatcj, uiuier the name
cf Marlborough Fort j and they hoc been in quiet pof-
fclTun of the place fr^m ili-t time to the picftnt.

The Knglilh h.ivc another kt'.leuient at Silkbar,
which is lituatcd a' out ijnnlcj Irom Menc< oUn ; an J
httc they eonlbn Iv keip a d'tachnient fro 11 Marll o-
rou"h Kort, The lonn is tidciably la'gc, and beloie
it IS a convenient liaibour ; but it hath not any binld-
iii" or other m:itni that dcmaods paiticular atieniion.

Ihiy have alio oth'r fttKniints to the north weft
of the above-, pariiculaily at Catioun, fituat.d about
10 nih s liom Item o liii , Ippo, alout jO m.lcbfaithir
t.i the iinith 1 B.inull, whi-h is i.pAar.ls . f ico mibs
rmtth ul Bencoob n ; and Mucho, I'ltuatcd a little to lite
fuuth ul Indrapoiii,

Th- 1) tch baic likcwilV feveral good fettlements on
Ih s ill.ii'l, the m ll conlidi able ot wiii.h is I'.liin-
banj;, or rullam am, fituated about no mibs iioiih-caft
of Be .lulen. I he chief article of trade here is peppei,
of which the Dutch have proJinious qu.inlitic , b in.'
uiJcr contrail) w.lli it.c kin^ ol I'ullainbaiii, 1 iiJ otiiei
iiiLnd piinces, to lake it at a certain piiie, which tlct
^jy 0!.e hill ill money, and lie othci in clo'h. All
othr lUtions are iiohibitid liom tridinn lute, exiejt
the Chiiirfe, by iiuans of whom the Knglilh g<l a (h^te
ol thiir pep|cr, j-. our flips )al» thimigh ilic lliei^hta
cl Baiica. Ihc Dutch loim ilv caiiud on a gieat
Irije here in opium, bnt as that wa> found to impo
itiilh the coiinliy, by drawinj; .iway us re.iilv calh, t*!
kin^-, in i;oll, oriKiel oily Ihi c chrlts, ol about
l'.<oll>. each, to be impoiieJ ) .ind thai ii any fhould
fcf iliiiikid in acliiig eoiitiaty to this order, they (ha».' '
riiinly forfeit thiii roo/n, but alio (hen livii.

Till' town ol PiJI.iiiibani is very large, and pleafanlly
filualed on the banks of a fine river, s^buh ili\idri> >'
Idf into feveial hi inches that run by four channels inio
the lea. It was foni.eily a lonlidtiablc city, 111 wht;h
H^tt' It continac.i till ibSQ, when it was dcllioyed by
the Dutch, in tiveiigi lor bune iiijuiies they ptctaided
to haie received limn the names. It ws-. about tbn
t'lie that ibe Du^rh mbicid the chief of the kingdoms
in iIk' kiulh pait il this illaiid j but Uveral ol thiiii
were alterwaids recoveie.l by the native*, who have
(ver fiiu,. Ci iiiiiiiiid to enioy their nii|;iii>l liberty.

I'he other Diitih facl>>nv. heie .ire,

llancalis, lituated neiily oppolite to Malacca, '>n
the baiiks ol a fpacious river ol iti own name, The
chiel artiiies f ,ld by ilie company here air loth and
opium i 111 return for ss huh tnrv receive gold dull. The
country ii very Icrt le, and in the wimmIs and mounl.iini
ire piodik'ioui iium' ris of w.ld liogi, whnfc fle(h is cx-
< 'ilinglwcit and fat. They base likcwile loine good
paultiy, and iho iiyu iib»>ii)d> with vaiioiis kindt of nib.
a.)

SUMATRA.

Slack is fiiuatcd on the river Andraghina, but is a very
incoiiliderabic place, on account of the unwholcfomnelf
ol the air, which is attributed tj the great number of
(hads caught in the river at a patticular f .ifon ot th«
year, lor the lake of the roe, ; and the reil of the filh
bciii ; thrown in heaps, corrupt and exhale pelfilcntial
v.ipouis, '1 hcIc roes the iiaiivci | ickle, and then dry
ill fmo.ik J after which they put them in large leaves of
trcis, and lend them to different countiies between
Aihini and Siam. It is called Tuibosv, and is reckon-
ed 10 g'cat a delicacy, that ftiy of the better lort are
without it,

I'adang is fituated about 60 miles fouih of the equa-
tor, and ha. a fine river, wheie large Ihip; may come
up, .111 tiuc III faleiy ; but it is the moft infignitiiant
Uttlcnicnt the DutJi liaic on this ill. iid . it produce*
liut a Imail quaniity of pepper, and the trade in ;.;old is
i.< t.illiiig, a:, hardly to delray tilt nntutal cxpei.cis at-
tending it. There arc many other plac.rs on this ifl.inA
iiid'piiiJcnt of the Lnglifli and Dutch, the prim ipal
of which arc,

Piianiaii, litiiated nearly oppofite to I'adanj, about
1^0 miles norihwell ol Inliapour. It is very popu-
lous, and plentifully fuppLcd wnh moft kin's of pro-
vi(ioiis. The natives carry en a confideraMe fade in
i;o|il with the iiihal>it..nis of Maniincabo, The Dutch
had a (actoiy lieie (or (omc yiars, but wrre at length
dmcn (loin it by the king of .\cliin.

I'lcow IS a very conliJerable place, fituatcd about
li;veii leagues fiom Dafl'ain.in. in jo dig. fouth latitude.
The inland part ol the county is very high; but that
luxi th'- lea is low, covered with wood-,, and w.tered
with liveral linall riviis, which render it marftiy. There
aie, boa ever, many pleal,,iu meadows w,|| flcictd with
huRalos and oxen, winch ate pure haled at a very eafy
jiiice. It li-.ewilc afionis plenty of ilce, poultry, and
meral foits cl fruits, as duriatis, aninas, otanges, ci-
iion«, pomegr.iti.ites, m. Ion;, mingos, cucumbers and
potatoes. Hut lis niolf v.ilu ,ble produce is pepper,
with wh cli It alvuiiidr, and s in quality eH..-rmed fii-
pcrior to ihat ol any other place on the illaiid. The
pepper tliiclly g orts .It the bottom ol the mountains}
t r which r aloii thole parts arc exceeding popu out.
The city is liiua ed about tw 1 miles fiini thi- li.i, ip-
poliic to a Imall illand. It is but a little mean place,
lur the ciiy .ind Inbuibj do not eontnn b'oo huufcj,
wliiih arc chiefly bunt With ne.ls, and are neither
llroii:; or conviiiuiit. The king is lubjecl to the kmj
of Acheii, who .ipp inI^ a ntw };ovciiior eitry thico
\ears, and without him tl.c king of I'lCow e->.iiiiut exe-
cute any buluiels ol I'lipoitaiice. 1 be poicrnor, there-
loie, IS the peifon applied to bv loreigmri in ikc
trarsla'*ing ol bufinels, and even the natives pay bin
ths .111.:- dillingiiiihe I rclpii;). 'I h ih..bitaiits ot i'.«
city :* Mala)ans, but the inland parii are pollcll'd iy
the n. • I who dilown the king ol Athcn*. aulho'ity,
'iiil ha .1 pi-c>i!.ar language and km;;; if their own.
) liii I ir ./ i':e coun:iy produces great i.iianiitict of
gold, 'khiciilhc natives exthanga wnh the Dutch, or
lir inhabit.uits near the coall, lor prpprr, lalt, iron,
eells.1i, reil clot^, and Su'at pearls. The air here is
•try unhca'thy, | . i":ulaily Irom Ju'y to Drtober, anil
le people ate very iu.jci.1 1 1 I. sets, whteh are |o vio-
len in it.eir naiure, ni Uldoni to admit of Iscnif le-
mov'il i fo that was it not lor the pepper, no ((ranger
woul I venliire to go near •uem. Kvery ptrfun who
tiades ni this place mud hn. a licence fni that piiiyolit
iiom the king of Aihen , and when that i« obiainesi,
ihcy cannot he interrupted either by Ih" knij^; or itovcr-
iior 111 I'lcow. rill y ftl! their pepper by bahan, a
w, iiiht contiimng iiMb, avridi.pois, snd the king of
Achcn has 1; per cii 1, out 01 all that 11 (old, that ■<,
7 } for the export ol the ))eppcr, and 7 \ for the import
of the conmiodiiies gis. 111 exibaive for it.

Ilarrot, one 'I the mofl roiifidctabic places nit lh«
wel( coa(i belonging to tb - king ol Achin, i^ litiiattii
on a fine liirr ne.' .i*- nil the center betisien I'lCuW
and Achcn 1 and, like . c former, nipeil^n mull tr.id*
here without pi rmilfion ftom the king. I his place pro-
du' es gieat plenty of gild, tampbitr, and b^'niannn,
iht latter of which lervci lbs- iialivo iiilltad of 11 luiey.
2 L I b«

' fl

. . 15

siSi aisma

:. f^r^^imfi

^'''^.m

('1

[

, '•^f

' 1 1

■M

I !

! ' '

H : t

Wtf I

i h

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTKM OF ClKOdR Al'Il V.

216

I'he country ii very plcafant, and abounds with rice,
and fcvcral forts of the mod delicious fruits. The
Dut(.h and KngliHi, as alfo the inhabitunis uf ihv coalt,
buy up the camphirc here, in urder to carry it tu Surat,
and the flreighls of Sunda,

Andrigri is a fmall province, but remarkable for
pioducing great quantities of pepper ; and gold is
cheaper here than in any other part of the iHand.

Jainby alfo pioduces great (ijantities ti( pcppur, which
is fail! to be much fuperior in qualily to that of An-
drij;ii. The Dutch had once a factory here, the muO
confideiable of all their fetilcnicnts <in the coalt, but
they withdrew from it in the year 17 10. The Knglifli
had likewife a faftory near it, but they alfo withdrew on
a( count of the obftiuclions they met with in trade from
I'.ic Dutch.

I'cdir is a large territory fituated about 30 miles from
Achcn, and has the advantage of an excellent river.
The foil is very fertile, and the country produces fuch
quaniilics cf liee, that it is caMed the pranary of
Achrn. It all'j puKluces a large (juant'ty of filk, part
of which is wove by the natives into ItutiV, that aic va-
lued in moll parts throughout the ifland, and the rel> is
fold to the inhabitants ot tlic coaft of Coromandel.

Faliainan is a large place fituatcd at the foot of a very
high mountain, but is remaikable only fcr producing
pepper, which is not only very l.irge, but excellent in
Its quality.

Dava abounds in rice and cattle; a-id Cinquc'e pr.i-
duccs annually a large quantity of camphire, whitii the
inhabitants of Surat, on the coaft of Coromandel, pur-
chafe for 15 or 16 iials the cotti, or 2H ounces.

There arc ftveral ida.ids belonging to that rf Su-
matra, among which is one called by the inhabitants
Pulo Lanchakay, and by the niiti.c^ of Achen, I'ulo
Lada, or the iflaiid of I'cpper. This is a large idand,
fituated in 6 deg. 15 niin. north latitude. In the cen-
ter of it arc two high mountains feparatcd fiom each
other bv a very narrow valley ; and at the foot of ihde
mounuias is a plain that extends at leall 1 2 i:iiUs in

1; length. In this plain the pepper is produce! j but I'e

V illiiid IS Miy thinly iiihab t. I. Tl <• f,Ml of the pU,,, ,,

|i will calculated lur all kinds if un.i;'-, fruit, inc, iinJ

I cattle J anJ, as it has fevei.d ^yji.d l,>iin s ami r;v,i> ,(

1 might produce excellent pallurage ; but the inhalntjutj

i only att. lul 10 the cultnaticn of peppei, a$ that i. t ,.

j' article which tiiins out molf to tt.c r advantage, 'id.

I other parts of the idand are covered wiih thiek h;mJs

' ill which are fome trees that are ri-maikaMy (bait and

li.l'ly. The winds aie wellerly from the liegmiiui' o|

July to the end of October, liur nu whih limo ih^y

have very heavy rains ; and the climate, as in othci pari)

of the f.iine latitude, is very iinwhiiKi..ii,e. I'he 11I..11I

at prefent produces 500,000 lb. weight of pepf:<:r aa-

nually, which is laid to be prefirabie to that ol .,;;y

other |lice i the Indies. The inhabitants arc Malj\.

ans J but arc naturally better difpoled thin th'iic 1 1

Achen; their habits arc much the lame in make, 1 >

nut fo elegant : they ar^: very zealous Mahoinciaiis, ,.| |

in their culloms and ways of living dilici little fj,,,;,

the iiih.'.bitants of Achen.

I.ingen Ifland is fituated about 60 milcf> norlhriil .1
Ja'iiby, and about the fame Ji" iite to the fuulh-cjK ,
Johore. It is 50 miles in length, and 10 in bte.ii;ii
the interior part cf it is very mountainous, bit ii^:-
next the lea lies low, and is very feiii'c. It prcniiK i
pepper and canes, and in fome paits of 11 aie gi jt
numbers of porcupines,

lianca ifland is very larpr, being at lead 15" nn!,; .■\
length, and about 20 in breadth. The nativ.s, l,k:
molt of the Malayans, aro treacherous, and ya\ n.
hoipitable to fuch If rangers as unfortunately h..j|.-\ n
be ll!ipwreeki.d on the coult. At the nioutii it tic
llreights of Uanca is Lneipara, a fmall ifland, hut ij
barren that it has but few inhabit uits, and only pai-
duces a fmall quantity of pepper.

Theie aic fevcr.d other fmall iflands belonging to Sir-
matri, Cunie of which are un.iihabitei!, and thj te!l :^
infignificaiit as not to mciit the Icilt aueiitiun.

■S tl

C H A r. XXIX.
II. The Illnml of CEYLON.

CEYLON liei i«tween five deg. ^o min. and
10 deg. 16 min. north lat. and between 79 deg.
40 min. and H2 deg. 45 mm. call, at the ilil-
tancc of about igonnles fiom Cape Commin, on the
Continent of Imlia, Th » ifland was well known to
the an.'icnis, and defcribed by Ptolemy under the name
ol I'aprobane, It i» about qoo miles in circumference,
being above jro in length, and iboat 140 in breadth.
The Dutch call their Fort at JafTnanatan, Ham's-ileel,
Itom fancying that the whol« ifland in lorin lefembkt
a Weflphalia ham.

I Ins IS ccrtainl\ one of the mod pleafai.t and fiuit-
ful iflandi in all the Indies, an.! the air is muth more
temperate than could be eX(Kcled fioin its \iciiiityto
the Line. The mountainous parts arc woody, but the
plains cKceedingly feitilc 1 l( tings, mcandring ftieanis,
and riveiJ water the whole, but the latter in general ate
lo lorky, ai not to be nasi(j«bl«. The printipal river
rile. 111 Adam's I'eak, is » ailed Mavilla('onp,.i, waflies
the lily of tJandy, and difembo^uis iim.Ii into the
oiean at Tnnquem.de. The varuiion ol the fcafuns,
mid the winds which occafioii the nioii(iion«, aie much
the lame on this coaH is on the coad «( India. Ihc
northern corner ol this ifland u the moll unlertilc, on
account ol Its dehciiiuy w.th lefpixl to tlvlr^, riviikti,
Ipiings ti-. and not enjoying any nficlhiiig fliowers
for inanv years bat the otii 1 parts ate .iin.i/.ingly fer-
tile, being plentilully fupplied with walei, and enjoying
p«iiw<iKal taiiiit whikh always priKCcd tium the luulh*

ward, but arc pievented from renrliin; th>; niith rn
dillriCf by a ehain ol tery high ir.oiintains.

Hi le arc plenty of oxen, which i:i general ate 11 e.
inllead ul horft^ ; but they are ol a pceuliai r.: ,
having bunches on their backs like eaincis. Tfe uln',
however, abounds in hoilen and elephants, but th.v j:i
only ufcd by the king and hi^ faroumes.

Ccyhin produces all the fruiti ih .1 are Inown 11 !:■•
dia, either nil the continent or in the ifluiJs; ren' ■

II called lit ii.itiUn tf lif /;'.;//, and PataJiU -i
lnJii$ ; grapes in particular are loimd in pcrlecli m lut-
ing nine m^ nihs of lb- v.-ar. It prodticei brii ! ,
plenty of giii;er, pepper, (ugar, mulliemes, p." !^<,
eardanuin, calabals, collon, and areka trees; Iw; <> 1-
giiKi'ly planted by the I'orliigiietir, lunv pepper, iih I. 1 ,
various lort> of niingos, onions, gailu k, and oth r 1 .•
ropcaii roots ; but ubove all, iiiinamon.

Iheie ate various In-ls of ■ ,1n.ini< ;i trre», bir ih >■
pccul.ar to Ceylini are the nil. in a veiy ilr led
•hey aie fit to be llii|>t)ed ol thru liaik in two m ih-i
;v..i .1 the (oil It a moid svh.ie fand, h>e y. '■ j
icquiiid ; but m a (limy wet rjrth they aie iiiiit ir
mill year- betnre Ihry iKCome ripr, Tliofe liiit h ppei,
to gio* 111 the IhaJe do not )ie'd fo fine a flaimra
thole llial ate tntiiily ik|H>fcJ lo the lun Wc ne iu,J

III tlic I'hilolbphical rianfacti'iiii, thai the cinnaiirui
IS *• lather ol a b.itnfli laile, lonrwhit jtt.itigr;it.
and liiirIK like tainpl.irc ; lor bs the hejt oi the tun t; •
cainphiic ii rciidtrc I lu thin ami veltli'e, that it iilei u^

U'llV.

is priuluccl ; but t!,e
I'l.L- I'.mI oI the |iU,i, K
iri.iis Iruif, iiic, ui,J
.1 I'l'ii" s and r;v,i;,, „

i but tlie inhaliiijiii,
I'cppci, as th;it i, f e
l.c r advantacc '; >.,.
■red wi:h thick w;mJsJ
remarkably Ihait .ind
roiii the bcguimii., o|
ir Ml' whch time they
iniatc, as in mhor panj

lo'l^' <•• 'I'Ik' ilL.nl

weight of pepper aa-
Vr.ilijc to that of .,..y
iih.ibitants are iMilj-,'.
iifpoled ih.in ih.iic it
le (jiiic ill in.ikc, '. r
Ions MaliDinri.Mn, ..| I
vinj; difi'ti liitk fi.,i„

60 miles norlhra!) r(
Ke to the ruiith-cj(! ;
h, and 10 in lircijtu
lioiiiu.iinous, Ivjt 111:-
ry Kiulc. It

pills of 11 ai<

P'Olill

:?'■

iigat Icafl 150 mile; /i
h. The natives, liito

herou-i, and veiv in.
iforiuiiatily h,i|.p,"i 1,
At tlic nioiiiii . I [It

a fit. all ifljiiJ, Imi ti
ibitiiiK, and only pii,.

Hands licl.ingingto Su-

ahitiil, and ihj tcit i:,
alt a ueiitiuii.

rmcliiti; t\\'. tniihrn

loiilitaiui,

h ill (^iiicral aic u, d

lit a jKTuliai r. r , ■,

c caincls. TIt 111 111 I,

phanis, but ih.y ii:
niiiiei,

( arc Inown n !■••
I the ifl .iijs ; hi-pc - •
/, iiid Faraililf -i
Kind III pcrletli III !>ir-

It prodiirei brii I ,
r, imilliernrs, p.' c,
arrka tre, o i-

loll-; pepper, niiK if,
gailit k, and »>h.r Li'
i.iiiiun,

.im trrcj, Ini' ih' k
. Ill a Vfry dn loil
t liaik in two ui iV'C
It failJ, h\e )•• " r
irth they ai« 1 lyiit nr
■|"hofe liiat h pfKn
tl r» fine a Hjut ir »■>
thr ntn. \VV 111! luld
>, thai the ciiinaiii^Jii
lU'Krwhjt »«■ iiii|(':it,
ihr hi' .It i.t thr Inn U«
altti'e, that it iikl u)'

ASIA.]

C R Y r, O \'.

jii.l mixes with the jiiiies of the trfp, where il iiiidcr-
jo.s a linall fcrnieniation ; and ilr n rifing dill higher
bitiv"'" the fuhll.iiice of the wni>,l aiiil the thin innci
nifiiibr.inc of the baik, it is ,;t lalt lo eflc'tiully diftuleil
Ihio'igh tlie branehes and Icavts that the leall tiacc ol
it il. not to be perceived. Mean time the thin gliitiiiou:>
irtmbranc, between the birk and dibllancc of the wood,
atir.Cls thcpureU, fwettell, and niolV agreeable partieles
ft the juice, leaving the thick and giofs ones, which
arc purtieJ forward and I'erve to iioiirifli the branches,
liMves, and friiit ; for if the hark te frefh taken otV, the
juice icmainin^r in the tree hath a hittciifli talle, not
,;p|:kc that of cloves , hut on the contrary, if you talK
the inner iiirinbrane (.f the bark when jufl taken oft',
Villi will fiiiJ it n'f'ft I xqiiifitely fweet and plcaf.nit ;
dhcicas the out^r part of the baik differs \ciy little in
t.ilfc fioni that of the common trees ; which iliews th.it
til in. fwectnefi is owing to the iiinvr membrane." Thii
lice grows to the height of an olive tree, in its trunk
jiiJ branches rclembles the oranire, and in its leaves the
Liurtl. This fpicc is of iminenfe value to the Dutch,
bring univetfally admiied for the fragrancy of its (mcll,
and ililicacy of its taftc ; and the oil which they ex-
tiai^ from it is an imp rtant article of comimice, The
outvvaid bark is ufcd in the manufacture of f ime very
KjuiiIuI cabinets, the inner is the cinnamon itfeii ; the
fxcilli^nt oil that illiics from it is called oil 01 cirnamon,
and that cxtradfed from the roo is camphire. It mull,
however, be obfervcd, the ramphirc is not obtained by
the cinnamon tree only, but by another kind of tree,
peculiar to the i/land of Horneo. The fruit of theciii-
raiiion tree is about the fizc of a la'gc hazle nut, le-
ftmbles an acorn, is boiled to a liquid, which fcives
the domcllic piirpofe of burning in lamps in lieuol
oil, and the medicinal purpofe of curing aches, pains,
fores, &c. for which it is in great repute.

Betel glows on a finall Jliiub, the leaves rcfcmbic
thofe of ivy,, and arc naturally of a green colour, but
the n.itivcs whiten them by artificial means without im-
riiiiiig their virtues; the flavour is exceedingly plea-
f.int, and the fmell aromatic. The method ol turning
thiiu white is by laying them in trou.^hs made of banana
v;t I J, .Tinl pouring water on them once in «vcry 24 hours.
The betel is gencially chewed with Areka, which is a
friiii itfcmbling green walnuts, the fmell o( which 1%
tMrrnicly oft'ciiltve till it is driid, when the difa;_'rceable
KcM leaves if. Its qualitie arc to waim the mouth,
I ;ic the tongue, caufe dij.elli.)n, cure the (lone, and
tliar the ftomach of watery humours by proiiiot nj;
fjliting.

To make the quid, or rather piM, for clicwiniT, "licy
t.ikc a piece uf eh.dkv earth or a kind of iime, alu^it as
bii; as a pea, which they mix with a fourth part of the
arcka nut, wiap the whole 111 three betel leaves, and
chew It when they think proper 1 liime add cardanum,
clove', and ciniii inon, which cncrealc the flavor, an I
render the tbi-wmg more agreeable. The areka tree u
fliait, hai no branches, but bears the frmt anioii'- a few
Irivcs at the top. Till a perlon isaccullomed in this
■: iving, itoccalioni a dirrinefs and (fupcfai'tio,i l.ke
;jSacco; but when grown (amiliar is much nunc aijree-
able. When a vilit is madi', the tiilt thini^ prelcnted lo
a ijiiid of betel, which it would be equally impolite for
the •. lilted to omit, or the vifitor to refufe.

!"hc pepper fhrub, like ivy, requires fupport j it is
therefore always planted near other tiers, round whofc
trunks it may entwine itfelf. ItL leaves likcwife refemblc
tlio'e if ivy, and ate as biting to the fmell, as the fruit
is to the tafte j the pepper, which is found in fniall
bunches, it green .it hrO, red when ripe, and blackilli
after being dried in th • fun. The black and white art
thr fame) thv- former only rrtainiiu' the hu(V, and the
latter being peeled. The Indiuis ule i( no' only as a
fpice, but while gricn preferve it with fugar, and pickle
il with vinegar i by both which inetho<h it ti renJennl
exceedingly delicious.

It IS u.n erroneous fiip "oriiion, that cardanum j^rows
fiiily in the kingilom o( (Jan.inoi, as Ijreat qu.intilirs o(
it are (ound in Ceylon. » he natives procuie it by
bu.ning the herbs alter ihe ralnv fciilun, when Ok cat-
4»niiniis pioduccd .rom the .iflics , .11 that i> ,>(ii>.hiicd

2 2-;

b\ ibe Kuropcins is put to mediciinl ufe?; but the
All. tics 111 i^eiieial belt relilh llicir iicc biead when
liiul lied wiih cardaiiuin.

'11.: mangos beie ufeniMe ncdlariiics, and arc, when
ripe, ether lid, while, orjir.cHi tlicy are from the lijc
ol an egj; to that of a \ery lai(^e pear; aie vtrydelicijus
wlkii piefervcd, aii.l make an admirable plcl.le.

The J.irkies pioduce nuts like clicfnuts, which arc
fiibftiiiiud (of bicad wlmi nee il leaice; they are, how-
ever, far from being wholelome.

(Jeybjii likcwifc produces the fnakc-trec, the root-
tice, whnfr blanches h mir to the ground, and take frelh
root i and the talipot tiee, wliali is as high a, the niafl
of a (hip, but without any hrancbe; or leave;-, exce(,t at
the fumniit. '1 lie top i. theiciore cut olF, and iife.l as
-n umbrella, or a foMiei's tent ; as it is \ery llrong and
light, and will fold like a fan.

Inc kcitule tree is a very fingular produflion of na-
ture, the wood is harder than mahogany, the leaves
make excellent llrong ropes, the fruit, iercm''ling al-
iiionds, arc admirable eating, and the tiunk yields daily
feveral gallins of a lalubrious and Jclicious liquor.

The orula proiliicrs a berry of a purgative n..turo
which when Iriil'cd and (Kepid in water letves either
tor ink, or to take the riilJ from iron.

The rue is (I five uilitrvnl forts, all of v^'hich grow
in water, e> , -pt one fpecics that is deemed inferior lo the
rill; tbealors ate excellent in tl:cii kind, anJ the drugs
"• an admirable ';....iity.

Here aic eight other fpccles of grair- that arc con-
verted either into hiead or oil j the riolt fingular of
which is the tanna, eib bratcd not ( nly fjr its goodnefs,
but for yieldiiu' a thoufaiul-lolj.

The elephants of Ceylon aic the largtft in the uni-
vcrfc J the lygcrs and hears mc very li.-rce; and the
butt'aloes, oxeir, ho^.s, deer, &c. arc delicate eating ;
neverthilels the natives are fond of the flefh of goals,
fquirrels, and monkies. The monkics in this idandarc
ininimitablc, and of many dirtereiit fpecies ; fomc of
which do not icfcmblc any that are to be found in other
countries. One fort have grey hairs, with black vifages,
and a white bcar.l from ear to ear, which makes iluiii
appe.ir at a dillance like old men; another fort aic of
the lime lize, but of an amazing whitenefs. They
ulide III the w.iod.', but often make excurfious, and du
a greaf I'eal of milthiLf, dii^ging the dead budics out of
the uiound to feed upon them.

Tne do's are (eiocious, but at the fame time greatly
admired for theii fai'acity, and are fo faithful to their
mailers llir.t rhey fully merit the cticomums jjivcn by
Humcr to the dog of Ulyfles,

" \\"h;n wile Ulyfle;, from his native c laft

" Long kept by wars, ,iiid long bv tcmp'tls tot;

" AiiivM .It Ull, poor, old, dilguis'd, alone,

" To ail his fiieiuls, and e'en his queen unknown ,

" Cliaiii'.M as he was, with age, and toil, and tares,

" I'"utrowM his rev'iend face, and wb .. his hairs,

" in his own palace fort'd to a;k his biead,

" Scoin'd bv thole llavfs his former bounty fed,

" Korg.it of all his own domelJic crew,

" The faithful dog alone his lighllul matter knew.

'« Unfi .1, unhoiisM, negleiiled, on the clay,

" Like an o'd leivant, now calhier'd, he lay j

" TouchM With refentment of uii\>r3tfful man,

" And l(n(Mngtn Ik hold hl^ ancient lord again j

'* Hun, when be faw, he lole, and trawl'd to meet,

" ' I'was all he eou'd, and lawnM, and kifsM his feet j

•' SeirM with iluinh i..v, then falling by hii tide,

*' (Jwn'd h 1 rituiiiin^ lord, look'd up, and Jy'd."

The natives fa-d fumetiinci upon younc crocodile)
and allij^ators, and out of their heads take a bone,
which, when ledueed t 1 powder, is deemed a Ip.-cmc fut
the ftonc and gravel.

Ants- arc iniuinu rable, and throw tip prodigieus lire*
hills, f.iur or five leet in heigh; and two or three in
Ji imeter ; thele they iiruh in an admirable manner,
make f.> llrong that it u difficult to dellroy them with >
pick-ax, and till with all kinu's ol urain lor ItiFir wiii-
tct iubfillaiKC What an iifeful JcfTun doei this prii>

dtbt

i ' i

^i: V Wn

! 1

-1'.

■ 1:

1 ^

".1 i

I ' ' t

228

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

dent and induKrious little infeCl aftbrd to the indolent
and improvident I

" O ! thou llupgnrd, till me why the ant,
" Midft fiimmcr'.'s plenty, thinks ut wiiitei's w.int j
" By conftjnt journics carct'ul lo prepare
" Her itorc:., and to hring home ilic corny car ?
" By what inllruiftions does (lie hitc the grain,
'• Left hid in eaith, and t iking rcxjt ;.;ain,
" It might elude the foicfiglu ot hir cjic .'
** D ftui(!t in all th' inCccfts deeds appear
" 'I'tye nurks of thought, connivance, hope, and
fear."

Prior's Sclomov.

Of the bees, whiih fwarm here, rnc fpicics builds ilu
combs en the bou^^hs < i trees. When ihc inli.ibit.iiiti
would take the hociev, ihcy hold lighted torches under
the tices, whi^li aliects the little .iniinals in luih a m.in-
ner that thiy tall down dead ; the comb s thm UKtn,
and the bees theinlclves g thcrcd up and toiled fui
food.

Serpents and leaches arc very numcmus, and confe-
quently very dangeu.us, as ihc nalvi , -o barclcgi-id ;
but as much as poilibic to preveiu them from hitin;;,
they rub their legs and feet with a coinpofiiion uf allies,
fait, and lemon juice.

The king only is permitted lo kerp furkicj, ijecfe,
ducks, and pigeons; his lul jec^s are, however, allnued
the ufe ot ail other (owls, wild and t.inie. line aic
niar.y wild peacocks, and green paiiots ; but partiidjes
woodcocks, wool-doves, lii:pcs, Ipatrows, iVc. are not
fo plenty. The moll linguLir bud, I'owcver, i. oni
entirely t l.ic'<, called cailos ; it has a large iiL'ly head,
a long hiT, Ihoit legs; nevci lights upon the grnund,
but fits alinolt continually uii a trie, whcr>.' it ijuacKs
like a duik.

Sea and irelh water tifli are v^.y plentiful ; the por-
cupines or lia hngs .irc amphibious, and c.ftcn ran>ble a
Confider.i'.-le way up the toiiiiiry to brouze anmng the
corn.oi tat hva>s. Seseial kinds of filh are appuipiiatid
folcly to the ule of the kingj and it is death by ilii
law fi r any prrloii to cilch llicin but Ijr his iilc.

Though Ce)loii al'ouiiils with , uc< ot gold, filver,
and other metals, hone ate peimittfd to be wiikid, bui
thole of i;on J an I (uch as podute pieciou" lloius
are ail monopolized bv the lo.ctcign. i'hc cat's-i yc,
which has a laruty of fine colours, and nee Is no pi lilh-
ing, IS the lavoui Ic grni ; (hough their tubus, I'aphires,
topazes, hi.icri lis, lurquoifes, A:c. aie foine »f the
finclt 111 the univirie. ihe n ountains likrwifc produce
cryftal, grim, white, and led ; biuiiftoiic, fail-petre,
&c.

The iiihabitanis of Cev ion are coinpolcd i.f Dutih,
who pollels and command the fea coalf, whirr ate
likewik- many I'oilugueic, Moors, MaUbar*, and a
niongiil breed of all four j but the natives, who rclidi
in the inland parts arc called Cl'iigulays or Ciiiplallu.
Thcfc ate of two clalTes, the Lhmgulay;, proptrly (o
call d, and who ate rather ,i civihacd people ; and the
VaJdjiis who lue in the worjd?, .-.nd arc quite wild.
The firft are well made, nave regular features, arc \eri
adlive and ingenious, haidy, Inigal, tempi r te, and
neat; butlobalanectheirgoodq.ialil.es, thty aic (aika-
livr, yctgr-vc; cr.ilty, yet courteous , and Irc.icherous,
thou^l* complaifant. Ihc latter live without civil go-
\eiiimenli are exctllent arehcis, and iher principal I
biihnefi IS lo k inJ d 'Ciiiion When they have
expiiidrd or Ip'. iheii mwi, and want new ones
made, ihiy go low i.d> the houle of a finiili m the night, !
and hang up a r;< : 'ity of venifon, with ' taflltoncd

into the toiin m' .'• of the airow's point Ihcy want, by
w.iy of patletn j ,i the fmiih n-akes the airowsajihty
Would have them, and leaves them in lieu ol the venileii,
ihry leward him wilh more deer's flrfli j hut if he ne-
j'leels ihcm, tliey ire ire to do him a miltliief ; which
pioves that ih.y pto'tls integrity aiul gratitude ai well
as a fp;ril o, refcntment and malire. That they are
providini, li likew.fe evident, Irom their lingular
method of prefriniK; Rvih againtt a ii-ie of ftifcily.
which is by tub'ing the infide oi a hollow ncc with a
(itat tiuwitiiiul buiiey, filling it wilh Rr(b, and c lull ng

up the aperture with clay, which prcfcrvcs it as cfflc-
lually as it it was failed. They love to live under Hoc
by the fides of rivers, where ihcy fortify tliinilclvci
againrt the attacks ol wild bcalls with bough',.

The h.ibit.itionsof the Chiiigulays, or moiciiuUcJ
n.itiies of Ceylon, arc low, built wilh Itieks, (,t cjiits
d.iulid over with clay, and covered with thaith. 'Ihcy
have no chimnies, yet Vi'ould willingly white «a(I,
their houfis oiteii, but this tlicy dare not do, as the ule
of white w.ilh is one of th. king's peculiar piuiitjcs.
.ii.d It is death by tlielaw to iiilringe upon any ol !;i, urcl
rOj;..tnCs, li.iweier abiuid or lepugnant lo public uiiiity

Some of ill. anticiit pagodas arc tolerably h.iiuliomp
and leicii.ble thole of the continent of India ; but fucha
are of a nioie modern date are d, fpieable llruif lures ; whuh
euiK'cs that whateict little l.,lte (or arehiteeluic they
oer pollelL'd, has liceliiied in Ceylon as well .is nuny
othii I l.ices. llelidcs the idols in their temples, they
have images of their own peculiar deities, in liule
ehapcls, built in iheir yards or iiiclofurcs, bctoic wl:nni
they Ihew llowci.-, and light candles, whenever they
go lo pay their devotions.

With relpciit to their manners and cuftoms thvlit
crolsicg^ed on ihi floor, which is ufually malted. Cane
iuulleaus anJ lioi,ls, a:id a (cat china plates, bi..j.cii
and eariiien \ellels (or drelfing (ood, or to leivc is
lamps, arc the who.e of their fuiniture. The men un-
diels themlehes and lleip between two mat, j the
Hoiiiin an.l chi'.licn lie upon tiie door on a iin.;lc nut
hut keep their eloaths on. lint what is the n uii tx-
iLiordiiiaiy in fo waini a climate, they keep a liic
burning all night.

TheCn iigulayscat but little flefli through inclinaiinnt
h,^el li.ey uie piuniUitcd Iroin touching, and evm fowl,
ih.y rather .vblUin (ro.ii. They uie Ipoons and laillps,
but neiilui knives or ioik.s. 1 he hiilband fits down to
meals alone, the wife being obliged lo wait upon liim
<xnh all imagiiiaii.' oble<]uiuulnels ; and when hr hai
■ lone, llie piei.imes lu lit down with her cliiloim. Like
(onic o;hir Aliauis they do not touch the uliel they
iliiiK 1 ui of with ihiir lip., hut hold it .it a diltamc
.Old poi.r the liquor into their mouths. O d proiil,- let
ihiir beaids gioW long, and wear a cap Iikc a imtrc j
bu' with rcipcet to the pc, pic in general, they we.ir a
waillc at cither o( blue or ivhile callico, and anoihcr
piece of callieo about the middle, tied round w tia
lafh. In the latter they wear their ornamental wcap 'iis,
luch as a hanger, wiili an enamellid hilt, and l,.jL).iatil
(inely inibollcd. I he people aie obli .cd togobare-lojij,
brcaiiie none but the kiiij u allowed lo wear (hoc, _nil
ilocking';. 'Ihe women gieale liicir hair with o I of
cocoa nuts, and comb it down behind ; they wear a
(lowered waiiicoaf, and call. c.j a|.r,.n, and adorn them-
lelves with pendants in iheir ears, bracelets upon thc.r
arms, necklaces about their necks, rings on their toe
and fiiif^ers, and a g.rdlc of lilver wire , and upon a
vifif, a I'llk boon is added in the rell of the drefs.
■J he Cingulays are dimied into hvc «:lal)iss, viz.

1. The lion Iccwi or nobility.

2. Artilh and mechanics.

3. liandicrattl'men of a lower order.

4. blavcs.

5. Beggars.

The Chingulays, in general, are fo addii^e.l (0 ihr
ufe both of belli and lobacio, (hat thevcvcn fmokcaid
I hew III the night time, and when tliev aic peileelly
intoxicated, (all afinging iil! they drop a-llcep ; aculloin
they are lauglil lioiii tlieir iidancy.

I I'vious lo maiiiagc, the man' lends a fiieiid to piir-
chale the w, mai,\ tluaihs. which Ihe treily |e|l» i,,i a
Itipulaiid lum. In the evening he carrici them lo hir,
Ibcps With her all night, aiii in the morning appomu
the d.iy of iii.uii.igt i on which he piovides an enicr-
taiiimtnl o( two couiles, for the (iimdjol both par-
tus. Th; full IS hi Id at tie biide's home, when the
vo ing coup'e eat out of the larne d.fti, lie then ihunibs
10 .ether, (Icep together that night, and on the enlui i|;
morning dep.nt (or the bndegriHj.ii's habitation.

The meaning of making a purchafc of the bid '1
clo.iths n, that Ihc and her Inrnds may be latislied wuh
reljiccl to the man's ciiuumiUiiics, at Oie always .ik-

\i|^.'

uv *><■

» n Y.

prcfcrvcs it as cflVc-
ic tu live iiialcr Iict:
y lomly ilieniiclvcs
•ith bouglis.
ys, or nuiui.iv,l;icj
,uli Itiikj, (T cuiiti
I with th.utli. They
illingly »huc warfi
re nut do, as tlic ulc
s peculiar l inui,;csi
U[uin aiiy oi luijjrc-
lant li) public utility.

I tolerably haiulirHnc,
if i.iilia J but fuch a.
alclfrudlurcs ; whitli
tor attliitCklurc they
Ion as well .IS nuny

II their icmpks, they
lar licitii's, in liuL'
lol'urcs, beloic whom
niilcs, whenever they

and cuftoms th 'v fit
ilually mailed. Cane
chniJ plates, br.izcii
tood, or to lirve is
ture. The men un-
ecn two mat, j ihj
loor un a linj;lt mat,
vhat li the n ult ex-
tc, they keep a fire

-I through ini'liiiatiiins

hing, and cv: n luwl;

lie Ipoons anil ladles,

hiilband I'ltsdi'wn to

cd to wait upon him

1 ; and when he hai

li her cliilureii. LiIlc

touch the viliel they

lold It .It i dilhiRcc,

uth». O d ptcple let

a cap liiie a autre ;

general, they wcir a

callico, and aiinther

', tied round w t \ a

ornamental weaji^ns,

Ud hilt, and l>..ibjj|d

ed to^obarc-lojcj,

eJ 10 wear Ihoc, .inJ

ir hair with o I i<t

hind i they wc.ir a

and adutn them-

biacelelv upon the r

rings on their loc-

wire i and upon i

ft of the dreU.

five dallies, viz.

dcr.

fi. aJiiii^eij to ihf
thevcven linoke aiil
n thev aic perlntly
>p allcep i a culloiii

luij a friend to piir-
ihe Ireily lelli Im X
cartici them to hir,
ic niorniiij; app'^init

piuvidci an enlcr-
liK nd) ot boih far-
e's houle, when th<:
l)i, tic ilu'ii ihunibt

and nn the ctiiuii);

habilaliun,
.haic of tl'e \t<i' '^
lay he lititlied wnli

•I (ht (twayk .1^

C E Y I. O N.

ASIA.]

as much for them as flic thinks it is reqiiifitcth.it a young
rouiile lliould pollefs on their (iilt enlcrini; upon the
woild, and becoming liable to the expences incuned by
(uiDorting a young family. Tlui-, what at firft ap-
pears to be a ridiculous culloni, id, in reality, a very
p-idential maxim.

" Let rcafon teach wh.U fafliion fain won'd hide,
<• That hymen's bands by prudence (hould be ty'd j
•' Vciuis in v.iin the wedded pair wou'd crown,
«' If ani'iy fortune on their union frown i
•' Soon will the flattcrii.g dream of blifs be o'er,
" And tloy'd imagination cheat no more.
•' Then w.iking to tlic fenfe of lalHng pain,
«' With mutual teats tlie nuptial couch they (lain ;
I' And that f.:nd love, which lliould aft'urd relii f,
•' Does but incieafe the anguilh e.f their giiif;
» While both cou'd e.ifier their own furrows bear
«' Than the fad knowlcd-c of ir.cli other's care."

Thty are permitted to part from each otlirr when
ever they ple.ife ; hut if thercarc any children, the man
is nbli.'td to inaintaiii th.' boys, and the \von':in the
girls: and they are lo fond ot avadnv^ tiKinlclvcs i,|
ihis law, tli.il foiii-.- have been km wii f '^h.Tr.';e a
llozen times before tliey have ent rely fuiied I. ■ i iiicli
nation:'. 'I he prolellion of a iiodwil' is iinkm'ivn, .i-
the wiiinen ingcneial are both <iu litiid -,■ d Willing to
gllill each other v.' n oceafioii tei|uiics.

In the fame manner as conlLiMes with ti . charge
>nv pcilon inditlerenily to ..id them in the execution if
their duty, in the king's nan e, fo all the male C'in.,lane^
a-c allov\ed to command thole wlu are with ii lu.ring,
to aflill them upon any cmergenry ; but the w omen ale
not permitted to mention the king's name, undci the
fci»te penalty of liaviiii; tlieir iongncs cut out.

The criminals in Li v'on are treipiently impal.d
tlivr, other* have (lakes driven through ilieii bod'.s,
iVmc ate hung upon trees, and many are woined by
d^rs, who arc fo acciillonied to th'' horrid butiheiv,
thit en the days appui.Mcd for the death of ciiniin.ils,
tliev, by certain tokens, t." to the place of e^ceutlon
Hut the n'oA remarkable erini il punilhnunt 's \i\ liic
km); hinilvll, wlio ritbs an elephant ti.'iud upon |'iii-
polc , the beai* iiam| lis the nnlia| py wrielitojea h,
and tears him limb lioin limb.

Other modes ot pundhing are be lines .iid imprifon
nifnr, at the drtertion of tiiejudg's. \V'hn tlu-tim
isdciteed, .he ofKcir. li-iii; tilt culprit w'leievcr thi-y
meet him, ftrip him naked, tiistloiihs go i:g as part tl
p.i)irint, and oblige him to ca ry a l.oge floi,,', tlu
weight Iniing daily cnc.ealid by ii - .iddmoii <t oth s
that aic Imaller, till the moi.cy is cither paid or rc-
niitleil.

A creditor will frmetimes po to the boule of hu
dtlitor, and veiy I'^ravclv alliiir, that it he does notdif-
thafge the debt he im-ci him immediately, be will dc-
flrov liimtelfj this fogieatly teriiti'> the other, that h,
jiillar.ily mullets all the money he can, even f.ll.hi
Vile .iiid • hildren not to be dcluieiii, and pav~ the luin
liemaiuled. Tliui> owing to a l,iw, which (peeilii i Ih.il
it .uy man dedrovi bimlelf on .lecount ol a debt not
Icing dileharged, tbtlt thi debtor (Il 11 immediately p.iv
the money to the lurvivin;; lel.itions, and finleit hi
c«n I le, uiilefs he is able to redeem it by the pay
nient 01 a vciy lar^e fum to the king. And fuch hath
Iceii the icvctigifu! dilpodtion of fomc that iluy have
pit .111 end to tbrir own ixillenee in order to ovei
whelm otiuis, ;ii\d lhii< vickedly ^latified their nialiie
at the ixjTf.cc ol then lives,

— " I'leafuie and rev nge

"' Have e.iiH more deaf lluin adders, to the voice

" Cf any tiue di, ilion."

Sll AKISI'IARII.

A Woman nmO not be beaten without perniirtion fmm
I'll king. 111 til It they m. v ibaiik his m.iii Ih lo> . II the
li''W. ihiv )'ei. Dot liev may be ni.ule toiaiiv heavy
balket^ (i| land upon iheo hiads as long ah tb< puniniei
(liile-, which is iniicli more dti.idhil to iheni than a
i< riy diubbing. 'I he iiuunilUiurs il the children
'ijioid upon thufc (j| ihv inuthet j Ut il itx muthcr \s
il

229

a flee wotTi:in, thry nrc free, but if (lie is a (lave, they
arc always v..I1jIs. They have two modi . of ikeidin|{
eonirovcrlies, tlie one is by imprecating euri'i s to tall
up.m them, if they do not fpeak the tiuth ; ami by the
otliri both parties arc obliged to put their lingers into
boiling oil, when the perfon wl.o can bear ilie pa 11 thu
loiigell, an! with the lealt appearance of being ali'eeled,
isdecnud innocent. They havr-, lunvrver, methods of
evading both thefe law.«, tiie lirll by iifin ; ambiguous
expie(lions, and the latter by cert in piepaia;ions, which
prevent tlic oil Ironi doing them any injury.

The Chingulays acknowledge one all powerful being,
think that he created all things, and imigine that their
il-'iticb of the fecond and thud or.'cr arc lubonlir.ate to
liiiTi, and aiit as his agents. Anion-', tbofe of the fecond
nnl.r, Iliiddovv is the moll part.cularly reverenced, as
iiiey l.iy he was the mediator between Ond and man.
Ihe piiells (d' Ilu Mow ate fo much relj ected that they
ue not cognizable by the law, aiul even if they attempt
the life of the king be dares not piinilli tlnm j but like
inaii, other Indians, the Cbiiiiulays wi.rfliip both God
lid thi dev I ; the fiiit tilt v think they ought in grati-
tude to pay a u.ration to, foi the innumerable blefliiigs he
ell le s il|ion them j and th.e l.nti r thev woifhip, that
ill (houlJ do them no milehiif; lor they fancy that
■.hoc.er can put him in a good liiimour, is f.cuie from
receiving any haini of him. AnothT of their fa-
vorite deities i' the li:llt of ti ni;:iie\: The original
t )oih, vvlicn the Poiiugiieii. wcii in poUirr.on ol Ceylon,
was, by Im.ih nifan>, (Injcii from the | riell ,, who had
;he cart ol 't j this ocealioned a deal oi didinbjiic.-,
an, jiui tile whole inaiM into a teriible i oiilti'n.i'.ion }
lie . lieds were highly bl.,iiied for not being cartful of
fo ,reiious a deity i :'nd the only conlolation of ihu
people Wis to think their loll lavoiirite lo exceedingly
' Ipcclable ill bin. fell, tli.it whoever were ill polfellion of
hni could not pi.dil'ly have flu- halt to iile linn ill,
A cunning I'orluguele, in the ferviee of the governor,
di tiimineu to t.ike advantage of thi; urncral ablurdify ;
and having fornu-ily feeii the n:cni,y's lislh, whole lofs
was fo gieatl) lamciued, he procured another cxaiilly
iike it, and caiiving it to the piielU, thiy we;c l^i
ii.ightily pleaied to lee their deity .igaiii, that th y rc-
\' arde him with what amounted ti aboie the value of
lc,oco p. iindj. With v.hich h; reiiicd to his owii coun-
III, an I lived li»e a gentle , an, Ir- vj'.ieiitly r.iy;n , with
. eat joiularity, " Ih.a a-, the people of dylrii .1 loieil
^/i^iiif) 1 l;ilh, without having evei received 11, benclit
fioni It, he certainly bad a ri;,ht to rclpeof it, li.iving
!uin fu rr niu.h obliged to it." And in all conipaniei
his loiili. ..t toal' \va^ the m:nii)'i tenth.

The piii...!pal •Itival of the Chingiil.iys is obfervcdin
honour ot the new . 0011, in the inont'i of July, when
.1 pr eft /oc» 111 proc ; i .11 w.ili a garland of Howeis; to
which the pi.iplc \< I iit their ill iin,;s. After tluy
have I'ufficiei ly tii! ii<d the 1 icfped'. lor it, he mounts
upon an elephant, am! being p-err,!rj by about 55
.'tlur elcph.ntb, f.c ndos about with the (Ink u,i,n
uhiih the garlalli' of (lowers it lixcd, placed upon oii?
Iliould r. Ail the ileph.iiits are liiiely capaiilomd,
have loll'iis with bells deiceiJing from thmi, and ate
tt( ndid Ijy driimirie ■•, tr.impetcis, pipcis, dancers, 4;c.
All ttadefmcn, who h.ne ary conneclioii wi'.li the tem-
ple, or its piiells, walk thiee in a row, holdiii|', each
iitheis hands, ami have miilie and daiieini; between e.ich
toiipany. Th" high piii II b lluws, mounted upon an
>l phant, with i< pi Hon litliii', behind him lio'din,- an
iimbtil « over los headj and two otlitr piiell . mounted
iip< lulephai t< liueeid h in. Tlule thtecaie therepic-
Kiiialives of three t I the piincipal deities, 1 he viomen
eooks lolh w with laiia 111 their h.inds, and nany
ladies rieblv diin<.'d llnnappe.ir hand in hand, and tbtec
HI a row ( troops dole the procv Ilion ; the houles arc
ai'orncd with (Ircr.mers, and illuminated with l.iirpi at
night. This I. iimmerv was attempted to be ..boiilhcd
in i6b4( but ne atn nipt e.iuled a .' bellion, fo that the
king! of Vt\ on are obli.ted to let it continue.

Inleriot." li.lnte their fiiprimrs by bow'ng lluir bodies

and rxtending their arms with the palms ol their h indi

iipwardH ) but the guat only extend < ne hand, and nut

the head. The falutatiun of the won cii is by cl.ippmg

3 M Ui.iir

'■

!'*:■'. i

*.^»

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OV ClEOCiRAPlTV.

■ I

'• I

their h.inJs together, and then carrying them fo cUf.-d
to tlu-ir foreheads.

The bcgginn clafs of ChingiiUys arc mountcb.ink? in
•heir way •, the men bi;it a drum, the women dance,
and both fluw a v.iriciy of whimfical tricks. Tbcy bcj;
or rather imii(r people for their bread in great comp.inies ;
they arc prohibited by law from touching the waters in
wells or fpringt, and mud nfc none but what is procured
from rivers or ditches. If a nobleman or gentleman
conimhs high trcafon, he n put to death, and his wives
and daughtirr, are delivered to fomc of thell- beggars,
which is loola-d upon in fo difgraceful a light, that they
frcqumriy dcftroy thcmfclvcs to avoid any conncitiono
with perltms eftiemed fo defpicable.

In Ceylon, Dutch, Hortugucfc, and the native Cin-
ghnian langu.igcs are fpoken, befidis a learned lan-
gu.ige known only to the king and thepriells. Their only
paper is the leaf of the talipot tree ; but the method of
teaching children to write is here very Qngular, as they
inllru<5l them by writing with Ihckii in the fand and
loft clay of the ro.ids and Urccts.

The commerce is ai follows,

Exports,

Im|>orts.

Card,inuni

Ja^gory

Oil

lilack lend

Turmeric

Betel nuts

Mi.fk

Salt

Rice

Wax

Pepper

Coral

Amiicr

l\ai

Jcc.

Velvets

Chiiia
Red caps
Spices
Opium
China roots
Sandal wood
Lead
Copi)cr
Tm

Looking-glafies
Calicoes
liuttles

C.imphire, iic. j

The principal i'.ut of the native employ thcmfelves
in agriculture. They tre.id the ground, or rather mud,
in which ihfy foiv rice, with bunaloes j but bellire tliey
put the rite into it tluy foak it in water till blades begin
to rptout. They embank their wet ni.irfliy lands, in
crd.r to have foot-paths. When the riie i^ about fix
inches ill height, they weed and tranfplaiit it. After
rcapin;:, the women gather and put it into a pit, where
it is ihrafhcd, or rather trod by buffaloes.

The I'orlUL;uefc landed in Ceylon, in 15C5, and
about II years after they cllablillied fa^ories there,
the reigning king permitling them to build forts ; and
upon hia Jeinile, he declared the king of I'ortugal his
heir; but in proccfs of lime the Portuguefe behaving
with great cruelty and airoguncc, the young king ot
Candy invited in the Dutch, in thjg, who after a
tedious war, at length, in the year 1655, lubducd the
Portuguele, and became mailers of the coaft and ir.ide.
The king, their ally, they drove into the mountains,
and with their ufual gratitude made him their tributary.
The Dutch have in iubfequrnt years committed many
cruelties, and the natives frcipicntly retaliate by making
cxcurlions among them, or murdering all they meet
with at a dil>«nce from the forts.

The ifland was formerly divided into nine monarchies,
but at prcfent it is under the dominion of one king,
whofc court IS kept in the center of the idand, at a
place called Dijiligy-Neur ; the palace is but meanly
built, though the gates are large, (lately, and finely
carved, aiiJihe window frames nude of ebony, and in-
laid with filver ; his elephants, troops, and fpics are
iiumcruus, and his cuncubtnci many. The guards aic

commanded by Dutch and Portuguefe r iii;;.i1;i rffi cr<
He ..lluines -reat dignity, and deinaiid-, iiiikIi rii|>ccl,
v»hich his fubieds readily pay hin>, as t! ey imagin;
ibat all their kin^'' •'"•' inmiediately u;ion iliir Jen if-
turned into gods. He expects th.it Chr.rtiam ftiould
falute him kmiling and uncovered, but ii'i|iMr.s nfjtlun.
more of tl\ein. llis title is emperor of Ci\'on, kin.-
of Candv, prince of (Jnvaand the fiur Coiks, gpal
duke iiltlic feven Corles, mari)uis or Diiriiniia, lonl
of the t.a-potts and filherics ol pearls an. I puriOLs
Hones, lord of the golden fun, &c. i'ic. ^'»c. Ilisrc-
venue confilts in the gifts and olleriiigs of Ins fubjthj
his palaces ate built ui^n alinoll inacccll He |l,Kii
for the greater fccurity j no brid-es are piiniilted 10 be
ereilled over rivtrs or lireams, or good roads to be nu.lt,
to rendu the country :io iir.paliabic as po.ii.i'.e. N re
are allowed to approach his palace withinit a piU'iuiit
llanipcti on clay. The troops are hereditary, anj caiiy
as weapons, fwords, guns, piker, bows, nirows, J>t.
They arc fublle, but not courageous, and will not en-
gage an enemy but by furprife, and wlun theie is lumc
niai.ilill advantage in thiir own favour. It is fo ditfu ult
to penmate into the inland parts, and all the palTe, are
fo well gu.irded, that even the Dutch tlieniftlves aie uii.
aciiuainied with the greatcll part of the illand. The
chief city. Candy, has m thin^ remarkxble lefp iJtin^ it
but its fituation, being naturally fortified by th furruutid-
Mig rocks ; having formerly been burnt fever il limes by the
Portuguefe, and the court being removed to Uijdig^-
i Neur, it retains very little of its former eontlii'iencc.
The moft remarkable places on and about the coalt .ue,
The illand of Manaar,
Chilan, Ncgumbo,

Colombo, Point de Gaile,

Baticalo, TrimiuilepKlo

Jafinapatama, Patrlii.ira^'aU.;.

And the fcvcn little iflaiids of

Our.-iture, Caradiva,

Xho Deferta, I'ongatdiva,

Analaiiva, - Nain.uidiva,

and Nindundiva.

niforc wc conclude, it is nccdlary to obfcrvp, tint

Adam's I'eak, which Hands to the call of Colombo,

is not only the highcll mountain in Cevlon, but in all

India 1 it receives its name fiom a traJilion of the lu.

tives, that Adam was created and buried here. It i>

Iteep .uid craggy, and of a conical tiguic ; at the liini-

mit there is a fmooth (tone, on which appears the mi-

prelTion of a large human foot, which t'ne ChinL'ulsys

affirm to have been made by Adam. This occaiu;-,

them to pay great aloration to it ; and at the coniniciite-

meiit of every year valt multitudes clamber up 1 1 ir,

notwithllanding the afccnt is fo difficult that iron Ipi^oi,

and chains have liecn fixed to the rocks, in order to uei.

litate their climbing. In another part of the nuninlai.i

there is a lake, which the natives with equal grmty

aver to have been made by the tears which tb ■ iiv

Eve continued fliedding, on account of the ikr.h

of Abel, for 100 years fucccrtively. Such incohcr< :ie,(>

will ignorance frame and fuperftilion believe. U'i'l

might iJifliup Stillingflcct fay.

" Permit mc, mufe, ftill farther to cxplorf,

" And turn the leaves of luperllition o'er ;

" Where wonders upon wonders ever grow,

" Chaos ot zeal, and blindiiefs, mirth, and woe ;

" Vifions of devils into nionkics turn'd,

" That, hoi from hell, roar at a finger biirn'd .

" Hotlles of precious tears ihnt faints have wqn,

" And bieath a thoulaud yeati ia plii«U Upl,"

C 11 .\ ?.

( 23' )

CHAP. XXX.

12. The M A L D I V I A ISLANDS.

|Pi¥

THESE iflaiuU ari: fiiii.itcJ about 500 mile, from
CcnIoii, acid reach from 4 ili'g. foutli l.it. to
8 jcg. north lat. They extend about Coo
miles ill K ngth, and are upwards of 100 in
the hroadeft part. They are f.iid to be upwards of 1000
ill n'jmbcr ; but many of them arc nnly large hillocks of
faiiJi and, from the barrcnntfs if llie foil, are entirely
uninhabited. 'Ihc whole country ii divided into 13 pro-
vinces railed A ttolons,cach of which contains many fni;dl
ifljnds, and is of a circular foim, about too miles in cir-
cumfeientc. Thcfc province; all lie in aline, and arc
f.'f.-ratcd by chani:e!s, four of which arc navigable for
|.ir'e fliipi, but arc very d.ingcroui, > n aceoiini of the
sniii'in^ rocks, that break the force of the f-a, and
rsifo prodigious furges. The currents run call and
wtd alternately fix month'!, but the time of the ch..ngc
i? uncertain ; and fomctimes they fliift from north 10
(oiith. At the bnttom of thcfc channels ii found u
fubllancc like white coral, which, when boiled in eotea-
wutcr, j;rcaily relVnibUj fug.ar.

I'hefc iflaiids lie fc mar the cqulnoxi.il on both fides,
th.it rlic eliniatc is exceeding fultry ; the nights, how-
lie,-, arc tolerably cool, and produce he.n y dews that
ire rcfrefliin;^ to the trees and vegetables. Their \Mnter
cotiim''ncrs in April, and continues till Oi'lobcr, dnriii.j
v.hc'i til'. y h.^.ve perpetual rains and (hoiu; wellcily
wiiid.S but they never have any fri ft. '1 ia lummcr
bi'.ip? in Oilobcr, and continues fix months, during
v.hieli time the winds are eaKcrly, and there not being
tiiv nii'i the heat i^ fo cNciirue as fcaree to be borne.

TlieM.ildives ate in f^encral very fertile; and in par-
ti.:u!.ii produce great quantities of millet, and another
ci.iin r.iueli like it, cf both which thiy have two hn-
itlls every year. '1 hey have r.Ko fevend kinds of roots
I'm I'lit for food, pirticnlarly a fort of bread- liuit,
i.tll.J Ncllpou, whieii grows wild, and in great abund-
iiicf. The woods produce cxecllent fruitj, as coco.ns,
(itri)n«, pomegranate?, and Iinlian figs. Their only
:n'irals for <ife arc (liecp anil butfaloes, except a few
C(/Wb or Inills that Iclonu; to the king, and are im-
|(irii-'! firm ihe continent ; but thefe are only nfed at pir-
t.cuUi fiftivals. They have little domcdic pimltiy, but
arc well liipplied with prodigious quantities ot wild towl

very low
s, ducks,
ijils, and birds refemhllng fparrow- hawks. Thcfia pio-
diKCs moft kinds of fifli, great quantities of which are
(Spirited froni hence to Sumatra. Among the fifll is
cnicalhd a itHi;V, the fhclls<.f which arc ufed in moft
l.Kis of the Indies inftcad of coin ; and thefe are the
lan-.c as thofe known in tnglind by the name of bl.ick-
air,i«.i's teeth.

1 he only poifonous animals here are fnakcs, of which
there is a very daUf-erou . fort that frequents the borders
bt ihc fea 1 but the inhabitants are greatly pcftered with
rats, dormice, piCniircs, and other forts of vermin,
ivhieh arc very dellrudive to their provifions, fruit,
JiiJ other pcriftubl commodities ; for which icafon tliey
huiKl their gniiaricson piles in the fr;i, at fome diftaiiee
f; om the Iho.c ; and moll ol the king's granaries are
fcuili in the fiinc manner.

The iiihiibit»nts of thrfe iflands are very robiift, of
an olive comp'exion, and well featured. T hey are iia-
tiirdly ingcnicii!., and apply ihcmfelves with jrcat in-
dil'.ry to various maniifaeturcs, particularly the making
cf lilk and rntton. They arc cautious and (harp in
tr.idinf J and are courayieoiij and well fKilled in arms.
Iht eei.ii on |i. oplc ^'o aliiu' 1 nakid, having only »
(ic«« ol cotton l.ilKni-d roiuiJ their wnift, except on

ihjt are caught in the woods and fold at a very low
priie. They have alfo plenty of wild pigeon

fcftival d.'iy.'', when they wear cotton or filk jerkinj,.
with waiftcoats, the flceves of which reach only to thir
elbows: the better fort tic a jiicee of cloth between their
legs n.'id round the waift, next to which thi y have a
piece of blue or red cotton cloth that reaches to the
knees, and to that is joined a large piece of cotton or
filk reaeliing to their ancles, and girded with a fquare
handkerchief embroidered with gold or filver ; and the
whole is fecurcd by a large filk girdle fringed, the ends
of which hang down before; and within this girdle,
on the lift fide, they keep their money and betel, and
on the right fide a knife. 'I'hcy fct a great value on
this in(^rllnlcnt, from its being their only weapon j
for none but the king's officers and foldiers arc per-
niitted to Wear any other. Tlu: hitler foit wear tur-
laiis on their heads made of lilk richly ornamented,
but thole of the foiincr fort arc m;;Jc of cotton, and only
oiiiamentcd wic'i v.irious coloured ribbons.

The womm are f.iiier than the men, and in general
of a very agntablc dilpofiiion. They wear a coat of
cotton or filk that reaches from the waift to the ancles,
o\er which they have a long robe of taffety, or fine
cotion, that eMeiids from the ftioiilders to the feet, and
is faftened round the neck by two gilt buttons. Their
hair is black, which is cfteemcd a great ornament ; and
to obtain this they keep their daughters heads (havcd
til' they are eight or nine years of age, leaving only a
lutle hair on the forehead to diilinguifh them from the
boy?. They wafli their heads aiie '',ur in water to make
it thick and Kng, and let it hang looli; that the air may
dry it, after which they perfume it with an odoriferous
oil. When this is done, tiny ftroke all the hair back-
w.irds fiom ihefoiehead, and tie it behind in a knot, to
which they add a large lock oi man's hair ; and the
whole is cuiioufly ornaineiitnl with a variety of flowers.

The houfes of the common people are built of cocoa
wood, and co\ered with leaves feweil one m i'' in another ;
but the beltci fort have their hoiilcs built of ftone, which
ii taken trom under the flats and rocks in the following
manner ; amor;; oilier trees in this illand is one called
candmi, which is exceeding loft, and when dry and
fawed into planks, is much lighter than coik : the
natives, who are excellent fwininiers, dive under water,
and ha\ ing fixed upon a ftone tit for theii purpofc, they
faften a ftrong rope to it : after this they take a pl.-,nk
of the candou wood, which, having a hole bored in it
is put on the tope, and forced down quite to the ftone :
they tlie.i run on a number of other 1 oards till the light
Wood riles up to the top, drn!'!;ln", the ftone along with
it. — Uy this contrivance the natives got up the cannon
and anihors of a I'rcneh diip that was caft away here
in the beginning of the lafticntury.

The Maldivi.iiis arc in general a vcrv polite people,
particularly thole on the illand of Male, but they
arc very libidinoii.s, and fornic:iiion is not cnnfidered
as any crime ; neither muft any perl<<n oft'er infult to a
woman that has been guilty of mifeundud previous to
marriage. Every man is pumittcd to ha\e thiee wives
if he can maintain them, but not n-.ore. 'I'hc girls aie
msriia;.'eat le at ci|>ht years of ape, when they wear an
additional coveriii;' on their necks : the bov: (lo naked
till feven, when iliey arc cireumcifed, a;;d \nar the
uhial drcfs of the country.

Thtyarc ve.y abllcmious in their diet, their princii'il
food confilliii' of roots made into meal, .11 1 baked;
particularly lb"! • called lullpoii and cla.s, t!ie !atier ot
which they drefs feveral wiy- ; ihey alio m.i'Ki- a pot-
tage of milk, coco.i, hci'ey, and bread, wbiih they
tfteem at", ixcclb lit ilifhj and their common drink is

water.

t i

r. }m\

W \ I

"'''Ii!

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAI'UV.

\y.itcr. They (it cnirs-lcgpiM at their nic.ils, in the
l.imc rriiiiiiici as in other cjlKin t )(imrn.s ; tlic fwor uii
which they lit is covcrcii with i line iii.it, ;iml, iiiilrad
ot t.ibli- cloths, they ulo b.inuiu l.'avcs. Their dKhcs
arc chiefly ot china, all velli;- nf [.■nlil or fiKcr beini;
prohibilel hy Ijw : they .tc iiiailc ruunJ, with a cover^
o\ir which is a pieic i>l iilk to keep out the aius.
They take up their vic'tuah with ilicir finders, and in
fi) careful a manner as not to let aiiy fall j anj if ihcv
have occali'in to fpit, they iil'e from the taWe and walk
cut. They Jo not drink till they have tiniftlcd theii
meal, for they conlidcr tli.it as a iii..rk of riidenefs ;
and they are very cautious ul e.iting in the iirileiite it
ftrangers. They have no fet nicjls, but Vui when tlu
appetite fervcs, and al! their provilions aie drellld h^
the women ; l.ir if a man w.is to he fcen ixecuting th..l
bufiiicfi, he would lie treated withlh.- ;;re,i!eil ciniieiiipt

Tiiey are n.itur.illy very cleai.ly, and'vhen they rill
in the niorning, thiy inumd ately wafli thcmfclvcs, rub
their eye. with oil, and bla^k. th.ir lycbiow-, Thei
are alio very carefal in wafliirij; and '.Ie.:nriiig tiieir teeth,
that they may the better receive the llain of the beiel
and arek.i, which is red, the colour ihy i.re p.irticu-
laily I'oiul of. 'l'h(y contl.inlly kee^ betil ..bout t.cm,
and mutually ptcfeiit it to each other upon ocealiun. 1
falutations.

Though th.y arc all Mahometans, vet lliey prcfeiic
many I'.igan cuflo-.is ; fur when crorttd at lea, tli' \ I
pray to the king (^t the winds ; and in evciy ifland tlu:c |
is a place wheic iho.c who have efca;" I danijer make .
offeiin;;,? to hiiii of Utile vcficls made lor the purpole. I
in wluc.i they put flagrant wokU, f.owcrs, and othei
perfume?, and tli n ti.rii the vcli'cl adriit to the mercy ol
the wavt ,. Sucli .ue their fuicii'.itious notions of this
ally king, th.u they daic not Ipu to the wiiidwaid for
fear of otllndmi, i.im ; and all llieir vefiels being do-
voted to hmi, the) are kept mu.,lly clcin wr.h their
niofiiucs. 'I'hey ill putc cri;irc=, licknets, andileih to
the devil J a:ul in a certain place ir.'.ke him oil'tiings of
flu\Vi:s and baiii|ucts in uider to p.u ity him.

Tlieir mof^ucs are very ne»t buijilings made of ftonr
WclI-ceine.r.eJ, caeh of which is fitua;cd in the r>.iiti.[
of a U|ja;e, and round it they bury thir >iead. 'I'll;
tnoKjue I1.1. thr~e dour.', cell aleen.lid by a flight it
ilcp, : the w.iUs vvithin arc w.-irfci ted, and the ceiling
is of wued lirautifilly v rie^^.TIed. I he floor is of po-
lifhed ftoiie, co'.eied w.th mat. aiil tapellrv ; and the
ceilnj; and w.iimcotii.g aie fimily jo.ncJ w.ihout cither
iuIIj or pcjs.

1 ach inedquc lias its pried, wh 1, bcfides the public
deities if his ofiiec, teaches the tliiidicn to leaJ and
writ^ ihc Mal.'ivi.in langu.igr, whi^h.s i radical tongue :
he alio I.' .liueU them in th.' AraMc language, and is
reward -d for thefe ferviie- by the p.itciu'.

Thole who are very leli '^iOUJ go to their mofquc five
times a J.iy j and liefuie tl.ey enter it, they .illi their
feet, han.'s, car:, eyes, and mouth ; nor wi'.i ihey nc-
pkct doing tl.ii on any occalion whatever. Tlii le who
do not chiife to go to the iiiufi|ue niav fay their prayers
at home ; but il they are kiuAvn to omit doing one or
the other, they a^e tiealcd with the ^reattll coiitenij t, as
no pcrfoii will eiiliir cat or conicrfe with them.

1 hey kicp their I'abhath on (he Friday, which is ce
lcbra;cd with g'e.it Mhvity ; and the f.iinc is obfervcd
cii the day tf every iievi- moon. They have fevcral
other fcftiwds in tiie couri'c of the )ear, the nioftdiltin-
gaiilicd ol wiii;h is cue c.lUd MauK<ue, and is held in
the month ;if Oclv'b.r, on the night in which .Mahomet
died. t)ii tills oeMiioii a lar^e wooden hgiile, or hall,
is enel d on a particular part it the illand, the iiifide of
which is lined \«ith the riehett tapeltiy. In the center
of the hall is a t..! le covered with various foits cf pro-
vilions, and ii'jiid it arc hung a pio.ligious number of
lamps '■'" rit'.'>lie of which ;;ivcs a moll liagrant fcent.
'I'he ; co,.le ailemble about eight o' iluvk 111 the evening,
and a.e (daccd, by pmpcr olFierrs appo.ntcd lor that pur-
p'lle, according to their rclpeetivc ll.itions. The pricllt.
;tiid other ecclefiaftics, fiiig till midnight, when the
whole a'i'einbly fail proihatc on th.- ground, in which
poUurc they continue till ;he head piiell rii'es, when
the icU fJig.', hii exaii.plv. I'hc pcupkaic lUcil fcrvcd

with betel and drink ; and when th^ fcrvice is em n!,
over, each takes a part <.f the piuvifuuis on the i.,;i;
which thty carry lioiiie, and pulerve as a faend relief:.

W'lih rilpcilt to their marriage ccrenioiic-, vvl,iri
two peifons intend cntctiiig into that flate, the mm
g vfs in'';r'Tiatioii of his delign to the p.r.diarr, or
ni'yl e, ,vho ali^s him if he is willing to hue ihc wg-
man propofcd : or. his aiilweripg in the atitmatiic, ihg
pan li ire iiucllions the p..ieiits as to their conient: if
thee i'pprovc of it the won'..iH is brought, .iiu! tl.e p.r-
ties aie married in tlie prtfeiue of their frieii s and re.
la:iiiiis. Altir the Ceremony is over, the u :ii,iii ;,
eon luetod to lur hufliinil's I'.oule, where ilic is vilitcj
. y her fiiuid., .ind a grand entcii.iiimcnt is proiiJcd c>n
tae occafion. I'lie bridcgrium 1. .kcs pref r,!s to the
k.ng, and th.' hri.le cqiiiPy compliments the iiucen,
liie man docs not uceive any dowry with his wile ani
he IS I. .■ -lily obliged to pay ihe e.xpence of the ri; i.
I'al cerem ''1 ,, an 1 10 maii.t.iin In r, but he niuft I,kc-
wife kii... a jointure upon her, though, if (lie ihin;,
proper, fh: may relinquilh it aliir 1 ningp. A wunun
cannot part from hi-i huiiiaiid VMr,i..i.t his lai.imt
tiiough a m 'I may divoue bi.. wife; but il ll^i ,:„-'J
not all'-nt to tlie fcpa .-.tiuii, llie may demand her i.ii,,-
lure; yet this is leld.im praetifcd, it being conii.Ieud as
an act ot the meaiicll n..ui.e.

Wlun any one dies, thi; corpfe is wafhed hv a perfon
of the lame Ji..\, of which thcic arc fcveral in each
illand appointed for that [.urpofe. .^fter this is done.
It is Wi.pjied up in co'ton, wiih ihe right ha:id pKiced
on ihe Lar, am! :he left on the thigh, it is then li.i
on the r.glit file in a cotHn of cmdou w;,od, and c;:-
lud to the place of iiucrmcnt by Ux rchtiunsor f.ier.,'!
and followed by the neighbours, who atteni wilwat
beini; iir, itcd. The giave is co'.ereu witli a la'ge piece
ef li K o. cotton, which, alter the intoiment, becomes
the propel I. of the ptielt. Ttie corple is laid in the
giavc with the face towards M.".lu nRt'„ t..iiib ; and a.;er
It IS dc|:oliteJ, the grave is filled up with white 1 ■■]
I'prinkkd with wat. r. In the | 100 (lien both to anJ
fiom the gi.uc, the relations fea;ter IbelN fir the be-
i.ilitol tb.e poor, and give picers of gold and fil.irto
the prielt, in piopoition to the circumftances of ;lie
dece.iied. 'I'he pii.lk lings coi.tir.ually duiiiig the ccit-
mony, and when ihe whole is <ner, the nlations ini.ic
the company to a l.„ll. ■J'hey in. lofe their :;rav.sw,l!i
wooden rails, for they cor.fider it .is a lin lor any |itr-
foii to walk over ihem; and they pay Inch rcfpea to
the bones of the dw.d, th.it no pcrlbiisdaic touch their,
•lot iven the priells thcmrelvs.

They make liale uiticrciice in their habit on th.f;
occalions : the mourners only go baiehc.ided to tix
grave, and coiitii.ue lo for a few davs after the ir.lcr-
mcnt.

\\ hen a pcrlim dies at fca, the body, after her/'
wallicd, is put iiiio a coliin, wuh a written p.i|ir
iiKiih ning his rebgioii, and iiqui.ling thole whi. iirv
me 1 with the corple to give it decent interment. 1 h.y
lb II fing oicr it, and, after having compleaieJ ta r
eircmonies, they place it on a plank of candou Wej.-,
and commit it to the wave .

The king relldcs at .M..1.C, the tnoft confijcralle
i.f the Maldivc iflanJs. It is fituated in thccintirof
thd icll, and is about five miles in ciiciimferencc. 'Ilis
palace is built of Hone, and divided uito fcveral couit!
and apartmei.ts, but it is only one uory liiga, and ihe
aichiteclurc very infignilicant : however, it^is tle-'a:iiiy
furnilh'.d within, and lurr...iiiided willi ivudens, in wine''.
are founuins ami liKcnis i.f waici. The poital is bu.ft
like a l4uate torter, and on fclHval dajs the inuiieui.i
ling and play upon the top of it. "I'lit grour.J-llouis of
the relpectivc ap.irtmcnts arc 1 ailed three feet, to avunl
the ants, and aic covcicd with party-colouicd mats, in
which arc paiiitij feveral chai .el is and figures. I>e
ceiling and walls aie covered wich filk tapcllry, frln.:"d
and ilowere i with gold. The kin.;'» beds arc hiiig i'k:
hammocks betwcm two pill.irs ornamented with g. Id ;
and when he lies down he is rocked to flcep by his at-
tendants.

The king's ufuil drefs crMfiUs of a coat mide cf (in«
whiti; clgih or cotton, v,, ,, white and blue cd^inj-,

rallencil

' II ;

GRAI'IIV.

licii ths fcrvicc is cnt Hy
lit- iiiuvifiDiis oil the t.,'ii'4 ,
puknc as a luitij rditk,
lairia^c ccrcniuim>, \vl,cu
; into tli.it (Inii-, i!ic mm
Miyii to ll'.c p.'.r.iliarc, or
5 Willing to l;ne ihc »i).
.rir^ ill the a.i.rmatm-, the
lits as to their cimunt: if
n is brought, .'.m\ the p.r-
IHC of their I'niii v jii.l rc-
iiy is over, the w :iijii ii
I'oule, vvh>-re (lie is vilitcj
.•lucrt.iiimcnt is |irini led i>n

I (ini |i,;i'kCo iirel'-iUs to the
ly coinplimciits the i;ucLn.
iiy ili)\vry with his wiie, and
;iy the iXpciicc 111' the ri:,i.
:.iin hi r, hut ho iiuill luc

iur, ihiiuji^h, it' file thuui
t attir I niagc. A wuniin
oaiiil V. u.i.,i.t his 131. Imt,
; hij witc i but it it. I. .!ii'.;

flic may ilcmaiul hrr _ii.;n.
iiitilcd, it bciii'^ eoiili liKiJ J.
e.

corpfo is wanied tv a porfon
n tl'.e;c arc levcral iii lath
iurpi.lV. Alter this is Jor.r,

wait ilic right ha;:.! pli.ei

the thiy,li. it is trill 1.1,1

II of ('.iiidou wcoil, aii.i e -
lit by li.x rclntiuns or l;ic:..,
iboius, who atien I wii-.'j..;

is Co. euu witii a la';c p.^ce

alter the iiitoiment, bie.,n:ct

The corple is lai^l in tlic

s Mahi nut'^ ii.mb ; aiiJ »..^r

s i'ilKJ up with white i i I

I the I rooeflicn both to j.J

3ns ("eattcr iliells lir llii.- I;.

E piers of golJ and lil.t ti

to tin- ciitumrtantes of ;! e

s Ciii.tir.ually Juiiu^^ the ccic-

le is (Uir, the rilationi iin.'c

riicy imlol'e their ;;rav.sw,rh

fiilir it .15 a lui lor any per-

aiiJ they pay fuch rclpe.tio

t 110 petlolii) tJuK touch their,

lv:s.

lice in their liabit on th 1':

(Illy go baichcadcj to tie

I few days alter the ir.'.c;-

I'ea, the boJy, after bWii^
ollin, W'lh a written pa|Hr
nil uquLiling thole v/\," imr
ileci lit iiuetinent. 1 hty
ter haviii;; conipleatcJ th.ir
on a pUiiic of caiiiluu MioJ,

I. lie, t!ic moft coiifulaa'. !;
is lltuale.l in the cinitr of
nil.s in ciiciinilercnte. I hu
i! iliviileil uito feverjl couiu
only one nory liiijii, and t^e
lilt : however, it is tlepaiitiy
lulid with ivudins, in whic i
1 w.uei. Tlic poital ii built
1 fcllival ila)s the inimtuin
jf It. 'i'lit grounJ-lloics lit
re I ailed three I'cct, to amul
-iiti patty-culoutcd mats, iii
lIi.ii ...I i.s and ligurcs. '1 *e
v.uh lilk tapcHry, frinj-J
I lie kill ,'s heils arc hiii;: I <-"
r^ oriiatTKiitcil with ;^ilj;
is rocked to flccp by Ins al-

fills of a coat made of fine

1 white and blue ri!;!iir-,

falluui

ASIA.]

firtcncJ with buttons of folid j;olil : under tliis is a
niece of red embroidere.l tapMliy that reaches down to
his iieels> and is faltcncd with a iari;e filk yirdlc fringed,
and 3 t;'''-'" 8"''' ''''•''" 'jeliire, with a jiKkct formed of;
the moll precious lloms. He wear- a I'carlct cap on his
heaJ which is a colour In elleeniid ihat no other perloii
jj[C nrclijmc to ul'c it. .'I'liis cap is laeed with jjolil,
HjJ iin the top vt" '' 's " lara;c gold button witli a pre-
cious rtone. The giaiulec.s ami loldiers wear long h.iir,
but the k.in[;'s liead is lliaved mice a week : he gi«s
barc-lcR'.id, but weai.s l.iiiii.il,-. of ,^ilt coi'per, wlurU
mull iiot he worn by any other perlons except thofc ol
ihcroy.d family.

When he goi*» abroad, hi-i dignity is particiil.iily
()illiii"uilhcd by a white unibnll.i, which no other per-
lii.i>, except ilran^ers, are permitted to uli. lie Um
three p.^ges near his perloii, one ot whom t.inieti his
fjr, anoihtr his I'word and buckler, and a third a b".\
of betel and arcka, which he alinult conflamly chew .
He Rots to the niofi)iie on riidavr (the fabbath of the
Maldives) ill great pomp, liii njils daneni;;, and
Itrikinu iheir Iwoi'ds on each ot'icis tatjiets to tlie luiiiul
cf iiiiilie ; and is attended un his return by the priiici-
p.l people of itic illaiiil. As there are not any healls ol
buiuien, he cither walks, or is carried in a chair by
fiaves.

When the queen goes abioad, all the wjmcii in their
rtfiKilivc dillriels meet her with fluwirs, fruits, ^c.
S!ie IS attended by a gre ;t lunnheruf female Haves, funic
of whom go betorc tu give notice to the n en in
cut ff the way 5 and four ladies carry a veil '
fiik o.ei her head lint reaches to the ^rrouni'.
hei l.idie> I'luiucntK iiatli.; in the i.a lor iikh
for the coincflience of whuii they have a place
flioit dole to the water, winch is inclolcd, anii
of it lovered with white cotton. The only ligtii
chambers of the i{ucen, or ih'ile of the ladies ol qua-
lity, is what ariles from l.mps, which are kept euiiti-
luiiilly burning, it bcii.g the cuiioni of the country
never to admit d.iy-i ^ht. The drawing-room, or tliat
r,-irt where they ufualiy retire, is l>lockrd up wiili lour
or live row> of tapcftry, the innermulk ol which none
ir.urt hit up till they have coughed, and told their
rimes.

The piincipal part of the nubility and gentry live in
the north parts of this iflmd hi the convinience of be-
ing /if.» the court : and I'o nucli is this divilion eftiim-
cil, tfi.it when the king banilhei a criminal, lie is
thought to be fufEcicntly puiiifiicd by being fcnt to the
fouth.

Tlie king's guards confift of 6co, who arc rommand-
td hv his grandees; and he has confiderablc inaga/.iiiis
of arms, cannon, and feyeial forts of ammunition. His
revenue confifts chiefly of a number of illands appro-
priated to the crown, with certain faxes on the various
proiluflions of others ; in the moiuy paid to putchafc
titles and orttccs, and for licences to wiar tine cloaths.
Bcfidcs thcfe, he has a claim to all gio.ls imported by
fliipping ; for when a vefl'el ariivcs, th- king is ac-
tjuainttd with its centenis, out of whuh he takes what
he thinks proper at a low price, and obliges his fubjei5ts
to purrhafi- them of him again at what fum he pleal^s to
f..x, by way of exchange lor fuch commodities as bell
fuit him. All the ambergris found in this country,
(which produces moic than any other part of the In-
dies) is alio the property of the king ; and I'o narrowly
ii if watched, that whoc\er is dctciiicd in conveitiiig it
to his own ul'e, is punilhcd with the lofs of his tight
hind.

The government here it an abfolutc monarchy, for

M A L D I V I A ISLANDS.

233

keep

vhite

ind

the

every thing depends on the kind's p'eifur^. Each aito-
lon, or phvince, has a iiaybe, or gnveriior, who in
both a piiiil .iiid a doiiorof the law. 11' not oiil/
pielidij o»cr the inleriur piiclls, and is vclle.l with the
iTiana"c:;iciit of all relign. us aH'i.r , but he is bkewifu
eiiliulKil with the nduilniUration of jull:ce, both in
eiuil and criminal c.ilcs. 'Jliey aic in fad In m.'.iiy
iu:lge», and make four circuits every year throughi; it
ihcii juuldictiiii : but they have a lupirior called tiii;
pandiaie, who refides in the ille of Klale, and is n.it
only the fuprcmc jiid 'e of all c.iiil'i ,, but alio the head
ol the chuicli. He receivt', aiipe.ils lioni the goyeiiior
ot e.ii h provimr, hut doc nut paf. I.iitnite v.itliiuit
conlul iiig fcver.il loirned iluilors j and fiom hini ap-
peals are carried to the kins, who refers the matter to
MX ot his privy council. Tlie pa.nliare m.:kis a circuit
once a year ihrnugh the illind of Male, (.1; r<,t\y go-
leriior does in hi. rt('| cclivc pioviiice) and 1 (.luleniiif
.ill to b> Icourged th.it cannnt (iiv their creed and prayers
III the Arabic tongue, and eoiillrue tlitm iiiln the .\1 il-
diviaii. At tlii^ time the woium mult nut ap;'e.ir m
the llreet unveiled, mi pjin ol having their aaii cut
ot}', and their head< (haved.

The puiiinimeni- lor crimes arc vaiiniis : if a in.in is
muideu.i, ihe wife eaniut piol'ecute the einmn.il j but
il the dei-eafd has Kit any iliildicn, the judge olli,;;"!
him to maiiit.i.n iheni till they arc of aje, wlien tiny
may either prolieule or pudon the ii.Tir.lerer. 'L'be
ll.alin^ jiiy thing valua! L- is piiiillie; with the loia 'A
.1 h.iii'i, and for trilling matters thoy are hanilhed "i ttHi
lini hern iflands. An adultiels is punifhed liv Ir vin:'
her hail cut oti', aiil thole guilty uf perjuiy p iv .1 ptcn-
11 aiy muliil. N..iwitIill.,.i.luiL,'llie law makes'hoinicide
death, }et a criminal is never condemned to die, unlels
It IS oxpreisiy orieid by the Kingj in which c.le he
liiids his own li.uliers to ixeiute the fenlcnee.

Ihe ptiiicip..l a ticks exported I'lom thele idanls are,
coLoa-nuts, cowries, and tortoiie-flitll, the I.iiicr of
which is ixcceilirig bcjuiiful, an. I not to b. ni:t with in
iny oihir place, except th.- I'liihppnie JlKinds. The
article, imported are, iri.i, lie 1, I'.kes, chins, lice,
&c. ;.ll whiih, as beti le nbtcrycd, are eiign. lied by tin;
king, who (ill. them {■> his I'nbieeis at h. , own pnco.

'I'licii money is lilver, and of one Imt only, called
lorriiis, each 01 winch 1. ..hout the v.iluc i.f hd. It ii
about two inches in lin.;tb, md folded, the Kin';'s name
being I'et upon the folds in Ar.i;Mc ..!. ir.iolei . They
form times ule the fhells of towiu ., inllead of fmall
ch.iiigc, 1200 of whiili mike a luirin j but in their
own maikcts they lrei|uuuly barter one thing for an-
other. Their gold and lilvir is all import d from
abioad, and is current here by weight, as in all other
parts of the Indic-.

We fhall conclude our ilcleription of ihefc ifl.imU, hv
II'. lerving the happy difpofition in which they are plan J
lor producing mutual comiticice to the refpeelue iiiha-
tants : for alihoic'h the thiiteen atiohins.. or prtvniccs,
aic in the fame ciimatc, and all of them very I'eitile,
yet they produce fuch dilVeteiii eommiditics th it the
people in one cannot live wiih.Tut what i^ fcniiid in an-
other. The inhabitants have likewil'e I'o divided them-
I'elvcs, as greatly to enhance this commercial niUantagc ;
(or all the weavers live in one illand, the goldlniiihs in
another ; and I'o on of the ditl'erent manufactures. In
order, however, to render thf communication cnly,
thcfe artificeis have (mall boats built hi.li on the lides,
in which they work, deep and c.it while (ailing fr.ni one
illand to another to cxpoli; their goods to f.ile, and (bme-
times tliiy aieout a mnriderable time before tluv icturn
to their lixcd habitatioiia.

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CHAP. XXXI.

ASIATIC ISLANDS, under the Dominion

of the Turks.

THE ^gcsn Sea, or Archipdiigo, feparates Eu-
rope from Afia. Various arc the opinions of the
learnsd concerning the ct)'mology of its antient
njme, but many ajtrre with Statius in deriving it from
the antient fnhlc of A'gean, one of the giants of
old, who Warred againft Jupiter, for which he was,
by Neptune, chained againft a rock in thia fea :

— — " As /T.^ean, when with heaven heflrwve,
•' Stood oppoUtc in arms to mighty Jove ;
" Mov'd all his hundred hands, provok'd the war,
" Defv'd the forky lipht'ning from afar ;
" At fifty mouths his flaming breath expires,
" And flafh for flafil returns, and fires for fires;
" In his right hand as tiiany fwords he wields,
« And takes the thunder on c> many ftiiclds."

The modern appellation Archipelago is derived from
the Greek words Ar<:hc:i and Ptitigoi ; the firll fignily-
ing chief, and the latter implying a fea, this being the
chief fea in ihcfc parts.

The iflands fcattcred about the Archipelago all belong
to the Turks ; but from the opprefTions of the Otto-
man government, they are furprifingly funk from their
former opulence and importance. We (hall take them
regularly as they lie, beginning at the wcftwarJ, and
proceeding thus ;

I. Tencdos, --

Lefiios. >

Carccnets.

Chios.

Pfara.

Samos.

Icaria, or NiearFi.

Pathmos

CUros.

Leros,

The Mandria Ifics.

Coos, or Stanchio,

Stampalia,

Carpanthus.

Iflcs in the Gulph of Smyrna.

Rhodci. 1 Thefe are fituaicd to the

Cyprus. J northwiird.

3-
4-
5-
6.

/•
8.

10.

II.

12.

13-
14.

«S-

16.
'7-

Thefe are all fi-
) tuated to the
I wcftward.

I. T E N E D O S.

No one of the iflandt of lh« Archipelago hai been
more fimcd in the hiilorian'i page, and the poet's num-
bers, than 7°cncdui, though it it one u( the fmalloft in
the .'i-'.^can fea, It lies in 40 dog. north latitude, and
zd Jeg. eaft longitude, exadlly oppofite to Troy, from
rl.f fhorc of which it is about two Icagiirs diiUnt, and
Indeed formed the Trojan harbour. It was behind tliii
idiiiid that the Greclaiit concealed their fliet, in order
to delude the Trojani by making then) fuppofe that they
haJ raifed the Ikj^c, and were gone home.

*' In fi^ht of Troy lies Tt-nedoj, an ifle
•' (While fortune did on I'riam's rtr,| ire fmilc)
•• RenownM for wraith, but finie a faithlels bay,
•' Where fliips expos'd'to winds and weather lay—
•• There was their fleet conccal'd : — Wc thought fgr

•' Greece
♦• The fails were hoiflrd, and our fears relrafe:
" The Irojans, coop'd witliin thrir walls (o lonj,
" Unbar the ir g.itcs, and ilViie in a throng
" Like fwarming becj, and with delight lurvry
*■ Th« camp dcfciicd whert ibt Grcciaui Uy."

After the fall of Troy, Paufanias obferves, that ttie
inhabitants of this ifland were reduced to a ftate of tlie
utinod indigence. At length they were conquered by
the Perfians, and afterwards alternately fubdued by the
Lacedemonians, Romans, and Turks. It is near 20
miles in circumference, and formerly had acoiifiderable
city, ai.d two havens. It was likcwife celebrated for a
temple dedicated to Apollo Smynthiis. The only an-
tiquities now to be fcen on this ifland, are the riiins of
the granaries built by the emperor Juftinian j they were
280 feet in length, and 90 in breadth. This idand
produces the belt, and moll delicious wine in all the
Levant, which i» c.IIcd Mufcadinf, and is held in the
highelt repute botii by Lurspcans and Afiatics. I'ene-
dos is furr(jiinijcd by rocks, and contains fcvcral fownu,
or rather vil '.gcs, the principal of which has tlw fame
name as the iflanl, is iaiiabitcd by Greek?, and adorned
by many fountains of white marble, being made of
: Hones brought from the ruins of Troy. A ftrongci-
I file flanked with fquarc towers Ifands on the noith of
I the town cIof« to the fea ; befidcs which two round
! towers, and a battery of ao cannon, defend the haven.
! To the fouth ot the port there is another caftle, which
r commands the harbour and town, and is confequcntly
of the utmoft importance to the place. The tombs of
Marpcfia queen of the Amazons, and of the het»
Achilles are ftiewn here,

a, LESBOS.

Letbon, one of the principal Iflands of the Archipe-
lago, is about 60 miles from Tenedos, and near eight
miles from the continent of Afia Minor, lies under the
39th dcg. north latitude ; and between the 26th and 27th
deg. eaft longitude, being about 70 miles in length, and
1IJ& in circumference ; the chief cities were

Ariflia, which was entirely deftroyed by an eirt'.i-
quake.

Pyrrha, nn the w:ftern coaft towards Greece, vbich
met with the fame fats as the former, as did Ilicra and
Agamis.

Erefius was fituatcd on the fouthern promontory of
the ifland, r.nd only famous for having been the biilh-
placr of the celebrated Theo|ihr.ifius, who fucceedcd
Arillotle in his petipathetic academy.

A' tifl'a, according tu Strabo, was formerly an ifland
(jf itic'f, and was called Antifla from being oppofite ta
Ldbos, wdKih w.ii. then known by the name of Ilia.
This c;ty was (kftruyed by the Romans, on account ol
its dififlcc^ion to their government.

Mcthynin.i. This city was the place of Arion's n»-
tiiiiy, .Mill wjs in great repute for the excellent win*
winch tlie inhabitants male.

Mitjkiir, the iiittropoln of Lcfbos. This city was
not ir.oie fauicd for the fertility of the circumiicem
\ cuiintiy, and the tiiconimon magnificence of its build-
ings, llian lor the number of confiderable perlijiiagcs 10
j whom it g.uc biilh j among theic were Pittacus, one of
the fevrn Grecian fa gcs. ; Alteiisthc lyric poet j Sappli",
I the cell br;ited poctels ; Tupander the mufician ; Helh-
nirus the hiltoti.in i Callias the critic, &c. &c. &c.
I Indeed Miijhnewas dicitied fo much the lea*, of the
I milled, and the center ot politcncl's, that Ariilotic rc-
' fide I in It two veais, to partake of the elegant coiiver-
j fjtinii of its uiliabitanls.

i The City, after h** iiu' revidiel from the Athenians,
I was yrtitly iiijuied by the I'eloponiulian war. It w«i
I tykletjusntly dcllroycd by the Roman*, and at at lif*;e

thf

Dominion

I otferves, that tlie
ced to a ftate of the
were conquered by
tcly fubdued by the
kj. It is near 23
y had a coiifiderab'.e
silo celebrated for i>
i IS. The only an-
no, sre (he ruins of
uftinian j they were
eadth. This iflanj
niis wine in all the
, nnd is held In the
lid Afiatics. Tene-
itains fcveral fownis,
which has the (jme
jrcclcF, and adorned
ble, being made of
I'roy. A ftrong n-
ids on the north of
.■s which two round
II, defend the havon.
nother caftlc, which
I and is conri.'(]ucinly
lace. The tombs of
i, and of the hct»

tinds of the Archipe.
idos, and near eight
linor, lies under the

en the 26th and lyih

miles in length, and

ies were

royed by an eart'.i-

varJs Greece, vhich
as did Hicra and

n promontory of
g been the biith-
flus, who fuccecdcd

formetly an iflanJ
jni being oppofite to
the name uf Ilia,
ns, on account vl

place of Arioo's n»-
thc excellent wine

OS. Thii city wii

jf the circuiiijaciriit

licence of its builJ-

dcrable pcrfonageii 10

ere Pittacus, one id

lyric poet i Sapplw,

he mufician j Hclli-

critic, &c. 8ic. iic.

uih the feat of the

, that Arilloilc rc-

thc elegant coiivft-

rom tbe Athenian,
luliun war. It *«•
uik, and at il« 1"'^°
^ ih«

ASIA.]

ASIATIC ISLANDS.

the famous Julius Cxfar made his firft campaign, and
greatly fignalized his courage. Being afterwards re-
built, I'ompey reftorcd it to its aiiticnt fralichifes. The
emperor Trajan adorned it with many elegant ftruftures,
and from hii own name called it 'I'rajanapolis. This
ifland is naturally exceeding fertile, a,.', vvjs celebrated
by the antieiits for producing in ureat .ibundancc nil the
neceflarics and delicacies of life. The wine in particular
is excellent, and as much celebrated by pbyficians for iti
fiilubrity, as admired by the voluptuous for its admirable
Savour.

The charaiftcr of the Leibians was the moft immoral
ifliaginable, and at length became proverbial ; for the
Greek faying. To livi like a Lc/hutn, implied to live the
mofl abandoned and profligate life that it was poflible
for the mind to conceive.

Leftios is at prefent but thinly peopled, and fcarcc
anything is to be feen but the fragments of Its fonicr
magnificence : however, 130 fmall villages are ftill rec-
koned, and feveral harbours, particularly Caftri, buili
on the ruini of the antient Mitylene, which is lituat d
on the eail fide of the ifland, has an excellent port, and
il defended oy a ftrong caftle.

Cos-dogg is a town built on the fpot where a city
jnticntly fiood, called the Mounts of Ida : llie inhabi-
tants are principally Greeks, but the ncighLourinL'
mountains are infeftcd by a great number of Turkifli
robbers, who are feme of the moft bloody and mercilefs
villains exifting.

The trade of this ifland confifts principally of wine,
grain, fruits, checfe, butter, pitch, &c. 'I'he dutis
paid to the Ottoman port amount to 18, 00 piadies,
and the inhabitants arc computed at about 20, ceo : the
houfes at prefent are low and mean built, and the people
niilerably poor j th(y are, however, as much debauched
J! when they lived in greater aflljcncc. Magazines are
htte kept to furnifh with ftores the Turkifh g lies
which are employed by the Porte to cruize apainft thi.
pirates that infell fome of thefc iflands. The gov.rnor
is a cadi, but the troops on the ifland are commanded
bjf an aga of the Janifliirics.

We Uiall conclude this article, by obferving th;t as
the Lefliians are deemed fome of the moft amorous p(o-
ple in the nnivcrfe, fo the moft emphaiiral, coiuile,
andexpreflive dcfcription of the tender paflicin of love
that ever was written, is that of the Lcfbian poctels
Sifpho, in her celebrated ode fuppofed to be addrcfled
by a lover to his mifttcfs :

" BIcft'd as the immortal gods i? he,
" The youth who fondly fits by thee,
" And hears and fees th.e all the while
" Softly fpcak, and fwectly fmile :
" 'Twas this depriv'd my foul of reft,
" And raib'd fuch tranfports in my breaft :
" For while I gaz'd, with tranfport toft,
"My breath was gone, my voice was loft,
" My liofom glow'd 1 the fubtilc flame
" Ran quick thro' all my vital frame j
" O'er my dim eyes a darknefs hung,
" My ears with hollow murmurs rung;
" In dewy dainps my limbs were chiU'd,
" My blood with gentle horrors thrill'd \
" My feeble pulfe forgot to play,
" 1 fainted, funk, and dy'd away."

3. The CAREENERS.

The Careeners, or Spahnadorl Iflands, are exccul-
iiiclv fmall, and being fituated to the north of Lcflios,
itif pirates put in here to caicrn, the fltuatinn being the
bolt imaginable for watching the Ihips that go to, or
came from Conftantinople,

4. CHIOS.

Chioi, or Siio, which lies in 39 dcg. north latitude,
and a; caft longitude, is called by the Turks Sukifa-
ilnci. It Is fituited nppofilc to the coaft of Ionia, and
lii:> I roift of about 80 miles In circjit, being divided
into upper and lower ground, the former terminating
tcwardi llic north at Cape Apanomciia, and the latter

.*35

towards the fouth at Cape Maftico. This ifland 19
mountainous and rocky, yet the pUins produce corn,
wine, oil, honey, fruit, and gums ; though the fertility
is much impeded by the great fcarcity of water. The
country is fertile and populous, and the inhabitants
opulent. The men arc well made, the women hand-
ibinc, and both fexcs fo much inclined to mirth, that
ihey think all the time loft which is not employed in
finding, dancing, feaftiiig, revelling, or gallantry.

A great deal of commerce is carried on here ; but
the harbour is bad, and indeed dangerous ; yet the fllips
going to and coming from Conftantinople rendezvous at
this place ; and a Turkifti fquadron is kept here to
protcrt the merchant fhips, and annoy the pirates.

Stio, the capital, is a handfome city. The houfeS
aie elegant, and h ivc grand terraces, and windows
!;l i7.ed with red and green glafs. The Venetians in
1694 took it, and greatly cmbelliftied it, but loft it the
year .'"ollowing : it Is two miles in circumference, and en-
imneil bv feveral beautiful gardens, Thcinhnbit.ints are
chi..'fly if the Greek church, or Roman Catholics, and
nave feveral churches and monafteries, which remain
u imolefted by the Turks, who likcwifc peimit them
Ojienly to profefs their religion.

The caftlc, which was built by the Genocfe, com-
m'nds the port and town; the garrifjn confifts of
1400 men, and both fortrefs and town are not above
12 miles from the continent of Afia, from whence they
a e (upplied with provifions, as the idand, thoiis^h to-
lerably fertile, does not aft' id a fufficiency tor It^ nu-
merous inhabitants, and the great number of ftrangcrs
who are perpetually touching at the porr. It is to be
oliferved that Scio was one of the foveii cities that con-
tended for the honour of having given birth to Homer,
and their coin formerly was ftampcd with his image.

The natives of this ifland arc by their ncighbouri. in
g neral deemed a very ilupid and ignorant fct of peo-
pk- ; the Turks csll them Piafnioi, which lignifies fitil-
/-It wi etc/ill ; and have a proverb concerning them,
which may be thus trandatcd ;

Hiforc a wife Sciot fhall ever be feen.

He fure you ftiall meet with a horfc that is green.

The whole ifland contains 30 villages, 300 churchet,
2000 Latins 10,000 Turks, and 100, coo Greeks. In
time of peace it i. governed by a cadi, with a llipcnd of 500
alpers per day ; but in war tlmeaballiils fent from Conftan-
tinople to take upon him the liiprcme command. The
(ireek hiftiop h immenfely rich, having, bcfides the
abiivementionid 300 churches, many chapels and mo-
nafteries under lus juiifdnftlon : the chief of the latter
called KL'amoni, or New Solitude, is about five mild
from .Scio, contains 150 monks, and pays tt» the go-
vernment 500 crowns annually, which it can well af-
ford, its yearly revenue being 50,000 crowns, or an
eighth oi the produce of the whole ifland.

Gum maftith, the ftaple commodity, is gathered in
Auguft and September ; at which leafon the officer who
(IOCS to receiie the grand fignior's quota, is entertained
in a very fumptunus and feiiive manner.

Next to the capital, the following ^re the moft con-
fidcrablc towns of the ifland.

Callimacha, the chief mafticli town, contains fix
churches, which have 30 fubordiiutc rhaples and a nun-
nery belonging to them.

Pcrgi, wliK'h contains a caftlc, 30 cburches, and
2000 inhabitants.

Mcfta, is famoui for the neflar wine, which its
neighbouring vineyards produce.

A'molia is a maftieh town, defended by a ftrong
caftlc.

Volifta is famous for lis filk manufactory 1 it contain!
300 hi'i'fes, IJOO iiihalitants, and is defended by a
caftle eretited by theceb brated Uelifarlas, who experienced
the moft altonifliing levcrlc of fortune, and from th*
glotious conqueror became the pubic beggar.

" Then ibliik liow few the j'lys allowed by fate,
*' How mixt the cup, how ihort their longeft date,
" How onwards ftill the ftrcam of pliafuie flows,
" That av icHux the rapid cutrcnt knows 1

• • Merll

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236

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF OEOGRAPHY.

" Merit itfclf can't bribe tlic rutlilcls hand

'' Of rigiJ time, or ftay his cliUing f.'.nJ j

" Wit (hall expire, and b^'auty mull decay ;

" The night of age fuccceds the brightclt day j

" The checks vvherc nature's fwceicf} garden blows,

" Her whiteft lilly, and her warincft role ;

" Bright eyes, the meaning minillers of love,

" And coral lips, whole tender accents move :

" Thcfc mutt rcfign their lultre, tliole their bloom,

" DilTolve at length, and find one common tomb."

St. Helena, of the Archipelago, is fituated on a rock,
and contains two cliurches, a chapel, and about 200 in-
habitants.

Gambia has a catllc upon a rock, and is celebrated
for its pines, with which ilie Turks build nianv gallies,
and fur a hot medicinal Ipring,

Cardamita is fituated in a very rich territory, which
in particular produces annually 170 tuns ol cxcell.nt
willC; many coins of Conllantine tlie (Ircat have been
dug up in the neighbourhood j and a iprii-.ir of water
iflucs from a rock, at no great diil;;ncc, wliich in its
fall forms a beautiful cafcadc. Tliistown w.;s anciently
famed for the temple of Neptune near port Dolphin,
the ruins of which aie yet to be fcen.

" His finny train Saturnian Neptune joins :

*' Then adds the toamy bridle to their Jaws,

" And to the loofen'd reins permits the laws.

" High on the waves his azure car he guides ;

•' Its axles thunder, and the lea fubfides 1

" Then the fmooth ocean rolls her filent tides ; J

" The tenipills fly before their father's l„cc,

" Trains of inferior gods his triumphs grace,

" And monftcr whales befoic their matter pl.iy,

" And choirs of tritoas crown'd the wat'iy w.iy.

While this idand was unJer the dominion of the
Venetians and the (icnoefe, the natives were per
mitted to be govenn-d by their own laws, but fi;icc the
Turks con(|ucrcd it, the poor people arc both defpifed
and opprcllcd.

Thus conqucrt gives the bloiidy power to kill,
Or the black privilege of ufing ill j
Who heaves a liph, if fiecdoin be the caufc,
Is by the viilor ileem'd to break the laws ;
On godlike liberty who catts a glance.
Tails the fad vit'lim of the reeking lance.
Th' opprcfs d in lilcnt forrow mult remain.
Nor dare of their hard dettiny complain.

5. P S A R A.

Pfara, a very fmall ifland to the wcttward of Chio?,
is remarkable for nothing but a breed of alle-, who die
immediately after being carried from the idaiul, but are
exceeding lliong, hardy, and long lived, while they
remain in their native place.

Near this illand arc fome fmaller iflands, called Ca-
rteners, which like thole already mentioned arc frc-
(lucntcd by pirates.

6. S A M O S.

Samos lies in 37 deg, north lat. and 27 catt long, at
the ilittancc <,f 41 miles fioin Ciiios, and oppofite to the
fouth coatt of Ionia ; it is about 80 miles in circum-
ference, and the fte of an aithbittiopj but ibis prelate
is exceeding poor, for he is obliged annually to pay fo
large a ttipend to the court of Conttantinople, that he
fcaicc leaves himfelf any thing. It was formirly a com-
monwealth ; and is naturally fo very fertile, that when
Greece Miaa at the fuinmitof her glory, it was deemed,
tliough lefs than many, of as much importance as an)
of the illandi of the Archipelago. The trade at picfent
confitts of feveral form of win-s, which are adu, liable,
a fuperior kind of onioiiii mil uailiek, fine earthen
ware, raw filk, oil, honey, faftron, fruiti, druj'S,
minerals, emery, okcr, and blatk dye, ic. Notwith-
flani'ing the natural richncfs of this ifland, the n.itives
ate 10 inuch opprcflcil by the Turks, and plundered by
the pirates, who infJl llie coatt, thai they aic in ,;enc.
ul inilcrably poor.

The inhabitants arc about 12,000, principally Grrclc!.

the capitation tax which they pay amouiiib to abjiit
6400 crowns, and the cultoms arc f.irnitd .it ido'V)
moic. The governor, who is an aga ot the Janillaric-
colleets about as much again for hiinfelf, and mattl
himfelf likewile heir to every Greek who dies 'viiliout
male ilVuc, taking money, houfe, goods, and indtej
every thing but the garden, which i : Ult to the quitt
politllion of the daughters. The (iieek monks' are
200 in number, and fo extremely ignorant, that their
whole knowleJgc of religion confitts in being able ta
fay niafs by rote.

The chief town Samo, which, as well .13 the
ifland itfclf, the Turks calkd .Sufi'an, is now reduced to
a po-T mean vfllagc ; and to add to its wretchcdnefs the
piiates freijucntly plunilcr it, but the noble Ira'^nients of
its ancient fpleiUiur wificli liill remain, excite at once
admitatioii and mclanchuly in the beholder.

Vati, tlicrcfidence of the French viee-conful, thourh
foimerly a fplcndid city, is now only a mean viILiit
containing about 300 niifeiable houlcs and a Kw
wretched inhahitantt, that is according to the common
aceeplation of th le words, for though tl.wy pollli. uot
woildly wealth, yet they I'pfcar lieli in content, liij;
mott valuable of all treaiuies,

" They cannot want, who wifli not to ha\c motr
" Who ever faid an Anchoret was poor?"

Cora contains about 600 houfes, but finre it waj
plundered by the VenetiaiiD, many of them are rciii
U") ruin, and more arc uniiiliai'itcd. A caiii, i;ii,i .-.n
aga ot llic Janifl'arics arc ob:iged by the Porte to nliile
hcic, noiwithllandipg the unwliul. lonienifs of tlic air
occafionid by the putrid w.iters iba' fuiroand tiic pl.icc,
wiiich arc now ftagnant, thougii ihey iotnierly flowcil
luvly to the lii'a.

The rett of the towns arc as nnuh or more mifera! i; ;
and, upon the whole, the illand piefuiif. little bclidcs but
Icmes that are Ihockiiig to the imai'inition.

The hermitage of Cacoperata ii hi,:^hly icvcr< need If
the (ireeks ; it ;s a hoirid cavern, with .1 rocky afcem
it of about 500 ya.-ds-, nariuw, lleep, and craggy ; b-jt
they aie exceedingly fond of lueh difmal and ronuMic
iituations.

Perhaps nothing has contributed more to rcndoi Saina
cclebr.tej in hittury, than having given biiih 10 that ad-
mil able philolopher 1';, thagoras, who afterwards icmuud
to Cioto:.a, aceording to Ovid ;

" Here dwelt the man divine, whom Samos bore,

" Hut now felf-banitti'd from his itivc Ihorc ;

" Hecaufe he hated tyrants, nor cou'd b'.ar

" The chains which none hut fcivile fouls will wcrj

" He, tho' from heav'n remote, to heav'n cou'.l m.M;

" With Itrcngth of mind, and tread th' Abyfi abu.r,

" And penetiate w.th his iiueiior light

" Thole upper depths, which naluic hid frcrn fi.;',ir ;

'« And what he had obferv'd, and learnt from tl."^i..i-,

" Lc.v'd in familiar language to dilpcnfe."

The city of Samrs was formrrly very ms'^nif^ "i,
as we nay judge from its ruins, which arc ttill li, '1
inonumcnts of its ancient grandeiir. Amen- • 1 -
th ■ - ^.-

ings it wat f.mious for a noble li mpic,
honour of Juno, who was fuppolid to
clouds, nuptial rights, ^'c.

built to ;' ■
prelide cui

" (Jrent queen of gath'iing iloiid<,

" Whcfc n.oifturi.s Ml the flood.;

" Gieat cjueeii of nuptial rights, •.

" Whofe power the (uul uiiitij, '

" And fills the gcni.il bul with tluftc Jclighti." 1

7. N 1 C A U I A, OR I C A R I A.

Nicatia lic^ in 37 de;. 30 min. north lat, and jfi d.v
30 min. catt Ion;-, is about 70 miles in circumfcruur,
and rocky, mouiitaiiious, and bairen. It h..s no Im-
bours fur /hipping, and confequcntly mutt be uitlunit
comnicrco, 1 he Samians fay, ihit wlun the iau
iflands were made, all the goo f materials were cxh.mlbd
in making Samu>, uxi that iiutliing but the ruhbifli a-

ASIA-l

ASIATIC ISLANDS.

maincd for Nicaria. Some negative benefits, however,
jrife to tlie nativi-3 from thcic difadvantages, for the
Turks do not think it worth their while toopprch them,
nor the pirates to phimlcr them.

The inhabitants, who are about 3000 in luinibcr,
dive wine, which is but indifferent, Ihetp, yoat;., and
aromatic herbs ; they row their boats, and do other
Vforls quite naked for fear of wearing out llie few cloaths
they a. able to procure.

A ridge of mo intains parts the ifiand in two i here
are but t*o towns and a few fcattiTcd houfes, and the 1
natives are exceedingly lazy, of favajc dil'pofitions, and I
fpcak a moft barbarous diaJLcl of the Greek, They
liavc a kind of biftiop, 24 priefts, and a few cliapcls.
The people are llrong ami well nii.ile, but ill favoured
and naftv, and have in general a bad character, wliich '
they fecm fully to merit. !

8. P A T M O S, OR PA T H i\l O S.

The ifland of Patmos lies in 37 deg. 20 min. north
jat. and 26 dcg, 45 min. eaft long, is 10 miles fouth-
wtrt of Nicaria, and only about 18 in circumference;
iicvtrthelefs it has fevcral convenient harbours, which
give it the advantage over many other of the Levant
ifl.inds. De la Scala, its principal port, is deemed the
very bcft in the Archipelago. Sapfila and Cricoii arc
likewifc excellent harbours, but they are all terribly in-
firtcd by pirates, which has obliged the inhabitants ol
Sapfila to evacuate the town, and rcliieup a neighbour-
ing hill to the monaftery of St. John, which is at once
a religious houfc and fortrcfs, has an annual rcvrnue of
6coo crowns, and maintains ico monks. Though theule
of bells are forbidden in all other pans of the Turkilh
dominions, yet the monks of this monaikry aie permitted
;o have two large ones.

St. John the Evangclift was baniflicd by the Romans
to this ifland, and here conipofed his Apocalypfe or Rc-
vcLitions i the place is confequcntly in great eftcem both
by Turks and Chriftians j St. John's hermita_i;c is
filuated upon a rock between Port De la Sc.il.i and the
moiiaflery ; the entrance is hewn out of tlie folid rock,
and leads to the chapel, which is alniod 44. feet in
length, 15 in breadth, and is covered with a gothic
roof.

The management of this idand is committed to the
cire of two Circek officers, as no Turks refide upon it.
The taxes produce about io,oco crowns annually. The
houfes arc neater than thofc of moft of the other iflands,
and the chapels are well built, arched, anil about 250 in
number. It is remarkable th.it though the ifl .nd do^s
not contain above 3ro men, yet the woiiien ate neai
60CO in number 1 the latter are i;ood tempered and hand-
fomc, but fpoil their faces by ufing a prodigious c|iian-
tiiy of paint ; however, the fweetnels of their difpo.
fiiions makes amends for all faults, and furp..lleii beauty,
cither natural or artificial.

•' What is the tiiiihnc of the fincrt (kin,

" To peace of mind, and harmony within ?

" What is the fparkling of the brightcit eye,

*' To the foft foothing of a calm reply :"

9. C L A R O S.

Cl.iros lies very near Patmos, is tnountainou«, about
40 miles in circumference, has two fe a- ports, a town and
tiillle, to which it gives name, yet was never fimoiis for
.my thing but a magnificent temple dedicated to Apollo.

" Me C'laros, Delphos, Tenedos obey ■,

" Thcfe hanels the I'atcteian fcepter fway.

" The king of gods begot niej what lliall be,

" Or is, or ever was, in fate 1 fee.

" Mine is th' invention of the charming lyre ;

" Sweet notes, andhcas'nly numbris I inlpiiC}

" Sure is my bow, unetrinf!, is my dart,

" Hut ah ' nioic deadly his who pieu ' I -ny heart.

" MedV ine is mine 1 what herbs and limpi 's (riow 1

" In fields and to. efts, all their powers I know ; \

" And am the great i'hyfielan call'd helnw." 3

ACOLLu's ADDREkS TO UaPIINI.

10. L E R O S.

The ifland of Lcros, Lcrio, or Oleron, lies to the
fouth of Patmos and north of Claros, is 18 miles in
circumference, and produces abundance of aloes ; Greeks
and Turks inhabit it, but arc not numerous. It con-
tains but one fmall town, a few fcatterid hamlets, and
a finall number of monallcries. Upon a hill are fonie
noble ruins, in particular about 20 fupcrb mr.rble pillars
that remain entire, and which are perhaps the remnants
of the temple of Diana, on whole account this ifland
was formerly famous, and of whom take the following
defeription,

" The graceful goddefs was array'd in green ; "^

" About her feet were little beagles feeii, I

" That watch'd with upward eyes the motions of f

thei

e]ueen 1

! 1

Her legs were bulkiii'd, and the left before, i

In adt to fhoot ; a filver bow (he bore, >

And at her back a p.iiiitcd epiiver wore ; J

She trod a wexing nieion tliat foon wou'd wane,
And drinking borrow'd light be fill'd again ;
With i!own-c.ift eyes, as fieiniiig ro furvcy
The dark dominions, her alternate fway."

II. The M a N D R I a ISLANDS..

The Mandria Iflands are a clufterof fmall iflands to
the caftward of Lcros ; the center ifland is by far the
'argeft, but none of them arc inhabited, except by the
pirates that infeft thofc parts, and who are fomc of the
n'oft cruel and lavage wretches cxifting, murdering
the crews of all the fhips they are able to over-
power.

" Bold were the men, who on the ocean firft

" Spread their new lails, when Ihipwreck was the worft ;

" More dangers now from man alone we find,

" 'I'han from the rocks, the billows or the wind."

12. S T A N C H I O, OR COOS.

Stanchio, which lies in 36 deg. 40 min, north lat.
and 27 deg. 30 min, call long, is oppofite to the coaft of
Doris, So miles fieim Samos, 70 in eircunilerencc, h;s
a fruitful foil, ami towards the caft gradually riles into
mountains ; it is rieli in pi.lhire, wines, fruit, turpen-
tine, cyprefs, medieinal and othir plants, .'\;c.

Cos, the capital, is fp.ieio is, populous, well built,
and ilron:zly fuitifud ; it is fiLu.ittd on tliceallern roaft,
and was loiii.erly l.irnims lor ,1 l.iperh t-niple of /l.i'eula-
pius, as theifl.iiiil itfelf w.is tur the birtli e.fthc celebrated
Hi|ipocr.it.>, whole houle is Itiil lliewn in the town of
Harangues J but both tliele eelebialed phyhiiaiis owed
their fame more to their lecomniciuliiig temperance than
to uny of the medicines they dilcovcred.

" By exerclfc our loiig-liv'd father:, ft^od,

" Toil 111 1111^; their nerves, and purified their blood;

" Hut we their Ions, a pamper 'd race of men,

" Are dwindled down to ihreefcore years and ten.

*' Better to hunt in fields for health unbought,

" Thin fee the doctor for a poifonous draught.

" The wile for cure on excrcHe depend j

" God never made his work lor man to mend."

To return to Cos, it was celebrated for fomc light
garments maliufailturcd here, and called i',;/;m.;;/a roaj
but was ftlll nitirc famous for the ftaiue of Venus, made
here by Apellcs, who was a luitivc of this little illand ;
and hence originated the notion of Vcnus's lilingout of
the lea.

«' When bright Venus lifes Irom the floo.),

" Around in throngs the wond'ring Neri.ids eroud,

«' The Tiitons gate, and tune the voeal flicll,

" And ev'ry grace unfuiig the w.i\es com\,il j

" A lute (he htilds ; and on her he.id are (ecii

" A wreath of roles red, and mvriles green j

•' Her turtles fan ihc buxom air above,

*' And by his inuther ftands an infant love."

1- ;■"

is I ,!■

!k 5

tt ;l

Thi»

^38

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

Tills iiilniirable pii-ccuT workmanfliip was liift lodgcj
in a (lauly teniplr, Init Augultui cariicj it tu Rome j
and to iiuiic ;lic lup.rllitious people fomc aini.mli lor Its
!o(V, tlicir tribute was iirtircly icmittcd. The harbour
IS j'DDcl, and well fccurcd trom the dcpridations of
pirates.

13. S T A M P A L I A.

Stampalia lies about 40 miUs from the coaft of Anato-
li 1, is 60 n.iles in circiimfircncc, has a town of its
own name on the fouth coall, two hnrbnurs, and w.;s
aiicitntly celebrated for its icinple of Apollo, It has
a churcii or two, fubjeol to ; bilhop, but is very
tliinly inhabited.

14. CARP A N T U U S.

C.'.rpainliu* or Scarpantn, on the fouth coaft of Doris,
lies in 35 de^. 45 niiii. noith lat. and 27 dej;. 40 nui;. c.al |
long, is hetwc.n Cerate and Rhodes, and anciently g.ive |
name to the Carpaiuliian Sea. It is near 80 miles in
cireiimfeience, but is mouniainous, barren, a«d but
thinly inhabited. It has no town except Scarpanto,
whole harbour is tolerable, but terribly infilled by
the pirates,

15. ISLANDS IN THE GULPII of SMYRNA.

Thefe ifland?, being five in number, are fniall and
uncnhabitcd.onc is called Long Illand, or Ifola dc Lglere,
that i> church ifl.ind ; it is lonnles long, rather narrow,
and contains the ruins of a magnificent temp'c. An-
other of them the Greeks fay formerly cnnt.iincd many
cUijunt buildings, of which no Vidigi-s are atprefm:
left, but an apartment fupportcd by four pillars ;
the whole being cut out of the folid rock; from ilii:-
iflaiid a c.'.ufewav formerly joined to the main land, but
it is now entirely ruimd. Some have imagined this tr
bo the Claz.mirne of the antients, but whether th^
eonjer'ture is right we cannot pretend to dcteiniine.

16. RHODES.

Rhodes extends from 35 dcg. 50 min. to 36 deg. 3c
min. noith lat. and from 28 dig. 20 nun. to iH deg. 44
min. call long, being 75 indc-eall from Candia, 8 from
the Lycian coalt, and about 120 in cireunilereiice.
This iiland hath been lonj; famed in hillory linger various
names, and its ii,ha'.'it.ints very e.,rly were deemed a
maritime people. When attacked by the Greeks the
Rhodians called in the Rom..ns to their alfift nice ; who,
according to ihiir ufual cuitn n, drove awav the Rho-
dians's enemies, and repai I thcmfelves for their trouble,
by feiring their country, and making bold With the
piopcrtyof the na'ives ; after which it unditwent manv
revolutions, being taken by the Venetians in 1124.
The Turks conqucied it in 1283, but were driven out
v( it by the knights of St. John of Jerufalcm in 1308 ;
however, Soliinan the Magnificent attacked it with an
army of 2CO,cco men, and 300 (hips, and took it,
January i, A. D. 1523, after the Rhodians h.id loll
go, coo of their men, and the Turks a much greater
number. After this misfortune tnoit of the RhiKlians
quitted their country, fo that the ifland became very
niueh dcjiopuiated ; the Turks, however, fliewed fo
great a refpci!! to the knights of Rhodes, that they fuf-
fered them tu keep their houles, eii'cels, coats of arms,
ftatiics, infciijitions, &c. and granted very confidcrablc
privikgcs to futh as would come and fettle there,
vhith diew back foine of the Rhodians, and many
of the Greeks; lb that Rhodes at prefcnt is at popu-
lous ind (louriftiing as Turkifli tyranny will permit any
place ill the Uttoiiian teriitorio« to be.

The metropolis of Rhodes is called by the fame name,
and was always cdccmtd a place of great llrength ; at
prrfent, though its former fplendor is much decayed, it
Is I liandl'ome city and a good fea-port ; the fituation at
the fide of 3 hill is dcligliifiil ; it is about three miles in
ciicuit, forlitied by a tieble wall and canie, though
they aie but in bad repair; the Urccts arccapacious and
«vcll ya>cd, paxuctil4fly (hit uf St. Ji.'hji, wtuch it

paved with beautiful marble; the houfes are elpnmily
built ill the lialian talle, and the niprkets v.'cll luppluj
with all kinds' of provifion-. It has two haibuurs, 1
laig r for (hips of all nations, and a fmaller I'nr ii,,,
'1 urkdh gallies only, a fcjuadron of which are alwim
kept licie to cruile againft the Maltele Ihips. 'Jij,,
pitit is (nut up every night with a chain, and near it is
a tine piaz/.a adorned with (lately trees, at tin- extremity
If) which aie the arfeii.il and dock. 'I hs chuieh of St.
John, a mi 1( noble Itrutluie, is converted into a :r.nl',)uc
many oth.r churclus, the pal.ice formerly btl.nL;inc to
the grand niulUr, the houfes of the knight-, ice. .arc
dill n-i.-irnilicent l..biieks.

This city was formerly celebrated for the Icarnini; anj
politenefs of ils inhabitants, and the numerous .alaJc.
lilies for v.rious arts and fcienccs, which were kcjir
open a: tlic public expencc ; but at prelent literaiure
meets here with the fame tieatment that it do.s in ail
other par:s of the Tuikilh dominioiis.

The foil of Rhodes is I6 fertile and lich, that it prn.
duces every delicacy th.t mi n can wifn to enjov ; .i.J
the air is the moft pure and lirenc that he could dif.ic
tc breathe. Indeed fuch 'S the beauty of thcioiinrv
and dclightfuliiefs of the climate, as togiie oee..f,oii ti>
the ptets to feign that Apoilo rained goKli n llunvirs
upon it, and blelled it with his ir.e)ll ptohtie ;.nJ la-
hihiious beams.

" The gljrious ruler of the morning So,

" Hut looks on flowers, and (Iraigiit lliey grow j

" And when his beams their light unfo'd,

" Ripens the dulieR e.-.rth, ai.el warms ii into giK!.''

Hence the inhabitants creeled the celebrated Coli (Tus,
one of the wonders of the woild, to the iiom ur cf
.•\pe Uj or tlie fun. This prodigious (litiie wasn, iil.'ef

biafs,

cubits, or about 1.13 feet in h':iiht, prrpor-

tionablv big in every pait ; it (lood allride ovur iIk- ha,
lo that Ihijis could ful in and out between ilsle^s. |n
one hand it hi Id a liglu-huii.c, in ti.e o;i;er a Ic p:te;
and i;s head leprefented a golden fiiu, Th.- dift. ueu
between the two feet was icO yanks, and tv/o o.cn
could feaice with extended arms em' race r.s thiiii;b.
After having (lood 60 years, it w iS overturnd by ill
e.irthquake; . nd tl ougli the Rhodiins collc'ec tn m
tlie various Grecian llaies apiodi^ious fum toiief av ilic
expences of lepairing it, vet the nioiiey was en)he7vk!l,
and the image was furt'crtd to lay on tlie ground for ili.;
fpaec of 894 years, when the Saracens loi k the ei;v,
,iiul fold it as old brafs to a Jew, who lo.uliil {^ro
camels with it; the whole weight being 720,coc lli.
avoirdiipoilc. This wonderful woik was ma,:e by Claris,
a natiie of Rhodes, who was 12 years in conipl a in^
It. Jud on the fpit wheie the feet llood, ac.illleoii
one lidc and a tower on the other were erected, aiulaie
(landing at prelent.

The modern Chtiltian inhabitant, of th's fine iflaiul
arc very poor, and are not fullered to live within ilic
walls of the city, wliieii privile.',e i-, hi>wever, gr.iii.eJ
to the Jews. The piineip.d nuiiufachiies are fi.a;',
lapellrv, and rambkts ; but the city is a n-art for M
the commodilies and piodue'lioiis cf the Levar.t ; yit
Rhodes is kept merely in oppolition lo the Cliiiiiiai ■:,
as it does not remit any thing to the Rtand (igninr, the
Turkifh ball'a being allowed ilie whole (d its leveniie^,
to maintain the gallics, the garrifon, and himf.lf,

17. CYPRUS.

This celebrated ifland lies between 34 and 3fi d",
north l.ititude, ami beiwcin 35 and ^(> lieg. call Ion 1-
tudc, in the moll eallerly p.'i't of the l.eiaiit, an.l ' .•
the largefl of all the ill.inils of Alia Minor, Iniig .'oa
miles in length, 4O in bieadth wiiete widell, andalnut
30 tiom the conlinenl. The anlicnls h id m my i\ ur.i
for it, in paitieui .1 they culled it Maeaiia, on acciaiiit
of its fiirpnling leitiliiy ; and Cyprus, the name it IMI
bears, from the nlnindancc of cjprels trcii whiih it
produced. The firll mention we have of it in hill y,
is the conqued of it by Cyrus, who found it I'iiidij
into nine pctiy kinpdoiiis, each povriiied by its own fu-
veijjn; the PtyK-nuvj of ti;ypl then fubju^ated ii ; the

Reiiiiaiu,

HY.

hoiifi's arc clciijrtly
iprkets well luppHcil
i;is two liaibour';, i
id a linallcT I'nr d-.c
t' wliicli arc alwii\i
lalalc ftips. 'I ii,s
:haiii, ami near it ij
LTS, at tin- txtrcniity
'1 Ik chuuh ot' St.
vcnc'. into a '.iinUiuc
)rincrly btl>>n.;mg to
lit; kn;i;ht', &c. are

for the Icarnin,^ ani
he iiiimcrmis aiadc.
, wliich were kepr
at preleiit litfranite
: that it ilo.i in ill

OIIS,

md rich, that it prti.
wifl) to ei'jov ; ii.d
that he could il.l'uc
cauty of the i oimiry
a^ to giie oci'.d'ion to
lined golditi (howiTs
r.ull ptolitiv.- ;.iid U-

rninr' S'^,
aigi'.t iliL-y i;row ;
ht uiifo'd,
warms it into gilil.''

e ccjebrnlcd Culi ffus
!, to the iioni ur cf
as II Hue w.is n. ,i.','ot
et ill h'.i^bi, )-r((ipr.
lilridtf ov;.r tlicha.iii,
lictvvccii its !e :^. In
1 the o'.hir a Ic |>:if j
I Ciiii. Th.' dilt.iicis
yards, nnd two n.ea

eml race its thuii.b,
■.is ovcrttirn.d hv an
odi.iiis collec'.id In m

lib fuiii to defaj ihc

iiiey was vnih^yiK;!,

n the groiiiul tor ili,;

racciis lo.k ihe cnv,
who loadiil (jca

t being 720,coo lb.
was m.L'A- by Clares,

years ill conipl a in^r
t ItooJ, i\ c.iltlc oil

were eiLCud, and a;e

iti of tb's fine idaiul

d to live within ilic

, hi^wever, j;r..ii.tJ

lutactiues arc I<><1;>,

tv is n irart fir all

of the Levar.t ; yi t

n to the Chriliiaiv,

h- Rtaiid fn',nior, the

hcle lit its leveiiiii ,

1, and hinil. If.

U S.

I'rcn 2A ■'""' S*"' ''■ "•
/) dej'. tart loii_i-
ii',0 Levant, an>! ii
.1 Minor, lHi:\,i :od
tie widetl, and a' cnit
lit . h id triiiiy tiJir. J
leaiia, on atriaiiit
nis, (he name il IMI
irtl's ticn whiih iC
ave of it ill hill ■)■,
ho found il diuiUJ
riiicd liy lU own fu-
ll liibju.'ated It i llic

ASIATIC ISLANDS,

I'ive

fjH^iacs,

\Vi.

"J"u

Kuiiuiu,

ASIA.]

Romws, and after them, the emperors of Coiif'atitino-
pl^. niililllcd it. In 1191, it w. !, coiiqiier;-d by liichard
ilij firft, king of Kngland, and given by him to Guy of
Lufi'Mian, whofe fucccflois reigned over it till 14H0,
when ihc Venetians fcized it, who reiiiaiiiid mailsrs ol
it till iS/Cj when it was conquered by the 'I'urks.who
Jlill coiitimie in pnireffion of it.

The foil produces all kinds of grain, wines, oil,
fipnr, cotton, honey, faffrnn, wood, mttals, mineral ,
plant;, drugs, flower;, &c. all excellent in tlleir kinds
It was fo'nKrly populous ami opulent, but at prelcnt is
tut I'i'or and thinly inhabited, which is cliielly ouini;
10 two cautes viz. the tyranny of the 'J'urkOi govern-
ment, and the fwarms of lociilis which for lonie ages
pad have infeft.d it, to the fieqtent delhiielion of the
proJece of the earth Their wool and cotton itianu-
f.i.liires arc the bell in the tall, hut the lilk is very in-
diU'iriiit. 15y one of the Turkifli ball'as all the Kigar
canes in the ifland were dtflr.-yed ; the peop e, how-
ever, h.ive a j'rcat traffic in a dclieu us bird, v\h;eh tliry
tntch in tlic tiiMiths ot September anil Oclober, niii
pickle in lalf quantities to export to Venice, where
tlKV are much prized, and purtlial<.\l at a hi^^h piice
tv tiic vnliiptaous.

'it was formerly divided into 12 dirtriJls, each con
Liiniiii; a lir^e city, and the whidc including 810 vil-
lajfs J at prckiit it is deemed of great iiii;>oit.ince, be-
in' governed by a baflii : fubordi..ate to whom are
Itchili, 1

Ala:nc, and tlicfo 40 ziamets,
Cyprus, Jiave again . and

Sehis, under ihcm 1067 liniariots,
railus,J

The Inliabitaius were fnrnierlv deemed fome of the mofi
)cw.l ..nd debauched people 111 the univiillj an 1, ic-
leiilin^ to tlie n olf aiitheniic accounts, their inclina-
tiens arc .^s depraied as cvtr ; but tne 'rmkilli goviin-
inciit eoinpel.- tlieiii to a nioie ufeivcd behavioui, and
at Icalt ebiij,es inetn to a:t with an outward api.-ai •
ancc ot dec ney. 1 iie prel'ent inliahilaius arc eti tdy
Gi«k', who iliei's alter liie kalian falhion, 1 ut ret.in.
ihnt own leli^Kiii ; iid cullvnis. 'I'he pioplc of this
ill.ml W'.rc ctnvetied to Chr'lliai.iiy by ^t. i^. ul and
ft. h-nr-bas, the latter <■! whcMii was a name of l"y-
( I ..■. It i?ave birlh to the poet AkKpi.des, Xenophuii,
Z'"", Aj^ulloiiius, the f..nioiis luflmp l-.p;|,h..n:us, and
fiuial other gieat inrn. Cypius h.iJ no coiilidi labie
ri.Tii, but Ionic t.nious iiioUiit,.iiis, partieulaily Oiyiii-
|i.;;, whole lieighth and extent aic allonifliing ;

— — " Ilii.-r Olympus low'rs

" Tnc parliaincntal leat of heav'nly pow'rs."

Oil this mountain, at the dilluicc of every league,
llicie is a Greek luoiK'.ltuy, and a fountain laid to be
eudtcd by the emprefs HeKna, the mother ol Conllan-
tiiie the Great.

Hiiidly any vcftigcs r.maiii of the antie.it city of Ka-
l.iinn, tormerly celebrated for its temple of Jupiter,
ulio wa> here reprefinted by an image aimed with iluin-
iler and lightening :

•' 'I'he mighty Tluind'rcr with maji [lie awe,

" Tlien (hook his fliiild, and dealt his b. It. around,

" And Icatltr'd temp. lis on the teeming ground."

The principal places at prefeiit are the following :
laniagufta, or Ailinoc, is an ek';,ant city, and good
fr.i-por:, pUaiantly lituated, and ilelei.ded by two lorts ;
it is eneluled on tv. o lidob by a ditch, and duublc wall
well f .rtihid I and 1111 the o.lier two by the lea. The
'1 urks are lerllble of the impoiia.ice of this place,
aii.l, contrary to their ufual culloni, k.ep the fotlifiea-
tiiiiis in excellent rep.iir. 'I'he yoveinor of this city i.-
incimtalile only to liie C)ttoiiiaii I'ortc, not being lub-
01. inate to the balia of ihe illands. The Greeks and
cthu Chrilliaiis are only pcini.tted to keep fliops lieie in
the day lime, but arc not allowed to 1 y in the city,
»!,kh is, lowever, a bilhop'a fee, fubjetl to the me-
tropolit.in of Nisolia.

1 In ugh the above is the moll impoitant place, yet
Kicnli.i is dicn cd the tnetinpolis of Cvpius. 'I'his city,
ivliich It deli^hifully fituutcj in Uic Kciiut »f the lU^iid,

239

w.'.s formerly the feat of the Cyprian nioiiarchs. It was
then nine miles in circuit, but is now dwindled tu
three. It is, however, dill a beautiful town, of a cir-
cular form, furrourided b walls, defended by a deep
ditch, and well fiutihed. It formerly contained 40,000
i-.oules, and fevcral noble palaces; but many of the
full, and all the latter, are fallen to decay, or have
been pulle.' down. The bell churches, particularly St.
Sophia, the Tuiks have converted into mofques. I'lic
(jieeks, I at ns, Armenians, Neftonans, Maronites,
sVc. have tneir churches and ch.ipcls allowed them.
I'hi. city is the lelidencc of the Turkilh ballii and the
Cjieek arehbilh'ip, the fuflVagans of the latter being the
liidinps of l-'aiiiagulla, I'aph-s, Larnczj, and Cercncs.

I^.irncza is a good lea-port, in which the French and
Venetians have a conlul ; the liouies are, however,
low and mean, and the inhabitants conipolid of Tuiks,
Giecks, and fonie Kuiopeans. The commodities arc
cott'in, co.ton yarn, wool, tiv.

Ctrems, the antient Ctraunia, is almoft in ruins,
tlunigh formerly a Itroiig and p pulous place. People
depart from li nee to the Continent a> the rcarefl port.
The Pal.xe of Peace, a m..giiificciit edifice foimerlv b?-
'ongm^ to the kni-hls, is near tnis city ; and at about
nine miles dillance there is a Griek nionalUry, thu
,i,onks of which ha,e cells along the tea coall, vvherc
chey depolit llu Klh which tiny arc employed ,0 cateli
lor the ulc if tile brotherhood.

1,111. Ill'- is iiiiw no hing bu: n mean villas.', though it
remain;, a biHmp's lee ; and the fituation 01 the antient
city ot Aniatheus \: not at prefent known.

I'.iphos, nowcalleJ Baffi. is lituated on the weftcrn
c.'ialt i,t the illand. St. Paul in thi. ciiy converted its
iroveriior Sergius, an.! Iliuck the necrom..neer Barjefus
svilii bliiuimls (Acts xiii. 6.) Though much decavcd
liom its former glory, it is lUll a bilhop's fee, aid a
go. d fea-pert town. In antient times it was iimih cele-
brated f r its magnifis.tnt temple dedicated to Venus,
I'oiti which the goddefs of Love was Culled the Paphiaij
Venus :

The goddefs flies f iblime

" To vifit Paplios, and her native clinic,

" Where grlaiuls ever green, and ever fair,

" With vows arc oiler'.', and with I'olemn pray'r j

" An hundred ali.irs in her ten. pie fnioke,

" A thoui'and bleeding hearts her pow'r invoke."

The condition of the votaries of this captivating
.;oddefs arc thus finely defciibed by iJrydcn :

" In Vinus' temple on the fi Ics were fccn

" The bioken lluo/bcrs ol eiianioiu'd men;

" Looks that ev'n I'p'ikc, and pity fedii'd to call,

" And ill'uing fighs th..t foK.k'd along the wall ;

" Coniplaiiiis and h.tdi fires, the liver's hell,

" And fealding tears, that wore a elianiiel ^..liere ihcy

" fell i
" Expencc and after thought, and i 'Ic care,
" And doubts of motlcy hac, and Jaik defpairj
" Sufpicions, and f.intallical fuiinife,
" And jcaluuly fullus'd with jaundicM eyes."

The fird king of Cyprus, of whom we have nny ac-
count, is Cinyras, grandlon of Pygmalion. Of thtt
father and grandfather of this prince, the poits have
invented the following fable : Pygmalion coinn;; to
Cyprus, and fiiiiing that all the women here livul in a
very licentious and impioper ni.iiinet, he dele, mined
never to marry j but, in order to avoid idlene,., I.e ;.p-
plied himfelf to the .irt of feulplure. Having 111 'de an
ivory ftatue of a fam.ile to an anii'/.ing degree of pir-
fee'tion, wiih iclpecl to beauty and lymmetry, he till
defperatily in love with his own wi.rk, and pr; ycd to
the goddefs X'enus to procure him a wile as beautiful :
the goddefs complied, by ch.inging the llatuc into a
damfel. Pygmaliun married her, and (he bote him a
Ion called Paphos, who was the father of Cinyraj ; th(
rtory is thus told by Ovid ;

•' Pygmalion, loathing their lafcivious life,

" Abhorr'd all weniankind, but moll a wife:

" So fiii|.>le cliole to live, and lliiinn'd to wcJ,

'* Well pleat'd tv want a cunloil of his bed ;

1 ■

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A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

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«' Yet fearing idlenefs, the nurfe of ill,

" In fculpturc cxercis'd his happy fkill,

" And carv'd in ivory fuch a rhaid, fo fair,

*' As Nature cou'd not with his art compare

«« Were (lie to work, but in her own defence

" Muft take her pattern here, and copy hence.

" Pleas'd with hit idol, he commends, admires^

" Adores ; nnd laft, the thing ador'd defires :

•• A very virgin in her face was fecn,

'• And had flie mov'd, a living maid had been :

*' One wou'd have thought (he cou'd have ftirr'd, but

ftrove
" Withf modefty, and was afliam'd to move ;
" Art hid with art fo well perform'd the cheat,
" It caught the carver with his own deceit :
" He knows 'tis madncfs, yet he muft adore,
" And ftill the more he knows it, loves the more.

" The feaft of Venus came, a folemn day,
" To which the Cypriots due devotion payj
" With gilded horns the milk-white heifers led,
" Slauglitet'd before the facrcd altars bled.

" Pygmalion, ofF'ring firft, approach'J the flirine,
«' And then with pray'rs implor'd the pow'rs divine ;
" Make this fair ftatue mine, he wou'd have faid,-)
« But chang'd his words for fliame and only pray'd ; >
" Give me the likenefs of my iv'ry maid, \

«' The golden goddefs, prefent at the pray'r,
" Well knew he meant th" inanimated fair,
" And gave the fign of granting his dcfire,
" For lii'ice in chearful flames afccnds the fire;
«' Conviiic'd, o'erjoy'd, his ftudy'd thanks and praife
" To her who made the miracle he pays ;
•« Then lips to lips he join'd, now freed from fear,
" He found the favours of the kifs fincere }
" At this the waken'd image op'd her eyes,
" And view'd at once the 1 ight and lover with furprize ;
" The goddefs prefent at the match (he made,
" So blefs'd the bed, fuch fruitfulnefs convey'd j
" That ere ten months had (harpen'd either horn,
" To crown their blifs a lovely boy was born j
" Paphos his name, who grown to manhood, wall'J
" The city Paphos, from the founder call'd."

■!■:

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A NEW

)proacUM the Ihrine,
I the pow'rs divine j
s wou'd have f>id,i
e and only pray'd : > '
'ry maid, )

t at the pray'r,
imated fair,
his dcflre,
ifccnds the fire ;
y'd thanks and prtife
: he pays ;
3W freed from fear,
ifs finccre j
d her eyes,
i lover with furprize ;
tch (he made,
'ulnefs convey'd ;
pen'd either horn,
boy was born ;
to manhood, wall'd
mnder call'd,".

A NEW

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A NEW AND COMPLETE

STEM

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• •.'■

GEOGRAPHY.

_■»-■'•

BOOK. II;

AFRICA.

ft-

WE now come to the fecond grand dividon of
the globe, called Africa. This quarter
of the world is neither fo generally fertile
as the other three, nor fo populous as
either Alia or Europe; it ncverthclefs abounds in riches,
and might be rendered of much greater importance than
it ij at preff nt.

Africa is furrounded on every fide with water, except
where it joins to Afia by the ifthmus of Suez, which
feparates the Mediterranean from the Red Sea, and is
only about 6o miles over. Being thus almoft an ifland,
it hath a vaft extent of fea coal), and is moft advan-
tageoufly fituated for commerce; but navigation is nei-
ther eileemed or cultivated by the inhabitants, the bed
of whom are but defpicable failors, their whole naval
(kill confifling only in building a few piratical vencls
on the northern parts, or Barbary coaft, for the purpofcs
of plundering the honeft merchant ; and the confti uct-
ing fome filhing boats and canoes in all the other mari-
time parts. This country was once famous for power,
liches, learning, and commerce ; but the alternate de-
predations of the Romans, Vandals, and Saracens, have
(educed it to the loweft ebb of ignorance and barbarity.
The greateft part of Africa lies between the tropics,
the equinoctial line paiSng through themidll of it, con-
fequently the climate has but little variation, and the
. Whole is fo exceedingly fultry, as to prove difagreeable.
If not fatal to thofe born in the colder regions, while
the burning fands contribute not a little to render the
beat dill more incommodious. 'I'he inhabitants are un-
acquainted with ice, hail, or fnow, and being but fd-
dom blefled with rain, depend on the overflowing of the
rivers for the fertilization of tl>e foil in many parts,
While other extenfivc regions are nothing but fterile, and

uninhabitable burning fands. The barrennefs in fev."i'.il
places, the brutality and favagenefs of the natives, and
the ferocity of the innumerable wild beads in moft of
its countriis, evince that the rays of the fun are here
fo fervid and powerful as to dry and burn up the juices
of the vegetable, and overheat the blood of the animal,
creation ; fo that the firft is rendered futile, and t'.ie
latter furious.

" What's all that Afric's golden rivers roll,

" Her od'rous woods, and fhining iv'ry ftores ?

" 111 fated race, the foftning arts of peace,

•' And all proteiling freedom, which alone

" Suftains the name and dignity of man,

" Thefe are not theirs r-the parent fun himfelf

" Seems o'er this world of flaves to tyrannize,

" And with opprcffive ray the rofeat bloom

" Of beauty bhifting, gives the gloomy hue

•' And feature grofs — or worfe to ruthlefs deeds ;

•' Madjcaloiify, blind rage, and fell revenge

*' Their fervid fpirit fires. The brute creation

" This rage partakes, and burns with horrid fire."

Africa is in length from Cape Bona in the Mediter-
ranean northward, to the Cape of Good Hope fouth-
ward,4;^00 miles, and 3500 miles in breadth, from Cape
Gurda-fui, in the ftreiglits of Babel-niandel eaftward, to
Cape Vcrd weftwarJ ; being bounded on the north by
the Mcditerrane;ln fea, which divides it from Kurope j
on the fouth by the Pacific ocean ; on thceafl by the
India ocean, Rcd-fea, and liitic illhmusof Suez, which
divide it from Afia; and on the weft by the Atl.i. i^c
ocean, which feparates it from America. Many oti.ci'
particulars will he explained at one view, by infpci^ling
the fuliuwiiig tub'es.

A Genhirai.

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A Gen ERA I, Inspection Taple for A F K I C A.

CONTINENTS.

Isanoiis

r Barca —

Tripoli —

—

-c ^

Tunis —

—

-a

Algiers —

—

LM'.rocco —

r Eiilcdulgcriil — —
J Zaara — — —

'•Tombut — — — j

-a r Sierra

S I Muiit
"2 \ I'holcy,

if 1 anJ i

^ L ^ll0ff^ }

c }

I'I

i f

w 3 r
^'31

Sierra F-cona
ntlingo

countr

■A''hid.ili — —

Ardrah — —

Slave Coafl —

Gold Coaft —

Kctu — —

Cnmtnendo —

Jaby

Anta — —

Axim — —

Tooth Coaft —

1 Grain Coaft —

Benin — —

f Bengutia — —
Angola — —
Coiij;o Proper —
Loango — —

Monomotapa —
Moiioiniigi —

Cuffraria — —

Mclinda — —
Mofamb que —
Sofala — —

Abcx — — —
Anian — —
Majadoxa — —
Brana ~ —
Abyffinia — —
Nubia — —
F.g,pt — —

Length,

400

300

7C0

240

220

170

480

100

500

480

2500

150

24*0

660

Liinit!i

uncettaiti

. I

1800

Liiiiln
jiKL'itaii

3(10

540
410

960
gco

780

1400
540
gco

940

600

HfL-adth

840

360

180
250
420
300

660
C60

660

350

130

800

600
250

I'nncipul Ciucs.

Tolcmeta — -»—
Tripoli — —
Tunis — —
Algiers — —
VIorocc 1 — —
Dara — — —
rigcfla — —

Tombuto' — —

Mundingo — — ^^ —

Xavier — — —
Alleni — — —
Great Popo — —
\cra, Crevecoiier, Fort James
Cape Coaft Caftlc —
f,ittlc Commendo — —
No town — — — —
Hourtray — — —
Achombone — —
r,aho _ _ _
No towns — — —

Ucnin — — —

Benguela — — —

Loan, Id — — —

Sa lit Salvador — —

Loango — — —

Monomotapa — —
Chicova — — — •

Cape Town

Dif. and ijc.ir. from

1400

I /Oo

900

920

ic'80

1840

2500.

2700

aSco

3900
3750
3480

33^0

45'''o
4.O0

— 5200

Mclinda or Morambiqiie —
Doncala — _ _ ,
Guudar — — — ■

Nubia — — —

Gr.iiid Cairo — —

4440
3580
3S80

2418

Iq20

s.
s.
s.

S. L.
S. E.
S. E.

S. F.

S. K.

ISLANDS.

Nanle^

'here lituated.

Madeiras —
Canaries —
Cape dc Vcrd —
Gorec — —

Uidao —

Bifl'agors — —
Saint Helena —
A(cenfion —
Saint Matthew —
Annabon — —
Saint Thome —
Prince's Iflc —
("ernando Po —
Hoiiibon — —
M.iuiitius — —
Madagafiar —
Cnmora Ifles —
Zncatra —
Balicl-mandel —

O — — —

Chicl I owns.
Santa Cruz and KuncliTi ~
Palnia, St. Chiitloplier —
St. Domingo — —

Fort St. Michael — —

IHavc no town;, the natives
l.ving in fcattered h its
St. Helena — — —

> St. Thomas and Anaboa

Huurbon — — —

Mauiitiiis _. _ -

St. Aulliii — __ _

j'iaiin.i — — -

Cal.inlia _ __ _

Dabcl-iiiandcl —

l"ra.k' I uli 01 ncioni; !,>

Puriu,^ULlc
Spaniard.^
PortU2Urfe
French

' All nations

Fiiglifl)

' Uninh.ibitrd

Portuguffe

French

Kirnch
All nation*
All naliuni

.•\n

( )rca3, Sea>, tii. \^'^^'_

Atl.intic :
Pac.tic > Ocean
Indian '

Mediicrranenn 1 g ,
Red P''

Nmer
Nile
(iambi.
Senegal

A DniTI ON A I.
Muuntai'ia.

Alla>
.Moon 7
Linn 5
I'cncrift'

Mount.iini

r A I) L f ot liihcr iif'-dil Al,niiT<i.

KiliKloli''. Luii^u.igi«.

Coptic
.M.LhniTirfan Ar.ibic
Chtilluii ,C>rr(l(

Afrinm or
Morilco

|Cii)i» anl Siinuht

A variety of K?,ipc dc Vcrd
Nf.ro ilialciil ("ape of (Jond Hope

I'dllUjlUlIC

D.iiih
111 n< h
l.iiii:iiii I'ranra

Strii|;ht u( Uiliti
nitiuUI

uiij

^ir.rrpniLcm.

S. t. "

S. K.

■"

]

>0,

s. t.

S. E.

S. F.

S. K.

ikl) It; i»cton^ t>i

ULiC

urfe

unt

bitri

trie

ion I

luni

pc d

till Sifi^ht.
c Vc7T

ic n

f (IliiiJ Itdl'C

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>lllu

AFRICA.]

Thouili Al'rica produces gold, ivory, and many other
^jIijI,!,. commodities, yet the chief commerce is the
l.ic ot (lie human fpecies ; to carry on which iniquitous
t;uJe chc natives are perpetually at war with each other,
in order to get prifoners to fell for flaves : thus a practice,
cruel in itfelf, is fupported by the moft barbarous means }
but if prifoners of war fall Ihort, one village will com-
mit depredations upon another, and, feizing upon their
]ieighbours, with their wives and children, drive them
without remorfe to the fea coall, and difpofc of them to
the Europeans ; and, if this lad expedient does not an-
{wer their purpofc, they dc not hefitate to fell their own
lelatiuns and offspring. In fine, Africa produces tlie

B A R B A R Y.

243

'\^%

moft barbarous people, and the greateft number of wild
bcalls, and other dangerous animals, of any of the four
quarters into which the world is divided ; for here ate
found

" The tygcr darting fierce,

" Impetuous on the prey his glance has doom'd ;

" The lively (hining leopard, fpccklcd o'er

" With many a fpot : — the beauty of the wafte j

" The keen hyena, fillcft of the fell ;

" The elephant, caft in the hupeft mould ;

" Th' amphibious crocodile, and lion bold ;

" The venom'd fnake, that curls ;:long the plain,

•' And all the reptiles of the hifling train."

CHAP. I.

B A R B A R Y.

TH E confidcrable countries included under the
general name of Barbary, are the moft fertile,
populous, and trading parts of Africa, EgYP'
excepted. Darbary is bounded by the Mciiiicr-
nnejn on the north, which feparates it from Euiope j
on the e.ift by Egypt ; on the fouth by the dtlcrts of
Ziara ; and on the weft by the Atlantic Occ.m ; being
in length, from eaft to weft, about 2200 miles, and 111
krcadth from north to louth, where wiJcft, about 600
miles. This country is divided into the following king-
doms and Hates, viz.

Barca,

Tripoli,

Tunis,

Algiers,
Morocco and Fez,

SECT. I.
BARCA.

THIS inhofpitable country, which is a mere dr-
fert, extends 400 miles from north to fouth,
ami 300 from eaft to weft ; corvpriziiig thofe diftriits
which the antients term'd Marmarica and Cyrcnaica. I<
was better known to the aiiticnt^ than the modems, and
is particularly mentioned by Virgil, on account of the
ferocity of the peoi)le, in the fpetch wliicli he puts into
the mouth of Anna, queen Dido's filler, when flie is
recapitulating the ftatrs that furround Carthage:

" This little fpot of l.ind which he.iv'n heftows,

•' On ev'ry fide is lieminM with warlike foes j

" Uetulian cities here ate fprcad around,

" And fierce Numidiaiis there your frontiers bound :

" Here lies a barren wafte of thiifty land,

" And there the Svftes r.iife the moving fand j

" K.iTc:ean troops lieficge the n.irrtjw (hore,

" And from the fea Pygmalion threatens more."

This country is ftilcd by the few Anibs who inhabit
it, Cevrart H.iika, or tlic Delirt ot Wliiilwinds ami
Hurricanes, The territory about the towns and villages
produce a fciinly pittance of corn, millet and maize )
all otiiv narii of tins wretched region are totally b:ir-
rtii, and the whole labours under a groat fcarcity of
vi'.\ler. Small as the quaiitity of grain is, the joor
pctiple arc under the necrftily of bjrtering foinc cf it
for caniclc, fheep, dales, &c. Perhapi the mnft pica-
Tint place ill the whole country it ihit (mall diJhiiil
lipon which the temple of Jupiter Ammon anticntly
(t'.'ud 1 yrt this is furroundcd by horrid pl.iliis of burning
(.nidi, which move under the tiavcller's feel like waves,
or, beinu r.ufed by the winds, overwhelm him with
cluiidi of duft. It any are obliged to journey through
this difigreeahir region, they mult travel with a com-
pals, ur they would be loft in the dcfert, and wander
•bvut till they pciiOied with buiigci and thiilt, I'hc

anticnt Cyrenaica is the dcfert part, and that called
Marmarica the inhabitable diftrifl : thole who live near
the lea coaft are all given to piracy; and the maritime
part itfelf is called the co.ft of Derna, frcim the chief
city remaining, all the other towns known to the an-
tients being either totally ruined, or dwindled to the
11 oil incuiiliderable vilhigcs. The authors of the Uni-
verlal Hiftoiy fay thus concerning the piincipal place*
of this coumry, " What condition they arc in, what
commerce they drive, or how and by whom governed,
we cannot hud any iiitisfaiTlory .nccount of." And as
we have nm any information relative to them, more re-
cent than what thole gcntKmcn have adverted to, we
can only farther aild, that the people arc moft deter-
mined, feiocious, anil cruel robbers Ik th by fea and
land, and that they are fo poor ;is to be < bliged fre-
quently to fell their wives ami children to the Sicilians,
In order t.i .luginent their means of fuhfifting, and (9
get nd of all tlut they may deem an incumbrance.

SECT. II.
TRIPOLI.

TH E kingdom of Tiipc li is bounJcd by Barc:i on
thf eaft, by Tunis and Biledulgiiid on the weft j
\>\ Mount Atlas on the funth, and hy the AKditcrra-
neaii on li.e iioith j extenJiiig along the coall ..b .ve too
miles, that is, fiom 10 deg. 13 miii. to 25 deg, 27 min.
c.ift loncitudc, exclufivc of the creeks and projiiHionj
of the more.

I'he whole kingdom it divided into fix provinces*
viz.

Tripoli Proper, Bcnolefa,

Mclrata, tJulph of Sidra,

Haicha, Ouguela,

to which fome grogr.iphcrs add Barca ( for not knowing
by whom that country is at prcfent govenvd, they with-
out authority [;i\e it to the nearcft neighbour.

The towns on the fea coaft ate the molt confidcrable,
and the moft known ; thofe of the inland pans are (o
little known, and fo Iriflinc, that they have fi arct been
deemed worthy of attention by either antient or mo-
dern travellers : the inhabiia ts of both, however, ara
equ.illy addi>Sled to robbing, for the former are pro-
lelled pirates, and the latter plunder their neighbours,
I whenever they can find an oppoitunity.

The city of Tripoli is the capital of the whole
countrv, and was anticntly diftinguillied by the names
of Old and New i the former was built bv the Romani,
luhdued by the Vandals, and dcftroyed by the Maho-
mctaiii, when the latter atole out of its rums,

New Tripoli ii but fmall, yet populous | and the
natives, though barbarous, are flouiilbing. lis fitua-
tion ii on a Tandy fwl, ocar the margin of the lea 1

(\ign|T

i-i ,■ I

I -i

ll I '

1m r

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

'1 IH ■

mi'^

■ i

i I

244-

ftrong walls, defended by formidable ramparts, and
flanked by pyramidical towers, furround it. Here arc
but two gates, the north gate towards the fea, and the
fouth gate towards the country ; and the whole city
forms the figure of a crefccnt, the concave part of
which cncloles the haven. At the extreme points of
the harbour, which is very commodious, are fome mi-
litary worlds i thofe to the call are in bad condition,
but on the wcftward there is a ftrong caftic well forti-
fied. The houfes in general arc very mean and low
built, and the ihcets narrow and crooked ; yet fome re-
maining monuments of magnificence fcem to confirm
the prevailing opinion of the inhabitants, that it wab
once remarkable for the fplendor of many of Its public
buildings : among thefe are the fragments of a tri-
umph.il arch, which is nearly buried in the fand, but
exhibits a fuflicient part above ground to give fome idea
of its elegance when pcrfcdl, and (landing in its proper
fituation. This city labours under two very great incon-
venitncies, viz. the fcarcity of corn, and want of fweet
water; the fandy foil making it difficult to cuhivatc the
firft ; and the want of rivers, fprings, wells, &c. ren-
dering it impoliible to procure the latter, without
the difagrec.ible ncceirny of catching rain in cif-
tcrns and rcfervoirs. The deficiency of frcfh waar,
and great flerility with refpeil to grain, arc both
fuppofcd to have been occafioncd by the cricroath-
mcnts of the fea, which has frequently been known to
overflow the neighbouring r.rritory to a very confidcr-
able dill.-ince : but thefe inundations, though they may
have ffl'.iitially injured them in the above refpefts, have
confidcrably bcrKhteJ them in another particular, that
is, the ama/iiig increafe of lothus trees, which thrive
beft in a faline clay or fandy foil, and produce both
food and drink, as the fruit cats excellently well, and
makes a moll delicious wine. Yet, after all, the in-
h.<bitants uf Tripoli could not fubfift upon the produce
of their coiuitiy, without the additional provifions con-
tinually brought in by their piratical veflcls.

An admirable author informs us, that the people of
Tripoli " trud the guarding of their city in the night-
time to maftirtV, which ate (hut up during the day in
one of the b.illions of the ramparts. Thefe maftirts
dilchaigc very faithfully the duties of their fundlions ;
ihcy patrole through the flreets of the city, and if they
happen to meet with any perfon, they arc fure to tear
him to pieces. The moment day breaks, they go of
themfelvcs to tlic door of their prifon ; they hark the
inllaiit they hear any peifoii come near their habitation,
and their roaring is heard in all that quarter of the city."

The adjacent territoij abounds with the country
houfes of the principal 'I ripolmcj, the gardens belong-
ing to which are ufually managed by thcChrillian Haves,
who arc, however, at ni^ht all confined in a finglc
bagniu or goal in the city itfelf.

Tripoli is frcqutnfly vifited by the pLigue, on which
account the Irjiicifcai's who are fettled here have, be-
fides their church and convent, an hofpltal, in which
they adminilbr relief to the Tripolines, as well as thofc
of their own pcrfuafion.

A French nobleman, in fpeaking of Tripoli, fays,
" This tity IS far lefs confiderabit than Algiers, and
not comparable to Tunis. The government is the fame
with that of the reft of the cities of Africa ; the Moors
are in as little credit here as at Algiers i the Nazarrne
(Chri(liari) renegades enjoy the grcateft (hare of auili'i-
rity of any fe<il of people in thiscounliv, .<nd fill the chief
employments i indeed there are a val{ number of rcnc-
guducs here, and 1 have coiiverfcd with many of thcni :
(hey all appeared to be ai i^'norant of the relij'.iin ihcy
had embraced, as of that quitted by ihein : molt of the
pcrfuns in quelliuii had been fo po<;rly educated, thai
tluy were fcaicc acq united with liic ruJiments of their
bel.'f i and imieed ihcy alfign the molt tiifling realun!>
puliibic for thrir quitl.ng then leli^jion ; whereas in
other cuuii'ri s, ilavl^ aic ioii'Mk nly rumple I liorn the
ill li.a'ii cut ihi \ iiiiet with liuiii their patron^ lu turn
M-hi'n.-iai 1 i In hrr , nn ihc contiaiy, are brimglit
Oicr ly ^''i.lleiut^. Ol ad Ihc (nil.iirs if llariiiiy,
nunc jr^ I Ml nr . 'hi»i|ih imne are lu niuch addiCtcd
Itt UlCll, itii Ul- ^.u^K ut Tli|rull,"

Capez, or Yabs, as the Moors call it, is fituated nil
the antient river Triton, to which the moderns have
given the feme name as the town. Being the (rentier
town between Tripoli and Tunis, it is large and y.x\[
fortified, and in its neighbourhood are found the ruiris
of the antient city called by the Romaub Taeapa. Capez
however, is but poor, and thinly inhabited by fifticrl
men and a few hufbandmen, the latter of which cul"
tivate a fmall quan ity of barley, a confiderable number
of palm trees, and a root which refcmbles a potatoe
The natives are as black as negroes, and fo poor, thjt
ihey look upon a few pecks of barley, and half a dozen
of palm trees as a confiderable fortune. It is proper ta
obferve, that the river Capes rifcs in a fandy deftrt
and difcmbogucs itfelf into the Mediterranean : hence
the waters are fo hot, that they cannot be drank till
they have been put into fome cool place for about ttio
rp.ice of two hours.

Mahara, fituated at the entrance of a gulph, is noi»
fo extremely inconfiderable, as not to be worth men-
tioning, except on account of a citadel which defends
the haven.

El-Hammah is a ruined town about i2 miles from
Capez. it was never remarkable but for its Rom;ii
walls, its hot fulphureous fprings, the aqueduib l,y
which they are conveyed, and of which fc.irce any vc.
lliges rem.iin. The inhabitants are a few fiOicrnicn
who are pirates when occaficn offers ; and fome huf-
bandmen, who are thieves at all opportunities.

Zoara, or as it is commonly called Zarcs, is fuppofci
to be the antient PTidau, being fituated on the fe.i coaft
near 13 miles from the ifland of Zerbis : it is fuirourid-
ed by an old wall almoft in ruins ; the inhabitants, who
are but few in number, live by fifhing, and burning
quick lime and pot-afli, or, when opportunity fervc5,
by pir.icy.

'ihc above towns, which are fituated nn the weflcrn
coaft of the gulph of Sidra, are the Inft in thecountry
thofe on the caftern fide, and within the gulph, are in a
wretched condition indeed, and prellnt a dre.idful pic-
ture tif the devaftations of time, which is fgt eye;
changing the form of fublunary things :

-" Nature knows

" No ftedfaft ftation, but or ebbs or flows j

" Ever in motion fhe deftroys her old,

" And cafts new figures in another mould f

" Ev'n times are in perpetual flux, and run

" Like rivers from their foiint.iins rolling on;

" P'or time no more than ftrcams is at a ftay ;

" The flying hour is ever on her way ;

" And as the fountain ftill fupplies her ftorc,

" The wave behind impels the wave before :

«' Thus in fiicc.'irivecourfc the minutes run,

" And urge their preJeccflbr minutes on;

" Still moving, ever new, for former thingi

'« Are fct afidc, like abdicated kings,

" And cv'ry moment alters what is done,

" And innovatcb fome ait till then unknown :

«' Time is th'cfteiS of motion, born a twin,

" And with the world did cqu.ijly begin;

" Time like a ftre.im that haftcns fiom .heflioic,

«' Flics to an ocean where 'lis known 1 moic ;

" All muft be fwallow'd in this tndlcl> i.cen,

" And motion reft in cveilalling fleep,"'

Thefe parts of Africa have been fuhjcifl to a grejt vu
riety of revolutions from thi- vaiiniis in.nid .lions of
CJiiihs, Vandals, Arab;., Mahomei.ins, tic. who hiva
over-iun the country at dillerent times ; to which nuf
be added the depiedati ns of the turnpeans, .md ty-
ranny of the government. The ifland of Malta is a
perpviual thoin in the (ides of the piratiral liaicB, pai-
liculaily to thole of 'I'ripoli and Turis, (ioin ihe vi-
tiiiityof its fituation; and the Maltcfe kiiighn merit
the thanks of all ccmmcreul naiinni, (or hai.ng lit
trcaily circumfciilicd the power, and rclliaiiied the pi-
lacics of the li.nb.iiy roveri.

After the Miion were ilriven out of Andalufla in
Spain, Ihiy built the town of Dciiie on the wilkrn
(.dc iif the gulph ol bidr.i, which indeed n the orilf
place wuilh nienti'.niiig la the dillii.:! ul iliat iiainc. it

'MV.

'" it, is f,:uatcd nn
' 1"^ moderin havt

iicing the (roniier
t IS large and w^^n
arc found the ruins
""^ Tatapa. Capez.
inhabited by fifticrl
iattcr of which cul.
confiderable number
efcmbles a potatoe,
, and fo poor, that
y, and half a dozen
lie. It is proper ta

in a fandy defcrt
editcrramai'i : hence
innot be drank till
place for about ttic

of a gul;-h, is now
to be worth men.
tadel which defcndj

'Out 12 miles fron,
but for iis Roni;n
.'the aqiicduiL |,y
hich fc.ircc any vc.
" a few fithcrmcn,
ers J and foine huf!
)ortunities.
d Zarcs, is fuppofci
ated on the Tlm coalV
•bis : it is fuiround-
:he liihabitnnts, who
ifhing, and burning
opportunity fcrvcj,

itcd on the wedern
bi-ft in the country;
the gulph, arc in a
lent a drcdful pic-
which is fgt c\c^
gs:

now9

or (lows »

old,

r mould }
I and run

rolling on ;
s at a iby ;
way;

her ftorc,
vc before :
nutes run,
ites on ;
iier things

ilone,

unknown :
rn a tuin,
b(■^;in ;

lum he fliorf,
*n i Tioic ;
Jlcs ..a-j',
■cp."

jrift to a prat vu
jn.ind.tiiins of
I tic. who h 1V9
t ( i«> whii h n\if
uropcaiij, .iiid ty>
ul of Malta is a
aiiral Itaiei, pat-
is, fioin the vi-
fe kiiii;li!i iiurit
fur hat, Hi; lii
cllruincd ilie pi>

of AiiJalufit in

nn the wilicrn

leid II the oiilf

fl tlj«t iiaint. It

AFRICA.]

B A R B A R V.

MS-

i '^:

ix fiiu.itf'l at the dirtaiice of about half a mile from the
(Vi .ind is better tiipplicd vMtli I'wcct water than molt of
lliciow"*'" 'he Tnpolinc tetritmio; ncvcrthclefs the
inhabitants are few in number, and wrctehedly poor m
[Ircuinltaiices. The molt remarkable produce is jjicat

jiidtios of ii(biiii.ible honev, the delicacy of which
ij (ircafioncd bv the bets feeding upon a kind of fhrub
licculiar to this country, ihat bears a fragrant yellow
(iowT, :nid blollo'iis all the year.

The >!ittri.it of Mefrat ita was antienlly very flourifll-
in.r but iit prcfent is much re,luc-cd, though it contains
1 lew towns on the lea coalt, and fome I'eattered villai;es,
jiiJ ujion an en crgciioy can raife io,ooo men fit
.,, l-.iar arms. 'I'he inhabitants retain llicir former
^ir:t, lor they appear at prcfent to be as impatient
(il' the rfi|"'li'''n, •■'* they were anticntly of the 'I'u-
ijjfuii ynk-.- : hey arc ofti n at war with the wild
fttihr, :aul pay a tribute, though reluctantly, to the
tcy ol' Tripoli.

The inland dillriiJls arc Icfs populous, lefs known,
tnil hjve fewer towns than anyot thole above deier beii.
ItiJecd Au;^uela, or Oui;'tela, though in many paits a
liaiLii defcit, contains a few fpots that are fcitiK, par-
ticu!a.-!v i" tl.!'" "i"l pilluragc.

Tiie beys of Tripoli are not mere iioininal vafial.; to
t'w Tutkirti goieriinient,like tliofe of Algiers and Tutu*,
but .ire obliged to pay a confiderable tr.bute, which puts
them under the necefl'ity ot tyranniy.iiif! over the poor
ftuiile, and rcdueiiiij iheni to the lomott inJijencc and
nilfi), in order to obtain a fitficient Aim to dilcharpe
their quota, 'The revenues aie r.iifed by an impolt on
thcniri.'.irs, whieh aie ufually about eight in nunde , by
« MX vn coinnureial imports and cNpoits, and by a lub-
fiJv wh eh the J( ws aie oblii^ed to furnifli. 'The bey
1 kiwifc taxes tne w.ld Arabs and it'!..nu Moors j hut
th.l'e frequently let'iile to pay the tiibute, whet, he is
oohacJ to lend his flyio;; camp of jamlTaties , monj;
hem to reduce them tO(,bed;cncc : but neither the torte,
0, iho ruikilh baiVa trouble themfeUes about the ^o-
v-Mitmnt, provided the bey pays w>ih pun^luality his
(liptlated tribute to the hill, and jjralilies the avaricious
cravi.'ts cif the lalt.

'Ih^ principal .n'.tclc of commerce is in flavr":, whici
urni'.hcr taKin by the co: fairs at fea, or llolen by th.-
ttilJ Arabs and Moors from the neijjbbouring (lat',«,
Bj!/i are, however, ufually fent to T urkey, iin.l fidd
there as live bed market, unlcfs they imagif,c that thev
beluPi to a didinj^uilied family, when they ate kept in
(.\p.vtjtion of a coiiiiilei.ible r,.iilom.

IrImIcs the above, the only article of trade worth
(ncn; oiling is the fale cf adus, which arc difpoled oi
tothe l.Jtopcans for ihe putp(d"cs of miking foap and
ghfj, it is to be obfirvtd of this reg^ney, that will.
M'pi.l to commerce and treaties, the people ate much
jrcatir obfrrvei.s of their word, and perform their pro-
Hi, ;cs with i-wre punctuality, than any of iheir i)iratuai
(c^h'juu.Si

Rnihti:m cf Tripoli.

THE fun accounts of Tripoli wc have fiom the
Ri)iuan writer.s, who mention it as a very flouiilliiiig
llaic. After the i.ihdiitan:s had thrown ott" the Ko-
niiii V, ke, in the dicbiiC of that empire, they were fic-
ccllivily fubdiicd by the Van,!, Is, Saracens, and the l"o.
Vi nuns of Morocio, Tf/, and Tunis. At length, in
l!,e loign of liucanieii, king of Tunis who ruled the
■rri;iuliiK» \eiy defpotie.dly, the inh.d'it mts thuuglit
fr per (o revolt, ami rinflitutod one of their own pro.
(li' kin;; of Tripoli i but the lu w nionateh turning ty-
i.nl was poiloned, and fuccceJcd by Abubaccr, who
taj been one of his otFueK, but quitted the military
fur the hcriiieii.al lite, b\ tinning Marabout.

In tic beginning of this king's tcign, Tripoli wa» be-
fi ,;ul by an army of 15,000 Spaiiiaidn, who fiK'n took
ll.e pIjLC, and Cent Ab ubacer, with hi% whole famil) ,
ji'ii.nier) to the emperor Chat Its V. who was then at
I'daiiioj Init this m.uiaich relloied him again to his
Lin,: liun, up,in condiuon that he ibould become hiu
i.illd .v\ii iiibiitury.

Abuba.er reigned in Tiipoti till the knifhri of
Rhuties wcic Oiitiii fiuiii lh,it illand, and ubl'gcd to

retire to Syracufc, when the bcforcmentloncd emperor
granted them the ifland of Malta, together with the
city and caflle of T'ripoli, which lay oppofile to it.
They accordingly garrifoned the latter, but were footl
d.fpodellcd of them by the fin.ou:, Ijaibarofl'a. They
weie, however, foon . f.cr retaken by the emperor, and
rclliired again to the knights of M.ilta.

In the reign of Sult.in Solyman, Tripoli was bci,
f;e;;ed by the Turks under the command of Serai, bafia ;
,ird furrendcred, as is imagined, by the cowaidice or
iieachery of the governor, who was a Prenchitiaii, after
it h.id been in the hands of the Chriltians about 4.0 lears.
Trip li continued for fcveral years under the govern-
ment of a fangiac, deputed by the Porte to rule tiie peo-
ple, and collect the revenues, the taftic being g.irii-
loncd by T'urks, and the city inhabited by Mo.irs. At
lettptli the Tuikifli difpotilni and extortions becaine fo
inti)lcr..ble, that a Marabout, n,;itud hid-llajah, loi'till
.u) oppoituriity t., caule a general revolt about the cinfe
o( the i6ih cciiii ry ; he was, howevc., repeatedly de-
feated by f laf h n b.ilt.i, and at length aliallinattd by
'ome of h;s own partizans.

1 hel'oiie ti.en fent a Greek renrgado, named M ho-
nut liey; I., to .jovern Ttipoli ; but thij officer was no
li oner eiiablilhed in his governu.ent, th.'.n he refufed to
leci ive any liaii'a from the grand fipnioi : he indeed ac-
k.iowU'd.'cJ himlelf the vallal of the I'ortc, and vo-
lrnt,ui!y liipulated to pay a certain annual tribute; but
I..' ailed, ,ei! that it was re(|uifile in con-.nii n prudence
for him to defend himfell from the fate 01 inany other
governms dependant on the Porte, who were put to
death U|:0n the moll uiijult, and oftentimes frivvloui
pretences.

The only remarkable tranfadions remaining to be cb-
ferved relative to Tiipoli, ate the bombardment of tho
c;'.pital city by the French in the reign of [,ewis XIV.
and the treaty of p..ace and commerce betwcui the Tri-
politans and Kuglilh in the year 1716. T lie lirll of
thefe occurrences h ippencd in confeeiuence of the T"ri-
politans haling taken a fhip under I'lcnch colours, and
letained Icveral Fieneh fubjects in a li.'.te of flavcry.
Thi V eaftontd Lewis the XlV'th to order his o'ltrers
to 111 .r,e lepril'als upon the veil U of T'ripoh wherrvcr
the y met Ibetn. T'hcl'e orders were fttidly obeyed by
th'- l'':encii captains j in particular ,Mt nficur d'Ant'rc.»
viUe attacked fix vcll'els of Tripoli near Cape Sa| i.'tica.
Three if the corlaiis fleil in tile beginning <d' the cii»
g 'gement, and the oihei ihiee, alter having bfcn very
much (haltered in tlie lighl, tookiefuge in the illand of
(.'bios. I'he '''rench coniiiiodote Mi.tiiieur Du CJ^nlnc,
wlio commanded in the Levant, having iiuelligencc
'.bi'ieof, in Lined lately'pieicecded to block them up wi>h (even
(liipi of war: lut, previous to the comii eneement of
holtiliiies, he h tu a nu ll.igc to the governor aga to the
following purpart, " That he was in perfet^ amity
w ith the Ihiaiis, and the Porte of Conftantinopb , but
e.uiie in fc.irch of fome TTipolitan pirates, who, ton-
traty to the molt folemn ttcaties, had roniinitted the
iiudt outiagcius depredations on the fubjeiHs of France,
.ind therefore hoped ihit tie aga would not protert fuch
infamous robb.is." T'he a;a, however, refilled to give
up tile piiatesj whiih lo exafpcr.ited the Ireiich com-
iiiudore, that he began immediately to bomb.ird the
|laee, againit which he threw upwaidj of 7000 bombs,
made a dtcidlul have)ck loth ot the houle.^ and Til*
politan lliips, and killed a great numbirof the people i
but he ciuild not enter the port 011 account of a ilrong
llaecadu which the T'ripeditans had contiivcd to lay Iti
his way. The court of CoiiQantinopIc thought pro-
per to interfere in order fo get matters adjulled, when a(
length it was agiccd hetwcrii the grand vliir and the
(i.illic <mball.idor, that matteis fliould be cunipromilej

and leliKd according to the following attiilet :

1. " T hat all the Ftcneh who were on board any
vcllcl, whether of the I'riptdilan corfairj, or any other
th„( had failed (<ut from that city fincc the year lOUii
Ihould he let at liberty.

2. " That the (hip of Capf. Cruvillier, wbi'h thcjf
had taken under Ihe Fiench banner, and cari,eil 1 < tho
poitofChio, Ihould be rellored, with .,11 its artilliry,

»?

arms, equipage, ^c.

30.

•» That

( :

11 ' ..

I ,:'

! - »' *

■' w

fe^

»46

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

3. " That the vtlTcl taken under Majorcan colours
fliould be detained in the fame port, under the autho-
rity of the captain Bafla, with all its rigging, cannon,
arms, &c, tillic be decided whether it ought to pafs fur
a French veflel.

4. " That the (hips belonging to Tripoli (hould not
pretend to vifit any trading veiicl under French colours,
nor attempt to fcize upon them, or the men, or cffedh,
in cafe they were provided with pafiports from the French
admiral.

5. " That all ftrangers on board any French vcfTcl
Jhnil pafs free, and unnioklkd in their perlons nnvl
cficdts, as likewife all Frenchmen ct what i;mit locvcr,
who fliall be found on board any vcnels anJcr fcrange
colours, even thofc of an enemy.

6. " That no French prizes and their prifoncrs (hall
be fold in any port belonging to t!ic kingdom ot 'Iiipoli.

7. •• That France fliall have a conlul at 'I'ripoli.

8. " That no Corf.iir hclonning to Tiipuli (hall
Biake any prize on the F'lcnch co.ilK at a lefi cillaiict
than ten leagues,"

Thefcarticlcs,however,fc)ndvantpgeoiis to the French,
were rcjeflcd with the utmoft dild:iin by thu' regency ol
Tripoli, who, at the fame time prudently prcp.ir -J lor the
Warft. On the other hand, the French monarch ordered a
powerful armament to fail immediately to Tripoli, under
the command of the famous Marfli.il D'Ktrecs, vice-.nd-
miral of France, who being joined by the fqiiadrons
under the marquis D'Anlrevillc, and captain Nclmond,
appeared before Tripoli, on June 15, 1685, wi h hib
Whole fleet. On the Jid in the evening, the bombaid-
tnent began, and was carried on with great fuccelj,
under the immediate direction of the celebrated mcnf.
Toiirvillc, The inarfltal U'Etiecs then had the port
every where founded, in order to firul the moll convenient
pU'-C to r.iifc a b ittery, which might cftti^ually deftroy
both town and foitiftcations j this, w.th the number ot
houles dtftroyed, and people killed by the bonibs, (o
terrified the Ttipolitans, that they difp.iiched avenciable
old man, of near 100 years of age, to fue for a peaie,
which they were willing to receive upon any ti mis j
when the followine articles were at length agreed upon.

I. That the Tripolitins fliould pay 700,000 crowns
as an equivalent for all the captures made of French
merchantmen.

a. That they (hould rcnorcall the Chrirtian captives
they had taken lii'.hting under French colours.

After fcvcr.il delays, which arofe chcfly Ircm the dif-
ficulty of raifing fo large a (um of money, it was
agreed to fink the dcni.ind to 500,000 Iivrcs, but even
that could not he paid t :i tht dey and principal people
had gripped their wives ol their bracelets, rinus, jcwek,
&c, 'I'hc whole was at length paid either in money or
valuables. The Fn iich fl.ivcs were fct at liberty, and
two of the principal people of Tripoli were obliged to
go to France to do homage to the French mon.irch.

In 1716, a treaty of peace and commerce w.is con-
cluded between the rejency of Tripoli, and the Biilifli
admiral l<aktr ; the articles of which we (hall give at
full length, fince they fo nearly concern England as a
commercial nation.

ARriiir?of peace and commerce between his mofi
facred inajt llv king George, ice. and the nioft excellent
lords, Mahaiiicd Key, Yufcf Dry, the Dowan, and
the icft of the olTicci'., and people of the city and king-
dom of Tripoli, renewed, concluded, and ratified on
tiiC igih of July, A. D. 1716, by John iiiker, cfq.
Yice-admir.il, ic. &c.

1. In the lirll place it is ajrecd and conelikled, that
from litis time lurvN'atd fur ever, there (hall be a true
Hnd unv'inlabte pe.icc bciwecii the moft fcrcnc king of
Great Britain, and the moll illuffrious lords and go-
Ternork of the city and kingdom nf 'I'ripoli in Uarbary )
and betWi'cn all the dominioiu and fuhjciJls of cither
fide-, and if the (hips and fubjeijlj of either party fiiall
happen to meet upon the fta, or clfcwhcre, they (hall
Dot mnleil each other, but (lull flicw all polflblerefpedt
and friendfliip,

2. That nil merchant fliips belonging to the do-
minions of Circat Britain, and Iradinjt l» the city, or
any pait g( the kiiiKduni of Tnpulit umII P*y no moic

than three per cent, cuftom for all kinds of goods ttic*
Ihall fell J and as for tholi: they fliall not fell, ihey (hall
be permitted freely to embark them again on boHni li.eir
Ihips without paying any duty whatlocver, and Dull
depart without any hindrance or molelbtion.

3. 'I'hat.i (hips, and other vcllcls, as wcil bilnnliig
to the faid kin^ of Great Bri;ain, or to any of hism».
jelly's fubjeiSs, as thofe belonging to tlic ctv and king'
dom of 'i'ripoli, fliall freely pafs the fc.is,'.ia,i tfjiijj
where they pleale, without any fcarch, himliancf, o,
niolellation from each other. And that all perfoiiiof
pall', ngers, of wh.-.t country foever, and a:l niiii.ntr t,f
monies, goods, merchandizes, and muvtabies, tu wlu^,
lo^vef people or nation belonging, being on b -,fj '
of the i.iid (hips or vcllcls, (hall be wholly free aid
Ihall not be Hopped, taken, or pluin!er,d, crieeeve
.iny liaini or d.miage whatlocver fioni citlier pariv.

4. That the Tripoline (hips of war, or any (jiher vcf.
k!s theieunio belonging, meeting with any meichant
liiips, or other vcik-W of the king of (neat l5rii.i.u'j
l'ul'jo.:ls, (not being in any leas belonijing to hi^ .m.
jilty's dominions) may fend on board one (ingle boat
with two litters, belides the iidinary crew of towe.s.aini
no more than the two fitters, to enter into the r„id i.,^,-^
eh.int (hips, or iiny other veO'^-lt, without the cxpttij
K.ive of the comnianJer of every fuch fliip or vtif^l .
and then upon their producing to them a pal's, ui.di-r the
h.uid and feal of the liigh admiral ol FngKuui, cr 01 the
eomii illioners for executing the faid cflite; the f.nj
boat (h.ill depait, and the merchant fliip, or (hii^ nf.
I'el or vtd'cls, fliall fieely proceed on its or thur vovirre-
and though the commander or commanders of Ijcli
nirrchant liiip or (hips, or '.eCieis, ^c. pio uce no i-n
from the high ajinir,il of En;il.ind, or fc . \ct it (h(
m.ijor pail ol the (hip's or v iKl's company be luhJL-.is
ot the I'uiJ king ot i.lrs..t iiriiain ; the luid bo.ii i|,.,ll
piclcnily dej;ait, a-d the nieici'.nt (hip or ll.ip', &c,
lli.ill ficcly prcce-d on their voyage. And any < f ihj
l.iid Diip, of war, or other v^lirls of his (aid 1 ai.llr
meetinj; with ary fliip or (liips, ^vc. belonein'r to I'n.
P'.di, if thi eoniinander <.>, coniinanccrs of .miv imlj
li;ip or (liiiis, &c fliall produve a pafs iigncd bv the
^oicrnois ol I'ripoli, ahd a lertihcate from the Fi-l la
conlul itliding there j or if they luvc no IikIi p.iisur
teriilicate, )et il the major part of the faid flm's or
veli'el's conip.nny be 'I'nrks, Muors, or (Idves Ickm ing
to ■( ripoli, then the (aid Tripoli (hip, ve(rcl, ivc. (li-ll
Ircely pioct-d on their voyiige.

5. That no eonunaiidcr, or other pcrfon, of any fti'ii
hilonging to Tripoli, fliall take out of any (liip or
velkl ot his faid m.ijellv's fubjcjls any perlon or p'rliiw
whallue-.er, to carry thcni any wlicre 1 1 be CN,.iiiinel,
or upon any other pretence, nor (hall ule any toitureiu
violence unio any pcliii of what nation or (|ii,;;it»
loevir, being on bo.rd any fliip or vellel of liii laid
m.ijefty, upon any pieiencc whatlocver. 'i»

^ 6. That no fliijiwieck belonging to the faid king of
Ciuat Biiiain, or to any of his fubjci'ts uji. any p.rt
ol the coalt bilonging to Tiipoli, (hall be made or hr-
come a piize, and that nei'.hcr the gtKnls thtrcol (lull
he fei/fd, nor the men made (la. es ; hut that all the
(ubjecis of Tiipoli fli.H Ao tluir b^lt eiidcivour.s a
fave the faid men and theii ell'e^ls.

7. That no fliip, nor any other vefl'ol of Tripoli (hill
have peimi0ion to be delivered up, or to go to iiy
other pLice at enmity with the king of (Jirat Brilaln, U
be made ule of as turlalis againlt liis niajelly's lub-
jee1s.

8. That if any (h'p or vtlTel belonging to Tunif,
Algiers, Tciiian, Salee, or any other pl.icc biir ; it
war with the king of Great Biitiin, In ng anv (liiin
or velRIi ot his l.iid majellv's lul'j.cls to Tiipi.!!, ir
any other port or place o( tl>at kingdom, the p,oier;firi
there (hall not permit tiittn to be lold within thetuiiu.
ries of Tripoli.

Q. That if any of the faid kina: of Great Urii .l.i'j
lubjedls (hall happen to die in '( ripoli, or any el iti
tertitorlci, his goods or monies fliall not be ('emed by
the governor.*, 01 any niimdert of Tripoli, but flia:ir.-.
m.iin wiih the Knglifh co.ilul.

10. '1 hitt neither Uit J'*iil cenfu), nor any oihcr fub

.«

A P HY.

11 kinds of goods thcf
all notlcll, ihevfha'i
n again on buarj i|,tjr
whiitlocvcr, and flull
iiok'llation.

■■'=•> »s weilb.l.nging
, or toauyui his|„"

10 tlio c.ty and ki,,,,,

the (cas, ...n.i uiAk
taich, himliar.ci', „,
id that all ptrConior
•r, and a: I niai.jicr of
Immeablt--, lo whjt.
htir.g <)„ b. ,ird an,
I be iviiolly trcv, a:id

pluniKT.'d, .:r .(.teve
loni Citl.tr pariy,
vjr, urany mlicr vcf.
g With any incichjut
'i; ol (iroat hriiiu'j
liclon^in^ to hi, ,ia.
Joard one lingle boat
ycrcw ot rowc.s.anj
icir into the r.,id i;,^.r,
, uuh>>ut the cxp.-iij
r Intli fiiip or vil'il •
:icin a pali, ur.dv-r tlw
it Kngland, cr oi the

raid ifiKe J the f.j^
It fliiji, or (hiji^, itf.
n iti or ih.ir vov.ige.

ronin-.andcrs ot Ijtii

^c. pio uce nu pn
lid, or fc . yet It ih(

company be (uhjv.;!
1 ; the |„id b,u, il„|i
It Ihip or 11, ip;, &c.
,c. And any c f ij-.)

ot his (aid !■ ai.iir,
c. belong in<r m Tri.
rnani'Crs of :inv liith

a p.ifs fig; led by t!i»
rate from tiic Li::l lh

li-vc no fui-h piilsiif

of the faid fliipSof
i, or flavos bcloii ing
hip, vcflll, ^c. (!pll

r pcrfon, of ir.v flip

out if any (lilp or

ny pirlon or p'riiiw

KTc 1 1 b« cx.anlnvl,

II ule any toitiireot

at naiinti or t\h:\'My

or vcllfl of his lial

ever. 'is

p to the fail! king (if

bjet'tb iiji. any p.n

Oiall be injdo or br.

; g(KKls tlKrccrfiull

1 I'lJt Ihat all the

b^ll tndc^vours ij

I cdol of Tripoli fliill

p, or to rn to ai,/

of tjieat ijriiain, U

liii inajellv''i luh-

ie!onj;iiig fo Tuni<,
ther pl.ice biir < .it

;dom, the c,oior':r'i
J within the iiriilj

I'l I'g :illv Ihijll
Is to 'riipi-li, ur

of Great Brilii.-i'i
ipoli, or any ol ii!
all lilt be feizcJ by
lipoli, bnt (ha!lr.'

nor any other fub-

AFRICA.] BARB

cSt of Great BriUin (hall be bound to pay the debts of

any

^"i other BritiOi fubjecS, unlefa they become fiirety for

A R Y.

247

the fame by a publir aft,

11, That the fubje£Jj of his faid Britifh majcfty in
Tripoli, or its territories, in matters of controverfy,
(hall be liable to no other jurifiidtion but that of tliie
(Jcyordowan, except the diftcrence be between them-
fclvn, in which cafe they fliall be liable to no other
determination than that of the conful.

12. That in cafe any fubjciSl of his Britannic ma-
jeflv being in any part of the kingdom of Tripoli, fliall
happen to kill, wound, or /Irike a Turk ot Moor ;
jf ' ■betaken, he fliall be punilhed in the fame man-
ner, and with no greater ftverity than a 'I'uik ought to
be for the like ofTcnce ; but if he cfcape, neither the
Entlifli conful, nor any other Briiilh iubjciil fliall lo
in any fort ^ueflioncd, or troubled on that account.

n. That the Englifli conful now, or at any time
hereafter, rcfiding at Tripoli, fliall be there at all times
ffith entire freedom and fafety of his pcrfon and eilate.
and fliall be permitted to chufe his own intcrprc.er and
broker, and freely to go on board any (hip in the roads,
Mofttn as he pleafes, and to have the liberty of the
country, and fliall be illowed a place to pray in ; and
that no pcrfon (hall do him any injury in word or deed.

14. That not only during the continuance of this
peace and fiicnd(hip, but likewilb if any breach or war
happen to be hereafter between his faid Btitifh ma-
jeliy, and the city and kingdom of 'I'ripoli, the faid
conful and all other his majcfly's fubjcdls inhabiting in
t'uc kingdom of Tripoli, (hall always, and at all times,
both in peace and war, have full and abfolute liberty to
dcpait, and to go into their own or any other country,
in any (hip or vcllel of what nation foever they (hall
think fit, and to carry with them all their ellcdts, ^oods,
families, and fi-rvant?, though born in the country,
Tl'ithout any molcltation or hind ance.

15. That no fubjeft of hi 1 Britannic majcfly, being a
Bilien^cr troni or to any port, (hall be inoleftcdor meddled
with, though he be in a fliip or vell'd at war with
Tripli.

16. That if any of his faid Britannic majefly's (hip^
of Wit come to Tripoli, or to any other port or piae.
of thit kingdom, wiih any prize, they fliall have
lil'triy to fell it, or oiherwife difpofe of it at their own
pleai'u e, wiihout any let or niolellation j and that h
iiiid mjefly's fliips of war (hall nut be obliged to pi;,
am cullonis whatfocver 1 and that if ihry (liall w.int pio-
vifi^ii',, vidual , or any other things, tlity may freely
buy them at the market price.

17. That when any ot his Biltannic m.iicfty's fli p^
of war fliall appear belorc Tripoli, upon noiiec thcreol
given to the Eiijiliih conful, or by the lommander ol
the laid (hips, to the chief governor of 1 ripoli, jublii
rrciclamation fliall be imnicd lately made to (ecu c the
C'hriltian cnptivcs ; and if after that any Chrillians
whatlofver make their cle.ipe on board any of the lad
(hips of war, they (hnll not be required back again,
liiir (hall the faid conful or commander, or any othoi
Untilli fnbjei^l be obliged to pay any thing fur the faid
tlVapcd Clirillian^'.

iS. That all the merchant (hips coming to the city or
kingdom of Tripoli, though not belonging to Cire.it
Britain, (hall have free liberty to put themlelvcs umlei
tlic proleiilidii ol the Kritifti toiilul, in felling niid dil-
pofing of their goods and merchandize, if they (hall
think proper, without any inoleft.ition.

19. That all the Britifti (hips of war carrying his
Biajetly's fl.ig, upon their appearing before the rity of
liipoli, afiii due notice given of it by the Uritifli
coiiliil, (hall, in honour of his Bntannic majefly, be
f.diited with 7- cannon liied from the cattle of the city,
and that the laid fliip (hall return the fame number to it.

JO, That no merchant fliip belonging to Great lln-
tain, or any other nation under the protcilion of the
Brililh eonliil, lieing in the port of I'lipoli, (lull lie
dtta lud fioni proceeding to feaoii her voy.igc longer than
thieeiliys, under pietencc of aiming tlic (hips ul war
•f ihl* I'overniiieiit, 01 any other wlutloevcr.

31. 'lliat no Hiilifli (iibject flull be perniiired to turn
llulUIin^n in the city and kiiij^duni uf 'I'lii^li, being

induced to it by any furprife whatroever, utilefs he vo-
luntarily appear before the dey, or governor, with the
Knglilh conful's interpreter, thrice in 24 hours, and
every time declaring his refolution to become Mahome-
tan.

22. Thai his Brit..nnic majefty's conful rellding in
Tripoli, fliall, at all times when he pleafes, have
liberty to put up his faid maj.-fty's flag on the top of his
houfe, and there to continue it difplayed as long -.s he
pliafes; and likewifc that the faid conful (hall have the
like liberty of putting up and diiplaying the faic fl. g in
his boat, when he palics on the waier ; and no in.iri
whatfoevcr to oppole, dillurb, or injure him therein
either by word or deed.

23. That whereas the illand of Minorca, and city of
(iibraltar have been yielded to his Biitannic niajclh', by
the king of Spain, as well as feveral other powers of
linrope engaged in tli^ late war; it is agoed and eon-
eluded, that from this time forward for ever, the faiJ
Illand of Minorca and city of Gibraltar (h."ll be elfeemed
111 every relpefl; by the government of Tripoli to I e part
of his Britannic majefty's dominions, and the inhabitants
thereof (hall be deemed his natural fubjeils, as if they
had been born in Great Britain ; and they, wlili their
(hipo carrying Briti{h colours, fh.ill be permitted freely
to ti.ide and traffic in any parr of the kiiigd,jm of Tri-
poli j and Ih.'.ll pais without any md '(tation, either on
the feas or otherwife, in the fame manili-r, and with the
I line freedom and privilege^, as have been llipulatfd in
this and all foimer treaties, in behalf of the B.itilh
nation and fubjee't-.

24.. And whereas, in the treaty cniictuded in the reign
of king Charles II. A. I). 1O76, by Sir John Nar-
borougli, an art cle wa^ inUtted, by vvli ch the fliips of
Tripoli were e\clud d from cruiiinc before or rn light of
ihe port of 'T.mgie;, then bvlon<:ii.g to h s ir^jedy ; it is
now ratified and conrl .ded, ih.it none o( ti.o (hip,« or
vcflels belonging to 'Tri|'oli (h..ll cruile nr loi k 'for
prizes before or in fijhi ot the (land or Minoica and
Ciibr.'.llar, to dillu b ir nioleli the eoiinr.erce thereof
in any manner vvhatlbevcr.

25. That all and every nrt'elc in the treaty (hall be
irniobiblv kept and oblerved b ween his facr.ii inajclty,
iVc, and the mud ill ultrioua lords, &c. of the eity and
kingdom of 'Tiipclij and all oti'et ni.. tiers :iot parti-
cularly expritl'ed in this treat , and priviJed I jr in any
'O mir, (hall itill renuiiii in full force, and .'ball ba
elt;erne.l the f,.iiie as if iiiferted.

Dated in the pretincc of Almijjhty GoJ, in the city
■f 'Tripoli, on the igth day of Juiir, in the year 1716
,f the Chiiltian geraj and of the Mahcmctan heigera

II2i(.

SEC T. III.

T U N I 3.

THE kingdom of Tunir, anciently the republic tif
Liiithagf, was formerly of a niueh laie.er extent
than It IS at prelent ; as it then contained nut only liimSf
properly fti called, but 'Tripoli, Bugia, Efl.ib, or Zaab,
■ lul Conftaiitia. Rut now Ttipoli forms a ttatc cf
itlelf, on which Ellab is dependant ; and Conllaniia and
Biigia are both dependant on Algiers ; fo that modern
Tunis is in length from north to luiiih 7.20 miles, in
hieadth from c.ifl to wilt 170, extending from 3^ deg.
30 min. to 37 deg. 12 inin. north lar. and from H dei;.
ill II I eg. 20 niin. lalt long, and dlvidid into eight
diflrids, viz.

1. Tunis Proper.

2. Biifa, or Cirth.ije '^nd Golctta*

3. Kl-Medea.

4. Sufa.

5. Kayr-wan or Cairv.in.

6. Ilamnmet.

7. Bi/erta.

8. I'orto Karino.

But thcfc are inchnled in two grand rircnitj, called
the liiinmcr and winter ciicuits, which tin: dey tnakei
annually,

'The inland towns have in general been dcllroyed by
the Ar.ibians, who will not futf'er thrni to be rebuilt,
th.tt their laniblc) may not be impeded, ur th:ii ibpir-

dxtions

:r*tii

,.;' ■■,!'■.

^t:j:M,

•I ^ ','

hi I:.

;1 ■

'h't i

a in

<•>!!

i1 :t!l?L

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.'

t ' I:;

! ^

!. 4

M.J.

r. I'fW

I 1 3 '

daJions prevented. The principal cities and towns arc
therefore on the fca-coaf(, but they arc not above 14 in
number, final! of extent, and molt of them but thinly
inhabited ; the other places either near the coafb or in
the intci ior part of the country, arc fo incoiifiderablc as
not to merit mentioning.

To dcfcribe the country, it will be mod convenient
to follow the dcy in his fumnier and winter circuits,
with his filing camp, by which means the modern
Aatc of the dift'ercnt places may be traced with greater
cafe.

In fummer, the dcy takes the northern circuit, which
is by far the mod: agreeable, a.i he then pafies through
the plcaf.int, fcrtiK', ;inJ poiuilous plates j and in the
winter, he purl'uts his journey through the other part'-
of his dominions. 'I'lic princip.il rivers arc, 1, The
Zainc, which ftp.Tratcs the Tumiian from the Algcrinc
iliiiiiiiiions. 2. The Mcjor^la or Mcgcrada. 3. The
Miliiiia, whiih forms the bay of runis. 4. rheG.iV.bs,
or Triton, of the ancients, which is particularly men-
tioned by \'iri;il, in the fp.ech mi;de by Neptune,
when he rebuked the winds.

" Hence to your lord my royal mandate bear j

•' The realms of ocean, and the fields of air

" Are mine, not his, by fatal lot to me

" The liquid empire fell, and trident of the fea ;

" His pow'r to hollow caverns is conhnM,

" There lot him reign the j.iilor of the wind ;

" With hoatfe commands his breathing fubie(fls

ell,
" And bnaft and blulKr in his cmptv h.ll.
" He I'pokr, ,u:il while he (|u)nC, he fmooth'd the fea,
" Difpcil'il the darkncfs, aiul rcflor'd the day j
" Cvniothoc, rrit.n, and the fta green train
" Of beauteous nymphs, the daughters of the main,
" Clear from the locks the vtlicis with their

handfr."

Sonify authors dcfcribe a rlv.'r in (his country, called
Cua,li/-fiiiiliiir, but the accurate Dr. Shaw pofiiivuly
dcnits the exilKncc of any fuch ftrcam.

Bclonginsr to this Hate are a few illands, viz. A fmall
one in the river Zainc, renied by the (Jenoefe ; Cape
Ncgroc Ifland, rented by tiic Ficnch Aliican company j
the Ja'ta, and the iflands of Cani, remarkable only for
the dangerous (hoals near thein. The principal capes
are. Cape Serra, 15 miles from Cape Negroe j the
'I'hrce Brothers, which are three re ky capes miir ilic
continent; Cape ]5ianca, or the White Cajie, (umcd
fir being the place where Scipio firfl landed .n Altica ;
Cape Z.hccd, cclcbratcil for th.e grcit quantities ol
raifins made upon it ; and Cape iKm, or the I'lomontory
vf Hercules.

The principal gulphs arcthofeof lirzeria and Tunis.
The moll rcmir'.ablc mountains arc, i. The /owa.in,
which is very hi^-li, and gites name to a town fituated
at its foot, the inh.bitanis tif which are particulaily
/killed in dying Icarlct caps, and blcachiiij; linen. 2,
ThcGueP.-t. 3. 'I'll- Nulura. And 4. The IJenc-te-
frcn. The chief cities, acco;il;ng to the oidtt of the
lumnicr circuit, arc,

Tunis, the metropolis of the kingdom, is in 36 dcf .
43 m:n. noah lat. and lo de/. 25 nnn. call long, ai
about the dillance of 3C0 miles fioni Algiers. The
fituation of t!ii.-. capital isexcctdiiu^ unhealthy, from the
niaifiies and lakes that furround it, and the ileficiency
uf frcfll water ) the fu: incr incon^cnicncy liie inhabi-
tants remedy as nuich as pofliblc, by burning prodi-
gious quantities of aiumatic woods and herbs, aad the
latter by procuiing ('wcet water from the fpringi of
Jiardo, at about a mile dilhncc, and Catching rain
watfr in large iilcrvoirs.

The Tuhifian. have plenty of palms, fig^dates, citrons,
Jrnions, olivei, iVc. but leel a preat fcarcity of corn,
itnd are not even lecurc of what little they are able to
raifc ; for It is no uncommon thing in harveft time, lor
tin- Aiabs to come fuddenly upon the hufbandmen,
iiiid plunder the whole teintory of all ihe ripe grain.
Tlic rich are, however, fupplicd by commercial . i«ani

U'tirtj

with wheat, with which they make fine cnkcs, and »«'
excellent kind of vermicelli. The poor arc obli-cj to
content thcinfclvcs with barley, and even tha° the
cannot at all times procure ; but when tlwv are fo hapuy
as to obtain a little, they regale thcmfelvc?, by niak n'
it into a dumpling, which they eat raw, onlv (lipn^n" it
into a little oil and vinegar, or plain waior it ih,j|".
are not to be got j they have, howcvef, plcnti of li(;;„y
and fruits, but fcldom I'at meat, except upon IcIUval
or fome very fingul.ir occafion. '

The city is about three miles in tircumferfnce ex.
clufiic of the fuburbs, which arc not vtry ]!<<■,.<.■■ i|,„
main ftreets are capacious, but the l.ncs very narrov,'
The houfes, which arc built of Itone, are Hut oae lltry
high, and have fl.it roofs. There are but few han '1, na.
buildings, the great mofquc, and bey's palace excewcd.
The latter is a magnificent fquare ftriicture, with fuc
fiiperb gates, one at each front, and tuiieta at
end. 1 he galleries are rich and elegant, the
capacious, and the apartments very fpacious and h.int!
fome, but the gardens, though large, are laid out in a
b.id tallc. In the ircafury cliambcr, befidcs other vah,.
able articles, the book containing the Tunifian code cf
laws is kept. The grand mofquc is remaikible for its
bignefs, and magnificent tower, but in other refpc^h it
meiits not attention, as the architeiture is entirely in
ihe Turkilh talfe. The city has five gates, \iz,
Valbnk, Carthage, El-boar, All'eya, and Klinenar aaic-
and without the walls are the Turkifh fepulthres, which
have an agreeable look from the intermixture of miil!e
tombs and flower plats.

In the fuburb is a very capacious pla'.>73, that f r-
mcrly contained above 3000 fllops, but their number ;.t
prefcnt is much diminilhed. The (l.iplc commmim s
are woollen and linen, in which articles the manuUc-
turrrs excel all others in Barbary. The collegis and
academies are nuaicrous and large ; the Janili'aries bar-
racks fpacious, the cuilom-houfe tolerably h.anjfonie,
and the exchange for the merchants very conveniinr.
The dock is tolerable, and the arfenal pretty well llorcj
with materials for the building of gallics.

The city is defended by a llrong calUc, ereiHcd on sn
eminence, by the fort of Goletta, and by a fivu./j
built on an ifland in the neighbouring lake. With ic-
Ipciit to the inhabitants of 'funis, they arc a niixtiiu (,f
Tuiks, Moors, Arabians, Jews, and ChrilKan? of
various nations ; but their general character does tli>j n
fiiiguhr honour, at they arc reputed to be more p,,.ito
and juft, rather kinder to their flaves, and muc'i k i
luiiLjhty, infolcnt and mercenary than moft of t! •
other inhabitajits of Barbary ; in fine, the genetalitv r
them pr:fer the fruits of honed induftry tounlaA-il
plunder, and liitk wealth from commerce, rather tl
lioin pir.icy.

Botli fcxesare clean in their perfons, and ne.ttin thrir
dieflcs, ufe perfumes very much, and bathe frcquciii'v ;
the women, when they go abro,id arc veiled, but .,t
home they arc permitted to be feen by, and coiiuiii
wi;li (Irangers.

Nabcl is a flouri/hing town, fituated in a low grouri 1,
at about a mile and half from the fea (Uore, and 111, .e
miles, (rom Tunis, It is famous for its potteries,

Marfa or El-Mcrfa, which implies a haven, is fiiuriej
where the poit of ancient Carthage liood. It coni.i ni
a niapnihccnt niolque, a capacious ccdlcgc, about hca
houle., and fcveral palaces, built by the moll conlider-
able Tiinifians for picafurc, as the territory is excetJ-
ing agrteable and fertile. This plcalant diftriet w s
once the feat of the celebrated city of Cartilage, llu-
center of commerce, millrcfs of the fea, and rival of
impciial Rome, when that city was in its mod Hoiiiilli-
ing Hate. It was fuppofcd to have been fcunJcd
by oufcn Dido, 141 years before the building of Rome.
Ill Virgil's Ajicid, Venus thus relate* to /Euea* the
occalioii uf Carthage being founded :

— — •' In Libyan lands you are,
" A people rude in peace, and lough in war;
•' The rifing city, which from far you fie,
•' is Carthaje, and a 'I'ynan colony j

I'hwniciani

AFRICA.]

B A R B A R Y.

1 the growing flatc, l

to fliuii her brijtht-r's hate : r
;s, her (lory full of fate, J

" Phoenician Dido rules the growing flatc,
" Who .".vd from Tyre to "■ - '-"- '-- -^ '

« Great were her wrongs, _.^ _..,

•' Which I will fum in flioit. — Sichi'iis, known

•' For wcaUh, and brother to the I'unic throne,

•' Poflefs'd fair Dido's bed ; and cither heart,

" At once was wounded with an equal dart :

«' Her father gave her, yet a fpotlcfs maid.

" Pygmalion tlien tlie Tyrian fccptcr fway'd ;

" One who contenin'd divine and human laws ;

«' Then ftrife enfued, and ciirfcd gold the caufe.

" The monarch, blinded witli delire of wealth,

" With Ikcl invades his brother's life by Health ;

" Before the fjcred altar made him bleed,

" And long from her conceal "d the cruel deed ;

" Some tale, fomc new pretence, he daily coiii'J

" To footh his filler, and delude her mind ;

•' At leiigtl), in dead of night, the gliolt appears -.

" Of her unhappy loid — ;he fpedlrc Hares ! J.

" And with ereited cyca his bl ody bofom bares j j

" The cruel altars, and his fate he tells,

" And the dire fecrct of his houle revc.il-;

•' Then warns the widow and her houlehold go.ls,

" 'I'o feek a refuge in remote abodes ;

" Lift, to fupport her in fo long a w.iy,

" He (hews her where his hidden triafurcs lay.

«' Adinonifh'd thus, and feiz'd witli moit.d Iti^'ht,

" The queen piovides companions of her flight;

•' They meet, and all combine to leave the Itate,

" Who hate the tyrant, or who fear his h.ite;

" They feizc a fleet, which ready rigg'd they find,

" Nor is Pygmalion's trcafure kfi behind ;

" Theveflcls, Kcav) laden, put to fca

" With profp'rous winds; — a woman Icids the way.

•' I know not if by (Irefs of weather driv'n,

" Or was their fatal courfe difpos'd by heaven ;

•' At laft they landed, where from far your eyes

«' May view the turrtts of new Carthage rife :

" There bought a fpace of ground, which, Byrfa

call'd
" From the bull's hide, they firft inclos'J and

wall'd."

Ciiilnje ftood on a gulph in a pcninfula of between
^0 311J 50 miles in circuit. In the center of the city
was the citadel, c.lled B)rfa, on the fummit of which
was a temple dedicated to jTifculapius. On the land
flic, the city was defended by a very high triple wall,
flanked with lowers 480 feet dillant from each other.
The lowers, walls, &c. contained llablcs, ihire-houfes,
ar.d l\i: racks, for 20, coo fo.t, 4000 hoife, irr.J jOo
clcjihants, with the requifite food, fodder, &c. x\hich,
(ho'ij'h lodged within the wnlls, did not in the le.iil in-
commode the trading part ( f the inhabitants.

C.irthagc h:id two h:ii hours, which communicated
with each other, and had only one common entrance
of ;o feet in breadth. The one was for nicrrh.int
f!iil's,and the oihcr for fiiips of war. The l.itter harbour,
and the idaiul of Cothoii in the iiiidll of it, had many
niagniriLcnt warehoufes full of Itorcs appeitaining to

ttu'ill.

We fli.ill here infeit X'ir.'il':. livily defeiiption of the
proj'jefs made in the huildin;;s and ellablifliinciit of this
city, even in queen Dido's life-time.

" The prince • with wonder fees the (lately towers,
" \\'hichlatc were huts, and (hephcrds htiiiuly bowiis,
" The gates and llrcets ; and hears from cv'ry part
" The noifc and bufy coneourfe of the inart ;
" The toiling Tyiianson each other calf,
" To ply their labour ; Ionic extend the wall,
" Some build the citadel, the brawny throng,
" Or di|;, or pu(h unweildly ftoiics along 1
" Some for then dwellings chooie a fpot of ground,
" W hieh firft defign'd, with diuhcs they furroiind j
" Some laws oidain, and fome attend the choice
" Of holy lenates, and eleit by voice ;

* ,1 fleas.

+ Till' idol w.H nude 111 the altitude of ieiei\iiig with
liiiidi ixtriultil, but rather held duwnwardk, lu that the
22

249

" Here fome delign a mole, while others there
" Lay deep foundations for a theatre ;
" From m.irble quarries mighty columns hew,
" For ornaments of fcenes, and future view."

A modern author fays, «' The number of inhabitants
of this city (Carthage) at the beginning of the third
I'unic war was 700,000 ; a prndigous number, con-
lidering the m;iny terrible blows received from the Ro-
mans during the fiift and fecond Punic wars, as well as
from their own mercenaries betwixt thefe wars, and in
their dedrudlive broils with MalTinifla ; the forces they
could bring into the field, as well as their power by lea,
was very formid.ible; thofe under [lamilear againit
Cielon eonfillin!: of 300,000 men, and the fleet of more
th.iii 2C00 (hips of vv.ir, and above 3000 traiifports."

At this time the Roman hiftorians inform us, th?.t
the city was 23 miles in circuit, and that the temple
ol Apollo was lined with plates of gold, and the imaj'^e
of that fabulous deity was of niaHy gold ; but thefe
treafures, as well as many other valuable articles, be-
came the plunder of the Ronans, when Scipio fackcd
the city. The tcinplc of Juno, built by queen Dido
lierlelf, was likewife extremely magnificent.

" Sidonian Dido here with folemn ftate,

" Did Jun ''s temple build and confecratc,

" Fnrieh'd with giff^, and with a golden flirine,

" Hut moie the goddefs made the place divine;

" On brazen H< ps t e ni.itble threlhold lofe,

" And brazen pl.iies the cedar beams inclofe ;

" The r.ifters arc with brazen cov'rings crown'd,

" And lofty doors on bra/.en hinges found."

It may not be improper to ohfirve, that tlij Cartha-
ginians were addicted to the grnllilt iJolatrv, and their
facriticcs were replete with the moll ho rid cruelties;
Diodorus Siculus .forms us, that their principal deity
was Chronus, the Saturn of the Romans, to whom they
laciiliccd the children of the belt faniil es, as a certain
law enjoined them to offer up none but Inch as were
nohly born. At length, however, they I'lhltituted ths
children of flave , pril'oiurs, &c. to gratifv their fup-
pofed bloody idol, till Ajaihocles in.;de war upon them,
and reduced them to the ulmoft extremity ; when fancy-
in;!; that their nii^fortunes were owing to the improper
otterings made to Chronus, they barbaroully iacrificed
200 well defcended children ; but their abfuid cruelty
availed them nothing, for their army w.u ior.n after
lotally defeated. This fo fuipiizcd them, that ih'y
imagined the faerifice was ii; t lufKciently bloody, when
influenced by the fame tiJiculous ide.i, 3C0 of the pi m-
cipal citizens volunt.irily offered up their lives ,is obla-
tions to the fanguinary idol ; their cruel (acrifices were,
however, ufekfs, forthcir misfortunes cncicafed inlkad
of dimiiiiniing.

This idol of the Carthaginians is frequently mentiontd
in the facied writings under the name vi' Ato/t./i, and thefe
very execrable facririecs arc (tridtiv forbiddm, particu-
larly in the lollowing paflages, Leviticus xviii. 21,-
.■fiij thou Jhall not let oiiy of thy jted pafi thrtiiigh \ tht
lite ti Moi.Eeli, neither JIhiU lltiu l<roJ\ine the i:jme of thy
(.,'iJ, I am the LORD. Leviticus xx. 2. J^ain thou
fliiitt fay to tht chiLlren of Ifracl^ cr r.f the Jiiaii:iers thiit
jojourn in Ijroel, that ^ivetb any of his Jft.l uiilo Alolcch,
I e Jhall juriiy he fut to death, the people of the land Jhall
//one himiiilh /hnes. II Kings xxiii. 10. And he ettlUed
Topheth, xvbicl) is in the valley of the children of Hinnom,
ihe.t no man ini^ht make his f on or his daunjiter to pafi
through the fire of Moleeh. Pfalm cvi. 37. Jnd Jhed inno-
cent hloid, even the blood of their fons and their daii;^hters,
whom they cjfhed unto tie idols of Canaan, and the land
uds defied 'with blood. And from the abominable piae-
ticc ol facrificing children to Chronus or Saturn, the
fable of .'^<7/«r «'/ Jevouting his children originated. Hut
the cudom was fo fliocking to humanity, that the Ro-
man poets and labulills thought proper to drop the
literal meaning for an allegorical one; and therefoie

victims heiii^ pl.icrd upon the hands iniiiiedi.iiely fell into
a liery furnace, which was jirepaied jiill beneath to rccciv*
I hem.

J R changing

\\^\

■\t

: , ,n

Jjli

>-5<^

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

ciurlging the mythological Satiint into Time, the idea ap-
pearL-d witliout ^iiy horror annexed ti) it : and tliey rc-
picfcntcj thcriby a plcafing and iiUhudivc fable; for
Srltnrii was laid to corijiime all things, ikvciir hh eivii
cl'ililrni, and vomit tiian up ogain. 'I'fiis alludes to
Timt, wh;ch confumcs all things that it produces, till
thry arc revived, and as it were again renewed ; thus
days, months, and years are the children of Time, which
lie coiilKiiitU devours, and re-producci. Son. ctimcs Sa-
turn is p .iiued hctwixt two bovs and two girls, im-
plying, that as parents are fiirioiinde,! hy their childien.
Time is encoinpafi'cd bv the fuurfealons of the year ; in
his left hand is a fcytlic, with which he mows down
all things j he hoKls an hour glafs in his hand, to exprcfs
the vicilhtudcs of life:

«' The flraiv^c xiciflltudcs of human fate,

" Still ah'ring, never in a IK-ady il.ite ;

" Ciood after iil, and after paui d.lij^ht,

" Alternate, like the fcenes of day and night;

" Since cv'ry man who lives is born to die,

" And none can boalf fuicerc felicity;

«' With equal mind-, what happins let us biar,

" Nor joy, nor giief, too mueli beyond our care;

" Like pilgrims, to ih' appointed place we tend ;

«' The world's an inn, anJ death the journev's end ;

«' Kv'n kings btit play, and when ihcir pait is do.ie,

«' Some other, worfe, or better, mount the throne."

And in his right hand he holds a ferpcnt, twiftcd into :
circular form, with the tail in its inoulh to dei.ote c:tt-
iiity, \vh;ch icvolvcs into itlUf, and is

" A :;ulph, whofe l.'.rge extent no hounds engage,

" A ItiU bLf;iniiiiiJ, never ending age j
" Ktcrnity, h it btjundkl's r.'.cc,
" Which lime himUlf can never run,

" (Sw;ft as he Hies v\ith an unwiaricd pace ;)

" Which, when f.n thoufand tlioufand years aie
d.jr.e

" Is lliU the fatiie, and dill to be begun."

The inhuman cullom of facrificinT; children to idols
did not h.Ave\i;r ceale with the dclhuction of Cartha»c,
but continued anung the Afritaiii till the tiii;c ol
Tibeiius, wi'.o was to (hocked at the horrid prailice,
that he not only piohibit^d it under fevcre penalties, but
de(lro"cd the idols, and handed the priells.

The exienl'ive, opuUnt, and populous city of Carthage
was filially deftroyed hy Siifn /Emilianiii, in the ilind
year of the I5!> Olympiad, in ilio year of the world,
4159, and 147 \ears bidbrc Chrill j and at prefent no
veiHgci of it remain, except f"mc f:a.;inents of tlic noble
rel'crvoirs whicli received into the cny fri(h water for the
ufe of the inhabitants, and the ruins of the expenfive
aiiucdiiifts, bv which the water was convc;cd ; ilic
latter reach ab./\e 30 miles into the countrv, are near
IJ yards over, fiiiely .irched, and in mod plates faced
with Hone, or c )ated with a Itriuig cement.

At a little diflance from the ruins of Carthage, and
»br)ut nine miles north of Tunis, (lands Kommart, a
wallo.ltown, inhabited by (i(hermcn and gardeners, who
fupply Tunis with lidi, fruit, and fugar canes.

Arian.i, a little villa ;e, at about three miles dirtance
from T'lnis, is inhabited by poor gardeners, who bring
their fruit and herbs to that metropolis for (ale.

Arradcz is fituated on the road between Tunis and
the gulpli of Gwletta, and is famous for its fine Iprings
kiid excellent baths.

El-AIidea, called Africa by fomc, and fuppofed to be
the Adrunietum of the ancients hy other: , was lormctly a
place of great (Irength, but is much decayed, and at
prefent lciri.cly merits mentioning.

Sonfa, or Siila, the capital of the province of the
fame name, is one of the moll confidcrable 1 iti's in the
kingdom. It has a llourifliing trade for oil, linen, wax,
honey, and piekled filli. The town is fituated uii a
high ruck, behind which runs an cxtenfivc plain coun-
try, fertile in bailey, figs, olives, fruit, and padurage.
Though it hath greatly fallen from its priftine gan-
dcur, it is ftill wealthy and populous, and the inhabi-
tant* arc polite aiiU courUuuk tu lh.inj;cri, A TurkiOi

ball'a relides here j the liiperior peo )!e arc mcrclijius
vvaiehou!'eiiicn, and mechanics j the Iovmt tl^ifs aic
hufbandmen, lictdfmen, and potters. It is dlvidej imn
Upper and Lower city, has a good port, and pays n.^'^-^
ducats to the gtvernor of the province.

Monad-er was famed in the Carthaginian and Ronmi
times, ■' is now a floiirifliing city, furiounded by
dout V. ;. ^, and fituated on the extremity of a cape ■
the houfts are handlome, but the inhabitants iic tx!
ticmely poor.

Of Hcraclea, a city on the lea cord, built hy the
Romans, but fincc dellroyed by the Ar.ibiaiis, fi:,itce
any vedipes arc remaining.

Kay.rwan or Carvan, is the capital of a province cf
the fame name ; and what is fingular, it may be detiiKd
one of the m..d populous and liouridliiig to.uij of the
kingdom, though lit.iate.l in a bariLn defirt, c'cliitire
of titlli Water, and without tiie Kail article which can
fiidain life, except what is brought ia carts lri,ni Icve.
ral miles diHanee, It is 24 miles from Sonfa, anJ has
about half a mile from the town, a tefcrvoir and a pciij
for the reception ot rain water ; the iiihab.taiUs are
I'lipplied from the fird, and the cadle hy the l.id ; the
waters of both, but more particularly of the latter,
are unwholefomc, and occafion many difuideis, nyt
only in the beads but in the human fpecics. A lati
author fays, from good authority, " This city w .s it-
huilt by Hukba, gcneralidlmo of Ottn. .n, or il.icii en's
f irces, which lalt was the fucceflbr of Mahomet 11.'.
Caliph of Uamr.fcus, 'ii the year 652, and had fent
him from Arabia into .hefc parts to make what coii-
tpieds he could in th.m ; Hukba having lauded li;s
forces in fomc of the neighbouring po:ts, made choice
of this barren and d.ljlate fpot fur the place of th;.ir
rendezvous, and ot the ruinated city for his retreat
which he accordingly caufed to be iunounded wi:h Ichy
and ftrong brick walls, flanked with Itately tnwcrs ;
ami ani'aig other noble edifices, built a mi it mag-
nificent molque, fupported by an incredible nu i.Kr of
If itely columns of the fiiu d giaiiatc, two if whieh wcie
of fo exquifitc and lively a nd, heCpangled all out with
little white fpots like the porj^hyry, that their price
was reckoned inellimable, and the whole Ihiulure tlic
molt magnificent in all Africa. It had likewile a very
confidcrable levcnue and cndown-.eiits, and tlie title
and privilege of a head metropolis, as being t!'.c firft
Mahometan mofqui; built in this part of the world,
upon which account it is likewile become the burying
pia^e of the Tunifian monarehs ; and not only ihiy,
but all the grandees and wealthy men of the kingdom,
arc ambitious of having their remains di pofitcd in it,
from a luperditious notion, that the prayers of the head
pnntift' .Hid fjcced'or of Mahotiiet will procure them a

arv pardon of their fins, and fend them by the neaiell

I' ... . .

w.iy into paiadife. The very city itleh is heldfol'aeud

among them, that thofc great perl'on.ages ufuailv pull

ofF their Ihoes before they enter it, and caufc forv.c

(lately chapels and oratories to be creeled over ilie

giaves of their dead relations, and fettle a yearly fain

upon tl.em, not only to keep th;ni in repair, but l.ke-

wile to retain a luimhir of idle prieds and monies to

refoit thither at pioper times. It is mod probably tip);i

the accniint of this liipeillit ous concourfe, and lalt

donatives, that this city is di'.l I'o thriiing, luitwitii-

Ifaiuling the dearnefs and fcareity of prtivilions."

To'iailb.i, once a coiifiderable city, i', now but a very
poor village J and CiabKs or Capes, anciently the nob!e
city ot Kpichus, is in much the fame condition. About
12 miles fiiuth of the lattei, is the id.md of Jciba, the
fouthern hnuiidary of the lumiiier circuit.

Ilamamel is a finall but opulent city, lituated upctt
a pronioiitoiy near the fea, and I'o will leeurcd on the
land fide I'y rugged and inacceirilde rocks, thatavirf
(mall expeiice w mid render it totally impre-nable. It
is 51 II. lies fioin Tunis by land, and (jo lejgucs by
fea.

Bizerta is fituateil upon a canal between a lake of the
fame name and the fea, eight miles from C.ipe IJianc >,
and ten milis from Tunis ; it is well loitified, parti-
cularly en the fi.le reared the fea, and contains twa
luvvtfs In ddtiid the liavei), a coiiliJciabk nujiaiiue,

and

•^g^r

vmg laiiilcl hii

11 of the kiii^.lu

AFRICA.] BARB

J nv(, i.irgc prifons for flaves j it has plenty of frefti
water, and is well fupplied with fifli. Eight incon-
fjerable villages belong to the governor ol this place,
^hol'e inhabitants, as well as thofc of Bizcrta itfclt arc
milcrably poor, though the territory is pretty fertile ;
iheir only drefs is a coarfe cloth wrapped round their
toJies, and another about their heads in lieu of a tur-
ban. ''Ihev are» however, admirable horfcmen, but they
do riot flioe their horfes, or ule cither bridles or ladJles.
The Bizcrtines arc deemed by all travellers the molt
fuperftitious people in the kingdom of Tunis, and by
fome in all Barbary. They will not undertake the molt
(livial affair without hanging a great number of amulets
or charms about them j and if they travel, they load
ihcir horfes with the fame kind of fuppofed fecuritie^■,
(ihich arc only pieces of parchment or paper inl'cribcd
vfiih Urange characters, and fewed in leather or filk.

Porto Farino is much fallen from its ancient fplcndor,
311J is now only remarkable for its line cothon, where
ihc Tunifian navy is kept. The town Hands between
the Cape of Bizerta and the Cape of Carthage, on
the promontory of Apollo ; it is called by the n;ifive.-,
Qur-d-Mailab, or the Cave of Salt, from the falt-
works in the vicinity. Lewis, king of France, com-
nionlv called St. Lewis, died here in his expedition to
the Holv Land.

Bavjih or Baia, is the chief inart in the kin:;dom foi
corn, which the neighbnuring territory produce in fuch
plenty, that the Tunifians proverbially fay, if thty had
ht [uch amiher market town, corn would lie at cliiap rtj
fml allovirthe iingJom. This town, which is abmit
M miles from the nurihcrn co:ift, and ic8 \V. S. W.
from Tunis, is furroundec'. by a wall, and dtlLiidoiI by a

cita'Icl.

Tuburbo, or Urbs, is 180 miles fouth of Tunis, it
his a callle wilh lome cannon, and a i^arrifon, and i.i
inhabited by Andalufian Moors. M.-ny veftiges of its
fniiiKT fpleii'lor are here found ; and Maham bey, from
the ruins of a magnificent theatre, caufed a very lufty
briJne, or rather dam, to be ercdcd, in order to raife
water from the riier Mejerda lufRcicntly high to water
a beautiful plantation of oran;;cs, lemons, citrons
pomcn.inates, nectarines, p.aches, anricots, dates, figs
inJ other fruit trees, which were fct in diltinct (;u)ts
that they might grow without intermixture with cacii
other. Between the callle and the town, a chryllaline
flream of frelh water ran through an alabafter conduit,
and turned fevcral mills in its ccurfe, but this valuable
work is now almoft ruined.

It is neceflary to obferve, that .tlong fonie - of the
coat of this kingdom, the fund banks, wh h hydro-
graphrrs denominate fyrl.s, arc very dangerous as fliip-
winch appro.irh too near are drawn in by the vortex, and
often lolt. The hot fprings m many parts of tlic coun-
try likcwil'c deferve mention. The wafers of th.ile ol
^ic(k(1utean and Mereega arc exceeding hot, particulail.
ihnic of the tirlt j but their cxceflive heat renders them
unfit for bathini;. The baths of Seedy- Ebli and Elel-
ma-cl-Hminiah^iie jult of a proper 'cinpcrature, but
thofc of Jerced, Call'a, and Zozer arc only lukc-
Wjrni.

'Miib kingdom contains many fait lakes and marfhes,
anJ a mountain of lalt, named' Jibbel Iladilefla, which
isasliaid as a rock, of a dark red colour and bitter ; but
when it is walhed from the preci,iices by the rains, it lofcs
iobittcrncfs, and becomes fott ;'.nd white ; befides the
above, there are fome linall rocks of a blucifli call, the
fjlt of which is much admired, and fells at a high
pr^rc.

Some artificial cutiofitics arc Iouih! in this kingdom,
bcfulis thofc already mentioned, particularly a threefold
miifaic pavement, which is a noble piece of workman-
Ihip, cxhibitii"_^ a grc.it number of ol'jeits in the ani-
mal and vcj;elaiilo creation, beautilully diverfitied, finely
variegated with the molt admirableolours, and wrought
with a lymmetry that is truly alloiiilliing ; this place is
called i't.v.v-Z>i:K./.', or the Saiu'luary of David; for the
natives imiigine that it is the fcpulchral monument of a
celebrated Mooiilh faint of that name. Dr. Shaw,
however, infills, that from the nature of the workman-
(liip, it evidently ai"Hara to be the Irajjiuciit of a Roman
(ixtoriutn,

A R V. 36- r

Another magnilici'nt piece of Roman antiquity is the
amphithcati of Jeminc, or rather its fragments, which
are 64 arches, an<l four orders of columns; but they
have fuffered conliJcrably from the Arabs, and from
one of the beys, who ordered four of the arches to be
blown up.

The remains of the triumphal arches of Spr.ltla evince
their ancient magnificence j and the Maulolcum near
Haunnamel is an admirable building, in the form of a
cylinder, vaulted beneath, and 60 feet in diameter.

Political and Civil HISTORY of TUNIS.

The government of Tunis is defpotic and hereditary,
but not to the eldelt Ion only, for the bey is at liberty
to name fjt his fuccellbr which fon he pleafes, or even
to exclude all his loiij, and nominate a brother, nephew,
or any otiicr relation. The fovereign is in fact indepen-
dent of both the Ottoman Porte and his own dowan,
thoii;;h a nominal rci'peit to the perfons of both is (till
..ft'ected to he kept up. A Turkifh bafla refides here,
and a downn is frei]iieiitly aflenibled, but the former is
a mere cypher, and the latter without the Kail auiho-
rity i fo that the one can only act as a fpy, and the
other approve what they dare not condemn.

The beys of Tunis, howev cr, through motives of fear,
keep up a good lorrclpondcncc with their neighbours of
Algiers and Tripoli, and from policy, aim to cultivate
a f, lendfliip with the rubjcdls of England and France,
ihou^h they are at perpetual variance with the Spaniards,
;5aruinians, Venetian , Maltefe, the fubjects of the
ecclellJlical rtatc, e«sC.

The revenues confill of the cufloms arifing from im-
poits nnd exports, and the tribut«s paid by the Arabians
a;,d Moots. The forces are compoled of renegadoes,
.iiid the militia of the country ; the firll form the bey's
i;uird, and gariifon the metropolis, and the latter gar-
iilnn ail thi,- oiher I'e.i-ports and furtrell'es. This is the
,eic. efl.'.hlifliment ; but in war time they arc able to
encrc.ile their army with Urong bodies ol Arabians and
.Moors, though there is not much dcpendance to be
placed upon the fidelity of thcfe auxiliaries. Their
maritime power is much lefs than what might be
imagined, confiiieiing ihe.r admirable fituation for com-
merce of every kind. 'Iheir capital fliips are but four
111 niiniber, the h'-gcfl caiiying only 40 guns; bcfides
which they have about 30 galliots of various burthens,
that arc manned wi;h Irotn 7.0 to i20 men each, who
aie renegadoes, Tuiks, and Couloglies, or Ions of
married foldiers ; the command is, howevc-, always
given to renegadoes, at Icaft very few inllances have bjcn
raiown to the contrarv. The four large (hips cruife
twice a year, and are furnilhed with bifcuit, but-
ter, oil, and vinej.ar, by the hey. The galliots are
fitted out by private per Ions, who pay a certain ftipu-
latcd quota of whatever they acquire to the bey. 1 he
mercantile velTels arc very numerous, and the merchants
parfue traffic with great avidity. The whole of tha
luiufian marine m.y be diltinguiflied

Ships ~] /Fournialls, viz. main, fore, mi-

zin, and bowl'piit.

Pat.:chas Three malts, viz. main, fore,

und bowfprit.

Polachas A fquare fail to the main malt, a

^ \ fmuck fail to the foremalt, and

a mizen malt.

Amain, mizen, and bowfprit, and

feveral Imack fails forward.

A 1 1 J 1 And main, fore,

A round head, I , . ' , •
A n, J-., r and mizen malts
A Iharp ditto,

Into , Ketches )

Barks

Pinks

Tartans
Canoes

with fmack fails.
But one maft.

Ditto, diftering in nothing from
Tartans, except being Imaller,

When a fliip brings in a prize, the hull of the vcdcl,
and half the cargo, after all expences are deducted, be-
long to the bey, and the remainder is divided between the
captain and the (hip's company, in the following man-
ner ;

The

|,:,1,

i I'l.''

Ill

i| i\^

S5»'

The

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOCJRAPHV.

I Rais or rapt.iiii
Uiulcr rais or m;itc
I'ilot

: (junncr
Clak

I (garter maftcr

I Cock Twain

And cnch private nisn h.iih lull" a fliarc. The bey
has, niortovcr, one h.ilC ol the pnlnnrrs taken, ami
the privilege of purch.iling the rcll, if he chuds it, at
100 piaftcrs per head, every tenth [erlon excepted, who
becomes the property o\ the downii j hut the nienibejs of
that body do not dare to claim thiU right.

Chridian merchantment, on their arrival, always fa-
lute the c file of (joletta with thiee guns ; but nun of
war wait to be falutcd according to their rale, when
thiy return the compliment with the lame numl cr of
guns. During the whole time that a Chriftian man of
war is ill the road, the conlul, .-.iid the mcrihants of
the nation to which it belongs, keep colours fl\iii(; on
the tops of their boufes. If a (l.vc cfcipcs, and get»
on board a man of war, the bey cannot reclaim him ;
on which account it is ui'uai, as foon aj a (hip of lorce
appears in the road, to keep all the Chrillian Ihucs vcrv
clufc conhncd, and abridge them of the libeity other-
wife aliowcd thcni till her depariuie ; previous to which
the bey lends to the commander a piefcnt of oxen,
flieep, poultry, and other refrejhments. 'I'he French
paflj.orts for thefe feas are limited to three ycais, but
the tnglilli extend to fourteen, and are not loaded with
fo many riftriciions as the former. 'I'he Tunilians ex-
port corn, oil, wax, wool, hides, \]orocco leather,
beans, lentils, &c. and import Spanifli wool, Lanuuc-
doc cloth, pepper, lirgar, vern.ilion, cloves, wine,
brandy, hard ware, iron, ftccl, paper, gold and filver
tilluc, d-iinalks, lilkcn and woollen (lutis, &c. They
likcwife trade for a variety of articles to Egvpt, Arabia,
the Levant, and the neighbouring piratical Itates,

In Turns the tnglilh, rrcncli, iJutch, (jcnoefe,
and Gtrmans have their conluls, who ate liealed with
great refpedV.

All public writings arc in the Arabic language,
which is here much corrupted from its purity and ele-
gance ; but commerce is carried on in that jaigon of
tongues l-!own by the name of Lingua Franca.

]!' <" rcncgadoes of all nation?, Jews aie very nu-
men .n this kingdom, and it is affirmed that there
arc upwards of to, coo in Tunis only : but as tlii.y art
very much addicted to cheat all with whom they deal,
keep falfe weights and mcafures, mi.ke fraudulent bank-
ruptcies, and .idultcialc molt ariiclcs in which they
trade, the laws are particularlv le\clled agaiiiU them,
and they arc, when delccled, uioie fcverely puinflied
than any other foreigners.

As the religion, culloms, manners, laws, &c. of
the Tunifians are exailly the fame with thofc of the
Algerines, we flialt defer our account of them to the
article of Algiers, in order to avoid the neceflity of re-
petitions, and only mention a few circumllanccs pecu-
liar to thefc people. If a rcnegadoftiould turn Chrillian
again, they wrap him up in a cloth dipped in pitch,
and burn him ; or elfc pile ftints, mud, mortar, &c.
all round hifn, and having walled in all but his head,
they rub that over with honey, which attrafts wafps and
other infeits, who torment the poor wretch with thiir
ftings till he expires, which fomelimcs decs not happen
lor levcral days. If a Have is caught in attempting to
elcape, or murders his patron, his limbs are all broken,
and then he is fattened to a hoil'c's tail, and diai'geJ
ibrough the llrcets till he dies,

When dilTolution fets his body free
From painful life, and loft of liberty.

REVOLUTIONS.

THIS country was alternately fubjugated and over-
run by the Romans, Goths, Vandals, Saracens, and
Arabs i at length Abdul-Hcdi, a Moorifti officer of Se-
ville, came with a confiderable force, landed at Tunis,
•bliged the Arabi to «va«uat« th« town* and villages,

and riilid the kingdom in (]uality of viceroy to tlicrntiit.
ror (f Moiocco, with great reputation till his I'eaih, wiif,,
he bequeathed the government to his fon Abu-Zicluiiji,
a martial jet prudent prince, whoextcndcd the Tuiiiiiarl
teiritoiits, and raifed contributions in all tl.eciiuiuru:, la
the confines of Ncgioland. On his demife he kit ihc
king.lom and an immenic treafure to his foii Ahraliam
I Abu-Ferex. This prince finding himfell fufficienily
puwrilul, revolted from the emperor of Morocco ai,
filmed the title of King of Africa, ftrengtlunid and
enibellillied Tunis a"d gave it the name of the Muro-
polis of Africa. At his death he divided the kin"(lum
between his three fons, giving Tunis to one, llui^ii to
another, and Nuniidia to the third.

Hutman, or Autman, who reigned over Tuni', I'jmj
difpoiUiled his brother Ilaniar of Numidij, ami Kf-
hoih to his Ion Ahu-J5ar, who was afterwarils depilvcil
of them by Suhajah, a dtl'cendant of the caliphs ol the
.Saracens. Mulc)-Mahincr, one of his fuccellors, h;i.l
many childien, but they were all, except the voiin^cif
r<i exceeding wicked, that he appointed him t.i luj\cd
him. This young prince, who was the ctlelntcj
Muley-HalV.in, was fcarce fettled upon the thninc, he.
foie hib eldtit brother atteinptcd to make his elcapt iioin
the prilon in which he was confined ; but, f.niin^, |„
his attempt, he was put to death, with (eieral cf h s
other brothers, and many pcrfons who were fulpccinl df
adhering to their caufe; for fufpicion, in thefe calli, jj
as fatal as convi^ion ;

" He that but fears the thing he would nnt know,
" Has, by inflinfl, knowledge from other cvts,
" Tliat what he feai'd was chanc'd."

But one of his brothers, named AfrafhiJ, flej (o ilu
king of Numidia, who raifed an atiny in his f.uciur
marched againfl HalFan, and totally defeated him ; hut
being without artillery, it was impoflible to take luiiis.
Afrafliid, therefore, burnt the fubuibs, took K':ive of
his Arabs, and repaired to Algiers, to en^.igc in tiis
caufe the famous Barbaioflli, who governed thatkii;'.
dom for the grand iignior.

Harbarofl'a took this prince to Conflantinople, where
he was apparently well received, and promifed redrcii ; he
was, however, detained there as a kind of hoilage, whi.c
Jlarbarolla failed for Tunis with a ftrong arniairicnt :
having taken Biferta, Porto Farino, &c. he appeared
before the tower of Uoletta. This lb terrified Halliin,
who was hated by his fubjefts, that he fled in the ut-
molt conllernation, leaving all his trcafurcs behind him.

lladan was no I'ooner pone, than the principal people
imagining that prince Afrafliid was in the Turkilh fleet,
releafcd his wife and Ion from confinement, paid them
the molt profound rcfpedt, and fent two horfes tiiui/
capnrifoncd to Goletta, one for Afrafliid, and the other
for Harbarollii, that they might make their public uitty
into the city. Perceiving their humour and millake, life
artful KarbarolTa took care not to undeceive them, hut
gave them to undcrfland that Afrafliid was with hiiii,
and fliould immediately land to receive their allegiance.

Sixty royal gallics were then filled with 'I'liiklh
troops to the number of gcco, who landed, and imme-
diately took pofrcflion of the city and caftle. The pen-
pie were lathe-r furprizcd not to Ice prince Afrafliid with
Barbaiofla ; but how greatly was their confternatiim in-
creafed, when, inflead of even mentiiming hini, the
politic Turk talked of nothing but their fubmidion to
the will of the grand fignior. This apparent trtaclicty
lb irritated the inhabitants that they flew to aims; tunc
went after Haflan, to bring him back to their deliver-
ance ; while others att.acked the caftle: but the l.itifr
were repullcd with great lofs, and the Tunifians were
at length compelled to acknowledge the grand fi^iior
for their fovereign, and Harbarofl'a as his viceroy.

HafTan had recourfe to a very unaccountable expe-
dient to regain his dominions, which was making .ip-
plicaiion to the Chrillian emperor Charles V. to whom
he promifed to become tributary. This rendered him Hill
more odious to his own fubjefls, and obnoxious to all
Mahometans in general. 'I'he emperor entered heartily
into the cnterprize, and prepared a powerful armament
accgrdjn;;ly ; while BvbarolTa did all that an able com-

matider

iiriiicA.]

B A R B A R 'i'

-SI

tlic cduit ( t' Con.
■hi-il ill its Aiiatic

„ji^^j.(.i,iil,l Jo iipoii futh nn cccafon ; he put Tunis
"J^ihc WA (l;iie of lici'.ncc p'.lfiMf; iiiviud all the
l([^,:il, ;,ikI Ar.ibi.:ii priiic. ' to iriii him, who readily
'.jc him .iflillJiicc, as the; inia'^inccl that it was a
^Vi.il caiil'c, ill whirl) all MahoiiKtans wtic n ii-
^'rpci'i »'»' pLtUiailcJ molt ol' t'.f Levantine cr'niir^ to

j[j lilia v.ith all their (livn^'th ■ •' ' .■/-.._

lli,:tim)pli-' was, however, fi> ii

,ars, that it couM alpjrd him but litle airillancc.

•|-ji. cinpeior'.. lUtt, confiltiii^^ of \.\ro I/ins of va-
lio'Ji li«5. at length appeared on tlu 'I'luiifiaii coalt,
v.Hii the numen lis lorces were iri;nicdi..te;y landed,

iJ the caftle of (,'ioletta invelkd in form, whieh, al-
l-r.ivciV itoiit refiilancc, and great lofs on holh fuljs,
H'ii t.ikcii I'V liorni. The cnipcior ilitii protended to-
1 uni'i while Harbatofla m.uehed out on his ap-
and drev/ his army in order of battle in the
iliiii of C.izir-Meiievi, which is ahnut three ini!es
jv'in the nia-jpolis. '1 he two armies prefenily came to
tn".i':er.icnt, when the Arabi Iboii j^iviiig way, Ijaiba-
roh'iwai t(tally difcatcd.

liaibariffa, who had retreated to 'I'liuis, nov,' ih.iu[;ht
cf ii.i;:.i"'^ but cfeaping with his treaiiiie, thoui^h he
oiJail he eould to conce.il his luteiitiono from even his
own po.'ple : but his defii^ii w.is perceived, both freni
hiihuiry ureirovc his riehe- lioni the talUe, and the
orJcr he -.'.vc to blow up .11 lb..- C'hrifli.'ii fluves. 'I'hi...
(Ii,.bjlieai eanmaiul, houe.cr, nunc of bis officers h..d
tli.'criKhv to put into e>:eeutioii. A.mcnj the Chiilliaii
lines W..S one named I'aul Simoni, a brave MaUeie,
wh<. hid bcl.av d lo nallantly a^'.iiiul the Turk^, that
JViiliarofl'a ucild never lull'er him to be r.nfomed on any
account. 1 b's gentleman hiviiig an ii.tiniation oi IJai-
hrolia's d:(i_rn,''foiiiiJ menus privately to procure fona
hammers ..lui lil s, when be iii.meiliattly reieal'ed hini-
(li: aiu! :h- le.'l ol the Chii^iim I'ave, from their ciiaiii-,
to the lai-ou'it ol yoco ; and j. inlly breaking into tlu
i;iftle .it.ii u y, they furnillied tlicmfelves with weapons,
ti-idi whi.Ii they fi.lied out, and kilkd or routed all the
Turks who guaidcd the avenues to the calUc, 'I'hvy
th.n l:curcd tlic place, and waved a white banner fro'i.
Ihf i'..ti'eir.eiit3, inviting; the Chrftians to come to their
teli:t, The tuniult tliia occafioncd broii;:bt iJarbaroha
to ;h; place, who demanded entrance into the calUe,
km was anfwored only by a volley of mi.kiuetry ; v.h.n
pcrccivi'ij the nature <d" the cafe, he cried out, " 1 am
unrf'TO'! thefe Ciindian do^s have pot cofiVlTion of the
caft.'r, and ail ii,y treafme," and fled with the utnioil
jMCcipit.tion, fo'tliat he i;ot fale to the city of liarca
Kl'ure thecnipeior Charles knew of tb.e revohilioa in hi.
favou,-. Sinioni, however, fent hiin word of H.:iba-
loii.i's flight : and as foon a. he entered the city, prc-
f.iitc! himfelf before him at the bead of the ii.wly-
cmaiicipatcd Chrilfian': ; when the monarch tcn'eily em-
b:.:e .1 the Maliefc knight, laying at the fame time,
" My dear fritnd, blrlled for ever h: that nob'e refo-
lii!:( ■! which en.bled you tv) break oft" your fetter?, to
facilitarc niv coiujiKft, and incrcafe the e}-'fy of the
Ma'Kfe order." Tliis genileman was afierwards lent to
Malta loaded with favours, and was molV cordially re.
c.'iu-d bv thofc of his order. Thus the CbriCcJans bo-
C3"ie p;>t!"-flcd of 'I'unis ; but WT arc fjrry to add, that
the erueltiis which thev indiferiminately e.xercil'ed up ;n
t!ic poor Tnnih„ns of all ranks and ag.'s, and of eiiher
f..\, tended grdtlv to tarnifh the j^uwto 'hey had gained
b' their coura';e during the whotc cnffrpri/e.

The emperor now rc-fettied Hailan upon his throne,
uiuler the followiiv_^ conditioiiJ :

1. T'hnt the fort of Goktta fhould remain in the em-
peini's hands as a pledge, though Hailan fliould be
oSliged to repair the i'ortilications at his own expeiice.

2. T'hat a pnrrifon of the emperor's troops (liculd
rciiuiin ill it, but Hailan (hould maintain and pay them.

3. TTiat prince Mahomet, Haft'.m's Ion, ihould re-
ni..:ii in the emperor's power, as an liolKi_^c for ihe lide-
liiy of the fatlii r.

4. That all Cliriflian captive!;, of wbatfocvcr nation,
fliould be rcleaf d without any ranfom.

5. T'hat the Chrillians (liould have a free coiiinicrco
threiiuhout the whole kingdom.

6. I'hat they (bould be allowed to i'ctllc in it, to

build e'liiri lies and monr.flriic:., and ci.joy the free cxer-
cile of ilieir religion.

". T'hat no eorfair, Turk or Moor, (linuld be al-
lowed to come 10 , my lea-port, he fiimilherl uiih any
pr'n ifuMis, or be allilled or favoured in any cafe by tl.c
luiiTians.

ii. That the while coral fii^.ciy fliould belong to the
emperor and his luirs for ever.

(). That the Icin.s ( f T'linis flinuM hold th."mf:lvc3
vah.ds and dependaiils on the crown of Spain, and fi iid
thiiher yearly in token of it lix horles ard n f Icon.- 5
in eunlidtraiii 11 ol wiiieh tl\y (lu.uld be iii.,ikd tJ ihu
prouelion of lli,.t crown.

All thefe things weic exceeding dif.ijrceable to tliC
Mahoinitaii |ov\ers, and ren.leud ll.di.in not only hated
by them, but very eontiniptil Ij in their eye-. A-, foon
.IS the enip-:or reli.rncd to Europe, this general diilikc
biijaii to exinee null, b) the revidt (.f leveral ol his
cites, which eithrr put themfelves uii.kr the protei'ii 11
of the 'I'uiks, or erejlul ih.nifelves inio litile commun-
Wv- ilths J IJ.oliaroflli at the fame tiiiie having railed a cnn-
lider.'.b'e aimy and fleet in Algiers, beg;n a new .itt.iek
upon T'enis. Hailan, being hariafad on €very fide,
lei.r to turope for fuccour , wbieli were liber.il! pro-
milcd him, but ihe peiforiranre was lo flo.',-, tint hs
(Kterniined to go and lolieit tlam peifonally. While ht;
was ill Eun pe upon this crraii.!, his Ion llamida rc-
\(dted a;:\:iill him, and railed adai:;:erous conn' otinii at
l.onie, making the lollowlng fpecious motives the pre-
t>xt for his unnaturd rebellion:

1. T'hat his fitlur was gone to tlx emperor in order
to turn Chiiitian.

2. That H .li'an's dcfign was to cut him OiT from the
fiiecedio'ii, bccaufe he was a friend to .M.'honntanifiii,
and to (I..CC the crown upon lii. '. :o'..er Mahnied'a
head, v.iiohada great pro|nnfity to Chrifiianity.

The ;.'o\irr.or of T'u.i.s, liowc\er, llverely repti-
maniied lum for his unratural proceedings; which rc-
piilie 10 much chagrined tlie prince, that he ic'.i.cd to a
couiitry houlc at a fmall dilfance from Tuni., wiierc
he nioumcd In piivate his precipitate cor.duiil: : bat the
p.ople, wlio V. eie more prepolklTed in bis favour than
he iinagine.l, really fancied that Hailan was tica , ac-
cording to f.jmc flying repnts, and that tl-.e gov.rnor
would coiifpire with the Spanilh garrilon in the Go •
Ktia to crown prince .Mahmid, and thereby i' rce a
Chiifiian king upon them: tlxfe notion; < puatcd fo
powafully upon ll.o minds of the vulgar, th.t tlu-y tu-
nniltuoufly wiiit to the place of prince Haniid.'.'s retire-
ment, and made hlin an immediate ofler of tiie crown.
T'his exaefly fuiting his ambiiious temper, he accepted
of the propofal, and, putang himlllf at ihe l;ea 1 ot the
nialecontents, he proceeded to the calUe, wliere lie
eaufed the old governor to 1'' murdered, and committed
leveral other enormities.

Hailan having been apprized of this revolution, re-
turned home with ..bout 2CC0 Italian forces, but his iVn
delcatcd him, took him prilbner, and deprived him of
his finht. Hill'in's b'tithtr Abdulmelech, however, drove
Haiuida from T'un s, and aH'umed the reins of govern"
ment himfelf ; but dying in a very ihort time, the Spa-
nilh governor of Gob tta bad one of his fons crowned
kill!, inltead of Hallan's fun Mahiued, who oiigiit in
jultiee to have been advanced to the throne. The uii-
lortunate H.;(l".in himfelf found means to matce another
\ 'lyagc to liurope ; wdien applying to the emperor
Charles V, he was kindly received, murh pitied, and
prumifed rcdrefs; hut the premii'e was the emly comfort
he ever had, for tiic empeior never thought proper to
perform it.

Hamida, in the mean time, had been fo fucccfsful in
forming alliances with the Arabian and .Mooiiili princes
and chiels, that he recevered Tunis, and ruined with-
out moleltation tiil the yeai 1570, wdien Mali, ball'a of
Algieis, again dirpdliired hiiu of it.

Hailan, during tins interval, remained in tlic cmpt-
ror's court, till that nionaich had prepared a poweiful
armament to diive Liaibarolfj, and other forniidallc pi-
rat.s, from the pl.iees they p, H'elFed on the ll.itb.iry
eoalK The command of the Chiillian fleet was given
to the famous Doria, a gieat Gtnocfc admiral, who
3 S v.a8

I il >

K!''

!;■ M

1 1 ■ ■ '

f. !

i-'s y.

Li y

A NEW COMPLI-TE SYSTEM O !•' GEOCRArilY.

|i?

' f

^5+

was ordi-rcil to brgin his operations by didoiiging the
telehme.i pii.itc, Dr.ii;ut, fmn) the places of which he
hiid puflilicd hiiiiU-lt iKi the 'l"iiiii!inn co;ilt j lor IJiagut
lu.t only cciiinianJ.il ihe piratic. il, l.iit llic Turlkifli
licet, l;.irbaii>!;a h.-.vini; rdVi.ixi ill his favour, that
hiniftll' niiyht hnvc nu.ic hinirc to pinliic all nianiitr of
dchaiK heries a. his inclination l.>r every fpecics of li-
licrtinilni fcuiud to increafc, inltiad of dniiiiiilhinj;
with his year.', tiil he fell a niaityr to cxccfs at uj>-
war.'.s of loiHliorc vara of aL:e. At I^npth the grniul
inipiriil Chrill.in f,ia arrin-J en the coall gf Al.ica
with the iiiifoi innate Hallaii, old .nid blind, and liii
Ions Malinicd nnd MnU v-lSiibckar on board: but the
wretched n-.on.ncli luon alier died of a fever in thi
camp of th:' Cluilliaiu, and w.s bniied with his an-
cdloi i at Ka'.rwaii. Ml- vva^: of a ni.jeltic appearance,
blitk comi-;v\ion, bravo, wiii.', and politic ; but\in-
ilivllive, ciud, aiid to the lall degree rcvi ngeful.

l>ona Ivon nindc hinilllf in.itier of molt places on the
f a coalf, p iriiciilarly MohcJia, in wh'cli he got an nn-
nienfc pluiidir; but tlie em|eror afterwards ordered
that place to !i.- totally dtninlill'.e.', and the (Jhrillians
toc\acuaU' tl.tir pofiellion-. on the Barbaiy coalf, the
Goletia e\cc|-tid, havin.; (xcalion for his troops in Ku-
rope, when Il.\!i the Tuilc pollllled himfeli of Tunis;
but Sinan ball'a made a total coni|ucfl of the kinj^Joni
in the reign of tho grand fignior Selini II, and dcltroyed
all llie Ciiriflinns but 14, wlioli he fent in chains to
Conllantinople. Having brought tlie whole beneath
the Ottoman yoke, he appointid lor its governn.ent a
balla, or vic.'roy, a dowan, llnerai governors, or
bevs, over the difTcrent provinces 4"r'o janiliaries, and
a nu.i.btr of gairifons in the different cities, town^, and
fortri I'es. 'I his revolution terminated the fplendor of
the kiiiu's of I'unis, after 370 years continuance, fiom
its firii citahiillniient in I2?4 by Abu-Fer(Z.

Xow Tunis began to he governed by deys rhofen by
the dowan ; but ihc ftate was in fueh coiifufuin, the
je.iloufics lo gicat, and the intrigues lb various, that
new tiev': wue I'requently eUcUd, ilu' whole being niin-
dered or dethroned ; lb th.it in the fpate of 120 ycar.^,
110 lei's than ? j reigned, all of whom, live excepted,
were cither delhronid or murdered. The perple in ge-
neral were lb dillatisfied at the very tirll: w.th the b,iira
that Sinan ha.l pLiccd over tlum, that thov jxtitioned
the I'orte to abolifh that olb.ce, and permit them Ui
elect a dey to ^jnvcrn th' :n, as was done at Algiers.
This leiiuift was granted, and they inim-di.itely eltfcted
a popular [icifon, of whuni they were wonderfully loiul
at liiil, hut liiey niuidered him within the tvvehc-
month. One ll.r:'him v.'..i their next choice, and they
would have Kr. '.! him in the Line manner, if he had
not luckilv gi\en them the (lip, and fled to Mecca.
'I'hcfe fteipieiit and bl'iod\- icioliitions gave an oppor-
tur.itv to iiK bc\s or oil:cers of the feeond rank to
ufurp an iuthovity over the deys, and lo render the
dowan, or fenate itfelf, fuM'er\ ieiit to their pleafuic.
The Sublime Porte, alarmed at tlie defpotic power ot
the Tunifian b ys, determimd to revive the oiKcc of
bafi'a, th~,t they mi^ht have a p.-rfon upon the fpot to be
a clieek U|on t.ic former: but fo je.duus was ijiis pidi-
t,c court, that it never permitted iis own ball'i to lefide
above two )e.ir. at Tunis, lelt ih.it olSeer (lioiild be-
come as powerful, as arbitrary, and as troublefonie a>;
the hey hinilelf,

Duiiiig the reigns of the fevcraidiys, Tunis muft b-
confide; ed rather as a kingdom inv(dvrd in anarchy and
tontufion, than as a well-regulate, 1 ■•overni'ient ; and
we are lei's acijuainted with their liilioiy at that peiioil,
than at any other. liu', fuhfeqiient to the year 1681,
we are iK-tter aeijuainteil with the Tunifini alfairs ; for
at this time the bev Morat II. dwng, left thiee foils,
viz. M..honut, llaii, and Ram. dan, who for fome
time maintained a bloody contdl f . r the fucccllion :
but Ramadan at length, greatly to his honour, deelimd
his pretcnri:)!-..., and ga\e up .dl his right to his bro-
thers, perfua. ling them at the fame time, in pity to tlie
people, lo coniproniile matters, and put a ftop to their
laiiguinary p oeix-dings : but his brothers, more amhi-
tious .md lefs humane than hinilelf, continued the dif-
pute for a coalidciablc time by freijucnt appeal* to the

fword, till Mahomet, growing tired of tli- r-,,, n
gave it up, and retired to kavn.aii, vsHere he , .1 !'";
himfelf to a Iile ol .kvotioii ; hut the wji was I, ("•'i'''','
ajain I; indie I by the peilidy of Ibdi j Ibi- M,,!,,,,',''.,'
whdihcwent into iitircmein, ciiir illid |,|s |.„| a"?'
nut to the care of his hiviher, that he u,i .ht 1.,. |,i„J.|"
up in thcci'uitiii a iiiar.ii.r fjit.dde toh.sliil,. V',
the treacherous ll,.li, inlfead of ptot' e^ui',', baftl, ',-, ,','.
deied his nepliew. This fo exal'peiated Mahui.ct. i",' j
i; diew him lioni his f'iluude ; :ind being ii.foiireil il^!
the perfons who h.id advil.J Ilali ( , niurd.r t'li-
young prince wcie (led, he purfued, ovuto..'., ai.d 1°
crificed them to his lefeiitmeiit. Ilali hiu.ftlt had lici"
driven from Tunis by the citi.en., lonie of whofe nV
vileges he had attempt.d to infringe, but was now i,',
lull march to lay liege to that place, in older bi hx^ui'e
It to obedience. This ficmul .1 favoiiralde oppurteiiuy
for Mahojnet to obi.iia the crown ; hut an ambitious
.,nd artful perf.m, named Clieleby, had ; ■ ail.lrefs la
prejudice the peeplc cipially againrt both lirotlurs, ij
that Mahomet a|ipear.d as obnoxious to them as II .i.
This, however, orcalioncJ a reconciliation to take ul.;t'.
between the two hrotlur'-, who unitid tluir fo\cc~, .-.'nj
iiivelUd Tunis; when Cliekhy making a fallv, tcflwy
routed their trm.ps ; but he h.id not die prudence if,
make a proper advantage of his fuccefs, by purfuini' the
hroihers, who Icon rallied, recruited their (orce;,°aiu|
llieni;ihened their ainiy by tlie add'ti.n of 40,000 Al-
geiiniv, whom they hired of Ibr.ihim <ley of Abien
U'irh ilitfe tioeps 'hey foon made themlUv'es nialU'r. Jf
Tunis, and I. ii!< I'l.utby prili:;ner, whom thty
pui to death, 'i'l.e .Mgerims conimiued many hornj
eriieliies and ULpn .'.i ;>.ii., in the city, till tli'y were
p;;i I and lent hiir.e, ,.i,J Mahi met was Uiiiverf, lly a;,
knowledged as bi) ; lull this pirrice ruling in a very jr-
bitrary iiianii; r, the p opie called in the Al-erliv.j u,
expel him from the government, which they did, and
m.iJe lien-Clioukee, liia brnilitr-in-law, Iny inhis (lead •
but the change mailed them notliin:.', for the hitter w.ij
.IS arbitrary and rai'aeiuus as the (oinier; lb chan^n,
their mind;, again w.th their ufual ficility, llie) dethreiii.,,]
lien-Choukce, and tailored Mahomet.

Mahomet d^iiig loon after, his brother Ramad.in
was made bey ; who, having lived always a reclm,;
llie, knew nothing of public bufincfs, or of nun.
kind, and w.is confeqiiently very unht lo govern a
kingdom : but what was woil'e, inltead of takav
any trouble to acquaint himfelf with Ids dutv, he
devoted himfelf cntuely to plcafuro, and made an 1;,;.
lian fuller his prime miniller, leaving the wdiole adii i-
niiliaiion of aliairs to him. This occaliuned fivii.il
commotions, and .nt length fo much exafperated the
people, that they lliangled Ramadan, and tore hs
prime niinillcr pieee-ireal. Murat, the ii'phevv of the
lornier bey, fucceeded bis unele, and proved .1 moi.ilir
of cruelty J but beir..; niiiidirul by Ibrahim, the dp.
tain c;f liis gu.ird, the .ill'allln w.is advanced to the
throne, and, alter an iinlortunatc reign of no [Me.it
length, was killeii ina fea-ingage iienr, (the conleq',eiHC
of an inluricelion among his fubieet',] ai.d was fueeicii-
ed by Ilairan-IiMi-llali, a politic and formiii.ible prince,
who freid ruiiis froni a dependance on the Pone, rca-
dcred himfelf fo poweiiul as tej Hand in rui awe of l"s
neighbours the A'geiines or 'Iripohtaiis, tiltrained his
fubjeels from .v^U of piracy, and Ceincliided m.uiy com-
mercial treaties with tlic Chrill.aii povvcis, particularly
the l)..leh and Ln_li!h : the llipul.ued aitielei between
t!ie 'I'linirMii^ and the latter b.ing n.iieli the fame ai
iliofe betwciii the 'I'liiHiliians anil ihe .Kn.'Jidi, and con-
I cliuKd with them b) tiie fame geniLuian, that i , ad-
I iniral B.iiicr ; finewhieh notliinj; hatli h.ippciiul that
requires any pariieular ment.o.i.

SEC r. IV.

A I. G 1 ]• ;i

THK kingdom of Algi-rs (Ac-, its name from ■'(•
meirop. lis, (iheoiiiy eity o' c niequcn .c 111 ail the
Algcrinc te.r.wi. .,) and n divided into lb' (.luviiie^i,
vii.

1. Al.: a.

\priY.

cd of ih-j (.„„,^,^
, w!iuc 111' t^!.j,|,,',|

•'"'i IW M„|,fl,„;.t,
,'""1 I'ls I'm Ach!
"••">''l'tl>. Iu,„„|,r

io to |l,s l; l!, ; [,,.

■■ii':y., biiltl, n ,„'

iKins, |,;|0||,.^.,| ,|,,^

'1' 1 ' iiiiira.r iln;
. oven.)./,, awi u.
'.'' I'i» I'dl l,a.i boc„
lonii; of whole j,!,.
•j Init wai new i,,
> ill oilier I. J m^u'^f.
"iir.il-k' oppoMuiiiiy
i I'lit an .imbitiouj
I'^'J : ■ a.!,!rc(s ,o

us to thcni as ll.',,
liation to t.ikt p|,;t*.
iti lluir font-, aiij
l«ing a fally, toiUiy
't the prudence i„
tis, !>>• purfuiiig the
;il their force,, and
li. n of 40,000 t\\.
him dey of Ahki,,
henilHves nultwr- oi
iJiKT, \\h(iin thty
iiiiitled many hornj
:ity, till ih.y wcie
was uiiivcri; !ly a;.
rulMm in a very ar-
in thu Al-criM':^ t„
liich they <liJ, anj
"«•, hLVinhisllcad;
;, lor the lati(.r wji
iinier ; Co ch.ui-n;
ility, they Jetlitoiiui
:t.

: brother Ramadan
\i alw..ys a reclulj
iicl'^, or of m.in-
lit to govern a
nltea<l of tak;n-
th his (!utv, he
ml made an l;.;-
the whole aJn i.
occalioued ftvcial
exafpcratcd the
, and tore his
he ii'idiew (if ihc
proved a nior.lltr
hrahitn, the c.p.
advancid to the
ign of no !;rc.it
(ihe conlei]'ieiuc
aid 'Aas fiieeud-
binii(iab!e prince,
m ti.e Hone, ren-
in no awe of h s
';, nftraii'.ed his
u.'vd m.iny roin-
w-tis, p.iMiculaily
arcirlti hetWieil
u li the fame at
^'■..'Jid!, ai\d con-
•ui, that i-, ad-
ii h.,;i;K-ni.d that

AFRICA.!

B A R R A R Y,

IS name from iti
e(;ucn .'0 in all the
Ho 10 J lovuiLii,

1. Ai.: a»

Algiers Proper.

Tremccen.

Tcrmi'z.

Bujcyah.

Aiigad-

Heni ArjziJ.

Miliana.

Couco.

Labcz.

to. 'rebeflj.

Hnmnn Bar.

llarelgol.

Oian.

Moltagaii.

Itona,

1 1
I!

14,

lO. S.i ^.

17. Irgeii.

iS. Cundantina.

This kingdom, whidi is 4S0 miles in Icivjth from
oft to welt, and 100 miles in breadth, wheie wide!!,
is liniatcd between 30 and 37 deg. norlh latitude, and
bttwecn one dcg. weft, and nine degiics call longitude j
hull' bounded by the Mediterranean on the north,
1101, t Atlas on the fouth, the kin{;doPi of Tunis on
ihc call, and the river Mulvia, which feparntes it from
(he empire of Morocco, on tlic weft, 'I'he climate of
Ali;icrs is remarkably fercnc ami line, lb that the
cojiiiry Icem^ to enjoy a perpetual verdure, and the
K-uple aie tnae(|uainted with the extremes ol heat and
tolJ. This is to be niidilftixid only of the paits to- j
wid the fca, the inland part. Icing principally wK;
jnJ barien, and very little inhabited except by a great
viiittv of wild crc.tures, particulaily lions, ty^es,
Icopaids buHulocs, wild boars, fla^s, porcupines, nion-
IJfi, clinches, &c. Ionic of which it may not be im-

frof

icr lodefcribc here.

'I'hcAliican lion lias a very large head, which i
prii'clpally owing to the exiraordina'-y thicknefs nf the
llilh liiat covers it, and the largencfs ol the jaw bones.
The tail runs tapcriiv; to the end, yet i; appears to b-
all of a thickne!' , which diception is owing to the in-
cqiial'ty ot the hair that covers it ; for at the bej^innini'
i;,c hair IS vtiv fiiori, but increal'es in lenu,th, as the
f:«' of the tail decieafes in bulk, and is very long and
bufliv at the extiemitv. He has 14 leuh in each jaw,
r llroiii; neck, rough trivTuc bcK t with prickles, aid
bti.ht Ihining ryes ; the itnnihiie of the paws, teeth,
IVC-, and tongue is the fame as thole of a cat ; and,
ivCuiuing to the oblerv ations of the members of thr
Rii-,,! Academy .Tt Paiis, the internals (d' both thi.fe
M'.ii ;il< rel'eiiiblc each other : one of the lions diflccled
\)\ I'liii'c gentlemen, though a young one, was Icveii
lat ;!.J a half in length, from the nol'e to the begiii-
rii':; ol the tail, and four feet and an hall from the top
(if u:c fc;'.ek to the groiinJ.

Tl'.c difi'eience betwixt the lion and lioncfs is this,
iho l.tttr hath no long hair about the neck, but the
inuzz!:.- IS more taper, the head Hitter, and the elaws
ki'i ih ill ihofe of tils' lion.

The charaJleriftics of a lion are the flrenstli of his
lin:!is, the niaji lly of his appearance, the disunity of liia
f.;r.', the hre o( his eyes, and the nobleinfj of his dil-
fjiitioii ; he flights a weak enemy, but attacks a llrong
ci.iUilhthc inoft impetuous fury. He c.\pr(f|i;o hi.s
jii^ii by erecting his mane, and beating his fides with
ti,> tad ; but his hunger and lerocious temper often give
»..y to his yeiutuliiy :

" For when the gcn'rous lion has !n fight

" His ccjual match, he roiifes for the hght:

" lint wten his foe liis prollratc on the plain,

" He ftuaths his paws, uncurls his ang,ry inanc,

" And, pl.as'd with bloodlel's honours of the day,

" Walks over, and dildains th' inglorious prey."

The tvgcr has a fliort neck, and fkin full of blackifh
freaks, or yellow fpots cncompallc-d with black hair;
Diiiiing eyes, (harp tceih, crooked claws, feet like thole
cf a cat, and long tails without anv tuft at the end,
lie a lion. The flefh is white, tender, and well-
ijftcd. The tygcr will not feed upon any animal but
what he kills hiinleK ; and when he meets with feveral
ini als, be kills all if he can, and lucks n little of the
bionu of each.

A panther, or Icopaid, is like a ty(;cr in all refpefls
txcept the fr/.c and fkin, being a fm ilii r animal, and
limited inftead of ftrcaked : the body is long, the eyes
biijht, the mouth large, tlie teeth llioiig and white,
the cars ruuiui, and the fpots of I'cvcral colours.

The wild boar I's aiw.i^'s of a n:riz»!c or iron grrv
Cfdoiir ; the fnoiit is larger than that of a tame hog',
the cars are Ihotter, rounder, and black, the tail arid
ket being cf a fimihi'- colour.

The I'orcupiiic is aoout the fize of a badger, and not
unlike that animal in (hape, being about two feet and a
hall from the end of the nofe to the tail ; the feet arc
ftioit, tlie neck is about live inches in length, and the
head the fame. On the b. ck and fides he is co\ cred all
over with quills ; nn the back part of the head, and 011
tlie neck, there is a broad tuft, roiil'llini; of niaiiv IIom-
ble tiuills ; Ionic i;f the (|iiill3 aie a fort, and many if
the whilkers li\ inches Ion;'.

The oltrich is a very largo bird, bring urn, die few 11
lict in height fiom the top of ih • head t') the ground ;
but the neck itfelf is fo long, that it comprizes ihrie of
thole i\xt. J'roni the top of the hi ad to the rump,
when tlie neck is (irctchid out in a right I i-.e, it is
about fix leet, and the t. il is 11 in.hes iiriength. The
wings are exceeding (trong, but ac the fime" time they
arc too ftiort to enalde the bird to fly, though tluy fervc
as fails, and nflift it to run with great cxpcilition. The
plumage is black, white, or grev ; the lai^^c .',athc;i at
the ixiremities of the wings and tail aie white; tlic
others aie black and white intermixed. 'I'he fides and
'h alls have no feathers, nor are there any under the
wings. All the feathers of ollrichcs arc as foft as
down. Dr. lir. oke, in his Natural Hiftory, fay,
" An oftrich is the nioft greedy bird that i.. known, f ^r
it will devour leather, g'als, brsad, hair, mct.ds, or any
t'liiig cilc that is given him ; however, he doej not lii-
gi(f iron and ftoiie.;, as fonie have pretended, but voids
tncm whole ; thUc lublKinees enter into the ;;iy/,iid : .t
remarkable inftance of this oeiuried in an ollriih be-
longing to a Murocco ainbaft'ador heie, and intended a
pteleiit to the kii;,:', menagerie. I, among m.inv oihers,
went to fee it, when it pluci^ed olV the biafs fliell id' a
batton from a gentleman's coat, and I'wallowid it ; a
lew d.ivs afterwards it fickeiied and ditd, when, upon
opc.iiiig it, the biiiton was found in the gizzard, which
It had gaiigrcnecl."

The beloreinentioncd 18 provinres into which Al-
giers is divided, are comprelu ndul under three general
ncads or govcinnients, viz. the ealleni, or I.eeantine ;
the wcltcrn, and the foathcin governmenr. The towns
in the firlt are IJona, Coniliinliiia, (jigcri, J'ugia,
Stcfta, Tebef, Zamoiira, liil'ear.i, Necaiiz, and Coi co.
The (econd contains (Jran,T'r(meecn, Mo;i.ig,in,T'encz,
and Sccrelly. Hut the third, or fouthern giivernir.ent,
hath not a (ingle houf' in it, the inlnbitiiits be:n., al-
moft wild, and living in tcris, which they iinunc at
[ilcaluie. To Ipcak (T thefe in order :

1. IJoni, once the capital of the province of its
name, and fu| pilid to be the aiitient il|'|ii, ;i f. a-pnrt
built by till- Koiiian.;, and the leat of the ccl.brated Sr.
Aullin. Nuihing now is viliblc of its aiit;tnt fpUndor,
as it is but a poor mean place, thiiilv iiilial-it^-d, and
much expided to the incurlions of the Arabs. The
only fragments of its anticnt grandeur arc the ruins of a
noble cathedral or moiialtery ; for anti'|uaries are un-
certain which. Near thefe is a famous Ipiiiig, called
St. Aullin's well, and much refoited to by l-'rcnch and
Italian failors. The fortrcis liiih a garrifon of joo
T'lirks, commanded by iin aga, who is g'vernor of ihu
town.

2. Conftantina, the Cifla-Numidi.T of the Rom m, re-
ceivcd its prcfent name fiom Conllantina, ilie daugi.ier
of Conitantine the Circat, who rrbinlt it with great
magnilicence ; the fituation is on a peninfula, difficult of
accels, except towards the fouth-weft. It is 4S miles
Ironi the (ea, one mile in circumference, well tortified,
and contains many antii|ue fragments, paitieulaily a
noble bridge, neat which is a laige lubtcrrancous ..que-
duet that terminates in a cafcade, into which (hue cii-
miiials ate thrown, and receive their deaths nv btinjj
dafhcd to pieces againft the rocky bottom. T'he bey nf
the caftern government relldes here, and has under hiii
command 300 Turkilh horl'e, and 1500 rviooiidi fol-
diers. ITie inhabitants aic opulent, baughtv, and fpi-
ritcd. The iieighbouiing mountainous territory c<in-
tains a robutt, hardy, and brave [-eoiTe, tenacious of

ih«if

til,

'\^ 11

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CiEOGRAPHy.

'■.tl

,1. «

256

tlu-ir libcily, cUilizcc!, and liuinaiu'. Tlicy t'urnini the
nii^hboiiiing (owns vvi;li ^rcat qmintitics ot frirt ;iikI
othiT provilidiis, iuid arc ;il>lc to lailc 40,000 lii^luiiig
liKn J en wlii^li accctiiit I'lC biy of C'onli.ii (iiia (hiiuls
in gict awe of tiicni. lli:), hoHC\ci', iirc il(.(hiu(C ol
liie-auiis, ami have inly hmccs ant! allows to annoy thi-
tiKniy with. On the lea-^oalt, at a nn.ill il.lt.'.nce fiom
Conllaniina, il muI the ruins of a Ki man colony, an-
ticiuly called Colo. It is I'miated on .1 hii;li rock, ami
has a jtarril'on under tl e lonmiand of an a^ja ; adjoinaip
to it is a Kicnch facVm , \<hcrc the Mocis hiing hide ,
wax, and wool for l.;lc ; and, at no !;ic.tt dili..nee, aie
the rtmai-.s of the ..i.tunt city of biora, the hay of
which Is Hill good, CoiillaiUiiia was the relnlcnee of
th.e kini'.s of the pioviiuc cf the fan e name, till 152c,
whn it was cmuniercd by liaiharolla, ai;J ..iiii-..\ed to
the Aig'-rinc tcutoriis.

;;. (iigcri contains, about 15CO hniife«, whitli arc in-
I'.-.biti.'i by viry poor pccu'lc. It is dclended by a foil,
:in-l a Iniall ganifon, and is fitucted on the fca-co.lt bc-
tv.ccii IJoiia and r)iiji\'.ili, at abput tin. I'iil.mcc of 15
tiiiUs ir<'nic.!ch. 'I'he whole tcriitoiy ccntain« no othci
town, I'le natives living in a roving ^•iK! nianiur, rob-
hi:;i; ,'.!l lluy ei'.ii tcn;e at, |>lunuiur.g aiiv (liip tiiat is
I'o uni'oitunaic as to Ic wrecked 11,0:1 the coa,!, mid
treating tie cr^w witli ihc ni(,ll lavage Iciotiiy. The
Uey liiinfeif lanr.ot laiv.c or reduce tl.Lin to any kind of
or«!u, as tliey Ty to pl.xes inacci.lil Ic to all but tlRin-
(elv.;, ;:iv.l put the Al tiiiie army a: dctiar.ce.

4. IJi.ijM was loiimily a fplculid pl.Kc, but new liis

. , anil ci'iit I ns i,
inileluc tl S.ed\ i.'i.f; u

i^'

thing rtniarkible but tne Ic-
', tlieliitelai taint of tlie p'uce.
^ele a;e three tali'e., two at ihc pott, and one uj'on a
rick, 'i'ho iiiliabitaiUi deal in iion woik^, partieuiarlv
piuu; hill lies, eil, \va:;, i^c.

5. bicria, or Stel;.;, about oo inilis tn the linith ol
Rii_;i,i, ami 15 iVcir. tlic lea, is litiiaicj in a fertih- \ al-
ley, contains about ■: o !.ci,ilics, who are inifci..b!:
p...'!r, and exhibit: ciil.' ti.e ni'.l.ineiioIy luiiis of its
ti^rnicr ni.i;;nifui!it bjil.iirgs.

0. TM>.f was .•■lUiei'.Lly a fiouiiniii'i: city, but at prc-
fei.t is iju.tc dcc.'}ti(, a;;j fcaite iululi.ted.

7. Z .ntora, 1; the tyranny of the Algerinc gcvern-
ineiit, is reduced lo ;.s dtf,>ic»ble a htn.itiun as the two
fo;n.c;, til' ;i:h tl.e teiiiloiy Is rnJ of the nioll fen le
ifi'ls in iill iiaibarv. It has a market every M nd.iy
ir^t|ui.nt.d by the Ai..b-, and is dcfciulid by a lort with
a peod gaiiili'ii.

8. liilc.ir.1 lui a fort and a pairilin to keep the iii-
h.lt lams of the nti iliboiirin? dillii.t in awe. Thtle
people arc X cry igi.oiaiii, and le.id a waiuUriiig kind if
J'.iv :ge liiOi Init ih^ir ih.ef cnipl.iy is catching and t.ni).
h\' wil i bealN, p.itiicul Illy lions ailJ tygcrs, which
they ca'T- to Af^ieis lor l.ilc.

q. Ntcar.z, lilu.itcl about (o miles to the fouth of
Sili',1, is one ol the pleaf.inlsit lowMs in liaib.iiy. It
ii Vkaicrcd by in ayic.Mblc ii\cr, whole banks aie
adormd w ill .1 vir ely of beautiful tiee. Tne town con-
tains a niajiiiiici in inoi'(|uc, and a laige well-endowv-d
r.j'!ci',e for the cJucilion of Mahomclaii youth, 'I'he
iiih.'uiiaiit5 in pciaral aie polite, the wcmen lundfome,
the hoiiis nc.if, the ;;aiduis will laitl out, and the
nci-hSi nrinj teiiitory l.it'lc.

10. l," juco w.ii foiinerly the metropolis of a kinp-
«!' Pi of th" f.mu' name i lut th-- I v.iu',i'.s entering
into lrcr,utnt allian.es with the Spiunlli eourt, ll.e Al-
gtiins ^oxernnicnt, in th? beginning; of the 17th (cii-
tury, tho.i'Jit pioper to lay walte the whole ti.uni.y,
and dcfh'-y tury town in it. The teriit ry, ihou,'h
iiiouniiin u . ii x:ry kr le, and the people t, uld ne\er
hctiiiii I. ijhJiieli but the Alcrmei keep thLin n i-
f.T.il I\ |- i . by j^rcvcntiiig iliein linni tarrviii^ 011 .my
kiml if I'.ir.nuicc as they form ily did.

Wo con..' now to the wcllein or lieonil Alj^ciinc po.
♦ciniiiciit, 111 uhieh dil'.iicl ihe piii eipal pl.iv.rs ate,

I, Or.ri. Tlrs cay was the icridtnii-ol a Oey, nnd,
iS'ic^h fr.t'v f.llin lii-ni ils luillnic Ij hiuliiiii, i» Hill
the lill li.ili'uJ plac.- in ihe kingdom, iIit rily of Al-
jitrs ixeeptid. Ii ii liluatid ii| on a deciiMU Hear tha
lia cinlJ i a moiiniaiii i.vctlot.ks it, npoii l.'.c top ot
Wl. Ill (l.ilid t.vocililv., aiJ, mI the JilLiKt il u lui-

loiuT, a third. Thefc defend it towards the f.,i. J\,,
fouthcrn tide is coieied by two other calHer ..■,,;' i ,■ '.'
liels is creeled iicir the fource of a rivulet, v.- 1 oh f '■"
plies the city with water, for the di fence otil fi'C
leri.iiu'.'.n ni'g.iziiies of corn. In 1505 the Sii.Mnuj*
took this inipoitaiit place, which was lecovctcj hv U-j
Algcrims in l-:ii ; but the foini.-r ag.iin retook it ',1
I-<>, and are llill in polUllion of it, "thoiiiih lone,.,',.
,1.111 s.(^<ii^l.;.ri, lor want of hitter injorin.ition, \v,:i
utiniK.i it to the Algcrines without giving th-.m even
tiie iiouble to Uli.-ge it. About (\\ miKs iVcm Oia'i
ll.iiul the iiiins of the anticni city of H..th.i, wheic a
liulc chaptl is built to the memory of a Aiir.'boit
who lave.i up money enough to maint'.iin 5C0 d.Ki|i;'c '
whole lole buliiK Is w,s, at certain liours, to te- cit a
long M.lionietan l.tany by the help of thtii b.a ';.

2. 'rren-cecii, htuatcd 30 miles from the fcj," aij
1)0 fouih-wrlt of Dian, is lurioLimled by a Ihe ni: wall
well fortilicd i has five gates with draw-briii^.,s 'hf.-rs
them, and a I'ronz c.dlle containing very handl, me bar.
racks fur ihe j.inillaiics who are in garriluii. TiciiHCen
while the metropolis of the kiiij.'oin of the lame 1: m.e'
was a noble city, hut is now i.,l!eii prcatly tor,L.i\!
fir cut of 150 moiipies, and 160 batiis, tlure arc i'-.!
iii..iniiig only ei^ lit of the former, pii'l four cf t;,;
kilter. I'he inhab.t-r.ts are c\tremcly indigent, and
the place exhibits little but the fra:;inentJ of its i.i.iiu'.t
mariiilicence ; an.ong wliieh the lemains of a rj.'nu,:
or bafun for water, arc the nKill confpinions,

;5. Moll.ig.in, Cc miles to the ealt of C'ran, is b'nlt
in liic foim of a ihe.tre opening to the l-a, anj im.
rounded on eiery oihcr fide with rock* which b„n-' oi.r
ihc town. 'J'hc ruins of an old .Mooiifli caillc fl.nl in
,\ fp.ice leiween the lOeks, and ilurc is a llront Ihi,-
Wall liivvaids llie pint, wilh a ni.'ilcrn-built cal'le -.u,
iifoncil !iy a nunbcr of Turk-. The cit.'.dcl ij ciccit.l
up, 11 ihe fun mil of one of the locks, and cjniui„ii.'i
boj'i cty and Icirilcry : the h.i\rn is commo.bmis, sr.d
the tcuii is w.ll fuppiiid wllh lrii;i w.;tcr. .'ihc nii.h.
boining mountainb are inhabited 1 y a people c.lk.l .Mj.
g .r .b..^,who live in tent«j poii'.is n pruit number ot flr.'^-,
and p.iy II coo irowns annually tj tli; dey of

4. 'J'cnc/., a'loiit 20 n-.il.

.'rs,
ot iMolh',M:i,"i, .1
Iciguef.oni tiic i>:,\, whcic it li.,s a coiuen.c.it p-it.
II-. 'c IS :\ c.illlc that w. s once a royal p.ilace, imd in
vvIiIlIi liie gmcrnor ulidts, The foililicati'ir.:; nii;
iliong, t!;c garri.cn nun.eioiis, .md the iiti':libtu.-ai>
tcirit..ry f. rt le.

3. .Sh..nul, or Secrclly, the l.if! town in the w.-I'to
;rncrnmint, is a very poor dclol.itc place, liiT'd
...out 24 im'i: 1,' the Wsllward of .M^ierj. It 1. i\-.
fended by a Tuikifli giirlion, .nd h.is a l.tilc p. ir,
which will only adn it of fm.ill iilILIs.

The fuutheiii diilrnl, or third gnvrrnnTnt, 1. in'ij.
bitid by a wild la of people, who lo.iin fioin pl.iee 10
I l..ce, and live in tents while ihev rcfidc in any pi,.!.
cular ij ot. The Itriiljiy iifeli is hi'l,', a p..rt if
Mount Adis running tluucgli it: the only rieh^ 1,1
ih: pc ,i'e .lie their numerous: floeki and herds. 'I h:/
piy a liibutc to g ivcriniKnt, but the ley is obli/ij tj
con-.e at tlie he. d of an army lo collect it r:iiiiiiliv,
.111 1 iminv then rvaJe the payinciit by rftiriii;j lo ina-
celtiM,' place* tiil tin- tioops arc withdrawn.

II iving gone iho.iigh the thiic ilillnils or povcrr-
nieiiis, iheir towns and ir,h..bit.iiu., we fi ..II v.md uj
the whole Willi a paiticiilai d.lcri;.tijn of the c.i) ci
Algicis, the nieiiopulis ..f, and only city of le.ii con-
lidiration in the whole kingdom.

Al,;,crs lt.,nds in 3O .lie. {O mln. norMi lailtn.'.', .in.l
3+ dcg, 15 mill, (all lonjitiide, .md .s litu.ncJ up 11 ifi
,\Ic.!i;eir.i,e.iii rica, which walhes it upon the n'lili,
and ii..ith.i.iil lide«. It i. bui't up 11 a declivu, on
whiih .iccoi lit, .iiiil the whilciufs ol the icrra.-i , tli;
prolp-et 111 It Iroin th. 'ca ii adii.iiable. Il i,s .dim!
ihiie miles 111 circuiiiferince, and the walls .nu' m f-
ncr,il <c, ..lid low ii,U ilu l.a 4 j (.. l 11 l« i;:ht, |j!'«
ill thickii'i', and ll.iiikul wilh Ic) air (owcis Tie
diiili is io le.t wide, and fevcii di p j but at purinl 1'.
Is alii ul ill .ikid up Willi niuJ. M..11V III ihe ,>.triof
AlpiiisJMii been walle.l up, but thole Kill tpui Jr«
lu III nuiiiboi. Ml,

I. Th«

'IIY.

ivarti.s (he f.n. 'f],.
r c.ilUcr, ,.;,; ;i f^r

nviik-t.wii ,-li r..|:.

liutiicc i)t 1,1^ 1', t.

I5-'S l''-'^ Sp,„'.i,,iOi
ivas iccovcicJ by ihj
r ay.iiii retook it in
it, tliougl\ loir.c K).
^r inroiin.itimi, li,;vi;
lit givini; tlv.in even
ix niiks iVe.in Oi.in,

of H.uha, ulicic a
<ny of a Ali,r;'boi!t
int.Ji\ 5C0 J.H i|,;c ',

hours to to;c.;t a
' of tlitir b..i,'s,
i from the fea, a.-.J
cL-d liy a i\i-..ns. wall

<Jr;uv.l>ra';,:'s hd re
g \cry liaiulf, mf bar-
tiairifuii. 'rreiiHccii,
'in of the l,inic y \n,e,
:ii irrc^lly to i!,wu j
batiis, thac r.rc t':.
.T, ;nvl four if till
ciiidy iiulii;cnt, a;i.l
i_;iiicnt3 of Its r.iiiu'.t
ciiinins of a twljivu.:,
inlpiruoiis,
;ill of Oran, k Ivil't
to tlic fi-a, crj fiii-
nck< which h..ii-> m^r
looilfli lm'IIc fi.n 1 ill
trc is a tlroii» ihi.j
iilt-rn-built calMc ^-.u.
rho cit.'.dcl is cucte.l
oc'ts, ar.J cjr.vr,„i!.'<
1 is C(imnir.b,iii<, piul
1 WMttr. .'1 he ini.h.
y a i-eople c\,W.l lU.
i\at nunibtT ol (Ic '^;,

th; iloy of AI. -.ts

1 of Molh,'.,:!, is .1
s a com en. tilt p^it,

royal paLuc, ;iii>l in
(oitilitatior,! ,i;o
llic iicl':i'.bLur;ii!'

town in the w:' -rn

.:xc place, liiM't.u'

Airier.-. It i> i'..

h.is i l.ltlc p .:,

ovcrnn-rnt, i< in!:i.
.i.iin fioiii pl.icf to

rcfulc in any pi.w<
s hilly, a [.lit it"

ihe only riilu ii
■ aiul lutjs, I liCjT
c ley is Oi)li;'cJ to
toHict it r:iiiii.iliv,
by rf tiring to iiiic-
ulrawii.

ililliiCls or j'o'.crr-
I we fl jll v.ii\l u.i
ti.xi «( tbc c.l) ui
,y city of ic.ii cur.

n"r:h l.ititiic.', nn.l

.. litu.i'cil ii;' h ^^■■^■

;t upon ihc iiiTih,

;< II ,1 iI^'cIk.Iv, Oil

ol iho Icrr.Ki , tU

liuMc, II is I'sriit

the w.illi au III f-

1 I n lui,;ht, 13 '.'tt

I ail" towci'. Ill'
|) I but at pi.T'iit I'

il.,nv of Ihc >. 11-1 of
iliolc llill I (Mil nru

I. I;-

the 1101 ih.
the rivci

/IFRICA.I BARB

I, The Aic.irr...n, which forms the wclfcrn angle of
,i|( lii^Sdt part 01 the city, is of an oJagonal tijiurc,
inJ hjs (mbr.ifiues on cvciy fide.

J, The I'abjilJccJ, or NewGjtc, towards the fonth.

o Uab-A/o 'lie towards ditto.

,, ThcTiCui's Gate, which forms the cadcrn angle
of ihc city.

r 'I'lic .\lo'c, or Dowan Gate, towards tlie

0. The li.ditl v.cd, or Rivtr-G.itc, facing t
I|.i(J towards the north.

Oiithf wclKrii fide of the river is a ridge of hills,
(in which two ti>itr<llcs are circled. 'I'lie above are the
llrcn''tli on the l.ind (idc, but (he I'ortilic.itions towards
;hc ir:i are much lironger, ami more cnfiderable.

The Mole was the woik of Clierc^liii ilie Ion of Bar-
bjtoir.i, a? well as many of the other fortiluations ; for
ll,.i; monarch einployeil all the Clirirti..n (laves in the
imnrovciiu'lit of the old, and condriictii^n of new f(nli-
fi-atiotis in and abimt Algiers ; and liy perl'n.illy in-
hcilin" their proceeding'^, had the fitisf.iclion to fee all
)e wdhid for compleated in the fpacc of three years.
Th." Moll-' is too paces in length frcni its gate to the
ralHcthit defends it, and about llvui in width : on on^
lile is a reck, and on the other a Hone key : the c.iltle,
ithich is creeled upon a r.'ck, fervcs at one ■ for a fur-
irrfs ami a light-houfc. 'I'o the foutli there is another
fjitfif-, with tliice b.iltciie.s, to defend tlie cntr.inee of
thchaiboiir. The flaves arc continually employed in
briiiKiii ; """^'s fioni a (juarry in the iieighbourhc od,
whi^'h they lay en the fand to dif, iid the Mole l.eim the
jmrtuofit' of the waic.s; and this laborious work ia
(iblijod to bj repeated continually, hccaul'e the (^^ con-
llsmly v.'.i(hes them away, and m.ikcs a p.rpetu.d fup-
plynccclary- The cnibral'ures of the ralllc and batteries
jii." ill "ood icpair i the c.innon are of brals, and their
tj'ri.i''cs, with all other ileccll'.iry utenfils, ate kept in
t.'iccllcnt order.

Al;;iers is fuppofed to conl.iin ioo,coo Mahometans,
l5,Co:Jews, 20?o Chriltian Haves, and fonie rcnega-
i!oc5. i'lirre is sue Itrect which is broad and hand-
fomc, and pall'es quite thrcugh the town from calf to
vcli, in which the houles and ftiops arc elegant and ca-
picio'js, and the markets are here kept j but all the
rth.t ft^ce'ts are narrow, incommodious, and diitj' ; I'o
that p.ifli.'ngcrs arc forced to fiiueczc themfelves tonti-
;iu.il/y I'giinft the houles, to giie way to cuncls, horfes,
life*, mules, fiC. and perfons of :.ll denoniiii..tion'; au
(iMigcd to make room, if they meet with a Tiiikini fid-
(!itr, till he is p.ilt, otheiwifc they are fure of being in-
(uhcd and ill-treated (or their want of rel'pedl to thefe
fdloH", who walk about with piodigioii. dignity, an I
tmc\ to be reverenced as much as if they were (ove-
^ n princes; for th'.ir pride is almoft inconc.ivable,
jiid their inf ilencc intolerable. Some travellers li.ivc ae
counted for the narrownefs of the rtrects, by alleiting
th.it they weic Co rontiivrd as a flultcr (roiii the h at ;
(iiJ other, attribute tl-.eir being built in that m.inner to
the frequency of earthquakes, on whieh account the
frrcts are not only coiitraeted, but the houles low, and
frnpiicd by pieces of tiinbtr palFing acrofn the lliects
fum on? to the other.

The hollies, which arc about l5,rro in imnibcr, arc
I'liilt either of (lone or brick, upon a (quaie plan, with
i paved court in the center. Round the court is a
rfrible range of palleries one above the other, and both
I'Jlipiutcd by columns. All the houles arc flat-ioofed i
lilt terraces in i;rneral ferve either to walk iipo:i, or dry
linfn, but many eiiibcllilh them with pretty gaidcns,
inJ a mat lummer-hnufe in one corner. The people are
cbli('eil, by the laws of the place, to whitcwadi theli
hmfcs infill • and out, at Uafl once a year j but .ill who
tii; art'ord it do it much oflciier. Thiir furniture is c\
fftding mean, coiilillmg only of a few wooden and
nrthen iitcnliK, a mat, and two quilts laid upon .i few
boards to fefve as bed and bedlUad, As there .ire no
fquares or large vjiancts throughout Algiers, the inhi-
bitants may p.ils Ironi one end of the town to the other
cut the roofs ol the houles, and niolf of ihoin vilit
ti.h other this w.iy. Though the houles in geiicr.il
«if iii.iii, nianv o( the principal people have Miy line
•ilihii', the pillait and ^avcmeiU* of wliich ate of a

A R Y.

-57

'T: 1:!-

very hfautifiil maible, and the ceilings rnd folding doors
finely carved, painted, and gilt. Of tlicfe, the palic:
of the d.y ll.iinl-. in the cuiter of, and is il'e molt mag-
nificent in the city. It is very extenfive, and I'urruiind-
ed by two (upeib galleries, one ahoie the other, I'up-
poi ted by marble pillars. It h.is two grand h.ills, in
i.ne of which the dowan meets every Sunday, Monday,
and Tuelday.

The barr,itks for the Turkifli troops arc noble (Iruc-
tures, adoincd with fount.iins, and contain many
fjiacious and convenient apartments. Marrieil men an:
piecludcd (loin lodging here, but lake up their habiia-
liuii either in private hoi.fes, or in one of the (bur fen-
d.ic.is ol the town ; the latter being ljr.;o coiiiiiiodioug
buildings, confilliii'; of fevcral ranges of apart-
iiKi-.ts, w.irehoules, &c, whicli arc let indirciii-.iinalely
to all who eluiie to lake them, and ferve inllead ol ca-
i.ivanferas or inns. Chiilfi, n (fr.ingcrs, if of anv con-
li.iera'.ion, are uuially accomniod.ited at the confuTa
houl'c of ihc n tion to which they belong; but the
poorer Levantine, or other tr.iders, lodge as above, and
may eat and drink according to the r cir. unidam-cs or
inclinations, as theie aic many cooks (hops, taverns,
.iiid either public houles, kept cither bv the Clirilliau
(laves of the deylike, or the jews, who will :;C( oinmo late
my I eilon, or de.il in any commoditv. The niolqucs
are lo; in niimbei, fuperbiy built, and Ciii.ily fi u.i'eJ
near the le.i fide ; the baths are luiiucrnus, and in c-
nera! large, finiptii'ius, paved with marble, and well
f.iii.ilhed with tiie convenicncies requifitein (ueh pi. ices,
I'he .M.ihomeians are obliged by their rebgion to ulc
th .111 llec times daily, but their pleafure often prompts them
to g.i (till more (leiiuenily. A niimber of bitlis are ap-
projiiiated to the ulc ot wumen only, who do not le-
Ibrt to them (or the benelit of b.ithiiu'; alone, but for
the la';e of intriguing ; for though the moll dreadful
piinifhments attend dete.:iinn, yet the Algcrine women
venture every thing to purine their inclin.itions. Upon
this occafion wc cannot forbear tranfcribing the follow-
ing pafl'agc fiom the writings of a noblem.iii of dillin«
guilhcd abilities; " The women are indulgul much
more liberty ihioughouC all Baibary, than in the f.eiant,
and ihe Algerinc women are Ids confined thin the rclfc
of the Aliicans. Thi y ate allowed to go out when
iliey pleafe, upon the pictenc- of going to the bath,
being commonly accompanied by ibme Chiidi.in (Iic-
(laves, who are as (o many waiting women. I'hofo
women whole hulbands aie very rich, ate preeedcil by a
iii.in who ferves as a coiuluelor. This man is al.vays a
(l.uc, on wheife fideliiy the huniand relics very much ;
but he is Ireque tly impufed on by (he man in whom he
confides. As eunurh; are bought at a vcrv de.ir price
111 this coiintiy, and can be employed in nothing but in
fnperiiiteiuliiig the women, they not being robull enough
to undertake laborious toils, thr .Algcrincs have no con-
c'ln with the-ni ; they prefer Chiilfian (l.ives, who ate
of great llriiir, being ei.ploycd by them in works of
evciy kind. It niurt indeed be confelUd, that the li-
berty which flaves are allowed, of being in the com-
pany of women, and even of Ipeaking to iheni, is Irc-
ijuently of dangerous confcquciicc to the rcpofe and ho-
nour of hurtiaiid 1."

" The fem.ile fix arc rtill more d.ivotcd to gallantry
in this country than in Conda. 'iiiople ; the climate in-
rpiics fondncis, and the Icorchm^ air raifes in the heart
Inch a fliine as nothing can exiinjjUidi ; an African
w.iman will br.ivc every (btt of danger, and run every
h i7ard to l.i:i.itc her palliun, and cannot be intiniid.ited
I yen by the fear of death. Theie is a lawenuilleil here,
v\hich isll.ielly put in exrcutii n, purfuant to which, any
woman who is convicted of being engaged in a criminal
e (iriefpondcnce with aChi illian, is lenteneed to be (ullid in-
to the lea, with her head tied in alack incalu her loier d<.ei
iMt tuin Mahomi tan. K.xamplcs ol this fevcie punilhment
.ire freqiuntly I'ecn, notwithdandoig which, the iii.iincj
women and niaulens are liird with a moll v ielent pallion
(or the Chiilliaiis, and lluie peilups aie as m.inv in-
(ilaiies ill Algieis a^ in any Chiillian city. '11. e little
altee'li.m llu y bear to their hulbandj, and the con-
lli lint that is put upon them excite them to birakthe
nurture vow j larthcr, the indultiire, III wliith they
3 I

hit' ' V-

l ■•'

I l.il.

i-ir, T

! I

ki n

1 t \\' *

^i .1

^f8

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

pafs their days, tlicy bJng confined to their houfcs,
where their iole cni;>!ayiiici.t is to invent methods, in
order to ovcr-rcacli tlieir iyr;ir.ts, and the long voyages
the'.c comiiiDiily uiiJcrt.ilic, greatly lavnur their intrigues.
Thty (onietiines are ei^ht or nine numtlii at lea, and
wliilll they arc plunJernij; and dL-llroying the Chriltians,
Cuch as aie (l.ives in Al.vcrs rcven^^e part of the ills
which thofe ut their f.ii;h furrer."

" AV'hen ilufe cdifaiii arc upon their expeditions, they
generally kct-p their w.vcs in the city, but the monunt
they return they take tlicni to their country houfes, where
they unb:-nJ alter li'.,- many h.iiJlliips they have under-
gone at fca. Th- liiirrty .illoweJ their women of walk-
ing in the gar lens gives them an opportunity of con-
tinuing their intriy.ies. If they can fjicak to their
lovers only by lUallh, they linJ M\ opportunity of cx-
plainwig t'v.ii nieanin;;, by raiijjing the flower pots in a
certain oidr;.''

•' Artifice and love have invented fuch a language
in this country as is unknown in a.l others, A Have
who IS in liAc with aii.i b.lovej by his niillrefs, is
able to expLiii the Icvu.il i i pulfes ol his heart, by the
m.nnci in which he d.fpo:os a parterre j a nolegay
made in a certain manner, contains as many tender and
pallionate ideas as could be tiruwn into a letter of eight
pages in lei'gth ; the fc:i,-;;,>.!le being placed by
the vi'Jit, fignifleb that ilic luier liopcs, after the huf-
bnnd is gone away, to conipenfate for all the evils
which his prci'ciKC contain'*. 'I'he crar.^e fiiwer de-
notes hope, the nuir'igiH inpliis ikfpaii, the amnyanth
(hows conftjiivy, the ttil'.p repr. '..hes with being un-
fiilhrul, ar.d ihc yije luppofes an cnconiiuiii of
b'-auty."

" From tlie partirul.ir atlrll utes afcribcd to their
flowers a perfect l.,Mgu..ge is formed. If a lo\er, for
indance, was dcfirous of aciiuainting his milhefs, that
the torments ho fuffcis have biought him to the brink
of defpair, and if he never cvp.ckii t ' be mr.de happy
again by the abfence of his rival ; in this cafe, he
futiiis a noiegay of a murig !<l^ an otangt fliu:er, a
fiivtr gi-'l!i-, and a viiL:. I'he (liv.s cafily find an
opportunity to communicate thole billct-d.iux to their
.iiillreni-s, tli.rc being fume ftcret place in the garden
where they always pl.ice ihem. Anlwers are ictiiined
in the fame manner ; fur by gathering fomc (lowers, they
form their leit^r of lii.-ni und.f^ovcud by any fpciStator ;
the fignihcatii,!! of the p'incipal letters being fomc-
limes kniii unly to two peifons, who never fail to
make J-..i.itiors troii the language comnicnly ufed, to
prevent tlieir being Jireon red."

" Love only could have been inJuftriouJ enough to
invent fo ingenious a method to elude the caie and
forefuht of J^jliius hulb.inJs ( what will not two lovers
trt'cct wlun niicflity forcei them to have recouili; to
ilrat igrm * .' 1 «.is lately ijjd a Ibuy which will equally
touch and firpi xe all readers, w ha are unacijuainicd
wi h Kij V ul nc lengths to which love will carry the
Aliican wjnicti."

" 'J he on') duujihter of one of the richcft Moon in
fhlj Country entertame,! a pjrtiin for a I'orluguefc
Have. I'he g il, puituant to the cuftom cnabliflicd in
Afric, m.idc the titH advaiiecs, neither the large for-
tune flic jullly exploited, iK.r the ^ruveling condition of
her lover, coul.l diveit the ref.dution ftic had taken to
many him i and nutwithfl iding the oblUelcs which
4h« forclaw wnh regard to the exe.mion ol her project,
notliiiv could m.ike her lofc the hupes of giving fucttf'.
to if. I'he I'liiluiuefe, (truck with the tho Jghts of hi^
good fuJtiin?, otfi'ied the tuiid niad the moment (he di(-
tovercd her p.ilfi mi to run .wav with her to Lifbon,
whn h mi^ht h.^'c bren done cjfily enough, and the
Chriltiaii might have cfcaped by the allillance furnilhed

* Mat!} 'if the learned have dippofcJ iliai love, anJ noi
tommercr, lirlt inrnHjtfU the kmnU-dgc of leiien to man-
Itind, a\ the hiinm hrail f el> Icfi anxiety lur ihe pioiiucc
nt the rirth tli.in the patlu'iis i>l' tlir fjul, and ii not li>
fnliciioiis mil VI mug frkiiey in aii<c!ci of trade at in the im-
puhrt ol iiieliii iliim.

" tifav'ii lirl) taught letleri fur feme trrci-h'i aiJ,
** Swnr I iiiidt'd lotei, ur Cvm* captive maiJj

him l)y Zuhma, for fuch was the name of our hcautli 1
lenialc Atrican. She was fenllblc th.u the expedient i,
poled by her lover was the moft rnt.onal (,i.c, ?„,] -'!"
moft the only one that could bring her to her wiii r,i. r
happinefs; but being a jealous Mahometan, ard fi,'^^l'
perluadcd of the truth of her relit^ion, ftie coulj ti t
confent to retire to a country where Ihc would h,ue 1, c'^i
lorccd to quit h. r faitli. 1 K>ve you, Scbadi.mo, U\ , j], .
tj her lovci-, much more than 1 do nijitlf; 'rAfVili
kill me, if I am not made your wite, .;n>l ml c,n
never prevail upon n.yfelf to purehaie mv hjpp,nv(/,t
the price ot my laith. It is not inipolTible but v.. ,„!,,
be happy in this country without running the h.iz'ani of
being difcovered in cafe we fhiuld fly : ch..ngc voir i •.
ligion, remove by turning Mahometan the tinef nMii'e ^
that keeps us afnnder, and leave (he led to inc. Th^
I'ortuguelc was much lels attached lo his religion thj-i
the female M.ihoinctan, not to mcnii,.n tnat tlTc f.--r lif
totally loling his milticf-, the ddire oi' rceoveiiii . hi,
liberty, and the hope ol arqniring a great lortun.JiU
llie flrongelt inHuencc on lis reloutions. He ■.■'r,.'|,;^.j
to comply with any thing (he might require 'oi j,'",
,ind upon a lidenin proniile niaJe by hiin t0(|uitr,'
reiigon whenever it (houKi be- nrco(i„ry, the chain.i,:^
Moor indulged him with whatever luvc'waa capable i/f
bellowing."

" 'I'lufe favours fcrved only to ftrength,-n th" pilTicn
which Stballiano lelt hir lier ; the Icar h-. was under , if
one day Inliiig his dear Zulima increafed his tui;j;i,|
and his millrels uas in .he. like frame ol niinJ. \[\
whole attention was to j;ive fuccrf's to the deli n llie l;.J
ill view, but (he fnnid new obltavlis cvcry'iii'inunt-
when on a ceiiaiii day, at .1 time fne Icsll cxpcUei; i/
her lather declared that he intcruhd to m.irry hir la « '
of the principal men ot the country. rhi;i- wr.u':, v. ic
.IS a thunderbolt to tlie ni.ii.lvn ; in the lirll tranlpon, c,f
lier grief (he tefolvcd to fall at her lath. r's fixt, a;„|
open her whole foul to him; iif verlhclels (he J d iiu;
yet dare to comply with her full nnpulf.s, forlijr,,|'
expofing her luifliand to the anger of an cvafperaioj
martrr, which might probably c iiy him to the greji it
length*.

" In this delemma Zulima refolved to ma' _• ufc of
an expedient, which was cquiliy extraordinary and in-
fallible; rn unler to fuceecil m hii deflgn, the ha.le h r
lover nutt her at a certain pla^e, wlVulur (lie wir.t
u|ion the pretence of g -ing to tlie bath, r.nd w.;s a;.
tended only by one woman ; Sebaltiano bring come to
ihe pl.ice appiinted, had like o have died with i.-tiiA.,
upon lu.iriiii; his miftiefs w.s jo.iig to enter inio n.i.
niariiage Hate; however, Znliina bide him take 1.. an,
tvlliiig hmi that (lie toped fuiune would Ua'I\ bfcdmi!
more pii.jiitious lo f.im [ (lie then ordered t'.i: woiii.iii
wh > hid accompanied for, an I was her confi.aHr. to
go and inform liie caJi, that her milt cf> w.u in . .ihi
place in tli.- aims ot a Chriltian : tlie attendant obeying,
ihe judge came with his I'ubalt.rn oiii.eis, and lar-
pii/ed tlie two lovirs in the mi Ift of their Wirm^lt
tr..hlpoit^, wlun they wcie in'liirly coiivejrd t^i ilii
pril'on where criinin il. arc tried; Zulima's falher Ivmj;
told thi; a. Luleiit which lia.i happened lo his dau,,liti:r,
was leiZvd Willi defpair, up.iii which c fle>¥ In tlie
prifon in ord.r in fee tier, but he w..> loll iliji he
could not be aJmitlcd to fpi ik with h'-i till Imli lime
ai her tnal was ovri ; that inquiry was now nui;ii|T
whlher the Chi (I. in (hue would turn M.ihoiniUii,
and that It he would comply on that toinlitioii, lliC
twolovei. IliuiiM be niarriicl toeether piirlu nit t.) Ihe
laws, but inal in laie uf hit relulal he (h.jnld be im.
palej, and hi> ilau^hler diowncd in the (ea."

" Multaphi, (or ihU wj> the name of Zulimj'i
father, knew but too well what pun.(h ncnt would bt

" Thry live, they brcnltie, ihry fjwak v.hil love in-

Ipirei,
" \\'arm from the foul, and faithful :o its fires j
" The \ny(iiu »i(ti, uiihiint iiri learv nnuati,
" Hxeiile Ihe bluOi, ainJ poui 'ui all ihthfaill
•' Spied the felt intircnui It Irom foul lo f nl,
" And vtati a ligl, Uum Indua lu ll.a Puie,"

Po»r.

illdlCKil

IIY. ,

• "^'^ ofourbcautifjl
fh.Uihc expedient ,,r^.
t r,it,oii..l u-.c, Slid ,,|.
a lii-'r to licr Wii', cd.n,,
l^ihomctan, ;irj fiin^i
rclifaion, flie c.i„la not
ro Ihc wouiah,uc|,c:,
111, Scbadi.mo, faij ji,'.

■ wife, ..nJ y.t I ,,,„
rthaiL- my luppimf; ,(
inipoIliML- but «.• ,„,,,,

running the h.iMr.lof
J fly : ch..iij>e yoir :.-.
icuii the thief (jli(t,,c;e

(he itit to nic. Tli;
xi 10 Ills reli^rion thjii
'lUioii t;iat the f.-.-r „f
d'lre o, rcKivcilii,; l,,.,
ig a great lortiuu-,'"h,,,l
i.utions. He pnimilcd
'ii;iit iciiuire ot' I,,,;,
-e liy liiin to (|uit I,:'
Kcl\..iy, the cham.ir^
r luvc svji capable ot

fti<'ii:'th>-n th-'

P«i:icn

-; Icar h-: was uiiiJer.if
iiicrealcj his loiijinf.

fiJiiK; ot llllllJ, fL;
« to the jL-;l^n lho':.j
llaelis every iii'iijirnt.
ic li:e Ichrt cxptditl ir'
iJ 10 ni.!rry hir lo ore
y. Thele worils i'. -re
II the (\t\^ lraiirport> (,f

her talli.r's ftrt, i-.X
KviTthclclj ihc J d iiv;:
II iiiipull'.s, tor li^r i,t'
gcr ol an cxalpfrjicj

lyhim tothegrcat.lt

fulvcJ (o ma' .• life of
ixtiaonliiury and in.

I deriiii, Ihc hade h r
t', whiilKT (he WLi-.t
he bath, nid was at-
)alliatn> bring come to
lave died with lorn.u-,
'iiig to enter \nu> iht

bade him take I, .a::,
e uouIJ fiidii brciime

II oidcrid the woni.m
as her CL'iitirant, to
.iII.cIj w.u in .nh«
le jtCcr.Jant obcyiiiji,

rii oiii_-rc, Hid hii-

\\ ot' ih>'ir wiriii'il

•ly l■lllue^^d ti ihi

/iiimu's fuller b.iiij

VMcd to his dau,,hi;i,

iiih t flt«r til tlie

he w.o tul I thai bn

ith h'l till fiiih time

IV w.is now inaknj

i>i turn M.i;H>iiut.iii,

that I'uiidiiiuii, liic

thir iMirluiiit to the

ilal he Di.jiild be im-

11 the fe.i."

; name uC /ulimi'i

,)uii,lli Hint would be

fjKak v.hat low in"

J its fircl 1

,'jri iinu.ut.

4ll

hi* tl- Ntt ;

UtI

111 ( :ll.

Pole,"

i.ifh.iJ

AFRICA.]

nSiil.J upon his daughter, in cnfc the Portugucre rc-
fjW to turn MufTulnian, and indeed the only motive
•hich prompted Muftapha to dcfirc a fight of them,
J, to offer his wealth, and engage the Chrillian to
tliingf fiis religion. He h.id no occalion to make ule of
rhetoric to exhort them to prefer life to ,\ cruel death,
lor tbe moment he made the overtures, Sehalliano an-
ftcieJ, that he would gladly cmbr.icc the leligioii pro-
[cfcJ by Zulima, and marry her, and the father thought
jiinl'clf happy in having the opportunity of prereiung
lilt life lit lii'' °"'y daughter upon thel'e conJilions."

BcliJe:! the baths ulcd for bathing, which are about
(o in numbi-'fi '•" others arc converted into prifous for
incChriliian Haves, in each of which there is a chapel
fuf the fiee excrcife of their religion. t\ery(laveis
illowed a inattrals and a rug loi a bed ; they arc let out
jl a certain huui in the morning, and rnulf be piinilual
jt niiht, to the tunc limited for their return to be
jjcked up.

\\ ithout the walls of the town arc fever.il tolerable
tililiccs, which add to the heiaity of the 'luiioiis, par-
ticularly the marine oilicer'a public hall, a Maialiout's
fuptrb dwelling, and a variety of 'I'urkilli fepulthrcs
and monuments ; among the latter, fix magnitKent tomb-
of a circular figure are the molt conl'picuous: theu
nrrc cieftcd to the memory of fix deys, who were fuc-
ciflivclv clefled, and then murdered in the dowin with-
jn a few days. It is to be iibferved, that the tombs
of Jeys and baflas arc dirtinj;ui(hcd by a ftonc, on which
1 tuiban is carved in relievo \ thole of ihe agas, aiui
other military otfiters, by a pike fixed in the j;iouiui
clofe to the coihn ; thof; of the lea captains, by a Itatf
with a gilded ball at the top ; an I thole of the couinioii
pfjplo, by ftoncs laid on the grave in the furin of .■
coffin.

Formerly the city of Algiers h.d none but rain wa-
Kr, and the inh.ibitaiits were often greatly diltiell'eJ
upon that account j nil a .Moor, who had been dcuen
fioni Spain, contrived, by means of two aiiueduiits, to
jnlroJuee as much into the city as was icijuifitc to fup-
ply i;o fiuntains with water.

i'ic f.rritory about Algiers is very fertile, and the
gatcais, giovt's, and country feats numerous : in their
ojrJu.s they ule but little art, but trufl to naiiire in
niulf produeiions oi the earth, which occafuns a wild
fxub.raiKe to rei^^ii ihuru-hout the whole, and many
cf the iruils an' vegct.diles not to airive at the p'T-
fttiiuii they might be brought to by me.ms of ingriliin.;,
praniniz, traiilplaiitiiig, \'c. 'I he g.irdens aie not
walleJ, but furioiinde 1 by inclofircs of Harbary ti^-
Irccs, whieh, lioiii thiir coiiipacliKh and prickles, are
uioiefccure thin any other kind of fence. Auuin.,' other
rich l"|)ots in Algiers I'ropor, the great plain of .Mctli-
i.ih is admired for its .illondhing fertility i it is 5c
miies ill length, and 20 in hieadlh, includes iiMiiy de-
lightful villas, fragrant p.ruves, and pleafani gardens, and
poJuccs fuch a puil'ufion of ilie mull delicious fruit', ot
ill kiliHv, lice, roots :;iid gram of every fpecies, that
the iiilialiitanta enjoy .ilways two, and frequently three
crops ill the year.

The only natural curiofitics in the vicinity of lbi^
city, are the hot baths of .Mcercei^a, the piincipalol
«hich is 11 feet (i|iiare, and fnur de"p ; the wateis ari
txctediiig hut, and when they have tilled the above
kjUii, difeliargc themfelvcs into a finaller, wheic the
J:w, bathe, as thry arc not perinitted to uie the l'.;nu
biih a^ the Mahometans. rhefe hot baths proceed
truni the great iju.iiiiity of (iilphur, nitie, and olhei
inllamniible bodies in the bowels of the eailhi liom
uhfiKC likewile ori(;inate the ticquent c.ulhiiuakes that
ililhirb the kingdom in ^ener.d, and the city of Algicis
111 particular.

SEC T. V.

df iht InhiilltiinK .•/Al'i'-rs, thrir Ciilimi, Maimtii,

Hill (luil ,i,!i:fi.ijlitil l/ihry, (Jt.

1^11 1'. inhabitants of Algiers arc a mixture of llete-
ber^, the oldell pollellors of the country. Moors,
Moie'ccs diivci) fi'ini Spam, Arabiim, Levantinei,
luii.., Jiwi;, Chtilli.iii liavci ol moll nations, uij tlic

B A R B A R Y.

children defccndcd from comlilnntions of all the above
various kinds of people ; but the mod numerous are
the Moors and Arabians: the Moors are divided into .
two orders, viz. thofe who live in towns and lollow
piracy, or various profelTions by land or fea j and thofo
who wander about without being pollelfcl of houCts,
land, or riches. The tirtt are the citizens of the I ng-
dom, the latter the bulk of the inhabiiants.

The wandering fort are diftmguilhed into various

tribes, each formiris; an itinerant

vi!lac;e, and every

t'amily living i.i a portable hut ; they live iiy the produce
of the land?, which they farm of thole of ihe (irll oiucrj
they pay their rent to their landloids in corn, herbs,
fruit, honey, W3X, Sic. and a tribute to the dcy accord-
ing to the number of the family in each moving village,
or rather camp. Their tents arc mean, their utenfils
tiifling, their circumftanccs poor, and their manner of
living filthy. The family, and all domcftic animals
lye proniifcuoudy in the hut together, dogs excepted,
thcfe being placed on the outfidc as centinels. I'hey
live chiefly on rice, bread, fruit, and plain water ; and
tluir principal cmjiloy is hufl'andry, or breeding bees,
.nd lilk worm'. The drefs of the men is only a long
iecc ot coarfe cloth wrapped round their ftioulJeis,
..nd falling down to their ancKs, and a cap cf the
Came. The wc'mcn wear a piece of woollen itutF that
covers them fiom their flioulders to tluir knees j they
brad their hair, and adorn it with glafs beads and
liflies teeth j their aims .md U-^-.i they ornament with
br.ieelels of ivory, htun, and even wt.od j and bl.Tckcii
their cheeks, foreheads, arms, hys, &c. ThcclulJien
are fufl'erc I to go naked till feven or ci;;ht years, when
they cover thein with a few ra-s, rather for ornament
than decency, 'I he drtls of the click or chief of
every tribe, is a fhirt and cloak all of .ine pi. ce, hang-
ing from the Iboaldirs half way down the lejr, and he
Wiars a cap of fine cloih,

I'roin their wandering and abllcmimis life, they arc both
of a fwarthy complexion and lobuft habit of body. The
men aie aCtire, the women liuitful, and the cliildrea
he. Ithy. When a youth woulr marry, he drives a num-
lier of cattle to tie hut v^hert the intended bride refides.
The girl ..nd her parents on viewing the (lock imme-
diately conl'cnt i all the young wrmen of the adowar
or village are then inviicd to the fcaft j the biide is after-
waids placed on a horfe of the bridegroom's, and led
home amidft the ftiouts ol all prcfeni. When fiie ar-
livcN at the door of the bridegioom'.s hut, a mixture of
milk and honey is given her to drink, while a nuptial
long is fuiig. She then alights and is prel'ented « iih
a fliik, which flie thruils into the giound, and npcati
fome lines to the following purport :

As this (lick it fattened in the ground,

So to my hulban !, I'm in duty bound j

As violence alone can this remove.

So nought but dca.h Ihall force mo from his love.

She then drives his flock to water and back .ngain, to
flicw her willingnels to pirforin any duty be may af-
fi^n her. Thefe pievioiis ceremonies being fettled,
all the company enter the hut, and tbe evening con-
c'udeswith the greateft leltivity that tlule poor peopla
lire capjble of enjoying. Sublcquent to t lie maru.UTe the
wile is obliged to wear a veil, and never llir liom the
hut durin.; a month, ind eicr alter is excluded tioin
all concern in and kimwledpi' of public atrairs.

Thefe Moots aie of a w.ulike dilpofiiion, excellent
horlenun, and lomciiines give the govcrnnu'iit great
tioiible. They are armed wiih a zagay or flioit lance,
and a fcymcter, or bro.id cutlals ^ they arc grc.it thieves,
lo that It is dangerous tiavel.mg without a luarahout or
priell in companv, to whom ibcy tliew fmli lelprit
that they will nut r<ib any prilon ibu.. atl 1 ilcd.

The Arabiano of Alguis arc divided ou iribei,
waiuter up and down, .md profel., the fame religion,
cuttoms, and manneis as thole of Arabia.

The Alj;Ciine» are the molt cruel and dangerous pi.
latcsof all Africa, bale, pirtidioui, and nipaeiuu^ to th«
lalt degree i nooathsor lies, human or i\.' inr, will avail
10 bind them when their intercil inl<ileie«) in Ihoit,
whatever iclpti.it they may pretend to pay to their piophet

Mahemtt,

'V,ul'

H\i

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

i I >

260

Mahomet, gold k the only true ijol which thiy wor-
ftiip. Gold, that

" Infidious banc th:it inr.kcs dcflnnTtion fir.ooth,

•' The foe to virtue, libjity, aiidtiuti,

" Whofe arts the tales ot monarchies ilcridc,

" Who gildil deceit, the darlin;: child of pride;

" How olt, allur'd hy thy periiial'ivc charms,

" Have earth's contending powers appc.ir'd in arms ;

" Whit nations bnb'd have own'J thy powert'u'.

reign?
" For thee, what millions plough'd the ftormy rr.ain ;
" Traveird from pole to pole with ccafckfs toil,
" And felt their blood alternate fieczc and huil :"

The people who refidc on iheccaft arc equally ftvagc
to fuch as unfortunati-lj fall into their huiils by fhip-
wreck ; fo that it appears that the Algerines in
general arc as much Urangen to humanity, as
thiy a:e to an elegant tafte or polite behaviour i Algicr--
retains the title of a kinp:doni, though in fact it is
but a republic, a- th.-ir public ordinances evince, which
run thus, " We the gnat ami i'ni. 11 members of the
m'"litv and invincililc militia of Algiers," &c. Thi'-
alteration was caufed by the tyranny of the Turkidi
balla', who were at length dcpcfed by the militia, and
janifiarics, aiidacUyo! their own cluiiing pu; up, when
the Ottoman I'ortc found themlclves ur.der a ncceflitx of
ratifying this regulnt'nn, n' t to run the rilk of hifin;;
Al'>;crs entiicly. 'I'hcjanifiaries now became cxircmelv
powerful, as they fcirnicd thcmfelves into a dowan, and
from their own body always eledted a dcy ; but this
(llgnitv is a very precarious flation, for by the manner
of elccfion, a dcy is feldom chofen withnut gnat tumu't
and bli'odfhed ; from the nature of his i Ihee he is al
vv.ns in danger, and frcni the difpofition if thofc about
him, fildom dies a natural death.

The ncxtofficer in dignity and power l< the agaofihc
Janill'irics, who only injuys his poll two month?, and
then retires upon a p;nfion; the other oOiccrs of im-
portance are, a ftcrctary of flat.-, 24 chi;ih baflas, or
colonels fubordinatc to the aga ; Son bolluk bafla>-, or
feiiior captain', and 4C0 oldak ballas, or lieutenants.
In all thefc ofRccs the right of fcniority is (liii'tly oh-
ferved in Algiers ; for a fingle infiingcmcnt in this
cfTential point would immediately caufe a revolt among
the 'oldiery, and pcihapscoll the dey his life.

Befidcs the above, there -fc pur\cyors to the army,
a body guard to the dey, &^. and the orticcrs of the
Turkifh forces, who are diflimfl fioni the reli.

The general languai^e of Algiers is a compound of
Arabic, Morcfco, and ihc remains of the ancient I'hoe-
niei.in J but all | nblic bufinefs is trtnfafted, and re-
cords arc kept in the Turkifli tongue, though moft of
the Algerines of all denominations undcrltand the
l.iniua I'ranca. The people in general arc fond ol the
pi:i.tical trade, yet admit free Chiiftians, Jews, Ara-
bians, Moois, C'x'c. to trade in filk, wool, cotton,
Icalher, carpetr, i^c. in the country. To import gold
and filvcr ftuft'-, ilama(ks, cloths, fpiccs, tin,
iron, brafs, lead, quickfilvcr, limn, cordage, fail
cloths, bullets, rice, nllum, tartar, cochine.d, lugar,
fo,ip, cotton, raw and fpuii, aloes, copperas, brazil,
lugwood, arl'enic, veimilion, gumlaik, opium, fulphur,
anife and cummin feeds, farfaparilhi, fraii'. kincenfe,
pall , honey, paper, combs, cards, dried ftiiiti, &c.
And to export olUichei feathers, wax, hides, wool,
topper, rugs, filk faflies, cmbroid-red handkerchiefs,
dates, and Chiillian fiaves, wlto, fc^r l.rge ranfoms, are
allowed to be fent home. But commerce is greatly in-
juied hy the ippitflion3 of the government, the fuf-
iiit oils <;f the merchants, who arc always afraid ot
I eiii'; deprived of their prupcrties, and the peifidy of the
commnii traders.

'I'he religion is Mahometan, and the principal officers
who prclide over ecclcfiaftical matters are,

The mufti, or high piirO,
Cadi, or cccKfullKjl ju.lgr, and
Grand niarabuut, or fupeiinr of the Monkidi
order].
The A'icrinci in pcncral aic exceeding fnperftiuous,

and the marabouts upon all occafions take .in a;'vai-,,,
of ttuir weakncis, ai:d iniich tliemlclvcs by il-.Ji,,]; '.
the people.

The Algcrinc Turks drcfs with as much ilrj-n-e
a, the inhabiianisof 'I'uiby. The free Clulfn.iiis are
peimittcJ to ilrcl's in the (aOiion of their nl'nei'iv
counirie-, but the f.aves are obliged to «v;ir a cX'rls
gicy luit and a feainan's cap. The n.arid's, or tliole
who pretend to be defcendcd from Mahomet, a'e dillir.
.guilhed by a green tinbanj but the common Al;i.Ti:itt
wear fliirts, linen drawers, an open wu.d'eii jacket v-'iih
a hood bihinj, and a black cloak, which rei.chis'io
their knees, when they go abroad.

The revenues of the dey cannot be afccrtainrd, fi.rjs
they are founded on rapine and plunder, and depmd
chiefly on cafual robberies, they mull fluc^'utc coi-.tinii.
ally, and be at all times unce. tain. Julfice i, vdiiil/
adminiltered, favour publicly f,.IJ, cud corruption Ij
general, that it is not looked upon as a vice.

Rebels arc flrangled wiih a how-flring, or hanged oil
nn iron hook; lolier offences arc punifiicd by fn.e ,1c.
gradation or the b.ilHnado ; women detected in .idult-r'/
are fattened by their necks to a pole, .-mJ helJ uii.l/r
w tcr till they arc A.ffbcatcd, But the mod drca.liul
iUinilhmcnts are ii-fllctcd on the Chrilfians and f..v.s
fiT various oR'enccs, fueh as fpeaking againfl .Mahoncr
fi'r which the ofilnder n.:i(l eilhcr turn Muhometiai i *•
'.c iivipakd alive; cbingin.; to the ChiilHan faitha. -t,
aU r having turned .Mahomclan, fr which the pii!;;il).
mint is roaftlng alive, or bein^ thrown from the ■■!(■•
Wills, wdicn the unhappy fuRerer is caught upon flia'r,
pointed hooks, and hangi; feveial days in the nulte\.
(Miifite tortuK'o bcf re Ic cvnirci; fomenting a revolt
or kill'n.: a Tuik, is pun flied by impal.iig or burnir,»-
and thole who attempt to cfcape from (lavcry are putt j
death in the following fingular and ciuil rn.iniK".-;
The criminal is hung naked on a high gallows by two
hooks, the one fallcned quite through the palm of w.t
hand, and tiic other through the lolc of th; opMoiiti:
loot, where he is left till death iclievcs hlni from h'4
cruil fuftcrings ; a Mour convi.lid of burglary full
his right hand cut olf, and fallencd about his neck,
and then is led through the city on an afs wlli li j
t'aee towards the tail; and peilons o( iliKinction, t r
cii!i,es againfl the liate, aie placed between two b.i.aJi
and fawid afuiidcr,

Bcfides thcgiand dowan, there are inferior er.e- i;i
fime of the didricts, in all whuh the procifs ii very
cniicife, the charge is heard, the witiudes fw..r.i,
the defence attended to. and fentciicc imme.liatelv -uc 1.
Chriftian (laves in Algiers are very numerous, mv
eight of whom is the property of the dey; tholVwlii
c ime (if good families, and can procure a confiJci.,b!e
ranfom, and fuch as have trades, or can make ifm-
f-hes othirvvile ufeful, are treated tolerable wi II ; It
Inch as arc of ponr parenlage, and have not l.'arn.J t :
perform any thing which can procure favour, aie terrible
ill ulVd.

fiavery

rrolefe ol

httrnil horrors m thy piclenic leign,
And meagre famine bails thy didilul train :
I ' ea-.h cuifl load, Cibjeciion adds nioic wei_;lif,
Al I pain is dnuikvl in the v.dlal's fate;
(J'u nature's l,ii;;hrly face tlmu fprcadll a Ql.iuni,
And to the grave ilo'/t iv'ry pKafurc doom.

None but the piincipal people .nre allowed ti ride r\\
hoifeback, at lealt in the meii..p„lis ; others cither lal:
on -lies or w.ilk on foot. Women throw a veil over
thm when they go thread, fo that they arc iii,k:io«ii
to all hut Ibc flavcs who attrmled llicni. Seme arc
carried in litteis made of olier twigs, and covired with
painted cloth, but fo Imw that i hey are ob! 're 1 to lit
crols-legi'id III mom; this mode of iravrllirv{ is ufcd
by both (exes in I. ng jouriiics, parn.ulirly pilp.inai^',
as the travclkr laii Ire and ir.i be fcen, and trivcl
wiliiout bcin^ aiiiiuycd by wind, dull, urn, hnt,
ftr.

The womtn lead a life of Indolcncf, their ptinelp>l
en'ph ynunt l^ing JrciniMj, lojl,,,^ on thci; fulas, bmh.

' thou fiicnd of hell's reeefs,
woes, and pregnant with dillrefs;

^RICA.]

B A R B A R Y.

261

chatting, vifiling the tombs ot* their rfhtions, aiid
ijinriii''in tlieir gardens. The men I'pend moft of their
jic time with the women in iticirgardeiis, in convcrfa-
1,011 Jrinkiiigcoftee, fmoakmL>, he. The Algeriiits may
f U: as many wives as tbev (iIcjIc l<y thtir law, but
utv urnally contunt themfehes with two or three a"-
lii nuilt. They feldom (ct them helure niairiagc, but
|i,ic thtir dtfcription from a female go-between. When
lie mirri.me is agreed upon, the bride;^room fends a
pnint of ffuits and fwcetnuats to the bride, a'-.-i gra-
lilies her relations with a fiall and a miifKal cntertain-
wiit. On the nuptial da) (he is conveyed, richly
dielW, in a tolan, to the houfc of t^e intended bride-
mom, when the marriag- is concluded witli another
(iilcrtiiinnient.

In fttkiiifs the Algerines arc attended by perfons of
iheir own f-x to nurfe ihcm, the phylicians arc very
imorant, and if they find their patients on the point of
ctjih thev lUfn them towards the eaft. I he corpic,
jtor bcini wnlhcd and did in a ihirt, drawers,
lillc robe and a turban, is hid in a fijuarilh kind
of colTin, and carried on mens fhouldcrs by n;eans
of poles to the grave, aticnied by the rcl.itions,
friends, S;c. Mourning is txprellld by the women
miiig veiled for fonie days, ami ihe men wcariii_' their
ttafds for a month; during thicc days after the inier- j|
mcnt of the body the iRar>U relations vifit the tomb, j
dillribute alms to the poor, and fuffcr no fire to be
lnhicd in their houlis ; the better fort of people have
tptapln, or fuitable texts from the koran upon their
loml) ftoncs, in which, as with us, the dead are com- I
plmeiind with virtues which they never poflcfTed, that
iht living may be flattered in the fuppofed merits of
thfir defunct relations.

The forces of Algiers confill of the Turkifli Janif-
fines, who aro the mo(f powcitul. Moors and Couloglics.
Abiiut 20 fliips form th': navy, of which one only,
dlleJ the Deyiik or Royal fllip, bclonj.s to the govern-
mfnt. They ate fupplied with military florcb by the
Europeans, who puich.ifc their fiitiulfliip with the lin-
pltmcnts of niifchief, and court them not to make de-
predations on their trading (liips, by fupplying them
with the means; the Knglilh conful in particular fur-
rifcts them w'ith powder, balls, bombs, fire arms,
anchoi!, cordage, &c. And takes in leturn corn, oil,
and oihcr provilions for the garrifon of (jibraltar.

r/ic Algerinc failors are extremely filthy, and even
boalt of their naftincfs, and pretend to del'pife the
nicety found in moll of the vcllels belonging to the
Chnllians, The failors arc compofed ot Coiiloglics,
Moor), Kcnegadncs, Chrilliaii fljves, ^c. liut all the
vScets mull be Tutlcs.

REVOLUTIONS.

TFIE Romans were expelled from tin? Algcrine tcr-
lilcaies by the Vandals, and olhei mriliera harbarlanj,
uho held them from the year 477 to 558, when they
were comincrcd by Bclifariu';, the empeior Jurtinian's
celebrated general. From this priiod they continued
(ubjeCl to the Greek cmpcrois till the year t\t>■^, when
the whole country was ovcr-iun by the Arabs, who
leniained mailers of it till 1051, when Abel- Te.xe.in, of
ite Ziiihagiaii tribe, expelled thrni, and took the tcins
el covcrnincnt upon hiinfelf, whieh continued in his
fimily till the 12th century, when the /inhagians
were driven out by the Maubouts. This priellly race
was fnuii divclK'd of power bv the Hcnim.iini, who
were likcwifc deprived of what ihey had conquered in
the I jih century, b) the Slianis of Hafcen, whodividcd
Algiers, and other pirts of Uiibarv into fcveral petty
kiiigdums ; but falliii.; out among thcmtclvcs, p'crdinand
the Vih, kin)( of Arragi n, tuok advantage of their
tivil diflenfioiis ( and in tin ye 11 istJi, bv the advite
if hi, piinic iniiiiller, Cirdin.'l XiiniiK«, fent a powei-
ful ainianient to Alg its, iiiu'.r il'.o command ot iln-
count ol N.iv.irre. This nobleiiian loon made hiinfelf
mallet III Oran, Uiigia, and fonie other places. In this
t«H;ciicy ilie Aljerincs applied to Selinu tutcmi, an
Ai.ibi ui prince, for ifTiU'iKc ; but lli'iugh he aiiied tlicm
•i much as in his piiw;r, he sould not prevent the

count from making the city of Algiers tributary to the
court of Spain. This fubjedion continued till the
death of king Ferdinand, which h.ippcncd in 1516,
when the famous pirate, BarbarolUi, undertook their
deliverance; but inftcad of vanquifliing their enemies,
he conquered the kingdom of Algiers, j,ut pn'ncc
Eutemi to death, caufed himfelf to be proclaimed Sove-
reign, fubdued the kingdom of Tenez. and Trcmecen,
and eftabliflicd his power in fuch a manner as to be
dreaded not only by the neighbouring flates, but by the
Kuropcans; till in 1517, the emperor Charles V. pre-
pared to oppofc him, and to fet the young king of 'I're-
mecen on the ihrone, of which he had beiii deprived by
Barbarofl'a. The Spaniards aiid Arabs were fo fuecef;-
ful, that BarbaioH'a's army was totally defeated, himfelf
flain, his head carried in triumph upon a lance, i.ud
the kingdom of Tremccen re-conqucrcd.

The news of BarbaroH'a's defeat and death occafionid
great confternation at Algiers ; but the people determined
to chuft- his brother, Hayradin Barbaroila, king and
hi;jh admiral in his room. But Hayradin fearing thit
he flioud net be able to fupport hi.i fc.f ,g.-.i:ill the
numerous enemies that furrounded him, and his own do-
mellic toes, applied to the grand I'cij^nior, and propofed
totedetiic Ali;crine ';ingdorn 10 him, on ondition chat
himlelf fliould continue to rule it as viceroy, and be
afliflcd with fomc Turkifli forces. Tiicfc propofals
were gladly acceded to by Sclim I. and a body of
forces immediately difpatched to the alfiilance of H-.y-
radio ; by thefe means he became formidable- to the
Moors and Arabians by land, and the Chriftians by
fea.

Hayradin then l.iid fiepc to the Spanlfh fort, which
was a continual thorn in his liJe, and took it liy fluim,
after a brave refillance ; being nov.' fecure fr:)m eriemie;,
he turned his thoughts to improve the harbour of Algicit,
which he did elfettually, by building a tlronij mole for
the fafety and convenience of the fhipping. Upon this
great work 30,000 Chnflian flavcs were incefianily cm-
ployed till the whole was compleatcd ; he afterwards re-
paired the fort, and put a flrong garrifon in it, and thus
rendered Algiers more fecure than it had ever before
been.

The grand feignior now raifed Hayrailin to the dignity
of Ciiptiiin balja of the Ottoman impiri, and appointed Hal-
fan, a Sardinian renegado, as bada of Algler^ in his
(lead. The latter purlued his piracies with great luceels,
and even made depredations on the coafK of the eccle-
fiailical (late. This induced the pope to exhort the
emperor Chales V. to put :i (lop to the ravages if the
Algerines, which that niona.ch immediately uni:crtook,
and foon fet fail at the head of a formidable arinaintnt,
conlilling of liO (hips, 20 gallics, a large train of artil-
lery, 3-_;,-'^o foldiers, and a great number of volutucers
of fcvcial nations, among whom were ma»y knijjhis cf
Malta.

'I'hc emperor having landed his forces, built a foit
on an eminence, whieh, to this day, goes by the name
of the Empimr'i Fait; he then cloiely inveltcd the city,
and turned the couile of the dreams that fupplied it
with water, which greatly diltrefll'd tlie inhabitants.

'I he Algerines looked upon their condition as (0
dcfpciate that the members of the dowan were upon the
point of furrendcring it, when a poor eiriuch, named
Yiil'ef, who was looked upon as a lunatic, appeared be-
fore, and thus addrelled ihein, " My lords, I .iin the
poor Viikf, the (lave of (laves, and moll abje-il of
MiiHulnKn, pcrlccuted by the great, reprellii ed as a
madman by our Marabouts, on which account not
(Illy mv advice* have been rcjeiled, but m'yfelf treated
ignominioully ; the cadi, who is the judge of the law,
hath olten made inc undergo very fevere public piinidi-
mcnts, and why, becaul'clhc Almighty, whofe ways arc
to us unfeaicliable, ha:li lonr-tnnes given me an mli^ht
into futiiiiiy, and what I have hitherl" fori told hath
been ihouglit unwoilhy of ihoir regard, 1 have re-
mained liliiit towaids ihein that defpifed nie, but have
informed thole poor people, who pitied and relieved me
of thintjS of the greaicll moment to them 1 but at tliii
juiic'lure, Ilallan, being tuler ot our city, the public
dunget fuicei mc to l^eak : here is a powerful fleet of
3 U Infidels,

I ' .■

(! ' -i

■

ii^„

.N ! k "

H-|j

'>;i 'I

162

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CEOGRAniV.

i I

h I

f <

Infidels, wliofe vefl'els arc crowded with armed men,
and whc> have conic as fiiddcnly upon us as if thty had
rifen out of the fea. We are deltitutc of every mean'!
of defence, and our only hope placed on an equitable
capitulation, if equity can be expefled from Chriftiaiis.
But God, who laughs at the machinations of men,
hath quite other thoughts : he will relcafe his people
out of the hands of idolaters* in fpite of all their faints,
be they ever fo n>any. Loid Haflan, and you his mini-
fters, and great men of the kingdom, and learned men
in tlie law, 1 call upon you to take courage, rely for
this once upon the dclpifLd and abject Yufef ; and be
allured that before the end of this moon God will dif-
play his glory to the utter confufion of the ChrilHans.
Their ihips and army will pcrifh in your light, and
our city be viiSorious and free. Their arms and equi-
page v/ill fall to our fliarc ; and as they have already
employed a vail number of hands in crecSing forts for
our future defence agaijift thcmfelves, fo they {hall
continue itill fl ives to us, and few of thofe blind and
hardened people fhall be peiniitted to return to their own
country."

This lingular fpecch diverted them from their intend-
ed defign of delivering up the city ; and what ib itill
more extraordinary, every circumltancc of the prc-
diiSlion was verified witliiii the month, the grcatcft part
of the emperor's fleet being dellrovcJ by a violent
tempcft, and his army greatly diftrclicd by the inccil'ant
rains, which occafioned torrents ot water to pour down
from the mountains and overwhelm his camp. 'I'heie
difallers obliged him to raifc the fiege, which he did
with precipitation, leaving behind him tents, baggage,
artillery, &c. and betaking himl'cif to his fliips ; which
the Algcrines no fooncr perceived than they fell upon
his troops while they were tn.barkiug, cut many to
piece*, and took a great number of piifoners. In fine,
the emperor's whole lofs amounted to lao fliips and
gallies, 500 officers, and above 12,000 foldiers and
i'ailors killed or drowned, and near as many taken pri-
foncrs ; with rcfpert to the latter, the Algcrines in dc-
rifioii put many of them up to public fair, at an onion
per head. Yuftf was liberallv rewarded, and looked
upon as a faint, and the Algcrines have ever fince been
much addiflcd to aftrology, and great admirers of the
art of divination.

Haflan dying foon after, was fuccecded by H.iji, an
officer of the militia, who way, however, obliged to
rcfign in favour of Halian, the fon of Hayradin, the
brother of Unrbarolia ; the latter being n'.)niinated by
the Ottoman I'ortc. In the beginning of ih: rei^n of
this prince, the Algcrines were, however, obliged by
the Spaniauls to evacuate Treniecen. Hut a few yeai^
afterwards I hey fubducd and plundeicd it; Haflan was
aftcrwardr, hy the intrigues of the bafla Rullan, and
Saiha Rais, di pufed, and a c feature of theirs advanced to
the throne in liis Head. Tins prince rendered tributary
feveral Nunikllan pro\iiicc'-', aii'l icturni.' with 15 camel
leads of gold dull, and other valuable fpi ils j he after-
wards died of the plague, niiJ was futceeded by a
'Jotfican reiu'gado, called I laWan Corlb, who was foon
murdered by a Tuik, named Tikclli.

Tekelli tyiaiiri/eJ for a flioit time, but being killed
by T'ujif Cii/uhrc', the murderer luccccdcd him, and
reigned only fix days, being feizcd hy the plague, which
tarried him oft' i'limediatcly.

A Turk, named Chnjah, now held the ofTite in
trull, till the pleal'urc of ihc portc was l.nown j when
Haflan, who had been dcpofcd by means of RulL.n
and Salha Rais, was rellorcd by the grand leignior'a
order, and Chajah quietly refigncd the government to
him. This prince invaded Tremetren, but wns totally
defeated ; the enfuing year, however, made him Ibnie
amends, for the Spaniards mikin - ttempt upon Mo-
llagan he gave thcrn a Hreadfi.' >m • 1 ,(iw. In the fight,
the brave count D'iT.condcIv an 1 his fon, Don Martin
de Cordoiin, with many other nthcers, and a great num-
ber of private men were flain, and 12,000 Spaniauls,
including feveral noblemen and gentlemen were made

• The Mdiimieian term the Komiin Catholici iilnU-
tcri| on account of the liuiiia|C tbcy pay t« tlm iuiagci

captives; but Malian becoming obnoxious to the J.nif-
faries, was .igain dcpofed, and luit to Conilantinopic m
irons, when l{,.fiioc Hailan, aga of the Janiflaiics, aiiJ
Cou/.a Mahonut, the general of the land forces, too!c
upon them jointly the office of deputies to fuptriiUdiJ
theafl^^airsot goveininent. Soon afier, anew viceroy named
Achmet, arrived from Conlbiitinople, who began hi:-,
reign by fending the two deputies to that city wh^ic:
they were beheaded. Achmet died in four nicnthf, and
his lieutenant Yajat governed the kingdom four iik re,
till the will of the Ottoman couit could be known ;
when Haflan was a third time appointeil to the lo-
vcreignty ; fuch was the fricndfliip which Solynion tlic
fecond entettaiiud for him, and the cllecin which he
always profefTed for the two famed Barbarofi'as, his father
and uncle.

He was no fooncr "^-Inft.ted on the throne of Al'ifrp,
than he railed a greater armament than had ever beca
done by any of his predeccllbrs j his army coniifUd ot
J 5,000 Turks, rencgadocs, &c. jooo fpahis, and
10,000 horfc ; and his fleet of 32 gallies and galliots,
and (Jircc French veflcls laden with provifions ; with
ihib force he intended to make himfell mailer of Marfaal-
quibbcr, and drive the Spaniards from thcnee : this
he had near eft'ei^ted, when a poweiful fleet appeared
upon the toaft, under the epinniand of the celebiatcd
Gcnoef'e admual Doiia, which obliged him to raile the
fie^c with preeipitation. The court of Cuiiflantinopls
now grovvins: jealous of him, he was obliged finally to
rclign his digiiitv ; when retiring to th.it^city with :.)l
Ills wealth, he died about three years I'.fter, in the 5Ci'i
Ij year of his age, and Stii of his lalt bafladiip.
I His t'ucccfl'oi, Mahotv.ct, ,\v:.s a public I'piritcd prince,
I and became very popular on many occalions, in parti-
; cular he incorpurated the JainH'aries and J^vaniiiu;-,
which proved the tiiff ftcp towaids i-endeiing Algiers in-
1 dependant of the Ottoman Porte. In this prince's
icign, a bold Spanifh adventurer, named Gafcon, made
I a luiiiantic attempt on Algiers, but being tak, n priloiier,
' he vN'as put to a cruel death. Tbegrand feignior, htvv-
evcr, thought proper to depofe Majiomet, and appoint a
rcnegado, called Oehali, or Hali Ijalli, in hia room, Thir.
prince fubjedfed Tunis, took three lich Malt.fc gallie>,
and in the famous battle of Lepanto was the only Ma-
hometan chief who gained the leal! reputation ; he w.is
ncvcrthclefs foon after depofcd bv the Porte, and Arab-
Achmed appointed to the government in his ftrad.
Within three years the latter was recalled, and Rumar-
dan Sardo placed in his room, who contributed to the
■•xpulfion of the Spaniards from moU parts of Harbarv,
and aflilled Muley iMidoch in the conqiieft oil'cz; but
being ret died fioiu Algiers, he WiUi lent as baUa of
Tunis, and Haflan Verccdic appointed to the king-
doiii of Algiers in his Head.

Haflan reigned better than three years, and being re-
called, on account of his uncommon extortions, an
Hungarian rcnegado, named Jjfier, fuccecded him, ar-
riving at Algiers about the end of Augult 1580, when
that city furi'erod a dreadful famine, occafioned bv his
predecfflbr's liavini! monopolized the principal neceiiaries
of life. Jarter, by the moll prudent methods, relieved
the diftrclics of the people, and aited with great equity
upon all other occafions ; yet the rapacious HalTan found
means to make fo many friends at the court of Con-
ftantinople, that the jut4 Ja/Fcr was recalled, and liimfelf
again appointed to the government of Algiers. The
tirft thing he did alter his rrftotation was to fit out a ron-
fidcfable fleet, with whieh he ni.ide depredations on the
coaffs of Sardinia, and plundered other parts of Clirif-
tendom ; but once more dilplcafing the Ottoman Porte,
he was again lecalled, and fbon after poilbned.

Mommi Arnaud fuccecded the above tyrant, and
grew fo bold, that he effeded what no corfair had ever
been confident enough to attempt before, that is, to pal;
ihc (freights (,f Gibraltar; after entering the Atlantic
ocean he proceeded to the Canary Iflaiids which lie
plumleied, and returned to Alg ers in falety, notwiih-
(tanding t Spanilh fleet of ib ftiipj was ordered to

of faints, vtlieVg, *(c. nhieh kind of fupiiflition the Malio-
mctaus tUciiifclves utterly dctdt.

walih

iH :

AFRICA.] "BARB

\{atch his return ; but he took tlie opportunity of re- !i
afling the ftreights in a (tcirmy night, whiie the ']
pani.irils fought flielter in dift'crcnt ports. He was
fcon after onlered from Algiers to the 'I'unifian go-
vtrnnK-nt, and was fuccccdud by Achinet.

Achmct made fonie defL-cnis upon the Chriftian terri-
ritorics, reigned three years, and then was ordered to
the government of Tripoli, to make ro im for Hidir j
liall'a, who, in the year 1592, was recalled, and fuccicd-
cd by Shaaban talfa ; the latter ruled Algiers about
throe years ; when, being ordered to Conitantinople,
hij Icinfman Miift pha was placed on the thrcne. This
prince was lui'plaiucd four years afterwards in favour of
jlidir bada, who was re-appointed to the government of
Algiers by the Porte, Hidir had no fooner rt^^ ined his
power, than he extorted 15,000 ducats fiom Multapha,
before he fct fail for Conll.nuinoplc, and ruled the Al-
gerinct with his ufual tyjann\, opprcifin!; the p^or, ar.d
plundering the rich with the u'moit rapucty. All thefe
thiitijS Mullapha, on his arrival at ConfKintinoplc, re- j
prel'eiitcd with fuch encr_L>y, and painted Hidir's cha- i
ra(5ler in fuch glaring coh.urs, that the Oit inian mi- ,
jiillry thought propti a^'aiii to ici al that ty ant, and to re- :
appoint Muftapha once mure. The latter fotm ret irmd
to Algitr.'', ffripped Hidir of the principal part o! his
ill-got wealth, li:nt him to Conitantinople, and after-
wards ruled tiie people with fo much jullice and mode-
ration, and adtcd upon all occalijns with fucli gcnerofity
and humanity, that he became beloved by all ranks ol
pcopK", and the nation was never norc profpcrous nor
happier than under his government.

This period brings the Algerine hillory down to the
latter end of the l(ith century, and lure conclude the
aiinals of th:' celebrated Diego li; Haedo, the nioft tir-
cundiantial and authentic hiltotian who hath written
upon the affairs of Africa in general, and Algiers in
particular. Since this ;cra we are not lo minutely ac-
tjuaintcd witii the hiHory of thole parts; but the fol-
lowing extract from an ahlc writer will, in fomc nica-
fure, help to fill up the chalin :

" Since the mifcarriage of Charles \'. (the emperor)
the kingdom of Algiers continued a province of the
grand feignlot's, governed by a viceroy of his nomina
tion : The ahufes of thcfc viceroys were great, by afVuming
a del'potic power, feizing upon all the public revenues,
and embezzling the tunds dcllitied for the payment ol
the Turkifli foKliers, vvl.ofe number was always defi-
cient, and thefe but ill paid. In the 17th century this
body of foklieis fent a fccrit deputation to the Porte,
rcprcfenling the tyranny of the pachas, their avarice,
anil the dttiinvnt nl'ii'ting from it to the ttatr, together
with their niil'.ipplication ot the funds f,iu from Ci'ii-
i(antinoi)le, and the non-payment of the troops, which
nccalioncd dailv deletlioiis ; adding, that without a
fj>cedy redirfs o( thtfe ;sievanci.s, the c/il wi.uld be
jialt remedy, and the Ottoman ptwcr loon bioii;;ht to a
piiii'd by il'..' .Aral ians and Moors, who wcic cont -
luially plotting with the Chrifti.ms. Thcfc dcputiei
moved, that a perfon of judginer.t and good moi.ds of
courage and experience, flioiild be eholen out ot the
troops with the title of dey, who Ihould be acciaintablc
for the public revenue, and the contributions railed on
the Arabians and MtK'rs for the payment of the troops,
whofe full complement (hould be coiillantly kept up j
and tli.it he flu'uld fuperinttnd all other branches of
the llate, which thus might tlaiid by its own tticiigth,
without being burlhcnfome to the t)itoiraii court; en-
(;ajnng withal to remain in petpeiu.il fubjee'tion to the
};i,ind liignior as fovereign of tl.e- kingdom, and to con-
tnuic the ulual honours, laLu, ..lul prerogatives to hi'
p.icha, provided that he Jhonld only be ptcfent in the
ccneial dowans wiihom having any vote, unUfs iciiiiired
to ^ive bis advice. The dr|utirs' infilled th.it it ilicle
iilt.is were tiji'Clrd, the weakml.. and dil'conteiit ot the
foldierv would loon transfer the kingdom of Algicr- m
the hilt aggrelf.r. This diiporitioii wa^ more agiccible
to the grand vi/.ir, as it would fa\e confiderable funis to
the I'oite, and yet the army le kept in a more rffpcel-
able rtate. He ih icforc g"t it approved by the grand
frii;n.or, and an inllrumeni was diawn op agreeable to
Ihe'pioi'ofal. of the deputies ficin Alijiers. At their

A R Y. 2«3

arrival they communicated it to th(^ pacha, who could
not pretend to oppofc it. The army proceeded to the
choice of a dey, and inltituted reciprocal laws both for
him and his fubjeils, to the due obfervance of which he
was fworn, under pain of death. Kvcry article of the
inftrument was adjufted ; the pacha had his houfes, his
retinue, and his falary out of the public funds, never
concerning himfcif in any ileliberation but when re-
quired. As all fchcmts are liable to abufes and muta-
tioni, the foldiers by degrees divided into faflions con-
cerning the choice of a dey : foir.e by open force, or bv
their interefl, upon the lealt difguH, got their de-y de-
pofed and Urangled, fetting up another, whom they ex-
pected to find more favourable to their defigns. But
Baba-Ali, v/ho was bachaour, or grand provoff, being
chofen dey in 1710, in Ipitc of the pacha, v\ho w,:s for
intruding himfelf int oftate-afl'airs, clapped him on boa^d
a Tunis vcffel,aiid fetitliim toConliantinoplc,!hrea ening
that if ever he prefumcd to come and caufe ..nv (iilluib-
.nce at Algiers, his life fhould pay for it. At the fame
time this artful dey lent an cmbally to the Porte, with
prefcnts to the vizir, fultana-., and chief olFicers of the
icraglio, with a detail of his complaint .igainit the pa-
cha. He humbly reprcfcnt d to the vizi , iha: this olfi-
. er's turbulent praitices began to rail'e to fueh a height,
that it was only out of rcfpeft to the gr.;nd fcigiiior ami
himfelf, that he had changed the death he had deferved
into baniflniient ; but that the faithful army was fo
iiuenled againlt the pacha^;, that in like cafe they would
be uncontroulable, and undoubtedly cut them to pieces;
which, as it would be a molt execrable affront to the
lacrcd o ders of the Poric, the malecontents would im-
prove fuch aconl'ulion to their rebellious purpofcs; con-
cluding, that liiice a pach i was not onlv an ul'clcis,
but really a detrimental ollicer, h would be the belt
niethc d to fend no more, but cont'tr the title of pacha on
the dey, which was accordingly granted. Since this, the
dey has looked upon himfelf as an independent fove-
leign, governing as fuch, and only an ally of the Otto-
man Porte, from vvhich he receives no order, thousdl
an envoy is fent on any important negotiation. Thiy
arc, however, unwcleome guclls to the government of
Algiers, being entertained at its expcnce, and difinifl'cd
with confiderable prcfents j befides their afFefling a lofty
deportment, which is extremely odious to the foldiery
of Algiers, as being a kind o( reproach on their nican-
nefs and dcpendance on the Porte : accordingly they dif-
niifs them as foon as poflible, and ihe coldnefs of the
ceremonies paid them, intimate that they onlv proceed
from ciidom and policy."

All that remain worthy of remark, relative to tlx
hillory of Algiers, is as follows :

In 16'0'i the Algerines made a treaty of alliance with
England, and in the fame vear plundered the Freneli
coalts, wlii^h oe-eafioned the coiiit of Krance to (end a
fleet againll them under the command of the MaiHial
du (.>iiefne, who cannonaded Algiers ; but a florin arif-
iiig, his ftiips re.eived foine corihderable injuries, which
obliged him to return hninc. He was no fooner gone,
than the .-Mgcrines la'died forth, put to fea, failed for
Fr.ince, and committed the molt dreadiul ravages on the
coal! of Provence. Th's new infult fo much exafpc-
ratcd the French monarch, that he ordered the iMarqiiis
du Qjiefne, and the iMirqui-. d'Aiifreville to fail for
Algier.--, in Older to purnfli ihofe pirates for their aiida-
eily. The rrench fquadion cnmc b-forc that city in
May I'jS-j, and poirred in fuch a Ihower of bombs,
that the place was foon in flames ; tlic dcy's palace,
many moiipics, and other publ.c buildings, with a vail
niinibir of private houfes were deftioytd ; the flaiii
and wounded were very niimerou!, and the pe.>ple
^jreatly di(lrefli.'d. This occafioned them to fiie for
peace; when one of the principal articles infilled upon
by the Marquis was the delivery of all Chriflians taken
under French c<doiiis. This wa« afl'ented to, anu 141
of them brought on board the next day, with a pro-
mile of feiuling the lemaindci ; but unfurtiiiiately the
negotiation broke ofl', and the Algeiines acain hung out
the bloodv dig. 'Fhe Maiqnis accordingly ri newcd the
bombardment, when great dillruetion .lul daughter eti-
fucd } to revenge which the Algennes had recourle to

the

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-■■1»

264

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OH GEOGRAPHY.

in.

the mod bloody and fjvagc cnicliy, murdering all the
French captive;', and firing off the conl'ul of that na-
tion from the mouth of a mortar. This inhumanity
the French admiral puiiillud 1)y dcllroying all the (hip-
ping and fortifications, .ind all buildings in the lower,
with moll of thofe in the upper part of the city; that
is, in faiit, all that his cannon o' bombs could reach.
Having done as nijch mifchief as he intended, he failed
home, and a peace was foon after concluded between ,
France and Algiers. |

In 16S6 the Algciines entered into a ticaty with the !
Etiglifh, (i.r rather reiicucil one entered into in 1682) \
winch was often bruki., and often renewed in fiibfe- j
qucnt years, till it w.is thought proper to challifc them |
for their perfidy ; when Cnpt.iin Beach attacked feven of '
their frigates, drove them on (hore, and burnt them.
This brought ihcm to their real'on ; the treaty was re- |
vived in J^oo, with the addition of thcfe three arti-
cles :

1. " That the peace concluded in 1682 be con-
fiimed, and more particularly the f!th article, wherein
It is cxprelVcd that no iliip belonging to Algiers fliall
cruize in flight of .my port or plaee belonging to Grcat-
Tritain, or in any w.iv dillu;b the peace or commerce
of the fame, nor Hull a:iy Algerine vcllcl enter the
tnglifti channel.

2. " No pafles fliall be re(|uircd fiom any Englifli
fliip till the lad day of Stptcn-.ber 17CI : but after that
time, if any Englifli fliip fliall be feized, net having a '
pafs, the gooJs of fuch fliip fliall be prir.e, but the i
mailer, men, and fhip fliall be rcltoied, and the freight j
immediately paid to the mafter. 1

3. " Whereas Captain Muiulen hath complained that 1
he was aftroiited fome years part, by ibmc rude foldiers j
at the iMolc ; it is ptomileJ, that at all times hereafter, i
when any IBritilh man of war fliall come to Algiers, or- 1
ders fliall be given to an officer to attend at the Mole,
during its flay, to prevent any fuch diforder ; and if |
any Inch fliall happen, the offender fliall be punilhed !
with the utmoft fevcrity." 1

Soon after the two following additional articles were |
added, in a treaty with Sir George Kyng, afterwards ^
Lord Vifcount Torrington. j

1. " \Vhcreas by thofe rf the old treaties it was '
agreed that the fiihjeits of Knglar.d fliould pay 10 per ;
cent, cuftom Kr goods thiy Ihonid fill at Algiers, or in
the dominions thereof; for the better fettling and main- '■
taining a good commerce between the fubjciSs of thefe :
two nations, tlic Knjiifh Ihould from thenceforth pay
no more than five pei cent, ciirtom for fuch goods, and
that fuch as wcio found to be coiitr.iband, ihould not
pay any ciirto.ii, as had been before concluded."

2. " That all prices taken by any of the fubjccls of
the f.iid i]uten of (ireat Uritaiii, and all the ftnps and j
velieK built or fiitcd out in any of her M jefty's plan- ]
talioiib in .\merica, tliat have not been in England, [
Ihall not be m.jlel[id on aeeount of their not having
palTcs ; but that a certificate in writing under the hands |
of the commanding officers who fhall take any prices, !
and a ccrtific.iie iindci the hniuls of the governors or j
ihula of fuch American colonics or plates, where fuch 1
ftnps were built or fitted out, fhn!l be fuflicient paii<;s
lor Cither of them ; and our faith fhall be our faith, >
and our word our word, Signed at Algiers, Oil. 28, j
in the year of Jefus 1703, fie." '

But the Algeriaes wcic never very pundtual in the i
prrformance or due obfervnnce of their treaties with '
us, tdl we becam° polRllcd of the important fortrefj I
of (jibialtar and the ifland of Minoica ; lor till then 1
their faith was a farce, and tli ir wirdb but wind j but |
our having the command of the Strcights, by means of
thofe acquifition<, obliges them to aiil through tear,
as they never would do by the impiilfcs of confciencc,

In 1716 Admiral Baker renewed and r.itified all the
former treaties with Algiers, in the fame manner as he
did with the (fates of 'J'unis and Tripoli, as we have
already mentioned.

The Spaniards attacked Algiers with a very formid-
able fleet and army in the month of July, 1775; but
by the mifronduft of their principal officer, the Alge-
rino obtained acunqucil, and the Spaniards were obliged

to letirc with great precipitation, after a lofs of about
800 killed, and 2000 wounded j fince which, though
they have continued tlieir preparations, no other attempt
has been made,

SECT. V.

MOROCCO and FEZ.

BOTH thefe kingdoms were comprized in the an-
tient Mauritania, and at piefcnt compofc one em-
pire, which is fitu.itcd on the wcftern borders of Bar-
bary. It is bounded on the fouth by the celebrated
mountain called the Great Atlas ; on the north by the
Mediterranean ; on the caft by the river Mulvia, which
fcperates it froiii Algiers ; and on the weft by the At-
lantic Ocean ; extending from 28 to 36 deg. north la-
titude, and from 4 to 9 deg. weft longitude from
London, being 500 miles in length, and 480 miles in
breadth, where broadeft.

The grand divifion of this empire is into three large
provinces, vi/,. Morocco, Fez, and Sus : but a more
common divifion makes Morocco and Fez contain
fcvcn provinces each, viz.

Morocco.
Hca,
Siis,
Gefula,

Morocco Proper,
Ducala,
Kfcura,
Telda.

Fez.

Azgar,

Chaous,

Err if,

Fez Proper,

G.iret,

Hjzleat,

Temefine.

The climate is extremely hot, particularly towards
the fouth, but in general is tolerably healthy, being
cooled by the fea breezes, and defended by high moun-
tains from the (ultry fouth winds, which give it a tem-
perature not to be expelled from its fituation fo near the
tropic. Indeed Mount Atlai, whofe head is covered
with fnow the greateft part of the year, furrounds it
in the manner of a crefcent to the fouthward, and in
fomc nicafure prevents the pafl'agc of the damp vapours
and peflilcntial blafts from that quarter :

" The fouth wind night ?nd horror brings,

" And fogs are fhaken from his flaggy wings ;
" From his divided beard two ftrcams he pours,
*' His head and rheumy eyes diftill in fliow'rs ;
" With rain his robe and heavy mantle flow,
" And lazy mifls are low'ring on his brow."
But if the rainy feafon, which begins in OiSlobcr,
continues too long, it occafions pcftilential fevers ; and
the north. weft winds which prevail in March, fome-
times (ireatly afTrcl the lungs and nerves, ai.d Injure the
produills of the earth. In other refpeils the flty is fc-
rcne, and the air clear and wholefome. The country is
well watered by fine fprings that are found in moil
moors, and fine winding rivtrf, which in general have
their foi c in Mount Atlas, and difembogue them-
fclves in the Mediterranean Sea, or Atlantic Ocean.

" This couHt.ry (faith a modern author) has been
always famous for its horfcs, which, though inferior m
fizr, make up that dcfeiSl by their fine fliape, flectncfs,
and particularly by their peculiar docility. The inha-
bitants have been no lefs celebrated for their dexterity in
breaking, training, and riding of thrm, ever fince the
time of the Romans ; and even to this day arc allowed
to excel all nations, and to be in fome meafure inimi-
t.iblc in both."

A moll beautiful defcription of that noble animal the
horfe, is thus tranllatcd by Dryden, from Virgil's ori-
ginal ;

" Upright he walks, on pafterns firm and ftrait,

" His motions eafy, prancin^; in his gait;

" The fird to lead the way, to tempt the flood,

" To pafs the bridge unknown, nor fear the trcmb>

ing wood ;
" Dauntlefs at empty noifei, lofty neck'd,
'♦ Sharp headed, barrel belly'd, broadly back'd,
" Brawny his chett, and deep his colour grey, •»
" For beauty dappled, or the brighteft bay, I

" Faint white and dun will fcarcc the rearing pay, J
" The fiery courfer, when he hears from far
" The fpiightly trumpets, and the Oiuuis of war,

•' Piicki

!if1i1ip:|„.

AFRICA.]

B A R B A R Y.

265

its f

•• Pricks up his ears, ami trembling wiih dcliglir,
" ShUs pUicc, and p,'.ws, and hoptb ihu proniis'ii light:
'• Cjii Ills iiy;ht ihmilder hib tliick m.inc rcclin'd,
" Kiiilks ai ipici!, and dances in the wii.d :
" lli> lu>rny liools aic jetty blacli, and round ; ■)
*' Ills ciiiiic is double i llajiing with a bound, >

" lie tuns ihe turf, and Ibaiits the lolid ground. J
" I'll.. f'diTi his eyes, clouds lioni bis noliiils How,
" lie bcais bis rider headlong 011 tlie foe."
Tbi> noiile, ul'efiil, and ginerous aniin..! is thus cm-
[ili.'.ti>a:ly deferibcd in the laered writings Job xxxix.
ver. 19. I/iijI thoti giv<n the hoife Jheiigthf' ht.jl thou
cUjthcd hh n. ck with ihmiitir f l^aiijl ihiu niiiii hiiii

afi'tiid 'I II gr<ij.'hi/'''i' i" 'The gi >' his noJb'iU is l,rn-
bte, 21. He paivtth in the mi/ry, tiiiJ rijoieelh in his
Jlrenglh ; he gocth on to meet the arinni men. 22. He
tnsiiith at far, tnul is not iijfiigh.'f.i ; neilhrr tuinelh he
hack fr:m '/;<■ Jivord. 53. 7/v (juijir lulUtli again it him.
the gliutrii g lj>e<ir and the fi.'ield. 24. He j'walliweth
the ground luith fiercenefs and rage, neillnr hi/ieveth hi-
thai it is the found of the trumpet. 25. He faith among
tfie trumpets, ha, ha ; and he fineUeth the battle afar off,
the thunder of the cuptains, and the Jhmting.

'I'bele vertes have been thus tlnely paraphral'ej :

" Ilaft thou, O Job, given to the gcn'rous horfc

" His confidence, his Ipirit, and bis force;

♦' The deep thick mane, th.it cloathes the noble bead,

•' The graceful terror of his lofty ciell ;

" Is it thy woik ? CanIt thou his eour.igc (hake,

" And make him like a wretched iiifurt i|uake .'

" With n.itiic fire liis dreadful iioftrils glow,

«« And fiiiuak and flame aniidft tJK battle blow :

" Proud with cxctfs of life he paw- the grouiul,

" Tears up tbe turf, and fpuriis the I'jnd around :

«' I'leas'd with the martial noil'e he fmiU's the air,

" And I'liclis the dully battle from afar,

" Neighs to the captain's thunder, and the flicu

of war."

M. la Condamine fays, that the Englifli racer can run
with b's liierf.ilUr, by I'oine I'lconds in a mile, than a
barb ol Alrica can without a rider.

Tbe Baibaiy camel is l.irgir and ftrongcr than tbe
camel of Ali.i, and the dromedary is exceedingly ul'eful,
on accoiint of i;s docility and fwiftiicls.

The foil of Morocco is fo g"od, that it generally
produces three crops annually \ and it is faid, would,
with pioper management, furnilh every year icO times
more thin the inhabitants arc capable of conliiming :
but cultivation is very little attended to, except a few
miles round the diftttcnt cities and towns.

The chief ri\ers are, i. The Mulvia, which is the
boundary between Ke/. and Algiers, Qrings in Mount
Atlas, and fall> into the Mediterranean. 2. The T.iga
Iprings fioni the fame Iburce, and empties ilfelf into tbe
fame'loa. 3. I'heSebu. 4. The Ommitabih. 5. The
TeiifiH. 6. The Sus j which four lad rife in Mount
Atlas, and difemboguc themfclvcs into the Atlantic
Ocean.

Willi refpcft to mountains, the Orcat and I, fier
Atlas are not only the principal in IJarbary, but Ionic
of the molt oclebrated in the uniicrfe. I'hc Great
Atl.is divides Harbaiy from Hi,edulgetid j and the Little
Atlas extends along tbe Uaibaiy coall to the Streight-
of (iibraltjr. Tnc coldnels and inacceflihility rendir
the (ireat Atlas in many parts uninhabitable; but fome
places enjoy a milder climate, coniaiii many village>,
numerous herds ol cattle aiid lloeks, are well cultiv.ited,
and inhabited by Arabs, Heribers, and other Afiican
people, who, in tbe le\erer parts of the winter, aie
obliged to ntire into vaft caverns, to preferve them-
I'elves an I their fl icks from being o\i;rwhelnied with
the prodigious quantities of fnow that fdl, and trom
the iiulemtncy of the weather. Theic people are in
giner.il tierce, crml, and warlike, and arc fpre.id n nu-
merous tribts over tbe various branches ol this prodi-
gous mountain. They can bring many men into the
lielJ, and have it in their power to be \ery tnoublel'ome
to the neighbouring goveinments, it being as inipoflilde
to be entirely upuii the dtfcnfive agaiiiU them, as totally
to fiibdue them.
84

This mountain gave rife to a thoufand fabulous ftorics
among the antients ; in particular, they fay that Atlas,
king of Mauritania, and fon of Japetus, Was fore-
warned by an oracle, that he (hould be ruined by one <if
the Tons of Jupiter, which made him determine to give
no entertainment to any ftranger whatever. At length
Perfeus, the fon of Jupiter, arriving in his dominions,
was forbidden the court by Atlas : this fo enraged the
\oung prince, that he put his fliicld before the eyes of
Atlas, and (hewed him Medufa's head, which trans-
lorined him into the famous mountain that Itill bears
his name ;

" Atlas, who turns the rolling heav'ns around,

" And whofe broad (boulders with their lights are

ciown'd ;
" Atlas, whole head fuftains the rtarry frame,
" Whofe br iwny back fupports the fkies ;
" Whofe bead wi.h piny foreils crown'd,
"Is beaten by the winds, with foggy v.ipours bound )
" Snows bide his (houlders ; from beneath his chin
" Tbe fount of rolling ftrcams their race begin.
" A beaid of ice on his large bread depends, &c."

The abovemcntioned king Atlas was a very able adro-
nomcr, and the fird who taught the doc^lrine of thft
fphcrc : hence originated all the fables concirning him,
particularly that he fuppottcd the heavens on his (houl-
ders, and that his daughters were turned into dars.

The inhabitants of this empire confid of,

1. Berebcrs, or defcendants of the antient nativ«>

2. Arabs.

3. Moors.

4. Jews.

5. Renegades of many nations.

0. Chridian Haves of many nations.

7. Turks and Levantines.

8. A mongrel breed, confiding of tbofe who proceed
from a promifcuous commerce of any of the above
elalVes.

The principal cities arc,

Morocco, the capital cf the empire, is pleafintly
fituated on an cxtenfive plain between two river.-, the
Nepbtii and the Agmed, and is watered by a tliiid, the
'I'enfid. It is, without doubt, one of the mod opu-
lent, populous, and important cities in Africa. The
mod tcciivcd opinion is, that it was founded by Abu-
CeuhiHen, and finifhed by his warlike fon Jofeph, who,
after obtaining manyglorious viiflories in Spain, brought
from tiience 30,000 captives, whom he condantly em-
ployed in furrounding it with drong walls, which were
12 miles in circumference. It then contained ico,ooo
lioules, and dill hath 24 magnificent gates, and a great
number of mofi|Ucs, palaces, &c, but at prelent its
priltine fplcndor is much decayed. It is 16 miles north
( f Mount Atlas, and 150 from the Atlantic Ocean, in
30 deg. 40 min. north latitude, and ic\tn dcg. wed lon-
gitude. The walls arc fo drong, both with refpecl to
the doncs themfelves, and the cen ent with which they
arc ladcncd, that they are impenetrable to the pick-axe,
and other inllriimcnts ; they arc flanked with drong
lowers, bulwarks, badions, &c. and furroundcd with a
deep ditch.

I'hc imperial palace is within a fp.icious fortrcfs,
called the Al-Capava, which is fituatcd on the outfidc of
the city. It is deleiulcil by high walls, drong towers,
a deep ditch, &c. aiul has only two gates, tbe one lead-
ing towards the country, and the otiier towards the
city 1 both of thrli; are haiidlbme and well guarded ;
and th,.t towards Morocco laces an elegant and capa-
cious drcet, the vida of which is terminated by a laige
magnificent mofque, admirably einhellKhcd with carv-
ings of marble, jafper, &c. and the noble gaies of the
church of Seville, ^ 'hich tbe cclebiated Almanzor
brought fioin Sp in. On the top of its dately tower,
lour large copper balls, plated with I'.old, were fixed upon
iron fpikes j together they weigh ^colb. but are of un-
equal fizes, the Imallcd being cipahle of containing
one, the next two, the third I mr, and the lari:ed eight
lacks of wheat : of tbefe I, 's take the following
account :

" Some writers affiun, thcfe four balls, or golden
3 X apples,

Hi.

Ill

i! m

;

\ 4

•'' ^l^-i

';n

. ,1'

,|i|| il

iV }

!i;;M„. *

ffi

ti. li

Mi?

«; M

'hi h

^;i

i!f-=*

166

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

apple?, as they ftilc tlicin, to li:ivc been the dowry of
foiiie qi;icii of MoiDcco, who was daughter and heirefs
of iIh- king of Gjjii.i, who, 10 tlcrnlze her memory,
<jufcd th'iii to be tl\ii.s planted on the top of that
lower. Othtr> f.iv, ili.it one of the wives of the famed
Jacob Aliiiaiizor, fold all her jewels to defray the cx-
(.'cii.e .if this whinifical ornament. However that be,
tlic mtiun th.it went f.>r current .nniong them was, tli.it
they wei-e f't up by fonic extr.iordinary conjurer under a
pioper conrtell;ilion, and that it w.is cither impDlTible,
or at lead extremely d.iiigeroiis to attempt the taking
them down, and would be atlcn led with (bmc fatal c.i-
I.".niity, Th:s notion the Altakis tell you was fo ini-
picllid on the minds of the people, th.it feveral of their
kin^.s had attempted it to their cii(>, and particularly that
A.I). 15:0, Nakcr-lkuchentuf, being cKhauiled by an
ejipenfue war with the Portiigucic, Arabs, and l-'e-
/.ans, having oiJeied one of them to be taken down to
pay his troop>, the people An rounded him In a tumtii-
tuoiks inanner, and told him thiy would fooner fell their
all, even to tbiir wives and cliiKlrcn, toraifchini money,
th-.m fuller it. IjcuehcntuI was foon after treachcroully
poifoned by iMiley-H.iiv.e'l, .tiiJ the people inierpietcd
It as a jull judgment for his jivarice and irrcliglcn.
Tins did not deter HameJ, in a little time after, from
atfrnipting the fame thing, .-.nd with better fuccefs, be-
caufe he went more cunningly about it, for having
(Miifed it to be taken down in the night, and the gold
to be taken 1 ft" by a Jiw, who gave liim 25000 piftoles
fo. it, he ordered if to be balrly g It, and fet up again
in its place, and the Jew to be hanged near it; and
caiifed it to be given out, that the demon to whom ihe
rare of thefe balls hr.d been committed, bad inflicUil
that punifhmtnt on him for having attempted to take it
du.\n. A long while after, Mjley IQimacI, who
reigned w'.icn jMarmol (the geogr^p ler) was a flave in
that capital, caufed them all t<.' tic taken down, and
turned to better advantage."

Beneath this mofque there is a capacious vault, ori-
ginally dcfigned for a ciftern, but now converted in-
to a granary. The battlements are exceeding lofty,
and the fpire rifcs 70 feet above ihem, fiom the funimit
of which the tallett men beneath appear to the beholder
like fmall children.

The royal apartments, halls of audience, feraglio, &C.
are noble (hudures,highlyembeili(hed and richly furnifti-
cdj and thegardcns, though neither well defigned,or pro-
perly vai ieg.it.' l,a. v" extenliveand magnificent, coniaining
all kiiKls of .e .i, herbs, flowers, fhrubs, Sic, wbieli
can poilibly gnw in that climate; but the fpltiulor ftil
reini'iu'ng is inco.iliderable with refpeiit to the former
grandeur of the place, the evidcncts of which vet fubfilt
in a vari-ty of noble fiagmcnts. The innumerable
ruins of many fuperb p.daces, colleges, halls, baths,
holpitaU, and above 4C0 aqiieduifls, are the mournful
nionumcnti of the effect> of dcfpoiifm, the ravages of
fii-quent wars, and the dcvattations of the tyrant
time.

The houfijs in generr.l jrc but in an indifferent con-
dition, and a great p:irt of them gone quite to dvCay.
'Ihe inhabitants aic al>out 25,000; but the jews, the
number ot whom is about 4300, live in a particular quar-
ter, which is near the palace, and furroundcd by a wall,
through which there is but one gate, and that is well
wuardeJ by Moors; yet foreign amhad'idor-, agents,
merchants, &c. chufe to live in this, preferable to am
other part of Morocco. The Jews have the art ol
growing rich, though they are exceedingly taxed ; but
they, politically, pretend to poverty, and for obvioUi
motives make a veiy mean appearance. There is a
hanJiome bridge over the Ttnji/I, which runs through
the city, and (Hpplics the inhabitants with water.

I'ez was originally the c.ipital of the kingdom of the
fame name, and is at piefent a rich and populous
city, Ifanding in 38 dcg. north lat. and 4 dep. weft
long. It coiii|. riles three diftintJt parts, viz. lielcyd,
which conr ilns about 40''0 houlirs, and IVands on the
cad fide of the riicr Fez. — Ain-Alu contains about
4CC0 inhabilaiitb, and ft.iiulj on the welt fide of the
fame liver; and Alb-.gd, or White Ft/., which was
built by Jacob, kill^ of the Ucni-Msreni, and

I 1

contains 20. coo inhahlt«iits. The two fiili; form 01!
Fez ; the latter AVo,' Fiz ■• and at prefent t: '•.■ together
form one rity. Old Fei is nine miles in ciu u:iiKunce,
(lands between two hills, is futrounded by flron^' wall,,
and flanked with magnificent towers. It Is without
fuburbs, contains many excellent gardens, haih narrow
ftrccts, feven gates and two culHcs ; the one old and
gone to decay, the other new and In good condition ;
the latter is garrifoned with bl.icks, but neither have any
cannon to defend them. The houles aie ot flone or brick,
three fiorics high, flat roofed, cnc mi palled with gal-
leries; adorned on the ouifiJe with niolaic work, and
cmbclliOicd within •vith c.rving, painting, and hand-
fume furniture ; but it is to be obfrvcd, that in gene-
ral the fer.iglios are upon the turrits of the houl'cs, .<"roin
whence the women have a line prolpeit, but they aie
never peimittcd to ftir abroad.

'I'hc river Fez, in pading through the city, din'dcs
itfelf into fix can.ds, over the various parts of which are
250 (lone budges, and 370 mills are turned by the
I'eieial ilreanis. In the city 336 ovens aic daily cin-
plo\cd; the mofqucs are computed at 500, 500) which
arc ot the lint rank, and one in particular is a mult
amazing (Iru^iture: it is a mile and a half in circuit,
including the cloiOcr and cidlege belonging to it ; the
roof is 150 cubits high, aid 50 in bieadth; the
llatcly ga! s aie 30 in miinbcr, and the |)lllars which
fupport the niinaiet, or tower, arc 30 eubiti in length,
.111,1 20 in briadih ; the roof is fufiaiiicd by 1500 pillars
of white marble, and 17 arches ; two curious lain|is
continually kept buining adorn every arch. In the
cloider belc nging to this niofquc are 42 galleries, and
400 ciderns for the people to perform their ablutions.
The college Is the mod eminent, and contains the
bed library in the empire ; here are feveral other hiljii-
tals and colleges, which aie large, magnificent, and
well endowed ; 600 water condui'!, and 2CC fpacious
inns. The principal magillrate of the city is (likd pro-
volt of the merchants, befides whom there is agu\ei-
nor, a cadi, and their fubordinatc ofliceis.

Fez It iifu.illy deemed the grand magazine, and
principal irart of ll.irbary; the tlrtets therefore fwnini
with merchants and tradcfmcn of all profelTioni, aiil
the warehoulcs, (hops, &c. arc filled with a great
variety of conunoditics, viz.

Imports,

Export).

Spices

Cochineal

Vermillion

Iron

Brafs

Steel

Arms

Ammunition

Drugs

Watches

Looking-glafTes

Ciiiickfilvct

Tartar

Opium

Allum

Aloes

Linen 1

Woollen J

Mull ins

Callicos

Fufliajis

Gold- wire, &c. Su'C.

Cloths

Hides

Leather of all forts

Skin

Fura

Wool

Dates

Almonds

Ralfins

Figs

Olive*

Honey

Wax

Silk

Cotton

Flax

Flax-cloths

Odrieh feathers

I'ot-aflies

Uold dud, &c, &c.

Mequincz, in 34 drg. north lat. and 6 deg. wed long,
is lituatcd in a capaeious pKaf.int plain, on the river
Sebu. It is three miles in circumference, furrtnin hd
with llrong wjII^, (iiviionid by gardens, and cmbcl-
liflud by many mofqnes, colleges, baths, fic. Th';
markets are daily crowded with people, particulaily
Arabs, who bring hon(y, wax, butter, hides, and
dales for fale. The emperor's palace is almod a town
of itfelf, and tl ougli much dec.yed, is dill exceedingly
fuperb; the p.iks and gaidrii'. that liirround it, witli
the number of l.allj, rooms of ll.itc, olbccs, pavilion-'.

i\ form 0!:!

■■■; timdlicr
luiiilcnnci.',
\roiv^ wjIIj,
t is wiihuut
halli lurrow

OIK olJ and
(1 condition ;
hir li.ivc any
one or brick,
;il with (jal-
ic work, and
(T, and hand-
tliat in jji-nc-
houl'cs, from

but they ait

city, divides
of which are
limed by the
;iic daily cni-
), 50ofwhicl>
iilar is a limit
lU in circuit,
ing to it i ihc
bieadth; the
pillars which
ibitb in lcn;;th,
jy 1500 (.illars
curious lamps
arch. In the
I galleries, and
their ablutions,
id contains the
ral other h'lfpi-
lagnificcnt, and
id 2C0 fpacious
ity is (iilid pro-
rerc is a govci-
is.

maga/inc, and
th.rffore fwaim
piofrlTion-,, an 1
d With a great

n A R B A R V

all forts

bathers
&c. &c.

If) dcg. weft long,
lain, on the river
Tncc, fuinuiii hJ
Idis, and iiTibcl-
Iths, 5:c. Til'.-
jplc, paiticiilaily
|tcr, hides, and
is almoft a town
dill cxccediii[;ly
lirround it, will)
llhces, pavilions
lie.

t'eholJcr.

»!»« ci''
iques.

'luufe*

cm jr vaih

by Ihc I'liip'

to the pal.ii

i|u:utei- to

V 1 of the !•!

It (lands upon the t

conlill' 'it fevcral

cx'.cnln (tra^lio,

.innou- , barracks

iiechanics,

111 do buli-

Tlie Jew.

lllvlvcl, :i:

t', tllcv .1!

AFRirA.l

tie. arc furpriltAg (

moll cle\at^'d (toii

fquares, cuiit^iin; l^^

large magazines and llu

tor the guards, .iml . |

who arc cuntinuull) ni

ncfs immediately In '

ill this city have then |

which, as in moll otiu >

)hut up at iiir.ht. AdioinniT to Mciiunie/., lien

only feprrated by a road, is Negro-town, lo c.illt

fiom the black troops in the emperor's fcrvii-w' bcin

(jiiarteieil in it.

It is to be obferved, th it the Jews here arc cxc<t.
ing'y ill ul«l, ii>; they are plundered, r.bured, andbe.it,
even by the very nieaiiclt of the Moom, ai;d daic nut
refent the ill-treanient they receive. 'I'he grc.it men
borfewhip, or cudgel them v^hencver th.-y come in tluir
way, and they are not permitted to come out of their
quartfr with flioes and (lockings on, being ohli^id to
w^lk bare-footed in the flreets freqiicnt-.d by the
Moors.

Sallce, fituatcd in 33 (K^:. 48 min. north hit. and
6 dcg. 25 min. weft long, is an ancient cily, being
mentioned by Ptolemy, and Hands on the river Giieron,
which divides it into two parrs. The northern part,
•■nrompalled with a flrong wall, and I't fended by b.it-
tlemeiits, towers, &r. is, Salla or S..lce, propeily lb
ciUcd ; but the fnuthern part, named Rah.;t, coin-
piiies many farm bouics, orchards, gatdens, ;,nd coin
fields ) the latter being futVicicntly extenlue t-> vic'.d
viicat enough for the lullcnance cf 15 coo perfons, vet
the whole is furroundcd by walls, which wire elected
by the captives thst Almanzor brought from Spain.
()n the fouth call p/ait there is a tower, which tervcs
for a land mark in the d.iy time ai.d a light huufe at night :
it is lower than it was originally, for fonie part ol the
top was ftruck olF by lij^htning; it is 50 tect fiiiiarc,
built of Hone itrongly cemented, and ojilps tow.;rds a
niagnificent mofquc, 1400 paces long, and 300 wide,
in the court of winch is a well 30 feet deep, and 100 in
width, Beneath the tov.cr are two de)ck^, the one for
wintering, and the other for building of (hips. The
harbour is large, but fo ftiallow that the piratical vcfllls
Rte obliged to put into the ifland of Tedal near its mouth.
The town is defended by two calllcs, which communi-
cate with each other, but the fortifications are irre-
gular and ill defigned j all articles of commerce here
pay a tenth part to the enipcior, but the chief fupport of
the place is the piratical trade.

Magazan, 30 miles fouth of Sallec, is a ftroiig well
built town, poflifl'cd by the Portuguefe, who have a
numerous garrilbn here; it is furiounded by a llrong
wall, above fix yards thick, and well defended by can-
non. The piratical (hips often intercept the provifion
vcflcis, which puts the garrifon to great (liait?, and
obliges them to make i xcurfions and rob the Moors, in
order to obtain a fubfiftanco.

Alclllir, wliieli was fuppofed to have been built by
the celebrated Almanzor, was a good trading tmvn till
the Portuguefe took it in 1458 ; while they policlled it,
which was iijt long, they did it great injury, and after
it was rerouird bv the iMoors it was fuftered infenfibly
to run fo decay.

Ar/ila is anoihcr ruinated phicc, about 24 miles from
the ftrelghtf cf (iibraltar,

Tangier is fitoated in 35 dci^. 56 min. north l.it. and
f) deg. 30 mi;!, well long, on a good bay. Its ancient
name was Tigris, being the capital of Mauritania Tin-
giiana. It was once a noble city, containing many
fiiniptuous edifices. The Portuguefe took it in 147 1,
r.nd oonliderably iiieicafed its llrength, though they de-
lliojed much of its beauty ; they afterward? ceded it to
t!,c Kn^lini, as part ol the dowiyof Catherine, princcfs
t GrratBritain, when a nude was made at an inimenfe
t.xpciiee, wliieh ran 3-0 fathoms into the (ea ; but the
p.'.rliament dicming it too cli.iineablc an incumbrance
ii|ion the nation, it was abandoned in 1684, and the
fortifientions blown up; it fliil continues but a mean
1 lilt fifliing tov\'n, thouj^h the Moors have attempted

captain Rich:id
, failed from the Downt
two prizes, entered the

.67

to re-pcopic it. The . r.li.duiants .-,re gre-.t thieves,
whenever they en (it: 1 opportunity, and are exceed-
ing cruel to ihoK ih«t they ii;.fi ^et into their power ;
as the following eur.fUs n' jtive will evince, which
we prefent to our readers gcmiinc -.r .unt of the

fiifieriiigs of the rrtw u( tiu Infpcd /t pnv.itecr during
ihi II captivity.

On the 24- of Oiilober. 1 745,
.-, in the .|i«flor pri

a cniife, : 1 *vin;> 1
mights 01 1 aitar on tlie ill ol January, and the
next day th idcl fjnang fo bad a leak, that it was
with the utiii. Iifliciilty tlie crew kept her above w.iter
! II the 4th, hen (inding all farther efforts iiiclt'cctual,
i X- 11 lui 'i'»>re in tl.e bay of T.mgier.

As the emperor of Morocco was at that lime under .1
treaty of peace with the crown of (ireat Hritain, ilie
crew cxpcclcil a favourable reception, iiiid immediate ii;-
lief from the Moors ; hut in this they were grcitly dif-
appointed !

Thole who cfr.^ped wiih their 1 yes, and reached the
fliore firil, were ufeil in a very barbarous manner by the
Moors, and ftripped of all their cloiths ; and fomcvvho
prefumcd to relilt th fe liarbarians were immediately
diowned, or otherwife murdered, without mercy.

A (mail number of them got into the town of Tan-
gier before night j but the greater part of them \ay
without tlie walls, and as the l.afoii was then very lliarp
,iiid incleniciit, they were half p.nlhed with ciild and
hunger, abltr-ic'led from the barbarous trealir.tnt they
received.

'I'lvelve of the cr; w continued on the wreck all night,
wheit they fpcnt their time in the mull melaiKdudy man-
ner, c.-ipet^ling every moment to be i'uallowcd up by the
waves, which l\villed like mountains, and broke over
their heads almolt every minute.

In the morning the Moors fcnt out a boat totakctbcm

which was i.o fooiier done, than they be" m lo !',

rip

them 'f every thing that was of the leall v.duc, and
at the fame time inlulted them in the moll cruel man-
ner, calling them Cbriltian dog?, infidels, and unbe-
lievers.

Early the next morning, as thofe who had lodged in
the town were going to the beach to take a fiirvey of
the wreck, they found the dead body of Mr. Rulll-l,
their furgeon, extended on the ground with his face
downwards, at a little dillance from the town walls.

This unh:.ppy gentleman had fwam afhorc, but the
g.atcs of the town being fhut, he could not poflibly get
admittance, and having nothing to noiirifli him du. ing
the night, had fallen a lacrifice to cold, hun;;er, and
fatigue.

Out of the whtdc crew, whieh amounted to 183 bo-
fore the wreck, cxclufive of Mr. RiiHel, C)5 p.rifhed in
the w.ivcs, or were murdered ly the Moors; and the
furvivors, to the numbcrof 87, with greit difHcultv ob-
tained permifTion to go to the Hritifh conful's huufo in
a body, in order to lay before him their uiih-ippy cir-
cumftanccs, and obtain fomethiiig towards their fuli-
fiflence: but the conful being then at Cjilraltar, they
applied to the deputy conful.

In a few days Mr. Pet;icrcw, the conful, returned
from Gibraltar in the Phoenix man of war, and went
inftantly to the aleaid, to perfuadc him to permit liis
unhappy countrymen to go over to Gibraltar ; Cut the
alcaiil laid that he could not comply with this requcft
without ordcis from the emperor.

The captain of the Phctnix having lain one night
at the conful's houfe, went on board the next morning ;
foon after which the conful paid a fecond vifit to the al-
caid, the confequence of which was, that he fent our
unfortunate fufferers word, tliat there were no hopes of
their getting out of the country, till the government of
Great Britain had difcbarged an old debt due to iho
emperor of Morocco, (or a ranfom of a certain number
of captives, who had been releafed by John Leonard
SoUicofl'rc, efq. and carried to England about I 7 years
before.

Confounded at this (hocking and unexpeJled news,
captain Vc.ile and four lieutenants who had private in-
timation of it be/ore the re(V, feraied » projeil of mak-
ing

: .

V.:'!-

[ml

!J 'f

■A. >•

268

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIIY.

:1in

ing their cfc.ipc, anJ by the alliance of the captain ol
the Phuiiix, who fcnt his bo.it well manned to fetch
them, they got f.ife on board the (hip.

As foon 3b they were on honrd, the captain fentoff
a boat in the night, whieh kept plying along the (hore,
to carry ilV as many of the crew as they could find ;
but they only found two, who had luckily hid thcm-
felves under a rock, without the walls of the town, all
the reft haviiii; been hurried to prifon.

The l>arj,c which conveyed captain V'cale on boaid
had no fiioncr put from thu fliore, ihan the whole town
of Tangier was al.irmed j and finding pait of their
booty irrcco\er.ibly loft, a whole legion of the Moors
fvvarnicd down on the Englifli, vowing leveni'C for their
lols, ::nd drove them immediately to piifon.

The j.iil in which they were confined was more
loathfonie than can be imagined: and as the conful
liad now al.and'<i.cd them, they knew not whom to
npply to for rcdrciV or afliifance : a fmall piitancc which
liad hitherto been allowed them was Hopped, and they
had nothing but fauime and deaih before ilieir eyes.

For ne.ir three d.iys fucd-fllnly they received no
kind of fullcnancc ; and «heii iheir miferable condition

as laid bcfoie ihe nlcaid, he only anfwered, with a ma-
licious fmile, " If the unbelieving dogs are hungry, let
ihcni eat the lioiies."

At lengih a puilon, who was not wholly diverted of
hum:initv, obtained the alcaid's permiUion for them to
beg sbout the town in the day-time, under the conduifl
of a guard ; but at night they were obliged to return to
their difmal dungeon.

'J'hough this, doubt'efs, was an a£\ of indulgence,
yet the iiiliabit.nts were fo little difpofed to deeds ol
charity, that their fublirtancc was vtry fmall and in-
difieient, infomuch that if any one got a piece of bread
or meat given him, the reft were ready to tear him to
pieces, and could not help grudging him the delicious
morkl.

Tiiey continued in this deplorable condition for above
two months, begging all the day, and lying on the
bare ftones at night ; but at lenuth they wire driven to
the brink of ddpair, by being inlomud that they
would foon be conducted to the emperor, whole pre-
sence they dreaded to fueh a dc-ree, that thrv deter-
mined to attempt their efcape ; but m this they -ere
unhappily difcovered, and prevented I'rom cairyiiig
their plot into execution.

After fuch an aitt of rebellion, as it was called,
they could not rcafonably expeiJt the halt indulgence j
nor indeed did they meet with any, fur large iron
chains were immediately fattened round their necks,
and twenty of them were linked together in one
chain.

They were now locked up in a dungeon that was
very nearly da;k, and were almolt wholly deprived of
food, fo that they began to entertain thoughts of catt-
ing lots who (hould die for the fupport of the reft till
fomc relief (hould arrive.

Happily, however, thi'; pl.in was not carried into
execution; for on their complaining to the jailer that
they were periftiiiig with hunger, he reprefcnted their
cafe to the people of the town, who fent them a fmall
quantity of luead, and eight fmall flieep, two of which
were inftantly devoured raw ; for at that time they had
been four davi and nights without any kind of food.

At this tiirc Mr. l\tticrcw, the conful, wasatCii-
braltar ; and the rdcaid fent to the emperor, to know
how he ftiould dif,iofe of the prifoners : he received
orders to bring them under a proper guard to Hufcoran,
which was at the diltance of 200 Englifli miles ; but
Mr. Pcttlcrew returning jull at this junLlurc, defired
ihealcaid not to take them to the emperor till the arrival
I I Vi' !Iiam Lattoii, cfq. who was daily expected, an
anibauador from the king of Great Britain to the em-
peror.

Thi aleaid refufcd to comply with this rcqueft, un-
lefs Mr. PcttKicw would go with him to the emperor,
to fatisfy him ih.it .m anibalfador would fo foon arrive:
but th:s Mr. I'eUicreiv declined, h.ivmg no orders I'o to
do, nor any prefent tu carry with him 1 1 the emperor.
On the morning of the iS:h of Ma/, thcfe unh ipjiy

people were driven out of the jail, unchained, and
placed on the oulfide of the town-walls, where ih<y
continued till the aleaid and his retinue ii.iiir 10 thiiii,
and then they proceeded on their jouiiuy to liuleor.in.

After a \ery difagreeablc and fatiguing jnuiiuy,
durini; whieh they v^•erc confined in a prifon at one
town for fevcral d.iys, they arrived at the eniperurj
camp at liiilcoran on the 9th of June.

When thev came within h.df a mile of thecmperorS
tent, they ftaid about h.df an hour wiiting his l.irther
orders, during which they could obleive, by the loiin-
tenancc of the aleaid and others, that there was loine-
thing very dreadful to lie expected from the emperor.

Juft before the medcnper came from the emperor, tli-
alcaid and his principal attendants formed tlKiiilelves in
a line, and prayed in thcdevoutcft manner. They were
fo terrified that their countenances changed every nio-
iient i the aleaid and fcveral others wept much, which
induced thi Englifli captives to imagine, that the mne-
ries they had hitherto c.xpeeScd, were not near 16 great
as what they Ihould now experience.

A mefl'enger foon came from the emperor, command-,
ing their immediate appe.;rance before his tent; 011
which the Moors were drawn up in one line, and the
Englifli in another, and (topping at about 60 pacei liom
the tent, the guards immediately furroundcd them, and
in about a quarter of an hour his m.ijcfty came out,
and fent a meU'engcr to bid the aleaid and his attendants
.idvancc neaier him : to this they inftantly anfwered,
" Yes, nialtcr ;" and ran to him in fuch hallo that it
might have been thought they were going to feizc
him.

When they were near enough to hear him fpeak,
they fell on their knees, and bowed their bodies forward,
with their faces to the ground, till he fpoko to them ;
they then held up their heads, and informed him that
they had breiught him a prefent, confifting tif powder,
cloth and other things, befides the Englilh cjptives.

The emperor having accepted the prefent, afked the
aleaid wheie the capt.iin of the Chriftian c.i|)tives was ?
To which it was anfwered, that he had made hia
efcape. The emperor then aflced for the licjte»ants ?
.ind being anfwered as before, told the aleaid, bethought
him and his attendants a fet of villains ; and bv his
manner, the Englilh captives im.agined he fufpec'ted the
.ilcaid had received a lum of money for the cicape of
captain Veale and the lieutenants.

Immediately after this the emperor fcnt for four Eng-
liflimen, who had been in the Spanifh fervice, and de-
lertcd from Cadiz to Tangier, to conduit the new
captives to a caltle at a little diftancc from the camp,
till farther orders.

They weie not long there brforc the aleaid and all
his guard were drove to the fame place, jnd put in
irons, which was fo far fiom giving picafure tu the
Englifli, that notwi;hltanding. the ill tieatmeiit they
had received from that officer, thi y gave him .ind iiii
people bread out of their poor allowance of two-penci;
a day.

When our unfortunate countrj men had been confined
two days, they were dr.iwii up in a line before the em-
peror's tent, when his majclly picked out fx of the
youngcft of them, and lent them back to the callic, le.
aflilt the Moors that had the care <.f liis aims; and to
each of the rc(t was given a cuttcau, eir a pici;::;,,
and they were lent to liufcoran caltle, at tlie di(i.;iico
of about a mile, to enter iipiiu that Hat.- iif ll.iver.'
wliich is fo much dr.ailcd ly free-born I'.n ^Idhiicii.

No fooner weie tiiey got to the raltlr, th.in ths
were fet to pul'
It ; when bcin

and pcifeilt lliaiigeis to that kind ol v^olk, liny were
in the utiiiolt danger of being buried uiieicr the rub-
bifli.

The emperor now freejuentlv came to give his on'trs,
and would oficn Itay within tlu ealtlc five or fix h;' ns
together, and fonietiiiies tlu' whole duV, duiing which
ihey were rvt permitted a nu'inenl's reft, norivin lo
Itand upright t'l eafe their bac ks, or gi I a diop of v.ati 1 ,
though the fun fli'iiic fu hot that ihcit hcad^ and b.ici. >
were an entire blifter.

Tii-if

down a large hniile tli it w::.s wit'iiii
in great want of the lucefiary too!-.

time
rcmaii
Wi
bury
the
rafli 1
Th
other
to be
whicb
follow
there 1
of yoi
vcnge.
my ro
panioi
for ha
feiul
recciv
plianc
you,
ducc
more
By
obt.iir
/e>rtui)

t'!

liaiiHil, aiul
whirr lliiy
nil- Id lluiii,
) livilVor.in.
Hi; jciuiiuy,
piiroii at imo
lie cnipciui'a

thcciiipiTorS
Is; Ills t.uthcr
bv tin' imin-
.rc was I iiiie-
hc emperor,
emperor, tli^
tlKiiileU'Cs in
, 'I'hcy were
:d every nio-
niuch, wliicli
that tin' iiiiic-
. near I'o great

jr, commaiid-
his tent j on
! line, anJ tho
: 60 paccb liom
led tliein, ami
ofty came out,
1 his attendants
mtly anl'wcrcd,
ch halle that it
going to leizc

:ar him fpeak,
bodies forward,
fpoke to them ;
jrmed him that
ng of powder,
Ih cjplives.
:fent, afked the
1 captives was i
had made his
he licuteiantb ?
:aid, he thought
ns i and by hiu
lie (ulpee'ted the
}i the eleape of

It for four Eng-
ervice, and de-
induil the new
from the tamp,

e alcaid and all
ice, .Mul put ill

plcafure to the
tieatmeiit they

ive him and his
ce oi two-pence

ad been confined
e beioie the ein-
1 out fx of the
to the calUe, ti'
lis aims ; and to
u, or a pieic;::.-,

at the ilidanc-"

ll.it.- of fl.iver/
rn l',i\;UH"ni.tii.

iHc, 'than th:y
,e th it »;;s within

neceliary tool-,
wi.i',,, tin y w'eie
J under the rub-

pive his ori'crs,
(ive or lix h!riis

.,v, (luring which
ielt, nor even ;o
a diop of waui,

1 heads ;.ud b.^tt..

Tiu.r

AFRICA.]

B A R n A li

/do

Their fulTciing^ were fi» grent, that in lefs than a 1
month 20 of them renounced their faith, andimiKd '
Mahometans, in order, at that dear price, to he ex-
tinpted from a ilavcry which they conlideied as inluj)- I
poi table.

One morning, about feven o'clock, the impcroi j
came to Hufcuran callle, and h.ning furvcyid the iMiy- '
jifti llaves for about three hours, he went to the i.thei |
caltle, where the alcaid and his .lii. rahlc coinp.iniuis 1
were confined; and haiiii^^ reviewed them, he wiili-
drew to about 60 paces from thecallle, and then t.itncd
about, and gave orders for tlieir being brougljt befoie
him i which being done, the .ilc.iid and four of the
principal pjople uere fet apart fioin the relf.

After this, with all the compnfurc and fereiiily
imaginable, ho c.illed for his feymctar, which being
delivered to him, he drew it out of the frabbard with a
peculiar air, and ordered one of the delinciuents to be I
taken out of his chain, and brought before him.

This unhappy victim now fell prolhate on the
ground, and with tears implored his p.irdon : but the
emperor, deaf to all his entreaties, ihetehcd out his
arm, and crying, " In the name of God," liruck olV
his heul at one blow.

This being do;".c, he delivered his fcymetar to hi.<
fword-bearer, to whom, and others, he' gave orders for
their fuUowing the example he had let thiin. And then
retired to a fmall dillance, where he (lood to fie his
commands pune'tually obejed.

At this time there were no lefs than -555 miforablo
wretches tli.at loft their lives in this arintiary in.in«
ner, including 40 bravoes, who had been kipt in
chains feveral days before the Englilh arrived at the
camp.

In order to ftrike the greater terror into the niini!s of
his furviving fubjecls, the emperor ordered the heads
which had been cut oft' to be collecK-d in hampers, and
fcnt to the alcaid or governor of Mequinez, to be nailed
on the walls of that city, and cxpoled to public view ;
while the bodies were dragged about a mile t'rom the
place of execution, and there left to moulder into dull,
or be devoured by birds or beads of prey.

Sometimes, however, tliefe unhappy viflims meet,
after death, with an odd kind of favour from the em-
peror, who gives an order for the interment of their
mangled carcafes, which is fignified by a mell'enger in
the following words :

" O thou impudent, prefumptuous and difloyal
wretch ! notwithftanJing thou diutf in thy life-time
commit fo many and fuch enormous crimes againd (lod
and thy king, 1 do now in his name, snd by liiscx-
prefs order, to flicw his love and atfeiTlion lor thee,
though altogether unworthy of the Kail of his royal
favours, freely forgive thee all thy pall iranfgiellions ;
and in confequcnce thereof, as the fame are from thii
time to he buried in oblivion, I am come to give thy
remains a decent interment."

Without this permiflion, no pcrfon mull prcfumc to
bury the body of any one thu.< executed, as the lile ol
the offender would immediately piy the furljit of fo
ra(h an affion.

The reader will rccollce'l, that the alcaid aiul four
other perfons were fet apart from the red, and relerve.l
to be fpeilators of the abovemtiitioned bloody fecnc,
which being ended, the emperor addrcll'ed then In tho
following manner : " IJehold your flauglitcred fiicnds
there ! Having given you this proof of my reientinent
of your rebellious proceeding, I (hall carry mv jud
vengeance to no greater length at prefent : I giie you
my royal word not to behead you, as I have your com-
panions j but I cxpciS, .IS a tedimony of your lorrow
for having mutinied againft nic without caufe, that you
fend immediately to Tangier, and take care that 1 may
receive the remainder of my dues ; and on your com-
pliance with this my juft demand, 1 Ihall fr.ely acipiit
you, in hopes that this my lenity low.uds you may pro-
duce a reformation in you, and teach )ou to become
more loyal fubjevSts for the future."

By this art of clemency the emperor h pcd to have
obtained a confiderablc fum from the alcaid and his nn-
/ortunatc companions; but being difappointeJ in Irs

I'xpc.Tation, he defrtnincd that they fliould be facri-
fieed to his vejigcance.

W'lierefi'ic fumniomng them bcf.iic him a fccond
tim,', he gave immediate old rs for their execution ; but
piCMouiK told tlittn, that " ai he detcded the gui.t of
a lie, tiiey Ih.iuld not end llieir J.'.ys bv the dioke of
the Isvord ; yet as they had forfeited tluir lives a fecon'l
lime by their dil'ibeiliciice of his loyal iiijiinelions, he
luul >'euiniined that ihev fliould be ,ill bo»v-diung."

lleieiipon he called out two of his guard.s, and i;ave
t'lein ciders to laden a cord about the neck of e,n.li
piifoner, and llrani^le them one alter die otlirr; luit to
t.ike lime in the execution of their cfHce j wliieh tiiey
accoidingly p.i formed with tin' iiimod deliher.ilion, in
'■rder to aggiavate the pain;, of thele iinhippy v^■retclle5,
wlicin thev Ipent ncai tvs'o lioii s in e.'.cutiiit', the em-
peror hiiiilelf biing prclent all the while, triumphing
over ilicm, as traitois to him and their country.

'i'lus b.rbaious fceiie being ended, his niaj.dy ordered
the b.idies 10 be dragged by the heels to a didance from
the place of execution, ind there to lie above ground
lor two days ; but on the third day he gave orders for
tluir interment.

Soon after this the Englifli prifoncrs received the fal-
lowing letter from Mr. Pettictcw, the vice-conful :

larache, KiiJay 24th of June, 1746.

Mr. Kill's and Countrymen,

" I Sei.u this courier to advifc you of my arrival
heie, vvheic 1 fliall red on account of my lamenef- till
Sunday, ai-d then proceed for Mequinez ; and on \Vi:>i-
iieldny or Thurfday next (ball fee you.

" By letters lately received from the ambaflador, he
was to leave England the 28th 1 f May, fo is hourly
expedtcd at Gibraltar; wlii^h I v,\{h may be fpecdily,
for your fakes, and God f. nd you an in. mediate de-
livery.

I am. Sirs,

Your very humble ferv.Tnt,

W. PE T r ICREW."

On the 2gth of June thev received alvicc of Mr.
I'etticrew's arrival at .Mequinez, wheicupin they fcnt
him feveral letters, del^iibiiig their unhappy fiiuation,
and iiitreating him, in the mod preiliii;' terms, to ufe
his utniod intered on thir iichalf, not doubling but
that when he (hould be admitted to ihe emperor's pre-
fence, it would be in his power to prei;u:c lume niitigi-
tion of their hardlliips,

On the f,me day that they difpatched thcfe lettcri,
the emperor having ordered them all into liu preleiic.',
I'elccted 16 of the youngcd of them, whoi" lie afkcd if
they would turn Moors .' which they refullng, he fcnt
them under a proper guard to Fez, to adid fueli of the
Moors thtie as were gun-lmiihs by profellion ; and the
rid of the Knglidi captives were lent back to the caftie,
wiih orders that ih.y (hould be kept dole to their ul'ual
labours.

Thole who v.-Qir fcnt to Fez ha.l an opportunity of
p;iyiiig their lel'j-.eels to Mr. j'etticrew, at Mequinez,
and lodged for one night in thehoufo where tiiat gmtle-
niaii had takeji up hii quarters.

CJn ihe jCth of June, Mr. Petticrtw w.'s ailniliied
to the cniperoi's p:i.fencc, and having deliver' d him a
[irefent from hi.-, iliitatmic m.;jedy, iilormcd him that
.Mr. i.atton, an ambafiador from England, w.i» d.iily
expected at G^br.dtar, vN-hore he propofed to wait lor
his majedv's directions rtl'peiling his landing at Tctuan,
in order to fettk' a treaty of peicc between the two
crowns.

To this the cmpiror replied, tliat he had long lived
in cxpeetation of liie arrival of an aiiibafraJcr from the
couitol tju-at brit In, hut had not yet had the pleafuie
of IVcing any pcrfon invcded iN'ith that eh.ir.icflcr i
wherefore li-' delire.i 'hat Mr. Pettierew v^'ou'd indrti.tly
return, an.i l.ikc caie that the ambalVador cinic to h.ia
without del.iy.

Heieiip n .Vlr. Pettierew to;ik bis leave, and rcp.ited

immediaiely to McqiMiez : and though he was not

ab.ve a iir.l.' Irjui the cadle where Ills unfort;.iiat4

3 y couatry-

Vil

u.4il

il>i

1 '

I'V

iffll

^M^' V

•.: K

mm m

" m

if'-- 1^1
' ii 1

-■■ In

•'[

ful

%'.>

Is!

'i -

A i

«i ' ir (

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

2-0

ccv.intrymcn were at work, yet lie Jiil not f'.ivopr tlicni
with Diic IriLiuUy vil'it.

Ai tl'.LV wi-ie Jcp:i\cil of .iiiy opportunity of fpcak-
iup, to Mr. I'ctticinv, to lay before him their dcplor-
:il)le coiuliiion, tluy on the fiift of July lent him ;i
iLtior, in wh.eh they inclokJ ii letter of attorncv, to
cn.'.l'le li.m :c^ receive th^'ir (haie:. of the prize nioniy ol
a I'lench vtliel, which tl;cy h.ul t.il^i n and carried into
Ciibralt.ir.

To tl-.is letter they received the following anfwcr ;
hut the power ol aitoii.ey never wab of iKc kail fetvice
to ilum,

" (lENTLEMEN,

" 1 I'HIS morning received your letter, with tin
power of attorney, and Ihall do all m ni\ power to le-
tovcr your pairs ot the pti/.e, whi.li (hall be )- I'ar-
thingly ttferv'.d for you. i iliall . l.o laiit-aveur to collict
fon.c eharity at Ciibraltar.

'* 1 allure vou 1 fliall do and ?.i\ in eycry thing in my
power to get you out of the country as if the cale was
mv own : Co hope no more of you will lie fo mad as
to rcrounce your faith. The people the einperor liaj
ordered for l■l^, lay with me l.ill night. It makes my
very licart bleed to fee their nakid, mifvrable condi-
tion : but one comfort is, it cannot be long, as 1 cx-
prit the ambalVaJi.r will he ..t Gibraltar biforc 1 get
r'V.'ii. I wiih )OU all JKalih and happinels, and .mii,
bir,-, yjur .irt'e.lion.ite friend,

\V. Pi: ITICREW."

The day aft.r writiiv; this letter, the l1\tiin pirfons
aVovcinentioned f?t forward for iMiquine/, on then
jouiniy tow..rds Fez i but as thty had ii'-ar 40 nines to
inarch in one day, Mr. Hctticrcw kiiiJIy ordeied each ol
them a pTiir of ihecs and gave ih. ni two loaves to re-
f.Llh lhiir.iLlvi.s w.ili on their journey.

In the n.can lime the rell of the urfortunaie Fiiglini-
men were kept to hard labour, witlumt any thing to
eh.er thciit in all their opprcllion^, b.t the pie. ding
ho|ie t!..it advice of the ambaliaJor's a.iiv.il would loon
re.ich them, for which thiy put up their fervent and
daily pi ;v. is lo heaven.

Though ih- haidftiips tluy iiiuKtwcnt weic alr.iod
infiipporiable to thole few vyho were in health, yet tin
aBbctions of the greater part ol them were aggravated
by their being tio .bled with the bloody flu.\, whiili
gradu illy giuwio '. upon them, mpaired their llrength
I 1 m;ich that they tjuld Icarcely crawl ujk n the
groun I.

S ekiicfs, however, is no plea for a capivc to be re-
lieved from Ills l.ibour euii a liiigle hour in a day; lor
the oyerfecr', if th.v had an ineiinatiin, diiill not pic-
fumc to fivo.ir thmi in the le.lt, willioiit .01 e.vpiels
crder from the e 'pcror, who, though he c.innot be in-
fenfible of their tortures, feldom (luvys them the leall
faiour: and no one dare prelume to alk any at his
liatu's.

At length .Mr. Killv, having l.ibound till hi; fpiiils
were qime I \luufled, dioppe.l d'm-n on the Lnoiind in
the cmpctor's pieenei, and la a eoi.fi lei.ible time as
trie abfolut.ly ikad, no one daiing to alloid him the
K-alt ..fiirtaioe.

Wlun he had lain fomc time, without ih ■ h.ift fign
of lilc, the cmpe or cliinanded the reafon of that cap-
tive lying in fo indolent a |io(liire, .th I why he was not
conipJkd to \vi ik ! \Vheii beinij inloimej of tin
caufe, he oidered him to be brou('lit forwaid, that he
himlvlf mi '.ht form a judgiiunl of the m itter.

Thice .Moots inf(.nily look lii.n up, ,ind carried him
to the einp lor, who, perceiving that iheic w.is no ini-
pofition m the cale, gave orders for hi« bi irg coiuliid-
td Id the oiilir put of the c.illle, where he lay in thl
agonies of death for four days futecllivtl/, iiii 1 thin
ixpired.

\Vhen the einji-ror heird he wa'. deid, lie indulged
hij loilipaiiiun. lo tar as lo pel mil foine ol them lo .il-
teiid him to Ins giave j and he w-h buii'd with as much
decency as ihcir lilualion would mlinit of.

■)r Thii It JM mid phrafr 1 but ths meiiiliiK of it mull
' •, ihit h'Jt u (urthing of the nion?/ wl:li.h he luuld pro-

Some little lime after ibis, ihele unrortunatc c.nplive'i
weic nniovid from Biifcoran callle, to another c.ilMe
near llic place wheic the enipeur w.is then ener.mj.ed.
As foon as tiiey :irrived, fome of them were employid
in ailillir.g the mafons, ?.\A others in levUisng lueii
loik Hones .is obllructed the emperor's palla^e liom ihc
lanip to ti.e callle. As his n' ijelty f.it kieralhouij
I very day to be a witnefs of the piogrcfs of the woik-i,
il is impc.flihle for the reader to leim an idea of the loii,
and fatigues they were obliged to undergo ; nor is it in
the power of words to cxpiefs their hardfliips ; for after
ihe rocks were levelled to his f.itislVtlioii, all the pitees
that were hev^n afiinder, were or.leied to be coiue)cd
to one corner of the caiHe : a wujk of incredible la-
bour and ilirtisulty !

Til- few elo.uhs which they had being worn lo rage,
they worke.l (juitc naked from ihe head to t!ic waill j
and the wtallier being excellivc hot, their (Icm, weie at
full blidertd, and at length fo perfectly tanned, th.it it
woi.ld h.ve been impollible for thiir melt intimate ae-
i|u.iintanee to have known (hem, for they looked like .1
p. 11 eel of negro ilaves.

biom this I'eeond ca'tlc the captives were rcniov d to
ai'.otlur at .M.'ciiiiniz, liom which the emperor having
been abi'eiit fonie tin'.e, lliey were, on his return, di.iwn
up 111 order, to pay thsir hom.ijje to him as he paii'ed
by them.

On his near approach, he ftopp"d and took a furvcy
of the.", and alkid ihelr overleer what place was lu
apart l"r their lodging ; and thqovirfeer, pointing lo a
w.dl at fome dillaiKc, te^Id hiin th.it was the place : tha
emperor, however, calling his eyes over the gaolcii,
.ir I oblerving a large aieh belonging to (.ne ol the
wal's cf the palate, gaie uidui that ti.ey faould b.
(piaitered llieie.

Tl ey thought ih' miehes grc.'.tly olligcd to him for
indulging th'-iii with lo convenient an .ipartnuiit, where
they cmild lay under cover, and wcic not txpofcd, as
tliej li.id been before, to the cold deviT. of the night.

They now began to conjratul.ite caJi other on ilie
Igddin .iiiKiidni.-nt ol tluii w^vwaid forune, ainl thought
then;!" Ives ha, pier tli..n they h..d ivct been lince ther
came inti the tountry.

Their pealure, howwcr, foon began to be inter-
lupted i for ii,". Moors, grudging ihem fo comfortable
in ap.itmeiit, inlullcvl llieni, by throwing itoius and
clods of earth into ihcir lodging in the night, when
hey could not fee lioin whom the injury was leceued.
riiis was a dreadful griev.inee, ..s they l.iy in m iinfelt
danger of having then brains lieal out ; but as they
knew not whom to apply li for redicfs, they were
obli ed to take Inch mealines'as they could to fcrmi
ihcnil'elvcs from the inalue of thiir impl.ie.ible eiieniics.
H ippily lor thefe poor captive^ levei.il li.dges ol cane
happened to grow will. in the wails of the palace : of
I thvie they gatherid a large ijuanlily, and made Inch a
! fence to the front of ihcii lodging, that at length they
weie al cafe, being totally feeuitd lioin any injury tliat
Ih Moois tould do thim.

'I'hiis lltualed, and having no t.ilk iinpofed upon
ih'.m fill a coiilideiable lime, f.inie of them, who weo'
in he.ilih, embiaeed ll at oppoitunity of iiKiidin)' wh.it
liw ragi they had lo lover their iii'.kedncf;. : aiiJ thole
that weie liek had lutiiiicnt iilt Iti lecover their
llieng'h, which had bten inij.aiKd thruu);h exccflive
labour,

I'litir allowance was alfo bell.r than it had been .it
Hufeoran, b ing two- pence per day lo each nun, and
thry Will- piimuttd to go into the town whenever th y
pleafed in the day liiii',-, to l.iy o it their litilc llipend t,i
the hell adv.inlage: and as liuy began lo he an|uaiiiled
will) the nuucnary dilpi iitiuii i.t the Moon, and lo
have a idioiMe fiiutlerin •, ol ihe laiigu.ige, thty were
nut lo caliiy iinpolid upon as tluy liitheito had bten.

As ihe cmpeior li.id pminued (hem to enjoy a life ol
tafe for loin ■ (inie n.ill, ihcy beg.m to fljitcr (benilehei
that hr ha.l icieived piii.il; innlligcnce of the lOiiglifli
iniball idol's aiiival at CJ braltai : and ihcy he:;aii l.j

k'urt tut tluin ill luld bi ilimiuiilad.

linpc

if:

:uiii\to cri|''Un'%
iinoUicr c„!Mc
K'li ciuanu.cil.
H'cri-" wniployid
IcvtlliiiL!; lut'U
il!ai:f luim ihe
t kvcriil lioui:!
ot' llio woil;'^,
Ji'a of ll>c loii,
I) ; nur is it m
liips ; for iil'icr
, uU tlic piiccs

be coiuc)cd
iiRreJiblc l.i.

; worn to ragj,
U) the w.iill ;
ir flvin, well- at
t.iniK'd, tli.it it
lil intiiiiiile ac-
L-y louktil like a

■crc rcmov' J tu
i'in;u'iTr ii.'.viiig
i rctinn, dt iwi)
iin a^ lie pjii'ed

1 took a fjrvcv
t (il.Kc was fit
r, poiiiiing to a

the I'lacc : tlie
cr the g.irdeii,
to cite cif the
tl.cy Hiould b:

^td tn him for
;).irinKiit, whett
liot txpiif^d, as
i,f t!ie i-.i-ht.
h otlur on llic
I1U-, and thdUjjht
jeeu fincc tlitr

n to be inter-
fo lomfortalilr

■iiig llunis aii.l

he night, when
y Was uceived,

l.iy in m nifell

t i hut as th.y
efs, lliiy were

could til fcrnu
K.ihle enciniia.
hid^es of care
I he palace : of

rid made fueh a
.It leiii;(h they
any injury that

iiiipofeJ upon
hill), who wer."
ni ndiii|' wh.t
liil.< : .iiiil tliule
lecoter tliiir
luii^h cxccfli^C

1 It h.iJ been at
eaeh nun, an J

whenever 111 y
linL- (lipeiui fj
> he .Hipiaiiilc.l
Muoi I, and to
ii.i,;e, thiy wcic
to had iuen.

njoy a lile it
.illei ih'-nileln ■
■ ( f the i;inlifli

Ihey hi-ail tJ

li"pf

AriUCA.] IJ A R B

Ihvo th;t tluu toils were at an end, and that their de-
ln:ranc. was at haii I.

1 I 'he inidlt of tliii pleafiiiy redciilion, lliey weie lent
for in fijlte to a pear beloic the emperor, who inime-
iJ!.;:il' od.red III. in to remove a l.irge pile of wood
that It iH^ .11 Ins way, to a place at the diUaiiee of a'-.oui
a 1] '. it.r or a in.le : for this piese of work two li.iy^
wcie ali^-.c.ed i hui notwithli.inding tlieir iitinuft ciuie.i
jo.iis, t,.ev found It iinpoilille tu clear it in that time
wi;l'0.it t..H.i I he'.,).

When the .M., .lor found that a confideiabl'.' paitot
the W od till, le a ii \i „.. the fpot wi.e.e it liill ll i;J,
le w,,', highly u !■; ..'■■!, and ordered near an I undied
vl his lool-guatd ^ii .'.:;. It ihe i:ii_.,'..ni Hues. Anv^iii;
llulc wer t.vo poi'i, o'.u, worn o.ii v/ntehes, who wer.
I.arcely able to ciawl doi jj, and who, aftei two or
ihiee turns, dcti;riaii.kd to .' ,.ll iVuin their labour, an.,
ti.ili to the cniperv>i'.s cieiti\.ii.y to u..ike allowanec loi
tl'.'ii inliiiii.t.es.

They aeco.dingli' d clmed tlieir wcrl;, whieh tlccni-
p uir o'l'lvHing w.ih apjiaieiu n^ns oi anyer, they ap-
pro.ielKil luni, treiii'iiiii; and fhuuderin^:;, ..lul t hi iiiiii
they weie loo oia -nil inli.m m ;;o through fo '.ihi riou.-
a t.l'r^, and they ti.e.e oie hoped, liiat a* lliey had fail'r-
luily fervcJ biiiii his t.-ihtr .in i IniiLll for many \tais,
he would ci-nlider their iiilirmities, and provide loi
tli'.in 111 fueh inai.ner as hi; thought proper I'l/t t!ie fiioit
Kiiianiil^r of tl.. .r days.

To tli.s the ii..,eiJi' m dc aiil'.r, lli.-t he pl.iinly
perceived tluy were pall their labom, and liieie.oie he
ll.uiij^l.t i: h.s lUily to proviil.- for tlum for the luliire j
whereupon he i..llantly j^ave ordus to two of his j^iiards
to (hoot ti I Ml through the hiad.

This ciuei iiijimelion being ininiciilatcly obeied,
" Now, faiil he, I li.ive taken lullieient care, in ic-
tiirii fur )Our p.ilt leu ices, that you (lioiil I nut lini;;'r
o'.it yo'.ir I ays in niifei) ; your follows in this lile are .it
ail end ;" And ih n, as a farther tillinior.y of his kii. 1-
nili, he p;avo oide.s to one of his oliieeis to fie that
they Here biiri.d with decency.

In a ihoit lime alter this, the I'nglifh ll.ivcs bavin;;
ciiniple.ued the job they weie let .ihout, weie icmanded
to llieir ufu..l plaec ot abode, wh. re they h. id tunc to
t.:!ilh themlelves again ( ami •Vum this tune till they
Kit iMiijiinez, which was .ibuiit li\ weeks, thiir la-
b.iui was fo incunliderable that tluy b.id no lealur tu
ciiirpl.iin

Tiny had nM lived Ion J in this n-anncr, b^foic the
rmp-.ois .lid le cmp e.inie to ih'ii, and anjuaiited
t ,11.1 iliat Ins lir.ianiiie'i nnj I'ly's .inibidador was ar-
ii.e.l at tjihi.i.uir j noliec ol which li.id bei-u gi^cii to
thciiipuur by a htiei l:om the alcai I < f 1 i tu ip,

'I I'.e liinc niyht that thiy iici ived tliis a;vee.ible in-
ttll g-'iici, one of tlic emperor's hroihers lo.ikd lb r.i
iioiii ihtir up le, and in a vuy ohlii;ing niannfr de-
lind to knoiv if liny b.id received .my tiding » of die
nil V.I ol till ml .ill.idor iiuin Lngl.ind ) to uhichtie,
iiiilwuid ill the m^ativi, but told Iiim that ih y lued
III d.iilv i\pectat on of news Iron, (.jibi.ili ir.

ill' le mid (inpii/.ed at this aiiiwer, but told tluu.
an anfu.ili.idur ^^as ae'.ually aiiiicd at Ci'ibiaLar, with
an inlentioii of p.iyiii^ down a tanfom tor ihem ( ami
all'iitd (hi in l.iither, tli it be haJ laiilv hid .m intcivAW
with li biilhir ill. empiior, who Ipo e of tb.m in Ihi
ijiud f.iv.iiii.ib'e tirnii, .nid iiiiiniated, that he (hoiiUI
t.leale ;h in with ple.ilurr, il b.' a;pro\.d of wh.it lla
iimh.lf dor had tu oiler in ihur b. hall',

ihe reader will btlievc, th.t on the tece;|'t of Inch
j',ond niw~, tliey h.id luit the k.rt iiulin.iiiuii lor fleep i
tluir eyes wcie loo lull of Uais il joy to admit ol lluii
t.ikilij r.iiy ripole, and Ihey iiutiially conj.'ialul.i[ed
ri h other li'l <l.v-lii;hl, tui ibc plealinj prulpcet thiy
h...l now iKfoie lliem.

Ill the niornin(r the report gr.w more iiniu;l.,|, and
alni'll every one lliy law p.ve ibeni bopis i.f a Ip' cd)
lili.i., I i.nd bifoie noon the impeiois lnolh i came to
Hum :•:,'"• »'"' -il'iifcd tlu-m th.it th- emprjor irtinJed
lo fend a lett r to the ale ml of Teiu ni, wilb or.ln'. foi
liiiil lo iiivili the unil ..II u'or to ILiibaiyi and ihl al-
iiiv. Jills he would fend hi.- black aimy lo wait fn him
10 ilia akaid'i houic, and (.I'c^rt him to court,

A R Y. 2,,

Though this wns doubtlefs very sffrcc.ible news, yet
tluy I. ad a kind of dread upon their Ipirit;-, led the le-
poit (liould be without four.dation j and of this they
..ere the n.ore apprelienii'. e, as they had received i.o
notice of their iiiteiidid ledemptinn, cither from the am-
b.iliador, or from Mr, I'ctticicw the vicc-onful.

iluwiver, as they were not kep.t to lucli hard labour
as iifual, the) could with ti.e greater patience wait for
the eonfiiniation of the news that thiy fo iir.ccjely and
c 'iill.mtly prayed for.

On the evening of the 24tb of Oftobcr, iheir over-
I'e.r inloimed them that ihev mud prepare to march to
I'ez ihe iieM moriiii;^ ; tVr tlie imp.eior had idued out
uiders for tlie alc.iiiN, with ilieir iitteiulants, tb'be ready
c.ily in the moiniiw,, without the walls ot llie | a-
lace.

Kaily ill the nioininj, therefore, our iinfoitun.ua
counlivn.en were lemoved fiom their arch, the nu.d
eomu.udiuus h.ibitarion tlity ever had in tli..t cour.tr)-,
ami having marihed ubout a mile, wereoideied to halt
tl I the empeior (liould overtake them,

/\buiit eight o' cluck hi.« niajelty let fcrw.irds ; a train
if the ladies of his ler.'glio, the eunu..hs, their i.ttm-
l.-.iil-, and his bagg.i^u-, moving; in the van. n.i the.c
ladies palled by, the hn^'lilh captive-, a- well as the
.Moors, whtiUd about wiili their faeei another w.iy,
for it is not allowable for any perfon whatever to h ok
.it a laly bilon^inL; to the emperor's retinue. \\'ei.n
the ladle, aiul e.innchs had preceded about half a n ile,
the ba2r..i:',c began tumoiei after whieh fil!o;ved ihc
Chridun captives on foot, and then a p..rt of the cm~
peiDi's army, confillm;; of .ibout tw-o tli.rui.;iid i,un, i.ll
mounied en mules. Next to thefe came ihe cinp.ror
himltl, and ihnthe len aii der ol the arm , to. tlrr
v.- th abot.t ti-.o thuiifiiid of the inhabitai.,b ot ^.l-.-iiui-
111 y,, who auendid to Ibew their loyalt) .;iid lelpcdt to
the mij eiur,

AIh ut tl leii o'clock It bc^an to rain vciv h.ir', up;n

which ilu iiiipeior g.i.e o.ders for f e l.idiis audi i.ii chs

I to mend the r pace, ihat the whole b.dy n.igiit move

, fidtr. This order wa'> highly ineon •; , dious to the

j poor c.iptives, who weie chlig.d •■ v.. Ik all the way j

efpecially as the la.n c, i-.t.nue.i liie whole day wiihout

cealing.

As tliis m.i:ch w-.!s lit;! let'-. I'^aii thiity-live miles,
.iiid as the we.'.thir a;i I ro. da wue exireme'y b.ie, the
I veiy mules themfelve- were pe-feclly j.nled, and ilieit
iiidcrs could Willi dilliciilly mike ili- in go for,va!d ;
iiow deplouble then iiiiill be the i if,- ol ih- .oi r lap-
.i\es, live ol ulioiii in p.iK.culai »eie i.iy he., ai.d
weak !

About fiin-fet they e.ime within ii inili-s of Fiz, at
whiill iiiiK the imperoi paded iher, in order, if polb-
ble, toil. nil the town bjuic it vva, ipiitci'aik. A ha
palled bv lliiiii, he called lluni gi od men, an 1 ;; .c
oidirs tor a iht chn.ent of lis .i my to i.ike c.ie of
mem, and rondu,! them lale to li.e town, its loon ai
the. were convenienllv able lo reaih il.

Noloon.i, Il w-ever, wai the impetor out of (i;:ht,
but the p.iily who were oi.lered lo ceiiduiit tl.e u, de-
leitid liom ihiiii, being .iii.\ious to get lo t e town a>
loon is ihev could,

Thu'i;;h it was now duk, and thev Wi re cxt-rrely
latipiied, they kept mining loiwardwih |.ujll.bour
and pain, and at length lanie fo near the end of (heir
juiiiney, Ih.ii they could fei feveijl lip.hti at a didance,
whieh weie liris kiiullid hy ihofe who had .ilrcaily ar-
li.td, ill oidei lo diy .iiid relielh theinlelvis aliit the
lalii;uc', of fo diJagreeable a niaich.

The iiearii they appioai bed the town, the lo.id be-
came mote doniy, wlieli piovfd no fmall moriihcition
lo ihi-m I for it was |i daik llu-y could not fee lh«
lluiii>, lo that lb' y olien kukid ihim w itli their loe»,
nhiih bi-ni^ bliUiicd hcloie, cmfed a pain ih.it was al-
nioll intoleiablc.

AIM all Iheir endeavours, fcvcral of them were un-
able lo re.nh th- tiwii till Ihe next day, lo ih.ii ihcy
weie ebligid lo lie down on the cold wet pround, where
tluy li.id a mull niiltlable and lilihy lodging ; and even
thole who leaibed the town that ni^ht wen as wit .is if
I ihty had b;ei) dr.ig|;ed thiou^h > tivu) uid having no

«,'h«ii|;<

if
1+

i 4 I

m ■

'1iE

t ■ I

•i .

'- r

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF (HiOORAlTlV

c.iMigc of raiment, witc obliged to rcpol'c tlicnilc'lvcs,
III that cuiiuiliuii, I. II ilic bare (;roi)iiiJ.

The next il.iy iliok who h;nj bi-cn left behind drop-
j)cd intutllc town, on'.- by one, moll niilcnbly t',tiij;ued,
aiiJ loiiie <•(' iheiu lo far fpcnt, that th.y were iiii.ible
to l^'.'.ik, L,r to conimunicitc tticir dilhcCb oiberwil'e than
by their te..rs.

lioiiie ot them were Co lame after this f.itiguin,'^ march,
that they eoiild not walk without criitrhes for mar a
lurtiiighl, and two cjI them afluallv i\\r,k under the
weii^ht cf iheir iiffl.elion ; for thmigli they did not
expire iinnicdiiitle, yet tlicy grew dailv wntfe and worfe,
and in ai.ciit liiiec week.- ended their iivtb and their nii-
teries together.

Ai tiic city of Old I'ez, it is ciiftomarv tn allow the
Chiiftiaii captiiis only a penny a day, which the reader
will iinaj'ine was no liii.ill agcrayatioa of their diftrcfs ;
i'.nd, to tender their cale ItiU more deplorable, pron-
liuiii u-tic th'-re much dearer than in any other part ol
the countiy wheie thiy had been.

As the town hjd never before been vifitcd by filch a
multitude of pcoploj the price of bread in particular
was (o L;rcai!y advanced, that the fame qn.intty which
ukd to Ue (old for the value of an Kngldh halfpenny,
wa* now valued at above live fai things ; fo that our un-
lortuiiatc countrymen could nut at any rate purchafc
t:;o«j;h to fuppoit life.

In this extremity they piirehafeJ a parcel of horfc-
bc-ns, and laid them in water to foak j and during that
interval, they f.iuntcicd about the town, and picked up
what (licks and other materials they could find p-opcr to
m.ikc a file with, nr.d boiled their beans as foon as they
Ki.ie (iifticiently (oaked. This expedient h.rnillied them
v.ith one hearty nie.d a day, and, eonfidenni; their piti-
lul aliowanic, they thoii/,ht themlcKes hippy with that.

On the |j.th of September 1746, tliev tcceivrd the
a;;rri..rble news tb.'.t tlie ambatEulor was airivid at Gib-
t.iltar, rnd wci.ld certainly excit himfelf to prncuie
their relc.ifc as fu iii a. poflible. This was moll agree-
able ncA'i ; but they had the bard t.'itunc to remain in
llavcry lour vcais .iftit his cxcillcnc)'s arrival ai Gib-
i.iltar.

The emperor now began to pi't thrm to hard labnur,
in ilearin^ rubb Ih iiit of an a|arini(iit that led lo the
r(K,m!. wlleic he ufidid ; they were kejit very clofc to
till'- Wiirk, be(;inniHjj in the morn iig as foon as it was
light, and continuing «t it till it was quite dark, when
tiKy letutned to their prifcn, where they had no other
(ati-fattion than to repofc their b di.s on the hare
<;roiirid, having nothing to ':at, as they o.igerly devour-
i.l their only mial before tiny began the Ubour ol
the d.,y.

On the ijd of November they received a letter from
the amb.ill.nior, who, with all the concern imaginable,
lameated thnr i.ulaiiihiily htualion, and informed them
that, by the p.iteiii.il tare of ihcir fovereign, he hoped
th") Weuld III a ll.ort time be icmoved from their cap-

liMIV.

K.iiiy the next morninp, each man being furnidird
with a p:ck-ax, they wire condue'ted to a taftle callc'
D' CI fJab.hah, vsliich the emperor was yomg lo le-
biiild i lilt at th.it t me the) little imaginid that this fa-
tigiinij! job would h.,ve lalhn to their lot.

1 hey weie tint urdcted to pull down a wall at about
?0O yard* dillai.ec fmm the c.iltle ; on winch they l.i-
bouicd fium break ol day liil the clofc of the rvcniiig,
wi'liuui inirriniHi n, loi mar ii (jeartcr of a year.

\V hkn tlity lia I pulled down this will, and dug up
the l..;ii.datic,n, they were .ct to woik upon another,
which wtj 18 leet thick, and c</ll them a di.il ol p^ms :
the I manner ol pullin; it down wis by making lunche-
with llitii piekaxes, ,iiid tilling pieces of a ton wci,'hl
at itime, with wooden levels promlrd fir that pnip.if'.

Il.r.iii;; entiuly pulled down the lalt wall they were
lo let lo work I p> I', the cmpeiiir oiileied that ihev
Iho'dd dip a lien h It the loiiM<i.ition ol a new callh,
li y.irds wi'hin the walU ol the <dil one. In about a
tuitiit^ht the tiriKh was pirpaicdt and they beg,in tu

build th: walb, which were made in the followin?; man-
ner : a c.ilc being 11 ade, tluy put into it their ni.iicri.l^
ready prepared, which confilled ol » fine kind of !(,< n.y
earth, well tempered with lime ai-.d water, and the re.
muns of the o'd wall, beat fmall and mixed with ii :
a quaiitity of tlii.s, to the d^jith uf about iH inches, he
ing put into 'he tale, was beat tdl it became as fine ,:.
palle J then another layer was put in, and biat in t| ■
f.me mairicr, and fo op till the cafe was filled, vvhiili
being done, it was taken away, and th.-re appeared a
fine Imooth wall of one entire piece, which beinc
hardened by the heat of the fun, became ftronjer thi'.ii
Itone.

Alter receiving great and repeated infults frr.m t!io|"_.
who were let fiver them, our unfortunate countrymen
t iin|de.itcd tl'.e Ciillle on the 20ih of July 174B. Th--
outer walls of this caltle were about 1040 yan's in cir-
cumleience, four leet thick, 24 feet hi^,h in nioft pirts,
but in foiiie upwaidi of 30, and iiitlofed about five
acres of ground.

No fuoncr was this large piece of work coTpleated,
than they were again let to work, to fill up a v<rv
large pit, which had been dug for materials to mix
among other-, with which they built the caltle.

On the ^ilt of October i;4S, nur captiyts rccei,'-!
a letter from Mr. Petiicrew, in which he acquiiine
them thiit the emperor had granted his licence lor then
' coming to Tetuan, wdiere he hoped for the pleafuie ot
feeing them \ cry fliortly ; and that he h.id given order, that
they ftiould be lupplied with a jillabec* .nd b;m-
bouches t. and fome mules to cafe them on the ro.id.

They received this moft agreeable news with tranf-
ports of joy not to be cxprelied ; and in about (evui
days t'liic a guard arrived from the goveinor of Te-
tuan, .0 conduct them to that place, which w.is ab ,ut
it'O mile:, dillant, and which they reached in lix days.

liefore they (et out, the emperor, who was then at
.Mc,|iilne7,, lent an order that four of the youngell ol
the Knglifl) captives t ftiould be iJopped, and fiiit to
limi, to remain in his pofltdion till the air.baliador
fliould pay his demands ; and it was his intention to
pielent thole to the ambafiador, in return for the prc-
lenl brought fioni his liiitannick m jtlly.

On the morning if their departure, the Chrlflians of
diffirent nations accompanied tlieni almoft to the gates
of the town, fliook hands with them at pariini', and,
wiih llieaming eyes, wiflinl them a good journey to
rctuan, and lafe out ol the hands of the barbarians.

They made their journey ui the moft che.irful ar-.d
agne.ible manner ; and, to add to their fa' -faiftion,
they hid the lined weather imaginable; but nothiir;
mateiial happined till they got within 16 miles of Te-
tuin, when they were nut by another guard, who
brought with them horles and mules lor them to ride on,
thiit they might not m..kt it late the next day beferc
they j^ot into tov«n.

They pruccedeil on their journey early in the morn-
ing, and at twelve o'clotk had the pliafure cf feuiii'
Tetiuii at the diHanec of about two miles. A- tin v
came near?r, they were met by the itih^bitant , il;.u-
ally a g'eit number of women, fome nrounird i p n
mules, and others i.n foot, and the w< nun lili.i;
aihid', a. the empeioi's lidiis du when they Havel
from one plate to another.

Jull n, tluy were eiitniii;» the (Irft gale, tliey Were
met by Mr. I'ettKiew, and two or lliiee iiigliftt n.. 1
ihaiit* who refided theie, to vslu/iri they hail paid lb ■
iclpitts a> ihey paded ; and when they Were within ll
gate, ihev wite met by the alcald and oilur piiiii ip ..
(K-ople, with a guard ol 7'so fvldiers ; and a- thcv p.ilK.l
by hull they cried, " Long life In iIko our iiialKr !"
.Miiililiidcs ol the iiiliabiiaiils c louded to fie (hem p
along, loiiic of will Ml ii.lulud iIhih, by cllinj; them i.n-
bi liever'.,doi'«wilhiii.i ' 'uls.ardotlcc opprnb-ii iisn 'nn ..
Hut the gu Ills did not I iiiple to ku'n k down thHeabuliv i.
wreli lies, hivni ; ordi is tii dii fo on Im ll orialieii 1.

Tlity weic now put into a prilt 11 providul t<ii ijic
icception, wh le Mr. Tcficitw came, anil ^'Velhrin

• A jilldtr it n gurmem made of toiff* bUnktl lliiff,
ill ilif (urm ol • Iriw 1 captlmi,

4 SSfipi.

I 'I hcfe fui r did nil inivr in London till jiiiic 1*; 1

luil>e

AFRICA.]

;;'l i

!r i

B A R 13 A R Y.

t .

follovvin;; man-
It llioir iii.ucti..lj
ic killj of Ic.i.ll-./
tct, .Till] the re',
mixed With ii ;
It iS iiichfs, bf-
iftjriic .IS fine ,ii
iiiul brat in lb,-
MS filled, whicli
b:re ;ippcnrcd a
r, wh:ch bcinj;
lie ftioiiger ilisii

nfults from tbof;
latc countrymen
uly 174H, ' I'll.-
^.o y.in's in cir-
,b in moil pirts,
lolld about li\L-

'ork coTplcate.l,

fill up a VII V
iiaterials to mix
the e.iltlc.
captivts, receive I
h he ac(|uain't.'.
; licence for tb ■■'
r the plealuic <■(

1 given or lei -• tli.it
ibee * :'.nd b.m-
11 I'n :lif roul.
news with frinf-
1 in about (ivirt
goveinur of Te-
which w.;s ab,;ut
ched in lix diys,
ivl-.u was then at
f the yoiingill of
ped, and fuit to
1 the iiir.ball'jdor

his intention to
urn fur the pre-
fly.

the Chriflians of
moft to the (^.itci

at parting, ami,

good journey to
the barbarians,
ri'ifl chcarful ai-..l
their fa' ^faiE^ion,
:>le i but notbiuj;
6 miles of T'c-
ithcr guard, who
ir them to ride I'n,
c next day bet'trc

ailv in the nio^n-

I'Kafurc ff let iiii',
o miles. A» tbi y

hibitan! , 1 1; ni-
iiie n:oiiii'ril 1 p n

K- «(niin lill.i;

when they lia\et

ft gate, tliry weic
lliui- Kn-lifll II.' I -
ihey hail paid lb 1
.'V Were wuhiii tl
iiid oilier print ip..

ami .■l^ thcv p.ill,.!

c our nu(ti.r !"
led to fie tbeni p •
iy i..llm(; them l.n-
ippprnb'K u^n MiH ..
; iliiwii th'^abufuo

11 h iirialii'ii I.

providid loi the •
lie, mid give ihem

till liiiic i;s'.

fomc mutton which he had got itewcd for them, as alfo
fome bread, and to each man a cup lull of wine.

About four o'clock Mr. I'ctticicv/ came again to the
prii'oii, wifhed them joy on tlie:r Cafe arrival at Te-
tuaii, told thcin he hoped it wuuKl not be Ion ' buloie
he (hould fee the ambaflador, and that l,c did not doubt
but their redemption would bj coinpkjtej in a verv
ihoit time alter his arrival.

U.iviiig returned bin. their bed thanks, they defircd
he would be fo kind as to order ihcni a daily allowance
for tlieir fubfifleiicc ; whicli he inin.ediaiily complied
with, allowing them lix-pence a day each, whitli is
about what is cultoniary to be al.owcJ to prifoncrs
of war.

As Providence had once more inJul^^cd thcin v.ith a
kind of pkiity, they loft no time in piocurini; food and
neceli'ary icfirlhments ; for thoii;>h their iniuney had
been higlily agreeable, they had btiii by 1.0 means
over-fed.

(juards were now placed at the door cf their habita-
tion, whole bufinels it was to go either to buy frovi-
iion, or on any other (rrand vvhkh thecaptivi.s wanted ;
and if at any time iliey li.,d a inii.d to wail< .ibuut the
town, thefe guaids were (bliicd to attend them.

Soon after tlicir arrikal at 1 ctuan, ij-.e aLcaid lent to
the ambaflador, to aci|uaiiit him, that r.s he 'lad v,ot the
captivtt- in his poliellioii, he fliouLI be giaj lie would
couie and biing their udeniplioii to a coiiclufioii, which
Would oblige the cnv'erur niucli inoic ihr.a i.iiy iinin.-
ctlliiry d.lay.

About the middle of December the ambaliador fent
a pitfcnt to cacli ot the c.iptives, confilliiii! of a lol-
dier's coat and liieechcs, a iliirt, a cap, a pan of Hock-
ing, ftioes and buckiis, which was rl tiie utmolH'cr-
\ice t'l ih m, as lliey had been almoll naked fjr a con-
fuicialilc time. On the Sunday following they appcaud
;n their new cl....ths, a'ul began to think theml'civcs the
belt tlrellcd pi lions in the t, wn.

On the evening of the fecond of January they d'picd
a fail Itanding in to the bay j and e.nly iie.\t inornii.g
liny could uifcerr, fioiii the top of Mr. I'elticrew's
l.oui'r, an union flag at the mall he.ul, which being a
fii'.nal that tlie .unbaMadoi w..s on boaid, Mr. I'eltiCicw
i.iimcdiattly iiiroiincd the alcaid iheicof, and tlun went
en boaid, and remained witli the ambaliador till he
came on (hoie, which was on tlie following day.

As loon as the capiivcs heard that the ambaliador was
ilibaiked, they gave th'ce hiuza<, and upon a long
p,dc hoillcd an union flag on the top of the' prifon,
luvin.; prei ioullv prepaieJ it agaiUl the lime that hik
cXcellLiicv flruld land.

About kveii o'eiock ill llie mornin;; the alcaid fent
down ilie bell hntl'e he bad for the an.b.ll'ador to ride on
to ihe town J at eight .ill the Cliiiliiaii merchanti in liie
town went ilown to accompany hi. ixcclleiicj ; at nine
t'le aleaid followed thini, Willi the foldurs belonging to
the town, filing w.ih po.vder all the way thiy went;
nnd about eleven they .ill lit out in gr.-.i.d 1 tocellioii
Irom the pl.ee wli-.'ic the amballaJor landid.

Uy this time the walls were coveteil with people to
fee Iiij iMilkiuy'. entry -. .iiid wlitil he cnicicd the
galei of the town, ihi c..niion of the cillle were tind,
aid everv one who li.J 11 inulka male ufe of 11 on the
lAcallon, fi that liie liiin:; ill d.lKiint p. ills bl the
town coiiiiioied till It w.is almoll night.

On the lilih of l!ic moiilh the cajtivcj wiotc a letter
to hit cxiilleiicy, congratulating hiin on his arri\al ;
and repiilenli../ llial the |rilii ill whuli they wele
cunlinul wii> tv>>< Imall, and In old, and lo much out
ol iipair, (hat lli'y d.nly ispoifleJ it would l.illon their
heads : up .11 whic'l aiiollicr place wa, taken in that
part of ill'' I iwn whe.e tue J. ^s live, and they were
diviiled , hali 1 I tlieiii bcii':. iiioviJ to the new prifon,
and halt rem im I ill the tid < " '.

Some time now pallid aw.i\ w ihout any fteps biing
taken towards then ledimpiion i durm;; which ihe nl-
ijid I'lvei..! timet deliud ihe ,.iiibal!'aJor lu biiiii; the
iiiatior to a c'lncliifi'ii.

At leng'h lluy had fMLiI Ceiif'rnKes, Init cmiM imt
agree, wliuli otcafioii'it ijreat iiiK.i!iiicfj aim n ; lhiT.|i-
tivMj for Iliey wvic iiilgini.J l-y tUc Moot.', that in

273

caie the ambafEidor fliould not \try focn give the al-
..i;d the fatiafaclion he expected, ihey would be all put
into the moitimore or dungeon, of which mention will
he made in iis proper place.

Though the apprehcnfion of being locked up in this
(liocking place llruck them with a panic, yet they flat-
tered themlehcs the ambaliador wouM find fon.c means
ot procuring their redemption, and not permit the
.\u)o:s lo exercilc their tvr iiiny much longer.

Filled with thefe hopes, they boic the bad news as
patiently as pollible, and lived in expectation of a happy
mm of fcrtunc ; but no negotiation going lorw.'.rd lor
fomc tunc, they at length lent a memorial to the a'TK
bafliidur, figned by 52 of them ; afier reading vMiicu
his excellency fiid, that " Nothing had be.n wanting
to lorward their redemption thai lay in his power, and
that every expedient that was agreeable to his inilruc-
lior.s, (i.ould be put into execution for ihat porpol'e,"

On tlie li;th of tebruary i^.^b-y, the alcaiO, being
impatient to have llic atiair brought to an iflut, lent for
fix of the captives, and, oy means of an iniepnter,
addrefled them in the following manner :

" It i> a long time fiiicc jcu were call awav in ihc
b.iy of 'rangier, and I am fenfible you have lia 1 a
great deal of fatigue, which 1 am very lorry f..i. You
know how dangerous it is for mc to difobi go the em-
piror; and I doubt not but you have Itcn lu.inv cf liis
Ijbjeels lole their lives for a trifling dilohedience."

'J'o this the Englifh ani'wuing in th'' ..ffirmativ, he
eommued thus ; " Why '.li.n Ihould 1 diloinr.e ii;ni in
tins negotiation with your au.ball'ador ? In fuch a cafe,
I lliiuld expct that the firll liim. 1 lliould !fc him
Would be the lail ; I'lercfur.-, for the lake ot l.lf prc-
iVrvation, if fur no other c.;uie, I lliali lofc no time in
tliii affair.

" Velleidny, continued he, your r.ir.bafra'.!or ar.d I
had .1 long conlcreiuc, when 1 lepr.Unted to him tl.ii
great tiouiile I had been .;t to p ocuie tf" favour of
vour coming d( wn tu Tetuan j and now you are here,
lie docs not leim to be under any concoji » hi ;!ier you
teuifii to yout own country or ii. t, ]> tore I l"i nt for
vou down, hij agneiiunt w.is to dqiofit thy m.ncy
for your reden-.;-,tion, wiiich he now r lufes to do till
f.ich time as you are ci,.baiked ; tHerefoie I would have
voii go the amb.'flador, and inioriu lini th >t ihi, I'a.' it)
the lalt that you will be ailowtJ the lilicrt) of w„lt.ijij{
alinut the town."

They af^ed tlic alcaid if the whole mon' v due for
the rcJemplion of the captives by the latc JmIui LconaiJ
Solliiotlic cfq. w. s infilled in, v\luriof ths ll.illiavv
Hair.et had received almoll two thiol ; to v. inch ho
anlwercd, " I ilemaiidtd no more t'laii liie an.t ..lla Iie'a
agreement, which wa> to pav lor )i'ur redcmpiion ; .11,, I
as fo what is tcmaining due on account o. the l.,ll
llives r^dvimcd, he mull diiputc thai with thcini,'cror :
I would thirtlotc have you go to ycur ambilLnl. r and
iiy uhnt you can do 111 behalf of yuuilehis and yjut
coiiipinion.."

Ilcreo|oii !licy went to the ambalTaJor, and i f inied
him wli.t the alc.iid had l.iid to them j to uhi.h liii '
I xalleiicy replied, ihat he would not pay him .ill they
weie imbaikcd, " hor," laid he, " 1 Kar wii.n he has
gilt the nv lay he will not lend you aw ly,"

To tliii; ihey repliid, that " If his ixc.Urney con-
tended with him ever lo long, it would le to no man*
lur of puipolej for as the tyrants had gor hoih him
and tlum 111 their power, they were a luHicicnt pledge
loi the moiey." Heicu, .11 his cxeellency ordered limn
to go to t'lc alcaid wiili lii$ coniplimcnis, and iiifonu
him that he would lend for the money that day, anil a(
the fame tunc to beg he <vould indulge them in their
11I11.1I liberty.

They now returned to the alcaij, .unl hav''.g de-
livcied I'.ii, i.-ll" -c, and Informed him ih.i the am-
hill.idorwas in doubt whether he would l.ttluiii em-
bark after he had got the money in his pod-irioii ; the
aleaid anfwerid, " l,et Ihe ambaflador fend foi l!ie
mnnry i .md when I am talisfied that it it 00 bo.iid ihc
veiiel, you and )oiir biclhien lliall embaik , mid when
i you are on h.iaul I fli.ill e.xpect the iiiomy, avd imt
; Dclore: you may thircfoie return to your «i)ibarud:ir,

. '

I .

iiil

■ li

n .

fii

:Jl'#

A NEW COMPLETE! SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

aiiil infariii him what I have faid to you, and aflure
him If I can oblige him in any other refpciSl, I will j
and that you <hall have the fame liberty to walk about
the town with a guard, as you have had hitherto."

The emiiTaries now returned to their companions,
with hearts filled with joy, to think that they had
cfcapcd being put into the dungeon : and there being
a vciTcl in the bay ready to fail for Gibraltar, that cir-
cumftance gave them ftill greater fpirits, as the anibaf-
fador had declared he would fend for the money by
the fiift vcfl'cl that fliouM go from Tetuan to Gibral-
tar.

When the veffcl had been failed two days, they began
eagerly to wiflj for iis return, as the lead delay might
again plunge them into almoll as bad circumlUiices as
they had ever been in yet : but as during tbefc two
days the wind continued eafterly, the alcaid had no
reafon to be uneafy, as he well knew that with that
wind no fhip could come from Gibraltar to I'tuan.

At length the wind coming about to the weft, a
ftlip arrived from Gibraltar, and the commander came
to the town ; but all they could learn from him was,
that they need not doubt but they would in a very
Ihort time be at Gibraltar : but whether the money was
brought for their redemption or nut, they could not
Jearn. This account therctbrc was by no means fatis-
faciory ; and this night all thofe that were abroad were
diiven to their prifons.

Their guards now began to treat them in a very
diftcrcnt manner fiom what they had done before; and
as they knew that this could not be done but l>y order
of the alcaid, they weie well convinced that the money
for their redemption was not arrived.

The alcaid, however, being willing they Ihoold know
why they were more dofely confined than heretofore.
Cent for the fix people who were with him before, and,
by his interpreter, addretll-d them as follows.

" You all well know that your ambaflador promifed
that the monev for your redemption (hould be paid fome
time ago : but it could not be expected that fhips fhould
arrive from Gibraltar, as the wind was contrary ; but
now the wind is (hifted, and there is a vcfl'el come, but
the money is not : I am furprized that yoi'r aniballador
fhould trifle with me in th;s manner j therefore do vou
go to him and inform him, that I Hiall wait till to mor-
row for hia pofitivc aniwer, whether he intends to psy
the money, that you may go to your own country, or
otherwil'e you inuft be fcnt back to the emperor in iron> ;
for I cannot delay any longer without his niajefty's cx-
prefs order."

They now begged of the alcaid that he would have a
little more patience ; and faid they did not doubt but
that the amhaliUior would foon have the money ready
for him, and bring every thing to fuch a conclufian as
would give hiin pirfcct fatisfaiftion.

" Well then," faid the alcaid, " go to your ambal-
fador, and inform him that 1 will wait till another
veffti arrives, to lee if he will then order the money to
be brought J for I would not have it faid, that I am in
the lead a foe to him, or to any of you j and to-mor-
row you fliall hjve your libeity again, as ufiial."

They now returned their belt thanks, and going to
the ambaflador, told him what the alcaid had faid j on
wh.ch his excellency bid them not be difcouraged on
account of the money not being arrived, " For,"
faid he " I now give you inv proniife, that it (hall not
be lon^ before you are fit at liberty."

Soon jfter this another tefTel arrived, and then » fecond
and a third, but brought no money : which made our
poor captives extremely apprehenfive that they ftiuuld in
a ftiort time be put into the dungeon ; but thefe velTcU
failed again to Ciihraltar, without '' -. aleaid'i taking
any farther notice of the afTiir than he had already
done.

On the evening of the 14th of March, 1748-9, ar- ;
rived the Brave Sheibcck, captain Hjfwell, from whom t
they were in the hii;he(l 1 xpe.'Ution of hearing (ome I
fatisfaclory newi ; but as tl'.c captain did nut cume on j

•f IVtarfcene U % place ahnut feven milfi dillint fVom I
Tituan, where *i\ cumrnvdiiili to and from ihat town

ftiore till the next morning, they were obliged to war.
with as much patience as polFible,

The captain came to Tetuan about ten o'clock in
the morning; and about two in the afternoon the akaid
fent for them all in the utmofl halte, which made them
apprehend fome fatal conl'equence.

When they were ai rived, he ordered them to fland
in a line: and having picked out 25 of them, heac.
quainteJ them that thofe were to embark om the next
day, and the rell were to remain fome little time
longer, for there was not money enough come to pay
for the redemption of any more.

He then fent thofe that were to embark the next day
to a houfe by thcmfelvcs, and the others to u prifon ;
and on the i6th of March about eleven o'clock the
amballiidor fent for thofe who were to embark, and
gave every man a certificate, wifhing them all fafe to
England : and about twelve o'clock, they were, by
order of the alcaid, lent without the city w,alls, where
they weie met by Mr. Petticrew, captain Hafwell, and
the alcaid; and 12 mules were provided to help theni
0:1 the mad, there having been a great deal of rain,
which made the ways very bad.

Tney were not far out of the town before it began
10 ram very hard ; on which the alcaid told Mr. Petti-
crew, that as the weather was likely to prove lb bad,
it would be proper for them to Ihiy till the next day ;
but his true reafon for defiring this delay was, that he
h d agreed for the departure of thefe people without
the knowledge of the emperor ; and the dread of his
difplcal'ure was evident enough in his countenance.

Captain H.ifwell now told the alcaid, that the
flijweis only came off the mountains in fquails, and
would not laft long ; and if they did, it was not to
be imagined that thofe who had been lo long in cap-
tivity would delay a moment on account of the
weather.

Still, however, it was evident that the alcaid y/!.s
uneafy; upon which Mr. Petticrew defired tc know if
It was his intention that they fliould embaik or not,
" For," fjld he, " if you are apprehenfive that the
weather will be prejudicial to their health, fend them
back at once to their prifon; for it is .s bad for them
to (Jand there in the rain, as to proceed in order to em-
bark; but I imagine you do not care to part with
them ; and if (o, when do you imagine you (hall get
the money into your hands ; do vou think that the go-
vernor of Gibraltar will fend the money a fecond tinu .'
Indeed he will not ; nor will he, for the future, ever
take your word on any account whatever j and when
the merchants of Gibraltar ionic to uiiderf^and that
you are not a man of your word, they will not think
themfelves fafe in carrying on the leaft commerce with
this town."

Hereupon, the alcaid, (who knew that if the mer-
chants of Gibraltar (hould entertain a bad opinion of
him, it would be of ih; utmolt prejudice to the town,)
directed that they ihould depart, which they joyfully
obeyed ; fome mounted the mules, while others ran on
foot i an.! indeed thofe on foot kept a-head of the mulej
all the way to Marteene f.

When they came to Marteene, the captain and two
Moors who were cominifliuned to receive the money,
went on board in order to briiig it on ftiore ; and when
the money was in the h;,at, the .Moors were to hoid
and (Irike the enfign fdree limes ; on which the Englifh
captives were to put ott', and the boat with the money
wai to come on fliore.

Accordingly, about three o'clock, two boati, being
prepared for them, the fignal was given ; on which
ihey inftantlyjumpcd into the boats, and had the plea-
fure of tafting that freedom, for which they had fo long
and lo ardently wilhed. As foon as they were embarketf,
they cunKtaiulated each o'her on the oecafion, and with
hearts full of joy and ^>ratitude, returned their unfeign-
ed thanks to Almighty God, who in hi) ureat goodrefs,
had delivered them irum the infults of the mercileft
baibatiani.

are impottcd andeaportcd.

nil

AFRICA.]

J3 A R B A R Y.

obliged to war.

ten o'clock in
noon the akaid
lich made them

them to fiand
)f them, he ac-
k o'l the next
)mc little time
gh come to pay

irk the next day
urs to A pril'on ;
vcn o'clock tlic
a cmbarlr, and
them all lafe to
they were, by
ty walls, where
in Halwell, and
led to help thcni
at deal ot rain,

before it began

I told Mr. Petti-
to prove Co bad,

II the next day ;
lay was, that he
; people without
the dread of his
luntcnancc,
ilcaid, that the
i in fqunils, and
I, it was not to
1 (o long in cap-
account of the

t the akaid w?.s
fired tc know if
i embaik or not,
ehenfive that the
lealih, fend them
.,5 bad for them
in order to cni-
ire to part with
ii>e you (hall get
hink that the go-
ry a fccond timt I
the future, ever
vers and when
iiiiderf'and that
y will not think
commerce with

that if the mcr-
bad opinion of

ce to the town,)
h they joyfully
c others ran on

lead of the mule;.

captain and two
reive the money,
fliote J and when
lotb were to hoilt
hich the Engliftt
with the money

two boatii, being
'iven ; on which
lid had the plea-
hcv had fo long
were cmbtrkea,
cafion, and with
ed their unfeign-
it ^reat goodnefv,
of the mercilef*

On the next Jay they arrived at Gibraltar, where
they remained a week, and then enil arkiiig on board
his inajclly's ihip the Crown, failed for England, and,
on the nth of May 1749, arrived fafe at I'ortfmouth.

From Portfmouth they repaired to London, where
they prefcnted a petition to the king, fctting forth the
nature of their futTtriiigf, on which his niajcrty was
pitafed to order thrm a bounty of five pounds each,
ind his late royal highncls the prince of Wales, ordered
fifty pounds to be dindi'd amongff them.

Having now accompanied thefe 7.5 cnptivcs to En;;.
land, let us return to their fellow (utfotrs, who were
not rcdiemid till the 8th of Dccenib.r, 1750.

Thefe, having wiihtd their companions a profpcrous
voyage to their native country, Itood ga/.ing on a hill
till the vcflt-l in which they failed was out of fight, and
then returned to their prifon, where they lamented their
baplefs fate, thinking it extremely unfortunate that the
»iholc rcdcmption-n.oney was not fent at that time,
while the door of freedom was equdly open to them
>ll.

About 20 days after the departure of the 75 perfons
»boveij...,».oin.ii, the ainbafliJorWas informed that there
was a fljip Handing into the bav ; on w!i ch, wi;h .1 few
of the captives who then happened to be with him, he
went on the roof of his houle, and by the help of a
glafs, knew the veflel to be the Nighiiiig.de ; on whicli
he wiftied them joy, and told thcin that the money for
their redcniplijn was brought by that (hip.

On the evening of the (amc day his excellency fi-nt
Mr. Petticrew to the ahaid, to inform him that the
(h:p arrived in the bay had brought the rtmainJir ol
the money for the redemption of the c.iptivis.

The captives were at th s ti;nc infpired with new
life, and the looks of freemen appeared in ca^h coun-
tenance : but to their great mortitirati{ 11, when Mr.
Petticrew returned he informed the ainbafLidor, that the
alcaid had received orders from the emperor not to part
with one of the Englilh captives, till he had received
from the ambad'ador tl.e former redemption money re-
maining due ; and alio that which the Erglifll faid was
paid to the b (Ti H.imet f.

On the fiillnwing day the ambaflador had a conference
with the alc.iid, when he reprcfeiued that tlie inr.ne\
paid to the I'ada Hainit was by compuHion ; for that
when the late Mr. Sollicoffie cam.c from the emperor,
and brought w.th him the Briiifh r.,ptives to Tetuan,
thehafla, then governor of the town, infilled, before he
would fuft'cr the captives to tir.baik, on bills for the
payinint of the money agreed on between the emperor
and Mr. Solhi"offr>: fur their redemption ; and there
criild be no doubt but that Mr. So'licoftVe imagined,
that when the bad'a had received the money, he would
immediately have remitted it to his majefty, as it was
his duty to have done ; but as he had not remitted it,
it was proper that the bafla's family (hoiild he anfwer-
•ble for It, and that it (hould not be again demanded of
his Britannic majdly. Thus, for throe days fuccel-
fively, did the ainbafTador rcafon with the alcaid, in
order to procure the liberty of his countrymen, but all
he could fay produced no good etfect.

In thii en^ergency his excell.ncy knew not what to
do, but to lifter the payncntof 4399 pounds, and one
ftiilling, and the head-money, on con.lition tl..it the
captives wcie embarked on hoanl the Nii;htingale ; but
ihn the alriil refilled to accept, becaufe his inftruc-
tions from the emperor weic to infiff on 8201 pounds,
which was paid to the bafla Hamct, and the 4391) pounds
and one (hding remaining due, together with the head
money for the releafc of the captives.

The alcaid, finding he could not bring the ambafTa-
I'or to agree to thefc terms, told him he would put
the captives into the dungeon, and in a thort time fend
them back to the emperor in itotn, and oblige him to
^o with them; btlidei whi.ii hi; would lend out his

+ The fum that rtmiined due wai 4Ji)V peundi and
our fliillinv;, »lii>li the aniUffaJur had i«(;retd to pay, ai
« ell as j;' MeviiU dollars (npul in value 10 an Kiiulilh
crimn pif'C) as ledrmpiiunmoney for each ni.ia. The
ftlirr funi that hid he. n pud to' the halla lluiiet, wai
BjuI peuiid, whiih the aniLalladjr refuted to pay, having

ZyK

row boats and gallies to make rcprifals on any Englifli
fliips they could meet with : which, if he had done,
muft have incrcafcd the number of captives, and oc-
cafioned a confiderable expence to the Englifli govern-
ment.

Hereupon, the ambaflador deflred the captain of the
Nightingale to permit Mr. Stevens, his firft lieutenant,
to carry difpatches from him to the Englifh miniilry,
for inftruftions how to aft in this critical affair.

This rcqueft being readily complied with, Mr. Stevens
left Tetuan on the 29th of April 1749; and during the
time that he was going to England and back, which
was about two months, the captives had the liberty of
walking about the town in the day time with a guard,
as before.

Mr. Stevens being returned, they were in hopes that
they (hould foon obtain their liberty ; but to their
mortification they found that his voyage had not been at-
tended with fuccefs.

Tie alcaid now again fent for the ambaTador, and
renewed his demand ; but his excellency told him that
he could not in the leaft exceed the inftruflions he had
irom the king his mafler ; and therefore could not com-
ply >vi h his demand'^.

In this perplexity the ambaflador had no method of
prevailing on the alcaid not to fend the captives back
to p'ez, but to fign an acknowledgement that their
inerceiiary demands were juftly due, and give an obli-
ation for the payment of the money in two months
time.

The complying with thefe demands, was alfo the
only method by which he could prevent the row-boats
ind (iailies from taking the Englifh merchant-fhips ;
and if he had not complied, he would have been
u animnully blamed by the merchants, for not pre-
ventin^r the capture of their fliips, while he was ot>
the Ipot.

The two months being expired, and no money arrived,
the alcaid (lopped all commerce with Gibraltar, infulted
the ambalTador in the mod fcandaluus manner, put the
captives into the dungeon, and threatened to fend them
h.i.ck to Kcz in irons.

When they had been confined in the dungeon three
weeks, a Iquadron arrived in the bay under the com-
mand of conim dorc Keppcl, to whom the ainbadador
lepiefeiited the dreadful confcquences of the men being
fent back to davcry, v^hich mu(^ inevitably happen if
ilie aUaid was not appcafitd : he likcwife fet forth the
dan^^erous conlequence of their taking the Englifh
mer. haiit-fliips, by which others would be reduced to
the fame dreadful (late of davery.

Ill reuptin the commodore pioniifed the payment of
the 4J99 pounds and one (hilling, which the alcaid then
agreed to take, and contented himfelf to wait for the
relf till an anfwcr refpciSling it (huuld be received from
England.

This promife of payment rcleafed the captives from
the dungeon, and procured theiu their ufual liberty j
hut as the money was not paid according to promife,
the alcaid put them into the dungeon a fecond time, and
confined the arnballadoi to his chamber, at the door of
which twi ru(fians rtood century, who had orders not to
pciinit v Chrillian or Jew to converfe with him ; but
the pa lar* of this allair will be more clearly (hewn

by the louowing Icttei, which was fent from Tetuan to
the Englifh miniliry.

" On the J 3d of Auguft 1749, a ■.■nefTenger arrived
at Tetuan, from the emperor Muley AbdalTah, to the
alcaid, oid( ring bun to demand of his excellency Wil-
liam Latton, efq. ambalTadoi there from the court of
Great Uritain, the ballancc-inoney due, being 4399
pounds and one (hilling, for the redemption of the cap-
tives, now 36 in number i and the 820 pounds that
wai paid to the late balTa Hamet, drccafed, which, ai

no inltruiMioii« fo tn d'>.

The reafim nf in being a^nin demanded, w»«, that
foon alici the Ixll'ii Hamct liad cui pofl't (Tiun ot the tnuiie/
frum Mr. SullienfTre, lie rebelled Rgaii.lt the etnptrur, sad
applied the moRt/ lu hit own ufe.

AliM

it: :m

•'■ fill

1; ■•■- tf'

■I: A\

in r

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM 01- GEORACrnV.

fi.

'■ m

li^H

-0

the fjid emperor ri'ccivcil no part of, he deems an illegal
p.iymciit. The I'ai.l alcuJ dcL'laitJ lo the ainbafl'ador,
that t( he was nut loiihvvith paid the whole funi, or, ai
le.ill, j-.ad not his note oi' hand, engaging to pay it in
tight or ten days, he had pulitive orders to carry him
and the Eiiglilli (laves up to Kti ; which would not
only greatly enhance the expence ot the ciown, di(-
grace his ni.jilh's pufeiit, by confilcatioii, and hisam-
balFador by a denial ot' audiCiiec, but render him, and
his attendants, no Id's inilerabSc than thoic he came to
redeem,

" The ambafl'idor anfwered, that he could not en-
gage himlelt in tliat manner lor the payment ol fiich
Anns in fo fliort a tniie : but did djrcctiv hire a polacre
to carry over le.ters to tlic go\criu)i o! Ciibraltar, en-
treating liini t.) lend the lornier funi dueot 4J99 pounds
2nd one Ihillin.:, winch was in his piiirelTmn.

" The goxeriior lent back a letter lo the ambalTador,
p.nd a (li.irpone to the aUaiJ, but no money ; whereupon
the a iiballadcn'; i.oule was imnied atcly invelKd with a
party of loldicrs, who tirll violently dragged away his
lecretary, Mr. L'liarks bturg's, tciring oft' liis iloaths,
and tumbling him inio a d.ln.al deep dungion undei
ground, called the Mortinuqe, where he lay buiied,
without light of lun or nmon, fur above three weeks,
which was iifl onlylodail;, butfoeliiUy, thit it might,
but for the Imgle tavuur if pro. idence, have lull him
the ufe ot his liii.bs, or lite ili'ilf."

" Afleiwards, 27 uf the l''iglifli llaves were tikcn,
in the lii.e niani.er, cut of their pril.i.i, and with a
''ortunuefe, who wis one of tic ainballadoi's krvants,
li.rried into the laid loull drealful in'cniient j and the
ambal^aJor hia.lelf had iioiis b.oii_,ht iiil 1 his houl'e,
wherewith he had b.cn luiely fettered, but for the op-
pofition nia.t ag;inlt it by the Kngl (li merchants j yet
they had degraded him, and taken olF his allow.inec.''

" Aftei 2^ days, one of t!,c guards biought word to
the alea;d, that liie lecretary was very ill, and hi; Lf-
ill diiii^er •, uhireiipun he appoint -d him to he led up
bcf.ire him ; and wiien he undetlbiod how lieJlailly wil-
ling the yoi.ngmaii was to fuller for, iir wi;h his mailer,
the barbaiiaii relented, and give hi n liberty to icturn
home agiin."

" There was not a Me r, or a Jew, fuflVred tr) ap-
pro.ich the amball'ador j nor fo mueh as the Jew who
was wont to (have him. 'I'here was not a letter diiceleJ
to the amballid ir, «hi h was not brike (pen beloic l.e
law it, .iiid iiit .pteied to the alcaid, by an I.nglilh
iciie;;ade or apoUaie."

*' Two negro porters, who were planted .it tlic am-
bafiadur's (he.'t duur, had the keys ot all Ins looms
iibo\e and hc'ow j and tw) r Hian fuldieis were ci 11-
ftaiuly pulled to watth anil lleep every night at hi;
chamber-ilciur, nor lonld his letrctaiy go anywhere
iibroid witho.it a iruiid,"

" The a'ca: I, liiuliiig no itioney arrive fiom G b. al-
tar bv tnetiine Innittcd, and tli.it the governor h.iJ paid
no regard to his prolell OL'-nnll theaml'all'.ulur, g.e.c him
to iinderlland, ili.it he hi I lompclled lnei.J I'.iiglilli
merchants to iJ! tluir gcuds j and alio iViuibiy (ii/.td
upon part of the king's pre. eiits, dcfi.Mud lor the ( in-
perur, to fulfil his enga.'.eineiits wiih hlin ; and the le-
nuindcr thereof w.-.s expected every moment lo be alfu
carried awa)."

" The tnglifh merchant:; we;c frigl.te.! from the
coafl at tliefe feveiities, till, at lall, that ihey might
be induied to r turn and trade a« ultial, the ah .lid
ordered th: captuei to be lelealed out of the inurti-
niorc, and teuiittrd again 10 their prifon."

" On the 38th of Ui.t ,ber airivtd there the Uravc
Shcrbcck, capiin Hafwell, with litters lium the i;o-
vrrnor of {jibr.di.ir, to i!ie amballadur, fignilying,
that 110 mancy could be km by the fa d govrrnur, till
he had received a tiiul anl'.ver from the goveriitntnt.
The ambairador ha' not wanted cmriiLe becoming the
honour of his countiy, or condel eiihun, cninpaliM"
with the dignity of his conniifTiun, ci. ugh t 1 have

* The MutiiiiiiM'e IS 1 pi iir .'3 tcct under i^riiund, wli---i'
ihiie is nil light Imt what loinci Imiiia hole al the top, liki
a yilly-hule iii hugland : and it ii alnayi teiydamp, oi

gained him both ivl'pfel and afFeiTlion aniorp; ."my n-.u
mane and civilized people; hut tliougli it has been hn
generous ;iniliition to diniiuifli li.e number of orr
c.ptives, it li.-.s been his mifurtune to be nuiii;
one hiinlelf: and thus are they waiting with Ch/if.
t.an p.'.ticnce, until ihey can meet will) Ionic Chr fliaa
icliel."

I.ct us now reiurn to our acooiint of t!ie c.iptivcj
who lav buried for 50 days in the moitiiiiorc*, liorn
whence they never e.xpeelc.l anv r. leafe, till they
alceniied in order to be lent back again to I'ez.

Their futrcii.'gs here were multi|.licd, on acco'.mt of
the C'lmmervf being Itopijcd with Gibraltar, li,,!n
whenie they ci-uld get no fiibfillencc, and their allnw-
ance le ng ndiicd to two-pence | er day, whieli, ai
they could not lay out 'henirehes, on account 01 their
clule confinement, tl'.ev verc ol liged to tiuli the Mooi i
with it; and ihele n ereena y villains alvxn.s cheated
them of .1 p.nt, and I nielimes of the wliuli..

I'rovilions were alio very dear, en aceouiit i f a fa-
mine and plague, which at that time ia_ed .ill over the
countiy ; io th.it their coiui tion w s now more deplur-
all. than it had ever I een duriig their capiivity.

While In this dungeon, tl;e\ were continually in-
fiilt.d by the Moots, who uf-J to throw down upon
iliein dead dogs, c.it', lion s, i;c. and never thouL'ht
tlie.iiklves lb happy, as when tliey were exereiliii-
ih.l'e Icand.ih us barbarities.

At length they were rcleafed frcm this damp and
naule ins ceil, .-.11 1 put inio their eid prilun, and in a
few days ;iit,' I waids weie taken out eariy one nv. mill •,
and conducted to a place w.tnout the town walls,
where a galley w..s bull ing for the ule of the ."\!snri,
and on this they weie let to work, which they continueii
all day, and at n ght wcie K-eon.Kicled t 1 t.ieir prikn ;
and th.s l.diour they coniinuid t II the alcaid w.n
.nurdired by the Muorj, of which ineiitiun will be
made hereafter.

Mr. I'etticrew, the viec-conliil, being .it G.hr.dtar
int!-.eb ginning of September 1749, w.i. dilpatehed lo
tnglaiid b> the governor, in oidci to !.;y i llat'eof thj
aftuirs ill Barhary brfore the miniliry, "and to infotin
ilieni ol the great necelfity ihrrc was ol brill ing to a
eonel.lion t:ie ticaty i f peace t. en on loot u nil the
emperor, that the reiiiainiiig Erglifli captives might be
lelealed.

It was during the ahfence cf Mr. Petlicrcw, that the
|d.igue raged at Tetunn and through the adja.er.t
country -, but thioug'i the good provuLiue of God
none ot the Eiiglilli c.iptivss ratehed the liili r.ler,
though they worksd .ilong fide of tlie galley with thcU
wli.i had it, and dud of it.

In the moiiih of Nuveinbcr 1750, Mr. rittiercw re-
turned to Gibraltar, with full powers to piy tlie
emperor all his dcm.ii'.di, and iileafe tl.c captives ; tV:
news of which teaching Teiu..n, iiifpned them willi
the utmoll joy, to think that tlitir niileia! !c fl.ieiy
was ne.ir a period, and that they were cnue inoie to
enjoy the nioit iiualuahleof all bKliiiigs, l.ibeity I

Soon alkr Mi. I'elticre* aniied at Cjibialtar, he

came to Ictuan in his m.ijelly's (luii Sea-hoiie, to ac-

iiu.iint the akai 1 that he h.id uidwS from the iting ot

I tiieat liritain, to treat for the redcnipt,.)ii of thi

j laptaes, and conclude the treaty ol pea>cbetwicn the

two puwisj whriupon they lin itcd him to come on

! Iliore, with which he loniplied ; and alter having held

I a coiilcrciice with the amballador and the alcaid, he

returned again to Ciilialtar, .111. 1 acqua.nted the goycr-

j nor lh.it the matter was biouglit to a conclulinn, and

he W..S Jiuw come to fetch the ii.i.ney lot the ledciiiptiuii

uf th.' cai'liies.

Ijiiriiig Mr. Pctticruv's ([.\y at Gibr.iliar, the heads

fTetun, having iiujirell.d with the alcaid, im-

ploMil liiiic ruiriaiis to niurdei liim, wh.cli was rxe-

eu"id in the followm •, manner ; As ihs almi.l was at

piayeis in one of the mofiiucs, and kiierlmg „t his ilo-

aecount of the fpriiigs liling in it, oiealinncd b) if. beinj;
diij^ 1) deep.

veticn.

Mi|<.">'ii;'

AFRICA.]

B A R B A R

or.p; any iiii.
ha- ti.vii hi»
iibcr of onr
o be nuilc
witli Cli;!!'-
inc Clir fti.m

tiie cajtivcs,
more *, fiott\
fi.-, till the/
Icz.

n arco.nt cf
br.iltar, it<,r.\
i t!u-ir iill.nv.
ly, whi^r!, a)
zouiil oi ihiir
ult till' Mooii
ivtdVi clicaicj

iinit < I u (a-
d .ill ovir tlic
' niiire licplor-
)iivity.

jiitimially ia-
iv liown upoij
never llvnij.'^ht
cie cxi-fi-iliii;^

Ills damp anil
ilun, aiKJ Jji a
' one iiv. riiin^',
c town walls,
of t'le M-'Ors,
they continued
[ 1 t.Kir piilln ;
lu' ulcaiJ was
ci.tiun will bo

; :,l G.hr.'.ltar
. ilil'patcheJ to
y 1 liate of the
and to inform
brin ing to a
lout vMtli tlic
tivcs might be

Icrcw, that tlia

the ailj.1' cr.t

iKiiec (jt G"d

the i!il'( r.ler,

!cy witli th(.l;

. Pttticrcw re-
s to piy the
cjptlvcs ; tl".
fd t'aeni willi
iltial !c lli\er/
I n^e nioic to
, I.ilKity !
t Ciibi.iU.ir, ha
ta-huiie, to at-
om llie king ul
nipl.on uf ih'i
> f IkIwicii the
iim lo tome on
vT ha; ing htld
the aleaid, ho
iited the guicr-
tiincluli'in, ami
( the icdciiiptioii

r.iliar, the heads
alcaiJ, cm-
vh.i'h wa» rxe-
t'lr all..!.. I was at
iiig ..t his ile-

I'li-.rd b\ it. be'iui;

votirn.

votion, one of the perfons employed came behind him,
and ftabbcd him in the neck ; when the alcaid making a
fudden refidancc, foine other villains joined the firft, aiul
Itabbcd him in fevcral parts of the body, of which
wounds he inilaiitly died.

This uncxpciiled piece of cruelt • occafioncd the whole
town to be in confufion ; for fnch a faerilegious inll nee
of barbarity was never before heard of, their mofiecs
being deemed fanduarics tor the worft crimes that c;in
be committed.

The death of the alcaid was fome detriment to the
Englifh captives, bcc.iufc Mr. Pclticrcw would not
land again till a new alcaid had orders from the tnipcror
to receive him ; which occafioned the lof, of another
month.

The people of Tetuan hving cliofcn a new alcaid,
he fcnt a prefent to the emperor, who on receipt thereof
confirmed their choice, and immediately fcnt full in-
ilruclions to the alcaid, to agiee with the Knjlilli
ambad'ador, on the fame terms that the late alcaid h.id
done.

Hereupon the pew alcaid fent a copv of his orders
to the governor of Ciibraltar, and Mr. I'etticrcw,
which gentleman came into the bay of Tctuan on
the 7th of September, onboard the Sea-hotfc, and ftnt
a meflage to the alcaid, to inform him that he intended
to come on (horc the next day j on which the captives,
to their inexprelTible joy, were ordered down to ihe
water-fidc for their embar! ation.

About fix o'clock the next day Mr. Pjttirrcw landed,
and foon afterwards the alcaid gave orders fi r tl'.c cap-
tives to get into the boats that were to carry them on
board : on which they ran into the Wuter as hi;;h as
their waifts, ftriving who (liould fiill get into the boats ;
rnd when they put off, they gave three cheers to the
jmbartador, \ir. Petticrcw, and fume gentlemen th.it
attended them ; which being returned by the gentle-
men, the others gave one huzza more, aad in ..bout
half an hour were embarked on board the Sea-horfe.

The wind coming about calleilv, they failed the
fame evening ; and on the riih of Deeeinbcr, 1750, tan e
to an anchor in the bay of Gibraltar, from whence, in
a few days, they found means to return tj th.ir ii.itivc
country.

Melillc is fitii.itcd in 35 dcg. 20 ""lin. north lat. and
2 dcg. g mill, well long. 120 miles fouth weft from
Oran, and at the bottom of a bay, called Kutrefolcos ,
it received its name from the great cjuaiuity of hone,
which the neighbouring territory yichh. It was an-
ciently capit.il of the province, and is llill a cciifulc-
ahle place, containing ioOoho>ifes; it is defended hy a
citadel, and is now in the hands of the Sp n ards.

Ceutj is advant 'gcoiifly fituated at the entrance of the
Mediteir.iiican, on a kind of peninfiila, which is the
neatell point ot land to the Sj>ani(h co.ift ; the wall.s
. i! forlitications arc not fo good as might he expected
from its I'ltuation ; nevctthelcfs ii is a coiifidcrahlc town,
has a ftrong g.irrifon, a magnihcent rathedial, and a
noble pala'c. It belongs fo the Spaniards, is a pl.ueot
great trade, and has good harbour. The Mixts laid
fiegc 10 it in 1697, hut have mvcr been .iblc to take it,
though thoy have blockaded it ever (iiicc. Near till'-
citv IS a mountain with fcvcn lie.id^, which the .iiiticnts
dillinguiflied by the appellation of Scjitcm Fratie , 0:
fi.vcn brotheii.

Tetuan is a little hctt.'r than 20 miles from Cciita,
and built on the declivity ol a rocky hill, at the Itreiglu's
moiiili ; it i lui rounded by a wall made of mud and
water, and coiiKiiueiilly is not very Ihong ; the luuile--
au not above h'cj in i,un:ber, but the iiih.ibitants, bi.-
tAcm trade aiul tliievin^:, arc intolerable lircuniliaiices ;
for when they are r\ot llrong enough to plund r a (hip,
they will traffic with the crew. 1 he caltle .^ ItronL',
lijuare, and flanked with towers-, the j.airifon < mirill-
cl 1 yeomen, that is, i too ii.lantry, and 400 cavalry.
The Chnllian (lives arc hero veiy numerous, very
ill-iiled, and nightly locked up in a diliiul dunge-m,
callt d Moitimoie : the hoiiles in iteiui.il aie while w.ilhed
boih wuhin and without. T he p.il ice of the b.lla, in the
tiiy, and his villa, at about two nuki dillaiice, arc
25

■7

magnificent flruclures; and the mofques are as elegant
as any buildings can be that arc in the Morefco liile.
rile (antons or monks have about 12 cluiftc j, which
are I laces of refuge for all criminals, except thole guilty
ot treafon ; the Jews are about 5000 in number, and
have fcvcn fynancgucs; all the inhabitants vifir each
other ,)vcr the tops of the houfes, which a e flat roofed,
■s IS che ciilfom in Algiers and other part, of Barbaiy.
I'lic piofpciit either towaids the Tea or land fide is very
ii"ble, the ci.cunijacent countiy being exceeding feitile,
.iiid timly intcrfpeifeJ with orchards, gardens, lawni,
villas, groves, &c.

Mefia is fituated at the fo.-)t of Mount Atlas, on the
river Suz, at the phice where it liifch iges itfcif into
the fea. It is divided into three diftinct parts, each
being fuirounded by a wall, and about a mile dift.int
fro.n each other. 1 he adjacent terr.tor\ is leitilized
by the overflivving of the river, and w.iales have been
frequently call upon the (hore.

Tefl'ut is about four miles from the laft menti< ned
town, and like that divided into three parts. A branch
of the river Suz waters it. and pall'es throu^;h a large
mofque in the center of it, by which nie;:ns the people
hiiv: an opportunity of performing their ablutions in a
running (trcam. The town contains about 4COO fami-
lies; the principal commodities arc fugar and Morocco
leather, and the neighbouring teiiitoiy is exiremely
lertile.

Tamdjht is a fmall, but handfomc, populous, and
flourifhirg place, and the inhabitants arc opulent, cour-
teous and polite.

Tedfi, famous for its fugar manufaftorv, contai.ns
about 5000 iiihabuants. '1 he thief aliakis, who is
lu| reme judrc in all ccclefiuftie.il n'.attcis, lefi/e^ ;n he
great m'Mque here ; it has a good market on Mcrndays,
the chief tiaffic being leather, li.ieii, \vo' llci, caitic,
horlVs, fiigar, wax, hoaey, butter, iron tools i^^c.

Tagolt, the largeft city in the province of Suz, is
fif.iated in a fertile pl.iin, and conl;;ins about li:o-2 la-
niilies, 400 of which aie J vvs. If re arc two nmikcts
weekly, to wh.ch the Arabs and Moors rel< rt vviiU
their comir.odiiics, and th; lugroei to buy.'pparil.

T.iphilet, or I'afilet, was once a ki.i.;.'nni of itfelf,
but never very c nfiderabic j the limits and extent ate
uncertain, and in general the whole country is a Lng,
dry, bjircii trailt ot find. The people fere are niiler-
.ibly poor, the common fort liung prin ij ally upon
d '.t. s and camels flefli, t'.c ch.ef pioduce of the coun-
try being „n exrelknt kind of indigo. Moll of the
dates which are f.nt to Europe come from heiicc, as
I the emperor Will not |)ern.it them to be cX|H)ited tioin
..iiy other pa;t of his dominions ; and it is nthrnud that
the leather manuf.iiituied her;- is tanned with the ftoiicj
of that fiuit. About 4OCO horl'e aic retain.d 111 thii
diftric>, to keep the people, who arc chie.ly Htnbers, in
•iibjeetion, and it ia uUully governed by a prince ol the
bijod.

I he city (f Taphile' vhiih ftanJs on a river of tlic
fame name, is the Klu.ence of the gownior, .inJ lias
a llrong caltle to defend it. I he inhaliitants, about
2CC0 in nunihrr, are indiidrioiis in the manuta.tture$
ol leather, (ilk, ;<nd liiidi; and in general |-oi;ci> a
competency in eami.li, horfcs, caltle, date trees, &c.
It is a gieat leiule/.'.oiis of both Alricin and Luu peaii
mcich.uits, and tiic people are very lociable, though
extremly (uperttitious.

Subordinate to the governor of Tafilet is the province
of Gctul.i, a dry, barren countiy, the limits nl vvhicll
are not peilotlly known. The mount. mis, houcier,
yiild plenty ot iron .iiid ci'pp r, and tlie iiih.diit.inis .ue
famous lor woikii g in thole iiiet.ds, by the extharga
if which the\ proiure horfes, linens, woollens, ipices,
Sic. They have .iniiu-illy fcvenl t lirs, but one in par-
titul.ir, which is kept on a large plain, lalls two monihf,
and is ri fitted to by imtcli.iiits lioin .dl p.iits of IJarb.iry :
and this fair i«, petha|,s, better regulated thin ai.y
other ill the uiiiverle i as the p.'ople, th(:U'.;h nauir.illy
biutilh, aie under li.t'i rellrielions, th t a quarrel wn
never knoun to happen dining l.iir time.

Tlie vieiponsul the Gelul.ms .oe icymrtits, d.ipijer!,

darts, (peais, aud Uioit guns ; they can bring Cc r.ro

4 A n.rn

I'ti

t^r'

tMU

.73

A NEW COxMPLETE SYSTEM OF 0-EOGRAPIlV.

Wil

Ijl ' I (IS Jn

■Hi:i

,^?

men into the field. Their drcfs is a flrijicd j;ickct of
linen or wuollen, with fhort fleevcs, over which they
throw a gown of coarfe woollen cloth. They have only
one mode of punilhmcnt, that is, piercing the criminal
to death with darts, and throwing his tarcafc to the
dogs.

SECT. VI.

Peliticnl, CivU, and Eulcfiajlkal HIjhry, Manners,
Cu/isr/is, (sfc,

THE emperor of Morocco is deemed the moft de-
fpotic monarch ir\ the univerfe, h.iving an un-
controulable power over the lives and propcities of his
fubjects, or rather (laves ; for there is not a luigle pcr-
Ibn in the whole empire, who can pretend to the Ic.ill
(hadow of freedom, or dares openly to avow his fcnti-
luents. Bat the infatuation of the people is llill more
(Irangc, fincc the very crimes of their monarch arc fanifti-
ficd in their opinion) they think he does them a favour
when he treats them with barbarity, and imagine to be
murdered by him is a peculiar bicfling, as it infures
tlioir immediate admittance into p.'.radil'e. Where fueh
notions prevail, the tyrannic cruelty of the fovcreign,
and implicit refignation of the luhjctS, are not to be
wondered at.

liefides the unbounded power over the people's pro-
perties during their lives, the emperor is the uiiiverfal
heir to all his fubjeJls upon their dcmifej (b that the
greatcil part of the wealth of the empire centers in the
royal coffers. The emperor's titles are very liigh I'woln,
he being called The nuji Glor-ciis, Mighty, and Nclitc
Emperor of A F RIC, King of Fei and Morocco, Ta-
phiict, Suz, Dal.'ra, and all the Algarl'f, and ititcnitc-
rics in A/iic, Grand Sharif (that is deltendant) of the
pitphet Mah-.mct, is^c. tfc. isc. In fine, his will is the
only law, his paflions the interpreters thereof, the judges
his creature?, and the executioners his minions.

Belidcs robbing his fubjcils at pleafure while they
live, and feixingall their ttico'ls at thtir death, thcem-
perur's revenue is confiderably increafed by the piiatic.il
trade) for he is at no cxpencc in lilting out theeurfair
vcliels, yet has a tenth part of the eflc>:ts and captive'.
which they take j and after his tythe is dedui:led, '\s at
liberty to purchafe the remainder ef the pril'uners, if
he thinks proper, at only 50 crowns per head. This
produces immenle profit to him, cither by their ranlum
or labour, for he makes them all work, and fupplies
them with nothing but a feanty allowance of coarfe
bread and oil. If they fall fick, he gives them no af-
fillance, but leases that to the fathers of a Spanifh con-
vent, who fupply them with neccli'aries and medicines ,
but even the benevolence of thefc is taxed, as they pav
him a conliderable annual (lipenJ, for a toleration to
act with humanity to their fellow-creatures. Another
branch of the revenue is a tenth part of the cattle,
torn, fruit, honey, wax, hides, rice, &c cxtortid from
the Arabs . nd lierebcrs, by his governors and baU'.is,
who levy this tax with the utmoft feverity. The Jews
pay a capitation tax, and all the commodities in which
the Cliultians deal are heavily afl'eii'cd.

The navy ot this empire is nevcrthelefs very incon-
fidciable : it leldom coiifilti of above 12 vcllcis, the
largclf of which carry no more th in 20 guns and about
7C0 men, wlio arc badly provided lor, pooily armed,
and viry nidiliereiit iailors into the bargain. Jt is
happy fur the Chrillians, that the whtde coaff of Mo-
roceo doc^ not afford a fingic good harbour j bailee,
which IS the bed of any, is but very irdifferent, and
at low water is almoll dry. This is in infurmountable
obllacle to their ever becoming foriniilable as a mari-
time power i othciwife their depicdations wiiul.i h:-
moch more drtaillul, as they are exceeding faithlels ;
and if they find in a veflil belon.ing to a nation with
whom they are at peice a (in|:le pcifon of anotliei
c. unity, tlwy nuke that a pret-iae to feizc the (hip.
Tliey ari , belides, deemed i;rcat eowiids, and will not
fi^ht but when tlu'y have a manileit advantage on then
fiJe.

1 he army confiOs of Moors, rei ejadoes, ami ne-
groes, who are badK paid and wo le itir..ipl ned j ilie
IK^ocs, however, aic dtemtd tli* lid lo'J.tr', being
+

brought fiom Guinea very young, and always educ.iteit
for a military life. Thefe amount to about 4.:, 000, aiij
the Moors and renegadoes together make about tin'
fame number. The emperor at any time lan augn:ei.c
Ins troops with great eale, but the difficulty is to aun
them, as his arl'enal, in general, docs lu t contain above
10,000 firelocks, and 150 pieces of c.iniion.

The comn.cree of Morocco is carried on thicfly by
Jews and Chrifliaiis in Enghfh and French bottomj, as
lew of the Moors eitlier unJeilland it, or have any
trading vcirds of their own. Roguery is fo uni.erlal in
Morocco, that an expert cheat is looked upon as a very
ingenious, ufelul, and rcl'peclabic pcrfon ; and frauds
in trade are fo common, that ehe.iting is (tudied f\f-
tcmatical'y as •> moft necill..ry ait. The land c»>m-
merce is carried on by caravans, which go j early to
Mecca, Medina, and Guinea.

The coins ol this countiy arc, a flucc, which is ,
copper coin Icfs than a faithing, io vnich make a

blanqueen : this lalf h afilvtr coin of about two-pence
v.ilue; and th.' ducat is a gild coin worth abo.t nii.c
(liillings.

The learning of the people of this country is con-
fined to reading, writing, and arithmetic, as f , w at-
tempt any thing higher except the priclU and doctors of
law. The favourite fcicnce of the two latter orders,
and what the common people admire without un.'er-
(landing, is alhology ; lo that fuperftition, and a belief
in omens, predictions, &c. ire general througlio .t thii
nation. NIoli of the town.s have fevcral public CehtM.li
and academies, in which ehildien arc taught to re.id,
write, caff accounts, and repeat a (hort catechinn,
which contains the principles of their religion, Tho
Mahometan is here the ellabbnied religion, but they
have introduced a variety of innovations, and added fc-
veral ridiculous ceremonies. Every Eiiday, which 13
their labbath, both fexes vifit the fcpulchies of their
.inecffors and relations, in blue habits, blue being their
miiiirning colour. They greatly venerate the dead,
enibelliOj their tombs as niueh as tlieir circuni{l.inecs
will permit, and fufier no Chriilian to approach Hiihiu
a ccitain diftance of them. They are very pirtituLir
in the obfervation of the three following lupeillitious
and whin ficul notions :

1. To place viitluals and diink upon the tombs of
their anccftors and relations, at certain times, that the
dead may not ffarve in their gra\es.

2. To buiy gold, filver, jewels, &c. with the co.-pfc,
that he may not be in bad circumffaiiccs in the other
world : and,

3. To dig the grave \cry wide, that the defuiu'l may
not be incommoded for w.mt of room.

i'hey have another notion, which is equallv fingu-
lar and abfurd, that is, never to bury two pirfons in
the fame grave, left they mii;ht have fomc diflieulty in
finding their own bones on the day of reluiievlioii.

The Mahometans here p ly a peculiar regard to both
the pilgrims and their hoiles who have been a; Mecca ;
but they profel's the utmolt abhtrrcnce to Chrillians of
all denominations : they feldom mention them without
a ciirfc t.icktd to their names ; and the mildeft e| iihet
they billow on them is that of doijs. They enforce
the attendance on public woifliip with great li^'our; for
if a man is coiiucled of having ahilnied himlvlf Iroiii
tlie mofquc for the fjiaee of eight days, ha is, for tl c
firlt offence, rendered incapable of being a witneCi in
any court of judicature ; tor the I'econd fined ; and Iwi
the third buint as a herciir. Women arc, hoaevei,
excluded from places of public worfllip ; and the pie-
vailing opuiion of the Moois is, that all perloiis ol any
nation or religion, and of either fex, arc l.ciiro of f.d-
vation prior to the iige of liltecn : but allci th.'.t pin.'d
they imagine that none but .Mullulmcn can be l..uJ.
Ideols and nudinen arc deemed faints, and tlieir lepiil-
chrcs, as wdl as thole of ihe .Meeca pilgriini, ,i;i;
(anLtuaiics fur all crimes but tie.iiun. Games of cunec
.iro (tiiilly loibidden, and thole who are detei'Kd iit
|)la) ing for money, are liable to be fcveielv piinfh . I.
■| hey arc Uriel obl'ervcrs of the ccremonia's ot th.ir
n-lhiion, paiticulaily of the pieat f.ift of Rani.ijjii.
Hut, to iiiin up the general di.>;.ie'..[ of th; nation, ail

traveller;

AFRICA.I

li A U U A R Y.

ayi c'uuc.itcif
4 -,000, at\J
c ^ibout V.-.c:
(.an au;^n:ciic.
Uy is tu ;iiin
oiitaiii above
II.

jii cliicdy by
1 botloiiij, ai
or have any

uiiivcilal m
poll as a very
; and Iraiiilj
i ftuJiod fyf-
c laiiJ c.,m-
i go )caily to

c, wliicb !s .
. nich make a
lit two-pcnci;
th abo.t nii.c

Duntry is ccn-
c, ai t,\v at-
and doctors of

latter orders,
iihout unlcr-
1, anJ a hdkC
lirouglu) ■! tliJ
[lubhc fchools
aught to re.id,
)rc catccSinin,
■eligion. Tbc
;ion, but they

and added fc-
day, wliieh i;
Ichres of ihcir
iKie bting their
•ate the dead,
■ cireuniil.iiKcs
pproacli v\lthiii
very p.iriinilar
)j, lupeiilitiuus

1 the tombs of
tirncs, that the

vith the corpfc,
3 in tlie olhej-

he dcfuiu'l may

equally f nju-
two p' rlon-. ill
line diflUuIty ill
I'uiKLlioM.
r regard t.i both

ten ai Mecca ;

Ch.'illuuis of
tbeni without
milJill e| i:hi-t

They enforce

reat li^'imr ; for

ed hiMilUf Iroui

bo is, for tl e

g a witnef-. in

1 lined ; and lot
1 are, lioaxver,

I and the pic-

perfoiia ol any

■e (.cure of f.d-

liliei th.'.t pi iivPtt

tan be l..v^d.

and tlicir Upul-

I pilgriiiii, .i;i:
iamcs of CiUiiec

aie delei'l^d iii
\e!i;lv puir!h:.l.
IioniaN ol ih^'ir

II of Rani.idjii.
tb: ii.itioii, ail

Iraveller;

travellers agree in affirnu'ng, that the court is the moll
faithlcfs, and the people the moll perfidious and bafe
of any in the univerfc.

The methods of punilhing criminals arc cxaiSlly the
fame as thofc ufed in the other piraticaHtates oflJaibary,
already dcfciibcd ; as are their drcfs, mairiagc ceremonies,
burials, fic. Their language is modern Arabic, whith
prevails throughout the whole empire.

Hitherto we have delcribtd only the dark fide of the
charaiSer of thefe people ; it is but jiifticc, therefore,
to mention their few good qualities, as a fmall ba-
lance againit their many bad ones : they never ufc
the name of (Jod irrcvcrenily, or upon trivial occa-
fions, and abhor the very idea of fwearing, unlel's whin
they mention a Chriftian, when the execrations they
ufc are chiefly in dcrifion of, and to ex prcfs their con-
tempt for the CbrilHans, on account of their propenfity
to this very vice; fur the int'amoiis, though toinmon
praiSice, of curling and fwearing upon the molt trifling
occafions, which prevails with many who are plealed to
call themfclvcs Chriltians, has contributed greatly to
lower them in the opinion of thefe Infidels; nor is this
cudom lefs ridiculous than impious, as it is the only
crime which human nature is capable of committing,
that neither propofes picafure or profit for its end :

*' Of all the naufcous complicated crimes,

♦' Which moft infeft and ftigmatize the times,

•• There's none that can with impious oiths compare,

•' Where vice and folly have an equ.d fharc."

They fcldom wrangle or quarrel with each other,
very rarely come to blows ; and murders (thole com-
mitted by the emperors excepted) are never heard of.
They arc fcrupuloufly obedient to their parents, pay
the moft profound refpcct to their fuperiors, and an.
Joyal to their fovcreigns even to a molt abfuid degree of
veneration. They are, in general, exceeding tempe-
rate in eating and drinking j though the emperor, and
fome of the great men, vsho fancy thcmfelves above all
reftriflions, lead very abandoned and debauched lives ;
but the people in general ufc a great deal of opium. It
is fingular, that in the mufl civilized nations in tu
rope, valt crowds of natives flock to fee public execu-
tions, Willi a kind of unfeeling curiofity ; but in Mo-
rocco it is quite the revcilc, for all ranks of people
caref\illy keep out of the way, and a criminal is o ten
executed, w.thout any perlons be n:; prefent except the
officers ol juftice, who attend olHci.lly. They hive
one excellent political max. in mi then government,
which is, not to molcll the conIuI and nKithaiit^ who
refidc in their territories, thou.n tbi y h.ippen to be ai
war with the nation to whori they belong.

To what bath already Iven faid, relative to their
tratmcnt of Chriltian captives, we fiall, (or the entei -
tainmcnt of the re.ider, fubjoin the followiii'; N.ir-
rativc of the lofs of his iMajefty's nii|) the J-itchruld ,
and the (ufl'enngs of the furviving part of the crew,
during their flavery in Morocco :

On the nth of November 1758, the I,i;chfiel.!,
commanded by Captain Ilarton, departed (rom Ire-
land, in company with fevcral other men of vv.ir and
tranfports, intended lor the rcdudion of Gorce, under
the command of Commodore Keppel.

They met with a profperous io)age till t!ie agth cl
the month, on the evening of which day the wcatlur
turned out very (quallv, with rain. At nii.c I'elock it
was exceeding dark, wiih much lightening, and at halt
an hour after nine they had an extreme hard (quail, at
which time Captain Haiton came upon deck, and (laid
till ten, when he left ordeis to keep (i 'lit of the LCm-
modore, and to make what l..il the weather would
peimit.

At one o'clock in the ninrninij of the jQth, the li^'ht,
which they took to be the Coinnnulorc's, was r gin
a-head bearing fouth, and the wind blew very hard at
weft fouth-weft. At fix o'clock in the n.orning the
author ol this accoiiiu w^s aw.iked by a (icat (hocl.,
and a conlulcd noife of the nun on deck •, on which he
tan up, thinking fome (hip was run foul of than,
having ni) thoughts of being mar lard, fiiice, accord-
ing tu evcrv pcrfon's ic^koning, they were ut lejlt 35

Itagues from it; but, bifore he could reach the qu.ir-
ter deck, he was too fenfibly convinced of their dii'mal
lituation, bj the Ihip giving a grc it ft:oke on the
g:oui;d, and the lea breaking all ovc- tbcni.

Jult alter this he could pereeiv tlie land, at the
dillaiKO of about two cables lengti', .;ppcaiing rocky
. nJ uneven. The fliip lying with bci bioadbde to
windward, the lea broke entirely over them j the milts
Inon went oveibuard, and fame men verc carr.ed olF
with them.

It is inipofliblc to conceive their dlftri fs at t'-.is tiir.c;
the malts, yards, and f.iils hanging along- fide in a cun-
lufed heap, the fhip beating violently upon tlic rocks,
the waves curling up to an incredible height, and then
dafiiing down with I'uch force as if 'hey woull ha'. e
fplit the (hip to pieces, whith they every iiiv/.T.wiit ex-
pected.

But now Provid-nce favoured them greatly ; for fome
of the large waves breaking without tin- (hip, the re-
niaind-.r of their force came agaiiift the itarboard quar-
ter ; and the anchors that were tut av.ay as f .011 as they
Itruck, now a^iUvd in bringing the Ihip's head towards
the lea.

This gave a profpeift of prolonging life, perhaps, x
few hours, which was all at that time the) could ex-
pert ; however, their fcattered lenfcs now lecovciing a
little, tlicy law it neccflary to get everv thing they
could over to the larboard fide, to prcveiu the ihi 1 from
heeling off, and expofing the deck again to f.j : and
the waves for the moft part bicaking f.irwaid, the/
leizeJ the opportunity, and git molt ol the lljiroaril
gun J on the upper deck over, with what ellc they toulj
come at.

Soa.e of the pc pie, contrary to advice, were very
carneft to get the boa;s cut j and at length, iilcr nuitii
intreaty, one of the boats w..s launched, and eight of
the belt men jumped into her ; .nid though at tliis ti.i c
the fca was lather abated, (lie had hai.'.ly got to th(
(hip's (tern, when (he wa., inli.intlv wlnrlcd to the bot-
tom, and every foul in her ptrlflicd ; and tlie teil of the
bo.ir- were foon wailicd to pieces upon deck.

Tlicy now m.idc a rait of the capi:ern-bars, fome
bnar.'s, 5ce. which bi iiig done, tliey had only to wait
with nlignation for the aillllance f Diiiiie I'rovidcnci-.
The (hip Ww, fo foon ti.ld with w.Ucr, th.it they had
no time to get any pronlioii up. The qnaitir-i-'eck ..nd
|ii op were now the only places they cOLild Itand 011
with any feturity, the waves being far fpent by the time
they reached tlu'lb p::r!s, owing to their bung broke
by the foie part ot the (hip.

At four oM.itk in the aliernoon, the fca b.ing thil
much ab.iltd, as it was ali olt low water, i.nJ as there
was reafon to imagine that the lliip could not wiihlLiiJ
the violence of the next flood, one of the people fwani
fa(e adiore.

Theie were numbers of Moors upon the rocks, who
beckoned much for them to come on ftiore, which ih.y
at firit took (or kindiiefs, but they were foon unde-
ceived, as thefe wretches had not the huiiiaiiily 10 ..(Tilt
any one who was entirely nakid, but fled to th de whtj
had any thing about them, whom they (tripped bcfoie
they were will out of the water, wrangling Linong
tbemklves about the plunder, while the poor man was
left to crawl up the rocks if he was able j if not, they
gave thcmlelves no concern about bun.

.Mr. Sutherland, with the fecond lieutenant, and about
bj otheis, got alliore before dark, where they wiieex-
pofed to the we.ither upon the cold (and, and, to k.cp
thcmfelves lioin perilhing, weic obliged to go down to
the (hore t ) biiiig up pieces of the wreck to n-...kc a
hrc i and il they liippened to pick up a (hut or a
haiulkeicbul, and d'd not deliver it to ilie Moms on
the firIt dein.iiul, a dagger was inftantly ofter-d to their
hrcalls.

The Moors liav ing allowed them a piece of an olJ
fail, which thev did nut think worth carrying ulF, tbty
made two tents, into which they ciondej, liiiiii" (nta
between the otiiei'i legs, to prelcrve w ninth, and make
loom.

in ibis iincafy fitua'.ion, rontimially bew.iilinr ihvlr
own fule, ;iiJ that ol tlieit i-uer Dip mates on tiic

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A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CiEOCRAPHY,

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wreck, tlity p^ifTed a moft turbulent, <'arlc, and rainy
lir<;lit, williout even a drop ot water to rcl'rcfti thcni,
fXi-ept wliat they catchcd in their Cail-clotli covxTini;.

Oil the 30th of November, at fix in the morniiij.'-,
they went down on fbe rocks, to alTift their fhip-maics
in coming alhore, and found the fhip had bcon greatly
Ihutteiiil m tlic night. It bcin^ now low w.iter, many
atteniptcil 10 fwini on {hore, fomc of whom got fate,
while otheri. perilhed,

'Ihole on bo.iid got the raft into the water, and about
15 men upon it ; but they were no fooncr put uiY from
the wicck, than it was quite overturned, but molt of
the men rtcovcrcd it again, when it was inllantly ovcr-
ft't a fecond time, and all periflied except three or lour.

About this time a good fwimmer broui;ht a rope
aftloic, and Mr. Sutheiland running haitily over the
rocks into the water, catchcd hold ol it, juft as the
man was quite fpeni, and had thoughts of quitting it ;
and fomc o;hi.rs coming to his afliltancc, they, by the
hdp of that, pulicd a larger rope alhore, and made it
f»ft round a lock.

They fojnJ this gave great fpirits to the poor pcopleon
the wreck ; for therrpe being hawled tight from the upper
pan tf the llern, made an eafy dcfcent for any who had
;.it enough to walk, or Aide upon the rope, with another
abnvc to hold by, in which nianner they proceeded al-
niclt half way alhoic. .

I'he under rope was intended for a traveller to pull
people alliore, being faftcncd to the large rope with an
iron ling, to go backwards and forwards, but there
bc:n^ a knot in the large rope, when once tlicy h.id
jiulkd it over, it wojld not return : however, it was
of great fcrvicc, and was the means of faving a num-
ber of lives.

They continued coming by the rope till about eleven
o'clock, though m.iny of them were wafhed c.lV an 1
pel idled. The flood then coming on, raifed the fuif,
and picvcnted .:iiy more coming at that time, and the
I0|ies could be ot no f.^rther ufe.

They now retired to the rocks, and being extremely
hungry, they began to broil lome of the di owned
tiirkies, &:c. which, with foiiK- fi .ir mixed, and
bake.l among the coals, made their liift meal on this
barbarous cojll ; and at about half a mile d.llant they
tuund a well of ficlh water, which was of the utir.olt
Urvicc to thuii.

They h.id fcarctly finiflicd their meal, when the
Moo:s, who wire now grown numerous, drove them
all down to the locks, beating tlum if they lingered,
(though fome were hardly able to crawl,) to bring up
empty iion-bound cafks, pieces of the wreck which
had lion about them, and other things.

About three oMock in the afternoon, they had
another me.d upon jhe drowned poultry ; and tinding
this was the belt food they were liki'v to have, lome of
them were ordiicd to lave all they could find upon tht
flioic, otheii to raife a larger tent, and the rell were
lent down to the rocks to look out for people coming
2II101C.

I'he I'urf greatly iiicreafing with the flood, and break-
ing iip"n (he tore pjrt ot the (liij), (lie was now divided
into three pieces ; the tore part was turned keel up, the
middle part w.is foon dalhed into a thouiaiul pieces ; the
fore pait ot the poop likewile fell at this time, and
about 30 men with it, eight of whom got fafc on
Ihoie, but lo bruilbd that their recovery was defpaired
of.

A moft melancholy piolpeift now appeared j nothing
but the after part ol the poop remained above watir,
with a very finall part of the other decks, on which was
ihc captain, and about 130 more, e.vpeding every wave
to be ihvir lail, lor the wreck I' enied as if it was in-
llantly going to throw them all to the bottom, and
every fliock thiew tome ofF, hardly any of whom came
on fliorc alive.

During this diftrifs the Moors laughul verv loud, and
fiuiied much diverted when a wave laige; than common
tlireatc.icd the delliuiilion of the pocu lotteiinj fouls
up Ml the wreck,

iietwein (our and live o'clock the fv.i was much de
Lti-afcd Willi ilie ibb ; and the lope bcinr; (till I'eciitc,

ihev be

to vcijtuic ufon it, ^^ he n fome fell olT, j<vl

pcridud, hut others got late on (bore.

About tlve o'clock thole on (bote made figns t,;f th-
captain to come upon the ripe, as that appealed to b-
as good an opportunity as any they had ohierved : [vu
lome who cmic lately off, laid, that the c.iptaiii vij^
relblvcd to (lay till all the nun had ii.adc the bed of thci;
way to land, or at lealt had quitted the wreck; wli.ch
bravery of his they at once admired and Imiented.

However, they llill coiuinuid to beckcm him, and
jufl before it was daik they had the pleafiiie of feeing
him coire on the rope ; he was clofe followed by a good
able fe.iiiian, who did .ill he could to keep up bi> fpiru>,
„nd alFilt him in warping.

As the captain could not fvvim, and had been fo l.,n.>
without any relrefhment, he vim no longer able to relilt
the violence of the waves, but had lelt his hold of ilie
great tope, and mull unavoidably have periflied, had not
a wave thiown him within reach of the ropes held by
thole on fliote, which he had baielv the lenfe left to
lay hold ot : they pulled him up, -^nd after rellmga liilc
while upon the rocks, he came to himfelf, and walked
up to the tent, dellring the others to allilt the left of the
people in coming alhore,

'1 he Moors were fjr ftripping the captain, thou;;h
he h ;d nothing on but a plain waillcoat, and a pair of
breeches; but bis penp'e p'ucking up their fpirits on
this occafu n, cppofcd them ; on which they thought
proper to deli It.

The people llill continued to come on (hore pretty
fall, tl.o igh many periflied in the attempt; but they
plainly f.ivv that their cafe was dcfperate, as the wrecic
nuifl inevitably fall to pieces with the next flood.

The Moors at length growing tired with waiting for
l"j little plunder, would not let them remain any longei
upon the rock'^, but drove them all up ; wl.eriupun Mi.
Sutherland, with the captain's periiiidioii, went ant
m:.de fupplication to the bada, who was in his tent vviiii
many other Moors, dividing the plunder.

.Mr. Sutherland having by ligns made himfelf undcr-
(li'od, the balla gave them leave to go ijown to the In
lidc, lending foiiic Moors with them, 'I'hey carried
tire-brands down, to let the poor creatures onthcwiev-k
fee that they were 11 11 ready to allill them.

Mr. Sutherland fa'-; that he has no doubt but many
peiifhed while they w re gi ne, for want of their help ;
for they had been but a few minutes on the rocks, when
one came very near them before they law him ; and ihu
was tiequently a circumllancc of a, much horror as any
they met with; for jull as the poor wictcbes appeared
in fijht, they have been waflied from the rope, ^nl
dafli.d to death againll the rocks clofe to their more loi-
tunate companions.

About nine af night, finding that no mote men
would venture upon the rope, as the furf was ai'aiB
greatly incrcafed, they ictirtd to tl)e tent with beirts
lull of forrow, leaving, according to the lall m. n'j ac-
count, betwein 30 or 40 upon the wieck.

They now thought of cimvding all into the lent,
and bcg.in by fiMng tlie captain in the middle ; thev then
made every onr be down on his (ide, as they could not
atl'ord him a breadth ; but alier ail, there were many
who took eafier lodgings 111 empty cartes that had be; 11
thrown on (hore.

On the tirll of Oecembcr in the morning, the wreck
was all in pieces upon the locks, and the (lioie qiiiie
covered with liiiulier. The people upon the wreek
perifhed about one 111 the morning, as we Kanit ti.an
one who was tolled up and dovv'n nearly two hours upon
a piece of the wreck, and at lall thrown upon the loek
fenlekls ; but recovered, and got to the tent by day-
light, though grcativ bruifcd.

The Moors were veiy b^ify in picking up cvciy thn;;
of value, but would not futlVr the Lngliib to take tin:
leall thing, except poik, lli ur, and liquor, of ail
whuh they lecured as much ,is they could in the teat.
Some were now cmploye-d in eiilaigiiig the t' nt, an.i
raihng another; Ionic in tiyiip to make bteaei, ai:J
fume in cleaning the drowned 11 Jik.

Atone III ihe aiteuiuon tiiey imiltcrcl the n.cii ; and
pla'.ing ibcm in tai.ic^, fguiid th; iiuiiibet ty b* a.'j;

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AFRICA.]

B A R B A R Y.

foth.it tlicrc were 13O diowntil, among vvliith miriilir
was the liill lieutenant, llic captain of" niarijics, hi-,
JiciJtenant, tlic purfcr, gunner, carpenter, and thrie
■niidlliipnK'n. 'I'hcy now rcturmd public th^iiikb to al-
mighty God for their deliver.\nce.

On the fccond of IJccember, at five in the morn-
jiii;, they found one George Allen, a marine, dead,
clole by the tent, which they inugined was occiilioned
by drinking br.nidy among the rocks, as feveral had
got drunk that way, though they uf>;d what means they
tould to prevent it.

This day two men were whipped, by order of captain
Harton, for their infolence, v\hich w;:b highly neccll'an',
both to ccMU'ince the Moors, and thtir own peopk,
that they were lliil under command.

At two in the aficiiioon there arrived a bl,.ck ferv.iiit
from one .Mr. Hutlcr, at Suffy, a town about -50 ni:lc>
difhmce, to enquire into their lituation, and gue tliem
adillance. This man havinji brought puis, ink, and
piper, the captain wrote a ktier to Mr. Hi.tlei ; and
the finding theic was even one perlon «lu)uticied them
help, was a circumlUnce of the highelt fjti Liction.

On the morning of the third of Dcce,. ber, the)
afTen.bleil the people, and read prayer-, of th.iiikfgivaig.
In the afternoon they rcceivtd a letter from Mr. liullei,
with fonie bread, and a few other nec(ffaiies, wilier,
were cxtiemely acccpu.blc. 'J'hey now iie.ird thit one
of the tr.infp-irts, and a honib tender, weie wreck d
about thice le.igucs to the northward of tiicm, and a
great m.iny of the men lavc.1.

On the to'.irtll of the month 'h: pc.-ipic were em-
ployed in pic-.ing up pieces of the la Is, an.l uh.it til.
ihe Mo iri would permi.' them, '1 liey now di.iui.i
the people into mefii-s, and fervcd them with the ne el
faries they rtciived the day befiie. In the afternoon
they icreivcd another letiir from Mr. DuiLr, wi.o v.a-
factor to tlie Danifll Afiican company, and hi^nlelf a
Dane ; and at the fame time tiicy ha 1 a letter fioii one
Mr. Andiews, an Irifli g ir.knr.in, whov,..sa nieichant
at Sjfty.

On the llfth the people were cni) I ycd to g.itliei
nulcles at low water, t'.ie dr. wned lli.cli being all ex-
pended. .Mr. Andrew.^ arri\ed this moriiin-, ..iid
brcu'ht with him a French fur.'eon, an ! loir.e mulieincs
and plailKrs, whieh m..ny of the biuif-d nun ll> od in
sreat need of. In the afternoon one ol the leameii dud
by hi^ briiifes mor;ifying.

1 he next day was delivired one of the country
bl.inkas to every two m^n, and .i pair ol ll.ppers to
fuch as (irod in need of them: thele lupp.ies were
brou,r;ht by Mr. Andrews. The people v\erc now
forced to live on mul'cles and breid, the .Mooi, lia\in_,
deceived them, though they prciniled to lupply tlum
with cattle.

On the fev.mh the Moors beg.in to be fomcwhat
civil, for fear the emperor flioukl p.inifli ll e.n fo! their
cruelty to the Knglilli ; and in tl;e .iiteriioon a millea^.ci
.arrived from the emperor, at S.ukc, wiili orders in
I'cneral to the people to fupply them with prov fi.ii-.
They r.ccordingly brought fonie poor bulh^cks ime' lean
fli;ep, which .Mr. Aiidicws pvneh.iled; but a- tins time
they hid no pots to make broth m, an.l the c.ittle weie
liardly fit for any thing elfe.

On the ninth in the morning they f.w feveral lead
bodies upon the rocks. This day the people were vm-
ploved in biirging up the 0.1k limbcis, ^:c. troni ehe
lea-'fd-, theempiVor having Cent or.'crs 10 lave wh.itc\er
ni.'';ht be of ufe to his cruifers.

On the morning of the tenth they got every thing
ready to march to Morocco, the emperor li.ivmg fc it
orders for that purp ife, and can.els to car;y the Ian e,
and the iieccd'arics. At nine o'clock tley let out with
about 30 camels, and at noon were joine.l by the ciews
of the two other wrecked vclllls whin iluy weie all
nieiuiited on camels, except, the c.:pt.iin, who vv.is Inr-
nidicd with a horle. 'I'hey did not' Hop till feven in
thr evening, when the Moois procured them only two
tents, wliieh wouhl not contain one ll'.iid of the men ;
fo that moll of them lay expofed to the dew, which
was very heavy and cold. They now found their whole
iiuinbcr to be 338, including oftictfs, nieii, and buys,
as

three women, and a young child, which One of the
women had brought adiore in her teeth.

They continued then journey on the eleventh, at-
tended bv a number of Moors on horfehaek ; and tho
.I'c.iid, who h.id the conducting of them, nowfuinilhcd
Itveral of the officers with hories. They did not tr.ivtl
Krait for Morocco, bein^ inforiiie! that they mult meet,
the emperor coming treiin bailee. At fix in the evening
tliey came to their lelhng pl.ice for the niuht, and were
luiniflicd wiih tents fufficie-nt to cover all the men.

On ih..- twellth they let out at five in the morning,
and at two in the afternoon law the emperor's cavalcade:
at a dillance. At three a relation of the emperor's,
luiir.cd .\luli Adrifs, tanie :o them, and told the cap-
tain it was the enipeioi'.^ pofitivc orders iha! heihould
inltaiuly wr.le a letter to the governor of Gibraltar, to
lend CO his IJiiiannic majeflvi to know v/lictlier he
would fettle a peace with him or not.

Capi.dn iJaiton fat down immediately on the g- ifs,
ipid wioie a letter, which b iiig given to Muli .'\drifs,
iie returned to the emjieror. At fix in the evening
if.cv came to iheir rcllir._' place for the night, and wcru
well luiiifhcd witii tint~, but had very little pro-
vifion.

On the 13th they had provifion bioiight them, and
were de fired to remain in their prelent htuation till the
men were rel'rdlied.

H 1. ing waned till the i6th, and the men being greatly

ecoveieJ ol their latigucs, ihey continued their journey

sbetoie; and at four in the .ilternoon came to their

relting pl.ice, pitched their tents, and relrelhed thcni-

leKxs with piei\ifions.

H-'re feline of tiie country Moors ufed the Englifli ill,
as they were taking water from a brook; the Moori
.v.uld always fpit in the velVel, before they would let
tnem take any away: hereupon a party of Knglifli
went to ene^uire into the affair, .in 1 were immediately
f.duted w.ih a fllower of Hones. They them run in
upon the .Meiors, beat tome or them, put them to flightj
.iiel brought away one, who attempted to defend him-
f Ifw.tlia long kn -his fellow was fevcrely puiiifhcJ

by the akaid wli,. had the condiidin.; of the Englidl.

On the n.jriung of the 17th e.ieh of the people had
a diani, a^ li.ij been ul'ual, and they then continued
their jeiur.ey; and at forr o'clock in the afternoon
came to the relkng place lor the night, and .liter lijnic
■ iilHculty got tents .nd a proper fupply of pronlion.

On the ibthot Decemh.r, at thicj in the- .ifternoon,
they came to iiie city e f .Moroe'cei, without having
I'e n one dwelling home in the wlio!e j. urney. They
w^re hue iiilulted by the rabble as they palled, and at
five o'clock wcic coneuctcd to the eniicror, w!io wa»
on borfebacN b foic th; gate of his palace, furrounded
hv five or fix luindied ol iiis guards.

He told captain Barton, by an interpreter, that he
was neither at peace nor war with the Kiigl;(li, and
th..t he would det.iin him and his people till an ainbalL;-
dor came from tnglaiul to lettl.^ a firm peace.

The captain then delircd that they might not be ufed
as (1 iVeh : to wh.ih the emperor haltiiy replied, that
ti-.ey fiv.iuld be taken care of ; and they were then direct-
ly llin.lf out of his preleiicc, conveyed to two ruined
hoafcs, anJdiut^ip ainidil diit and innumerable vermin
of lV\eral forts,

Mr. liutlei, who w.is mentioned before., bcinij at
.Morocco on bufincfs, came and afiilbd them with
vidu: Is and drink, anJ procured liberty for the captain
to go home with him to his lodging : he likewile lent
Ibme blankets fiir the (.ilieers, with which they made
a fliift to pafs the night pretty conifertablv, as they
were greatly fatigued.

On ibe morning of the lyth their ccntry was taken
off, and the people had libeity to go out : the Moors
likewile font them I'oinc bread, and towards nii'.ht fome
beef; but they had yet no convcniency to drcls it, and
the people were all day employed in clearing out the
rubbidi and dellroying the ve.niin.

(.)n the 20ih fome of their nectflarics, which they

had on the road, were brought to them, after being

rummaged, and the captain's trunk robbed of lej dueatp,

feveral lings, filver buckles, a watch, and other things,

4 li niuniy

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A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CiEOCRAl'HY.

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rrolHy belonging to the foremoft-mcii. Mr. liutli-r,
and his partner, .Mr. Dckoii, did every thing in ihi n
power to alliit them ; and the pioiile had now pi't>
to boil their violiulii, ncr wcic they in any want ol
bread.

On the morning cf the pift the emperor fcnt money
to the ciptain tor the luppoit of the men, at a bl.in-
qiieen a daye.ieh, or two-pence llerling ; but that beinr
inlulKeient, captain B.irton got money from Mr. Butler
to nuke it up four-pence ilerling, whicli he managed
himfelf for them to the bell iulvantagc, .illowing them
one pound of beef or mutton, with broth, and one
pound nf bread every day.

At nine o'eloek in the morning of ihi'^ dnv, the em-
peror fent for the captain and every ofTiter to appear bc-
fure him ; and they inftantly repaired lo lua palace,
where they reniained two hours waiting in an outer
yard, in the nie.n liinchc dive.ted himfelf with feeing
a clumfy IJuich boat lowtd about a pond by four ol
the p-tty-offieers.

Ab>iut nr.nn th/y wire fumir.oned before him, and
placed in a line about 30 y.irds from him. He was fit-
ting in a ch.iir by the fide i.f the pond, with only twn
of his cbirf aleaids near him, Ha\ ing viewed then,
foinc time, he ordered the captain to come forwar.: :
and after having afked him fivne ijuertions concerning
the Englifti navy, and the deftin.iiinn of the fqiiadron
of whiih the Litchfield made a part, he called for-
ward the reft of the people by two and three at a time,
as they rtood according to the rur.'~ ; then alkingmoll of
them fome very iiifignihcant qnefiions, and taking fome
cf them to be P.irtu^uefe, heiaufe they h?d blai k hair,
and others to be Swedes, beiaufe thcv h d wliitc fair,
he judged none of them to he Englilhnun e.\eept the
captain, the fccond lieutenant, theenfign of the foldieI^,
and Mr. Sutherbnd j but on their aiViinng lilm thai thev
weri. .ill Englifti, he cried bono, and ga\c a nod tor
their departure; to which they rciurned a very low
bow, and were glad to get to their old ni.iied huule
again.

On the 22d of December, captain Barton provided
tlic p'-nplc with flnft" for frocks, trowUrs, and ni.it.s
and pillars to lie on, with cvc,y other neceliary that
Could be got : and they wcte all employed in making
themfclvej cloaths in the bell manner tl.cv were able.

On the next dav the capt..in received .1 meflaie ffom
the emperor, witli orders, that if any of the tnglilh
ihould be guilty of a crime, he fliould punifli them,
the lame as if they vvc.c on board his (hip; but if they
fhould ijuarcl with the Moors, they mull abide bv the
M'li.rifn laws, wliich are very fcvitc againft the Ciiri-
fli.ins.

On the 24th, being Sunday, they were all afTembled,
and pr.iyrrs were read in lb* (ame manner as if they had
been on board, anJ they returned unfcicned thanks to
God lor the many favours he had bellowed on them.
They had but one bible among them all, and that
was a prcfcnt from Mr. Anilrcws ; and though they
had no clergyman, captain Barton never omitted a Angle
Sunday to allcmble the men, and ha\e fcrviee per-
formed.

On Chriftmas dav prayers were read to the people,
as ufual in the church of England ; and this day the
captain received a prcfcnt of fome tea, and loaves of
fugar from one of the enipiroi's ijueens, whofe grand-
father had been an Englifh rencgado.

The next day they heard the difagrccable news that
the emperor Would oblige all the Knglifh to work in
the fame manner at the other Chrillian flavcs, except-
ing the officers that were before him on the 2 ill of the
month.

On the 27th, at feven in the morning, an alcaid came
and ordered the people all out to work, except thofe
who were fick ; and, by interceflion eight v\ere allowed
to ftay at home every day, as cooks for the rell, which
they took by turns throughout tlie whole number.

At four in the afternoon the peopU' returned, fome
of whom had been employed in carrying wood, fome in
turning up the ground with hoes, and others in pick-
ing weeds in the emperor's garden. 'I'hcir food was
provided by the time they came home.

Next day all the people went to work as foon r.s th'y
could fee. They 'veie allowed to fit down an hiitir .;jiJ
a half in the middle ot the day : but had many a ttioke
ficni thiir drivers, when tliey were doing their bell to
defervc better uf.ig'-. 'I'hc captain endeavoured nil th.;':
« as in his power to get this remedied, which, with iho
allillaiicc of their good fiiend, Juan Aibona, he wa> iit
hopes of tftce'ting.

This Juan Aibona, who had I cen in the countrv
eight years, was taken under Englilh colours, and l-.aJ
a pal's figned by general Blakeiicy at Minoica. Eur two
or three years pall the emperor had kept hini near h:>
cmn pcrlon, and put much confiJene? 111 him : he wa;
much attached to the Englilli, and did every tliin ' in
hi.^ piiwer to »nill them.

On the 2glh the people were allowed a hot breakf.'fl
ol porridge, Iwecteiied with honey, before tl;ey went to
.litir work : thi.s work was foinctimes to hoc the ground,
and at olhei times to carry wood, or ftoncs for building,
ai d lueh other things as the flaves are commonly cn.-
plcyed 111-

'I'he next day captain Barton received an obli.Mnc;
mrllage from the emperor, with his potmifllon for hiiii ti>
ride out, or take a walk in his gardens, with any of
the oflice.j.

The {III of the month was Sunday, but the people-
were obliged to go to work as before, the captain not
being able to obtain pcmnflion for them to l^ay at hon.c
on Sundays ; at tour o clock they leturncd, and at f.v;
prayer, were read to ihcm as ufual.

On the ill of January 1759, the people were c(jn-
tinueil at their work .ts ufual, but had not fo much
bad uf.ge, and were in a fair way of having lelV,
owing chiefly to the good offices of their friend Jin(\
Arbona, who took all imaginable pains to nial.c their
work as light as poflible. He now obtained leave for
the Chriftuns to quit their work at t well e o'clock o:i
Sundays, which Was no fmall favour, and fuch as was
never granted in this country before,

'I'he people kept their health as yet pretty well, h.-iV-
ing a cool air to work in at this time of the year j but it
is Icorehiiig hot in the fumnier, when llictc is fcldom
any wind to refrefh the l.ibouiets.

Oi\ the 2d of January a new moon commenreJ,
whereupon the emperor fent captain Barton the money
for tlic fupport of the people till the next moon.

l!y this tunc they were got into a fettled way of livln?,
fo that it will be uniicceflary to take notice of the 1;
things that occurred daily ; we (hall therefore only ic-
mark any extraordinary occurrences.

Nothing material happened till the beginning of 1"^-
briiary, when two foldiers died within a lew days < t
each other J and the emperor enquiring into tlic cau'.e
of their death, Juan Arb< na told him that it w.is oc-
cafioncd by catching cold for want of cloaths ; upon
wh ch he received immediate orders to guc e\c;y Eng-
lifh flave as much white linen as would make two
(lii'rts.

In the month of March, a Spaniard having fome
words with a Moor, who h.-id firll ufcd him ill, was
carried before the emperor, who ordered him to be im-
incdi.itely knocked on the head before his face, and the
dead body to be cxpofed for two days afterwards, duiing
which time the Moots and Jews (hewed the brutality (.1
their difpofitions, by daflung the bcxly to pieces with
(lones as they palTcd,

About the middle of April the Englifti received letters
which gave them hopes of fpecdy relief; but the tntii
were not nov\' fo healthy as they had been, fome bciii';
afflicted with a fever, and fome with the flux.

On the 26th of May the emperor received a letter from
Lord Home, olf'ering 1 70,000 dollars for the freedom of
the Englilh, with which his niajefty fcemed "ety v.M
pleaiiid, and proniifed to fend immediately for the ani-
baflador, and let them go ; but they found that there
was no trurtiiig to any thing he laid.

On the 15th of June a courier let out with the cm-
I peror'.s letter to the ambalfailor : he was a Jew, name.l
Toledano, and had orders to proceed to Gibraltar, and
return with the amballador.

About ten days after this, the cmpcrer ordered that

the

AFRICA.]

B A R n A R Y.

283

as fonn ii thfy
,vn ;iii hour i:;ij
J nearly .1 tlu'ke
115 tlK-ir biil lit
aNourcd nil th.:':
Iiiili, with thi:
luna, he wa> in

in the couiifr;/
aluurs, and l-.aJ
101 tn. I'or two
:pt him iu';.r hu
II him : he waj
1 tvcry thiii;j ill

a hot bri;alcivll
ore [hey went to

hoc the ground,
ics for huildin^',

commonly en-

v'cd an obliging
ifTion for him to

IS, with any ot

, but the people
the captain i-.i^t
to {lay :it hon.c

ncd, and at f.\-:

■(coptc were con-
aJ not fo much
of having UU,
heir triciid Jtn;>
ns to iiial.c their
btaiiied leave lor
wvhe o'clock o:i
and Aich as was

irettv well, hr;\'-

ihe year ; but it

1 there is ftlJom

on commenrcJ,

irtoii the nioiuy
xt moon,
ed w:!y of liv'MT,
notice of thil;
hen fore only ic-

jeginning of ¥;-
a few J.iys < t

ig into tlic cau'.e

that it w.l^ oc-

}( cloaths ; iipoii

j>l\C e\e:y t.Mf,-

vould malte two

ird having fomc
fed him ill, wa»
;d him to be im-
his face, and the
terwards, duiing
J the brutality (t
]y to pieces with

ifti received letters
;fi but the mtu
3ecn, fome beiir;
ic flux.

eived a letter from
or the freedom ot
'eemcd "ety well
lately for the ani-
found that there

out with the cm-
r.is a Jew, nann.1l
to Gibraltar, and

percr grdcrcd that
the

the Knglifll flioulJ wnrk only from d.iy-li;;ht till nine
o'clock, and then go home till thiec in tin; afternoon,
when they (hould return and woik till fiin-ftti '''v
n.imber that went to wcrl; was likewife limitid to up,
which nin;ht foon enable them to make twci (j.mys ;
lor the people being kept fiom workinj; in t'lC ex-
leiiive heat of the fun, the numbers of Tick d;creakj
tiaily.

On the 2d of July the emperor fct out from Morocco,
with an army of 6ouo men, which w.u foon incrtaUd
to 30,000, as giJ.it numbers Joined him continually.
He wint to lubduc fume part of his dominions th.it
would not acknowledge his fuvercignly.

In about eight days time he lent to '''J city of Mo
roico the heads ot 70 men, which were pUiced againll
one of the great gates of the city j thcri- were alio
about 200 prifoners, the chief of whom, to the num-
ber of 40, v.crc put into one of the t iwors of the
wall. 111 d abi'Ut one third ol their luiniber put on the
top of It, with large wooden i.'.mmers; they were then
fupplicd with earth, which they were obliged to beat
till the roof gave way with the load, and then they all
pcrilhed together.

About the loth of Augull orderi came for 50 men
more to go to work, by which the Lnglilh found that
the cmpcior was uneafy that their aiiibalTador did not
come.

On the i8th they heard from Gibraltar that the am-
b.illiidor deferred coming ; hut on the 70th they had
the a ;ree.ible news that he would ft fail Irom Gibraltar
in a lew days. This good n ws kept their hopes alive
till the latter end of Au_m:|1, when a courier arrived
from Tetu.iii, who brought the news of .idiniral Hol-
caweii's haling h'at the Krencli flett, and that the am-
balliulor's lliip being in the eng.;gement, was obligL-d
to llav fome time at Gdiialtar to relit.

Dm in ■, all this time tlv.' einpcior's eiiiiyers had pafs-
puits from Loid Home, and were all our, and con-
il.ntlv Iciuling in prizes; wliicli gave the captives but
little ho|ie I't bringing matters to an aicomiuodatioii
tli.ii liiiimcri as ih^: keeping his cruizers in port is the
rc.iiiieli way of making him hearken to realon.

jMoll of the cruizers being icturncd fuccelVful into
port bv the niidule of September, the linglifli had the
sliuraiice oi the long expidked amballjdor being at
^allee, with his majclly's (hips Guernfey and Theiis,
having the money on hoa.-d for their redemption, which
t!u- en pcror was informed ot at his eainp ; but being
clate.1 with his fuccefs both by land and lea, and hav-
ing nothing to fear fro.n the Kr.glilh till the ne\t
r,>iiii!r, he only trifled with the ambaliador. by making
cMravagant demands, to detain him upon the coall,
which IS very dangerous in the winter time.

His lall demand was 250,000 d(>llais, 3-v pieces of
CiiiiKui, and a large (quantity of powder and (hot. '('he
nmhallador had tome up to 200,000 dollars to fatisfy
him for cvcy prctenlion ; but on hearing this lall de-
mand, he lent the emperor word that it never woulfl be
complied with, and immediately left the coalJ, having
full lolt two anchors in S.ill.c road.

When the emperor found there was nothing to be
done by keeping the {hip, he difpatched one of hi:, al-
caids to Gibraltar, with nioro moderate piopofals ; and
defired that a gentleman might be fen t to him, with au-
thority from the ambafiador to treat on the (ubjed,
aid caTy back his determined refolution.

Accordingly, Mr. Haller, the ambaflaJor's fecretary,
■was fcnt with anfwcrs to the emperor's laft demands,
who ufed every argument to convince him that it was
not in the ambaflador's power to grant him any fup-
pl es of warlike (lores, as that was contrary totreiities
liri ly fubfifting between England and other nations
then at peace with her ; but the emperor would not be
convinced, and (ulfercd Mr. Hafler to return to (Gi-
braltar, without giving him his determined refolution.

During this interval, there were eight or nine Kng-
li(h piirengci-i taken under Portuguefe colours, and
brought to Morocco, which the captives anpreheiided
would be an additional fubjcd of difputc,

Abojt the middle of October the emperor again fent
Toledano, the Jew, with mote moderate propofitlj than

any of the former, and with authority to accommodate

all dill'erenccs.

In th,' beginning of February, 1760, 'I'oledano re-
turned, with Lord Home's determined rcl'olutioii to givB
joo,oco doll rs for the redemption of every Brititli
lubicct in the cmperoi's dominion?, and 20,000 dollars
to pureh.ife waihke Itorcs ; which he inight do by fcnd-
iii ' a vellel of his own to Lnrland.

About this time captain Barron was ufed very ill,
which h ippcM'.d in the following manner. He had been
allowed to keep a mule for foinc time pall, and com-
monly ufed to ride fiom his houfe, which was near the
palace, to the houfj where the men were lodged. The
emperor happenial to fee him i but captain Barton
thinking him lo far diftant that he (liould not be taken
notice of, only put his hat und.r his arm, and rode
on, as he was at that inltant ob!cuied by a wall.

The emperor lent two of his guards after him, aflJ
he was jult going to alight at the houfe when they cams
up with him, and pulled him from off the mule, giving
him fevcral iirokes with the': (Iraps, which they always
have rcidy for that purpofe. They I'eized him, one on
eachf.de, by the collar, and in that manner hurried him
ooiicol the gates, and (hut him up in a hole behind the
loor.

The mob would hardly allow his officers t fillow
him ; however, Mr. Sutherland got in with him ; but
tluy had not be.n there a iiiiarter of an hour, before
the fame two fellows that feized him, tame and fet him
free, and want^-d money for that favour, amicable to
the culfom of the country i but capt.iin Liai!L.':i would
not give them a blanquccn, and bid them go and tell
their malKr fo.

The men were now kept more (Irlclly than ever to
iheir work, and the alcaid c.imc oficner t.i fearch the
houfe; but the vig lance of captain I3arton, and th.ir
good friend Juan Arbon.i, got the better of a nuniler of
dilhcultics and iniiajlitions, which would otherwife have
rendered the peoples lives veiy urdiappv.

For a fortnight pall, the enip ror had confidcrcd on
the laft propolM:. ; and having difcourkd Toledano
feveral times on the fubici-.t, he at length refolved to
fend him once more to Gibraltar, with his dcterminej
relllution to accept of roo,oco loll.ns for th'.' redemp-
tion of all the Knglilh liibjcds, and 25,000 dollars for
every oilier prctenlion : and as he now feemed to be
moic in Cornell th.n ever he had b.-tn before, they be-
gan to think tlieir deliverance was near at hand.

Toledano fi_t out for tiibr.iltar about the middle of
February, with orders to wiite to the emperor, imme-
diately upon lord Home's agreeing to Ins propofals ; and
uion leceipt of this letter the ca| tives were to fet out
for Sallee, to be ready for embarking when the ambaf-
iador ai rived there.

On the 25th ol .March the emperor received anuranccs
from Gibraltar, that his demands (hould be duly com-
plied with, on the embarkation of the captives ai S .lice,
'or which place the ambadador would fail with the lirlt
lair wind, with the money and prefents.

Hereupon his majclfy lent to c.iptain Barton, wha
had alio received letters, to inform hm that he, and
all the people who were call away, fliould foot; Lt out
for Sallee. The joy they felt on this occafnm may be
better imagined than defcribed. Captain Barton took
up money from the merchants, with which they foon
provided everything that could be wanted in a journey
of ten days, for 320 men ; but they were (liU kept to
their work.

On the nth of April the men left off goin? to
work ; and on the evening of the 12th the emperor fent
for captain Barton, .Mr. Sutherland, .-■nd the fecond
lieutenant, and told them they were to go away on
the next morning, and that he would make peace with
the Englifli nation, if they were willing ; if not, he
did not care. He then gave a nod for their departure,
on which they made a low bow, and walked off with
lighter hearts than ever they had fi.lt before.

The next 1 'orning they were all ready before fiin-
rifiiig, but waited till nine o'clock for the muLs and
camels ; then they were all mounted, generally two
upon a camel, and immediately went without the city,

and

%■'

'1^'

i:.i\

!,:

I ,5'

■liUt';

:it.i^:!-

'i*r

!8+

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV.

and when all were come, ihcy procceilcd on their jour-
ney, attendcj by a balliaw an J ico lalJicrb on horfc-
back.

Thev were now treated in a more agrcc.-iblc manner
than when they came thither near i8 months bcfurc.
Mr. Bjrton was now confultcd how fail he chole to tra-
vel, and when to ftop. In the evening they pitched
their tints, which were all properly numbered, and
formed .111 exaifl oval. In this good order they purfucd
tlieir jdurncy wanting for nothing.

On the fourth d.iy of their march they had a fkirniifli
with funic of the Moors. It was occalioncd by fonic
of the men in the rear ftnpping to buy milk at a country
village, for which the Moors wanted to make iheni pay
an extravagant price aficr they had drank it, which tliey
would not comply wi;h. Hereupon the Moors bfg.'tn
to beat them, winch the Engliili returned, and others
going to their aflirtance, ihey maintained a fm:.rt
battle, till the Moors ;;rcw tio numerous : in the mean
time (oiTie of the Ln^lilh rode off to cill their guard,
who iiilfantly repaired to their aflill.mec wiih their
drawn levmetars, and dealt round ihem pretty brilkly :
in the interim the Knglilh were not idle, but made
the blood ilrcam down the faces of many ot the
Moors.

The guards then fcircd the cliicf man of the villjgc,
«nd carried him to the bafliaw, who conducted the tng-
lifh, who having heard the whule alLiir, difmilVed him
Without furtlier piinillini. nt, in ccniideiation of his
having been already well diulibed.

On the 2 id of April they got to Sallec, and pitched
thc.r lenls m an nld c.illle, trom whence they had the
Ion' wifhed for hap|inels to ke thiee Knglilh Ihips lym^;
at anchor, ready to receive them; but when they
viewed the bar of the haibour, with a I irge r.'atiii^
furf iipi'ii it, they be; an to think tluir enib.irkatiun
would prub.ibly pioie lediou , which accordingly hap-
pened! fcf -t W'aj tl'.e 4th ot May before the bar w.is
(mooth enough for ihe boats to go out, and then
only half the people could ^n, as theie v\ere not Loal>
r ugh for .ill.

Captain Barton itulged it proper to fend olV firft all
the loldicr', inferior o.l cers, and fome f.nlors, to make
up 162 in nuinber, over the bar. They came to a
graplinj, and war.cd t II half the money was bioujht
from the ihip, and put into their boat, which retiimed
over the bar, and the men got f.il'e on boaid, where
tluife who remained on (hote call many a wilhlul eje,
till the 13th, during which interval thev had much un-
callnefs, as the .Moors weie lufpieious of the amh.iH'a-
dor's not coining on thore, and wanted to detain lunte
of the officeis for a fecunty; but at lall the amballadnr,
and captain Barton's l.ig.icity, lurmounied this diffi-
tuliy, an I they all got over the bar, wheie they waited
till the money v*as pat into the Mooi'i boat j upoti
which thev proceeded on board the (lueriifey, with
hearts full of gratitude to (iod and their country, for
their deliverance from (•> harbaious .> people.

They were moll chearlu'lv weleomed by the amhal'-
fad )r and all his oiricer^, whole kindneU they e,\pe-
nenccd a fill month, wliile they v 'ted fiT Ihe pal-
fcngers, to the number ot 25 men and women, whom
the emperor wanted to keep till the ainbad'adnr came to
him. I'his could not he complied with ) but at length
the emperor, after lending a pel Ion to lettle that point
Wi'h the Knglilli amballadoi, eonl'eiiied to let them all
pi), except Juan Arbona and I'ldio Uni'ieit, whom
he ablolutcly relulid t) part horn j whiih oci.ifiirncd a
general grict, on account ot the loinur, as he had been
a Deady Iriend to them in their adverl'ily, and kindly
airilled them in all their diriiculties.

They ariived at (Jibraliar on the j^th of June, and
on the 2(«th laded lur Kii:;lanJ in Ins majel)y'> lloie-
Ihip Marlhoroii h, where they arrived in good health
on the 7th ol AiiguK, hut leniained in i|uaianline till
the 19th of Scpiemher, 17O0, and on the joth had
leave In go on flioie ; captain llailoii, and ail lii>
people, being h'liiourablv aei|iiitlcj by a cuu((-in4ltial

f»i the lul« ul ilic LiUhiiclii.

REVOLUTIONS.
LITTLE or nothing is known rel.itive to Morocco
and Fez, the antient Mauritania, till the cuiun.ell uf
thole countries by the Romans, who found thut alilo-
lutc monarchy was the prevailing mode of governiiieiit
throughout Barbary. Bogiid, the liril prince of whom
we have any authentic account, was cotcmporary with
Julius C.clar. On the death of Bogiid, this country
became a Roman province, and wasalccrwaid^ conferred
by Augulhis upon the younger Juba, whofe fon I'tole.
my was put 10 death by the tyrant C.iligul.i. I hff
(joths then over-run Ihe country, and pell' Hid it till
they were diivcn out by the Saracens in A.D. 6co.
ri cfe were again fubdued by the Arabians, who ihvid-
ed Barbary into many petty kingdoms, till the year
lob.S', when tluy wcie all united into one foviicignty
under the f.imily of the Almoravides ; for Jofcph, the (e-
cond monarch of that race, founded Morocco, and not
only fubdued Ke/, but the Moorilh dominions in Sp.;i;i.
His grandfoii, Albo Hall, was a great friend to learn-
ing, but a tallc for liteiaturcdied With liim. M.ihomet,
the fourth of this fuccertion, lolt liie Moorirti conquclb
in Spam, and alter the reign of three fuceeding mo-
narchs, whofe reigns were reinark.ible fur nothin.^ but
damdiic bioiN, the race of the Almoravides beeaine c.\-
tinrt.

The race of the Mcrins then railed themfelves to the
regal dignity ; but they weie a let of unhappy nionarchs,
jII meeting with untimely ends. Aiboacen, .lu li.\tli
it them, with Ai\ .irmy confilling of 400,600 I" 't, and
75,cj,i |,()rfe, was def ated by the kings of Callileand
Puilugdat the held of only 20,CC0 loot and 14, ceo
hoife. In 1540 the race of tlie Meiiiis becoming ex-
tiiie't, the Shaiills, or CheritFs, the fuppoied I'uccellots
ol M.ihuinel, we:e advanced to the imperial dignity, or
r.ither obtained it by aitilice and cruelty.

Aniet, the liill moiijich of lliis line, was dcpnfed by
his biother .M.ihomet ; and the latt r, alter a reicn ol
continual intcliinc broils, wa> murdered by his own
guards. ^

Abdallah, his fon and AiccefTor, put to death ten of
his biothers out of twelve, for his leeunty, and died
unexpectedly, jull at a lime when a plot lor his deliruc-
tioii was readv to be put into eseeution.

Ills Ion Mahomet flew to Don Sehaftian, king of
Puiliigal, who, together with the two coii'petitois" lor
the Un.reignly ol Alorocco, were fl im in 157S, at thu
lainous battle of Alcazir. The reigns of the time
fucceeding piinccs of this line contained nothing le-
maikable; but Ihc eighth monarch, n.inieJ Si an, rellorcd
peaic to his country. A gang of pirates, however, 111
his reign pollellld themlelves of the port ol Salleej
when nut having maritime ilrength fuflicient to difludgc
them, he applied tor aid to the court of Engl.md. The
.eigning nionaich, Charles I. complied with his re-
ipiell, mo lent Come fliips to his alhllanee, by which
Ihe'^nr.ilcs weie taken or ilellioycd 1 ani the emperor in
retuiii lent {^0 Chiiliian Haves as a prilint to ins Bii-
tannic m.ijelly. This worthy monarch died in ihjo,
iiid WIS luceeeded by his eldeil Ion Muley Abdelme-
Icih, who was remaikable lor his erucity and diunken-
nefs, and was, after h.iviiig rcigned lour years, muider-
id by a Chiillian fla\e.

He W..S fucieeded by his brother Muley F.lwalv, a
piinceof a fweet dilpolition, and generous Ijiint, who
began his reign by relcaling all (late pnfoneis, and in-
ciLiling the pay ot his troops, and died much regretted,
altir having pill lied the cro.vn twelve yeais.

His brother Muley llanied Chcyk luceeeded him;
but being murdeted by t'.e Arabs, they railed one ol
thiii own ihiel», named Criiinel Haik, to the crown,
who was on lii> deinile, luceeeded by Shaiilf Muley,
► itr^ ol laphilel. Ihe latter engaging in a war wiili
Sidi Omar, prince ol Illech, was delcj|«d, taken pii-
loner, mid ilolely Loiitined : during Ins captivity, he
W.I. attended by a n-;jro woman Iriglillully ugly, with
whom lis 111 veithelels cohabited, and Ihe boic him two
foils ; the tidelt, named Muley Areliy, fuiceedcd liini
111 ihe kingdom of I'aphilet, The leign of ihn priiieo
W.U but Ihnt, Igr, diiiikitiK iinmuUcialcly, he one diy
I mounted

AFRICA.]

n A R B A R Y.

lur hii deltruc*

!iiiiili.l( icry rcaJv, .mil cily nf
I ami iinp.iili.il, vui \vo;ilil lomc-

mountcd a fpiritcJ lioili.- in a drunken frolic, and ridiii;
turioufly into a fijrove of orange trees, he was thrown
ai'.iintt the trnnlc of a tn-c, fraiifiiicd his (kull, and ex-
pired of the wound. His nephew Hamtt laufed him-
lelf to be proclaimed fovereign at Morocco, while hs
hilf brother (by a white woman) look the fame ftcp ,ii
Taphilet : but Muley Iflunad, I'.i'i full brethcr by the
i-.e^ro woman, was too hard lor both, gdt the tMwn
from them, and began his ui;;,M in the year ifi;?.. As
this monarch's hidory is belfr known than any of the
preceding, we fliall be more ample in our account of it.
He was remarkable for an old jumble of policv and
abfurdity, cruelty, and relij^Uin. An inltlligent wriler
.;ives the followinn; characitcr i>f him : " His ftrietnefs
was fuch during his whole rei^n, that he v.nld never
drink any wine or (Irony; liquor ; he obfcrved the Ra-
madan, or M.dionietan lent, four whole n.uiiths every
year, and with a more than ordinary alifiineiice. He
W35 no lefs a fcrupulous obfcrvcr of the uUi.d wafliings,
public prayers, and other branches of his law ; ai.d never
undertook any thing of moment, without piultratiri!;
liimfelf a good while upon the j>rouiid, an.l pr.iyingfor
the divine protc>.'lion and allillaucc, lully fitiJied that
Mahomet would obtain it from heaven ; fo that what-
ever was the rcfult of his devotions, be firnilv believed
it to be the immediate diie^'tion of that proplut.

" In his adminillration ol juliice, in which pro-
vince ht aUvajs iliewe
accefs, he was very i igl

times run into feme wild extr.ivag.mciej, of which the
following inllancc may ferve fur a tallc ; a poor farmer
of the licrcbers race, haviiu; complained that feme ol
his negroes, whom, by the way, he wxi not.d tor keep-
ing at fliort allowance, had llolen fiom him a yoke of
oxen, which weie bis fole depeiulance j he ordered his
whole negroes to pals beloie him, and (hot every on
whom the farmer ace u fed ; b it alking hnn alfrw.ml ,
what amends he could make him for the his ot fo many
llo'jt negroes, and the man being at a lols wh.it to an-
fwer, he made him undergo the lame fate an the robhcis. '

He was for ever building and pulling down a.;ain,
allcdging, that he did it to keep his lubjccts fo buly, I
that they might have no time to mutiny or rebel ; (or,
fays he, " if I have a bag of ratj, iinlefs 1 keep the
bag rtirring, they will eat their way through it." He
had 3000 w.vei, 5000 concubines, qc.) (ons, and 3.10
ilaughtcr? i all of whom, at times, dh the rile. Is ol
h;s cruelty and caprice. He would licipiemly ihooi,
(tab, or behe.!d both flavcs and (ubjiets lor his amwle-
ment ( and was (o avaricious, tint he (pent h;s whob-
li!.' in plindeiing his people, and am,iiring wcaltli ;
every thing was made (ubkrvunt to hi.- ulerablc tem-
per. Il anv holy compljined to hinj oi having been
lobbed or defrauded, the criminal w.is fird oii;ered to
make rellitution of the property in i|ue(lioii, not to f!ie
pel Ion aggliewd, but to himfilf, as he aliened th.,t he
w.is the onl) (ulRrer, bis dignity being inlulud by the
ci ne J and then a conliderable (ine was leiud 0,011 the
lulprit, as a leeontpcnce to olleiided juKiee j hut all
Went into bis own coH'ers. Money was the iiii II ilan
peious ihini; iH.it a mnn could pollrfs, as it was (iiie
to !<€ extorted (roni him, not only by iinjuli, but by
cruel mean;. : yet, with all his riehe.i, he was (o for-
didly mean as 10 keep the fervants if his hoiifhold at
llioir allow»nee, and not allow his foldirrs aiy thin:; to
lublidon, of which take the (olb.wing in(»anc c : •' Not
Mi.iny yrats alter his aece(Tii n to the throne, be or-
dered his Moorifll troops to join his (on Mul<y Sidun.
•o gn and retake the eily of Morocco, winch >luley
Mahomet, another o( bin fons h.ul madtf hiinlVIl
ni. liter i<i : upon tlnir officers appKliv; to him tor a (li-
(xiul to maintain them, be (;4ie thiin this biutal an
Iwer, '* Do)..i (ce, \e Mo.n ilh do('s, any of my mules,
camcli, or oil • bealts luloiigin;^ to my iiniiire, alk me
for any imiutriiance f Do not ilier l-ik'' I' where tbev
can (iiid It, without troubling ire about it f Cio m.irch
with all (()«ed whither I bml you, and do you nuiiilain
youi(clvci ni they do." This indeed, wns a mod el-
te1l11.1l way to (el both offiirrs and fuldiers to pUindtr
ing all that came in their way, which they did upon all
uvculiuns.

•Muley Mahomet, the moft accomplifhed, and indeed
the only one of his Ions who had a princely education,
railed a ri.bellion a:'ainll him, but being taken prilonur
by his brother Muley Sidan, his rii;l.t hand and leic
foot were cut ofi-' by the eniperoi's 'idcr, of which
wounds he died ; and Muley Sidan was appointed heir
to the crown, but his cruelty and drunkennels weic
luch lh.it he W.IS murdered by his oun wives, piior 'o
the death of his (ather. At length Muley llhiiiael, one
of the molt infernal nionlfcrs of cruelty and avarice
that ever cxiftcd, died a natural death in 1727) having
reigned 55 years, which is truly aftonifliing in acoi.ntiv
where iiiliirreclioiis, dethronements, and allaflinatiens
were (o cctiimon.

Mill' y Hamet IXby, one of Muley Idimael's fons,
fueeeed-d him, having been appointed by that'iiipeior
not f< r any pcciili.ir merit, but bccaule he was the molt
dilfoliite of all Im . ebildien ; for Muley Khmael (ancied
that bis (in's duiiikennels and intemperance would be
(oils 10 fet o(i" hi.s own (obiiety and iiblkniioufiiels j (or
he iin.igined that h'-'< tempcMiice in eating and dm. king
made anunds for hi.i inlaii.ible avarice, his unbounded
eiiuliy, and hisexceflss with lelpcii t.i women. .Muley
Hamet was depofed bv his favourite eunuch, and his
brother Abdelnieleeh pioc!,.inied emperor; but the lat-
ter loon reiiderin.' bin'felf odious by his cruelties, Mu-
ley Ilaiiict was.ii'on relfored to the throne j Abdelme-
Icih w.!s kept ill el.'le coiiliiicnient for lome t.me, but
at length lliangljd, by ord.r of his bro;h. r ; an.l .Muley
Hamet bve d.i)s .idei, being .March 22, 17?9) died,
liavin.; t.illen a ni.iityr to drunkennels.

Ab.laoa, UMOtlu r of the f i;. of Muley Iflimacl, fuc-
eeei'e 1 ; when the duke lie Rippcrda, having been
dri\.n from Spain, ofllred his Irrvices to Ahdalla,
who actep'ed tbeiii, made him a balfa, and cattlled him
.IS his chief (avounie. Rippirda then laid a plan belore
liim, which was to diive the Spaniards (Vuiii their pol-
Ullioiis on the co.ill of Africa, and even to inv.idc
Spain; but (or all his coiii.ige and abilities bis d.ligiis
were fiiilliated, by the bravery of the Spaiii.irJ , and
the fiipenor (kill of their engineers. Abdalla at length
inciialed dailv in iiueltv, killed multitudes of people,
.itleinpled the lile ol hit own moihe', who made a pil-
j'lim.ige lo Mecca, to Le out of his reach, and v^ 3 heard
10 exprifi thcle (entiments, " My fvibjecls have no other
title lo their live, but my will, and my gieatill plealuic
IS to kill theiii Willi mv own hand. " At Ungth liii>
cruelties rendiictl him fo odious that he wa.depoiedby
the blatk aimy, and his bioiher, MuKy All, railed t>
the throne in his (Kid. Liut .Muley Ali, bung al.iioll
eon;iniully dupilied by an immoderate ufe o( a ("udo-
ritie lieib, called Aichicha, lliey deemed him unlit to
rei|'n, and tbereljie depiiving him of the crown, tlity
again, in 173'', rillored It to his btotlicr, who w.i;i
nuw unbounded in his ciuelty, (.leridcing many hun-
dicds to his reienge, .inger, or caprice, without the
halt legaid to (rx, . ge, or r.ink. '1 his occaliomd
Alxl.dl.i to be agiiii dspoiid, and Mlilcy Sidi, another
piiiiieof the blood royal, pl.iced upon the throne. Al-
ilall.i, however, railtd .\i\ arm\', gave battle to \,i%
i lival, iMiatcd him, and onee more re-poll'ilKd himlelf of
the tmpire,

I'lie moll recent tianlaotions wiih wheh we arc ac-
i|uainled relative to ibis empire are, the (ie;eof C.'ruta,
which coniinenecd Oct. 1 ^, 1774, and the (1 ;m? ot
Melide, which Ingin on the Ktli ol Uieembu ul the
lame year, by the triMips of Morocco. The court of
Spain had (or finie ye.iis pa(l gieally neglectid thefe
. pUces I fo that iinlher the gaiiil.iii or loililiealion.s were
III a proper condition lo (ultain a liege , but ilmle dil-
advantages weie oveibalanccd bv the londuCl of the
Sp.imfll olheers, the braveiv of the nun, »ikI iIu toial
w.int of dilcipliiie and cxpeiience in the Mooiifli tri <>p<,
which occafioiud the iinpcioi's armv not only lu (ail
of Cm eel's 111 thrir attack upon thide tvt'o pi >ees, but
even to Iw leptilUd by the (mall ganilon o( Penon da
\ el.i/, a Ids conliderable (oiltels upon lb I coart.
Warlike preparations were continued on both fide<,
though liiile wasedeeled on eiibet, ind Mi lillc waseiihrr
blockaded or belugcd till the middle of Match, 1775,
when the iiueipn«; was abaiidoiaJ by the Moots.

4 C CIIAl'.

! I.::.

,.,l

m I

r ■''' i^i

wwi

( »85 >

CHAP. II.

The D E S A R T.

SECT. I.

filLEOULt.. ERID.

WE come now to a vail track of land, whofc
foil conlills chiefly of burninj; fands, the in-
habitants of which are fu inhofpitabtc, and
the country Co dcfolate for want of fertility, that it has
jartly obtained the name of the Defart. This cxten-
livc dillridl is divided into various provinces or king-
doms, the chief of which are, Bilcdul^erid, Zaara, and
Tombuto.

Biledulgcrid, the firft of thofe, received its name
from the Arabic Biled-e!-gcrid, fignifyinj the land of
dates, on account of the great quantity of that fruit
which is peculiar to this country, and fo plentiful as to
fupply the neighbouring kingdoms.

This province is faiJ by fome geographirs to have
been anticnily known to the Greeks and Roriiaiis by
the name of Numidia, and that it was thci. dividal into
two lars;c provinces, whofe inhabitints were diKin-
guillicd by the names of iManTlyaii-. and MaHVlMll^,
the latter of which were fituatcil cailward uf die lut-
mer. That it was once call.d Nuiiiidia we have imt
the lealt doubt i but as the coiKravtifics of vaiioUi
writeib relative to this point cannot afford any real en-
tcrtnnment to the reader, we (hall pa's ihcm ovtr, and
inltcad of perplexing his mind with a relali<m of the
doubtfitt, fhall only ccuituie uuiielvcs to that ot the
artoin.

BileJuigerid iS a very cxtcnfivcdcfait, fituatcd between
34 and 30 dejT- of north latitude, h is lioundcd on the
fall liy the inland parts of Afric.Tj on the weft by tlu
Atlantic o.can ; on the north by the empire of Mo-
rocco i and on the louth by Ncgrolaml. Its cxlint
ii not with certainly known, but it is computed to be
iKar 2500 miles in length, and 35J in breadth. It is
ill general a very landy and barren country, and pro-
duces fcarce any other lullcnan^e than dales ; the palm-
trees, from which thcfc are ,jathert.l, grow in fuch
abundance that the principil part ol the country is
covered wiili ihcm. The climaic is exceeding hot,
and tliouj;h the inhabitants are in general very heallh-
ful and vigorous, )ct they labour under great incon-
venii'iices Iroin the burning fun-beams and fcorching
fands, infoniuih that their featuies arc gically Oirivclkd,
gild ihcir complexion very (warthy ; their eyes are alio
violently inflamed by the fands, wliuh an frecjuently
blown into them by the eaftcily winds ; and thele winds
are fo tcmpefluous that the fandt arc often found to be
llvcir graves.

Theic aie very few nven or fprinj;s throughout the
country, and what there aie produce water that 11
neither pkalant nvir wholcfome. So fcarcc is this
attale, that when they go a jourm y, h.df the number
iif thfir camel- ate laden with ii. T he inhibitani.s c<ii-
fill ..l.iiflv vt Arab , who have no hxed lituaiion, but
l.vc in tenti ) and king acquainled with the few
Iprings thi'ic aie, remove from one country to another
with ihcir flocks and herds at proper Icaloni, ill ordct tu
tind tiKni watct and pallurage :

'* The weary Aiabs roam from plain to pl.iin, 1

•' (luidmg ihf languid herd in i)ueH of food j

" And Iliifl ihtir little home's unceitaiii Inn*

" With trequent farcwel : (tnngrrs, pi||ii>m'^ all,

" As w' le their f.nliei.. No fwect tall ut ia;(i

*< May llieie be heard, nor fwecter liijuid iaple

«• Ol iner, o'er the pebbles gliding by

" In murmwfi ; jjoaded by the lagc uf ihHi),

" Daily they journey to the dillant clefts
" Of craggy locks, where gloomy palms o'erhanw
•' Th' antient wells, deep funk by toil immcnfe,
" Toil of the patriarchs, with fublimc intent

i •' Themfelves and their pofterity to fcrvc.

I «• There, at the public hour of fultry noon,

I *' They fli.ire the bcv'rage, \Vhen to wat'iing come,

i " And grateful umbrage all the tribes around,

" And ihcir lean ftock-^, whofv' various blcaiinj^s fill
" Th' ecchoing caverns ; then is abfcrrt nortc^
" Fair nymph or Ihepherd, each inlpiring each
" To wit, and fong, and d.ince, and avilivc feats j
" In the lame ruftic fcene, wncrc Jacob won

1 " Fair Rachel's bofom, when a rock's vaft weight
«' From the deep dark mouth'd well his ftren^^th ic.

I moved,

' " And to her circling ftjccp rcfrclhment gave."

T.Sough the Arabs arc the principal people th.it in-
habit ihih delart, yet there are amongU them feme ol t.lr
antitiii Afiic.uis, who live in towns and villa cs, and
are lii.iplied with moll conveniences by the Arabs.
The (oimer think theinf Ivts the nobler race, and being
inJependen', foiiie of them for pay will Icrvc iicigh-
bouiing princes in war. The gencralit\, however,
eiilicr loll'iw the '•mpliyiiient of plundering or hunting,
the latter if which ia the inoft coMimon, and thiir prin-
cipal object is the ollrich, which is here of a pro-
digious lize, anr" ' .teat --bundancc. Though thelu
birds are lo larg l^^ 'ifv cannot fly, yet by the flut-
tering of their wii;^ ■, . .v 'wift motion of their leer,
thiy will for fome til > I afl that it is difficult even
for a hnrfc to ovcili. , and when they find ihcir

puiluiij near, they W'll throw back the Hones and land
on them wiili prodigious force: thiir gre.it I>j1!v iiuw-i
ever, .11 length tiiii c, them out, th y .-.re obliged 10 fub-
mit, when their piirlucrsquicklydifpatch them bv cutting
their throat-. They eat their flefh, barter tlieir feathers
lor corn and other cummoduies, make peiidaiiis of die
talons for their ears, convert their flvius into kiuj. lacks,
and iile their fat or <> 1 as a medicine. Tiiey likewil'c
cat their eggs which they fometimes find in gieat
abundance m the fands, where it is laid the bin's de-
pofit them, and then leave them ; alter which Inch as
efcapc the fearch of their cnciniis are hatched by the
heat of tiie fun, and immediately piovidc lor ihcmkivca
without the afliibnce of their parents.

" Who in the cruel ollrich has fubdu'il

" A paient'b care, and hind inquietude f

" W'bile far flie flits, licr fcattei'ii eggs arc louild,

" Without an owner, on the fjiidy ground :

" Call .nit on fortune, tliey at mercy lie,

" And borrow lite lioin an indulgent flty j

*' Adopted by the fun in blaze uf dav,

*' I'hey iipeii unil'.i his piolilic tay,

" Uniniiidlul (he that loiiie unhappy treaJ

" Miv ciufli her young in the negleilcd bed.

" Wjat iiine flie Ikims along the laid with IpceJ,

" .She ic«iii> the iiJer and purfuing lK\d."

W'f mention tlie above g-nerally received opinion of
lb 'lO'ich's laying iis eg', m the land, and iheie leav-
ing thim to be batched hy the fun, in conformity to
what hat bftn faid l.y many luihoM in fev^ial agn,
mif! vjr.'iiis nations ; notwithftandmit which, Kolb.r,
III tns account ol the Cape ol (Jiiod Hope, affirms, thu
Ihev III on their tgps like olhei birds, and that the
mile and fem.ile take it by turns i that ihey do not
abindun thfir younu immfdiMely «liei they twiit out of

.4 -4

s o'erluno;

mmcni'c,

nteiiC

oon,

t'ling come,

-ouiid,

blcatinj^s fiU

none,
ig e.icli
tivc kits i

well
all weight

ftrcn^th rc-

gavc."

apic tint in-
1 (bmc ut tr.c
villages, .iiid
the Arabs,
rf, aiiJ bciiij;
(cr\c iicigh-
:\, however,
J or hunting,
iJ thiir prin-
e of a pro-
fhoujh thcfc
t by the fljt-
of their tVcr,
(l.ffi-ult tun
find their
3IKS and land
>'llk. iiow-^

;cd to Tub-
by cutting
eir t'calhcrsi

ants I'l the

y likcwife
ill ;Tfat
he biril'* dr-
iih filth as
htd by tbc-

themkitcj

are tounilv
id.

aJ
btJ.
nih IpceJ,

'd opinion of
d iheic Irav-
onformity to
fcvv-ial agrt,
th, Kolb:r,
•fflrm>, thts
ind that the
ihry dj nut
LWnc uiil of
tU

AFRICA.]

the (hell, but bring them grars, and are very careful
in defending tlieni from danger.

Befides the flcfh of the ollrich they likcwife cat
that of goats and camels, and their drink is the liquor
or broth in which the fltfli is boiled. I'hey chiefly uie
dates inftead of bread, but they have Ibine corn and
pulfe whii.h they purchafc from the neighbouring coun-
tries. They have fmall horfts that arc principally ufcd
in hunting, and are very fcrvicciblc in plundering ex-
peditions } on both which uccaflons the better furt arc
attended by their (laves, and the reft by their wives, who !
look after their horfes, and do other the moll menial |
fervices. I!

They call themfelvcs Mahometans, but fcem toknow 'i
little either of that or any other religion ; and what jj
they dais fo intermixed with fuperditious maxims, that i|
they barely deferve the name of the religion they profcfi. l
They have fome fchools to which they fend their boys, i
and if they become proficients in learning, they are 'I
raifed to the dignity of cadi, or pried. Some of them .'•
arc artificers, but the number of thefe is fmall, as they '
look upon fuch employments in the moil contemptible j
lights and when they think proper tu cultivate a piece '
of land, which is feldom the cafe, they will not touch Ij
it themfelvcs, but leave it to be done by their wives and ||
flaves. '

Some of them wander from one end of the country to '
the other with their cattle, owning no fuperior ; others
h.ive their particular lords or guvirnors ; and a third
fort are fubjeifl or tributary to the Turks, who hold
fonic p.irts of this territory, as thofe towards the weft
are to Morocco and Fe/,, On the whole, however,
they arc a wild and inhofpltabic people, and feem to be |
calculated only for the defolatc country in whith Pro- ;
videnct has been plealcd to place them. :

Within the limits if the territory of Biledulgcrid are
two cities, which were once famous for their fpltndid
buildings and numerous inhabitants. 'I'he (^:it of thelt i
is called Toufera, and is fi:uated about 20 milts fouth of ;
the confines of Tunis, in 32 deg. 38 min. norili lat. ^
and to deg 26 min. call long. Ic is faid to have been ;
originally built by the Romans, and was fortified with
high w.ills, fome remains of which are dill vifible. It
is at pielent but a poor place, containing only about
500 familitj, whole lioufes are very low and mean, but
the people arc f^id to be wealthy ; and fevcral fairs arc
annually held here, which are reforted to by the inhabi-
tants of th': neighbouring countries. In the center of the
city runs river, one fide of whl^h is inhabited by fome of
the antient Africans, and the other by the Arabs, who
have fettled in it fince the contell between the Romans
and Mahometans, the latter of whom plundered and
dcflioyed the principal p.iit of the city. 'I'he Africans
and Arabs, who now inhabit it, arc frequently at war
with each other ; but tlu-y have fiich a natural difguft
to any foreiij;n government, that where they (ufpeifl tiie
Itall intention of btiiig lh.it way enthi.dled by ntigh-
bouring prinrcs, they will immediately unite, and fub-
mit to any liardfliip?, rather than lay themfelvcs open
to the lofs of inilepeiultncy.

Capfa, the other lit), is fituatcd in 33 deg. 15 min.
north lat. and 9 dru 3 n.m. eaft long, about go miles
north-well of 'loulera. '» his w.u alfo a Roman c.ty,
and was lunmily furroundci.' wuh hii;h walls, tower?,
.^c. but thry wiie principally Jemolillied by the Arabs.
The w.ilU of the cit.ul'.i, however, aie (lill Handing :
they arc built of laij^e IqiLirc (loncs, and are 30 feet
thick, and 150 in height. It w.u once avery populous,
city, ;<nd contained many (l.ilily moUiuci and other
tnagiiirieer.t llruiluics I but it i» now very poorly 111-
habitC'.!, and the people live in a continued (late of op-
prelfion under the rinifun govcriini.nt. In the center
of the city is an enclultd (uuntaiii, the water of whuh
IS hot, and ierves no' only to baths in, but when cotil,
to drink. The adjacent countiy is feitJe, and abciuiidj
With palm, citron, olive, and otiur fiuit trees j but ihe
tlimatc is veiy unwhulefninr, and the inconvenience
fie inhahiianti labour uiiilct on th;t account m.ikes
them naturally of a pecvilli icinpii, and fo thiiilifh,
that they will not fpiak to a llranger with the lead good
humour, iiuth Ivxet go well clothed, except aluut ihcir

The D E S A R T. 287

i'cct, oil which they wear large coarfe (hoes made of the
fkins of wild beads, but fu void of all form, that the/
not on'y disfigure them, but - alfo exceeding incon-
venient ; fo that when they a. . in hade, they arc obliged
tu lay them alide and travel bare-footed.

SECT. ir.

Zaara, or Zahara.

THIS amazing track of land (Iretches itfelf from the
Atlantic ocean on the weil, to the kingdom and
dcfart of Barca on the cad, that is, from the 8th deg.
of wed, to the 26th deg. of eaft long- ".r.u from Bile-
dulgcrid on the north, to the river Niger, which fepa-
rates it from Ncgroland on the fouth. It is about 2400
miles in length, and 660 in breadth. The Arabs divide
it into three parts, ' / the names of Cahel, Zahara,
and Afgar, which names are given in affinity to th>:
different foils, the firft fignifying fandy, the fecond
Honey, and the third marfhy. Modern geographers,
however, have divided it into feven provinces, namely,
Zai'.haga, Zuenziga, I'arga, Lempta, Bcrdoa, Bor-
nou, and Gagua.

Before we proceed to any particulars relative to thefc
provinces, ic will be neceffary to take a general view of
the country, with rel'pei',1 to its foil, produce, inhabi-
tants, Jcc. 'I'he foil is in general very dry and fandy,
and the climate being exceeding hot, it is deficient
of thofe efTentials produced in more fertile countries.
Notwithftaridiin;, however, the general barrennefs of
this deCart, it 13 f.iiJ to be fo healthy, that the inhabi-
tant; live to a great age, and that the people of other
'Countries, when afflicted with illncfs, retire to this for
the benefit of their healths, which is generally attended
with the wiflicd-for fuccefs.

The mod fertile parts of this extenfive defart are
thofe that he on the baaks of the river Senegal, which
being better watered and well inhabited {on account of
the great commerce arifing from that river), produces
I'everal kinds of grain, as wheat., barley, and millet ;
they have alfo fome vegetables, and a gre.it variety of
delicious liuits.

riie mud ukl'ul bead here is the camel, and in foinc

parts they have very good horlis : theie is alfo a great

plenty of a domedic animal, called Adiin-naim, which

are about the fize of an afs, and greatly refemble that

! animal about the ears, but in othf rcfpeets they are

; liLe (lur Ihccp. The males are onl; didinguiflied from

1 the leinales by having horns, but they are both of a

I fize, and their wool equally good. They are not only

. exceeding tainr, but alio very flrong, and will carry a

\ man on their hacks for fevcral miles, bcfides which their

j flefh is very excvlleiit food.

M.iny parts of the country are greatly infedcd with

I wild bealls, as lions, tygets, kc. Ihere are alfo great

I numbers of fcorpioiis, vipers, and other venemoua

I creatures; and at paiiicul.ir (eafons they are greatly

I jielleied with loeulls, which arc fu numerous as to de-

, ilroy the principal part of their corn and other grain.

The inhabitants are chicriy Arabs, and 'he generality

of them very illiterate and l'.ivagc : they lead a wretched

\ defolate life, wandering about the country, and fetdini'

' on the milk of their tlv'cks, with a little barley meal

1 and fome dates. The men go almoft naked, having

only a piece of linen fallened round the waill, and a

kind of bonnet on their h -ads made of black woollen

cloth ; but the women have a loofc garment that reaches

fror^ the waid to the knees : the better fort, however,

have a kind of gown made of blue callico, with large

lleeves, which are broii);ht to them from Negroland,

I'he men ate tall and thin, but the women are in ge-

: iieial very rubull ^ and both fexea aie of a fwarthy

I complexion.

! Their teiit^ 01 huts aic low and mean, confiding only
I of a few dieks, covered with Ibnie toail'e cloth made of
camel's hair, and a lou^^h kind of wool or mofs that
grows on the palm-trees, 'i'hcy lie on mats made of
riifhis, but have not any covering. They have neither
laws or government, bung only fubjtct 10 the will of
Ihcir cht\ kt, who aic apiHjintcd ai fupctiMicndvnis, but

■ 1;
1 ■■

1 r

■ , !■

1 , ''

I-

, -

\ :^. ^

\\\H

i I

i88

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF G F.O(;R APIIV

1^ iilil h

ii'

. I '

\Ar ^

'■^■i

pny as little attention to any kind of decorum, as the
ptcpU: thty are fuppofcil to liirciit.

Some ot them areoniployccl in hunting, but the prin-
cipal part iiUJiill themfcivcs to thieving, and plundering
fuch palTaijTcrs as they happen to meet with in their ex-
curfions. When thty travel tor tliefe purpofe.~, or in
purl'uit of p.ifturc or water, they lije on canielj, wliich
are not only uCel'ul on aeeount of thtir miU, and the
great burthens they carry, but alio tor the immediate
rcii.t' they yield in cal'e ot cAccfTne drou^jht; for fuch
arc the amazing dcfarts of this country, that they fre-
quently travel a fortnight together without meeting with
any water; lb that when that i^ c\haulKd which they
take with them on the backs of the camels, they have
reeourfc to the beall itielf, whom the-/ kjll, and drink the
water they hnd in its Homach ; it being the nature of
tliat animal to fwullow lueh a iiuantity at one time as
will ferve him for many days, in Ibnie places, indeed,
there arc wells of bracl>i(h water, which are lined with
camels bones, and covered with their ri<ins to k-cp out
the faiid ; but there is great danger in going to them,
for by the violence of the winds the nuuintains of land are
fomet^mcs railed to fuch a height thut whole caravans
have been buried beneath ihem.

I'hc wild Arabs here are coiitiiuially at war with ihc
Ncg ocs, whom they endeavour to talic alive, in order
to lell theiii for fla/es .it I'c/ or iMoroeco; for which
realon, when the latter h.,ppen t^> obtain a eonquell,
they butcher, in the moll cruel moniicr, all that fall
into theif hands.

In one part of thcfe defart-, there is a fort <if people
who arc entirely dilfcrcnt from the rill, as they are more
fociabie, and luein fettle I habitations. 'I'hcfecarrv on
a kind of commerce v/ith llrangers, to whom they are
very civil, and ate in general tolerably hoiiell in their
dealings. TUSa- religion, as well as that of the wild
Arabs, is chiefly NUhoinctanifm, but fo cornip'e.l
that it hardly be. us any thing mote than the mere natt\c
of it. C'hrillianily was once happiiv ellablillied in this
country, hut it ha^ been quite ixtrrminatcd for fevcral
ccntu^le,^. 'I'hcir language y- in gcneial a turruptioii
of the Afric, but it difiers aecording to the diUeient
tribes and provinces. Their only comnu'dities for
traific are, camels, dates, and fat and feathers of
oilrichcs.

Having thill tuken a general view of the country,
we ftiall now be mote in;nute, by defctihing the moll
cllential particulars reiatnc to the rclpei^tivc provinces
into v^lllch it is divided.

Zanaga, thcfiill of th.fi' divilionr, is a large frritory,
extending itlelf from the ruer Sue, whirh part, it from
Morocco on the north, to that of Senc'.il en ihe fouth.
it is bounded on the call fy the terntoiies c»f Serein,
Sunda, and Zu: ■ ;a, and oi. the well by the Atlantic
o^ean. The inli-^.tants ot this prnvmre are of various
nations, and among them ate fonie tribi". of Aiahs,
who chiefly live by pluiirjer, and carry ofl ; teat iiiian-
tities ot their neighbours t.iltic ; whuh thiy exchange
in dift'erent paru of tb«- coiinliy Inr dates. There is
one d lilt nil hero, cailcd ]"agu//,.i, n.iiaikable lor pro-
ducing vail i|ujmilics of rock lalt, which the inh.ibi-
tants catry not only t'l all paits of thi.sdifiil, but alio
to Negroland, as it l^ tound to be <>f inlimte ufe in
fcorbutic difoidcn, to which the people ate lubjoct from
the natu.al heal and divnels i>f the climate.

This country ii very d.ingeroua to tr.ueller?, cfpeei.dly
ill fummcr, there ml being any waiei to be fern for
loo miles together; fo lii.it if a proper prmifioii is not
made, they ate fubitil to pciilii with thirll. In one
part ot this province are two trnib«, on each of wiiich
i> an infcription, intim.iting that the unhappy i)Cifc ns
theie interrid were, the one a weilthy niereh.'iit, and
the other a poor carrier, who both dicil there v^'ith rx-
ctlTnc thitll ; I'l.it the lormer h.id ^.usii the earner
IO,OCO ducats Ini a eruif« of water, and died f .on afiir
drinking it, whiKlthe latter peiilhejl loi want i^f it.

The inhahilanti ot IhisproMne live chiefly on datei
and the milk of ihrir cattle : lumcti<rU'ii, indied, they
kill wild poats and other game, but thcfc ate lo fcaree,
ai lildnm to be met with, and lyi that reafon aic con-
Adcicd as a great rarity

The whole counir
long j.iurniis ti.U'lie
lindiii.; their way, there

■ is fo flat and larr.n, t!:.-'t i;,

s have the greatell uifliciiliy ,,1.

tree, or

not beini; a bu:!di

to the violent hcit of the fun in
ehiifly guided by the eourfe of tlu:
Jicd, tlicy are direcKd by il.?

any other in.uk to diceof them. 'I hey genei-.dly trayi"

in the night, owiiiii

the day, and ihev ar.

liars: foinelirnes, ii

flight of certain bjid.s that go baekwards and forward;

at I a tieiilar periods, but the former is what they priiui .

pally depend on ; lor by juHly obf rving the re:Milar

inoiioiis of the liars, tliey will as r..i.lilv purfuc the

right track, a^ a m.uiner will by the alliliaiue of thu

conipals.

As when the flar.s in their xlhercal race, -.

At length liave roll d aiouiiJ the liquid Ipaee, >

At certain jcriuds tluv lelunie their jihue. .'

1 rum the lame point lU heaven their couiie .id\anec,
And move in mealuus of their k.imcr ilauce,

I'lnni thefc obfervations, it i; little fo be wondered
at that they fhoiild have a toleiable iH>tlon ol .dffonorny ;
hut their 1\ Hem of it is fo leplete vith abfurdity that it is
iinpollilde lor a firangir to compiohend their nieaniii';.
Hosvever, ill their own way tlu y will deCenhe the niiiii-
ber, litiiation, a'lvl divilion of the liars with ania/.ini; rx-
a^lnef as is tiiily euiiced by the lieiieliis theyriceivo
from thein in travelling through thcfc dieaiv deiarts.

They are fond of trade and comincrce, in piufuit of
which (liey will ttavcl lo the reniotdl parts, though at
the ha'/.ird of thei; lives. In thefe expeditions, however,
they generally go with large caravans , their gnods and
neccllarics arc car. ied on ciunils, and the. are other-
wife lo well provided, that they feldom ir.eet with ai-.y
aecii'ent on the ro 'd.

'Ihe meuha'ilize they bring with them prineipally
confiils of gold, ivery, gum, and cllrich featfei .,
which they Isll to the merchant.; of Fsz and iMj-
rocco.

Zuenziga, the next pro\'ncc. Is rather more barren
than the lormer, and both men and l'c„ft frequently
pciifh on their journies tor w mt ot w.trr, p..rtiei:l„ri/
in that part of it called Cjogden, wl'xrc they travel lor
ten days together withtnit rr:eet;ng with any refVifh-
mrnt to quench their thirfl. except what may cafually
hap|Un to f\l! from the cirtids. The i;ihabitan|s ai:
a mixture of Africaii<i and Ar.b', the l,;tter of wlk.in
recei'.e a kiixl of tribute tiom treir neighbours for tilling
their land; and they have abuiul.iiue of cattle, wiii-.
which they wamler to various pans (,( thed, f.irt in fcifih
id pallure. They brerd a great lumiber of jiorlcs, and
are fo poweiful that the king^ of Haibary take fo:i!i'
pains to prelcrvc Iheir allimce and li .eii.lfhip, 'lluir
food cl'.iefly confiils of ni.lk .uul dates, the l.iller i t
wliieh arc brought lieie in gieat quaiititits from li.le-
diilgerid.

'ihc Arabs of this province, I ke fome of thole in
the f iimei, are iullly hated by the Negror , wluim, when
oppoitiinity c Hers, thry will m .ke pi if .i.er' , and (end
to Ki / as flaves : in return toi winch, when tl-.ey get
any of t'lc Arab;, into the;.* band,., they n.iird.r thi.il
with the gtciftll cruelty.

The provinee ot Taigi i- not i'o dry or b.irrrn as the
two alieady me.iluned; nor is it lillui lo liillry or
iinwholefomc. It hai irany grw'd fpiing^ nf wal r, an)
the land piodmes leveial tints of lieibs, and manv
ufeliil vcgstabh . In fonie parti ate fi>U'i 1 great quan-
tities ol manna, which the inhabitant., g.'hcr in cala-
b(i(le5, and expirt it lor fale. The Negroes dillolve it in
the water wherciii thy bod thi ir meat, v,rhich thiy
drink, and attMbu'r to this the luperior h-alth they cn-
jov to iiie inhal'itatit. ot Tondiuto, though Ihe ilitii ur
ot that coiintiy is much more healthy. The Arab<
and Moois, who arc very numerous in this proviiiie,
carry on a great trade, by lalching of Ne^rocj, .nul
fenrfing them as flases to Aloroco,

Adjoimn;: to this ptounce on ihc ('•■tiih is the defa.-t
railed Zanfarj, wliich is tolerably feitile, pioducii!;;
corn, live, T uikiy whral, aid tome cotton. The in-
h.ibilanli arc tail and will Ihaprd ; but thry are qintc
black, and their fairi large, flat, and vc ly ilifjgrerable.
T'hii dclart waj lubduej by one of ihc kinj;'.. ol T.un-

kuij.

.■n, t!-.pl ]ii
iifticuliy 111.
iL', tree, oi-
".•.illy travel

ihc fun J!i
Diirfc of tl'.o
tul l)y il.e
1(1 furwaiil-;
they priiKi .
; tlic regular

purfuc tho
i.uicc of ihu

p.ue, ^

jilj .■,J\.iiicej
Jiice.

be WDiiilired
if .i(f lUKiiny ;
clitv tlmt It is
leir nie.iiiiii;};.

ibe the iiiuu-
I ariKizin;; rx-
i ihey rici.ivc
caiv ilcf.nt^.

in pii! Iiiit of
ts, thuiigh :\t
)iis, howiver,
fir ji'ods ,\<\d
le; arc olhu-
-,eet witli ar.y

:n', priiuipally
ricli fe;Mtici ■,

\'\z i-.ik1 Mj-

■r more barren

,.ft frciiiieiitly

r, p..rliii:l..r'i'/

thry tt.ivil ii,r

any rcfulh-

t inay c.ifually

i.haliitanf; .vv.

;ttcr of whom

oi.irs for tilliii ;

attli', vvii'r.

. I'art in fcirch

f hiirles, and

rv i.'ke fonic

Khip. 'I htir

the l.iller ii

IS fruii) llilc-

10 (if thofe ii\
, -Ahnni, when

,ir , ami fend

whiii they pel

n.iuJ-'i ihi.n

li.irren .is ih«

11 r Id fiiltry or
..f w.U--r, am!

anil many

i!i I great <|uaii-

gi'licr ill cal.i-

|)n ihirnlve it in

t, which thiy

h-aUh they cn-

ijjh Ihc ilinntr

'I he Atal'i

1 this provime,

I Ntvroci, iinii

til 1: the iltfjrt
iile, [jiuilui in;;
;;iin. The in-
t th^-y ate qinte

I y i!ifj;>terahle.

kn'i^'. ot T.HIl-

tki'.',

AFRICA.]

The

D E S A R T.

;8()

buto, who caufcd the prince of it to be poifoned, and
put to death a great number of his fubjeiSs.

Lempta, the next province, is fituated to the cntl of
Targa, on the north fide of the river Senegal, and ih
more barren than any other part through the whole dc-
fart of Zahara. It is exceeding dangerous for travellers,
not only on account of the cxcefTive heat, and fcariily
of water, but alfo from the natural feioeity of its inha-
bitants, who aie a wild breed of the Moors, that rob
and plunder all ttrani^crs they meet with, and if any re-
filUnce is made, they murder them without the Icaft re-
nrurle. It is the high road for the merchants and cara-
vans that travel from Conftantina and other tuwns of
Algiers, Tunis, &c. into Ncgroland ; and notwitli-
ftanding the great danger of the journey, fuch is their
attachment to commerce, that they hazard their lives
With the mod indefatigable intrepidity.

On the eaftern borders of this province is tlic kinir-
dom of Agades, the foil of which produces tolerable
grafs, and in fome parts of it are found great quaimtiet
of manna. The inhabitants feed large herds of ca'.lle,
and live chiiflyin the open country, in poor, wretched
huts made of reeds, and covered with mats. The capi-
tal of this kingdom, whiJi bears the f-mc name, is
fituated in l8 doj;. 50 min. north hit. and 12 dcg. 36
min. eaft long. It is furroundcd with walls, and in the
center tf it is the king's p.ilacc, which is 3 poor mean
building. The inhabitants are chiefly merchants and
Urangcrs, the reft are artificers, or loldiers belonging to
the king, the latter of whom is tiibutaiy to the prince
of Tombuto, and is dependent on a tribe called Zuiii-
»iga, who have power to depofc him, if they difapprovc
of his government.

The province of Beidoa is fituatc-d to the eaft of
Lampta, and extends itfell faun the 16th to the 22d
deg. of call I ng. and f om the iath to the 23d dcg, ol
north lat. Tnc country in general is very diy and bar-
ren, not pioducing any eomiiiodiiy that merits the Icaft
notice. I'he inhabit.:nt» aie very illit'.raie and fav.igc ;
and live chieilv by plundering m. rehants and travel-
lers. The m<ift c^nlidcrablc part of iliij province is a
place called /ala, which lies on the no.thirn confines
near the niount.iins that feparatc lb s country from Tii-
poly. It is inhabited by a people called Lcvata, or Le-
bat.ii, who live nioltly in tents ; and it pioduccs fome
valuable commodities, for the lv.lc of which a fair is
annually held, and numbers of people icfort to it fiom
the neighbouring countries.

To the foiith of Berdoa lies the prcvince of Bornou,
which extends itfdf from 13 to 21 dig. eaft long, and
from 17 to 21 deg. north lat. It is mote fertile than all
the other parts of this cxtcnfivc defart, and the inhabi-
tants of it are much more fociablc. There arc many
fprings and rivers in it, and the foil produces good
grafs, with feveral forts of grain, and a great plenlv of
fruits. One half of it is divided into mountain^ and
vallics, the inhabitants of which live in tents, .ind are
of fo reftlels a dilpofition, that they are continually re-
moving from one part to another. They are chiefly
liiilbaiulinen, and not making anydillinilion in propeiiv,
rnioy the whole in common with each other. !n hot
wra'hirthey go almoft naked, haviii! or.ly a fmall pxec
of cloth wound round the waift i bri in winter, when
the winds blow (liaip from the nortl .rn mountains, the\
wear a garment made of fticfp Ikiiii. In the f uihcrn
paits of this province arc fcvcral good towns inhabited
by people particularly dillinguiflied for their politcncfi
and hofpitality, amonij whom are many artificers, and
fome merchants of different nations, 'i'he king refides
at Bornou, the capital of the province, but his palace
is a very mean building, and only remarkable lor its
furniture, the principal pait of which is of folid gold ;
from whence 11 may lie ci.njei!tured that a great trade is
carried on hcie in that article wi'h foreign counlriei, i-r
that It is found eithci in ihi , 01 the neighbouring pro-
vinces.

As the inhabitants of Bornou arc much moie rstional

than thofe in any other p.irls (f the defart of Zalura,

we (hall he a little particular in noticing their methods of

living, manners, culloms, ceremonies, Uc.

They live, as btfeia obfeivcd, iu unts or cabbint,

whith arc placed together in the form of a circle, and in
the center is a fpaeious area in which they keep their
catile. As they frequently remove Ironi one place to
another, they areconfcquently under difagreeablc appre-
henfions fioo robbers and wild bcafts ; and in order to
guard Bgainft any furprize from either, thty always keep
centinels without th'-' tents, who, if any dinger appears,
give an immediate alarm, v.hich is circulated throughout
the eneampmeiit, and every pcrfon able to bear arms de-
fends his own picmifes. They have but little difficulty
in removing from one place to another, for each tent is
fo lightly conftruiSled, and their furniture io fmall,
that the whole is eafily conveyed to a confidcrablc
diftanee on the back of a camel.

Their chief food confifts of cakes majc of millet,
and their ufual drink is milk or whey. They have
wheat and barley, but they fo naturally deleft ft,ayinp;
long in one place, that it is feldoin reaped by the hands
that foA' it. If tins was not the cafe, fuch is the natu-
ral feitlity of the foil, that the country would proJuce
a great abundance of thcfe grains, wliich would cer-
tainly be not only ferviceablc but vcrv profitable to the
inhabitants, ai they niuft confequenliy have confiderable
dcniajiL's for them from foreign nations,

Tiicy fit crols-leggcd at their nuals "n ^ mat made of
Morocco leather or palm leave-, and thedilhes that con-
tain their food are made of copper or ivory. They
cat but two nicah a day, one a little after fun-rife, and
the other a little before fun-fct ; and the women aic not
permitted to eat with the men, Thty wa(h after their
meals, and then regale thcm.elves by drinking coft'ee
and finoakinn; tobacco,

I-'roin theiricmperatc method of living may be afcribej
the natural Ihen^th of th ir conftitinion j for li.ey are
fildom ill, and geneially live to a very aJiaiicid .ige.
The only dif'..lls ti.cy arc fubjeit to arc the dylentery and
pleurily ; but thcfe aie cafily tuied by fimples, which
thev adniiniftcr bo h internally and extirn.dly.

The drels of the poorer Curt confifts only of a piece
of cloth tied round th: wail!, and reai l.'ng to the knees ;
hut the better fort wear a large ftiirt made of bl.'.ck linen,
and f.iftcned round the midale by a I. fli. Their heads
arc covered with a rod bonnet, or cap edged with white
cotton; and they wear finvlals of Mori. ceo leather,
which rife to the calf of the leg. Both (exe< wear
car-rings a:.d pendants, as alfo rings on their fingers,
and bracelets on their arms. The men let their h.tir
hang low, but the women tie it up in a knot, and
ornament it in proportion to their Oat on aniiiualitv.

They citeumcile thru nial. ch>!drin at theatre I'f 14,
after which thev may m.rrv as f.ion . s thev c^n purchalc
a wife. Thole who have many dau ;hters confider ihem
as being a capital elhitc, for when any fuitor oft'er>liim-
felf, he muft make confiderable prefents to the parents,
as on that only depends his fiecclV. Thiy lorm a
ju.'gen-.cnt of the luitor's aH'eitions ly his libeiality,
and however well the parties may like each oil.er, the
paienis will not deliver up the girl till they ire laiisficd
with the prefents made by the intended huftiand. If he
doci not approve of his wile after (be is delivered to him
by her paients, he may return her back ( but in that
c.ile he is obliged to toiieit the prelcnts made previous to
ilieir coming together.

When any one dies, the nearcft relat'on alarms the
whole dinp, who immediately afl'emble round the tent
of the decealcd, and teltily their forrow indifciimin.tcly
by the moll lamentable (hrieks. This continues for
feinc tin'.e, when the bixly of the decealcd is w ftied,
and placed on a ftoid, to be publicly viewed till the
grave I., made, when he is carried to it, attended bv hii
relations, and the principal people of thcvill.igc. W'ncn
the ceremony is over thev are all leti rn, and an enter-
tainment is provided tor (he atlcndanls ly the lulatiuiii
of the decealcd.

Ciaoga, the laft province we have to mention in the
defart of Zahara, is reeleoncd to be upwards of 500
miles in length Irom north to fuulh, and 300 in
breadth fioin eaft to weft, extending itfelf from the igtti
to the 2Hth deg. of eaft lung, and from the lith te>
the 2ld deg. ol noith l,.t It is bounded on the ealt
by Nubia, «n ihcwcit by lluiiiou, un lh« nuilh by pa,-|
4 •!

■M-

!■;

■ 1 i 171

W-b

liM

I ';

■til t

i''!^

n':;ni«/

' i

Ilk

290

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIIV.

n( the fame province, and on the Touth by tlic kingdom
of Gorham, from which it is fcparated by the river Se-
negal.

The country is in general exceeding mountainous,
and the inhabitants little better than mere favages. They
go ahnoft naked, and their chief fubfifttncc arifcs from
tlicir rnttlc, but they fomctimes get confiderable polTcf-
fions by the plundering cf travellers. They live in
fmall wretched huts, made of folight a conftrudion, that
tluy frequently take fire, and the whole village formed
of them is totally confumcd. They have no fenfe of
religion, nor indeed of any thing elfe that belongs to
rational beings.

The chief and only city in this province is Gaoga,
fitu.itcd on the north fide of the lake of the fame name ;
but it is fo wietcheda place, and the inhabitants fo rude
and illiterate, ih.it it does not merit the Icaft attention

SECT. III.

T O M D U T O.

THIS is a very large kingdom, and received its name
from 'I'oMihuto the capital, which is fituated in
2 deg. 75 mill, call long, and 14 deg. 32 niin. north
lat. The country is very fertile, being well watered
by the river Scne!;al, which runs through it j and when
that river ovcrflovvs, the water is conveyed by fluices to
Toiiil-uto. Befides this, there are many fprings, the
w.'.tcr of which is exceeding good. The chief produce
is corn and citlle, great quantities of which they ex-
poit to the iKighbouring kingdoms, particularly to
Fez and Morocco.

The inhabitants of Tombuto, the only city in this
kingdom, are in general of a mild but chearfiil difpo-
fition, and fpcnd a great part of their time in finging
and dancing. Among them are many artificers and
nKiniilailurers, particularly weavers of cotton cloth ;
and fonie of thciii, efpecially ftrangers that fettle here,
are faid to be exceeding wealthy.

'l"lic houfcs of the poorer fort are made of flakes
and huidlii plaiftcrcd over with clay, and in their ftiape
rrfcmble that of a bell ; but thofc of the better fort are
b ]i|j with Hone, and are handfonic and lofty. There
are alfo fe\eral elegant ftiudtures, particularly a flately
mof(|ue, furrounded with a (lone wall. The king's
p.il.ice is alio a fpacious buili!irig, and the architeiHure
exceeding beautiful. It is furnrfhed in the moll elegant
manner, the principal articles in it being of folid gold j
and the king keeps his court with thegreatcil fplendor.

I VVIien the kinj goes abroa.l he rides upon a canut,
' and his hoife is led after liim by one of his piir)ei|!;.l
I (ifficcis. In war jlfo he rides on a camel, but all his
I foldicrs ride on horfes. His attendants confift of 3000
j horfemcn, and a prodigious number of foot, who, be.
I fide other arms, have poifoned arrows. They have fre-
] quent fnirmiflies with thofc who rcfufc to pay tribute,
' and when a cuiiquell is obtained, the captives are fold
j to the merchants otTombuio. Their horfes are chiefly
brought from Uarbary, for thofe bred in the country arc
fo few, and at the fame time fo fmall, that they are only
ufed on very trilling occafionb. With thefe beads, how-
ever, the king is .ilways well provided, for when a mer-
chant comes there with horfes, he orders the bfll of tlicni
to be picked out, and does not hefitatc to pay whatever
price the merchnnts demand.

I'he king receives the grcateft homage from all hii
rubjefls J and when any ftianger, or anibadiidor from
other princes, obt.iins an audience of him, he niiift pro..
ftratc himfelf before him, and (hew bis fubmilTion, by
taking up the dull with his hands, and fprinkling it over
his head and (hoiiKlers.

'I'he king has fuch a natural antipathy to the J'w:,
that he will not fuft'er any of them to be admitted iiitn itiu
city, and if a merchant is known to tr-iliick with them,
he immediately orders the goods to be conlifcati' '

They have no coin here, but inft ■•■■' ercc r.i

of gold, fix of which weigh an our 'hey ha-
(hells brought from Perfia, 400 of wliien ate cllini.u..J
at the value of a ducat.

The Barbary merchants bring here great quantities ol
European clotli, as do alio the merchants ot Tripoli;
befides which the latter .dio bring glafs beads, coral,
paper, copper bafoii'i, and other like wares. The
articles exported from hence aie, d.ites, lena, odrich
feathers, (laves, and gold.

To the fouth of Tombuto is a large town, called
Cobra, pleafantly fituated on the hanks of the river
Senegal. The buildings are much the lame as thofc at
the capital, and the inhabitants are no lefs mild and
fociable, though not quite fo tempeiatein their living :
they are fubject to many difeafes, that carry of!'great
numbers, which are fuppofed to originate from their food,
that is compofed of flc(h, fi(h, milk, butter, oil and
wine J befides which they addiel themfelves to fpirituous
liquors, and foinetimes drink them to great ixcefM, In
this town is a judge appointed by the king of Tombuto
to decide all controvcrfics ; but the people have tht
liberty of appealing from his decifion to the fuvcrcign.

CHAP. III.

NEGROLAND.

THIS extenfive country lies between 18 deg. of
well, and 1 50 deg. of cad long, and between
10 and JO deg. of north lat. It is bounded on
the call by Abyllinia and Nubia j on the wed by the
Ailan'.ic Ocean j on the north by the defart ot Zihara ;
;indoiithc fouth by Guinea and the kingdom ot Benin,
from both which it is leparated by a lonu ridgc of moun-
tain.. Its extent from call to well Is U|>w.irds of ijco
mil.s, and it is about 840 miles in the biu.ided pait troni
north to louth.

The rivei Niger, or Senegal, runs entirely throuiili
it, on the banks of which arc leveral l> tilemeiils beloii|;-
iin; In the Englifh ; as alio on the borders ot the river
Gambia.

A general defcription of the foil and produce of
thii country cannot be given, as ike refpeif live kingdoms
or provinces into which it is ilivideil, dittcr (roni ejch
otiicr in many p.irtieul.irj. We (hall thciilnrc delcribe
Ihcni feparatcly, accuiding to ihcir did'ccvnc filuiitiuiit.

SECT. I.

0/ tht Rivtr Gambia,

THE river Ciambia lies in i j deg. 20 min, noith
lat. and in 15 deg. 20 min. well Imii. from whence
it is little lu be wondered at that tlie cliiiuie (hould be
ex(e(rive hot. The fun is pcijicndicu' ., twice in the
yc.ir, and ihe days are ncvci lunger trom lun-iilinj; to
fun-fet th..ii 13 hours, nor evcrfhoiui than 11, 'Ihe
rainy fealbii ulually be(;iiis in the niiiitli of June,
and continues till the end of September, during which
the air is generally pretty cuol, the winds blowing very
(re(h from ti.e ead.

Thi; river is navigable for fmall viIFels upw.irds of
boo niile», ihe t.de^ reaching lo that dilliiicc from iti
mi'Uth, It is divided by a iiuinbci ol ilUnds .md laiid>
baiik>, and in the bri>,idell part is about nine miles
aciofs, 1 he lainl vn each Tide it chicdy fitt and woody j

and the
was con
14th cc
their de
natives,
to theii
black,
main
as the
annuall)
in.inds,
Alundiii
g.ili an
that can
flaves.
Thi
diflancc
black,
being ci
broad
and hur
1 hey an
are impi
.idjuded
other of
They
keeping
them in
(irult
frequent
males,
and ear-
ronfider
flaves hi
of Attic
Ihuughl

AFRICA.]

NEGR0LANi3.

291

r^\U\

1 a canut,'
lis piliU'i;^;.!
but all iva
ill of 30DO
r, who, bc-
cy have fre-
pay tributi-,
ivcv ere folj
s arc chiefly
couiury arc
hey are only
jeafts, how-
when a nicr-
brll of tlieni
lay whatever

from all h'n
allailor from
he miift pro-
ibmiiTion, by
ikling it over

to the J'w.,
lifted iiitii iti«
k with them,
fcat>- '

crcL •'■.1

hey ha-

aic ciHiii.uwJ

t quantities ot
s ot Tripoli 1

beads, coral,
wares. The

leiia, oftricli

; town, called
1 of the river
inc as thofc at
lefs niilil and
n their luin[; :
carry of!' great
rom their food,
liter, oil and
.■s to fpirituous
at .xcefh. In
T of Tombiito
eople have the
ic fovcrcign.

20 min. noiih

rom whence

ii.iic ftiould be

iwicc in the

in lun-tifinir ti>

than II. The

,11th of Jun«.

iluniig which

i> blowing very

I'els iipw.irds of
ill Mici fiom il«
Uiivl,-. .nil uiul-
jiit nine miles
Ul and woody ;
but

hut there are fomc parts very open, on which the natives
plant rice, and in the dry fcafon they produce pafture
tor the cattle. The wild beads con fid oflions, tygcri,
and elephants, and in the river arc great numbers of cro-
codiles.

The Englifl), French and Portuguefe have all fet-
tlements on this river. The chief belonging to the
Englifli is in a finall place called Janvs's Ifland, which
lies about ten miles from the north of the river. There
is alfo another confiderable hiiory at Gyllifrec, a large i
town on the north bank of the river, near the before- ,
mentioned ifland j and a third at Joar, higher up the j
river, in the kingdom of Barfally, all which will be
more particularly mentioned hereafter. The chief fet-
tlfment of the French is at Albedr.i, between James's
Fort and the mouth of the river.

The principal trade carried on hcr^; is in gold, ele-
phants teeth, bees-w.ix, and Haves ; the latter of whom
are either prifoners tukcn in war, or pcrfons ftolen or
condemned for crimes. The gold is of an excellent
quality, and much finer than ftcrling gold. The ivo.v,
or elephants teeth, called by th- natives niorphd, is
either found in the woods, or got by hunting and killing
the beads ; a:id the larger the ttch, the more valuable
the ivory : fomecf them arc quite vvliiie, others yellow,
but the difference of colour neither add* to, ordiminiflies
the value. Bees-wax is fold in great quantities about the
river, and is made in cakes from 20 to 120 lb. weight.
Gum-drat >- , biought from this country : it comes
from a tret .<-« pau de fanguc, or blood-wood, from
whence, »n incifion being made in the tree, it oozes
out drop after drop, till feveral lumps are formed, which
aie afterwards dried in the fun.

The different kingdoms on the banks of the river
Gambia are inhabited by fcveral forts of people, under
the following appellations, viz. the Muiulingoes, the
Jolloifsor Jalofs j-the Pholeys or Foulies ; theFloops or
Faloops i and the Portuguefe.

SECT. II.

Of thi kingihm tf Mundingo, with an Account of the
Aianncn and Cujhmt of the Inhal/itanis.

TH E kingdom of Mundingo is much larger than
any other fituated on the banks of the Gambia,
and the inhabitants of it are much mo.e numerous. It
was conquered by the Portuguefe in the beginning of the
14th century, when fome of them fettled in it, and
their dcfcendants having ever fince intermixed with the
natives, there is little difference between them either as
to their colour or Ihape, the former of which is quite
black, and the 1 itter thick and clumfy ; but ns they dill
i;tain a corruption of the Poitugueic language, and
as they chiillen and marry by the help of the pned fent
annually from St. Jago, one of the L'apc dc Verd
Ifl.inds, they confidcr thcmfelves as different from the
Mundingocs, as if they were really natives of Portu-
g.il i and the calling them Negroes is the greated affront
th.it can be offcied, it being a term they only ufe for
(laves.

This kingdom is of confiderable eMeiU, but its cx.ie'l
didancc cannot be afcertained. 1 he natives are quite
black, and have very difagree.ible features, their lips
being exceeding thick, and their notes remarkably
broad and flat. In their difpofitions thr-y are rational
and humane, and are particularly civil to llrangris.
They are in gencial very brilk and lively ; but if adroiucl,
are impetuous and revengeful -, nor can any quarrel be
.idjufted othcrwilc than by the dediuclion of one or
other of the parties.

They have a great fenfe of pride, the better fort
keeping .•« prodigious iiiimbci rl llave^; but they treat
them m fo humane a manner, that it is lometinu> dil
Jirult to know the fervant tiom the niadcr ; thi v aie
frequently much belter cloathed, particularly the fe-
males, who are ornamented with necklaces biacelcis,
and ear-ringb, made of coral, amber, niul filver, to a
confiderable value. Several of the natives have manv
flavcj brrn in then tamilics i and though in Ionic pjit.
of AInca ihcle are fold, yet in Mundingo it w-uld be
thought not only indil'crcel, but very wicked i iiur is

ever any family flavc foldj except for fuch crimes as
would hive authorifeJ its being done had he been free.
Indeed if there .ire many flavcs in the family, and one
of them commits a crime, the maftcr cannot fell him
without the iointconfent of the red i for if he does, they
will delert him, and feek piotc6tion in another king-
dom.

In mod of the towns of this k'ngdom they have a
kind of drum of a very large fizc, called a taiig-tong,
which tl ey only beat on the appro.ich <f an entmy, or
en tome very extr.iordinary occafion, to call the inha-
bitants of the neighbouring towns to their alfidance j
a!id when this is beat in the night-time, it may be
heard at ih.: didance of fix or feven miles.

When any European is ill treated by the native^:, he
apjjlies to the alcaid, or head man of the town, who is
appointed to do judice on fuch occafioiis ; he is called
the white man's king, and has otl.erwiie gre>t power (
he alfo decides all quarrels, and has the fird voice in all
conferencci relative to publx tranfaftions.

In this, as in the other kingdoms, there are feveral
pcrfons called Lords of the foil, and arc confidered as
kings in the refpei'.live towns where they refidc i to theni
belong all the palm and eiboa tiees, which are here in
great abundance; and no one dare ufe any leaves, or
ilraw any wine fioin them, without fird obtaining their
ci.nfent. 'i'hofe who have the liberty of drawing the
wine, acknowledge the obligation by giving iwo days
produce in a week to the lord of the foil i and white
men are under the neceflity of making a fmall prefent
to them beturc they can cut leaves or grafs to mak«
coverings to their houfes.

As this is the moll proper place, we (hall make a
fmall digreffion. to admit a defcriptton of the palm and
ciboa trees. The palm-tree is very ftrait and fmooth,
ard ibmc of them grow to the height of lOO feet. From
the trunk of the tree the natives exlrafl a liquor called
p.ilm-wine, which in colour greatly refembles whev :
to effect this they make an incifion at the top of the
trunk, to which they apply gourd bottles, and into
thefc the liquor is conveyed by means of a pipe made of
leaves. The wine is very fwcet in its tade, and if
drank as foon as drawn is very purgative, but if kept
two or three days, it ferments, grows drong, aiul be-
comes not only palatable, but alio very wholefonie.

'I he natives climb thefe trees with furpiiling agility,
the manner of doing which is thus : they take a pic>.«
of the bark of a tree, formed in the fliape or a hoop,
With which they cnclofe ihemfelvcs and the tree, the
hoop being afterwards fccured ; they then fix the hoop
under their armv, and reding their bac'c againd it, and
their feet againd the tree, they climb up with fuiprifing
expedition. Sometimei indeed they meet with a fatal
accident, which either ariles from their mifling their
dep, or the bark on which they reft not being properly
fecured.

Tlic ciboa, or palmetto tree, greatly refembles the
palm-tr^e, and runs .dlo to a very confideiable height;
the wine extracted from it tades fomething lik.- that
from the palm-tiee, b^it not quite fo fwect j and ot the
leaves, which grow on the top, they make coverings to
Iheiv houfes.

\Ve (hall now take fume notice of the buildings,
drefj, rudoms, ceicmonies, religion, &c. of the na-
tives of this country.

With refprdl to iliclr buildings, efpecially thofe of

the CO I iiiun people, th v are very low and nie.in, of a

e:onical fcnm, .^nd li.ivc not any other light than what

is admitted by the door, which is fo low that ihcy aie

i obliged to Hoop ill eiiierinf^ it; they arc lormi'd of a

kind of wicker-work, pl.nltered over with earth, and

covered on the top with leaves of the palm-tree.

J Their furniture conlids only of a few common ncccf-

I lanes, fuch as earthen vcdils foi their food, w oilen

I bowls, pl.ites diftics. Sec. they have neither chairs,

; tables, or beds, a mat fupplying the place of all tliri-e;

tor on that they fit, eat, and fleep. Among ilir bitter

loil, indeed, the madcr ot the houfe is didnignilhed by

having a bed, which coiifids of a kind of hirdle laid

upon pieces of wood, and elevated about two Icet from

the Boui i on the tup of if ii laid a mat, on which

»tie)'

ii!H

, i

29:

A NI^AV COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

lllHii !■

in -:

(

they Sleep, but without ihects, or any kind of cover-
ing.

Tlieir principal fooil is rice, pulfi;, and Indian corn,
^vhich they mix with boiling water, or broth made from
the flt-fh (if crocodiles ; they like the latter the bcft, and
are not only fund of the flcfli of the crocodiles, but alfo
their eggs ; thiir grcatcll dainty, however, is fi(h dried
in the lun, or Imuakcd, and the more it flinks the
better they like it i in fiiort, tlicy arc far from being
delicate in their appotiies, as they will not only cat
what is already mentioned, but alio fiiakes, monkics,
alligators, or ,\\\v other thing chance throws in their
way. Their common drink is water, but they fomc-
timcs ufc piilm-wine and mead, and, if they can nnet
with it, thiy will not reful'e rum and brandy. They
make two meals a day, one about noon, and the other
in the evening. They fit at their meals, and take up
the victuals with the lingers of the tight hand only,
confidcring it indecent to touch cither their food or lips
with the left.

The poorer fort go almoU naked, having only a piece
of linen t.illoncd lound the waift with a girdle, in
which thiy always carry a long knife. The better fort
wear a kind of ftiirt, with drawers made of cotton,
and they have alfi) findals to their feet, which are fa-
(lencd on the inftep v/ith ftringi. Some of them have
a iword flung over the right IhouUler ; others carry a
long dart, and Ibme of them have bows and arrows.

The drefs ol the women confifls of 1 piece of cot-
ton tied round the waift, from whence it reaches tu the
knees. The upper part of the budy is naked, but, by
way of oniiiment, it is ftained or painted with figures
of various colours. Some, indeed, have a loofe piece
of cotton thrown over their ihoulders, but that is con-
fidered as a particular extravagance. The pride of both
fexes is tr.oik confpicuous in a large bunch of keys,
which tiey all wear hanging at the end of their girdles.

In this, as in moft other hot countries, the people
Biatry their daughters very young : fomc of them are
even coiitrac'ed as fi.on as born, and the parents on
never after bienk oft' the ei'g.igeincnt ; the men, how-
ever, can rifuie ..ccipting thmi wl.en at a proper age;
neith.r dare the girl marry any other without his con-
fent. Before a inan takes his wife, he is obliged to
make a prefent to her parents of 200 cola (a fruit that
grows in the inland parts of the country, and fome-
what refemblcs a hoife chefnut) two iron bats, and two
cows.

When a man takes home his wife, he makes a grand
entertaiiment, to which tliofe who think proper come
without the Ci-reiiiony ol a formal invitation. The
bride IS brought en mens Ihoulders, with a veil over
her face, which is not removed till the marriage is pro-
perly confummated ; and during this time the company
fing, dance, and exhib.t every kind of the moft ridi-
culous muninury-

Every man is al'owed to take as many wives ns he
pleafes J and if he (inds any one of them lalfc, he has
the liberty of felling her as a flave. If any dillikc anlcs,
he may urn oft his wife, and make her take all her
children with her, unUf^ he is inclined to keep any of
them himlclf, in wliii.h cafe he ui'iui.illy choofes fuch
as are able to allift him in the buliiuli he follows. Me
has alfo the liberty of going any tune after they have
p.irtec', and taking from her lueli other children as he
thinks proper.

The women pay fuch diftin^uilhed refprifl to their
hufbands, that it bufiiiels calls them a d.iy or two from
home, when they return, th>ir wives lalutc them on
their knees ; and thfy (hew their humility by alwavs
placing thenifelves in that pofturc when they give
them ilr.nk, either ,.t their meals, or at any other time,

A new-born chill is dipped in culd water feveral
times in the day, at cacH ol wh.h, alter having dried
up the water with a cloth, they rub it over with palm
oil, particularly the back bone, fmall of the back, cl-
bows, nock, knee, and hips. When born, they are of
an olive complexion, and lum:*times do nut became
black till they arc two months old. Ti.eyare not bom
with flat nofei, but, a; that (hape is greatly admireil,
(heir nittthen, or ourfei, whenever they walh them,

prefs down the upper part of their nofe with their fin-
gers, and, from its natural tendernefs at that time, the
comprellure has the wiflied-for effeifl.

They give them a name about a month after
they are born ; and the only ceremony attending this is,
(having the head, and rubbing itwell over with palm oil.
A (hort lime before the commencement of the rainy
feafons, they circumcii'e their male children, who, uftcr
the ceremony is over, wear a peculiar habit adapie I on
the occafion. From the time of circumcifion to that
of the r..ins, they have the privilege of cmi'mitting any
kind of outrage without being called to account ; but
when the fitft rain begins, they muft lay thofe follies
afide, throw off' the drefs of circumcifion, and put on
the common habit of the country.

When any one dies, all his friends and acquaintance
come and cry over him for two days ; and Ijch of his
relations as are not on the fpot, when they hear of if
though at a coiifulerable dilfancc, will tellify the fame
kind of l.imeiita;ion as if they were really pielent with
the decealej. When they bury the corple, they dig a
hole about fcvcn feet long, three deep, and about two
feet in breadth. 'I'lic body is wriipped in white cotton
cloth, and at tlie t:mc it is put into the grave, the
whole aliemblv bow, and give one univerlal (hiick.
After the cor|-4'j is depofired, they lay (ticks aerols the
grave, even with the I'ulacc of the earth, on winch
they place llraw, rr the Icavts of trees, fo thick as to
prevent the mould trniii g'tting into the grave, and en
the tO|i of thtle they lay the eaitli, which thry tiample
hard down with their feet.

We hnve beioie obleacd, that th;- women here are
under the grciteft fu'jedion to their hulbands, the
latter of whom, to render th--ir power as coni].leat as
pofTible, compel them to obc.Jii ncc by all the force of
fear and terror, bnr this purp le they have a fi^jure
about eight feet high, made of tlie burk of trees, "a.-.d
drcfTed in a long coar, wiih a whifp of ftraw o:i the
head, made in the fo.m of a cap It is cal'e.i a Muiiibo
Jiimbi', and when any controK-rfy ariles hetwccn a man
and his wife, this rtrange figure is lent for to determiin;
the difputc, which generally terminal s in favour of
the man. The beff account, however, wc meet with
of the ule of this fingular bug-bear is thus given hv
Mr. Moore, in his Travels into the inland parts of
Africa.

" When this figure, fays he, is ufed, one who it in the
fecret, conceals himfelf under the coat, and bringing
in the image, is the oracle on thcfe occafions. No one
is allowed to come armed in his prefence. When the
women hear him coming, they run away, and hide
themfelves; but if you are acquainted with the perfon
concealed in the Mumbo Jumbo, he will fend for theirj
all to come, make them fit down, and afterwards either
fing or dance, as he pleafes ; and if any refufe to come,
he will fend for, and whip them. Whenever uny one
enters into this foeicly, they fwear in the moll fulcmn
manner never to divulge the fecret to any woman, or to
any perfon that is not entered into it ; and to prelcrve
the fecret inviolable, no boys arc admitted under fixteen
years of age. The people alio (wear by the Mumbo
Jumbo, and the oath is cfteemed irrevocable. 1 here
arc very few towns of any note that have not one of
thefe objeiffs of tenor, to frighten the poor women into
obfdience."

1 he fatal efFcfls of revealing the fecret by any one
who has been admitted into the fociety, particuUilv to a
woman, appears from the following Itory related by the
fame gentleman : •' About the ye.ir 1727, fays he, th'
king of J.igra having a very inquifilivc woman to his
wile, was fo weak as to dilclole to her th'« fecret, and
(he being a (jofTip, revealed it to fomc other women ol
her acqua.ntance. This at lalt coming to the cars of
fome who were no friends to the king, they, dreading left
if the aft'air took vent, it fhould put a period to the (ub-
jeifion of their wives, took the coat, put a man into it,
and going to the king's town, lent for him out, and
taxed hiin with it ; whin he not denying jt, they lint
for his Wife, and killed them both on the (pit. Thus
the poor king died for hu complailanoe to his wife, and
(he lor her cutiufuy."

The

IS cirri
roiinde.
and fo
(hrubs.
tree ]
fecure
bers :
and en
Tliis
D.(.,t,

th their fin-
lat time, the

month after
nding tliib is,
ith palm oil.
of the rainy
1, who, jficr
lit adapte I on
lifiun to that
n<mitting any
account ; but
r thofe follies
, and put on

acquaintance
id fuch of hu
icy hear of it,
clhfy the fame
f piefent with
If, they dig a
iind about two
n white cotton
the travc, the
iivrrfal flu ilk.
cks acrcifs the
rtli, on winch

fo thicic as lo
grave, and cii
:h tliry ti ample

omen here are

hufbands, the

as comi'.le.it as

all the force of

have a figure

{ of trees, ar.d

if tlraw 0:1 the

■allcil a Muiiibo

; between a maji

lor to deternunt:

s in favour of

, we meet with

thus given by

inland parts of

me who it in the
t, and bringing
ifions. No one
ice. When the
away, and hide
with the perfoii
II fend for them
afterwards cither
f refufc to come,
icncver any one
the moll fuleniii
ny woman, or tt)

and to prcfervc
ted under fixteen
• by the Munibo

ocable. Then-
have not one of
pour women into

ecret by any one
, particuUtly to a
ury related by the
727, fays he, th^
'c woman to his
•r th'B fecret, ajiJ
: other women ot
ig to the cars of
hey, dreading Icll
period to the fub-
put a man into it,
for him out, and
'iiig it, they fint
1 the (pit. 'I'hm
« to his wife, and

The

AFRICA.]

N E G R O L A N D.

'I'ha Mundingoes have a language peculiar to themfeives,
vvhii-h is more generally fpokcnon both fides the river than
any other i one who is well acquainted with this language,
may travel from the mouth of the river quite to the
country of the Joncoes, or Merchants, Co called from
their buying yearly a vafl number of flavcs, and bring-
ing them to the lower parts of the river for falc. They
have alfo a corrupt kind of Portuguefe, which is gene-
rally ufcd by the natives when they trade with the Eu-
ropeans.

They arc chiefly Mahometans, and prcfcrve many
maxims of the moft fupcrftitious natine. When an
celipfe of the moon happens, they belie\o it is ccca-
fioned by a large cat putting one of her paws between
the earth and the moon ; and during the time uf its pru-
grefs, they pay reverence to Mahomet.

They keep their fabbath on the FiiJ.iy, when they
pray three times, but on the other days of the week
only twice. They have neither temples nor mofqucs,
but are fummoned to their devotions under the fhade of
a large tree by their marabuts, or priells, of which
there is one to every vill igc.

They pay the grcateft reverence to their priefls, info-
much that if perfons of the firft diftimSlion happen to
meet with one of them, they immediately form a circle
round him, and falling on their knees, lolicit his bcnc-
diOition. From their fuperltitious notions they have
fuch faith in their priefts, that if they can but obtain
a charm, or, as they call it, a grifgris, they think
themfelves fecure from every kind of danger. This
giifgris confifts of nothing more than a few Arabic
characters drawn on a piece of paper, or the figure of
lizards, fcrpents, or fomc other an'mal, which they
wear about them as the moft valuable poilbllion They
have fuch an opinion of the utility of this fuppofcd
charm, that the poorell Negro will not be without it ;
and he is particularly careful to have it about him
whenever he engages in any hazardous ciitcrprize, as
fuppofing it a preventative to every danger : however,
when it happens to prove incScfiual, which is fometimes
the cafe, the marabut attributes it not to any defei^l in
the charm, but to the bad conduit of him who pof-
{effcd it. The pricfts reap confidcii'.bie benefits by the
fale of thefe charms, as they fix the price in proportion
to the circumftances of the purchafer j and fome ot
them carry on the richeft commerce of the country, not
only by trading largely in thcfc articles, but alfo in gold
and (laves.

On th« borders of the kingdom of Mundingo are a
fort of people called FIoops, who arc in a manner wild,
and inveterate enemies to their neighbours. Their
country is of confiderable extent, but they have not any
king, and arc entirely independent of each other ; not-
withftanding which, they are fo numerous that the
Mundingoes, with all their force, cannot conquer
them. 'I'hcir towns are furroundcd by a kind of forti-
fication made of fticks drove in the ground clofe toge-
ther, and covered with clay. They have the tharadler
of being very grateful when they receive any favour ;
but if any injury is offered them, they will never lor-
give, or fuft'er it to pafs unrevcnged.

SECT. III.

Of the Gum Di-Jjiit, and iht Countries inhalittd by the
'folhijfs and Pialeyi j with ti particular Account cf one
Job Ben Solomon, « Kuli\ie of the P'tlcy Kingdcm,
ttho eamt to England, and had peat ILniun conferred
m him bf the Rijal Family, Nobility, tV.

TH E Gum Defart is fituatcd about 100 miles above
Fort St. Lcwi«, and is the place where the trade
is cirried on with the Moors. It is a large plain lur-
roiinded at n confiderable diftaiice by hills of led fantl,
■nd fo barren that it produces only a few llrajrgling
ihrubs. Near the fide of the river is a large palmetto-
trte ; and there are a few huts built by the French to
fecure their mcrchandir.e iiom the depredations of rob-
bers : they arc furround.d by a ditth fix feet in breadth,
and enci.nipnfU'd with a kiiui of rampart and pallil'adocs.
This part of the country niny properly be called the
Dvl.il, for it is gCDci.illv ddtitutt; uf inhabitants, and
76

293

is only vifited at fuch times as the Moors have an op-
portunity of bringing gum to fell to the French, who
then go down to it, and purchafe what they bring,
however great the quantity.

About 20 miles to the eaft of this defart, is a place
called Liigctbel, where the king of the Jcdloiffs has his
palace, which confifts only of a large number of huts,
built much like thofe of the other Negroes, but only
more fpacious. They ate inclofed with pallifadocs made
of reeds, and in the center is an open place well planted
with trees, round which arc the king's ftorc-houfes,
llables, and apartnicnts for his women and oflicers. I'he
gate that leads to the palace is always guarded by a num-
ber of Negroe.', who are relieved at certain times, and
are armed with pidols and fibres.

The whole country, from the northern bank of the
river Gambia, to the lake C.ijor, •■■ called in general
the kingdom of the JolloifF>', though divided among fe-
veral petty princes. Its extent from north to fouth is
about 3C0 miles, and from the fea-coaft ealiward it is
near 400 miles.

The JoUoift's, or people who inhabit this country,
are blacker than the I\Iundingocs, and much better fea-
tured, their nofes not being fo broad, nor their lips fo
thick. Their drefs confifts of a loofc garment made of
c.illico, which reaches from the fliouldcrs to the knees,
and is faltened about the middle with a girdle agreeably
ornamented. Both fexcs aic fond of decorating their
hair, wearing lings in their ears, and bratekts on their
legs and arms.

The men aie naturally courageous, and addifled to
arms ; notwiihft^nding which they are good-natured,
modelt, and hofpitablc, paiticularly to ftran'_;crs. No
one, except the king, is allowed to flcep under tendrcs,
(that is, clothes to keep off flies and mufquetus) 011
pain of being fold as (laves Ihauld it come to the know-
ledge of the king. Thofe alfo are fubjcdl to the lame
punifhment, who prefunie to fit on the fame mat with
the royal family, unlefs licenced fo to do.

The power of the king is abfolute, and the greatelt
rcfpcft is paid to him and his family ; (or when ^ny one
comes into their prefence, they muft immediately pro-
ftrate themfelves with their faces to the ground.

The manners, cuftoms, ceremonies, religion, &c.
here, arc much the fame as in the kingdom of Mun-
dingo ; and therefore it is needlefs to tire the reader with
a repetition of them.

Adjoining to the kingdom of the JolloifFs lie« that of
the Pholeys, or Foulics, many of the natives of which
are difperfed in the different kingdoms and provinces
throughout the whole country of Negrolaiid. This
kingdom extends along the ri.cr Gambia, from caft to
wtlT, near 600 miles 1 but its diftancc from nonh to
fouth cannot be afccrtaincd with any certainty, that part
of it being fo defolate as to be little known.

The Pholeys arc not fo black as the Jolioiffs, but arc
rather of a tawny complexion, and gre.itly refcmbic the
Arabs, whofe language they generally (peak, though
they have one peculiar to themfelves. The men are of
a middling (izc, well (haped, and have good features ;
but the women arc very ftiort, and at the fame time re-
markably thin. They arc all naturally of a wc.ik coniti ■
tution, notwithftanding which they arc very afliJuous in
their profelfions, which principally confift in taking care
of their cattle, and cultivating their lands. They live
in herds or clans, and form their buildings on fuch a
conftruclion, that they arc eafily removed from one
place to another, i'hcir country is very fertile, and
produc-s plentiful crops of large and fmall millet, cot-
ton, tobacco, pcafe, rice, and other pull'e. Their goats
and ftieep arc exceeding fine, and their oxen fo large,
that the French buy up all their hides at a very great
price. They arc very fond of European merchandizes,
and treat the traders that bring them with great civility.
They ufe a variety of mufical inftruments, and are
great lovers of dancing. The drefs of both fcxcs confifts
of a kind of wrapper made of feveral flips of cotton,
which is faftencd round the waift, from whence it
reaches to the knees ; and they adorn their arms and
legs with bracelets of amber, gold, pearls, and glafs
be.ids gf various colours. Their hoiiles are of a round
4 E form.

t ■■

Ljl.

!■ ^

r*^

, i %

%..

' I 1

!* .ll'i

294

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

til

^hp

form, tcrininateJ by a cone: fhcv arc built in rows at
fume iliftance from each other, and are placed wiih great
uniformity. 'I'hcy plant tobaceo rear their houfcs, and
round their towns they plant cotton, beyond which
are their corn-fields. The corn is of four forts, viz,
maize, or Indiiin corn, rice, and the lari^cr and Iclier
(luinea corn, the latter of which is ciUed by the Por-
tugiiefe ni.mfaroke. They make no bicad, but thicken
liquids with the llour of the ditfercm gr.iiii^. The
maize they moftly ufe when jtricn, and the ticc they
boil in the fame nianiKT as is pr.ictil'td bv the Tnrks.
They make flo r of the Ciuiiiea corn and nianfaroke,
and foinctimes of the two fornur fjKcies, all 'vhichthcy
accomplifh by beating it In W( odcii inortars. Th.-
woni-ii that live anioii;r the Euiopeans make cakes of
the flour, and convert it to fiich other ufi-s as are gcne-
r..l!v praiflifcd in Kn^Ian.!.

The Pholev? are very temperate in their livinLT, and
rcm;irk.ibly indultrious and frugal : as they raife much
mure corn and cotton than they confunie, they fell it at
a re.ifonaMe late to tlran^ers, to whim they are vcrv
Civil anil holpit.ible. They alfo fupply the wants ut
tl'.eir nciL;hhou:s ; and have been even known to ilillril>
thetnlelves in ailUtinj the .Mundin;^ocs, who in lome
bad fetfons, would have otiitrwife been expofed to the
ravages of dreadful (..mines.

Noiwitliltanding tliev are remark .blc for th.- mildncfs
ot th:ir ttinper, yet tlicy arc far friim being defieicni in
coura^ie, for they are as brave as am people in Afri. a.
Their arnii conilll i>f the lance, bows and .irrows, Ihutt
cutlalles, and niulkcts, all which they ule with gieat
alertiu'l's.

Thi'v t'lcqucntly remove tlnir towns from oiw; pi ici
to another, but cummonly ciuife a fpot near the Muii-
dinjocs, who think the;nfelve:i h.ippy in having fueh
iifeful neij^hbo'.irs j and indeed there is hardly anv Mun-
dingo town of note up the tiver, that has not a I'holey
town near it.

They are \erv expert in the mai.agcmcnt of cattle,
and arc excellent hua^irten : they not only kiii lions,
tygers, and other wiMBe:;lls ; but they alfo go in com-
panies together to hunt elephants whole teeth thev fell,
and the f.elli thev dry in the fame manner as bacon is
cured in England.

Miift of them f| eak the Arabic langnacc; and in
their religion they are (Iriet .Mahonicians, fir Hardly anv
of them will drink brandy, or other fpirituous liquors.
In foine particulars they arc very fuperftitious j for il
they kno'.v any perfon to have boiled milk they have
bought of them, they will never alter fupply them ag.i.n
with that commodity, from a notion ihat by fo doing
thev have greatly injured the beail.

Tl)c km^ of tlic I'holeys is very powerful, and not
only rcceves hoipagc from the kiii^ of the Jolloifts,
but .'.11 the great men of that kingdom are his vaflals,
and p i\ him everv fourih year a tribute r f a certain num-
ber ol llaves, and as many oxen, lie k:eps a (landing
force of cavalry, and his infantry are armed with fabres,
lances, and hows and arrows. I'he gc.vernors, or prin-
cipal men of his kingdoin, arc difperfed in the feveral
parts into wiiich it is divided, and they arc obliged,
when commanded by the km ;, to join their forces with
his ; in which cafes they have a right to make ilaves of
all the Negroes they meet with in their march, though
the king has not that liberty over any of his fubjedts,
unlefs they arc convicted of fome capital ofi'encc.

The moll dillinguilhcd placcj in the kingdom of the
Pholeys aie as follow :

(j^icda, a village lituateJ on a fmall river that runs
from the lake Cijor into the Senegal j and Cajor,
another village, which receives its name from the faid
lake. Thele two places have each ilieir particular lord,
who arc vafliils to the king of the Pholev.'.

To the call of Ci;icda is a place c.illcJ Terrier Rcngc,
and is lamoiis-not only for the gum-tiadc, but alfo fo"-
clepiiaiits teeth, hides, ambcri^ns, and the feathers of
oftrichcs.

J*'arther to the call from tin. is another trading place,
C.illcJ iiovalalde, fituated on the fouthern bink of the
Senegal, The whole country between thefe two places
ii vxc«cdiiig pleafuiit, being laid out in large meadows,

which are very fertile, and abound with the beft of
cattle.

Uuiorcl is a lage viHagc, fituatcd about 60 leagues
frnm Hovalaldc: ii h the tradinj^ place of the firoiic
or king of the Pholeys, thongh he has not anv houlu
theie. His palace, or place of rcfidtnce, is liiuutod
about 30 miles to the north-cfl of this village, near a
large rrvcr, that fwells much at the (amc time as the
Senegal, and overflowing its banks forms a large marfli,
where, after the waters arc dried up, the Negroes plant
rice, millet, pulfe, &c.

About eight miles trom Guiorel, towards the north-
call, is Uoucar, another coiifiderablc village, which be-
longs to tlie.eldcft fon of the king of the Pholeys ; it ii
fitiiated on a hill in the center of a large plain, whcrs
the Wind blows from all quarters, which lendeis ilio
climate fcrcne and wholcfome. The « hole country is
well cultivated, and, befides other things, produiej a
great quantity of cattle. The inhabitants arc nume-
rous, and carry on a good trade with their neighbours.

The lalt place of any note in this kingdom is L.;ea,
lituated about 12 miles north of Guiorel ; it is a vciy
confiderable village, and belongs to a near relation of
the king, who is called lord of ihis part of the couniiy,
His huts or habitations arc at Ibme dilVance from the
village, lituated on a lifing ground, planted with lofty
trees that fecurc tl>em from the violent heat of the lun.
The whole buildings confill of ihiec fpatious courts,
the 111 11 of which contains llabUs for feveral kin's of
cattle, and is mclofed on three fides with reeds and
thick briars : in the fecond court arc the lord's huts,
thole of Ifn wives, and of foine of his fervants ; the rcit
have huts in the third court, where there are alfo other-,
ufed ss warehoufes. Between Ciuiorcl and Laca aie
Lveral other villages, which alinoll jnin each ether;
and the whole country in this [art is very populous, and
well cultivated.

It may nut be improper, before we quit this fciliin,
to admit a remarkable ilorv of one Job Bui Solomon,
of the race of the Pholeys, and fon to the high prieft of
Biinuo, in I'orta, who was fold as a Have, came to
England, and received diftingiiiflied hnnouis from the
royal family and nobility, the circjii.il inccs attendinij
which we fhall lake from .Mr. Moore, v ho particularly
defcribcs them, and whole relation muft he the moll ge-
nuine, as he was in company wuh him after his return
to his own country.

In the year :;3i, as thii perfon was travelling on
the fouth fide of the Gambi.i, with a Itrvant, he wa
robbed and fei/ed by order o.' the king of a country 1
little within the land, v\ho fo.d both him and his mm
lor flaves to one captain Pvke, who failed with them Id
Maryland, The Pholeys, his humane countrymen,
would have redeemed him, had he not been carried out
of the river before they b.ad notice of his being a flavc.
Job, on his arrival at Maryland, was !bld to a planter,
who, finding he h.id very dillinguiflied ibilities, treated
him with great refpedl ; and at the expi-ation of twelve
months, Job had the j;ood fortune to have a letter of
his own writin'^, in the Arabic tongue, conveyed to
England. This letter coming to the hands of Mr.
Oglcthorp?, he fent it to Oxford to be iranllatcd ; which
being done, it gave him fuch fatisfaelion, and infpiicJ
him with fo good an*ipinion of the author, that he im-
mediately fcnt orders to have him bought cf his mailer.
This hi!:'pened a little bcfoie that gentleman's (ettiiir
out lor (jcorgia ; and before his return from thence Jo'j
arrived in England, where, being broUL-ht to the ac-
(juaint.iiice of Kir Hans Sloane, he was found to be a
perleck mailer of the Arabic tongue, by his trandating
leveral m^nufcripts and inferiptions on medals. Sir
Hans Sloane recommended him to the duke of Mon-
tague, who being pleafed with his genius and capacity,
the agiteMblenefs of his behaviour, and the (weetnel's of
his temper, introduced him to court, wheie he was gra-
cioufly leceive.l by the loyal family, and moft of the
nobility, who honoii:ed hini with many marks of then
favour. After he had continued in Englan I about 14
months, he determined to return to his native country,
from an carnell delirc he had to fee the high-pricft his
father. Oa his leaving England he received many noble

prefenfj

■'PL

I tViC bed hi

lit 6a league;
t the firotic,
ot iinv hoiiiu
c, i.-i l'itu;>lcj
ill.igo, near a
; lime as the
1 l.irgc iiiarfli,
N'l'gtocs plant

rds the nonh-
>e, wh;ch bc-
PhoK'ys ; it ij

plain, where
h tciidcis i!ic
olf country is
■■', proJun'5 a
ts arc nuinc-
r neighbours.
;doin IS L..ca,

} it is a vcijr
!ar relation cl
f the country,
ntc from the
ted with lofty
at of the lun.
leiuus courts,
-eral kiniis of
ith rccds and
lie lord's huts,
fants ; the rcit
arc alfo otht-n

and L.ica are
1 each ether;
populous, and

it ihij fcfliin,
13en Si>lomon,
-■ hii;h pricft of
lave, came to
laujs from thi;
nets attending
ho particularly
ic the moll ge-
tter his retuiik

I travelling on
rvant, he wa
jf a toiintry i
r!i and hia iran
1 with tiiem t')
: countrymen,
ten carried out

being a (lave.
d to a planter,
jilitics, treated
atioii of twcUs
avc a letter ol
, conveyed to
hands of Mr.
illatcd ; which
1, and inlpiicd
3r, that he iiii-
t cf his maHcr.
leinan's lctiin;j
om thence Job
;ht to the ac-
found to be a
r his tranllating

medals. Sir
duke of Mon-
s and capacity,
he Iwcetncrs of
cic he was (;ra-
id moft of the
marks of their
ulaivl about 14.
naiive country,

high-pricft his
vcd many noble
piefonfj

AFRICA.]

prefents from her majelly C[uten Caroline, his royal
highncfs the duke ot Cumberland, the duke of M<m
ta;ue, the carl of I'embroke, feveral ladies ot quality,
and the royal African company ; the latter of whom
ordered their agents to (liew him the gieaicll refpi i!h

He arrived at James's Kort on the 8th of Augult
1734, at which time Mr. Moore, thin employed in the
fernce of the African compain, was at that place, and
finding the veflel came from Lnvl.ind, he immediaiely
went on board. What followed after the firtl inurview
was over between Mr. Moore and Job, is thus delcribcd
by the former :
'" Job, fays he, dcfircd that I would fend a mclUnger
to his country to let his friends kiiov,' wheie he was. 1
fpoke to one of the blacks whom we ulually employed,
to procu,-e me a mefi'enger, and he brought me a I'holcy,
who not only knew tlie high prieil his lather, but Job
hiinfelt, and expreflcd gieat joy at feeing him returned
from flavery, he being the only man, except one, ever
known to come back to his country, alter beiii;; once
carried a llavc out of it by white men. Job delivered
him the med'age himfelf, and deliied that his lather
(honld not coirie down to him, obleiA ing that it was too
fat for him to travel j and that it wa.^ lit the young
fliould go to the old, and not foi the old to come to the
young. He alfo fer.t lome prcimts to his wive-, and
dcfired the man to bi ing his little one, who was his belt
beloved, down with him.

"• Job having a mind to go up to Joar, n. talk to
fomc ot his courtrynun, went along with me. We
arri^cd at the creek of Damofcnfi, and having fomc
old acquaintances at the town of that name, J.jIi and 1
went there together. In the evening, :is we were littin::
under a great tree, there came fix or fcven of the very
people, who three years before had robbed and made a
flave of him, at about 30 miles dillance from that place.
Job, though naturally pollelied of a very even temper,
could not contain hiinlcif on feeing them ; he was tille-l
with raoe and indignation, and was fur attacking them
with his broad-fword and pilluls, which he always took
care to have abciit him. It \,as with gnat difficulty I
ce-uld diHuade him from rufliing upon them ; but at length
rcprefenting the ill confequenccs that would infallibly
attend fo rath anaelion, and the impoflibility that either
of us fhould efcap'; alive, I made hiiii lay alldc the at-
tempt, and pcrfuaded him to fit down, and prcteiuling
not to know tlum, to afk them quellions about himfelf;
which he accordingly did, and they told him the truth.
At lall he enquired how the kii g their mailer did ;
they replied that he was dead : and by farther enquiry
we found, that amonglf the goods forVN'hieh he fold Job
to captain l\kc, there w.; ; a piilol, which the king
ufed tommoiily to we-r llung by a llrmg about his
r.-ek ; am! ar they never carrv arms without their being
l,,adcd, thepirtol one day aceident.dly went utf', .'iid the
balls K.dgiii? in his throat, he prclciiily died. Job was
fo trai.lpoit'ed at the clofe of th s "ory, that he imme-
diately leil on lis knees, and icfai.i.d th..nk» to .Ma
hornet for making his peifecutor die b'. the very guods
for which he fold him into (la; cry. Then turning to
nil-, he f.iid, ' You fee now, Mr. Meiorc, tint (lod
Almighty was d Ipleilid at tlii> man's making me a
il..ve, and thirefoie naJe him d.e by ilio icry piilol for
wbiih he (old me ; y<t I ought tdforgivc liini, becaufe
hail 1 not been lold,'l Ihould n.itlicr have known any
thin;; of me liiijlilii ' ng'i.-, 1 or h..ve had any of the
fine,'" iifetui and valuable things, I ha, biought Willi
n-.c J nor have known mat thv re li fneh a pi ice in the
world as England; ror luch noble, ,0 J, .md generous
people as (j^ieen Caiolii.e, the duke i^f Cu 1 berland,
the duke 01 .Mi nta ;iie, the earl el" I'mbioke, Mr.
Holden, Mr. l.Jj,le'.horpe, and the Royal Aliican com-
pany.

" After this Job went frenif.uly wit'i nic to Cower,
and feveral other places afoiit ih^ country. He alw.i)S
fpoke very handlon-.elv of the Englilli ; and what he (aid
removed ii.uch of that lioi or the Hhole)': dlt lor the
Hate of (l.ivery amongli them; (ir ili.y before :;cne-
rally Imagined, that all who were (old for (laves, were
.-It lead iiuirdered, if not eaien, (iiice none ever retmiicd.
His dcfcriptions alfo gave them an high opinion of tiig-

NEGROLAND.

295

land, and a veneration for the Englifli, who traded
ainongll them. He fold fonie of theprelents he lironght
with him for trading goods, with which he bought a
woman llavc and two liorles. He gave his countrjnicu
a great deal of writing paper, a very valuab commodity
aniongd them, and the con1^)any had maile him a pre-
fent of feveral reams. He uled frequently to pray, and
behaved with great affability and niildnefs to all, which
rendered him extrcniclv popular.

" Jhe mefi'enger whom Job had fcnt to his father,
ie. not returning fo foon as was expcfted, he defireJ
me to go down to James's I'ort to take care ot his goods,
and I proinited not only to (end him word when the
nufl'enger came back, but to fend other nielfcngeis, (or
tear the (irff (hould have mK'carried.

" At length the nielle-nger returned with feveral let-
ters, and advice th.it Job's father was dead ; but had
lived to receive the letters his (on had lent hiiu
t'rom Kngland, which gave him the welcome news of
us being redeemed from flavery, and an account of the
ti'iiie he made in Kngliiid. That one of Job's
w.ve^ was married to anot'ier man ; but that as feon as
ihe r.ew hulbaiid had hi ard of his return, bethought
it adviliabic to abfcond ; and that fincc Job's ablencc
(10.11 his native country, theic had been fuch a dread-
ful war, that the Pr.oleys there had not any cows left,
though beiore Job's departure his country was famed
for rs iiumcrous herds. With this inclicngcr came
many of Job's ''.d friends, whom he wa^ e^ceeding
glad to tec ; but notwithdanding the jov their preCence
gave him, he (lied abundance of 'ears for the lofs of
I his la:her, and the misfortunes of liis country. He for-
I gave his wife, and the ma". v> lio had taken her ; ' for,'
(aid he, ' ihe could not In 'p thinking I was dead, for I
VV..5 gone to a land from v .lence no other Pholcy ever yet
returned ; thcrcioie neither (he nor the man arc to be
blamed.' iJuring three or lour davs he converted with
his fi lends without any interruption, except to deep or
eat."

When Mr. Moore embarke^Mi board the company's
vell'el for Kngland, Job waited on him to take his lart
farewcl, which he did in the molt allectionate manner.
.'\t the f.nie time he gave him letters to the duke of
] Montague, the royal Afiican conipanv, Mr. Oglethorpe,
j and (eeeial other gentlemen in England, telli:ig him to
; give his luve and duty to them, and to acquaint them
ihat as he d' (igned to learn to write the EiiL'lifli tongue,
he would, when he was matter of it, fend them longer
cpillles. He alio dellred Mr. .Moore, that as he had
lived with him almoll ever linee lie came there, he would
let his grace and the other gentlemen know what he h.ui
done, and that he woiiKI endeavour to produce (uch an
undcrllanding betucen tiie African conipanv and the
Pholeys, that he did i;0^ doubt woitld be of great .id-
vaiita;,e to the Englith ; and concluded by fayini, that
he would f|)end Ins days in endeavouring to do good to
the Knglilh, by whom he h ,d been redeemed from
flavery, and tiom whom he had received innumerable
favours.

SECT. IV.

0/ //!v Fiiropraii Sell!: >n ■':.':, iitul cthr farticUlir Ptaici,
jitudled ill tie lit.iiis ,f the River Ga.nbia.

THE principal fettb ircnt here belonging to the En?;-
I ih is a' Jan.es's Ifiand, ii uaied near the center of
the river, whicli is here at halt leven nubs v.-i.le, and
.ibout -^o milcs from the river's mouth. Tlu ifland, iit
low ^.■atn■, is about three qnaitei of a mile in eireum-
fercnce. Though this illand belongs to the Englifh,
yet it is I'ubj'ei. to a (mall tiibute paid annually to the
king of liarr.ih. The fort 1 a fquare (tone building,
with four bullions, on each "i which are fcven guns
well mounted. Under the walls, ('.icing the water^^ arc
two louiid battel les, on e.;ch of which arc four large
cannon; and between tlu-m are planteei ("mall t/uns.
Within the fort aic convenient apartments for the go-
vernor, merchants, laetors, and military ofliccrs ; as
alto maga/.ines and Itoic-houtes. Without the walls of
the fort are ftiong barr.icks for the foldiers, artificers,
fervanis, .nid fl.ives; they aie made wiih (lone ai.d
lime, and aic lurrouiidtu with ftrung pallif.idocs. As a

proper

•'t

r.||^'-:

1 .

• }

. «

; tM

1^1

. I

t.M

ii«

296

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM O I" CEOGRAniV

i<!il ..H

'):

' ■ J '

*' ;:

^f1

ill. II

v-i

I.:-:!

■it

st;!i

proper fcciirity to the fort, tlic I'olJicrs arcouift.intly on
duty 1 anil ccnliiu-ls nrc apiioint'.'il "ii;lu and dny to
patrolc round it, and m»'\C ihcit report to tlie governor.
'i'hcy generally kctp here three or four fiuops and as
many long boats j lomoof which arc conlhnllv employed
in fetching provifions and water from the mam, for the
life of the garrifon, and the rell arc employed in carry-
ing goods up to the other f.\iitories, and bringing from
them flaves, elephants teeth, and wax.

A little below James's I'ort is a large town called
Gillifrec, where the company have a fattory phalantly
lituated ; and here arc large gardens that fupply James's
Fort with all kinds of vegetables. This town is in-
habited by Hortitgue'c, Mundingocs, and forne Mahi-
metans, the latter of whom have a neat mofiiut for the
excrcife of their relii^ious dMtics.

Oppoiltc to James's Ifland, on the north fide, ami
ahoiit a mile and a half from Gillifrec, is a fiiiall place
called St. Domingo, confifting only of a few round
huts belonging to the company, in which fonie of their
Haves live, who cut wood for the fort, take care of a
well, and fill the cafks fcnt there daily for water.

Nearly oppolite to the fouih fide of James's Ifland, is
mother factory belonging to the I'.nglilh, fitiiated on a
river called Cabata, which falls into the Gambia -, but
little trade is carried on here, the chief ufe of the
faiftory being to fupply James's Fort with provilions.

About 20 miles above J.imci's Fort is another £ng-
lifli fadory, at a town called Vintain, fituattd on a river
cf the f.ime name, which alfo falls into the Gambia.
The chief commerce of this failoty confills in hides,
ivory and wax. The town belongs to one of the kings
cf Fonia, and is pleafanlly fituated on the fide of a hill
near the river. 'I'hc inhabitants conlirt of I'ortugucfc
and Mahometa"'. the latter of whom have a handi'ome
mofquc. The tov/n is remarkable for having plenty ol
provilions, great (juaiitities of which are 1 rou^ht by the
Hoops who border on it. The people of this town are
remarkably proud of their hair; fomc of them wear it
in tufts and bunches, others cut it in crofles, and fomc
firing coral or beads upon it. The men wear a cloth
round their waift, which rc.ichcs to the knees, and
they have another cloth thrown over the right ftioulder :
en their heads they wear caps of cotton cloth, fome of
which are plain, and others adornu! with feathers and
goats tails. The drefs of the women confills of a
pieceof cloth wound round the waift, and reaching to the
fmall of their legs : they tie handkerchicis round their
heads leaving the crown bare, which fome of them
ornament with fmall horfe-belis; and thofe who have
not handkerchiefs fupply their place by ufing a flip of
blue or white cotton cloth.

Their huts are about 50 feet in circumference, built
with fticks and clav, and covered cither with long grafs
or palmetto leaves. Their furniture confills only of a
fmall cheft for cloaths, a mat to lie on, which is railed
about a foot from the lloor ; ajar to hold water, and a
callabafli to drink it with j two or three wooden mor-
tars, in which they pound their corn and rice, and a
few large dilhcs, out of which they eat their food with
their fingers, not having eiihcr fpoons, knives, or
forks.

They are very fond of fmooking tobacco, which is of
their own growth } and fomc of them, by being farnifhed
with this article, will go two days together without
eating. They make their pipes themflves, the bole of
which is formed of a reddilh-coloured clay, but the
flems are only a piece of a reed, or a fmall ftick bored
through with a hot iron wire, and fome of them are fix
ftet in length. After they are bored, they poliflj them
with rough leaves, till they are fmooth, white and hand-
fomc. 'fhcy faften the bole and ftem together with a
piece of red leather, and fometimes the pipe is orna-
mented with a fine leather taftcl that hangs froin the
center of it.

The kingdom of Fonia, in which this town is fituated,
begins where Cabata river falls into the Gambia, and
reaches to the river Vintain. It is governed by two
kings, who have each their feparate diftritts ; but it
has not any particular place, except the town already
mentioned, that admit;! of the leaft notice.

The next f.nil6ry belonging to the Li;;;llih is at T411.
crowall, in the kingdom of Caen, iitii.itcd about jc
miles (lom (.lie.'. Fort. The tuwn ■ . .;l'oi.t ha'.l .4
mile in Ki't,il), plclantly fituated by the fide of tin;
river, and biliiiid it is a line liill beautiiullv varie<;atcd.
It is divided into two p:irt«. one of which is inhahitid
by Poituguele, and the other by Mundingoes. 'i'hc
former live 111 laigelquaic builJ.ngs, and the latter in
round huts made of lt;cks and clay ; they are about
ci^ht feet hi,:h and 20 in dian.etcr, with a lool liJ;o
that of a b'.c-liive, made cither of Itraw or palinetlo
leaves, and lo thick as not only to keep the r.iin from
penetrating through, hut alfo to licure them fioin the
violent heat <■'' the fun. This town i< the nlidcnce of
a prieft annually lent over from St. Jago, one of the
Cape de Verd lllands, who h is a church hcic, in which,
during his relidciue, mais is (aid alnioll e\ery da).
Here ar» many of the defcendants cf the Poriuguefc,
who fend canoes up the river once or twice a year j by
which means they have made this town a place of gieat
refort, and the richell on the whole liver.

The kingdom of Caen reaches about 70 miles nlon"
the rivL-r, and is governed hy an emjieror and a kiiiu,
who are both Mundingocs, and have their refpectivc
revenues ariling from ditierent coitimodities.

'I'ht next kingdom we com^' to is Barfally, which is
a very nuted country, governed by a king of the Jolloilf'
nation; and here the Englifh have alio a fac'tory at a
town called Joar, where they carry on a very confiderablc
trade, 'i'his town is fituattd in a fine favannah lur-
rounded with woods, in which arc moll kinds of wild
bealls. It is about two miles from the Gambia, and is
inhabited by a few Portuguefc. It is very (mail, the
whole number of houlis not exceeding twelve j anion \
thet'e arc included the fac'lory, and a hcute belonging Ut
the king of Barfally, which two take up more ground
than all the other buildings. About a mile from the
town is a ridge of high and rocky hills covered with
trees, which runr. many miles up the country. It is
very pleafant walking on thefe hills in thefummcr ; bur
in the rainy feafons it is exceeding dangerous from the
wild bealts, who refort there in great abundance on a:-
count of the low grounds being overflowed. About
the favannah arc plenty of deer, hufi'aloes, and wild
hogs; alfo a great number of paitridges, gecfe, ducks
and quails, which are exceeding good, and greatly ad-
mired by the natives. Here arc likcwife tamelcons, and
great numbers of crocodile-;, which the people kill
and eat, and confider thcni as one of their nicell
difhes.

About 80 miles from the Englifli fort at Jnar is a
place called Cohone, where the king of Barfilly ufu.illy
rcfidcs. As there are tolerable advantages to be made
by the company at this place, provided their fupercar-
goesare honefl, they generally fend a Hoop there two or
three times in the year. At thefe times the king fre-
quently ranfacks fome cf his eijemies towns, makes
prifoners of the people, and fells them for fuch com-
modities as he wants, which are commonly brandy or
rum, gunpowder, balls, guns, piflols, and cutlailcs for
his attendants and foldiers, and coral and filver for hi»
wives and concubines. The king, as well as his peo-
ple, are of the Mahometan religion, notwithftandimj
which they arc greatly addnfted to drunkennefs. The
drefs of the king confills of a garment made like a fur-
plice, but reaches no lower than his knees, and a large
piece of cloth gathered round his waill : he wears no
(lockings, and has only Morocco flippers on liii feet.
His head is covered with a fmall white cotton cap, and
he wears large gold rings in his ears. His people as
well as hinifelf always wear white cloths and white
caps, which being a direct contrail to their natural co-
lour makes them look exceeding whimfical. This
king's dominions are very extenfivc, and divided into
fevcral provinces, over which he appoints governors,
called Boomays, who come annually to pay him hoin.-jgc;
and though they have alinoll an unlimited power, yet
they are beloved as well as feared bv the people.

Adjoining to the kingdom of ifarl'ally eallward, lie:
the country of Yany, which is very large, and divided
into two parts, diilinguiihed by the names of Upper

ani

'ii'

AFRICA.]

N E G R O L A N D.

297

1 at T.\i\-
iiboiit 35

Kilt lu'.l 4

Jc (it tin:
,arii'j;atcil.

inluliiliit
3C!. 'I'lu:
c latti'r m

arc aliuut

I HKll like"

r palinLltu

t.\m Itom
) fiom the
tliJciice ot'
oiic ul the

In wtiicli,
estry Jay.
I'ortugucfc,
a year ; by
icc of gitat

miles nicn;;
and a kinu',
r rcfiicctivi;

y, which is

the Jii'.Ioirt"
(ii\ory at a
toiiriili:rabii;
ivannah lur-
iiitls ol vvilj
nhia, iiiid is
■ i'mall, the
•Ivi: J anion -,
belonging; to
mure ground
lie from the
covered witli
untry. It is
ummcr -, bur
JUS from tha
idaiicc on a:- ^
,vcd. About
cs, and wilJ

gecfc, ducki

d greatly aJ-

ncUons ^"J

people kill

their nice It

at Jnar is a
irf.illy ufii.iUv
to be made
licir fiipcrcar-
thcre two ot
the king frc-
owns, makes
or fuch com-
ly brandy or
cuthflis for
filver for hi^
as his peo-
witliftandinij
iinefs. The
like a fur-
and a larjje
he wears no
on his feet,
ttou cap, and
His people as
s and white
ir natural co-
nfical. Tlii«
divided into
its govcrnorr,
him hom.igc ;
rd power, yet
uplc.

alhvard, lies

, and divided

Cj of Uppc

ani

«nd Lower, each of which is undri the government of
aditttrent king, '.he one a Mundingo, and the other a
Jolloift'. In the Lower Yany the company have a fmall
faflory at a place called Yanamarcw, which is k<pt by
a black (*i\or, whofe only buliiufs is to buy com and
rice for the iifc of James's Fort. This is thcplcafantell
fort on the banks of the river, it bsing delightfully
(haded with palm and ciboa trees, the leaves of which
the inhabitants ufe for covering their houfcs.

In the Upper Yany is a fmall town called Cuttejar;-,
fituated about a mile from the river, between which the
(Company had once a faiflory ; but it being overflnwcd
in the year 1725, and great quantities of goods deflroyed,
they removed it to Samy, about eight miles firiher,
where it has continueil ever fince. 'I'liis town is about
twelve miles from the mouth of the river, and ii noted
for a good trade, particularly in (laves.

Higher up the liver is the fa6lory of Fatadenda, at
which place the river is exceeding broad, and deep
enou"h to admit vellels of 40 tuns burthen. The tides
of th" river are woody, and the land Inw, but the lac-
tory ftands on an eminence, and is at lealtten miles from
any town. On each fule of the lailoty is a plealant
piofpeiil of the winding of the river for fevcral miles,
and in the front of it is an agreeable view of part ot the
kini'dom of Cantore. The port here ferves lor a land-
ingJplacc to Suteco, a town about nine miles dilfant ;
but it has not any houlc near it, except the failory.

The next faiifory belonging to the Eng'ifh is near a
large town called Brucoc, about hai a mile from the
river, in the kingdom of Jem.-irrow. The town is inhabited
by a pcopK of the Mundingo race, but they are ftiirt
Mahometai '. About half a mile below the town is a
ledge of roeks that runs three r i,-ts acrols the river, and
leaves fo fmall a channel, as to render it very dangerous
for large veflels to \.\i.

Nine miles from liriicoc is a large town calle.! Oa-
bocunda, fituaied on the ', ;itli fide o* .e liver, Jiid
divided into two diftinit parts; one o' ivhich is forti-
fied by a wall made of palmetto trees fix* .', the ground,
and clay laid in between, fo that i ittle inferior in
ftrength to thofe made of brick and 1 01 tar. The n-i-ir
' town is only encompafTt 1 ;' i fence of canes (jP > d
together by a number nf i«aL-, in which mannrr rA\
of the towns on the Gan bia, !■ well as the failoiics, are
furrounded. In peaceable times the people live in the
open town, but in times of war, they fhut thcmfelvcs up
in that which is mod (trongly fortified. Thcfe aie
naturally a rebellious fort of people, and have a king of
their own, called Suma, who has a great power over all
the adjoining towns.

Adjoining to the kingdom of Jemarrow is that of
Tomany, v^hich is a v( y extenfive country, and con-
tains more towns than any other on the whole river.
The Englifti have a fadory at a fmall place called
Yamyamacunda, where a confiderablc trade is carried on,
particularly in dry commodities. 'I'hc town is on the
north fide of the river, but the facfory is on the fouth,
and is defended by a ffrong fortification. All vcd'cls
that pafs this port pay a duty to the king of Tomany,
who is a Mundingo, and lives at a place called Suti-
.■nort. 'bout three miles diftant from Yamyamacunda.

Pr-r,ml Tomany is Cantore, a large and populous
rouii.'.> .^ith many fmall towns difpcrlcd about it, but
not any one ncaier the river than three miles j and they
arc all fo infignificant as not to merit the Icatt notice.

SECT. V.

0/ Iht River Niger, or Senegal, with tie principal
Kingdcmt end Places ftuattd m il> Banki.

THE river Niger takes its rife in the e.iftern part of
Africa, and after a cotirle of 300 miles nearly eall
and weft, divides iifelf into three branches, under the
Flames of the Senegal, the Gambia, and the Sierra
I.cona 1 all which, at a particular time in the year,
overflow their banks in the fame manner as the Nile.
The whole extent of this great river has never yet
Icen afecrtaincd, but from the farthcft part that has
Ihui penett.itoa to the fe,>. It reaches near J400 miles,
li nmi caft and well till within about fix miles of the

ocean, when it fudJenly breaks oflT, and forfns a curve
that runs from north to fouth about 25 U.i; ucs, whfn
it dil'embogues itielf into the fia. The mouth of the
river is about two miles acrofs, but the paflagc here is
often vcfy dangerous, on account of the b.r, which is
not only continually fhift;iig, but alfo choaks it up ;
and when the north winds blow, the llrcam is fo rapid,
and the waves run fo high, that it is impoflibic for any
vellels to pafs it. The fafeft times for crofTing the bar
are, between the months of March and September,
when the winds are changeable, and the bar is generally
lixcd till the commencement of the rainy feafon.

The banks of the Senegal are very fertile, and beau-
tifully variegated. Near the river arc lofty trees in-
habited by varices forts of birds, fome of which are
very I'mal!, others large, and many of them exceeding
hanjfomc, and of the blighted colours. Theie are
alfo great numbers of fquirrcis and monkics ; and the
morcdlftant parts abound with lions and elephant?, tht
latter of which have not that ferocity in them that is
nau.'al to thofe in other Ciuntrics, for they will not
attempt to attack any one they meet unlcfs firit molefted.
Sonic parts of the low [;iounds abound with a fort of
thorny trees which run to a pjodigious height, and
bear large bunches of yellow (lowers that have an
odoiifeious fcent. The barks of thcfe trees ar' of
different colonib, fome being black, others white, green,
or red ; and whatever colour the h irk is ot, the 1 m-
ber Is of the fame, and from its fubftance appeals to be
a fpecies of the ebony.

The principal kingdoms and places fituated en the
banks of the Senegal are as follow :

1. Gubcr, or Gtibur. This kingdom lies about
40 miles from the Niger, and is furrounded with very
high mountains, 'tcintains a great number of villages,
many of which are inh.ihited by fliepherds and hcrdl-
men. The bell of cattle are bred here, and the whole
country abounds with rice and other grain. Among
the inhabitants arc many artificers and linen-weavers, the
former of whom make fandals, which they fell to the
people of Tombuto and Gago.

2. Zanfara. This country is hounded on the weft
by the before-mentioned kingdom. It is very large and
fertile, the fields producing great quantities of rice,
millet and cotton. The inhabitants are tall in flature-,
of a LlacV complexion, have broad faces, and are na-
tura'i ;■ 1 i ,1 favage difpofition. They are in general
very poor, and are chiefly employed in the bufiucfs of
huftiandry.

3. Cano is a brge province fituated near 5C0 miles to
the eaft of the Niger. It contains many villages, the
inhabitants of which are piincipally fliepherds and
hufljandmcn. Some parts of it produce great quantities
of tice, corn and cotton •, but other parts of it are very
baricn, confifting of defarts and woody mountains, in
the latter of which are great plenty of wild citrons and
lemons. In the center of the province is a large town
of the fame name, fituated in 10 deg. 12 min. call
long, and 15 deg. 30 min. north lat. The walls and
buildings in this town are made of a kind of clay, and
the inhabitants in general are of a civil and obliging dif-
pofition. Their Icing was once a powerful nicnarch,
and had a prodigious number of troops always at his
comnand ; but he has for many years been fiibjccf, and
pays a tribute to, the king of Tombuto ; for the receipt
of which one of that prince's couitiers conftantly refidef
in the town.

4. Cafena. This country lies on the eaft of Cane,
and principally confids of fields and mountains, which
produce great plenty of millet. The inhabitants have
broad nofes and thick lips ; and their complexion is a jet
black. There are many villages in the province, but
they are very fmall, and the buildings exceeding Invv
and mean. They alfo had formerly a defpotic
monarch, but he is now fubjeft to the king of Tom-
buto,

J. J^egrcg is a large kingdom, bordering on Cano,
and is about 150 mites from Caf'na. The country is
divided into two parts, one of which is a plain, and the
other movintainnus : the air of the former is exceeding
hot, but in the latter it Is intolerably cold, infomuch
4 F that

1 - .1

"IM I

» •

1!
\

:|^'|1' m

'',» ^^

jq8

A NEW C{)>n'J.F/rE bVSTEM OF CiEOGRAl ilV,

th.it tlicy arc obliged tonftjiu'y to keep tins In tluir
hiiuCs, ai>J when thiy u,o to llci|) ih^y put hot co.ils
tiiidcr their bcdlle.iJ.:. I htir lields are in gcnciai ki-
tilc, and there arc many Ipriiiijs of cxtelli'nt uatcr.
1 heir houlcs arc poor wretched Innldings, ni.idc ut the

atcrials

nd much alter the I'

mil' nianiicr as

thule at CilriM

'Ihcf

e people wcie lii:niirlv goV'

verncd

bv a king of their own, but he btin;< coiniiKred and
fliin bv one of the kings of J'onibiun, they are now
liibjcct to the monarch of that kingdom,

6. Gu.ing;ira. This province is lituaicd to the north
of the Niger, and is bounded on the footh-calt by the
province ul Zinfara. It is a large and populous coun-
tiy, and eoni.iiiis a great number of villages chiefly in-
habited by huib.mdiuen. ALoiit the center of it is a
large town of the lame name, which isornanHiitcd witn
many li.n.dlomc buildings, and the inhabitant-, cairy on
I'uch a tiajc with fome of the neighbouring n;ilions,
that many of them are exceeding wealthy, and live with
the gicaieft fplendiir. They are goveiiud bv a kiMir,
who maintaini.J gariilon conriftnig of agre.it number of
horfemen and archers, and he Kceivcs coiihderablc tri-
butes annually from his f bieils. Some p.ii!s of the
country to the louth ot Gii.mgara tuwn abound wiih
gidd ; and when the merchants travel to thofe pails fur
lh.it valuable artiele, their gfoJs arc ear.ied by flaves,
the roads being too rough and dangerous for any btalh

were incite hiiiiult, yet he has his counlelK is and other
ofbccis i btfiJcs whom he his alfo Itcrttaiies, trealuiers,
f.iclors, and auditui.". Ciie.it iiade is earned on here,
but ths people are in general very poor, owing to the
mnriniiuh t.ixc; coi.tinuaily laid on ihem by the king.

II. Meili. i his kingdom is li;uatcd on an arm of
the Niger, and is in lengih about 300 miles. It n
bounded on the ealt by the king.l. 111 of (jago; on the
wiH by large woods and forells ili.it extend to the fea
(re I and on th.- luuth bvdelails and mountains that

fcpatate it liom liui

leeiuid iis name from a

large town called iMelli, which was oner the rclidcncc
I of a lovereign who reigned over the whole kinudom j
I and at that lime the tn^n is I'aid to h.ivu contained
I (1000 lamihes. At pitlent, however, the kingdom t»
I divided into liifleient Ion reigi.ti.s and loidlhips, and
i but a fmall pait of it retains the oiig;n.il name. The
inhabitants arc dilhnguiftied fioin all oilier Negoes by
ihcir ciuhty, particuhirly to Uiangers ; and ihcy ate
likewile very indultrious and frug.il. The country pro-
duces great plenty of Corn, rice, and millet j alfo good
cattle, and fome cotton. The people are generally em-
ployed in the hulinefa of hulbindry, but llierc arc ainongit
tliani fome artificers and inerciiant-, who '.arry on aeon.
njerable trade with the nejghbouiing kingdoms,

lieiween Melli and the kingdom ol viago, is a larire
track ot land called loute-Guilon, laid to be the ori-

I'hclc (laves cairy prodigious burtheiu, with which they I ginal country of the I'hohjs ; but it is now a mere dc-

Will travel upwards of 20 miles a day. The great
loads they carry is rurpnfing, for herides the iiicrchant-
di/e, they cairy pruviliuns lor the.i mailers, as alfo for
llic tulJicrs tha: guard thim.

7. Ilitoi. a fmall kingdom fitu.Ved to ihc fouth of the
Nizer ; and is boundeil on the call by Teiinan, on the
weft by Tombuto, on th- noith by the kingjonis of
(iiibur and /.aiilaia, and 011 the fouili by Ijauina, It
is a large and fertile country, but h.is only one cap:-
t.l town 111 It call.d by th.' fuiii- name, the inhabitants
cl which are great trader^, and many ol tliem laid to
be exce.Jing v-eaUhy.

8. Tcmiaii is another fmall kingdom, fituated on the
well of Bito, the inlialntants of which arc laid to he
veryfavagcj but there is not any particular relative lo
the kingdom iticif that merits the leall iioiiie.

9. Dauma. f his is alfo a Imall kingdom, an I has
not any thin;; rcnuikabic to dillingiiifli ii, winch i.« like-
wife the cafe with Hiafana, fltuated to the luiiih ef
il. This tail kingdom is bounded rii the north
by the dcfait of Seth, which is a large fpaec of bartin
ground, and leaches as lar as the boidcrs of the kingdom
u( Gago, wheic it joinsanuthcr trae^ of land called the
Der.irt of Sill.

10. Gigo. This lingjom Is bounded on the taft by
Dauma, on the wdl by Nielli, and the countiv of the
Mundiiigoe?, on the north by Tombuto, and on the
fouth by Guinea, from which it is feparatcd by a ridge
iif mountain-. It lj a\ery plentiful country, and con-
tains a great number ol Nillages principally inhabited by
flicphcids and hiilliandmen. The peo,ile ate veiy ilh-
tct.-'te, and ia luir.mer go almoll nakcl, but in winter
thry wear gaim.nls made ol the fVlin of bcallj, 'Ihc
principal towi in this kn.'.dom is called (iago, and is
of great cMenl. The houfes ate veiy mean buildings,
cvrrpi thole belonging to the king and his couruers,
uliich .ire Ipaciout and handfume. In this town aic
li'i.iy rich merchants, and it is much lie(|uented by the
people eif the iici^hbouting countries, who eometobiiy
tloth biought li'ie Iroiii llarbary and Kuiojk. The
country lor fome miles round the iiwn pi oduees great
jilpiifyof 'ice, milKl, lorn and cattle , a>alfo abundaiict
uf melonj, c troll", ami other Iriiiis : thire are like-
Wile many fpimgs, which produce eiiiellciit water.

'1 he king has a jiical number of llatts ami eoiiriibinc>,
ihr latter of whom are kept in a private place, and at-
Ifiidid by eunuchs , and his body guard* confill ol a ^
Iroeip (.1 hcrfc, and a g'rat number of foot ; befiJis '
winch lie Ills upwards ol 100 archers. The king dr.
tcniiinri ail luntioieifies lH-(wi-cn hit fiibjr^ts, in Ihr
fvceiition ol which h? allenc's With great diligenie.
'Jhe phee let apaii lot llm puipole is between theoutti |
■nd inner gale uf the palate , and thuiij-h he ii as it I

art, being almoll uninhabited.

Towards the fca-coall, however, there arc feveral
principal pl.iccs, the tirll of wh eh is Kaehao, called by
the French Cachaux. It is a i'oriiigiu le colony, litu-
ated on the iiver St. Domingo, or Kaih.io, which /alls
into th' ,. about 60 miles bcl,jw tlie town. It Hands
in I'll i,ii- tiy of the I'apells, an idolatious people, who
laeritiee lieigs to their letilh, or idol, which they call
Shiii.i. 1 he i'apells have f.e'i|uently bien at open wai
wiili the I'ortugucle, for whieh rcion the latter have
cnconipalled the town on the land lide with a Ilrong
pallilado, tciraccd and defended by batteries ; anei they
keep cuiillaiitly a watch tor teat of any ludden eiiicr-
pri/e. The town is built on the lu.'e ot the river, and
eoiilills chiefly of two long nairow llieets, with a leiv
I'liiall ones th,it crofs llicin 111 dift'eiint pails. 'J'hc
lioules aic made with caiih, and are whitened within
and without: in the rainy teafoii they are covered with
palmetto leaves, but all the reft ot the yt.ir they arc
only coveted with a l.nl-cloth to kc.p uA lhe\iulent
heat of the fun. I'hcy are very I'p.icious, but low, not
ha iiigaiiy floiy above the ground flcwr.

riu'ie are hut few natural I'or'uguefe In the town,
nu,ii of them being Mulattos, and lo bl.ick as hardly to
be dilliiiguiftied from Negroes, The laiicft of thrni,
however, keep thcit svives under vciv dole coiifinc-
iiient : they never let them go abroad 111 the day-tiinr,
not even to mats ; and the better fort have chapcis in
I their houfes, whire, on high Icllivjl days, they hire a
I piieft to perform icligioui duties. The black wives of
the I'ortiigiiefc arc not thus refttained, for they aie per-
mitted to go abroad in the day-liuie ; but they aie li>
wrapped up, that no pait of them can be feen except
Iheir feel, 1 he I'oitugueic here patticulaily pnde
thcmlelv. s in being jealous, and will lomctimes cany
that pain II to the gieateft excels.
I I'liiy have a church and convent here, and the fpiri-
tual gutcnnicnt of llie place is invalled 111 a vifilador, wr
gran, I \ cir, lent hither by the bidiop ol St. Ja^'o, (one
ol the Cape de Veid illaiidt) lo whom all the Foilu-
giiirlc that inhabit this country are lubje.:!. 'I he con-
I vent licloiig. III ihf capuchins j but liom the iinwholc-
I fuiiienels ol the r, unlrv there aie fi Idom inou ih.in two
: iir iliiee Inais iliat iiliile here, and when any ul iluni
die. It IS a dilfieult matter to )ind anothci tlmt Will lup-
I ply Ins pl.ire. 'I'he ciul and niiliLiry goieinnicnt ii
under ihe dinclleiii ul nnc C4llrd capt.iiii-ni.ijor, wh •
has under I, in a lirulrnaiii, M\ ri li ,|i, and mi adjutant ,
lufidcs whom (here areoilui otiiteis, a< an intendaiit
(il Ihr kiiir.'s diiiies, a nolary, and fume iWivrnrri.

The g.iiiifiin conlills of jo lolJiers, who aie grnf>
rally tiaiulhed lioiii ihrir own touiiliy for ihr comniif.
lion uf fvMic ripital crime j and llii> I an'OinKiit ia of

s and other
, trealuicT!:,
itd on hfic,
iving to tlie
the king,

an urni of
iilcs. It a
ago; on the
111 tu tlii: lea
uiitaiiis tlut
lamc Iruiii a
lie idulcnce
c kiiH'dom t
lOMtaiiud

kingdom u
niJlhiiKs, and
name. I he
[ Nc^oei by
iind ihey arc
country pto-
t ; alio good
generally cin-
c arc ainonglt:
irry on a con-
doms.

o, is a brge
J be the on-
w a mere dc-

c arc iVvcr.ii
1.10, called by
culony, litu-
), which la)U
in. It (lauds
s people, who
hlch they call

at open wai
ic latter have
with a ftiong
ics i and ihcy
luddcii cnicr-
the liver, ami
s, Willi a tuv
t p.iits. Ihc
hilciud within
; tovvred with

yt.ir they arc
uti the » luliiit
, but low, not

1 the town,

ck as hardly to

til of thrni,

ole confine -

he day-time,

c chaptis in

s, they hire a

jlaclc wives ot

they aie per-

ut they aiu l»

e lein except

culaily pud.;

omeiinies cany

and the fpiti-
.1 vifiiaduT, ur
St. j.^'o, (i)iie
All "tlie Hoitii-
1 he ciHi-
thr iinwholc-
iiuie ih.in twii
n any ol ihem
ih.it Will liip-
j;oveinnieiit h
ii,ijnr, w!. t
d 1111 adjutant ,
< an iiiteiid.iiit
li rivencri.
who aie gri'*-
i^r the coiiin.il-
an nniKiit i. I't
th--

■I

ATKICA.]

\ E G R O L A N b.

igg

■■f'l
I i I \

tlic moll horild nature, for thev arc kept at fuch (hort
alluwaiicc, and fo niifer.ibly clothed, that if they ha I
not foinc kind of bufinefs to aflill them, they mull in-
evitably pcrilh. Some of them often follow the pro-
fedion lor which they were fcnt here j for after dark
they will parade the l!rcet<, and rob all they meet ; fo
that it is very dangerous to walk after fun-fct, unlcl's a
pctfon is well provided with arms ; and this is the cafe
in mod of the other colonics belonging to the Portu-
guefe.

The river before the town is at lead a mile acrofs,
and fo deep as to admit the largeft fliips, were it not for
a dangerous bar that interrupts them at the month of
the river. I'he country on the fouth fide, where the
town Hands, confills chiefly of marfties, with a few
fields in which they fow foine rice j but they arc fo
fmall, and fo little cultivated, that they do not produce
.1 fufljciency for the maintenance of the inh.ibitants.
The north bnnk of the river is covered with mangrove,
beyond which are fome of the fiiicil trees in Africa for
thicknefs, height, and quality uf the timber: the na-
tives make their canoes out of thcfc trees, which arc all
of one piece, and lo large and (Ironi; th.it they will !
tarry ten ton weight. According to the I'ortuguefe, }
the Papells are eftccmed the bell lowers on the whole |
toall.

The natives of Kachao employ the princip.«l part of
their time in the cultivation uf a plant called in.minc,
which is ufed inllcad of bread, not only hcic, hut in le-
vcral other pait> of Africa. The nature ot this plant,
with the manner of its being biought to perfciition, is
thus defcribed by a late author : " The manioc, fays
he, is a plant which is propagated by Hips, It is fet in
fuirows that arc five or fix inches deep, which are tilled
with the fame earth that has '"cen taken out. Thcfe
furrow^ are at the ditlancc of two feet, or two feet and
an half from each other, .iccoiding to the nature of
the ground. The fiirub iiles a little above fix feet,
and its ttunk is about the thicknefs of the arm. In
propottiun as it giows, the lower leaves f.ill otl', ami
only a few remain towards the top ; its wood is tender
and briiilc.

" It IS a delicate plant, whofe cultivation is trouhlr-
fome, and the vicinity of all forts of grafs is prejudicial
to It, It requires a dry and light foil ; its fiuit is at its
root ; and it this root is (hakcii by the motion the wind
pives to the body of the plant, the fruit is formed but
iiupcrfeflly. It takes i8 months bctutc it grows tu
matuiiiy,

" It is not rendered fit for ule till after it his under-
gone a tedinui preparation. Its tiilt Ikin mult be
icraped ; it irull lie then walliod, ralped and prrlied, to
cxtr.ii'l the aqueous parts that aie lluw poifon, againll
which tlwre i< no remedy known, liny then roall it,
at that caufes every noxious panicle it mi};ht Kill con-
tain totally to evaporate. When tlieic appeals no more
IKam, it Is taken oH' tli» nun plate on whah it was
mailed, and fuU'ered to cool ; for it is no Ids dangerous
to cat it hot thin raw,

" The root ol the manioc grated and reduced into
little grains by roalline, !'■ called Hour of inaaioc, Tlie
|villc of manioc is called cafl'ava, whuh ii converted
into a cake by roalling, without inovni); it. It would
lie dangerous to eat as much call'.ua as ll >iir of manioc,
h.eaule the loimer i) left nulled, iiolli ol ihcni keep a
long lime, and aie \cry iiounlhiiig, but a little dithcult
iif di;;ellion. Though tlm food Ucim at lirll inlipid,
iheie are iiiiny while (Kuplc whu ptctcr it tu the bell

V 111 Ml,"

The manioc plant It alfo cultivated and hrotight to
no lets pcitediun by the inhabiianti ol the illand of
llilFac

About 70 miles from K irh.m, <\i\ the fame fide ol
the river, 11 another town called Faiim, vslicte a tole
table liade is carried on in Wan and ivory i and in the
months ol O.'loher and November there arc niaikils
he'd liir the Ulr ol naves.

To thi north-r.ilt ol Kaiim ii a villa^te e iHcd Hot,
while moll (it the tiideu buy rice, whieh is hcic veiy
pliiiiiliil, and excerdiii); gncMl in quality : and a little
l.iither is another village called Uule, where (hey fell
in.kt and uxen.

The town of G-fves, (b c.illed from a river of the
fame name, is very conliilcrablc, and fuppofcd to con-
tain at leafl 4000 inhabitants, among whom there are
not above ii white families, the rcll being all tawncy
or black. The trade can icd on here conlills of wax,
ivory, and flaves. The Portugucfc have a fai^lory on
the banks of this river ; and the natives that live on it
arc partly Papells, and partly Mundingocs,

In this country is a province called by the Portu-
gucfc Kobo, the king of which rcfidcs at a fmall place
about 30 miles call of the town of Gclvcs ; jnd near
the mouth of that river is a fmall town called Courbali,
where a confidcrable trade is carried on in fa!t, ivorj ,
and Haves.

To the fouih of the river of St, D, min;:^o, or Ka-
chao. Is another called Cal.imjnga, which is (aid to be
an arm of the Cjambia, whole courfc is coiifiderably
long, and its Itream very ripid. The Por;ug'.eIe have
two fmall forts on the banks of this river, bui they con-
fill of little more than a few wretched huts, lunou.-.ded
with fmall moats, and the principal fecurity rf r.ich lies
ill the difficulty there is lo co ■, e at it, for they arc both
fituatcd in maifhv ^;rouiidf, and are hid by niJnf^:roves,
defended by lei'jons nf niulqiictos. The Poilugiicic are
the only people that carry on any trade h.re, whiuh
confills chiefly in ivory and wax.

SECT. VI.

0/ Sierra Lcona.

HIS country Is renileicd confidcrable by the river
which gives name to it, whofe banks are nio;e
fertile than moll others on the weflcrii coall of .Africa.
It is bounded on the nurih and fouth by two famous
capes, the former of which is called Caf'c do !a Vega,
and the latter Cape Tagrin, or Sicira l.cona. Thelj
capes form a I'pacious hay, into which the livor dil-
cliargcs ittelf. The flood in the hay runs k\cn houis,
and the ebb five : it is bctwTcn fcven and eight lathoni
deep, and (hips may ride in any part of it with the
gteautl lalety. The livcr is laid hy fonie to ha\e ic-
ceived its name fiom the noife of the lea ii^iind its
rocky (Iiores, leiembling the roaring ol lions j aiulothcis,
that It was fiill called fo by the PortUj^iufe, lioin the
great number of lions that inlilt the lui hl-oiinnf;
mounta'ns. It alio goes hv the iianies of T,ij;iin and
Mitomba, the latter of whieh it irefeues tur about
80 miles above the mouth of the ii\er. C'n ilu- fouth
lide ol it is a town, called las Magoai, wlure mne but
the Portugucfc arc permitted tn lefi.l- l..r trade j and
the natives come down the ruer to barter with the
French and EngliOi, when there are any of their fliips
in the bay.

Near the entrance ol the river ii a errck called the
Hay of France, where there is a hat • 1 or telervoir of
Iriili water, that falls from the adjoining mountains.
It (lows down in gentle murmurs or impetuous Iticams,
and, in a country i-lmoll parched by the heit ol the
fun, produces a moll a ri-eable fcene ; befides which,
Its lieautics are conliderably heichlened by the fuiround-
iiig hills, that arc Covered with lofty trees, which atlord
a perpetual (hade, and riiuler the whole one ol the
moll delightful Ipots that can he met with in fuch hot
countries.

Ileie ire alio feveral fmall iflands, the princi,al of
whieh arc Taliii and Uiiile. Talli) is a large flat ifl.ind,
near three leagues in circumlertnee, where the coin-
paiiy'j (laves have a (;ood plantation. The chief pait
of ihe ifland is covered with wood, among whieh are
filk cotton trees of a prodi •ious fixcj and loiiie patts of
It produce good iiiligo,

Henle is fitiiatid ,iliout nine leai'iiei from the road ;
and here the Kniililli hid once a fmall loit, whole ad-
vant.iges chiefly amfi- from its Handing on ,i (Icip toik,
the aleent to which was by a flight ol Heps, The fore
was built ol liini and (lone, and biloir it was a plat-
form with fix guns. The |ranifon conlilled generally
of JO white men, an.l ^o |>romrlto<, or free blacks,
who lived in a Iniall village under the flulter ot the
fort. This fortreli, however, was taken b) two Fiencli
men of war in the year 1 704, who fiift pluiiderrJ, and

til. II

1! !

I I'

i 1r

■4!

1**^

! : t:

III 91

i I

!}■

ioo

A NEW CftMI'LETE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAniV.

thcrt ra/.cd it to the grounJ. IJcnrc- in,m'J is much
fmallcr than the other, and the foil ot' it is very indif-
ferent, producing only a ftnall <juantlty of rice.

Witli refpci5l to the climate of itiis country it i? in
general very unwholefome, particularly in the tnoun-
lainous parts ; where, during four months in the year,
it rains, thunders, and is (o intolerably hot, that the
people arc obliged to keep dole in their huts ; and the
air is corrupted in fuch a manner by the lightjiinE, that
all animal food is reduced in a few hours to a nate of
puircfaflion. The flat open country, however, is not
fobad ; for though in fumnicr the heat is cxciflivc in the
former part of the day, yet it i$ very temperate in the
afternoon, from the refrcOiing breezes that generally
blow from the foulh-weft.

The banks of the Sierra Leotia arc lined with man-
grove trees, the leaves of which cxa.iHy rcfemble thole
of an European laurel. The branches of thcfc trees
arcncaily of an equal length, but the fhouts growing
downwards, as foon as they touch the water or the
earth, take root, and by that means make a hedge fo
thick as to be nlnioil lmpcnctr;ib'c. The whole country
abounds in niillft nnJ rice, which is the principal food
of the natives. I> alfo produces jjreat plenty of oranges,
lemons, bananjs, widian fi^s, an mas, pompions, water
melons, yams, pot.toes, wild peais, white plumbs, le-
vcral forts of pulfe, and the kola f iiit. This l.ll fiuit
fomewhat refembles a chcfniil, and i;rows in cluflcr» ot
ten or twelve toother, four or five in a rind, each di-
vided by a thin (kin. The outfide of the nut is red in-
termixed with blue, and the infiJc, when cut, ii of a
violet-colour mixed with brown. 'I'he Negroes and i
Portugufc uk it in the fame iiianner as the Induns do
aick and bi-tcl. It is of a liarfli ftiarp talk, and if put
into water makes it exceeding ple.ifant.

'I'he (licrcs produce a vatiely of large trees, particu-
l.iily the palm, ih ■ cocoa, and the cotton tree ; and on
the mountains a. c abundanc'.' of palm nul laurel tries.
Indeed, the whole abounds with trees of various forts fo
clofe tcgethcr, that it may be callid one «onlinued

foreft.

They have a great plenty of deer, hogs goats, and
fowls, which the nativis Itll to the Europeans for a
fmall quantity ol brandy, a liquor they prefer to all

others. , , ,

In the moHntainf arc great numbers of clepiiants,
lions tvgerj, wild-boari and roc-bucks ^ alio apes of
fcveral forts, and ftrpenis 'be latter of which are fo
large thai it is fjid they will (wallow a man whole. The
apes, monkies and baboon i are lb numerous, that they
make grc.it di ftrudinn in the plantations. There ■--

• grc.it 111 Itructii
(cirf; of fhcfe ;

three forf; ul fhclc animals, one of which Ik of n pn- '
di-ious fi/e, ai\d remarkably fajiacious. Wlien lakiii |
»oung they ate taught to walk upright, and by degrees j
ate rendercl very ufcfi^l to the natives i they are taught j
topoind Indian whejt, to (ctcJt Water in laltbafhei or
trnurJs (""" ''" riser or fpring*. on then headt, and ,
to turn the Ipit. '('hefc crraturci arc fuih Uvscrs ol
oyftrM, that, i.t low water, they go ilowii Ut the fhcrr
among the rucb, and when the UkIIj open with the I
violent brat of the lun, they |»ul a (mall llwne bnweeii
and take out tht osllcri fumclinwt it hap(Hiii tttoi ilic
(lone flips afiJe, <vr ii too fiiwll, when the mwikiyS
foot bfin" caupht, be is taken .ind killed by the blacks,
who rect'ijn (Lir fitlh delitioui food, at they «lo alio
lh.it of elephants.

In the woodi ire gicat numbers of pigeon*, parrots,
rarnquats, ind (Jumea hens, the litter ol winch nrr
about the file of a phcalaiil, and very beaulilul i Wut it
is difficult I" catch them on account ol the thuknefi of
the trees. 'I hiy have alio liveral othiT lorts of (owl,
amonp which are while (lelirant as Urjie a^ fwans,
hearns, curlews, boobies, and a bird called oaeycs.

The bay and entrance of th» rivet abound with •
great vaticty of fifti, ai raits, thornlneks and a hfli
tailed oU wives. Tlii-ri are alfo (tar-Iifhes, ia»»lU>e»,
fliaiks, and fworJ-fifliei, do|t-fi(hes, and one inlird
ihiK-m.iker, having on earh fitle the mtHiih p< ndeiiis
like b.wbil, and tnc noifa they make is fonieihiii|> like
that of a hof'- granlmc,. Among ihi- fifti, howivff.

chards the bccune, the monk, or angel-tii1i, and the
mullett.

'I'ht lifli callid Old Wife Is fliaped miich like a tench,
is about nine inches in length, and has large fciles. It
is motled with reJ, ycllowifli and biown lines placed
alternately, and running from the head to the tail, being
live or fix in number. The fnout is oblong, and turns
upwards ; and the lips are thick, flefliy, and project
from the jaws, but the mouth is fmall. 'Fhe teeth are
fciateJ, but not very (harp, and the fins are motled
with red, blue and yellow. The tail, when expanded,
is roundifh, Mid (he fifli altogether is exceeding beauti-
ful.

The Pilchard is much like a herring, but not fo
large, and the body is broader. It has not any teeth
cither in the jaws, the tongue or the palate. The
(left) is firmer, and by fonie preferred to that of a
herring. They are filh of pafl'age, and, like herrings,
Iwim in confidcrabic flioals.
I I'he Uccune greatly refembles a pike, but only larger,
fome of them bciitg frequently caught upwards of eight
feet in length. It is a greedy tilh, «nd dangerous to be
met with in the water, becaufe it can bite mtich eafK't
than the Ihark, and fo fearlefs, that it will not be driven
away by any nnife that can be n>*<le. The flefh hn the
fame tafte as a frdh w.itir pike, but there is oftel^ great
danger in eating it ; for unlefs itie ncth are white, and
the liver fwcct, it is poifonsus.

The Munk, or Ai.gel Kifti, is between a (hark and a
fkate, and grows to a large fize, often weighing u;;-
wards of :tiO pounds. The coleur on the back and
fides is of a dufky afh, and the belly is white. The
mouth is broad and placed at the end t>f the head, in
which it differs from other Hut grillly (ilh. The heaJ
IS roiindi(h at the extremity, and there arethne rows of
teeth in each jaw, each row confilling of |8, fo that
there are ic8 teeth in all. The tongae is broad and
(harp at the end ; and the nuArils ire wide, being placed
on the upper lip, and MM with a imt of flime. I'he
eyes areul a middle fixe, placed not far from the mouth,
and do not look directly up, but fidewap. Inflead of
gills It has holes like the thoriiback. Near the head
are two fins that look much like wings, for which rea-
fon It IS called the angel-fifh. On the extremities of
ihcl'e fins, near the cornets, there arc ihort, fliarp, anJ
crooked prickles ; as there are ilfu on the lowermoll fins,
whick are placed near the v«nt. Below the vent are alfo
two fins, and the tail is forked. 1'he fl'.(h is to rank,
and of fu difagrccable a talfr, that it is little ufiJ, aiul
the chief value of the fifti confiih in its Ikin, which ,s <
itft'd in making cafes lor iiillrunients.

'I"he Mullet greatly refembles a dace; the head is
alniolt lii)uare, atid flat at the inp, the nofe fharp, and
the tips thick. It haa large fcairs, not only on the
body, but aKiuon the head, and the covers of the gills.
1 he back IS of a bluetfh colour, and the btlly white.
The lateral l<iie> are variegated alttrnatrly with hlaik
and while. The ryts have no other (km than their own
c.iats, and the forward fin i^ r.nlirjttil with five lor ■.
Ip.i.rj. It has not any t»eth, but thr tongue is roujrhilli,
and there are two rough bones on each fide of the palal'
It has alio a bone beiet with prickles at each coin.rol
the moaih, and when at its ftill growth is about iS
inchfi. long. Thele filh generally i;" m great fl.cals
and ate In lagarious, that when fiirrounded with a ikI
the whoU flloal wi'l frequently rf^ ape by leaping nm
iti for when viw lakes the lead, the icll will ininic-
diaiily frtllow. Oppian, in hit n:itiiral hiftory, t.ik<''
notice o( this mcumllancc, and hi> obfervatiuns on it
aic thus iruiiHateJ :

cau, ht hcic, the iix^ coiniiK'a are,

wivts pil-

The mullet, when enriicling fiiius enclofe.
The (atal ihii-ads and rre.uh'ioiit bulixn kiHiiV!,
InOant he rallies all his vig'rous puw'r>.
And faithful aid ol ev'iy nerve iiiiplorist
OVr liaillrineiiis ol curk updaiting flits.
And liiidt from air III' elia)v that Ira dcnir*.
liitt fltoul'l the fiilt aticiiipi lii< ho|>n deceive.
And liilal fpacr ih' impiil'uiiM fall receive,
KxhaiillrJ itrength no Uioiid ie.ip luppl.ri «
Si'.i doiui'sl tu death ihi piolliatc vicliiii lie*

«• Reft 'nM

di, and the

ike a tench,
r fc-ilcs. It
lines placed
e tail, being
jj and turns
and project
lie teeth ate
i arc niotlcd
■n expanded,
■ding bea-jti-

, but not (o
not any teeth
palate. The
tn that ot n
like herrinj;s,

lit only larger,
urards of eight
ingcrous to be
e nmch eafict
not be driven
ie fltfti has the
: it often great
are white, and

I a fliark ard a

weighing uj;-
i the back and
J white. The
rf the head, in
ilh. The heai
ire fhric rows of
; of 1 8, fo that
ae is broad and
de, being placed

of fliitie. The
from the mouth,
ap. Inflead of
Near the head
(, for which rea-
le extremities of
ion, (karp, and
lowtrmolt fin!,

the vent are alfo
fl:(h is to rank,
liiilc ufiJ, and

1 Ikin, which ,s *

.ice ; the head is
nofe (harp, and

lot only on the

ivers of the gills.

the billy while.

atrlv with hlaik

n ih.in ihcir own

1 with five Ion •

ingiie i«rou;!hill>,
rid* of the palal'
.It each lOiTVr cl
uvth is ahiiui |S
> in ercai n.cal',
uiulcd with a IK>
^e by le.(piiii; ".u
Kll will immc-
r»l hiftory, taki-.
ubfervationi on ii

nc< encliifc.

« buliMH ktlUMF,
puw't',

iiiiplorn i
inj; fli'^t
It lea <lcn<r«.
>io|)n liricivct
kali rrcritf,
l.ip Ilippl.i'S I
|< viCliiii liet

•■ Rffi iiM

AFRICA.]

N E G R O L A N D.

^0 1

" Refijjn'd, with painful cxpLv?l,ition wails,
" Till thinner cleincnt:> cuii>plcjt lii!> fatc^."

The mullet was in great effimatinn anionsr the Un-
mans, and tiore an exceeding hiuli price. 'I he nii)r,i\
given for one in the days of Juvenal is a (triking in
nance of the luxury and e.\travagance of that ai;i-. It
is mentioned by that author in Ins ^ih l,it;re, and in
thus tran(l.:ted by Mr. IJry<kn :

" The lavlfli (lave

" Six thmifand pices for a mullet gave,
•' A felfcite for each pound."

Pliny, however, who alfo livid in the days of Ju-
vcn.il, mentions one /riiiius Cilrr, a man of coiiluLr
disnity, who was infinitily nioic l.ivifti than the epicure
mentioned by Jiiven..! i for he gave Koijo niummi, < r '.
64 I' 1 1 s. 8 d. lor a lidi of fo lii all a li/.c as a mu'.Iii. '.'
Such indcid was the luxuri of the times, tli.it there j
were ftcw-pans in tlie eaiing-nnins, f> that the lijli eotilJ i
at once be brought fiom uii.ler the table, and placed
upon it : they even put the inulltts in traaf,'..r lit vafes, ii
that they nnght be tnlcrtaintd with the v.riuus cha.ij^is
of its colour while it lay expiring.

'1 he great plenty of tifti found in the hav and river
(if Sierra Leona arc of infiiute lervier to the Liimpcan
failors, not only for provifioiis, Init jIIo ttattiek ; for the
n.itives arc fo indolent, that they will not be at the
trouble to catch them, bat content themliUcs with
fuch as ate left by the ebb tides ainoii^ the locks.

On the fuies of the biy are ^re.it plenty of oydcrs,
that appear as if growing on the iiunj;;ov.- trees, which
ire here in great abundance. Many of ihcni hang dmvn
in the water, and arc fo thick covered uith oyilers, that
at lirft fight it might he imigined thev were produced
from the tree. So nc of thcle oylteri are ot liieh a liie
that one of them would ferve a modir.ite man for a
meal ; but they are fo tuui^h as to be Itaice eatable,
iiiilel\ hrll 1 oiled, and then fried in liiiall ( icccs. The
tiies that giosv on the fides of the bay make excellent
haunts fur crocodiles ; as alfo for the inanaiea, or lea-
cow, which aiehere in uieat abiind.inee. As thcfeiiea-
tun. are litt'c known to luimpcans, it may not be im-
piopfr to give a pinieiilar delcin'tion ot them.

'i'he Manatea, or lea-cow is lupp ded b', tome to be
rn amphibious eicatuie, but this 0|>iiiinn has been fuf-
• licieiitly controverted i for itisalwa\< f.HiiiJ in lar.;e
iivirsoi ba)5, .md Uids ujv n lea wee Is that grow near
the fhore. it is covered with a very ihi^k Ik n, whieh
('jeatly relemblei the haik 1 I an old o.ik, It 1 it isioiigh,
wrinkled, withmit hail, ai.d fo haul .is leauely to bi
jenetiJted. Thoui-h tiic ha k is the fiiiuoth.lt (.iit, yet

II 11 covcri-d with ciiculit wtinkles from ilf top of the
neck to the tail hn. Thiy ate in g^ n.r.il about ^5 feel

III leniMh, but the head i< very fmill in propuriinn to
the body. It i» flat at th to,', and l'mis vA doping to
the liioiit, which IS eight melies m dunieter. The head
IS cmcred with a hlaek haul ikin, exrie-ding rough,
iiut thinner than in other par's. Tiie mouth is Inull,
but large enough lor its maim r of leedini% Tlie lips
both above ami iielow aie douide, and divided into the
inner an 1 outer ; the iippei lip terminates the Incut, and
appeals liitc a leiniciule at the end: it is very thnk,
hem.; 14 uu hvi bio.id, and in deep; and is whi.c,
heiet with tianlpaieiu biiUIrs aboi.t l.iui inihes long.

IIk- nether lip i> alio double : liie outer one is lluk,
ami iiirnis a firlof ihin kvcn inches hroatl, hut wirhi 11:
b lilies. The inn. I lip is haiiy, an I only 4 little lepa-
latid (roin the outer, neither dors it appear when the
month IS (hut. I h- corners ol the mouth .iie befet
with thick white bnltles an .iie'i ml an h.ll lung,
svhii.h keep ihc water Iroiii williiii;; aivav the food wlole
tht nraturc is eaiin ». I'hc biillKs ai ■ like fiiiall uii IK.
hollow wilhm, aii.l bulbmis at the root. The lowei
jaw, whii h IS onlv moveahir, 1, Oinitei tii in the iippet,
and the lip> move in the lame mamui i> ih ile ol c.tile.

Ihey have 11. a inv luth, hut inlteail thereof two ihonj'
white bones ihit run the wlvd, !■ ;i|i;lh of both jiw..

The nolltils telemhie thole ol a llorle, md aie p.iited
by a gtillle above an inch thi k , lUiy in- Iwu niilics
17

over, with wtinkles on the infide, and brif^'ir. half .xn
inch l.mg. 'ihe eyes arc placid in the center of iho
head, bawccn the end of the fnout and the i.rs, and
aic not bigger than thofc of (beep. The r.ick is ilutk,
and fo (hoit, th;!t it can hauily be perieivtd, ui.leis by
lis motion in feeding. Kiom the flioulilirs to the navel
the body is l.ogc, but fioni thence to the anus it giows
flenJer. The eiicim.ferer.ee ol the head is leveii leet,
ir.d of the body nrx: the filoiljer twehe, hiitsvhere it
IS l.rgelf the eircuniUreiice is iipsvarJs of 20 feet. The
tore-fill , or arms, are about two feet in iength, ai.d
eonlilf of tsvo j(dnt5 : they are covtred with fuliJ lat,
intermixed with tendoi.s and ligaments, vsith a tliiclc
(kin rLlembling a hoife".'. ho d'i they ..re conv^-K on the
upper fide and flat ben:aih, and are bcici with ioujH
nnlllts alout h.lf an iiieh long. The breads arc placed
bite.een the arms one i,nder each, and arc of a toiive.s:
form, about a fcot and a half in diameter. They are
h.iid, roegh, and wiiiiklid, and when they give luck
the t.aisaie lour incliei long. The (loniaeh is exceed-
ing l..rge, bcin^ fix leit long and live broad ; it is fmoo'h
uitliin, i'.nd has a j^land about the fue ol a man's head
near the inlcrtion of the j;ullct. The fkull gre.tly le-
leinblcs thatuf a horfe, and is much abciiic tlie lame fize
..nd thicknefs.

Thefc animals keep together in large companies, nnj
arc veiy careful of their yiung. They 1 ring forth their
younjj in autumn, imd have but one at a time. The
.Manatea has no voice or cry, and the only iioife it
m.ikes is in Ivtehing it.-, breath. 7 he fat, which lies be-
tween the cuticle and the (kin, whin expuled to the
Hill, h.-s a fine I'r.cll a:ul tafle ; it has alio this peculiar
piopetty, that the heat of the fun will not lpo;l it, or
make it become greafy. The talk- is like the oil of
fwcet almonds, and the only cffiil it h .s on the boJv is
that of keeping it open. The fibres an.l ihu lean parti
ate like beif, but more rul .iml liarfii, and may be kept
a great while in the hotted weather without t liming.
I he fat of the young oi.es is like poik, and the !e;.ii
trctly reiVmhles veal. In the heal are four iK'H.i of
dirt'rrent lives, which aic lomcwhat like boil's, ai d .ir.:
ukd in medieiuc. Tiny .lie f.ij to be go d a:aiiiif
agues, ami to cleanle th; ki.lneys of gravel, ILflm^ii
.ilfiims they a'e execciliiig iif.ful in caies of epileplj.

When the Negroes catih ihele trcatuas they ^;o in a
lanoe, alil pjjJIe towatd> it with as l.f.le noile at
polliblc, it luinj exi ■e.ling ijuiek of hearing. A ■ i'.niii
as th. y l-iul iheii Ijt'.s neat enough, iho man, uho it
pi ceil ready at the head of tliC boat, lliikes a h.i.;'coli
lixed at the end of a loi.g p^i'e into it, and then lets go.
The beall in. mediately ir.n!,es towards the mar-.^ioic,
and the water b.iiig llullow they folio* it clo;c tml
renew the Ihokes t;ll they h.vc wearied it out, wlicu
they drag it alhnre, ind lompleat their com|iuft.

'1 he inhabitants tl Sieira I.eena are not lo black as
thole the nei.d liouriiig counttes; itsither have they
I luc'' cat nof'"j or thick lips. The men are in geic:.il
I tall . nd M.ll m.idc, of a chcaifiil dlfpofiii, n, and lu t
gucn 10 quariel ; but the women aie lh<.rt .ii'.d r-itul!,
owing to tlieii being conllautlv employe 1 in labom ; li r
belides the hufinels of ho-Uwifry llicy wi-ikh.iij in
tillage, make palm oil, aid Ip.n tofon. The pom ee
foit go naked nil ihcv aic twelve yenrs of age, when
they wear a puce of cluth imind the waul, 01 a knd of
apioii n.ade of the le.ue.N of tiri.s. 'I"hev ulfi ssear it
l.athrrn g'rdle, to wliiih arctalKned a Imig knife and a
poinaid. IVif n> of rank, elpccially wltiii tlu) ap,u ir
abioad, «e;i a Ion • flowi.ig i.die ol ftriped la lieo tied
loiind the waill wiih a filk. n giidlc. They adotn thtir
I .irms with bi.iciUt, and weir a griat number id' lilies 011
their fingers. I'h.ir eats ate oiiianiemcd with variou*
:oys, and on lli.n clieeks they have difl.ifiit ligure«
made with lid hot iioiu. Hoih Icxcs atioiiit their
bodies and liii.bs with p.ilm-oil, and foiiic ufc civet
in order to i;iif ibcm in iigr.'eable dent. I'hev wear
I no bur on theit cvc-lids, and that if their h.d iluy
cut 111 ciofs Unci, leaving lou.ne tuft. Itanding euiif j
hut the woiiii n ill grn'i.il (have allil.fe. They aie
fjlurnlly tenipeiatc in ihut loin.', .md vcrv f ber i for
ih'iuth thiy aie exeeeding foiij of brandy and t>lhir
It t|MiiluoiM liquurs, yet they ncvar dunk to cvv.M'.', con-
1^ ki (ijiiiii^

,;|^ '

! h'

■' H '.

.. 1 > ■ '■ ^

tt c

;■! i

S r '

'■I 1

I f

II :

■i

■ i

i ;: i I J. .

'tin t

\:'yl

3P''

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGUAFUV.

fiJcring drunkcnncfs as one uf ti '. grcuull crimes that
c.in be commrttt J.

Their ho'il'cs or huts are low, built with wooiien
lloclcjdcs fct in the );roLiiKl, and thacchcJ witli ftraw i
fome are round, fume liiuarc, and others oblong ; and mull
ol them arc onianicnted in the IVunt with two wings ot
a fpiral forjii. They arc kept very clean, biing Iwcpt
at leall once every d.iy. Their furniture loniiits iif two
or tlueccatihern pots to boil their vichuli iii, a gourd or
two to fetch palni-wine, and half a gourd lur a tup ; a
few c.itthen dilhes, a balVet or two for the wiic to gather
cockles In, and a knapl'.tck foi the huiband, n-.ade uf the
bark of trees, ti carry his pro\ilion whin he foes
abroad. Their bedlk-ad is made of billets ol wejd laid
acrofs each other, on which ihty lay a mat, and fleep
without anv covering.

Some of them lie upon mats made of ruflics on the
ground, and h.n\' their arms or weapons by iheii fides,
which, li r the inoft pirt, are fnoid.-, dai^,geis, diiris,
botts and arrows. 1 lie points of thiir aiiuws aic in-
fected with the juice of a poiimoiis fiiiit, which i> fo
inconeciv.iblv lubile and ijuick, that wherever it llri>ies
it IS lure to prove fat.il. Some of them have alio guns,
which they are very fond of, and ufc v ih great dex-
teritv.

'I'hcir food ronlins chiefly of roots, herbs, fiuit ,
cockles and oyfters ; and their comn.oii ilui k is wa!;r.
They plant about their houles gourds, pita'.ocs, pom-
pi n'-, ami t'ib.icco, thel itter of wh ch the) aio very li nd
of, particularly in fmuaking. Their pipe, ar ■ nadc oi
tl.iv, well burned, and the bowl is remarkably large.
The; |)Ut a (iiia!l hollow c.ine, about a fo 't ind a hall
lon^', into the lower end of it, through which they d.aw
the f!iiO.;k, and fsvallow it. They lijuei/.c the juice out
of the tob.ieco when the le.nes arc ;.'reiii, fiom an
opinion th it it wouUl oiherwife make them di unk ; alter

which th' y fitted ;t fmall, anJ t'eii dry it on toais.
Tl.ey are vc.y fond of dancing, and giiieialiy fpeiid
their ev.ning'. in that diverliun. They make a ring in
the open part of the t-iwn, and one a", a time fiiew* hi>
TmII in aniick motions and geliiculati n-, but with ,i
gieat deal of a^'ility ; ..iiJ thiir mu!ie conlillj of twoci
Ihtce diums made ol a hidl jw piece of wuud, and co-
leied with the (kin of a kiJ.

El cry town or village has one peculiar houfe, tJ which
the women fend their daughters at a ceitain ag-.-, who
arc thirc taught for a year to fing, danee, and perform
ot!ier c.sercifes, by an old man appointed for that pur-
pole ) .iii'l when the year is expired he ha Is tlum to the
market- place, where they jiubbcly exhibit lucli pe:-
formanies as they ha\ .■ been taught at fchoul. Dming
this line, if any ol ihc young men are difpuUJ to
marry, they m ikc choice of tholt they like bi.ll, with-
out le '■id cither to birth or fortui.c. When the man
has dit.aied his intention, the parties arc conlideieJ .is
actually married, provided the bud' ..r om e.ni make
r.me prefents to the bride's parents, and to the old man
who was her tutor.

\Vhen they bury their deal thrv put into thfir graves
all thiir belt goods, and crcM a loof over it, w iich they
Cover with linen tloih. The corpl'e i . aKvay > attended
to the grave l)y a number of people hired as mouriitr'-,
who howl ami cry in proportion as iliey arc paid fur tluii
attendance.

They have courts of j nil ice, which they call Pal
lavers, where theprincip.il or eldeily men .iirtiiibic to
fettle ditrercnres amongll them, whuh griierally arife
in matters relative to trade, each falulcj the other at
meeting by a tiriui of the elbow and laifing Ins hand to
his f.ice. When they have heard the panics, ttiev de-
termine tlic difpute by vo'e, anil he th.t has the ma-
jority is accounted the innnceiit prrfoii. lit cafe uf
foiiiication, llie pariv, whelhtr man or wom.'n, is fold
for 4 flave. On a charge ol murder, tlie diip'. I il \hi-
fon mult iltiiik of a mlpurgitivc walti pnpind by th ■
judges, which IS called fxriiig iht ttimim.': if he i,<
known to have led a bad life, and to lu-r buiiie niab e
to the decraled, notwithflaniJing a p lilivc rvidcntc
may be waiitmt:, hu judges will give bun luih a ipian-
tity of the lu|uor at to kill him j but it lliry are m-
(liucd to f^iare hiin, they will give hini lcl<, ui make it

weaker, that he may appear innocent to the fricndi ih i
rclatioi.s of the deecal'ed. If a man has been dcframKj
by another, he bus a ri;;ht to take lioni him as niucli ;ib
amounts to bis own lofs, but be mult nuke it ap|x-; :
befoie the judges that he has no: evceedcd rhule ti.jiii'.,
as in that cale be would be liibject to puniflmeiir.

The Mundineo Negroes, whoarellrict Mahonieliiis,
have Ireijuiiitly endeavoiiie.! to propagate tb ir reli;:ioii
among thefe people ; but th y have evei rejeded it, and
llill lollow their own naxiiiis. They aekiiowled;',<' one
Supicii.e IKing, Creator ot all things, whom thev c.ill
K.iiu : tl.ey ..111) believe r.i a future llatc, but thev lio
rot wi rlhip any living cre.iturc whatever, nor even (hi;
lull or nHH)n. They have in.iny fuperliitious noiinffs,
and pa) great refpeit to their fetilhts, or charms, which
they lonltaiuly carry in a big about their neck^, and
iither paits of their body. The number ol theic diitiia
is not fix'.d, eve y one chcofing his idol jccoidiiif; lo
his own fancy; (.jine liaic a horn, lonie a ciab'a tlav. ,
and o;li.-rb a Inal'i fli.ii, a 1. r^'^ htad, or lome I'ich
tiifle. To tlicle they pray with the gre.itcll diligencr,
..nd at their n.e.ils always olFer them a part. flu v iicitr
go to (eaor on the iivcrs without tlielc idolf, coii'ii'eiiiij>
ihemlches by lliulc means lecuicd Ironi all aeculiiiis ;
Kir they fiippole thi- fetifii has a particular autiionty
upon the lea ; and alter the vov age tiiai.k it for the c. . ;
it h.is taken of ihem.

'["he liver cl Sieira I.t.nia (Vpaiatcs tl'.is coiii'lrv rrtij
two kingdoms, that ol liul.in, or llulm, tothcncitM,
and t' at ol Uiiric t.' the louih. The former ol tiiri;
kingdi.ms Iks very low and Hat, but the foil is fe t n,
.iiul pniduies gnat i]u.intiiies ot lice, millet, andinai;,
of whiili ihiy m.ike excellent bitad. 'J'be natives iii:
very loud ol the Knglilli and I'ortu ■,ueH', inir.yol vsh..'ni
inhabit that part ol the touiiiry, and they lake titat
pains to allect their maruurs and nia\iiiis.

I be kiniidom ol UuiK is a much moie open co intrv
than that of iiuirn, and near it i» that l.m ; tiO|,eii
nil iintaiiis called biciia Ltoiia, the admiration vf all
lliaiigeis. Theic are fo many cavis and dens about
thele mountains, tlut whui a fin ;le gun is tiicd f .nn
1 fliip 111 the bay, the cccho is lo t.lun and diHiinllly
repeated, and the clip fo Ijud and (harp, tlut ihty
liem to be the lepoit of levcral cannon. This is Ur
fio'ii being drfagrecable to hiai ; bet when it thum'er ,
the nolle is at tiill dieadlul, eav h il.ip beng eitlind
w.th as much force as the leal. lleiue the I'ortuitune
call iheni A/sni,, Jwjt, tlut is, AltHHtaim tb.it ijavi a
Jiai jiuiij, ;r ti\h.

At a (null didaiicc from thefe niimntiin; their runs
out lilt ) the lea welluaid a hilly point, much lower than
the above mountains, lni'iini.^ .dmclt a peninlula, over
wliuh the blavks carry ilieir cnors on thiir (hiuldeu
v.hiii they dellgn lo Uuiic'i out to iVa, as it laves ilum
the trouble of rowmg i.iund there fioni the bay. This
point .s called Calm I.vd.i, or ragnii, .iiid, accoidiiii;
to the mod exa.l obicrvatioii, is lituated in 8 tieg. 30
mm. norih lal.

Tlu town wh. re the liin,{ of Iinn icfiJei is abrut
eight leagues (loni the niouili of 1 k river, it i> com-
pole I of about jo } liou>es, wiivbar uiuiid, and built
all one way. Ihc lit\^'t hjule, or lalnci his hui>,
are in the center ol ilu viliauc, and nlembl.- thole ol
his (ubjetlts. .Some il thiiiiaic a liltle laiger, wlnih he
'leps (or the Luruprans, or itiaiigirs that vililhim.
1 he king 11 gieaily hv loved by bis lul'jv.i.ts, whom he
govitns With i;reat jiillico and loniiv.

the li'ufi ul ilie coiiiikuii peop'e «rc made with
fide pod. (even or ei ;ht (>rt hi.Ji, fiippurtii'.t rafters
that unite at the top in ihe luini ul a one. Iluy are
coveieJ With retds, ir (alin-ltaies mteiwoveri though
laths lo dole . lid ihicA, as lo be in>|« iicirablr rithcr to
ram or the violent heal iit ihe lui'. Ihr lile wails a-e
lurmed ol reei'j and Imall bianiir (..Kciitd Itctwri n th:
polls, over wliicli illty lay a i>aa( id lime nude ol biiriil
(hells, wh'cli gives (h(ir !i il> a rlraii li'ok, but div . nut
lalt lonn, bccaule tbov mi-< no |,m | with it. I lie hie
place i> III the c(ni<r, aiii the liiiaak ifluei th'-niiih
a hob- III the rop, The dnou ii( ilic- huts ate i>|UUf,
(he thieftiid.l hr'ng i« Ic J at leart a Imh Irmn tie (.1. iiiil :
they aiccvMninwil) .biut {*■.■ lect tuuaJ and three bi h,

friciidi iH !
n dctrainVo

as niucli as
kc it «pi«": ;

Hjii'fiit.
IviliunK'luis,
li ir rtli,;i(>ii
;dL\l It, iind
imlfiii'i' (inc
im llicy L.iU
but tliiy '.o
lor even ihu

UllS llOlU.ffi,

.itnis, which

r iicck-^, anj

thciL' lieitii'b

I ciab'M ti.iv. ,
ir loriK.- I'ltli

ll ililigl'licr,
Tluy in:\tt

, coiiHi'eini};
:tll ail'liti Ills ;
ilhll ilutiloiity

II lor the c, .;

, coui'try irtj

to ihc noitli,

minrr oi tlicu

• ll.il ib ft t it'i

let, ant! in.ii;,
hi- rativts ai:
;nii.y 1)1 «hi;ni
hey ukc gitat

L- open I'Oiiilrv
t l.iii ; tnJ(,i' <.!
iiit.ition <l .iH
III! Jens aho.it

III ii tiicil i.'iin
1 ai.J dilhmllly
arp, tlut ihcy
11, '1 Ills II Ur

n it ihuiu'ct' ,
beng I'lchi f-J
I'oiioiiiitie
tii l/i.il uavt a

ihi-

jin . thfrf runs

luh lower ihjii

tnmlul.i, ovtr

thiir (h<'uldcri

i It laves ihtni

the bay. This

11(1, accoiiiiii).'.

d in 8 ilfg. 30

tcliJii ij abmit
It II lom-
iiiiid, aiiJ hu.lt
atiici hit I1UI-,
Iciiibl.- ihiilc ol
;^tr, whiili he
iliat >ilii hini.
•ji.i.l», whom h«

Atu miJc with
ppoitii'.; raftrri
OIK-. I hey are
wiun ih MU|;h
iK.ihlr tiihtr 10
ir h V nj>i< a'«
I, ll litiwri n thJ

iiiui.' •.! hiiriit
.1 , hut i!i» . iio«
h It. I he hie

iliis ih'Mii'h
hit. .lie i.,u»ir,
iiHii li (',11 iiiul :

.iiiJ lluet 1.1 h,

AFRICA.]

GUINEA.

lo that the gcucrality of people muft (loop to go in, aiij
thole who are corpulent ir.uit enter Tideways. Although
the climate is hot, yet the nights nre culd and moill,
fo that the Negroes conftanily krep fires in their
houlcs.

The cominon language of the country is the dialeift
cf Bulni, which is a hard, unple.iling tongue to ftran-
Bcrs, and not cafy to be dcfcribed ; but about the b.iy
they fpcak cither Portujuel'.*, or Liiijua Franca, and
fonv undcrftand a little Kngliih and Dutch.

The river of Sicr/a Leona h;is htrn long frcrjiiciitcd
by Europeans, particulaily by the Englifh and French,
either for tmle or rcfrelhincnt in their way to the Ciold
C'oall, or Whidah. The goods purch.ifcd hen- by
way of trade aic, elfphant's teeth, ilafes, l.mdal wood,

gold and bccs-wax ; with fome pearls, cryftal, amber-
gris, long pepper, &c — The gold purchafed here is
brought from Mundingo, and other countries towards
the Nijjcr, or from South Guinea by the river Mi-
toinha.

The goods brought here by the Europeans arc, French
brandy and rum, iron bars, white callico, Silcfia linen,
bi.ils kcttlc.i, catthcin cans, all forts of glafs huttons,
hr.ifs riniis or bracelets, bugles and clafs beads of
various colours, br.ifs medals, car-ringn, Dutch kni\es,
hedging bills and axes, coarfe laces, cryllal head-, red
callicoes oil of oIIms, guns, mudiets, b.ills and fliot,
paper, red caps, all forts of counterfeit pearls, red
cotton, and various other articles.

CHAT. IV.

GUINEA.

\l I S extendi c region is divided into two larjc
countries, dil^ini-uinied b) the nanios ol V'pi'er
and Lower (Juima, the latter nl whah is
more pioprrly eallcd Congo. Thel'. two tn-
gethcr, reckoning troni Cape Tagrin, near the mouth
cf the liver Sierra l.cona, in 9 deg. 18 niin. of north
l.'litiide, lo Cape Nepio, in i6 dog. 45 niin. of fouih
lititiide, extend upwards of 55CO m;lcs, cxJufive of all
the tiirnincs, winding*, and b,i)s on the coalt -. but the
forfncr only w !1 be the fiihji>^t 01 this ch..|itcf.

Upper (lUinea, or (luuu-i Proper, i-i I'tiiateJ be-
tween 15 digrecs wt-ft, and 15 deg. e.ilt longitude j and
between 4 J and 10} drg. north latitude. Jt is boundtd
on ihc call by the ui.known parts of Aliica, on the
north by Ncgroland ; and on thce.ilb and well by Congo
and the Ail. intic Ocean.

Thr whidr- country is divided into four parts, under
the lull.wing appell itions, ii.imtle,

1. The Otain C aft. I 3. The O.dd CmO.

2. The Koiy Coait. \ 4. The Sl«/c Coall.

SEC 'I.

Tht Grain C:e,'l.

/■T-^II IS paitof Ouincabi-rins atCapc T.ierin, from
A whmee it cxiends upwjti^s of ^:>o miles iouth-
ejll of CajK r.i'mas. It reiciii-l its n -n-e fr'>m the
(iiiiiica p.-pper, ealle'l by the ^■paniards M.dijieia,
which C'ows h.rr in ahundan.e. It ilfo pr. duces aii-
c'lher fprcits ot prp|ier (omnicn in the \\ elt lnv!i «,
and generally knuwn 111 England hv t'l- iiii.ie of Ja-
niiKa pepjicr. Ilolh ih' Kngllh aid Dutch purchafe
ficat i|uaiititits of thffo r.rt cUs ; but the thaf com-
iiic-ce ci.nhlls in ivnrv iind fla'.ei.

The dim-Jtr here ii very unhealthy, owing to the
pciioii.ral taiiH and winds ; but the foil ii tolerably
ymnl, and, brli.lt-i p< ppi-r, p-oducis plenty of ve|;eta-
bU > and roots, as alio various kind) of f.uit;, pailicu-
l.irly iirangrs, limon<, cocoa 1 uf, b.naiiis, .ind dates,
'I'lii-ii ctllle iniililh (it COW', Ihiep, hopi and goats j
ttn\ liny hav( a few horfe", but Ihcy aic very Imall,
and III little ufi-. I htie air all < f.Ncral kinds ol wild
be<fts, Us tlcphanl', huffalors, ti rrs, apes of various
lulls, and grtal pleniv 01 hau and dii-r. Thcirpuul-
trv toiilills of (Vile, furl. C', .md ducks, vvilh plrnly
u( cockt and lirns, (he latirr id Mhi>h arc ilKcnuJ as
^isod in (]iialiiy .i<i i!i(i|i of Europe,

I he tuiivcs hire .irr m (•eiirraj tall and well-fi'atiirtil )
thfv »rc |i ler.ildy lei;(i'. le, and cniiiiiois tD flrangrm,
*iia uit litid ta be the niell IumuII hi ll.e.r i!ialiiij;« of

any on t!-.c whole coaft. Their drcfs is called a paan,
wiiich conufti of a piiec of cloth about two fttt
bioad, f.illcned round the waill; the hetlcr fort have an
additional piece to this, which is thrown over the
(liouKkis, but tlicarms, legs, and principal p.irt of iIk-
body arc eiititely bare. Both fexes wear a crcat num-
ber of oriLimcnts, confilling of rings, br.iceleis, and
necklaces, made of gold, ivoiy, or copper, and fomcof
them have girdles made of coral, I'l-.-.y alio take
great pains in adorning their hair, particularly the wo-
men, whol.irni It in various Iliapcs, and diet's it up
wiih thin plates of gold, copper, tinfel, leails, coral,
ai.d Ihiils 1 oiiie of them throw a veil over their heads
to keep oil" th-- fiorri-.lng heat of t;,e t\n\, but the men
go without any cincririg on llieir heads, except ihofe
wlin arc lo foitunate as to get an Europcjii hat, which,
liui.ei er palliy, tluy elkeni above all 1 her ornaments,

riiLii eoinmon lood eoiil'ills ol rice, millet, (iHl .nJ
fru.ts J an>l iheir general drink is water mixed wiih 11
I ttle p Ini wine, or the nulk of c..eoa-mit>. Moll of
tl en are very ahiteinicius, and will not diink ariv llron'»
tiilUors to excefs ; but lueh a do arc leveiely punrllied
by order of the king.

Then l.iveri ign is a dcfpotic mon.irch, who governs
with fucli auderiiy, as lo lliike an av\e in his fuljieft,
tthoreveience Imn more from fear than afleclicm. Ho
is never Iccn abi. ad uiilcfs on pin eular oecifio;is, and
then he appears with the t"eatdl pomp . nd mngiiili-
t iiec.

They are all Pagans, but they believe in one fu-
prcn.c being, and fccm to entertain fomc notions of a

fuHlte flate.

The chief part of them are cmplmed in hufliandrv,
but tbiir .ire fmie arlihetis aniongll ll e,i, that are cx-
cillent vioikmcn, paitieularly fniiths, carpuitcii, aiij
maloiii., the forniei of whom arc lii well aeiiiiainied
with the nature ol trinpenng (Ictl, and otiiir metals,
that they inikr ihcir vaiions inlliiimcnls 10 the gieatelt
pdli.lion. Thsy purchale liie-aini-, gunpowder, and
biillils of the I iiiopcaiibi but dans, airows, lances,
Jii.l bioad-lwoids they make themlelic-. Theciiptn.
ters 111. kc theranors of vaiiou.s I'ti.cs with great ncatiiels ^
an. I ihev .illo hniKl ihcir houfet, or huts, which nre
iiiadi- ol wovd „iid elay, and thatched with rteds, or
btaiiehes ol the palmrtiotrer.

Amnn,' ihc natives ol this place there arc fome of ■
mix.d bncd, called Malaltotk, wh.> arc an abandoned
fct of people, and hive proctnird ' en the intermixture
of Ni-jrots and fcuropransi lor when the I'ortuguBH
full dilcomed Ihe loulhwcll coaft of Africa, tluy not
only piupujaicJ thcit itli^ion, but alio thiiii Ipccies m

manv

■■Ri

'l!

fM ' I'

l|i I

304

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CEOGRAPHV.

! rt

i [

\\i'

*!■ Ij^ ',

I U';

1 ''^"^.^

niuny parts of it. 'riiclc arc of a tawny complexion,
and piofcf, themfclves Chi illians, nolwitlilt.wuliMi; which
thty retain many of the moll fupcrftiiioui notioii.s of ■':
thf P.i:;ans. Ihey imitate the Portin;iicfe in their ■'
ilrefs, but cxcctc! botli tliem and tli' Nci^rocs in their !
vices. The men arc grc.it diunkaiil-, luwd, thicvilli, i
and troachcrnus, and the wf>mcn arc the moll aluiiJoned ,
prollitiites, f.n.rifn.iiig tlieiiilelves at all times, and to all
forts of men, withuut the Icaft dc:;ree of rcllraint.

As the Eiiro^ciuii h.,w no fcttlement on tins part of 1
Guinea, the trade is c.uiiid on liy fitj:nals from the;'
fhips; on the appearance of which the natives imnie-
diattlv go in their canoes, carr):i:g with them their ;
pepper, ivory, ?cc. '

The river Sheibro, whi h is called by fomc .-.uthors \
Sclbole. and by others I'alnias, difeharges iiklf into the
r;rcat b. , formed by the capes of I aj;nM aiul Verga.
It Icpar.itib the country called Sierra Leona from that ;
named Scllos, and has its fource in Upper Kihitpiaj
liom whence it ii conjectured by fome either to be a
branch of the Seii.gal, or of the river Cjan.bia.

Lar^e fliips go up this river for about fcven Iragiics
fioni its mouth ; but farther up it grows (hallow, and
is only navigable tor canoes. The country round it is
very mountainous, and the river has manv turmn;;s and
windiiiLS, but the idcam is not rapid, except at two < r
throe cataracts or water-falls, one of which is exceed- ■
in^ large, and makes a prodigious noifc, the w.t.r fall-
inn front the rocks upwards of 20 tcet perpendicular.
The Negroes that fail up this river, before th<y reach
the cataract, are obliged to go afliore, aid land their
goods, which, with their canoes, they drag along the
nio'intiiiis till they have pjfkd the cataract. The otl.er
two watcr-lalls are trifling; not\\-ithllatiding which ihcy
f'ei|ucntly have their cames ovcrRt, efpeci.illy when
t'lev arc heavy laden ; but as the cimwood with which
tlley are geiieral'y loaded, is very heavy, it finks, and
in the div Caion they go and take it up, th>re being at
that time hardly any water in the river. Their times
of goinj up the river are in the latter end of the rainv
fcafons, which i^cnerally continue live months out <f
the twelve, when they cut the caniwoo.l, and learch
t ."r eleph.Tnts teeth.

Ne;r the mouth of the river is a fm.-.ll illand, called ,
by the Knglifll Sherbio, and by tlv Durch .Maifacoy.
It i> furr iiiiuled by rocks, and before it lie, a 'arj;e
find- bank, fo lofty ;.5 to be dilcovcrcd at a confideraMe
diftance f.om lea. The welt end of this idaiid i. cal'id
Cape .S\ Ann, and is excccdiiw p'cafant, brin,; covend
with lofty trees on both (ides. The foil of the whole
IS very teitilc, an I produces plenty of rice, mai/e,
y.ttni, potatoes, bananas, orange and IcTon treis, ci-
trons, p jniegraiutes, and other fruits; bcfnhs whivh
there iie -mat nMmbir> of poultry, and on the fi.'es of
Chc fi a are loiiiul ovftvrs that contain fomc of the ni- II
valuable pear';. 'I"hc inhabitants are iddators, and
piaitile much the fame ma.xiins as thole of Sierra
Leona.

To i'\c noith-eift of this illand is amih' r, called
\oili hi .11 1, where the Knglilh bad once a fa^lory, and
a good lort ; but they abanJoneJ it about the vear
1717, winn they removed to Jamaica, a fma'l irfand
about four miles farther to the well. 'I'his thcv alf)
deltitej, ati I for fome years have not had ai.y factory,
citUer on th'-- illand, or river of Shi'rbro.

To the louth-ejlt of Shi-rhro river is that of Siilos,
I r Selire, the entrance ot which is very rockv ; but the
locks arc all, emipt two, fo deep in the vsatir, that
moft vcll'.li pjf over them, aiij ihufe two aie lo high
abuke It as to be cafily avoi<!ed. Tliij iivtr is plca-
fantly emK-ild bv loity trees, and there ate fever.il
fniall lprinr,s and rivulets that difclniri^c thrmlVl/rs into
it. I he banks of it are very fertdc, anl 111 particular
produce ijicat tjujiitities of ixcillent rice. In d.ft'eieiit
part< are many pretty villages, among whiili is thai
wheie til'- ^ingtefides, called by the iJutsh tCohings-
Dorp, lit uatid about 11 miles up the tiver. It con-
tains about JO houf's, which are all fmall buildm ;h.
rxLCpt the king's, and that li n it only han'lonie but
fpacijus. Ab'iit |( D yaid^ l> mi the ii.outli of the
tiver i'i * pUafaiit village on a rifnij ground, which cdi-

tains .iboiit 60 IkhiIcs, all iivatly built, and Cm: of
them lo lofty as 10 he leeii manv iinKs fr,.iii ilic le;;.

About eight miles b. low the rivir .Sellos is a larei
mountainous lock, on which grows a leniark.dde loiiy
tree; this place is e.iUtd Liitle Siii.e, or bclK.s ; .m-J
about four miKs from it, lartli.r to the e.iit, a p.jint
Juib out into ilie lea, mar winch, on the land, appeir-i
a great r.ick, white .it the lop, ivlinh at lea looks Iikc
a (hip uiidei fail ; it is lurrounjed by lar^tf laiid-bank.s,
and is calkd by the I'oriucuele Cabo liaixos.

The inhabiianis ol this country aie in ;;< neal very
courteous to Itran^ers; but iliey a.c idol.itor , .iiiil [ir.ic-
tife ionic of the molt Uipi.iliiti^us iiiaKin.s. lioiii Itx,-*
go alniolt naked, h.iving only a fiiiall pirce of cloth fait-
cncd round the vvailt. They live chiilly on f fll, pullr,
and fruits, and their ufual drink is water : many ot thuii
are employed in fillini;, and the king has a ccitaiii
duty out of what they catch. 'I'hey alio brei d gri at
numbers of cattle and poultry, which tlu-y turn to sr- at
advantage by klling inim to (hips tli..t ficiiuent the
co,.lt.

In the method of filuting each ether, they take the

foie-fuiger and tiuimb into their hands, and pintin»

them i.ito a certain poliiire, pull thvm till th-y iiu, ,

when they fay aquio, which \\:.n\(v:i y^iir f(rv.,r,t. I'hey

arc but litth" ceteiv.onious ill their maiiiages ; thole who

.-.re able to purchafe a wile, after agneing wiih the wo-

! man, apply to the parents or relation-, -lul it they ap-

' prove of the barga.n, :he wife is delivered to ihe huf-

'■ band, who conduct, her to bis hut, and his othir wives

prepare a wedding luppcr. The liufjaiid llavi all night

with his new bride, and the next nKuniii;; f.ie goes to

work with the reft, no lurthtr ceremony being oblervtd.

The wife wlio is lirlt delivered of a boy is diltin-

guifhed as the favour te or eliiel ; but ih.s dillmclioii is

fometimes attended with f.^.tal conlC(|iiCnces, lor it the

hudjand dies full, (he is obliged to lollo.v him, and te

buried alive in the fame grave.

.Monf. Marchais, who was once an cye-wltncfs cf
this melancholy cercirony, h.is f iven the lollovving par-
ticular dikription cf it: "The ca;,tain, lays he, or
chief of the village, dying r>f a hard diinl.iiij^-bout t.f
biandv, iheciics of Ins wi.es imircdiatily Ipiiad tii't
news through the town. All the vvcnuii tan thiie, .nnd
howlcil line furies. The fivouiii; vMfe liilliniuilb.td
herfell by her giief, in. I not without caule. ll j.vevci,
as leveral women in tlh; fame cale have pijdenti/
(bought fit to make their ifcape, the rcll i f the .von. en,
under piitcnce of con (otiing her, t n k care to watcli
her fo cloiVly that there was no means of .iV.jrng. The
relations of the dece.iled .ill came to pay their compli-
ments, and take ti'eir larcvvil. Alter tli iiiarabut h.id
examined the body, and declared lie ilied a iiatur I
elcath, he. With his bicihicn, to. k ih lotple, wa(ti> \
dried, and then r 1! lied t with fat lioai h.-altolo I.
After this, they Itiitilied it on a mat in tne iri.Idic 1 I
the houfe. His wive, were pLced lo'ii d it, and his
faviiuiitc at the head, as the poll ol h.noui. Seveial
otlirr wonu n made a ciule round tluni ; .dl thele (ii
deavoiircd looutio.ir cash other, teaiiii^ their h.iir, ;. n.j
Icr.itcliing ibciiililics iniliodicill), line people who
knew peifecllv the pait ihey acted. Soin tunes they
lift oft', and kept fileiit , at otheij they repeated t!rr
pr.ife and great actions of the dec. ..lid, , nd then btjrii
thei: lainrntiitions air 'III. I hii iiioek mi lie laltej neat
two hour:, will II loui lullv Negiui'i eiiteiing the liiulc,
toolt the de .d body . nd t d it on a liaii.l-haiiow in.idc
of brantlu's of tiiet ; the 11 lilting it on their lliuuldti',
they cariicd it thiougli ihe town, iiiniiiiu a> lalt a«
they Could, and reeling! fioni tune to tune .1 if tluy b..d
been diunk, with a th. iii..iid tiduulous celiuirs, very
fuitablc to the exvlamat 01 > of the wns ul ihc decealij
. mid the othti won en wli > a'teiidrd the pioainoii. In
01(111, the nolle was fo g cat .is would liav^ diowii'.l
the lo idi It thuiuhi. 1 l.c I arade b ing over, tic
body was taken fioii ihe h..iid>bi>iii>w, aid dep< liicd iii
1 Its fjlace i alter which the fong', iheiiies, .iiuliMii-
vacancies ol the woiiun began agi 11, Huiii',; th s,
the maubiit made a g> ve, dtip and l.kr:;e vi o'l^h to
I hold two bi'dies ; he alio Itn, 1 1 d «i d Iaii iicd a (iiai i
the |)1u.k lilted lu in-kc a K^oat, uf wnicli \u ai d ilm
o aiii.l..iuii

*J1

iti'iil r.tn; of
I Ilic li:,:.
K>h IS i l.iri;t
ark.-.lile lony
t bv■HM^ ; .luJ

c.ilf, d |!.)l|lt

l.U'd, appiiri

lea itiuks IlKC

: Uiitl-baiiks,

us,

1 i^irie-al very

'JI-, .iihl pr.ic-

. llDltl fuX.'l
■ of tliull (all-
in I fl), (nil ■,
ni.iiiy ut til III
h:is .1 cv.itaiii
111 Ira il ori at
liiru ti» sf. at

t tiCHUClU lliC

tluj- take tlit
I aiul piittiii'
till th' y iMjj ,
ferv-Ki. iliey
Li 1 tliolc who
> wlih the wc-
iiJ It they ap-
ed til ihc hul-
hls ^thir wivrs

lUyi all nijiht
v; i*^^ Lilies l(>
boir.g obli'rvid.

hiiy is itiHiii-
jb tlilliiiclit'ii it
itcb, (it it the
,v hiiK, aiiiJ te

cyc-witnefs cf
tolluwin,' pir-
in, IriVb hi, or
iiiuiii^lijia (.1
tily Ipiiid th';
I ra:i thvic, nr.d

ic lilll:il;^:illht'<l
111''. lljACVll,

h;ivc pijilo'iU/

I the .\«II.CII,

ire to wateli

(V;.i'n^. The

tlierr compii-

iiiaiabut hull

lej a luturj)

'iple, waftii.t,

li.a I to loil.

tne iriiildlc < I

I d il, ami hit

r.i'U^. Sevcul

.'II ihcic til-

tl III h.iir, >nd

*e piiniU vkhii

1 III tunes they

y re(iealcJ tli:

, lid then hcvn

I lu lalted iioji
tl iiiji ih'-' li'iulf,
,!-Imiiovv it>.i.io
tlieir lliuuldii',
iiiiij a. lilt at
e .1 II they h..d
s I'elluirs, nry

ul ihr del call iJ
pii:.(irii>il. Ill
.1 U.W . duiWIi'd

II j', lAcr, il c
11 d >U|i< hied III

le', 4II1J txti i-

|-)tiir,l th ^,

I .- ,e ei ii'i(tli n>

l.^ii lied a t "HI >

.,J\ lu- ai d Ilia

ariid.iiU)

AFRICA.] GUINEA.

a.Iirtants ate j he alfo caufcd tlic favourite wife to cat
Come, who had no great inclination totadc it, knowing
it was to be her laft. She ate Ibme, however j and
during this rcpaft, the body of the goat was divided
into fmall pieces, broiled, and eaten. The lamenta-
tions began again ; and when the niarabut thought it
time to end the ceremony, he took the favourite
wife by the arms, and delivered her to two lully Ne-
groes. Thefc feizing her roughly, tied her hands and
feet behind her, and laying her on her baek, placed a
piece of wood on her brcail j then holding each oilier
with their hands on their fliuiilders, they llainpej with
their feet on the piece of wood till they had broken the
woman's brcall. Having thus, at tcalt, half difpatchcd
her, they threw her into the grave, with the remainder
of the goat, c»fting her huiliand's body over her, and
filling up the grave with c.irth and Hones. Iir.niediately
the cries cealing, a quick filcncc luccccded the noife,
.iiid every one leiired home as quietly as if nothing had
happened."

The blacks here prafiife circumcifion ; but they give
no other rcalon for it, than that it is an aiuiciu cultoni
tranfniitted to them bythiir anccltors. They pay great
icfpcdt to their priclts, wlio, bcfide their ecileliaflic
fanition, are looked upon as the moll able ph) lieiaiis.

Their lan;;uagc is fo unintelligible, thit they are
(ihlioed to trade with the Kiiropeans by fij^ii' ; ind in
ihis they are fo expert, that bargains are iiiadj uithuiii
nuich difficulty. Their principal commodities of tr f-
fic ', rice, Guinea pepper, elephants teetli, poulliy
and cattle.

The next confiderable place we come to is Cape
Monle, fitiiated about 25 leagues from the niuuth of
the river Sherhroj it is ca'led by the natives AVafli
KiPt'", aiiJ when tirll difcovired at lea, appc.ir.» like a
lofty ifland. It contains a great luinibcr of eillagcs,
the inhabitants cf wl.i.h are remarkably indullrious,
jiarticularly in the cultivation of rice and boiling of fait,
which they do not only for thenifelvcs, but alfo lor the
hem fit of their king, to whom they arc under fuch
lubjeilion as to be accounted hi> llaves. Their diiif
cattle aie (hecp, and they haic fmne fowls that are cx-
tecding large and good. They have likewile a great
plenty of various forts of fifh, the catching of winch
i.> the chief einployiiient of many of the inhabitants.
There are alf) great numbers of wild bcalls, as ele-
phants, ty;^,crs, buft'iloes, liartf, &c.

The u.cn weir a white garineiii relVmbling a furplice ;
but the women ha\c only a naiiow piece ol cloth (alt
cned round the wail>. Hoth fexis take gnat pains with I
their hiir, or wool, winch they twill into ringlets, and
I riiaincnt lie top of it with gold or precious ilones. |
They wear alio necklacrs of feveral rows ; and on their |
aims and wnlls they hue bracelets, as alfo above the I
ancles, where lome haii^ bells of filvcr, the node of
which they are fond of when they divert thenifelvcs by
d..rt:iig.

riieir houfes in general arc mean buildings, but they
ail kept execcding clean. Thole belonLTing to the king,
and piineipal nun, arc built long; fome of them are
two ftories high, with a xaultid roof of reeds or palm-
leaves, fo thick laid a> 10 nndir r.iin or the heat cf the
fun ablolutcly impenetr..Me. At the entrance is thi
hall of audience, which i» alio their place cf catips; ;
heie is a kind of fopha, made of earth or clay, i.ioiit
fix liet in briadlh, and 1.1. led above 12 ir.clie-^ liom the
cinund i It is covered vnth fine mats made of grafs or
palm-leaves, and dved of various eolouis. In ihis place
the principal pci pie Ipend the chiel pait I'l the dav with
th-ir wives, and aitiule iheiiilelves with liiavikiii;:, laU-
inir, and diinking palin-wiiie. Ailjoiiiing to the aii-
dicncc-ioom is th« bci-chamber, where they have an
clli.ide or fopha, tonlillmg of a nuniher ol mats laid
one III the other, and lurioiiiidL\l with papius fewed
Jojjcthcr, or printed linen like curt.ins. 'I hiii kitchen'-
are very neat, and lituatid at lonie dillance I lun the
dwelling houfe.

The inhabitant* In general of this place aie more
cleanly in cat. ng their victuals than their im^Jihouts.
They ule bowh made of hard wood, and baloiis of pew-
ter or ci'ppcr tinntd, which they keep excctdme mat.
a?

When they roaft their meat, they fatten it on a woodett
fpit, but, as they have not the means of making it turn
round, they firft roalt one fide and then the other, A
man may marry as many wives as he can keep, for which
rcafon fome of them have a great number, for the ex-
pence is very trifling, as they make them work fo hard
that each nearly cams her own inainicnance ; they
feldom quarrel, but in general live very happy ; and lb
little jealous are the men, that if their wives bellow
favours on others, it does not give them the leaft con-
cern. Their religion confifts chiefly in reverencing
and obeying their king j and they have I'ueh little no-
tions of anibitior, that each live happy in their own
way, neither exulting at the downlal of the poor, or
envying the profperity of the iieh.

" He that from dull of worldly tumult flic;,
" May boldly open his undazzled eyes
" 'I'o read wife nature's book ; and w\ih dell.'lit
" Survey the plants by day, the liars by night.
" \Vc need not travel, feeking ways of blifs ;
'• He that defircs contentment cannot mifs ;
" No gardtn walls this precious (low'r embrace,
" it coinnion grows in ev'ry defiirt place."

Their military weapons confill only of bows and
arrows, but they aie kept more fur ornament th..n ufe.
Ihcy never go to war with their neighbours, lor if any
differences aril'e, they aic amicably adjuilcd by treat^ .

The luiropeans th.it tiade hcie buy many of their
mats, which are of a bright yellow, and exceeding he..u-
tilul i alfo great quantities of ivory, which i. equail/
good in quality to that of Sierra Leona ; they likew
purchalc the Ikins of lions, panthers, tyt,e ^, an ■ . v i
wild beads, as alfo a great neiiibcr of llaves, wh •
brought here by the \iundiiii;o merchants fion
land parts of Africa. The foiells yield pleii;'. Jj

lit for dying, particularly cauuvoid, wh cl' ..vei

cut, and bring it to the fliore in bl.'cks c . nvc

feet in length ; the Europeans, who b .y .. , .1 u^.d of
it, prefer it to Brafil-wuud, thinking it much iH'ire folid
and beautilul.

Near Cape Monte is a river called Rio Novo, on the
banks of which arc feviral good villages, and the foil is
very fertile, producing great qu.mtities of rice and other
gram, with various kinds ol liuits, as oranges, knums,
citrons, pomegranates, &e. Here aie alfo I'evcral forts
of quadiupcd>, as cows, ftiefp, goats, hogs, deer, .ind
hares. In fuinmer the water of this river is bi.icki(h
■iboet two 1. agues above the coall, en account of the
flovs Ing in of the tide ; and in winter it fometimis fwells
I fo as toovciflow Its banks j before the mouth of it is a
confideral'lf faii'l-b.ink, which prevents large vellels .
from entering it, but liiiall baiks pals it without any
dilliculty ; it is navigable as far as a village call.d Da-
varaija, to which place it is very deep, and at leall40O
feet liroaJ. Above this village the river is ciHuinbcred
with large roelss, which occafion confiderable water-
falls that are very dangerous, and greatly obltruC'l the
navigation.

About ten leagues from Cape Monte, tnw.irds the
fouth-eall, is a prodigious hill called Cape Menlurado,
though not quite fo higli as Cape Monte ; it is round
and very large, and is almclf futioiiiided with water j
that part next the fea is very (Uep and high, but that
to the land is nioie genile and ace rtiblc. On the call
tide cl It is a bay of conlidnahle extent, which is ter-
minated by a high land covered with lofty trees. On
the we'.l Inle is another large bay formed by the river,
whole nioutii is in the cenier ol it, Thefc two bays are
ft paiHled by a long nanow r.eck of land. I'he cape is
litu.,.ed in fix deg. 34 mill north latitude i and that part
ot It whi' il projeils moll to the lea runs fouth-ead f
Irom whence there is a fmall river that falls into the
WLllcrn bay, and is navigable for near 40 miles. The
w.iter of this river is always brackilhi but it aboundl
with a great variety of excellent fifh.

The top of the mountain is quite level, covered with
lofty tree , and commands each of the bays, the bell of
which is that to the north ol the cape, about ico yards
tiom (hore, wheie there is good anchorage in eight of
ttn tklbom water between the pumt vf the cape and the
4 11 tmi't

li n i

I 1'

; I !

\ ^\ ^

I I

li:i 'i

if fj'f^ ''i

»■'

,1:

I' II i

1' *'iii-j •■■1

'iMl ■ s^

306 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAPHV.

river's mouth. Before the nmuth of the river, along
the bay, is ;i bat, which is dangerous in fomc places,
but c.ifily pnlll'J by thole who arc well aci|uainted with
it. Ne,ir the foot ol the c;ip<: is an ever-running fpring,
which yields excellent water : it ilTues from a rock in
ihe bank of tlic fca, and forms a natural cafcade } and
here the fai'ors replenifh thenidlvcs with that neceifary
article. To the weft of this cape are three villages,
containing about twenty houfcs each ; thefe houfcs arc
low, and divided into three apartments ; they are built
with flicks and clay, and are covered with draw. In
one of them are generally lodged at leaf! 40 people, con-
fiilingof men, women, and children, of different families
all confiilcdiy intermixed together. The people here are
veiy civil and good-natured, and the women remarkably
handftKiic. The men are naturally very indolent, and
leave the principal part of bufinefs to be executed by
their wives, 'I'hey arc js carelcfs about religion as their
neighbours at Cape Monte, and only attend to the enjoy-
ments of teftivity and diverlion. They live very peace-
ably with their neighbours, and are not apprehcnfivc of
any enemy except the Knglirti, their fears of whom arofe
from two large veflels that once Hopped there, the crews
belonging to which ravaged the courtry, dclhoycd all
their canoes, plundered their hor'es, and carried off fomc
of the people for flaves : fir-e which time they have ever
been fearful of, and ha\ ained an enmity to, moll

Europeans, but particularly .ne Knglifli.

The common people weir only a piece of cotton
wound rounJ the wailV, and faftened between the legs,
but the better tort have a Itjiped frock that reaches to
the knees ; and if lliey c:i!i get an old hat, they think
themfelvcs cijuipped to the greatell advantage.

Their arms arc lances about five feet long, with point-
ed iron heads ; I'inall bows and arrows, the latter of which
are poil'oned at the ends, and if they touch the blood it
inevitably kills the objecl unlefs the part aft'ecfcd is im-
mediately cut off. Their arrows have neither iron heads
or feathers, and they always (hoot them at random, not-
withftanding which they fcldom mils their mark. They
carry fquare targets of thin board about four feet long
and two broad, which are made to hang on their arms,
but in fo convenient a manner that they have free liberty
of the hands to manage the bow.

Their chief articles of trade arc palm-wine and rice,
of which they have great quantities, and exceeding good
in quality; in exchange for which they purchafe cow-
ries and Imall bars of iron.

The king's town is fituatcd about eight miles up the
river, and about .1 qu.irter of a mile from the fide of it. It
is furrounded with woods, and the entrance to it from
the river is through a beautiful walk fliaded with lofty
trees. In the center of the town is the council-hall,
where the king ai.d his chief people meet to hear all
caufes, dilpcnlc jullice, and fettle the afiairs of (late. The
floor of this building is of clay railed about a foot from
the ground, and o\er it is a pcnthoufe of a circular form
fupportcd by polls, and thatched with p.ilm-branchcs to
(hclter them fiom the heat of the fun. The whole is
above twelve yard> in diameter, and open on all fides for
the convciiiciKc (1 both light and air.

The hoiirci in this town arc about 40 in number,
and though they arc low buildings, yet they are very
neat ; they are open on one fide, and walled on the other
thiee with flakes intermixed with red clay, which bind
Weil, and is very laliing. Their kitchens are even with
the ground, but the bcd-chan-.bcrs are railed about afoot
from it to avoid the inconvenience of the dewi. The
roof is railed like a tent, and covered with reeds or palm-
leaves, fu clofe interwoven as to admit neither fun or
rain. In the center of the kitchiii is the fire-place,
which ii raifcd about fin inches from the ground ; and
they keep their fires conltantly burning, in the day-time
for drelTing their viduals and the convenience of fmoak-
ing, and in the night to Ic-cure them from the cold and
moiftnefs of the air.

Uefides their houfes, they have buildings for holding
their provifions, as rice, millet, pilm-oil, brandy, and
other necellaries. Thefe buildings arc made round,

* V"")' lig'ufiei I'll/, and Berkuma, /<«njj by wlucU l^c
term implies /mif a nunwi.

with a conic roof, and arc fccured by padlocks, of which
the huftiand keeps the keys, and dillributes daily or
weekly fuch provifion as he thinks ncccHliry lor In)
family. This does not give the leaft offence to In,
wives, who live amicably together, and fpend their
lime in working abroad, or taking care of the childiLn
and other nccelFary bufinefs at home. The buildin>'^
belonging to each family a:e cnclofcd with a wall of
earth, feven or eight feet high, and covered with reeds
or palm-leaves, to fecure it fioin the inclemency of the
weather.

To the well of Cape Menfurado is a river called St.
Paul, the entrance of which is about fix feet deep, aiu\
is navigable, in calm weather, for ve/lcis of a tolerable
burthen. This river takes its courfc weftward about
three miles, and eallward to the river Scllos, whithtr
the natives daily pafs in their canoes, and trade either
ill the natural produce of the country, or elephants
teeth, the latter article being brought to the river Sellos
in confidcrablc quantities.

To the fouth-eafl of Cape Menfurado is a river
called del Punto, or Rio Jiinck, the entr.ince of which
is fo clogged with rocks, that it is impoflible for any
fliips to pafs them : on the other fide of them, how-
ever, the river is navigable, and runs with a fine fmooih
current for fevcral miles up the country.

Farther to the fouth-eall from this river is another
called the river of St. John, the banks of which are
covered with lofty trees ; and to the call of this river is
a high mountain, in the form of a bow, but it ischiePy
barren .md uninhabited. Near the fea-coall, a (cw
miles from its mouth, is a village called Tabo Carea
and not far from it is another, called, by the natives'
labo Dagrou, and by the French Petit Dieppe, near
which is a river of the fame name.

To the fouth-eaft of the river St. Paul is a place
called Seftrc Cro, or Seftre Cruc, where there is a
large and beautiful village inhabited by people remark-
ble for being honcft in all their dmings, i,.id prefervinn^
a more regular and prudent conduiSt than their neigh-
bours. The country here is flat and low, but at foine
dillance from the village the land is high, and covered
with trees that afford excellent timber. Near the fca
arc two large rocks about a mile diflant from each
other, and thefe irc the marks by which this place is
known at fea. The houfes at Sellre-Cro arc built upon
piles at leaft five feet high from the ground, not only to
fecure them from the unwholefonic damp of the earth
during the rainy feafonF, but alfo fiom the wild bcafts,
which are fo numerous here as to be a conftant terror to
the inhabitants.

About three miles beyond Scftre-Cro is a fmall vil-
lage called Wappo, in which there is a piece of frcfli
water that is exceeding good and whole.'"omc. Thii
place is known at fca by feveral high trees that appear
upon a hill behind the fliore, the tops of which, at a
dift.ince, feem of a red colour. Ilcfoic this place iv a
large rock, which, though actually on the fhore, feems,
as it were, feparated from it.

Between this vill.ige and Cape Scfios arc fcvcr.il
others, the moil conliderable of which is Great Sellrc,
v^'hcre there is a large bafon of frclh water fituated a-
mong a number of rocks. It does not, however, con-
tain any thing elfe th.it is remarkable; and the left of
the villages are all too inconlidcrable to admit of any
notice.

H.iving defcribcd all that rcl'iKifls the Orain Coaft,
we ftiall now take a view of the countries adjoinin ■ to
it, or the interior part towards the weft and north-
weft.

Thefe countries are divided into feveral territories or
kingdoms; the principal ol which are, Ciiiilliga, Quoia,
Hondo, Folgia, and the great empire of Manow.

Ciuilliga lies near a .'ivcr called by the Portuguefe
Oalinhas, and is a large territory fubjeill to the king of
Ciiioja.

C^uoja is alfo a large kingdom, and inhabited by two
diftindl people, namely, the VeyHerkoma *, and Ciiio-
ja-Uerkoina f, the former of which are the del'cendants

ICi

•)■ i^iuji-Uerk«ma fignifiei tli« land «f (^nj«.

A F Rl C A.]

GUINEA.

307

cks, of whldi
utes ihily or
cfHiry lor liis
iHcncc to liii
d rpencl their
f the ihildttn
I'he buiUlin;"
irith a wall i.f
red with reeds
emcncy of the

•iver called St.
feet deep, and
of a tolcrabJL-
/cftward about
icUos, whitlKT
id trade cither
, or cleijhaius
the river Sellos

ido is a river
raiice of which
loHilile fur any
of them, how-
h a iiiic fmooth

iver is another
;s of which are
of this river is
but it is chief y
:a-cuaft, a lew
:d Tabo Carta,
by the natives,
tit Dieppe, near

Paul is a place
b'here there is a

people reinark-
, ...id prefcrving
lan. their neigh-
ow, but at foirc
gh, and covered
. Near the fca
ftant from each
lich this place is
ro arc built upon

nd, noc only to

imp of the earth

the wild bealh,

onfiaiit terror to

o is a fmall vil-
a piece of frcfli

hokl"i)nie. Thii

ices that appear

of which, at a

e this place u a

the ftiore, feenis,

icdos arc fcveral

is Cireat Sellrc,

water fituated a-

t, however, cun-

and the icll ol

to admit of any

the Grain Coaft,

itries adjoining to

wed and north-

eral territories or

Ciiiilliga, Ciuojj,

ul Manow.

ly the I'ortugucfe

jcdt to the king of

inhabited by two
[oma •, and Qiio-
ire the dcl'cendants

if Qjioja,

of the antient inhabitants of Cape Monte, who were
once a populous and warlike people, but being con-
quered by the Qiiojans, and reduced to fubjedtion, are
now very infignificant, and few in number. In thij
kingdom arc many h.indfome towns and villages, ihc
chief of which are iituated on the river Maguiba,
which plentilully waters the whole country.

In this river, and on \tb banks, arc found great num-
bers of water-elephants ; and when the natives catch
them, they prefeiit them to the king, who claims thcni
as his particular property, but ul'ually compliments the
perfons who bring them wiih a liandfome prcfent. This
creature is propedy called the Hippotamus, or Sca-
Horfe. It is an animal that feeds upon grafs, but fre-
quently hides himfelf inder water, where he continues
for fome time. When he laifes his head from the water,
he looks about to fee if any danger is near, and can
fmell a man at A confideiahle didince. If any thing
frightens him, h; will immediately hide himfelf in the
water, where he will continue for a confiderabic time
before he again raifts his head. As foon, however, a.s
he appears, the hunter, who has patiently waited for the
opportunity, levels his gun at his head, a ir if the ani-
mal happens not to fee him, it fildom miflcs doing the
wilhed-tor execution. If he is killed, the colour of
the water will dil'cover where he lies, when they go
with a boat, hooks, and cords, and drag him aftiore.
'I'liey then fkin him, take out his bowels, and convey
him away on a carriage ; for his weight is very confi-
derable, h-in;^. when full ;:rown, from 2500 to 30001b.

This animal, in colour and fhape, greatly refemblcs
a rhinoceros, except the leirs being fomcwhat fhortcr.
'i"hc head is much like that of a common horfe, but
the mouth and noHrils are much larger. His ears and
■eyes are fniall, and his hoof is cloven 'ike that of an
ox i but his partem beini; too weak to fupport the
weight of his body, naturu has taken care to fupply
this defeiil, by placing two little hoofs about it, on
which he refts in walking, and they leave on the
ground the imprcHion of four points. The hody is very
fmooth, but the tail has hair on it, and is (hort like
that of an elephant. The udder of the females hangs
between the hind legs like a cow, but it is very fmall
in proportion to the bulk of the bealt, The hide is
about an inch thick, and lo hard that it can fcarcely
be penetrated with a mulket ball, which is the rcafon
that thofe who ende.ivour tu catih them genemlly aim
at ihc head. The moft leiiiarkable things about thii
animal are Its tulks, wliich a:e four in luimbcr ; they
piocced from the lower jaw, and rife out of the mouth
to a confiderabic length. They arc as thick as the horn
if an ox, and weigh a! out iclb. each. They arc very
vhitc, and always retain tliiir colour ; for which real'on
they are much ufed by maihematical Inftrunient-makcrs
for fcales, feilors, Aic. Ilefides thefe, he has in all
44 teeih, VIZ. eight incifors, four in each jaw j four
do^ teeth, two on each fule, which arc all cylindrical ;
and 32 grindeis, of wh.ch there arc 16 above, and
the fame number below. The (lefh of this animal is
excieding sjood, and in Imiu- parts is fold at bd per
puiiiiJ. 'I*he fat is of equal v.umc with the lean, being
t:iceeJiii!^ wholcfome, ai.d <;tiujjllv ufed inltead <if
butter, 'i'his creature dehi^lr.s m rivers where the watei
is g'ln.!, and choofes thofe parts whofe banks are well
furniflicd with grafs. They Ited chiefly on tilli, in
purfuit of which they |.'o fiviial of t'.icm in a body.
Their method is to plant thenifelves at the moiths of
large ri\crs, by which they imeicept all the hlh that
come down it. They do iini (li i p in the wat r, but
among reeds or ruflu. on the tides ot the rivers j and
tluy fn.quently fnore U> loiul as to dilcover ihemfclves
to their purlucrs. They l.niv f<J"'> 'I'cir young on
the land, where they fuckle and keep iliem unlefs ili-
ilurbcd, whi n they immediately take to the water. The
Necioes who have huts near the rivers, ate obliged to
guaVd iheir fields day and nii;ht, ollKtwil'e thcfe crea-
tures would do coi.fuierahic damage to their rice and
corn, not only by ejting if, but trampling it down
with their feet.

There is another a.iimal fomelimcs found 111 this
fiver that greatly icfcniblcs the above, It 15 much of

the fame fizc, of a brown colour, with white ftreafcs,
a long neck, fhort body, fmall legs, and has horns like
a bullock. They are only caught in the water ; for
though they are fometimes feen on the Ihore, yet they
are fo nimble that it is impoflible for any bcaft to over-
take them.

This river alfo produces a great variety of fifli,
among which is a remarkable one called the Sea-VVood-
coek. It is about 10 feet long, and five in circumfe-
rence. It has a large fin on the back, and two of the
fame fizc below the gilli. I he >r'> is large, indented,
thick and ftrong ; the eyes full, bij,-, red, ^nd li"ely.
The mouth is wide, armed •..ith fmall teeth, clofe let,
and iharp i beiidcs which, it has a bill about 20 inches
long, divided into two parts, proceeding from the upper
and lo'.ver jaw. This bill is hard and bi.ncy,
furrounded with a cartilage covered v/ith a rough fkin
fomething like (hagreen. The flefh of it is intermixed
with fat and lean, and the taffe of it is far from being
difagrecible.

The territory of Hondo is divided into four principa-
lities, the chiefs of which are appointed by the king of
Qiioja, to whom they pay annual tribute in prefcnts of
brafs kettles, red cloth and fait.

The kingdom -jf Folgia, and empire of Manow are
both very extei'i'ive, but the latter is the moll confider-
abic i and the holgias arc in the fame manner lubjecl to
the emperor of Manow, as the Quojans are to the
tolgias. 'I he emperor's authority extends over a" rhe
neighbouring nations, who acknowledge their fuomil-
lion by making him annual prefcnts of cloth, bugles,
iron-bars, flavcs, &c. and he in return tcftifies his re-
fpcvil by prefenting them with a certain quantity of red
cloth, 'rhe Folgias pay the f.inie compliment to the
(,>;iojas, who do the like to the king of Hondo, The
fulijedts of the emperor arc called mindi, which figni-
lies tordi ; and the (juojas arc called mtndimimoui, that
is, the people of the lord. Each of thcfe kings has an
ablolutc authority over his own diftiiit, and notwith-
Itanding their fubjciSion to the emperor, can make
laws, declare war, or proclaim peace, without his
confent.

Thcfe countries, bcfides rice and other grain, pro-
duce a great variety of vegetables and roots, as alfo plenty
of panguavers, bananas, pine-apples, &c. In the woody
paits are great numbers of elephants, tygers, buffa-
loes, and other wild beads ; hut the only cattle they
have are flieep, and they are indificrcntly (upplied with
fowl, except iiiiall birds, whith they catch in the
woods.

Among the birds found here is one called klofi-fow-
kegbolfi, which is reckoned an ominous bird by the
blacks. When they aie on a journey, and happen to
fee one of thefc birds, or hear It ling, they immediately
return home, and if any one dies foon after, Ihcy fay
kegbolli killed him. This bird is about the fize of a
fparrow-hawk, and black>feavhered } and ill ufual food
i-i pifmircs,

Bcfides th'S there arc two other birds, which, with
the above, the blacks will never touch, but hold them
in the molt lacicd light. The firft of thefe is called the
Fanton, and is about ihc fize of a lark. When the
blacks ate hunting in the woods this bird will place
itfcif on a tree near the fpot where the animal is hid,
and on the approach of the hunters will immediately
begin to fing ; when flie is fatisfied the people have
taken notice of her, flie immediately quits her place
and flies tu the covert where the animal is fecreted.

The other biid is called a Joxwa, and is much the
lame fize with the former. It lays its eggs in beaten
paths, and the blacks bclie\e that if any ore breaks them.
It is a certain fign that foincbody in the family will foon
die.

The inhabitants of thefe nations, particularly the
Qiiojas, are in general good-tempered and very obliging
tu llrangers ; they are exceeding fond of fpirituous li-
quors, particularly brandy ; but they are fo penurious
I hat they will not purchafe it, and therefore feldoui have
It unlefs given to them.

Thiir hnufes are built round, in which form are alfo
their villages ; but of theiie tbcy have two forts, the

open

1'^^

>
1
i 1

\ »

,i I . > 1

y U\ ■ II

111

II ■ kv

III
1: 1 ?

. i

•li.

4i^''\

308

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

cpcn and the fortified. Their open villages are exceed-
ing pleal'aiii, being i-ncoiiipjirL-J with lolty trees, that
join (o dole together as to ki-cp off the heat of the fun.
The fortified villages arr tailed S.111 Si.ih, and have a
fort of baftioin, iliiough wliith ihcy pals in and out of
the vill.igf, by a gate lo low and narrow as to admit
only one perfon at a time. Thel'e villages are cnclofcd
with pales ladencd to the furroundiiig trees, fo that no-
thing can be fcin tlimrigh the inclolurc. At each of
the gate* is a hut, wheic a centinel is conftantly kept on
guard ; and when any dangir is apprehended Irom an
enemy, the people promil'cuoufly rciite to thtfe villages,
as a Iccurity boili to their pcrlbns and property.

Their food confilh chiefly of rice, in the cultivation
of which they .ire principally employed. Their tia le is
very Ihiall, having but lew flavcs todilpofe of; and the
trifling articles they vend, conlifling only of elephants
tttth, wax and cam-wood, are foon puichafcd by the
great number of European vcflUs that pals along their
co.ffs.

The Quoja-blacks, between thcirharvcffs, employ thcm-
felvcs in tifhing and hunting j but they inufl not follow
the latter without pcrniiliion Irom the king, who receives
a iroiety out of every thing they kill.

The women have a great (hare in cultiv.iting the lands,
it being their tafk to low the rice, and keep it free from
weeds. 'I'hcy alfo picparc u for iilc, by beating it in
long dLcp mortars, made of the hollow trunk of a
tree.

Uoth men and women arc here fubjcft fo many dif-
ealcs ; but the moll fatal is the bloody flux, which olcen
carries of} prudigious numbers in a very (hort time ; ar.d
thcv attribute this aflliction to the Son ah Moi'Ow, or
fotcrrers. The bealls are alio fubjciil ,0 feveral forts ol
difor.lers not known in Kurtipc. 'I ne rhief of thel'e is
called the Ibalheba, whii.li kills a threat number of ele-
phants, buffaloes, wild boars, and dogs.

l°he common language ul'ed in thefe countries is th.it
of the Qiiojas; but the Folgia Ungual?.* is the niofl
elegant, and is chiefly fpoken by the better lort in honoi
of the king. They are very tircunifpcft in their con-
verfation, and make great ule of allegoiies that are foine-
timcs very judicioufly applied.

Polygamy is here allowed, as in molt othernegro coun-
tries ; and thefiifl wife has alwavs the pre-eminence.
The hulbaiid maintains the buys, and the girii are
taken care of by the wive-;. Their ceremony of mar-
riage conlifis chiefly in pr.fents made by the parents ol
the panics to eacli oihtr ; but tlK ecremony of naming
their child en is verv paiticular. \Vhcn a bov is to be
named, the father walks through the village armed
With bows and arrows; he keeps continually fingin j,
and a^ he pall'cs along tiie inhabitants join him with in-
ftruments of mulu. As foon as the people are properly
alfembled, they form a riii;;, when the jjcrfon appointed
to perioral the c "rcniony taking the tliild Irom the mother,
lays it on a (hield, and puts a bow into one hand and a
quiver in the other, lie thui niakci a long harangue to
the people, alter which he a ' Irelliis himfelf to the in-
fant, wilhing he may be li.;e his father, iiidiilliious,
holpitablc, and a good hufinndman. He then names
the cluld, and returns it to tic mother, after which the
company retire. The men go to hunt for game, and to
gather palm-wine, which they bring to the houfc of the
perfon belonging to the child, when the mother dreflis
the game with rice, and the evening is concluded with
fcliivity and divcrfion.

When a girl is named, it is brought by the mother
or nurfe through the village, in the fame manner as the
hoy is liy the father, and when the people are affembled,
it IS laid on a mat on the ground, W)thafmall fhalt
in one hand. The perlon who is to name it then
makes a long harangue, exh'itmg it to be a good houfe-
Kife and a good cook j lo be cleanly, chalfe, and a
dutiful wile : that her hulband may love her above all
his other wives, and (he attend him at hunting. Such
wifhes being concluded, he names the child, and then
delivers it to the mother; after which the whole com-
pany difperfc, except a few feledt friends, for whom an
elegant entertainment is provided.

When any one dii>, all their iriendi and acquaintance

immediately afTcinble, aid furrounding the corpfn Cm'
elegies, in whieh they let forth the prailcs and aiilions of
the deeeafcd. /\ltcr this ceiemony is over, the corpfeis
waflied, and the body fet uptight, fuppotted by primps .it
the back and under the arms, if it is a man they put a
bow and arrow in his hand, and divfs him with his bell
gainient. Mis neartll relations and fricndj then make ,1
fort of fkirn.ifh with their arrow.-, after which they kiuel
down with their baeks to thccorpie, and extend the bow-
llring to its iitiii«l! limits, intimating their riadiniis to
light againft his enemies, or thofe who ftiall picfui-.it to
Ipeak difrcfpeiilful of him. While llidc ceicnioniu .;.c
in agitation, the women attend on the widjw to lameiic
and condole with her ; in doing of which they throw
themfelvcs at her fret, and continually keep repeating
thel'e words, Bgune, Ijgune, that is, te csm/triej, or
icu/t yjiir lam:nt<itioii. Alter the whole ceremonies are
over, previous 10 interment, the corpfe is carried on a bier
to the giave, whieh is generally made near the I'epuKhus
of their ancellors in fome dclulatc fpot, and there depo-
fitcd about tiiiee Ictt in the ground ; they throw into the
grave all tiie kettles, bafons, and p.-iiu ipal things the
deceafcd was polUHcd of; the whole is covcied with a
mat, and they hang his armour on an iron rod, whieh
they fallen in the center of the grave. It a woman is
burie.l, the emblems placed on this rod are, bafons, niugs,
and other things neceflary in houfe-ketping. 'i'licy j^e-
ncrally creil a hut over the grave to lecurc it from rain,
as alio the bcter to prel'ervc the memory of the dc-
eeafed.

Alter the funeral is over, it is cuflomary for the r la-
tioiis and friends of the deceafcd to make a vow of r.blli-
nence, which is called liolli Guwe; this vow is pre-
lervcd for the common lort ten days, and for the kin;,
or any very confiderable perfin, thirty. Thoic who
keep this fall, when they make the vow, lift up their
hands and declare they will not cat any rice during that
tnie, nor drink any liquor but what is kept in a hole
made for that purpol'e in the gro'ind, as alio to abfiain
from connubial enjoyments ; and the women vow to
clothe themfelvcs only with white or black rags, to go
with their hair loofe, and to He- p on the bare ground.
When the time of abllinencc is over, they lilt up their
hands again, to denote that they have very puiiclu.illy
fulfilled their engagements. Alter this the men go lo
leek for game, and if they meet with any, on theu" re-
turn, it is drclli;d for the enieriainmtnt of the com-
pany. All who have kept the fart are eomplimentcil by
the ncarell relation of the deeealed with prefenf, cin-
lilliiig of a piece of cloth, a balkr t of fait, an iron b.-.r,
&c. but the better fort receive a mat, a liaft", or fomc
kind of weapon.

If they have real'on to fufpciH the perfon did not die a
natur.it death, they neither wafh the corpfe, or lament,
till they are fatisfied of their d'lubts, and the criminnl
LCtr^'ed. Ai loon a* tli.: Iufpc<^ted perlon is taken into
cuftody, he is tliainej to a great block, and aflccd if he
will atknow.cdge the fail ; if he does, he is immediately
put to death ; but if not, they try him by making him
Iwallow a large quantity ol quoiiy. 'I"bi3 is the rind or
bark of a tree fo called, which, in the prefencc <d' the
deccifcd's friends, is pulled off' by the fufp;..;lcd per-
lon, that the fap or juice may be ufed without ;iny de-
ceit, I'hc bark is pounded, and then put into a laigc
quantity of water, which, after fome time ftainling, is
of an acid taile. Of this liquor ih;, make the crimi-
nal drink 'hree or four qii.irts on the fillowing morn-
ing in the prcfcnce of the whole company. 1| he loon
difeharges it from his ftonach, he is deemed innocent ;
but if it continues theie loni; he infallibly dies, when
his body is either buint or throv.Mi into a river.

Notwithltanding the CJ;iojas-Ucrkoma are fufjeel to
the king of I'olgia, yet that prince confers on the king
of Quoja the title of Dondagh, which he alio pre-
I'rrvcs, and whieh is conferred on him by the emperor
of Manow ; and the king of the Q_ioja gives the fame
title to the kini; of Jiulm, who pays homage to hini,
and not to the king of the i''olgias.

The king of (^1 i),i is an abfolutc monarch, but hb
government is milil, and his councils are formed of tb;:
wifeil and mofl cxpciicaced perfons in the nation : how-

AFRICA.]

GUINEA.

3^9

ever, he is jealous ".f hi:. ai;thority and ptcr(ij!;.iti'vcs,
and keeps n great nunibt-r ot' concubines, n.oft ol
whom arc brought from the ncighbDurini? countries.

When the king appears in public, he Tits or (lands on
a ftiield, to denote that he is the d'fcnder of the coun-
try, the leader at war, and the prolertor of his people.

If a nobleman h^is been pu.lty of any miftonducl,
he is funinioned bcfure the kii;p;, and if be rclufcs tu
appear, the king fends his korcdo, or flm Kl, by two
drummers, who are not to teafe bcatin;: tluir drun:s till
the party comes with their, cirrying m one hand the
korcdo, and in the other fomc ditlinguiflieJ prifmt.
As foon as he comes into the king's ptefencc, he pro-
(Ir.itts hiinfcif on the ground, and throwing eaith over
his head, begs forgivcnefs, aiul acknowledges limilclf
unworthy to fit on the knrcdo j lijt promifis .iniciid-
ment in future. — Tic (hield li fcnt to him by way if
reproach, intimating, th.it as he rcfufcd to obey the
in?nd.ites of the king, he might come and take his
place, ai\il bear the fatigues of government himftlf,

Wiicn a dil'gr.iccii perfoii of niite is defirouj of gcttini,
an audience of the king tnobMin his favour, he full de-
livers prefents to the chiuf of his wives, cor.filling of
ribbons, cleph.int's ti-<.th. Sir. and thefe fne rairi^s to
the prince, bei'iji'ig that (uth a ptrfon may be aJmitteJ
into hi', piellnie. if the king chufes to giant the pr-
titioii, e prclcnt is accepted, and the perlon admutjd)
but il not, the prefent is privately lellorcd to the
owner. However, he daus not letuni home, till,
through the mediation of his friend.., the king gives hii
confent, the prilent is accepted, and an aiidiinci
pt.inted ; when, if his fault is not very conliderable, ht
obtains forgivenefs,

VV'ith refpeift to the punifliiiient of offenders in cri-
minal cafes, thofc that are feiuence I to death arc exe-
cuted in I'omc wood at a confideiable diltancc from the
yilLigc in which they refided. Here the criminal kni el-
ing, with his head bent, the executioner thrulh a laiiee
through his body; after which he ruts oft" his head
with an axe or knife, and quaiters him, delivering the
limbs to his refpeetive wives.

If a man is ch.nrg' d with tin ft, or perjury, and the
evidence is not fuffici ntly clear, he lakes the trial by
belli, a compofition ladc by the billi-mo, or pried,
with the bark of a tree and heihs, which is laid on 'he
perfon's hand : if it docs not hurt him. '"■ ■■ .'.:; pofcd
innocent j if otherwile he is deemed guilty ; in which
cale he isfentenced to death, and e.\ceulid in the man-
ner ab.vc deferibed.

In their reli;rion they believe in one fupreme being,
though they cannot foini anv jull idea of him. Thiy
tall him Canno, an. I attribute to him an inhnite power,
and univerfal knowledi'C, and fuppid'e him to br piefent
every where. They alio believe that the dead bico'.ie
fpirits, whom thev call j.innanin, that i>, patiimi oi
dttfiuleis, and fuppofc tlieni able to piotecl them in .ill
ta!.iniities. Thus when a man happens to eleape loiiie
i.iM.iinent danger, he (aetilices at t!ie giave ol his lup-
pokd deliverer foinc kind of belt, and makes a fe.\!!
for the entertainment of the relations of the dcfunet, as
an aeknowledgmeiit fir the piotc^lion he has received.

They believe th.it the jannanin, or fpirits, icfide- in
the woods, an.l wlien they rceeive any paiticular injury
they repair thither. ::iid repeat their grievances with
cries and lam nta'ion'. (iitreaiiiie Canno and the jan-
nanin to challifc lie lua lee of the party whom they
name. In fiiort, lu.h .s ti.tir veneration for thofe Ipi-
lirs, that thev rciy on them as well for their pielent a.
(iture welfaio. i'licy niver dr.nk palm-wme without
firff fpilling a little of it for the j.,i,;i.iiiin, wliieh ciiilom
is alfo pradifed e>xa by the kin;s themuUesi and
Ihoii^'h they appear to pay treat iiverence to Canno,
yet iheir religious worflc;) is cliiefiy d.ieeUd to thofe
i'piriis, whom they daily invoke.

They confidcr circumcilion as a divine inllitution,
and therefore praiJlife it with jMeat punCliialily. In ge-
neral they circumcile their liiildren at the ..ge ol (i\
months i but fonte deier the opei.iiioii till they are three
years old, that they mav bear it with gicater cafe and
fafety.

Thcv keep a fcflival on the d.iy of eviry new incon,

v/hen they abrtain from all kinds of bufiiiefs, and will
not permit any (hangers to he with tlieni j and they al-
Icdge, that if they were not (liiflly to prefervc thcfi;
serimoiues, the n.oon would not only ch.ingc the colour
of their rice, but make it cniirely ulelefs.

They have two other ceremonies that arc of a very
peculiar nature, and are ptae'tifcd in all the iiatioiis of
tins part of the country. I heic form two focicties or
lects, the one of men, and the other of women, but
thiy are entirely independent of each other. The firll
'd' thefe is called belli, and is properly a fchool or col-
lege cllablilhed oiue in a tcrtam time by order of tliu
king for the edueatiuii of youth, who arc t.iight to
dance, and to fing (iftLn wh.it they call belli-dong, or
the pr.cifs of the belli. When they h.ivc loiiipleatej
their education, ano ;.)one throu",h all llie teti monies
of the fchoiil, they aie dillinuuiflied by the litle ol,
TItf rrmrf.rl of ihe li,lli. Alter this ihey are confidered as
.leifniis of great fag:ieitv, and are admitted to give their
oj mien in all matteis relative to the good order and go-
vernnrent of the (late.

'Ihele fehools or luninaries arc fitintcil in a large
wi^d, wluie piopcr bariaeks or huts are bii Ir, and the
land is cultivated fo as to produce a fuflitieney for the
ftholars, that they m..y not h.i'e occafion to go toother
places for the common iKcell'aties of life. VVhin thofe
wl.ci intend to fend lliJr dms to the fchrol, have given
nitiin.u''in of their iiitcalions, poelamalion is made,
hiibiddinj -.11 fein.des to approach the f.icied wood dur-
ing the continuaiiec of the fchool, which is generally
lour or lue years,

The fo_gonos, or eldeis, ului are appointed by the
king to govern the Klioid, lia'.ing taken their places,
pioclaim the laws to the fcholais, foi bidding them to
llir out of liie preeinels of the college, or coi.verfe with
any but their lellow-dudent.;, or fueh as have the mark
ol the belli, which is the firll thing they receive after
admilTi... This is done by ni .king feveral cuts in the
flilli from each fide ot the neck to the fhoulder bone:
the opeiMtiun is painlul, but they ate foon cured by
proper limplcs ; after which they receive a new n..me,
and obtain fuperior dignity.

When their time of education is expired, they are
removed fiom the fchoil, to huts built for the puipofc
at (omc dilt,in e, whue they are vifitcd by their rela-
tions, who eiideavnir to polifli their manner', and
make thciu ht for fociety ; for, trom their long con-
fiiiemcnt in this letriit, they are fuel) utter ftrangeis to
decency and good fehavioui, r.s to be mere fa. ages.
While un.ler ths luitn n they aic dulled with a parti-
cular gsrnient abiut their wailf, and their neck; arc or-
namented with Ifrin;,-- id' beads, intermixed with leo-
pard's teeth. (Jn their head ihey wear a large cap with
llappel?, that h.ing o'.er the f.ice ; their legs arc loaded
Willi hials Kl!s and rin.s, and 'lieir bodies are orna-
mi iited with feathers of vaiiuiis roloi.r:. in this drefs
iluy aic coiidiicled to a place appointed for the pnr-
polc near the king's palace, where, in the prefcnte of
numctou.. fp .lalois, tiny l.ike oil their caps, and then
fing, dance, and cxhilM luch ether peilormanccs as
they have 1 arned wlule at fchool j and if any be found
dtlKun:, tliey aic ridiculed in a particular manner by
the women, who exclaim, " ile has Ipent Ins time in
eating of licc :" the lame kind of Itigma is alfo laid on
■.LiM by the n en, and they a:c afterw.'.rds looked upon
l>> both Icxes with the greatcit contempt, \\'hen the
l.eilorm.oicc is over, the fogg';nos, or teachers, call
each thtiro.vn pupil by the name that was given him
on Ins .i.'ihiilion into the fchool, and then prefents him
to his patents, which name he prclerves for the remain-
der of his life,

Tlie other feminary is calculated for the improvement
ol femalis, and is c.illed Nellogc ; the ceremonies at-
tending which are thefe; at a certain time appointed by
the kill;;, a number of huts aie ereiSted in the middle of
a wo;)d, for the leception of fucli unmarried women as
ehoofe to become inembeis o'i the fociety. When inti-
mation is i^iven of the lumber of perlons defirous of
being admitted, the moll aniient woman of the pro-
feflion is appointed as .i govcinefs, and is called fogvvilli.
As locii as the I'cholais are all'enibicd, flic enters into her
4 1 pilke

T'L

i ' I

! 1

I ;

U ^''

iio

A NEW COMPI.tTE SYSTEM OF OEOORAPHY.

m\\

office by giving them a treat, anJ exhorting them to be
i.itistitct with their confinement of four months, which
IS the ul'u.il time aliotteil for their tuition. She then
fliavcs their heads, and they havin::, by her orders,
llrippcd themCclves naked, ftie leaiis thim to a brook,
where they are Wiiftid al! ov,': ,'iui their bodies anointed
with palm-oil ; alt' r -.'hir ■ >: v go entirely naked diir-
inj; their continujnce :i {, ; icnoul. I'he Ibgwi'li, or
governeCs, teaches them ' , ■'■ i i-e^ r\( thi- eouruiy, and
to recite the lerfis of the , ■ , which bi*"''' "»nie to
the profelTion, t!iey bcinc; ^..I'l.d haniii Simodifino, or
the daii2;hters of S.indi. Thele vcilcf confii! of ccrtiiii
encomiums which are chauntcd, and at ihc time they
exhibit II range gellutcs and motions of the body,
feme of which aic not only ridiculous, hut of tlie nioff
indelicate nature. When the time of their education is
nearly expired, the parents fend th in clothes, and va-
rious trinkets to ornament their boHic-!, as bugle llnng^,
brafs bells, riniis, Ice. On the proper day appointed,
ihcy are conducted by the logwilli to the villajic where
the king rtlidcs, whit^ er prodigious nuinbeis of people
of both (exes rcfort, to lee them pciform the Icats they
base learnt at fchool. Durini; the exhibition the go-
venieis fits on the ground, and the daughters of the
Sandi djpce one aftir another to the beat of a I'mall
drum, when each leccives the applaufes of the public in
pioportion to their nieiits ; afier uhich they are dif-
tn lii.i, and delivered by the gceriKl's to the care of
tlieir refpecHie parents.

Many other llraiige maxims prevail among the Ne-
groes of tiule nations; and to their fuperifitious no-
tions may be added, the great f.illh they have in magi-
cians and lorcercrs, as alio a lort of men, whom they
call Munufiii ; thefc they believe can fuck the blood
from the body of either man or be. ill ; at le.ift they
imagine that they can corrupt it in Inch a manner, as
to occafion lingering and pa'r.f,.! difiafes. There arc
»lfo other enchanters cjlled I'llli, v.hom they believe
can prevent the growth of their rice. Such men, they
fay, are pofTefl'cd with the fovah, or devil, and that be-
ing overcome with mclanchollv, they fedude thcmfelves
from all focicty, by retiring to the moft defolate parts of
the woods and forcHs, where th; devil (hews them fuch
herbs and plants as are to be uled in their enchant-
ments, as alfo the words, geftures, and grimaces pro-
per for fuch prac!tices. The blacks are fo confident of
there being fuch peoole as thefc in the woods and fo-
tefts, that they will never travel there without com-
pany ; and they always carry with them a certain com-
pofition, which they t'ancy lecuics them from the mali-
cious mnchiiutioiis of thele fuppofcd cneh.inters.

We (hall conclude our account of the ftrange no-
tions cntert.iined among thefc people, by defcribing the
methods uled in c;ires of adultery. When a woman is
accufed of this crime, (lie fwears by the billi, wilhing
that if (he is guilty, the Ipirit maydedroy her. If (he
ha, Iworn faliely, and is afterwards convitlcd, (lie is
publicly led by hir hufband to the market-place, where
the council fit to hear the merits of the cafe. They
firrt invoke the j mnaiiin, after which they cover the
woman's cyis, that (he may not fee the fpirits that are
fupiofed to be waiting to carry her off-, fhc then re-
leivcs a leverc reprimand for the diforderly life (lie has
led, with the moft dreadful threats if (he ever does the
like again. A horrid noife then enfucs, after which her
eyes are uncovered, and (he is dilchaiged by the jan-
naiiin, on promifing to live chafte, and mortifying hcr»
ftif for the remainder of her life. If, however, (lie
(hould relapfe after this, and is again convidled, the
bcllino, with his attendants, go early in the morning
to her houfe, and, making a llrange noife with inltru-
ments adapted for the purpofc, conduit her to the
market-place, where the council again fit, round which
they oblige her to walk three times, that the brother-
hood may have an opportunity of properly feeing her :
thofe who are not of the order inuft not prelunc to ap-
pear i nor even fo much ns to look out from their
houfjs, for fear they fliould be taken away by the jan-
nanin. After the criminal has walked three times round
the market-place, (he is conduced to the wood of belli,
aiid i» never alter heard of, The Negroes in general

think lurh women are carried »way by the belli ; hut
it is moft leal'onable to conjecture that they are put to
death i and indeed fome of the more Icnfiblc part inti-
mate the fame opinion, but aftert, in order to prelervc
their fiiperftiiious notions that it is done to appcafc ibe
liidignatiun of the belli,

SEC T. ir.
Tht Ivory Coast.

Til 1 S coaft receives its name from the great num-
ber of rlephunts teeth purchafcd heic by the Eu-
ropeans, the priiicip.il p.irt ul which are found on tliij
coaft and its vicinity. It is bounded on the eaft by the
(lold Coaft; on the weft, by the Grain, or Pepper
Coaft ; on the north by Negroland ; and on the fo«th
by the Atlantic Ocean. Tlie whole coaft, which ex-
tends from Cape Falinas to Cape Apollonia, is about
250 miles in length, and is cillrd by the natives the
Qiiai]ua Coaft, the word quaqua, in thtir language,
fignilyiiig a tooth.

Cape I'alinas is fituated in four dcg. 27 min. north
latitude, snd in 5 dcg. 55 min. cart longitude. To the
Wsft of this cape are three round hills, and a little far-
ther inland is a grove of palm- trees, which, ftanding
on an elcv.ited ground, is fecn a confiderable diftance at
fca, and was the occafion of this cape being called
Caho das Pnlmas, or, the Palm-tree Cape. Behind the
cape is a bay, where (hips ride fafely at anchor, being
ftielterej from the foutherly winds. About three miles
eaftward of the bay, is a (hoal that appears like a lon;^
mountain ; ai.d oppofite the weltern point of the cap^
is a long range of rocks, even with the furface of the
water, whi'.h reach from fouth-eaft to fouth, about four
miles into the fea. The coaft here, befidcs abounding
with rocks and (hoals, is very muddy, and therefore
dangerous for veffels to pafs along it. The nioft fa-
vourable times of the year are the months of February,
March, and April ; during which the air is very fe-
rene, and the breezes gentle ; but towards the end of
May there arifc violent ftoinis from the fouth and fuuih-
eaft, attended with thunder, lightning, and heavy (howers
of rain, which often continue till the end of January
following.

About five leagues from Cape Palmas is a river called
Cavadel, to the call of which (lands a very high rock :
.ind about 12 le.igues north-eaft of the cape is a town
called Ollcnd, which name it probably received from
the Dutch ; but it is a very infignificant place, not
having any thing about it that merits the lead atten-
tion.

Near the mouth of the river St. Andrew was for-
merly a good town, called Urewin ; but the inhabitants
of St. Andrew having a difpute with thole of Drewin,
went to war with them, and burnt their town to afhes,
making prifoners of all the men, women, and children,
whom they fold to the European fliips then lying at St.
Andrew's.

The town of St. Andrew is very large, and fince the
demolition of Drewin, has become a place of confider-
able trade. It is fituated on a fine river of the fame
name, which difcharges iti'cif into the fea about 25
miles to the north-eaft of Cape Palmas. This river
divides itfcif into two branches, one running north-weft
by \^'eft, and the other eaft fouth-eaft ; at moft times
of the year it is navigable for fmall veftels four leagues
up ; but in the height of the fummer the entrance is lo
interrupted by a bar of fand, that no vcflels can get into
it. The country about it Is eafily diftinguilhed by a
number of land-marks and lofty trees, as alfo fcveral
villages, which are lb clofe together, that the whole are
feen at one view. The foil is exceeding fertile, and
produces great quantities of rice, millet, maize, peas,
and a gre.it variety of fruits. The pafturage is excel-
lent for cattle, of which they have great numbers, par-
tii ularly oxen that are very large, and fold by the natives
for a nieic trifle. The other productions of this place,
as alio the manners and cuftoms of the Inhabitants are the
fanic as iliofe throughout the whole Ivory Coa'^, the
particulars ul which will be hereafter dcfcribed.

To the caft of St, Andrew's river are a number of

ted

three
difcove

arp
flragg
Near 1
landii
and bre
hills ;
fomc
Dutch

manner
&c.

The
fions ot
and thi
by the
whic
lies, th^
of lofty-
product
variety
fruiti>,
Here ar
iiig nu
middle,
alfo gro
bi't the
as food
ilancc !i
cotton
grow w
which,
vantage

AFRICA.]

GUINEA.

3»«

t 1

; belli ; huX
y are put tii
le part iiiti-
to prd'ervc
a appeafe llic

• great num-
c by the Ku-
ound oil tliij
le eaft by the
n, or Ptpptt
on the fotitli
}, which ex-
inia, is about
le natives the
tlr language,

17 min. north
;ude. 1 o the
nil a little far-
hich, llanJing
ible diilance at
e being called
■. Behind the
anchor, being
lut three miles
:ars like » lon;4
nt of the cap^

futface of the
ith, about four
ides abounding
, and therefore

The moft fa-
is of February,
air is very fe-
rds the end of
lUth and fouth-
J heavy fhowers
:nd of January

is a river called
cry high rocic :
ape is a town
received from
ant place, not
the leaft atten-

Jrew was fer-
tile inhabitants
ole of Drewin,
town to alhcs,
, and children,
hen lying at St.

-e, and fince the
ace of confider-
^er of the fame
e fea about 25
as. This river
ning north-wcit
at moft times
iels four leagues
he entrance is lo
i<:ls can get into
ftinguifhed by a
, as alfo fevetal
lat the whole are
ling fertile, and
ct, maize, peas,
lurage is exccl-
it numbers, par-
old by the natives
oils of this place,
ihabitants are the
Ivory Co»<*, the
]c fen bed.
are a number of
ted

red clifFs, which extend many milet along the flmrc,
and are very confpicuous fcveral leagues at fea. Be-
tween the feventh and eighth clift° is a fmall village
called Droniwa I'etri, remarkable only fur two largi:
trees that Hand in the center of it, by which it is dif-
covered at a confiderable diftince.

Farther to the eaft is Cape i.i Hou, or Laho, which
is the moft confiderable place fur trade throughout the
whole coaft, the elephants teeth boing not only the
largcft here, but in the greateft abundance. The town
is extrnfive, running at leaft three miles along the ftjore,
and is viTy populous. The country about it is fertile,
and produces great plenty of moft kinds of provifions,
which are cheaper and much better than thole on the
coaft of St. Andrew. The natives here are very civil,
and eafy to trade with ; but they raifc the price of their
commodities in proportion to the number of fhips they
frr on this part of the coaft, which is reforted to by
different nations, but particularly the Englifti and
Dutch.

About four miles weft of Laho is a large river, whofe
mam chaiiiul runs to that of St, Andrew's; and the
fmaller branch ftrctches a few leagues eaftward up the
'ountry.

Th'ee miles to the eaft of Laho are two villages
nearly togith".'"". one of which is called Jack-la-How,
and the other Corbi-la-How, but the foil about them
is very indifferent. Between thel'c two villages arc fc-
veral fmall rivulets ; and to the weft of the latter,
•bout a league from the fhore, is a track of the lea,
called by the Dutch Kuyl fonder Urondt, but by others,
the Hottomlefs I'it. It received this name from a fup-
pofition that there was no bottom ; fcveral attempts were
at dirterent times made to difcovcr it by the n itivcs but
without fucccls : at length, however, it was effciited by
the Europeans, when the depth appeared to be no more
than 16 fathom.

At the caftern extremity of this coaft is Cape Apol-
Ionia, fituated in four deg, 50 min, north latitude. It
received its name from the Portugucfe, who difcovered
it on the feftival of that faint ; and is remarkable fur its
great height, and the lofty trees that grow on it. The
c.ipe runs out a little to the fouth, and towards the
Ihore the ground is flat, but farther back it rifcs into
three diftindl hills, which, in clear wcither, may be
difcovered 10 leagues at fea. On the top of thefe hills
arr feveral lofty trees, which, though fituated in a
flraggling manner, renders the profpcdt very agreeable.
Near thele hills, on the Ihore, arc three villages, but the
landing is very dangerous on account of the ("welling
and breaking of the fea on the flat ground between the
hills and the ftiore. The villages here are inhabited by
fomc Negro natives, under the government of the
Dutch, who prohibit them trading with any other Eu-
ropeans but theniftlvcs, under very fevere penalties.

Having thus noticed the moft material places that
form that part of Guinea called the Ivory Coaft, we
fhall now take a general \ iew of the country, and dc.
fcribc its various produdlions, with the cuftoms and
manners of the inhabitants, their method of trade,
tie. &c.

The Ivory Coaft is one of the moft delightful divi-
fions of Guinea. The rocky mountains, which are red,
and the conftant verdure of the trees that cover them,
by their various colours, form an agreeable profpcdt,
which is greatly heightened by the beauty of the val-
lics, that contain many villages encompafl'ed with groves
of lofty trees. The foil is in general very fertile, and
produces great quantities of rice, millet, maize, and a
variety of roots and vegetables j alfo feveral forts of
fruits, as melons, oranges, citrons, cocoa-nuts, &c.
Here arc likcwifc walnut-trees of a peculiar kind, bear-
iiig nuts fmaller than ours, which are divided in the
middle, and taftc like the bcft almonds. Sugar canes
alfo grow here very plentifully, and to great perfeiition,
bi't they are not noticed by the natives, and only fcrvc
as food for the elephants, which are in greater abun-
dance here than any other part of Guinea. Indigo and
cotton are alfo fo common to this country, thjt they
grow without cultivation i and they have fome tobacco,
which, if carefully managed, might turn to great ad-
vanc.ige.

C.ttle of moft forts abound here, as oxen, goatst
hu^s, fhecp, tic, A good ox is feldom fold for more
thdii a few dozen of knives, and the inferior ones in
pioportioii.

They have alfo great plenty of poultry, and the
whole coaft abounds with variety of filh. Among the
latter arc freijuently found three remarkable creaturei,
namely, the lea-ox, the zingana, or hammer-hfh, and
the fca-dcvil.

The fea-ox, or horned fifti, is about 1 1 feet in
length from the Inout to the end of the tail. The body
is about five feet in circumference, and of the fame
thicknefjall over. The (kin is hard, rough, and with*
out fciles, but full of unequal points, and marked with
large (puis of various colours. The head is ftiaped
mu(.h like that of a hog, but has a protuberance at the
end, like the trunk of an elephant, by means of which,
like that animal, it leccivcs its food. The eyes are ex-
ceeding large, and (urroundcd with prominent lids com-
pol'ed of hard, coarfe, and rough hairs. On the for*
part of the head are two horns of a bony fubftance ;
they are ftroiig, round, and pointed at the ends, and
arc about 16 inches in length ; they lay ftraight and pa-
lallel to his back, on the upper part of which, near
the (liouldcrs, are two extrcfcenccs, that continue from
thence to within a foot of the tail. That part of the
tjil next the body is very llelhy, and covered with the
lame kind of (kin ; but the extreme part is coinpofed
only of a fin, ftrong and thick, of a brown colour,
ctofled with white rays, or parallel lines. This feems
to fervc as a defence to the filh, who has alfo two fpurs
at the extremity of his belly, each of which is a foot
long, round, boncy, and pointed like his horns. The
gills are large, and lo each of them is a fin, fmall in
proportion to his bulk, but very ftrong. Belidcs thefe,
and a fmaller one beneath his belly between the two
fpurs, he has alio on his back a rifing lump, which
fupports a fin (haped like a fan, about a foot and an
half in diamcfr, and the fame height. The flelh is
white, fat, and in its tafte far from being difagrcrable.

The zingana, or hammer fifh, is a voracious Lioaiure,
and will feed on any thing it meets with, particularly
human flelh : the head of this animal is flat, and ex-
tends itfelf on both lides like a hammer ; at the extre-
mity of each of thefe are placed the eyes, w'lich are
large and I'parkling ; the mouth is formed much hh^ that
of a (hark, and contains two rows of long fhaip teeth i
the body is round, and terminates with a large floping
tail, but it bus no fcales, only a thick (kin with rough
fpols i the fins arc l.rge and ftrong, and greatly alTift
him in feizing his prey, which he always attacks with
the moft I'urprizing cagernefs : the llefh of this creature
is fo coarfe and ill tailed that it is entirely ufclefs.

The fea-devil may rcafonably be fuppofed to have re-
ceived its name from the uglinefs of its furm, of which
it has the pie-emincnce above all other creatures found
in the fcas : it has four eyes, and is about 25 feet in
length, and 18 in breadth ; on each fide of it is an an-
gular fubftance as hard as a horn, and very fharp ; the
tail is very long and taper, and terminates with a
dangerous point ; the back is covered with fmall lumps,
about two inches high, and ftiarp at the ends ; the head
is large, but there is no appearance of any neck, and
the mouth is furnifhed with a great number of Iharp-
pointed teeth ; two of the eyes are near the throat, and
are round and large, but the other two are placed above
them, and much fmaller : on each fide the throat are three
horns of an unequal length, the middlemoft of which
is three feet long, and an inch and a half in diameter,
but they arc flexible, and therefore can do but little
harm : the flefti of this creature is harlh and ill-iafted,
but the Negroes catch them for the fake of the liver,
from which they cxtrad large quantities of oil.

There is another fifh of the fame name that is only
about four feet long, and broad in proportion ; it has a
bunch on its back covered with thorns and prickles like
thofc of a hedge-hog, and the (Itin is hard, rough, and
of a black colour, rifing with fcveral fmall buncher,
between which there are two fmall black eyes : t'-.e
mouth is very wide, and armed with feveral (harp teeth,
two of which are crooked like thofe of a wild boar . ii

, ■ I

112

A NEW COMPLETE S YST E M OF CEOC R A PUT.

i'-'i

iiil

> 1

'1' V

has four l>i)5, and a broad tail fiirkcil at ihc end ; and
over the rvcs are two lliarp hoins th.it heml limMrds thi.-
back. This iiih is alio cxcetdmg Irightlul, and the
flifll III it rs a deadly poilon.

The (^ laqua blacks, or natives of the Ivory CoaJl,
are tall, lufjy, and well feati'n^d ; but at the hrll view
they appear rather In^htliil, wbuli, in all proliHbilit) ,
is the rcaliin that loir.e writeis have dikiihed ihcin as a
fav.ii;c and baibaroiis people; this, however, i;, a ^',real
mi(!.ikc, f'T in y.ncral they are lallonal aiul wcll-be-
havid, and .ire very honell ui their dealings, p.irticularly
with the Kurl>pean^ that vilit thi. coall. When ihcy go
to trade with any ftiip, ihey take fcinie water inl<i their
hji'.d-, and let a lew drups of it l.ill into their eyes;
this is a ki'id of oath, by which they intimate that they
wcMill rather lole their eye-li.^ht than cheat 'hole they
tiaile with. They .ire no lels averle to dtiiiik- iiikIs
than tiaudi and thoiij;h their counirv produces a pro
«li(;ii us nuiiihcr ot palni-ttees, yet thev will ivit dunk
any palm-wme, but only a ceitain lujiior calU.l bur-
iliiii 'i tonibo-» ine, which i^ niiKh weaker, and ren-
ciiied (lill more l^i by being mixed w.th water.

The toninion peaplc Wk»r only a linall piece ol linen
iloth louiul the waill, but the better fort wear a kind
«'f mantle or laige linei) llieet wrapped abjut (hem,
with a Icvmetar or poiiiaid by tl.i ir lidcs. 'J'hey file
their neih viry lliaip, but tluy are in general irpj^ii-
laily pl.iccd, and very cruokcd They arc li'nd ol h .v-
ini; Ion.; naiU, an I t.akc particular piide in ihelin.iih
of their hair, which they plait and tw:f! iiidiliittnt
ti'rins, and grcale it with palm-i il mixed w ah led earth.
V\ iih tli s conipolitioii thvy every iUiy anoint their I o-
Ji.'S, and continually chew betel, the Juice ol which
lliey rub about their mouths and thin . 'i hey orna
niei't their lep^ with a great number ol iion iini','*, and
in iheie conlill their chief dignity, lor the gi..;ier a
man's ipi.lity is the iiioiv rings he we.irs.

The drels ol the women ennfilK only of a piece ol
cloth before, which hangs from the ihoulders to the
knei.', but ti.eir backs ate quite ii.'Led. Thev orna-
n cut their luir with little toy. ol puic gold, which aie
of vaiious forms, and genei.dly vny thin ; but the
Uives of fome ol the ricli Negroes have Inch a ipiantitv
of them on their heaiK, as amount to a (onhderabie
value, I'hefe aie lonieiinu . if great ulc lu their linf
bands, who, when they are dileii.ililed fiom purch.iliiig
goods lor want of cadi, make no hifit.itiun In lliip then
Wives of their ornatiient , and turn them iniu tii luy
for that piitpole.

Their Ungua-r s nitogrthfr unintelligible, and ihey
fpcakhaltily and by (larts. When they meet cai li other
they ule the woid ipiaipu, at the fame time each l.iy-
ing one hand on the oiIki (houlder, and tak 114 hcdd
til the loie finger, pull it till it Inaps, when thiy again.
in a low (oice, icpeat the Wotd t(uai[i.a, which doles
the ialkitalion.

They ate all idnlators ; and though there are (tvrral
ptty printes in dittercnt parts ol the roall, yet the
wh ,le aie lubjtcl to a kint, tailed Socioo, wlmm they
nil only rclpckt but diead. They look upon all their
king' and piielU as loiciter<, but 111 p.utnular the king
cl "SoCioo; and they iiiiagme th.it if he would onli
make ufc ol h.* fetiflies or ciicliaiilmint ., he would ciult
M his emmiis to die.

One ol the lundatncntal laws of this country is that
net) oue IS obliged to toi.tinue all his lite in ih'- ton-
(iition m which he was boriij lo that, fur inllance, oiu
whole father was a fifljtiiuan, laii ncvei become any
thing die but a hflicrman ; and lo uf all ulhcr Irailei and
}rulclIioiis,

In (oiHC parts of the coaft, paiin iil iily at I.aho,
ihrv make a pretty foil ol coltmi llull', (li.pid blue and
V.'hiti, about three qiiarteis bioad, and thicc or luui
tll> long. Thtl'e are much \alucd, and Icll for a [jooti
piite III nioft paits ot Uu'r.vi.

Che NegrtH-j lioin here ..te siryfonil of liade, Iml
they aie canliou- in jioinv; o'l board Kuropean ftiip ,
paitiiulaily ihofe from England Winn they ft .1
trdel oil the lojfl, lley fiill examine il, and if 0\< \
Ihiiik t'lty can deal lately, ihiy cany ihiir goods on
tiMid, lu<.h 11 gold, isui), llattM 01 provillun>. iiuw-

ever, they are alwiys very nilftruftful, and their fe.Ti
are in lome ihgiec julHy loiinded, lincc the Kinopiai.*
have iiepanncd inany ol thcni, whom they li.ive leld lo^
Haves.

They generally go four or five in a canoe, but only 0110
will ;^;o on board firlt, the others lemaining in the canoo
lilt helui; laii-lied tlii.111 ef tli: ir lafetv ; noi cm ll.n ,
on any oicalion wh.t«cver, be ptrfuaded to go down be.
tweeii the dicks. I he moll elli.Olu,d invlhod ol allui-
iiii; llieiii on boaid i«, lor the inaltir, 01 lon.e of hm
oliicii ■■, to take up a bucket of water Ironi the Ka, ^i.iX
with then h.iiids Ipiiiikle loiiie ol it on then lye:. 1 hn,
they imagine, biiiils them like an oath, looking iipua
the lea .IS a deity, or objeCi of lebgious veiiei.ition.

A moduli writer lay;>, ** It is impolIiMe 10 eoiici ivc
what patier.cC is rcipiiitd to tr.ule with moll of tiiclt;
people; and, what is woik, they cannot be undtiUood,
iioi do they iindeiltaiid Kuiopeans ; lo that all is d' lu:
by ligns and i:elluics ot ;lie h.tiids or ling, is, .md by
lelliiig a i|ii.iiuily of jjoods againll (lie teull they olitr
10 uiip lie > I."

Hi luic. the articles of ivory, goU, aiiJ flave.t, the Ne-
groes heie canyon a great trade i.i lali, wliitii ihiy
It'll to ti. L.I neighbour'., who la.iy it l.inlicr into the
iiil.inil touiiiii.s, .iiid diipole ot it (o great advamage,
It beir ; in thole \un< cxeecdiii;; Icarce,

riu inlaii.l parts of tins lo.ilt produce the largeft anil
bell eU'pliaiUs teeth lo be found in the univcile. iMonl',
.\I.iich..is l.iys, *' 'I'he quaniiiy of ivoiy whicli ilnj
eoiititry aliotds IS fo great, thai 10,000 1. worth has lent
lold h ic in one day. The inland country is lo lull of
.le(ih.,;ii> t',.M the inhabitants of hilly parts are obli;itii
:o dig tlieii lioulcs in the haiks of the niounlaiiis, ai.J
to make their doors and windows nanow and low, that
they aietorced to ule all kinds ol artifices to drive iheiii
liom llieir plantain lis, or to lay Uiarcs for them, and
kill thvni. The le.ifoii of ivory being lo pkntiful hen;
Is, becaufe the elephants call tlicir teeth every thieo
years j fo th.t t' .7 find mure loufe teeth in the forclls,
than tliey :iet iVoui thole they kill."

Notwithilaiuliiig the elephants teeth are no lefs plcntl-
lul here at this time than lormeily, yet the blacks have
eonlideiably enhanced the pjiecof them, fo that the ad-
vantages ol that ti.ic'c ate much lellened. Ihi, liow-
evvr, IS iil a great luealuic owing to the trade hating be-
come mo. e gener.il, for the coall is annually yifiied by
piodigiou'. mimbeis ol (hips, i.ot only bdoii|;iiig to the
KnL,lilh, Fiench, and Dutch, but alio to the Danes aui
I'oiluguele.

S K C T. III.
7// lloiii Coast.

WE come now to the third divifion of f luinej, rat-
Kl the (Jold Coall i but lor what rcloii it is In
named wc cannot piciind I 1 f..y, lince theollu r pans of
(Jiiiiiea proJueci .ju.illy as mm h gold, .md .it leaf) .n j-mj
il its quality. 111' inl .mi ei iintiu ',thr(Ki,'hout the whole
10,1) abound with gi. Id mini s, and though the nativea
.lit not arlifls enough In f..llow a vein, yet they Hi\J
.oeit <|ii .nntirs ( f it in f vei jl of tluir niiiic , but they
pieleivt (hem fo lei uie th.t li.ry w.!l not puiiiil any
Euiopc.in I L.hir to lee tl ole liny have .iilcovere I, ur
to fe.iiih I r otiieu. IScliilei their ininc^, thole whi»
liie luai the fea hj\c another nathod of finding goM,
which IS thus; 111 the lainy feafons, alter a wet ni,;hr,
thev go to the liM-flmrr, each h.iving a couple of '. o'vli
or pliilci made ol lalahafhes, the largell ol which they
fill with c.iiih and land, fmh as 1- diovedcwn Ir .m the

iioiintain by th<r \iolence if the iiin into the rivers,
buiokv, iVe. Tlii< thiy walh with 11. any wiiUrs by
olti II 1.11 long the bov«l toui'il, lo that the din which
tilC'. on the firfacc wafties over the brim : if there be
any gold 11 (iiiki t.i the bolic m by reafoii of in weight;
and thii- 111) continue lill ihey hive wafticd all the eattl»
and faiid away, ex< 1 pt a finall i|uaiiiity at the boliom,
whuh tliiy tanlully lake oul ani lav by for .< niinnte
iiilprilli, 11. 'I hey then fill then platter aj un, and wj(h

II till thev iiayi i;ithered to|^ielhi I a loli table (|iiaiiiity of
diig', ..hich I'.ev tariy hoii.r, and ihrn Uirih Wll^
glial diligence. SwtUCtlluo th y find at much ai is

worth

I llicil ful 1

! EUI'(>))U\I.1
I.IVC lolU lui'

L)>it only oih;
In iii( i.iiiuo

Ul I. Ill li.(\ ,
^o doVMl 1). -

ml i>l .illu>-

lUII.C Ot ll.'l

tl.c U.1, .ii.d
i.y^ . I'lin,

Oijl^lli)^ llpulk

in.iCuiii.

L' Ul CUilli ivc

noil of tilde
; umliitlKoJ,
It all i> d' l\r.
ig. li, .ind liy
I ill iliiy olitr

ivc.t, the Kc-
, uliiiii I Ivy
iIkt imo the
it advAn.ai^e,

lie Urjiift ami
villi-. iMonr.
y mIiilIi (liii
mull has 1 (III

y \i to lull i.f
•tb aic ilili.'i;il
:iiiiit,iin.'', ji.d
and lo'A', ih.it

to drive lluill
for thcin, and

plentiful hrrc
li every iKicc

ill the I'orclh,

no Ill's plcnii-
hc blacks ha\o
lu that the ad-
1 hi;, IkiW-
idc hiving be-
lli/ Mlited by
iin:;injj to ihi'
the DaiK^i aui

r (luincj, r;it-
tr.ifuii II !■> Ill
oilii r parts of

.iUM(i.i-,'ooa

houiilif whole
h tin- natU'i

yit thi'y tiiiJ
iiK' , Init they
(it |ii..niit any

lileoviic I, 111
nc«, tliol'e «h.>
f tiiidini; ^'''^t
tcr ;i wit ni,'.h!,
oU|d( (il '. o'vli
I ol which thi-y
down II in the

nto thP i!>ei5,
any v»;.liri l^y

ihc diri whitK

II ; if thitc be

of in wtijjht ;
led all the r.iitl\

ai the bolioni,
t>y tor .1 mimi'e
1.. Ill, aiiil walh
.i|i!e 1)11 inlity of
iin Uirih \»ll^

much ai i»
^k'orlh

AFRICA.] G U I

worth 10 9< foinctimei lefs, and frequently none at

all-

The Gold Coall is bounded on the call by ihc Slave
Coaft ; on the wcU, by the Tooth or Ivory Coall ; on
the north, by Ncgroland } and on the fouth, by the
ocean. It contains eleven dift'erent diliriiSs, namely,
Axim, Anta, Aduni, Jabi, Commany or Commando,
Fctu, Saboe, Fantyn, Acron, Agonna, and Aquamboe.
Thcfc countricicunuiii lome one, two, or more towns
or villages lying on the fea-diorc, either under or be-
tween the European fortl and caltles. However, thcfc
villages are only for the convenience of trade and fifhing,
for the principal towns lie within land, and are very po-
pulous. Seven of ihefedillri^h ate kingdoms governed
by their rcfpei^live kings or captains, the others arc
independent republics, under the direction of their owi.
niagiftraies.

The Gold Coaft being fituatcd within the 5th degree
cf north latitude, the heat is exccflive from October
to March, but in the oihcr lix months it is tolerably tem-
perate. The coaft is veiy unhealthy, owing to thccx-
trcme heat of the day and the loolnels of the nights j
to which may be added the damp fiilphiirous inilU that
irilc every morning from the niountaiiis. 'I'oiiiajob an
alio fie(|iient here, particularly in the months of Apiil,
My and June. Thelc arc violent ftorms of wind
tifmg fiiddcniy Irani the call and foulh-call, and fonii-
limcs from the north, with a few points to tlie.vvclt.
They arc generally atlciulcJ with repeated claps of vio-
lent thunder and dreadful lightning, with piodigioii'.
fhowcrs of rain falling like a Hood, and an uncoiniiuii
ilarkiicf . They fonictiinrs lall an hour, and lunictimci
■ wo or more ; but as foon as they are over the weather
immediatily becomes clear and fine. If they happen in
the fummer fcalun, which is lomctimcs the calc, they
arc not fo violent as in the winter, but they arc more ni-
coinniodious both to l.nid and lea-fating people, being
ufually followed by cold rams, fu heavy and conllant
for lev^ral d.iys together, that they fecni to threaten a
fccoiid deluge.

The Nc^ioes on the coaft (hun rain with the greaicfl
care, thinliin^ it very prejudicial to their bodies j this,
indeed, the Oiitch thenil'clves cxpcrieme, particularly
in the tornado fcafon. Th'; rains that fall then arc ol
(a pernicious a quality, that if a pcrfun Hceps in hit
wet cloalhs he is luie to conlra^^l a dangerous dilcafe
it has been found that cloaths laiil by wet, have in
(hort lime been fu loticn as to fall to pieces with the
molt gciiile touch. The native-, lor ths reafon, avoid
the ram as iniiih as poflible ; uid whin they happen to
be caught III it they cover ih.iir Ihoiilders with then
aim« aciofs to keep it oft' their bodies. They are fo
Icaiful of the coiilequemcsol lain ihai they always Ucep
with their Icct to the liie, and anoint their bodies with
oil, through a |)erfiialiun ih.it the lici|uent im<ition kc.p
the poies Ihnt fo that the rain cannot penetrate ; tor to
thii It i» they attdbutc the caule uf all their difcaiVs.

KulurJ Hi/ltry/iii GtUdajl.

Tlir while road abounds with a variety of trees
fouie lo\«' and others very Uige and lofty i ihueaie
alfo manv beautitui gioves, which fervc to render the
mall -ilty ot the place more iiip.ioitahlr, iiome nl the
tiiTs heie grow naturally m li"h order as to appear as
if placed by ait, whilll othcri iland lu ihick, and exicii'l
their boughs lo wide, as to foim the nioH .igieeable le-
treat i ami theie lun for many miles into the inland pans
of the country, (me of the molt lenuikahlc trees, and
which grows in great abundance all along the coall, is
the papay-lrec, the trunk of which i> Kvcral feet thick,
and computed ol a fpoii|;y wood, or laiher roeit, which
it mod refcmblis ; it u hollow, and may beeafily [lene-
tratcd with an axe. The I'tuii at hr(t i> produced at the
Icipof the trunk without any bran, hes ; but as Ihc Itce
grows older 11 fhixiti out branches towardi the top,
which iclemlilc young Itocki, whereon likcwilu liuil
glows. At the VI Ilex of ihc liiiiik iiul branches ftioot
Mhtr tniall fpiijis alinnlt like ice Is, a little crooked and
hollow, and at tlie extieniity ol thelc fpiigs niow laicc
biMd leatfs, 111 ihCir fltapa ulvmbliii^ ikvie vl tl>c

N E A.

3'f

vine. The fruit is about half the fize of a cocoa-nut, ami
of the Ijinc form : it is green both within andwithout ;
but alter being fome time gathered it turns red, and
abounds with white kernels, which aic the feed from
wticncc the tices arc produced. The fruit in its tadc is
fomcihing like that of a ponipion, but of the two rather
inferior. Some of thcfc trees arc very large, .ind run
up to a confiderable height. They arc of two forts,
male and female ; the males bear no fruit, but arc con-
tinually full of blofl'oms, confifting of a long white
flower : the female alfo bears the fame blolTum, though
not fo long i neither are they fo numerous.

The inland countries on the coaft of Guinea are in
general fertile, and produce fevcral forts of grain, par-
ticularly maize and millet, which grow in great abund-
ance. They have alio fcveial kinds of vegetables and
rexjts, as cabba<.<;cs, beans, wild purll.iin, potatoes and
yams. Thefe laft arc exceeding plcntii'ul, and, next to
rice, of tlie greatcit advantage to the natives ; they
grow under the earth like potatoes, and are about two
I'pan-i long, and as much in circumference. They ftioot
out a long green item, alnioft like that of French beans,
with little prickles, and they run up Iticks pl.iced by
the lidc of them in the lame niinncr, by which the
NiY,ii-is know when they are ripe, and then dig thciii
lip. They are quite white within, and when Iv i'rd or
roalled, eatcxcceding well, andareuled infte.idol bread,
not only by the natives, but many of the lMiio,scans>
The taltejs much like that uf earth nuts, though not
quite fo fweet, but they are drier and much more fub-
ll.intial.

I'alm-trces grow here in abundance, and arc of in-
tinilc fervice to the native*, not only from the wine that
flows from the trunk, hut the oil which they c.\ti.iiit fronj
their nuts. Theyluve alfo plenty of various ici ds of
Iriiiis, as plumbs, pt-ais, or.nges, citrons, cocoa-nuts,
and li:;> ; to which may be added, anan.is, water- me-
lons, and the kormantin apple. The laft Iruit is more
peculi.ir to this country than any other ; it i^ ,<b out the
iiie if a walnut, and has a green hufk ; but the outer
rin I IS of a ycllowifti calt, foniewhat inclining to red.
In the core aic four large flat kernels fcp. rated by the
pulp, which is red and white, of a Iwectifh tart talie, but
moll im lining to the latter. It is a vcrv agree.ible and
rcfiiftiing truit, and of inhnilc fervue In thofe uii"...' 'd
with the bloody-flux ; l>ir it is veiy allnngcnt, and
when boiled with wine and liigar, is nut only nioie iili;-
lul, bu( moic plealant than tamirimls.

The tame animals of this country are, bulls, oxen,
cows, fticep, goats, and hogs ; hut the pallmc is lo 111-
dirteient, that they are in general ex, ceding poor and
linall : the cows yield very little milk, and one of the
hell, when full grown, is lo light, th.it it will not
wei^'li above 250 lb. The fticep arc not above h.df
the lite of thole of Kurope j but inllcad of woid, thiir
bodies aic covered with long ft>.>ggy hair. The goats
aic very plentiful, but I'mall in proportion to thoic of

icry lat ,
ic mcep,

greatly preferred 10 that of the (hcep, The lipgs are
alfo exceeding numerous, but their flcfh is very indif-
Iciciit, and what little fat they have turns all la

oil.

Their chief domcftic animals are dogs and cats. The
Negroes frequently cat the former, and arc very fond of
them, inliimnch that they will nut only give a (hecp for
one ol them, but alio loinething to boot. They prefer
doj.'s flcHi loany other, and conlider it in thcf.mcli^ht
as the Kuropcans do vcnifon. The dogs here are much
like u'li luxes, and have loii)^, upi ,;ht c.irs : th-.n laili
are long, but ta'icr, and are without hair) 'he (kin is
alio naked i and they never ba' . but only howl. I'hey
are very difagrecibic to the fij^/ but much more fo t,i the
touch. The blacks call tlicni 'o/tik^ it/i;(/}, wlmhiii
the ruiluaucic lignilies a wuu ^lal ; and fo iiniverra'ly
arcihcy admired 11, this country, thai in fome place? ihcy
breed them lur fale, and carry them to the maikcts,
where they letch a much better piice than the fticep.

Cats arc alio gicatly cllccmed by the Ncgturs, but they

do not eat them, uulcfv out of neccflity. It they are

l(oud inuulen, they value them much, at tlicy are i>ro-

digigufly pcllertU with various buXi uf vtfmin. 1 hr

4 K

,1 i,

.]i^

\i-^< : '

•\ :i'

,.f '^

'il

at^«

lit

kin

rJI

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

< ,

are in general very handfomc, and are called by the
natives Ambaio.

The wild beads, both on the coall, and in the inland
partt, are of viiiiiiu.N lorii. Among thefc none are more
diftinguidied than the elephants ; foi though in other
parti thcfe animals are reiulereJ docile and ufful, yet
here they arc never tamed, liut notwithftanJing this,
they feldom hurt any one, nor is it an ea(y matii r in pro-
voke them. Mr. liolnian, in his defcription uf Guinea,
relates the following (lory of one of ihefe animals:
•' In Dtccnihcr, 17CO, at fix in the mormng, an ele-
phant c.ime to F.l Miiia, walking cjfily along the (horc
under the hill of Si. J-igo. Some Negioes were (o bold .is
logo to liim without any thing in ihiir hands ; he fuf-
fered them to cneomp.fs him, and went quietly along
with them under mount St. Jago, where i lie ol our
officers (hot him above the eye : but this, and the fullow-
ing (hot, which Ionic Nij^rocs now poured on him,
did not cvm nuke h m mend hit piee, and he only
fremed beiwecn whiles to ihtealen the Negroes, by
pricking up Ins ears, which were of a pr digious fizc.
He, however, went on, and loon cntirid our garden.
This drew the director gcner.il .iiul myfell thither,
and we weic fuon followed by foine of oui people. He
had broke down f ur orfnc cocoa-trees, and in our pre-
fcnic he broke down five or fix nu re j whin flu-
ftrength !.i fceii.cd tu i.fe 111 breaking down a trie might
be filly compared to the force exerted hy a man in kn' ek-
ing down a child of thr e or foui vcuis of a^e. While
he ftood hfrc aboie an hundred Ihot wire fired at hini,
which made hni bleed as il an ox had been ki'hd. Hut
this d d net make hiin llir, h.- only let up his cats, and
niaJe the mm apptehend that he would follow them. At
leiigih a N< g'o goinj; iufily behii.d Inm, wanlonlv got
hold of hi^ ij I, and was g"iiig to cut offa piece of it ;
but the elipli.iiit gi> ing the Negro a blow with his trunk,
and drawing him to Inm, trid upon him two or Ihne
time;, and, as if lh.it was not fuffieient, gored two
holes 111 his body with his trrth, large enough for a
man's double til) 10 enter. He then let him lie, and
even (!• od Kill wh le two Negrois vcnturid to feich
away the bodv, without oftumg to hurt them. At
length ihe elephant, after he had been abnit an hour
in the ga'dcn, wheeled about as if he inicnded to f.ill on
Lf, on which we all flew to the fore do<jr, in o'dcr to
make our vKapej but he followi.d none ol us, but
going to the back door thiew it 10 a great dirtan.e ; then
turning iioni it, walked through the garden hedge, and
(irocttding lloA ly to ihe mer by mount St. Jago, bathed
himlelf. llav iiig ihul retriiiicd hiinfelf a little, became
out of the river, and Oood undir Ionic trees by fnmc of
ojr watrr-tiib<, where he all'.^ cooled hinifilf, and then
b'okc the till s III p eces, as he did alio a raMie that lay
by l.jin. llir h.in^ was here renewed, till the elephant
at . k fell ( after which they cut oH" his trunk, which
was J haid and tough, thai it coH the Negioci thirty
flrok ■ ' tore tl.cy could feparalc it, whirl) mult have
been '. 'ry pamlul to the ile|hinl, Tince it nude Inm
roar, which was the only noile I heard him make. He
wis no fouiirr dead, than the Negroes lell on him in
crowds, each cutting oft' .is niuih as he could, fo that
he furnilhtd great nuniberi with food, [hofe who pii'-
tcnded to unileillaiiJ elephant-fhnding, afterwards tuld
US, that we ought to htve (hot iron bullet indre.l,
ours V'crc not only of lead, but loo fm.ill, and there-
fore mof( of them had rrboundcJ fioni his hide, and
very lew penitiatfd hii fkull,"

The elepiianii here are (o niimeroiK, that they are
verv prejudicial to ihc fruit trees, efpecially to the orange,
hanant, and tie. trees j il.e two Lliei of whuh the, to.
tally i.cllroy, for they not only cat Ihc fruit, hut alto
Ihe iL'in.

Tygir* ':; jirii very plcitiful all over the roart, and
■re exceeding dangerous, fome of them beinji not only
large, but of the moft ferorioiii nature, fatkalls are
alfo very numerous, and liiile leli hcrce and ravenous
thai the tygfis. They are ulually about the fize ol u
Pierp, but have longer legs, which are thick in propor-
tion lu ihiir bodiii. They arc very (♦rong, and ihcir
h)ir IS thoft and ()><MteH i thetr head ii flat and Lrjad,
•ltd their tctth cxccrding iharp.
.1

There arc alfo fome wild boars, but they are nn\
fo rapiicious as in moft other countries, and their flejh
is exceeding good.

Apes and inonkics ab)undhcre, and ire of various
f rts. Some of thcfe .ire called by the Dutch, be.njj.,]
moiikies, fioiii th.cir having long white bcirds ■ the
hair on their backs are of alight biovn, that on ilii;
belly white, and the nlf of the body is covered witli
fpots, 1 here aie . thcrs called vshite-noles, from ilijt
pan of them only being of a white ccdoiir. Theie.m;.
mals, though ol various fits, aie all very cunnin-
and ready to iniila'.c w!ut they fee. They are lond „|
their yiHiii , al^^•ays in ailtion, and gtcatly rilcnible ini;
hum. n form ^ fo thai the Nej;toes c.ill them cu.!ed men
and fay ihey could fpeak if they would. '1 liey are jn
general great th eves, and fliow a remarkable liiblilty m
what thiy Ileal, particularly millet, of whiv.h .Moiil.
Haibot has given us the following relation : " They
take, fays he, one or two (hlks in each paw, as much
under tlieir aniu, two or three in their rr.oiiths ; ami
thus laden th-y march away, c( ritinually le.iping en
iheif hind legs- but if purlued ihcy hold what they
ha\e in their mouth, and let Ihe rel! drop to hp at llbcriv
to run. Every H.ilk they pluck is i.ic lycvamined, and
if they do not like it, they throw i; away, and pu'l
iinother; fo that tins daintinefs occ..;iuns more dani» r
thin thiii thieveiv."

One of the molt rem.irkabic if thcR fj-.ccics is called
by the natives Hog o, and by the Europeans, Mandril :
it IS dft'eient ti all o!h r-, and c ■n.s mucli ncir.r
to the human fli..ic. I he body, when l„ll j;row;i, i^
as large as that ot a irr.n ; tl'.eir legs aie much (h„itcr,
but Ihiir fcl kn-cr, and their a'nis ,.nd haiuU aic m
proportion, Thj h.ad is (ery larg-, aiidth? f.:ccb:i:;J
iind flat, withoit any other haiT than ihc ey.-biows.
The nole is \eiy fmall, the lips thin, and the mouth
wide. The f.ici i.> wrinkled as if wi:h old are, and the
terth are bioal .^iid yellow. The hands ,i"nd feet , ire
white and fnmoth, but all the till of the bo.ly is
coven d with Inn- liar. Thiy alw.'ys walk rrci;t, ar.i
when \ix^-d or tc.ived cry liki childicn. While Mr.
Smith wAi at Sh.il lo he receive 1 ,1 pre cm of one of ihdc
animals. It was a Ihc cub but fix months old, yet larger
than a baboon. He gave it in charge to a Nc^ro flavr,
who knew hovsr to lied and nuifc 11 ; but whe:iever I-
left tlic deck, the fdlnts began to tca/e it ; lome Invci
to hear it cry, others haled its fnoitv n'd'e. One of th.ni
hurt if, for which bei ,; chei kcj by the Negro (lave, the
lornier told him I e vv.i, very fond ol hi« countiy woman,
and .ifl.id him " il Ik- (houlJ not like hir l.u a wife?"
To which the Negio readily replied, " No this, no my
wife J ih's white vman, this fit wi'e f.>r you." Mr.
Smiih fuppofed .1.1 tlii< u'. lucky wit of th.-Ne-in
haftenrd the death if ihe bead, for the next moiiiini; it
was found rie:d un 'er the windlafs.

Hefide the wiM liralls of .1 voracious natite, tbc!-
are others n;ucli nil Itr, as bans, antelopes and h.irr..
Ihe lorm r ol theic arc ol vaiiou* furs, loine 01 thini
being as large as eow«, others n"t bi^'jirr than fnerp,
and tome run fo li-.ull as cals. They aic in genei»l i.f
a ted colour, with .i black (liip»on tliebark, an I loinr
of them are biauii»u!Iy (1 eaktd with svhite. Thiy ate
all pond 10 cat, and ihv flelh ik pailivulaily admiicd by
the Dull h

Here .ire alfo feseral forti of vs ild eats, fomr of which
are Ip .tied like lypei«,and ate very fierce and mifchievous
Anumg ihfe it the civettat. Called by the Negrof.
kankaii, and by the I'ortiigi elr, gains de a'g«lia.
They aic about Ihe fire of a lox, but longer lejimd ,
and the tail is muth like thit il a lommon rat, ixcrp;
being hn>'»r n pioporiiin to the body, Ihiirhiiri.
grey, and full 1 f black Ipou ; Mv le who kiep iliernlur
the lakeot the fnulk |;«ncrally Iced ihrm with tjwfl (h,
or entrails, ut ihey yicd iitm h 111 r. from ih..l than a
diier (immI, When liiinrrv tii«y are sery ravfnt.u , and
will even koaw throi,;h ihe w.io.l of thiif c.i>r. I lic»
are very cleanly, ami always toll and inmMe on ihnr
food btfiire the) rat il. I livlr wl o kicp Ihrm ;i-niially
sex and te.sae thrtti b'firr they tiVe in: Ihe niulk fioii

the b«n , Ijr the n- ihe animal i« cnriTd pi viog^ 1 1

this •iieration^ the bt'.ttr will be tl.o iiv'et, 1 ht U,.

WllU.I

ate:
th.-
I : •
IMid a
winch
»'f m i
^eg,,

i'l

ie. '.'
l-re,
r.iUin
and 1^1

ihi
ainjiiii
but It
toil. .
great
t nj.»th
anil ill
then
that it
their c

Th
gen-,

AFRICA.]

GUINEA.

3'i

they are nnk
and their flclh

irc of variouj
utch, bended
: bcarJs ; ilie
n, that on tlin

covered w:th
fcs, from tlut
Thelcmi-
vcry cuiuiiii •,
cy .irr loud ,it
y riliir.blL- tin;
111 cu. !'.d men,

Tliey ai," iii
il)lc fiiblilty III

whii-h Monl.
lion : " 'I'hiy
paw, as mikli
r ii.ouths ; and
ally le.iping i.ii
hold vshat thty
I to be at liboriv
ey:imined, ami
aw.iy, 3mJ (u.'i
IS more i!jn.„ r

fpccics is called
cans. Mandril ■
s nv.icli ncn-. ;
I f,.il j;row:i, i.
e nuKh (1i i:or,
nd I'.aiuls .11. ,11
d lb? I.:tc b:i li
the ty. -blows,
and tlic iruuth
kI.1 are, and the
m!-. .Hid tiet .iic
of the bo.ly ii
walk rrc,:t, a;'i
n. While Mr.
ni of one of tbdc
hs old, yet larger
o a Nej.ro Have,
liut whenever T
: it : lomc lo\(i
fe. One of th.m
Neyro n.ne, the
coiintiy woman,
htr fill a Wife >"
No this, no my
fir vuu." Ml.
It ot th.r Ne^i»
next motiiin^ it

in nature, the:f
riopes and h .rr..
(ome oi thmi
:j;er ihan fneep,
jic III geiieial i.f
b.iek, and Ion-.?
*hite. Thiyatc
lUily adiniiej hy

, f.imf of whiili

•111 I mifchicvou".

I by the Negrof.

iin.| de aigd'i.

il longer leii^ed ,

nmiiii rat, ixcrp;

y. I h<ir bur ii

hii kirp ibeni foi

III with law fl (h,

fiiini lb <l ihan a

iry liivtiH.u , «nJ

bur ri^r 1 hc)»

I tnmlde on ib'ir

ip Ibrin j-iiiMlljf

ii: Ibe niiilk fioii

ntijed 1 1 Mou • >

(.iv«t. 1 h« l^ti

Wbli.il

tthic'i contains the civet is in ih; middle betwixt the ,
anus .Hid the pudendum, both iii the male .iiid female ; .
but It 1.1 much larger in the male. The liquor of which ■
the civet confills appear^ to be excreted from ceitain
gliiiids, that lie between the coat< th it compolj the bag,
from which the civet is taken. The tivn i'. v.iliicd as a
great perfume, but it is not of any ufe in nieditme.

Here .ire alfo fume porcupine?, whii h are in general
about two feet in height, and their teetii .ire icmailc.ibly
(harp. They are very danng, infomiiLh that they will ;
venture to attack the largell and mull uaivjcrous liukts. '
When irritated ihcy fliOi t their quills at tbeeiKiiiy, and :
with fuch violence thatthey afterw.irds pii)\r fatal. The ;'
Ni-grocs eat tlieiu, and look upon tluit llelh as a great '[
delicacy. Thtir quills aic fiom cij;lit to tin inches jj
Ion;;, and pointed at b ith ends j tiny are of a horny j
fulilfincc, and in tluii colour mui:!i rcfeinble toitoife-

ilKll.

Uefides thofc already mcnt ion-d, there arc feveral
fcther aiiiiiiaU in thispait of tlic toa.'l i ' Omnia, ind
among the lelV, tli.it leniaikable one, ealltd by ihe oa- '
tues potto, but more g. ner My l:no«n by the luriic of
the (loth, and i.i lai I to le tlie moll u;iy cre.itute in the
uiiiveile. This animal is fo T.iw in its n.olion that it
cannot travel ab ve twinty yarj> m a day. The i.ead is •
fliaii^ily difpioportiriicd, and ihe fore-f-et ;;r.at'y re- 1
fciiible hands. I'he haii i f the louni; ones is of a pale !
iiioufe-ei'l"ur, hut that ol thi- old isicl, a;,d 'links mole
like Wf. I than hair. 'I Ik b male, when bi(', with y-jutig,
tlimbs '.Ik- trunk of (mw: old tree, in which there is an i
hollov/, iLimfiiiiie .;,ridi nt.il dei.a;.', at a dilt,.nct lioin
Ihe gro ind. Here Ihe depofit-, her young, whiili are
periei.-:!ly tA'o in nuiiibet ; durin; tiie ihic (lie fuckles
her )oiing flic coii;ir.ucs in the Liiue hole, and tl.oiijjh
that per od is very (lioit, bclore it is expned file becomes ,
all. .olt emaciated. Wheiitiu y ung areallc lo crawl afiei
h.T, Ihe lea Is th-m to tiu ii ireit branches ot ih.- tree, ]
where ihey dev>ui tlie le iu> tin! of one and tlun another.
^Vhe I the 'lee is quite lliippid they are obliged to leik
a i.ew pl.ice ol ..bode: tlie jou.iiev, however, to the
next tree takes up no lir.ill time i"i peifmiiiing ; and
tho'i:'h the iieatuiu is lit and in );<id eoiuliiion at the ,
tiiv.e lie leaves his loiiner li.biiatioii, )e'. btloie he ha-.
lealud bis r.cw one he I cci nus .s pmir and lean as
pilliic; and it the triei. liijth, or ;.t any ilill iiur, and
he iiiceli with nolhini; on hi. jouiiiey, he imvitably
I...1 vv.t'i hung' r. Wnile it !> Jun Huvellin^ flowly
ni the |;r<>un.l, any bell may kdl and d.'vonr it, for
It IS ciiiircly dcr.iKvlefj, and when altaikeil only makes |
a n< lie like the e )iiij ol a kitlin. 'Ihe i har.iclorilliis i
if this aninul a e, its ll'W pair, .md its liav.ni; the i
(>.■• fe.'t I n^er than tliulc biliiiil, Willi time claws on i
ei- h Int.

In ihe wondi is anothei foiit-footeJ arinial, called by '! ga'-e the feipe.it', and kill ilicm.
I'le Ne^fO.'* l^io^:e'u. il i» alnioil tight fcit l.m^', m- |j Ih Icoipions are in gener.l about thne inches in
I'lilinot •'•I .il, and is covcud fioin ilie .'ck lo the p length j they have lour 'egs on each (idr, behd s two
ci-.d 111 ihe body with levies leic iib!ing:'ie ' airs id an 'claws aimid -.v.ili Imppcis, between which i> the head.
»-t,Clioik. '''■ ire pi ic.d very rl.ife together, and feeurc I riic body lonfilh ol ii.iu; joints, and the tail id fix,

the • -cjtuis. thi! uitaiksof itsciKiii.ei, paiiicul.idy ' ^ nhich has a hooked weapon al the tn 1. There are

«". tyi^frl ; 1,' l.op.iri-. who lic.juiiilly purlue him, [ fome on this coall as b.g as Iniall lobllcis, and h.ive (he
mid a> he il o: i i) Iwili, ihi y fi.oii ir. (it,.l.e him i on , lanit fi.rt of i laws and le i ; bi.l then bodies .in cmeicj
wliich Jti. ''It ihe ,iiiiin.il h lis hniilili up in hit nal
ft nijil, !■ 'len h'> eiuiiiies daic not ati.iek h.m. The,
^r^ll.. knock them in Ir.- head, fell ilieii iknii to the
I'l: , MOs, iiid rat till ' 'c(h, which lluy l.'.y n ex-

' mallards, pheafants and partridges ; bcfides which they
have peacocks, fieldfares, cranes, ring-doves, &c. There
ate alfo great numbers of parrots, paroquets, eagles,
kites, green-birds, and feveral otheis peculiar to this
country.

The mod common aic the cocks and hens, which arc
exceeding plentiful all over the coaft ; in fome parts they
arc very lat and ^ood, but in general ihey arc fo dry
and lean, that few people chufe to eat ihem. The bell
birds heie for ufe are the wild ducks, which are very
pleniiful, and little iiiferio. to thofe of Europe. There
aie alfo various kinds of Imall bird-, fome of which arc
exceeding beautiful ; amoni; thel'e there is one that has
ihib rcm.ukiib'e'.ircumH.incc attending it, tliat whenever
it moult-, it changes its cdoiii ; fo that thofe which arc
blatk this year, h come biue or red the next ; they will
be yellow the followin;; year, and afterwards green ;
but they never vary from theli; hve colours, which are
alwavs very blight, and ntvcr mix-d.

The Clown bird is alfo found on this coail, and is
nil re beautiful than thofe in other parts of Guinea.
Ihey are about the fizc of a llork, and receive their
II line iVt.m a lari^e loft that grows on their heads, fome
of which arc led, others blue, and fome of a (hining
gold. Their bodiis arc chiefly covered with black fea-
thers ; the file.-, of their heads aie beautified with pur-
pic fpots, and the feaihcis of their wings and tails arc of
dirtiient lolours, as red, yellow, white and black.
Ihcir tal^ are xeiyloiig, and the Negroes pluck the
feathc.s to ornament their bea Is.

The Gold Co.ilt abound, with reptiles and infeil-, as
fiiakcs, loads, frogs, fcorpions, cod -roaches, locufts,
iiiillipeJcs, caterpillars, gnats, fpiders, beetles, bees,
■ nil ants. Lr/ards are alio txceedirrg numerous, and
iheic are many ciocodiles, ai.d Ionic camelions.

The fi.ak. , not only inkll the woods, but alio t'e
houles of the Neguic, and even the European li rts
.ind ftttlemeiits. .Moll of tbeiti arc very large and ve-
nomous J but there is one ot a peculiar nature, and fo
inofiinfive that it will neiiber hurt man oi bealf. Jt ii
c.illed the hiiin-liiake, from a horn, or laiher to.ith,
th.it rilis fiom t!ie upper jaw, ; n I p ojeots through the
n->fc. It i-, abi ut hve feet :n Uii.th, vaiicgittd with
black, bri wn, yellow, and wh te llreak^ very .ij;ieciibly
mixed. The h.aJ 's broad and flat, and the horn is
svhite, haid, and (h.iip-poiiite I. The Negroes often
tread upon ill' m, lor thy loinetimcs fo fatiate them-
Iclvs will Imil, tlat tliev deep in a fl.itc of abfolute
inlei'fibibtt , and the gicatilt nolle will not wake them.
Th Nci'iots eat them, .'iid ihiiik their flcfti a delicious
rCH.i(». '

I The toai's here arc remarkably large, and fome of
ihcm fi> ftrong and leneinoiii, that they frequently en-

te. 'I'l^ vhile I'd p. I.iiablo. It o .i very ir.olfil.fivc cira-
("re, anil will not hint any ilnii ; : it lives on pilinire*,
c.iiJnn,', ihtiii Willi Us luii^',iie, whu.ll i> (XttciiKly lung
and i;Iiitinous,

riieir is anollier animal iiV.i the I'inno ; it is an
ainiih''i:ous cicatuie, .ml gre.illv tclemhhs a ctorodile)
lilt II li vciy iiioli'cii i.e, nut huitiiig an. ilnng except
tock^ 'iiJ hens, .nong wliu h it foil f t itics makri
iire.il (liugbier. 'I'liii aniin.d ii ab'Ut f-ur fc.t in
Ln^'^lh. the bo.lv i» blai k pe. kled, Ihe rvn are round
and ill irp, an I the (km Miy tender. Th- Nento*' eat
ih'ii ll.'li, a. do all. I the Lu ,ii am, and ihey all Sf.rce

I all over \silli I. rig bluk hiir. All of ihein haie a
finall bladder lull ol |'oiliiii at the end of their tails,
which they diUi.irge cihe. at man or bead, and the
vciinni pioduies leitaiii deiih.
I The lock-roach is of ■,< dak brown colour, and iti
i Ihipe fomev*hai like a beetl.'. Ihey arc in gencial about
I iwn inches lon^', and ate faid to be mortal enemies to
I bupi.

1 The locufls here arc very numerous, and foretimes
' mike gieat delhu^li. 'II among the coin and vcgetahlei.
This infciit is ;ibout five inches lon^-, and ahout the
thickncfs of a man'- little linjcr ) il h.is n cnwl over
the neck, and a pyramidal he.id, I'om whence there
piocetdt two fiiiall hoins or ferdem, almoll an itch
, long ( the eies are piomineni, and of a daik red co-
I lour ; the bodv i; oblong, and of a hlcmdy purple co-

ihat it II exceeding i'o d, and lai prdciable to that of ,: loui ( and Ihe tail is foikcd like a (wallow's. It h;:s

four .ifhroluuii il wings marked with dufky (pots : th«

li.Is of cick« and hens, IJ fote feet and ilniji^ aic very lleruhr, but th'* hinder otiej

je:i-, ducki.'tutkici, and I'^'im: th« wild lort aif, ' irclong uid iliuk, and maiiicJ with tranivci.'^c Hrcaki

their C'lcki and he

Ih- la'iir poulliy h' re

,l»

1 j.

It*

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CEOGRAIMir.

I' -r

,!■

b( a blackifh colour. Bcfiilcs the fort already defcribcii,
there are other fpccies of this infciit, lome ot which arc
not abov three inches in length ; thcfe arc of the cowled
or hoojid Wind ) the upper winj-s arc of a light grcm
Aicakcd, and the lower ones hndy chcqucicd with
blown and fcarlct.

The millepedes, or hog-lice, are very numerous, and
thouj;h choir fting is not fo dsrigcroui as that of the
ftorpions, yet it occsfions u very iharp pain for fonic
time, They arc flat and red, interftclcd like other
worms, and have two fii.all horns or rlawj with which
they ftrikc. Tlicir feet arc 40 in number, vi?. 20 on
each fide ; from whence they arc called by the I'ortu-
Jjiicfe and Engl Ih, forty-legs.

AnioMd; the infccti here, the moft remarkable are the
ants. Thefc are of various forts and colours ; fomc are
white, others black, and fon ; red. The white arc as
tranfparcnt as glal~, and bite very forcibly ; but the red
are the worft, ihcir fting being inflammatory, and the

in the cen!cr of the body j and tlic inoulli ir. of 3 middle
lize, haviiij^ Imall fltarp teeth in the jaw;, pilaic, and
tongue. 1 he eyes are larac, the Iciles exeecdinp
Imall, .inJ the colour of a Mucilli grieii. 'I'hey gitaily
refoit ibojt (hips, and are ellceja \l ihefwifieil lifli that
fwinis. 1 lie liver, dried and pulvenzcd, il taken in
wine, is a cure lor the dylentcry.

The bonito is about tliiee Icet in length, and two in
circumference, it his a (haip head, a iniall nioiuli,
l.irgc gills, full ey> : . and a tail like a half miion. It
has not a.iy IcaUs, except on the middle of the lidcs,
where there is a line ol gold colour, that runs from the
head to the tail. On ths line is placed a double row ul
fcales, which arc fmooth two-thiiJs of the length, but
begin to grow rough near the tail. 1 he back and fi.lcs
are of a grecnifh colour, but the belly is white, and
fhines like lilver. It his lovcn fins, two on the back,
two at tiic gills, two on the belly joint below the gills,
and one in the center of the beilv, opprifiic to the largitk

pain it produces of much longer Continuance than that |i on the b.ck. From the lalf on the back proceeds

„r -u n: i 'i-i i l_ ._ n ■_ .i._.r •_!- , r.....ll .. -u .- i ...l.. ■! i . .»

of the millipedes. They make their neftj in the field',
and geiur.illy raifethem ac Icaft 10 fcit from the ground ;
hut fume build them in high trees, fioni whence ihey
Hy in fuch Iwarnis to the European fettlenicn;:. as to
become exceeding troiiblefome to the inhabitants. Fhc)
are very rapacious, ami will fomctimcs .ttaek a living
fl -.'Cp, which, in a night's time, they vn ill reduce to .1
jcrfeil (keletoii, leaving not the lead thing except the
bones. Fowls and chickens frequently Ihare the fame
f.itc, an 1 even rats, though fucli acLve animals, arc I'.ot
able to elcipe. As loon as one nt theic animals 1 .it-
t.icked by tne ants, his dellru.liun is at ham', foi they
gather in fuch prodigious nunibcis, that they liKjn ovet-
j'liwcr him , nor will they ijiiu him, till thiy are fuffi-
iiently formidable to carry hiin olf to lome eonvenient
place, when they immediately fall to wu<lc, and in a
Ihort time reduce it to a mere fkclclon. A late writer
f.i\!, " If ihel'e little .inimals have not a langu.ige, (as
many believe they have) yet they have tertainly fomc
method of communicating their thoughts, as 1 expe-
rieiuid in the lollowmg manner: when I fav/ two or
three ftrag{i,ling ants on the hunt, 1 would kill a cock-
loach, and throw it in their w: y. As foon as they
found what it was, they fcnt away lur help, while the
others liaid and watched the dead body, till their com-
rade returned at the head of a large poil'e ; who, if they
found ihcmlLlvcs too few to carry otF the prize, detach-
ed a lecond mcllenger for a reinforcemei^t."

The gnats aic another pligue on this cciff, efpc-
(lally near woods and marfhy grounds : they itnig very
Iharp, .ind railc prodigious iwellings, attended with
Muknt pain : they are moll troublefome in the night,
and Irequently oblige the inhabitanls to dclctt Ihcir ha-
bitation].

The lea and rivers on the Gold Coaft produce great
quantities of various kinds of iifh. Thofc of the for-
mer are, dor.idos, bonitas, cod, I'liiny, ihorn-b.ick'',
the flyin^-filh, and leveral other > , the moll diltinguilhed
of which we (hall particularly notice. There arc alio
liibllers, crabs, prawns, ftirimps, and mufdes. The
piincipal Itelh water fiih are of three fotis ; the full ol
which 11 called carmon, and i> a white hfli about two
ket lopj' i but they are very fat and oily, olhrrwife
their flclTi Would be exceeding delicious. The lecond is
the mullet, which diAeis ''roin the lormer onlv 111 id
lii^e, and not hiving Id thiik a ht-ad, and the flefl) is of
much the fame ipiality, The thiid fort is called lla-
(avia, the Urgell of which are tolerably good, but th( y
are apt to talle inujily thry arc about a loot in length,
and very propoiiiunahly fttaprd. There ate alfo lome
plaice, and floiin Icrs ato exceeding plentiful, but thry
ililFer greatly in their (hapc from Ihulc of E> jpt, nei>
thcr ate they f' cod.

The bell ti'h -i' f><" caught in the fea Is the H; ado,
the flefli of u .'.A Is exceeding delicate, aixJ in taftc
loinewhat refcnblri that of a rilmon. Thry

ttUy abut
cicK on t

he held, wnirh Joins to a lar

are p'ne-
a li
e All that runs

ibuut four or five feet lung, and have a fort uf
rh joins to a large f
to the extremity of .he tail ; there t> alfo another that
is (hoiteri and runs only from the vent to the tail.
The belly fini icach almull to the vcni, which ii placed

finall narrow one, that reaches to the tail, and another
that extends from the l.ill on the belly to the tail in like
manner. It is a gouj filh, but inleiior in quality to the
dorado. 'I'hc lailors catch them with a hook baited
with a white rag, which they lii.ip at witli great eager-
iiels. 'ihey arc caught in places where the fea is
loughell, uiid, like the duiado, love to Iwiin about
Ihip:.

The albicore is fomcwhat li!;e the bonitn, but llie
flelh IS much drier, and not fo well talUd. They arc in
general about fix lert in Uni'tb, ;mi I have yel'Wifli
eyti, wiihaf'ik.d till. I'hc to'turn rf the bellv is
blue, inclining tc green ; and near the tail, on tin. un-
der part, are leveral fhort fiiis. 'I'he lk:n u fmooth and
white, and they have but one bone, which extends
through the body : the lins aic of a ycllowifh colour,
and the filh, when in the water, appears exceeding
beautiful.

'i'he moon-fi(h is about two feet long, one broad,
and near two inches thick. It is a flat hlh, and would
be almoll oval, were it .lot for its tail, which is large
and hollowid. 'i he mouth is Imall, and contains two
rows of teeth ; over it is a little tiling, which appears
like a note with nolliils, and ilic part above that lu<iks
like a forehead, with laige wrinkles. The eyes arc
round, and very red : i: ha. only two lins, but they are
large, and placed at the fulcs ol the gilU, with two
brililcs, one about the middle ol the bn », andenlmj^
at the tail, and the other runilinL' m the la 1 e direcbon
beneath the belly. llic flelh is white, tiim, and well-
tailed ; and is particularly adniiicd by the Europeans,

'i'he iiorn-dlh, or, as fomc call it, the cat-lilh, il
alio much elKeme.l, and the flcfh irckonel very wliole-
fo lie. it leciued the fiiA n.tme from hiving an horn
on the tup I I Its hi ad, or begionini; <'f the back : it ij
about a loot long, with a very lari;e head, and Imall
mouth: the bat k is bluciib, the belly white, and the
tins and t.<il \ellow.

'I'he king filh, when in feafon, is reckoned one of
the bell on the roaft, 'I'liev are in general about fi\i:
feet in length, will l,iii> link'. d t.ul, and tlie baric
and fides irc lull i.. /rown lp'>t', but the liclly is white.
They commonly harbour among rocks, and fometimes
get into fuch fliallow waters, that they «re very calily
caiijjihf.

Hefides the filh alreadv menlionsd, there are others of
,\ much lirger liic tnal inlell t\e Gold Coalt, particu-
larly grampuH'r-, fllark-, and porpmlrs ; but tin ic arc
Icldoin caught by the iiaines. Here are alio two furt>
ot fprats, which only difler in their fi/e, oii» of then
being much larger than the other, iloih of ihem arc
very tat in the lemon, but the fmallcr ones are the bcfl,
anu cat very plcafanc either pickk-d or dried.

Ptrftm, Drifi, Afunntn, Cn/lim,, Kiligitn, !y<. «/ ik
Jnbiilii'ii'fii if tit Gold L'uaK.

THE blacks on the (sold Coall are in general of « mid-

dk- ftatiire, alll wclt-piopi.rtioned ; they have fp»rkl|i' ;

yei, fnall eai^, and lolly rve-biowsi lleir Irelli a.e

very while ami t.lerably W ,1 lang'.d i their lips arc

red, and nut lu thick a. thcd'e ot tie iiih.tbitantl in ihu

wrap an
riaches
t:>iown
gieat pri.
I<iims i
{''lit il

|i; -in III
lovs, II
called <
able th.i
h 's, vs I
loin- 1)1
■| he
I'll- lliell i
'■I'V havf
III. y go ,
I'liie ol I
till kiic
yellow
kevs, iV.
t'l lilk 1 I

l-OIII till I
lid, hllK ,

ke)s at I
Tliiy w.
iiii, artil.
ih' y hav
pains wi
fll.i;.es, 1.
lound till
will llllli
Jlolh I
|i"iluiiily
hIiuIi II
the lia,
ce.diii,;

^f 1 iniJdii:
[iilair, and
I'xccciliiig
hey gicatty
xll lilh tl'.at
it taken in

and two 111
Kill noiiili,

muun. It
if the fiJcs,
ns Irom tin;
)iiblc ruw ot
length, but
ck .inil (u'.ci

white, and
n the back,
jw the gills,
to the largift

procucdb a
and another
c tail in like
gualiiy to the

hook biiH-d

great eajjer-
■ the fea is

Iwiin about

lito, but l!ic
Thcv arc in
ive ^e'lowiOi
the hi.llv is
, on till, mi-
lt fmooth and
hah extends
uwiftj colour,
arn exceeding

g, one broad,
Ih, and would
khich it larj;e
contains two
which appears
uvt that looks
The eyes arc
, but they are
ill>, with two
Ik, and in linj',
l.i 1 e dircclioii
nil, and will-
Kuropcans.
ho cat-dlh, il
I very wholf-
i.iviiig an horn
luck : il is
^^, and Iniall
white, and ihe

ckonrd one of
eral about tivi:
^iid the bai ic
belly is white,
and fomelinv'i
are very tafvly

re arc others of
UoaK, (Vitticii-
but thiie ate
alio two lort.
:, on* of thr'n
ih of ihem arc
cj are the '>eH,
tied.

,•1.1, !Si. »/ tl>i
ii(.

cncral of a mid'

y h IV- f|'»rklin ;

tl eir t'-clll 4io

tluit llpi »^c

hahitanti in thu
..■\

AlMllCA.] c; U I

other part, of Guinea. They arc broad -fliouhlrrcd,
have large a, nis, thick hands :"id long finj,ers. 'i'luy
anoint their bodies cvriy moMiiii:; with pilin-oil, Im
that their (kin is very linootli and llcek ; but ixiliidve
of this they comidcr that praillice as vcrv wliulcf <ine,
and a prclcr itive fioin vermin, which they are n.itu-
(allv apt ti.» breed.

'i'he woini II are rather fliorttr than iho men, but very
flrait and well-pio,iortioned ; thty h.ue fine f,iarkiini;
eves, final! niuutlis, and be.uiiilul leit^i ) tluir n<if^s aie
in general hii;h, aiiJ a little rroukul, and they have all
lonj; curlint; hair. I liey arc j;oud hiiilenives, Vitv i
ileanly in their pirl'on-, and have exccllcit coiHite
lions. 1 liev irc naiuially luber and inJulliiuus, bul I
they are proud, aillul, and covctiu'.

'I'he men in j;eneril have exeelleiit nii mories, and are
very i|iMck ol apprelRnHoii ; but tluy arc iiatur. Ily
(lolliful and indolent, lo that they are only indullriuu.'.
from ncceflity, J hiy tranl'act their al'jirs w.ih grc.n
compolure of mind, and always a^^pcar itiJiliVieiit vvhe-
thcr they rile to prolpenty, or fnik into adverfitv ; and
thooi;li they .le natiir.dli covelou», jel the l.'l's of aiiv
lonliderabic property Joti not Itini, in the kail, to af-
Icit thcni. This, however, appears to be u nure ile-
ciptjoii, for ihev are very p/ju'l, cunning, dieclful,
and giially addicted totheit ; aiiJ l.nnviouj and felliOl,
mat they will qiurre among theinlihes on the mod
li:iling ocealion. 1 hole ot conlei; ;,,.ce wilk with
liiLirtyes f'^ednn the i^''C..uo, leldoin louLing aho.'t,
Ol lakiiig notice ol any one, except it be a |eri'..:i ol
liglicr rank; but to their inteiiois they Ihow luch ron-
tiMipt, that they will nut c\cn I'ei^n to ipcak tu tlieiii,
'I'hey aie geiiei.dly very coupliil-nt to llranuirs, bul
they do that lor the lake oi lis b.iiii; reuirned, w.iicli is
a dilliiiguidicd gratifuMt'on of tlie.r pride. The y piy
(Iteat relpeCl to the Kuiopeans, and are li'};hlv |leal.d
with their acculionicd iivililics ; bit ot theie ihey Irt-
i|iieiitly take a(!vanlii^>e, by laying ionic kheiiie lo de-
prive them of ihe.r piiperty.

The" drcfj of the common people coiifidi onlv of a
piece of clolh wound round l!ie waill, and another b;-
meiii the thighi, lalleiied with a ^Midle. I'he h' iiei
t'lit, l.oAC.cr, vviar a pl.ee ol filk tatl'aty, or Indi.iii
d.iiiia(l%, two or three c'ls long, folded (ound ilie wjIiI,
theeiid^ hainjiiij down to then ancles. Soiiietims they
wrap another piC. e of lliili' about them, which cither
n aches lioin liie breall to t!ie ci I ol i!ic 1 i;, or is
tiuown acrolsihiir Ihouldeis like j mantle. I'liey tai.e
^Tcat ptid.- Ill thiir liair, wiiiih tiuy dilplay in xarious
liunDi lonv. have it hng and lliait, otii i< cuil and
p' lit It together, or tic it up to the crown ; and all ol
I'. Ill lineal it wnb palm-oil, and dec. rale il w.lh VarKUis
toys, the nioll dilliii^u Ihid (t which is a knd of ci ral
tailed conta ile lura, . nd hy ihcni ritetnied more valu-
able than gi'd. i hey ailorii tlie.i nceks, amis, and
Il -s, with llriiii?* of (lold, liU.i, ivory, (hillj, i^'i.
Iiiiie of vhikliareol veiy conlidciablr value.

'I he dief-. of the wonun is much fupeiioi lo I'lat of
1 If men ; and tiiey aie veiy uuIjI ot ineir cloali^, t i
I'l. 1 havetwo Ions, one of wh ih they only weal wlieii I
till y go abroad. Their eoimin n di-ls conlills of a large |
pii le of liiiLii wound lound the body, In in the bieall li
t'le knees, and (allemd with a ;!!idle of red, blur, lu
yilluw il. th, lo which tliiy lian^ then kni\e>, purfes,
kevs, Nc. Ihilr beltir diel< i kuniid of alaricpiec.
ol lilk or ftufi wound round the- ua il, and leaehni^
lioin thence to ihe ancle. ; their favouiite rolours aie
nd, blue, or vi'.let, and tluy h.ivc emeiall) a bun.-h oi
kr)s,it iheii giidlr, with hiaceUiv ol nuiy or )>old,
Inty weal f i.all eai-iingv ol hral<, cojp,-,, ji.'wle , o
nil, ariiliii.dU wrought, and on their arms and lc:s
ih'y havi- hiaeeUis ol ci>pper or biali ; they take great
pains Willi then haii, whiih ih y Mini into \aiio'j«
i)ia;.e«, aiitl decui.ile it withhold, vol d, and ivor) i and
loiiiid thtii n.cks ihry weai lliliiis ut beaiU, b>auiih<d
with Imall paei'> ol go'd, ill honour I'l Ifcii lelilli.

Iloih I. xcs ale rUaiily in then piiiuiK, and vt here op
poituiiily letiei W'lh ihi inlelvei. 1 v- nil tinies ad .y j lot
Ahich icafoii ihey coin noiily build thin v,llaii<< ni r
the (ij, Ol uii til. b^iiks of livers. I hi> vutlum n e»-
cc'.diiijj luitiraiv, a> il not ci.ly hi'js tu take uH ih- ]|
a8

N E A,

I di/;iL;ree.ilde Kent of the palm-oi! t^ith wlilch the/

i iiuint thcinlUves, but it alfo deinfes iheiti Irom lice

I nd fle.s towli:ch vermin they me iiatur.illy fuhjL'51.

I Then tovvii'- and vill.i;'es are compoled ot a number

I of hut,, iiugulaily placed ; but tliule ni th- iilaiid paits'

{.lie niiirh belt.r, .md nioie iiinfoim, than thole on the

j ci .III, Thiir home are generally of a f.|Uare lotm, and

: iiry low; th=v aic ma !e cf wood, and coveie.! wiih

l.;uare mats of p4liii-li.-a\e' , or buil-iulhes. 'I he d or.

wv is lu low that a mail inull bend himfelf a!ii oit

d luble to enter, 'I'he door is fmooth, made of red

.l.'v, ashaid .is :f laid with (lone, and in the center of

It i> iIk (ire-plaec. Some of their v.lli, es arc fo con-

lliiictcdas to foim narrow lanes, in the enter of which

r an opin place, adapted net only as a n-.a-^ket f..r the

f.:le of provilioiis and other commodities, but al.u as a

plaee of diycilio.i lor the inhabit.^nt.s.

The houfcs of the better fort arc generally fr.uatcd
n ar the market, and leparaled from other l>,.i!dlnj>s.
I'hry are built of tlic fame niattri.:li as tl;i..e of ihe
em moll people, but aic more lofty and /p.i, ous. In
ihe eentei is a porii.o u,-en n all hdc, but covered
Willi a lloping ro. f ni.idcof the leaves of tn.cs to Ihclier
:1k ni from the hc^t ot the fun ; and hrie they divert
themfelves when ihey are dileiiijaged fiom biihnel's.

All th.- h.iul'cs have fevcial Miall huts adjoining to
rliein, m. Il of whieii arc divided into dift'irent apart-
ments, hy p.irtitioiK nude of ruilies, huuiid dole iogj~
tiler j th.le ap.,rlnieiit> are adapted 1-T their vv.vis, e.ich
woin .11 having one to licikll.

The coijnuii people arc at very little expiree in
liuildiiv their houies i the materials, whuhconlil <nly
of timber, il.iyani leaves, being ta'Nin by ihe Hayes
wherever ihey can find lliem. 1 hey com'iioi ly einll a
liOL'fejn ("ix or (even diys, and the expiree t. ihe car-
p.'iuir> f.l.'oiTi excce.i 4; s, K .cb fanidy lia a jLra;i,'ry,
or llore-h.iiile, wiihour the town, whe.i.thry kve;>th.ir
wheat, nillet, and other gi am.

TlKir lurnituic confiUs only of a few fo..'«, foine
eaithcn po's to hold water ard diels their vict.nl.>, and
a lew Iniail wooden cupy. The pi^orer lort have 1 nly a
mat to lie on, which they fpieaJ on the giound, „iij
fonie of them cover thenif.Kts with tl.e ('cms of bialis.
IhebittLr foil ufe quiUs ma.'eii lullivs, on vvhichthey
lay a tine m.it wuh a brdlUr, and by it a large kettle
With water to w^lh thim. ": hey all keep a j,ooJ lire
in Ihiif b d-ioom, topieleivc ihiin .igainfl the d..ir,i) of
ihe rainy le.,l'on, and they alwass lie with their Ivct ia<
ivaids I'.,

They arc very ("ilihy in tluir di.t, an! prif. r cit.'icf
(1> fll or lilh ihattiiiiks to th.it wh.ch i> Iweet and yvhoie-
1.1 ne. 'J heir coninion ti,od is a pot lull . f iiiillet bv,ilcj
'.J tlic conrilUnce (f biead ^ m, iiillrad of tint, vama
jiilpoiaticv, over 'vhiih they pour a little palm oil,
and mix vviili it fome herbs, and a fnial! qiianlity of
dinl'in.; I.fli. Tl.iyh.iie a 10th r dilh calie.l n.alaj;.
Iielta, winch is c. iiipofcd ol lilh with a handful of In.
<{i. n Vk'he.l, the lame i|ua'iiitv of I'ou^h, iiiid fnini]
i.i'm-ol, all li.'iltd Hi yv..ier. This they elleeiii rxeel-
l.i.t, and, indeed, if the fdli is f.eect, it is fat \toiu
dila^lee .lile.

They ule nciil.er knives, fork', iir fpoonn at fheir
inral., but tike up their yiclu.it> with their lin^';i is, an I
eat iiviivgr euily. They lay H on a mat on tlu' gro.ni.l,
..lid lit M 'I..U tj^ed, Uainii,^ on one fule, ni ell,, wnu
liiih tluir Ug> under iheiii (ijuaitutg on tlicr hulj.
The hiilb.md jjeiier illy rats .done in his own hut, ami
Ills Wives upataielv in ihei j, c.xci pt by cliame, when
he invites hi. ehiel wile, 1 jiajs a villi lo that v,l.:.h
i> liii grea:il! lav.iunte,

I h. y nuke but tv.i nealv a die, one at fun-rinni',
and the other at luii-let, At Iheii iniinin^'j n 1 al ti.y
.liiiik watir, 01 pir lull, which ih a kind ot hnall Ijcir |
ail. I m the iveninK they drink p m-wine.

The men ale • hit Mv tmplov d abto id, cither In I'.iiV,
fulling, 01 ni..kinu p .jni wini . lir at i;uantitits ol wh th
an every day fold at the mai leiii and llie pti h' . thy
[jet tioiii then lai'mir ihey g ,e to tluu wivc>, w.iv, uil.
pol.1 of it with ((leal triigaliiy.

I he wonun aie excillent liouf. wives, anil iTc ehiifly
eiiipluyid 111 piv>\idir.|; fur tlie flu i!y, under (lie dii.v*

4 ^ iWa

I I

i'f. -I

A NEW COMl'LKTE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

, |(

tioh of tilt p!incip;il wife. The fu!\ thin;j thry atloiu!
to, in tlic article of diet is, to nuke tlic lircad. In ihi-
tvcnins thoy fot by the qii.intlty ot coin iliouglit nctcl-
faiy for the family the fucreeding day. 'I'his they beat
in the trunk of a tree hollowed for that piirpofc like a
mortar, or in deep holes of rocks, with woodin pcftles ;
thty then winnoA' ind grind it on a flat lione, after
wh;>h tliev mix it with flour of mlilet, and knead it to
a f.irt of dougli, which they divide into fniall round
pitce?, and buil like dumplins. Of the lame dough
they alio make a fort ef bifciiit, which will keep fdr fe-
\eral nioiitho, and wuh this the iara- c. lines aic vic-
ttal'id when they go lufij voyages. l"luy aie alio very
carelul in bringing up their children, particulailv their
daughters, whom they teach all domeltic iiflairs, and
every otbir matter that may tend to make them good and
pnn'ent w ives.

Though the ceremonies of their marii-'grs arc in
pcn.'al much the lame as ihofe all along the coalt, yet
tliey dirfi-r in fome particulars. \Vhen a father finds hi',
foil is able to ^ct liis owning living, lie feeks out for a
wile for him, uiikls the latter fllould difappoint him by
providing for binilcir. When the partien are agued, the
father ol the biiJegioom communicates it to the parents
of the young woiiiui, who icidily agr<c to the marri-
age. A pricll IS then i:i-.t for, who, af cr .idininidcrin.'
the fetifli, or o.iilis, obligci the wi man to piomile (he
HiII lo\c liei hi.lliai.d, and be faithful to him : the hiif-
band, in return, pmnifes to love her, but oni.ti the
point of fidelity. .-Mter t!iis ceremony is over, the pa-
rents make imit.ia! |ielVnts, and the whole c. inpany
Ipeiid the day in fKifling and nilrth. In the evening;
the hufliand lei Ins wif- hi,n'.c, attended hy fume ot
her r.l itioi!' o. li lends, who flay with her a whole wc^k
to be.'.r Iwi coinpanv, after which they leave licr, and
Jhc inters on her ordinary enij- Lvnicnt.

'I'hry foii'Cii'iK's Jii'pufe ol ihe:r daughters when they
arc too yoiinu; to eonfni;;ni;U ■ the inarrin|C, the cetcmo-
nif. atlcndii' wiulU .ite a? follow: (Jn tho day ap-
puinied for the Wtd Hug, all llic kindrid on both fiJfi
nicit at the hoi-.ie il the bra'c's father, where an elegant
enttitainnii lit IS piovided. Inlhe iviiiingths bu :c .s
taken to i!.v biidegroom's houle, and put in her hul"-
banJ'< bod between two women, whtie (lie remains all
night. Tliiicerenioin is repeated three fueeeflive nights,
after which the htide ij (Vnt back to her father's houle,
and there kept till (lie is of age tc cunfamiiulc the mar-
iii-c.

As polygamy is illuwcd, fome of them have from
mnily to thiitv wnes, for the crea.,i lli.' number the
rnoic they aie nlpcolcd ; but itie tnnmoii lorl have fel-
dom mote than ten. All t!icir wives are employed in
tilling the ground, ihJ n\a, laging the afl'airs ot the fa-
mily, except two, wlio, efpecially if the hufhand is
lich, are alway: e\en pted from labour. The principal
is called .\Iulijit Gian le, or the great wife; and the
fccond is called, the Holl'um, becaufc (he is conlecratcd
to Ihtir ■:n(y. Tliele two aic gfierally the moll liand-
fmne, and fur that ic.lun the hufV.and is alwavs jealous
Ol them, parliculaily the latter, lie flecps with them
till hxcd day, cipei tally mi then ' iili-day, and alter-
iuti!y evirv Cue ilay, wliiih is thiir fi!ifh-day, or f..b.
bath. i hi caly fnuatiuu of ihue wives make) than
lonieiimcs iiivitd by the ot.ier women, who ate obliged
to work hard, while then hulhand and Ins two fa\ou-
r ti--; ..tc cnjoyin.; tliemfelvcs in Indolence an>' ddipation.
V, hen the hulb.nul thinks proper to flicp with one of
bis otlui wivci, he gives hit piivatc innnuliuii of it, in
or.ler to prevent j alonfv, v.hm (lie retires to her apait-
meiit with the ('ti..:cn piuacv, and tin: in.iUer is kept
a pruloiiiul Cent l:oiii the rclt of her companioiu.

Their chilJicn .no named as foon as born, and
they ;.re n.autall) ft lo flrong a conflitution, that litlle
ca.e IS reqiiiM-d in iiw;fing tlum. The pmirrr fort of
wnnieii fallen them to thiit backs wlnn they ^o to then
tiaiiy iaUoiir, and Uui le tlicin at i!ilierent times, by
railing thuMi up to their (hollIder^, ..iid turnng thrii
l.talh nV'.i to llieni. They tike great pains in wafli-
inj; tlieni every ni^ht and iii' iinn;;, when they rub iliein
will with i-aimoil, which make n thiir joints flrxibl'-,
and ^icttly laiiliiatis thcit jjrowtli, Ihty ^o iimte

nakeil till ibev nc ten or twelve years oi age, when ihev
wear a kind of clout fattened round the middle. When
ihey arrive at ib.t age, tlie father takes the boys undir
his eare, and brings them up to hit own bufincl'i. Tdc
girls are taught to vieavc balltcts, mats, caps, puik;,
.uul other tilings; as alfo to grind to.ii, bake liual,
and cairy it to market for falc.

The boys are cliiefly brought up to (i(hing or agri-
luhue, but fome of them aie put to trades, the princi-
pal of which .ite fmiths, carpcnteis, and golillmiihi.
The I'miihs make all lorts of tools for hufliandry and
houfliold ufes J and though they have no fleel, yit they
make them with great neatiuls. I heir chief tools arc,
a hard tlonc inllcid of an ainil, a pair of tnngs, and .»
Imall pair of billows, with three or four jiolilj, whuli
is an invention if their own, and blows veiy (IroiiL.
Their tiUs ate of .aiiuus I ?.es, and well tempered ; an,!
their hammers they piircbafo of the Dutch.

The goldlmiths aie i.xcelleiit artills, and make a v:i-
licty of arlicl'.s of pure [>old ; fuch as bicaft-platcs, h.l-
ni'Jts, bracelets, idols, hiintii'g-horns, pattins, plait,,
oriiiintnts for the neck, hatb.nid", rings, buttons, iVo.
rii'-y alio calf, in the moll curious nianiur, the ligiiri->
of all forts of t.ime and wild h(a'.l«, the heads and Ike-
leions of lions, tygeis, oxen, lieer, monki's ard :ioatv.
I'heir greatelt ingenuity, iiowevcr, is (liewn in ihe
gold and filvcr h..lbands made lor the J "nop an , i\,;
thtcad and texture of which cannot be ncelled by any
.irtill in the unucil'e.

I he earpentiisair cbli He employed in in. king canoe ;,
and the frame or tinibei-work ol houles, theiool, bun r
in,.de by others c.illcd lliatchers, who have a peeuli .1
nieihoJof raiijting the leaver ot palm-treui, the llrawof
liuliaii wheat or riifhc, wh.ih they bind and lalkn 10.
geiher on pi les of ditt'eient !:zes. 1 hefe ihiv fell rc;J\-
made in the markets ; fo thai ihofe who iuve oecafii n
toluild 11 repair a houfa, are at no Id's to I'lipply iliim.
filv s w.th a roof, as they are made in all tuims, .itid
ol .111 l:/.es,

til ine of them arc alfo ^ood potlcrr., hav'ng learn-
that art fr-m the l'i)ttu,;ui7e. Though their ea.'n in-
waic Is thin, yet it is very fuhflanlijl, and c<]U illy gi 1 1
lor ufc as any made in Kinope, Their clav is of a d.i.,;
coh 111, and the velkis nude uf it will endure lite mul^
violini heat.

As tl'.c natives here arc very fond of dancing, fn thry
have a great vaiiety of nuiiiial in(Jrumeiits, all whuli
they make thuiifdves. They eonfill of copper baton ,
blowing horns, Inapprrs or lalimcls, and an inllrunient
with fix firings f'omeibin;; like a giiittar 1 alio hand-
bells, flutes and fl:^"lleis. The blowing horns are nij !e
of elephants te^ih, and ornamintcJ with the hi'iiies <.t
birds, beafls, hlhcs, (<c. They blow at the fmall end,
and reduce the found to a kind of tune, bv varv nw it as
their laiuy directs. 'Their dienis nrc ot fcvii«l fiti',
and are nr^llly made ol hollow trunks of trees, rmeird
at one end win a (herp' iVm, but the other is Kit m-
lirely open. 'They fbineiwnes hang them a.iout th it
neiKS w.th flrin;^s, but in general let them on the i-roun I
like kittle drums. Tii-v b at lb in with two l<>n:> flu k ,
.ind I inutimes m'y with tlmr liainls j but iitiier w.y
the nolle is very harlh and dif agreeable.

1 h le iiiRiu rents are ah»a\s nitil at their dances, a
divcilion til I'nivcrfally admiied In Uitli it ,c«, that il i-..
the culiom f 1 r them to ;.(Unililc every evcniii!; at the
marki i-pl.ice for that piiipoie. (hi Iheic occlmiis lluv
Jrcis then. (elves in thur belt attiri i the woimii h.iVe a
number of fmaUbi II j hanging :.t their fut ..nd Kvi,
and (hi nien cairv Im.dl lain in t1 eii hiiidi, in.ide of ihe
tails of elephants or horfes. Tho.e who comp< :e ill..'
dame divide into roupbs oppdre to c.ich olhei, ai .1
the i!.iiice comn.ti.Ks by their thiowng tliciDtel es ultj
many Wild ndieiih.u. poitiires, sdvaiumg aiij nir 11,11;,
leap.ng, (liinpiir: in the gn tiiiH, Km.iig tlmr hi.nls
t.i 'uh other ;■ t' ry pals, and mutt ling fome Urai :
null.;. The mtii til n Hi ike la^ h other alteriiilely ivnli
their fans, and the woimn ' .v liii|'» viicies rl (daw 1 i
the gioniid, into whiih lli v (iilf i'lnip, und li.n. ■
i.iunJ tliein, then iSiow tl. in up into the air, an,! i. ' ,■
thi-tn wuh thur haml.s, 'I hu» they discit ihrnil'i
I'll .bsW .11 hour, wIkii th y ouak up thii d.'iix:, k

III

mill
fireiil

feel

(his he

live,

of tr..i
Thi-

are,

Ihefc

ralily

hmple
1/

mollly

aliirtai

when
a griai
the (kii
the mol
\V\u
Hialely
the nid
in an
the hai
of.
air tor
the iim

wlicii their
Ic. \V!>ni
boys unOir

riiui'i. 'I'hc

aps, puik;,
biikc 1<u\aI,

inf or agri-
, the [irinc.-
golillniiilii.
illi.iniiry ami
ci-1, yit tlicy
ict tuolb arc,
tniips, anil A

vciy (ItoiiL.
mpcivJ ; aii<t

I J m;ike a \ »-
ft-platcs, hJ-
attins, pUt(.,

button";, Jif.

r, the lij>iiri">
;icat!s anil Ikc-
irs arJ I'Oatv.
flicwn III i)io

•uojican;, ilu
jci-lUJ by an/

n. kiiigcat.di :.

tllC lOOli 111 II' '

live a pecul; i
IS, the Uraw .>!
1 and InlUn lo-
ihi. V iell rv-.Ji -
liavc octjtii 11
u rii|il''<y ll» II •
all ivimi, iii'U

, havM(» Uair.-
I tliclr ca.''i'iii-
lul cqii illy R' I 1

L'Uv 1^ ^' -^ *'■'' "^

pnj'uic ibc niuli

anciitfr, f<i ih'^y

•nis, all whuli

npper batons

an inlltumciit

,r i iillo hai'.il-

biirns arc in.- 'c

;h ihc lii'llll i .1

the Ini.itl ci,.l,

liv vat\ in ; It .i»

ot tcvti^l 11,

trcei, riMM.l

oiber i> U n 'n-

icm a'.innt tl-.' i:

m iMi the i-nuin 1

two Ion;' llii I. •

lint titlier w.v

t tlicir J.in>:c^, »
If ,e«, thai It i"
cvtniiH' "' ''''■
: occ..li''ni lliiy
It woni'M luvt a
f ful »n<l lf4'>
luU, ni.i.ie ut ih'>
!n> ciinipt I* 'he
I eh i.tlier, »i ■!
; thomli! r> into
. .niJ I' 'I 'i'" ;»
\s ii|r tlmr hi.iil*
!> . lonie llrai -t
,lt>Tiiil>'ly wi;l»
...s ft ll''aw ' >
in;-, -iiJ »'■">■ •■
I he air, an J i"'''>
di.eii OiimlrU •
,^^ tlij d.lii«, »'i
ut.:.*

AFRICA.]

GUINEA

reiiie to their rtrii.-ifUvc habitattons. This is the man-
nor ol theii daiitinf; in general, but th'-y h.ivc (nine
dances ailiptcil to poeili.ir times ami cnenmltantcs,
p.irtitulaily ihofe in honour (if then teuflns, which aie
iif a very iViiiuis and luleinn natuic. In ('.nie town-
thcv have public iiani.es inllilutcd by order ot thcii
kin^;s, whiih aie held annually for eiyht fiieceflivc da\>,
when people ot luth lexcs refort to it from all p.irt-^ ul
the couiuiy. This is called the danenij; leafon, anJ
tlie prcatell miiili and fclluity ii pielervcj durin;^ the
whole time of its continuance.

Notwithll.indin!; the unwholefoincnefs of the cli.nate I
here, tlic n.itiMs .ire trouiiled with t>w dilealts. '1 hat
with whah tiny .lie moll aflliilej is t!ie canker, oi
fli-fll-woriil ; they breed between the (lelli .ind 'he ("mii,
where they txtend ihcnif.Kcs till they force a palliige ;
and not only n'. n and women, but ah'o tattle aie lub-
jiiSl to this diioidtr. X'aiioui cinju-lures have btm
(orniid rel.itivc lo the t.iiifes of thcfe worms ; fomc at-
tribute them to the great quantities of filh the Nc;roci.
eat, and others to the pulm-wmej but the moll reafoii-
able opinion i^, that they are icc.dioncd bv the un-
whollomtiufs of the water, wh ch is generallv taken
Out ol pooli or poiiils, J'llis appears t'le more hkLly,
ai it i^ certain lu-m •'.:■.? r.iufc alune the iiihablt.ints < I
th- ille of Otnies are..tilcUd witii the lame li.leale ;
nnd to pievent it they diink fulli water, which is goi
at I'la l8 f.itlioms J-ep, by the help of dners. Tllift
llefli-wotnis are of i.itl'crcnt lizcs, but in iiential run
about a foot in leiijjth, and are not thicker than a hair.
While thiy lemain in the body thev otcalion the mod
cxcruciatir,^ pain, iiilomuch tli.it loine can neiilier ilami
or w.ilk, oth.TS art incapable ot fitting or lying down,
iind others again ..le thrown into a Hate of inlanity.
They difclofe thinil'.lvcs in various fymptoms, fome-
times With cold Ihueinigs, and at otheir. with buiniii^
heat. ; in fmne they are accon.panicd bv a l.irL'-.- (well-
ing, uncier which they may be plainly (cen ; and in others
•hey break out with caibunclcs and ulcere. Tb^v come
in dittVrent pans ol the body, but in neiural thu('e that
aic ihi nud mulcuLir Jiid hi.(by. The Negroes do net
ule aiiv remedy lor t'lem, but Ict them Come out fiiely,
and afterwards treat the part eubcr by wafliiii;^ it with
fait wjtir, or annuitinj; it with fiefti butter inieinuxfd
with fait. As Coon as the worm pppe:irs Co far out as
to be taken hold of, they f.iflcii that end to a (m.ill (lick,
lo pre. .nt ib (lirinkin;^ in attain : when it moves for-
ward, a corrupted iti.itler iducs tioin the (ore, which
increafis in proportion ns the worm advances. Duriiifr
its pio.:rcls the pieatell caic mult he t.iken in windini>
it round the Hick ; lor if it fliouM be forced, and by
that intans happen to break, the fwelliiu; grows dan-
pcrous, and is often attended with fatal conre(|uenccs.
It (omitimis happens that when one worm is rxtrai'lcd
another ininu.lialelv prrfenti itiilf at the lame opcnini; ,
uiid miny people have fjtrral ol them at a time in dil-
ferfnl parts ft the boil V, in which cafe ih- pmn they
feel is not to be conceived. A late writer, (pcakin;; on
this head, fa)s, " The pain o( thefr worms is (o excel'-
live, lh»t 3 mr.n wouM for ever renounce i-ll the profii
of tr.iiling on this co.il ra.her than endure it."

The other ibrtempcis the Nei;iocs are (ubie.T to here
are, the lues venerea, the hcad-aeh, and levers i but
thefc thry think little of, as they arc in nener«l veu
ralily cured by compofitions made ot hcius and uthci
(imples.

ll a judgment may be formr-d by their looks, ihe\
nodly live to be very old, but tiieir age canno! he
aiiirtaincd, as they never keep any account ol ttiic,
when they bri; n to decline, th^ir colour laJcs and loir
a ftiat pait ol itt blackncis j the hair turns grey, .".nd
the fkin wiinkleii i and the woiren in p iititulat have
tne mod dil'irrreablc alpccls.

When any one dies, the r. Utions and fiieiuls imme-
tliaiely aflsnible, and 'urioundiry the coi,)le, exptel'
the molt hidci U) lami .tatimi ; tiny then wi ip the bodv
in an old lotlon '.'jih, and put it in a coHin m.ide ol
the haik ot a Itte, covriinp the tnte ever Wiih the Ikm
of 1 j'oat ; in ihis manner tluv iX|Miie it in the op' n
»ir tor half a da\, the lavounte wile liitini; by it all
the lime, «iiij rubbing the face « Ih a wliilp ot lliaw.

If the deccafed is a woman, the hufliind ufes the f.niie
ceremonies. During this tunc the neaieft leiaiii.ns .ip-
poiiiied on the occalion fiiig mournfull)', and beat thcii
btals balons, till the bcateis coniC to leirove the body
iiid every thing is rc.idy for the proeedi, n. In tlie
iiiicriin, however, an old woman goes from hniifc to
luiule, und collects (onie;hing for the (uner.il ch.i'gcs,
towards wliich every pcrfoii in the town or ull.iue is
obliged to contiibutc in proportion to their circum-
iLiiices : with the niot.cy thus collieted they puicli.ifc
.1 cow or an oX, which they prefent to the priell, lint
he may obtain repole for the dccealed, loid aflitl him in
his j luraey to the otli' r woild ; this be.ill th'' ptiiil
laerihies, and Cpriiikl'.s the (tliflj of the dtccikJ with
Its blood, which with tbcin is conlidered as a piupitia-
tory oireiing for the dead.

As loon as the previous ceremonies arc over, the corpfe
is laid on .1 b'lard, and the company (or a flinit time
liii^ and dar.cc round it •, alter which it is carried to the
;r.i\e by nicii, but only wo en areluftcied to attend as
inuutners. '1 he chiel, or favourite wile, walks imme-
diately :.lter the corpfe ■, and if the dccealed be a woman,
ihe hiilband only (ollows it, no other m.iii being p-'r-
mittcd to attend. Wlieii they come to th.' place of in-
teiment the body ij inimidiaicly laid in the grave, which
IS j;ener illy niide about four t -et deep , it is cnclof.;!
with llakes, and over it ihcy raifc a (bed or cowring,
lo that n ither rain ot bcalls can come ne.ir it. Whea
the body is dcpolited, the women creep !'e.icath thin
(hed, and renew their lamentations by vay of aconclu-
I'.vc fartw- 1. They then r.iifc a fiiuare licip of earth
over the b 'iy, ''n ubicli they lay tic princ p.il tool;
and inllriHiKiits u'.ed bv the deccafed in his bte-time,
.IS alio 111., cloalhs and we.por.s. The I'l ieiiils of the
dsluntt alfo bnni> their gilts, which they cither lay ia
the g!"Ve, or place over it, as okens of iheir ailedtion.
\Vhcn a king dies, all h s lubjedts txptcls the m'jft
c.NC'.llive h'.mcntation i and .'•, h.s condition and dignity
rcqiiiie j^ic.'t attendance, he is provided wiih fervints
III t only to accompany lum in his journey, but a'ls> to
wait on him in the other woild. To cflcot tin;,, e,icli
of his j;r.indets, or chief men, prerrnt him wii.'i a (lave,
othe.s guc him one of their wives, and ( niie one ot
'heir children, fo that there is alw.iys a conliderable
niniibi'r, \/liu ate all lacniiced previous to the n.tcr-
iiient of the roya! corpfe. The peilons thus dLrign.4
lor viclnns arc infnartd by llratjj^ein, for, on the ti.i)f
appointed (or the funeral, they aie lent on a pu tcnJeJ
errand to fome remote place, where people chofen f.ir
the purpofe lie in wait, and t loy dilpatsh them. The r
bodies a;e brought to the piKice and pul'l.cly txuclcdi
as a tclliii.ony of the .;rcat i.tpe^t in wh.eh the kin^
was hi Id by his fubjects j alter this thev arc bcfmearc4
with blood, md can ltd with th<t loyal corpfe in great
lolcinnity t>> the grave, whi\.S ts preioully in.idc m a
svood, or lunie olhci place csju.illy private. Ihiir b.i-
das (inlv, however, ire mteried, tor thtu heads arc
1 u red nlr', and hxcd on pole rou'id the ^lave, whici*
is .onlideicd as a very hunour.nbic oriantcnt. ticlidet
■ belt', llic king's favourite wives reqiicit to l>c lacnAccd,
that they may be laid with l.im in ihc lame yiave, in
• iider t> accompany him in the other world. TI.ey
bury alfo with liini liis cloihin an J vNcapor.s, uith lucii
other things as he tllttnjed n oil valu.ible ; and near
the g:avc they place vcllcls cont.uning vitluals and
•irink, which they change as uUcn as liicy lind tlient
empty.

NIjiif.Marchais, in his voyage lo Guinea, givcsihe fol^
loA'in^ aciount ot the ciitinonics uhleivcd at the luii'.-
lals ot the kin^i ol Ketu, which thou^jh not diuctly
ihc lame as th.de abovementiuncd, ya tend to Ihcw the
lliange iiotuiMs lliele people have ol pi\ing iiv leiue iii
ihedcad. When one o( thcfe kinj'S dii , lav he, tl c peo-
ple ixpiifs their giii I by ino'iiiiliil longs and oiiiciie' ,
Ihey waili iheeo pfe, dicfj it ni.igiiiHieii'ly, expoie it lo
public view, ai'.d f.rvc u,i viclu.il5 to it at the ulual

hour-, lis it the dice.iled v.vre li

When the uody

begins lo corrupt, four flavi» biai it. Without ceicnioii',
md inter It in the woods, lor eve, coiutjiing wlivtc
tiny put It. If any ol the wivs of the drceaiid follow
thtiii, they kill Ihtin, and Uity ihttn along with hnti

i:,

; 4

:' ■ i!i-ii

^ '
if

' -1

iii

( ■

itt, '

' ' V

■ * -,

gio

A NEW COMI'LETE SVSTEM OF GEOGRArHV,

« i

^n the fame [;r,ne tli.'v l.iv his fctinir?, hii c!(>;hos, Ins
arms J in {ho,t, wh.Kc-icr he was IoikK-IJ of u ht ii alive.
With victuals an.l drink. \S hen Iho fluij h:ive covercil
i/p the trravc, iIk-v rctiifii to the p.il ci-, Jit.i without
fp.akirig knei-1 i!own at ihi- g.iti', Ifri'tihinu; out their
necks to tlie cxcciitioiuT, that thiy iimy JI' lerve ihcir
mafler in the other wnilJ ; in fall prrhi fi, n that he
will reward t:vir fidelitv, hy i;tviiig ihrm the firlt polts
in l.i> new kingdcn. While ihr ll.ives aie luify in the
interment, t!ie people make a trnd llaUjihtir of thufc
thev think niiiv he iifelul to their dectalid kiiij in the
other world. .SoTickini;* who have hecn will lielnvid,
hive h.'.d four or fne htindicd pcrlons niaHaired on lhi>
o^c.ifio'ii, of hoth lexes. This biihaions riiil<iin is
pra 'I lied, more or lefs, all ..lonj; the loall ot tiuinea."

With rclpid to llie religion of ihe lu'^roes on the
Odd Ci'.ill, thev are in general idolates, n.Hwith-
It .Hiding whch lluy believe in a liipreme hciiu,, and have
I'oiiK ideas of tlie immortality of the foul. Every one
lias a let'fh, or ch.um, to which they p iv the joeatill
leicnnce; for thinking:; ihenifehej too iirl'itnificiiii t i
be permitted to offer iheir petitions loCjod, they addicis
themfthes to their fetifh, li:ppoling that to he a midu toi
in (!ie:r t'chill. I'hefe leiilhes ar.- foinied of ditt'erent
(hini;s, atcotdin^ to each pcrfon's fancy : lomehuethe
tooth of a doi', ty^er, elephant, or civet-cat ; others
have an f'^'^, th.' hone of fonie hiiil, the head ot a fiwl,
ox ( r ^oat ; and others a^'ain, the honeof a tilVi, the end
of a ram'i I'.urn, or a hunch of curds made of the haik
of trees. Their reit:;rd for the I'tlilhrs is lo grc:if, thai
whatever they pionnir tluni, they peiform m iheltruirll
manner, h'l-me, to Ihew lluii teipett tu them, ahllain
from wine, mhrrs from brandy ; lome deny thcmlelvcs
C-Ttain ir.iats, it kin.'s ol lilli ; and oiliers, rice, niai/e,
or Iru t. In Ihott, all without oieiptioi* f\> rtvereiici
their fetifh, th.it tiiev drpitve themfVlvrs of fome plcaliire
bv way of moriil'.ration, ;riid th^y will Iboiirr d:e than
viil.ite their tiij;3^:cm«iit. liny are viry punctual in
hrin-Jni; thru fetilS evcrv mornini; a part of the beff
provilin.H in the houtV, btlievipg th»t it they failed in
th's p. lint, th. ir rxiltence would b.' but of (l.ni t I'ur iiion.
Thtv hive alio ftveral days in the ve:'r (et apart in ho-
nour -if their fctilh, whi.ri thiy ciKbi itc h) diellin^ it,
anH niakinrr it f une ottering or fai rihce.

Hefidts ihc tetiflies ol particular p.'rfin'!, there aie
others common to e.ich kingdom : tnele are rencrally
1 'iiv l.ir^" nwuintain c/r remark.ihle tree, whieh if any
pcrfm Ihould be fo indikreet a- to cut or d ihguie, they
would he put to thj molt cruel death. Kaeh village has
alio Its guard an leiilh, dnlkd at Ihc cuninion cxpencc,
to which thi'y pray lor ;,;rner.d benefits ; and f ir this
patron thry crcit, in the moll p iblic place, a kinJ ol
kltar made with reel", an.! coveicd with a roof of pilm-
leaves, 'I'hcfc kind of ..Itars aie IVequcnily met with in
V'lods, .ind othir prvjte pl.ices : they are peiierally
lo.i led with all lorls ot felillus, and before them are
p! It s or pot^ tilled wuh m.!i/.c, rice, anJ fruits. When
ti- IP ^'toes w nt ram, ihey place pitchers btfoic them ;
if they jtc at war, thev 1 v labies and poiiiards to all;
violoiv; If I ic V w.nt fi(h, ihey oft^r filh hones ; to en-
tti'at lot patm-wine, they leave the fir. ill ihillel with
w iic'1 iht-y cut the tiee ; ar.il fn on of othtr things,
hrnly btli.vinis tfie fetilh vMll i;rant then lequill.

K.ith piielf has hs p^iuliar idol or fetilh, which
ehietlv eondid of a larae wooilen p [k hlleJ with e.irth,
II, I, blood, the bonrs of rrK'ii and bealls, fealhers, liaii,
»ii I othu fucli tt.flini; arueles. When the iieiuocs
haveoccalion to take an oath, tliey hvcjr before one if
tlief.- fetilhes ) wh'ch oath \^ tlt.-eiiied foloKmii and oh-
I .latory, ih.it I'lev believe it a perfoii Ihnuld fwcar laKcly,
lu could not puiniily live another lioui.

The bl icks are excecdiii.^ fearful ot the devil, to whom
tliey afcrihe all llieir mistoitunes, and even ticuibic at
his name. Such ate ilivr iiiiions of the pr' judicc thev
IMeiVe from ibis fiend, tint Ihey have an annual culloiii
o> b.inilhin:; hm> Ir >ni cveiv town anil villii'C ; the ce-
j eino, II. . atleniliiig which at^ thus di I.Tilx-d by .\1r. Ijof-
111. n, WHO was twice an i je-wrnels ol lh"m ; " I'his
pro oni.in, fjys he, is pici.ded hy a te.ilt of light day^
Ip" lit III all in.iiine'r of linivng, IKippinj, dancini;, mirth
aiiJ jollity ( ill wliitl) tiiiiua purl«^:t lainpooniiij libcr.y

IS allowed, and Aanilal fo hiphly iiululi^ed, that th,-i^
may fieelv eh.nt out .ill tlie l.;ulls, viilaiiiif!;, and fia.id»
• if then I'upeiiors, as well as inferiors', with impiiiniy.
The only way lollop their inoiith.s is, to jdy them will
with dunk, which immediately alter.s their tone, and
turns their f.liies into p.'n.i;yiics on the f;ood (|ual.tii)
of him who I, ,1s lo nobly tiealid them. On the eiplith
•lay in ihe niorninL^ lliey hunt out the devil widi a dil-
iiialuv, all running oi.e alter anolhcr, ihiowinu; e\.
cremciits, lione,, w, oil, or any thmi; thev can come ai,
as ihiik as hail, at .-.itaii's pudi riots. When the) have
diivcn him fir eiioui;h out (d town, they all reiurn ;
and thus conclude their ei<;ht da\s cen monies. Tr»
make luie that I'e dors not ictiini pivnnily to their
houle«, the w, men walh and fcoiir all llieir Wiioden an 1
laithen vcliels n ry licit, to lice them licni all uiulcui-
ikIs, and ihe deMl." I he lame writer fiss, " liifutes
thefe notions of thedevil, they I'edlallly htlicve Ilie ap-
parition of fpiiils ;ind rli'dls, and that ttiey tiri;uenilv
ddhirh and tcrrifv loine people j lo that when any, u-
I'eci.dly a confuLr hie peilon die^, ihey perplex i.nc
an'illier with ilieadliil f\,irs, from an opinion, iliat he
app.ais fcvtial ni^his ta.eeirnclv mar Ins lace uwiU
lini;,."

'I'hey liaye i',"nrr,illy two d.iv< of wo: (hip in the w» 1,-,
, 'lie of uhich IS dedical, J lo tliiii fetiflns, and iheolicr
IS called their Hollum-iljy, beiii^ ihat onwhiih ih y
were born, On the laiter d.iy tliey ck the theiTilelvi ^ :ii
while, and befn ear thenil'.lvcs with earth of the l,>i. c
colour, ai en, bleu s of innocence. The fetilli-dav,
however. Is obkrved w,ih the iireatell devotion: uu
then: days they walh ihcmLlves nu.re carefully than on
oihcr?, and pultini; on thi.ir bell cloath^, allcmblc at a
p,irt cular pl„ce, in the middle of whii_h is a lar^e t;ee.
At Ihe loot of lliis tree a t„ble is let, the feet of which
is drJi d with leviral j^nrlands made of houghs, an.l on
it tl'cy Ipread lice, millet, niai/e, f.iit, nu.it, ;.iid fill,
with palm-wine and oil, ;:s oti'eriinjs to ihcir ktillics.
In the middle of the tabic fits the piiilf, ca led K> lil-
lero, wbo makes a hug h.nan!!ue to his aui'liors, wI.rIi
they hear wiih L'lcat altcntii ii. Near him is pl.'Ctd a
pot of water with a lue li/.id in it ; and when the ha-
r.nu'iie is oyer, he Ipriiikles or walhes tic table viiih
foiiicof this walei, duiiiij^ whieli the people tepe.it ler-
tain words with a loud vi.iee, dappiir^ their h,;nd,s, .'nj
crviiif^ our, Jou, jou i which concludes the ccrcniur.y,
and lluy immediaulv tlilpeif'.

I he ri'pidcs believe the bctilTiTni, or Pr.'iHs, con-
\e le wiih ihc litiflii i, whom lluy leem lu conl.dcr at
intiiligent biiin;s, and ihit they are ncquainfid witb
thiir molt dil'ant and private tr iiiljflin.is. For lhi»
leaf ;n ihcy always appro;., h their prielK with the i;rcjlilt
tel|'cCt and revereme, and ihey reliive fi.' ih'in llunr
ihoicell dainiics. I he priclt.s ale the only people thai
arc exempt from liihour ; .ii.d in'eed they have liiit lili'e
occ.iflon to work, fur they aic fed iit the public ix-
pei'.ce, and p oiler conlidei.ihle polleilions by the lj!e <*'
their fct:(lie>, the piiees on v.h:ih tliiy In y :n | u,pui-
tioii to the cireiimlt.iiKfs ol ihe pirehalVr.

J he n.iiivcs of ih- ^ol i i ,,. If ar-* dn id-'d intii five <!e-
rr Is or ilalles. 'I lie lull ..le the r kin^s. The immJ
are Ihi ir nolulity, who are men that have acqu led jre.it
repiiiaiion by their «ealth. ! ho ihiid na) he i.lcJ
civi' maniHrates, th^ir piosinee biiiiu; only lo i.iUe laiu
ot the We'faicof th; city or villa;;c, and to appiafi lucli
tun, nils as may .nile .iii.oii^ the iiih.ibitaMts. The louiih
are the coiiiinoii people, employed in a^tticulture, f<lh-
ini;, I'lic. And the litih and fill are, ihe liases, who
are enh.r lold by their iclaiions, taken in war, oi be-
come lu by poverty.

'I he d Heient kiiip'lon s arc governed either in fu'iii
of iii.Mi.iuhics, ot iipublirs, whole kiiij;* are in j;, iter il
heiediLiiv, but f.ime tVw of them arcilcclivc. I he :"-
yermiK lit of moll of iheiii conlills of two p.irt:, ; ih>!
hill ol which '• the b,.dy of the Klabnikin, ot tniel in> n ,
and till other, the .M.inl >k's, or voun^ mrn. All oi ■
diniiy ali.ins lall un<'er tlie .idniinilli it o.i nt th.' lall.'i ,
but iUl- natio.ial tonciins at: dcicrintiu-d by tioth patti''.
lo'ether. I'h.ir chu f juiliees or lud..,-., as WlII in
knitidoins as lepubhcs, iito comilioiiiy cliuleii liuo
ain.in^ll the moll wealthy, a. id p,iiicul,uly Uu';;otcniu .

if '

tilt t\v7
k! Iia.ni*
i\|nii'il\'.
10111 ^AlU

JIK', »U'.l

(]iial till
K- iij;luh
itli a liil-
wing i'\-
Cdir.i' ai,
lhi> have
1 ri'.iirii i
liis. To
, (I) thrir
idiini .ir. I

I ll|ulc.:P.-

ve till' .il)-
ricijueiitlv
> .i.iy, ii-
jl|-,lrx I'lK
11, lli:it hi'

Utc liUli-

II tlio we '«- ,
id tlic iitni-t
wlilih ill V-'

U'ltlU-IVi ■ ;i|
it lIlC 1.1. C

ktilll-il-iv,
vniioii : oil
|!y tliJii on
iVcniblc it •
a \i\rff~ t;i.i.
:ct i>l which
ighs, aii-1 <'ii
.-.it, ;.i.'l Hi',
heir litil'.ic-.-.
caliAl Fuil-
'iiors, wl.!.;i
11 is p'..'C'..l u
,vhiii tht I'.a-
c tjliU" ""l*
Ic iciu-it Lcr-
ir h..n.!.s .'"J
|bc ccrciiio.y,

PriiP-, C'l-
to I'liil I'Ki as
lU.miiiJ *'''>

s. I'tir ttiis
th ihc ;;ieatitt
ih-i!i ilKir
ilv pu't'le th.ii

h.uc lull liu'c
he public IX-

bv ihtf lalt i>l'
|i\ y 111 I i^l'iJ'-

d nti. Trvc ''^■-
iK- i.^imJ
.iciin Kii .''■"■It
, ,> !'e i.l.tJ
,\ \o i.iU>; laic

|t.).ii'P'»'" ''"■'•

;,i. ■rhfi.iuiih

liuuUuu, tilh-

ll.ii;*, \^i"'

|iti wjr, 'H Ik--

i-UIkt ill •"^i"''
|s .uc in t' i"-'f ■'
ivc. '1 iu C"-
|\vi> l>-ut;. , Iho
ui tliKl '<"" i
I men. All "I-
■t I'l. '..ill-i ,
I by liiiOi p;iiti' 1
',, as N'.al 111
IV (.hole 11 lioii
fy iuci'»<-'i"" '

AP*RICA.J

GUINEA.

5^'

cif towns and vill.igcs. Thifc t:ikc ctignizarc! of all
(Ivil and cri ulna! calVii ) but tlalr dicilion is liot uh-
foluti'ly ultimate, as ihc [urtics liavc a powtr c 1' iij iKaliii^-
to the kiin:.

Moft oftiiu-cs of a ciiniin,il nalnte arc piiniftied hy
fine. A inurJtiiT, indeed, is (eiitented to dealii ; but
it is feldiini any one is cxiciited, lor if he h.i-s I'ichtr
cffeins hiiiifelf, i.r fiieiuli to pay ilie linr, lie efcapei ;
but if not he luftirs. In the I .iter cafe, as (ooii as
ffntcnce i> pilUd he is iklivrred to tiie txtxutioiUT, «liu
blinds his C)i>.i.'.d ties bis liaiiK behind him j after which
he leads hiiii to lumc held witluiut the lown, where he
makes him kncildown, I endin;; his hc-d fmw.ird, whin
he thriill.'i a (pear iliro»i;h his b dy. 'I'l.i- d me he cms
otf his heal wiili a lialeh. t, a.d divi.lin;; the bu.ly
into foiir parts, lei.ves it cvpol'id to the biids of the
air.

The fine for murd.rinj a (l-vc is grnerally ?6 crowns,
and th.it lor the niurdir of a free nfj;,ro 50c j but it is
frequently niitigitcd by tonfent of the relations belong;
ing to the perfon murdered.

Robbery is ul'ually punifhcd by a ridoration of the
goods, and payiiu; a fine, which is levied in ptoportioii
to the value of the goods flilen, and the tiicunitlai.ccs
of the perfon who commits the f.iiil.

The crime of adultery, on the coaft, is punifliel only
by fine; f'r which r^al'on many women, by confent of
their huftands, bellow their favours merely to take ad-
vantage of ihofe who have been toolilhly captivated by
their charms. A l.te wiit-'r, fpcakin^ol thiscircumlUnce,
fays, " I'hefe men aie tiuly contented cuckolds, who
give their wives full orders to en'ice other men into their
embraces ; which done, thole (he-devils iiniiicdiatcly
tell their huftands, who know very well how to fleece
the amorous fpatk. It is incxprellible what lubtiltics
thiy ufe to dr.iw men, but cfpteially ((rangers, intoiht
net. 'l"o the laiter they will pretend that they hive no
hufbands, and are yet unniarr.ed and free ; but the faiil
is no fooncr o\ er than the husb.md appcirs, and gives
them cogent iialons to upciit llieir ludul.ty. (Jthers,
fays he, whole admirers know them to be nuiiied, will
proiniie and (wear eternal fccrecy only with a ilclign to
draw them in ; fcr as lion as they n v< t with ih.-ir huf-
biiidslheytilltlumwli.it has happei ed. Should they
conceal 11, and he make the difccvery bin IcU, ii might
coft them very dear ; but by this nielhi.d th v j^raiify
their inclinatiiins without d.ingcr, and pioniotu their hiil-
bands inter' (I into the bargain."

'J'he inland Ne|;rocs, however, a^r nr.ieh more rtri.rt
ill cafes of adulieiy thin thole on th.- ciaft. He ih.it
debauches a iie|M'>'s wife is not only entirely ruined,
hut his' relations often (uHir with him; and i(
the pel Ion inimcd be a nun of | rii|>(.ilv, the fine will
not f.:tis(y liini, but lu- mull alio haie the life of
the oliVndct. It the ciin.in.il be a fl.ue, his de.uh is
inevitable, and that in the molt rruel m.iniict ; beli.les
which, a fine is lined on hi' m.ilUr. . A woman cauijbt
in adultei V is iillo in prejt danj;er il lur li(e, uiiliCsher
relations puitv the mragrd huP.i.iiid with a lum of
moiuy, or lonie valu.ible priliint ; and Ihc wh;i is e lu^ht
with her hulband's Have is iiil<lliblv put to death, as
alio the (lave lur paraii our ; bthilis which their re-
lations ate obliged tu pj) I'.ic hultaiid a tunfideiablc fiim
of money.

The Healing of men i' puniflied with L'teat feveiiiv,
and lonieunies with death ; .i-is all.i ilie lUnlinj' id bn.'s,
(heep, or other cattle. Ill th<le pirts whiihare inde-
pendent of the Kutopians they will niutb looner put a
mail to death lot l»e»ling a Ihcep t laii k.lling his neigh-
bour.

Ill all cafes of injury, the negroes ate rcfponriblr not
only forthtit childitn, but alio tlieii iilatmn:, wlioin
luch cties help one another by a mutual coniiibulion,
each giving fomethmg towards the hue, aeeoidin^ to
hilcircumlUnces, otheiwile the ofiendcr would be 1 011-
demncd either to Qaveiy m de»th In like manner
every man is obliged to make good the ii.juiy done by
his (lave ; lot wh.ilevei ituiic he commits, ills iii.dlcr
mud pay the fine impol'id.

If a very 'ich m.iii commits an od'enic, the fine is
exceeding heavy, for the Icvyiiij; of whuf. th.y aifii-ii
29

' two rcLions ; firft, that he w!H hot urged to it by nc-
i c( ilily ; and fecondly, that he cin better fpare the money.
I t)ii this account many negroes though lieh, will al-
I wavs pKad the greatell poverty, as by that means if
I either they or their relations fliould commit any offence,
I ihc fine levied is \eiy trilling to what it olhcrwife would
be were their ciiciiml'anees really known.

'Ihc piinecs of the diH'erent kingdoms on the Gold
Ci'.'i! being naturally piuud and ambitious, contiiitions
licen iiilv break out an oiigfl them; on which oceaficns
war i) formally declared, and the kings, by their gover-
; ors, i-ppoint a day for their fubjedts to allcinbic in
arms. This beinj; done, a heiald is fent to denounce it
to the enemy, at the (amet.me fixing the day, the ( lace,
and hou' ol bat le. The irandcL';, ornollo', then re-
par tocourt, and alter coiiip'imeii ing the king pncccJ
III the war, taking with them their wives and Ian. ilie: (
.j'.d if the moi'vis of the ipiaircl be great, before ihcy
let out, they (lellioy their houfes and towns, that the
iieniy, il vi^ljrioiis, may gain the le(s advuit.ijc of
thiir coiuiiiell. The kings have a great nuii.ber of
guards, wlio eonltantly attind their perfi^ns either at
home or in the field. Tlure .ite well furiiillie.; with
arn.s, and have a moft lorn, d.ibic appearance : ili.y
I'aint their (aces with le', white or yellow (freaks,
marking their breads and the reft of their body with
vatious figurej ot the lame colour, and ciols their
Ihoiilders they hang a fetifli Aring of glafs beads as a
prilcrvativc agauill danger. Round their necks tliey
have a large collar made of the boughs of trees, to keep
(ilf the blows Ml tlivir enemies weapons; and on the:;
hcds they have cap* made of the (kins of leopards. They
lairy a poin.ird 111 tl.eir girdle, and in their left hand
they have a long bto.id IhielJ that covers their whole
bodies, with a dart or lance in their right hand.

The common loldiers have loig labrcs falfcticd in a
belt girt round their waill, and they have caps or hcU
mcts made o( the Ikins of ciocodiles, ailorned on
each fide with a red (licll, and behind with a tuft of
hoife-hair.

The nobles, who hive the chief ports in the army,
wear their fabrcs before them, with large knives hanging
by their fide?. Their (laves march by their fides or be-
hind thein, atid arc armed with bows, airows and
cutiallcs ; and the common people have (abics and
hatchets.

Their fire-arms confill only of mufkets or caibines,
wiili which thcv are furnifted by the li>uich, and arc very
■-•Xpert in the ule of them. Some of their labre, ate
made with two edges, and have bro id wooden liai.dles
covered with thin plates of gold. They have alio two
loitsof allagayes, or lances, the fmalleft of which ate
t!iiovvii like darts, but the latter are loii^, and very fub-
! llaiitial, being chiefly compoli'd of Ibbd iron. I hefc
they keep coiiiiiuially in their r;ght hand, and while they
arc uling it agaiiift their enemy, they defend themfelves
with thrir fhield in the left.

Some of their fliicUls arc ma.le of leather, but in
general of the bark of trees interwoven : they are about
Itx feet long ai.d tourbruad, and (Iren^'thencd within by
.1 ctols ol wood plated with irim. Some of them arc
covered with the hides of oxen, others with IcJtlier i>ilt,
and I'ome with the Ikins of tygers. They arc very ex-
pert in the ufe ot this d.fcnfive weapon, which, with
theit l.ibie, they brandilh in fuch a manner that It is alinuft
inipolTible to cume at them.

I'hcir other weapons arc bows anl arrows, and thcfe
I they ufe with luch nicety, that they will hit a veiy
(iiiall mark at a confidcrable diftanee. 1 liey are made
,.f hard tough wood, and the firings arc fotnicd of the
baik of trees. The airovvs iic feathered at the bead,
and pointed with iron ; and their i|Uivers in which they
cany them are made of the Ikins ot goats.

When they go to b.ntle, they engage th:ir enemy
vvirhoiit payin.; the leait attention to order : each com-
niaiidrr has \u-. i.rn dole together in a crowd, hitiileir
beiiiL' hid in t'le midll of them, and in tl'.is manner tbiy
.'iiiiai'e one heap of men againll anoihir. In cale a
lew are killed, the rtll innitdiatily iiin away, un-
lils (uriounded by the rneiiy ; and fo natural is
CJWatJicc lu Ihein, that when out otticer fees imo'lu'r
4 M enihtal'cJ,

• •I ii,i n

r ■ I

w i

fl'Mi

3«»

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

Ill :-!''^

1 ■'■ '

cnthrallcJ, iiirtcaJ of aJvaiicinj to aflirt hlr.i, he con-
lults only his own fat.'.y by a l|>ciHly flight. They do
not flanJ uprijjht in '.i.ittlc, but ftoup that the bulliis
may fly ovtr ihcir '.icjiis : as foon m ihcy haic Jifchaigcd
thiir giirib ihcy iiii''«'JiJ ny run back to load thciu, aiid
then tctiirii ,inil icfnnic the tire.

When on.' p.irly ha^ entirely I'.cfcatcd the other, they
make as in.iny prit'uncts as thi.y can, which is the chiil
end nl all their wars. Thulc who c.nir.ot raik their
rinfnni arc cither kept or fold a- flaves i if a petlon of
rank is taken, he i> well guarded, and hi> ranfoni is
fixed vcrv hi;;b j but if the |ierfon who occafioncd the
war falls into their hands, ih .y wdl not admit of any
ranfoni, for he is put t.) de.ith, as llie nioft clii.utual
means of preventing his raifing any future ruptuiis.

As fo.in as the war ;iie over, and a treaty of peace
is agreed on, the Ci atendii,; princes agree to meet e.ich
other on a certain day, 1 iv^oclaim their determinations.
The place u generally a large open plain, and each piity
appeals as if armed lor bjtili-, bringing with them ; ir
fetiflici. The priells, who ..ic always the principal peo-
ple ill ihefe ceicmonies, make the ciucfs Iwear ucipro-
cally, to ccafc hidlilities, to forget what has palled,
an.l as a fccurity for ihiir ptomifcs, to give iirU'ua]
hcft.iges. As foon a. :e oaths are taken, ihcdjums
and trumpets begin lu i und, the parties throw down
their arms, and embrace each other with the grcateli
cordiality; after which they pafi the leiuamdcr of the
day in fmging and daiuni.', and coinnicrce is renewed
as if no (juarrvl had hippenctl.

0/ tic Pisviiii/i anii Kiii^rlims that form t't Gold Coa(t ;
«,;■//' llif /IjJ/'tifHt StttUiruHli in taib Inhuming to tbt
Europeans.

IN Jefcnbing thcfc we fliall begin at the mod weft rn
pait, iun%ciy, the kiiigdoiii ol Axim, htuaied ^tliout
JO miles call of C ,pe Apollonia. 'Ibu is a very plen-
tiful couiitrv, for the land being naturallv good, and
the inhabitaiKs very attentive to cultivation, it produces
provifions of mol} kinds in great abuiul.iiKe. Rice in
particular i> lo plentiful here, that it i» exported to all
other parts of the coaft, in return for which the inh.ibi-
tants bring millet, yams, potatoes and palra-oil.

The chief village or town here i.. called Ackooibone,
and is very populous and pleafantly fitiiated. Near it
is the Dutch fort of St. Anthony, which once belonged
to the I'oriu^uele, from whom it vvas taken by the ter-
mer in the year 1642, and by the fiicccedtng peace be-
tween Portugal ami Holland, its being yielded to the
Dutch' India company, it has ever fince remained
in th-ir puflelTion. This fort is fituatcd on a rock, and
though fmall, is yet very commodious. It has two
batteries on the land fide, and one on the li. a, with proper
out-Wurks, vkhich as well as the walls, arc all made ol
Mack rtonc luund ir the country. The gate of the
fort is low and well feciired by a ditch eight feet deep
cut in the rock, over which is a draw-bridge defended
ly two padere.os. The chuf ficlor's houlie is neatly 1
built ot brick, of a triangular loiin, aiul ^ cry lolly : it 1
hoi thue fronts, before one of which is a fmalJ (pot of 1
(;round planted with urangc and palm-treis. The fort I
mounts 22 large iron guns, )i«fides fcvural Imall ones, ;
and the ^'.arrifun iifiially conluls of 15 Whites, and ilu:
lame num'.er of Hiacks, wh« are under a fctjcant bc-
lunging to the company.

The natives of .'\xini .ire generally rich, from their
carrying on a confiderable trade with the Kuroj)eaiis lor
gold, which iheychictly dif[Hif^ ol lithcr to the Kuglidl
tir Dutch, 7'heir drcM, culloms, nianiicrs, religion,
&c. aie the f.uiic as on the (luIJ Coall in geiKral, the
particulars of which have been already related ; hut with
refpccl to their laws, they .ve fubje.^ to the chief la^for,
as \xo\ ?tnor of the fort, who prefereet a kind ot fovoteign

three fouilht of the whole belong 10 the plali.tiir, and
the other fourth is for the Kabofliirs aii<l tlie laClor,
who divide it into three paiis, the loiiner t,.k.n,^ one,
and the latter two. He .ilfo obtains confiderable luins
from the lifheiiren, who arc oblii^ed to give him an
eighth part of .ill the fifll they catch.

About feven leagues fi-iiih-cali of Axim is .i lar- e

beautiful fort called Kredeiicklbiirgh, which wii b.nlt

by the Ijraiideiiburghets, but n^ w Iclongs to the Dutch.

It h- lour larKC iiatteiick luriuflied with ^h picus ol

ordiLiiKc; aid the gate Uadiiij; lo it is execediii(' inaj.

niliient. 'I ho ualis arc fhick, Itinn , imd liik;h, ..iid

within arc Icter il fpacious dwellings for the ofliiii^ and

foldiers, as alio (rood wareluules lor the icception of

their nieirhandize. The foit is well known by the

' name of Conny's L'aflle, whuli it nbljired fioni the

I following ciieimdlaiiccs ; v^h^n the I'lulii.iis who vmiu

I hill pcdieliiil of it left the roalf of Guinea, they com-

I mitt.d the (are ol the fort to one John Conny, h hi uk,

with ttri^l otdeis not to deliver it up ir> any iiatioi but

the I'rullians. Soon alter tlitir arrival in Kurn|e, t e

, king of I'ruflia lolJ all his inteieft on lie coai> of

Guinea to the Dutch India Ccmp.>in, thire bunjj

another fort lielonging to him, liiuaiiu upon iij.<|e

I Three Toints. \\hcn the Dutch came to uen.ui.U ih 1

fort, John Cvnnv rcfufod to deliver it up tu ihcin, wIik li

produced a war that continu*d for li n • yeai^ and coll

the Dutch much in:iniy and .1 grcHi ucal ot bloodlliid,

I Un the other h.ind, Couiiy, lluflied with his rrp> aiej

vi^ioiies over ihe Dutch, became a mortal cnm y to

them, and confidercd them in the moll vhnnxious light;

, to Ihcw which he had a fmall paih that led fiom ilu

I outer gate to the inner apartment of h'S cahle pnved

I with the Ikulls of Dutchmen vsho were flain in baiile;

' and, as a farther mark of contempt, he bad one fisujk

tipped with filvcr, which he tied as a pum h-bu'Al,

However, in 1724, he wa» eompleatly con»;ueri-i,

I when he fled into the country, and the Dutcn toulc

pollvnion of the fort, in whole hands it hai ever fince

continued.

The lituation of this fort i.s one of the heft on the
cnaft i and the anchorage and landing are boih faje and
convenient. I'he climate it toiciably who!elunie, ..nd
tbc country rich and well improved, A girni lr,-.de is
carried on here not only in ^uN', b'lt alio ivory and
flaves. Their government is well regulated, and the
Nrgroei more civilised and honcfl than in nioll other
parts of the coaft.

Cape Three Points, or Cape Puntat, is fo railed
from its confilling of three little heads or hills, that lie
at a fmall dinance from each other, .pd beiwem thcin
are two convenient bays. The whole ccuiiry about
the cape is exceeding woodv, and the hills are orna-
mented n,.' groves of lolly ticcs, which arc vilible a
confiderable diilance at fea.

About three leagues cad of the Cape is a fmall fort
called Dofolbea, which formerly heh nge.l to the
FrulFiant, from whom it was taken by the Dutch 111
the year lOitj. It confifta only of a larpe houlc wiili
a flat roof, en which are two fmall batieiies, each con-
I taming ten guns, 7'hc apartments within are numerous,
and inoli of them not only cuiivenicnily difpoled, but
very elegantly furiuflted.

Leaving tlie country of Axim, we come to that of
Anta, which extends almoft -50 miles from call to welt,
and is fuU of hills covered with large tree , betwi>ii
which are feyeral confiderable villages. The 10. 1 iswrll
watered, and |>ro<luces great i|iiantilics of cxcell.nt rivr,
the belt lort of maize, fogar-canes, yams and poiators.
It alio yiddi plenty of palm-wiiie and oil, cocoa iiuls,
auMHis, oranges and fmall lemons. In the inountanicus
parts are great numbers of wild h«alls, pairieularly
elephants and lygeis, the latter of which arc lo rapaootis
that they frequently vif't the Englifli and Dutch lurts m
the nit;ht to the great terror of the inhabiiancs, who

authority throughout the whide country. He deter-
mine:) all caulcs among the N'egrocii, and the fines being

paid into his haiidj, he diilributts them to the injuietl i ftMnotimet lultain conriderable injury in the lol' ot their

peiltjiis, firfl deducing his own Ices, whish aiu very coil- ■ catilu, Iheep, &c. Uofman, whowaschKt fai^for ol .1

lidrrable. Fur example, if a black is fined an hundred fettlcniiiit ihg French oacehad at Sukkundi, givesafin^ru-

crowns, his clues amount to two thirds .viJ the other lar relation of the audacity of oneofthefeanmials, which,

lliiid goes tu tbit alTembly of Kabufliir^. elJers among asamattui of curiofity, wefliall pu'fervein hisown words :

the blacki, Lut in cafes of murder, < jbcry, or debt, I «♦ Some of niy Oioep," ftiyi he, " at well ju tlioic ot

ii:

AFRICA.]

GUINEA.

)ie t.nllivf,
ikiDi', <>iK|
[ibk luiiis
kC him Ml

is ^ l.ir' e

»■«■ b.iilt
the Dutch.
h jJiCiis ol
.iliiip maj-

liight "iitl

uflilll: ■Ml. I

cccptioii iif
wii liy thi:
(1 fidin IHC
s wlio »ilU
, they com-
1IJ-, abl ik,
, llJti'.l luit
Kiiro| I'l t c

l,t tOill. lit'

thu<- h.inij

U(icrii lo^i e

utii.ui.a ill i
thciHt will. U
ai^^, '.iiiil coik

ll tll(H'Olll<J.

I his trp' and

tal in my lo

oxiou'- liijlii i
led IrtiHi ill J

1 rail* pnvcil

tin III uaiiic ;
bad uiK fi^u.l
piiiii It-bvj'.vl.

V cun<;uiT'-'',
Dutch Joolc

hji ever fiiicc

he b«ft on tli«
boih fate anJ
ho'i:lbnii', -ml
gic.li trr.tlc is
alio ivoty .iinl
l.\tnl, mid 'ho
in moll other

ij fo rallc!

hilli, thai lio

bttw-eiii them

(.iiiiry about

itri- oriii-

;h arc viUblc a

is a rmall lott
,iige>l to the
the Dutch III
ie noulc with
lies, «.ich ton-
are nurrtroui,
ilifp.'ttrJ, but

me to th.1t <>f
tn c.iH to wiH,
trui.- , biiwoii
The li'.l uwrll

uxcellnt riir,
13 and lyjtiliic?.
;|, (otoi nuts,
he inounlainciis
paititularly
iri.- l.p r»pa<io<i'<

iJutrh torts 111
habiiann, who
the Ic/l' ot thtir
hitt ta<;>or ot 3
di.givc-aliniiu-
animali, which,
1 his own word-
wr!l ;.s tlioie ot
my

my nrighbniir, the Englifh faftor, were feve ral nights
dcvouri-d by u tygrr, which at lull guv-' to bold, that
kc canic at three in the at'tcrnonn to the hxl^ie, an.l killol
a couple ot Iheep. Perceiving hiin mi nnie, I went,
accompanied by wiy gunner, two Knrlidimcn, .iinl k
party ol Ncgrnen, all iirmed with mulkois, in piirfiiii
of him, and f<ioii ovirtonk him, though not belurc hi
h.id got into a (mall thicket <>f underwnod, which ivc
kelct. i'he gunner went into the thicket to fix- whire
he lurke.;, but in ■ lew niinulcs came runniinr Imck
ftightcneil almoll out <if his wits, havin.j i'-lt his hat and
flippers behind. 'I'hi' tyger had crcn hittrn hiin, and
W.IS ready to feijtc hini, when, to the man's good for-
tune, the beail ha|ipeniiij to l>e attVi^hted by fonie
falling branches, he retreated and gave tlie gunner time
to efcape.

" One of the Knglidimen, iinpati. iit at waiting fo
long, relblved to march into the wood with his mulket,
if podible, to diflodge him. The typer (ud'etci! him to
approach clofe, and then fell iip'.n him wiih cvtrcine
tury, teiicd hiin with his fe; t by the (liouMer- blade,
and, tixing his teeth in his fide, WnuM, ilouhtUfs, ini-
mcdiiittly have turn him to pieces, if, by crying out,
he had not drawn us to hid ainU.iiice, which obliged the
tvijrr (o t|uit his prey: yet the man was fo miftrahly
handlcil, that he lay lenlelefs about h ilf n day, paitly
by the venom of the bile, and partly by the fright.

" The Negroes wetc (o terrified at lhi«, that each
nuittcil his poH, and gave the tyg<T room to cfc.ipc,

liith he fiion atifrrpted, but m his (lii;ht out of the

'ket hapfx ntd tomethm;; truly tragi -(omical : the un-
ii)i>r of the tnglilh fort, near which the adven-
ippeiied, had piomilcd lo come to our affiilance,
iKi rdingly, the very moment the tvger ijuitted the
\. "id, he ailvancid wiih his niiifkct in his hand, at-
tended by leveral of his own people j but (Veini; the
tytpr making up to him, he ran av fjft back as his
Jcgs would carry him. This puttin;; him out of breath,
)lnd hpinn grievoufly afirightcd, ahrrnt a niiilket-lhot
frrmi ihc ton, he fell over a flone, where the tygcr had
already oveilakcn him. The company Hood iiemhling
at a ditUnce, Imiking when he woul I be loin in pieces ;
but the heart, to their furpriie, inllead of aitaiking
him, turned oft" and fled. 'I hi» I atirihuied to ihc cry
which he and his followers made, for theydurif iipi
(hoot, he flood fo near the fadory.

" This faine tygcr, however, w.n not deterred from
eoming again a few days after, and kiiliiu; lome Ihcep,
which put me upon another way ol tryinj; to catch hiin.
1 made a fort of Cage of ftron^ pale«, ix feer lung, and
four bi oat), laying looo weight of Itmie on it, to pie-
vent his breaking out above, I fuiniflied it with a
rinirble plank door, and in one of the corneis I put a
fefier cage, which took up one «|uaitcr of the whole,
with a couple of fmall Imgs in it. After this I fet the
door like that of a rat-trap, fo that the tyger lould not
come in tn fei«e the hogs v, ;hout fliutiing himfclt in,
while the little cage fecured the hogs from his fury.

" This llratagcm fuccceded fo well, that three nights
«fter the fyger was caught at midnight. Infte.nl rjt
roaring, as was expct'lcd, he immediately (et his teeth
fo wm-k, and had certainly eat his way out of limbo,
coiiKl he have had but one half hour's time j for he had
foMi rent the inner from the oitter door, and eaten the
palifadoei half through ; in fhort, I came fe.\fonably
fo prevent his breaking jail. Not to dally with fruitlefs
firing, 1 clapped the nuttilc of my mufket, la.len with
three Iwrth, between the pales, Which the bfaft farioiifly
e.tfehed at, and fo furnidied ni« wiih a fine opportunity
of dilpatching hmi at one ftrot. He was about the fire
of a common cM, well provided with large teeth and
claws.

•• This fuceefs furnifted the company with a fcaff of
eight days ; for, by the cuflonfi ot the country of Aiita,
he who catches i tyger is privileged for eight days to
fcrze all the palm-wine brou'',ht to market, without
paying any thing. This was accordingly done, and the
whole eight days Were fpent by the Negroes in (hout-
inp, dancinjT, leaping, and all m.mn(r of public jollity,"

The firff remarkable place we meet with in the kinj-
doni of Ann i» Dickfcovc, lituatcd about tHght leagues

liC-

to the ncrth-eaft of Cipe Three Points. Here the
Kniililh have a fort, which is a hiiiiifome and regular
buildinj', and is well defended with fimr good battciic:,
on which are mounted xo pieces of ordnance. This,
and nil the other Knglifh forts arc fubordinalc to Cape-
Coall-CalHe, they being allowed to hoiil no other than
ilie St. (icorge's nag.

Near I)ieklco\c are two villages commanded bv one
and the fame cuboccni, who alw'vs li ids the St
(Jenrge's flajj at his houie, whencvei^ that at ihc fo
dilplayed, as a compliment to the Knclifli.

At a fmall diffan.c from thele villages is a

longing to the Dutch, called liaicnltcin. it -

1 on a (cry hi_h hill, anil i built of an oblong '

IS a fmall building, and has only two battel ies, on each

'of which are pLiiiti .: four guns. At the fobt of the

hill is a villa;,c called Bout on, or Moutii, the inhabi-

I tants of which are particularly diltiiijjiiifhed lor their

; honifty in all matters lelativc lo tr>de. This vill.i„-e is

waleieo by a ri\er that comes down from the coumn-,

and difcnibogucs itfelf into tlic fca by the Dutch foit.

The banks of it arc exceciliiig pleafant, bcnij; ...lonud

with lofty trees ; und ihe fides of it arc line,! with nian-

uriivcs, whole boughs aie plentifully ft ckcJ wiili e\-

ceHei-r oy'lers. 'fhe river is navignVie only .iL-ont fouf

, le.g.ics ;. ... :■, mouth ; for ihouph it riailK-smuch f.ir-

i thtr, ye', it is • npalliible, owing to the violtnt water*

I falls \^tt- <■( ut ^'j-n from the locks. It atf'oids great

, jdeu'y 0( fidi, tU)( t is haiinlons to catch tlicm, owina

I to ..I'j iieinj I. .e(t.-.d with prodigious numbers of croco-

UIAS.

I Tokorari is a pleafint village fiinatcJ on the trp of
]a high hill, which jii-s to the touth-eiift into tlu' lia,
! and is urrouiided with fov;:ral rocks. The country be-
J hind the town is rxcecdiiig plealant, confiding of de-
lightful vr.llies and pl.iiiis, adortvd with Iot"tv tiers, hc^
twieii whiih arc agreeable paths com I with white
find. Theic was lorir.eriy a fort here, which was at
.different times poli'ellL-d by the tn;lifli, Dutch, Dancj,
I ^wedis and Pruflians ; but in 1665 the Dutch blew it
up as a place of no conleciucncc, and there arc not any
remains of it now to be (eon. The natives here are fa-
' mous for making the bell and l.iiucit cantjcs on the
eoalf, fome ot which an at leaft 3a feet lon^, anJ w.ll
j carry above 10 ton ol goods. Ships bound fiom \Vh;-
dah generally provide thcmlelves with tlicl'j j the pi ice of
one ol the latg ft 11 about 50I. ffcrling.

About four miles- calf of Tokorari is the villj.rc of
Sakkundi, or Sacundee, wheie the Engli.Ti an'' i.Vitch
have each a fort, the latter of which is called ' 'laiige,
and, like the foimer, is fi;u..lcd on the top ol a nil,
Th.t belonging to the Dutch is vcrv fmall, and pooily
defended J but the Enf^liOi fort is large, and mounteij
wi.h 10 pieces of cannon. The French haJ lornurly
a (c:tleininl here, but not fidiiig it anfwcr their ex-
peiltdtions, they deiertej it. T.is village is veiyiicit
in gold, and as healthy a place as any -jn the eoaft.
The country round it is admiiabic, hcino diveriihcil
with hills and dales covered with lofty trees, wlnrh
■;row with fuch uniforrhit-- as to appear as if plated
by an.

Between Sakkundi and 9ama are two fmall villages,
the one called Anta and the other Boari, but they arc
not of any note for trade, except in the article of palm-
oil, gre.1t quantities of which are exported to mod other
parts of the co.ilt-.

Sama is fttuated on a hill, anil is watered by a fmall
river called St. George, 'Vhich runs into the fea near
the loot of the hill. It contains about 2CO houfes, r.t
cabins, fo placed .is to form three feparatc villages.
The place is populous, but the inhabitants aic very
poor, and chiefly employed in agriculture and fifhin?.
The Dutch have a fort here about the ftze of that at
Boutrou, and mounttd with the fame number of |;uiis.
It is called St. ScbalVian's, which name was given to it
by the Portinjuefe, who were firft mafters of it, and
from whom it Was ts'ken by the Dutch.

The countries of Adom and Jabi are very fertile in
maize, atld have fevcral mines of gold ; but' there are
no European fcttlemcnts in them, neither have they any
villages that merit particular notice.

Commenda,

,•1

>! t.

!'S

*,•

1 I

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

4!s

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1.0

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11.25

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Hiotographic

Sciences
Corporation

a>^

'O"..^ <^.,'>

33 WCST MAIN STRUT

WIISTIR.N.Y MSM

(716) S73-4503

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•!ri;:'t, ■

r\ ' 'f

Commcnd.i, or Comrany, the next proviiici wc come
to, iidiiiJcil into two pan-, d.lHngnilhcd by tlic nainc!.
of t^i-.t anil LiltlcComni.iiiy, the i:ihabit.inis of which
arc chitlly filhermcn, or brokers, it being a place of
confiikralilu trade for gold r.nd Haves. In this dillrift
are two Enrnpean fortn, one belonging to the Englifli,
and the other to the Dutch. The former is a large
quadrangular building, with three fquarc baltions, and
one round ; and within the fort is al.iri^e tower, built ol
ftoneandlime, It mounts 24gun5, and has a garrlfon of
25 whites, and the fame number of blacks The Dutch
fort is called Vredenburp,h, and was built in the year
l688. It is a fquarc building ftrcngthened by good
batteries, on which might be conveniently mounted 32
guns within f.) many parts in the brcaft-woik, though
at I refent it contains only 20.

Leaving the kingdom of Commcnda, we enter thatot
Fetu, which is a fine plentiful country, extending about
j()C miles in length, and the fame number in breadth.
The p.incipal part of the inhabitants arc employed in
agriculture, fowing corn, and drawing wine from the
palm-tree; others in filhing and boiling fait 1 and fomc
trade on their own account, or as brokers for the inha-
bitants of the inland countries,

'I'he fitfl principal place we come to in this kingdom,
13 the town or village of £1-Mina, fituated about nine
miles from the Dutch fort of Vredcnburgh, and is re-
markable for the caIHe of St. George, anot'^er Ihong
foit belcmging to the Dutch, who took it fioni the
Portuuucic in the year 1638. It is a large fquarc build-
ing, with very high Hone walls, fo flrong, that they
ate faid to be cannon-proof. It has four large baftions
or b \tttr!cs within, and one very (Irong one on the out-
woikj. Two of the baftionb within lie to the fca, and
are very lofty, the point of the peninfula on which they
Uar.d, being an Wi^h flat rock ; but the other two are
low, the ground defcending gradually from the rock.
Thef.: batteries aie mounted with 48 pieces of fine brafs
cannon, and that on the nut-works is filled with iron
pieces, whiih arc only fired as falutes, or on days of
public rejoicings. The fort towards the land is adorn-
rd with two canals cut in the rock, which arc always
furniflud with rain or frcfh water fufficient for the gar-
rifon and fliips. The infidc of the fort confilts of a
l,.r;;e qu.ulr ngle, furrounded with handfomc ftorehoufes
tif brick and Done. The general's lodgings are in the
upper part of the caDIc, the afcent to which is by a
large ilair-iale ol black and white ftone, defended at
Mp by two Imall brafs guns, and four pattcraros of the
litiie mrtal, commanding the place of arms, and a
corps-de-auard. Next to this is a great hall full of
arni!-, and beyond it a lung gallery wainfcottcd, and or-
lumented at each end with large glafs windows. This
^..lleiy leads tu the general's apartments, which confift
ot Itteral hanlfomc rooms and offices along the ram-
p.irti. On one fide of thefc rooms is a very neat cha-
pel, whei^: fcrvice is not only performed on Sundays,
bat cic y day in the week, when all the ofEcers of the
gaiiifon a.e obliged to attend under the penalty of 25
liiieis, and double that fum on Sundays and Thurl-
da)i. On tl.o ramparts is alfu an hofpital fur the fick,
wliich is large enough tu contain at Icall 100 people.

The town of Mina is fituatel jull under the calllc,
rnd is tolerably long and populous. The houfrs aic
built with toek (lone, and arc In general very fpaciuus
and convenient. I'he inhabitants ate a warlike people,
,.iul from iheir long coriefpondcncc with the Kuropcans,
arc the mull civilized on (he coall. Their ufual cni-
plovmentk iie trade, hufbandry, and Alliing,

This town it watered by a fmall river called Donja,
Nt'hiih Icparaies the two kingdoms ol Commcnda and
Fetu i on ihe iioilh liJc of which, oppofite to Saint
George's Cartle, is the fort of Conradclburgh, belong-
iti:; alfu to the Dutch, and fituated on a high hill called
!'!. J.i^o ) it confifls of a handfome quadrangle, ftrength-
iiied with four good batteries i Ihe walls are li feet
hi^'li, and firong, having four lefler battciifs mounted
with n punt. Within the fort is a '"gc tower, with
convenient apartments fir the garrilon, which conlilt.s
in rrncral i^f 25 men, who arc iclieied fioin El-Mina
unce ill 24 hours. The afcent tu tlu' luit is caly on the

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTE-M OF GEOGRAPHY.

fide of El-Mina, but on that towards Commenda it 1?
ikep and difiicu't. Thcb.idge of communication over
the liver Beiija has a draw-bridge in the center, as well
for fecuritv as to admit fmall ftiips to go up the river.
At the foot of St. Jago hill are feveral tombs and ino'
numents, which are fuppofed to have been ciciled by
the natives to the memory of their kings or other dillin-
guilhed perfonagfs. On the north fide of the hill is a
large garden belonging to the general of the fort j it is
divided by fp.iciuus walls, and rows uf orange, lemon,
cocoa, p.ilm, and other forts of trees and uncommon
plants of the country ; as alfo a variety of European
herbs, pulfeand roots : in the center of the garden is
a large fumnier-houfe, round and open, with a cupoU
roof, and the afcent to it is by a handfome fiair-cafc.
Some of the oranges that grow in this garden are little
inferior to thofe of China.

At a fmall d.ltance from St, Jago hill is a place called
by the Portuguefe Cabo Corfo, but by the Englilh
Cape Corfe, or Coaft ; it is formed by the fhorc jutting
out a little, and making an angle, whofe fuuth and ealt
fides are wa(hcd by the fca. On this cape is fituated
Cape Coalt caitle, which is the moft important fortrefs
of any belonging to the Englifh on the coaft of G uinca i
it ftands on a large rock that projedfs into the fea, and
was creiScd by the Portuguefe, who fitft fettled here
about the year 1610. In a fliort time after the Portu-
guefe had built it, they weic difpoQelTed of it by the
Dutch, from v^hom it was taken in 1&64 by the En-
glilh, under admiral Holmes, By the treaty ol Huda it
was ftipulated that the fort fliould remain to the Englilh ;
and a charter being afterwards granted by king Charles
II. to the African company, they immediately fct about
enlarging it, and formed it in the elegant manner it
now appears.

The walls arc built patily of 'ock-none and partly of
brick, and are very high and thick, particularly on the
land fide ; the parade is 20 feet perpendicular above the
rock, and forms a kind of <)uadraiiglc, being open on
the call fide towards the fea, which renders it very
plcafant, and aft'ords a delightful profpedt of Queeit
Anne's Point, and the (hips in Anaiiiaboe road ; on this
fide are 13 pieces of heavy cannon, which command
the road .^nd pallage leading to the fort ; the other three
fides contain many fpacious apartments and offices, par-
ticularly on the fouth fide, where there is a very neat
chapel, ;ne back part of which jo lis to the caftle wall,
having the great body of the rork called Tabora on the
outlide of It, On the battlements arc 10 guns, and 25
on the flankers, which aie four in number. (.)n the
rock Tabora, which is about 20 paces from the calllc,
is a round towtr, containing fix 12 | oiinders, and ferves
to keep in awe the blacks of the adjacent town. The
entrance to the caftic is by a la'go well fecurcd gate that
opens into the fquarc, which is large enough for 50a
men to be dr.iwn up and cxereiled. The apartments
for the agents and officers are very fpacious and con-
venient, as are alfo the barracks for the foldiers. I'hu
general's apaitmenis coniniunicati; with the cha|Kl,
which is foinctimrs ufed as well to dine in as for the
pcrlorniancc of divine ferviie ; in the front of the full
llury is a Ipaciuus balcony, that extends the wholu
length of the buildings, and in the center uf it is a
very ilegant and commodious llait-calr. Here aie alfo
fpacious llore-houf'b, and convenient compting-houfes
for the tai^tors and othci ofliceis, At a Imall diltame
from the gate of the calllc is a piiluii fui the Cuuline-
mcnt of ciiiiiiiiuK ) and under the fquarc is a fpacious
vault lut In the ruek, whtrc thole lia\es arc conlincd
that have been purchaled lui cxpoilatioii.

I'he eaidens belonging lo the calllc aie very cxtcn-
fivc, being near ci^ht nnlei in circumference, Jiid arc
without any toil uf iiiclofuie, execpt on the fvulh fide )
they are vciy fertile, and pioduec almoll every thin-
natuial to hot climate*, paitieulaily orangcii, iemun>,
citrons, giiavas, plantains, b.inaii.i'^, cjiou-iiuti, rin-
naiiion, lamannds, )iine-a|)ples, 1<q. wnh fuveral fmu
of European ve|<riables, m lalladi of Vaiious kinds
cueunitii'i, piiinpkiiis, watri-iirloiu, am' piiifl.iin ;
the l-ell root", aic yarn*, and polal(H.s, and foiiictimci they
hau' i;'.'ud luiniiis tailed ficiii Einllli lied,

Tie:

J 1 : .

nenda it is
cation over
;i;r, as wlU
^ the river,
bs and mo-
1 ci tiled by
)thcr diftin-
thc hill is a
- furt 1 it is
ngc, Umim,
1 uncommon
Lpf European
he garden is
rith a cupoU
ne ftair-cafe.
den are little

a place called
the EnglilU
■{horc jutting
fouth and eall
ipe is fituatcil
lOttant fortrefi
jft of Guinea J

the fta, and
rft fettled here
fter the Portu-
:d of it by the
,64 by the En-
eacy of Huda it
totheEni^liflii
yy king Charles
irately fct about
jjant manner it

ne and partly of
ticularly on the
icular above the

being open on

renders it very
,fpea of Queen
)oe road ; on this
which command
: J the other three

1 and offices, par-
ere is a very neat
:o thecaftle wall,
cJ Tabora on the

10 guns, and 25
limber. On the
from the caftlc,
unJers, and ferves
rent town. The
I lecureJ gale that
c enou(i,h for 50Q
The apartments
fpatious and con-
he foldieis. The
with the chaiKJ,
dine in as for the
^ front of llie tiid
KtcnJj the whole
tenter of it is a
(e. Here arc alfo
comptinj-houfes
a linall dillante
in foi the coufine-
lure is a fpacious
|na\e» an eonlincd
|ion.

.Ic are very cxtcn-
iii.fctcncc, I'nJ arc
on llic f<*uth fide ;
ilmoU cMry thin-
otangti', kmons,
, cjioairJ", cm-
wuh feveral (oils
<,f vjrK'US kinds
,11., oih' pinH'''" '•
LnJfouicli»'C«l'''>
111 .ad. ^1^,^,

AFRICA.} , • - GUI

The Negro town at Cap; Coall Caftle is Lirgc .nnd
populous; and the iiiliabitants, though pagans, are vtij
civil and induArious; fomc of them are enipluyeil in
getting gold, others in fifhing, and foine attend to agri-
culture, by whofc induftry the reft are fupplied with
the necedaries of life.

In the neighbourhood of Cape Coaft Caftlc are two
fiiiall forts, which belong alfo to the Knglilli, and an-
each juft three (iii.irters of a mile from thecaftle; one
of them is called Phipps's Tower, and the other Fort
Royal, or (.^jiccn Anne's Fort; the former h a fmall
round tower lituatcd on the eminence of a deep h.ll by
the fide of C.ipe Coaft gardens, and was built by gene-
ral Phipps, from whom it received its name ; it ftands
north-weft from the town, and mounts fcvcii guns.
Fort-Royal {l.nJs ncir a fmall village called Manfrow,
and is built on a hill named DaenHein, or the Danifti
Mount, becaufe the Danes had formerly a fort on the
fame fpot ; it is i fquaic brick building, and has 18
guns, fevcn of which are mounted on the top of the
fort, and eleven on the platform. The garrilbn con-
fifts of fix whites and 12 blacks, who are daily relieved
from Cape Coaft Caftle,

The town of Manfrow is fituatcd beneath the fort,
and is almort inutceflible, by means of the gnat rocks
that furround it; it is very fmall, and the few inhabi-
tants that live in it are chiefly fiflicrmen, labourers, or
falt-boilers.

From this town begins the fmall kingdom of Sabu,
or Saboc, which extends two leagues along the coaft,
and four inland to the north ; however, it is a plentiful
fpot, and the inhabitants of it arc reckoned the moft
induftrlous on the coaft. The firft place wo meet with
here is Queen Anne's Point, a fmall fort belonging to
the EngliTL : it is fituated on a hill about a mile from
Fort Royal to the weft, and two miles from a Dutch
fort called Naftau to the eaft ; it mounts five guns, and
has a ganifon uf five whites and the fame number of
blacks.

The Dutch fort ftands on a hill, near a fmall village
called Mowri ; it is almoft fquare, and has four batte-
ries, mounted with 18 pieces of cannon; the walls are
higher than any fort on the coaft, that of Fil-Mina ex-
cepted ; two of the batteries, which are next the fea,
are enclofed by a very fpacious and convenient curt.iin ;
and the angles are ornamented with four beautiful fijuare
towers, it was built by the Dutch, and was tlicir
chief fettlcment on this coaft at the t.me the Portu^ucfe
were in pollcflion of El-Min.i.

The villago of Mowri contains about joo honfcs,
the inhabitants of which arc ehiifly fiftiermen, and pav
a filth of what they catch as a tribute to the J.}uteli
f»aor.

Fantyn, the next divifion we come to, extends about
10 miles along the coaft, and contains many villages
well inhabited ; it hus no king, but is under the go-
vernment of a br.itfo, or leader, whofe power is greatly
rcftralned by the old men, or counfellors, who fre-
<]uently aA agreeable to their own inclinations, without
paying any rcfpccl to the braffo. The inhabitants on
the coaft carry on • ;rtat trade in gold, fifli, and (alt ;
but the inland people are chiefly employed in agricul-
ture, and fupply the markets with fruit, corn, and
palm-wine.

The firft material place we meet with here is Ana-
maboe, where the Englift) have a fmall but very neat
fort ; it is frated nn a rock about 50 yards frvm the
fea, and is built of ftone and brick; next (he fea it is
defended by two fiankeri, and on the other fide by two
turrets ; it mounts 11 guns, and the garrifun conlifts of

• The (ln)(nUr rircnmltantes thai ocialioiied ilie Aliicm
prinre to nay a vilit to Kiigliiid. RKc rife 10 fevir.d )>ul ••
iicationi during lii« (lay her*. Ain^ng ihpf« wat an mhiii-
rslilr ponii, imillnl, r*» Afnciit I'tiiict «««• m t'liiliiii.i, 1 .
/.Mil ,»« III Fmhtr't (vuiti ot wluch the folljvung ii ,111
Hbllra.'t :

" I'llncfi, my f.iir, uiirortuiiatily greit,
" Horn In the ponipom v,i<IiiljK( i>l Itttc,
" Wlieiie'cr the public cillt, are diHini'J 10 (ly
" Dumtlllt blif«, and lifak lire iwivitc tye,
Ji).
» -...'1

N E A. . , -, ,„•; - - ' 3^5

30 people, 12 of whom are whites snd the reft blacks ;
V. ithin are feveral good warehoufcs, and the apartments
for the principal officers are very elegant, and conve-
niently difpofcd. The .'n.-idirig htre is very dangcrc us,
the fhore being lined with rocks ; fo that the goods from
the fhips are carried ..fhore in canoes to a narrow I'.uidy
beach under the fort, enclofed with a mud wall ;ibout
'■ight feet high, within which arc apartments for the
blacks and other fervants belonging to the company.

The adjacent country abounds with hills, five of
whiih are clofe together, and very lofty, fo that they
ni.:ke an excellent Jand-mark, being very confpicuous
many miles at fea : the bills are intermixed with a great
variety of trees, which make the profpcft exceeding
plcafant; but the moft plentiful are the palm-treci, and
the wine cxtraiitcd from them is faid to bs fuperior to
all other in Guinea,

The town of Anamaboe is very large and populous,
containing at Icaft as many people as arc in the two
kingdoms of Sabu and Commcnd.i; the inhabit.int; ari
very ftout and warlike, but they are defperate and trea-
cherous, and the greateft cheats on the whole cojft.

It was from this part of the Guinea coaft that an
Englifh captain, in the year 1749, went up the coun-
try, with fome of his people, to traffic, where he was
introduced to a Negro king, who had 40,000 men j
this prince, being captiv-t.-d with the polite behaviour
of the Englifh, entertained them with the greateft civi-
lity ; and at laft tepofed fo much confidence in the cap-
tain as to entruft hiin with his ftn, about 18 years of
age, with another fprightly youth, to be brought to
England, and educated in the European manner. The
captain received them with great joy, but they were no
fooner fafe in his pofTeffion than he bafely fold thcin fur
flaves. In a (hort time after he died, and the (hip com-
ing to England, the officers rcLited the whole affair; oi\
which the government fent to pay their ranfom, and
they were brought to England, and put under the care
of the right hon. the eail of Hallifax, firft commiffioncr
of trade and plantations, who gave orders for cloathing
and educating them in a very genteel manner. They
were afterwards introduced to his majefty, richly drcfled
ii; the European manner, and were gracloufly received.
They appeared feveral times at the theatres, and one
night in particular at Covcnt Garden, to fee (he tra-
gedy of Oroonoko, They were received with great
applaufc, which they acknowledged bv a genteel bow,
.uiJ then to:)k their (eats in a box. The feeing pcrfons
of their own colour on the ftage apparently in tha f»n^«
dillrefs fiom which they had oeen fo lately delivered,
the tender interview between Imoinda and Orooii"ko,
will) was betrayed by the treachery of a captain, his
.iccouiu of his fulFering?, and the repeated abufe of bi<
placibility and confidence, ftrongly tftefled them with
ih.it generous j^ricf which pure nature always fjoli,
and which art had not yet taught thorn to ^pprefs ;
the young prince was I'u far ovoreome, that he was
obliged tu retire at the tnd of the fourth a^. His com-
panion remained, but wept the whole time; a circum-
ftance which affeifcd the audience yet more than the
whole play, and doubkd the tears that were (hed for
Uroonoko and Imoinda.

Thefe young Afi leans weie baptized by the rjverend
Mr. I'circtl, reader of the '('einpic, who louk great
pains to inftruwl ih^'in in the Chriftiati f.>itb. They
appeared perfeiUy falisfied dunng ilirir ftay m EngLind ;
but the young prince being dcfiiuus of fneing hii royal
fathir, he, with bis companion, politely took their
leave, and arrived fafe at Anamabot in the nionili of
December 1750*. I'he

. I I ■ ^ - I N , — . . ■ ■■ . ■ ^ I. -

" F.mic pays wiili cmply breath tlie mili diry Icar,
" And love's lofi joyj are changd t<> gloriou, «»ie 1
" Yet confcioiij virtue, in ihr lilcut huur, •

" Urwarils ills hrru *\x\\ a noblv Uuwer. •

" I'or till! al )nr I 1! irM llic ritariiig (it,
" Yet more, for lliik 1 doi'd to part with llice.

" I'ix'd the dft.ul veyage, .iiid the day il.,ried,
" Will 11, il<iiy'» vitlitn, Uivtf u i\ doomd to lilejn |
" T 11' well my mem'ry can tUuic Icciiei renew,
" U'n iiu t tu li||h, (u wtcp iiur lalt adieu,

4 N "If

•Jl

?,r^ ii

ill 'J !;

Ill

,'* 8- ' 1

'i' la

526

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

The Negro fovercign, penetrated with gratitude for
the paternal attention fliewn to his fon by the earl of
Hallifax, fcnt prefents of a confidcrable value to that
nobleman, among which were two Negro boys of the
fame age as the young prince and hi' companion. Thefe
his lordfliip took particular care of, and provided for
them in a very dacent manner : the one licing exceed-
ing fond of, and properly initiated in the culinary art,
became his lordfliip's cook ; the other attended him to
Ireland at the time he was lord-lieutenant of that king-
dom, when the office of ferjeant-trumpct (a place for
life of lool. per annum) becoming vacant, his lord-
ihip prefented it to his black. The former died feveral
years ago, having fallen a martyr to exceflive drinking :
the latter, who died very lately, was univerfally etteem-
ed for his affability and politcnefs, and was well known
in London by the appellation of The GiKtIiman Black.
He married a white woman of a confiderable family, and
fome fortune, who broke her heart for the lofs of him,
and was buried in the fame grave a few weeks after bis
interment.

About two miles from Anamaboe are two villages
diflinguifhed by the names of Great and Little Cor-
mantin i the latter of which is a very infignificant place,
but near it the Dutch have a fmall foit called Amller-
dam. It is a fquare building of rock (tone, ftrengthen-
ed with three fmall, and one large battery, and is
mounted with 20 pieces of cannon. In the center is a
large tower, the upper part of which is forn.ed like a
cupola, and on the top of it is the flag-ftaff: within
are convenient apartments for the officers of the garri-
fon, which confifts of 25 whites, and the like number
of blacks. The profpec^ from the top of the tower is
exceeding pleafant, as it not only commands the fea,
but an extenfive view of the adjacent country. This
fort one: belonged to the Englifli, from whom it was
taken by de Ruyter, the Dutch admiral, in the year
1665.

Great Cormantin is about half a mile below the fort :
it is fltuatcd on a hill, and is very large and populous,
containing at leaft 800 people. The lands about both
villages arc very fertile, and the inhabitants are chiefly
employed in agriculture and hfhing.

A little to the eaft of thefe villages is a place called
Tantumquerri, where the Englifli have a fmall but re-
gular fort, having four flankers, on which are mounted
12 pieces of ordnance. It is pleafantly fltuatcd near the
fea fide, but the landing-place is inconvenient and dan
gerous.

*' If in Come diftant Und my prince Ihould tind

*' Some nymph more fair, you cry'd, as Zara kind—

*• Myllerioiu doubt I which cou'd at once impart

" Relief to mine, and anguilh to thy heart.

•' Still let me triumph in the fear exprefs'd,

•' The voice of love, that whifper'd in thy breafl {

•' Nor call me cruel, for my truth (hall prove,

" 'Twas but the vain anxiety of love.

" Huw vainly proud the arrogantly great
" Prcfumc to buall a monardi's nedlike (late!
" Snljeft al.ke, the pearaiil and ihe king,
*' To life's dark ills, and care's corrodina (Ifng,
" From guilt and fraud, that Ihikes in lifencc lure,
*' No Ihield can guard us, and no arms fecure.
•' Ily thefe, my fair, fubdu'd, thy prince was lofl,
" A naked captive un a barb'roui ceali.
*' What dreadful change I abandon'd and alone,
*' The Ibuutcd prince is nuw a flive tiiikiiuwn |
" To watch his eye no bending cuurtieri wait,
'* No hailing crowds proclaim hit regal (tate{
•' A flavc, cundemn'd, wiili unrewarded toil,
" To turn, (torn morn to eve, a burning foil :

:l- 1

* \

At night ! mingled with a wretched crrw,
•' Who hy long ule with woe familiar Brew t
•' Of inannen b.-uiilh, mrrcilefi and rude,
" They mock'd my fulf'rings, and my pangs renew'J |
" Ingrnani, not (leep, I pafi'd ilir weary night,
" And rofe to labour with the morning light.

" But, from this dreadful ftcne, with joy I 1
" To trud ill Heav'ii, of me let Zara learu.
" The wretch, iht- (brdid hypocrite, that (iild
" His charge, an iinfiifpetlmn prince, for gold,
" Tim jiiriiir niaik'd, whofr eyes can nevrr lleep,
" And death, cuiiuuilliuu'd, Ihlote him *ii the deep ;

1 turn ;

The kingdom of Acron, which comes next, extonJs
from the borders of Pantyn, to a famous place called
the Devil's Mount. It is divided into Great and Little
Atron ; the former of which is a republic, and the latter
a kingdom ; and iiotwithftanding they arc independent
of each other, yet the inhabitants live in pi.fedt nmiiy.
They are a very induftrious people, and apply thcm-
felves with fuch diligence to agriculture, that great
quantities of grain are exported from hence to other
parts of the codii.

The country of Agonna is alfo very fertile and plea-
fant i and the inhabitants are dildnguilhcd for their in-
genuity in making various articles of gold and filver.
It contains (evcral remarkable villages, the Mi of which
is called Winneba, or Wimba, and is pleafantly fltuat-
cd, being furroi.ndcd with beautiful lofty trees. Here
the Englilh ha\e a fort, of much the fame fize and
form with that at Tantpmqufrri. It (};;nds on a rifiiig
ground about 14 yards from the fca-fidc, from whence
there is a h.indfomc avenue encompafled by trees, that
leads to the outer gate. It has alfo a large fpur, whith
is of infinite fcrvice, as it not only contributes to the
ftrength of the fort, but is a fccurity to them by night
from the ravages of wild beafts.

The kingdom of Agonna is remarkable for being al-
ways governed by a woin-in, who, to preferve the fove-
reignty in her own hands, lives unmarried j but that
(he may not want a proper companion, (he generally
purchales one of the handfomeit (laves (he can meet
with, who is prohibited, en pain of death, from ever
intriguing with uny other woman. Her eldeft daughter
is next neir to the crown, her fons being all fold
as flaves, or otherwife difpofcd of, fo as not to inter-
rupt the fucccffioii in the female line. The daughter is
taught the fame political maxims praftifcd by her mo-
ther, and, when of proper age, is allowed the fame in-
dulgcncics in having a male companion.

Aquamboc, the lall place we have to mention on the
Gold Coali, is fituateJ chiefly within land, and is of
conflderable extent. The maritime part of it is called
Acra, and was formerly a kingdom of itCcIf; biit in
liSo, or 16S1, it was conquceJ by the inhabitants of
Aquamboc, to whom it has ever fince been tributaiy.
The country of Aqu.iinboc is not (o fertile as the other
del'ciibed, there being very little fruit, or any
lids of grain ; and wli.it cattle they have, are brought
from other parts. However, it is a good fpor- ..g
coiiiitiy, ,iri(l .ibouridi with hares, rabbits, fquirrels,
icJ and (.illow deer, wild goats, pintado hen?, and other
fowl. The hares arc fo plentiful, that the blacks kill

par

kill

" The gen'roiis crew their port in fal'ety gain,

" And ull my niouiiilul talc, nor tell in vain ;

" The king, with horror of th' attrocious deed,

" 111 hallc commanded, and ilie fliive was freed.

" No more Britannia's check, tlie bhifli of Ihame

" Burns for my wrongs, licr king rellorcs her fame :

" Propitious gales, to freedom's happy lliore,

" Waft iiic triumphant, and the pi inct reftore j ,

" Wliate'er is areat and jjay around me (liiiie,

" And .ill ihc (plenilor ol a court is mine :

•' And knowledge here, by piety refin'd,

" Sliuli a lileft r.idiancc o'er my I'right'ning mind ;

" Ki oni earth I travel upward to the lUy ;

" I learn to live, to reign, yet more, to die.

" () 1 I have tales to tell, of love divine —
" Such blifsliil tidings ! they (hall luon lie tliine.
" I lonj{ to tell thee, what, amar'd, 1 fee,
" Wh.it habiti, buildings, trades, ami polity !
" How art and nature vie to entertain,
" In public Ibewi, and mix delight with pain.

" O ! Zara, here, a (lory like my own,
" With mimic (kill, in lorrow'd names, was (hewn;
" An Indian chief, like me, by tVaiul betray'd,
" Andpanner in his woes, an Indian maid.
'■ 1 tan'l recall the (i-enei, 'tis pain ion greiit,
" And, it rrcall'd, (hniil,! (Imddrr to lelatr.
*' Towrileihc womlers liere, I (liise in v.iiii,
" Eacli word woii'd alk a ilioiiiaiul toexpj.Tin.
" The lime (hall come, O fiieed the iing'iinfr hour !
" When Zara's cliarnu (lull lend ikl'irip'tun pow'r.
•' Farewell I thy prinn-dill lurs, .md (till is free (
" Farewell : hope all iliiiij;., and iciiieiiiber inc."

them

nmf: 1

-^V]ili,

;t, extends
lace called

anJ Little
d the latter
ndcpcndciic
feft ;imity,
pply thcm-

that great
ce to other

\e and plea-
for their in-
1 and filvcr.
irit of which
I'antly fituat-
trees. Here
mc fiae ^f"!
Is on a rifing
from whence
jy trees, that
fpur, which
ibutcs to the
hem by night

for being al-
'ervc the fovc-
ied i but that

(he generally
{he can meet
ith, from ever
eldeft daughter

being all fold
IS not to inter-
'he daughter is
"ed by her mo-
ed the fame in-

mention on the
land, and is of
t of it is called
■ itldfi but ill
10 inhabitants of
[en tiibutaiy.
^rtilc as the other
fruit, or any
me brought
good fpof. g
3its, fiiuirrels,
hen?, and other
the blacks kill

I ning Diinu ;

to uic.

livinc —
1 l,c ihinc.

'"• , .
polity I

ith pain.

own,

e», waifliewns

brlray'J,

luid.
I wreat .
relate.

in V.IU1,
explain.
iniM ing hour I
ripii^n pow'r.
1,1 (till iifrret
lUCiuUr iHc'

AFRICA.]

I-

GUINEA,

them with flicks as they pafs alone on their ordinary
occallons. Among the aeer is one fpecies that are ex-
ceeding beautiful, and perhaps the mod delicate animal
to be met with in the univerfe. It is about eight or
nine inches in height, and the legs fo fmall as not to
exceed the circumfcienceof a goofe's quill. The males
have two horns turning back on their head, about three
inches long, without branches or antlers j they ar"
crooked, and of a (hining black colour. They are very
tame and familiar, but of fo tender a nature that they
cannot bear the fea ; for notwithftanding the attempt
has been feveral times made, and every means ufed that
could be thought of, no one was ever yrt brought alive
to Europe,

At Acra are two forts, one belonging to the Englifli,
and the other to the Dutch. The former ia called Fort
James, and is a ftrong, fpacious building. It is fituat-
cd on the top of a deep rocky clift that hangs over the
fea, and has a battery juft under the wall of 20 pieces
of cannon; befides which the fort has feveral large flan-
kers mounted with 27 pieces of ordnance. The walls,
tvhich are of ftone, are very thick and lofty, and in the
center of the fort is a fquare tower, with a imall fpire,
on the top of which is the flag-ifafF. The garrifon
confilts of 20 whites and 30 blacks. Near the fort is a
fmall village called Soko, the inhabitants of which make
a point of trading only with the Englifli.

The Dutch fort is called Crevecceur, and is fituatcd
on a rocky head-land, about a mufket Oiot from Fort
James ; and, though boats can come up to the ftrand
with fafety, yet the landing may be cafily oppofed by
the guns of the fort, and the fmall arms of the gar-
rifon. The building is of a fquare form, with four
batteries, which, with the curtains, are of ftone, but
they are neither fo thick or high as thofe of the Eng-
lifli fort. Within is a large, flat fquare houfe, with a
platform, and the apartments are convenient both for
the officers and garrilon, which confifts of 15 whites,
and 25 blacks.

At a fmall diflancc from the Dutch fort is another
called Chriftiansburgh, which belongs to the Danes,
and is the only one they have on this coalf. It is a
fquare building ftrcngthcned with four batteries, planted
with 20 guns. It appears very beautiful, and feems
like one continued battery, for the roof being entirely
flat, the cannon may be conveniently moved to any
part of it,

A late writer fays, " Confiderlng the warlike difpo-
(Ition of the black on this part of the coaft, it is
(Irange they ever pcimittcu the Europeans to build three
fuch good forts Co clofe together : but fo great is the
power of money in this golden country, as well as in
other parts of the world, that one of the kings of Acra
being gained by confidcrable piei'eiiis, which the Danes
and Dutch made him, granted tluin that liberty ; at lirlt,
they afked to build cav;h of them a (lorehoufc to fettle a
faflur in, under the obligation of I'cven marks of gold
yearly for each houfe. The houfes thus built, the
Dutch and Danes never reded infinuating to the na-
tives, that whereas they were continually cxpofed to the
afl°aults of their mortal enemies, the Aquamboes, it
would be for their fafety to allow thcfe lioufcs to be turn-
ed into forts, to proteil them and their families with
their cannon. By this means they prevailed to have
thcfe places put in the condition they now are."

The country round Acra is exceeding picafant, not
being fo woody as other parts of the coaft j but it is
much Icfs fertile, owing to its being almort depopulated
by the frtqucnt wars with the Aquamboes. The Eu-
ropean foits arc chiefly fupplied with provifions brought
from Cape Coart, Anamaboc and Cormantin.

The trade carried on here confilts chiefly of gold and
flavei, which are more plentiful linn in any other part
of the (Jold Coaft. A market is held three timet a xztV
for the fale of thefc commodities at a village called
Abeno, about jo miles from the coaft, where the Ne-
groes rcfort frcm the inland countrit". The goM is
reckoned a< good in quality as that at Axini, or any other
part of the whole roaft ; and the flavcs being (•> nu-
merous is occafioned by the frequent wars with the
Acigbbouring n«ion!, which being very populgus, molt

them

of the prifoners taken on both fides are fold as flaves to
the Europeans. The goods they take in return for their
flaves confifts of cowries, woollen cloth, Silcfia linen,
red and yellow bugles, knives, fire-arms, powder,
chintz, &c.

The eaftern boundary of the Gold Coaft is termi-
nated by the river Volta, fo called by the Portuguele,
from its rapid flux and reflux. It difchargcs its waters
with fuch violence into the fea, that it is fometimes vi-
fible feveral leagues from the ffiore. The extent of its
courfe inland cannot be afcertained, as it is iinpofTible
to penetrate it. From its amazing rapidity numbers of
whole trees are frequently brought down with it, which
flicking faft at the mouth of the river, occafion violent
agitations of the waves ; fo that it can only be palfed
at certain times in the year, which arc generally be-
twixt the months of April and November, this being
tbe dry feafon, and the reflux of the river not fo rapid.
At the mouth of it is a fmall ifland, fteep on each lide,
and covered with lofty trees. The fhore is bordered all
along with a large landy ftrand, forming feveral fmall
bays, which, about a league to fea, are at Icaft nine fa-
thom deep. On each fide the river, a few miles from
the mouth, the country is open, and adorned with a
great number of palm-trees planted at equal diftances j
but farther up it is woody, and rifes into hills and very
fteep inuuntaiiis.

S E C T. IV.

Tht Slave Coast.

THIS part of Guinea is very extenfive, but as the
coaft is remarkably winding, its diftance, in a
ftrait line, cannot be properly afcertained. It com-
mences at the river Volta, from whence, to the river
Benais, are about 195 miles ; from thence to Cape
Formofa, 135 ; and from thence eaftward to the moun-
tains of Ambrifes, 165; and thence fouthward to the
river San Bonita, the utmoft boundary of the country,
120; ill all 615 miles. It is bounded on the eaft by the
kingdom of Benin ; on the weft, by the Gold Coaft ;
on the north, by Biafara, with the defcrt of Seth ; and
on the fouth by the Atlantic Ocean.
^ The whole coaft contains four kingdoms, namely,
Coto, Popo, Whidah, and Ardrah ; but the two laft
form the principal part of it.

The king ;om of Coto (by fome called the Land of
Lampi) begins at the river Volta, and extends eaftward
to Little Hopo, a diftance of about 50 miles ; it is a flat,
fandy, and barren country, and the only trees to be
found in it arc the palm and wild cocoa. The town,
or village of Coto, otherwife called Verbon, is abouC
14 miles from the river Volta, and was formerly the
rclidence of the king. The inhabitants of this king-
dom prailife much the fame cuftoms and mar-ims as
thofe of the Gold Coaft, except being more fond of
their fctiflies, in the number of which confifts their
principal wealth. They arc poor and illiterate, and their
chief traflSc confifts in flaves, whom they fteal from the
inland countries, and fell to the Europeans.

The kingdom of Popo extends about 30 miles, and
is divided into two parts, by the names of Great and
Little Popo. The laft is remarkably fandy, and lu
barren that the inhabitants are fupplied with all their
provifions from Whidah. They chiefly live by plunder
and ftc.iling flaves, in both which they exceed their
neighbours of Coto, being of a more courageous and
warlike difpofition. They are alfo great cheats, and
frequently take in the Europeans by deluding them on
fliore in expcdlation of flaves, at a time they have not
one to difpofe of, when they not only fleece them, but
fometimes detain them for fiveral months before they
procure the number wanted, and then take the advan-
tage by fixing on them an exorbitant price.

The town of Little Popo is fituaied on the (here
about 10 miles from Coto. It is a poor, miferable
place, and confifts only of a number of ftraggling huii,
inhabited by people whofc lives are chiefly fpent in con-
certing meafures for the deftruition of their fellow-
creatures.

The kingdom of Great Popo it net fo barren as thole

alrcnd/

' i\

ii,i

i» 'I

ii 'H

r-s

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM, OF GKOCRAI'HY.

f> \dl\

^''^S i

' iTl ! i

i:"i;

I I

! . '

! '

already mcntloiicJ ; for in the inland parts are great
plenty of various kinds of fruits, as alfo cattle and
jioultrv. The town ftands on an ifland formed Ijy
nurlhi-s, and is divided into three parts, each diftindt
from till' other. It is the refidcncc ot the king;, whofe
pahicc is very large, confilling of a number of huts,
inclofe>l by lofty trees. The puflage to the loyal apart-
iiirnts is through three counts, each of which ia guard-
ed by a number of foloiers. ]n the fjrthcft of thefc is
the kintj's audience room, where his nibbles and prin-
cipal o'.iicers occalionallv aflemble to confult his majcfty
on art'aiis relative to the government of the nation.
The king has a j;rcut nun-bor of concubines, two of
whom conrtantly (land by hir- with fans to cool and
r.frclh him. He is xery fond of tobacco, and fpcnds
the principal part of his time in fmoaking and converf-
iiig with his concubines. His drefs confifts only of a
long i;own of brocade, with an ofier cap on his head,
iind fjiidals on his leet.

'I'hc tow[i of Great Popo is the only place in the
kingdom that merits the leal! notice, the rtit being only
fmall hamlets of five or fix infignific.int buildings,
whole inhabitants, on the Icaft apprchcnfion of danger,
jninirdiitely teiire to Griat Popo.

I'hc blacks of this kingdom arc not Icfs attentive to
plunder and rapine than their neighbours, neither are
(hey very difficult in the objects they pitch on ; for as
they arc thieves by prufeifr'n, tliey will as readily fteal
from a friend as a toe. They carry i n fome fr.ide in
flaves, but their chiuf advantages arife from the fifli
caught in the river-, wliiih they not only fell to their
neighbours, but alio export great quantities of them to
fni"eii;n countries.

The Dutch had once a fctltcment here, but trade
fating ereatly injured by the frequent wars between Popo
and VVhidah, they fuddenly left it, and have not traded
there for many years. Since their time the French have
Jetiled a fmall fae'^ory at Popo, with two agents and
feme Ne^roci;, who arc fubordinatetothe direaor-gene-
tal at VVhidah, from whom they receive goods, and to
whom they remit (lives. This trade is carried on by land,
mid every prccautioji is ufed to prevent the property being
lolt by the way: the common method is to oblige the
perfun who fells the goods, to convey them to the fron-
tiers of Whidah, where they are fure to be fafc ; but
if any accident happens by the way, the feller is fub-
ject to the lo(s,

7hc Kirrrfim </ \V m D A M,

THIS kingdom extends from the lad about lO leagues
.^lona the flioie, aiul in the middle teaches fix of fcven
inland; alter whirh it divides itfclf like two arms, bc-
ini^ in fome places 30 or 40 miles broad, and in others
much more. It is boiin led on the call by the kingdom
of Aidiah; on the wttt, by the river Voltaj on the
north, bv the country of D.thomy ; and on the fouth,
by the Gitlph of Guinea. It is a fine, fertile country,
bcinf; watered by tivo exrellcnt rivers, both of which
take their life in the kingdom of Ardrah. The fouthern-
iiiuit uf thele runs within about a league and an half of
the fe,i, and is tailed the river cf Jakin, from a town
of lh.it name in the kingdom of .^rdrah. it is only na-
vijable for boatf, fome parts ot it not being more than
three leet deep. The other river is called Euphrates ;
a runs about a league to the fouth of Xavicr, or Sabi,
the capital of Whidah, and is much deeper than the
lormer. The water i. exceeding good, and the river
would be navi.^abl ■, were it not for the banks and
Ihoalj in the channel. At the mouth of this river is the
road where the fhqn lidc, but the landing is c.tccfding
il.mgti'ous (>ii account of the prodigious fwell of the
f«a, paiticulaily in the months of April, May, and July.

'I hofe rivers pea ly contriHute to the fertility of the
eouiitrv, whah ii acknowledged by all Europeans to be
or.c of the moll driighifitl Ipoij in the univerfe. The
ci>.\U part IS ofiiair.emed with a variety of lofty and
h-Miiiilul trees, which ;.re planted in fuch order as to
form the itinft agrciald- reticats. Krom the coafl the
countiy rifcs with a fine eafy nfecnt for thf fpice of
50 milci, coflinianding, in Qivll fifU of it, a fine piu-

wine.

fpe£l of the fca. The fields arc every where cultivaled,
and inftead of hedges or other fences, arc divided by
beautiful groves of trees : in lliort, the whole country
appears as one continued garden, arid its beautes any
be much eafier conceived th^ii defcribea.

The kingdom of Whid.^h is divided into ;6 provinces
or governtnents, which are given to thcgiaiul es of tlic
country, and are hereditary in their fan.ilics. 'J'lu
king is at the head of thcfe, and has the goierniiiont o!
the pro.yincc of Xavicr, fo called from the capital nf
the kingllom. Each of thefe provinces has fevcr.il fmall
villages or hamlets that are fubcSrdmatc 10 it ; fo.tli..t
the whole kingdom appears to be one large and popu-
lous town divided into dift'crent ^ arts by gardens, lawns,
and groves,

' ' '}*' ^^ifdtttril'li!Jhr^ cf Whidah. ;

THE foil of this country is fo fertile, that as feon
as one ha;veft is oVer, the ground is fown with fonic
other grain ; fo that they have two and fometimes three
crops a year. They plough their land in ridges, by
which means the dews falling in the hollows, and ihc
fun heating the fidej, whatever is planted foon tomes
to perfei^iort. The grain confills of liec, millet, and
maize, or Turkey corn. The Negroes are fo indu-
(Irious that they will not fufFcr any fpot of ground to lie
uncultivated ; even the enclofurcs of their houfcs and
villages arc planted with melons and other fruits; and
inftead of highways they have only fmall paths that lead
through the nUds from one vilKig^c to another.

The fruits here confift of oranges, lemons, bananas,
ananaSj pine-apples, water-melons, citrons, and tama'
rinds ; there are alfo prodigious numbers of palm-tiee<,
but they are chiefly cultivated by the natives for tli;
fake of the oil, they being fo little fond of the
that few of them take the trouble to draw it.

All the rtiots produced on the Gold Coaft grow Iiercj
bcfides which they have cabb.igrs, carrots, turnips, ra-
difhes, parflcy, and various kinds of fallads, all of thcni
little inferior in qu.-ility to thofe of Europe.

Among their pcafe is one fpccies of a very peculiar
nature j they produce fmall trees like thofe that bear the
pimento, or red pepper, but they have no flower, and
feldom exceed fix feet in height; the pcafe grow in a
bag or membrane, almolt as Itrong as parchment, placed
beneath the ftcm amongft the rotns, which yield nou-
tilhmcnt to the plant i the bag contains in general about
150 peafe: when the leaves begin to grow yellow, they
pull up the plant with the roots, open the b.ig, and ex-
traft the pcafe j but if they chufc to have them very
tender, like thole of Europe, they pull up the plant
while the leaves arc green. They fow thcfe pcafe at the
end of the rainy fcafon, and they grow fo fait th.it they
are fit to gather in fix weeks. They arc as well tailed
as the peafe of Europe, ate cafy of digcftion, and ni.;ke
excellent foup.

The country about Whidah being fo univcrfally cul-
tivated, they arc fildom troubUd with wild bcafts j luvt
in the more inland parts there arc tlephaius, bulFalocs,
and tygcri ; and a greater plenty of all forts of apes and
monkies than in any other part of Guinea. There arc
alfo many deer and hares, the latter of which are much
like thofe of Europe.

The tame beafts are, oxen, crws, goats, ftierp, and
hogs, all of which .ire much larger, and the flefli better
talted thaji thofe of the Gold Coall ; the lugs in particu-
lar are exceeding large, and th; fli II) as white and fwceC
as thofe of England. This indeed is little to be won-
dered at, for the poorer fort of Negroes pay more icgaid
to their hogs than to themfcKcs, aiul feed them uiutU
better.

Their lame poultry confifts cf cneks and hens, gcefc,
ducks, and turkies ; befides vvhiih they have gieat
plenty of wild fowl, as partridges, pheafiiiUs, ibriuJ-cs,
pintados, wild duiks, teal, wnedtocks, ortolans, and
ring-dovr-s. There are alfo many parrots, which an-
chiefly grey, with fi-mc red feallnrson the ht.id and the
lips of their wings ant) tail*.

The ciMwn bud is likcwif- fonnl here, but it is not
lu beautiful its thofe of the Geld <> o^O, which have been

alicsd/

; cukivntni,
c JiviJcil \iy
idlu country

26 pfQvInccs
aiul.os of tlic
,ili<-,. Tlu
jierimiojit ol
lie ciipital of
fevcral fiiiall
[o it i fo. tli.'.t
;c aiul popu-
rdcns, lawiu,

, that as ruou
wn with fotiic
.nietiiiics tliree
in ridges, I>y
low?, ai\J ihc
;d foon comes
c, millet, and
i are lb iiulu-
if ground to lie
cir houfes and
11 1 fruits ; and
paths that lead
ither.

nous, hnnanas,
an?, and tania-
i of palm-tiii?,
natives for tli;
d of the winf,
,v it.

oafl grow here „
ts, turnips, ra-
aJs, all of ihciu

P"- r

a very peculiar

ofc that beat the
no flower, and
icafc grow in a
•hment, placed
ich yield iiou-
in general about
3W yellow, they
icbag, and ex-
have them very
up the plant
icfc pcafc at the
fo laft that they
re as well talli-d
ftion, and ni,.kc

univerf;illy cul-
lld bcafts i Imt
•mts, buffaloes,
fortjS of apes aiiJ
nca. There arc
which ate much

nats, (heep, and
d tlic flcfli hater
h.ig» ill paiticu-
vvhitc and fwcet
illle to be woii-
pay mure legaid
feed them umtU

and hcn», gcefc,
they ha*e t'lcil.
Mfaiii:!, llirufl^tj,
ortolans, and
trots, which an'
lire head and the

CMC, but it is not
, Wllicll lu\e been

uli'.JiW

AFRICA.]

GUINEA.

already defcribcd ; however, here arc fcvcral other forts
of birds, whofc peculiarities merit particular attenti(;ii,

The firfl of thefc is the kurbalot, or fiflicr ; it is a
fmall bird, about the (i/.c of a fparrow, and its |.luinage
is beautifully variegated ; the bill, which is as long as
the body, is very itrong snd fharp, and is fiirnifheil on
the infide with fmall tccih, not unlike thole of a faw.
'Jhcy build in high trees by the fides of the rivers, and
their ncfts arc compofcd of earth mixed with feathers
and mofs : they make their neds at the extremity of th;
rnoft (lender branches, where they hang by a reed or
ftraw about a foot loiij; ; they .ire of an oval form, and
are entered by a projcdlion at the top that bends a little,
i'o that the infide is perfeiti ■ fccurc from the wealhei.
Thefc birds not only fly in the air, but Ikim on the
turface of the water with prodigious fwiftncfs. They
arc exceeding numerous, and breed fo faff, that fomc-
timcs a dozen nclls arc found on the f.imc tree.

The aigret is a bird of th^ heron kind, but it remark-
able for the cohnir of its le;? and feet, which are of a
deep red : the body is about the fizc of a goofc, and the
feathers are of a darlidi mlour interniixcd with wlii;e j
the neck is long, but the tail is remarkably fhort ; the
hill, near the head, i.s of a blucifh colour, but towards
the point it is black. Tliev arc little ufed by the negroes,
their flefli hei i;; dry and ill tade.l.

The buftard here is ah mt the fi/,e of the Guinea hen,
and the flcfh of it cxceedlii'; good. The bill is of a
whitiih colour, and much longer than thofe t f Europe.
The eyes are I.irge, the iris h.izlc-colnurcd, and the
eye-lids of an a(h-colour. 'I'he li ies of the liead, all
round the eyes, a c of a bright brown, but the top of
the head and the wnnle neck, are covered with black
feathers hanging a little loofc, wiih narrow points. The
back, rump and tail are of a bright brown j and the
feathers on the Liiier have tranvcrfc bl.ick bars. I'he
quills, or greater wing feathers ncarelf the back are
brovvnifli, with llat!; fpots, and ihe middle quills wh.tc,
with traiifvetii: bars of bl.-'ck. The legs arc long, and
the toes ihort in proportion, being void of feathers (ome
way above the knees. The toes aic only three, all
ftanding forward, and they arc covcrcJ with fcalcs of a
white colour, but the cIjws are dufky.

The bird called the Numidiaii IJamfel is very delicate
in its conftru6tioii : the body is long and taper, as arc alfo
the legs. The feathers on the upper part of the wings
and b.acfc are of a light colour, but the tail, which Is
)ong and r.iggcd, is black. The fides of the head are
white, and from the top of it behind hangs a long tuft,
which reaches forfe\eral inches down the back part of
the neck. It is a bird much cllccmed among the blacks,
the flefli of it being firm and well tailed.

The Monoceros is a \ery ui;ly bird, .iiul the fledi of it
harfll and difagreeablc. It is lliort aiul thick, of a dark
colour, except the wings and upper part of the back,
which aie whit,'. Tlie beak is long and very thick, and
the tij's of the w;ir;s reach to the upper part of the
legs. The neck is Ihort and thick, as are alfo the
legs, and the claws in particular are remarkably large.
It is a voracious bird, and lives chiefly on fifh.

The Guinea hen, or pintado, has a round back, with
t tail turned downv/.irds like a partridge ; and the feet
are furnillied wiih membranes or webs like water-fowls.
The head ir covered with a kind of cafque, or helmet,
and the whoL- plumage is black, 01 d.irk gtey, fpeckled
with while fpots. It is of the (i/.c of a common (owl,
?nd the caftiuc on the middle of the head is of a horny
iubllance, and a dulky red colour. Under the bill ate
wattles, but they do not proceed from the- lower chap as
in hens j they flow fioni the upper, and the head is bare
of feathers, but on the upper cve-lids there arc long
black hairs that turn upwards, 'i'he bill Is like that of
n common fowl, but in fume of them, at the root of
it, there is a fmall tiift, confifliiig of twelve or hdcen
thrr-'ds, one third of an inch in length, and as thick ;is
a pill, and in fuhl^ancc much like the brifllcs of a hog.
On each fide of the bill there is a blucifli (km, which ex-
tends toward* the eye, and (urrounds it but becomes black
111 that place. This (Vin forms the cjc lids, and being
leiigthincd and becoming double, nuke the appendirci or
wattles of the checks. They ate of dilt'cicnt fliapc.,
^9

329

I fonie being oval, fome fquare, and others triangular*
i I'hcy are of a led colour in the female and blue in the
I m.ilc. The ears arc placed behind the wattles, and are
cjuite uncovered ; but tlis apertures are very fmall. The
feet aie of a grecnidi colour, and covered with large
fcalcs before, but behind there is only a rough fkin,
like (liagrecii leather J and the hinder toe is fllort. They
go together in large (lock.s, and Iced their chickens in-
difcriminaiely, ea.h attending to thoCe that iirft come in
their w.iv.

The fwans here arc very difTcrent in fliapc to thofe of
Kurope, From the head to the flioulder of the wings
they are white ; but from thence to the tip the colour is
a dark brown, as is alfo the tail. The legs are long
•Old ta|)cr, and the back is alfo long and very thick,
but teimjmites with a fharp point. Their flclh is very
coarlc, and rather obnoxious than grateful to the palate.
The rivers here produce great plenty of various kinds
of filh, p.irticiilarly eels, mullets, fides, thornbacks,
and a fort of white fi(h, in (linpe much like our pike.
They have alfo great quantities of flirinips, craw-fifh,
lohrtei.s, Icollops, and other (hcll-tiih. The latter arc
found near the mouths of the riveis, \\'here the water is
brackith, and are reckoned much better than thofe
caught in the fen.

Notwithdanding the fea runs violently high in the
road of Whidah, yet it abounds with h(h, which are
caught by the natives with lines, they being (Jr.ingers
io the ul'e of nets. Among the (idi caught here is a re-
markable one, called by the natives the ape or monkey
fifh. It is in general about ten feet long, and between
three and four bro id, from the extremity of the neck
till within a third of its length, when itdiminifhcs in-
fenfibly, ending in a long round tail, 'i'he head is
round, the eyes fmall, and the chin fliort ; and the
upper lip is furnilhed with hair like whifkcrs. The
neck is very didine'l from the body, and on that part
of it next the luad is a round cxcrcfcencc like a crovs'ii.
It has four (ins which refemble the beard or whiflccrs of
a whale : the two forcmoit are fo fituated that they
lupply the place of hands, for he can convey any thing
with them to his mouth. The hinder (ins are placctl
beneath the middle of the belly, and are leCs than the
former. It has no (eales, but a (kin fpottcd with fmall
pimples like that of the fli.irk. It is of a black colour,
and (hines when firrt taken out of the water, but when
dead it lofes its lullre. The flclh is tol r..bly good,
and in its tadc greatly refcmblcs lean bed. It is a
lively fi(h, and fwims very fwilt. When he appears
firrt on the furfaceof the water, before he takes the hook,
his motions are tiuly diverting. He comes gently near
it, loots at it, tadcs it with th; cd^e of his lips, and
then quits it. Alter fevcral evolutions he at length
fwallows it, and when he is entangled he throws him-
I'elf into fuch porturcs, as to afford a mofV laughable
fcene to the fpeclators.

Among the reptiles here arc great numbers of fnnkcs,
or ferpents, but they are chiefly of two forts. The fii(t
of theii: is black and poil'onous, but the other is quite
harmlc("s, and worfliippcd by the natives as their grcatcll
(ctifh. The poifonous fort are about twelve feet long,
and tlircc inches in diameter. They h«e a flat head,
with two large crooked teeth ; and always creep with
their head erect and their mouth open, and attack their
prey with gieat cargernefs.

'rhe fetim fnake has a large round head, with beauti-
ful eyes; the tongue is (hoit, pointed like a dart, and
thcii motion is exceeding flow; their tail ii flciuler and
fliaip, and the (k'u\ very beautiful, the ground of it
being while, with waved (tieaks or fpots of yellow and
brown agreeably interniixcd. They are fo gentle that
they will not hurt any creature except the vcncmouj
ferpents, to whom ihcy have the grcateft enmity, and
fccm to take a plcafurc in deffroying them. Botli
Negroes and Whites handle and pl.ay with them without
the lead danger.

'i'he blacks confider thefc fnakcs in fo facred a light,
that fliould either a Negro or a White man kill one of
them, whether on purpolc, or by accident, his life would
pay for it. Ol tliis the following tragical inAance i»
rei.iied by a late writer; " When the tnglifli," fays he,

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3jo A NEW COMPLETE

Cv.A ft'ttleJ In Whid.ih, acaiitjiiiof that country having |
I.indcd, anil houlcd his cargo, his nun found one night ,
a liKike in *hc lodno, which, not thinking any harm, 1
they imincJiatdy kilUd and threw out before the door, j
The BIjcks next morning feeing the dead fnake, and I
the Englilh as innocently owninij they h.id killed it, the |
natives mad'acrcd all that were in the lodge, fet fire to
it, and deltroyed all the goods." The EngliOl, deterred
by this cruelty, difcontinued Irom going to trade there |
for forne time ; but at length Come of them ai;ain
veiiturinir, on their ai rival, the Negroes (hewed thcni
fonie of tliefe fnakcs, and defued they would not hurt
them, by real'on they were facrcd : this requefl the i
Fnglifh readily obeyed, and no material accidents have
hjppencd to them ever fmce.

The Portugucfe once fell into a like dilemma with
the Englifh. One of their fhips being to leave the
place, the captain, out of curiofity, intended to carry
one of thefc ferpcnts to Brazil. Accordingly he got
one, and when the veflel was ready to fail he
put it privately into a box, and embarked with
his prize in a canoe, which was to carry him over
the bar to his boat. The canoe, however, notwith-
ilanding the weather was calm, overfet, and the Por-
tugucfe was drowned. The Negroes having recovered
their canoe, returned aihore with the box, which they
broke open in hopes of plunder ; but what was their con-
fullon, when inftead of merchandize, they found their
fctilh ! By their outcries the people were loon informed
of what had happened, and of the facrilege the For- I
tugnefe had committed ; but as the oftendir was dead, ;
the prielts and popuUce fell on the Portuguefe, plunder- :
cd their magazines mall'acred all of tiiat nation, who ^
could not efcape time enough to the other Europeans ;
and it was with great difficulty, and by confidcrable j
prefents, that they were fo far appcafcii as to fuffer
the Portuguefe to continue in the country.

If a white man fhould happen by chance to kill one
of thcfe fcrpents, the only means to fecure him arc,
to fly immediately to the king and fatisfy him that it i
was not done deligncdly J in which cafe, and a hand- |
fome prcfent made to the priefts, he may probably ,
cfcapc the r.age of the populace ; but even then his fitua- i
tlon is very dangerous. |

Before we quit this fubjciS we (hall take notice of a
whimfical Itory relative to one of thcfe fnakes, men-
tioned by Bofman. " A fnake," fays he, " once
placed himfelf over the table where I always dined,,
and though he might be eafily touched, yet no pcrfon !
could be found, wlio would venture to take him away, i
However, 1 was afterwards very well paid for bisj
lodging : for fume of the great men of VVhidah dining
with me one djy, happening to talk about the fnakes,
1 glanced my eye to that which w.is over their heads,
and told il'.e n, that not having eaten any thing for
fourteen days, he mult certainly at laft die with hunger,
if he did not fpeedily remove his quarters. My guelH
»nfwcrcd, that although I was not aware of it| the fnake
undoubtedly had part of my viiSuals out of the difhes,
which he knew how to come at. I took the hint, and next
day told the king, in prefence of the fame pcrfons, that
one of his fetithcs bad made bold, uninvited, to eat at
my table for fourteen days i adding, that 1 thought it
was but rcafonabic that i fliuuld be paid for his board,
othcrwife I fliuuId be obliged to difchargc my houfe of
this bold intruder. The king, who was always diverted
with fuch fort of difcourfc, defircd riK to let the fnake
remain where it was, and promifed to provide both fur
him and me ; which he accordingly did, by fending me a
fine fat ox the fame evening."

The fame writer fays, *' If a fire breaks out, in which
one of thefe fnakes happen to be burnt, all that hear
of it D'jp their cars, and give money (o reconcile them
to the ciinfuincd fetifli, of whom they have been fo
carelcf] ; fince they believe he will quickly return and
revenge himfelf on thofe who have been the occaflon of
his death."

The methods in which the blacks particularly worfliip
thefe ferpcnts will be noticed when we come to treat of
their religion.

SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

0/ tin Pirfim, Drtfs, Manners, Ciijlcms, (Jc. ef dt
iVc^rsw o/" Whidah. , ...

THE VVhidah blacks of both fexes are generally
tall, billy, and well proportioned ; but their colour is
not fo fliining a black as thofe of the Gold Coaft. Their
drefs confilts of three or four ells of a llufF called Paen,
which is wrapped round the waifl, and then defcends
to the middle of the leg. The ladies wear a filk gar-
ment, with two or three rows of fringei, the bottom
of it covering the feet. Sometimes they wrap them-
felves round with apiece of the above-mentioned ftuft'
Paen, and bring pait of it over the he.id and round the
fhouldcrs like a mantle. The better fort of the men
are diftinguifljcd by their hats, which they purchafe of
the Europeans ; the larger they are the better they like
them, and are particularly proud of them after they aie
old and ruUy ; others have bonnets made of deer or dogs
(kin. Th?y wear ftrings of pearls or coral on their
necks, and have bracelets of the fame materials on their
arms and wrills.

They are in general very illiterate, notwithlianding
which they are mote polite and civilized than any other
people on this part of the coall. When two perfons of
equal condition meet, they both fall down on their knee.s,
clap their hands, and mutually falute, by wifliing each
other a good day. They pay particular refpeft to their
fuperiors, for when they chance to mce; thefe they
immediately fall on their knees, and kifs the earth thrice,
clapping their hands, and congratulating ihein by will-
ing them a good day or night, which the fuperior re-
turns, by gently clapping his hands together, but with-
out altering his pofture ; all which time the inferior con-
tinues on the ground till the other departs. The fame
kind of ceremonies are alfo ufed by the younger to the
elder brother, the children to their father, and the
wives to their hufbands.

The Whidah blacks not only dil.^. from thofe on
the Gold Coaft in good behaviour and colour, but alfo
in induftry ; for as the former are naturally flothful
and indolent, fo the latter are cleanly and affiducus to
liufmefs i nor will they ever leave any work they under-
take till it is thoroughly compleatcd. Befidcs agricul-
ture, the men make calabaflies, wooden utenfils, hard-
ware, and feveral other things, which they execute
with great neatnefs. The women arc employed in
fpinniiig, and in plr.nting and fowing their corn, yams,
potatoes, &c. The Whidah cloth is about two yards
long, and a quarter of a yard broad : it is of various
colours, but thofe moft in ufe are cither white or
b'ue.

Thofe that are very wealthy, befldes hufbandry, in
which their wives and flaves are employed under them,
drive on a very confiderable trade, not only in flaves,
but in many other commodities.

Notwithftanding thefe people are fo polite and in-
duftrious, yet, next to the Chinefe, they arc the molt
artful thieves in the univerfe ; and, like them, are eit-
trcmely addiifted to gaming. When they have lott their
money and other property, they will play for their
wives and children, and when they have loft them,
ftake their own liberty, and thus become flaves to their
countrymen, who (ometimes (ell them to the Euro-
peans,

The cuftoms of the natives here tre moft of them the
fame as thofe praflifed by the inhabitants of the Gold
Coaft. One of the moft material that differs from
them, and perhaps from all other countries in the uni-
verfe, is, the indulgence given to polygamy. It is no
uncommon thing here for a poor man to have forty or
fifty wives; a chief, or grandee, three or four hundred ;
and a king as many thoufands. Thefe wives, however,
may be conndcied only as fo many flaves, and indeed
the principal part of thofe belonging to the great people
arc probably captives that happen to plcafe their mafters,
who therefore rather chufc to keep them, than fell them
to the Europeans.

Their marriage ceremonies arc very triflinc. When
a man fancies a young woman, he applies to ner father,

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AFRICA.] GUI

and di-fires her for his wife, which ii rddom rcfufed.
lie then prefents her with a fine pagne, or garment, a,
alio necklaces and bracelets ; after which he provides a
grand entertainment, v/liich concludes the ceremony,
if a flavc has a mind to nun ry a girl, who is the llave ot
another, he afks her of her matter, without applying
to her parents. The boys of this marriage belong to
the inufter of the wife.

The women here cannot be confidercd in any other
light than as flaves. They are in general obliged to
till the ground for their hufbands; and even the fa-
vourites, who arc kept at home, arc not exempt from
work i bcfiJcs which, they are obliged conftantly to
attend on their hufbands, and behave to them with the
greateft fubmiffion.

It is little to be wondered at that there fhould be fuch
a prodigious number of (laves to be had here j for from
the multiplicity of wives each man has, a great number
of children muft rcafonably be expcclcd. It is no un-
common thing to fee fatliers who have ;oo children
living at the fame time; and it often happens that a
man has half a dozen children born in a day, for the)
never cohabit witli their wives while pregnant, which
indeed is the only reafon that can be given for their
being permitted to cake To many. A man's principal
wealth confifts in the number of his children, whom he
can difpofe of at pleal'ure, except his cldeft fon. On
the death of the father, the cldeft fon inherits not only
all his goods and cattle, but his wives, which he im-
mediately holds and retains as his own, except his
mother, for whom, in cafe (he deflrcs it, he provides a
feparate fubfiftence and apartment. This cullom not
only prevails among the common fort of people, but
alfo the king and grandees.

The Whidah blacks are equally fond of dancing
with thofe on the Gold Coaft ; and the methods they
ufe in that exercife arc much the fame. Their muiic-l
jnilruments arc alfo of the like kind, but arc much
better made, and not fo harfli in their found.

Circunicifion is pradlilcd here as in moft other part^
of Guinea ; but ihc time of performing the operation
is uncertain, lome doing it at the moft infant ftate, and
others not till the children arc live or fix years old.

They are fubji-ft to feveral difcafes, particularly
malignant fevcis, and the flefh worms, the hitter of
which has been already diferibcd in our account of the
Gold CoafK Their fcvets aie moll prevalent in the
months of June, July and Au^ulV, and difcovcr them-
fclves by violent pains in the head and reins, an in-
clination to vomit, liltvding at the nofe, and fuch a
thirft that the tongue appears quite black. They have
excelltnt phyficians, fo that though thcfe difordcrs are
frequent, yet they feldom prove fatal. The vvorft and
moll difHcult diforder to cure, i.i the dyfcntcry, which
attacks people at all fcafons of the yc»r. It commonly
arifes from eating the country fruit to e<ccfs, or making
themfclves too free with fpirituous liquors.

In cafe of ficknefs, the people here are greatly alarm-
ed, and the mention of death has fuch an afte£t on
them, that it frequently facilitates their illnefs. It i.<
a capital crime to fpcak of it before the king, or any
gieat man.

The religion of the VVhiJah blacks is in moft refpeils
the fame as that prolcrted by the inhabitants of the Gold
Coaft, only the number of ihtir fctiftic; is much more
confiderable. Thofe of a public nature .ire four in
number, viz. i. The fnake, or fcrpent, which, as al-
ready obfcivcd, is the principal. 2.. The tiers. 3
The fca. And 4. Agoye, or ihc god of counf Is.

The fnaki's are kept in fetidi houies, built for that
purpnfe in gioves ; and to ihcl'c ih:- people facrificc ho s,
fticep, fowls, goals, &C. The |iiinripal fiUKC houfc,
or cathedral, is fiiu,.tcd about fe^en miies from the
kin"'a villace, and i'. built u'ider a beautitui ;iiid lofty
tree. It :s called the (Jfjiid 'aii.\ke, bctnr the laryill of
them all, and is cliitfly worfliippi-d hy tlie king and };rcat
men. The oflVrin.s made to this fnnke ate very con-
fiderable, confiding not only ol v;irious kimlt ot pro
vifions, but alfo money, pieces of filk or IhiH", .■'iil all
forts of European and African com timlities. Thed.
offeiiiigs are prcfcnted to the piicU, or gx.AxA I'aerilieei,

N E A.

351

who reconciles the difpofal of them with the idol in
fuch manner, as to enhance his own emolument.

An annual pilgrimage is made to the grand fnake by
all the nobility and grat men of the kingdom, when the
richefl ofterinaS and moft valuable prefents are beftbwed.
The great mailer of the king's houlhold alfo goSs oftce a
year in the king's name, and offers pfelieiits to the fnake
for the prefervation of the government. But the greateft
piece of devotion paid to this idol is (he folemn proceflioa
made after the coronation of a new king, the particulars
of which arc thus related by the Chevalier de Marchais,
who was a fpe^ator of the whole Ceremoriy in the
year 1725.

" As foon as notice is given of thefe proccflions, the
crowds a'e fo great from all paits of the kingdom, that
it would be impoflible to pals, if care was not taken to
range them in order on each fide. For this end a great
number of beadles, or conftables, with large rods or
fwitches in their hands, go foremoft to keep order and
make way. Thefe oblige the people, gathered near the
temple gate, to fit on their heels and keep filence. Next
follow 40 of the king's mufketeers, four arid four,
with their captain at their head ; then the king's trum-
pet-major, with 20 trumpets; and after him the drum-
major, with as many drums, beating as loud as they
can ; next the ch ef player on the flutes, with 20 mufi-
cians on the fame inftrument. Thefe three bands are
the king's chamber-mufic, and fometimes play fepa-
rately, fometimes together. Twelve of the king's
wives, two and two, carrying the king's prefents tof
the ferpent, which confift of bujis, brandy, linen, cal-
lico, and fillc : the king's valet-dechambre alone, with
a cane in his hand, bareheaded, and cloithed like the
grandees, his pagne trailing; on the ground } 21 truni>
pets, three and three ; 40 foldiers with mufkets,
.'^uur and four ; 20 drums, two and two ; 20 flutes,
ditto; 12 of the king's wives of the third clafs, with
large bafkets of reeds on their heads, with viftuals for
the fcrpent from the king; three of the king's dwarfs
richly drcfled, and long pagnes trailing behind them,
which makes them look lefs ; the grand mafter of the
ceremonies, bareheaded, his cane in his hand, drefttd
like the gr.indees ; 40 mufketeers, four and four ; 20
drums ; 20 crumpets ; 20 flutes ; 12 of the king's wives,
carrying the queen-mother's prefents to the fcrpent;
three valets of the queen-mother carrying her arm chair;
the foremoft has the back of the chair faftcncd to his
fhoulder, the two other carry the feet ; three of the
king's dwarfs, drcfTed like the former : after them comes
the queen iiio:her, walking alone, her cane in her
hand, magnificently drefl'ed, her pagnes trailing behind,
and on her head a reed hat, neatly wrought : three
ladies of the palace lichly drelTed, but bareheaded ; 12
women trumpets, two and two; 12 women drums;
12 women flutes ; the grand facrificer, bareheaded, his
cane in his haul, richly drefled like a grandee: laftly,
a body of 4 nufkcteers clofing the proceffion, with
fome beadles, > inftables, to keep olF the mob.

*' As thcfe fcv> : il bodies arrived at the place of the
ferpent, v.'ithout entering the court,they proftrated them-
fclves with their faces to the earth at the gate, clapping
ih ir hands, throiving duft on their heads, and giving
fhouls of joy. Mean time the men and women muii-
cians, ranged on each fide, made an horrible noife,
while the foldiers kept continually firing with their
mulkets. The king's wives, who carrie 1 his prefents,
and thofe of the queen- mother, waited, ranged in a
line in the outer court, till that prineefs entered, and
delivered thofe prefents to the grind facrificer. In doing
this, fhr was aflifled by the king's valet-de-chambre,
the mafter of the ceremonies, and the three ladies of
the palace, who were the only perfons admitted into the
temple. It did not appear that this prineefs was ad-
mitted to fee the ferpent, for that is a favour not even
allowed to the king, who is not fuffercd to enter the
til ft hall, but makes his addrcfles to the ferpent by the
mouth of the grand facrificer, who brings baek fuch
anUycfs 9S he thinks proper. After this the proceffion
r«(urned to Sabi with the fame ordci and ceremony at
before."

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552

A NEW COMPLETE StGTEW 0? GEOGRAPHY.

■v.'ti

They invoke the fnakc, or ferpcnt, on particular
occafiori!:, when they tliink their private Rtiilics have
not fulTicieiit power to protciil them : thefe tiiiKs
aic, when they arc afHicitd witli drought or rain,
famine, or other public calamities. The common pco-
pie go daily in large hodies to their fiiakc-houles, with
drums beating and trumpets Ibunding, where they per-
form their wcrlhip, whiih confifts ot certain fongs and
dances to the honour of their iJol, from whtim they
implore cither a propitious journey, fair wiathei , a good
crop, or whatever elle tlicy ft.inil nmll in need of; to
obtain which they prcfcnt their olfciinf^s, and then re-
turn home.

The trees, which arc their fccond public fctillics,
are very loftv, and though they arc formed by pure
nature, yet they appear as if the greated: art had been
beftowed on them. Thcfe trees are only prayed to and
preftnted with offerings in time of fickneis, mure efpe-
cially fevers, for the rcftoration ol health. They be-
lieve this to be as much the bufinefs of the trees as the
fnakc J but then the latter n.uil not be forgottin, for
they imagine (which is inJeed certainly the cafe) that
if he docs them no good, he will not do tliem any harm
The facrifices offered to the trv-es corlift of loaves of
millet, maize, or rice. Thefc the priell: places at the
foot ot the tree to which the patient is ddirous of mak-
ing his oftcring ; it the latter compliments the former
with .1 pecuniary prcl'ent, he leaves them to be devouicd
by the beafts and birdij if not, when the patient is
gone, he takes them home, and coiivcits them to his
own ufc.

Their third principal fctifli, the fii, they firmly be-
lieve (and not without jiift caul'e) is sb!e to du as much
for them as the fnake or the trees But as no fliare of
the offerings thrown into it can ever revolve to the
priefts, they teach the people to pav a fmall kind ol
diftant adoration to it, which may be fecn, and eon-
fequently worlhippcd in that manner at any part of the
kingdom. Indeed, when the weather is fo ftormy as to
hinder trade, the grand facrihcer is confulted, and ac-
cording to his anfwer, a proccflion is made to the feu,
where an ox or fliecp is killed on the fliore, letting the
bl(K)d flow into the water, and at the fame time throw-
ing a ring into the fea as far as the ftrcngth of the arm
will reach. The carcafe of the heart facrificed is the
property of the prieft, who difpofes of it in fuch man-
ner as he thinks proper ; fometimes he divides it among
the people, but in general he converts it to his own
ufe.

Agoye, their fourth and lart public fetifli, is made of
black earth or clay, and in form fomcwhat refembles a
negro fquatting. It is placed on a kind of pcdertal orna-
mented with a flip of red cloth bordered with cowries :
the head is crowned with lizards and ferpcnts, inter-
mixed with red feathers ; and from the top ifl'ues the
point of an alTagaye that goes through a larger lizard,
beneath which is a filvcr crefccnt. This idol is placed
on a table in the houfe of the grand facrificer ; before it
(lands three wooilen bowls, or half calabaflies, in one
of which are a number of fmall earthen balls. With
this ido! the people generally advife before they com-
mence any capital undertaking, for which rcafon he is
called the god of councils. Khofc who confult this
fetifli addrcfs themfclves to the facrificer, informing
him of the bufinefs they are about to undertake; after
which they prefent their oflxrings to Agojc, and give
the prieft, his interpictir, the fee. If the prieil is fails-
(ieu with the pielent, he takes the bowls, and after
feveral grimaces, throws the balls at random out of one
bowl into iinothcr. If the number in each appears to
be odd, the undertaking is declared profperous, and the
perfon who applies for advice returns home pcrfc£lly
falisfied. This oracle, however, frequently proves er-
roneous, in which cafe, fuch is the prepofleflion of the
Negroes, that they acquit Agoe, and lay the blame en-
tirely on themfelves.

The prieflthood here is not confined to the male fex
only, for there are more pricftefTes than priefts, and both
of tlicin arc held in fuch high veneration, that they are
liable to no puniftiniciit for any capital crime whatever.
The prieftclfcs ate nut accountable to their huftiandv

cither for difobediencc or infidelity ; on the cotitt.iry
itiiey are unconiroulable, and mull be fervcd l^y [|,,;
hiiftiand on his knee, with the f?mc rcfi'tLt lliat oilar
women pay iheir hiifbands, \Vhai [jirls f.re alk.tied to
take upon them the order of prielHuiL.d, tliey are placed
under the care of an old prieftef:., whole dwel!in;>; is fj-
clu.led I'lom all olhi'is; and, dtiriii^ their rijideii.x"
there they mull not be feen by any one, not even their
parents. For fome days aftir their .ndmidion, tliey aie
tieateil with gre.it rel'peet, anJ ate t.'.u;;ht the dances and
fonj;.s facred to the woilliip of the icrp.'iit : alter this
the prielleires mark them, which is done by cutting
their bodies with fome iron points in the lorm of floweis,
animals, and el'pecially ferpcnts. As foon as they are
thoroughly cured and inlliiided, tlu'y arc told it was
the ferpent himfclf that marked them, which, whatever
they may think, thty niuft pretend to believe. They
are alfo forbid to reveal whatever they have fecn or heard,
otherwife the ftrpent will carry tliem off", and totally
deftroy them. H'hen the whole ceremonies are fully
coniplcated, their miftrelles deliver them to their re-
fpciSive parents, who feldum fail to receive them kindly,
and icturn thanks to the ferpent for the honour he has
done their fitnily, in admiltintt their children into his
feivice, and ftainping them with his mark. A few d.iys
after they are delivered to their parents, the old prieftefs
goes to them, and demands payment fcr their chil-
drcns nfidcnce in the ferpent's houfe, which ftie fixes
at her own difcretion : \\hatever the deniand is, the pa-
rents, if able, immediately pay it, for nicuild they make
any hclitatlon, it would b.' doubled. The contribution
thus ex.fled, they divide ; one [-ait of it they give to
ti e grand fpcrificer, another to tin- priells, and the third
they divide among ihemlVivis. The giiK dntinue with
their parents for fome time, going every daj to the
houfe v,i:ee th>.'y were confe.rated, to repeat the fongs
and dances thiy learnt d in honour ol' tie feipcnt ; after
which they enjoy the peculiar privileges inriJcnt to their
(unction J nnJ ir' any of them hapi>cii to lie aff'rvvards
married, tiieir hiifljar.ds muft treat them with that re-
fpcdl we have belbre defcrrhe,;.

The high prieft, or grand facrificer, prefides over the
reft, who pay him the greateft homage, and even the
king himfelf confidcrs him with equal lefiieif. 'Tis he
alone that is permitted to enter the king's private apart-
ment, and that only once in hi- life, which is when the
king prcfents him his offerings three inonths after his
coronation. The priefthood of the grand ferpent is
peculiar to one family, of which the grand facrificer is
the chief, all the others being lubjcil to, and dependent
on him. The priefts, as well as the pritfteires, aic ca-
fily known by the fears ami marks on their bodies made
at the time they were initiated into the religious order.
In other rcfpeils they differ but little from the laity,
their habit being much the fame, though they have the
privilege of drcfling themfelves like the grandees. They
trade like other people, and gather confiderahlc poflcf-
fions by the fale of citile and Haves ; but their greateft
gains arrfe from the credulity o.' the people, from whom
they extort offerings and prcfents for the grc-at ferpent,
which their deluded devotees im.igine is religioufly be-
ftowed, but on the contrary it only contributes to the
emolument of the priefts, for they convert them to
their own ufe; and in this they arc fo diligent, that they
even fometimes leave the poor ferpent without vidf uals.

0/ tht Govrmment ef Whidah, with tht Pmiijbtntitts in^
fnilcd on Ojfcnilers.

TflE government of W'hiJ.ih, fo far as it relates (o
civil and military affairs, is vided in the king and his
principal men ; but in criminal cafes the king affemblcs
a council, when he opens the indiifiment, and requires
every perfon to declare his opinion what puniftiinent the
offender defervcs ; and according to the vcrdiiff the pu-
nifliment is immediately infliiifcd. Under the king arc
feveral viceroys, whom he appoints at pitafure, and
who, in his abfence, have an unliniitied power. Ik-
has alfo grand captains, who are viceroys over certain
diftriils ; beftdcs theie, there arc a great ntimber of ho-
norary capt.iins, and another fort that areentruflcd with
the care of the iiu;i;et:>, flavcs, piifons, &c.

The

fpot,
juftii
Che
cxecu

AFRICA.]

G U I

the contr.uy,
civcJ by tlii:
:cl tli;it oiIkt
v.vc alkiticil 10
licy are iil.ici-d
ilwi.llin[>; is {:-
tluir rtliileiii.-i;
not even tlu'ir
n-.oii, tlicy ari:
llic ili'.ncci aiiJ
nt : alter this
inc by cutting
orm ot" flowtis,
on as tlicy are
irc toIJ it was
hich, whatever
believe. They
e (ccn or hcr.rJ,
off, anJ totally
oiiics are fully
:iTi to ihcir rc-
ve them kinJIy,

honour he has
lilJren into his
rk. A (Vw Jays

the olJ prieftcfs

for their chil-
which flic fixes
r.and h, the \n-
luuiU! they make
'he contribution
f it ihcy give to
(Is, am! the third
iK continue with
very Jaj to the
repeat the fonps
l.e fcipLnt ; after
s iuriklciit to their

to he affrwards
:ni with that rc-

prefides over the
TI-, anil even the
'icfi.ea. 'Tis he
g's private apart-
jliich is when the
months after his
grand ferpent is
QjanJ facrificcr is
:o, and dependent
irieftL-ffes, aic ca-
thcir bodies made
he religious order,
from the laity,

gh they have the

grandees. They
oiifiderahlc poflVf-

b'Jt their greatcft
lople, from whom

the great ferpent,
is religioudy bc-

:ontributcs to the

convert them to
diligent, that they
without vidluals.

the Punijbmenti in-

far as it relates to
1 the king and hii
the king alfemblcs
nent, and requires
lat puniftiment the
he vcrdiifl the pu-
Jndcr the king aic
s at pkafure, and
nittcd power. lii^
ccroys over certai;i
leat number of ho-
t arecntrufltd with

TUe

The capital crimes here arc only two, namely, mur-
der and adultery. For the firft olTeMcc the criminal is
cut open alive, his entrails taken out and burnt, and his
iHidy fixed on a pole ere^ed in the market-place, where
it continues foe fome days, and is then carried to a
remote place to be devoured b- birds or beads of prey.

The punifliment for adulte;/ is no leU fcvere than
that for murder, efpecially when it is committed with
one of the king's wives. If the guilty couple happen
to be furprized, the king pronounces fentencc of death
immediately; the manner of executing which, accord-
ing to Bofman, is thus performed : the king's officers
caufe two graves or pits to be dug, fix or fcven feet
Jong, four broad, and five deep, fo near each other,
that the criminals may. fee and fpcak together. In the
middle of one they plant a flake, to which they faflen
the woman, tying her arms behind the port : her legs
are alfo tied at the knees and at the ancles. At the bot-
tom of the other the king's wives lay bundles of fmall
faggots, after which they retire ; and two forks of
wood being fadened by the officers at the ends, the
man, flark naked, is tied to an iron bar, like a broad
fpit, with iron chains, that he cannot Air, and laid
acrofs the two forks. They then fct fire to the wood,
fo that the flames may jufl reach the body, which is
thus roafled by a flow fire. * This cruel punifhment
would be very lingering, if they did not take care to
turn the criminal fo with his face downward, that the
fmoke fuSbcates him before he is quite broiled. When
they no longer perceive figns of life, they untie the
bocly, fling it into the pit, and fill it up with earth.
When the man is dead, the women ifTue from the pa-
lace, to the number of fifty or fixty, richly drefled as on
m feftjval day. They are guarded by the king's muf-
ketteers, accompanied by his drums and flutes. Kach
carries on her head a large pot of fcalding water, which
they pour one after another on the head of the female
criminal, dead ur not dead, and throw the pot after it.
This done, they loofen the body, take up the flake,
and calling both into the pit, fill it up with earth and
flones.

If the wife of a grandee is taken in adultery, the
hufband is at liberty to ufc his own difcretion, either to
put her to death, or fell her as a Have to the Europeans.
If he determines on the formcj-, (he is flrangled or be-
headed by the executioner, and the king is fufficiently
fatisfied on being made acquainted with the faft. The
injured hufband, however, has not any power over the
man that Jinionourcd him, unlcfs he happens to ratch
him i'-. the fact, when he has liberty to kill him on the
fpot. If otherwife, he mufl apply to the king for
juflice, who ufually fentences the criminal to death. The
Chevalier Marchais, who was prefcnt at one of thcfe
executions in the year 1725, gives the following ac-
count of it : " A grandee, fays he, complained to the
king that a private perfon had dcbauchtd his wife. His
majefty, upon hearing the witnefl'es, pafTed fentence,
that the offender fhould be beaten to death wherever he
could be found, and his body cxpofcd for food to the
birds and beafts. The officers belonging to the gover-
ror of Sabi immediately went in fearch of him, and
found him almoft enteiing his own door, where they
foon difpatched him with their clubs, and left the body
as the king had ordered. The neighbours went to ac-
quaint the captain of the fcraglio, that the body would
infe£l all that quarter before it corrupted, and intreated
he would obtain the king's orders to have it taken from
thence, or thrown into the fewer, where it could not
affed any body. The officer reprefented their com-
plaint to the king, who replied, ' If I did not punifh
adultery with feverity, no perfon in my kingdom could
be fafc. The body fliall lie there till it be devoured or
rotten. The people fliall fee it, and learn, at the ex-
pence of this wretch, how they invade their neighbour's
bed. All I can grant is, that iu the day-time they may
throw a mat over the body, leaving the face uncovered,
that the criminal may be known as long as his features
can be diftinguiftied.' Not content with this, the king
gave to the grandee, whom the dcceafed had injured, all
his cfTeifts, with his wives and flaves, to fell or difpofe
of as he thought proper,"

N E A. 3ii

For crimes of a more trifling nature the puniftjment
is left to thr viceroys, who generally infli£l either fome
kind of penance, or a pecuniary mulft, which is aU
ways paid to the king.

Of the Succifun' to the T/inne ef Whidab, -tuilli a par-
ticular yfcceutti of the Cirimomis ufid at the Coronation
of iheir Kings,

ON the death of the king, the crown defcends to
his cldcfl fon, unlefs the grandees have rcafon to rejeA
him : in which cafe they appoint the younger brother in
his ftead. Thefe fons, however, mufl be born after
their father's acceflioni thofe born before not having
any right to it.

It is a fixed law, that as foon as the king's eldefl fon
is born, he fliall be removed from the court, and placed
in the hands of fome private perfon, who lives remote
from the palace, and with whom he remains unac-
quainted with his birth, or the rank he is defigned for.
The perfon in whofe hands he is placed is told the fe-
crct, and he is obliged to conceal it from him on pain of
death. By thefe means it often happens, that when a
prince is called to the throne, he is at the very time em-
ployed in fome of the moft menial offices ; and it is
with great difliculty he can be perfuaded to give credit
to thofe who inform him of his elevated fituation.
This is a political manueuvre of the grandees in order
to prcferve the government, at leaft for fome time, in
their own hands ; for, from the obfcure fituation in
which the prince h.is been brought up, he is confe-
quently a flranger to all knowledge of government, and
is therefore obliged to confult the grandees upon every
occafion.

As foon as the old kin^ is dead, the new one is im-
mediately brought to the palace ; but the time of his
coronation is uncertain, that refling in the grandees,
who fix it as befl fuits their refpcflivc intercds ; it is
in general fome months, and frequently feveral years ;
but feven years is the longeft term for which it can be
delayed. During this interval the government is ra-
ther in the hands of the grandees, than thofe of the
king, for they execute all public bufinefs within them-
felves, and never confult him even on the moll impor-
tant occafion. In every other refpefl, however, he it
treated like a prince, only with this diftinftion, that,
previous to his coronation, he mufl not leave the
palace.

When the grandees have fixed the time for the coro-
nation, they give immediate intimation of it to the king,
who aftembles them in the palace, and after the council
have deliberated on the nieafurts to be ufcd in executing
the ceremony, notice is given of it to the public, by a
difcharge of cannon, and the news is foon circulated all
over the kingdom.

The next morning the grand facrjficer goes to the
palace, and demands of the king, in the name of the
great ferpent, the offerings due on the occafion. Thefe
offerings generally confiil of an ox, a horfe, a fheep,
and a fowl, whicn arc facrificed in the palace, and af-
terwards carried in great ceremony to the middle of the
market-place. As foon as they arrive there, the grand
facrificer erefls a pole nine or ten feet long, at the end
of which is a piece of linen in imitation of a flandard
or flag, and round the viflims are placed fmall loaves
of millet, rubbed over with palm-oil. After fome tri-
flirm ceremonies, the company retire, and leave the car-
calles expofed to the birds of the air, no perfon being
permitted to touch them on pain of death. As foon as
they arrive at the palace, about 20 of the king's wives
march in proceffion from thence to the pKice of facri-
fice, the eldeft, or chief, carrying a large figure made
of earth, reprefenting a child fitting, which flic places
at a fmall diflance from the viiflims. They are attended
by a number of mufketteers, with a party of the king's
flutes and drums, and both coming and going they keep
continually finging, the people proftrating themfelves as
they pafs, and exprelTing their joy by the loudeft accla-
matiohs.

When thefe ceremonies are over, the grandees repair

to the palace, drclTed in their richeft apparel ; and at-

4 P tended

t I

•1.

, ,■ \:

■li

V%\

■li

■*; '

J!, ^ ?

IN;: 1

l- ;i

334 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

UuJcd Viy their (laves. The king not being prefeni,
Ihty enter it without ftiippliig, and iiftiT having pro-
l!i.ne(l tlnmfelves hrf«e (he throne, tlicy retire. "I'his
p.irt of tlie ceremony continues for 15 days, during
which the king's women make the palace rcfound with
thtir •■•;claniat;ons, and the public joy it teftified by
the ftf.ng of cjnnon, ai^d nn almoft continued difplay
of rockets from all parts of the town.

A/tcr the expiration of the I5days, the grandees de-
pute one of their number to go to Ardrah, with a magT
nificcnt retinue, to rcqueft one of the nobles of that
Vingdom (in whole family the right has continued time
iminimotial) to come and crown the king. Tliegrcatell
fcfpci?> is paid to this nobleman by all ranks of people,

and the expcnces of his journey are defrayed by the
grandees of VVhidah. When he arrives at the laft vil-
figc next the capital, he and his retinue muft continue
Iheic four Jays ; during which he receives vifits from
the piineipjl people of the kingdom, who make him
prefents, .lod divert him with various kinds of cnter-
tainniiiU'i. The king alfo fends him provifions twice a
(lay, wliich are carried in great pomp by his wives,
preceded by a guard of fufilccrs, and his majefty's band
of mufic.

^VlKn the four days arc etapfed, the grandees, at-
trnilcJ by their ufual train, .ind a prodigious con-
cuu'l'c of people, go to the village, and conduifV the
v\rJr.ili nobleman in great ftate to S.ibi, where he is
received by the firing of the king's cannon, and the
univcrlal acclamations of the people. After this he is
con'lucicd to the apartments prepared for him near the
king's p.ilace, where he is fplendidly entertained by the
king's principal officers, and receives vifits from all the
grandees. He continues here five days, on the third of
which he enters the palace, with the chief of his train,
without taking off any part of his drefs or ornaments,
and Ipcaki to the king (landing, and without prollrating
himfelf. On the evening of the fifth day nine guns
«rc fired at t!ie palace, to give the people notice that
the king will be crowned the following day, and that
he will ihcw hiinfclf in public, fcited on his throne, in
fhe court of the palace dcftined for that purpofe j and
that the gates of it will be open for the admiflion of
all ranks of people. At the fame time he fends one of
hi'i officers to acquaint the direilors of the Europc.in
fa^'lnries with the time and place, and to ijivicc them
to he prclent at the ceremony.

About five o'clock in the evening of the fixth day,
the king fets out from his feraglio, attended by 40 or
his favvHirite wives drefled in the moll funiptuous man-
ner, and r.ither loaded than ornamented with gold neck-
laces, pendants and bracelets, foot-chains of gold and
filver, and the richeft jewels. The king is drefled in
the r.Kill magnificent manner, and on his head he wears
J gilt hel.net, decorated with red and white feathers.
He IS attinded alfo by his guards, and proceeds from
the feraglio to iho throne, which is placed in an angle
• It' a court to the caft of the palace, and is called, The
«.;ourt of the Coronation. The throne confitts of a
laij;c gilt .Ttni chair a little elevated, with a velvet
cufliioii richly laced with gold, on which the king fits,
h ivin:^ another of the fame quality at his ftet. On the
lett hand of the king arc placed his 40 favourite v\'o-
men i on the righl his principal grandees, and on a
line with them the chief Europeans of the Englifll fac-
tories. One of the grandees nolds in his hand an um-
brella, v.'.iich is more for ornament than ufe, as the ce-
remony is performed at night. It is made of the richeft
cloth of (.'olil, the lining embroidered with gold, and
the edges adurned with gold fringes and tallels. On
till" top of it is the figure of a cock as large as the life,
and the pole that I'upports it is about fix feet long, and
j^ilt. Anollicr grandee kneels before the king, aiii.
keeps fanning hun during the whole ceiemoiiy. Op-
pofitc I'l his majcrty ire two of his dw.iifs, who alter-
nately reprefcnt to him the good qualities of his prede-
cclf ir, txtol his juftice, liberality, and clemency, and
cxiinrt the kill;; not only to im.i.ite, hut furpafs him;
and con.lu le their harangue witli willies lor the king's

h.i;'|)iii<'f>, and that liu rei^n may bw
fpeious.

and

pro-

As Toon as thcTe ceremonies are onrcf, the gririj,:e
from Ardrah is fent for, whofe irffice it i» to crown the
king. When he arrivcj at thu outer gate of the palace,
the cannon are difchargtd, and the nmfie plays. He
enters the court with his attsudanti, who guard him to
a certain diftance, when he leaves them, irdTances fingly
to the throne, and falutcs the king by eentlv bow-
ing his head, but without proftrating lihnfeir. He then
makes a fliort fpeech to the king rulatirc to the cere-
mony he is to perform ; and, taking tht helmet off hit
head, which he holds in his hands, he turns to the
people. A fignal is then made, at which the mufic
immediately cfafi-s, ind a total filencc enffltrs. The
grandee of Ardrah then, with a loud voicv, repeats the
following words three times : *' Here rs your kinq ;
be loyal to him, and your prayers ihall be heard by tnc
king of Ardrah, my mafter j" after which he replaces
the helmet on the king's head, makes a low bow, and
retreats : the cannon and finall arms are immediately
fired, the mufic ftrikes up, and the acclamations are re-
newed. The grandee of Ardrah is then conduifted ill
great ftate to his apartments ; after which the king, at-
tended by his wives, his guards, and the Europeans, re-
turn to the feraglio, where the latter make their com-
pliments to him as he enters the gate. The next day
the king fonds a handfome prefent to the Ardrah gran-
dee ; after which he muft return home, not being fuf-
fercd to remain three days longer in the kingdom.

The rejoicings that follow the coronation continue
for fifteen d.iys, and the whole is clofed with a grand
proccflton to the houfe or temple of the great ferpent,
the particulars of which have been already defcribed.

Of tht King's Hiujhold, bis Mtthtd of Life, (s^e.

FROM the obfcure ftate in which the king is
brought up, it is little to be wondered at, that the ex-
alted character of a monarch fliould dictate to him the
paths of cafe and diflipation, and that he fliould enjoy
a peculiar relifh for thole pleafurcs, with which, h.d
he been progrcflively familiar, he would, in all probabi*-
lity, have been fatiated. He lives almoft in a ftate of indo-
lence, feldom going abroad, and only attending his
grandees occafionally when they are alfembled in the
hall of audience for the adminiftration of judice : all
the reft of his time is fpent in the rccefl'es of the fe-
raglio, attended by his wives. Thefe arc exceeding
numerous, and arc livided into three clafTcs ; the firft
confills of the moft beautiful amon^ ihem, whofe num-
ber is not limitted. She who bears the firft fon is the
chief, and is diltinguiflied from the reft h/ the name of
queen, or, as they term it, the king's great wife. She
has the lole management of all afiV.irs belonging to the
feraglio ; nor dare any pcrfon controul her, except thi;
king's mother, whofe authority is fupcrior to any other
fubjcifl whatever. She has a feparate apartment at
court, with a llipulated revenue for her fupport ; but
(he is under this reftriition, that fhe muft remain a wi-
dow during the reft of her life.

The fecond clafs of the king's wives confifts of thofc
that have had children by him, but, cither from age,
or other caufes, arc rendered incapable of contributing
any farther to his future amulcmtnts. The number of
ihefe aUo is not limited.

The tlurd and laft clafs confiftj of thole who ferve as
(laves to the king, and his other wives ; and though
they are employed in thefc menial offices, yet it is death
for them to have any coniicxions with other men, or
even to leave the fersglio, without permilTion from the
king, or hir great wife.

So jealous is the king of bis wives, that if a man
meets or.c of them in the itrcet, an.l Ihoiild accidentally
happen to touch her, fhe is never pcrmitlcd to enter the
feraglio again, for both flie and the man Mi immtdiatdy
fold as (laves. If it appeals iherc was any premeditated
difign in their toiurhing each otiier, the woman is fold,
but the man is put to death, and all his cfTcifs confif-
eated to the king. For thi-i rcafmi, fuch as have occa-
lioii to go to the palace, on their entrance immediately
call out, Jro, winch fignfiei, " Make way, retire, or
take Ciiie i" wlicn the women place thcmfclvcs in a

rang*

Y. ■ '.

, the gfjftd'ie
to crown the
of the julacr,
ie pi ay J. He
Ijuatd him to
dtances finp;ly
gentiv liow-
felr. he th«n
rt to the cere-
hrlmet ofF hl»
: ' turns to the
lich the muiic
enlflcs. The
c«, repeats the
M your kini; ;
je heard by the
lich he replaces
low bow, and
re immediately
iinations are rc-
•n condui'.leJ iu
:h the king, at-
; Europeans, rc-
lake their com-
Thc next day
he Ardrah gr.in-
, not being fuf-
kingdom.
ination continue
d with a grand
le great fcrpent,
:ady delcribed.

of Lift, iSc.

ich the king is
I at, that the ex-
liifVatc to him tht-
; he (hould enjoy
with which, h.d
d, in all probabi-
in aftatcof indo-
nly attending his
aiVembled in the
3n of juilice : all
•cctftes of the fe-
cff aic exceeding
e claffes ; the firft
hem, whofe num-
he M\ fon is the
:ft by the name of
s great wife. SbK
; belonging to thi;
jl her, except thi:
Krior to any other
ale apartment at
her fupport ; biit
niuft remain a wi-

es confifls of thofc

cither from age,

lie of contributing

Ths number of

thofc who fcrvc ii
■ives i and though
, yet it is death
•;th other men, or
)crmiflion from tlie

vcs, that if a man
(hould accidentally
nniticd to enter the
,an Mi immtdiatdy
as any premeditated
tlic woman is ibid,
11 his efTcih conftf-
fuch iis have occa-
jtrance immediately
>akc way, retire, or
cc thcmfclvcs in a
ranjjs

AFRlCA.l

t; U I N li A.

range on one fide, and the men walk as clofe as they
can on the other. In like manner, when the king's
wives go to work in the fields, whoever meets them
mull immediately fall on their knees, and co iiinue in
that pofition till they have pafled.

Although the people are obliged to pay fuch deference
to the king's wives, yet his majeily has very little refpeit
for them himfelf ; they attend him un all occalions like
fervants, and inllcad of his flicwiiig any afiVdiun he
generally treats them with the moll haughty contempt.
As he confidcrs them only as flaves, fo, on the moll
trifling occafiuns, he will fell a numher of them to the
Europeans; and even I'ometimes, when Ihips arc waiting
on the coaft for (laves, he will fupply them with what-
ever number they want to complcat their compliment.
Thefe deficiencies arc Cupplicd by the afliduity of his
captains, or governors of the fciaglio, who go about
the ftreets, and fei7,e fuch girls as they think will he
pleafing to the king, nor dare any of his fubjei^ts make
the lead objeflion or refillance. Thefe olficers inmic-
diatelv prelent them to the king, and •;' they are the
hand(omeft they can fele£l, his majelly is foinetimes
particularly attraiSled by their beauties. When this
happens to be the cafe, the objedl that moll (Irikes
his fancy it honoured with his company for two or three
nights, after which fhe is difcardcd, and obliged to pafs
the remainder of her life in a (late of obfcurity ; for
which reafon the women are ib little diTuousof becom-
ing wives to the king, that they would rather prefer
a life of celebacy.

The king's palace is magnificently furniflied, and
abounds with all the elegancies and luxuries of Europe.
He obferves great {late on all public occafions, at
which times hcisdrell'cd in filk and gold, and U attended
by his principal officers, or thole who hold employ-
ments under him. No fubjofl is permitted to fee him,
tinlefs hit bufinefs be of a peculiar nature, and he has
obtained the royal pcrmilTion ; in which cafe he is uflieted
in by the high priell, before whom he mull prollrate
himl'elf at well as to the king. Even his grandees (ex-
cept when a general council is called) find fome diffi-
culty in obtaining an audience, and when they do mud
appear before him in the mod humiliating form : they
advance creeping to a certain didancc, till the king, by
clapping his hands foftly, gives them leave to (peak,
which they do in a low tone, with their face almoll to
the ground ; after which they retire in the fame manner
they advanced. The captain of the feraglio, and the
grand facrificer, or high prieft, are the only pcifons
that are permitted to enter the feraglio without pcr-
miffion firft obtained from tl'"- king, but if they want to
(peak to him they mull pay the lame homage ai any
other fubjedl. The Europeans, however, areexemp'cd
from thefe flavilh ceremonials, and are granted an
audience whenever they defire it. 'i'hey always falute
the king in the fame manner as they would do an
Englifli nobleman, and his inajefty receives them with a
iliftinguiflied familiarity. He takes them by the hand,
makes them fit down, and drinks to them ; if it be the
firft viAt, and the perforts be direilors, or commanders
of ihips, they are generally falutcd with five or fcven
guns, when they leave the palace. In the audience-
chamber are two benches, one of which is broader than
the other, covered with a cloth, and by it is an oval
ftool, whereon the king fits during the conferences. The
other btnch is covered with mats, on which the Eu-
ropeans fit bare-headed, not by order, but from a vo-
luntary defire of fljewing proper rclpeil. The king
entertains them in the bell manner he is able during
their ftay, and endeavours to make his company as
agreeable to them as poflible. If they dine or liip with
him the table is fet out and fervcd with great elegance.
While they arc feafting the king's grandees prollrate
themfelves before him, and what provifions are left by
the Europeans are given to them, Which they fecm
readily and chearfully to accept.

The king's revenues are very confiderable, for befides
what arifes from his lands, he receives a doty en all
commodities fold in the markets, or imported into the
country. His lands not only furnrlh him with pro
Tifiens for bi» houfliold, but alio for sxpottation, great

I %l

quantities of them being annually fold to the neigh-
bouring nations. His property in this rcfpefl is not
conlined to the borders of Sabi alone, lor hu l.mJs ex-
tend into I'everal of the provinces. Thele are unc'ir the
cciiMii/ancc of the governors, who take care of their
Ixing tilled, get in the harveft, and lay up the produce
in the king's magazines without the lead expence.

The king alio receives a moiety of all the tolls and
fines in his vice-royalties j but thib is inconfidcrabic from
the iniquity of his collcilors, who make fuch depre-
datieins on their truft that fcarce one fourth of it comes
to '■is majidy; though if any of them fhould 'uc dei
ttfled they arc ("ulijedt to be fold, and their family and
efTeils confifcatcd to the king.

The revenues atifing from the (lave trade arc very
confiderable, tlie king receiving thi-ee rix-dollars for
every (lave fold in his dominions. Every European
velTel alfo pays him a pecuniary duty, exclufive of pre-
Cents, which they make to the king for his prtxcdlioa
and the liberty of trading.

Of tht Maritti at Whidah, vj'tth Ohfirvatimt m tht in-
human Praflict cf trading in Slavti.

THERE are fcveral fairs, or markets, kept in Whi-
d'lh, not only for the falc of Ilaves, but alfo for moft
other commoditie.'. Two of thefe are kept weekly, the
one at Sabi, and the other in the province of Aplogua,
both of which arc reforted to by prodigious numlers of
merchants. Hut the moft confiderable market is kept
about a mile from Sabi, and is held twice a week, viz,
on Wcdnefdays and Saturdays. The kings Iccond
wives have liberty to go to thefe markets to fell their
cloths and other trifling articles, in the making of which
their time is chiefly employed.

Great regulation is obferved in the keeping of thelfe
markets, a proper place being allotted for the fale of
every different commodity. In order to prevent diforder
and confufion among the bLyers and fellers, the king
appoints a judge or magiftrale to attend, who, with
four officers well armed, infpcfl the markets, hears all
complaints, and in a fummary way decides all differences,
having power to feize and fell as flaves all who (hall
violate the peace. Befides this magiftrale, there i«
another appointed to infpeiEl the money, which is called
Toqua, confifting of firings of fliells, to the numbe*
of forty ; and if one of thefe firings happens to bfc
deficient of a fingic flicU, the whole are forfeited to tht
king.

Round the markets are erefled booths, which arc oc-
cupied by cooks, or futlers, who ("eil provifions read^
drefied, as beef, pork, goats flcfh, tic. There are
other booths for the (ale of rice, millet, maite and
liread ; and fome fell pito, (a kind of beer) palm-wini
and bran ly.

The chief commodities are, flaves, oxen, Iheep, goats,
poultry, and fowls of moft kinds ; monkies and othtrr
animals ; various lorts of European cloth ; liiien
and woollen, printed callicos, filks, grocery goods,
china, gold in duft or bars, iron in bars or wroughf.
The country manufailurcs are, Whidah cloths, mats,
baflccts, jars, calabalhes of various forts, wooden bowls
and cups, red and blue pepper, fait, palm-oil, &c.

All the commodities, except flaves, are fold by the
women, who are excellent accomptants, and let off
their goods to the greateft advantage. The men reckoii
.ill by the head, at which they are as exadl and ready
as the Europeans with pen and ink, though the funis
arc often fo confiderable as to render it very intricate.

The flaves are paid for in gold-dud, but the payment*
for other commodities arc made in firings of cowries,
which, as before obferved, contain each forty in num-
ber. Five of thefe ftiings make what the natives call •
fort i and fifty fores make an aKeut, which generally
weighs about 60 pounds.

It would give pleafure to a ftranger to fee the varlotii
prodiiflions of thefe markets, and the regular manner
in which the refpeflive articles are difpoled, were not
flavej included j but to behold a number of men^
vvomcn, and childien linked together, and arranged like
bcafts, is a fight truly (huckiog to beheld. The in*

fAmoi^f

»'f

i^ii '^ '

p II

1 '.If , ' 0'

53^

A neVv complete system of geography,,

famous praAlee of trading in the human fpecie] has
frequently cxcrcifed the pens of the learned and humane,
fume of whofe rcntimeiiis we (hall here preferve, as
benevolent ideas cannot be too much propagated, nor
phibiuhropy lendcrcd too univcrfa).

The bifliop of Gloucefler, (in his fermon preached
before the focicty for the propagation of the gofpcl, on
the 2ift of February J766) makes ufe of the following
paflages : " From the free favages," fays he, " I now
come (the laft point I propofc to confider) to the favagcs
in bonds. By thcfc I mean the vaft multitudes yearly
ftolcn from the oppofite continent, and facrificcd by the
colonifts to their great idol, thtgod of gain. But what
then ? fay thefe fincere worlhipperi of Mammon ; they
arc our own property which we oftcr up. Gracious God !
to talk (as in herds of cattle) of property in rational
creatures ' creatures endowed with .ill our faculties ; pof-
filUng all our qualities but that of colour j our bre-
thren both by nature and grace, Ihocks all the ftclings
of humanity, and the diilatcs of common Icnfc. But,
alas ! what is there in the infinite abufcs of focicty
which docs not fliock them ? Yet nothing is more cer-
tJin in itfclf, and .apparent to all, than that the in-
famous tr.iflie for flavcs directly infringes both divine
and human laws. Nature crcited n.an fre.', and grace
invites him to alTert his freedom. In cxcufe of this
violation, it hath been pretended, that though, indeed,
thcfc mifcrable outcalts of humanity be torn from their
homes and native country by fraud and violence, yet
they thereby become the happier, and their condition
the more cligib.e. But who are you thai pretend to
judge of anoihc man's happinofs ? That ftatc, which
each man, under the guidance of his Maker, forms for
himfelf, and not one man for another? To know what
conllitutes mine or your happincfs, is the folc prero-
gative of him who created us, and call us in fuch
various and ditferent moulds. Did your fl.ives ever com-
plain to ' 'I of their unhappinel's amidft their native
woods and defarts r Or, rather, let me a(k, did they
ever ceafe complaining of their condition under you their
their lordly matters? where they fee, indeed, the ac-
commodations of civil life, but fee them all pafs to
others, thcml'elvcs unbenefiled by them. Be fo gracious
«hcn, ye petty tyrants over human freedom, to let your
JIaves judge for themfelves, what it is that makes their
ewn happincfs. And then fee whether they do not
place it in the return to their own country, rather than
in the contemplation of your grandeur, of which ihiii
mifery makes fo large a part. A return fo paflionately
longed for, that deipaitir.g of hjppincfs here, that is,
of cfcaping the chains of their cruel tafk-m.iller?, they
eonfole themfelves with feigning it to be the gracious
leward of heaven in their future ftatc, which 1 do not
finr] their haughty matters have as yet concerned them-
felves to invade. The lefs hardy, indeed, wait for this
felicity till over.weiuied nature fcts them free ; but the
more refolved have rccourfe even to felf-violencc, to
lorce a (ptedicr palTage.

" Hut It will be flill urged, that though what Is
called human happinefs be of fo fantaftic a nature, that
each man's imagination creates it for himfelf, yet hu-
man mifery is more fubttantial and uniform throughout
all the tubes of mankind. Now, f-om the worft of
human mifetics the fcivage Africans, by thefe forced
emigrations, ate entirely ftturcd ; futU as the being per-
petually hunted down like beafls of prey or profit, by
their more favage and powerful neighbours — In truth,
a bUfl'cd change ! — from being hunted to being caught.
But who are they that have fct on foot this general
hunting ? Arc they not thefe very civiliied violateii of
humanity themlelvea, who tempt the weak appetites,
and provoke the wild palTioni u( the fiercer favages to
prey upuii the tell."

The number of flavtj imported from the coafl of
Guinea, ii computed to be at lead 100,000 annually j
but the import in our American colonies falls much
(hort cl that numbrr. owing to ibc many deaths oc-
cafioncd by the fevere treatment they receive on theii
paflage. A late writer fays, " When the vrffels are full
freighted with naves, thiy fail fur our pLintations in

during which time, from the fifth and ftench that i»
among them, dittcmpers frequently break out, whieh
carry off commonly a fifth, a fourth, yea, foinctin ci a
third or more of them : (o that taking all the ilavcs to-
gether, that are brought on board our (bips yearly, one
may reafonably fuppofe that at leaft 20,000 of them die
on the voyage. Befides this, it is fuppofed that a fourth
part, more or lefs, die at the ditt'erent illands, in what
is called the fcafoning. Hence it may be prefumed, that
at a moderate computation of the flavcs who arc pur-
chafed by oil' African merchants in a year, near 30,000
die upon t'le voyage, and in the feafuning. Add to this,
the prodlgigus numbers that are killed in ttic incurficns
and intcttine wars, by which the Negroes procure the
number of flavcs wanted to load the vellcls. " How
dreadful, then, fays the writer, is this flavc trade,
whereby fo many thnufands of our fellow-creatures, free
by nature, endued with the fame rational faculties, and
called to be heirs of the fame falvation with us, lofe their
lives, and are, truly and properly fpeaking, murdered
every year ! For it is not neceflary, in order to conviA
a man of murder, to make it appear that he had an
intinlicn to commit murder j whoever docs, by unjait
force or violence, deprive another rf his liberty, and,
while he hath him in his power, continues fo to opprrfs
him by cruel treatment, as eventually to occafion hit
death, is adlually guilty of murder. It is enough to
make a thoughtful perfon tremble, to think what a load
of guilt lies upon our nation en this account; and that
the blood of thoufands of poor innocent creatures,
murdered every year in the profecution of this cruel
trade, cries aloud to heaven for vengeance. Were we
to hear or read of a nation that dcftroyed every year, in
Come other way, as many human creatures as perilh in
this trade, we Ihould certainly onfidcr them as a very
bloody, b.vbarous people. If it be allcdged that the
let>iflature hath encouraged, and flill does encourage
this trade, it is anfwercd, that no legiflature on earth
can alter the naturt- of things, fo as to make that to be
right which Is contrary to the law of God, (the fu-
prcme legiflatoi- and governor of the world) and op-
pofeth the promulgation of the gnfpel of ptai-e en taitb,
ami gtod will 13 man. Injullice nay he methodized and
ettablilhed by law, but flill it will be injuflice as muth
as it was before; though its being fo elhiblilhcd may
render men more infcnfible of the guilt, and more bold
and fecure in the perjetration of it."

The unhappy fituation of thefe wretches while on
board the vclTels is ttuly deplorable : (hey r'C all put in
iions two by two, (haekkd logether to prevent their
mutinying or fwimming afhore. Such is the horror cf
their minds at the thoughts of leaving their own country,
that they frequently lea|> cut of the canoe, beat, or
fliip, into the (ea, and keep under water till they are
drowned, to avoid being taken up and favcd by their
puifucrs. The melancholy eftciils of this diabolie.il
traffic arc repre.'eritcl by captain Pliilips, who, though
employed in that huliiiefs, appears to have been im-
preilid with the mofl humane fentiinenls. As he breathes
the diilatcs of benevolence, wc (halt infert his naria-
tive ill his own words. *« That I may contribute, (ays
he, all in my powrr towards the gocd of mankind, by
inlpiring any individuals wiih a fuitable abhorrence of
that detellable practice of tr.iding in our fellow-creatures,
and in fome mcafurc atone lor my nejjlec't of duf as a
Chriftian, in engaoing in that wicked traffic, 1 ofjtr to
their ferious confideration fome few otcurr»nce», of
which I was an eye-witncfs ; that being (Iriick with
the wretched and aB'edling feeiie, they may toiler that
huma.ie principle, which is the noble and dittingiiifhed
elurafleiiftic of man, and improve it to the benefit of
their childrrnj childien.

" About the year 1749 1 failed from Liverpool to
il»e loaft of Guinea, Some time after our arrival, 1
was ordered to go up the country a confidcrible
ilillanee, upon having notice fiom one of the Ncgio
kings, that he had a parcel of flavcs to difpoiie of. I re-
ceived my inftiudiions and went, carrying with me cu
account of fuch goods at we bad on board, to exchange
(or the flaves we ht4 to purrbafc. Upon being iniiu-

Ireigntcu wiin iia»e», imy laii loi uui \i laiiuiis in | 101 uic iiivii wo naw 10 purcoaic. i;pon cemg iniiu-

Amctits, and may be two (;r Ibtcc months in the voyiige; I duccd, I prtfentrd bim with • (m»\l chf* el £ni>lifh

ftench that i»
ak out, which
:a, foir.ctiii es a
II the (laves tO'
ips yearly, one
!00 of them die
cd that a fourth
flands, in what

prefumed, that
3 who arc pur-
ir, rear 30,000
r. Add to this,
n the incurfions
jes procure- the
eflcls. " How
his flavc trade,
v-crcatures, free
il faculties, and
ith us, lofe their
iking, murdered
order to conviA

that he hud an
docs, by unjuft
lis liberty, and,
ues To to opprefl
y to occafion liit

It is enough to
hink what a load
rcount ; and that
locent crealurcj-,
on of this cruel
ancc. Were we
ed every year, in
tures as pcrifh in
:r them as a very
illedgrd that the
I docs encourage
iflaturc on earth
> make that to be
)f God, (the fu-

world) and op-

of peait on tail '■;,
le methodized and
njuftice as much
fo ellablirtied may

t, and more bold

'retches while on
hpy r'C all put in
to prevent their
is the horror cf
heir own country,
canoe, beat, or
vater till they are
nd fjvcd by their
>f this dutbolic.il
ps, who, though
to have bien iin-
As he breathei
infett hn naria-
y contribute, l.iyi
d of mankind, by
blc abhorttntc vi
r fellow-creatures,
ln't of duty as a
traffic, 1 oft'tr to
otcurr»ncej, of
icing itruck with
:y may folter that
and diOinguifhed
to the beuefit of

from Liverpool tn
Iter our arrival, 1
y a confidcriblf
one of the Negio
to difpoOs of. I rc-
-ylnt with me £■
KMtd, to exchange
Upon being iniiu-
II car* (4 InKhlli
fpiiit!'.

AFRICA.]

GUINEA.

fpirits, a gun, and fomc trifles ; which having accepted,
and underltood by an interpreter what goods we had,
the next day was appointed for viewing the flavcs : we
found about 200 confined in one place. But how fhall
I relate the afFciling fight I there beheld ! How cm I
fufficicntly dcfcribe the filent forrow which appeared in
the countenance of the afBii5ted father, and the painful
anguifh of the tender mother, expefling to be fur ever
fcparated from their tender oftspring-i; the diftrelled
maid, wringing her hands in prcfuge of her future
wretchcdncfs, and the general cry o( the innocent from
a dreadful apprehcnfion of the perpetual (lavery to which
they were doomed ! Under a fenfe of my offence to
God, in the perfons of his creatuics, I acknowledge I
purchafed eleven, whom I condu(fli.d tied two and two
to the fhip. Being but a fmall (hip (90 ton) wc foon
purchafed our cargo, confiding of 120 flaves, whom
thou mayeft, reader, range in thy view, ss they were
fhacklcd two and two together, pent up within the
narrow confines of the main deck, with the compli-
cateddiftrelsof fickncfs, chains and contempt; deprived
of everv fond and focial tic, and, in a great meafure,
reduced to a (late of dcfperation. Wc had not been a
fortnight at fea, before the fatal coiifequencc of this
Jcfpair appeared ; they formed a dcfign of recovering
their natural right, liberty, by rifing and murdering
every man on board ; but the goodnefs of the Almighty
rendered their fchemc abortive, and his it ercy (pared us
to have time to repent. The plot was difcovcied ; the
ring-leader, tied by the two thumbs over the barricade
door, at fun-rife received a number of lalhcs : in this
fituation he remained till fun-fet, cxpofed to the infults
and barbarity of the brutal crew of failors, who had
full leave to excrcife their cruciiy at pleafure. The ron-
(ijqucncc of this was, that next morning the miferabic
fuffcrer was found dead, flayed from the ftioulders to the
waift, The next viflim was a youth, who, from too
ftrong a fenfe of hij mifery, refuled nouriftimcnr, and
died difregardcd and unnoticed, till the hogs had fed on
part of hisflcfli. Will not chiiliianity blufli at this im-
pious facrilcgc? May the lelation of it fcrvc to call
back the Ihugjiing niuaiiis of humanity in the hearts ol
thofe, who, from a love of wealth, partake in any
degree of this oppieflivc gain ; and have futh an aftlcl
on the minds of the fiiici.fc, as may be produdlive of
peace, the happy efiix't of true repentance for part tranf-
gredions, and a refulution to renounce all conneilion
with It for the time to come."

Many other accounii might be n-entioncd of the
drcadlul conlequcnces arifnig from the Have trade; but
we Hull only take notice of the lollowing memorable
inftance which h.ippcncd a few yeais ago on board a (hip
from Liverpool, then lying at ancliur about three miles
IVom (hore, near Acra Fort. They liad purchafed be-
tween four and five hundred negroes, and were ready to
lail for the Welt Indies. The men were (liackled two
and two, each by one leg f, a fmall iron bar ; thcle
were every day brought on the deck for the benefit of
the air ; and leil they (hould attempt to recover their
iVcidom, they were made l.ill t.i two common chains,
which were extended on each fide the main deck : the
women and children were loole. Such was the fituation
of the (laves on board this vcficl, when it took fire from
the carelcrthels ot a perfon who was drawing fpirits by
the light of a lamp j the cafk buifiing, the fire fpre.id
with fuch violence, that in ..bout ten minutes the
Cailors, apprehending it impolTiblc to cxiinguini it bc-
foir it would reach a large quantity of powder they had
on board, concluded it ncccllaiy to throw thciu(clve:,
into the lea, as the only chance of laving their lives,
liowcver, tlicy fiill cndeasourcd to loole the chains by
whi^h the negio in' n were (aftenod to the deck 1 but in
the coulufiijn, tlu key lieing milling, they had but jiill
time toloofe one ol the chains by wrenching the (laple,
when the vehemence ol the fire fu iiKrcjfed, that they
all hut one man jumped over buaid, when immediately
the file having gained the powder, the vefiel blew up
With all the (laves who remained falleiud to the one
chain, and fuch others as had not (ullowed the failors
examples, I'hrre happened to be three I'uitugiicfc vef-
(il> III fi;>h>, who, with oibcrt iiuiu (he llcni, putting

537

out their boats, took up about 250 of thofe poor fouls
who remained alive; of which number about 50 died
on (hore, being mofily of thofe who were fettered to-
gether by iron (hackles, which, as they jumped into the
fea, had broke their legs, and thefe fra£lure , being in-
flamed by the violence of their ftrugi;ling, mortified, and
occafioned their deaths. Thofe who remained alive
were foon difpofed of, for the benefit of the owners, td
other purchafers.

The (laves in genera! are obtained by means cf tbe
Negro kings going to war with each other; but it has
been frequently known, to the great (hame of the Eu-
ropeans, that they have deluded thefe poor wretches on
board their veflels, on a pretence of trading with them,
and have then bafely made them captives ; which is the
reafon, as we have already obferved, that the natives are
fo cautious of going on board European (hips. A pic-
ture of this fcene is beautifully reprefented in an ad-
mirable poem lately publiflied, called The Dying Negro,
which we (hall here copy for the entertainment of the
rc.idcr ; artd with which wc (hall conclude this melan-
choiy fubjci^.

Curft be the winds, and curft the tides which bore
Thefe European robbers to our (liore I

be that hour invoK'd in endlcfs night.

When firft their ftreamers met my wond'ring fight !

1 caii'd the warriors from the mountain's ftecp.
To meet thcCe unknown teiror.-, of the deep ;
Rouz'd by my voice, their gen'rous bofoms glow,
'[ hey rufn indignant, and demand the foe,

And poize the du its of death, and twang the bended bow 7

When lo ! advai,cin,'\ o'er the da beat plain,

I niark'd the leader of a warlike train.

Unlike his features to our fwartliy race ;

And golden hair play'd round his ruddy face.

While with infidious fmilc and lifted hand.

He thus accolh our unfuipeeting band.

" Ye valiant chiefs, whom love of glo'V 'eads

" To martial combats, and heroic deeds ;

'• No fierce invader your retreat explores,

" No hodile banner waves along your (bores.

" from the dread lempefis of the deep we fly ;

" Then lay, ye chiefs, thefe pointed terrors by ;

" And O, )our holpitablc cares extend,

" So may ye never need the aid ye lend !

" So may ye flill reptat to cv'ry grove

" The foiigs of freedom, and iho ftrains of lore !"

Soft as the accents of the traitor flow,

We melt with pity, and unbend the bow ;

With lib'ral hand our choicelf gifts wc bring.

And point the wand'rcrs to the frilheft fpiing.

Nine days wc feaficd on the Gambian (Irand,

And fongs of friend(hip ctho'd o'er the land.

When the tenth morn her rifing luftregavc.

The chief approach'd me by the founding wave.

" O youth," he faid, «' what gifts can we bellow,

" Or how requite the mighty debt we owe ?

" Tor lo ! propitious to our vows, the gale

" With mild'.r omens fil; the fwel'ing fail.

" 'I'o-morrow's fun (hall fee our (hips explore

" 'I'hcfe deeps, and quit your hofpitable (hore,

" Yet while we linger, let us tlill employ

" 'I"hc number'd hours in friendlhip and in joy ;

" Afcend our diips, their treafures aie your own,

" And tafle the produce Of a world unknown."

He fpoke I with fatal eagernefi we burn,—
And quit the (horcs, undclliii'd to return I
The finiling traitors with infidious care.
The goblet proffer, and the feaft prepare,
'I ill dark oblivion (hades our clofing eyet.
And all difarni'd each fainting warrior liei.
() wretches! to your future cvili blind I
{) morn for ever piefcnt to my mind '
When burlling from the treach'rous bands of (leap,
Rouy.'d by the murmuts of tlie ila(hing deep,
I woke tn bondage and ignoble paini.
And all the honors of a lite in tlijins.

; ^i

t AY

liM.

i 1!

4 Q.

KiVtlklitHI

I't

:j ' hii

8 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTt: M OF GEOGRAPHY

',J|lP

i:Ji ^■'^ 'i

I I'l

i- ■I'll i''

«(''■! ' /'Sill, ih '

Rrjiliitlom c/ W n I D A H.

TtlE kingJom of VVIiiJah, as wc have already ob-
IcrvL-d, is .1 bc-autiCul and fertile country j but tlic ele-
gance of its towns, and the number of its inhabi-
tants arc very inferior to what they were before the con-
qucft of the country by the kijig of D.ihamoy, in the
year 1726, when the town of Sabi, among; feveral
others, was totally reduced to allies.

The Ihrn king of WhiJ.ih was of an indolent and
pulillanimous difpofition, and dedicated his time (olcly
to luxury and diflipation ; while llic king of Daliamoy
\'.'as br.ive and magnanimous, and had rendered hun-
fclf famous by many viilories gained over hii ntigh-
bourj, Tlie caufe of this rupture arofe from the latter
having fent an arjibalTador to the former, requefting to
have an opeji traffic to the fea fide, uftliing at the lame
time to pay him his ufual cuftoms on negroes exported j
which being rcfufcd, the kin^ of Dahamoy, fired with
rcfciitmcnt, vowed revenge. His full dctertiiinalion
was 10 make a conqucil of the kingdom of Arc'rah, as
by tiiat means he might be llic better enabled to exe-
cute the projeiSl he had formed by cutting oft' all hopes
the king of Whidah could have from that quarter. The
king of Ardrah having received intimation of his de-
figns iinmediately dil'patched a meHlnger to his neigh-
bour, the king of \Vhidah, to folicit his afliflance ;
but the natural indolence and fupinencfs of that prince
rendered a!l applications of this nature ineffeolual j for
fo far f:om paying uny attention to the danger that
tlircatened bis neighbour, he was excn indiftercnt as to
the future welfare of himlelt. The king of Dahamoy
accordingly entered Ardrah with .1 confiderable bo.ly of
force?, and though the kiiiL^ of Ardiah ufed his utmnll
endeavour^ to uppofe him, yet hii army was (Von cut to
pieces, and himfelf taken piifoner ; when, according to
the culiom ff the countrv, that prince was immediately
put to deith by his adverlary.

The king of Dahamoy having thus cbtained a paf-
fage into the heart of the countrv, he penetrated it as
far as the borders of S.ibi the capital ; here, however,
his progrefs was impeded by a river, from the difadvan-
tagej of which he was appiehenlive he fliould not be
able to make his wifhed-for conqucit ; for Cue h was the
fituation of ihe river, that a fmall nuinlier of men miglji
have ditendid it againll his whole army. TIk- pulillani-
mous Whidahj, inllead of placing a proper guaid, K.ly
went niorninr and evenin:; to the river li ie, wliere they
met tluir piulh, and otf'eied fac;ilices to thi;r grand
fetidi the fiuke, imploring him to p'litecl ihtni, by pre-
venting the enemy (rum palling the r,\er.

In the mean time the king of Dahamoy, who had
cncanipul his whole aimy on the oppolilt (ulc of tie
fiver, fent a mellenger to the Europeans, then refiding
at Sabi, to allure them, that il they (tood neuter, and
were not found in ariii«, they fliould receive no injiiiy
lilhti in tlieir perfons or goods, in cafe he provid vie-
toiious ) and that he would make their trade more ad-
vantageous, by removing feveral ioipofnioiis they wen
(\ib:ei!l to from the king of Whidah ; on the contrary,
if they appeared ag.'inlt him, thty mull expeet his rc-
fcntiMCnf.

The Europeans knew not which way to determine on
r> crillol a puini : they firfl thought of tetlting to their
forts, about three miles from the capital, butasfueh
conduiil might have brought on them the refentrnent of
the km;; uf Whidah, they at lenj^th determined lo
continue where they were, and to fuhjiiif themlelves
tu whatctrr conlcqucncet might happen from the cun-
lending powers.

The king uf Dahamoy haii retired with about looo
of his men into the interior part of the country ; when
his general, whom he had lelt with (h«rell on the banks
ol the river, findrnK that the Whidahs relied their whole
ronfident e ul ptutcvilion on the power of the felini s
(enemies whom he little feared) he wa:i at length en
coiiraged lo order lOO of his foldiers lo ford the river,
which having eHitlei! without oppofiliun, they imme-
diately marched towauS Sabr. \V'lien thiy came to
(he butdcK ul (he luwiit which wa> aboul tlu'cviiMi.ck

I in the afternoon, the out-gunrds were almod all .ifleep,
I but being roufed by the rioife of the encmiei! miific an. I
I flioiits, they haftily ran to the pptace, and told th<:
iking that the whole army had forded the liver. The
pulill.iiiimous monarch, inllcad of attempting to make
; any rcrillancc, precipitately tied, with his wives and
i princiinil fubjeiils, to an ill and on the lia-eoa(l, that
was parted from the main land by a river, over which
, they palled in canoes, but the multitude who followed
them not having the fame advantage, and bcini^ hurried
on by their fear?, were moll ( f them drowned in at-
tempting to fwim over. Others (led into the coiiiitrit'^,
;wid fecieted ihnnlelves in the woods and thickets; hat
many of them in their flight were killed bv the eneniv,
and the chief pait of thofo that efeaped peridied by
famine.

As foon as the detachr irnt of the king of Dahamoy's

army entered the town, they immediately marched to

the king's pal.ice, vvheie, not finding him as they c\-

peiSed, they ininudiately let it on fire, and lent woul to

their general what they had done, who the fan-c even-

ing made the whole army crofs the river, and march to

the capital.

i The general was highly elated at the magmnimity of

i of his men, and the fuceels tlicy h.;d met with; while

' the Europeans dared with amazement at the cow.ir'liec

! of the \\'hidahs, who hid fo igiioniinioufly .juitted the

j town without making th. lead o|i| tifition, and had left

[ them, with all their riches, in tire power ol the ^vw-

qiierors.

The day after the enemy had made themfelves mnflerj

of the capital, the guieial fent the tu.opc.nis piiloners

to the king of Dahamoy, who then lay encamped with

, another army about 40 miles oft", in the kingdom of

Ij Ardr.ih. A lew ilays afrer their airiv.d the king i-.ot

|i only let them at libeity, but alio permitted them to re-

jj turn to their forts, and at the fame time cnmplin.ented

them with feicral pref'-iits, partienlarly a niiml r if

jj fljves. He likewife allured them, th.it ns foon as liia

illairs were fettled he (hoiild not iir.ly endeavour to pro-

,1 mote tlieir trade, but wo ild always p-efeivca p.irticiilar

regard for their iritere (Is ; and that tliey might ..llarcdly

depend on his futiiie proiecl.on.

The king of Dahamoy now went to Sabr, where hs
continueil (omr days, duiing which he received hoina-<r
, trom (iich nl the princip.-.l pceple as were kit in the
1, kingdom ; hut being at the time engaged i'l a war with
I a neighbiiiiiin.; piince, fiom whom he had obtaiiu'd lonie
1 loU'es, he li-l'i S-bi, and went with his army to oppofo
I the ma. hinaiions of his enemy.

j. Du ing hir. .-bleiice one Tf (lefole, a forciLPer, who

I' had been kit by governor Wilfon to mana[;e the all'airs

|iof the Knelidl, and who hal reerind liidinguilhed

ji favouis Iroiii the king of Daharroy, concerted a plan

j. with the piince of I'opo for rcltoring the king of Whidah

','. to the llirone. That prince, who was no tiieiul to the

king if Dihiinoy, readily approved ol the fehcnie,

. .ind imm.diately tailed a confiderable army, whuh he

' lent to the depofed kine, at the (aiiie lime iifiurin" liiiii

that he woiiM eontrdiute every other afTidjiKe that laid

in hi', power lo replace him on the throne,

When the kin;; of Dahamoy was informed of this
I revolt, he was futprized that a man who hail lo eafily
\ rclinqinnied his rinht^, fliould now attempt to regain
, them by ioice ol anii<. He was at lliis lime but badly
fuiniflied with men, and thereloie not properly prepared
I to enj;agc in a new war. DeKrmined, howeier, not
I to lole the conquell he had made wilhoul fomc en-
deavours to prelerve it, he lhoii|;hl of the following ex-
pedient. He airembled togeihi-r a pro.iigious number of
' women, whom he tlo.ilhed and armed in Ihe lamcman-
I ner as the men. Thefc he loimed into companies, but
I that they might not be fo mii'-h inliinulated .t the fiill
attack ol llic enemy, the fiilt line uf each rompany
was enmpnfed of men.
\ \\ nil tins army he inarehed againi) the king of Whi-
dah ; but as foon as he arrivid within (i;'ht of the
Whidah camp, the men were (o intimiilalcd ihal ihey
immediately abandoned the place, and look to llipht,
nor could the in. (I peifu.ifive arguments of the liinfr
prevail un ihvm lu letuiii. I hii, htuatcJ, Ihe king ul

Whidah,

TIK

that off
" "IV g.l

e.Kl by
Whi.'.ilJ
I'll! how
binders
row tou|
divided
(ire.il ail
■|he J
watered f
tlia fill I
liti-s of
I' veral
iiieoa-ni|

•Jhe
fh.,f,' ol
.Ve. I
the rn .ml
• 11.1 fade
Ihorr pel
liau' filkl

AFRICA.]

GUINEA.

339

I all nflorp,
: nmfic iiii.l
lul told thi;
ivcr. Thi"
iijT to make
s wives and
-co.ift, tli;\t

over whicli
■ho fiillowi'il
icirgliuriitil
^ikJ in ^t-
lio coiuitrii-s,
liiclicis i hut
y the cnfniy,

jicrinied l^iy

if U-ihanioyN
f nurchcJ to
n as thry cx-
I Uiit woul to
he rjnc cvon-
anJ maicli tu

ingmnimity of
t with ; while
ihc Kiw.iiilicc
ifly .|»iittil the
,, anJ li.ul left
:r ol the i.i.'i>-

mfeUis nnficrs
)pc,Hi'; piiUinTs
iiicampid with
the kiirHloni dt"
j1 the kinf, r.ot
ted ihuii to rc-
le toniprnvcnteJ
y a numl r if
t ns foon af 1"^
ndeavour to prc-
leivca p.Ttieiil.ir
• iiii|:,ht i^lVuredly

Sah'r, where liff

ccivcil hoiiia;;,cf

vrerc Uft in 'he

v\ a war with

ad ohiamed lonie

ilCo

b army to opp

forcii'.nT, who
,ina;;e the allairJ
,d iirtmmiilhed
concerted a pUm
kingof VVhidah
no liiend to the
of the fihcnu-,
army, whi'h h<-
time nlViirin;' lio'>
imilaiKc thit laid

1)0.

Iiifonmil of 'hiJ
who had fo cafily
attempt to ifi;aiu
his time Init haJly
propeily picpateJ
cd, however, not
without fonic in-
thc following cx-
iii.iou'i number of
in the famcman-
ito companies, hot
nidiiicd .tthcfiill
of c»ch company

\ the kiiigof Wlii-
viihin h'ht of the
inodalcd that they
;„ul took to flipht,
,„cnt» of the kiHR
liutcJ, the k.nK ol
WhiJjh,

VVhidah, not being willing to become a captive to his
enemy, followed the example of his men, and again
retired to the ifland where he had before fled for fecurity.

Teftefolc, who had been the projrffor of this nt-
tempt, confciousof what he dcferved for his infidelity to
the king of Dahamoy, fecrcted himfelf in the Engiilh
for' ; but that being attacked hy the enemy, he found
meanb to make his efcape, and fccretcd himfeh in the
French fort at Jacken. However, he was foon afiei
taken, and carried before the king of Daluimoy, when
he received the punifhment of his tieachtry, for he
was fird tortured, and then put to death.

The king of Dahamoy now made himfelf complrat
maftcr of Whidah, and has prcferved the authority he
then attained ever fince. It is at this time confidercd
only as a province, and its king as a tributary prince j
though the inhabiiaius aie under the fame laws and
government, and podefs the fame indulgences iji their
religious maxims as before it was conquered.

The city of Sabi is very fmal! in dnip.irifon to what
it was before its being reduced lo alhis by the king of
Dahamoy. At that time it w.is at kail four milts in
circumference. The houles were neatlv built, and the
ffrccts were long, fpacious, and uniformly difpofed. T he
houfes belonging to the faitlors were biiilt in the Eu-
ropean taffe, and contained many neat and commodious
apartments: on the liill lloor of laih was a fpacious
hall, with an elegant b..!c('nv in front; and beneath,
on the ground-floor, w-re w.uehoules lor the .accommo-
dation of their goods. The town was fo exceeding
ptipulous, that notwithllaiklin;; the breadth of the
iireets, it was fonulinus a ii;lVieulty to pafs them.
M.ukets were daily held jn dili'cient parts of the city,
where various forts of F.uropean as well as African
commodities, were exp.'fed to pul.lie I'ale, as all'o abun-
cl.uicc of all kinds of pruvihons. Near the I'-uropcin
f.'.ebiries was a fpacious place ornamented with loi'ly and
biautiful trees, under which the merthants and fro-
veuiors of the forts tvny day alienibled to lunfac^
bufincl-;. But all ihele tine places were dedio;, ed b)
the kill'.', of D..hamoy's army ; nor is there a fmgle rem-
nant left of the magnificciiec and fplendor that once
graced this pipnloiis city.

About lo;ir miles to the fonth of S.;bi is a fmall
town calleil VVhid.ih, where the Europeans (lenerally
land when they come to trade on this coaft. Here the
Englillj have a large fort, tailed Fort William, con-
fining of four llrong battiiies, on which are mounted
17 pieces of cannon. At a Inijll diilanee Irom this for'
is another belong ng to the French, which is cncoin-
pad.d by a thick mud wall, as is alio that belonging lo
the F".nglifh ; and to each of them, at fome diilanee
tior' (he wall, is a bioad aiul deep moat, fo that if would
le a ditlicult matter for an enemy toluroiizc themwith-
cut alarming the garrilon.

77'.' Kin^clim tf A n D R A H.

TIUIUGH this kingdom is not To cunfidcrable as
that of Whidah, yet it is very populous, and contains
11 my guild towns and vill ' n. It is bounded on the
tall by the kingdom of lli 1 ( on ihe welt In that iif
Whidah, and on the f<iuth liy the (iulph I'f Ciuinca i
but how far it extends northward, and wh it country it
binders upon that way, is not known. It is verv nar-
row towards the fea, but widiiis coifiditibly, and is
divided into two piKit, dillin^'uinicd by the nantci uf
Cireat and Little Ardr.ih.

The country in i-cncial is very flat, and b'ring well
watered by Itural (mall ri»us in I'ltVerent parts of it,
ill* fol IS rxceedin,; feilile, and produces great i|U..n-
lititsof Indian whe i|, millet, yaiii', p .taioes j a:, alfo
I' vera! kinds of frmts, p.irtieulaily or,.ng«s, Icmi.ns,
toeoa-nut<, bananas, and pinc-appUs,

'Ihe mliabitanu of this kinj'dom dil.'ir but little from
ih. fe of VVhidah in their niinner, ciiCom^, itlinion,
.Ve. I he dirfs if the men cnnlilK of liveral cloths,
the mi nil fad II re of the country, WMinid lound the wailf,
.lul fallencil with a girdle ( but the beitct lort wear two
(hott pctncoats, made of latTety, or oilier (ilk, and
have filk (i.atli in the (uim uf ihnuKkr bcU». 'I'liey

mo(Hy go with their heads and feet bare, though they
are permitted to wear fandals, and hats or bonnets, ex-
cept in the king's prefencc. The women of rank alfo
wear petticoats and fcarfs, but, like the men, they have
not any covering either to their heads or feet. The
poorer fort have only ftiort cloths tied about their
wailt, the other parts of their body being entirely naked,

Hoth fcxes are exceeding cleanly in their perfcns,
wafliiiig their bodies every morning and evening in pure
water, and anointing themfclves with civet, or Ibmc
aromatic perfume.

Their common food confifts of rice, pulfc, herbs antl
roots, with beef, mutton, and dog's flefh ; and their or-
dinary drink is the beer called pito, which they gene-
rally mix with water; but the better lort drink palm- wine.

rhofe who live near the fca-fide are employed in
tifliiiig, boiling of fait, and trading ; but the inland
inhabitants dedicate their time Iblely to the cultivation
of their lands, and the breeding of catile.

They are in general exceeding illiterate j few of
them can ciiher read or write; (or which reafon, in
buying and felling of goods, they make ul'e of cords tied
in knots, c.'.ch of which has a particular figmtication
known only to ihemiclves, and thole who arc accudomed
to deal with them. Some few of the better fort undcr-
dand the Portuguefe tongue, which they not only (peak
fluently, but alio read and write with great accuracy.

Polygamy is eijually allowed here as at Whidah,
every man being permitted to take as many wives as he
thinks proper. As no deference is paid to birth or for-
tune, the poorcit man h.i3 litjerty to pay his a'ddreft'es to
a woman of the grcatclt quality ; but if (lie rejedti
him on the did vidt, he is not allowed to make a I'e-
cond. Little ceremony is ufcd i.i thi ir inariiagcs, the
chief thing confiding in the mutual confent of the
parties, and their lefpective parents : when ihis is ob-
t.iiiied, the bride.'room prcfents his bride with a callico
paan, and invites all hir relations, and his own, to an
entertainnunt ; when he declares to the com;:..ny that
lie lakis the woman for his wile; and this public ac-
kiiinvlcdgmcnt concUidcs the ccrcmonv.

The men of ipialiiy mairy girls at 10 or 12 years of
age, but they do not confiimm;te the marriage till they
hive kept them (everul years in the chaia.;ier ol fer-
v.Mlts : when the time is fixed (or cohabiting, they prc-
Iciit their briiles wiiii a piece of cloth, or a (hoit frock,
and an elegant cntcrtainn.ent is provided for the rela-
tions tif both parties.

The ceicinunies they ufe in burying their dead are
much the fame a^ thole praiililtd in Whidah, except in
this particular, that they ueneially bury the dcceafed in
a vault under the home he inhabited in his life-time.
The king is the chief perfon excepted fiom this cuftom ;
he is bulled in Ionic remote place from the pilacc j and
many unh jppy (l.ives Ull victims on the occafion.

Their relij;ious maxims arc alio much the fame as
thofc in Whidah, only thiy do not worfhip the fer-
pent ; on the contrary, they not only kill them, but
are exceeding f.nd of their flilh. Though they are
fuch grol's idolaters, they acknowledge one (upreme be-
ing, who, 'hey believe, appoints the time vihen cwtf
pctlon fliall come into, or go out of the world ; noi-
withltanding which they are greatly alarmed at fick-
iKls, and ticmble at the >ery name of death.

\\ hen a peifmi is ill he (ends for a prieft, who im-
inidi.iiely goea to him, and lacrifices (bme animal for
the rccoveiy of his health. The pried rubs the patient'i
fetidi with the blued, but the tielh of the animal is
thi wn away.

The (ciiflics belonging to the king and court are ap-
pointed hy the liii;h 1 lied, and are birds of a black cO'
lour, not unlike th. crows in England ; proiligioui
numbers of thcic are kept in the gardens of the pa-
l.ice, and it is eijually ciiminal to puy difrerpcc't to
them hrre, ns 11 is to chc grand fi rpent at VVhidah.
The common peopUs fctilhcs confid of a pariicular
(lone, a piece of wood, or dime other inanimate fuh-
dance, which they always kctp hid in their houfe un-
der .in earthen pot : ivtry fix rnontht ihey make a pub«
licod'cring to the pried in honour ol their teii(h, at tht
i.iine limv a(king the idul ftvcial 4ucAiuni iilativc to

then

i . ''

\\\:. m

rli

340

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

!! f

i j

y^ 1 1

T >0

\^§imi

their future welfare. If the pricft thinks the oftering
too infigiiificant, he tells the party that the fctilh does
not like it, and will not anfwer his queftions till he
has one to pleafe him. On this the pcrfon enlarges his
offering, and then the anfwers arc delivered by the
pi left in a low voice, which the fupetllitious blacks
imagine to be effi:i3ed by fome fccret impulCc of the
fetilh. The oracle thus delivered, the pricft covers the
idol with the pot, and fprinklcs it either with beer or meal.
'I'hc like is done to every perfon ptelent at the ceremony.

The priefts in general are coiifidcred by the people
in the nioft refi", liable light; but the gre.it marabut,
oi high prieft, is pcrt"c<E\ly adored by them. They ima-
gine him tu be an infallible diviner, and that he can
forctcl things by converfing vith an aukward image,
whicli he keeps in his hall of audience, where he re-
ccives vifits from his credulous admirers. This image
is painted white, and reprefents a child, which the
niai.ihiit tells them can communica:c to him fuch cir-
cumllances as (liall arife from their future conduiSl.
When they go to confult the marahur, they prefcnt
him with the bed offering their abilities will permit;
ind in proportion to the value of it, the intelligence of
their futuie fuccefs or miflliips is principally direiled.

With rtfpeiit to the laws of Arilrah, whoever dif-
obeys the king's commands is beheaded, and his wives
and children b.'ci me the king's flavcs. Infolvcnt debtors
arc left to the mercy of their creditors, who have li-
berty to pay themfelvcs by felling them for (laves. 'I'hc
fame punilhment is alfo infliiiUd on him who has de-
bauched another man's wife. The puniflimcnt for
adultery committed by the viromen, and other crimes,
arc the fame as atWh dah.

The moll dillinguilhed place in Ardrah is AITe.m,
called fo by the natives, but by the Europeans, Great
Ardrah. It is the capital of the kingdom, and is fi-
tuated about i6 leagues inland to the north-weft from
Little Ardrah, a fpacious road leading from one to the
other. It is cncompafl'cd with four walls of earth,
which are very lofty and fubftantial : each wall has a
large and deep ditch, but they are within, and over
them arc wooden bridges. The houfcs arc in general
well-built, and the ftreets regularly formed. The king's
palace is a fpacious edifice, though greatly inferi> r to
the original building, which was dcllroycd by the king
of Dahamoy in the year 1726. The palace then con-
fifted of many large courts entirely furroundcd with por-
ticos, above which were apartments that had fmall win-
dows. Some of the floors of thefc apartments were co-
vered with mats, and others with large Turkey carpets j
and the furniture confifted of cafy chairs, fkrccns,
chefts, cabinets, and porcelain bioughi from Chii;a.
There was not any glafs in the WiiidoW', but only
frames of white linen, and taft'ety curtains. The g.ir
dens belonging to it were very extenflve, and laid out
in long viftai. of thick and lofty trees, to afford a cool
and fli.idy retreat.

The prefcnt palace, however, is far from being con-
temptible, and the king's court is kept with great Iplcn-
dor, though hib niajefty, like the fovereign of Whidah,
ii dcpcnd.int on the king of Dahamoy, He fcldom
goes abroad, and when he docs, it Is in fo private a
tnaniier, that ftw of his fubjciitt fee him. He keeps a
great number of women, with whom his time is chiefly
employed j the principal of thcfe has the title of qu>.:n,
with thi'i prerogative, that in cafe his maieffy denies her
any thing (he has occafion for, fl»e may fell fome ol hij
other wives to fupply her wants.

The king alwavs cats alone, and when hi drinks, an
officer makes a ngnal, by ftriking two fmall rods ol
iron together, in order that all who are within fight
miy turn away, and not look at his majeffy ; for to fee
him drink is a capital ofTcnce, and the punilhment for
it ii death. An inftance of this wai once maiiifefled in
an infint, who bring afleep by the king, was awakened
with the noife of the rods i and his majeffy obferving
that the child caft its eyes on him while the cup was at
his mouth, he Immediately ordered it to be put to de.ith.

Whoever prrfentn any thing to the king, otters it on
■hill knee, and the like refpefl ii (hewn even to the prn-
vifiuni fct un the table. Thofe who happen tu be in

the way of the officers when they carry tlicin, proflrjtj
themfelvcs with their facts to the earth, and d itc not
rife till the dirties arc out of fight.

The Europeans are treated by the king with a very
diftinguiflied rclpcdt. When anyone goes to Aflem tu
obtain an audience of his n.ajcfty lor liberty to trade,
(which mull be done by every one that comes for that
purpofe) he is lodged in the palace, and a genteel pro-
vifion is daily made for him at the king's cxpentc. On
the day fixed fur the audience, he is iniroduccd to his
miji-lly by the captain of commerce : when he enters
the hall whore the king is feated, h's niajefty imme-
dialely riles, and advances fume ftcps to i.tet him : he
then takes him by the hand, prefl'cs it in his own, and
three times luetcllivcly touches his fore linger, nhich
is the gre.itill tc.kun th^t can be litre given of amity and
liiendlhip. After this, he defites him to fit down by
his lide on nt.it mats (pread on the floor; which bciiir
complied with, he then lays his prefenls before the
king, and, by .ui iiutrprcter, communicates his bufi.
ncfs i the anlwers to which the king returns through the
fame thanntl. As foon as the audience is over, the
Kuiopean goes, with his attendants, to ihc houfe of the
high pricft, who, in refpciit to the king, provides an
elegant dinner on the otcafion ; after which, he finds
for his wives, and cnprtains his guefts with dantin^,
niufic, and luch other divctfions as arc ufually praiiifed
in this part of the country. The following day a li>
cence is granted to the European for liberty to tragic,
and the fame is made known by the public crier, who
receives fur his trouble 40 brafs rings, a goat, and a
piece of tloth.

The chief commodity purcbafed here by the Eu-
ropc.ins is Haves ; and the articles they fell the natives
confift of cowries, (which are the current coin ol the
kingdom) flat iron bars, gilt leather, white and icd da-
malic, ted cloth, copper bowls nr cups, brals rings,
beads or bugles of fcveral colour", looking glalles, lire-
locks, mulUeis, gunpowder, ^Sct,

Little Ardruh, as it ii called by the Europeans, and
by ihe natives Oftra, is a large and populous town, and,
like the rapit.il, is incloled with mud w.ills. The
Dutch had once a fort here ; but their faiflor being kil-
led, and the l.in I laid waftc by the inhabitants of Pupu,
they fled, and for fome time deferted it ; however, they
have now a l.ictor there, as have alio the Englifli, each
uf wliith has a very large and elegant hoiil'e ; and they
both cany 011 a confiderablc trade in flavcs, particularly
the Duuii.

iktwttii (ircat and Little Ardiah is a town called
Jack II, 01 l.itkin, which is of confidcrable extent, and
iiR'loltd wiih a thick and lofty mud wall. Here the
Englilh have a tai^tory, and the governor's houfe is a
neat and fpacious building.

A little to the north of this is a large village, called
Cirand Koro, which is remarkable for havng a kind if
inn lor the .iccommodation of travellers 1 a convenient;
of that lurt nut being to be met with in any other part
of Ciuinea.

T he trther towns and villages of Ardrah are fo tri-
fling as nor to merit any partieul.ir defcriplion.

Tli' country of Dahamoy, whole powerful king con-
quered the k'ngdoms of Ardrah and Whidah, as ^forr-
iiienlioiied. Is lituated to the north uf the Slave Co.ifl,
and extends a conliderable w.iy inland. Its boiindarKs
un the vvcit, nuilh, and caft, are quite unknown. 'I'liis
country is very wholefoiur, as it lies high, and is daily
rcfrifliod by fine cooling brie/.es j and from it, though
at a confidcrable diftancc, may be Icen the kingdom ot
( Treat I'npo.

The king's town, where he has his palace, is called
Ah>>may, and is fituated 2C0 miles up in the inlanil
country. He is a very powerful prince, and always
keeps ? conliderable ftaiiding army; but it cuafiffk only
of luot-fuldier^. He has for his enemiei a naiinn ca led
Joes, who live a great way to the north towards Nu-
bia, and all light on horfeback, Thcfe two powers
have been tirqurnily at vaiiaiicr with each other i but
a treaty was formed beiwrtn tlitm fome few yctrt ago,
which being unaniinoufly agreed to, they have evet
fmci been un gouU (crma,

CHAP

in, ptortrjl'!
nd d.:rc luti

with a very

to Afftiii to
;ity to trade,
onies for that

gcntcil pto-
xpcntc. Oil
induced to his
hell he enters
lajefty immc-
,i,i.ct him : he
his own, and
finger, which
11 of amity and
I fit down by
} which bcin;r
i;i before the
:atc3 his biili-
ns throujjh the
Q is over, the
he houfc of the
cr, provides an
hich, be finds

with dantin^,
ifually prailifed
wing diy a H-
liheriy to traile,
blic crier, who

a goat, and a

re by the V.u-
ftll the natives
ent coin ot tlic
fhitc and red d.i-
jps, bral's rings,
:ing glalVes, fire-

: Europeans, and
ulous town, and,
luJ wjlls. Tbe

faaor being kil-
abitants of Popo,
; i however, ihcy
Lhe tnglifll, each

hmile i and lUey
jvcs, particularly

a town called

crable extent, and

wall. Here the

rnor's houfe is a

irge village, called

hav iig a kind cl

rs 1 a eonveniciie>:

in any other part

^rdrah are fo tti-
fcription.

powerful king con-
Vhidah, as before -
f the Slave (JoAti,
d. Its boundariu
e unknown. 'Vim
s high, and is daily
id from it, thoufili
en the kingdom ul

lis palace, is called
up in the inland
[jrincr, and always

but it ci>»fitt» only
mict a nation ca hd

north towards Nu-

Thcfc two power*
th etch other i but
ome few yeirt ng".

to, they have ever

CHAP

( 341 )

CHAP. V.

■ ■ nai <

The Kingdom of B E N I N.

LEAVING the kingdom of Ardrah, we enter
that of Benin, the extent of which, from ec to
weft, is about 6oo miles ( but how far it reaches
from north tofouth cannot be afcertained. It is bound-
ed on the eaft by the kingdoms of Mujac and Makoko ;
on the weft, by Ardrah, and part of the gulph of
Guinea ; on the north, by part of Gago and Biafara ;
and on the fuuth by Congo.

The country in general is very low and woody, but
it is well watered with rivers, the moft diftinguifhed of
which is that called by the Englifh and French the river
Benin ; but by the Portuguefe Rio Formofa, or the
Beautiful Ri.er. Its length and fource are not known,
but its branches are fiippofed to extend through moft
parts of the neighbouring countries. Its banks arc ex-
ceeding plcafant, being ornamented with lofty trees,
and many finall but neat villages. There are alio fe-
veral good towns for trade, an account of which will
be given hereafter.

The climate of this kingdom is rather unwholefome,
owing to the noxious vapours exhaled from the low
grounds by the heat of the Am j but the foil is tolerably
fertile, and well calculated for the produce of millet
and rice ; but as the inhabitants arc not fund of thofc
gr.iins, little ot them are cultivated. Their principal at-
ccntioii is direiSed to the piodurc of yams, which they
ufe inftead of bread ; and they hive alio great plenty of
potatoes and other root«. The chief fruits here are
oranges, lemons, and ban.inas j and they have fome
cotton and peppi-r trees ; the latter of which produce a
tolerable commodity, but luit in fuch quantities as thofe
of the F^all-I-idics, neither are the corns lb large.

The Wild biarts of this country are, elephants, ty-
gcrs, leopards, bear*, and nionkies. The tame ones
conlift ot horles, cows, fhcep, do 'S .ind cats ; the two
latter of wh:ch the ii.mves pnftr to any (ulur kind of
flefll wliJteur, 'I hty h.ivc .iliii great plenty of pouhry,
and the woods abound with gaiT.c, as harts, hares, p.ir-
tridgis, phtalants, turtU dou:,, A:c.

(If til Difl",fithn r.f the Nat'its of Wm'xn; their M<in-
>urs, Ciijhins, I awi, Kciigion, is'c.

THK kingdom u( HLiiin is inhabited by fcvcral
people, who have each tlitir p.iiticular king; M of
whom, ex. ept the kin;; of (Jvctri, are (laves or valials
to the kinj of Great Benin. I lie natives in geiicr.il
are good-ii.iturcd and obli^ln;, partitul.'rly to Lu-
ropeans J and if the latter ciin>| limeiit them with pre-
fents, their lilicrality is fure to be doubly relumed.
When any la\our is i:lkcd of them, they will ule their
utmoft endeavours to ^raiit it, evin thou;;li it may in
fome degree be pujuditul to theiMelves. I'd ule gen-
tle mealur s is the only way to lueceed in whatever is
wanted ; an 1 in that tale it is thiii gieateft picalure to
oblige the pcifun that appliis to them : on the contiary,
if they aic treaied With vioKiiee, no people in the
woild can be more icliactory, and tiny will take as
much pains to injure, as they otlierAiie wmild to Icrvc
you. Among themlelves they carry the appearance of
ciiility and eomplailaiice, but in i..illty they aie vi.ry
dole and rel'eived, elpcciallv in tlieir dealings, not
caring to friill each o;her. The taJers are vriy aticii-
tive tu buliiufs, and remarkablv tenacious of their old
cuftum^, with which, if a foreigner complies, he may
calitv dc.il with them.

The iiihihitants of this kingdom may be divided
into four titles ( the Itrit of which iscomioled of only
three perloir., called (iieat I.uid , or (iieat Men, who
arc always near the king's pctfun ; and whucvcr wants

to obtain any favour from his majcrty, muft apply to
thefc people, who acquaint the king with their defiics,
and return his anfwer. As there is no in'.ermediate
perfon betv^'ccn thefe, the iiing, and he wl'o folicits fa-
vours, they acV on thefe occ.ifions in fuc". manner as
beft fuils their own interefts; fo that in reality the
whole government is entirely in their hands. How-
ever contradi6lory their conduft may be to the inten-
tions of the king, yet it can never be known, as no
other perlons, except thole in a public capacity, are
admitted intohis prefcncc.

'1 he fccond tank or clafs of people here, is com-
pofed of thof; called Orcs-dc-Roes, or Road Chiefs,
who are of four forts ; the mtaneft prefide over flaves 5
thofe a degree higher over the loiv rabble ; the third in-
fpeft the tondurt of thofc concerned in hufbandry and
agriculture; and the fourth, or fuperior order, luper-
intend the military. Thefe people are very numerous,
from whom arc chofen the vicroys and governors of
thofc countries lubjctl to the king. They are all under
the command of the three great men, and are rcfpon-
fible to them on all occafions. Tlicv obtain their pofts
by the rfcommendation of ihele three lords ; and the
king, as an enfign of their honour, prcfents each of
them with a ftring of coral, which they are obliged
continually to wear about their necks. They are made
of a fort of pale earth or ftonc, well glazed, and greatly
refemble variegated marble. The pofleflbrs muft be
very cireful of them, for if any one fliould lofe this
badge of honour, whether by accident, or othcrwife, the
conlequenee would be not only degradation, but the
lofs of his life.

The third clafs of people are thole appointed by the
government to treat with the L iropeaiis on behalf of
the tr,iders of Benin. They ate called Fiadors, or
Brokers I and lluir bulinef:> is to fee that all matters of
commerce are lairly traiilaLted between tlie refpeitive
parties.

The \.\i\ clafs confiftsof the commonaliy. The ge-
nerality of thcle are very indilent, nor will they go to
work but when ncteflity i.blg's them: the ISborious
part of their luifinefs is executed by the wives, fuch as
tilling the ground, fj.inniiig of cotton, weaving of
cloth, and other handicrafts. The principal artificers
amoiigfl th^in aie fmilhs, carpenters, and leather-
drelfers.

lhe habit of the Negroes here (particularly the better
fort) conlills of a white ca'!ico or cotton cloth faftened
round the waill, and neatly plaited in the middle, but
lhe lower and upper parts of the body are entirely
naked. The drtis i f the n.eaner fort is of the fame
form, and only diHers in the quality of the ftuli' with
which it is inaJe,

The wives of the grandees wear callico paans, wove
in this country, which are very fine, and beautifully
variegated with dilVerent colours : thele are faftened
round the waiif, and the upper part of the body is
covered with a pieie of cloth about a yard long,
which ferves inllead of a vtil. They wear nctklaces of
toral aj;recably dilpofed, .md their aims, legs, writfs,
and fingers, are ornamented with copper or iron
rings,

The men take but liitle pains with their hair j they
let it grow in its natural fnrni, exci pt buckling it in
two or thiee places, in older to ban,' a great coial to it ;
but the womens harr 15 artificially loimed into l.irgc and
fm.ill buckles, and divided on tie crown of the head,
lu that the l.iitcr are placed with gicat uniformity. Some
of them oil their hair, by winch means it lof'es its black
colour, .ind in titne turns to a fort of grctn or yellow,
4 ^ wiiish

^'t;

I 1
I

..\n^

A ,■

] i.

l''i ^ i^'-

34-

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY^

J i i.

h -!■,

''M^ '»

IIM'

>it

I! ' i

wiiicli they are very fond of, but it is far from being
ajj;rrciiblc to the eyes of a ftrangcr.

When a great man goes abroad, he ia attended by a
numbur of fervants, all of whom are armed, fomc with
fprais, others with long dart?, and fome with bows and
arrows. He ufually rides on horfcbjclc, and fits on the
bcaft fulcway?, in the fame manner the woman io in
England. One of his attendants holds an umbrella
over his head to (hcltcr him from rain, or the violent
heat of the fun ; and another goes before leading the
horfe. They ufe neither faddlc or Ifirrups, and the
only fecurity of the rider confifls in his rclting the left
hand on the fliouldcr of one of his attendants.

The buildings in mcft of the towns in this kingdom
are very fpacioiis and lofty, but they are dittVrcntly con-
ftruikd, fomc of them being fquire, and others of an
oblong form. The doors are made high but narrow,
and the windows arc few in number, and exceeding
fmall. They are all made with a flat roof, on the top
of which is a covering raifed fcveral ftct, to keep off
the hc.1t of the fun ; and here they frequently regale
thcmfcK es, when they pay a vifit to each other.

The better fort of people live well, but not luxu-
rioully : their principal diet confifts nf beef, mutton,
or chickens, and for bread they ufe yams, which.,
after being boiled, are beat hne, and nude into
cakes. Their common drink is water, but fometimes
they mix brandy with it. The poorer fort live on dried
liih, yams, bananas, and pulfe ; and their drink is
water, or a kind of beer fomewhat rcfembling that call-
ed pito on the Slave CoalK

Polygamy is here allowed, with the fame indulgence
.-IS on the coall of Guinea ; and their marriage ceremo-
nies confift only in the confcnt of the parents, a pre-
fent to the bride, and an entertainment for the gucAs on
both fides. The men are exceeding jealous, for which
re.ifon the wives of the poor people enjoy a picafure
to which thofe of the better fort are entire flrangets ;
for while the former havi their liberty, the wives of
the great are clofe confined, to obviate all oppoituni-
ties of tranfgrefJion.

When a woman is delivered of :> boy, it i> prefcnted
to the kin;; as his property; for which reafon all the
males of tliib country arc called the king's flaves j but
the fcnialts arc the property of the father, who has li-
berty to difpofc of them at his own difcretion.

If a wom;.n happens to bear two children at a birth,
imincdiatc information of it is given to the king, who
orders public rejoicings to be made on the cccafion.
^uch circumlhinces are confidcred as happy omens in all
the territoiits of Benin, except at a place called Arcbo,
where they arc produdivc of the mott horrid cruelties ;
lor the people there generally facrifice both woman and
chilJr.n to a certain demon, which they fay inh.ibits a
wood near the town. Sometimes, indeed, they will
fpi re the wife, by the hufband's clFering a female Have
in her (lead, but the children arc condemned without
redemption. Kofman fays, that while he was at this
town in 1699, he knew a merchant's wife thui redeem-
ed, but her children were dcllroycd, whofe f.id fate flic
often diplorcd with tears. The following year, f ys he,
the like happcnrti to the wife of a pricft : fhc w.u de-
livered of two childicn, whom, with a ilavc in his
wife's room, the f.ither was, by virtue of his office,
himfcif cbliged to facrifice with his own hands.

Th s fhocking cuftom is Aill prevalent in that town ;
bjt of late years, thole that ate enabled to defray the
expencc, avoid the confequences, by fending then
wives, when they approach near the time of their de-
livery, to a more humane part of the country.

Thcv prjclifc circumciiion on boih iexes, which is
performed when the children are about a fortnight old ;
but for this tuft m they give no reafon, only faying,
that it w .b handed drnvn to them by their anceftors.
They alio inflict another punifhment on the children hy
pinking their bodies i that is, m,iking incifioiis in dif-
ierent parts, in .1 fort of regular order, and leaving the
n.irks of hiids, heads, and oih r figures. The girls
undergo the greali (I punidin em in this particular, be-
ing much moic marked th.in the loys ; for, at thev are

confidcred as the grcatcft ornaments they can have, fu
their parents are very liberal in belfo.viiig them.

The Negri.cs here are not fo alarmed at the thoiiglns
of death as their neighbours on the coaft of Guinea
When a perfon falls lick, he immediately applies to ilio
pricft, vvho alfp aits in the capacity of phvfician, .iiul
furnifUes him with medicines; but if theic prove mtt-
fedual, he has recourfe to fxrifices. If the patient
recovers, the pricft is rewarded for his afliltancc ; but no
farther regard is paid to him : fo that the priefts hire-
are generally pour, having little other dap ndence thaa
what arifes. from their abilities as phyficjaps ; for each
man offers hia own facrifices to his idols, and think they
I'ufficiently acquit themfclves of theit religious duties,
without applying to the pricft.

When a perfon dies, the corpfe is kept only one dav
before inteiment, except his death happens at a diftance
from his general pbcc of rcfidence ; in which cafe, in
order to prek-rvc it for conveyance, it ii> dried over a
gentle fire till all the moifture is cxtraAed, when it is
put into a coffin, and publickly cxpofed j after which
it is carried on mens flioulders to tb« place of inter-
ment. When the funeral is over, the ijeareft relations
go into mourning, and bewail their lofs by cries and
lamentations. The fhcw of mourning confiils only in
fliaving their h^'ads, fonie half way, and otiicrs all over j
and the men fliavc off' their Ijcards,

When a grandee is buried, many Haves are facrificed
on the occahon ; but the greateft number fall viiStims on
the death of the king. The ccrenuiaics attending a
royal funeral in this country are very fingular, and arc
thus defcribed by Barbot, who was once an eye-witi!ei!<
of them : '* As foon, fays he, as the king of i3eniii
expires, they dig a large pit in the ground at the pa-
lace, fo deep that the workmen are fometines in >langer
of being drowned by the quantity of water that fp ings
from the earth. This pit they make wide at the bot-
tom, and very narrow at the top. They firfi let diwn
the royal corpfe into it, and then fuch of his domiUics,
of both fexes, as are feleiled for that honour, for whicit
there is great intereft made. Thefc being let down into
the pit, they fhut up the mouth with a large ftoiie, in
the prcfence of a crowd of people, who wjit day and
night. The next morning they remove the ftonc, and
fome proper officers alk the perfons inclofed, if they
have found out the king f If they anfwcr, the pit is fliuc.
up again, and the following day opened with the like
ceremony, which continues till the perfons are dead,
and no anl'iver returned. After this the chief minilters
inform ihc fuccell'or, who iinmc(li.-.tely repa rs to the pit ;
and caufing the ftonc to be removed, orders all forts of
provilions to be laid on it for the entertainment of the
populace. After they ha\c regaled thcmfehes, thev
run about the city in the ni^ht, coinmiiting the gre.iieii
outrages, an,l killing all tnc men, w:,incn, and chil-
dren they find. I hey chop oft' their heads, and have
them in the ftrcets, but they bring their bodies and
throw them into the pit, with their ;;;iimciits, luuftiold
goods, lie. as ptefents to the dcceafed king." I'his
llrange cuftutn is ftill prefeived in ihe ftrictilt mann'.r ;
and thofc who arc allotted Vi fall victims on the occa-
rtoM, aic fo far fiom l.unintiiig tluir fat', that they
think it the highelt mark ol honour th.it can be coii-
(erred on them.

The religion profefted hv thefe people is ftran;:cly ab-
furd and perplexed. 'I'hey worlhip various kinds ot
idols, fome of which aie made of elephants leilli,
claws, dead mens heads, (ki;kU)ns, &c, t.ich is his
own pricft, and adilrcftes liiiiiUl t.> fuch of his idols
as he beft like. Many of ihem, however, h.ive a to-
lerable nUa of the Deity ; for they afeiibe to God tho
divine attributes, and bclme th.it he uoverns all things
by his providence. As he is inviliblo, they lay it
would he abluid to attempt to m.ikc any corporeal rt-
preft'iitiition of him, for that could nut lie eii'ct.ted, as
It Would lie inipollible to iiuikc any image of uhat was
never Inn. Tie images of ihiir 1 'ol guds they conii-
dcr as fuliordmatc deities to the Supreme Heing, inJ
believe that they are medialuij between the i and him.
Tiny believe alto in the devil, and think themlelves

obliged

n liavc, fo

•in.

lie thoiiglits

of Guincj

jplics to lU ■-

ylici;!!!, aii'l

piovi: inct-

ihe patient
iicc ; but 111)

pricfts litre-
iitlcnce tliaa
ps ; fur each
id think the/
giuus duties,

only one day
I »t a dillunci:
hich cafe, iu
dried over a
I, when it is
J after whicli
lace of intcr-
atelt relations
i by cries and
aiifiils only in
thtrs all over j

s are facrificed
fall viiliniboa
;8 attending a
gular, and arc
an eye-witiiel*
king of Benin
und at the pa-
lincs in danger
iter that fpii'g*
idc at the bot-
;y firfi Itt d.iwii
if his dointllics,
nour, for whicli
iig let diiwn into
large ttoiio, in
lo wait day and
c the ftonc, and
iiclofcd, if they
r, the pit is Jliut
d with the like
Icrfons are dend,
chief minilters
pars to the pit;
iidcrs all forti of
tainnient of the
hcmlcUcs, thev
'.mi; the gicaitti
men, and thil-
,:,„|>, and Kave
their hotlics and
Ini.nts, luuniold
[d king." I'l"''
Ariettlf manner ■,
Ins uii the otta-
faf, that they
hat can be con-
ic is ftranfcly ab-
Tarious kinds ot
I elephants letllv,
|c. taeh is h's
Inch of his idoli
^ever, have a to-
iht to God thi)
vcrns all ihmj'.s
jlc, ihey fay it
my corporeal ri-
1,1 lie crt"c>.ted, ai
nairc iif what was
i gi)ds they conii-

|i the 1 and hiii).

think themleWe*

uUligeJ

AFRICA.]

BENIN.

obliged to reverence him left he fliould hurt thorn. They
make their offerings to him by the fame idols they do
the higher power. To that onu image ferves thcin in
two capacities.

They believe that the apparitions of their anceftors
appear to them, but it is only when they arc aflcep.
They call the (hadow of a man paflidoor or conduftor,
which they believe really to exift, and that it will fome
time or other give teflimony whether they have lived
well or ill. If the former they are to be raifed to great
dignity ; but if the latter they are to perifli with hunger
and poverty.

The poorer fort make daily offerings to their idols,
which confil^ only of a few yams mixed with oil ; fome-
times they offer a fowl, but they only fprinklc the blood
of it on the idol, for the flefh they convert to their own
ufe. The great men make annual ficrifices, which are
very expennve, and celebrated with great pomp : they
kill multitudes of cows, fheep, and other kinds of cat-
tle, and they provide an elegant entertainment for their
friends, that lafls feveral days, befides which they give
handfome prcfcnts to the poor.

They divide time into J'cars, months, weeks and
days, each of which are diflinguilhed by a particular
name; but in their divifton they make fourteen months
to the year. They keep their fabbath every fifth day,
which IS folemnly obferved, particularly by the better
fort, who on the occafion facrificc cows, fheep and
goats, while the poorer fort kill dogs, cats, chickens, or
whatever they are able to piirchafe. Thofe who are fo
ciiftrefTed as not to be able to obtain any of thefe, are
afliltcd by the others, in order that the feilival may be
univerfally kept.

Befides the feftivals held on their fabbaths, they have
two others which are kept annually. The firft of thefe
is in commemoration of their anceftors, when they not
only facrifice a great number of beafts, but alfo human
beings i but the latter arc generally malefadlors fcntcnccd
to death, and referved for thefe folemniiies, If It hap-
pens that there arc not fo many criminals as arc rcquifitc
on thefe occafions, (the number of which is 25,) the
kind orders his ofTiccrs to parade the ftreets, and feize
indPfFerently fuch pcrfons as they meet not carrying
lights. If the perfons fo feizcd arc wealthy, they arc
permitted to purchafe their redemption, but if poor,
they are facrificed on the day appointed. The (laves of
great men fo feized may be alfo ranfomcd on condition
that the niafters find others to fnpply their place. This
cuftom is what chiefly contiibutes to the emolument of
the priefts, it bf ing their province to redeem the perfons
fo taken, from whom they receive a very ample compli-
ment on the occafion.

Their fccond annual feftiv.il, and which is by far the
moft confidcrable, is called the coral feaft. It is cele-
brated in the month of May, and on the day it is held
the king appears in public. As the ceremonies attending
this feftival are rather fingular, we (hall give the follow-
ing defcription of them, as related by a pcrfon who was
prcfent, and faw the whole. This pcrfon fay>, that on
the day appointed, the king came magnificently drefl'ed
into the I'ccond court of the palace, where, under a rich
canopy, a feat was placed for him, as alio others for his
wives and a great number of his p-incipal officers. Sonn
.iftrr the king was fcited, the proccflion began, which
being ended, the king removed lioni his throne, in order
to facrifi:e to the gods in the open air, and thereby he-
cin the fcaft. This aftioii was accompanied with the
univcrfal and loud acclamations of the people. After
pafling a quarter of an hour in this manner, he returned
to the former place, where he let nvo hours, in order to
give the remainder of the people time to perform their
devotions. This done, he returned into the palace.
T"he reft of the day was fpent in fplendid trcatina; and
fcafting, the king caufing all kinds of provifions to lie
liberally diftributed to the populace, and the grandees
follow; d his example, fo that nothing but joy was to he
fcen throughout the city. The nafon wh\ this is called
the coral fcaft is, becaufe at this time the king bcftows
the firings of coral on thofe whom he adianccs to any
ptcfetment, or port of honour, whivh he never docs hut

on this feftival, unlefs a particular urgency of ftate re-
quires it.

The fdvereigri of this kingdom is an arbitrary monarch,
and his will is an abfolutelaw ; but the chief direftion of
government is vefted in the three great lords'. Their laws
arc in general very mild, and not attended with thofa
diftinguifhed impofiiions to which the inhabitant" of
fomeothcr countries are fubjcft. When a perfon of pro-
perty dies, the right of inheritance deiolvcs to the
eldelt fon, but he is obliged to prefent a (lave to thtf
king, and another to the three great lords, with a pe-
tition that he may fucceed his father in the fame qualiiy,
which the king accordingly grants, and he is declared
the lawful heir of all the pofteHions left by his father.
He is not compelled to make any alloivanee to his
younger brother, that being wholly left to his own dif-
crction J but if his mother be alive, he mult allow her
■X maintenance fuitable to her rank. He takes his father's
other wives home, efpecially thofe that have not had
children, and if he thinks proper he ufcs them as his
own ; thofe he difapproves of are obliged to work for
their maintenance under his infpeifion, but he never
cohabits with them. If the deceafed leaves no children,
the brother inherits the efFcdls ; and in cafe of de-
ficiency of fuch heir, the next a-kin ; but if no law-
ful heir appears, the whole becomes the property of tho
king.

Punifhments are inflidted on criminals in proportion to
the nature of the offence. We hive before obferved
that the Negroes here pay particular refpeft to foicipners ;
the injuri)'^, *hcrefore, of any European is conddered
as a capital crime, and the punifhment for fuch olfcnce
is thus exeeuted : they take the offender, tie his hands
behind hs back, and blindfold him. After th'S the
judge raifes him up, fo that his head hangs towards the
ground, which the executioner cuts off with a hatchet ;
and feparating the body into four quarters, leaves it to
be devoured by the wild beafts.

Theft is feldom committed here, the natives not
being of fo pilfering a .difpofition as the inhabitants of
the neighbouring nations. However, when it happen?
that a perfon is found guilty of theft, he is ohIiTed to
leftcre the goods and pay a fine ; .,nd if he is unniile to
do the latter, he fufters corporally. If the robbery
is committed on a grandee, the puniftimcnt is death.

Murder feldom happens, but when it does the cri-
minal is puniflled with death, except the olfcnee be com-
mitted by the king's fon, or a grandee, in iilueiicafe
the offender is baniftied to the moft diftant part uf the
kingdom, and never permitted to return.

If a perfon kills another by accident, he may purchafo
his life, by firft burying the decealed, and afterwards
producing a (lave to fuffer in his ftead. When this
(lave is facrificed the offender inuft bend his bodv, and
touch the (lave's knees with his forehead ; after which
he muft pay a fine to the three great lords, when he
obtains his freedom, and the relations of the deceafed
think a fulTicient atonement has be^.i made lor tlic
offence.

Adultery is punifhcd various ways, in proportion to
the circumdaiices of the parties. If a common perfon
lurprizes his wife in the fail, he is entitled to all the
etfe>ih of the perfon that has iiijuicd him j and the
woman, after being fevcrely drubbed by her hulhand,
is totally difcarded, being left to fliift for hcrfelf the
remainder of her life.

The better fort, in thefe cafes, revenge thcmlelvcs
much the fame way ; hut the relations of the oftVnding
partv, in order to avail themfelves of the fcandal that
might .iccrue to their family, frequently b.ing about a
reconciliation, by paying a lar(i,e, pecuniary compli-
ment to the iiijiiied huftiand, who, in this cafe, liulhes
up the matter, and apparently fcems to forget the once
unfeafonable liberality of his inconftanc Ipouli:.

Other crimes arc punillied by fine, whiih is pro-
portioned according to the nature of the offence ; and
if the criminal is not able to pay the fine levied, he is
luhjeft to corporal punilliment.

The fines paid on thefe cccafions are llius difpofej of ;
the pcifun injured is firft fatisfied, alter which tie c.'i-

lerni t

ti:-.;: *i

i ■ ,

it'

i III : i

■';

;-;■

1 ' 5 • i

i '

?!i.

5^.

' ) i ■

•H r'\ \ 'I

\\'-\

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

i^'Hl d

'':

..! ■»■

. ^vi

^mii^K

Vu-n

\ih

veinor has his fliare, and the remainder of the line goes
to the three great lords.

Having thus taken a general view of this kingdom,
With the nature of its inhabitants, their manners, cuf-
toms, laws, religion, &c, wc (hall now point out tliofe
places in it that arc the mod remarkable.

The principal of thcfe is the town, or city of Benin,
the ufiial refidencc of the king. It is a large town,
pleafantly fitujtcd on the banks of the river, about 40
miles from its mouth. It contains a great number of
llreets, moft of which arc vory fpacious, and the houfes
uniformly built. The principal ftrect is exceeding
broad, and at Icaft three miles in length : it is intcrfcflcd
by many crofs ftrcets and lanes, all of which are ftrait
and of confidcrable extent ; and the whole city is at leaf!
nine miles in circumference. The houfes of the gran-
dees arc much higher than thofc of the commonalty, and
are afcendcd by ftcps. At the entrance of each is a
veftibulf, or porch, which is every morning cleaned by
the flavcs, and Ipread wiih mats of llraw. The inner
chamber is fquare, with an opening in the center for the
admirtion of light ; and in thtfc apartments they both
fleep and cat, though they Jicfs thiir victuals in other
places feparate, having many offices under the fame
roof. All thuir buildings are made of red earth tem-
pered with water, whith btiiig dried by the fun, forms
a folid wall, and they arc covered with rccH, draw or
the leaves of trees. The houfes of the common people
are entered by a fniall door, which is in the center,
and level with the ground ; and inllead of windows the
light is adiijtted truni an opening in the roof.

The king's palace is very cxtenfive, and confifts of
fevcral large fquares furrounded with galleries, each of
which has a portico or gate, guarded by foldiers. The
firft gallery, on entering the palace, is very long, and
fupptrted on each fide by lofty pillars. At the end of
this gallery is a large mud wall, with three gates, the
center one of which is ornamented with a turret, about
70 feet high, terminated with the figure of a large fnake
caft in copper, and very ingenioudy carved. Thefe
gates open to a large plain about a quarter of a mile
fquare, enclofed by a mud wall. At the end of this
plain is another gallery much like the former ; this is
terminated by a gate that opens to a third, the pillars of
which are carved with human figuies, and in one part
of it, behind a cotton curtain, are eleven mens heads
caft in copper, on each of which is an elephant's tooth.
Leaving this, you enter \ large plain, where there is a
fourth gallery, beyond which arc the king's apaitments.
The firrt ot thelc is the king's audience chamber,
where he receives the nobility, foreign ambalTadors, &c.
The fide- of It are hung with t.ipcdry, and the floor is
covered w'h earpets of European manufailure. At one
end of the romn is the king's throne, which is made of
ivory ; it is afcendcd by three fieps, and over it is a
canopy maJe of the richcft filk. All the other apart-
ments arc very fpacious, and the furniture of them ex-
ceeding fplendid.

The inhabitants of this city "•'. all natives, no
foreigner being permitted to refide m it. Some of them
are very wealthy, and fpcnd their wholi; iime at court,
leaving trade and agriculture to be executed by their
wives and fervants. Thefe go to the circumjacent vil-
lages, aid either trade in merchandize, or fcrve for daily
wages, and they are obliged to bring the greateft part of
what ih^ y get to their mailers, otherwife they would be
fold fur (laves.

Ill the principal ftrect of tbe city a market is every
day k'pt for the fale of provifions and merchandize.
The former confifts of dogs, of which they are \eiy
fond, roafled baboons and monkies, bats and large rats,
parrots, hens, lizards dried in the fun, fruits and palm
wine. Their merchandize confiUs of cotton, ele-
phants teeth, wooden platters, cups, and other houfe-
hold ftuffj cotton cloth, iron iniiruments for fiftiing
and tilling the ground, lances, darts and other wea-
pons. A place is allotted for each kind of mer-
chandize, and they are all difpofed with great uniformity.
The city of Benin was fome years ago much more
populoui than it is at prefent. Its decay was owing (o

the avaricious difpofition of the then king, wlio, |,)
order to increafe his coftcrs, caufed two of his road
chiefs to be put to death, under pietcnce of their iiavim.
eoiifpircd anaiiill his life, 'i'hu wealth he accumu-
lated by the death of thefe two, prompted him to make
the like attempt upon a third ; but this man was fo
univcMally beloved, that he had timely notice of the
king's iiitcntii.ns, and accoidiofjy took his llii>ht,
attended by tlic piincipal part o( tlie inhabitants. As
foon as the king heaid of this, he difpatclied an army
to purfue them, and oblige them to return ; but th'!
army met w.ith fucli a rtpulfe, that they were obliged to
return without having efl'edcd the bulinefs en wliieh thry
were fent. ■ 'I'hc king, irritated at this, made a lecoiid
attempt, by fending a much more confiderablc army ;
but heic he alio tailed, for many of them were killed'
.ind the rcil precipitately tied to the capital.

The roal chief, flulhed with fuctefs, determined to
be revenged of his fovcieign, and marched with all his
men to the city, which he plundered, fparing no place
except the king's palace. After this he retired, hut
continued for fcveral years to rob thofe inhabitants of Be-
nin that happened to fall in his way j till at length, at
the interccflion of fome Europeans, a peace was con-
cluded between him and the king, by which he was
pardoned, and intrcated to return 10 his former fitua-
tion. Fearful, however, of the integrity of his ma-
jefty, whom he ftill confidered as his inoft inveterate
enemy, he did not think proper to comply, but fettled
at a place about three days journey from Benin, where he
kept a court, w.is highly refpefted by the people that
followed him, and lived with as much fplendor and dig-
nity as the king himfelf. Some few of the citizens re-
turned to th2 capital, and were not only received by
the king with great friendfliip, but were preferred to
honourable oinees, in order to induce the rcit to follow
their example : the multitude, however, were not thus
to be deluded ; tliey preferred a life of Cife and free-
dom to th.-.t of tyranny and oppiedion ; nor could the
moft prcfling entreaties made ufe of by the king prevail
on them to return. Such were the circumftances that
occafioned the redurtion of the inhabitans o( this citv
whofe number is now at lead one half Icfs than bclore
the above irruption.

The other towns in this kingdom arc thicSv remark-
able for trade, and are moll of them fituated on the
river Benin. The firll of ihele is called Awerii, or
Ouwcrrc, and belongs to a king, who is the only one
that ii independent of the king of Heiiin. The lown
(lands about fix miles from the mouth ol the river, and
here the Portuguife have a church and faclory.

At a Im.ill diftante from th.s is a trading village,
called Boedodoc, which contains about 50 houfes, bu'lt
with reeds and mud, and covered with the leaves of
trees. It is governed by a viceroy and fome grandees,
whiifc authoiity extends only to trifling matters, as civil
caufcs, and the raifing of taxes for the king ; but if
any thing confidcrable hapjvns, they muft ftate the
matter to the court, and wait their determination.

Near the mouth of the river is the \illagc of Og.it-
ton, plealiintly fituatcd on a high ifland in the center
of it, and furrounded with moft kinds of fruit-trees.
This was once a confidcrable place, but it fuft'ered Co
much in the wars, that it was almoft laid waHe ; how-
ever, from its delightful fituation, the buildings of late
years have confiderahly increaled, and it feeins as if
time would reftore it to its original importance.

The grcatell place of trade on the river lienin is call-
ed Aribii, and is fituated about 50 miles from its mouth.
It is a large populous town, and the inhabitants of it
are remarkable for being very honcft in their dealings.
The Dutch and Eni.'liili had both factories here ; but
the latter having neglceted their tiadc, the lodge fell
down, and has never fince been rebuilt j fo that the
former is the only European fettlement in this part of
the country.

Mcibcrg, the I.ift town wc have to mention on the
river Benin, is a fmall but very ne.rt place, and the
houfes are built with great uniformity. The Duieh
had once a fatSlury here, and were greatly rcfpcdlcd by

the

ig, w:io, m
of hib r();'.d
thiir having
he accuimi-
him to niaki:
mm was lo
lotice of the
, his flight,
ibitaiits, Ai
:hcj ail army
irii ; hut iho
:rc obligctl to
1)11 whiih they
ladc a ftconii
Icrablo army ;
1 were k:lkll,

iletcrniineJ to
J with all his
iriiig no place
c retired, hut
abitatits of Be-
ll at length, at
cace was con-
which he was
; former fitua-
ity of his ma-
inoft inveterate
ply, but fettled
Benin, where he
the people that
)lendor and dig-
thc citizens re-
)nly received hy
ere preferred to
ic red to follow
•, were not thus
if cJc and free-
1 ; nor could the
■ the king prevail
ircuniftanccs that
aiis of this city,
( Icfi than bclorc

c chicP.y remark-
1 fituatcd on the
alk-d Awcni, or
lo is the only oijC
iiiil. The low:i
ot the riicr, aiiJ
factory,
a trading viU.ifc,
t 50 houfes, built
■ith the leaves of
id feme grandees,
g matters, as civil
The kingi but if
muft ftatc the
trmination.

illagc of Ogit-
..and in the cinlcr
nds of fruit-trees,
but it fuft'ercd fu
laid waltc ; how-
buildings of late
nJ it feems as it
nportancc.
river Benin is call-
jlesfroni its mouth,
ic inhabitants of it
in their dealings,
factories here ; but
adc, the lodge fell
;huilt ; fo that the
ent in this pait of

to mention on the
place, and the

mity

The Dun.h

ttrcatly rcfpcacd by
* (111*

the

AFRICA.]

BENIN.

345

the natires j but during their (lay a melancholy circiim-
(fance happened, occafioncd by the indlfcrction of the
principal factor, that entirely overthrew them } the par-
ticulars of which are thus defcribed by a late .author :
•' N. Becldfnyder, their lafl factor, having caft a wan-
ton eye on one of the Negro-governor's wives, ravifhed
her, which fo enraged the injured hulband, that he
came with a body of armed men, and refolved to kill
the adulterer, who narrowly efcaped on board a fliip ;
but in the flight was wounded fo, that, by the fur-
gcon's unlkilfulnefs, he died. The company's dircdlor-
gencral on the coaft, not being rightly informed of the
cafe, fent a veffel froin El Mina, well manned, to Be-
nin, with ftriiS orders to revenge the murder. Thefe
foldiers fo ftretchcd their commiflion, that they killed,
or took prifoners, every perfon in the town, who could
not cfcape. The king being informed of this, and the
occafion of the malTacre, commanded the Negro-gover-
nor to be brought before him ; and though he had done
nothing but what fecmcd right, in defending the honour
of his family, yet the king caufed him and his whole
race to be put to death in the moft cruel manner. The
<!ead bodies of thefe mifetable wretches were expofed to
be devoured by the beafts, and their houfes were razed
to the ground, with ftrift orders that they fhould never
be rebuilt." The Dutch, i-owever, from thefe circum-
ftances, made no farther att"!mpt.. and there has not
been any European fadtory in this town ever fincc,

B.ldes the river Benin, there are feveral other con-
fidcrable tnes in this kingdom, particularly the river
Rio del Key, which is very fpacious and cxtenfivc, but
the fliore on each fide of it is low and marfliy. It takes
its fource from the north, and is very wide for a con-
fiderable way up the country. On its banks are a
great number of villages inhabited by people divided
into two nations, one of which dwell along the upper
part of the river, and the other towards the mouth ;
but they arc ttlw.iys at enmity with each other. They
are a ftrong, robull people, but poor, dlfhonefl, and
treacherous ; and are very filthy both in their houfes
and perfons. They go quite naked, fmearing their bo-
dies with oil intermixed with a red colour: they plait
their hair in various forms, file their teeth, and orna-
ment their foreheads with ftrange marks made with hot
irons or pincers. In (hort, they are mere favagcs, and
their only employment is fifliing, they being total Gran-
gers cither to mechanical arts or agriculture.

The Rio Kamarones is another large river, whofc in-
habitants are governed by a chief of their own, called
Muiicba. His fiat, or palace, is fituated on a delight-
ful fpot that commands the adjacent country, which is
exceeding fertile, and produces great quantities of yams,
bananas, palm, and other fruits. The people here
carry on a confiderable trade with the Europeans, hav-
ing plenty of elephants teeth and flaves, which they fell
at very rcafonable rates. The goods fold in exchange
by the Europeans confift chiefly of iron and copper
bars, brafs pots and kettles, bugles or beads, ox horns,
and fteel files. The natives here are lufty, tall, wcll-
Oiapcd, and have a remarkable fmooth (kin.

The river RioGal)on is fituated about fifteen leagues
from Cape de Lopo Gonfalvo, or the utinoft point of
the gulph of Benin. It is a very large river, and the
mouth of it is at Icall fix miles acrofs. About nine
miles up the river arc two iflands, one of which takes
its name from the king, and the other from the prince
of this liver, two great lords of Benin. But thefe
iflands have now but few inhabitants, the king having
left one, and the prince the other, each of them living
on particular parts of the river. The river is naviga-
ble for fmall (hips feveral leagues up, but its fpring and
couifeare not known. There are many villages on its
bank.i ; and the trade carried on here confilts in ele-
phants teeth, wax, and honey.

The inhabitants on this river are very large, robuft,
and well-fhapcd ; but in their difpofitions they arc
fierce and cruil. The men are great thieves, and the
lYoiiioii fu abandoned that ibey care nut on whom, or in

what manner, they bcftow their favours. They arc di-
vided into three clafles ; the firft of which are under the
government of the king ; the fccond under that of fht
prince j and the third are totally independent. The
two former are always at variance, and though they will
not enter into a war, yet they take cveiy opportunity
they can of making depredations on each other's pro-
perty.

Their drefs confilts of mats fattened round the waid,
made of the bark of trees, and painted red j bcfides
which they arc ornamented with the (kins of mcn-
kics, or other wild hearts. Moft of them go bare-
headed, having their hair (trangtiy cut, or tied up :
fome have fmall caps made of twigs, or the bark of the
cocoa i and others have feathers fattened on their heads,
with iron wire, or plates of iron. They dye their
bodies red, and have great quantities of rings in their
nofes and ears. The women wear mats of reed round
their waifts, and have bracelets of copper or pewter on
their necks and arms. Some of them flcep on mats
made of draw, but the generality lie on the bare
ground. Their food confifts of yams, potatoes, and
bananas, with fifli and flefh dried in the fun. Their
houfes are very ingenioufly made of reeds and canes,
covered with banana leaves.

The king's palace is larger than the other buildings,
and his drefs greatly dilTers from that worn by his fub-
jeifts. It conlifts chiefly in beads of bone, and (hells
dyed red, and ftrung together like a chaplet round his
arms, legs, and necK. Before the gate of the palace is
planted a brafs cannon, with feveral fmall guns, the
appearance of which (Irike an awe in his fubjciSts,
who, either from fear, or other motives, arc very obe-
dient.

The Negroes here are perfe£l (Grangers to agricul-
ture, and chiefly live by hunting and fithing. The
river abounds with fiOi, befides which there arc great
numbers of crocodiles and fea-horfcs j and on the banks
of it are prodi;jious numbers of wild beafts, cfpecially
elephants, buft'aloes, and wild boars.

About 18 leagues from the river Gobon is Cape
Lope Gonfalvo, which is the extreme limits of the
Gulph of Guinea. It appears like a low flat ifland,
but it is a long, narrow peninfula, ftretchitig from the
continent feveral leagues to fea. It has a good harbour
cither for anchoring or careening fliips, efpecially for
thofe homeward bound, provifions being not only plen-
tiful, but alfo very cheap. On the more are feveral
huts, where the natives occafionally ide, as the Eu-
ropean ved'els flop for the above pi . ■> ,;s j but the town
they belong to is called Olibato, .nd is fituated about
fix miles from the Cape. It is the r 'fidence of a king,
and the town contains about 300 houfes, which are
made with bull-ruflies interwoven, and covered witK
palm-leaves. The natives arc much more civilized than
thofe of Rio Gabon, but they differ little in their drefs,
manners, and cuftoms. The country abounds with
wild beaAs, as elephants, buffaloes, wild boars, apes,
monkies, and other mifchievcus animals.

All veflels, as foon as they arrive at the Cape, fire
oft' four guns, to alarm the country, and give notice of
their arrival ; when the people immediately repair from
Olibato, and other inland places, to the Cape, and
carry with them fuch articles as they have to difpofeof,
the principal of whii h arc water, wood for fuel, and
provifions. They always keep a flock of wood by
them, that they may be ready to fupply fuch veflels as
flop at the Cape : they cut it in billets about two feet
long, a boat load of which they generally fell for a bar
of iron. They get their water out of a large pond near
the Cape : it keeps good at fea, and is allowed by moft
failors to be exceeding wholefome.

The other goods purchafed here by the Europeans
confift of elephants teeth, wax, honey, and camwood ;
and the articles fold to the natives are knives, iron bars,
beads, old flieets, axes, brafs batons, firelocks, powder,
ball, and (hot.

^ S

CHAP.

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*' I

CHAP. VI.

CONGO, or LOWER GUINEA.

THIS extenfive country is fituatcd between 28
dee. 30 mint and 40 deg. 10 min, eaft longi-
tude; and between the equator and 16 dcg. of
feulh latitude. Its caftern boundaries are not known ;
but on the weft it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean ;
on the north by the kingdom of Benin ; and on the
fouth by the kingdom of Mataman. Its extent from
north to fouth is upwards of 1700 miles.

The whole country is divided into four parts, or king-
itoms, the names of which are as follow :

1. Loango, I 3. Angola,

2. Congo Proper, | 4. Bengucla.

As each of thefe kingdoms has Tome peculiarities fub-
jc£t to itfelf, we fliall defcribe thetn feparately, begin-
ning with

S E C T. I.

7T>i Kingdtm of Lo A N c o.

TH I S is the moft northern divifion of Congo in
general : it is bounded on the eafl by the king-
dom of Makoko ; on the weft, by the Atlantic Ocean ;
on the north, by the kingdom of Benin ; and on the
fuuth, by Congo Proper ; being upwards of 400 miles
in length, and 300 in breadth. It contains many pro- 1
vinces, the principal of which are, Loangiri, Loango- '
Mongo, Chylongo, and Piri. Befldes thefe, there are
others much fmaller, that chiefly lie on the coaft, and
arc frequented by the Europeans i of all which we fliall
take proper notice hereafter.

Although this kingdom is fltuated near the center of
the torrid zone, yet the climate is far from being un-
vrholcfome ; and as it is watered by a number of fmall
rivers, the foil is tolerably fertile; but it might be turn- 1
cd to much greater advantage than it is, were it not \
for the natural indolence of the inhabitants. However, 1
it produces feveral forts of grain, of which they have i
three crops annually i .illb peafe and beans not inferior!
to thofe of Europe, with great plenty of yams and po- 1
tatoes. They have likewile feveral kinds of fruits, as ^
oranges, lemons, bananas, pompimis, cocoa nuts, and
the kola fruit.

In the mors remote parts of this kingdom are great
numbers of wild bealika, a< elephants, tygcrs, leopards, |
civet-cats and various forts of monkies. Uf the tame |
animals tbey have only twa forts, namely, hogs andi
goats; but this deficiency is fupplicd by the poultry, I
which is fo plentiful, that a good fowl may be purchafed |
at the value oi an SngLifli farthing. 'I'hcy have alio ;
great plenty of wiU fiowl, and feveral uncomnon birds
peculiar to the country. Among the latter the moft rc-
raarkaj>le \a that called the pelicaa, which being a bird
little known to Europeans, we fliall take this oppor-
tunity of defcribing it :

The Pelican is in length, from tbc tip of the bill to
the end of the tail, about live feet, and weighs in ge-
neral not lefs than 20 pounds. The bill, which is
hooked, is about 14 inches long from the tip to the
corners of the mouth. The featbcct of the body are of a
grcyifh colour, and thofe on the top of the head ftund ireA,
and much longer than the reft. The tail and covert
feathers of the wings are of a dulky aflt-colour ; but the
ends of the quill feathers are black, of which there .ire
oH in each wing. The upper chap is flat and brond,
.ind the bill near the head is of a lead colour, but ycl-
lowifh toward the end. The lower th,ip is like two
Ion" ribs united at the extremity ; and between them
there is a thick yellow membrane or fkin, which it can
draw fo clofe up to the bill, as hardly to he perceived ;
but nutwilhUailding this, it may be fo dilated as tu cun-
t

tain a prodigious quantity of water ; which 19 often of
infinite ufe lu the bird when it travels over fandy trails,
where that article is not to be obtained for many miles.
The legs are bare above the knees, and the fett ate
webbed, having four toes. But the moft rcniaikable
circumftancc belonging to this bird is the bones, which
appear to be tranlparcnt, with many fibres and veins
running up and down them throughout their whoiu
length. To this may alfo be added another flngulariiy,
which is, that near the middle of the ftomach the wind-
pipe is divided into two branches, a circumftancc nut to
bu met with in any other bird whatever.

The inhabitants of Loango arc called Bramas : they
are tall, well-lhaped, and of a ihining black colour.
In their difpofitions they are tolerably civil, but they
are exceeding jealous of their wives, though libidinous
themfelves : tbey are free and generous to one another,
but very covetous to attain riches, and are greatly ad-
dicted to drinking,

'i'hc drefs of the men confifts of long garments, that
reach from the middle to the ancles, at the bottom of
which is a handfome border of fringe. They are faften-
cd at the waift with a ftring made of the leaves of the
Matombe tree ; befides which they have two girdles,
each three or four inches broad ; one of thefe is made
either of red or black cloth ilightly embroidered, and
the other of yarn wrought with flowers, and faftentd
before with double ftrings. Some ufe girdles made of
bullruOies, or palm leaves, which they weave and plait
together; and all of tbcan are obliged to have on tliei
outftdcof their garments a piece of the fkin of a Ieop:u0,
or fomc other wild beaft. They wear ftrings of beuda
about their necks, and their arms and legs are orna-
mented wiih brafs, copper, or iroa bracelets. Whea
tlicy vr> oad, they throw a kind of fack over their
flioiil'' , which is about three quarters of a yard long,
with ..iiy a little opeoii>gleft to put their arms through.
I'hey have a cap on their heads, which is made to lit
clofe ; and in their hands they always carry either a
great knife, a fword, or a bow and arrows.

The drefs of the women difters from that of t|ia
men ; their petticoats are much (liorter, reaching only
from the waift to the knee, and over them they wear 4
piece of European ftuff, or linen. The upper part uf
the body is quite bare ; but their arms, legs, and necks
.-ire ornamented with rings, beads, and other trinkets.
Both fcxes anoint themlelves with palm-oil, and ftuin
their bodies with a liquid made from a wood called ta-
koel, the colour ariilng from which is a dingy red.

Their food confills chiefly of dried fiih, which they
boil with herbs, and fv.-Ubn with Brazilian pepper.
They make thtir bread wixh the flour of millet, and
their ufual drink is water.

They ulc little ceremony in their marriages, the chief
thing being to obtain the confent of the parents : if
that is accompliftKd, they aftemble together, and the
parties agreeing to take cacb other, an entertainment ia
provided for the guefts, and the wbolo ceremony is end-
ed. Sung have tu or 1 j wives ; but tlu; common peo-
ple have in general only two or three.

The women here, as ia other parts of Africa, do all
the flavifh work, and a^c kept under great fubjeiSlion :
they not only difcharge th«ir houfliold duties, but arc
alfo obliged to cultivate th« land, while tlicir hufbands
live in a mere il.ite of indolence. I'hey muft never eat
till after their huibands have done, and then chearfully
take his leavings ; nor muft they ever fpeak to him in
any other pofture than on their bended knees.

Wh.n infants arc Brit born here, their colour is much
the fame as thoTc in Europe } but in two days it turns

-*->•

« In I
Bcniardi
fercncM
triiifj
<]uccn,
people,
king's
make tli(
maxims,
who, in
tbem
I'ufcd, in
ters as '
This rcf
the king'
I'lU hinil
new.con\
liecame i
The kine
to attack
but the
pal part i
III retire

The CDlll

nhedienci

I is often a(

faiidy trails,
many niilei.
the i'ett ate
\ rcniatkable
joncs, which
es and veins
; their wliuU
sr fingulariiy,
ach the winJ-
nllancc not to

Bramai : they
black colour.
:ivil, but they
iigh libidinous

one another,
ite greatly ad-
garments, that

1 the bottom of
'hey ate fafteii-
le leaves of the
tre two girdles,

thefc is made
ibroidercd, and
8, and faftentd
jirdlcs made of
weave and plait
to have on tlia
tin of a leop-.u J»
|ftrings of b«ad»
d legs are orna-
acelets. Whea

faclt over ili«ir

of 9 yard long,
.r arms through.

ch is made to fit
carry either %

iWS.

om that of tha
reaching only

lero they waar 4
upper part of
cgs, and necks
other trinkets. ,

m-oil, and ftain
wood called ta-
dingy red.

ifli, which tkey
axilian pepper.
of millet, and

rtiages, the chief
the parents : il
>getber, and the
cjueruinment \i
ceremony is cnd-
hc common pco-

of Africa, do all
great fubjeifion:
■ duties, but arc
ile tlieir huibands
:y muft never eat
I then chearfully

fpeak to him in
knees.

r colour is much
wo days it turns
to

AFRICA.]

CONGO.

347

to a perfeift black. This ciicumnance greatly deceived
the Portuguefe for feme time after they fettled in thcfc
parts ; for having commerce with the Negro women,
when a child was oocn they took it for granted, by the
colour, that it muft have been theirs ; but when they
came to be undeceived, and convinced that it was the
child of a Negro, they loft that fatisfadtion they had
before imbibed : however, when a child is born that is
between both, that is, a mulatto, they have not only a
great refpeilfor the infant, but a high veneration for the
objefi that produced it.

There is one circumftancc here relative to the birth
of children that is very remarkable. Though both
parties are Negroes, yet fometimes it happens that the
offspring is very different in colour to that of its parents.
Thcfe at a diftance greatly refemble Kuropeans : they
have grey eyes, and reil nr yellow hair; but when you
arc cTofe to them their colour is like the corpfe of an
European, and their eyes appear, as it were, fixed in
their heads. Their fight is very imperfeiSf in the day,
but at night they fee clear, elpccially if it be moon-light
It is fuppofed that the birth of thel'e is occafioucd by the
eiFei^s of imagination in the woman in feeing a white
man, in the lame manner as hiftury informs us, that a
white woman, by viewing the picture of aNegro, brought
forth a black child.

Children of this nature are called by the natives don-
dos, and are always prefcnted to the king a few c'ays
after they are born. They are brought up in the court,
and always attend hij perfon : they are held in fucli
high eliecm by the king, that no perfon whatever dare
oftend them j and if they go to the markets they have
the liberty of taking fucb articles as they think proper,
without controul.

When any one dies, the relatiotu immediately make
it known by running about the town or village, and
Ihrieking in the moll hideous manner ; after which
they bring the corpfe into the ftreet, and wa(h and clean
it: they tjicn interrogate it, why he died? and fuch like
qucdions, which. th«y continue to put to it for revcrnl
hours. After this the grave is dug, when they carry
fevcral of their houlhold gooJs, and lay by the liJi: ol
it, as alfo the moil valuable things ufcd by the dcceafcd
in his life-time. They then haltily take up the corpfe,
and carry it with all expedition to the grave, in which
it is immediately dcpofitcd : fonie of the goods arc thrown
into the grave, ajid after they have (hewed their lamen-
tations by howling, and tbi: moft {frange gefticulations,
it is filled up with earth. 'The remaining goods aru
fet over the grave on poles, being firft cut to prevent
their being flolen. The relations of the dcceafed be-
wail his lofs by attending the grave, morning and even-
ing, for fix fuccefllvo weeks.

It is remarkable, that they will not fuffer any foreigner
to be bulled in their country : when It happens that an
European dies here, his body is carried in a boat two
miles from the (hore, and thrown into the fea. This

» In the year 1663, a famous miflionary, named Father
Bciiiardin, an Htuigarian, being .it Loangu, had fume coii-
forciites with the tJieu king, aicinainted liim with the ilnc-
triiies of the Chriltian religion, and baptized him, his
queen, his children, and limte pcrfons of his court. The
people, however, could not be perfuaded to follow the
king's exami>le, nor coiilj the moft forcible arguments
make thcin relinriiiifh the Irall particle of their fuperllitions
maxims. Tliey paid no rcfptcl to the king's mandates,
who, in nriler to elUblilh the new rcllp,ion, commanded
them not to work on Sundays, which they abfolntcly re-
fufed, nor would they pay tlie haft attuiiion to Inch mat-
ters as were derogatory to their own fupcrlUtious notions.
This refrailorinels produced a oationnl commotion : One of
the king's coiifins, a man particularly zealous for idolatry,
put hiinfelf at tbc head of tlif people, IVdiiced foineof the
new-conveitedChriftians, boih by pioiHills and preiVnts, and
became fo powerful as to dare to olltr battle to his liivcriegn.
The king, who was naturally couraotou^, wen: with his army
to attack the rebels, and a defptrate engagement enfncdi
but the rebels having; found means to bring over the princi-
pal part of his army during the battle, the king was obliged
to retire with the few wiio had remained faithful to hnn.
The cnnipicrers oH'crcd to lay down tliiir arms, and to pay
nhcilience to Uim at formerly, if he would renounce the

cuftom took its rife f.im s Portuguefe gentleman being
buried here fomc years ago, foon after which the wholo
country was afHiited with a famine. The pricfts thought
proper to attribute the caufe of the general calamity to
the interment of the foreigner, whofe body, in confc-
quence of their opinions, was taken up, and thrown
Into the fea ; and from this circumftance they have
never fincc permitted a ftranger to be interred In their
country.

With refpeil to the religion of thcfe people, they are
all idolaters, though an attempt was once maJo to bring
ihem to a knowledge of Chrlftianity •. They havo
fomc notion of a Supreme B'.-ing, whom they call Sam-
bian Pogo, but their ideas are exceeding imperfeil ; nor
have they any belief in the rcfurreflion of the dead.
Their itiols, which they call mokifibs, are of variou*
forms : fome of them arc made to refeinble the human
fpecies ; others confift of a piece of wood about a yard
lung, with fmall bits of iron on the top, or elfe the
figure of fome animal carved at the end of it. The
heads of their greater Idols arc ornamented with the
.feathers of hens or pheafants, and their bodies are de-
corated with various kinds of trinkets. All afts of de-
votion arc performed to thefc Idols, of which they have
great numbers. F.ach has a peculiar name, according
to its office or jurlfdiiSion, To fomc they afcribe the
power of Irghtning and the wind, and fuppofe that by
praying to them it will prefcrve their corn from vermin
and birds of picy. To others they give the command
over fifties of the fea and rivers, their cattle, Jcc. Some
they make proteiSlors of tlieir health and falcty ; other»
they confider as being able to fecure them from evils and
misfortunes. Thus every one has his peculiar pro-
vince, and his power is limited to a particular place.

I'hey have a notion that thefe idols are jealous of one
another ; for which reafon they make their addrefl'es to
them all indifi'erently, as their protcftors and guardians,
rhey generally keep them in a pot of earth, with the
figure half In and half out : they are made by their
prlctls, who get confidcrable wealth by the fale of them,
as they fix their value in proportion to the circumftancei
of the purchafer.

They have fcveral ftrange notions relative to the dif-
pofition of the foul after death. Thofe of the royal
liunily believe, that when any one dies, his foul is re-
generated in fome of the family, while others think that
the foul and body have one determinate end. Some,
like the Greeks and Romans, place the foul among the
heroes, or elfe bring it into the number of their tutelar
houftiold gods ; others give them a common place of
refort under the earth ; whilft a fifth fort make for them
little receptacles under the roof of their houfes, before
which places, when they eat or drink, they make fome
offerings for the benefit of the foul of their departed friend.
Their fuporftitious notions, occafioned by the crnfti-
nefs of their priefts, lead them into the practice of the
moft abfurd maxims. When a child is born they call a

new religion he had embraced, and put things again upon
their antiem fi)Oting. The king, who appeared convinced
in his mind of the truth of the Chrillian religion, made
anfwer, that he would never reuoimce the worlhip of the
true God, and would fpill the very lalt drop of bis blood in
the defence of it. In confequence of this feveral other
battles were fought between tlie king and the rebels, in the
laft of which the king's troops were entirely cut to pieces,
and himfelf (lain. Onthis the conqueror was acknowledged
king, who ufcd all his endeavours to root out the Chrilttan
religion, and ie-c(hbli(h Paganifm j but his triumph and
reign were of fliort duration. One of the late king's chil-
dren, who had efcaped froir the laft battle, raifed a new
army, protelUng muft fulemnly, that he took up arms with
no other view, but for the fake of the Chrillian religion ;
and that, after his father's example, he would defend it to
his laft breath. Accordingly^ he engaged tlie rebels, and
the event of the battle was inch, that the new tyrant was
defeated and killed, with almoft all his troops 1 after w hich
the young conqueror afcendcd the throne, and eftablilhed the
Chrillian religion for fome time throughout his dominions.
At his death, however, it was finally extirpated by hi«
I'liccellur, and idolatry has prevailed from that time to the
prefent.

fetiflcro,

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348

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

vAi-

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I !. >i:!,

m--i

uMH, ^

ietillero, or pricft to enjoin it to keep Come particular
thing as a law. The priell alks the parents what was
their injunction and that of their anccftors ; when being
anfwercd, he tells them that the oracle, by the mokiflb,
has ordered, that the child fhall be enjoined not to do
fuch things during the courfc of its lite, which the
mother takes care to inculcate in the mind of the
infantas it grows up. 7'hcl'c injun<ilions are of various
kinds, as, that they may refrain from Inch particular
flefli, herbs or fruit ; or that if tlicy cat fuch flcfll they
mull eat it alone, leave none, and bury the (lonei deep,
that they may mit be fcraped up again, and eaten by any
bead. Some are forbid to go over any water ; others to
crofs a river in a canoe, though at the fame time they are
permitted to walk, fwim, or ride through. Some arc
forbid to fliavc either their heads or beards, and others
are commanded to abllain from all kinds of fruits.

If an unmarried man has got a fouliih child, he muft
not eat of the bread or udder of a buffalo; but if he
afterwards gets another more fenflble, he becomes free
from that rcftraint. Thefe, and fuch like idle maxims,
they obfervc with thcgreatellexailncis, lirmly believing
that if the command enjoined by the mokiflb, or the
promifes made to him, are not fully performed, he
hath power to kill, or othcrwife punilh them.

All circumftanccs that happen to them, whether good
or evil, they fuppofc to arife from the power of the
mokiflb. Ifa man prefervca good conllituiion y living
chafle and temperate, he afcribcs his health > the mo-
kiflb, and not to thofe virtues thcnifelvcs. If a fick
man recovers, they never impute it either to the force
of nature, or the application of medicines, but the
mokiflb gels the credit of the cure which they performed ;
^nd if the patient happens to die of old age, or by any
accident, they believe he was killed by forcery, for
having violated the injunctions laid on him by the mo-
kiflb.

Befides their private mokiflbs, they have many pub-
lic ones, that are kept in temples or huts, to which
they daily repair tu pay their devotions. One of thefe
is at a village called Thiriko, and in figure refembles a
man. The ganga, or high-prieft, who is lord of the vil-
lage, performs the fervice every morning, the manner of
which is thus : As foon as the people are aflemblcd, he
fits downs upon a mat, and with a leathern bog (trikcs
his knee feveral times, having fmall iron bells fanened to
his fingers. After this he ftrikes the bag feveral times
on his breafl, and then ufes many ftrange motions and
polturcs of his body, hands, head and eyes ; fometiroes
he raifcs his voice, and then dcprcflcs it, frequently re-
peating the word Mariomena, to which the aflismbly
anfwer, Ka. When this has continued for fome time,
the ganga appears as if diflraCtcd, and his rage becomes
fo violent that he is obliged to be held i but by virtue
of a four liquor drawn from cane, with which they
fprinklc him, he recovers, and then declares what he
has received from the mokiflb, and what muft be done
in cafes of ficknefs and the like. After this, he recom-
mends to the mokiflb the health of the king, the wel-
fare of the country, flourifliing of the feed, fucccfs to
the merchants, and full nets for fifliermen. At the
mention of the king's name the whole company clap
their hands in token of alFcCtion ; and then the cere-
mony is concluded.

They have another remarkable mokiflb called K ikokoo,
which is a black wooden image cut in tlie fliape of a
man fitting. They believe that this mokiflb prefervei
them from death, and tliat he keeps them from being
hurt by fotccrers. It is kept in a hut, which is always
guarded, on account of its having been once ftolen by
fome Portuguefe failors, who took it out of the houfe,
and carried it on board their fhip ; but in the way the
head and one of the arms broke off. When they came
again to Loango they were afraid to venture on fhore
without reftoring Kikokoo, fo nailing on the broken
limbs they conveyed him at night to his old habitation.
The nfxt day a report was fpread among the black* that
Kikokoo had been in Portugal, and that a (hip with
goods had carried him away thither. Some time after
this a I'ortiigiiefe fliip h.ippcning to llrike upon the
rocki of Loango, the blocks faid that Kikokoo had

broken the fliip, bccaufe the Portugufe had driven a
nail into his head. Such is the force of the fuperfliiicus
notions imbibed in the minds of thefe people, whofacri-
lice every paiticle of reaiun to defend the honour of
thefe ridiculous images.

The nioft diftinguiflied mokiflb is called Malemba,
and is particularly ellecmcd on account of its being
vifited by the king. It Is a mat of about a foot and a
half fquare, on the top of which hang feveral fmall
baflcets, with fcallops, feathers, iron bells, rattlc<!,
bone?, and other trifles. The ceremonies belonging to
this are performed with little drums or tabors, on which
boys Itrike with their hands. After this a fong is
chauntcd by the company, and a perfon appointed for
that purpofe dips a brulh mto fome water that has been
coloured with takoel, which he fprinkles on the kini'
and the ganga, or high-priell. The nobility that attend re-
ceive a ftreak on their bodies out of the fame pot ; after
which they have the honour to carry away Malemba,
with his pots, bruflics, &c. which thoy place in their
proper fituations.

'Ihey have another mokiflb, called Koflic, which con-
fifts of a fack with (bme horns full of whiting. The
fervice to this image is performed with rattles, long
(licks, Tinging fongs in the night, creeping on their
knees, wafliing, fpitting, fliouting, tying rings and
bands about their bodies, and the like, I'iiey fay this
mokiflb prefcrves them from ficknefs, and fecurcs ilicm
againft the dreadful confequences of thunder and light-
ning.

They have many other images, which have diflercnt
namcf, and arc fuppofed to be ferviccable to them un
various occafions j but they are all equally ridiculous
with thofc already mentioned, and only tend farther la
confirm the folly and fuperftition of their deluded
votaries,

Dt/crlplion of the City of Loango, and pitrtkulerly the
King's Palace ; with an Jaount of the State and Pi^.
nity of the King, bit Govtmmenl, Laws, Rtvenutt,
isc,

THE city of Loango, the capital of the kingdom, is
fituated in four degrees and a half of fouth latitude, and is
about fourmiles from the fea-coaft. It is a very large and
populous city ; the ftreets are long and fpacious, and on
the fides of them are planted rows of palmetto and
banana trees. The houfcs are built of an oblong form,
with two gable ends and a floping roof, which rells on
long thick ports fupported by (lays. They are all built
nearly of the fame fize, (land at equal dillances, and ap-
pear with great uniformity, I'he infidc contains throe
or four apartments, which are all on the ground-floor,
and only feparated by a flight partition made of wicktr
or reeds. 'J'heir houfhold furniture conflfls chieflv of
pots, wooden trays, mats, fmall and great bafltets for
their cloaths, and a few other trifles.

Near the center of the city is a fpacious fquare, Air-
rounded with lofty trees, where a daily market is held
for the fale of all kinds of provifions, as meat, poultry,
(i(h, wine, corn and oil ; alfo palm-cloths of various
forts, and great quantities of ej'?fhant5 teeth.

On the weft fide of this fquare is the ro)al pal.icp,
which confifts of a number of detached buililiiiji'. I'lic
king's apartments are in front, and behind arc thofc be-
longing to his women. The whole is furroundcd with
lofty palm-trees, and is at leaft a mile and a half in cii-
cumference. At a fmall diftance from the front cf the
palace is the place where the king holds public audience,
and tnnfafts all bufinefs relative to the ftate. Adjoin-
ing to the entrance of the palace, on the eaft fide, is
the banquetting-houfe, where the king every day retires
to drink palm-wine. It is a noble building, and the
place where all diiHcult cafes are adjufted in the prefcncc
of the king. The front of it is open for the benefit ol
the air, and about ao feet backwards is a fkrccn or par-
tition quite setoff, to prevent the palm-wine being fceii
by the people. 7 he room is hung with rich tapeflry,
and in the renter of it, juft without the fkrecn, is the
throne, which is fupported by fmall pillars made of
palmetto branches curioufly wrought in imitation ot'

balkct-

• \Vh
not be c
a ccrtair
of a fin;
fix incht
fenped i
is as bitt
to try
liqiiiir,
Urine, i
d: {',rcc t
froiioiin<

AFRICA.]

bafket-work. The throne !> ralfed from the ground
about a foot and a half, and on each fide of it arc twn
large wicker bartvLts, that contain feveral weapons kept
there by the king for the fccurity of his perfon. Btliiiul
the palace, on the eaft fide, are the king's gaidcns, and
on the well fide are thufc belonging to the queen.

At a fniall diliancc from the city are two mokilTus,
one of which is called Mokifli) a Loango, and is highly
elleemed. It ii kept in a Ini.j I hut, and rcfcmblcs a
man in a fitting pofture. The jutivcs perform their
fervices to this idol by dancing round it with rattles
in their hands, and throwing ihcinfelvcsintu the (Irangcll
pofitions.

At about the fame diftance from the eaft end of tht
city is a place called the Hroad Way, whm- fuch as
have been found guilty of ai v crime by tlic mibonda
drink *, arc dragged and cxccuu J.

The king hath a great number of wives, all of whom,
except the principal one, are obliged to lie very fub-
fervicnt to him. The latter, however, who is dillin-
guidicd by the title of makonda, has not only the fu-
pcrioiitv over the reft, but indeed over the king, for he
is obli);cd to confult her on all affairs of importance, nor
can ho aiS without her will. Such is her power that
flie has the libcity of choofing any other male com-
panion her indin itions may direi>, and whatever chil-
dren (he has by fuch conncilion arc reputed of the royal
race.

Notwithftanding the king is thus fubjcJl to his prin-
cipal wife, yet he otherwifc prefervcs a kingly dignity.
He is a very powerful prince, and fo circumltanced m to
be abk- to bring into the field a conlidcrable army, for
all his fulijcds arc obliged to iquip thcnifclves with
arms, :..hI immediately attend at his command.

His drels conlifts of a garment made of cloth or
flulT, and both he and iiis nobles wear, on their left
arm, the (kin of a wildcat I'cwcd toge'.lier withoncend
flutf'cd. He makes two meals a day, thefirft of which
is about I o o'clock in the morning. His provilions aie
brought to his apr.rtment in covered bafkits ; and with
the people that bring them is a man with a large bell in
bis hand, which he rings to give notice that the king's
diflics are arrived. The king then leaves his company,
and as foon as he enters the apartment, the fcrvitors re-
tire and leave him, when he fliuts the door, and con-
tinues by himfelf during the whole time he is atdmncrj
for fliould any perfon happen to fee him either eat or drink,
he would be immediately put to death, — So punctual is
this law obfcrved, that even animals arc fubjc(5l to the
fame fate, which happened to a fine dog prcfented the
king by a Portiigucie. The creature not being very
well fed bv thofc who had the care of him, fmclling the
viiSuals one day when the king went to dinner, followed
the fcent, and his majetty not faftening the door pro-
perly, the dog, while he was at dinner, thrutt it open
with his feet, and entered the room, when the king
immediately quitted the apartment, and ordered him :o
be killed.

Every day, after dinner, the king goes in flate, ac-
companied by his nobles, and a great crowd of people,
to the banquetting-houle in order to refrcfh himfelf by
drinking palm-wine. As foon as ho ai rives there he
leats himfelf on the throne, and on each fide of him is a
cup-be.uer. He on the right hand reaches him the cup
when he is inclined to drink, but at the time turns
his head ; notice of which is given to the company by
him on the left, who flrikcs two iron rods, pointed at
the ends, one againft the other. At this fignal the

• When any perfon is fufpeL^eJ of a crime, and it can-
not be clearly proved againll him, he is fworn by drinking
a certain quantity of tins liquor. It is made from the root
of a fmall tree, or fiirub called iniliunda, which is about
fix inches Ion;';, ami muili relcmblcs a carrot. The root is
fcraped into water, which is hoiird in gourds. The liquor
is as bitter as pall, ami li> (Irong that one root would fcrve
to try an Imndicd people. VVlitn tlie i)erfon drinks the
liquor, if it be tooiiiucli infilled itoccafions a fiipprcllion of
Urine, and (hikes up imo the l».id, inebriating to (ncli a
d;(!,rcc that he tali.- down as if dtad, in which cale he is
ptoneunced guilty, undis aoooidingly dragged to llic Broad

CONGO,

.149

people turn their hacks to the king, and bend their (acis
to the ground, in which pofture they remain fo long as
the irons continue tinging \ alter which they life, turn
their faces to the king, and wiihhiin health, by clappmg
their hands.

After fun-fet the king goes a fcccnd time to the
apattment adapted (or eating, where his provilions aio
prepared for him as before; after which he again vifits
the banquetting-lioufe, wheie he reii ains till nine or
ten o'clock, when he n.turns, and tctiies to reft.

The king never appears abroad except on the above
occalions ; or when an anibaftador arrives, or fome
ftraiigc accident hath happened ; fuch as when a Kopaid
is taltcii in the country, or ellie lodged about the city
rca('y for the chafe (for ho is very fond of that diverfion j)
or, ijlHy, when his land is to be tilled, and his chief
nobility bring him tribute. 'Iht place appointed lor
his .ippearance on ihefe occafions is a large plain in the
center of the city oppolite to the palace. The ftool, or
chair oil which he (its is railed about a foot from the
ground, ornamented with black and white wickers, very
aitificially woven. Behind his back, on a pole, hangs
a fhield covered with European flufl's of v.irious colours.
Near him arc placed fix or eight fans (ixed at the ends of
long fticks run through the middle of them, which
being moved with great force produce very rcfre(hing
breezes. Before the king a great cloth is fprcad on the
ground, made of leaves very curioufly woven ; and on
this no perfon daic tread except the king and his chil-
dren, 'I'he nobility (it in ranks, fome on the bare
ground, and others on cloths made of the fame ftutt"
with the king's, each of whom holds a bult'alo's tail in
his hand, which he keeps continually waving to and
fro. Behind the king (tand all his great officers, and
the nobles arc encluftd by the niu'titiido.

As foon as the king is (oatcd, the mufi. k immediately
plays, and coniinues during the whole time his majefty
IS on the throne. The mufical inftrumcnts arc of three
forts, the fir(t of which is made of ivory, and is like a
l.unting horn. The fecond fort arc drums made with a
hollow piece of timber, covered at one end with leather,
or the (kins of wild beads : and the laft fort fomewhat
releinble tabors, having little bells faftciicd all round,
and are played on with the (ingcrs.

When the mufick has been fome time playing, the
moft diftinguiflied of the nobility rife from tlicir feats,
and compliment the king by leaping b.ickwards and for-
wards before him two or three times, alter which they
clap their hands together, and then piodrato themt'clves
on the ground, rolling their bodies Icveral times over in
token of fubje£tion.

On one fide of the king's feat ftand three or four
criers with iron inftrumcnts in their hands, upon which
they ftrike with a ftick to give notice when the king de-
mands filence. Thefe criers are likewHc officers of the
city, and not only proclaim the king's orders, but alio
go about the ftreets ftriking their iron inftrumcnts to
give notice to the people when any thing is loft or
found, in the fame manner as the bellmen do in the
principal parts of England.

In this public manner the king appears at the com-
mencement of the feed-time, which is always on the
I ft of January, He takes his feat at three o'clock in
the afternoon, when the women who till the ground
appear before him with their inftrumcnts of hufbandry,
and the men walk backwards and forwards armed and
cloathed in their military habits. The king generally
ftays about an hour, when he returns to his palace

Way and executed; but if he can ftand upright, and make
water, he is deemed innocent. The deterniinaiion of this
matter rcfts entirely in the imbonda-giver, or perfon ap-
pointed to adininiftcr the potion ; (or however innocent
he may be that is (ufpcfted, yet if the iinbunda has any
diflike to him, or his accufer is a perfon of imponaiice, he
is fuic to give him the liquor (bftrongly iiifufed that its ope-
ration proves fatal, though he does it io artfully that it can-
not be difcovered. This ceremony is performed at Loango
alinoll every week, (b that in the couil'e of a year many
people arc dtftroyed by it. ,

' I

amidfi-

35°

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

ii":

,!► .

¥n

amidft the acdamations of the people, who fpend the
remainder of the day in mirth andfcftivity.

When any of the inhabitants have dilcovcred a leo-
pard in the woods adjoining; to the capital, intimation of
it is given to the king, who repairs to his public place
of appearance, and a trumpet is founded to give notice to
the people to attend his majcrty at the fport. If the
place where the leopard lies be too far for the king to
walk, he is carried on mens fhoulJers in a kind of chair
made of wicker, and curioiifly ornamented. As foon
as they arrive at the fpot where the leopard is fecrctcd,
the people furround it, armed with bows and arrows,
lances and darts, leaving only a fmall place open that
the king may have a convenient opportunity of feeing
the fport. Before this opening nets are fprcad, that if
the kopard Ihould happen to take his courfe that way
he may be caught alive. When every thing is ready,
the bead is roufed by the people making an univerfal
fhouting, with the blowing of horns and beating ot
diums. As foon as he finds himfclf furrounded, he en-
deavours to make his efcape, but is impeded by the
vullies of darts and arrows that arc difcharged at him
by the multitude, who follow him elofc, and if he
hapi>cns not to take to the net, overpower and difpatch
him. When the leopard is killed the king retires to his
palace, before which the hunters bring the carcafe, and
triumph o\er it by dancing, finging, and exhibiting
various kinds of diverfinns. The king then orders the
bead to be flayed, and the fkin is brought to him ; after
which the body is burieJ deep in the earth, except the
g.iul, which ',i taken out and thrown into the river, it
bjing conlidered as a deadly poifon ; and thus end the
ceremonies of hunting the leopard.

'I'hc common people of the city of Loango not only
fliiw the higheft refpeel to the king, but the greatcft
fubmiflion to the nobility ; for when they happen to
meet any one of them in the ftreets, they immediately
fall on their knees, and turn their heads the other
way. intimating that they are not worthy to look at
him 1 and in this pofture they continue till the noble-
man has palfed, when they arife, and proceed on their
bufincfs.

VVhh refpc£l to the laws they arc not complex,
but fome ol the puniOiments are as fcvere as thole
of the neighbouring kingdoms. Theft is never puniflied
with death unlefs it be committed on the king : in com-
mon cafes, when a thief is deteiftcd, either he or his
friends mull rellore the goods Oolcn, or atone for the
want of them by an adequate compenfatien, bcfides
which the thief ii tied to a port in the middle of the
(Ircet, where he continues an hour as an objcdl of ri-
dicule and contempt to the fpedators. If he is unable
cither to reftore the goo.ls or pay the value of them, his
rcl.itions muft work (nr the party rdhbed, till fuch time
as he ihrnks himlclf fjlheiently fatiktied for the lofs he
has fun.iincd.

Adultery is only punidied by a fine, which is levied
in proportion to the tircunilt.vnces of the offender, ex-
cept it be committed on any ol the king's wives, when
the woman is burnt, and the man buried alive.

When the king dies the lucienion of the crown docs
not devolve to his children, but to his cldeft brother i
bit fur want of fuch kindred, it falls to his filler's
children.

Thc.fe who have prctenfions to the crown ire five in
number, and refide in towns or villages at fome diOancc
from the court ; they prefervc their titles agreeable to
the names of the refpciitive viU.iges in which they live.
The next heir to the crown is tailed Mani-kay, who
rtfidei at a large town of that name fituaftd ahoi't five
miles froii' Loango. The fecond is called Mani-Rokke,
and live' .11 a town called Bi kke, fiiuatcd about fourteen
miles up thrcoiinlry. The third, c.illed Mani-S.illoga,
lives at Sillo'a, a large town fituated about 35 miles
nuith ol Loangd. Mani-Kat, the fourth, lives at the
village of Kit, about 50 milei from Loango. And
Mini-Inyaini, the filth an I lali, lefidcs at the hamlet of
inyaini, which it fituated on the foulhcin borders of
the kingdom.

Wlien the king difi, Mani-Kay fuccecds him, Mani-
Bukke rcmovrt 10 the rcfuicncc uf Mani-Kiy, and the

reft all follow, a proper pcrfon being appointed to fupply
the place of the lalh And thus by a regular r<itjtion
they fucceed to each others villages, and afterwards to
the crown.

After the decejfc of the king the Mani-Kay enters
immediatelv upon the government, but he does not go
to court till the funeral of the late king is over, the
ceremonies aitending which are thcfe : They firll make
two vaults under ground adjoining to each other, in
one of which they lay the corpfc, richly dreflcd, on a
llool, and by it all manner of houfliold {luff, as pots,
kettles, pan::, cloths and garments. They then place
round it little images made of wood and red earth rc-
prefenting the houlhold fervants of the deceafed. After
this they leave the royal corpfe, and go to the other
vault, where they place the bodies of fcveral (laves,
who have been lacrificcd to fetve the king in the other
world, and to make alteration in what manner he be-
haved during the courle of his life. The two \aultsare
then clofcd, and over e.ich is erei51ed a covering to pre>
fcrve it from the inclemency of the weather.

The kingof Loango's leiinues principally arife from
elephant's teeth, copper and flaves. The greatcif part
of the copper is brought by (lealth from an inland coun-
try, the inhabit.ints of which are always at variance
with the king ot Loango.

The goods Ibid here by the natives, confift of ivory,
tin, lead, copper, iron, red wood, and fcveral forts
of cloths, the maniifaifture of the country ; incxchanue
fur which th y purchafe of the Europ'an?, fait, Silefii
ticking, cutli.ll'ts, looking-glafl'es, beads, and other
articles.

0/ tht difftrint Provinces in tire Kingdtm of Loango.

THE princip.nl of thcfe, as ilready mentioned, are
tour, namely, Loangiri, Loango-M> . go, Chilongo
and Piri.

Loangiri is a large and populous province, and is well
watered by feveial brooks and rivers, which render the
foil exceeding feitile. The inhabitants live chiefly on
fi(h, and employ themfclvis in making cloth and linen.
They are in general a very courageous people, and more
addidted to war than their neighbours.

Loango-Mongo is a large mountainous country,
and particulatly abounds with palm-trees. I'hc inha-
bitants arc merchants, and like thofe of Loangiri, em-
ploy themfelves chiefly in making cloth and linen. In
this province is the city of Loango, the ufual refidciicc
of the I'ovcrcign ol the kingdom.

The province of Chilongo is more exienfive than
cither of the other three. Some parts of it are very
mountainous, but in others there are large and extenfive
jilaini, which are very fertile, and produce good grain,
as alfu abundance of p.ilm-tncs ; it is a very populous
part of the countr'y, urid though the iiihibitants aie ii'it
fo well polilhed as their neighhours, yet they cairy on
a confidcr.ible trade, p.irncuLirly in cUphaius teeth and
cloth. The governor of this province is abfolute, at
whofe decealc the people have the liberty ot ciuiliiig a
fucccflbr, without the approbation of the king jf
Loango.

Piri is a very flat countiy, but it U well peopled,
and produces grea': plenty of mull forts of provifion'>,
particularly cattle .md poiiltiy. The woods are well
ihicked with timber ; bcliJes which there are fiuit-lren
in abundance. The inh.ibitaiit^ live chiefly on milk,
and bealts which they k!'l in the woods. Some of ihcni
are great trader^, and they arc ;ill dillinguilhcd lor being
very quiet and aft'ahic in their difpofitions

i'hc other provinces in this kingdom are much Kfi
onfiderable in fi/.c than thole already mentioned ; they
are .ill maritime places, and their coafis Ireing fieqiiciit-
ed by European Ihips, makes them better known th.iii
the larger ones. The motl diftinjjinflied among ihele
are, Majumb.), Seltr*, Kilongo, Cacongn, and Angoy.

Majumli.i, the firll of iliele piovincc, is fituainl Id
the welt of Piri, between the third and lourlh drgrco
of foulh larilude, and rxtrndi weDward lit the Ici-
eoart, where there is 11 high piomontiirv c.ilKd C'.<peSt.
Catharine. The bay or poil of M.ijuniba lies (wa

leagtict.

upw.uu
pital 1
rably
try IS
ot prov
Ihcir di
the fail

itcdto fupply
ulnr rotation
afterwards to

li-Kay enters
does not go
is over, the
licy firll make
tch other, in
dreflld, on a
[iuft', as pels,
ley then place
I red earth rc-
:cafed. After
:> to the other
Several (laves,
ig in the oilier
lanner he be-
two vaults are
vcring to pic-
er.

lally arifc from
e greatell part
n inland coun>
ys at variance

onfift of i\ory,
J fcvcral forts
<j \ in exchange
n^, fair, Silefia
ds, and other

m of Loango.

mentioned, are
. go, Chilongo

ncc, snd is well
rhich render the
live chiefly on
cloth and limn,
poplc, and more

inous country.
The inha-

Loangiri, em-
and linen. In

ufual rcfidcncc

fxtcnfive thati

of it are very

gc and evtenfivc

ucc good prain,

very populous

ibitants aic not
et they carry on
ih.iiils teeth and

is abfolutc, at
rty ol chufing a

if the king of

Will peopled,
ts of provilion'',
woods are well
(■ arc fiuit-lrcis
huHy on milk.
Sonic of I hem
|.ni llicd for being
ins

ni .ire much left
mentioned \ they
being fiiijuent-
etler known lh.iii
hcd aniiing llHle
go, and Angoy.

is fitiuiid in
nd lotltlh dt|>r('(s
■ard to the (ci-
V calKd Ctpe St.
.ijuniUa lies twB

AFRICA.] CON

leagues to the fouth of Cnpe Negro, and into it runs a
large river called Banne, on which are fcvcral fmall
iflands chiefly inhabited by fifticrmcn.

The foil of this province is very b.nrrcn, not pro-
ducing any kind of corn or grain, fo that the natives
live on plantains, roots, nuts, and fifh ; and fomctimes
they catch elephants, whofe fleflj they greatly adiiiire.
The principal part of the country conlilts of woods
and groves, the former of which abound with various
kinds of wild animals, particularly baboons, apes, and
fcveral forts of monkics.

The town or village of Majumba confifts only of
one long ftreet, built fo near the lea, that the waves
often oblige the inhabitants to defert their houfes. On
the north fide of it is a river that is remarkable for
producing great quantities of oyfters. This river is
very narrow at the mouth, and not above fix feet deep ;
but higher up it is both broader and deeper, and is na-
vigable for large canoes. It extends at le.ift 50 miles
up the country, and is very convenient for thofe who
trade with the inhabitants of Settc.

In this town is a mokill'o called Maramb:i, which is
kept in a large houfe, or temple. It rcfemblcs the fi-
gure of a man, and (land; upright in a high bafket
made like a bee-hive. When the lord or governor of
the province goes abroad on any particular cccafion,
this imago is always carried before him; an I when he
drinks his p..lm-winc, the firll cup is poured at the feet
of the idol.

Sette, the next province, is fituated about 16 miles
north of M.ijuniba, and is watered by a livcr of the
fame name. It abounds with millet, palm-trees, and a
kind of red wood, called by the inhabitants takoel.
This wood is of two forts, the bell of which is very
hard, and of a bright red co'our. The chief trade of the
natives here confilts in the falc of this article, great
quantities of it being annually purchalcd by the inha-
bitants of Majumba.

Berwcen the livcr Scttc and Cape Lopo Gonfalvo, \^
a territory c.i'lcd Golibi, which is full of lakes and
rivers, all nav livable for canoes. The chief town in it
lies about 20 miles from the coall ; but it is a fmall
place, and poorly inhabited. The l.ind of this pro-
vince is very barren, but the rivers abound with various
kinds of filh.

Kilongo is a large province, fituatcd to the fouth of
M.ijuniba. It is a level, open country, and the foil ii
very fertile, producing great quantities of millet and
other grain. Here are two fmall villages, that appear
at (ea like hills, uid arf: the marks Iv which thcfailors
arc directed to the port of Loango. Phis province was
formeily an independent kingdom, but being conque.cd
by the king of Loango, it became a part of his do-
minions, however, the inhabitants (till enjoy their
anticnt rufloms ainl privileges, and only make acknow-
1 (Igmcnl of f.ibjeillion, by paying an annual tribute to
the king.

The kingdom or province of Cacongo lies to the
fouthward of Loan^iri ; it is bounded on the wtlf h)
the lea, and on the nnith by the river Loango. To-
wards the fouth and foiith-catl it borders on the king-
dom of Angov ; and calhvaid it extends from the coall
upwards of 50 miles. The town of Cacongo, the ca-
pital of the province, i- very agreeably (ituatcd, tdc-
rably large, and well inhabited. The foil of the coun-
try IS in geiieial Vi ty fertile, aiiJ prodmes moft kinds
ol provifions, wiih whieh the natives frequently aflill
their dillrellcd neighbour!, who live in iholc parts where
the foil is Ids bountiful. The river Cacongo runs
quite acrofi the kingdom, and, after a courfe of 25 or
30 leagues falls into the lea in the $th degree of fouth
latitude, ■; 1 the fouth of thu river, about four miles
from the coalf, is a vdlage (died Malemba, where the
fea making a gu'ph, alVotds a falc road lor fliipping.
All the rell eif the coall Ir m the livcr Cicongo to the
river Zaire, is vtiy dam^eious, being full of roi-ki f,nd
flat*. The prineijiil pait ol -lie li.ide of this province
is caiiid.in.it Malemba, win re the Dutch and I'or-
tiiguefc fell fevcral forts of clolh, iron ware, ami other
tominuJiliei, to ilic natives, whu difpufc of ihcm Ur-

G O.

35'

ther up the country, and fell to the Porfuguefe, in ex-
change, elephant's teeth and flaves.

Angoy, the laft province wc have to mention, is the
fmalleil of the whole, but the foil of it is much better,
and would produce great quantities of grain, were it
not for the natural indolence of the inhabitants, who
fometimcs, from this caufe only, arc obliged to apply
for ainflance to their neighbours. This province i>
bounded on the north and caft by Cacongo ) on the weft
by the fea ; and on the fouth by the river Zaire. The
capital town is called Bomangoy, and is fituated on the
north fide of the above river, not far from its mouth.
It is tolerably large and populous, but the houfes are
very mean buildings, being iriegular in their form, and
made only of reeds and mudj covered roughly with
branches of trees. The chief port here is called Ka-
bcnda, and is fituated to the north of the river Zaire.
The bay is a very commodious place, nnd here moft
fhips fupply themfelves with worn! and water. At the
point of the bay is the village of Kabenda, which is fo
poor and mean a place, as not to merit any other notice
than the bare mentioning of it.

s E c T. n.

Congo Proper.

THIS kingdom is fituated between the 2d and 1 ith
degree of fouth latitude, and between the jid anj
41ft degree of eaft longitude, extending in length from
north to fouth 540 miles, and in breadth, from eall to
weft, about 420. It is bounded on the eaft by the king-
doms of Makoko and Matamba ; on the weft, by the
ocean ; on the north by (he river Zaire ; and on the
fouth, by Angola, from which it is feparated by the
river Daiule.

It is well watered with rivers; among which one of
the moft confidcrable is the Zaire abovenicntioned, call-
ed by the natives the great river of Congo. This river
is fituatvd in five deg. 40 min. fouth latitude ; it is three
miles hro.id at the mouth, and runs with a very ftrong
current into the (ca. It is navigable for large vcflela
.ibout 70 miles up the country ; but beyond that it can-
not be palTcd, owing to a prodigious number of rocks
that lie in the center of it. From this river run fcvcral
Imall brooks, which not only watei the country, but are
alfo very convenient for the merchants and other inhabi-
tants, who can go in canoes from one village to another.
In the courfe of this river are feveral fmall iflands, the
inhabitants of which arc under the government of lords
appointed by the king ol Congo. The principal of
thefc are two, fituati;d near the mouth of the river, and
called Hommo and Quintella, the firft of which is re-
markable for having many mines of iron. Though
iliefc idands are all inhabited, yet there is not a houfe
10 be ken, the ground being fo low and marlhy, that it
I almoft cnnftantly under water; for which reafon the
Nej^rocs live chiefly in their canoes, or under trees,
round which they build their huts, raifed feveral feet
.ibove the ground. Thefe iflanilers are a ftrong and re-
folute p opie, but they are very unpoliflicd in their man-
ners. They have no marriage, or betrothing, but from
their youth form fuch alliances as their inclinations di-
reel, without any ceremony. They are under the go-
vernmer' of particular chiefs and omcers, who are cho-
(cn by a majjrity of voice?.

The ifland of (^lintella is remarksbl* for having an
idol, which no one dare approach but the perfons ap-
pointed to attend, and fccure the way to it from being
difcovercd. To elfci'l this they are ihemlelves obliged,
as often as they go thither, to take luch a path as they
think no other perfon can find out. Many pcrlons,
particularly in caies of fickneCs, make rich onerings to
this idid, all which are tntnlly deftroyed ; for as lomi as
they arc dedicated, the perfon attending conveys litem
to the idol, which ii placed on a large plain (urround-
rd with a w dl made ol elephanls teeth, where they are
hung on poles, and there lelt till lime has entirely de-
ftroied them.

The river Zaire ffcclves its water from three Ukri j
the firll ut which ii iht Xambie, tht iecond the Zaire,

•nd

■ I

\\ i

A'-

1 ■ \r

..I I

352

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

V '' \

1'^

¥[ i

ii|'

and the third a great lake from whence the Nile is fup- j
poled to have its fiiurce. The Z.imbre, however, is I
the inoft confiJerable, bcinj:, as it were, the center I
from whence proceeds all the rivers in this part of
Africa. |

The other rivers in this kingdom are, the Umbre, or i
Vambre, Brancare, or Bancare, Barbelc, or V'^erbclc, !
Lclunda, Ambrifi, Encocnqiicmatari, Onia, Libongo,
or Lcmba, and Danda ; but they are all too inconfidcr-
able to merit any particular dcfcrlption.

The kingdom of Congo is divided into fix provinces,
the fituations of which, together with their names and
titles, are as follow :

Titles and Names.

{The county, or earldom of Songo.
The Great Duchy of Bamba.

Situations.
Alongthecoall,

To the north-eaft,

Eaft",ards,
In the middle.

{The Duchy of Sundi.
-

I The Marquifate of Pango.
The Duchy of Bala.
The Matquifate of Pemba.

To thefe provinces muft be added, the territories or
lordftiips of Amalaca, Dambi Ambuila, Dembo Qiiin-
gcngo, Dembo Angona, the little Duchy of Ovando,
and the territory of Sova Cavanga. Thefe diftriiSs,
however, are fo very trifling, that they do not merit
any particular notice; and with rcfpcct to the provinces
thcmlelvcf, which form the kingdom of Congo, we
fhall leave the particulars of them, till we have taken a
general view of the country. To edXA which we (hall
bc^in with the

Kiitural HiJIo-y of Congo.

THE climate of this kingdom is much Icfs fultry than
might naturally be (xpc£)cd from its equatorial fttuation.
Their winter n\onths are, April, May, June, July, I
and Augull, during which they have almoll continu.il \
rains, whereby the rivers are fu fwclled as to overflow
the principal part of the country. The winds in winter \
blow from north to vvcft, and from north to north-eaft.
Thefe winds drive the clouds towards the mountains, ;
where being gathered and ooniprciied, they at length ;
condenfe into water. In the fummer the winds blow '
from the fouth to the fouth-call, and as they clear the i
fouthcrn Ikies, fo they drive the rain into the northern \
regions. Thefe winds are of infinite fervicc in cooling i
the air, which olherwifc would be fo hot as to be at- |
mod infuppottable ; for even as it is they are obliged
Co hang coverings over their houfcs, Co keep ofF the
violent heat.

In this kingdom arc mines of fcveral metals, parti-
cularly iron and copper; and in the mountainous parts
are large quarries, that produce not only excellent (tone,
but alio porphyry, jafper, and marble of various co-
lours.

The whole country being well watered with rivers,
the foil is exceeding; Icrlilr, and produces levetal forts
of grain, p.irticul.irly rice and maize. 'I'hry have alfu
great pleniv of a grain called luko, whith iii its form
ri.leriihlcs inulUrd-lecd, bit when ground produces Oour
little inferior to that from wheat. The nianinc-root ii
likcwil'e cultivated here, and much admired by the Por-
tugucfe, who, inllead of making it into bread, bruife

guiflicd for having medicinal qualities : among thifc is
one called Angaria, the root of which, boiled in water
is an infallible remedy for violent pains in the fides.

Another tree of medicinal virtue is the khifekka, any
part of which being reduced to powder, and mixed with
water, is good againft fevers ; and, in cafes of fainting,
if applied either to the foichead or temples, is equally
efHcacious as hartfliorn.

The jakafia tree, which grows very tall, and is of a
red colour, has the virtue of curing the tooth-ach, .iiid
fore gums : but it is very pernicious to birds, for if they
once fettle xin its boughs, they foon fall dead to tlie
ground.

There is likewife a tree which bears a fruit refcniblinT
a lemon. This very fingular production of nature^
called mignamigna, poflcfl'es two oppofite occult quali-
ties in the mod eminent degree, being at once a deadly
poifon and powerful antidote. If a perfon is infcfled
by the fruit, the leaves are a certain cure; if by the
leaves, the fruit has the fame ctTefl } and the wood is
deemed both as pernicious and eflicacious as either.

The wild animals of this country are elephants, lions,
tygers, leopards, bu(falucs, bears, wolves, large wild
cats, cameleoiis, apes, monkies, &c. The tame ani-
mals arc, oxen, cows, (beep, goats, and hogs ; beddes
which they have great plenty of flags, fallow deer,
roebucks, hares, and rabbits.

Poultry is here very plentiful, particularly cocks,
hens, geefe and ducks. They have alfo abundance of
wild fowl, as partridges, phealants, woodcocks, pigeons,
doves, hens, &c. The wild hens arc much more beau-
tiful, and the fle(h better tafted than the tame ones, but
they are not efteemed by the natives. The biids of
prey are, eagles, falcons, and fparrow-hawks. In fooic
parts of the kingdom are oftriches, and on the borders
of Angola is a wood encompalTcd with walls, where pea-
cocks are bred for the ufe of the king. The feathers of
thefe birds mixed together, and made in the form of an
umbrella, are ufcd in war indeail of banners and enfigns.
Ill the woods are great numbers of parrots, moll of
I which arc very large, and either of a grey or green co-
lour j but there is one fpccies exceeding fmall, not hciiig
larger than fparrows, and their feathers are beautifully
varitgated. The moft admired among the finall birj<,
1 are thufe called Birds of Mutic ; they arc about the fizc
I of a canary bird, but they greacly differ in the colour
of their feathers \ fome are all red, and others green,
I with their feet and bill only black : fome again, arc all
I white, grey, dun, or black. Thefe laft have the moll
agreeable note, and are kept in cages by the better fore
ot people, merely for the f..kc of their long.
I 'i'lie reptiles here arc fcorpions, millipedes, vipers,
' fnakes, and ferpcnls. Among the fiiakes there ii> one
! fpccies fo an.azinp; large, that it will fwallow a whole
j (neep. It is called tne Cjrcat-Watei-Adder, from its he-
I ing '.hitfly found in the rivers. It goes, however, on
J land in fearch of | riy, and climbs tlie trees, where it
lies in wait for the cattle that come to padiirc. As lo. n
{ as a (liLcp or hog arrives near the tire, the fiiake imnie-
j diately defccnds, and winding its tail round the !.,nder
parti of the animal, fet uics it from moving, when he
kills and devours it. When he has gorged his prey, he
becomes for fome lime (lupid, but as loon as he recovers.

t very finall, and cither eat it raw, ur ille boil it in he immediately makes for the water, where he conti-

bioth.

Thcv have great plenty of various forts of vegetables,
moft of which are cultivated with very litilc labour.
Among thele are turnips, cabbages, potatoes, radifhes,
raulitloweis, carrnit, and fpinnage, brhdrs othcii not
known in Kur i|)r. I'hey have alio feveral iileful herbs,
■( hylup, thyme, fwect-marjoram, balm, f ige, mint, j{c.

I'hii country produt.es a great variety of fruits, among
which arc uranget, lemons, cilioni, guavas, ananu,
banannv, pompioiis, melons, dates, and the kola frujt :
the laf) of thefe is about the li/.e of a piiie-appic, and
the friiil, which ii inclul^d within a thick hufk, lalici
much like chefnuti \ it it not only valued for being
plcafanl to eat, but for its grot efHcacy in removing
any diforder that particularly affects the liver.

There arc Icveial foitt «il ttcus hue iliii arc dillin-

nues till nccemty oliligc. him to feck fur farther fub-
filkncr.

The leas and rivers abound with a great variety of
flih ; aiiiuiig others in the turnier arc prodigious <|uanti-
tics of lardinias and anchovies ; and in the latter are
pUnty of llurgeons, foles, baihel, trout, tenth, iinj
other excellent fi(h. They have all(> levetal kinds of
(hell lidi, as oyllers, nnikles, cockles, and large crabs,
which aic generally luuiid at the mouths ol the river*.

Pvfini and Drift tfihi S'ltiivti tf Congo j ihtW mti'iit-
if irovMng, llixftt
gitn, b'l.

und FurnitHTi, Cujhmt, Rili-

THESE people difTer in their (letfont, tccorJin,',
(u Ihi iifpciflue provinces in whiih they arc born ,

(uiiic

callico
heat of
AnotI
(lead of
one of
each tied
former
a fquare
The per
hand to i
tlemcnc)
veiling
• here no
kingdom.
The n
that in tl
Ihey fori
hoiii'es to
buildii.gs
branches
•partmcii
women ;
out wind
at the d(
loop whi
I' foriiici
they iiiit I
violent

Their
fill, as
(ioni, a
her, and
them have
or the Icav
flriw fjire,

f, -n

AFRiCA.j

C 5 N G Cf.

■■I ■

i$3

nong th;fc is
led in water,
he fiJes.
;hifeltka, any
dl mixed with
3 of tainting,
es, is ei^uully

I, and is of a
joth-ach, and
Js, lor It' they
I dead (o tlie

uit rcfiniblins
an of nature,
; occult quili-
oncc a deadly
on is infevled
urej if by the
J the wood ij
i as cither.
:lephants, lions,
ves, large wild
The tame ani-
J hogs J befides
rs, fallow deer,

ticularly cocks,
fo abundance of
dcocks, pigeons,
nuch more beau-
c tame ones, but
. The biiils of
lawks. In foaic
d on the borders
A'alls, where pea-
Thc feathers of
in the foim of an
nersandcnfigns.
■ parrots, moft of
grey or green co-
g ihiall, not being
[rs are beautifully
J the fmall birds
arc about the fuc
er in the colour
md others green,
mie again, are all
,ft have the moll
by the better foit
fong.

illipcdcs, vipers,
lakes there la one
fwallow a whole
Ider, from its bo-
lts, however, on
trees, where it
jfturc. As fo< n
the fnake ininic-
. round the '...nder
moving, when ho
orged his prey, ho
«on a^ he recovers,
where he conli-
lor farther fub-

a great variety of
pro(ligiou> ipiaiiti-

in the lalKt are
trout, leiith, unJ
levttal kinds ot
•», and large er»bs,
iihs ol the (ivers.

nngo ; thtir mt"""'
uri, Cujhmt, Rfli-

pftfons iccorJir,;
Ji they are b"'" .

la!

fome of them are vetfjgi^ and robuft, but the gene-
rality are of a middling ftature : fome again are of an
olive complexion, while others arc quite black. They
have all black, curling hair, but their nofes are not fo
flat, neither are their Tips fo thick as thofe of the Ne-
groes in general. In their difpofitions they are proud
and haughty among themfelves, but to ftrangers they
are very affable and courteous. They have a natural
propenfity to theft, and whatever they get, either by
iVeaiing or othcrwife, they fpend in liquors, of which
they are very fonJ, and frequently drink to the grcateft
exccfs. They have naturally a ready turn of wit, and,
when fobcr, will convcrlb with great circumfpeflion.
They are, however, very revengeful, and whenever they
think themfelves offended, nothing will fatisfy them but
deftroying the objefl of their rcfentment, which they
generally efFefl by poifon. The drefs of the common
people confifts only of a loofc garment, made of cloth,
which is fattened round the waift, from whence it
reaches to the middle of the leg ; and fome have the
bottom ornamented with a fringe. The upper part ol
the body is entirely naked, no: do they wear any fort
of covering on their heads. The better fort have long
and broad cloaks made of cloth or fergc, and in form
much like thofe worn by the Portugucfe, under which
they have a white fliirt, and a kind of damalk or faitin
petticoat, which reaches from the waift to the ancles ;
they have alfo gold or filvcr fafbcs, with necklaces of
red coral, and on their heads they wear caps made of
wrhite cotton, Some of the ladies have a veil over their
heads, and under it a velvet cap richly ornamented
with jewels.

When the great men travel, they are carried in ham-
mocks made either of net-work or ftrong flufFa, the
manner of which is thus : th~ hainmock is fattened to a
long pole about a foot from each end ; and when the
permn has got into the hammock, two men, one be-
fore and the other behind, take up the pole, and by it
on their (houlders, carryinj;; the pcrfon in this manner a
conAderable way without retting. When they go long
journies they have four men, who relieve each other, in
the doing of which they are fo expert that they never
ttop, but fliift as they walk, at llie fame time keeping
their ufual pace, 'I'fiii is a very cafy method of tra-
velling, the perfon fitting or lying in the hammock a'^
he thinks proper ; and they have fonrctimcs a piece nf
callico thrown over the pole to (heker them from the
heat of the fun.

Another method of travi'ling ufed here is thus : in-
ttcad of a hammock, they fatten two ropes to the pole,
one of which is much fliotter than the other j they are
each tied in two parts, and hang like fvvrngn ; in the
former the perfun I'rts, and at the bottom of the latter !>
a fquare piece of board, on which he retts his feet.
The perfon carried generally holds an umbrella in his
hand to Ihcltcr him from the heat of tl I'un, or the in
clemency of the weather. The real'ii of their tra-
velling in this manner is from thilr want of horfcs,
there not being any of thofe animals in the whole
kingdom.

'i'he method of building here is much the fame as
that in the other parts of the wettcrn coatt of Africa :
they form little towns or vV. ages by erciling (everal
houi'cs together in the miJtt of an rnclufurc. Thefe
buildi:>gs arc made of wood, and coveted with the
branches of trees : each hnufe is divided into fevcial
ipartmcnis, the inncrmott of which is adapted for the
women ; they are all on the ground floor, and are with-
out v^'indows ) the only beht they have being admitteil
at the door, which is lo Iniall that they are obligid to
floop when they pals it, I'hc inclofurc of tht huufc^
IS formed by trees, whreh grow lb dole together, ihat
they luu only ferve as a lente, but alio tu keep utt the
violent heat of the fun.

Their furniture conlitts only of a few ncecfTiry uten-
fili, ai pots, kettles, cilabalno tu hold their piovi-
fioni, » mill to grind tluii corn, a hatchet to fell tim-
ber, and fome inltrumrnts of ai(riciiltiire, Some ol
them have beds made ot loaile cloth llulled with Ih.iw,
or the leivei of trees, but iho gcnciality he upon luoU
draw fpread on the j^iouiid.

The food of the common people confifts principally
of rice, ftfh, potatoes, and other roots ; but the better
fort live chiefly on flefli and fowl. Their common
drink is Water ; r.nd fometimes they regale themfelves
with palm-wine, or brandy mixed with water.

Such of the natives here as refide near townl, live
chiefly by trade; but in the country parts they arc
principally employed in agriculture, and the keeping of
cattle. About the river Zaire fume of them fubfifl by
tifliing, fome by drawing palm-wine, and others by
weaving. Towards the eaftern borders of the kins>-
dom are fome excellent artifts, who g<t corifulciable
wealth by making various forts of cloths, as velvet cut
and uncut, cloth of tifl'ue, fattins, taft'ita, damafk;,
farfenets, &c. The yarn is made of the leaves of palm-
trees, which trees they alwavs keep fhort, every ye.ij
cutting and watering them, that they may grow fmall
and tender againft the next fpring. 'The threads drawn
from thefe leaves are very fine and even, and with thofg
that are longett they weave the largett pieces. Thefe
ftulFs nrc woven in feveral form ; fome like velvet on
both fides ; others, called daniafks, art made like leaves,
or the figures of birds and animals. Their brocades,
however, arc by far the heft ; but lo perlons are per-
mitted to wear them, without firft obtaining ijave from
the king.

The natives of Congo are very fond of fcftivity and
diverfioii. At moft villages the people ufiemble every
evening at fome open place, where they form a ring, in
the center of which is plated a large wooden platter
full of provifions. The eldeft of the coiipany, who ii
called Slakuluntu, gi\es to cath his portion, which he
divides with fuch exaclncl's, that no perfon has the leafl
reafon to complain. They do not make ufe either of
cups or glaffts, but only a large flafk, which, when
any one wants to drink, the inakaluntu holds tu the pcr-
fon's mouili, and when he thinks he has drank enough,
he takes the flafk aw,iy. It is remarkable, that if any
(Irangers happen to tome hy at the time of thefe fefii-
vities, they are equally welcome to panicijiatc with the
reft of the gucrts, and always take their pl,.ce in the
ring, without being alkcJ cither who they are, or from
whence they came.

They alfo make feafts on feveral particular rcc.ifions,
fuch as gaining a law-fuit, a m irri ig> , the birth of a
child, or any fingular advancement in life. At iljefe
Itatts they dance, and fing love-fongs, which arc ..t-
tendcd with a variety of mufical inftrumems, conlitting
of flutes, pipes, ivory Irumpet', and drums, the Ltter
nf which arc made of thin wood, and covered witii the
(kin of a beaft. One of their rn tt iiiu^mous inttiu-
mcnts, and the moft common in ufe, is called the ma-
rimba. It confifts of 16 calahalhts ot levci.il fixes,
placed uniformly between two boards joinod together,
on a long frame, which is hung about ,1 man's neck
with a thong. Over the mouths of the k,il.il'afhei arc
ihin flips of red wood, which being llrutk with twg
fmall tticks, pioclutc an agreeable found, lomcwhat re-
ftmbling that of an organ.

The ftaffuto is another favourite inftruraent, and is
always ufed in a concert. It confifts of a hollow piece
of wood about a yard long, covered with a board cut
like a ladder, or with crols flits at proper ililKnuts ; on
thefe they g'.-ntly draw a ttiek, which pipdnees ahaifh
found, and is dittinguifticd fruni the ictt of the mufic
as tenor.

The longo is an inlliurrent made with tivo iron bells,
joined by a prece of wire archways, and is founded by
linking It with a finail llitk. 'Ihis inltrument ij al-
ways carried before princes whin they make public pio-
clamationi lo the people, in the fame manner as the
trumpet is ufed in Kuropc.

Some of the natives of Congo having been converted
by the Portugucfe tu the Rurnifli religion, their mar-
riages arc celebrated according to the riles uf that church 1
but the generality of them prefervc their antimt idola-
trous maxims, are married by their own piicfts, and
have a number nf wives, each taking as many as he
thinks himlcif able to niaintaih. T ncir coiitraiitt of
nuriiage aie thus |KI formed : when two partes approve
of each ethci, the patents of the youiij^ man Irnti a
4 U prclent

•UL I '; .h, i

; [i -.

S54

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

II f.

r'r' ! i

prefent to ihofe of the girl, at the fame time rcquefting
that they will let his foil have her for a wife. If the
parents of the girl retain the prefent, it is a token of
compliance ; in which cafe the young man, with his
delations and fjicnJs, goes immedi;itely to thchoufcof
his miHrefs's father, anJ conduits her to his own.
When a pricft is fcnt for, the marriage ceremonies are
performed, and the evening is concluded with joy and
leftivity. If the hufband afterwards difcovcrs any ma-
terial imprudence in his wife, or has rcjiun to be dif-
gultsd with her, he fends her back to her parents, and
has the prefcnts rcftored : but if the fault appears to be
on his own fide, he cannot recover any thing. It is
here to be obferved, that when the father of the giii
receives the marriage prefent, he nuift not complain bf
it ever fo trifling, as that would be confidercd in the
light of felling his daughter; 't which rcafon, ahd to
prevent fuch a crime, a tax is fettled what every man
(hall give according to his circumftanccs.

A man who is dctciSed in having a criminal intcr-
courfc with another's wife, is obliged, as a compcnfa-
tion for the injury, to give the value of a flave to the
hutband j but the woman receives no other punifhmcnt
than afliing pardon of her huiband for the offence fhc
has commitiej, ThoCe who ate dctciled in cohabiting
together without the ceremonies of marriage arc pu-
nimed with a fine, which is levied in proportion to
the circumftanccs of the offenders,

It is cuftoniary for the Pagan pricfls here, the fame as
in Loango, to lay certain injunflions on young peo-
ple, fuch as obliging ihcin lo abftain from c;ting cith.r
fome forts of poultry, the flifh of certain bcafl.i, fruits
of different kinds, roots either raw or boiled after this
or that manner, with the like ridiculous oblig^itions,
which they call kcjilla. Thife rules arc as inviolaHy
kept as they arc Ifridly enjoined : they w< uld foonet
faft till they pirifhcd, than talle the Icill bit of what
has been forbidden ; for they think, that if they com-
mit the leaft trefpafs anainfl the kcjilla, they lliall cer-
tainly die in a very fliort time. The prcpoll'elTion of
their minJs on this head is evident from the following
ftory mentioned by Merolla in his voyage to Congo :
" A young black, fays he, upon his journey, (who
had received the kcjilla) coming to a friend's houfe at
night, his hofl next morning had for breakfafl a wild
fowl, which is much better than a tame one. The
guefl hereupon demanded if it was a wild hen ? and
being ani'wered in the negative, he fat down and eat
very heartily. Four years after, thefc two meeting to-
gether again, the country black afkcd his friend, who
was not yet married, if he would cat a wild hen .' the
young man anfwering, that he had received the krjilla,
and therefore could not, the other laughed, and aiked,
what made him lefufe it now, when he had eaten it at
his table fo many years before > At hearing this the
other began to tremble, and, by the cfi'cih of imagina-
tion, died in lefs than 24 hours. "

As the heat here ii lefs intcnfethan in many other parts
of Africa, the people arc fubjeil to fewdifeafcs, and what
they have, they cure themfclvcs by phyfic made of plants,
roots, or the bark of trees. The moft common diftem-
per is the ague, which rages chiefly in winter, owing to
the moiffure of the earth from the continual and ex-
cefTive rains. They cure this difotder by anointing the
body two or three times from head to foot with the pow-
der of a (hrub or ticc called landal, mixed with
palm-oil.

The head-«ch is cured by bleeding the patient in the
temples i in dome of which they liilt Cut the fkin with
the edge of a fht-ll Oiarpcncd, and then applying a fmall
horn to the part, (uck out the blood. The fame ope-
ration is performed for complaints in other parts of the

body,

\vhen any one dies, the relations immediately kill a
number of hens, with the blood of which they fpiinkle
the houfe both within ind without, from « fuppnfttion
that It will prevent the apparition of the deceafed frnm
apprating to any of the future inhabitants. As foon a«
this part of the teremony is (.vet, they fliew their l.i-
mentation by howling over the corpfe for fome time ;
after which they resale thcmfilves, iiid the corpfie being

wrapped up in a piece of cotton cloth, is carried on
mens Ihouldcrs to the grave, which is made in foiiic rt-
moe ("pot at a confiderablc dlftance from the vilbpc in
which the deceafed lived. Over the giavc is placed a
certain kind of memento, according to the quality of
the perfon interred : fome have a large heap of c.irth
raifcd on them ; others a long and flrait horn of fume
ftrange fceaft, an earthen platter, bowl, or any other
veflel ; and thefe things are held in fo facred a light,
that no other perfon whatever dare touch them.

When the corpfe of any great perfon is to be intcrrci',
they fprcrid the way with leaves and branches of tret;:
he mulf likcwifc be cariied in a flruit line to the |;ravr,
fo that if any houfe or wall happens to interrupt the
paflage, it muff be immediately pulled down. On ihdv;
occano: ' icveral flavcs were formerly fjcrificcd to f.nc
their niaffer in the other world ; but fincc the Poitu-
guefe have worked a reformation among the mofl diffin-
guifhed part of thefc deluded people, that pr.idice hnn
l.ecn entirely laid aftde; and it is only preferred b) tliofo
who ftill llriijfly adhere to their original Pagan nKNiims.
Thefe, however, are obliged to do it by flealth, for
fhould it be known they would not only be rebuked,
but feverely punifhed by thofc of fupcrior power, who
are ftrong advocates for the" Romifh perfuafion.

The reformation cfFedled by the Portugucfe in this
country originated in the following manner. Don John
iV. king of Poitugal, being dcfirous of difcovcring the
coaft of Africa, and finding out a way to the taft-
Indies, he fitted out a fleet for that purpofe, the com-
mand of which was given to Diego Cam, a gcntlcninn
of the moff entcrpiizing genius, and one of the ablcfl
feaincn in his fervice. C^m, after many difficulties, at
length arrived in the mouth of the river Zaire, whcic'
he caft anchor, not doubting, from the appearance of
the country but there inuft be inhabitants on both fules
of it. Thefe conjciftures he foon found to be juft, for
going with fever.il of his people fome way up the river
he met with a number of the natives, who fo far from
being alarmed, were highly pleafed with the fight of
ihefc Ifrangers, and not only tcftified their fatisladtion
by their methods of addrefs, but alio by preftntiiig thnn
with fruits and other refrefhments. Cam was fcr a
confiderable time at a lofs how to undcrfland them, hut
at length, however, by figns »nd m< tions, he difcovered
that there was fome powerful king in the country, to
whom they were fubjeift.

Meafcd with this information, and defiiousof know-
ing who tnis pcwerful pi ncc was, he prevailed on five
of the naiivi s to accompany the fame nunber of his
men to the king, with whom he fent confiderable pre-
fcnts, and limned a certain time for their return. The
men, however, not returning as expected. Cam, after
waiting double the lime allotted, took four of the na-
tive!, whom he found to be men of fome rank and
.ibilities, aboard his fhip, and promifing to bring them
back within fifteen moons, failed for Portugal, Icavin;^
his men behind.

P'rom the care Cam took of thefe blacks during the
voyage, and their quick conceptions, they hecame
tolerably well acquainted with the I'oituguefe tongue;
(o that when they arrived at the court of l'orlun;\l, they
were able to anfwcr feveral important qiieftions put ti>
them by the king. 1 his (b picafcil John, that after mak-
iTig them feveral confiderable prrf.-nts, he ordered Cam to
take them back to their own country j and at the fame time
told him to ufe his utmolf endeavours in exhrMting the
African king to become a convert to th- Koniifh church,
and to prohibit, throughout his dominion!, the practice
of idolatry.

During Cam's abfence from Congo, the men he had
left behind were treated with no lefs retpi ii by that king
than the natives were by the king of Portug.il. (^n hi .
arrival the fecond time at Congo, he firit fent a f irnial
enihally to the king, while the natives he hjd brought
b.ick related, in every platA they went, the I'p'indor d
thxl Pnriiiffuefe nation, Cam, ■ few days alier, paid a
forinil vilit fo the king, by whom he w is treated wiili
great rordialiiy, and entertained with all the fplendor
and magnificence of an African court. The king nlked
him m.iny qiieltivns relative to the grandeur of the I'or-

tu;'.ucf«

AFRICA.]

CONGO.

355

is carried on
c in fonic rc-
the villisjc l;i
; 13 iilaci;i] a
he quality of
heap of csrlh
horn of fume
or any other
icrcd a ligl>'.
hem.

to be intcrrci',
chbs of trLCi'
: to the -rave,
, interrupt tlie
vn. On tlulc
rificcJ to f.ivo
ncc the I'ortu-
:he moft JiHin-
lat pr.idlicc baa
:fcrVcJ b) thcle
Pagan m;i«im5.
by iK-alth, fur
nly be rebuked,
ior power, who
lufion.

rtugucfe in this
ncr. D"" John
f difcove'ring the
y to the hatl-
rpofr, the ccm-
,m, a gentleman
jnc of the ablcft
ny difficulticj, at
,cr Zaire, whcie
he appearance of
nts on both fuks
nd to be juft, for
wav up «hc nvrr
who fo f'"' '■■"'".
with the fight of
i their faiisfaaion
,y prtftnting thnn

Cam was for a
lerfland them, hut
|ons, hcdifco\ercd

the country, t'J

IJcfirousof know-
prevailed on five
inie nun her of his
confidciablc prc-
hiir return. 'I'hc
,cch-d, Cam, afur
[k four of the na-
jf fome rank and
fing to bring them
Portugal, Icavin-

(blacks during the
]ns they became
(ottupuile tongue;
of Portunal, they
qncftions put t.»
in.that after mak-
hcoidetedCamto
jnd at the fame time
,„ in cxh'Mtinsr the
Ih" Komifli church,
Lionr, the practice

In, the men he had
Jilpiaby that king
ll'.ntug.l. On his
1 firH fcnt a f.nmal
Lc? he h..d brou-hl
|nt, the fpiindi.r -I
days after, paid a
he V,,, treated Willi
Ith all the fplcm'"''
The king nH*'''
[tndeuf of the H"'-
.) ... tUEuef*

tugucfe dominions, all which Cam anfwer;d In the moll
ample manner j and particularly informed him of the
nature of their religon, which he faid the king his
tnaRer carneftly entreated that he would not only pro-
fefs himfelf, but alfo propagate it throughout his do-
minions.

The refult of this conference was, that the African
king conceived the hightft eiteem for the Portuguefe, and
intimated a defire of becoming a profelite to the Roinilh
church. An alliance was immediately formed between
the two crowns, which, though often fufpended by
fome intervening wars, has continued from tliat time to
the prefent.

When Cam left Congo the king appointed one of the
young nobles who had been with him before to Portugal,
to go now as an ambaflador from his court to his Por-
tuguefe majefty, tcquelling that he would immediately
fend proper perfo:;s to inltruft him and his fubjcils in
the principles of the Clrriftian faith. The African am-
baflfador was accompanied by feveral other nobles, who
went in order to be properly (.ducated ; and with them
the king fent fome valuable articles as a prefent to his
Portuguefe majefty.

As foon as Cam arrived at Lifbon he prefcnted the
ambairador and h s companions to the king, who re-
ceived them in fuch a manner as fully evinced the fatis-
faiSion he felt at the fuccefs of the expedition. They
continued for fome time in Portugal, during which the)
were educated in a manner fuitable to their rank, and
particularly inftruiSed in the principles of the church of
Rome, The anibadiidor, at the rcqutft of the king,
was baptized at Baja, the ceremony of which was per-
formed with great magnificence, and the king hiiiilelf
vouchfafing to ftand godfather, the ambafl'aJor was
chriftened by his name. A (hort time after this, the
king fent the Africans to their own country in a (liip
which he ordered to be fitted out for that purpofe undei
the command of one Gonzalez de Soufa, a man of no
Icfs rank and abilities thjn Cam ; and with them he
alfo fent feveral piiefis, together with fonts, mitres,
chalices, and other nee flat ies proper fur difcharging the
ceremonies of the Roinifh peifuafioii. An accident,
however, happened on their pjflage, for the plague hav
ing for fome time raged violently at Lilbon, the con
tagion was carried on board the fhip by fome of thofi
who had embarked, when feveral of them died, among
whom was the commanJcr ; but this luf> w.\> loon ad-
iufted, for, by confent of all the ofticers, Gonzalez de
Soufa, a near relation of the deccaftd, was appointed in
his ftead.

When they arri.ed at th; river Zaire, they landed at
Songo, where they were received with great joy by the
governor of the province, who was unele to the king,
and had fixed his refuKnce in that capital for the (.ii.i:
of carrvin-T on a commerce with the Portuguefe, and
had been fo well inflruelcd by them in the principles ol
the Ronifh church, thu he was bapt'ZiJ foon after
their arrival by the name of Kmanutl, which was that
of the king of Portugal's brother.

Soon after this ceremony was performed, the Portu-
guefe commander went to the kii^g's eourt, where he
informed his majefty of the cnnverfion and baptifm of
his uncle, at which he was fo highly pleafed, that he
gave him ab(olu:e power to dellroy every thing that tend-
ed to Pagaiiifm throughout his dominions. The Portu-
guefe commander then informed the king of his comnnf-
lion, and of the holy vcdlls and ornaments he had brought
with him. The king appeared greatly pleafed .it this
information, but mu:;li more fo, when, at his requcft,
they were brought to him, and evpofed to the view ol
the whole court, am^dll crowds of his fubjeils, who all
beheld them with the grnteft veneration, particularly
the crofs, before which the Portuguefe falling on their
knees, the king and nobility fdlowed their example by
proftratinp themfclves bef.rc it. His niajelly w. s very
particular in examining evefy vcfTel and veftment, and
paid the moft ferious attention to ihi explication the pri< ft
(tavc of every article ; the refiilt of which wis, that he
immediately refidved on building a fimptuoiis church m
his capital for the uception of the priclls and utenfilsi
and though he waj obliged to g -t the chief niitcnnU f«r

It from fome of the remotcft parts of the kingdom, yet
his zeal for the execution of it was fo great, that by the
iiumlier of hands employed, the cdifce was compleated
in thr-ie months, when it was confetrated by the name
of the Holy Ctofs.

'I'his laft folemiuty was foon fucceeded by another no
lefs important, namely, the public b.^ptifm o^ the king
and q .een, with feveral of the nobility, which was per-
formed in the new-ereiled church, with great magnifi-
cence. The king was chriftened by tb' name of John,
and the queen by th.t of Eleanor", in compliment to
the king and queen of Portugal.

The example thus fet by tlic fovcrcign was followed
by a great number of his fubjedls of both fcxcs ; and
the king the more ftrongly prevailed on the people in
general to become converts on account of his being then
at variance with a neighbouring prince. The king being
determined to engage his enemy in perfon, Souza, the
Portuguefe ambauador, gave him a royal ftandard on
which was the figure of a crofs, and at the fame time
exhorted him to place his confidence in the proted^or of
that religion he had (o lately embraced, and to rely
I'olely on his afliftance for the fuccefs of the expedition.
He alfo engaged to accompany him, with an hundred of
his men, and to contribute every thing that laid in his
power towards facilitating a conquelf.

The king, highly pleafed with the fpirited behaviotlr
of Souza, marched fit the head of his troops to attack
ihe enemy, who had planted tbemfelves on a large plain
in his territories. 'I'he engagement was but of fhort
continuance, for as foon as it began the king's troops
made fuch deftruifli in in the front of the enemy, tiiat
ihol'e in the rear precipitately fled, leaving all their
inimuriition in the field. Thus did the kin^ obtain a
eoini'lete victory over his cr.emics, and had the f.itis-
faiflion to fee h.s newly con.erted troops behave with an
intrepidity they had never bdorc fliewn. After the
battle was over the king began to march witli his troops
to the enemies territories, in order, :;s isth"cuftomof
the country, to punilh them with the grealeiV feverity ;
but from this he was dive: ted by Souza, who inforniej
him that fuch conduit would be ineonfiftent with tlie
principles of that religion he now prof lied. Thekiiif
readly took the advice of Souza, and by Lis med.ation
the enemies territories were prelervcd fiom dellriiifion.

Soon after this Souza deparred from Congo, leavini*
' ehind him a number of miirionaries to popag.le the
new religion ; and th; I'ortugule have evcrfimc laboured
with the utmoft care to banilh idolatry fro n thecuntrv.
I'o eft'ecf this, they have eltabliftied feieral pLrfms as
Ichoolmafters, by whom the inhabitants are taught to
read and write, and are inllruiJtid in the principles of
the RumiOi religion. They alio maintain here feveral
Portuguefe and Mulatto priefts, who officiate according
to the rites of the church of Rome.

Notwithrtandirg, however, the inl-.nhllants of the
chief places in thi.s kingdom appear outwardly to profcfs
the Romifh religion, yet the principal p.iit of them are
ftill idolaters in their hearts, and fecr tlv pi ofefs their
antient fuperftitious notions. Thev ao mete hypo-
crite, appearing only to be Chrillians when they arc
ill the prcfence of the Kuropcans; tliev openly carry
their beads and crolTes, and inwardly the.r heaihcnilh
charms and amulets. Thole who live near churches,
and in fight of the I'ortuguelo, are married accord-
ing to the ceremonies of the church of Rome ; but
they will not fulfil their engagements, every o ic, as
b.'lorc obfeivt'd, taking as many concubines as he can
maintain,

The inhabitants of Congo are reckoned rather belter
[Chriftians than thole of any other part in the whole
kingdom i they have a gieater number of churches,
where lervice is every day performed : their tiercy are
alio more numerous, and the people are app.irently fuch
zealous catholics, that they never appcai abro.id without
being loaded with beads, crolles, medals, and other re-
ligions utenfils. However, even thcfe are not without
piefcrving Ihe remembrance of their idolatrous culloms,
lor if the laints, to whom they apply do not grant their
petitions, thev feldoni fail of addiilling thmilclves to
ihcii healhciiiOi Jcitut,

I ' i

i'l

35*

A NEW COMPLETfi SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

4^ t:

mikm

In (hoti, notwithftanding the grcit pains taken by
the Portiiguefc to edablifli their religion in this country,
yet few of them fcrioufly profefj it, and even thofe appear
to do it more from policy than being aftefted by reli-
gious fentiments. The chief of thefe are the king and
thofc belonging to his court, as alfo the governors and
principal officers of the refpeftive provinces ; but as for
the people in general, more cfpecially thofe in the caft-
ern parts of the kingdom, they ftill retain their old
n'axims ; nor can the Portuguefc, with all their arti-
fices, prevail on them to renounce their idolatrous prin-
ciples.

Of the City of St. Salvador, tht Capital of thi Kingdom
of Congo, Dtfcriplicn of the rosal Palace \ the Autho-
rity of thi King^ his Stole, Rtvmuii, &C. &C.

THE city of St. S.ilvador is fituated almoft in the
center of the province of I'cnib.i. It was formerly called
Bunza, which, in the language of the country, figni-
fics csurt, from Its being ihe ufual rcfidence of the kings.
It received its prcfcnt name from the Portuguefc, by
which it has for many years been known to all other
Europeans. It (lands about 150 miles from the fea, on
a large and high mountain, which is almoil all of rock :
on Ihe top is a plain abi)ut 10 miles in circumference,
which commands a moll extcnfive and delightful prof-
pccl, and is beautifully ihaded with a great variety of
fruit trees, as p;ilm, tamarind, plantain, kola, lemon,
and orange trees. The air is aUb exceeding wholc-
fomc, which was one of the motives that induced the
kings to fix their feats here ; another reafon was, its ly-
ing in the center of the kingdom, by which means, if
particular circumftances reijuired it, relief might be
cjulckly fjnt to any other p.irt : a third reafon was, the
great elcvjtion of the land, which renders it almoft
inacccflibia to an enemy, and confuiucntly neither eafy
to be furprlzcd or attacked. The mountain hath alfo
foinc iron mines, which arc of fingular ufe to the inha-
bitants who fabilcue it into weapons and inflrumrnts
of agriculture. From all thcfc conveniences it is little
to be wondered at that the Congo monarehs fliould
have made this fpot their ufual place of refidcnce.

The town Kands on an angle of the hill towardu the
fouth-eafl, and is fo (Irongly lituated by nature, that it
hath not any walls, except on the fouth fide. The fur-
face 01 the hill is covered with houfes, moft of which
belong to perfons of quality, who have fuch a number
of apartments and out-buildings belonging to them,
that each houfc appears, as it were, a town of iifcif
Thofe belonging to ths inferior people run in a ftrait
line, and form very handlbmc (treets : moft of them
arc fpacious, though they appear mean from their con-
(Iruction, being built only of clay and ftraw ; but thofe
belonging to ti.e Portuguefe arc built of brick, and co-
vered with thatch.

The king's p..lacc ii a fpacious ftrufiure, furrounded
with four w.iils, en: of which i> made of ftoni:, but
all the reft of ftraw ; the walls of the inner apar'.mcnts
are made ol" the f.ime material?, but coven.;! •.viih hang-
ings or mats ciirioufiy wrought. Aojoining to the inner
court aie large gardens and orchards, aJorned with ar-
bours and pavilions, which are very commodious; and
here the king Ipendi a principal part of his time.

I'hc moft confiderable buildings in the city, cxclu-
five of the palace, are 12 churches, of which one is
the cathedral ( a college belonging to the Jefuits, where
four of them arc conftantly employed in teaching the
Latin and Portuguefe, and in catechifing the people j
and laftly, the Portuguefe fort, which ii a ftrong and
fpacious edifice.

The churches, and other public buildings, except
the Jefuit's college, have ftune foundations, but the
roofs arc very mean, being covered only with ftr.iw ;
and they are indifferently provided with utenfils for the
ccKbration of divine omctn.

The city is well fupplied with frcfli water by twocx-
Allent fountains*} the one it in a place called St. James's-
ftrcet, and the other within the walls of the court ;
befidct which there ij, on the cift fide, near th'? foot of
Ihe bill, a fpring of excellent water, called the Vcfe,
t

which falls into the river Lelunda, and fcrvcs to wat(?r
the adjacent country.

Before the great church is a fpacious fquare, on one
fide of which a large market is every day kept for the
fale of provifions. The reft of the fquare is furround-
ed with elegant houfes, chiefly inhabited by noblemen.
The city is very populous, the number of inhabitants
being computed at 40,000.

The adjacent plain, as alfo the vallics below it, pro-
duce feveral forts of grain, the chief of which is an
exotic brought thither from the banks of the Nile, c.ili-
ed leuco, in fhape and fize like the millet : the meal of
it, when ground, makes excellent bread, and is pre-
ferred by the natives to that of wheat, which laft tlicy
only ufe at the performance of mafs. There alio grow
here great quantities of maize, called by them iVlazza
Congo, or corn of Congo ; but they only ufe this ar-
ticle as food for their hogs. Their paHure giounda
yield excellent grafs, and here a greater number of cac-
I tie are fed than in any other part of the kingdom.
1 The authority of the king of Congo is ablulute, the
! lives and properties of his fuhjcfls being entirtjy at his
; difpofal. They approach hint, on all occafions, in the
■ moft fubmiflivc manner, and whofoever ncgletSls pay-
I ing proper rcfpefV and obedience to him, is punifhcj
I with perpetual flavery. He has a counfcl, confiding
I of twelve perfons, who are his favourites, and with
i whom he advifes in all matters relative to the afTairt of
{ ftate. All orders of a public nature are alfo made
j known by them, to which the people are obliged to
1 pay the fame obedience as if iftucd by the king hiinftlf.
j The king is always attended by a number of the 110-
I bility, who dwell in and about the palace, befidis his
I domi'ftics, and other officers of his houfliold. He hiM
' alfo a ftrong guard, which he keeps not only fur the
I dignity of his courc, but for the fecurity of his perfoii.
j He gives public audience twice a week, but no one is
permitted tu (peak to him except his favourite nobles.
; His drcfs is very rich, being for the moft part cloth of
[ gold or filver, with a long velvet mantle. He generally
wears a white cap on his head, as do alfo his favourites ;
but if any of the latter come under the dilpleafure ot
I the king, he orders the cap to be taken off, which is the
Mgheft mark of indignity they can receive : this while
! cap being confidcred here as a hsi^c of nobility or
I knighthood, and of no Icfs honour than the ilai or
' garter in Euro])c.

When the king goes abroad he is attended by a nu-
I nierous retinue j for not only his nublcs accompany
! him, but likewife nil the principal men of the city ;
' fome of whom go before and others behind. The king
I is preceded by muficians, and a numerous guard, fomc
of whom are armed with mufkets, and others with
lances, or bows and arrows,

i When he goes to the cathedral, the Portuguefe, bold

I temporal and fpiritual, as well as the grandees, mult

I wait on him, and return with him to the palace; but

j the Portuguefe are not obliged to attend him on any

I other occaiion. At thefe limes the king is drcfled iii

his richeft robes, which confift of a long mantle, or

I cloak of filk velvet ornamented in the molt fumpiuoiw

I manner. On his head he wears a bordered cap, and

j round his neck are chains of gold intermixed with the

fineft coral ; he hai a fort of half boots on his legs,^

and his arms and wtifts arc deccratcd with bracelets of

gold.

There arc other times alfo when hli majcfty'i pomp

and grandeur are particularly difplayed ; and theli: ate

when he gives a public treat to fuch of his nobles as

have diftinguiflicd themfclves in his fcrvice, Un thclo

days hecaules all the noblemen, then in the bounds of

I the palace, to b« numbered, and a proviliun is made

{ accordingly. The ' ' "inment is prepared in the

I largeft aparimcnii .' i':<- palace, and the pruvifions are

, brought in pots, foine of which contain boiled beans,

others flefli and filh, and fume arc filled with millet,

fcafoned only with fait and palni-uil. When every

thing is ready, the king fends to the greatcft lords eicu

his mefs in a wooden platter, with a (mail flalk of ualm>

wine; but the uihcrk are called up liy their nain«>, fix

or fevcR to^etlicr, and fuch proviUgns are given to

Ihcin

fliort,
to their
a broad
heavy w<
look ft ill
ncrally
their ftce
wooden
are dreft'c
moft as
all of t
fome emb
Thefe
dtcadicia

cs to water

irc, on one
cpt for the
Is i'urrouiid-
' noblemen,
inhabitants

low It, pro-
whlch is an
c Nile, cali-
thc meal of
ami Is pre-
ich lad tlicy
:re alio grow
;hcm Mazza
r ufc this ar-
lure giounJn
jmbcr of cat-
liigdom.
ablolutc, t'nc
intirijy at Ms
afions, in the
ncgleils pay-
, is puniflicJ
fcl, confiiling
es, and witli
the affairs of
ire alfo made
ire obliged to
king himftlf.
ber of the no-
ce, befiJi's his
(liold. He h.w
ot only for the
of his pcrfon.
but no one is
ivourite nobles.
\ part cloth of
He generally
1 his favourites ;
e dUplcafurc of
IF, which is the
ve : this white
of nobility or
an the 11 ai or

l)lc

tended by a nu-

s accompany

of the city ;

nd. The king

3US guard, fomc

nd others with

ortuguffc, both
grandees, mult

he palace ; but
nd him on any

g is drell'cd In
oiu; mantle, or
mott fumptuoiii
ndered cap, and
rmixed with the
on his legs^
with bracelets of

majcfty's pomp
and thele arc
of his nobles as
irvice. On thelo
in the bounds of
irovifion is made

prepared in the
he provifions are
;jln bolKd beans,
illcd with millet,

1. When evcrv
{reatcU lords each
iiall ftalk of palm-
thflr nam«», fix

ins are given to
them

AFRICA.]

them as the king tb'uikj proper to direfl, with which
they retire to an adjoining apartment. As foon as thiy
have done eating, they come all into the king's prc-
feilce, and, falling upon their knees, cla(; thqir lynds,
kiid bow their heads, in token of thanks and fuhmifliun ;
iifter which they depart home, except the king's fa-
vourites, who iinoak tobacco and drink wine with him
during the remainder of the day.

The king hath one lawful wife, who is calkd Mani-
Moinbada, chat is, C^een ; bcfides whom he keeps a
great number of concubines, In violation of the prin-
ciples ol that religion be fcems otherwife fo ferioufly to
profcfs. The que^n is maintained at the expence of
the public, an annual tax, called pintcll'o, being ga-
tnercd for that purpofe from every houfe in the king-
dom. This tax is colle>5ted on the king's wedding-
'*ay, when the proper oiHccrs of each province go to
the rcfpcdive houics, and meafure the length and
breadth of evcr^ bed, the owiker of which is taxed ac-
cording to its breadth, viz. for every fpan, he gives ei-
ther a flave, or the value of one ; which is tlie reafon
that moft of the common people lie on the ground, unJ
thofo who do not, h^vc their beds exceeding fmall.

The queen lives vvith great fplendur, h.iving npart-
menlsi iM the palace peculiarly appropriated to her
i|fe : flie has a grea^ number of ladies, who ;ittriul on
hsr alternately both day and night, and the king's con-
cubines are obliged to pay her the grcatell homage ;
for fllould they behave to her in the Icill uirrcl'pccliul,
they would be puiulhed with perpetual flavery.

The K<ng'|i revenue co|ililfs chiefly in the tribute
that IS paid to him by i'everal vailal princes, as thofe of
Angola, IiO^ngo, mul lunic other Inferior ones, and
which this inan>i or governors of the Ax chief pro-
vinces are obliged to gather for him. I'here arc others
th'at make him a kind of frev-wiU oilt-nngs, funic ol
cattle, others of gr^in, wine, palm-oil, and the- like,
as acknowMg<<ne|it$ for the lands thcyho)d under him.
He is alfo proprietor of all the zimbis, cr cockle Ihclls,
(the current coin of this and other neighbouring kinjr-
doms) whipl) bring him, in exchange, flavcs, ele-
phant's teeth, fanders, IfufFs, cattle, millet, and othei
commodities. Fines and confil'catlons lik wife biing
bim a confiderabje income ; to which may be added, his
power in levyiag turtf op his fi^bjedts as often as he
pleafes ; but this he fe^dom does exqcpt In cafes of nc-
ceflity, the poverty of his fubjcds being fo great, that
if he were to repeat fuch uppnllions often. It might
fubjc<A them to revolt, and confequently produce fonic
difagrecable confequences.

The king's forces are not very numerous, nor are
they either well cloathed or difciplincd. The beft of
them arc the mufketeers, who, having been taught the
ufe of fire-arms by the I'ortuguefc, ftill retain the art of
handling them with furprifing dexterity. All the king's
futijecfs may be faid to be foldlers, for whenever there
is occafi'in, and he thinks proper to commaiul, they
mull all attend. Sometimes he orders a general review
of them, when he attends himfclf j but their figure and
vaiiety of arms makes them appear more n cimih than
can be conceived. Some of them are armi. -vith bows
and arrows of different makes and fizes, uihers with
broad I'wurds, daggers, and cutlallirs •, fome without any
other cloaths or arms than their long targets ; otheis
with then bodies covered with (kins of various bealls,
from the (;iidle to the knee ; fome have their lace and
body palmed with figures of animals, birjs, ^:c. In
Ihoit, all of the n arc arinal and accoulerad accorJIiij;
to their f.mcy or ability } and thole who cannot obtain
a broad fwurd of metal, will (;et one made of fomc
heavy wood. What contributes towards making them
look (1111 more dcjpicable 1% that their colours aio ;>;-
nerally little better than dirty ra!,s torn and iiianj;lul ;
their (Uel and iron weapons cat iiji v/itli riill, and their
wooden ones very indittcreiuly ihapcd. Their heads
are drelTed with feathers of v.iriim-. colours, and in iil-
moft as many diflerent lafhiuns as there arc men ; and
all of them, befides their pariicilar weapons, have
fome emblem of the biifincfs they lollow.

Thefc foldicrs arc taught to fall on the foe with a
drcadlels kind of bravtr"y, or tatlict fury, which they

3«

CONGO.

357

do accordingly upon all occaflons ; but as their arms are
of little ufc in fuch violent and irregular onfets, for
want of better difclpline, they are fometimes put to the
rout, and when that happens they arc feldom able to
rallv ; fo that the breaking of the very full body is
mortly attended with the lofs of the battle. The flight
of one army generally animates the other to an obfti-
iiatc purfuit, the confequences attending uhich arc
dicaJluI, and the carnage always R'-at. When the
conquerors think proper to relinquilh the p' rfiiit, they
rtturn, and plunder the enemy's camp, Icize all the
men, wom'n, and children they meet with, and fell
them to '.he Europeans for flaves. They loik upon this
as the moft confiderable part of the fpoil, and therefore
difpatch them as foon as pofliblc to tiu fea-fide, r;r to
fomc inland market. Few of thofc wounded in ths
battle furvive, their arrows and darts being infciJtcd with
lb deadly a poifon, that if they draw blood, and the
perfon is not provided vv'ith fortie cxtr.iordinary anti-
dote, it is fure to caule a fpecdy and unavoidable
death.

After a conqueft, terms of peace arc propofcd by the
vi£for, which, though favourable on his own part, are
jjcnerally accepted by the vanquifhcd ; but they arc no
longer attended to by the latier, than while he becomes
fuflicicntly formidable to renew the war.

With refpcdl to the fuccelTion to the crown of Congo,
:io order Is oblerved, neither legitimation nor feniority
taking piace farther than the ruling nobles think proper,
who elfctm all alike honourable, and choofc him among
the king's fons for whom they have the grcatelt re-
ipeA, or th nk the moft proper to govern. Sometimes
ihey let allde all ihe children, and give the crown to a
brother, nephew, or fomc other diftant relation.

When a fuccclTor is pitched on, and the day appoint-
ed for the coronation, all the grandees are i'ummoned
to appear on a plain near the metiopci'is j from whence,
with the male children and relations of the dcceafed
king, ihcy proceed in gr^at pomp to the cathedral,
which, on thefc occafions, is richly ornamented, At
one end of it is creilcd an iiltar, by the iiJe of which
is a (lately throne for the bifhop cr piicft, and at the
other end is a chair of ftatc for the principal ofEccr,
who Is furrounded by the relpi6\ivc candidates for the
kingly olKcc ; but neither they nor the people yet know
which will be the pcrfon defied.

The pnnripal officer, previous to his naming the
perfon, riles from his chair, and pro ctdi to the altar,
where he kneels down and makes a fhort prayer ; alter
which he relumes his feat, and makes a long harangue
to the people on the duties of a n.oiiarcli, und he ne-
ceft'ary care that is required to diftharpe fo important a
truft. He then declares to the afTenibly, that he and
the other eleiilors having maturely weighed the merits
of e."ch refpeiftivc candidate, think Gich a one the mod
proper to be clciSled to the fovereign dignity,

After this the officer takes the new monarch by the
hand, and leads him up to the altar, where they both
proltrate themfelvcs before the pritlf, who gives the
king a lliort but pathetic admonition, in which, anion ;
other duties, he exhorts him t.i be a protcc'tor of his
people, obedient to the catholic church, and a ftrenuous
promoter of chriftianity. The Iting then receives the
ufual oaths, after which he is conduiSed to the throne
by the prieft, who puts the royal flandard into his
nand, and the crown upon his head. This done, the
whole aflembly proftrate themfelves on the ground, and
acknowledge him for their king, which Is teftlfied by
the clapping of hands, and tlic found of martial iil-
llriimcnts.

When the whole folcmnity is over, the king, pre-
ceded by his principal nobles, and followed by all that
attended the coronation, proceeds to the palace, where
his chief nobles throw eaith and fand upon him, not
only as a token of Joy, but alfo as an admonition, in-
timating, that though he is raifed to fo elevated a cha-
raiiter, yet he muft in time become dull and afhes,

I'he king dues not (lir fiom his palace for eight days

after his coronation ) in which time all the nobility,

and the I'ortuguefe, come to vlfit and WiHi bim fuccc's.

I'bc blai'ks du him homage on both kncus, by clapping

4 X their

! !>l.

•\i

I •

I ' '.

\^,

tt'i

I '■

i.i'i

:■ ii'l

-' \

'' ■ M

M|6 i 'f

fii:/'

'$ HI

m'J-

^ y*

NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

the For

their hands, and kifling the king's right hand
tilgucfL- and clergy do It only on one knee.

After the expiration of the eight clays, the king ap-
pears in the market, attended by his nobles, where he
makes a fpcech to the people, declaring his refolution
to perform what was propounded to him at his coro-
nation ; and alFuring them that it (hall be his condnnt
lluHy to promote the welfare of his kingdoms, and the
propagation of the Romifli religion.

0/ the Laws and Trail of Congo.

THE king, in order that jufticc may be adminiftcrcd
throughout his dominions, appoints a judge in every
particular province, to hear and determine all caufes,
whether of a civil or criminal nature. Thcfc arc call-
ed royal judges; from whom, however, an appeal may
be made to the king, who for that purpofe, prcfides
twice a week at the fupremc court.

Each of the royal judges have twelve adiftants, who
are confidered in the fame li^ht as the juries in England.
In civil c.ifes, the plaintiff and defendant are the only
pleaders, each of whom rcprefents the (l.ate of the
difputc in the bell manner he is able to th« judge,
who alfo examines the evidences on both fides with
great deliberation. When all parties have been fully
examined, the judge addrcfles himfelf to his afTiflants,
and after rccapitulaiing the whole of the evidence on
both fides, afks their opinion, from whofc anfwer fen-
tence is gcrcrally pronounced, and the parties dif-
mifTod. The pcrfon in whofc favour judgment is
given, pays a fee to the judge, and then proftrates
himfelf, with his face to the ground, in token of gra-
titude,

Notwithftanding, however, there is the appearance
of eijuity in the determination of all affairs in thcfc
courts, yet in reality it is all a deception, for the prin-
cipal matter rcfts in pecuniary compliments paid to the
judge previous to trial, who, If any difputcs arife among
his afliftants, can readily bring them over to his fide.
Thus is real jufticc fubverted, and the poor facrificed to
the fuperior wealth of their opponents.

There are only two offences here that are deemed ca-
pital, namely, treafon and murder ; in both which cafes
the puniflimcnt is folely invclled in the king, who ge-
nerally condemns them to the lofs of their heads and
eltates, the latter of which are confifcated to his u(e.

The pretended crime of forcery is very prevalent
among the lower fort of people in the unconverted p.nrts
of the kingdom ; and when any one is detei.'1cd in
praiftifing that fuppofed art, he is fcverely punilhed by
the Chnftians, being, immediately after conviction,
burned alive.

In trifling matters the oiFenders are punifhed various
ways : if they iire poor, they are either ballinadoed or
whipped ; but if rich, as in mi.d other arbitrary go-
vernments, they arc puniflied by tines, which are levied
at thi- difcrction of the judge, who is always a confi-
dcrublc fharcr of the money paid.

There arc many inftanccs of cruelty and oppreflion
which the poorer fort are fubjc^t to from their fuperiors
in this kingdom, owing to the great defeiff of their
laws ; among thtfe are the following ; if a poor man
happens to contraft a debt with a rich one, he is not
only liable to be ftripped of all he hath, (not excepting
his wife and family, who, in fuch cafes, are often fold
for (laves) but to be alfo ballinadoed, dragged to a
jail, and there inhumanly treated, in order to oblige
fome of his friends to procure him his liberty at an ex-
orbitant rate.

Another circumflance no lefs unjud is, that if an
infulvent debtor fecretes himfelf from his tyrannic cre-
ditor, or flics into fome other country, cither to avoid a
jail, or being fold for a (lave, it is lookol upon as a
flagrant crime; in which cafe the creditor fr>'i'>-s no he-
sitation to feizt on fomewcilthy relation of hit, and
impril'on him in his (lead, till he hath extorted, by the
moll cruel ufage, a fuflFcient fum from his other friends
to fatisfy him for the debt.

Thi. arbitrary power extends even fo far as to debts
CdiitraAcd by gaminjj, a vice to which the people of

Congo are greatly addifled ; for, fliould one of a lower
rank happen to lofetwoor three piftolcs with a fuperior,
and not be able to pay him, he would be equally cx-
pofed to the fame hardfltips and ill treatment, as if he
had borrowed, and given his bond for it.

The Portugaefe here enjoy very diftinguiflied privi-
leges, and fuch as are not granted to any other Europe,
ans. They are allowed a judge of their own nation,
who not only determines all controverfies among ihem-
felves, according to the laws of Portugal, but alfo be-
tween them and the natives.

The Portuguefe principally refide at St. Salvador,
where they carry on a confiderable trafRc with moft
other parts of the kingdom. The goods they fell to the
natives arc, various forts of grain, fruits, plants, and
other provifions, which they brine from Brazil. The
articles from Europe are, Englifh cloth, and other ftufFs ;
copper and brafs velTcIs, fevcral kinds of earthen ware,
ring?, and other ornaments ; tobacco, wine, brandy,
and other fpiritunus liquors j light ftuffs made of cotton,
linen, and woollen; with a great variety of tools and
utcnfils.

The Portuguefe, in return, purchafe of the natives
elephants teeth, furs, and other commodities of the
country ; but the chief article is flaves, prodigious num-
bers of which they annually export to the plantations
in America. The beft and moll ferviceable of thefe are
brought from Angola, the country of the Jaggas, and
other adjacent parts, where they are naturally very ro-
bull and ftrong ; whereas thofe in the provinces of
Congo, being (or the moft part brought up in (loth and
indolence, either die in their paflage, through mifery and
fickncfs, or foon after their arrival, through thechangeof
climate, or the fevere treatment ihey receive from thofe lo
whom they are fold. — The cruellies exercifed on thcfc
unhappy wretches, with the dreadful confequcnces at-
tendant on fuch inhuman tra(Kc, has been particularly
noticed in our dcfcription of that part of Guinea called
the Slave Coaft,

Of the principal Provinces into which the Kingdom of
Congo /'; divided,

I N defcribing thefe, we (hall begin with the pro-
vince, or, as it is otherwifc called, the county of Songo.
This province is bounded on the ea(t by Pango and
Sundi ; on the we(f by the Kthiopic (ira j on the north
by the river Za re ; and on the fouth by the Lelunda.
The foil is dry and fandy, and were it not for the great
quantities ol fait, wliich are gathered on the fea-coall,
the governor or count's income would be vcrv trifling.
The chief produce of the inland parts are palm-trees,
on the fruit of which the inhabitants principally fubfift.

The capital of this province is called Banza, or
Banza-Soiigo, and is fituated about nine miles from
Cape P.idrono, on the fouth fide of the mouth of the
Ziiirc. It contain'i about 400 houfcs, which arc built
fo irregular and draggling, that they take up a large
compals of ground. They are generally thatched, and
the fides of ihein are fenced with palra branches, or
leaves neatly interwoven. The infides are hung with
mats of various colours, and the ceilings are made of
rufhes. The count of Songo's palace, which is made
of wood. Is very fpacious, and diftlnguKhcd from the
reft not only for its fize, but for its front, which ii
always painted with a colour refembling mahogany.

In this town is a church reinark.ible for its antiquity,
it being fuppofed to have been built ever fince the Por-
tuguefe firft came into the province, which was about
the year 14D2. If this fuppofitlon Is juftly founded, it
Is very remarkable, the edifice being built only of tim-
ber plalftered on both fides with clay.

Befides the above, there are three other churches in
this town, the firft of which ftands within the inclofurc
of the count's palace, and is dedicated to the Virgin
Mary; the fecond is fituated at fome diftance frnm it,
and is the burial-place of thofe governors ; ami tht
third, which is dedicated to St. Anthony, adjoins lu j
monaftcry belonging to the capuchins, and fcrvcs them
not only as a chapel, but alfo as a parilh churdi.
There aie fevcral other inferior chapels not only hert.

bi.t

lalt. 111
their o
reign c
ordinal

m rt!.|

i'U

■1 V' f •

B of a lower

h a fupcrior,

c(iually cx-

nt, as

if he

uiihed privi-
ther Europe-
own nation,
mong thcm-
but alfo be-
st. Salvador,
Re with moft
;hey felt to the
I, plants, and
Brazil. The
id other ftuffs ;
earthen ware,
vine, brandy,
ladc of cotton,
y of tools and

of the natives
lodities of the
rodigious num-
thc plantations
iblc of thefe are
he Jaggas, and
iturally very ro-
le provinces of

up in (loth and
t)ugh mifery and
gh the change of
ive from thofc lo
lercifed on thcic
:onfequences at-
becn particularly
of Guinea called

tht Kingdom of

n with the pro-
county of Songo.
[I by Pango and
ea J on the north
by the Lelunda.
: not for the great
on the fea-coaft,
d be very trifling,
s are palm-trees,
rincipally fubfift.
called Banza, or
nine miles from
the mouth of the
, which arc built
y take up a large
ally thatched, and
lalr.i branches, or
es arc hung with
ings are made ol
_, which is m.iJe
inguiflicd from tht
its front, which i.
ng mahogany,
le for its antiquity,
ever fincc the Por-
which was about
juftly founded, it
built only of tim-

_ other churches in
/viihin the inclofutc
;aled to the Virgin
ne dirtance from it,
ovcTiiois ; and <!>'■
thony, adjoins to \
ns, and ftrvcs them
a parifti chutih.
apcU not only hf'*-

AFRICA.]

CONGO.

359

but in other parts of the provinef, every fova, or infe-
rior governor, being obliged to maintain one in the
place where he rcfides.

The dignity of the count, and the fplcndor of his
court, are little inferior to thofe of the icing : he has
under his dominion many other petty lords, who were
formerly independent, but are now fubjedt to his go-
vernment i and, except being tributary to the Icing of
Congo, he may be faid to be un abfulute monarch.

His drefs difters according to the various fealt days,
as alfo on other particular o.cafions. His ufual habit
is a garment of ftraw cloih girt clofe about him, but of
fuch workmanfhip that no other perfon dare prefuinc to
wear the like without having firft obtained his per-
miflion. This garment reacnes from the fiioulders to
the ankles, over which is a long bays cloak that hangs
trailing on the ground. On the fcaft days he changes
this cloak for a Ihort fcarlct one, fringed all round with
the fame cloth pinked. On the moll foleinn days he
puts on a fhirt of the finclf linen, as likewife yellow or
crimfon filk ffockings, and a cloak of flowered filk.
When he goes to coiiimuiiiiMte at the altar, he has a
cloak all white, which is fo long that it trails on the
ground as he walks. In going to church, whii-h is at
Icall three times a week, he has a velvet chair and
cufllion carried before him, being brought himfelf in a
net on the (houldcrs of two men, caih with a llufF in
his hand, one all filvcr, and the other tbonv lippcil
The hat he then wears is covered fird with taft'aty, anJ
above that a fort of very fine feathers, under which h
has a fmall white c.ip neatly ftitchcd with filk. On hib
bread is a large inalTy crofs, and from his neck hartg
feveral ftrings of coral, with a large chain of pure gold.
Before him march a number of muficians, one of whom
is diftinguiflied above the reft by having feveral fmall
round bells fixed to an iron about a yard long, which
he keeps continually jingling as he walks. On each
fide of him is a man holding an umbrella fixed on the
top of long poles, to fliclter him from the heat of the
fun. After mafs, his guards, who always attend him,
fire a volley, which is followed by the found of drums,
and other martial inftruments.

The count is chofen to the earldom only by nine
electors, who arc the principal men in the province,
and generally attend his perfon. The choice is always
made, between the death of the count and his inter-
ment ; but during the vacancy, the government is in
the hands of the ele£)ors.

It fometimcs happens, that on the death of the count,
his fon, or lomc other perfon of the family, will imme-
diately raifc a faftion in the province, in order to get
pofli'llion of the throne, and exclude the electors from
their accuftomed privilege \ for which reafun his death
\% always concealed as much as poflible, and fometimcs
the cucharift has been ncgleiled to be given to him, for
fear of difcovcring his fituatiun by the prieft's going to
court.

On the feaft of St. James, all the count's fubje<51s
fhow their allegiance by complimenting him with fome
pref lit in proportion to their circumllances. On the
fame day the civil olficcs are difpofed of to thofc who
are thought molt worthy of holding them \ and fuch as
have milbchaved are removed from their employments.

The fccond province of Congo Proper is the duchy
of Bemba, which is fituated between the rivers of Am-
brifi and Loza, the latter of which fepurates it from

ncral profefs the Rom!(h religion, and kwp for their
fcrvice feveral jcfuits and other priefts.

The capital of this country is called Banga, or Panga,
and is fiiuated about 30 miles from the fea-coaft. It is
a large town, but the houfes, like thofc in Songo, ars
huilt in a very flraggling and irregular manner. It
ftands in a hilly country, and is watered by two rivu-
lets. Here are feveral churches, but they are all very
mean buildings, the walls of them being made with
i clay, and the tops covered with thatch.

The lord of Bamba is the moft powerful of all the
king's vaftals, and is pai'' 'he greateft reff)e<3 at court,
being alfo captain-genera. It his majefty's forces.

The province, or duchy -f Suiidi begins about 40
miles north-eaft of St. Salvador. It is bounded on thu
eaft by the province of Pcmba ; on the weft, by that of
I'ango ; on the north, by the river Zaire j anil on the
fouth by the duchy of fiatta. Its capital is called Banza
Sundi, which was given to diftinguifti it from Banza,
(now called St. Salvador) the capital of the whole king-
dom, in the province of Pcmba.
I This province is divided into fcvcr.1l particular go-
vernments, moft of which being far diftant from the ca-
pital, and in places furroundcd with mountains almoft
inacceflible, the people pav obedience to the governor
according to their own difcretion. They are always
armed, and keep the whole province in a conftant ftate
of trouble and agitation ; for, as the I'ortuguefe have
not been able to propagate their religion amongft them,
they arc more refrai5lory than any other people in the
whole kingdom.

The foil of this province is watered wiih fo many
rivers, that if it w.is cultivated it would be one of
the moft fertile fpots in ihe univcrfe ; but the inhabi-
tants are fo indolent, that they rather chufc to live al-
inoft in want, than give thcmfclves that trouble, and
what proviiioiis they have arc purchaled from the ad-
joining provinces.

The inouniains here abound wiih the moft precious
iTietals, but by reafon of the turbulent fpirit of the in-
habitants, they arc not fullered to be 0|.ciied. Ihey
work only the iron mines, and one mine of copper,
which is found in the mountains on the north fide of
the Zaire. Tnis laft is of a beautiful yellow, and
great quantities of it arc purchafcd by the inhabitants
i of Loango.

The marquifatc of Pango wa» formerlv called Panga
I Logos, at which time it had the tiilc and prerogative
dignity of kingdom, hut it hath loft both ever fincc the
kings of Congo fubducd and reduced it to the rank of
a province. It is bounded on the eaft, by the moun-
tains of the Sun ; on the weft, by Pcmba ; on the north,
by Sundi \ and on the fouth, by Hatta. Its capital
s called Banza Pango, and is fituated on the banks
of the river Barbela, whieh runs through the center
of the province. The town, however, as well as
the province itfcif, hath not any tiling remarkable;
the nature of the inhabitants, as alio ilieir difpofitions,
manners, and cuftoms, being the fa.i.c as thofe of Congo
in general.

The duchy of Bata, or Batta, i.'; fituated on the
fouth-weftof Pango, and hath the lalt-petrc mountains
on the eaft : on the fouth it is bounded by the Monies
Qucmados, or Burning Mountains ; and on the weft,
hy the provinceof Pcmba. It is of confidcrable extent,
and was formerly a kingdom of itfell', till it voluntarily

the marquifatc uf Pemha on the eaft, and the forncr Mfubmitted to the kings of Congo j for which reafon it
from the county of Songo on the north. Along the 'i enjoys more privileges than any other province in the
fea-coaft it extends itfelf much farther, viz. northward l| kingdom, the government being always conferred on a

to the river Lelunda, and on the fouth to that of Danda,
which parts it finm the kingdom of Angola,

This province is one of the lari^eft and richeft in the
whole kingdom : its foil is naturally fertile, and would
produce abundance of all the necellarics of life, were
the natives induftrious in cultivating and improving it.
The fca-coafts produce likewife p. prodigious quantity of
fait, infomuch that they have not only a fiiHicicncy for
their own confumptiun, but they alio export it to fo-
reign countries, which makes this .iriicle yield an extra-
ordin.iry revenue to the crown. The inhabit.ints in ge-

pcrfon defcended from the antient kings of that coun-
try.

The foil of this province is very feriile, and produces
feveral forts of excellent grain ; the inhabitants arc more
civilized and aftable than their neighbours, and were
more eafily converted to Chriftianity, the principles of
which ihey have ever fince retained in a moft diftinguifhed
manner.

The capital city of this province is called Batta,
but is not confidcrable for any thing except the fertility
of its boundaries, and its being (he refidcnce of the

governors

! ^'

3«0 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

'!■ !?l :

P 'ill

IH.

■* - i;

),;,:;

governors of the province, Who are allowed to have a
number of mufkcteers In pay to defend it from the in-
curfi iS of the wild Jaggas, who inhabit no»i' its caftern
frontiers beyond the mountains of the Sun and Salt-
petre, living chiefly by ravaging their neighbours on all
lides, and would do the fame by this, were they not
overawed by thofe troops. The road between this capital
and that of the whole kingdom hath a great number of
houfes and hamlets on both fides, a circumftancc very
uncommon in thefe countries.

The mani'batt.i, or governor of this province, U
confidered as the fecond pcrfun in the kingdom. What-
ever he fays muft not be controverted by any of the nit ;
and on failure of the royal line, the fucccflion devolves
upon him. He fometimcs eats at the king's table, which
is a privilege not granted even to the king's fons. His
court and attendants are little inferior to the king's, for,
when he goes abroad on any public occafion, he is pre-
ceded by trumpets, drums, and other warlike indru-
mcnts.

The laft province we have to mention in this kingdom
is called the marquifate of Pcmba, which, though
fmaller in extent than any of the reft, hath always had this
fingular advantage, that its capital hath ever been the
native country, (cat and burial-place of all the kings of
Congo, whether Idolaters or Chriitians. This pr-j-
vince is well watered, not only by the Lclunda, which
runs quite through it from caft to weft, but alfo by the
river Ambrifi and fomc others, which equally contribute
to its fertility, and the riches and happinefs of its in-
habitants. The coiiftant rcfidcnce of the king and his
court, which is very numerous, emulates the people to
induftry, whilft the great confumption of provifions,
and other merchandizes improves their commerce, en-
courages their diligence, and increafcs their wealth ; the
fruit of which they quietly enjoy, wiilviut being ex-
pofcd to the extortions of foreign viceroys, or the ex-
curfions of barbarous neighbours, by being fo happily
fituated in the heart of the country.

The city of St. Salvador, the capital of the kingdom,
is the only place that merits any notice in this province,
the particulars of which, with every thing relative to
it, have been already given.

SECT. III.
Angola,

THIS kingdom was originally callfd by the natives
Dongo, but the Portugucfc afterwards c.illcd it
Angola, in compliment to the prince of that name, who
firlf ufurpcl it from the king of Congo ; which name i:
hath ever fince retained. It is bounded on the eaft by
the kingdom of Matamba; on the weft by the Ethiopic
ocean J on the north by Congo, from which it is fepa-
rated by the river Danda ; and on the fouth by the king-
dom of Benguela. It lies between 7 deg. 30 min. and
10 deg. 40 min. of fouth hit. and between 31 and 41
dej. of eaft long, being about 360 miles in length from
ealt to well, and 250 broad from north to fouth.

The country in general is very mountainous, there
being but few plains to be met with, except on the ma-
ritime fide, and between the ridges of the mountains.
However, ic is well watered with rivers, the moft con-
fpicuous among which are the Danda and Coanxa. The
former of thefe is very large, and capable of receiving
vcfTels of an hundred tons. It is well ftored with moft.
kinds of fifh, but it is dangerous to catch them on account
of the river being greatly peftcrtd with crocodiles. The
Coanza is alfo large, deep and rapid, and empties itfelf
into the fame ocean with the Danda, about 9 deg. 20
min. fouth lat. and about twelve leagues fouth of Loanda
San Paulo, the capital of the kingdom. It is navigable
as far as a place called Cimbamba, which is about 150
miles from its mouth, where the Portuguefe have a fnr-
Ircfs, or fettlement, under the dircftion of a governor
(tiled by them captain. It hath a good depth of water
all the way to the above place, but afterwards it is
fiill of rocks and dreadlul cafcades, which render its
courfe fo rapid that it is impollible for any vefTel to ad-
vance much farthar. It receives many rivers in its

courfe, the chief of which are the Mocos, the Luente, ■
and the Calucala. It forms alfo fevrral iflandsthiit ^ire
picafantly fituated and very fertile. The principal of
thefe are the Mafl'ander and Motehiama, the former of
which is about nine miles long and two broad. The
foil of it is fo fertile that they have generally three crops
a year of maize, millet and other grains. It prodtrcrs
alfo great quantities of the manioc root, which the inhit-
bitants ufc inftead of bread ; as alfo prodigious numbers
of palm and other fruit-trees. The other ifland is
about five miles in length, and one in breadth : ic is
moftly level, and produces variety of roots and bctbe,
as alfo great plenty of cattle,

'I'hc natural produce of the kingdom of Angola in
general, as well as the perfon,', manners, cuftomr, re-
ligion, government, &c. of its inhabitants, bein^ much
the fan-,c with thnfc of Congo, already defcribcd, it
would be unnectfliiry to tire the reader with a repetition
of them, as the principal di(]«rence will be naturally
pointed out in our dcfcription ef the rcfpeiHivc pro-
vinces into which it is divided.

The kingdom of Angola is divided into fixteen pro-
vinces, the names of which arc as follow :

I. Chifl'ama,

9, Lubolo. ; ^

2. Sumbi.

10. Loanda.

3. Rimba,

1 1 , Beoga, or Bengo.

4. Scetta.

1 2. Danda.

5. Bembea.

n. Mofeche, i >•

6. Temba,

14. illamba. •■ ■■ ■• ;'i

7. Oacco.

15. Oarii.

8. CabezKO.

16. Embacca. •

1. ChilTama. This province is fituated in 11 dep.
of fnuth lat. near the mouth of the river Coanza ; and
in it is a fettlement bclongi«icr to the Portuguefe. It is
divided into three paits, eai I, of which is governed by
a perfon deputized by theViiif' \ and thefe preferve fodci-
poiic a power that they behave more like tyrants thin
inferior officers over the natives, it is in all probdbility
from this caufc that the country, which is very moun-
tainous, is fo poorly cultivated, the principal part of
It being entirely barren. However, it is famous for
producing a peculiar fait made by the natives fivni
a briny kind of water which they dig for, and being
congealed, they form it into oblong fquaie cakes lite
bricks, nbnut fix inches in length ; and thefe they ex-
change with the Portuguefe for meal, oil, and othf
comin JitiLS. The merchants make confidcrablc ad-
vantag « ycxporting this fait to moft parts of Ethiopia,
as it is r.c-t only excellent for food, but alfo in phyfiok, it
heing a \ery pleafant diuretic. This province al(i>
abouMils with fine honey and wax; but it labours under
confiilerabledifadvantajrs from the want of frefli water,
as they have fcldom any rain from May to Oitobcr,
and their mountains are without fprings or rivers. Thofe
who live near the Coanza, fetch it from that river, but
it is very dangerous, owing to the number of wild bcafls
that infeft that part of the province.

2. The province of Sumbi is for the moft part flat,
and Well watered by feveral fmall rivers, particularly
thofe called ilice, Caiba, and Calacoinbola. The na-
tives are tall and ftrong, but fo lazy and indolent that
they will not be at the trouble of cultivating the land.*,
though the foil is naturally fo well calculated not onlr
for breeding cattle, but alfo producing various kinds of
grain. The moft induftrious part of them are tluifc
towards the mouth of the river Calcombola, the foil of
which is remarkably fertile, and the country more free
from wild beafts than any otiitr part of the province.
The inhabitants here cultivate their lands, which prf>-
diice feveral forts of excellent grain. They alio brtrd
vaft quantities of cattle, with which, and other pro-
vifions, tlicy fupply their more indolent neighbours.

3. The province of Rimba is bounded on the call bv
Temba, on the weft by Siimbi, on the north by Lubolu,
and on the fouth by Scetta, It is divided into twenty
lordftiips or diftrifls, whofe governors alwavs keep a
great number of militi.i. The land is fertile fnui pro-
duces great quantities of grain, with plenty of cattle ;
and the rivers abound with moft kinds of fifti. The in-
habitant'

bJlii
the cai
in ordi
and
ft he
foun
ftaves
6.
water
or Li
of ;
lortrcf
is di
dcr til
JKIldei
certaii
whole
■which
prod u I
partici
and is
an adr
bitant!
vcrtcJ
cathol

7.
welt
Coanz
plains,
that
kingdc
ufe to
from
abfulu

AFRICA.]

C (^ N G

iiihabitantiarc chiefly IJul.ilcr-, ^ut I'lcy nrc InJuflrious,
very iiiitbiblf, and not adJictr,: toi'.ny puticubr vices.
4. Scctta. This is 0110 of the Jiiod rocky anJ
mountainous provinces in all tlie kingdi in, particuhaly
on one fide of it, where a ridgo ol [jcriKnil.cular roclts
covers a (pace of thirty miles ni length without inter-
ruption. The furfacc of thcl'c rocks, however, is well
inhabited and cultivated, enjoys a fercne and wholcfome
air, and is plentifully fupplicd with Irefh water. 'I'he
low lands are ail'o w.ll watered, and pioJncc excellent
parturc for cattle, great numbers of which are bred by
the inhabitants ; but tliey often fuilain conllderalile lufs
from the number of wild bealh that iiifeft this part of
the country. 'I'he toiients that (low from the hills
bring with them great ijuantities of iron ore, which the
inhabitants gather carefully by laving ftraw and other
iuch nialeri.ils ncrofs the (hcams to receive it; and
afterwards, by dint of hre, convert it into excellent
iion. In t!u. country arc alio found great quantities of
a kind of tranlparent ore, whi.h the natives call tare,
and when wrought ii in appearance much fuperior to
iron. The governor of this province has his refidence
on the declivity of a high mountain called Lombo, on
the frontiers between this and the province of Kimba.
lie has twenty-two inferior oflietrs under him, snd is
one of the molt powerful governors in the whole
kingdom.

5. The province of Bcn-bca extends itfclf on one
fide along the fca, and on the other divides the kingdom
of Angola from i thcr nations on the fouih. The great
river Lutano, or San Francifeo, waters mofl part of this
province; but it is of liitle (.ther ufe, for though it
aboun.l( with hlh, yet the inhabitants dare not venture
to catch them, owing to its being infellcd with grc«t
numbers of crocodiles, fca-hoilc-,, and monftrous fer-
ments, which not only deltroy great quantities of fifh,
but alfo do confiderable niifchiif to theadjacent grounds.
The country is ve.y large and populous, and abounds
with fmall cattle, with the hides of which the natives
make their garments, and they anoint their heads and
bodies with thef.it. Thefc people are much more favage
than their neighbours, are alniuU all idolaters, aud have
a language peculiar to thcmlelves. They are vtiy
arthil, and ufe a fingular flrataijem in war, which is
to drive great nunibers of cattle towards that fide on
which ihc enemy is expeiiied, whillf they fccrctc them-
fclves at a fmall dillancc cither by laying flat o\i their
bellies in the high gr.d's, or among the heath or copfes :
the cattle feldom fail of exciting the enemy to advance
in order to make a capture, when they fuddenly rife,
and furioufly fall on t.hem with their armed clubs : this
fchemc is generally attended with fuccefs, the enemy
foun lurrendering, when their conquerors fell them for
ilaves to the Europeans,

6. Tcmba is a flat and low country, and is well
watered by a number of fmall rivers. The Rio Longo,
or Long River, is the moft remarkable j it fprings out
of a rock, on the top of which the Portuguefe have a
lortrcfs that defends the whole dilirict. The province
is divided into 12 lordihips, whole chiefs, though un-
der the protcilion of the Portuguefe, live free and indc-
jKiident, being only <ibliged to furniflj them with a
certain number of militia in cafes of emergency. The
whole country abounds with wild cows and mules,
which the inhabitants hunt and kill for food : it alfo
produces feveral excellent roots, among which one in
particular rcfembles parfnips, but is much finer in tafie,
and is faid not only to attenuate phlegm, but to be alfo
an adinir.vl)le puiiher of the blood. Molt of the inha-
bitants arc idolaters j but thofe that have been con-
verted ftiidtly adhere to the principles of the Roman
catholic religion.

7. The province of Oacco is bounded on the fouth-
well by Lubolo, and <m the north-caft by the river
Coanza. It is beautifully variegated with hills and
plains, and is fo well watered with rivers and fprings,
that it is one of the moll delightful provinces in the
kingdom, Tliefe advantage;, however, are ol iittic
ufe to the natives, as they are retrained by the lords
from cuttivatiiu any mote of the land than what is
abfulutely n«ctllary to produce provifions for their lami-
as

361

1 ir of this province has twenty

jirincipal bufinefs is to difcl-

..aj U vhich re ,:'/n this is one

rovincc 1 the wh,Ae kingdom.

ro a dirtcm-

the country.

are fubje
hit pai

lies. The f1«ici
others under hin
plineande- r ifi
of the moll loiniiJo

The natives of ihi^ »vinc
per peculiar to 'he e' of

It generally bcgm « . violent heac 1 and vertigo,
and is followed In ^ons, which jii reduce thc

palicnt to a mere Ik^ The med e for this ■

cjfo is made from a pl.nu fomething ■^e oui hyll
which they pulverize, and drink the infufion ; f" .
alio extract an oil from it, with which they anoint tf
pnits convulf.d.

They arc likewifc fubjcft to a kind of fwellln- <•

begins at the mouth, and fprcads itfclf all over tl. ,

which often fwclls to the bignefs of the head, i.,,., <
excedivc pain, and is frpquently attended with futt'u-
cation. It is generally cured by anointing the parts
with the oil cxirarted from the abovementioncd plant.

In this province is a very fingular infedl, fomewhat
like our horfc-flles, whofe fting is fo dangerous, that
if a quantity of blood be not immediately drawn from
the part aftei^led, the perfon is thrown into a violent
fever, attended with exceflive tortures, that commonly
end in a total delirium, and, if not fpecdily relieved,
in convulfive death. The mod remarkable circum-
(lance attending this is, that when a perfon is cured he
feldom fails of a relapfe, owing merely to the bare re-
membrance ot what he felt during the time he was
afieifled j and fome of them undergo fuch exceflive tor-
ture, that they clofe their miferies by putting an end to
their exigence.

When the poor idolaters happen to be flung by thefe
infiiSs, they have recourfe to their pricfts, who fcek
out for an infefl of the fame kind, which having found,
they dig a hole in the earth and put it in, adding i'un-
dry fumigations, cxorcifms, and fuperftitioiis, known
only to themfelves ; after which they fill the hole with
water, and replenifh it as that finks, flirting it, and
letting the earth fettle again feveral times : at length,
without flaying till it is tiuite clear, and divefled of its
difagrceable eartiiy tafle, they give the patient plenty
of it to drink. This occafions a violent fit of vomiting,
by which fo great a part of the poifon is thrown out,
that the natural ftrcngth of the fiaticnt enables him to
get rid of what is left behind. Many, however, who
arc cured by this flrange method are fome time after
feizcd with pains and convulfions in their nerves, which
frequently end in a fettled lamcnefs, and fometimcs iit
a dead palfy.

Though the above method of cure is altogether fupcr-
flicious, yet from its being fometimes eneflual, the
Europeans, unable to bear the exceflive pain arifing
from tfie (ling, will have recourfe to it, in fpight ot
the exprefs prohibitions of the church,

8 Cabczzo, This province is very populous anJ
fertile, producing not only abundance of cattle, but
alfo moll kinds of provifions. In one part of it is a
high hill called The Iron Mountain, from its yielding
great quantities of that n.ctal, which the Portuguele
have taught the natives to purify, and work into various
kinds of inflrumcnts. In this province are many targe
and lofty trees, particularly palm and cocoa trees :
there is alfo one fort that greatly reiembles our apple
trees, the bark of which ' '• - cut with a knife, yields
an odoriferous juice oi the cglour and confiftency of
honey : it is very ufiiful in medicine, but being of a
hoc nature, it muft be firfl qualified by fome cooling
drug.

The Portuguefe have taken great pains to propagate
the Roman catholic religion in this province, and not
without fuccefs, lor there arc Id's idolaters in it than in
any other in the kingdom.

9. The province of Lubolo is fituated on the fouthern
banks of the river Coanza, between the provinces of
Cabezzo and Quiflama. Its climate is very wholcfomr,
and its foil remark.ably fertile, producing great plenty of
moft forts of provifions. It is chiefly noted for its excel-
lent palm-trees, which praluce better wine, oil and
timber, than is to be met with in all the other parts of
the kingdom.

4 Y The

"ll

Im^

li I

t^i

A NEW COMPLETE SVSTEM OF GEGGRAPIIV.

1:^1

m. :

^^'■i

hiii

362

The greater part of the people of this province arc
Chriiliaiis, and are tribuiaiyto the I'ortugutlV.

10. Lo.mJ.i. This piovincc is fituatcd in 8 dcg.
30 mill, louth l.it. iiml i^deg. 6 miii. call long. It
is one of the nioft confida.iliic places belonging to the
Portugncfc fctlUnients on thii lide of Africa, and is
remarl<able for having in it the capital of th.- whole
kingdom of Angol.1. It is a large citj-, plealantly
fituatcd on the declivity of a hill near the ica-coalf. It
h flrongly dcfciuled by' a fpaeious fortrcfs in which is a
church dedicated to St. Aniarn, and a convent of SilK-r-
fians, befides fcveral buKvarks that fcrve to guard the
entrance of ihe port.

This city is called by the Portiigiiefe San Paulo de
Loanda, and was built by them in the year 1578, un-
der the dircilion of Paulo dias dc Novais, the firll go-
vernor of this part of Ang. la. It is \fry populous
and i^reatly reforted to, not only on account of its bung
the rcfidencc of the Portuguefc governor, but alfo for
its containing the chief courts of judicature for the
whole kinnc'.om. The churches and other public build-
ings are fu"mptiious, as arc alfo thofe of the nierehants
and oificer; both fpiritual and tcmpoial. The ftrccts
arc «rait, wide and regular, and aie alwr.ys kept cx-
cccdin>> clean. 'J'he hoiH'cr. belonging to the Po:tuguele
are budt of Ifone, and molt of tluni very elegantly fur-
niflicd , but thofe of the natives arc very mean, being
biiiit only of earth, and thatched with (haw.

Ill the center of the city is a large convent belongWi/
to the jefuits, who ar: here hild in the lughelt cll.ein.
It is a ifately edifice, and en. owed vvith a confid. rable
revenue. On one fide of it is an luifpital called the
Mifcricordia, which hath 24 wards or rooms fur pa-
tients, bifides convrni.nt apartments for the dircflors,
phyfician, furgeon, apothecary, and other attendants
On the other luie of the convent is a church belonging
to the fraternity of St. John the Baptift. At a fma'l
diflancc fiom thefe three buildings is the catheiral,
v.hich is a large Ifately ftruaure dedicated to Our Lady
of the Conception, under which is another dedicated to
the Holy Sarramcnt. There are alfo many monafteriei.
andchapelsbelonging to the capuchins, caimclitcs, and
friars, which, with other parochial churches, fo fur-
round the city as to anfwer the end of walls and for-
titieations.

In the city are kept prodigious ntimbcrs of flavcs,
who are employed in tilling the ground, carrying of
burthens, and fetching water from fprings in an ad-
jacent illand called Loanda ; the city not having the
ccnvenitnce of being watered by any kind of river. The
country round it, however, is very fertile, well culti-
vated, and beautifully variegated with villas, gardens,
and a varictv of fruit trees.

On the north fide of the city, at a fmall diftance
from it, is a lofty hill, on which the original city flood.
It ftiU bears the name of San Paulo, and upon it are
fomc few houfcs, together with the ruins of .a monaftery,
which formerly belonged to the Jefuits. The prefent
city fullered much In the Dutch, who took it from
the Poituguefc in the year 1641 j but the latter foon
after tciakfng it, reftored it ta its pritline grandeur.

The idaii'd of Loanda is fituatcd about half a mile
from the city ; it is very difproportionate in its form,
being fifteen miles long, and only one broad. The
Portuguele have many houfes on it, as alfo a great num-
ber of giirJcns, which they keep well Hocked with
moft foru of fruit-trees and vegetables. They have
alfo on this illand fevcral handfomc churches, befides
•which theie is a fpaeious convent belonging to the
jefuits.

In the neighbourhood of the capital arc many ele-
gant feats and villas belonging to the I'ortuguefe, moll
of which arc richly furniftied, and ad>,:-ied with gar-
dcnr, orchards, and other cmbellinnnents : in (. nr of
them arc alfo very handfomc chapels, in which f> 1
is performed by priefts, who arc allowed a fuflicient
falary for that purpofe.

The city is well fupplied with moft kinds of provi-
fions particularly mutton and pork, the latter of which
is gtcMiy cllecmea by the European!. They have alio

j plenty of fill), which ;^rc caught on the coarts if the
illand of l^oaiida. The bread ufcd by the Europeans
is made of millet and Indian v.hcat ; but that iiled by
! the natives is made from the mial of the manioc root.
1 The latter alio pietVr dogf fl'-lTl to any ollur, f,r
I which rcafon numbers of thofe r.nimals ;;re fattened up,
I Hau'^htercd, and expofed at the public flianiblcs.

Small payments here ate ma 'e either in rimbis, (the

I flielis of a fmall filh) or ell'e beads, th; l.itter of which

I are of various lizes, colours, and f.ifllion^, ard aie

I worn by fome of the natives as ornamerits to their

arms, necks, and vviiits. Larger paynr.nts arc made

with pieces of c!(Jth of their own niamifaiture, of a

Hated length' and breadth j and where the fum is ton-

fiderable, it is iifually paid in flaves.

II. The province of Ben; a, or Hcngo, is fituatcd on
a river 1 f the fame name ; it is b(>unded on the well by
the fea, and on the e.ill by the province of MolVehe.
It is a good fertile country, and p:oduces great pUnrj
of maize and millet, as alfo a prodigious number of
banana and bacova trees. The province is divided intu
many diltridls, the chiefs of which are natives, though
tributary to the Portugucfe. Here are eight churches,
three of vi'hich arc called parifhes ; and one of them
belongs to the Jefuits, who cel.biaie their fcftivals in it
with the greatelf pomp and magnificence.

12 D.iiidu, the iKxt province, is fituatcd to the
north of Bengo, on the fouth fide of the river of that
name, w'lich feparates the kingdom of Angola from
that of Congo. As this piovincc is well watered, it is
very fertile, and produces plentv of gram, with various
kinds of fruits ; but it is greatly infeficJ with croco-
diles and large ferpents, which harbour in the river
I Bengo. The inhab taiits are mollly Chriftians, for
I which rcafon here are feveral churches regularly fervcd
I by fecular priefts. The chief of thefe is fituatcd at the
I mouth of the Danda; and at fome diftance from it is
i another, as alfo fever. il chapels and oratories, all which
I belong to the Jefuitv, who take great pains in en ieavour-
ing to bring over the unconverted to a I'enfe of ChriiU-

I 13. 'I he province of Mofeehc is fituatcd on the
northern banks of the river Coanza. The foil is vciy
fertile, and befides gr.'.in is remarkable for producing
the manioc root, which is fo plentiful, that large
quantities of it arc annually fent to tht ciij of Loanda.
In this province are two confiderable fortreiiv..^ called
Maft'anguno and Cambamba, each of which is under
its particular commander. The two have twelve fov.'s,
or native chiefs, under them, who are obliged to main-
tain a numerous militia, not, as is generally fiippofed,
for the defence of the kingdom, but for the fervice of
tlic'rr Poituguefe mailers.

In this province are mines of fcveral metals, parti-
cularly in the government of Cambamba. What i.,
very remarkable, each mine tinges the complexion of
the inhabitants who live in that territory ; for though
they are all naturally black, yet thofe near the filvci
mines differ in their complexion from thofe that live
near the mines of gold and lead, which cannot be other-
wife accounted for, than from the cfHuvia that exhales
from the different metals.

A-, the inhabitant, here are chiefly Chriftians, then-
are a great number of clniiclies, the moft eonfidcrallc
of which are thofe of .Mad'angano and C,Miibair.ba.
Thefe bear the title of rov;il chapels, and the prielf.
that belong to them are endowed with many dillui-
guiflied privileges.

14. The province of Illamba ia divided into two
parts, diftinpuiflicd by the names of Higher and Lower.
'The former is fituatcd between the rivers Flengo rnd
Calucata ; and the latter between the Danda on the
noith, and the Bengo on the fouth. They aie both
very fertile, and the natiie--, who are chiefly Chrillians,
>ay a tribute to the roituguefc.

The Miglicr Ul.iniba liaih mines of excellent iron,
and is almolt covered with fmall hills. In the center tf
It is a large mountain, from the fumniit and fides of
which How a ptodi;'ious luimber of fprings and rivulu .
of clear and wholcfonie v. ater, which is not only ex-
ceed in/.

have 1
rivci ,

It IS \

lord V

AFRICA.]

C N Cr O.

co;i(l^ if ilu"
ic Europi'ins

tliat iil'cd by

manioc root,
iiy oilur, f ir
c f.iuciicd up,
niblcs.

7.iml)is, (tlij
iticr of whicli
ion"!, ai-.d ate
ncias to their
■Ills nrc iiKidc
iif.iiilurc, of u
: I'um is ton-

, i-i fitiutcil oit
on th; wctt by
: of Mofichi'.
cs great plenty
us number of
is diviJcd into
lativcs, though
ijrht churches,
i one of thcni
ir f^ftiv;il5 in it

ituatcil to the
le river of thjt
r Angola from
11 watered, it is
n, with various
Cit with croco-
jr in the river
Chriftian?, for
regularly fervcil
,s fituatcd at the
incc from it is
orii'9, all which
ns iji en oeavoiir-
fciifc of ChriiU-

fituatcd on the
The foil is very

for producing
fill, that large
cnj of Loanda.
fortreiiv., called
which is under
tve twelve fov. «,
obliged to main-
rrally fuppofed,

the fervicc of

1 metal?, parti-

pniba. What i.,

complexion ot

ory ; for though

near the filvci

thofe that live

cannot be othi-r-

uvia that exhales

Chriftian», thcro
loft ceHilidcralK-
and C.mhan'.b;!.
and the priclf.
nil many ililtai-

dividcd into two

I'her and Lower.

vers Ficngo ?nii

; Dani'a on the

They aie both

■hicfly C'hr.lHan-,

f excellent iron,
III the center ct
nniit and fides Cit
igs and rivuUf-
> not onlv ex-
ceed in.'.

cce'ing);ood to drink, but o.' infiniie f.ivice in cnn-
tiibutiiij; to Ur.ilj/i' thit p;iit oi' ih.' coiniry. 'I his
piovinte pa)S a conliiic.alilc tribu." l.i tin- king of I'or-
tUj.,il, and till -^ov. rnor of it is oblL;ed to maintain a
nuiiu'iuus militia for Ins lervii-e.

15. O.irii, the ii.xt prcn incc, is fituated on the
nortlurn banks of the river Coanza, and adjoins to the
province of iMoleche. it is w.iter^d by a gre.it num-
ber of I'm. ill rinTS ih.it f.ill into the L'oariz.i, hut which,
in the time of th..' ^'rcat rains, become |,ir"e, r.ipid,
and dan;;eious. In thi» | roviiiee are two fortrelics bc-
loii.'jn^ to the I'oriugucK, .it each of which they keep
a llioiic; garrilon. One of tl. le is bitilt at a place
tal|i;d Maop;iii;n), and the other :!t (^uiioiijo, an ifland
of i;reat i;ii|K)iiance on the river Cuaiiz.i.

fvl.'.oponi;.) is litu.ited on the t.iji . a number of
lar^c rocks, and at a dilf;iice appe.irs like a confider-
ableiiiv, lutrouiided with high w.dls, and variegated
with lleepli , turrets, pyr.imids, obelifks, triumphal
arches, ai..! . ;her eminent Ihuctuies : on a nearer ap-
proach, hn.Mver, it Ihcws itfell to b^ no more than a
heap of gigantic rocks, p.iitid from each other by in-
tervals ot a vail depth, and fevir.il faihums wide j ami
the funimit of it, cxeliilive of a fiiiall part rouiul the
forticis, is a Inri^e, baiicn, and uncultivated plain.
Thoii;;h tilis place is near 100 leagues fiom the fea,
yet it abounds with a v.iriety of fpriiijs of br.ickifli
water very jToper to make f.ilt, and which, rilin:; and
fall.ng wall the tide, mount up at high water In lar'C
llrcanis above the level of the pl.iin. A ciicrimftancc
llill more liiiguhir than this is, that thel'e fpiinqs aic
intermixed uith an eijui.l number of fielh ones, the
waters from v.hicli a;c both clear and well -tailed.
About fix milts Iron, tins place arc lli!l to be fccM the
I'cpukhre, 01 the anrieiit ni' n .rchs of Angola, called
by the I'ortuguefc, Las I'ubiiillas ('c Cobazzo.

16. I'.iiibaccd, or Menibacea, the lail province we
have to mention, is fituatcd on the 1101 Ih fide of the
fivci Luc.da, and lie wicn that and the Higher Illaniba.
]t IS whoHv fuhji ct to the Foiaigiiefe, for though the
lord who j^ovems it aH'uni s a claim to a kind of inJc-
pendeiicy, yet it is granted him only on condition that
he (hall maintain, at his own cxpcncc, a numerous
militia for their fervicc. Thcl'e troops, though idola-
tcis, arc II :iit, warlike, and well difciplined, i.nd never
belray any fear of death when they engage an enemv ;
for which re. .Ion the I'ortugucfe value them above all
the ie(t in the king.lom.

Kr'tn what has been ohicrvcd in dcfcrihlng the above
provinces that form the kingdom of Angola, the reader
will find that the I'o:tuguele are mailers of the chief
{.'art of it. We f.y the chief part, bccaufc tiierc are
jjme of them that neither pay tribute to, nor acknow-
ledge any dcpcndance on thciti, except when they want
their alfillance in cafes of cmer;jency. 'I'hofe th t ac-
knowledge a real fu! jtclioii to the king of Portugal are
iis follow, viz. IJanda, Mofechc, Bengo, Higher and
Lower III. nb.i, Uarii, Einbacca, iicetta, Cabczzo, Lu-
bolo, and Oa. co.

The trade c;i lied on in this kingdom by the Portu-
gucle and other Kuropcans, confills chiefly in purchafing
flavcs ; and indeed it was this inhuman cnmmtrcc that
firil invited the Portuguefe to this part of Africa. The
commodities brought in cxch.mge are, broad cloths,
crimfon and other lilks, velvets, cambrics, and hollands
of all forts-, gold anil filver lace, broad and narrow
ftripcd tickings, black (ciges, Turkey carpets, threads
and filks of all forts and colours, Canary and other
wines, brandy and other fpirituous liquors, oil, fpiccs of
all forts, loaf fugar, knives, lifhing hooks, pins, and
needles, finall bells, variety of other trinkets and bau-
bles, glal's beads of all fizes and colours, rings of the
fame, or other materials, fire-arms, (words, cutlafi(;s,
and other weapon?.

We have now only a few particul , ■: ti- mention re-
lative 10 the kingdom of Angola, which being peculiar
to itfelf, muft not pal's unnoticed.

The inhabitants of every province, or, as they are
called by the naiivcs, Mirindo, arc divided into four dif-
ferent clalTcs. The firll is that of Macotas, who are a
kind of nobleme.T. The fccond confills of thofe (liled

the children of .Mirindo, who arc the original natives
of the country, of either fex, whether merchant:, ar-
tiliccis, or hulbandmcn. The third is that of the Qiii-
lieos, or (lives, who arc the property and Inherit.n.ce
of the lords of that province, which dc.olvcs, like all
other real ellates, to their heirs and fucceflors. And
the lall is the .Vlabicas, who arc the (laves cither taken
in war, purch.ifed, or condemned to forfeit their free-
dom for fome cr me or mifdcmeannr.

Though this country was formerly fubjcift to Congo,
yet it is quite dilFcrent now, the king of Angola not
leknowledging any fubjeiSion to that monarch, Uc is
entiiely independent, and, from the protection he re-
ceives from the Portuguefe, prefervcs an ahfoliite au-
thority. He obliges all the lords under his dominions
to keep up a ceriain number of troops for the common
fervice ot the realm ; but they are veiy indifl'ercnt cither
for their diiciplinc or bravery, their arms or accoutre-
ments. Tiny are only a kind of national militia, in
which every man that is able to bear arms is obliged
to he enrolled ; and they feld.im appear before their
commanders, except when they are lummoncd on any
puticiilar expedition, at which time the bcft appear-
ance they make conlilh chiefly in their number.

When they go to engage an enemy, they divide them-
felvcs into three bodies, at certain dillanccs from each
other. In ihc center one is the general, who directs all
th ir motions by the I'ound of fevcral warlike inlfru-
ments. They then move forw.irds, retire, or wheel
about as iholc dircd, and fall on the enemy with great
fury, making at the fame time t!ic molt hideous noifc.
If they find themfelvcs likely to be difcoiuert.d, they
take flight, (iV.r they are errant cowards) nor is it poffi-
blc for their gcnc.al 10 rally them ; fo that the tate of
a b.ittle depends on the fuccels of the firft onfet.

Their mufical inltruments ufed in war are of fevcral
kinds and fiz.s. One of the loulcll of them fomcwhat
refeniblcs the diums in Congo : it is covered at one end
with the Ikin of a wild bea(F, and is beaten with ivoiy
ilicks, which make it give a greater and more vvailikc
found.

They have another inftrumcnt that rcfcmblcs an in-
verted pyramid, with the point fixed on the ground,
and confitts of a certain quantity of pieces of metal,
tliin and round, like bells turned upfide down, This
indrumcnt is of fuch importance in an engagement,
that the pcrfons who touch u with wooden llicks, fre-
quently crack the metal by endeavouring to make it
give a loud and more dreadful found.

The third foit is made of elephants teeth : they arc
of various fizes, and in their form fomcwhat refcmble
our German flutes. This inflrumcnt is much more
mufical than either of the former two : it gives a found
like that of the cornet, but has a greater variety of
notes, and, when played on bv a (kilful hand, affords
very agreeable mufic. This inltrument is fuppofed ei-
ther to have been firft introduced, or elfe grcativ im-
proved, by the Portuguefe, who have alfo introduced
the life of kcttlc-drums, trumpets, hautboys, and other
luirnpcan niltruments ; hut the three fitll aie thofe
principally ufed in war.

All their inftruments, as before obferved, are of dif-
ferent fizcs : the largeft aie appropriated to the head
general, whole orders, by means of thcfe, are heard by
the whole army. The next in fizc are ufed by thofo
who command the fevcral bodies into which it is di-
vided, and the lefl'er fizcs are for the ufe of the cap-
tains and other inferior officers ; fo that the (bund of
the larger inftrumcnt is no (boner heard, than all the
others anfwer in concert, and by this method the gene-
ral's orders arc communicated to the whole army.

The drefs of the military officers is very grand, and
they appear much taller than they really arc," .is well as
meire terrible, by the length and variety of odrich, pea-
cock, and other feather.s, with which they ornament
their caps. About their necks they wear feveral links
of iron chain, to which are fallcned great quantities of
rings that make a loud jingle at every motion : for the
fame purpofc alfo, they hang a number of bclb about
their middle, the noife of which they fuppofe animates
the foldiers to fight with more ardour, and at the fame

time

^1 I-

I [

I !

i\^

I t

!iii h\

3^4

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEiM OF GEOGRAPHY.

)'l!

rt-i

' i

time gives themfelves a greater air of pomp and gran-
deur. Tlicy wear bu(kii.3 on their legs after tnc man-
ner of the Portugucfc. Their weapons r.re the bow,
fword, target, and dagger ; thofc, however, who carry
the bow are not allowed to wear the taiget, but only
the fword and dagger.

The common foKlierj, who go naked from the waift
upwards, fight with bow and dagger, and in their gir-
dles they wear large croolced knives. Some of them
life broad fwords, muOcets, and pillols, which they
purchafe of ihe Portuguefe,

The language of the people of Aiigola and Congo is
radically the fame ; but the dialcdls oi the different pro-
vinces differ fo ^ITentially in prcnun» ation, that it i=
<iifficult for thofe born in places remote from each other
to converfe together. This, . owever, is not to bt
wondered at, in a country where there is no regular
grammar, finee England and France, which abound in
polifhed writers, labour uiiJei the lame inconveniences,
as the jargon fpoken in many of the rounties of the
former, and the feveral provincial dialcdfs of the latter,
renilcr it impolliblc for a pure fpcaker of cither to un-
dcrifar/l many of the natives of the fame country.

'I'he remaining particulars we have to mention of
this kingdom are relative to the mountains, of which
there is a remarkable ridge extending itfelf north-catt
from Cape Negro. Some of thefe, on account of their
prodigious height and coldnefs, are called by the Portu-
.jjucfe Monti Frcddi; and fume others, which arc flill
liiiTher, they call .Vfonti Nevofi,on account of their fnowy
tops, the waters of which, falling in great plenty during
the fummer fcafoM, form a confiderable lake below. But
the mtitl confiderable one of all is that called Cai.tbambo,
on which there is a mine that produces cxcclleiit filvcr.
'I he Portuguefe have long fincc made themfelves mailers
ol this place I and in order to fecure it, have built a
very flrong fortrels. It is uadcr the direction of a go-
vernor, wno carries on a great trade here in (laves, the
place being very conveniently fituatcd for that purpofc,
by tcalLiji of its vicinity to ttte great river Cuaiiza.

SECT. IV.

BtNCUELA.

Tn I S country is bounded on the cart by that of
the J.iggjs, from whence it is feparated by the
tlvcr Kuneni ; on the weft by the Ethiopic ocean ; on
the norili by Angola : and on the fouth by the king-
<lom (if Mataman. It is about 430 miles in length,
from an to wc(f, and 180 from noith to fouth. The
coall p.iit begins near the mouth of the river Cojiisa,
and extends to Cape Negro. About the center of it is
the bay of Cows, which, though not very large, is yet
i> good harbour, and able to receive mod fhips of bur-
tlcii. It receives its name from the many herds of tlwt
iutt of cattle that arc hred wthin its environs. The
country i-, jdain, and produces muft kind of provifMins :
in fome parts of it are .ilf> found different furls of me-
tals, p.ir(icul.uly filver and lead.

The tlim.ite of Dengucla is exceeding unwholefomc,
and fo prrjiidicial to ftrangcrs, that few choofc to land
there. Even the provifiuni aie al}c<^f(d by the ill qua-
lity u( ihc air, fo that thofc who cat of thtm at their
Jirft coiling, run the hazard of their lives, and if iliey
efcapc, generally contrjiif fomr difngreeablc and lailinu
diffiinper. The Euro|)eaiii that refide here are mer.
fpc^laclcs, l>K>king more like companions of the dead
than the living.

There are but few places in this kingdom that merit
any particular notice. Among thofe that do, the mnll
material is Old Bengucla, from whence the kingdom
receives \t% namr, and i< fo cillcd to diflingiiifti it frum
titw licngucl.1, a fmall town built by the Portuguefe,
on ''-- noiih fide of the bay of Cows.

Old Jteiijucia is lituaod in 10 dig. 35 min. foulh
latiliidr, and I 3 drg. 10 miri. call loofjitudc. Hcfidts
the kiri(.'diim, tl gives name alfo fo a pro'ince, whith
cxtcnilt ;lMiut 10 leagues along the coaft, from Cape
St. Hras, 10 (lir Bay ol Pullets and Euwii, lu called
from the great i|uaiilily of poultry found there. The
Unti hvre 1: very I'jw, but the foil li fertile, and pro-

duces abundance of cattle, as alfo feveral kinds of
grain and roots. Here the Portuguefe have built a
flrong fortrefs, called Foit Benguihi, in which tliey
maint.iin a garrifon to keep the favai;c Jaggjs in awe,
who would ot'icrwifc ruin tlic whole CDUiitrv. The fort
is fu.nunded with hoults, and ftiaJcd with orauL'c,
lemon, banana, and other fiuit-trec^.

In the neighbourhood of Old Bingucla are fcvcii
villages, the mull c nfiuerable of which is called Mani-
Kalbmba, and is fo large and populous, that the inha-
bitants, in cal'cs of eii.ergency, can raili; 3000 men at a
very (hort notice.

To the fouth of the town of Bengucla is the bay,
which is about two leagues broad at the entrance, ami
fo deep as to adinjt very good anchorage for (hips of
burthen.

About 20 miles from the mouth of the bay is a vil-
lage called Manikicongo, where the Portuguefe have a
warehoufe for the reception of various commodities.
The village is fituatcd at the foot of a hill, and Is very
large and populous. The chief articles iold here by
the Porti-guele to the natives are, fine linens, cotton
cloths, guns, and gunpowder.

To the fouth of the ;:bovc village is the mouth of
the river called Caton-belle, which Is formed by tvvoor
three fmall rivers united together. The water here is
exceeding brackifh, fo that the natives convey it into
ditches, where they let it evaporate, till it becomes fait.
Though this fait is of a very inferior quality, yet it is
of fucb efteem, that the merchants lade their vefTels
with it for exportation. The mouth of the river is
(heltered from the wind, and fliips anchor in it with the
grcatelt fafety, it being at Icaft 15 feet deep, and quite
clear of rocks.

A little to the north of this river is a bay, where
the anchoring is (o fife, that the Dutch have given it
the name of the (lood Bay. The coafl here is low and
fertile, and the inhabitants breed great plenty of black
cattle and hogs.

The inland parts of the country are covered with fo-
reflf, which arc inhabited by prodigious numbers of
wild beads, particularly lions, tygers, eltphant!, rhi-
noccrofes, and wild mules. But the moH remarkable
animal found here, and whieh is peculiar only to thin
country, is called by the natives Abadj. It is of the
wild kind, very fliy, and fwift-footed, and of the fixe
of an half-grown c<dt: but what makes it moil lingu-
lar is, its having two horns, one of which grows on
the forehead, and the other on the nape of the neck j
the former is about three feet in length, and ftiarp nt
the (TOint, Init near the root it is about the thickiiefs ot
a man's Icjj, and lieiuls downwards : that on the iiipe
of the neck is flatter ar.d llinrter, .Tiul df a bl.ickifh, tr
dark brown hue. The head is not ; 1 lonjj in propor-
tion as ihat of a horfe : it is fhort and flat like that oi
an ox, only more hairy, and the hair much flronger.
lis tail is ;illo like that of an ox, though not quile In
lung, and the hair more like that of the horlc j the
leit are cloven like thole of a Itig, but they arc much
larger. When this creature is young, the front lioin i.
flrail, but as it advances in age, the hoin Vends gra-
dually up like the tufk of an elephant, The nativi .
hunt It lor the lake o( the front horn, which they rftceni
.IS an excellent antidote againfl poilbn. They look on
the virtue of it to be grt.ilrr or Icfs, according to the
age of the animal when killed j and the Poituguele,
III order to kimw the goodnifs of it, m;ike iile of the
lollowing fnpidiciit ; tbcy let the h<irn upii^ht on Ihc
ground, and fulpend a nt.ked fivord over it poinl to
point ; if the horn be good and hard, the point of the
Iword will not pcnetiatr it, wheica> wlu'n the horn is
loft and young, ihc fwurd immediately links into ii,
which fheMs that it i^ not arrived at its full pei leclicii,
and ol cnirlr grrailv fdens its \alue. They «lli>
niike a poiilliec of the pulvrria>d boiici of tliii crcatuir
mixed with water, which ihcy liy 11 a fovcrcign remedv
agaiiill all aches and paiim ol the body, by drawin;:
away the peccant humours not only finm the part «l-
lielvd, but alfo ffoin the whole mats of bloml.

I lie current C(>iii <.t this kingdom confill] of glafs
bcldi about an inch long, aitJ uf vaiiout colours,

wliuli

ral kinds of
have built a
1 which they
;gas in awe,
rv. The fort
with orange,

cla are fcvcii
i called Mani-
that ihL- inha-
3COO men at a

la is the ba)',
entrance, and
;c for fhips of

e bay is a vil-
rtugucfe have a
; commodities,
ill, and is very
s told here by
linens, cotton

the mouth of
rnicd by two or
: water here is

convey it into

it becomes fait,
uality, yet it is
de their veflels

of the river h
ar in it with the
deep, and quite

s a bay, where

ch have pivcn it

t here is low and

plenty of black

covered with fo-
o:»s numbers of
, rltphai'ts, rhi-
moft rcmarkjblc
liar only to thiii
,|j. It is of the
and of the fizc
cs it moft lingu-
which grows on
pc of the ncclc ;
th, and fharp nt
the thickncf-^ <>'.
hat on the n;ipc
1 a hl.ickilh, ir
long in propor-
lUt like that ol
much ftrongcr.
High not quiic !>■
f the horfe j the
t they are much
the front hoin i .
hoin Vends gra-
t. 'The nativi .
■hich thi-y I'fteeni
'I'hcy look on
accord. ng to tlic
the I'liituguric,
mike life of the
n upii^hl <in the
over it point to
the point of the
l>eii the horn i--
dv (inks into il,
fill peiledior,
line-. They all'>
■; 1,1 tlu» tieatui.
I.ivcrcigii rcmri'v
>cdv. by drawiii :
I. Ill the part .n-
.1 hlo.nl.

lunfills of gUf'

vaiiuuk colour ,

Vkhuli

A FR I CA.] A N S I K O, and the Countiy of the J A G G A S,

365

which they ufe alfo as ornaments about their neckf,
arms, &c.

With refpeil to the inhabitants of Bcngiicia, we
find n.ithing particularly remarkable concerning them,
their manners, cufloms, religion, &C. being much the
fame with thofe of Congo. We ftiall therefore leave
this kingdom, and proceed to a defcription of thofe
countries and nations that border on Congo and Angola.

SECT.

Oftht Kiitgiun if Anfiko, and the Country of the Jaggas"

TH E kingdom of Anfiko is bounded on the
eafl by the river Umbrc, which runs into the
Zaire ; on the weft by the borders of Loango j on the
north, by fome of the deferts of Nubia ; and on the
fouth, by the province of Songo. It is 285 .niles in
length, from calf to weft, and 180 in breadth from
north to fouth.

In this kingdom are many mines of copper, of which
confiderable advantages arc made by the Purtiiguefo.
It is in general a very barren country, and the inhabi-
tants of it mere favajes. They have no lands or in-
heritance, but wander, like Arabs, from one place to
another, rcgardltfs of life, and intrepid in their undir-
takings. They pay no attention to agriculture, or ufc
any endeavours to preferve their exiftcnce, but by plun-
dering all who h.ipi en to fall in their wiy, fome of
whom they kill, and oihcis they keep as (lavis. They
are dreaded for their extreme brutality, and are fo irra-
tion.il tliat few Euiojjcms c. 11 trade v/ith ihfm. Tliei;
langu.igc is barbarous, and fo uiiioielligiblc th.it it c.in-
iiot be underftood, c\en by the iniiabitan's it Cmigo.

Both fexcsgo naked from the w:i (V upwards, bi t the
better fort diffiiiguilh thimfcl.cs by v/caring rtd and
black caps made of P.irtu^jurfo velvet j and, in order to
prelervc theii health, they all anoint ihi ir bod es with
a compolition made of white faiidal wjod po nded, and
palm-oil.

Tlicy , Hi abfolute cannib iN, their chii f food b' irg
human (1- ' . and there are pii lie markets where wiioic
bodies arc hmu "P *n'l expo^J for file. Thvy helicvc
themfclves pofT (lid of a right to dil;infe arbitrarily of
their (lav!.s ; .;nd thofe taken in war are fait.ncil, killed,
and either u(td by their »(onqucrois, or fold to the
butchers.

However ftiocking thcfc rircun-ftanccs may appear,
yet they are indiljiutable f.icl^ ; for the people ot this
couniry fci-d on each othi:r with as much inditTerince,
as tiiol'e of oth r countries do on the rel'pciihvc animals
apjitopiiated by Providence for the fuftenance of 1. an-
kind. He e dilcontented (laves irter themfclves for
foo I to their mjftt.rs j fathers and fons, biolhers and
fifters, recipiocally feid upon c.ith other without the
lead temoilc ; and infants juft bom are eat by their un-
natural and inhum.m parent'. Here are no graves for
thi dead, except the billies of the living, who cat the
deccalerl as fooi. us he has expired.

The irms ufed by thefe cannibals are b.ittle-axc, and
fmall but very (Irong bows, ftiei:;;thened and adorned
with the iVins of fcrpcnis ; the llnirs arc made of fup-
plcaud (lender (hoots of trees, ..nd the arrows are of a
haid but ve'V tij;ht wood, pointed at the ends with
iron. They (hootwith the n)ft lurprizingapilitv, in-
fomiich that they will difcharj;e mar a dozen arrows from
the bow, before the fiift falls to the ground. 'I'heV)
nunige the baltlc-Jxe with equal dcxtcritv : one enfl
of this inftrumcnt is verv (harp, .ind the other flat li^-
■ nullct, with a handle between about h.ilf the length
of the in n, rounded at the end, and covered wth the
(kin of a ferpcnt 1 with the (lit end th.ylVrccn thci.
bi liei, and ward oft' th-- darts of their enemies. They
hive daggers ,.I'o in fcibhaids n adc ol the (kins of
ferpents, which they carry by tlr-ir fulcj (aftened in
leathern girdles.

Their religion, as m.ny reaf.Miibly be fiippnr-'d, i>
flna idolatry. They worfliip the fun as their chief
deity, whom t''>ey reprrfcnt in the fijiirc of a man,
mil the moon unJcr that of a woman. They have ?l(o
•I) infinite number of inferior diities, each keeping "nc
pcculiir idol, to wliunj he often fauiliccs, and tou-

3»

ftantly invokes before he proceeds on any dangct0)*»
enterprize.

The current coin among thefe people arc zimbis, or
fmall fhells, which are gathered on the coaft of Angola;
in exchange for which They give (l.ivcs, as alfo for fait,
iilk, glafs, knives, and other merchandifc.

To the fouthwaid of Anxiko is a (mall kingdom
called Matamba, which is inhabited by the Jaggas, a
favage and cannibal people, who have alfo coiliJotable
territories that lie to the fouth and ealf of it.

l''r..ni whence thefe people originated is uncertain,
but it is fuppofed they (irft fettled about the kingdom
of Aniiko, and from thence fprcr.d themfelves along
thofe fp.ieious waftes that lie between Aniiko and Lo-
ango, From thence it is imagined they fpread by de-
grees along the ealUrn fiontiers of Loango, Congo, and
Angola, and from thence eaftward to the kingdom of
Matamba, of the latter of whch, with the territory
adjoining, they made themfelves complete matters, and
have ever fince preftrvcd, to the gre.at injury of their
more rational and pcueable neii'hbours.

The territories belonging to thefe people extend from
north-eaft to fouth- weft, along Matamb.i and Benguela,
about goo miles ; but they are very narrow in propor-
tion, bting in fome parts '50, and in others not above
100 miles broad. Thev aie iiiclofed between the king-
doms of Matainba and Benguela, from whence they are
feparated by the great river Kmierio on or.c lide, and by
the empire of Moni Muji on the other. The only town
throughout all thefe dominions is ealUd KulTaiji, and il
(ifuai.-d ,it the north p.irt of them, ne..r the fior.tiers ot
Matamba, where the great jagga, or king, occ.ifion-
ally ixirides.

txclufivc of this, thev h,ive neither towns nor
hoiifcs, but roam from place to place vith tcnt«, re-
moving a-i inclination diieiffs, or luetfliiy obliges ihcm,
Thev neither low i.or plint, but f^izc eveiy thing
that 11 iiies in their way, and Ii\e entirely by plundering
their neii;hhoiirs. In their [iTfoiis ih y are tail, lufty
and ftrong, yet nimble and fvitt of lo.:t, climbing ui>
the fterp nio'intains and ciag'iy rocks with the inoft
altoniftiing ability. Their wom' 11 .are liouf, well (liaitd,
fertile, w. rlii^e, and active; and both fixes are fo in.'
trepid, that no iiucrprizo is ibou'.:ht too hard or d.in-
. gerous for them to vinuite upon; and whenever they
meet with an opportunity if plundciing, they rufh on
their advcrfaries at :dl hazards, and Willi a f'arlels un-
concern for their own lives. They cmlider it as the
gieateft mark of braverv to attack the fieneil and (frong-
clf cte.itutcs, and a ftill griatcr one to be more fierce
and inhuman ; and this lav abends not only cxiends to
the people of the nations they invade, but to thofe of
their own, and even to their relations r.ml children,
whom they nuke no fcruplc to butcher and eat when
they are in want of oiher io.id.
! Their kilombos, orcamps, are built of fuch materials
and on fuch a lonllruilion, th.it ihcy arc calily removed
on the (horteft notice. When they go .11 any capital
expedition th. y are always aicompanied by the great
jagga and his coutt ; at which liincs their camp is foimed
ill the fidlowing manner ; Tlic oHicers, who are the
chief dine'tors of them, bavin,; ptihed upon a proper
(pot, divide it into (even didinci qiiatier-, each of thcin
I under the government of its own pariiculai commander :
in the ccir.er one is the royal pavilion, furroundcd by
thole of the miiiifters, officers, and (crvants belonging
to the cinirt, the whole of which compofis a fpaelou*
i (quare, and is furroundcd by a llrong hed^f, fo dif-
pofed as to appear mure like a labyrinth than a circular
fence,
I The next quarter in rar.k it that Inhabited by the
I kalambolo, or general of tiic- army: this olTici 1 is ftilid
I niuta-aita, or cnief of the war, and on thefe dccaliont
is the next in aiithoiily to the king; he nrdrrs and
dire^s nil military expeditions, encampmentu, engage-
ments, and retreat' ; and niufl therefore be an expe-
rienced and intrepid warrior, iriicl, and deftitulc of
c\cry humane fenfation.

The chief perfon belonging to the third quitter ii

called tendila ; he it the ofTuer who con-miinds iho

etuuiia, 01 icit-guaid, and i< the chief of all the clciilotf,

4 /. •»

.;|i
all

^■:- m,

366

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

ir^i'

■ih

(l-M

il '

as well as fuprime officer during an interregnum, for
which rcalbii he is held in the hijjhcll elkem next to
the king.

The oiKtcr that commnnds the fourth quarter is
called niani-iumbo; he is the clvicf engineer of all the
fences and hedges with which the camp is fortified, and
particular! V that part of it beloiging to the royal fan^ily :
he is the only perfon who js permitted to come into the
loval prelincc whenever he thinks proper j and from
this diltinguiflicd privilege he is panicukirly rcfpcdod
4t court.

The fifth quarter is commanded by an officer who is
iiKiulk-d with all private commiflions, and charged
u-ith the execution of them : in cafe of any failure, he
is immediately put to death, and another appointed in
his tlead.

The officer that commands the fixth quarter is called
illunda, or the ca{)tain of the baggage, whofe bufinef«
is to take care that every thing is in proper order fur
the ufc of the army. In times of peace, which feldom
hapjen, he is entruflcd with the care of filling the ma-
gazines with arms, and is to keep them in proper order
ready to be delivered to the foldicrs upon any emer-
gency.

The feventh, or hift quarter, is commanded by an-
other illunda, or keeper of the royal wardrobe and
baggage. As thi* place is confidercd of great trull, it
iii generally given to one of the king's relations, who
has particularly ditlinguiflicd himfelf for his courage
and loyalty.

Another diftinguifhcd officer belonging to th« camp
is the manicutio, or fuperintendant of the provifions,
who is ufually chofcn for his fingular dexterity in the
art of plundering; he hath a great number of officers
and flaves under him, who are all equally qualified (m
that bufincfs. It is to be obfcrvcd, however, that this
t)fficer is only purveyor to the court ; for as to the fol-
diers they are obliged to provide for thcmfclvcs. They
pencr-lly do thi6 by force, but fometimes they purchale
provifions from the Europeans in exchange for lUves;
the latter ol whom, being very aiSive, oltcn give their
new mallars the (lip before they can properly fecurc
them.

The lafl officers belonging to the camp arc thofe
called piumbis or fore-runners. Thefc arc a fort ut
fpies, whofe bufinefs it is to be in continual motion,
and to endeavour to difcovrr the lituatiun, llrcngth,
and number of the enemy ; to fkirmifli, oppofe, or
even attack them, as occalion uAcrs, and tu (uppoit
the van on the fiilt onfet. They arc uiually chulen
(rom amongll the mofl intrepid of the whole aimy, «nd
iiccoidingly light with the moll determined relolution.
The king, who is a man of great courage and refo-
lution, never undertakes any thing without previous
enchantments, and conlultmg his mokiflb, or devil, by
facrifii.cs, from whcrce he pretends to loicknow tlic
event of his enterprise. On thefc occafions he riles
before day-break, and fets himfelf on a Aool, attended
by two of his conjurors, one on each fide, and about
^0 wo-nen lUndiiig iii a circle round him, waving the
tails of liealli, and llnging. In the center is kindled a
j{rrHt fi'C, ever which is placed an eaithcn pot contain-
ing foiiie Vkh;te powder or paint, wherewith his con-
jurors bcl'mear his forehead, temples, bread and belly,
ufing at the fame time many tnehaiitinv terms, ami
conlinuiiii; their ridiculous ccrcmonict till fun-fet ) at
which tiiiic they bring him his cafengala, or hatchet,
and put It into his handt, bidding him be flrong ag.iiiill
hit cnemic<, for the mokilTu is with him. A male
child is then brought to him, which he imincdutely
kills ; after which four men aie bioughl to hiin, two
ol whom he flays, and orders the other two to be killed
without the camp. He alfo ordcii 10 cowt to be killed,
five within and fite without the camp, with the fame
uunibcr 'if goats and dugs : the bluuJ of theCc aiiiinalt
is rpiinkkd on the fire, niii the ficlh is eaten with K'eai
fclliviiy and triumph. The fame cereitiomrs are like-
Wile uird hy the inferior officers of the army mi the like
account i hut niithcr they nor thrir chiel iii.ikr ulr iil
itiuls ■ Ihefe or any other ucc.ifions, pirtiixlm that
llic inukillu licijucatly appears aud fpeaks lu ihvin.

The folJiers ar.; neiihcr well difciplined, armed, or
cloathcd. Their oftenfive weapons arc bows and ar-
rows, fpcars, d.irts, daggers and clubs j but they arc
taught rather to ufe their defeiifive weapons than theit
miffivc ones, being particularly inlhucted to cover theit
bodies, which arc almoll naked, with their large oval
Ihields made oi' thick hides : and this nuthod is Angu-
larly fervicealle in a ittrcat, as it prcfcrves them from
being wounded bv the arrows and lances of their pur-
fuing enemy, 'i'heir chief excellency confifts in the
fticngth and "cliviiy of body, in the artfully covering
themfelvcs, and the throwing their miffiTe weapons,
by which they generally annoy the enemy, and mako
them fpcnd their fhut againft their fhields ; after this
they renew the onfet with fuch vigour, as feldom fails
of putting the enemy to flight, which is always followed
by a general flaugbter, no refpect being paid :ithcr tu
perfons or fex.

When they invade a country where they expe£l any
confidcrable oppofition, they intrench themfelvcs very
quietly for fomc time, and only alarm the inhabitants
with frequent Ikinnifhes, till they think they have ful-
ficiently harrafled them ; or, if thefc afl'ault them, they
(land on the dcfenfive for two or three days, till thcothcii
have fpent their Ilrength and fury ; when the command-
ing oflicer fends out a large det.ic. nicnt in the night,
to lie in ambufli at fomc dill.mcc from the enemy's camp.
On the following morning tbcy begin the attack, when
the poornatives being fuddenly furpiized, are eafily put
to the rout, and leave their country at the plcafure of
their mcrcilcfs invaders.

The Great Jagga, or kiii^, preferves a diftinguidicd
dignity, no perfon being permitted to ft before him,
except the kalambo, or head general, who is fuprcine
judge in all cafes, whether civil or criminal. This
officer IS allowed to fit in a chair with a b.iek to ii ; but
the tcndela, who likcwifi- fits as a judge, is only ullowed
a (mall flool about a foot high. Thofe of a certain rank
are permitted to fit in the king's prcfence on a earfiet,
but they mull fpreaJ it with their own hands. Thofe
who obtain audience of the king, mud fpcak to liiin
with their bodies bent almoll double, and if of an in-
feiiurrank, mull proUiatc themfelvcs on the ground.
If the king happens to fiiecze, cough, or break wind,
the whole aflembly mull wifh him lualih and long life j
and thofe vvho are neareft to his perfon, mud give no-
tice to thofe at a diAance to do the fini*: ; on whicli
they all exprefs their good wiHies, by clapping their
haiidb and bending their bodies.

The conmion people of both fexes go almoll naked,
having only a piece of cloth fallened round the uaid,
.ind lo fin.ill, that it barely covers half their thij;)!*.
I'll Ions of rank, indeed, dnfs tlumfelves in gaudy .ip-
parel ) but they do it rathtr from pride than any adei5t.v-
tion of inodedy.

In oidtr tu furnifh the reader with a proper idea not
only of the dtels, but alfo the impcitancc of the niolf.
digniHc I among thele people, we fliall prclent the fol-
lowing account, as given by liattel, of the drefs, 4cc.
Ill the kilaiiibii, or hejd-general, under whom he ferved
.'■r feveial nionilis. " lie wore, fays he, long hair,
(it otl' with many knots of bamba fhclls. Hi'. . eck was
ad. rncil with a eoll.ir of mafos, which are ani':her kind
ol diells found along the tthiopic co.ilt, and fuld among
them lor abi ut the v.ilue of twenty thillings. His mid-
dle was covered with a girdle of lanles, or brads made
of odiich egi^s, and under it a palm iloth as fine as filk,
Hi> body was painted with vaiious figures, and anointeit
every day with human f;l, He wore acrofs his nofe 1
pnce of copper al jut two inches long, and two others
of the fame fort in his ear^." Tins writer, howcvei.
does not mention his weaiiiig any thing rilhci im hu
hands or feet, but adds, *' That he had about thi.ty
wives, who followed him when he went abroad, one
of whom carried his bow and arrows, and four oil ets
his cups and dunking utenfiK 1 and whenever he ilrank,
they all kneeled down, i lapj td their hands, and fing.
He kept hii men under the lltnllrd dilciplinc, and if
any til them luinnl ihcir back to the enemy, hcw.i.
c'Midcmiied tu dciih, and hn body riten ; and, the
niuiv ctkVtually to deter ihcni from cuWtidicCj he ufcd
4 ")

cvinc

dcce.i

with

two

With

body I

men,

womei

thus

deep,

lions,

of fla

fiinerai

Thofe

the ccr

iiunibc

Wh
of a

'"gi

pa I don

gratify

what

cious f
Abo

at that
Jiropofi
people,
tier i>J
and, t
numbe
liiimcrt
thing,
lu lead

AFRICA.]

The Country of the f A G G A S.

i^i

I, armed, or
3WS and ar-
out tlicj' ate
IS than thtic
o cover theit
:ir large oval
lod is fingu-
:s them from
of their pur-
onfifts ill the
Fully covering
five vireaponsj
ly, and mako
ds i after this
is felJom fails
wayb followed
paid :iiher to

ey expcft »ny
lemfelvcs very
he inhabitants
they have ful-
ilt them, they
s, till the othcii

the comniand-
: in the night,

enemy's camp.
c attack, when

, are eafily put
the plcafure of

a diftinguifhcd
ft before him,
who IS fuprcnic
rirninal. 1 h;s

b.ick toil 1 tut
, is only allowed
of a certain rank
ice on a iMrpct,
\ hanili. Tliuli;
jft fpcak to him
ind if of an in-

on the grour.il.
or break winil,

h and long lif>-'i
.1, muft give no-

f.im« i oi\ whicli
ly clapping thcif

JO almoft naked,
round the w.iid,
,alf their thighs.
Ivcs in gaudy .ip-
than any aftcil.v-

_ proper idea not
ancc of the nioll.
prclent the fol-
of the drefs, JiC.
whom he firvcd
(5 he, long huir,
, Hi- , cck W.IS
.\rc an-.':hcr kind
;ind fild amon^i
|,ng>. Hu mid-
,.., or hrads made
olh as fine as lilk.
ires, and anointed
atrofs his iiofi- \
ig, and two others
writer, howevei.
inij tilhci im hit
e had ahoul thiity
went abroad, olio
and four oil en
luncvet he drank,
hands, and fang,
dilciplinc, and if
he enemy, h<- w.i.
iitfii i and, the
uwaidicc, l»c uTud
t<)

tJ make an oration to ilicm from a k'.id of fcaffold
every night, in dil'praifc of it, and in commendation ol
intrepidity."

The fame writer has alfo furniflicd us with a de-
fcription of the nictluij in which they brin;; up their
young foldiery. " Thefe, .ays he, are not their own
offspring, but thofc of (uch c.iptives as they make
in their excurlions ; for thoui^li ley allow themfelvcs
to have many women, and tli ,,: arc no lefs fertile
than thofe of other African nations, yet they fuftcr
few of them to rear up their children, but order them
to be buried alive as foon as born ; and in lieu of them
make choice of fuch as arc the mod promifing from
among thofe of their prifoners, to be trained up to arms,
and to the plundering trade. Tliefe they commonly
choofe at about the age of 1 2 or 13 years, the females
for procreation, and the males for war. The latter
are no fooncr enrolled than they have a collar hung
about their necks in token of llavcry, which is to be
vorn by them till they bring home the head of an
enemy, when it is publickly t.iken of}', and they de-
clared freemen of the canmb-al commonwealth. The
remainder of the captive train of both fexcs are inhu-
manly referved to be killed and eaten, not in time of
fcarcity of cattle and other provilions, but out of cruel
wantonnefs, and in preference to all othci flelh. This
privilege of being accounted me , nd frc J from their
bad;;e of llavery, felJoiii fails of iin, n; ic youths fo
chofen with an uncor.imon ambiiion lu ;ain it at all
hazards, and to face the greaicft dangers with an intre-
pid boldncfs for the fake of it. It is by this method
they keep tip their number conipleat, and the fierce
favage nature of the Jagga republic from recoiling into
humanity and companion."

Thou}>h the women of r..iik only wear a cloth about
their middle, yet they take great pride in adorning their
hair, necks, arms and legs, with fliclls and beads of
various forts j but they have a '' aiigc cuflom of pulling
out four of their teeth, two above and two below; and
thofe who refufe to do this ate fo defpiled by the reft,
that they arc not permitted to alluciate with them.

'I'hcy have no ceremonies of marriage, intermixing
with each other according to their inclination. Hut
they have foiiic particular maxims in the inteinicnt of
their de.id, efpccially thofe of the male kind, and which
evince farther tokens of their lavage cruelty. 'I'he
dcccafed is not only waQicd, anointed, and bedecked
with all his moft valuable finery, but accompanied by
two of his mofl beloved women, who are conveyed
with him to his grave, with their arms broken. The
body is carried to the grave in a iliair, between two
men, and placed in it as if fliil alive, and the two
women, one on each fide of it. As foon as they arc
thus depofited, the grave, which is commonly very
deep, is covered on the top with earth j and the rela-
tions, who ate there prefent, fprinkic it with the blood
of (lain goats and palm wine j after which they make a
funeral lamentation over it for fcveral fucceeding days.
Thofe of higher rank are interred with more pomp, and
theccrtmonitsand libations reiterated a longer or Ihortir
number of days, weeks, &c. according to their quality.

HijUrj »/ tht murfum tf ihi Jaggas.

What we know of the hiftory of this people is but
of a recent date, yet the cireumllinccs arc lo fuipiiz-
ing, and the events fo inlercfting, that it would be un-
paulon.ible not to record them t as they will at once
gratify the curiofity of the tcider, and fully evince
what we have already advanced concerning the fero-
cious favagcnefs of this nation.

About the middle ot the isth century, one Zimbo,
at thai time a principal leader among them, made a
jiropofition of invading the vaft empire of Congo. The
people, in hoprs of enriching themfelves by the plun-
der I'l ihcfe nations readily appiovcd ol hi. propofr.ion,
and, elated «t the profpea, ftnikcd to hini in fitb
iiumberi, that he hion found liMiilell at the head cl a
numerous army, who all promifed tj obey him in cvciy
thing, and to follow him whcievcr he thought proper
tu lead tlieiti. M ■ took with hun a favoutiH' wonuil

named Tem-ban-dumba, wllo ftrved him at ence as a
concubine and a counlellor; and with tliefe he peiic-
irated, without any conliderablc oi-pofition, to the very
center of the Congou ic empire, committing the molt
dieadful ravages and (laughter wherever he came, leaving
nothing behind him but defolation and dedruc^ion.
W^hat added to the inhumanity of their proceedings,
»:is, being nccuftoincd to feed on human flcfh, their
made no lefs havock among the unhappy people that fell
into their hands, whom they wantonly put to the rnoft
excruciating deaths, merely to give a higher telifti to
ihcir flelh.

The fuccefs this mnnfter met with daily increafed his
army, the wretched Congocfc flocking to him in h'pes
of prelerving themfelves from the famine and dcftrudioa
with which they were threatened. Zimbo ace ■rJingly
grew more powerful, till having one day inuftercd
up all his forces, and finding them too numerous to con-
tinue longer in one body, he thought proper to divide
them into feveral parts ; and having fee fomc of his
moll intrepid olKcers over them, difperfcd them into
various parts of Ethiopia, enjoining them to fpread de-
folation wherever they went. One of thofe officers,
named Qiiizzuva, a man no lefs brutifli than martial,
had the infulence to go and attack thePortugucle at one
of their fortrell'es named Teto in the kingdom of Monoc-
inugi : but he there met with the fate he juftly merited,
being totally defeated and killed, with a great num-
ber of his men ; and the reft were either put to flight or
taken prifoners.

In revenge for this, Zimbo, who had heard of the
defeat of his officer and men, marched in all haftc to the
fort with a I'rcfh fupply of forces, engaged the Portu-
gucfe commander, and after an obftinate ftruggle on
both fides, defeated and killed him, making alfo a drc.id-
ful flaughter among the reft of his forces. Thofe whom
he took prifoners underwent a more cruel fate, being
put to the moll horrid deaths, particularly their chaplain,
whom he had obfervcd to be fingularly active during the
engagement. He ordered all their heads to be ftuck on
lances, and carried away as trophies, together wth all
their church veftineiits, himfelf marching at the head,
drefled in a prieftly habit in deiifion to their religion.

Zimbo, elated with this fuccefs, made a defccnt upon
the ifland of Qiiiloa, where after plundering the place,
he put 3000 of the inhabitants 10 the fword : the rslj
he took prifoners, fume of whom were made llaves,
and others he ordered to be facrificcd tr his idols.

The ncjvt attempt he made was on the kingdom of
Melinda, the inhabitants of which, at the (irft news of
his approach, determined to favc their lives and pn.ptr-
tics, by betaking themfelves to the woods. They were
prevented, however, foin cairying their defign into
execution by their generous monarch, who repicfcniei
to tlcn, in the ftrongeft terms, the impropriety of
abandoning their country to a fet of rubbers, who had
neither religion, honour, nor humanity ; proicft n:; at
the fame time, that whatever thiy might leloKx" on
with regard to their own falcty, he was determined t(»
meet and engage them, and 10 defend his count: y and
fubjeils to the (aft drop of his blood. This declaration
fo animated the people, that rhey determined, one and
all, to ftmd by him t" i!ic lad man i and ilic king,
having nude every necellary preparation, let out witli
them to engage the enemy.

Having .idvanccd fome diftance from th? capital, he
met Zimbo at the head of his vii^torious cannibals,
who immediately engaged the king's tioops with hi>
ufual ficrcenefs and aliuiance of fuccefs. The engage-
ment lafted feveral hours, dining which it was fo nb-
lliiutc and bloody, that prodigious numbers were killed
on both fides. At length, ho«ever, the lavages, di'-
fpairing of fuccefs, betook themfelves to fjiglit j when
the king thinking it moll judicious, if poinble, tu ex-
tiipate (0 diabolical a race, ordered his men to puifur,
and kill all that fell into their hands ; which ordrrs ihcv
fo readily obeyed, that very lew, txcrpt Ionic of the
mod aflive, elcapcd their fuiy. Among ihele wa- Zim-
bo their general, who leiiied with tlicm iikh the woodr,
wheie he continued (oine time, in exprtliiiun ol le-
cruiiiiig his army.

Diiriii|

5 1,

•It

K^ '^

368

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OK GEOGRAPHY.

r*i

During his ftay here, he formed a refolntion of mak-
ing a tmr rounJ the coalh of Africa, in which there
was a profpcilt of daily incrcafin;; his army with new
voliinf .rs amongtt the favagcs, and enriching himfcif
with fuch fpoils as might fall in his way. Accordingly
he fet out, and ftecred his coall fouthward to the Cape
of Cjood Hope, without meeting with any opirofition
or difaftcr; and, as he found his army confidcrably aug-
mented, he divided them into fcveral columns for the
better convenience of ravaging i but charged them not
to fcp.uitc farther than that they might he immediately
aflciiblcd together in cafe of any emergency.

After being a fliort time at the Cape, he proceeded
northward as far as the river Cuneva, on the banks of
which he formed a camp, diHributing his men into fe-
vcral boilies under proper commanders, and rcferving to
himftlf the fupreme command over the whole. During
his (lay liere he greatly increafed his army, which fo
animated him, that he made all ncccflary preparations
for fome grand expedition, when death put an unex-
pected end to all his dcfigns, and foon after carried oft"
likewife his favourite concubine Tcm-ban-dumba, the
faithful companion of all bis travels.

On the death of Zimbo, the furviving commanders,
not choofing to fubmit, or become dependant on any
other chief, readily .igreed to brcik oft" tlie commu-
nity, and c.ich of them took upon himfelf the com-
mand of his own tn ops. Some of them continued in
their former ftations, while others moved oft" in queftof
new fcttlvments.

Among the chiefs that feparated was one named
Dongi'^, who w:ij principally remarkable for being the
father of the moft infernal virago that evcrexifted. tihe
was born at the c.imp which Zimho chifc for his laft
retreat, ;iiid was named 'rem-ban-dumba, in rompli-
meiit to that geii-.tal's favourite concubine. Dongis,
her f.ither, removed with his fmall army to the province
of Gang'ulli, lituated on tlic fouth fide of the kin;';-
dom of Mat.'.mba, where dying foon after, his wife
Mullaza, a bold and entcrpriiing wom.)n, took the com-
mand into her own hands ; and having been brought ifp
in the plundering trade from her yuth, gave them fu( h
nianifelt proofs ol her intrepidity, that thev readily fub-
mitt.d ihemfelves to her ^'ondurf,' and followed licr in
her moll dangerous expedition^. She always appeared
armed and drefl'ed like a male warrior; and perceiving
her daughter to be poflifled of natural cour.ige, (lie
drcflcd her in the fame manner, and took <he young
virago with her in all her excurfions, hoping ihcrcby
to initiate her in the infernal bufinefs flic heifelf was
then profccuting.

Though Tem-b»n-dumba was at this time very ypung,
yet (he difcovered fuch prudence and prefencc of mind
on the grcateft emergencies and difficulties that Muf-
hv,3, her mother, made no hefitation (o entrull her
with the command of fome of her force-^, while (he her-
■fdf led the reft on to fome import.int exploits. The
young virago was fo el.ited at this '^at flie began to
think hcrfcif ot too much, confequencc to he under any
kind of fuhjedion to her mother. She therefore claimed
an independent powtr, and foon difrilaved that infern.il
difpufition that afterwards diltinguimed her as the moll
inhuman and iliandoned of her lex.

Rf ing of A MO lefs amorous than warlike temper, flie
had indulged herfelf in the embraces of feveral gallant
youths of her army, of whom, through the ficklenefs
of her fex, flie no fooner became tired, than (he caufed
them to be privately put to death, fo make way for new
ones. Knr tins imprudent, as well as inhuman, con-
duit, flie had been often fevcrely reprimanded by her
mother ; till at length, being no longer able to bear fueh
cunltrainr, (he broke out into an open lebellion
.igainft her.

' 'F"his refoliite ftcp, added to the intrepid bravery (he
kid (hewed on many Of afioii', ma.' her the more ad-
mired, uj V. '11 as dreaded, by the whole fjvage army,
who he;; .in t > think her fomelhing more than human,
and cxpielleil the utmoft eagerneli to come and Hght
under her h.inner j fo th.'t (he greatftt part of her mo-
ther '• forces came gradually over to her, and flic foon
fuuiid hitKll at tile head u( a iiumeroui amy, by
» - I

I whom flic wjs more punctually ob;yed th.in any nrnc;.
I ral of the other fex could have been, as tliey iniuiii.itd

her to excel all in prudence and magnanimity.
I In order to infpire her men wiih veneiation and dread
i for her, flie ordered her whole jrmy to be dnwii ii'i
, in arms before her, and, appearing in her marculim',
i military drcls, (he harangued them in a long fpccc.li,
I in which (he acquainted them with her fanguine views
' of making them victorious and h.ippy under her cop.
'! duct, and, by their valour and alfillance, to lay the
',' foundation of a powerful and glorious kingdom. 'I"lic

I better to aecomplilh her future ptojciits, (lie told them
" that flie mult .and would inftrui5f them in the laws and
|1 rights of the aniicnt J.iggas, tlu-ir anceftors, as th-.-
',] noil inf.illil !e means to make them no Icfs fuctefful

than their Lite leader Zimbo, without the dan cr of
j xpofiiig them to the fame miifortuiTCS.
: To convince them how much (he was in carncft
' and expei>ed to be obeyed, flie to!.; them flie would
immediately fet them an example worthy of their at-
tention, unlcfs they were greatly degenerated fiom i!il:

I I natural couiage and iiitrrj idity of their celebrated r. ee

I and that if they were, it would ir.falliijly revive it in them.
1^ Having thus far raifed their expcitations, while they
!, fixed their attentive eyes and ea's on her, flie ordered ;:ii
:'. only fon, whom (he had by one of her paramours, to
'' be brought to her, together with a large peflic and

I I mortar, in which, inftead of treating it wirli the cu-
' reilijs of a young and tender mother, as might naturally

have been expcited, (he, to their great (urpiire, .Tnd

without the leaft (hew of rcmorfe, pounded the innc-

ce.-.t babe alive, till (he had reduced the bones, flefh,

&c. into a pulp, among which (he mixed feveral kinds

j of powders herbs, roots, oil, and other ingicilieiits ;

and th':«, ha\ing formed the whole into a kind of

I ointment, (he ftripped herfelf, and ordered fome of her

I maids to .inoint her with it from head to foot, before all

I her nun. After this was done, flic rcfunied her mania!

,j drcfs, and told them, ihit was the fo\ercign balfain tliat

I would render them net only ftrong, and fit for m irtial

j exploits, but invincible, and coiifeiiuciitly a terror to

oiher kingdoms.

I This inltaiK-e of diabolic herc'fm was uniicrfally ad-

I mired hv her barbarian ("ubjeilts, who iniinciiiately td-

( lowed her example, by murdering many thou laud,-, of

male inlants in the fame horrid manner, and for the

fame infernal purpifcs.

Soon after this (he ni.idc feveral laws, which flic
ftiiOly enjo lied her (»Sjei:tc to obferic. Among thefe,
one of rh.' moft deteft-ahlc was, th.it'iionc of her fubjcit^
(hoiild uiidiitake any thing of conlequencc, or even
conlult about any cnterprize, till they had prcvioudv
anointed ihemfelves with the fliocking compofition abo.'c
deleiibeil, which (he (aid would infpirc them with «if-
dom to choiife, and courage and relolution to cxerute
all their proJK^ts with undoubted fuccefs : and that then;
mi^ht never be wanting a (upplv of it, (he cn.-.fled ("ome
other edie'ts by which feveral forts of male children
were excluded fiom being admitted into the cimp, or
even from Iciiig brought up ; fome of which weie <>r-
I'rred to be pounded and boiled for the u("e abovemrnti-
oncd, and others 'hat weie tiili.r deformed or defec-
tive, to be thrown to the dogs.

In the courfc of fome time, however, (lie found her-
felf under the neceility of reducing the force of fueli of
her laws, as were either detrimental to the increafc of
the male kind, or too fliocking againlf the natur.il nf-
feilion of parents, fearing that fuch barbarity might at
length termiiutc in a general difrontent, or perhaps an
open rebellion ; and inftead theriof (he introduced others
more agice.ible to the natural cruelty of the nen|de,
among which was that ( ' feeding on human fle(h, an.!
preferring it to every other kind of diet. In this l.iw.
however, flic made an exception .igiinft killing any u)
her own fex for that piiipofe, or eien to eat ihcin cither
when ihey died a natural, or wcie put to a vitdeia
death.

Befides thrfe, (he p;;ve them feveral other laws all . I
which wercof fl;c (arne inhuman nature, and eahul.red
1 1 enc"ur»i;,r and inure her fiibjeds iii all manner ot r,i-
pine. bloydlhcd, and femorfclvli cruelty. In (hurt, Or

h.d

conic at
iicr.

He
that ill,
iill'es tc
fnleitai
likely
He iiipi
wines,
lie fouiK
poi/bii
iliank,
arms.
Kuf
tondui^e
paflclaL
ileatli of
lailieiil,
I'ciler |.|(
111 Ins o»
joined to
prtflion
clarej b
king.

In ordc
pretended
with the
which '-c
nence,
divided in
liuntt witi
the lioors i
mattings,
with thee
With all III

AFRICA.]

The Country of the JAGGAS.

5*9

?.ny grr.c-

and drcal
drawn tip
marculiiii ,
iig ri)cec:li,
uiiK- views
■ her ror-
to lay the
iom. Tlis
c tuld tlu-m
e laws aiiJ
jrs, as til-
's riicuf- fill
; dan or of

I in carncft,
I ftic wojld

of their -.U-
tcJ fiom lUi;
:bratc.! r. cu ,
vcit in ihcni.
, while they
le ordered an
i-.iramoiirs, to
/c pcftlc and
wirh the cu-
ight naturally

furpiizc, and
:lcd the innc-
e bencs, flefh,
d feveral kinds
r ingrcdifnts ;
ito a kind lit
id fome of her
foot, befure all
ncd hrr martial
ijin bnlfam that
il tit for m.irtial
lly a terror lo

; iini\crfa!ly ad-
mmcdiately li 1-
ly thoiifands of
tr, and for the

which flic
Ainonj? theiV,
of her fuhjcilj
iicncc, or tvcn
had prcvioudy
iliofiiioii ab<v>c
them sviih wif-
;ion to cseiiitc,
and that there
:■ enr.fled fome
Mialc chilJlcii
the omp, <n
which weie cr-
jfe abfivcn\enti-
fornicd or defcc-

n\c found her-
forcc <if fuili of
1 the incrcafc of
U the n.itur.il nf-
atbarity might at
It, or perhaps an
ntroduccJ others
of the iHiii le,
hum:in llfft), and
ct, In this l.uv.
a\ killing any o{
to eat ihcin citlur
put tu a vio'.eri.

other laws all 1 1
re, and caleiiliied
all manner ol r.i-
llv. Infliott, fh<-

1-^1 ?t length fo hardened all lie r forces in l' cir (Itihe.c-
ti>, trade, that ihcv fpread lire and (laugiiter ail owr llie
Weftern part, ^i Lthio|ra, vvithoi't mercy, or a'nr !• ^i^y
C'lpolilion : »■: I if ar any time (he met v. it'' a re|>..! i,
or ev.n drfcai, from her war'ikc ncigiihours, infioad ^,1
beiny d'feouraguil, (lie only gruv more fn.re ami de.'pi- I
rate, rcinfmeed her army witii all polllnie fpeul, am!
f.-',l up;);i them with lueli cngcrne;''; an 1 lurv, that '
cv.-ry thing was forced to give wav lo he', <jr lice'
from her viftoiious ami's. What cllctli:a!ly aniniaicd
her troops to follow her through ti:r nioft ari'^ous
and dangerous cnierpri/es was, the i.i'ji.aufe aiitl le-
ro.iinencc they were fjre to meet with on their I'.turn'
to the camp, efpecialiy with ri!pei51 to tlie (liftiihutinn
of the plund:fr and llaves, which (he ilividul anioiigft
them, without rtfciving any didinguillied emolument
to h'-rfelf.

We come now to the fcquel of the life and reign of
this defporale and inliuman monftcr, who, alter having i
filled the gicaull part of Klhiopia with lerror, lilootl,
and lluighter, at length fell a viflim to lull and incon-
tinencv.

1 laving murdcreJ great numbers of lier paramour!, in '
Older to prevent the difcovery of her private tk'baueht-
lits, the at k' gth grew enamoured with a lVi(h one, in
whom, though then only a private foldier, (he di'.co-
vered fuch excellencies as made her overlook the great,
dilparity of liiuation between her and him. His name j
was Kuletnho, he was in pcrlon tall, (Irong and well |
llupcd : in his difpofition bold and intrepid, and no way j
iiifeiior to his iniuiels in cralVmers and cruelly. As he
was not ignorant of the fat<; that had attended fo many
of his ptedeccfl'oi's, fo iiriilier did he accept of h;r coa-
dcfccnding o(f:r$, but with a tixcd refolution to ictai.att '
it upon lier, as Ibon as he found her afti.d>loii for him \
in the I raft to decreafe. In the ii.eaniinit, however, I
he ufed every means he could ]iroje£l to pi afc her, and j
in a lliort time fo worked viixin her palliors, that he!
prevailed on her to marry him. 1 he uuptiais were ac- 1
cordingly celebrated with great pomp after their maimer, j
that H, with the death of a great numix r of human and I
other viilims, for the entertainment of their numeionj
gueds ; yet neither could this, nor the many other fa- i
vouri (he hc.:ped upon him, prevent his keejiiug (o !
watchful an eye over her, that he became mo. e and'
more apprized of her firklc, inconllant, lewd, a'i<l ty- i
rannic ehrpofition ; inlbi.iuch that he at length pei-
tcived, ill fpight «( her female addicts, he was be- |
come at Kail nulineicnt, if not u holly dilagreeable to I
licr. I

He now thought it high lime to ward off the blow \
that ihreateiird iiiin, by rmcwing anel doubling his ea- J
1 1.1115 to her, by (umptu'jus bannucts, ami fuch oiher]
fnicitainiiKnts and diveidons, as he knew wcic moll,
lik;ly to lufpcnd her licaeheroiis inleiilions .'gainll him. I
He fiipplied her in paiticular with variety hi ILuicpapji •
wines, and with the moll debghtlul cordial waleis, fill
lie found an opixjrtuiiity ol conveying a (liong doU ul ,
poiibn into one of ilieni, I'f which (he had no fooner
drank, than, as he expefled, llie ixpiicd in liis
arms.

KuleniNi. after this, appeared fo highly afllifled, and
tonduOed himlrlf with Inch artful (iiici!,, that he
paflbd allogclheTunfulpeftcd of having any hand in the
death of a fp'iufe, whole lot's he iecmcd lb detply to
Uiiienl, that he airtfle-d to attempt, in ouler to put the
better glofi on it, more than once to Iheaih his fw.ird
in liii own lircaft. Ihii countirfeittd excels ot grief,
ioiiicd to ins v^■vil known couraj."-, made lii deiii an iin-
ptellion on the nundi of the Jaggas, th.it he was de-
clared her fucccflbr, and (bun after proclaimed their
king.

In order to pive his new fuhjcft* a frelh proof of his
pretended affeflion for hii late fpoiile, he buried her
with the inoft didinguillied inagniliccnee. Ihc pl.ue
which '-c chofe for her interiiKiii was on » dirtant emi-
nence, wli^re he caufrd a fp.ieioiis cave to be Ivg, and
divided into feveral large apartmcnti, all of whie;i were
hung with fome of the nclull iloilis of Kuiopc, and
the ItooM coviri'l with the tiiicll furs, and moll cuiicus
matting*. That diligncd for the corple «as well lloicd
with thechoiceft mrn-s and liip'o'S. She was bedecked
wilU all lirr cudly u.i»iiiciit«i and teatcd on a thionc
33

] in a coniiiianJing attitndc. The tlironc was r.inied bv
Itlelirll miniU.rs of flate, guarded by tire militia, and
■ followed by the king and the whole court, who aeeom-
; jianied it wiiii 'iluir moft dreadful out cries, heightened
• iiy the found of all their martial niufic. Tlic pri'ce!-
fi'>n was cloied by the i-n'inppy human viftims, which
werelo be cither butchered over her grave, or buiied
i aiiie uiih her in it.

i Wiien they came to the cave, the corpfc was dcpo-
ll'ed in the ajiartment prepared tor it, amidft the moil
hideous cries of the court and ibldicry, and the horrid
lound of the martial inllruments ; after which t!x'
viflinis were ilain, and the-ir blood fcattered plentifully
on tliecoiple. Thnfe viflinis that were eleligned to Ibrvi:
her in the other world, then went down into the grave,
the bodici of the ll^in were thrown in, and the whole
place iiiimcdiate'y filled up with earth. As loon as the
ceremony was over, the company retired to the camp,
and the new monarch look upon himlelf the reins of
government.

Kulcmbo diflinguidicd the beginning of his reign by
his frei]ucnt cxeurfions and ravages, but he was foon
flopped in his career. He became captivated with a
b' autilul (lave, who foon perfiiaded him to exchange
the martial trade for the plcaluies of the matiimonial
life. He lent his officers and forces upon new cx|)loils,
while he enjoyed himie I fat cafe with his i|ueen, till he
at lengtii fu'ldiniy expired in her embraces, and was
afterwards honoured by her, and all his fabjCiSls, as ail
mil nor lieity.

1 lie Akc ilbr of Kul'.iiilio was named Chiiigarii, who
was not only eipiai to him in valour, but of a more fa-
vage difjiufui'.n. '1 lie ravages he committed were at-
tended with much greater cruelty than had been exer-
cifed by any ot his piedeeediirs ; and fuch was his
tliirft aflei thi. fli' rkin^ b-'finels, that he did not he-
litatc to engage in the iii'jft liazardous entcrnri/cs, till
at lengtii venturing to try iiis bravery againft the I'or-
tuguele of Angola, he was defeated and lUin, and a
great nuiiibei ot his men taken prifonera.

Cliingarii was fuccccded b, Caiuximbo, a man of
great courage and coiuluil, but of lo gentle anil hu-
mane a dilpolition, that he could never be prevailed
upon lo eat any human iKtli cither before or after his
clcSion. His barbarian lubjeds, from this circum-
flancc only, conceived an invineil le averlion againft
i.iiii ; and, under pretence that ll.tir late ijueen I cm-
ban-duiiiba relented his open violation of her laws', («
notion wlueh the pricft took care to (piend about) he
ivas ..Ualilnated to appcafe her anger, and joo vlil'iin
ot each lex were ordered to be butchered at liis funeral
obl.ijairl.

l'.iii.xniiho had manv fucrcflbrs, ail of wliom, in a
gieater oriels degree, coiiimittitl the iilual ravages of
iheir prciiceefiors, leaving nothing behind them, whtre-
evcr they went, but the melancholy maiks of utter de-
lolaiion.

The mod diftinguiflicd tb.at fuccccded Caluximho
was n:.iiied Caiaiiga, a man of no Icis prudence
than courage. This chief, having entered into an
'alliance w.th the Portugueic governor of Angola a-
gaind ()ucen Zmglia, who then headed ainvher party
of deljieraie Jaggas in the kingilcm of M.uaini'.i, was
prevailed u|«sn by that governor to abolilhjuine of the
l.iws made by queen rim-ban-dumba, particularly fuch
as nlatcd to the dclltoying thur ov\ n childien, and
biiiigiiigup ill their fte.ad tliofe wliii h they biought
away eapiivcs in their exeuiiions. This ilcpiidatioii
on their laws was (o ill approved of by the tavaj;c laggas,
that It eoll C.danga his life, for he was foon alter ai-
lallinated by one of his fon<, and interred with the
uliial eereiiionics. The paticide, however, did not
long enjoy the high dignity he had fo infamoully ar-
' I'he Jaggas, according to their laws, claimed

luiiied. 1 lie jaggas,

their right of elenion, and let up another Ion of the
detealiil in his (lead. He was named CalTangeCan*
guin-(iuili, and entertained (o high an opinion of the
I'ortuguefe, that in oidrr to obtain their fiicndlhip, he

' cauled hinilclf to I* inflruiled in the principles of the

J Roman Caihelic religion, and was baptucd by lUc name

I , of Don I'uleaU-.

I This piince, hcsvvcver, whether tlirotigh fear of liein]^
Idklluoii.d, or Irom a naunal propeyfity to the I'g,:*

' j A •enumi,

IM'^

:i'

: 1 i

I':
1 4

S I'

•^J"' f^

5r«

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

culloms, foon aftir lelintjiiinied his new pcrfuafion, anil
became nioic cruel and blood-tliiifty, and committed
greater ravages than the fierctll of his prcdtccllois,
Ipicadina death and defolation wherever he went.

This IS the laft king of the Jagj;as of wliom we have
any particular account : all we know farther is, that

different tribes of thcfe people, under their rcrpcfllve
chiefs, ftill infeft thofc parts of Africa already delcribed,
and that they flriftly preliivi. their anticiit and infernal
maxims. We iiialf therefore take leave of fo diabolical
a race, and proceed to the next chapter.

CHAP.

VII.

CAFFRERIA, or CAFFRARIA.

'ki .

WE now come to a part of Africa as finely fi-
tuated as any in the univerfe for navigation
and commerce, yet as much neglcfted, in
both thcf; refpefts, as any place in the world. It wants
no advantage, except bun^ an abfoUitc ifland, yet is
lef» known than mull: interior coitinents. Tlic coun-
try is fertile, but Wii..ts tlie advantages of civilisation.
The inhabitants are natura'lv fai;:iriiiu6, but tluir fa-
culties are abforbed in ini!oUncc. Thus Ixjtii the lands
and mmds of the people rtiiiiirc improvement ; bu' the
politic Dutch, who poU'eis the principal part, oi 'lie
coaft, wifli to give to neither, any laither than then
own ronvenicncies recjuirc, kll cultivation in the firft
fliould introduce luxury, and infoimaiiori in the laft pro-
duce difobedirnce.

The wlio'e of this country extends about 780 miles
from north to fouth ; that is, from Cape Negro to lire
Cape of tjood Hope: from the laft mentioned Cape,
turning ii'>i'!i-caft, to the mouth of the river Spiiitu
Santo, it runs about 660 miles ; and from thence pro-
ceeding up tl-.c country almoft to the equinoftial line,
it is about 1740 mdes farther. In fume places it is

neo, anil m ollurs not above 600 broad. Cape Negro
11 ir. 1? deg. 30 niin. fouth latitude, and the river Del
Spiiilu Sarilo in 2 J deg, fouth latuude.

Callicria is fo named (rum the CafTres, its inhabi-
tant(, though feme authors afhrm, that this ,iame it
merely an oj)probnous term given by the Arabs to ali
who have but eonfufed notions of the Ueilv, and whii I'
the Poitugucfc, by miftakc, have applied to the people
rilidin^ in thefc cuuntrict.

This conlidcrabie region is ufualiy divided into,

1. The kingdom ofMalaman, or Clltribede.

2. Ihe inland countries lictwcen Mataiiian and Mo-
pomatapa.

3. T be country of the Hottcfitotli

4. Terra de Naial.

5. Teira dos Fuiiioi,

But before we enter upon a local defcriptlon of the
country, it is nccefTary to mention the dilcovery of it.

The moft (butherii point of Africa, called the Ci'i'C
of Good Hope, was unknown till lb late as the yeai
l4()j, when it was lirft difcovercd by liartholoiiicw
Dia/,, the ailmiial of a Portugueli: tlect, who, on ac-
count of the Iwiftcroui weather he met when mar it,
diftinguiflied it by the name of Calio dos totos Tor-
liuntos, or, the Cape of all Plagues; finrc which time
no place in the univerfe hat been more lj>i'keiiof, though
little of the country, excc|)t the coal), has been |)tne-
tiated or known. The reafon why it has fo much at-
(lafted the attention of the mariners of all nations, is
iheir being under a nectdity of doubling it in their voy-
ages to the Laft-Indiis, and fiecjucntly of calling there
lor water, or otht r rflielbmcnts.

John, king of Portugal, not liking the name which
Us admiral hail beftowid on this liiige promontory,
changed it to that of the Cape of (umd Hope, by vfliuli
appellation it hath been ever (incc diftinguillied.

Hcwcvcr, neillirr Uia/., or his fucccllgf Vafeo de

Gama, though they faw the C^ipe, thought proper to
land at it. But in 1498 tire Puin.guele ai'miial, Riij
del Infante, was the lull who ventiied on lliure ; and
from his report, Kinanuel, king nf Portugal, on ac-
count of the eligiliiliiy of the lituat'on, determined to
eftablidi a colony there : but the Portugudc, wlio arc
by nature cowards, having taken it into their luads
that the inhabitants of the Ca,ie were canaliab, ucre
too much afiaid of being devoured, to ob-y their io\i^-
reign in making the intended futiement.

The next time thefc timid people l.'n'id here, was
under the coniluft of a vireioy nf IJia/.il, i,.-iiii'.-d Francis
i^'Almcyda, when the Porluguele were (liameliiliy de-
feated by the fcarcc armed, and un'.va;l;l.e natives; the
viceroy and 75 of his men being kiibd in the engage-
ment, and the reft obliged to iiiai.e a precipitate flight
to their Ibips.

The Portugucfc were much chagrined r.t this difaftor,
and greatly abaflied at the idea of fueh manial I'line-
rioiity in a people by them deemed at once favngc anil
defpieablc. They determined to be revenue.!, but not
having magnanimity enough to lliew a brave reli.nt-
irient, they contri.ed a moft inluin.,n, and cowardly
expedient. Tour.iing at the Cape about tuo years
after, they landed with all the tokens of aiii.tv, and
brought on lliore with them a large cannon lopil-.d with
grape lliot. Knowing the fondiiefs of tlic unliifpeflinij
natives tor brals, ihev pretemled to mal.o t!i; 111 a |ir( -
i'eiit of this engine of dcftrudioii, winch wa» ot lliat
metal. 'I'hc pour people, (ivrrjoved by the gift of fo
great a treafurc. In gaii to drag it auay by the help of
two long ropes which had been prr\ioiilly falUncd to
the inuA/le. Gieat numbers laid liohl of the rupe«,
and many i-'.'iers went Ufore by way of tiiiimph, when
ihe treaelicious Pi'rtUg.iele tiring oti the cannon, a pro-
eligious fl.iiighter enlued, as iiioft of the people U(>oil
within the lange of tlic lliot, .Many were" killed, fe-
\eral woundid, Jiid the few who enaped, abandoned tlic
latal prcknt with the moll prir'p.ituie tenor.

About the yiar 1600, tlie iJutih began to toi'ch at
the Cape, in their way to and from t'l*. I'.aft-lndies ;
and beeiiming annually more |i 1 Idile ot the iniportane'C
oftliepl.Hi, in 1650 they tfleiKd a kiTliiiient hero,
which lime that tniie, haili rllen to gieat power ami
opiiltiui, and bit 11 of clli nliid liiviecto the United
piovinees in general, whichwill beivinctd in the courfe
uf this chapter,

S F. C T. I.

7/jt Kiiigiljin cf ^\MMu\n, tr Clinibedc.

'T' HIS kingdom rxten.ls from if) Jrg. jTiniii. (iMiih
•* lalilude, 10 the river lUaVKi'Jud, 111 i.j di 3. foulli
latituele, crollliig the trojiic of C:piicoin, being m
length 4J0 miles fioiii north to Itii.tl', and :fiOioibi
broad from call low.fl. The nver liiav."ghul bouniK ,t
on the eaft and weft; Urnguiia o'l tii'- noiih; and
the Atlantic Ocean mi die (outh. Tlic fird pace wor.
thy of obfcrvatioii in this kingdom is Cape Negio, or
lllaek Cape, which receives its app^lLtioii fiom its fa>
Lie uppearaticc tu inariiicis, wlieu ai a coi,ildi.ublc dil*

Taiicn

this

Of th

'■ ihd

rcfpcflivc
ileCcribed,
id infernal
I diabolical

I A.

lit proper to
ai'iHiial, Kio
1 llioic ; aivi
iii;al, iin ac-
Jctfniimcil to
jtlc, wIk) arc
J tlu-ir litails
anaba!', were
•fv tlKir lovc-

iid licrc, w:i»
i,.-,iii,'J Francis
;l>aim't\illy de-
c native* ; llie
ill ih-- iiiga^e-
ccipitaic tli^'iit

r.t tills c'ifaftcr,
iiwtnial l"ii;it;-
Tuv r;ivnj;c and
,.i.|ir<(.,|, luitnot
a liravc rii'int-
1, and cowr.rdly
<)ul iu>) yi'art
of aiii.ty, an'l
iH'nlorci.'d uilli
lie iui'.iifi"'i?in5
a',.c tlv-iii a \m-
icli vviii ot lliat
V tlic gift "t'lo
■|>y tin blip 0^
Hilly falUncd to
a of the ropes
f i'.ir,iin>b, «'•'■<■"

... kii'.ed, U-
ubandoncd li'.i;

; liiinoii, a I""-
tl'.c pu'plf ft''0''
were
I.

xTior.

H;;aii '" toiuh nt

i'k l''.;it1-liidios ;
)f ilic uiiportanec
I kttUir.cnl l.ir'.-,

j.uat po'.vcr ar.d
lie to the United
iicsd i» l''*: courle

Climbeilcr

,.(.. -^T iiiui. riKii'i

In i.J d. S. foulll

;|,vic.iin, being m

il,, and ;f.o nnl^»

iavr;;liiil louivN.t

1 I,,.- nc'.i'.i; !ii"l

;,c (iid P'>ic **'"■•

« Li'i'c N.Rro, or

.".l.il.'ii bo.n it!> U;

I a '^oulidi-ublc dif-

tjno»

AFRICA.]

C A F F R E R I A.

37^

fiance at fca. At the extremity of the nortlitrn ant^l;
is a bay alxjiit fix miles broad, and on the fumniit ol
the mountain is a pillar, of alabalU'r, wiih the anne en
Portugal upon it. Ueneath the i8th deg. ol ioutiieni
latitude lies Capo Ruy-Pi/., which extends aliout lO
Jeagucs north-weft. Gulfo-lrio, and liic Cape of the
fame name, lie in iS dtg. 3$ min. and the Lay of St.
Anibrofe in 21 deg. fouih latitude.

'! he coall here is vciy fandy, but the climate is to-
lerably mild, conlidering ilic tropical fjtuaiion of the
country. The inlaiul party arc fruitful, and a \ariety
of trees abound to>vartls tin north. Tiic Dutch jud^e '
of their approach to iliis coafl by the flight of the birds I
called mews, as tlielt- never fly above 20 Icigues from
land. '1 here is likewife another token by which fnilors
know when they are near the Jhorc, that is, the!
floating of the weed talltd fargoll'a ii|)on the furfacc of li
the waters. To conclude, Llnnbcdc is very little
known ; Imt, .iccording to the few writers who have
inentiiiaeil it, the government is dcllxitir. and the whole
country tubjefl to one fovereii^n, lui)Oi\iinate to whom
are a few petty lords, who (lile themlclvcs prinres,
thoiigh their dominions ronilil oa'.y : i' n linall number
rt' fcattered towns towards the fea eoatt.

SECT. 11.

The Interior Ceur.iry of the CaftVcs.

'T^UF, Europeans arc but very little arq'.iaintrd with
-*• this part y^i Africa ; it is, however, a;.r. cd, that the
country called Mozumbo Acalongo is bounded on the
north by the province of Ohiia, on the I'outh by the
country of the Hottentots, on th.- eaft by Monoinotap.i,
and nil the well by Mataman, or Climbedc.

The iM'W lines of Ohila .iiid Abuttia have been little
known, .1.1-1 hfs defribed, bv w hite people ; the latter,
however, is laid to abound in Cioid Nlines. The pro-
vin''e of I'oiaca cont.iins many iron mines, and in the
midll of them is a furpti/ing laliric, being a capacious
f piaie cartic, built of polillied iVee-llonc. The ftones
arc very largo, and jilaied upon each other without any
kind of cdiient. The walls arc near nine feet thick,
and contain liveral inleriptlons, vvliieh none have yet
been able to explain, or even guels to what language
the char„^leri belong. As the inhabitants are unac-
quaintid with t!ie name of the founder of this cxtr.ior-
(linarj piV, they coiiipbiiKnt the devil with the liouuur
ot li.oi.ig iiein the aKiiitefV. The nearell {lone build-
ing to this tallle i<. a I'ortugucle fort, whieli, houever,
is 2CC h.igiKs from it. The town c<\ latuea, near
this place, is rich in gol 1 and precious ftoncs. Horo
and f^iilici likewife abound in golil mines ; and Clii-
cova, which lies more to the noith-caft, contains many
filver mines,

SECT. III.

Of that Part k/ Catfrcria, tailed the Smittry tf the
Hottentotf.

'T' 11 E country of the Hottentots extends tow•ar.^s I
■* the n/irih to the tropic of Capricorn, and on all
the other pans is hounded by the Southern Ocean. It
is divided into ?o paits, or provinces, which being in-
dependant of rath other, arc termed nations. Thcfe
Hottentot Hates arc as follow :

1. The country of Hcykaitis, This territory a-
boiindj in cattle, though there is no fodilcr but llags and
reuls, nor any water but what is brackifli. The few
valbis arc fertile, but the tiunintains are many, and bar-
ren. Game and wild brafls ate plenty, 1 it the greateft
inconvenience Is the want of fielli water.

2. I'he Chamiours diftriff contains the tuicft and
inoI\ lofty trees of any in the HolscntotJ country : the
land in general is flat, the foil rich, and the water ex-
ccllenl. Here is plenty of fea and liver li(b, abun-
dance of cattle, great ipiantitics of game, and a vaiivtv
of wild bearti.

■\. The lloutciiiquas land contains many fine, flindv
woods, ami fail, fiiiilc lucadons; the fiill ate IuaU-
liantiu abuiidame of medicinal heibs; and the hitler
air biaiilifully (lamelicJ witii a great \aiicty uf fra-
grant liower-.

4. The country of llie Gauricpifs, or Gauros, is i
linall, bit plentiful territory. Wild beads ali.mnd mord
here than in any other place of the vicinity ot the t'?pc;

5. 'llie people called Damaquas inhabit a diftrift
which is llat and fertile. It abounds particularly in
cattle, game, hemp, and water melons. Wood is vcr^
karce, and fait -pits are ra once numerous and ulllcfs ;
lor the Hottentots never eat any fait, and t!ie pits are
too far from the coall to be of any fervice to the Eii-
ro[peans. Thole who travel ihrou;^li this teiritorv are
much obftruftcd by the leipcmine river Palamites, which
meanders through the whole country, an'i is palled upon
lloats, or in cunocs, as the people have not the leafl idea
of building a bridge.

6. Dunquas land is the Ic.-ift uneven, and moll fer-
tile place in this part of Africa. It is watered by fevcral
iinc llrcams, which difemlxiguethemfclves into the rivtr
Paiamites. Here is aprofufion of cattle, game, fifli, hci bs,
and flowers.

7. I'he Snnquas arc but few in mimbcr, and inha-
bit a very barren, rocky country ; but lluir poverty ren-
ders them more indufirious than the reft of the liotten-
tots, and their natural w-aiits make ibcm excellent liimll'-
men. They arc aflivc and intrepid ; and when they
lind it inipolliblc to ful.iift in their own country, they
let thcmfelves out to hire as foldiers, to fight the battles
of iome of their more la/v, and lefs warlike neiph-
bours : fo that they may be termed the Swils of the
Cape. Cattle is fo fearec among tlicm, thjt thty never
kill any but ypon cctain foleiiin occalions ; thiir frod
being cither the game they provide themfelvrs vvitli in
hunting, or fucli roots, plants, and licibs as their poor
country furnillics. Many iiiiplov ibrmCelves in feaich-
ing hollow trees for hoiiev, which thev barter to the
Dutch for brandy, tob;,cco, and liarclvvarc. 'i'hough
unimproved by art, they are the philofcp'.iers of t-ature :
ileiiniiig this Ilic a (luuiow, they ncvi r (bun any (larcer,
as they imagine it may facilitate and haftcn tlinr jour-
ney to a flate of I'lils vthieh they ardently expcft iii tht
next.

" Him fortune cannot {Ink, nor rnurh elate,

" Whole views extend beyond this piortal flate;

" '^.V •'S'-' when fuiiimon'd to reli^n bis breath,

" Calm and fercne he lees a|iproachin.c deaih,

" As the fafe port, the pence Uil fileiit lliorc,

" Where he may reft, life's ' dious voyage o'er :

" He, and he only, is of death afraid,

" Whom his own conl'cicncc has a toward made }

" Whilll he who Virtue's radiant cor.rf.: Iia> run,

" Del'cends like a ferenely-fetting fun ;

" His thoughts triumphant Hcav'n alone cmplov?,

" and hope anticipates his future joy»."

8. The HelTcquas, or Gafl'aquas, one of tlic rielic{l,
and iiioft polillicel of all the Hottentot nations ; that i>,
they have the greateft quantity of cati'e, the only ciite-
rion ot rlchr«, and are the moft Iwxuiious in their iiviig,
the Ible iiiaik of refinement vvhieli can lie adduced m
this country. Put their wealth i.nd luxury arc their
greateft misfortune ; for the former, by raiiirg ihc
envy of their neighbours, encourages thim to cininiit
ileprcdations in their territories; and the latter, ly
having enervated, has icndcrcd them iiic.Tpable of de-
fending themlilvcs. Hence liny arc obliged frequently
to iblicit the aftirtancc of the Dutch, and to pay p.irc
of their wealth in fiipport of their itl'eiiiiiiacy 1 for it i»
well known that the Dutch never i^^.^ a j'ood turn to
others, without biing |x'cu!iar!y interellcd in it thcm-
felves. Their kraals or villages, are larger, and letter
built ; their bakkritys, or oxen for cairiapc, ftrong< r
and handroiner j and their country better inhabited tha.n
any other aliout tlic Cape. They have abundance of
game, and, indeed, every tiling that is neccUary to
convenience and pleaiure in that tiopical iituation.
Some of thel'e people article themfelves as (ervant* to
the Dutch f r a CMtiiin term of years, and, duiingth*
ftipulatcil Ipaee, ail with the utmoft inte;^rilv.

9. The koopmaiis pollcis a larre, lettile territory,
whuh contains many European lettleiiieiils, tnd i(
well fuppbeil vvith wood and water.

ic- 1 he Chaiiiouquas ten itories arc fltiall, and fer-
tile;

\ w

!' <i

if W' '

?!■

!l. 1,. tjir !

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

Hi '^

t*'

tile ; tlic people conlift of only about 400 pcrfons :
tiicv arc, liowcver, very rich in catllc, and gchtroui to
flra'ngrrs.

II, Tlic Calxjnas inliahit a country fituatcJ near
the tropic of Capricorn, ami arc rtporml to be antluo-
popliacji, or nun-eaters. I!ut as tlicfc |K.oplc arc very
little Known, it is priil)al)le that what is laiil tu their
difadvantagc may he ew:ng to tlic total ignorance of
their real charaaer:>, and the fuppoiitiun taken upon
fonie vaj;uc report.

1?, i he country of the Hanruniquas, which adjoins
to the former, and lies about the 2bth degree of louili
latitude, is likewile very bttle known : we lliall, thcre-
iorc, not prcfeive the conji flutes ot others, as we :iiCiin
to adopt nothing but \\h:it is well authenlicaied.

13. The Henfaquas ililFer fioiii the oiher Hottentots
in applyinp themrehes to agriculture, as well as the
breeding of cattle. They cultivate a fingular root
called ilakha, the \v.'cc of which is lliarp .md fpirituous.
The fubftamial pMr( fervcs ihcin for food, and tiic tiuid
is an intoxicating liquor, of which llay are \ery loiul.
Thcfe people catch lions by traps, and have the pecu-
liar art of laming them, l<) as to tender iheni Icxriable
and doiiiellic. borne of the ftrongcft and tieicell they
lirted for the putpofes of war, and fo perfeflly well
dilciplinc iheiii, tl'.at tiny are obedient to c(>iiiniand,
and .ittack furioDlly whin ordered by their iiiafters ; lb
that by ihc allilUnee of thefe tremendouii light troop?,
the Henfacjuas ate exceeding formidable to tticir neigh-
bours.

14. The Attaquas are poor, having but few cattle,
which is owing to the barrennefs of the country, and
the want of water. This poverty of foil is, how-
ever, their grand fecur'ty againft invalion, as none
care to fteal that which is not worth having, or to run
the hazard of their lives with a certain proipift of be-
ing Icfcrs.

15. The Chirigriquas inhab't n couniiy bordering on
the bay of St. Helen^, iiul arc a ftro.ig, aflive, bold
people. The territory is watered ly an excellent llreaiii
called the Elephant's Kivei, on account of the gr^at
number of elephants which fiequcnt its banks. 'I'his
dillrifk abounds in mountains winch are ti.it on the top,
and the fumniits of foiiie of ihciii have all ilu- verdmc of
the fineft meadows. The vallies are aJmnabiy eiiaiiielled
with th- nioft beautiful tlowcis ; but it is dangenms to
enjoy their tragraiiey, on account ot ihe piodigious
number of fnakes with which lliey abound : that called
Ceraftus is particularly veiiemous.

•< With curling creft, and with advancing head,

•' W'nving he tolls •'■"'' maizes a wiiuling track ;

«' His bcliy fpotted, burnilli'd is his bai k ;

" While Ijiiingsare biokcn, while the fouthcrn air,

" And dropping heavens the moilUn'il earth repair ;

" He lives on ilaiiding iflkes, and trembling bogs,

•' And lills hisinaw ivitii lllli, or witli loquacious liogs.

" Hut when in muddy pools the water links,

•' And the chapp'd e.iclli is fuirow'd o'er Willi chinks,

" He leaves the Un^, and leaps u|X)n the ground,

" Anil hilTmg rolls Ins glaung eyes around,

" With tliirlt inllam'd, iiiipatunt of the heats,

«' He rages in the field, and wide delbuflion threats.

«< O let not flerp the clofing eyes invade,

•• In open plains, or in the iccict lliadj,

•• When he, icniw'd in ail the Ipeekled pilde,

«« Of pompous youth, hath cart Ins Hough alidc,

♦' And in his fumiiier liv'iy rolls along 1

*' Erefl, and brandilhing Ins foiky tongue, >

•« Leaving his nert, and las inipeileft young; J

" And, thoughtlcfs 01 his eggs, forgets to rear

♦' The hopes of poiluii fur tut lodowing year."

The Chirigriquas are very numerous, and are cele-
brated for inc'ig the moll d xtirous of any of the Hot-
fentoM in throwing the allagaye or half p ke, which
they do with a moft critical exaflnefs. I'his weiipon
11 iiiailc of a taper lliek abuit (our fiet long, aimed at
one end with an iron plaic lliarp at lie ei!ge, and taper-
ing to ■ point ; the blade is ah\a)s ki pt bii^Ui diid clean,
and wlKn uli.d in wai' is dipt in puiiun.

16. The people called Namaquas .nre divided into
two nations; tlic greater Namaquas inhabit the coaft,
and the lellcr Naiiiaquai extend more to the caftward.
Though the government of thefe two nations differ, the
characiers of the people arc inatli the fame ; iljey are
more polilhcd, andpoircfi a greater degree of rtputation
than any of the other Hottentots. '1 heir flreiigth, va-
lour, fidelity, and difcrction are much admired even by
the Europeans. It ii computed that the two nations
can, together, bring 20,000 men into the field. They
always deliberate before they fpeak ; uft very few words,
and give a laconic, but pertinent anfwer to all ipicf-
tions. The women arc the fondeft of finery and the

! moft artful in. their behaviour of any of the natives al)out
the Cape. The country through which the Ehpliant's
river winds, is mountainous, ftoney, and barren. I here
are but few woods, yet wild kafts abound. A bcautitiil
deer is found in this part, which is liiiall, exceedingly
I'wift, and furnillies delicious venifon ; its make is grace-
ful, and its hide admirably markid with white and yellow
fpots. Her.ls, conlitUng of feveral hundieils of thcfo
animals, arc frequently feen, but they are never known
to go lingly.

17. I be Odiquas inhabit a diftrifl to the north of
Saldana hay. I he arc in perpetual aiHiinee wi'.li the
SaHi(|uas, in order to defend ciich other inutua'lv fioni
the Chirigriquas, with whom they arc coniinuolly ut
war.

18. The SalTiipias inhabit a country ai'joinirg to the
lad mentioHcd nation : it is mour.taiiious, be.i ;ii ilu I. iiic
time coveicd with verdure, and the Millies aie fii.ely
en,imelleel with flowers. '1 he great kauily of water
hath, however, induced many of the nati\is tc' qiiii ir,
and othirshave been elrivin away by tie DiiiJi fne-
l>ootcrs, fo that it is now but thi.ily inlia! iled, tlumi^h
it was once a very popu'ous eoi ntiy,

19. The te/ritoiy eif the Cei ii.T(;nas is a fnc coun-
try, particulSirly in pnfluragc ; on wlm h ace omit a vji at
extent of it is eiecupi.el by the Dmch f.irincrs, \vho
have the care of furnilbing the Diileh Ili.K-Iia:!.-'. lliips
with proviiions, whii h they aie milled lo do, ly
means of the abundance of cattle, niul excellent f.Jt-
pits found in this territcrv. A Duuli guaiel is pl.iccd
in this country lur the feeurilv ot tl;e liilt-pits and cat-
tle, and to fend notice to Cape Town wl.eii any Ihlp
e-oincs within view of the coaft. Tl.efe pccplc, and
indeed moft of the other Hottentots, mene fu'in place
to place in their re fpiflive diftrids, for the beiutit of
Irclh pafturagc. When the grrds in any im adow is
lank, they fct tire to it, anel the allies iiieliuratc the fe il,
and improve the next crop. Hence the conntiy is lic-
epiciu'y feen in a bl.ize for the fpacc of feveral miles
lound ; anel if the flames in their progrefs ciucr into
any other territory, it infallibly occ.ilicns a wai : nwieii
the two nations. 'l"he Dutch at the Cape luin the
grafs for the fame realon, but ftop the progrel's of the
llames with much more difciction. In Older to im-
pede the fury of the lire, they cut trenches lound
the plai-e, which limits it to the fpot deligncd to be
manui'cd, but the indolent Hottentots would rather caiife
till univcrfal cunllagration, than give themldves fo iiuicli
trouble.

20. The Goicnghaiconas, or Ghunjemans, dwell pro-
mifcuoufly with the Dutch, as they Ibid their eountiv
to thofc jKopIe, only referving to each family a
linall jTortion of land juft fullicienl tor the inainteiumcc
of their cattle, and retaining the luivilige of hunt-
ing in the grounds lielonging to the Euiespeans.

The above names of the Icveral Hottentot nations
wre not given to tlitfc people by the Eiiiopeans, but
are rendered agreeable to the found of thole appellations
, by which they diftinguilh each ether. Nor i* the w ord
i Hoitentot a word ot derilion, as I'omc (uppole, but the
I name by whie.h thefe people have tailed iheiiilelvti time
' iminriiiorial.

The Hottentots and the CafFres have been often con-
founded tdgetlicr by writers, but they are a different
|Ke)ple-, having a conilderable diflimilarity even in
jKilon and features, as li.e Caffrc» arc toially black,
and the Hottentots of a dark oltvc colour.

SECT.

the cic
the wi
growir
tinuani
torn b'
are gc'i
cloud
fun -let
tllOU|i|l
But wl
laft for
ceptcJ,
then le
The
colour
Weed
are grci
grow h
red.
within,
arc ofte
lent fou
The
in the
clear, |
■re dai\
brackill'
purify
baths,
orders,
moft pi

vidfd into

the coaft,
; caftwarJ.
i difFir, llic
: ; tbty are
' rfputation
rciii;tli, va-
eii even liy
wo nations
icia. Tlicy

tiw wiirds,
(O ail i]iic(-
ery anii tlic
lativcs alx)iit
e EUplianl'i
rrcn. 1 iicre

A 1 11 ant 1 1 III

ixccedingly
alie is gracc-
[c and yvllow
icds of iIkIo
ntver knuwii

the north of

uitiia'ly t'lcnk
uniinuoUy ut

ioinirs? 'o i''C
-lit ;ii ihi r mc
liL>> aic fii.Lly
lily of «r.tt.i-
ivis !'-■ <4iiii i'>
■c Duuh Irii-
jMla!, tlioui^h

is a fnc coun-
aiuii'.nt a ^^n at
f.innti'', "ho
•:„(l-li..:iP. Uiips
li>l to do, ly
cxctllmt r.dl-
guard i» placed
lit pits and lat-
wl-.in a-iy Ihip
ill- people, and
loic t'luni place
the luutit 1)1"
ny nil adow is
luvaic the li il»
mnntiy \'i liC"
iLVcral iiiihs
.rcti. tn!cr into
a wai ' iiuii-n
Cape li>in ihe
proprtls of llis
1 Older to im-
trcnchcs louml
deligncd to he
ould rather caiife
mlclvcs fo iiiiich

nans, dwcU pvo-

Id tluir lounliy

each family a

,e ni:iintinanec

depe of hunt-

opcans,

oltintot nations
Knropcans, hut
lolc appcUationi
Nor i* the word
fuppole, lH:t the
thuiiltlveilimc

been often con-
are a difli-rcnt
'nil»riiy rven in
irc totally Wackj

)ur.

SECT.

AFRICA.)

C A F F R E R I A.

SECT. IV.

7'he Natural Ui/lory of the Capi tf Good Hope, and tht
tidjtictnt Couniiy.

AT the Cape of Good Hope the weather is Cnnll-
■**■ dered as divided inio two lialons only, vi/. wintirl
and funnner ; or, the wet nionoon, ami tie dry nion- i
i'oon. The wet iiionlfion Iwgins In iVlarch, and ihe dry '
one in Septeiidier; fo iliat fununcreomnienits at the C:ipe
about the time that it concludes with us. I he inconve-
niencies of the climate are, txccfrii c heat in the dry li.ali)n,
and he:.vy rains, thick fogs, and unhealthy norih-wcft
winds in the wet fcafon. Thunde u lightning arc
iicvcr known here but in March . jeptcmliir. VVatcrj
fcldom free"" •-.i when it does, the '^e is but thin,
and dillolves i.pon tlic leaft appearance of the lun. In
tlie hot weather the pooplc arc happy when the w ind
blows from the fouth-eall, Ixcaufc it keeps oft' the fea-
wceds, which othcrwife would float to the fhoie, cor-
rupt there, and lie very trouble lome by infedting the!
air, and caufing dreadful head-achs.

The inhabitants of this country ufually pvognofti-
catc what weather will happen by the appearance of two
remark rdilc clouds which frequently hang over the fiini-
inits of two mountains, called 1 ahlc-Hill and I^evil-
Hill. Thcfe clouds are at firft but linall, but, gra-
dually increafing, they at length unite, and envelops
both mountains, when a terrible hurricane foon fuc-
ceeds. The violence of the winds docs great damage to
tlie corn and fruits, and endangers any (hipping tiiat
happen to be near the coaft ; but at the fame time it
punlics and occafions a brifk circulation of the air,
which greatly contributes to the health of the inhabi-
tants.

A gentleman who rcfidcd many years at the Cape,
fays, " The (kirts of this cloud arc white, but ficin
much coinpa£ter than the matter of common clouds.
The upper parts are of a lead colour, owing to tlir re
frafled rays of light. No rain falls from it, but (bme-
tiints it difcovers great humidity ; at which time it is of
a darker colour, and the wind ilFuing from it is broke n,
raging by tits of Ihort continuance. In its ufual ft.itc

the wind keeps up its tirft fury unabated for one, two.

keeps
three, or eight days, and romctimcs a month t"gctht

The cloud Icciiis ail the while umliminilhcd, tliough
little fleeces arc fcen torn from the ikirts from time to
time, and hurried down the fides of the I. ills, \amfh-
ing when they reach the Ixiltom ; (b that during the
florin the cloud fecms fuppiied with new matter. When
the cloud begins to brighten up, thofe lupp i.s fall, and
the wind proportionabTy abalcs. At Icngtii, the cloud
growing tranlparcnt, the wind ccafis. During the con-
tinuance of thcfe fouth-caft winds, the Table-ValU is
torn by furious whirlwinds. If they blow want), tlie)
are generally of fliort duration, and in this cal'e the
cloud foon dilappcars. This wind rarely blows after
fun-let, and never longer than towards midnighi,
though the cloud remains, but then it is tlun and clear.
But when the wind blows cold, it is a fure fi.'n it will
lalt for foiiie time, an hour at noon and miilnight ex-
ceplcil, when it feciiij to lie ftill to recover il.clf, and
then lets loofe its fury anew."

The water of the ocean near the Cape is of a green
colour, owing principally to the coral lliruhs, and the
weed called tromba. 1 he firft, while in the water,
are green and foft ; but, when cxpofed to the air they
grow hard, and change their colour to white, black, or
red. The latter are to or i2 feet in length, hollow-
within, and when dry become firm and flrong. They
arc often formed into trumpets, and produce an excel-
lent found.

The rivers of thil country, which have their foiirre
in the mountains and glide over a gravelly bottom, are
clear, pleafant, and faluhrious ; but moft other ftreams
«rc dark, muddy, and unwholefoine. Here are a few
brackilh fpringi, whole waters, medicinally ufed, greatly
purify the blooil, and fcveial natural warm and hot
baths, which arc fingtilarly ellicacious in various dif-
ordcrs. In Wavercn colony are ihive hot iprlngs, the
molt particular of which it Black- Hill Buih. The
33

a/ J

I mould of this hill is of ttie Coioiirof jet, liglit, gi'afy,
I audio o:>, that l!tc feet of h</rles fiiik into it. (he
lyatc's arc uied 'nlioihutic, leprous, and c|-,ronlc dil-
loriiir), being ftrongly itiipregnaled with faliiic and
j itecly pa.tiiles. In tine, the ripiiiaiioii of the Cape
j waters is fo great, that cveiy liaiiidi (liip returning
j fiom India is obliged to fill a laige calk with the clear
I fwect water which aboiiiids here, for the particular ufu
I of the king of Ucnmaili.

The Cape yields excellent clay both for the purpofei
; of making bricks and earthen ware : white and red
I chalks arc loiind in abundaice ; the former is ufed by
the Uutth to whitcwalb tlieir houfes, and the latter by
t!ie Hottentot women to paint their faces. Various bi-
I tuminous fubftances of fevcral ccloitr5 nte found in
Diakenftein colony, particularly a kind of oil which
trickles from the rocks, and has a very rank fincll. It
IS medicinally ufed as a purgative by the Hottentots,
who indifciiminately take it themfelves, and give it to
their cattle. Many of the hills yield excellent ftones of
a hard nature, and very proper for building. Sand
ftonts arc found in the running waters, and the country
produces many quarries of lime flonc, which, however,
IS but fcldom ufed, as the mortar in general is made of
mulcle Ihells. Whctftoncs, touchftoncs, and llints are
common ; but the mott valuable (Icuie is found in a
quarry near the Cape. This is of a red colour, veined
with white and (potted with blue; it takes an admir-
able poiidi, and in beauty exceeds the iiheft marble-,
i Withielpedt to minerals, filver ore has been found iu
I fome of the hills ; the Namaqua Hottentots bring cop-
|>cr to trade with the Dutch from fome mountains
^ which are fituatcd about 300 miles from the Cape ; and
iron mines are common.

The (oil in general about the Cape confifts of a
clayey earth ; and is fo fat that it requires but little ma-
I nuring. It produces all the neccllarics, and iiioft of
. the luxuries of life.

I All kinds of European grain, oats excepted, thrive
well here ; but many of the vegetables in the cuUivated
parts fufler greatly tioiii catcrpillan, mildews, and the
I incui lions of wild hearts. The elephants in particular
< otten break the inclofurcs, and do great mifcliicf among
I the corn.

j In (peaking of agriculture, it is to be obfcrvcd, that
the liuriipeans of the Cape, .?nd their lands, arc iinpiied ;
lor the Hottentots in general deleft the very idea of cul-
tivation, and thiougli thrir beloved indolence, would
fooncr ftarvc than till the ground.

Plouijhing is here lo lilwrioui, from the ftifTnefs of

the toil, that it frequerdy requires near 20 oxen to one

i plough. The fowiug fealbn is in July, and the liaricft

[ about Chriftmas. The corn is not threfhed with a

, (lail, but tioil out by liorlirs or oxen on an aitiiicial

tioi.r made of cow-dung, draw, and water, which,

, when mixed together, cements, and (bon becomes pcr-

feitl^- hard. It is laid in an oval form ; the cattle arc

confined by halters, w hich run from one to the other,

and the driver ftands in the middle, where he cxerciles

a lor- flick to ketp them continually to a quick pa':c.

By this method half a dozen liorlcs will do more in one

ilay, than ado/en men can in a week. A tythe of the

corn belongs to the Dutch company as a matter of

r.ght, and the reft they purchafe at a price ftipiilated

between them and the liulbandmen, i.ccoiding to the

kindnel's of tht fcafon, and nature of the crop.

liifidis what trees might originally prow iierc, many
exotics have been tranipTanted from liurope and India ;
I (b that the Cape now produces oak, fir, eamphiie, pine,
I ryprcl's, orange, lemon, citron, quince, pomegranate,
I aprieol, a|'plc, pe.ir, iK-acli, iig, plum, chel'nut, wal-
nut, and almond trees. The cinnamon tree hath like-
i wile Icrn brouglit from Ceylon, and fuceecds tolerably.
I The vines of Germany and Pcrfiahave been intioduced,
land tliiive exceedingly; fo that the moft inconlidcrablc
I huftiandman is not without a vineyard. The ftoiks
I are phuittd in rows, but that they ftiould not l>e injured
' by the Ibulh-eaft winds, they are never fufFered to grow
j above two feet high, or three at the farlheft. It is vc-
maikabic tluil they prixlucc more here in t'lr third year,
than the European >inesdo in the fifth. The wine it-
I felf is ftronj;, mellow, and delicious ; the vintage con-
j R tinu«i

'H^^

I-

t.:#

■i;

'^t

,"!!!

i*^

374

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

[)■■'«

m ^ n

timics from tlic l>cf;inning of February to the latter tnd
ol M.Mcli, aiul tlic wine luarsa great price all over India.
AIoc< arc tin- rpiMilaiROiis procluft ot tlie place, and af-
ford an acnialiic frajancy. The cripple tret has broad I
leaves, knoncil branches, and bears fruit like a pine- I
apple. The bark is ufcd by tanners, and fomctimes me- |
(licinally by the Cape phyficiaiis. The ainatjuas tree i
grows to the height of about ten feet, it produces white
bloiroins, .ind a fruit like the pea, only very large,
which grows in ptnls, is of a brown colour, oval form, :
and aftringcnt taflc. When a branch of this tree is lop-
ped, a beautiful gum flows from the aiicrturc, and tl;e
\vo(xl, when dry, is exceedingly hard. Here is a tree
as laigc as the oak, which is with great propriety deno-
minated the ftink-wood tree, liecaufe whenever the car-
penters cut it, or attempt to work it with a tool, it
yields fucli an abominable ftcnth, that they can fcarce
endure it ; yet it is fo finely clouded, and takes I'uch a
beautiful polifh, that great quantities of furniture are
made of it, and cl|>ecially as the bad fmell fubfides in
time.

The dakha, a kind of wild hemp, is ufed as a fub-
ftitute for tobacco, and when mixed with the latter iscall-
ed bulpach, an<l fmoked in great quantities by the Hot-
tentots. The kiirma-root has many qualities of the Clii-
nefcpinrcng, and produces the fame eifefls as opium,
on wliieli account the Hottentots hold it in the higheft
tftccin. The fpirac or bukhu plant, is another favourite
V(gctab!r, for the Hottentots pulverise the leaves when
dry, and with the povvdir, uhich is yellow, powder
their hair; in fine, of the trees, plants, Ihrubs, roots,
and flowers at the Cape, the nativis are of various kinds
and admirable qualities, and moft of the exotics thrive
fo greatly, tl.at iliey exceed thofe of the faiiii' I'pccies in
the countries fioiu wl-,cnce they v\ere brought ; in par-
ticular, the htail of a Cape cabbage will often weigh 40,
and n potatoe 10 pounds, though the lireds of botli ori-
ginally came I'roiii Kumpe.

Tiie various colonies and ftttlciTients at the Cape are
well (locked with tame cattle and domtftic animals, as
the woods and mounlains arc with wild beads. I'hc
OaCP are l.npe and fine, and the fhccp numerous, with
tails weighing near 20 pounds ; the mutton is excellent,
and t'x fat is ufed by the Hottentots in general, and
even tome Europeans, as a fubftitutc for butter. Both
are fold exceeding cheap to the Dutch, hut the latter
inakc anv other Europeans, who touch at the Cape, pay
dear for them. 'I'he horles, wliitli were bioiight ongi-
njdly Ircin Perfia, arc of a bay or chifnut colour, and
vnlhcr fniall, and the dogs have a very unpltafing ap-
pearance, and are of little ufe.

With rclpeft to wild animals, the elephant claims the
fiift place, but diflcrs in nothing from thole found in
Cither p.irts, and which have already been dctfcribed.
When the Hottentot!, can neither procure tobacco, or
dakha, they fmokc elephants dung, and feem to rehfti it
highly.

The rhinoceros has a hard (kin, which ii difficult to
]iicrce with a fword, ib of a dark afli colour, and has a I
i'nout like a hog : a horn projefls alout two feet from '
liis nofc, rcRtuliles a plough- ftiare, and is of a dingy I
jrey colour; with this he tears up the ground, rips up j
the elephant, to whom he is a moital enemy, pulls up I
trees by their r(x)ts, and throws large ftones over his
Iliad to a great diftance. Another horn of about fix-
inches in extent, turns up from his forehead. Hit legs
arc Ihort, his cars fmall, and his fcnfc of fmclling fur-
priiingly acute. V\ hen he Icents any thine, he purl'ues
in aright line, and tears up every thing in his way ; but
it is one haj'p'nefs that his eyes are exceeding brail,
and lb tixcd, that he can only (ee flrait forward, fo that
it is cafy to avoid him by Hipping afidc, as lie is a long
time inturnin<; hiiuielf, and longer flill in Retting fight
again of the otjift. He will not however attack a man
uiilcis prmcAed, or unltl's he is dri Hid in fcarltt. When
lie has killid him, he liiksthe fltfli from his bones with
Iiis rough tongue, whuh is like a ra(p. He feeds piin-
cipally on fliuibs, iliiltlcs, and a plant which refuhblcs
the juniper, anil which, from his fondiiels of it, is called
rhiiioeeiob bulb. I he blcod, fkin, and loin of this j
animal aie mcditi.uby urc<l, and are f;iid to l)e very ilfi-
cacioui ill vatiuu] diiQrdi,rst VV uie pouftU into cups

made of the horn, bubbles up in a ftran"c kind of fer*
mentation, and appears as if boiling, if a fmall po»
tion of poifon is put into the wine, the cup fpilts ;
but if poifon only is poured into the cup, it flies into a
thoufand pieces. Hence cups made of the horn of the
rhinoceros, are deemed excellent fafeguards to fuch as
drink, out of nothing elfc ; and, on that account,
independent of their talubrious qualities, arc highly
valued.

I'he Cape wolves are of two kinds, the one refemblct
a fhccp-dog, is fpottcd like a tygcr, and has a head like
a bull-dog; his hair is frizzled, his tail lliort, and his
claws fharp. The other is like an European wolf ; but
both generally conceal thcmfelvei till night, when they
prowl alrout and do great niifchief.

ThcCape likcwifc abounds with lions, tygers, leopards,

&c. which are fo troublefome, that the peribn who kills

1 one of either fpecies, is rewarded with 25 florins, or 50

Ihillings. The fat of the lion is much valued here, and

his ficlli eftcemcd equal to vcnilbn.

The buffalo is inuch larger than in Europe, and of a
brown colour. The horns are (hort, and curve towards
the neck, where they incline to each other. Hctwecn
them there is a tuft of hair upon the forehead, which
adds to the fierccnefs of the look. The fkin is exceed-
ing hard, and the ilefli rather tough. Hi is a iiiong,
tierce CI eaturc, and, like many other animals, enraged
at the fight of any tiling red.

The elk is very large here, being five feet high, with
horns a foot long. It is a very handiiiine creature, hav-
ing a litautiful head and neck, (lender legs, and lott
(mooth hair of an afli colour. They run UMit, and
climb the rocks with great agility, though thty ufually
weigh about 400 pounds each. 1 he ijppi.r jaw is
larger than the other, the tail aUiut « fool loiij;, and
the fklh, by the Cape epicure:^, is laid 10 exceed ilie bed
Ucf.

One of the moft fingular animals at the Cape is, the
creature called ftink-bieeches, or (link- box. It is about
the ll/.e of a common lioufe dof and made much l:kc a
(err t. This beaft receives its name from its horrid
(Knch Iwtli living and elcad. Whcnpurlued it can ftink
away thofe who follow it, and if killed the fmell is l"o
odious, that none can approach the carcafe.

The horns of the hart do not branch like thofe of Eu-
rope ; but the roebuck is, in every refpc£V, like ours.
1 he goats are of various fpecies, particularly one called
the blue-goat, which is of a fine azure colour. '1 he
f)X>ttcd-goat ii larger than the other, and beautifully
marked with brown, white, and red (pots, 1 he horns
arc a foot long, and the flefli it fine eating. 1 he lame-
goat is much like the European. The rock-goat is no
larger than a kid, but very milchievous in the plantati-
ons. The diving goat is much like the tainc one, and
receives its name from itt method of (quatting down it)
the graft to hide ilfcif. There it another animal called
a goat, but without any additional ap|)cllatiun ; it is of
the fize of a hart, ami extremely lieautiful ; the hair on
the back and f;dcs is grey, fircaked with red, and that
on the l)elly white ; a white flrcak paflcs from his fore-
head to the ridge of his tail, and three others lurround
his body in circlet. The female hath no horn«, but
thofe of the male are three feet in length, and the flelh
of lioth it exceeding dclic.ttc.

Here are feveral forts of wild cats ; the firft th.e Dutch
call the civet-cat, not that it is really the animal I'odenu-
minated, but bccaule of the fine (cent of its (kin. The
next is called the tyger-cat, from itslielng very large, and
(potted like a lyger. The third (jxciet is teinicd the
blue-cit, from its colour; as it is of a fine blue tinge,
with a l>cautiful red lift down its back, A fuurih fun is
the mountain cat, which, as well at the lame cat, exactly
rcleinblts thofe of Europe.

The rats and mice are like ours, and indeed fome have
aflirmed, that there were none at the Cape till the Euio-
peans carried them thither. But this muft be a niiftake',
as there is a fpecies peculiar fo the country, called the
raftle-moufc, which i> about the fizc of a Iquirrel, and
makes a rattling nolle with its tail, on which account
it ireccivct its appellation ; it is very nimble, rilidci
among trcet, lives upon nuts and acorns, and purs like
a eat,

^ The

not all

Af RIC^A.i

C A F F R E R I A.

h>i

371

kind of fcN

a fiiiall po*

cii]) f()ilts ;
it flics into a

horn of the

Is to luch as

hat account,

arc highly

jne rcftiiiblcj
as a head like
hort, and his
an wolt ; hut
it, whm they

gcrs, leopards,
rl'on wlio kills
florins, or 50
lucd here, and

ope, and of a
curve towards
icr. lUtween
rehcad, wliicli
(kill is cxcccd-
^^ is a ftiong,
iliials, enraj^vd

feet high, with
creaiuvc, liav-
Irjjs, ;md loit
run IVMtt, and
;h tbty ufually
; iipjKr jau is
foot long, and
exceed llie bcft

he Cape is, the
)X. It is aliout
adc much l:ke a
from its horrid
fuid it can ftiiik

the fmell it fv»
afe.

ike thofc of Eu-
pcft, like ouri.
jlarly one called
c colour. I he
and biautifully
)ts. '1 he horns
ng. 1 he lame-
rock-goat is no

in the plantati-
ic tame one, and
|uatting down in
ler animal called
ellaiion ; it is of
ful ; the hair on
ith led, and that
ics fiom his forc-
c others lurround
h no horn", but
;th, and the fleJh

hefirft the Dutch
c animal lb deno-
of its (kin. The
ng very large, and
cits is teimed the
a fine blue tinge,
A fourth foil is
: lame tat, exa£(ly

I indeed foniehave
;!ape till the Euio-
niuft be a iiiiftake,
ountrv, called llic
of a (quirrel, and
on which account
y nimble, rUulcs
lis, and purj like

TUe

from one of its protuberances, witliout great care, turns
to a mortification.

The fea-fpaiit refemblej a piece of inofi flicking faft to
the rocks ; it is of a green colour, emits water, and
tvlthin is like a tough piece of tleth. It exhibits no
figns of animation, out by diftilliiig clear water from
fevcral fmall holes on being touched.

Some affirm that fca-lions arc found hrre, and an ac-
curate author fays, " a fea-lion was Ihot balking on the
rocks in Table-bay in 1707 : it ilieafurcd at«5ut 15 lect
long, and as many in circumference ; bis head much
refemblcd that of a lion in ihape, but had no hair, nor
had he cither hair, or fcales on his body. The tongue i
was all fat in a manner, and weighed alx)ve 50 pounds. ' I
The colour of his (kin was yello\Tifli. Before, he had | j
two (hort legs footed like a goofe, in the p'ace of hind I
legs : be had two broad (ins, each about eighteen inches '
long : his body tapered to a tail, ending like an half
nioon. He yielded icveral barrels of oil."

That Angular produflion of nature, the torpedo-fifli,
or cramp-ray, is found at the Cape. The IxkI) is cir-
cular ; the (kin fofi, finooth, and yellow, marked with
large annular (pots ; the eyes fmall, and the tail tapering.
It is of different lizes, and weighs from five to tifteeh
noundi. The narcotic, or lienumbing quality of this
lini, was known to the ancients, and hath furniflicd
in.Utcr of fpeeuiation to the philofophcrs of all ages.
If a |>crtbn touches it when alive, it initantly deprives
liim of the ufc of his arm, and even has the fame cftcft
if he touches it with a flick. Kenipfer, in (peaking of
this creature, fays, " The inftant I touched it with my
hand, I felt a terrible numbnefs in my arm, and as far
up as my (liouldcr. Even if one treads upon it wit'i the
Ihoe on, it afTcfts not only the leg, but the thigh up-
wards. Thole who touch it with the fcx>t are i'eizeJ
with a ftrongcr palpitation than even thofc who touch it
with the hand : this numbnefs bears no refcmblance to
that which we feel when a nerve is a long time prefled.
and the foot is faid to be alleep ; it rather appears hkc a
fuddcn vapour, which palling through the pores in an
inflant, penetrates to the very fp'ings of life, from
whence it diffufes itfclf all over the body, and gives real
pain. The nerves are (b afleiSed, that the pcri'on ftruck
imagines all the bones of his body, and particularly thofe
of tlie limb that received the blow, are driven out of
joint. All this is accompanied with an univerfal tremor,
a (icknefs of the ftomach, a general convulfion, and a
tcul fufj>cn(ion of the faculties of the mind. In fliort,
fu< .1 is the pain, that all the force of our promiles and
authority, could not prevail upon a feaman to undergo
the Ihock a fccond time. A negro indeed that was (land-
ing by, readily undertook to touch the torpedo, and was
feen to handle it without feeling any of its cfFefts. He
informed us that his whole fccret conlifled in keeping his
breath ; and we found upon trial, that this method an-
fwcred with ourfelves.* When we held in our breath
the torpedo was harmlefs, but when we breathed ever (b
little its power took place."

The powers of this fi(h decline with its flrength, and
entirely ceafc when it expires. This benumbfng faculty
is of double ufe to the torpedo; firlt, it enables it to get
its prey with great facility, by rendering other filhes in-
feidiblc with its touch, and confequently incapable of
getting from it ; and fccondly, it is an admirable defence
againft its enemies, as by numbing a tilh of fuperior force
with its touch, it can ealily elcape. The narcotic power
of the torpedo is ftrongcr in the female than the male,
but the Hclh of both is good to eat, not having the leafl
jK-rniciouJ quality.

According to Appian, it will benumb the fiflicrmcn
through the whole extent of hook, line, and rod. ,

" The hook'd torpedo ne'er forgets its art,
" But (bon as ftruck begins to play its part,
" And to the line applies its magic fides ;
•« Without delay the fubtile [Knver glides !
" Along the pliant rcnl, and (lender hairs,
" Then to the filher's hand as fwift repairs.

• Experience hath fine* proved, that this expedient will
not always prevail, as th« (hock hath been fwnttimti found

.'.■'•<f I :, >•' ..-i ,t 1 • •• • . - , .

.•M<i'.;'>

" Amaz'd he {lands, his armj of fenfe bereft,
" Down drops the idle rod ; hit prey is left :
" Not Icfs bcnumb'd than if he'd felt the whole
" Of froft's fevcrcft rage beneath the Artie pole."

S E C T. V.

0/ tht Pnple called Hottentots.

"TpHE Hottentots have a very ftrange idea of their
•■■ origin, as they imagine their firft parents came into
CatFreria through a little window, by the command of
Tikquoa, or the great Deity ; that their principal bu-
finefi was to keep cattle, and confequently the bufinet's
of their dcfcendants ought to be the (aine.

Some have affirmed, that the Hottentots, when born,
are at black as Negroes, and ethers have infifted, that
they are as white as Europeans. But more recent and
authentic information hath contradiftcd both thefc af-
fertions; for from the beft authorities, we find that they
are of a bright olive colour, which by continual greafing,
gradually grows darker, and at length imbibes a tinge
nearly approaching to a jet black.

The Hottentots are well made, of a good habit of
body, and very robuft. The men arc from five to fix
feet in height, the women rather (liortcr ; the feet of the
former are broad and hard, tho("e of the latter fmall and
tender. Both fexes have large eyes, thick lips, and flat
nofes ; but the laft mentioned are fo made by being de-
prefled in infancy ; their hair is (hort and woolly, and
the nails of their fingers and toes are like claws, as they
never cut cither ; they arc fcldom known to be deformed
by any unnatural diftortlon, yet nature has beftowed on
the female Hottentots an exuberance which to all other
people, by being difgulting to the eye, appears as a de-
formity ; this is an exciellencc of callous tiedi, which,
in the. form of a fliort apron, covers fueh pans as de-
cency teaches others to hide, and thus lliicKis from view
in thofe who have not the leaft idea of modefty, what a
kind of innate delicacy inftrufls all other females to
conceal. Thefe people are exceeding (Irong, furprii.ngly
aftive (when they choole to ftir,) and ama/,ingly fwift of
foot, which latter circumftancc renders them excellent
huntlmen, and obliges the Dutch governor of the Cape
continually to keep a good troop of light-horfc, to pur-
lue them upon various occafiont. In the ufc of their
arms they arc very dextrous, direfting their arrows and
rackum-uicks witli aftonilhing cxaftnefs, and ufing their
a(ragayes with fuch inimitable addrels, as to ward o(F
ftones, arrows, &c. the (ame as with the moft ample
Ihield.

Idlenefs it the moft fublime pleafurc the Hottentots
wi(h to enjoy, and ftrong liquors the grcatclt delicacy
their inclinations can prompt diem to crave. Thus ha-
bitually addi£ted to lazinefs and drunkennefs, it is no
wonder that thty look upon bufinefs as the worft of tor-
ments, and Ibbriety as the (addcft misfortune. A certain
author (ays, " reafoning with them is working, anil
working is the capital plague of life. Though they arc
daily witncli'es of the benefits and picufiires arifingfroni
induftry, nothing but the utmoft necciTity can reduce
them to work. This love of indolence tnd liberty is
their all ; compulfion is death to them.'" Sometimes
indeed their idlencl's will give way to tlieii propcnfity
for drinking ftrong liquors, and they will ficrihcc the
former to obtain the latter. But this pur)'0(c is no
(ijoner cffefted than they iigain fink into their beloved
indolence, and take no pains about any thing but how
to get drunk with all convenient expedition. ■' Supply
them (lays the above cited author) with brandy, or ftrong
liquors, and tobacco, and they will drink till llry can-
not ftaiid, fmokc till they cannot fee, and roar till they
cannot hear." Both fcxes are equally guilty of this vice,
and the confequences of intoxication are frequert quar-
rels. When well heated with liquor, they ul'ujily find
Ibincthing to fall out alwut ; words produce blows, a
batUe royal enlues, and after ha' ing drubbed each
other hcaitily, they lie down altogether like hearts, (horc

very gre:tt, though the bieath was held. Climatci, how-
ever, in this may make a Uilferrnce,

S <^ like

s:: t

iii

1»V

¥i

'■iii'

'MM

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

like fwine, unrl having llept like dormice, get up, give
thiiiifilves a Ihakc, ami part as good friends at tver.

Odious as thit defcription may appear, more poliflicd
nations arc not witliout innumerable tiuniLirs, «lio, to
tlic iVandal of human nature, can drink as mmh, and
be as brutilli, as a Holientot ; who, as ShakclJK'arc fays,
love " to put an enemy into their mouths to ftcal away
their brains ; and witli joy, pleafancc, revel, and ap-
plaufr, transform ihemfelves to Uails." And another
ingenious writer juflly obfcrves, in I'peaking of drunken-
ncfs, that

" It makes the king and

*' The pcafaut eijual ; for if tlity arc both

" Drank alike, they are botli bcafts alike.

" Drunkenntis brings all out ; for it brings all

'• The drink out of the pot, all the wit out

" Of the pate, and all the money out of the purfe."

' Indeed the Hottentot, in the purfuit of this beaftly
fin, is muehjiiort; cxtuftable than the European ; lince
the foriiitr looks upon all that gives him atranlitory plea-
fure as a blcfling, and therefore deems drunkcnnefi a lau-
dable piaflicc. But the latter fins againft conviftion.
He knows he is olTending aeainft Providence, nature,
»nd the laws of focicty ; vet he purUies the crime with
as much avidity as the other, and will even argue in its
defence, by pretending that he finds drink eflicacious in
driving corrotling care from his brcaft, and dilgufling
Tcticftions from his mind. Fallacious idea ! Deluding
hope ! The guilty and unfortunate will in vain feik a
remedy in drunkcnncfs for their tenors, or fears, and
look for the confolation which can only be found in re-
pentance or patience ; for after the intoxication fit is
over, rcflef^ion returns with double force, and renders
every pang much keener.

" I drank, I lik'd it not ; 'twas rage, 'twas noife,

" An airv fci nc of tranfitory joys ;

*' In vaiii I Irufted that the (lowing lx<wl

" Uou'd b;inilli forrow, and enlarge the foul.

•' To the late level, anddiflrafled fcart,

'< Wild drt.iiiis fucceeded, and difoider'd reft ;

•' And, as at dawn of morn, fair rcafon's light

" lirokc through the fumes and phantoms ot the night ;

" What had been laid, 1 afk'd my foul, what done;

«' How fiow'd our mirth, and whence the fourcc Ixrcun ?

•• Perhaps the jell that tharm'd the fprightly ciowd,

" And made the jovial table laugh fo loud,

" To fomc falfo notion ow'd its poor pretence,

♦' To an ambiguous word's perverted fenle ;

•• To a wild fr)niict, or a wanton air,

" OliVncc and torture to a foUr ear.

" Perhaps, alas ! the pleafing ftream was lirought

♦' Krom this man's error, from another's fault ;

" I'rom topics which good-nature would forget,

•' And realon mention with the laft regret,

«' Unliappy man ! whom foirow thus, and rage,

" To different ills alternately engage ;

" Whodrinks, alas' but to forget j nor feet

" That melancholy floth, fevere difeafe ;

" Meni'ry confus'd, and interrupted thought,

" Death's harbingers, lie latent m the draught ;

»' And in the flowers that wreath the fparkhng bowl,

** Fell adders hifs, and pois'nous fcrpenti roll.

Prior's Solomok.

Strong as this propenfity to drunkennefs appears in
the Hottentots, yet their integrity is fo great, that they
will not touch any liquors committed to their charge ;
I'o that the Europeans at the Ca|K: would fooner iiitrufi a
Hottentot, than one of their own people, with the care
of their brandy, as they are certain that the former will
facrilicc his (lefire to Uis fidelity, but dubious whether
the latter will not difjxnfc with hit fidelity to gratify his
defire. Hence the charaflcr for .noral lionefty of a
drunken Hottentot, is fuperior to the charaAer of any
other drunkard in the univerfc.

When (xjverty compels a Hottentot to work for a Cape
European, or when neccflity obliges him to lal)our for a
wealthier perfon of his own nation, lie agrees, for u
certain time, tolw the I'crvant of cither; and during the
nipulaiud terni> is faithful, diligent, and eUdicot ; but

as foon as the time of his llrvitude is expired, neither
intrcatics, menaces, or promifcs, can induce him to do
any thing more. He receives his wagei, but finds the
greateft rccoinpencc in being permitted to retire to pri-
vacy, and enjoy them in his darling and dclcfiable indo-
lence.

The Hottentots, when tliey have more children than
they can maintain, or when their parents grow too aged
and infirm to maintain themfelves, expole them in fome
lone hut to be ftarved to death, or devoured by wild
beafts, and the fe cruelties they praflile under the pre-
tence of kindncfi., affirming it li better that children
Ihould die than be brought up in poverty ; and that dif-
eafed age Ibo.uld perilli, than continue longer in mifery.
Some indeed will not give thofe rrafons, but plead the
cuftoms of their anceltors, of which they are Icrupu-
loully tenacious : and this palliate ferves them not
only upon theli:, but upon maay otlur occalions ; for
as a Hottentot hates to think, and will uot argue, the
plea of cufluni furnilhts him with an cxeufe ujion all
occafions, and fcrvcs Imn as a general anfwer to ail
queftions.

A) naftineft is the natural confequcnce of la/i-
nefs, it is realonable to conclude, that theie arc a
very filthy people ; in faft, they are the moft ilii-
gulting in the univerfc, both with rcfpcfk to dref*,
and diet ; and (6 exceedingly iiaufeous to an European,
that it imlifagreeablc to converl'e with thcin except in
the open air ; and then to gain the windward of them it
necellary.

Yet with all his faults, a Hottentot has many virtuei.
He isfiHcerc in frieiuilhip, difintcrcfled in hisprofcflions,
and endued with univcrtal philauthiophy, in the cafes
I .' old people and cliildicn excepted ; he 1( oks upon liim-
felf as the brother of any one in diftrelV, and relieves
him to the utiiioll of his power with the moft bene-
volent freedom; in fine, according to the poet, he fcems
cxquifitely ,

" To feel the luxury of doing good." ,

The integrity and fliifl regard fo juftice of tlie Hcttcn«
tots, are tlie admirtition of the Cape Europeans. 1 heir
manners are fiinple, and their hearts unknown to dilfi-
mulation. If a ftrangcr travels thiough their country,
he it chearfully and humanely received every where,
and injured no where. Every village contributes to his
accommodation, but not an individual will do him the
lead wrong.

The Hottentots have only ten numerical terms, which
they repeat twice to exprifs the multiplication of the
firft term, and three times to exprels the ic-multipli-
cation of the latter. Their language is very inarticu-
late and defcftive; one word fignities I'cvcr.il things, the
definitive meaning being determined by the riianner of
pronouncing, and the pronunciation is fo harfli and
confufed, that ihcy Uem to ffaminer in all they (peak.
Hence, though they are eafily taught to undciftand other
languages, they can Iddom \te brought to (jieak them
with any degree of intcllif;il)iiity. For the (atisfadtion of
the curious, wc (hall here fwbjuin a fiuall

Hottentot Vocabulary.

Khauna, a lainb.

Kgou, a gool'e.

Bunqvaa, trees.

Knoiiim, to hear.

Qiiaqua, a phcal'ant.

I'kaka, a whale.

HorrI, litafls in general.

Knalx)u, a fowling-piece.
JQu-arc-ho, a wild ox.
I Ounequa, the arms.

Qtiienklu, to fall.

Likhanee,' a dog.

Konkcqua, a captain.

Qiias, the neck.
' Qiian, the heart.

Kgnyes, a buck or doc.
^ Tikqu^, a god.
I Komina, a houfe.

Khoaa, a cat.

Koukuri, iron
Konkekerey, a hen.
riioukou, a dark night.
Tkouiiic, rice.
Glioudie, a flieep.
Toya, the wind. i !t

Ttkaa, a valley,
rkaonoklau, gun|>oit-deT.
Kamkamnia, the earth.
Quaouw, thundef.
Duckatcrc, a duck.
Kannna, water.
Quayha, an at*.
Naew, the cars.
Kirri, a ftick,.
Nombha, the beird. •
Ka-a, to drink. i

Duriefa, on ox.
H<k-ka«, 9U) ox of bur(7ea.
Ounvir,

iif.;i ;■?*

led, neither
c liiiii to do
ut linds tl-.e
rctin to pii-
£lablc iiidu-

children than
row too aged
hem in Tome
rcil by wild
drr the prc-
liat chiMrcii
and that dif-
;cr in niiliry.
iuit plead tlic
' arc Iciupu-
es tlicin not
ccations ; for
ot argue, tlie
cul'c upon all
atil'wir to all

nee of la/i-
theic arc a
he moll ilil'
)c£> to dref;,
an European,
hem except in
ard of them it

many viituei.
hisprofeflions,
r, in ihc cafes
iiks upon him-
^, ami rilievcs
f nioft bcnc-
poct, lie Iceiiis

M."

of the Hctten-
ipcans. 1 licir
.nown to dilR-
thcir country,
1 every where,
intributet to ins
will do hiin the

:al terms, which
plication of the
ihe ve-multipli-
s very inarticu-
vcral thiM|',s, the
f the riiatiner o(
i fo liarfli and
all they fpeak.
undeiftandother
it tu fpeak. thcin
lie fatibfa£tion of
ill

RY.

iron

y, a hen.
a dark nighti
ice.

a (lieep.
wind,
valley.

lu, guniXJwdcT.
A, the earth,
tbundef.
, a ducli.
water,
an ate.
c ears,
ick.

the beard* '
Irink. . . I

on ox.

ao ox of hun^eg.
Ounvir,

APRICA.J ■'

Oanrie, butter.
Houteo, afea-dog.
Rikgua, the headi
Kamma, a flag.
Kouquil, apiilgeon.
i\nthuri, tu morrow.
Kou, a tooth.
.Kbamouna, the devil.
Hakqua, a horfc,
Koo, a Ton
Kammo, a ftreain.

t i

C A P F R E R 1 A. i:

)J >v

j^^

Tika, graft.
Toqua, a wolf.
Koamqua, the mouth.
Khou, a nracmk.
Gona, a boy.
Gois, a girl.
Klioakaniinn, a bnboon.
Kerhanehou, a flar.
Mu, an eye.
'Iquad'outt-, a lyscr.

Nt/MERicAt Terms.

(ykut, one.
JCTiam, two.
Kouna, three.
Kakka, four,
Koo, five.

Nanni, fix.
Honko, feven.
Khifll, eight.
Kheffi, nine.
GhiHi, ten.

We fliall now proceed to defcrilic the drefs of the
Hottentots : thatol the male confiftsof a iti^ntlr, made
either of the (kin of a tygcr, a wild ear, or fhcep, ac-
cording to the circumflances pf the weaicr. fliefe
mantles, or krolfes arc worn either open, or cloA-, as tbe
weather requires : in fuminer the hairy iidc it turned
outwards, and in winter inwards : and thefe garments
ferve them not only for apparel in alt feal'ons, but for

Juiltsat night, and winding (beet: wlien they arc dead,
n fine weather they go bareheaded, but in rainy fea-
fons they wear akmaofcap or Iran net made ol fonie
flcin, faflened with two ftrings and tied under the chin.
In faying bareheaded, wc muft except the fat, dirt
and filth, with which they perpetually load their hair
witliout ever thinking of cleaning it, ancj which forms
a kind of cruft refcmbling black mortar, that envelopes
the head in a very filthy and ftrangc manner. Impend-
ing from a collar alxjut their neck is a greafy pouch
which contains their pipe, tobacco, knife, dakha, and
a little flick burnt at lx}th ends ; the latter being to'
preferve them againft the cffeftjof witchcraft. On the
left arm they have three ivory rings, an oval covering
Ijcforc them, leather ftotkings when they herd their
flocks, and fandals made of the hide of an ox, or ele-
phant, when they crofs rivers.

In travelling they carry a flick of alxiut three feet in
Iet>gth, and an inch in diameter, vs-hich is called a
kirn, and ferves Ixjth as a walking flick, and dcfcnfivc
weapon : another flick called the rakkum, which is a
kind of dart, is their offrnfive weapon, which they
throw with great exaftncfs ; and to a third little flick
they tic the tail of a fox or wild cat, and this is tlicir
fiibftitutc for a handkerchief, for with this they blow i
their nofe, or wipe away the fweat ; when dirty they
wafh it in the firft water they rome near, and afterwards
trundle it about like a mop till it it dry.

The Hotrcatot women fomctimes wear fpiral cap?, but
in general they go bareheaded ; they ufually make iifc of
two mantles they go bareheaded ; they ufually make u(e
of two mantles over their Ihouklcrs, and wear an aptori
both before and behind, faflened round the wnift' ; li«-
fore them they generally carry a bag to contain pro-
vifions, tobacco, and otiier articles. Girls wear rint^s
of bull-rulhes tied round the legs, but after p.ifling ii
years of age, l1ips uf Ihecp, or calf Ikin, are fuhflituted ;
and of thefe fome women have four or five fcorc, which
are compaftcd together with great nicety, and by con-
tinual wearing contrafl extreme hardnels : Thefe rings
are deemed great ornaments, and at the fame time ar?
mighty ufeful in prcvcnlmg the legs from being fcratched
in pairinc through the woods.

The Hottentots are fond of brafs buttons, or other
piece» of the fame metal, and bits of glal's to thetii are
as valuable as diamonds to otlur nations. They admire
ear-rings, and any trinkets for the head, particularly
thofc made of glafs or brafs, and fome even ornanif t
their heads with blown Mp bladders of the beafts they
kill, which they faflcn to their hair, and leave to dangle
behind them. Both fexcs powder their heads and faces
with a gold coloured dull, made uf the herb foir.va ; and
the woiiien fpot their laces with a kinil of icd chalk.
The Hottentots in general rub tUi-rafelvet '-Vom head to

foot with (licep's fat, Or butter, mixed with the black
loot from their boiling-pots or kettles ; and tlic greafy
jet-glofs it gives them is deemed the moil cU'ential inarK
of iteauty. The difterence in thisrefpefl-, between rich
and poor, is, that the former procure frelh butter to rub
thimfulves, and the latter are content with rark butter
or (linking fat. I hcfc anointings at once grsiify tlieit
vanity, fupple their limbs, and by filling u\> the pores
prevent the intenfe heat of the fun from p( nctiating to
exhauft their ftrength and vigour.

The general food of the Hottentots isof fevcral kinds,
viz. loots, fruit, milk, the fitlh and entrails of wild
beads, and of their domeflic cattle : but the latter they
fclilom make ufc of, except prcU'ed by ncctdity. En-
trails they look upon as inuch more delicious than the
flilh itfelfofany animal : thefe they drefs in blood and
milk ; and the epicures, amongi* them, deem this a
•noft (avory difh. They often go a fifhing, and fomc-
times eat the fiih they catch, provided they have fcales,
as tilh without fcales arc prohibited j the fat of filli,
however, they hold in the utniofl abhorrence. The
women cook tlieirvi£luals, except upon certain occafioiis-,
but neither fix eat at any particular hour, alwaysleaviiig
it to their appetites to point out the time. The flclli
of ("wine is forbidden to Imth fexes, but women are
IKrmilted to eat hares and rabbits, though men are not ;
and on the contrarv, men may drink the pure bloo' ot"
l>eafts, and cat moles, tliough botli are furbiddi., to
women.

They are in general fo exceeding filthy in their ap-
petites, that they eat the vermin wuh wliicli lliiy ("warm;
and if reproached for 'this naul'ctHis cuflom, niake the
law of retaliation their plea, and gravely anlwer in a
proverbial exprcllion, which may be lltus rendered.

Is it not jufl, to catch, and cat
, Thofe things that wou'd make me their meat :
If they 'oite me, and I bite them,
Think who's to blame, and then condemn.

The Cape- Europeans wear a common fort of fliocj
made of the raw hide of an ox ; thefe when old and
thrown awav, the Hottentots carefully gathtr up, foaU.
them a confiderablc time in water, and after broiling
them on a fire, make a very hearty meal of them. None
of thefe people ufc ("alt in their diet natural to them,
and thoft who by redding in the European colonics ac-
cuftom thcmfelves to ("eafoncd dilhes, are not near ("o
healthy as their countrymen.

Their common drink is milk or wjter, but they al-
ways prefer wine, or fpirituous liquors if i.iey can get
them. And it is obfcrvablc that the men aud women
never eat or ilrink together. Both (exes are fond of to-
bacco ; and when a Hottentot let! hiinlelf out to hire, a
certain quantity of this weeds U furfc ■> be a part of the
flipulated wages.

The vilLige* of thefe peopk are called Kraal;, each
confiftinc of about twenty or thirty finall huts, reiiiove-
ablc at pleafure : the but! arc built cloie to each other,
fornilni; a c'lich ; and fome Kraals are Co |)opulous as to
coi^tain 5t30 inhabitants ; there is only one narrow en-
trance to each village, which is uluilly lituated near
fome river ; the material of which the huts are built,
are flicks and mats ; •'■,« latter being made by thi; women
of bull-rufhts and flags, in t"o compaia a manner as nut
to admit the rain to penetrate. The huts thcmfelves
are of an oval form, 14 f^'et by 10, and the richer
Hottentots not only cover them with mats in common
with the tefl, but \vith fkinjlikcwi'i;. The entrance is
only three feet high, and too wide, fo that they arc ob-
liged to creep into thifc hovels on all fours, and fquat
down when they are there. Tlic dot>r is only a (kin
which draws up, and lets down ; the (ire place is a hole
in the center ; and the bcdtUads arc feparate holes round
tilt! fides : the refiduo of the furniture confifts only of a
few [KIM for cookery, cups for drinking, and eartlien
veflTels to hold butter aiid milk. We muft not omit as
one of the family a guard dog, which evtiy niader of
a family keeps to mind his cattle.

Ujjon the (ajUn -^ oj"_£aflurage, or the death of an in-
dividual, the Hoticntots' always remove tlitit ftmal!,
and ontlxing up<)n a new (pot kill « thvep u» aq ox, in

order

r .1

* t ■II

il ^

v:'t<

■■ f

if .' .

•■I .if

3^0

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

it'i

i: «

order to have an f Amtirfmaktn, or fcaft ; inclerd upon
all remarkable occurrencci tbey have an entertainment,
upon wliich ocraiions, a booth is ercOcd of new ma-
terials, adorned with Imughs and flowers, and fituated
in the center of the kraal : The fleih ot tlic bcaft killed
is liTved up to the men in the booth, and the broth is
given fo the women and children wlt!;out. Thefe
icOivious meetings ul'ually conclude wiin mulic, finging,
and dancing. The mulieal inftruments are, the greater
gomgom, which is a bow of iron, or olive wood,
nringtd with fheeps finews ; at one end of the Iww a

?|uill is placed upon the ftring, and a cocoa fliell is
aflened to it by two koles ; the mouth is applied (o the
(]uill, and the player blows, and modulates his breath,
as if playing on a Jew's harp. I'he lelTer gomgom
difTeri from the former only in being finaller, and want-
ing the cocoa fhell. The Hottentot drum is made of
earthen ware, and covered with (beep (km, btaccd on
with (incws. And the vocal inuiic is confined to about
half a dozen fongs, and a frequent repetition of the
word ho, by way of chorus. In dancing, the men Iquat
down in a circle, " when, (fays a modern author) the
gomgoms are heard, the women begin to rub with their
(ingers on the pot-drums ; all the reft lit^, ho, ho, ho,
and clap their hands ; then feveral couple piefent them-
klves to dance, bat only two couple enter (he ring at a
time, performing face to face ; when they begin, they
fland at about ten pacos diflant, and aic about fifteen
minutes dancing before they T.cci ; at times they dance
back to back, but never take bands, and one dancing
bout lafts about an Imwi" They dance in their re-
ligious cereinonies, when a peace :is made, when a wild
braft is killed, when they have received any peculiar
lieneiit, or are releafed from any particular calamity,
&c. fiC.

I'hc Hottentots, from their, uncommon aAivity, and
great dextei ity in difcharging and throwing their iiiifTive
weapons, ure excellent huntfnicn. In luioting an elephant,
rlilnociros, orany other wild beafi, tliey attack him w'rth
their aH'agaycs, and goad him till he drops down with the
lofs of blood. If the bead turns upon any one, he nimbly
avoids him, and anotlicr immediately attacks the animal
liehind, in order to draw his attention from the iirA ;
thus he is harrafled to death by his nimble cnemici, jnd
wounded in many places by an unceafmg attack. Ele-
phants are fometimes taken by digging a hole in the
paths through which they go to their watering places,
fixing a flake in the center, and cuveriag it over with
l^ougnt. When an elephant falls into one of tliefe holes,
the ftake runs into him, and entangles liim, till tlic
Hottentots furround the place and kill the bcaft ; when
dead the llelh ferves to fiaft the kraal, the tkin is ap-
plied by the hunters to various ufcs, and the Iteth arc
ul'ually fold to the £Uro|)eans.

When a I'mgle Hottentot kills a wild Uaft he is
knighted, the ceremony of which thus : All the men
of the village f(|uat duwn and forni a circle ; the cham-
pion fi)uat« upon a mat in the center, and the nioft
ancient peifnn of the kraal covers him with • copious
llrram of urine, 'which the champion rub* in with great
aviUiiy ; a pipe of tobacco is then lighted, which the
company alternately fmoak round, aitd then the allies
are flrewed on the new knight. After receiving this
honour, hit wife mufl not approach him for three days,
at the cxniraiiun of which time he kills a flieep, ticats
\wi neighlmurs, receives his wife again, and faftcns the
lilatkler ol the l«afl killed to his Irair, which he ever
after wears at a badge of his knightJioud. Thus we ir.ay
iierccive that honours are fought for in all rigloni, and
the loweft people aim at peculiar diftinAont.

•' From ftnren jioles, to p'ch'd and hurniag plains,

«' Wide o'er the world, \i itiarft of glory rtigr.i;

•• Infpires alike the favagc and the face,

« (.ilowi in caeh bieaft, and Ibines tliruugk ev'ry age :

<• Mounts (rum the lowly cottage to ihe inronc,

*■ Spreada fir, and wide, and bcajualhro' cv'iy zone."

In fifliing, either with net, or angle, the Hottantots by

I Tk<« i« • Oatek mmt vkiaii tlMf |ava adopwd.

far exceed the European* in (kill ; and they, are deemed
foine of the raoft expert fwimmers in the univcrfei

Hottentot marriages are made by the parents, or neareft
relations ; if the female does not approve of the match
(lie is oblij ed to remain with the bridegroom all night •
if he forces her to confumination, ihe is compelled to be
his wife ; but on the contrary, if fhe prefcrvcs herfelf
uncontamiiiated, llic is ever iftcr frpe from him. The
day after the nuptials an ox is killed to h„(i the com-
pany, who not only eat the fltfh, but fmcar thcmfelves
with the fat, jiowder each other with bukliu, and paint
theinfclves with red cn.<lk.

1 he marriage ceremony itfelf is thus performed ; the
men fquat in a circle, as indeed they do upon moft
other occalio'ns, and the bridegroom is placed in the
center ; the women fquat and form another circle, to
I furround the bride ; the prieft than goes from one circle
to the other, and alternarely urines on both bride and
bridgfgroom, w ho make furrows with their naili in the
grealc with which they arc pl.iiftcrcd, in order to rub in
the precious libation. The prieft than pronounces ihe
iKnediflion in thefe words, "May you live happily
together, may you have a fon before the year's end, may
he lie a good huntfoian, and a great warrior."

They boil meat in the fame iiiaiiner as the Euro-
peans, but in roafting they make a ftonc red hot, then
wiping the aflies off, they lay the meat upon it and
cover It with another hot flone ; then making a fire
round the whole, the meal is foou ready. In eating
they arc very nafty, inftead of plates they ufe Sltli/
earthfn pots, their greafy kioircs Icrve than foi table
cloths, and their fubftitutes for knives, foiks, and (boons,
are (liells of fiflies.

When iliey have dined, a pipe is filled with tobacco,
which they fuioke all round, every one taking two ot
three whilfs, and then handing it to the next. It is
Angular, that though the Hoilmtots are immoderately
fond of fpirituQus iiquors,, mulic and dancing, yet tliey
do not drink the firft, or praflife tjic latter .it weddings.
Polygamy is peni.itted, yet the rielieft feldomt.ike above
three wives, and marriages are prohibited between fiift
and fecond coufins on pain of lieaih. The portion of
a fon is ufuaiiy two cows, and two iTiecp, ami of a
daughter one cuw and two Ihcep ; but tlic latter arc to be
returned to the father, if the bride dies without having
had any children ; on the contrary, if (lie ever liorc any
children to her huftiand the portion bct.umcs hit, cvca
though the children arc dcfun£l.

Divorces are aduutteJ, if the party can (hew fufTicient
caufe to the heads of the village, but ailultery is puiullied
by death. A man who hath been divorced luay re-
marry, but a woman may i.ot while her hufband lives :
and when a widow has a mind to marry again the mufl
give a fcverc proof of her inclination to enter a luonit
timc.into the nuptial flate, for (lie is obliged to lule a
joint of her little linger. And this it repeated fur every
huiband (he happens ip marry after; the. firll. ,

A new born tliild, after having had its no(e cruflied,
is alwayt rublrd over fir(\ with trefli cow dung, ..Ucr-
wardt with the juice cniiipieflid from the (talks of the
African fig, then with IlKcp't fat or melted hutur, and
laftly, he is well powdered with bukhu. Male twin*
occafion great joy to the parents ; if tlie twins arc (c-
inale they deftroy the wealic*^ and moil ill favoured,
and if male and ft male, the ..itler it luie to Ix: put to
death. When a ihild is ftill iKirn they deem it a bad
omen, and immediately remove their iviaal to anotlier
place. After a child hat licen Imcared, daubed, grcafed
and )<owdcied in the manner atuve mrntluiud, ilia
motliri givit it vvliat name Die thinks proper, vvi lili i*
ufually the name of I'oiiie wild Uaft, or dom. Itic ani-
mal. When the woman it well again, and abicto leave
her hut, Ihe rubs heifelf all over witii cuw dung ; .md
(hit filthy daubing it by thefe delicate people termed a
purification. Being thus delightfully perftni'd, aiul
elegantly decorated with (lieep t guti, (he it j)iiniilted
toco abioad or fee company at lioiiie.

The cldcft fon hathg^ieat piivileget in the family, and
it encouraged to l« a kind of tyrant over his biolhcrl

CgnUylaf. ft (jHmgifrr lit U^n ■

the

c ie'

in i

c\ I

111'

in>

ted

thi.

the

rvi

ami

"i'
n

Cll

(lir
Ix
( '■
C.TI

(i«l

i.ll.
fill

a
el.l

l,n
li

At^RICA.] C A F F R

and fifteii. At alxjut ten years of age, ihc males arc al- I
ways ilepiivcil of llicir left teftacle ; tlic operation is pcr-
foriiml rtith a dexterity t!la^woll!l^ lurprize an European |
furf;ion, anrl bail confequrnces arc ftldn-.ii or nivcr !
known to cnl'uc. A llicep is killed, ami great rcjoiiings
arc niaJe upon the orcaiion, but it is to he obftrved, that
the men devour all the meat, and allow ilic womun no-
tlilng but the brotli. Tlic rcal'on of tlii« nblurj cuftoni
of mutilating their male youth is unknown, (onu of the
Hottentots lay it is to make tluin run fwitt ; bur the
greatcrt part of ihefe people gi\c tlieir general rtalon,
ivliich they ufc upon all occafions, whin ih<v arc UEiabIc
to account for any of their iibfuid piaflices,' vi^. That,
it had bten the cujhm of their anci/loi i timr immemot in!.

At the age iif 1 8, llieniale Hottentots being di.einc(l
men, are thus aihtiitt:! into male foci, ty : 'i he men of
the village lij'.iat ilow.i ai,,l for:ii a eiicle, as is ufvial upon
mod other pulilic oecilious ; the youth f<]uats down
without tlic circle, ar Ionic dift.ime. 1 he oldcft man of
the kiaal then rif.s from theciicle, and having obtained |
the general confent for the admllion of a m-w number, ',
lie goes 10 the yo.itli, acip.iaints him with the deiermina- I
lion of the mrn of the kraal, am! concludes his harangue !
with fome vcifcs, whicii adnioniib him to bcli'vc like
a man for the future ; and wlu.li nuy be thus rendered
into Englilli.

Since this fair day, you man comincnce,
I, fain manly aflions, mj.ily ieiiiV- ;
No trilling thoughts lliould now inli (I
Your mind, or dikonipole vour breall :
Your mother's eoitipany lefi.iin,
And, till you will, the female train ;
'I'hcir bduliles poifon will ini|'art,
Unliinge your mind, unman viur heart,
Draw you fioin aflion« ihpt will laife
Your fame, and gain you griatcif praife ,
Depart not lioin your nobk plan,
But Ix: in thought — tvsrd — dted — a man.

The youth being then daubi,: -vith Toot and fat, and
will Ipnnkkd with utiiie, is eoiigr.itulated by the com-
pany in general in a kind of clioiu«, which im|>lies ihc
iollowing williis :

May good luck thy (leps altiinl,

ly goinl I
y'(V tlui'j

1 luc long an 1 dii''y

SiHin may a Ik aid thy chin ■<<<' rn,
'Id thee may many bal es be Uirn ;
Till "lis coiifclied tliroug.iout the nation,
You'iC Ulcliil in youi genciation,

A feafl coni!nde» the ceremony, but the youth hiilifelf
is not jicrinltted to participate ol any part thereof till all
the nil aie fervcd. Being thus ailiiiitted into male-l6-
ciclv. It i. cNpeftcd that be ibould behave ill to wnmeo |
in general, and to his mother in paiticular, in order to
evince his contempt of ev(iy thing tcininine. Indeed it
iifial for a youtli as loon as aiimiited, to go to hit
mother's hut and cudgel her heartily, lor whiih he is
liigldy applauded by tlie whole kual, and even the fiif-
leriiig paicnt herfelf admires hiui foi Iiislpiiit, and pro-
teft< that the blnvs do not glsc her lo much pain, as the [
thoughts 111 having brought Inch a inettlffome foil into
the vvoild afloid hci pUilurc. The more ill-treatmcnl
lie giVes his mother, the more crtecm he obtains ; and ;
riciy lime lie iM^.es lier, (he u in the higheft raptures, ,
and thanks I'lnvidrnee for having bh lied her with liicl' ,
a Ipiilled child. So ingiegioiilly will ciiflom impolc
upon the undcrlUndiiig and eouiiteiabl the very di^Utcs
i^\ nature.

A Hottentot never obtains an eflabblltment, or in
other words, ntver is puiiiiliul to have a lint or cattle !
previous to bis iiinrnag' , but livis miitiedjirly undu the j
direflion ol Ins lather alter 1 8, as he did vsith his mother |
lirfoic llat age. As Ibon as he is mauicd, his wile be-
ii'iiKs his tl.ive, docs all the ihiulgeiy, anil has all the
caie (>f doiiiefl c aflairs upon lur hands. The hulband
rmki into fcpinenefs, and gives himtclf totally tip lo
idlcnil'. ; il he ever ftiis, it ii now and then to go a
filliin", or himling for a 1 Itle airali ment, or if he knows
■ inci l.i'Mial buiiiic's he inny jiiiliaps len.h it to hit
eldO I"". l>pnn no oilier oceabon will he ijuit hit be-
lovcl indolciue, ii. lliinv the I .ill abuiiiy, uiilels indeed
lie Mp;>cr,« lo kccivc an luviUliun to j;ei liiuiik. llitli
. . 14 -

E R I A. J^i

Joy fparklcs in Iiis eyes, and dates his licart, ancf %e
thinks he never can make too much haftc to render liiui-
felf a greater brute than nature hath thought proper to
make him.

I'he Hottentots who continue to live up to their an«
eient iimplicity, are feldoiu afllified with difcafes ; buC
thofe who arc fervants to, or iciidc among the Capcr
Huropcans, and eat and drink as they do, contrad many
dilbrders, unknown to their anccflors. Fhyfic and fur-
gery is but one profeflion among them. Their phyfician*
arc excellent Iwtanifts, and often perforin cures that
aftonllh the Eluropeans, by their Ikill in the knowledge of
herbs, plants, &c. In bleeding they are only piovidtd
with a common clafp knife and a ftrap j when they have
taken away as much blood as is thought neceflary, the
orllice is clolld and rubbed with mutton fat, and then the
leaf of fome herb is bouml over it. In pains of the
ftomarb and cholicky complaints they ufc cupping, the
cup being made ot the horns of an ox. They under-
Itan 1 how to expel poiliins by poilons, or to prevent their
circfls liy antidotes ; and with rerpei'> to diflocations they
arc exceed, ng tkdful, compreinng the joints, and rub-
bing it wiib warm fat till they reduce it to its proper
fiteiation. h raftures they arc unaeijuainted with, for, by
Koiben's account, the oUleft Hottentots lie had ever con-
verted with could not recollefl an accident that had ever
oecaiioned one. The head-ach is cured by lliaving llie
head in furrows, whicli operation, like bleeding, is jicr-
loiiiied with a common knife only ; as is likewifc the
amputation of the widow's fingers when they would
marry again. And for a foul ftomach or uomachic
pains, the juice of aloes taken in warm broth is ufed.

rbe Hottentots are exceeding fuperflltious, and fond
of divination, In order to know the (ate of a lick jier-
fon they Oay a llieep alive ; at'tcr having its ikiii entirely
taken off, if the poor animal is able to git up and run away
it is deemed a piopiiious omen ; but on the contrary, if
the excruciating pain kills it, they imagine that the
patient will certainly die, and accoidiiigly give him up
cniircly to nature, vsithout taking any farther care of
him.

The HotKntot pliyficians arc mueh more I'ifinterined
than thole (if politer countries, as they prefeiibe critis,
and think the honour of having done good a fullicient
recompenee for their pains. Kach village hath ufually
two, whoare cholen fiointhc wileft and moll experienced
of the people, to be the guardians of the public health.
1 he Europeans who lefiJe at the Cape, are in geneial
healthy ; the finall-pox and iiualles aie not lo iii.ilignant
as in tnoil other countiies. The bloody llux uliia,ly at-
tacks new lomers, an>l the principal diloiders among the
Cape-Europeans, are lore eyes and 'ore throats in both
Icxes, and lore breads in the women ; but the country
proiluces many cfFicaeious remedies, which aie ufually
applied with fucceis when wanted. When a Hottentot
falls fiek, his friends make adolei„; nolle around him ;
but when he expires, their bowlings becoiiie truly
hideous. A corple is always lent double, and being
tied neck and heels, it is evrajiped up in the kros, or
mantle of the defuiifl : they ulually bury the Iwdy in a
cleft of the rock, or the den of (bmc wild beaft, as they
are too la/y lo dig a grave, if they can find one le.idy
made. They inter •Juir dead fix hours after they expire,
or at lead fix hours after they fancy ibey expire ; for it is
imagined that many are buried alive by this preeipiiation.
Previous to the funeral, the men and woiiijii fiiuat de>wn
in lc|.arale ciriles Ixforr the hut of the deiealed. The
Iwkly II then brought out, not ihiougli the door, but
thioiigh the (ide of the but, lliC mats being loofened for
that pur|iolic ; during the svliolc ei remony, the company
clap their bands, ami cry A», he, hi. The cmpfc i. then
followed ssithoul ordir, only e.nh lex keeps liparale friini
the other, when the howlings and griiiiaees arc tiuly
ridieuloiii. The grave is Idled up with ilie mould of ant-
hills, and Will Iceuied fiom the deprul.iiions ot wild
beads, by being heavily covered, and del'iiided wit'v
wood and dunes. The company then return to the hut,
lipiai down as befoie, each fex in a circle, and renew
till ir ycllings \ a fignal ii then given for them lo ccafe tho
huleous n<»\t, when the two oUled men in ihe siibige ftio
into each iircle, ami utine upon the loinpany, wno lu'i
in ihe pieuoiis liipior with bngUr liliilai\iun. After-
watJ» i..Uiuii the hut of the ikcciftv', thvf. '.Jm take
S U U|

'! t

38j

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

'i'L.i

' 1

Pi!''.'!, ;.|

If n

!!! . .t

up a handful of aflics each, with which ll\ey powder tlie
mourners: This ceremony, at ihe dcceafc of rich pur-
fons, is rcpcattii Icvcral lim^•^, hut the poor have it only
once iKrfornied ; the latter lil.i«ifc only nipurn by fl»a\-
ing their heads, hut the former give an anderhnaken, or
feaft ; when the lanienlai ions arc coiitluclid, at which
time a ftieep is killed, ami the i awl, will jKiwdered with
bakhu, is put al.out the neck ol ihe luir to the defmiO,
who is oliliqed to neai it till it rots off, as a memorial ol
his refpeft for the diad.

SECT. VI.

Ptlilical, Civil, EuUfijIical, anii Military HiJIery tf tht
itottcniols.

EVERY Hottentot nation, or tril>c, i« governed by
a ihief, who is the geiieial in war, the prifideni of
the public aHiiiililv in peace, and ll.t anilallidor to lu-
potiatc with mher trilies or nations uiMin all occafions.
ihis oIlircT, who is ealleil Kor.quci, is highly lUitnied
in liis pul'lic rapacitv, and hu olliie is hcrediiaiy, I ut
not reral ; lot a» loon a» llu pul ■• l)u!;iiel's is difpatclied,
be finks into a private charafi' i, a. id has no other rei"pid\
/litwn him, but .t. Iiinp "' ;. a r cf his own pailicu!:ir
villape. The konquers • I me n;.t oils in .iliaiue with
the Dutch, are upmi p.; Me oic.ilions iMlinpiiilheil by
wealing loionets nru. ol luais, wl.uli iln Dutch go-
vernors prelim l-luiii wil'i in token ol Irii n.ifliip.

Wli! n a konqucr is inftailed, he is obliged to engage
to do all in his power for the ferviec of llie eoiiununity,
and to guaid the pru lieges of the |K-oplc from infringe-
ment : an ox and two liirepare then killed, and an en-
tritaininent givtn, in which the men have the iKfli, and
the women the limth : but the next day ihe cafe is re-
verted, lor ilie konipur's wife gives anoiJ er tieat, when
the nun ha\e ilie luoili : .iiid the women the meat.

The next lulxiidiiiate I'tficer is the kraal-captain;
tvuv village hath one, who is the magiHrate of Ins own
diflrift, aiidhisothee is heieditary. In lime of war he
leail» the men of his own kraal, and afts as their cap-
tain, receiving his orders from the konijuer or general ;
his badges ofdiftinflion arc the ikin of a tygcr tliiown
over his Ihoulders, and a walking cane with a brals head
in his hand. In hii civi' capacity he tries the people of
his village for all crimes, except treal'on ; charges of that
natuie Uing heard l<cfore the krnijuer, and all the kraal-
captains in a general alfembly, when a inajoiily of voices
decides the matter. After the kompier and kiaal-eaplain,
the phyfieian of llie \ illage is the moti ihftinguillicd per-
fon, and the twofoimcr as Well as the latltr areiKiltAly
difinteiefted in what they do, not receiving the Icaft jiay
or rewaul for their tiouble ; but confidcring their ulhces
as wholly honoraiY, and confequently deeming it their
duty to fervc the community without any rtcompence.
Hence in legal inaltert, neither corruption or delay are
known ; iuftice is fuminary, plaintiffs and defenJants
plead their rel'pe^ivc eaufei, and judgement is ufually
given at curding to e(]uity. In cafes of murder, adultery,
ihell, \e. it the delini|uent'i conlcicncc Iclls him that
the evidence It to plain that conviction mull follow of
rourle, he avuidi a trial (if jioHible) by making his
clV«|M\ and thing for protcAion to the bufliii or ban
ditii, at any of the other villages would deliver him up
again, W hen a criminal it lei/.id u|ion the fiift aecufa-
lion, ur in attempting to cfci|ic, the cUlcri of the vil-
lage proceed direAly to trial, ami if the culprit is lon-
\ii>id, a public excculiiin U|)on the l(>ot is the iiniiicdiate
ronUi|ueiuc ; the kiaal rapuiii ii the principal exv
ruiion(r, and lltikes the delin<{uent on the head with tin
kiiii l^iik, when the reft rulli u)H<n the laplive, and com-
plete tlic execution, by beating the iKxIy alinoll to a
inumiiiy, and bieaking many ol the limlis. Alter ihii
public exaiiiple, and iitiibulion to the laws, the memoiv
of the iKeiaful lulitrs no liigina, hitcoiple is as hunoui-
iible inleirtd, at it he hid rendered fome figna! tervice to
llie Hale, and the luivivirg itlations nevet iieeivc any
repioaeh on aecouni ol the Jiliiimieney ol the dead.

ActUbtatrd wiilei tells us, " \Vhena dillerence hap-
pens lieiween two villages of the fame nation, it is n-
leired to the judgemrnt of i national court, who, when
it fount itt reloluuonn, executes them svith at much
(liaduKft and rigom a« a Rnmaii li.nale, Tlic F.uio-
(Kani uiajr l<va(l d ilieu Iwitnmg, am, aiul i'ulitiiicit ;

but where among them can they flicw fo wife, fo happy
a eoveinment as that of the Hottentots ; owing entirely
to this, that it has for its bafis the inofl perfeft liberty of
the people."

The faihcv's inheritance generally defcends to the
eldefl Ion only ; and legacies bequeathed to any other
pirloii aic void without the will ot the lieir. If a jiaunt
means to provide for his younger children, he niiill dn it
bvgiving tli'.'m cattle in their lite time ; I'ometimi-s indeed
llie cideft fon ij not fo well provided for as another child
who happens to be a greater favourite ; lor the father
will by various artilicis pcrfuade the former to refign his
biuhr.glit to the latter ; niter which relignation the elder
born can never recover his patnmonv. Ihe heir has an
al.l'olute pow(;i over his fillers, who tlarc not marry with-
out his (onlent, and is under no obligation, but to
maintain ais fa'.her's wives till iliey I'ie or marry again.

In war the Hottentots have very little conciption of
difcipline, nor indecil is it polPible tiny lliould, for the
only iiKthoil of railing an army is lor the kraal captains
to Older i.ie people to loUow thuii ; the only nitthod if
maintaining one is by luinting as they man h ; and the
only way of deciding a dii'i'ut, Icuvcm two nations, is
by tighting one battle ; the luceets ol which dcttrmines
the wliole all'air. In an engagement tluy attack willi an
hidsoiis \ell, figlitin great conlulion, and pul iiinie con-
fidence in their war-oxen ihan their own (kill ; lor ilieic
aniii.alswhen trained to the luifiiulsaic better dilliplined,
and muth more foriridable than the llotteiitois thim-
felves. The motives of war with thefe people are iifually
three, vi/.. i. Treliialling on each othert dlflnfts. 2.
Stealing the cattle, or 3. Running away with the wives
of their neighbouri. The (lift is me nioft general cauli;
of cpianel ; but it is to be obfuved, that by tit Ij ailing
uiHin eacli others giouinls, the trampling over fields, or
feeding cattle in iiiiailows belonging to oiliers, is not the
onlv tiling meant ; tie jirincipal oft'ence being fettin;;
lire to the gral's in uni diltiift, and lulTerinn; it to exieii.i
to another. In thcle wars it is common tor the weakill
or vanquilhed parly to apply to the Dutch, and the a]>-
pcarance of an l.uropenn detachment (oon reconcilct
iIkiii; when the Dutch are rewarded for their inter-
ference with a iiuaiuity of cattle. In the wars of the
Hottentots, the difTercnt nations Ihew greni gencrolity of
Itntiniints; they never plunder the dead, I nt Uifler their
friends to bury them, and difpofc of thi ir arms at they
think tit. They give no eneouiagtment to delerterv,
but put them and Ipics indilcriininaiely to death.

Belldes kirn and rakkum fticks, tliey aie aimed with
Imwt, arrows, and aflagayes : the liow is utually made of
olive wood, ftrung with the linews or guts of foinc
bcall, and (aliened by iion hooks at eadi en<l ; the airovv
ii about 18 or 20 inches long, made of cane, bearded,
and |<ointed with iron ; the (|ui\er is inadeot the hideol
an elephant, ox or elk, and faflcned to the Ihuulder by a
llrap; the allagayc is a kind of half pike, aUiut live
feet in length, with a plate of iron tapering to a |N>int
lixe«l at the end. Tliile weapons they make with to-
leiable ne.itncf>, uie tlain with ama/.ing <lexteiiiy, .mil
generally poiion lliem previous to the attack i>! an ene-
my, or a wild U-ad.

An Holtentot't idea of rieliei iktlie polTrlTion of rattle
and according to the mMulxr polfetled, the wiaiihol tic
pollellor IS eftiiiiaud. 'I'hetl people when poor lit
themlclvei out to hue (or aeerlain llipulatrd lime, their
wages to Ih wholly p^iil in cattle, and a daily allouame
ut tobacco, 01 daKha, at hall. Having thus piocuuJ
eatile, at the t xpiralion oflhnrtinie of fetviiuje tluy
let up tor liiimlelvcs, and link into the cmbiactt of their
bilovi.i' indolence.

I he cattle ul every village feed in romiiKin in two
herdi, llir i^uat in one, ami the linall in the olliri -, me
men ol ll i kia.il watch ihcm alicinalely, and the wo-
men milk tlum iiioining and evening. Cowt imlk 11
indid'crtntly thank by IkiiIi lixei, but the tiii'k o( mri
only by the women, at the other lex dien^ it a iiteaii
lieveiage. 1 hey male butter in the fol'nwing 11 ij .'. .r\
manner: The churn it the fkin of a wild biall, u iili tdc
hair uitnrd inwault, which Uing m^de mii' kind of
lack, 11 lillrd with milk, dole fi(Irn< d, and Ibuc-k alHi il
by two piiloni till the butter romct. 1 hit bulirr it ex<
cieding HItliv, vet the Capf-Eurppean«, who purclnfe

luteal tjuanuiut ul it| have a utcihtMl wt ^lianCng 11, lo

tian
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Otllc

upor
runs
brok

tV.llll

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it a
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at tl
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AfRICA.j

ri.i ill

C'A F F R E R 1 A.

M to render it faleaMe to the crewi of (hips tliat toutli
there ; the bultcr-niilk is given the calves and lambs,
and rometimcs, though alxiiiinalily nady, drank by the
Hottentots thcnilclves. At night they I'ccure their cattle,
tiy placing the ImalUr within the area of the kraal, ami
the larger f.iftencd two by twf. to the oulfidc of the huts :
upon tlie rpproach of any wild biall, ihe latter, by their
•xquifite fijicll, arc fenfible of ii, and begin a general
lowing, wliich gives the alarm, ;inil roii/,e» the hottcntots
to prevent the nu!'cliiif that might enfuc. 'I'licfe people
ate lingularly Ikilfid in (raining thiir bakkciters, or
Wai oxen, wliowiii fttch in ihaytd cattie like a bull-
dog, and, when onLinl, attack iiicii or wild beafl with
gnat fury ; yd tlii-ir ni.ilUrs ' an wl.iiUe ihrni olFlroiii
a: mtagonift at tiuir picafur^ : each village has about
ha'l a dozen of thfic, who well know and are obniicnt
to . ry pcilijii belonging to that kiaai, but will run with
Cleat fu y ai any rtiangcr. llu yomig ones are taught
by haviii.; ihcir horns laftcn'il to and luing obliged to go
almut witli an ntil one ; upon die wliole thcfe animals
arc exccidin.'<,ly icrviceabic to ilie Hottentots, both in
war and peace. 'I'lio carriage oxon are likewiic very
v' f il, and quite tradable, oting managed by reins
failuncd to ; llick wliich runs tliKUijjIi their nuftrils.

Licry vii a^ iiatli a catth- ilo/lor, but if any of the
entile dii natural y, every uidivtJual of the kraal claims
a llr.rc, ai.d let I'l. difur !ci l>c w.uit It will they devour
the cai( ale. V\ btn a hntrniot dilpolii of his cattle he
iiliially chufes lo fell the oxen and rams, not caring to
part tiom cows or twes. At certain times they thinly
fpiead tire ovci a large piece of ground, fome of the men
make a lane on each fide, and others drive the llieep
through il, as a kind of purification ;* if the (hrrp are
Irig'itened and break tUiough the rank^ it i> judged an
ill ciiiiin, if tlitv go (]iii(ily through it is deemed a g<K)d.

I hus ihe riclics of the HottciUois tnnlitl whol'iy in
t:itf'e, th..' commerce is carried on entirely b-, barter;
they therefore trade with the li.uro|K>ni at the Ca[>ewith
the produce of what tiny rear up, or what tliey hunt
down ; fuch as cattle, g'leat and finall, (kins of wild
heart, elephants tcetli, oftriches eggs, &c. in return for
which lliey receive hracdy, wine, tobacco, tobacco-
pipes, ilaklia, coral, beads, fuiall looking-glalT'cs, kaf-
lu-root, bits of brafj and copper, iron, knives, «\e.

■ V "'ottentot will not tirll a fet of his arms, or even a
c capon, upon any conliderjtion.

is the general urbanity of ihefe people, and their
.'. ,1- inteciity when any confidence is |>laccd in them,
that an Lurnpean in ro.iipany with the Hottentot may
travel through the vvhole country in the mort perfeft fe-
curity. I lie liulhis or banditti are ind>.ed liimetinus
tlangeious, but the Hottentot nations in general hold
them in abhorrence, and iinanimoufly concur in feizing,
and puni(h;ng thcin upon all occafioiu.

From Ihe dexterity the Hottentots (lievv in fome few
handiciaft trades, it is evident that did not then pievail-
inc indolence prevent it, they would lie vtry exivert at
otliers.

The riottentot fmith and bra/.ier not only works in
iron and copper, but melts the ore himlell. This he
frtcfls thus : after making two holes in the ground, the
one to melt the ore, and the other to uov-ive the nutal,
which is to lufs tlnough a fmall communicating 'ban-
ncl, hekinilles a lire lound the forinet, and when ii is
thoroughly heated, nuts in the ore, and heaps the liie
upon the whole. '1 he oie feKui melts, and ihe metal ;
runs into the fmaller hole. When cool it i» taken out, j
broken to pieces, lieated again, and beat into the loim ^
wantiit. But the moft furpriting circumdanre i>, tlial i
the workman, in all tliel'e optratioiii, has no'.lmig but ,
a litlle fuel, aiul a few Aonei to woik witli. Hi» anvil ;
is a flone, his hammer a (\one, hu tile a ftone, and lii> |
burnillur to publli his work a Done, |

■|"!ie butchers are Ikillul, but cruel in killing a lieaft, ,
at they think the loi',-;er tiie creature is dyinp, the j
grcjttr relilli it gives to the llelli. lo kill a (hetp tiey
rip Its Ully open, take out the enlraiU. broil loine <|t
them, anil ftow the irft in the warm bloenl ot the animal.
They (kin veiy .ju ck, ilillirft wilh dexieiity, and Unl
the bones iif all the caltle lliey kill, in <'rdn torxiradl

• borne .irtim ii ii le iiiike ihm llfcei . Imr II uf iMu/i!.,
anJ that while that ferniicmaini wilJ btiAi svill not <ii*ik

the marrow to anoint their bodies therewith. Hides and

tkins they rub well with fat as foon as taken from the

beads, to render them tough, fmooth, and fecuie the

hair from falling off : this is the only operation if they

are intended for (ale ; but if they delign the ikin for theic

own wear, jt is afterwards covered over with cow-dung,

and dried in the fun. When the tilth is caked, and the

Ikin (links abominably, it is deemed tit for wear : for a

Hottentot cannot cnduro a garment that does not fend

forth a moft horrid (lench. The tanner, indceel, rubs

ihe hair with wood afhcs, fprinkles it with waiter, rolls

I up the hide, and lets it dry in the fun ; which expe-

I elicntsefFcdually bring olF the hair : the (kin is llun well

I greafed, (Irctched out, and d.ied again, when it is deemed

: good leather,

I A Hottentot taylor works with a needle m.ide of the
I bone of a fmall bird : his thread is the linews cf bealls
I'plit, and dried in the fun ; while Ihears, fcillais, and
knife are all coinpnfed in a (liarp lliell. With tlielc he
is exceeding dextrous, and works with great expedition
as well as exaftnefs.

The ivory tihner makes the ivory rings that are worn
ornamentally alxjut the arms ) and confideiing that his
only tool it a common clalp knife, wlilcli he procuies
from t\K Dutch, the workmanlhip has great merit.

The women are tiie mat-makers, and tlKi'cthey weave
in fo compafi a manner, that rain cannot penetrate tlain,
though they are only made of buliulhes, llags, or reeds.
Of tlic fame materials their ropes arc made, yet they arc
very ftrong and durable.

All ihe Hottentots make their own arms, and ihciroHn
eanhen-ware ; lo that all the men at leall are aimouieis
and pollers. I heir earthen ware is maJe entirely of ant-
hills, i.i this manner, they clear, fe the earih fiom Itones
and gravel, and then knead together the mould and the
ant eggs wliieli arc loimd among it. 1 his palle u t!un
made mtovellels with ihe hand, which, when dried, arc
very ftiong, and of a lliiningjeiblack colour. It is re-
markable tiiat all the Hoiientot veliels arc of one k'rm,
which iscxaftly that of a Roman urn.

it is not an eafy matter to come at a Hottentot's reli-
gious notions ; he is (paring of his wonls, and laeoiiic
in his anfwers upon all occafions ; but when religious
topics arc introduced, he generally conceals his knli-
ments in filence. Some on this account have doubted
whether the HotlcnteUs have any religion at all ; but the
moil intelligent among the Dutch at the Cape poiitively
affirm, that they believe in a fupieme being, wlu>iii tliey
ftilc Gounya Tequ^a, or 0»d o/'gtils, and laiicy that his
place of relidenee is beyond the moon. They allow that
(jounya Tequoa is a lumiaiie benevolent being, yei they
have no moele of woilliipping him ; fur wliieii ilu y give
this realbn, " That hi curled llicir lirll paiiiit^ lor hav-
ing greatly oftended him, on which account their pof-
leri'y have nevei paiel him adoration riiice,"

I hey, however, adoin the moon, and at the full and
change lacritice cattle, and make otfermgs of milk to
that luminary. I'heir moele of aeloration is by rtrangc
grimaces and dilloricd portures, tinging, dancing, fcieam-
ing, and prulliation, which they eoniinue the whole
night.

The gold Uellc is anotlier of their deities, for what-
ever place this inliil lights upon is deemed lacred.
Whenever if haiijicns le) lly into a kraal, lluy pay il the
f(rcnlelt ref|-.ei'), a llieep is killed as a Ihaiiks olleiing,
the people of ihen.'igc are in ihe greaicll laptmcs, ami
the omen is lup|Hilce. to infuie them fome luiuie ha|)pi-
nels. If il lights upo,> a Hnitenlot of citlui lex, that
pcilon is eser after eleeiii el a laint ; a lai u\ is killed on
account ot this llrange canoni/alion, and the iiew-m.ide
laint IS obliged to weai the eaul twiltee! lound his or Iter
neek nil it rots trom ihrncc; fo ibal the llench tioiu
this, added lo the tilual fumes, icneleis ihc perliin lii
dittinguillied a lavoury faint indeed, as lo ohli,.;e an
Kuropean to keep n moll leverenlial ilillaiue, IXecaleil
|)erlons, if they have done any thiiu; lemaikable in their
lives, are bkewile veneialed by llie Hotienlots, wliocon-
Iccraie mouiiiams, woods, giotes, livcis, luCs, \c. \e,
to their inemoty, and ilicw paiticular lelpett whenever
they |Mlta them.

ihrm I which is vtry proliablr, fur it ihcfc (ti'inili iie ttrii-
M U fiK) ihty nay b< »la(mi4 by |h« fstat vl ihi fmnnk.

They

. I

r-i

1: ^=t

H.i: n

! I

,, :«

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OP GEOGRAPHY.

II J;;

ii:H

wlioin they call Tonqooa, is ■ crooked, crabbed, mali-
cious, milrliicvous Iwing : that he is their peculiar
enemy, ami occalioni all the inisfurtuncs they fuffcr.
They therefore woilliij) him to put him in a good hu-
mour, and lacriliee to liini, iliac he may pal's by them
without plaving fomc ur'ucky trick. All misfortuacs
»hat conic lincxpcftcdly, dilcalcswhich they cannot cure,
or accident \vho{c caulc is beyond their comprehenfion,
thev allribe cither to Tonnuoa, or witchcraft; for which
tcaion they have many ridiculous charms, incantations,
ainuUts, i\c. to avert, mitigate, or drive away the evil.
Tluv have not any notion of future r:>vardsnnd punilli-
nunu, hcivcn or hell, but they CDtrrtain Ibme faint
chiiwiici ing ideas of the immortality of the foul.

The Dutch leprcfent the Hottentots as exceeding ob-
durate of heart, and difficult to lie convinced ol the
pro]M ictv of «nv opinion but their own ; for, fays an ac-
cuiiUe writer, " If you aticmpt to rcafbn with thciii,
tiny hear )0u I'lillcnly, or quit you abruptly. They avoid,
it poUiMe, ciUi.rirgon any religious topic, boine of
them have diliembhil ii l>clief of Chrirtiarftty ; butvvliin
the iiiUtivc was removed, they always returned to their
native iiliihiiiv. In fpite uf all the cndcavouri of the
D.iUli miirionaiics at the Cape, tiny have not lieen able
to make a iinj;!c ciuncit. Al. VanJerllcl, governor of
tl'.e Cnpe, rook a Hotientot child, and had Imnedutaiet!
in iluL'hriftian rcliL;ion, ;md intlie manners and cuftomv
of the EuTopeans : tic was cioathed richly In the Dutch
l.Jbioii, k.inicd fiNciii' langi..igts, and iliicovered a very
rromilinp gtiiius. Tlugoveinoi feeinghim foqualificil,
lent him toll. e Inilits vvjtii a coinmillaiy-gcneral, where
lu was tni|'!ovC(l in llie company's aftairs till the coiii-
inidiirv dii>!, when he returned to llic Cape ; afew days
Efti.t,a' a \iUx ame-pg his Hotlrniot relation*, heftripped
of! his Kmopian dufs, ami equipped himielf in a fheep-
fkiii. In ihis Wielehed figure lie l)undled up his eloathl,
anil piellntingihuii to the goveinor, faid, ' lie pical'ed.
Sir, to lake luitiic, that I foi ever renounce this apparel;

I do likiAMlV fur ever renounce the Chriftian religion.
It is niv dilign to live and ilie in the religion, manners,
and eiiilomsof my anceflois : I only big you will grant
me, .IS I am fuic yi'U wiil, the hanger and collar 1 wear,
uhieli 1 will keip tci )oiii fake.' U'lihout w siting for a
reply, he fl w- to ilic wihkIs ; where he mixed with liik
ri'iations, ftii'ied their eulliinis, dtgcn.rated into their
mannr's and could never after be di«vvn fioin that
n<\le ol lite l>y the moll pei fualive eloquence of the great-
til pimiiifcs, t'houga Uitli were frequently ufcd to rcco-
♦ir him to eu»;ued loeiety."

SECT. VII.

0/lht Dutcli Pit^ijicni at ihi Cape of fjooil Hope, and
the shut by uhiih ihty ari gavuncd.

Til K fclieine of fettling a colony at the Cape was
ni'l eiiKied into by the Dutch till the year 1650,
wlun M. \' n Rieljeeik, a furgcon on his return fiom
India, obliived the co.ivcnicney of the place fora fettlc-
liuiu, and layinp btfore the Dutch K.ait-lndia company
a plan of its eligibility, the feheiiie was apinoved, ami
the prn|>o(ir appiintid governor, 1 his ginlleman fail-
in;; Willi four Hups to the Cape, entered into a negotia-
tion with the people, who, in conlideiatiun of var.ou>
coiiiiiioililies III the value of 50,000 guilders, or 4375I.
flu ling, agreed tu yie'd up a coiilidcrable traA of cuun-

II y about the Cape to the Dutch,

To feeurc his new purehale, Van Riebteck iiiimedi-
»ielv erefled a (Irong fquaic fort ; and, to renJei llu
phw a* tiMniMu'ious and agreeable as poirdile, he laiil
('III a laigc gaiden, and planted it with 1 great taiiily
tit the pKxIiiclions ol Europe.

The letlUiiieiit being thus fueceftfully begun, thf
Duleh conpaiiy, inoixKr cfTeflually I" eftablilli ii, pio
polcil ihai (veiy nan vslio would fillh tlirte years at ihi
Cii!>e, llK'iild have an inhciitance uf f)0 acres of Und,
iinivided that during ih.it Ipatc he would lo Improve the
ell ate, as to render it lutficicnt lo maint<iiii hiiiifelf
and cniiliilnilc lomeihing towards tlic iiiaintinamr ol
the g'.irilon ; and at the ixpiiation uf the tiiin, la
might eitlirr keep |ki!K (Hun uf it, or fill 11, and re-
tiir/i home. Induiid li/ thrfe prom fa'i, many v*>nt in
iUK their fortune* «l (he Cape, aiij were fLKiiillKd un

l-Colony.

They fay the evil deity, or, in other words, the devil, H credit with cattle, grains, plants, utcnfils, Sec. Th#

.1. .. — iiT : : i,.,j ...ui — I „,-i: planters at length grew weary of their habitations for

want of conjugal fociety, and the governors of the com-
pany, to prevent their leaving the place, provided iluin
with wives from the orphan houfcs, and otber chai liable
foundations. In piocefs of time they greatly incuiRd,
and fpread thcnifelves farther up the country, and along
the coaft, till they occupied all the lands from Saldanna
Bay, round the fouthern point of Africa, to Noliel bay
on the eaft ; and afterwards purchafed Tierra I'c Nnial,
in order to (bread their limits ftill farther. Hence ihe
Dutch )5oireflions may be confidercd under four dilluem
heads, vi/.

1. Cape

2. Stellcnbofli

3. Drakenftein

4. Wavercn

Of thefc we (hall rcfpcflively treat, after having prc-
iiiifed a few particulars concerning the Dutch govern-
ment at the Cape.

The public adminiftralion of alFairs in this celebrated
African fettleiucnt confills of eight cllablilliinents, viz.

A grand council.

A court or college of jufticc for capital matters.

An inferior Court for the difcullion of petty aftjirs.

A matrimonial court.

An orphan court.

An ecclciiaftical council,

7. A common council.

8, A board of militia.

The governor j.refides over the great council, has a
double vote, and is alliftcd by eight of the coinpanv "s
principal officers rclident at the Cape.

The fccond court, or college of jiiflicc, is compoCed
of the members of the giand council, in conjunflion
witli the three chief bmgomafters of the Cape town.

The inferior court conlifls of a lucfident, who muft
Ix: a member of the great council; of three Cupc
burnhers, ope of wliopi .ifls as viec-prcfident ; of ihc
cjuijiany's clerk ; and three other of^ their immediate
tcrvants.

The matrimoni.nl court infpefls dlfTercnt matters, but
conlifts of ihc fame inemlicrs as the laft-mentioned
court.

The orphan court is compofed of (even members,
vi/, the vice-prelidcnt of the great council, thiee of the
company's fervants, and three Cape burghers.

The ecclcliaflieal council conliils of tlic three paflon
of the three reformed churches here, fix elders, or chuieh-
wardcns, and twelve ovcrfe.rs of the poor.

A court of common-council is cflablillied in evciy
Cape colony ; each of ihcl'e is compofed of burghers,
chol'en out of the lifts ptc(>arcd by llu burgcdvs ol enih
colony.

The lioardi of iii'litia are two in number, vi/. the
Cape-town board, w'liili rnnrills of a member of the
great e il, and nini of the princijial military oficcrs
of the Cape colony ; and the board lor Stelleiibolli and
Diakenftcin colonies, in which the land-dioft of Stel-
lenbolh colony prerides, and is afTiftcd by niuc militiiiy
olfiiers of Unli colonict.

With rc('(H:fl to the power of thrfe feveral courts,

The lirll takes cogni/aiut ol every thing which enn-
cerns comiiierre ; iidlitulis, and ripeals laws, and likt-
uife hath authority ',0 declare war, or make | .aie widi
the nations in the vicinity of the kttleiiient.

The leeoiid tiies all i-ipita! e.ifis in civil and eriniiiial
I aiifes ; but an appeal lies Iroin thik eouit to Uaiavia ami
tiolland.

The third ii iiiflitutcd for the di turn! nation of afl ions
lor fniall deb's, ind l< ' tiifpanet; (o tliat n0i.£liun
can U- entered hi*rr which exect'li \'^o crowin.

The fmirlli inljufls the validity of the 11 arriagci uf
Kiiii.pians at the C.ipe, or grants periniHion foi iheii
le! bration.

The lilih takes care of orpli.ins, and prevents tliofu
who have loitiinet lioiii marryini; Ltforc the age of it,

i he futh d.Uiibulcs money to, and takes eaiu uf iiu:
peor.

The fevcmh collefls lixcs, an.l piinmies cilniTnils,
paiiiculaily llavo, wtihin ii< uwujiuil'diiil:ou,

Th9

cover

branJ

when I

little

lerain

nolle I

with

while I

talher

they

coial.

n«y.

of coni
baxcnl

Till
Hill,
Ulue-

TIk
th(i
lou red
they ai
near
four ir
aie 21
good I
tie
lai^e.

jitatiuns lor
of llic com .
oviclcd ilum
er rliaiiluble
ly intKiilid,
y, and along
uni Saldanna
> Noflcl liay
ira I'c Nnlal,
IlciKc I lie
four ditluum

AFRICA.!

CAFFRERIA.

.^8i

■ liavlng prc-
lutth go*i.in-

lii cclcbrauci
;>incnts, viz..

al matters,
f petty aft'airs.

council, lias a
:hc (.oinpan)'!

, ii coiii|)ollil
11 conjiinflion
Jape tuwii.
Lilt, who muft
of llircc C';i|k;
iidcnt; of ilic
icii' imiiicdiatc

It matters, I'ut
lall-iiicntioiKd

vcn mciiihiTs,

I, tldx't of llic

lie IS.

ic lliice palloii

crs, or cUuuli-

>i.

Illied in cvciy

d of liurclicrs,

irijclUi ol eaili

uilicr, viz. llie
iiicinliir ()( llic
military dficirs
Icllciiliolli and
d-dii-ft of Std-
y iiiuc iiiilit.iy

vcral courts,
inp wliitli ton-
Litsii, an.l liki-
laki I .aie Mi<li
mt.

and criminal
t to Uaiavia and

nation of ifl ions
liiat no kflion
row li:.

he 11 arri.igcs cif
liidlon foi theli

id prevents tliofo
cilicaj;c of J J.
t.iket t4ic of I'le

nlflicj cnmuia!:,
UidtiUili

'llie

The eigi th rloatlit the militia once a year, and lends
out liortVuun in purfuit of runaway llaves,

A tithe of the produce of all lands is paid towards fuf-
taininc; the government. The duties on brandy, wini',
toba CO, and licer, are farmed at 5250). per annum ; and
the (irofits of other merchandizi.s amount to 75 pcrctn'.
The expcnccs of the govirnmcnl arc cftiuiiucd at 30,000!,
annually, out of which 600 lirvants, and 600 llavis arf
maintained, and the govcnioi'a income is valued at 450!.
a year.

The Dutch are very indulgent to thofe who fettle here,
and givcBrcat encouragement to the Ca[)c Europeans upon
all otcafiims; nor arc they Ids fi.liciio.is tocuhivalc ilic
IViciKlllup, and conciliate the allcdions of the ditFcrent
Hottcnteit nations. Tiny generally live in amity with
them, and are Ii) much rcfpifled as to he cliofen arbiters
in moll of their (luarrvls. IJepnties from the principal

Ian<l and water being Very indifferent, it is hot io well
(ilikd as the former.

Lion-Hill extends northward from Table -Valley t<>
the ocean. Its name is deduced by fome from the rclim-
biance it bears to a lion, when viewed froiii the iea ; but
others aliirm it was lb called from linving formerly
abounded with lions. In a declivity between this and
Table-Hill are two ccntincls continually upon duty, a
cottage being ercflal therefor their lefidtncc. '1 heir
bufinels is Uaily to afeend to the fummit of this hill,
wliich they do alternately, by means of rope-ladders.
The perlbn at the top is adle to defcry a fail at the dif-
tance of 13 or 14 leagues at lla. As loon as he perceives
a fail, he gives a iL.nal to his comrade below, who goes
to the fortrefs to give notice to the governor, while the
reiiuining cenlinei hoills the Dutch liag, ajid dikhargcs
ii two pounder. At the foot of this hill a little foit.

of tlielc nations Ireqi cnily uaii on the Dutch governors mountcil with four guns, was crcfled by the governor

with pre;'eiits of catiie, iS.e. when they are holpitably en-
tertained, and lent back again laden with what is ccjually ,
agreeabie to ihemfelvta in return.

W'c however find, thrit en the firft fettlcnicnt of the '
Dutch at the Cape, all the Iluttcutoi nations did not |
occjuii lie iii the falc of the country lo foreigners ; for 1
the Gunveitiains dilli:ntcd from the agreement of the 1
others, and in 1659 difputed the polleflion of the pur- 1
thakd territories with the Dvitch. 1 hey always made j
their attack in ftoriiiv and boifterous weatlicr, as think- i
ing the tire-arms then of Ich uie and elfuacv ; and upon |
thefe occalions they would murder indilcriminatcly all 1
the Europeans they could meet, burn down their houlis, j
and drive away their cattle. A Hottentot, named l-y die 1
Dutch Dcman, who had rcfided for Ibine liine at Ba.avia, |
and aftcrwaids livid at Cape Town, at length rctiitd to |
his countrymen, perfuadcd them that it was the intent
of the Europ.ans to eiillavc them, and Allied tlicni up
to this war. Tluy accoidintfly took up arms, and being
headed bv ihi-. Doiiiaii, and another chief called Gara-
binga, lomiiiittiil great depredations. The Hottentots
thcHilelves al lad grew tiled of the war, when too of
them, lHion;^inj; to one nation, eaiiic unainud to the
Dutch foit, with a piel'ent ot 13 head of excellent fat
cattle. 111 order to fue for peace. I'iiis, it may lie itiia-
gined, was readily granted th 11 by the Dutch, who
were Heartily lick of a conleft, m .\hich thcml'elvcs were
llie greateft lolcrs.

boon after a chief of another nation, w ith 1 confider-
ahle number of attendant^, came in a liiendly manner to
the Capo, when, accouiiiij; to the Dnicli wiiur>, " the
governor, for ilicir cntertaiiimeiU, cidered a tub lull ol
branilv, with a wooden dilli in it, to be let among thiiii :
when the men h gaii to be intoxicated, about two or 300
little pieces of tobacco were thrown aniongft ihem, in
Icrambling for whiMi they made a horrible noife. The
noile and iiuily-burly over, tlicy began to leap and dance
with leveral lliange gelluies ; the women 111 the mean
while clapping their luiiils, and continually lingiiig, or
rather roaiing out. Ha, ha, ho, ht." Having llept till
they were fobcr, they were difiuill'ed with prcfents of
toral, copjKT, brals, tobacco, iVic.

I . C.i r r. C o L o N V.

THIS colony extends from the Cape itfelf to Falfo
Bay, and i» fcparated from Stellenlxilli colony by a dcfert
of conliderabic extent, which leaches fiom Ihe Cape to
baxcnbuigli, a pliiilation lo called.

The liill« of thisdillrirt are, ihc Pvgcr-Hills, Cow- ,
Hill, I.ionHill, Table-Hill, Wmd-Ii'l!, Kb.r-Hill, or
Ulue-Moumain, the Norwrgcn-Hilh, and UulK-Hill. I

The 'I'ygeiHills receive their ilcnomination fioiii |
thtit lingulai ap|)earance, as they feeiii (potted and co- ,
loured cxaftly like the Ikin of tlie .miiiial after whom
they ate luiiicd. Tlicfc hills have great fcilibty, ate
near 25 mile* in tiicumlerenie, and the laitheP. is alwut
four miles dillant (10m ll.e Cape. Upon thelc eminences
aie 22 eftales, the |hiI1i11oiv of which have not only a
giMxl iiunlioii-lioufc toiatli, but guat ipiantiltcJ of tat-
tle ; loili'. having tliice or 40J hundicd head ol laigc
taiOe, ai >l above 1000 llicvp.

Cow- Hill Is iKiti 10 nil lei from the Cape, hut the

* liajpnc'-TuvtliiBfcmalfarti af Titikt), Egypii ar.d

Simon Vandcr Stcl, at the head of a linail creek j it is,
however, now gone to ruin.

I he I'able-Hill is the higheft of anv, being near
;coo feet in height. It is very fertile, being ccveicJ
wiili vineyards, plantations, cattle, &c. The governor,
among otners, has a charming feat at this place, and two
gardens, the one named Round-liufh-Uardcn, and the
other New land, are delightfully pleaiant. I he former
receives its name from the line lofty Irjes which agree-
ably lliade it, and render it a cool retie.it in t'.ie luliry
months.

" Here wavinj; groves a cliequcr'd frene difplav)
" And part admit, and part exclude the day ;
" As fome coy nymph her lover's warm addiels
" Nor quite indulges, nor can quite reprel's."
The latter hath its appcllatinn fiom having been more
recently made than the other. The Ictne is roiiianiicallv
charmuig, from its woody appearance ; lb that a llianp.r
might fancy that the genius of the woods rcfulcd here,
and imagine thai he heard him thus exclaim in the words
of Milton :

" Know that by tot from Jove, I have the ixnvcr
" Of this fair wood, and live in oaken bower
'• To nurle the fapiings tall, and curl the grove
" With ringlets quaint, and wanton winding wovej
" And all my plants 1 fave from nightly ill
" Ot noifome winds, and blafliiij! vapours chill ;
" And from the lx)uglis brulli off the evil dtw,
" And heal the harms of tliwaiting thunder blue ;
" Or what the ciol's diie-looking f/lmet fiintes,
" Or hurtful worm with cankcr'd venom bites :
" When evening grey doth rile, I ftch my round
" Over llic mount, and all this h-'ilowM ground ;
" And eaily, ere the od'ious breath of morn
" Awakes the lliimb'ring leaves, or taflel'd horn
" Shakes the high thicket, hade 1 all about,
" Number my llovvers, and vilit cv'ry Ij^out."
This hill is finely watered, and, upon the whole, is
very piofuabic to the company. In the center there is a
prodigious chafm, where a numlici of trees giow in a very
romantic manner; and, iluring the rainy feaibn, the tor-
rents gufliiiig down lure have a lingular ap|)earancc.

Kolbcn inloims us, that a llioil lime pirvious to his
anival at the Cape, the people had obieived, lor near a
month together upon this lull, foiiiolliing very lliining
and relplcndint, which thry lancicd relimllrd afeipcnt
w ith a crown U|Nin his head, rcleiiibling a carbuncle. It
frightened many, and none it fecms had couiagc lulH-
cieiil to attempt the dilcovcry of what it was. liui iliii
ablurd whim of imagining that a luiiiinoai vapour ort
the fummit of a mountain rciiinbles a li:rpent with ii
carbuncle on lus lie.td, is not peculiar to the conjurors
at the Ca|>e, lor an ingenio s wiiter informs usol a iccent
example ol limilai tolly :* " On the lape of Saiiio«,
;fa)s he, a very bright light is fecn, which much rium-
' !'ks a ftar. The captain's mate laid he li;id fetn this
I light feveral times in hit vovagesby tliii ill.iiid, and that
III '*as laid lobe a laige ir;pem, with a .hamond on
us head. Sonic uf the ''uik pall'engers laid it wn. imi*
verl'ally believed to be lb, and that the lnand 6ij;.iiot
li.id caui'ed levt ral allciiipls lu lir made in oiJcr 10 I'lfcu-
HI what it was; but that every one i f them proveil in-
illciilual, on account of the flcrpnefs of the cape ; till in

the Uf';' L'tnd.

th«

i::i

l,'t

iii*.

386

A NEVV COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

- f

/■ J

•I

the year 1763, foinemcn contrived fomctliing like ropc-
laJdcrs, lixcd iron li'ooks at the cikIj, ami, by means of
%<ery long poles, hung them as high as they defired,
then climbed up them, and difcovcied a inonftroui <'er-
]icnt with young ones about it ; but did not perceive any
dianuMKl on its head."

A lllvcr mi nc was once difcovcrcd upon the top of this
hill between two groves, known by the rtfpeflive names
of HcU and Paiadile; but the Dutch have left off!
working it, as the profit was not found adequate to the
cxpcnccs.

The Wind-Hill, or Dcvil's-Hill, as it is termed by
failors, (lands near the Lion-Hill, from which it is fe-
parated by achafm or valley- It reciivis ihelt api>clla-
tioiis from the boiftcrous winds which break from the
white cloud that often hovers over it ; for when thefe
hurricanes fwccp down its fides, and ill'ue through the
ckft or cliafm, they do great mil(:hicf to corn, fruit,
liOulVs, lliijiping, 6>.c.

" TheWMving harvcll bends beneath the blad ;
«' The forclls (hake, the groves their horrors cail ;
" He llies aloft, and, wiili impetuous roar,
«' Purfucs the foaming furges to the lliort."

This hill extends to the fca-fidc, and, together with ;
Tabic Hill and Lion-Hill, encompalFes a piniri called
'labk- Valley, width, as well as the emuunces, is to-
lerably ferlile.

Hbic-Hill, which is fo called from the colour of its
foil when fccn at a diflance, ftands at alxiut the dillance
oi ^i, mdes from ihe Cape, and, by not being well pro-
\i,led wilh water, has only a few plantations aliout it,
but It abounds in wild bcafts.

The Norwegin-Hills arc very craggy, and many in
number; but as they •ire at aconruleiable dilUnee from
the Cape, lour only are lettled, and on tlufe great <)uan-
lities of cattle are reareil : but on a fertile IJKit here tie
::<-vcinor \'aiu!cv Siel built a handlijmc country-houfc, a
tiili-houfe, a capacious Oab'e, iSc. \c.

Hulb-Hdl is fo callul from the trees and fhrubs with
wliicli It aboimds, ;;[id runs down to the coatl to a place
called Wood's Hay.

Of the rivers which water this colonv, the Salt River
is tl.i principal : this is fo called, becaulc the watcts to-
\vatd> its mouth, at Tabh-Hay, are brackilli, but at its
fource in TabU-Hill it is facet, faiubrious, and clear.
Simon Vander aiil attempted to cut a canal of commu-
mcition between this river and I al/o l>ao, but liion de-
fiHid, on being convinced that it would ncitiicr aniwct
the dififjn, orieimburfe the expentc.

The Sludieloi MiiU'el Kivt r is only » temporary one,
which IS formed in the rainy fealbn, and falls from the
mountains into the Salt River. Another llrcam, called
Ke)fcr's River, (from a Cterman of that name drowned
tliertin'y is always flopped up in the dry fealon by the
I'anJ-baiiks which aie railed bv the violent foutli-eaft
wind, and tliii, by throwing tlie water out of its ehan-
ni.1, fornn a confidera'jie lake, till the wet feafon deiiio-
lilhes the fandbankt, and occafiuns it to duw again in a
tegular manner.

Itefules thefe, many parts of the country aliound with
finaller Oreaiiis, Iprings, fountains, cafcadci, nitural
Aiid attiticial canals, [wnds, &c,

2. Stellbnbosh Colony.

THIS colony w«« originally a wild country, over-
rJii with (lirubs, brambles, and brufliwooil, and call*d
*t lirft by the Dutch Wild-I'orcft. At length the go-
vernor, Simon Vander Stel, cleared and fettled it, when
it leciivcd fiom him the name of atcl'i-Uufll colony,
wlich w'a« afteiwards corrupted to its prcdnt nunc ot
StcllenlKilh. I iii> colony, which is feparale<l from Caix
Colony by a Inr^c biidy defcrt, it divided into four di-
ttiifli, \\i..

I, .Sttllenlw.ni,

1, Hollrntot Holland,

J. Molteigate,

4. Doltclaiy.

Of tlefe we Iball reCpffllvely treat in their proper order,

I. StilleiilK>(li diHiifl is fuiioundrd by hllK, has a

whjUruiiK Air, fctliic lull, aud ibuuiidk with woud, paf-

turage, herbs, Howcrs, &c. The plantations arc fuL,
divided into vineyards, corn-fields, orchards, and gardens.
The banks of Stcllenbolh river, which falls iVoni the
mountains, arc adorned with many commodious houfo
and pleafant cftatcs ; the flreani itielf yields \anous kinds
of fmalltilh, and near I-'al/.oBay, into which itdilchaigcs
itfelf, many of a larger fort are taken. A tine bridge
pallcs over this river, which was creeled by a public Ipi-
ritcd gentleman at his own expencc, in the room of one
of a very narrow and inconvciiient conllruflion. Adrian
Vander Stel crefled another over a ditFcrent part of this
river, which has fince been fulfered to run to decay,

Stellcnbolh village was accidcntly burnt to the giound
in 17 10, but has lincc been rebuilt with redoubled luflie,
and is now in a Hounfliing lituation.

2. Hottentot-Holland is the moft fertile part of Stcl-
Icnbofli Colony, en which account great (ju.intiiies of
cattle arc bred here for the company's ufe; beliiles the
paftures there arc many vineyards, gardens, and houlls
belonging to the feveral phintations.

This diftriift, though tormerly inhabited by lirarceaiiy
thing but wild lK.■:lrt^, is now in general cultnaitd, .-iikI
thole voracious animals have been either dellioyed, or
driven to more remote and (eipiellered places.

Three riverswhich rife in the hilly country anddifcm-
bogue themfelves into h a!/,o Bay, water this dillriO ; tlic
one called Lawrence river, ficcjucmly ovei flowed, till
a relcrvoir was inaile to reetivc its rajiid waters, by whitli
the mifchief was prevcntcil, and plenty ol water leiaincd
agaiiift the dry Uafon ; a tlreaiii from this bafon turns a
corn mill, and a tort was formerly built upon the banks
of the river, but the latter h.ith bun fullered to lun to
decay. 'I'he other two rivers are lei's conlideiable, anil
have not as yet obtained any name ; but it js linguiai,
that frelli water tilli will not live in eilher ol the tlute,
though the waters themfelves are I'weet.

From the Cape two roads leail to Hottentot- Hollnrd,

I the one over tiie Sandy Downs in 1 yglr^ alky, aiultlic

' other over a mountain which has not yet bein diltm-

guiliied by any peculiar appellation; the foiiner is tin:

moft commodious, and the latter tl,c moll pl(..i;aj.t, in

account of the tine prof|Hft itatlbrds.

Fal/o B.iy n Ibrmcd by the circumjacent mountaip-;,
vi/.. The Hottentot-Holland Mountains, il^ Ndmie.ii
Mountains, the Stone Hills, \c. It is about 30 lu'iki
in circumference, and has in the center a large roik ri-
ling confidcrably above the water, U|son whiehagrtat
number of da birds breid, and have their habiiHiioi...
The bay abounds with iilli, and had once an elUbbllud
filhery here, which the company, for cogeiu le.ifons,
thought proper altv-rwards to drop. Stellenln Ih and
Hotlentot-Holland rivers empty themlclves into this bav;
and the rock which terminates it to the cuft, is ealUd
Hang-I.ip Rock, from the allinity it bears to a i;i>
hanging over a cliin.

Aliout tilt month of November, 1710, a tnoft dread-
ful hurricane, which blew IVom the Ibulh-e.ift, put the
waters of this I'ay into a tenible commotion, anti occa-
tioncd a Hood which fiire;ul far into the countiv, whe e
having done coiifiderablc damage, on its return to the
bay inertdiblc nuinU-rs of tilli w-.te left (<n div Uti.l.

Sea-Cow-Valley,/vhith is litunied on one l.d.- of tlu-
bay, received its denomination frcmtl'.c number ol fia-
cows that formerly fie(|uenteil it ; fo many howwer wi ;c
continually killcil hcie, that the reft grew fliv of ll e
nhicc, «nd have found out much iiioir f.cure'irtreais.
In one p.iit of thii. valley is « lake of about three mi'ts
in ciicuit, the waters ol whiih iiuhcir natural ftatcaie
fweet ; but at iert?in times the waves ol tic I nv m\x-
liow theviUry, and mixing with the waters ol thelakr,
impregnau- them with fait, bilidts leaving a ([uanlitv ol
tiili behind i ihife nri the rctitin of the (c»wBter lof
while the faitncfs continues, but a> loon as the lake w,-ii r
recovers its natural fwciliiets, tlicy die lor want ol l',i-
linc nourilbment. This lake is prodirious rrcdy, niul
a great numlier of wild ducki, with vaiious binis, biceil
among the flags.

3. Motteicate diftrifl lies to the north of Hofttntof.
Holliiid, and was Iti railed on atcomu of i|,i mellow,
nefs of the loll, occKlioned by the freipunt ll.iods wh.Ji
entirely sverllow 11, and remfci it imiihly ; for the woitl
motter implies inuildy. The wnlris, huwcvrr, at tin-
fame time that they makcllic loidi bad, give an uncom-

liieii

both
bridge
thisr"
iIkiii!
I'll,
ferenc
lain

The
deep,
and
<lown
damn-
hath
given
which

Sinn
dwelli
orehar
is a m
Towel

Dra
iinagii
is onl
fiiperii
fabiicl
<vc.
from t
it pro.
Riebrt
once I
an ad

trealie
bavin
have
decay
At
|l (i'llr
ftieain
Uilt.

AFRICA.]

C A F F R E R I A.

S^f

mon ilcprci: of fi-rtilityto the foil ; (a that itiis dlrifl i^
not in'oi ■■ r lo any of tlic otlurs willi iifiicil m houic^,
inhabitants, produce, ^c. Tlic ailvantagts ol ihift in-
undations art many, niul tlic few inconveniences niii;iit
be calilv r inciicd, oi at ioaft palliated by tiic crcftingof
bridges, .iiul cutiing dykes ; which unpiovenicnis, as ne-
ctfliry mull point out lli.u utiliiy, and tin in'iabitants
have lioth timber and indultiy, we have naion to bciii.ve |
will take place,

4. Bottelary diftrifV, which is the moft northern part I
of the Cdlony, receives its name I'rom ihe ijuantity of hay '
made in it, which exceeds all that is made at the Cape ]
iK-lides. On an elevated ground, called Joffen Hill, arc
fiveral plantations, confifting of vineyards, orchards,
pallurcs, farms, cattle, nurlerics, 8cc. huel and water
arc very fcarcc here; of the latter they have little but
what the rains afford iheni, and this in the hot wcatlur
turns braekilh in the dvkcs where it is prefervcd, I o re-
medy the inconveniences ariliiig from the want of wood,
the company hath planted fcvcral acres of this ditlrirt i
with trees, and enaflcd a law, lh.it if anv perfon pre- ;
fumes to cut a finglc twig, he llir.ii be publicly and fc-
vercly whipped by the common hangman,

3. Drakensteim-Colon'y.

THIS colonv wa' fettle! ' 175, piincipally with
French refugees, an'' ■ lier . Jtion o( the governor,

Simon V'ander Ste 'o gave prefent name, in

compliment to his greai friend ai. . |..iiron the baron Van '
Rhccden, lord of Urakenllcin, in Gueldeiland. I

This is a very large colony, exiending northward to I
Saldanna bay, foinluvard to the 1 urn-again mountains, !
talhvard to ihe Drakenftfin iiionntnin*, .nul weftwardioi
Horle-moimtain. TlieDrakeultein-mo.uitains are high, |
ftcep, and rugged ; hence travelling over (hem is tedious,
fatiguing, and dangerous ; on which account fome term
tilt in tiie Vexatious mountains.

A cluirch and » water-mill are the only public build-
ings in this very cxtcnfivc roui.trv, which tiiougli it con-
tains many fc-ttered farms iirtlie fevcral lettlement<, has
not a ilngle village.

The principal river is one which has its lource in the
mountains, whence it is named the Mountain river. On
both its lidcj arc many good plantations, Init it has no
bridge over to I'aeiliiaie eiiniiiiuni ation, 'I'he waiersof
this river, after iiieandi;.,-'hrougi'. li veraldilbicis, empty
tliemfelve^ into the bay ol Si. Helena.

I'lic foil heic is fertile l!ioiigh mountainnu*, the air
fercne conlidcrinj; thelituation, and the water leniaikably
falubrious.

The road from Turnigain-mountain to the church is
deep, narrow, ami dangerous, benig full of pueipiees,
and infefled by wil<l l)cal\s ; fo that many have leaped
down the foniicf 10 avoid ihe latter, and pcnihed by one
danger in (liunnlng another. Niar this load a filver mine
liath been difeovered, but no pcriiullion hath Ixen yel
giren to work it; and a noble iiLinfion hath been eiefted,
uliieh is lii|i|iofed to be one of ihetimti feats in Africa.
Simon's Valley is a noble ellate, containing a (lately
dwellinivlioiife, commodious wine-houfe, mill, gardens,
orchariU, vinevards, corii-tiehb, tScc. And near licic
is a mountain called, t'rom its height, Ihe Babylonian
Tower, oi\ which are many good plantations. j

Drakenltcin Jiurdi IS one of the meanert buildings
imaginable ; the walls are exrceding low, and the loof
is only made of reeds : nur are the de<or.ttions within 1
fnperior to the ap|Haiaiice without. Near this plain
fabriek is a iiiaikel for the tale of groceries, fmall wares,
Ac. In the vicinity is the Peail-mountain, lo railed
from the vulgar notion of its fuiiimit refeiiihling a pearl; '
it prtKhicei exeelhnt mill-(b)nts. The mountain named
Riebccfk's Caftle in high, llerp, and defieient in water ( I
once baiiaeks were built, and troops polled lieie, as
an advanced check iip'Mi the Hottentots ; but leccnt
treaties, and the aiiiial'le b.-havimir of ihul'c pcoph
having rendeml fiieh preeautloiis uiinceellary, the Utiei
have lirrn withdrawn, and the lornier furtered to run to
decay.

At alioiit a .lav's ionrmv north of Kielieeek's cad'c u
jl (oltrift, railed 7tfff///<«r /Jiwf J, Irom ihe variety ol
ftieams rt'.iich water it, an>l ri n Lr the partiiiagc excel-
Uiit. I h. hin.l li not (.mailed, but |;iaiilid by licinli,

vet it it we'l inhabited, fertile, and abounds in c.ittic •
I lie p<op,e hc.i: not being accommodated with either w laJ
or water iiidls, grind their corn in little liaiid mills.

At the diilance of a d.iy's journey from I wenty-tou^
I ixers, arc the Honey mountains, fo called from the gnat
Huaniiiies of wax and honey lound in tlieclcfts, which iho
Hottentots obtain with imminent danger of tiieir lives,
.iiid fell to the Europeans. The white people here are
greatly mfefted with the 1 lotlentots frailty, iilienifs; they
leldom cultivate any land, dqiLnJing < hii tly on then?
eallle ; and what is lingular, inllead of eating bread with
meat, they cat meat « iih meat, tiiat is, a piece of dried
ven (on with a piece of (Velli mutton or beef. I heir
ih ink is water, milk, or lumcv-beer, which are lb lalu-
biious that they are feldom vililcd by dil'eales. Alout a
day's journey fiom hence a few cattle feeders inhabit
fome high lulls, called the Piquet-mountains, from the
tirlt lettlers having been immodiratily given to gaming,
and in pariieular 10 playing at l'i(]uet. I'iie Hottentots
intermix with the inhabitants of tliel'e two lail places,
and the gicateft harmony fublilh among them.

4. Waveren-Colony.

THIS colony, which was fettled in 1701, by the
governor, William Vander Stel, is named alter ihe illul-
tiious VVavern family, to whieli he claimed relatiimlbip,
and i< il-'C Mioft 'aft waul colony fruiii tlie Cape ; being
the y .,,,.,1 r.'tt.ement, the boundaries are uneutain ;
the m. tains, which furround the gicatell part, arc
not named ; the lands arc only licciikd, the habitations
are but huts, and the piople in general b.it fervanis, as
lliey have no cattle of their o»n, but lake care of the
cattle of perfons belonging lo theoih.r colonies.

Between this colony and the Ci.pe is a high, flecp
mountain, called the Red Sand M.ninlain from the co-
lour of the toil ; there is fuch ililiieulty in tiavelling
over it, that the waggons are taken to pieces on one fide,
packed up and cairied on the backs of the trains, ?.nil
put together on the other lide : near this mountain is a
fertile place, called IJlackland.

Having neither church, or council houfc, the inhabi-
tants of tins colony go for worlhipto IJrakenllein ehurchj
for marriages or ehiirtcnings to the Cape ; and on ac-
count ot legiflative matters to Sl.'llenbolh.

1 he waters of this colony in geiieial arc good ; and
here are two hot batlis, but it is dangerous to go to either,
on account of the wild Lealls wiiieh fuanii in thelc
paits,

SECT. VIII.

TuRRA DE Natal.

'T'HIS country, which was bkewife purchafed by the

*■ Dutch, is inh.ibitcd prineipaliy by the Cifires, who

are very different in many relp'^ls fioiii the Hottentots,

not grealing tiKir bodies, or ft.iniiiiciirg in utterance.

They, unlike the Hottentots, low coin, blew a kind of

beir, and build fqiiare lioufes with a fort cf plairter.

Thefe people ti.ide with the Arabians and rovers of the

Red Sea, for lilk, elephants teeth, coffee, iS.c. whieli

I they barter with the Kuropeans for cord.ige, anchors,

tar, and other maritime (hires; and again i xehange

j with the former for various articles. As iliisihllriA li.oli

I U'en but little |H'iictratcd by intdligcnt travellers, and is

I not yet propeily liltled by the Duleli, only a vei'y llen-

I der account of it can be given, y t the iiiofl copious and

i ample that we linvc been able to tiaco we iliall here

I prefent lo the reader ;

I " 1 hat part of the country which lies towards the
fa is plain, champain and woody; but within land it
appeals more uneven, by n afon ol many hills which rile
in uncijual heighls aUive each other. Va it is inter-
mixed with pleafant valleys and large pl.iins, and is
chequered with natural giovis and fa. aiiiiahs or me.t-
dows. Neither is there anv want of w.iler ; for every
hill affords little biooks, that (^lide doiv a fiveral ways ;
lonie of whieli, after leveval turnings i,nd windings,
meit by degrees, and make U)> the ri\er ol Naial, whicli
dllcharges itlelf into the ealleiii orcan, m tiie latuudki of
alxijt ^O deg. louth. '1 here it opens pieily sv.de, and
IS deip enough for lintll vilUls. But at ihe mouth of the
tivei w a b.ir, wbirli hai nit »ij\>vt tvit «r eleven feet

WJlt'.C

i.'.'i

.If

S88

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

'! «i

^.h'

water on it in a fprinc-tidc ; tliough witliin there is
water enough. This nvcr is the principal of chc coun-
try of Natal, and has Ixtn frequented by fomc of our
Engllfh (hips. There arc alfo other ftrcanis and rivers,
which bend their courii:! northerly ; cfpLcially one of a
conlidcrable bignefs about loo miles within land, and
which runs due north.

" The wopis arc compofej of divers forts of trees,
many of which are of very good timber, and tit for any I
uff, they being tall and large. The favannahs are i
cloathcd witli kindly thick graft. The land animals of :
this country arc lions, tygers, elephants, buffaloes, bul- i i Guinea corn, beef, filh milk, ducks, hcns-cgg, iVr

locks, deer, hogs, conies, &c. Here are alfo abundance ' '

of fca-horfci ; buffaloes and bullocks only are kept tame,
but the rtrt are all wild. Elenliants are lb plenty here,
that they feed together in prodigious herds. Mornings
and evenings they are fcen grazing in the favannalis ;
Init in the neat of the day tlicy retire into the woods ;
and they are very peaceable if not molcftcd ; deer arc
very numerous here alfo, they feed quietly in the favan-
nahs among the t.ime cattle ; for they arc frldom dif-
tuvlitd by tlie natives.

" Merc arc fowls of divers forts, fome fuch as we have
in r.nj;!uiul, vi/,. duck and teal, both tame and wild, !
and plenty of cocks and luns, bcfidcs abundance of wild
birds, wholly unknown to us. Here are a ibrt of large
wild fowl as big as a jKacock, with many fine-coloured ;
fctliers ; they arc very rare and fliy. Tin re arc others '
like curlews, but bigger ; the tkflj of thefe is black, yet |
(\veet and wholelome meat.

" The Tea and rivers alx)und in fifli of divers forti,
yet the natives do but fcldoin cnelcavour to take anv, ex-
cept tortoifes or turtles, and that is cli' fly when they
cnnic afliorc in the night to lay their eggs ; though they
have alfo another very o<ld way to catch turtle: they take
a living fucking-filli, or rtmora, and faftening a couple
of tilings to it (one at the head, and the other at the
tall) they let the fucking-tilh down into the water, on
the turtle ground, among the lialf-grown, or young
turtle ; and when they find that the (ilh has falUned
itfclf to the back of a turtle, as he will foon do, they
then draw him and the turtle up together. This way
of filhipg, they fay, is alfo ulcd at Madagafcar.

*• The natives of this country are but of a middle
flature, yet have very gootl limbs ; the colour of their
fkins is black, and their hair cri(j>ed ; they are oval-
vifagcd ; their nofes neither flat nor high, but very well
proportioned ; their teeth are white, and their alpeft
aluigethcr graceful ; they pre nimble people, but very
la/y, which probably is for want of commerce ; their
duct employment is hulbandry. They have a great
many bulls and cows, which they carefully look alter;
for every man knows his own, though they run all pro-
milcuoutly in the favannahs ; yet they have pens near
their own houfcs, where they make tlicfli gentle, and
bring ihcm to the pail. They alfo plant corn, and fence
in the fields, to keep out all cattle, at well tame is wild.
I'hey have (iuinca corn, which is their bread ; and a
fmali Ibrt of grain, no bigger than muitard-fced, of 1
which they make their dunk. Here arc no arts or!
trades piofclUd aiiiung them, but every one makes for •
himlelt fuch nccellarics as need or ornament rc>|uire ;
the men keeping to their employment, and the women |
to iheirs ; the men build houl'es and huts ; plant, and !
do what U to be done abroad ; and the women milk the {
cows, drefs the visuals, ^c. and manage all matters ;
within doors. Their houfcs ire not great, nor richly ,
furnillied ; but they are made clofc, and well thatched, I
fo that ncithci winil nor weather can hurt them. I

" They wear but tew clothes, and thole cxlraordi- i
nary mean; the mengo in a manner naked, their (ommon
garl) lieing only a fquare piece of cloth made with (ilk-
gral's, or molio-rinii, and wrought in form of a Ihort
npron ; at the upper corners it has two ftraps to tic round
their waifts ; and the lowci end being finely fringed with
the fame, hangs down to the knees. They have caps
inaile with buff ^reafed, of alwut nine or ten inches high ;
they arc a great while in making thefe caps ; lor the
greafe mull lie made very pure Ik lore it i> (it for this
ufe ; befidct, they lay on but a little at a time, and mix
ii (incly amoiig the hair, and foil never afterwards comes
off their heads. When they go aliunting, which is but
f :d«in, they pare otfihrccgr tour inches liuiii the top of

their caps, fo that it may fit the fnupger; but the next
day they begin to build it up again, and fo they ilo every
day till it is of a greater and falbionabic height, ft
would be a moft ridiculous thine for a man here to be
feen without a grcafy cap, but boys arc not fufivied to
wear any till they coine to maturity j and then they be-
gin to build up their heads. The women have only Ihort
[ictticoats, which reach from the waift to the knee ; when
It rains they cover their bodies with a fimple cow-hide,
thrown over their Ihoulders like a blanket,

" The common fubfiftance of thefe people is made of

They alfo drink milk often to quench tluir thirft, and
this ibinetimes when it is Iweet, but commonly tliev let
it be four firft. Bcfides milk, which is their common
drink, they make a better, but of the fame grain bcfoie-
mcntioncd, purpofcly to l>c merry with , and when they
meet on fuch occalions, the men make themfelves ex-
traordinary fine with feathers ftuck in their caps very
thick : they make ufc of the long feathers of cocks-tails,
and none cite. Befides thefe head-ornaments, they wear
apiece of cow-hide made like a tail, and it is tailened
behind them like a tail, reaching from their waifl to the
ground. This piece of hide is about fix inches broad,
and each fide of it is adorned with little iron rings of i heir
own making; when tlicy are thus attired, their heads a
little intoxicated, and the mufic playing, they all Ikip
about merrily, and fhake their tail biitkly ; but they are
very innocent in their mirth.

" Every m.in may have as many wives as he can pur-
; chafe and maintain ; and, without buying, here arc none
to be had ; neither is there any other commodity to
l)C liought or fold but women. Young virgins arc dif.
' poled of by their fathers, biothfs, or iicaut^ male re-
I lation<; ; the price is according to the beauty of the
, damfel. They have no money m thi'- country, but give
• cows in exchange for wives ; and therefore he is ilie
': richcfl man who has moll daughters or filers : for lo he
fure he will get cattle enough. They make merry when
they take their wives j but the bride cries all her wed-
ding day.

" They live together in fniall villages, and the olJtft
man governs the red : for all that live together in one
village are a-kin, and therelbre willingly fubinit to hit
government. They are very juft, and extraoidinary civil
to llrangers.

SECT. IX.

Terra dos Fu.mos.

THIS is but a fniall trifling country, bounded on the
fouth by the river Dcllagoa, which feparalcs it fioiu

Terra dc Natal ; on the north by Zanguana ; on the

weft by the country of Nnonetas ; and th.c laftcrn
' ocean on the call, it extends from the mjuth of the
! river Dcllagoa, to the mouth of the river Dc Ladioon,

or Tcude ; the firft appellation fignifving the river of
I robbers, which is in 26 dig. 40 m';i. Ibuih lat. 1 he
I only places worthy of notice lure arc. Cape Pedi.is,
I which IS in about the 29th deg, if fouth lat, Pi>lto dc

Pe Pd'quena, or the Filliing-placc, which is a iutlc bt-
1 yond the former ; and the bay of St. Lucia, which is

between the latter and the I.adrooii ri\er. '1 he Porn: •
' guefe, who either named places fii m the faints day < 11

which they dilcovered them, or Iron ibme trivial circ Jiii-

flance which they oblervcd »hi..i tii;y firft law ll em,

Ewe this country the name of Tcria dos F umos, or Mic
and of Smoke, from |)crceiving fomc tiiickc on il.vlr f'H
approaching this lliorc. The luiro|ic4ns at yet have not
iii.idc any leitlcment here, and the Caffrcs who inhabit
the place live in a limple ftate of nature, without tcnvni,
villages, or fettled habitations, and titquently indccdwith-
out even move '.ilchutsi to many arc llie artificial wants
of men and lo few tlic leal necellities. In conlidering the
lives of thele people we may |h rceive tliepri>piiety of the
words which bliakefpearc pui> into the mouth of Luiii
Timon.

" Why lliould you want? Behold the earth hath roots;
" Within thu mile break I'orth an hundred fpiiii^s |
'• The oaks benr mart, the briars learlct liqw ;
" The bounteous houfewitc Natui;, on I'atii bufit
'« Lays her full uiel« before you— Wiwi ? Wiiy >v»iit ?"

SECT.

'^m^

AFRICA.]

M O N O M O T A P A.

389

E C T. ±

A D.fripiion of the Cape Town.

WE (hall now proceed to adefcription of Cape Towiij '
which is fitiiati'd in Cape-Colony, in 34 deg. 15 j
min. fouth lal. and i6 dcg. 5 min. eaA long; This place j
is large, commodious, pleulant, and populous j the ftrccts I
arc fpacious, and regularly laid out; the houfes are built
of itonc, and tolerably handfome, but they are very low, '
and only thatched; both which circumftances are owing
to the Itomvy weather, for were they built high they
woiilJ be blown down, and if tiles were ufed inllead of
thatch, the people would be knocked on the head with
thcni as they walked the ftreets. The h»ufes in general
have plcaf;mt gardens behind, and neat court-yards before
tiKin. Building, as well as tillage, it greatly encouraged
at the Cape, and land given for either ptirpofc to thole
who chulb to accept of it ; but then the government claims
;in annual tenth of the value of the former and pnxluce of
the latte , and a tithe of all purchafe-money when eltates
arc (bid. The town extends from the fca ftiore to the
company's garden, fpreading along the Table Bay. The
fort is in a valley at a little diftance, its form is pentago-
iinl, it commands the landing-place, and is garrifoned by
20c foldiers ; the povcrninent ftore-houfes are within it j
the governor and other officers have apartments here, as
well as 600 fer\Mnts ; the fame number of (laves are lodged
in a commodious building in the town, which is divided
into two wards, the one for the men, and the other for
the women ; and the diAblute of cither fex are fent to a
houfe of correilion.

The hofpital for fick feamen is of eiTential ufc to the
Putch fleets in going to or returning from India. The
church is a large commodious edifice, elegantly plain,
but the roof and fta'ple are thatched, for the reafon al-
ready mentioned. Thatching indeed, from the nature of
the hurricanes, fcems abfolutely nccelTary, but from the
method ill which it was formerly done it appears that it
was iVcqucntly attended with danger, as we are informed
that there were formerly fhelving pent-houfes erei^led on

both fides the ftreets, to flielter paflcngcrs in rainy wea-
ther; but thefe brought the inhabitants under fuch dan-
gers and inconveniencies, that they were quickly all pulled
down by order of the government. Sailors and Hotten-
tots were continually crowding and fmoaking their pipes
under them, and fometimes through carelelTnefs fet them
on fire. The government very dextrouHy laid hold of
that occafion to rid the ftreets of thofe fellows that were
continually pcftering tTiem, by publiOiingan order, which
is ftill kept up, and from time to time republlflied, that
no Hottentot or common failor (hall fmoak in the ftreets :
with a declaration, that the failor or Hottentot who (hould
prefume to do fo, fliould be tied to the whipping-poft,
and feverely laihed. This clcircd the ftreets at once,
and keeps them clear to this day of all failors and Hotten-
tots who have no bufinefs thcit : for it is with great dif-
ficulty that cither a Hottentot or a Dutch failor, if they
have tobacco, and they are feldom without it, can for-
bear fmoaking while tlwy lue awal(c.

" But (fays an inulligcnt author) what is the mod
admired of any thing at the Cape is the comp.TJiy's garden,
where they have introduced almofl all the fruits and
flowers that arc to be found in Europe, Afia, or America j
and moft of them are improved, and flourifli more than
they did in their rcfpcftive clini.itcs and countries from
wheitce they were brought; and the gardin is watered by
fprings that fall down from the Table-Mountain juil
above them. The apples and pears of Europe are planted
here, with the grapes of Afia as well as thofe of Europe;
all of a delicious flavour. Here arcalfo lemons, oranges,
citrons, figs, Japan apples, and an infinite variety of
other fiuits, all excellent in their kind."

It has been furprifing to many that a fituatlon fo fingU-
larly advantageous as the Cape, was not planted by the
Englifti, fince they well knew the importance of the place
before the Dutch began their fettlement. Indeed fcvcral
I Engliih navig.itors touched here; but St. Helena, though
i inferior in many refpefls, was deemed the moft eligible,
and Is now the place where the Englifti Eaft India fhlps
take in rcfrcfliuients in going to, wid returning from
India.

Iti-i

fc ,
ii

CHAP. VII.

MONOMOTAPA.

TH E Empire of Monomotapa is one of the largtft
in all Africa. It is bounded on the eaft by the
kiiijilom of Sofala; on the weft, by the mountains of
Caffrcris ; on the north, by the river Cuama, which fe-
parates it fioin Monocmugi ; and on the fouth, by the
river del Spiritii Sandlo. ft is fituatod between the 14th
and 25th deg. of fouth lat. and between the 4.1ft and 56th
of eaft long, being 670 miles in length from eaft to weft,
and 615 in breadth from north to fouth.

This country is divided into fix provinces, or petty
kingdoms, the governors of which are valfals to the king
or emperor of Monomotapa. The name< of thefe pro-
vinces are, Monomotapa Proper, Quiteve, Manica, In-
hrtnibana, Iiihaminr, and 8»bia.

Monomotapa Proper ii the moft confiderable of the
whole, and particularly diftinguiftwl for containing the
capital city of the empire. It is fituated in 1 8 deg. 27 min.
fouth lat. and ji deg. 10 min. eaft long, from \jor\Aon.
It is a large and populous city, and the ftroets very long
■nd fpjtcioiis. The houfes are built with timber and earth,
and arc of different fires, fome being miKh more lofty
than others, mcording to the qitality of thofe that occupy
them : the roof'! are large, and formed ifi the (hape ot a
Ml ; and all of them are neatly Whife-w»(h«d both With-
in and Without. But the girateft orn«fr«»m of flic city Is
rlw imperial palace, which n a large fpacioys fabric, well
flanked with f^wer?, and l>«s f>ur uvenuvs, or Ibttly gate^,
J5

I conftantly kept by a numerous guard. The infide conftlU
of a great variety of fumptucus apartments, fpacious and
lofty halls, all adorned with a magnificent kind of cotton
tapeftry, the manufa£ture of the country. The floors,
ceilings, beams and rafters are all cither gilt or plated with
gold curioufly wrought, as are alio the chain of ftate,
tables, benches, Sfc. 'l"he candlefticks and branches are
made of ivory inlaid with got I, and hang from the ceil-
ing by chains of the fame metal, or of filver gilt. The
plates, difties and bowls belonging to the emperor's table
are made of a fort of porcelaine, curioufly wrought on

' the edges with fprigs of gold refembling thofe of coral.
In /hort, fo rich and magnificent is the whole furniture
of this palace, that it may be faid to vie with that which
diftinguifttcs the grandeur of an eaftern monarch.

There are fevcral other towns in this province, but
they are all very infignificant, except one called Tcte,
which is large and populous, and remarkable tbr being
the refidence of the Portuguefe jefuits.

Quiteve lies to the fouth of Monomotapa Proper, and
i« bounded on the '^ft by Sabia, on the weft by CaftVeria,
and on the fouth bv Manica. The capital city is called
f.xmbave, and is ntuated about 120 miles from Monomo-
tapa Proper. It is a large and populous city, and the
place where the king or governor of the province ufually
nilidcs.

The provinct of Maaica is bounded on the eaft by
5 V Sabia,

i^p

A NEW COMPLETE S YST E M OF GEOG RAPH Y.

S.iUin, on the weft by CirtTLfia, on the north by Qiiin-
ttvc, ;in(l on the fouth, by the river ile Spiritu S.in£to, or
the Holy GholJ. The capital town is called after the
name ot' the province, but it is a finall pl.icc, and very
pnorlv inhalnted. Tlie river of the Holy CJholV, by fome
called Manicj, fpriii'^s from t\K moirntains of Liipata
fitu.ited 111 1<) deg. fouth Kit. and 2O Je;:. call long. It
runs firft from r.orth to Ibuth, afiv.- which it bends its
coinle to the fonth-caiV, then pallcs along the kingdom of
Manita, and empties itfelf into a fmall gnlph, which
immedi.itcly comminiicates with the fea.

Inhambana lies foiithwnrd from the above province
under the tropic of Capricorn, fo that the air here is ex-
ceeding fultry. The capital town is called Tongue,
which, though fmall, is very populous, owing ta the
number of Portuguefc that rcfide there.

The province of Inhamioris very extenfivc, but it doth
not contain any thing that merits particular notice. Its
chicltownisof the fame naiTK-, and is the conllant refidcnce
of the Icir.^, or governor of the province.

Sabia is alfo very larit, and is well watered by fcvcral
excellent rivers, one of which is called Sabia, and the
other ArcK. On the coaft of this kingdom is the illand
of Bocica, and the cajxs of St. Scbatiiaii and St. Ca-
tharine.

With refpecl to the climas; of MonomotSpa, it is much
moa- whtilefome than nvanv other parts of Africa, and
the fn:l ii fo fertile that it produces a great plenty v( the
principal lucellaries of lite. It abounds with paiture
^loniuK, on w hich are bred prodigious quantrties of cattle,
ef;vci.il!v oxen ami co\»'s. The chief c,r?ins are rice and
nii'Ui, and tlu'V have plenty of various kinds of lro^>ical
fruits. In the woods and forells are great number;; of wild
Kails, particular! V eUY'hant^, the latter of which the
p.ttives kill not <>iilv for their rieili, but alio for their teeth :
the I'oriner furiiilhes them with fi<xt, and the latter they
make cmiidei.ible advantage of by felling ihera to the Por-
tiiguefe.

The rivers of this countrv are verv numerous, and on
tin- bonks ef inof* ot' thcni grow many tine trees and
liigar-cancs wittniut anv culture. I luy abound with a
x.uiety of excellent f.lli, and in fonie of them is found
i;old that IS fwept .iway tit-m the iniiies through which
ih'V run in the more inland parts ol the country.

Thi-nativi* lierc arc in general tall, well-fliapcd, ftrong,
and liealthv ; iliev .ire quite blavk, and lia\e wimjIv hair,
winch they oiiiainent with a variety of trinkets. They
.ue of a very iprightly and docile dil|Xilition, notwith-
ll.iiidiiig which they are loud of being engaged in war,
.iiid prefer that einplo\nunt to .iiiv other. The poorer
tort are brought up to diiiii;;, and their chief bulinefs
l^ to get tile faud or mud fiom the bottom of tlw riveii,
ponds anil lake.-, fiom whiih ihev fcparatc the gold tliat
Is inteiinixed with it, and llll it to the I'ortuguefe in ex-
change for cotton and \aii.ius other articles of merchan-
dize.

riw drefs of the common people confifts of a piece
of cotton cloih of various colours, which is f.iilened round
the wailK Iroi.i whence it reaches to the knees, but the
i.piXT part of the body is entirely naked. The garments
ol ihe better fort are of the fame form, but much richer,
Ixing m.ide of Indi.in lilks, or of cotton embroidered with
gold, ci\^r which th>y generally wear llic rtiin of fome
wild In, ill.

Tluir common fixxl is the flclli of rrxcn and elephants,
with bicad miaie of rice or millet, which is baked into
thill cakes ; and their drink is either lour milk or water.
The better fort ufe ftrong liquors made from honey, mil-
let, rice, and feveral forts of fruits ; but they moftly ef-
ttem palm-wine, which is reckoned a royal liquor, and
greatly ulcd at court.

I'olyijainy is allowed here, as in moft other p.ut5 of
Africa, cveiy man being |Krniittc<i to take as many wives
as he can maintain ; but the firll wife is the principal,
and the chililieii borne by her inherit the father's cftatc.

They pay a religious worftiip to the dead, every one
preler 1112 the bones of the moll dilliniuilhed ol his fa-
mily. 'I'hefe they hang up in a court, and know to
whom they bi'longed by fixing certain marks on them.
Fverv levenlh day the relations go and vifit them, being
all drefted in white, which it the mourning of the coun-
try. Thivfpie.ida table Ik fore thini with provifions,
thru pray to the detealld lor the km', prof|Krity, and

afterwards fit down and regale themfelves, which iliey
l(x>k upon as the grcaleft honour that cou be paid to tbx
dcfund.

Some of the inhabitants fiere profcfs the Roman Ca-
tholic religion, to which they have been converted by the
Portuguefc ; but the principal part of tlicm arc idolater:,
and prattice the moft fuperft'itious maxims. They hold
a feftival on the firft day of every new moon, as alfo on
the anniverfary of the emperor's birth. They Ihew a
fingular veneration for a certain virgin, whom they call Al
P'iroo, and have temples erected in honour of her : they
have alfo many nunneries, in which fome of them con-
fine tJieir daughters to perpetual celibacy.

The king, or emperor of Monomotapa, has a prodi-
gious number of wives, the principal of whom are the
daughters of fome of his vafl'al princes ; but the firft onlv
is called emprcfs, or queen. He always wears the lame
kind of drefs, which confifts of a robe made of a filk
ftuff manufadured in the kingdom j it reaches from the
wairt to the knees, and is falK-ncd with a girdle richly be-
decked with diamonds and other precious Itones. He has
alfo a brocailed mantle over his Ihouldcrs, and oivhis legs
he wears bulkins, richly wrought and embroidered with
gold, pearls, &c. His neck is decorated with a magni-
ficent karkantt, or collar, enriched with diamonds, ru-
bies, emeralds, and other precious ftones j and on his
head is a turban, the band of which is oriLimcnted with
the fame valuable materials.

He is exceeding fond of palm-wine, great quantities ot
which he always keeps by him in vefl'els made of horn,
curioufly wrought j but he generally mixes with it manna,
mufk, or fome other high-fcented perfumes, of which
alfo the courtiers and better fort of people are great ad-
mirers, and ulc them not only in their vi£luals and drink,
but alio in their apartments, walks, &c.

The princefl'es and ladies of the higheft rank alwayi
drefs the emperor's victuals, and bring and ferve it at hn
table : they difcharge this bufinefs in their turns, ;uid
think it the higheft honour to be fo employed. Durin;^
his meal, he is accompanied by a baud of muficians ; but
tt»-fr, before they come into his prefcnce, muft be hood-
winked, or have a veil before their f.iccs, to prevent their
feeing him either eat or drink. He is commonly .ittcndedi
alfo by a great number of ofticcrs, who keep a moft pio-
fouml filence, except when he drinks, or happens to fneczc
or cough, at which times one of them cries aloud, " Pray
for the health and profpcrity of the emperor :" as foon as
the words arc repeated they all kneel, tlun rife, and tcKily
their joy by the loiideft acclamations.

Wfun he goes abroad he is generally carried in a ftately
fedan or chair, over which is a mi^gnificent canopy richly
embroidered, and be(p;uigkd with pearl and piccious
ftones 1 and if the weather lnappcns to be cloudy or mifty,
four lighted torches are cariied before him to clear and
perfume the air. He is alwajs attended by a prodigious
retinue, befides his own guaids, and a numerous band of
miifici.ins. ()n thefe occalions his fubicdis pay him tin-
moft profound homage and relpctit, wilhing him all ima-
ginable fucccfs and profpoity, aiul fliewing their attach-
ment to him by facrificii>g, at proper dmauces on the
road through wnich he pafl'cs, a deer, or fome other vifliin.

As the emperor has many [xiwcrful vafllils, far remote
from his capital, he takes care to bring up their fucceftors
at his court as hcftages of their fidelity. They h.ive col-
leges and academies appropriated for their education at
his ex|)cnce, and he endeavours to win their aftcition by
the greateft acts of iiiunihctncc.

tie alfo takes great pains to prcfervc the refijccl of his
fubjedj : he exails no taxis or tribute from them, inftead
of which he is fatisficd with a trifling prelcnt when they
apply to him for any particular favour. This is an uni-
verfal cuftom from an inferior to a fuperior of every rank
or denomination, and is ellcenied the higheft mark of re-
fpcit that can be (hewn. If at any time he orders his
fubjects to labour either at the gold mines, or any other
fcrvice, as is fometimos the calc, he always fends them
cows and other provifions, lo that inllcaii of attending
with leluilance, they obey his commands with the great-
eft chearfulnefs.

His miniftcrs and officers, both civil and military, as
well as his foldiery, who fubfift by his pay, are indeed
obliged, inftead of taxes, to pay hiin a kind of fervice ol
Icvvn da\s iii«very month, uthcriiKultivatiii;;hisground:,

AFRICA.]

S O F A L .\.

jy'

or any cihcr wiuk h" thinks firoptr to employ tlioin in ;
^iu\ the lordi and nobles arc alfo bomiil to the (anic llr-
vii:c whin rtqiilrcJ, unk-fs exempted from it by loinr par-
.'itular priviligc <;raiitcd to their family or office.

'I"hc emperor maintains .i numerous army of fiH)t, for
he has no cavalry, there being but few hori'us, and thole
not fit for the pnrpole, throughout his dominions. The
weapons ufed by the (oldicry are, bows and arro'vs, tlie
javelin, fcymctar, cutlafs and dagger, and fonv: of them
carry a hatchet, all which they handle wi.h gitat aiert-
nefs, being tr.iincd up to it from their youth. Wherever
the emperor encamps, they always erect a large wooden
houfe, in which a fire muft be kept conftantly burning
during his (lay. Neither he nor any of his foidiers are
pennitted to w.ifti tlicir hands or face while the v/ar con-
tinues J and when it is over, and they have pained a com-
plete victory, the fpoil is divided, the emp>:ror referving
one part to himfelf and dillributing the rclt in proportion-
able Iharcs to his officers and men. This equitable dif-
tribution has an excellent cffeO, .is it animat s the men,
and makes them light with diftinguiftied intrepidity.

The laws of this country are very few, and fo little
nccalion is there for the confinement of criminals, that
there is not a finglc prifon throughout the whole em-
pire. Jufticc is adminillered in eveiy part of it with the
greatell expedition : the judges hear the leafons and de-
politions on both fides, and ih.n pronounce fentcncc,
which the emiKror either confirms or annuls ; and every
criminal is executed in the open fie-lds immediately after
conviction. If the complaint or crime be of fuch a nature
that it cannot be fo quiclily ailjudgcd, and there be any
danger of the perfon acculed making his efcape, he is
ordered to be tied to a tree, and a guard is fct over him till
he is either acquitted or condemned. Thofe found guilty
of murder arc pimifhed with death j but in trifling matters
they only infliit corporal punifhment, which is done by
giving the party a certain number of llrokcs with a knot-
ted cord, according to the nature of the crime.

Before we quit this empire it may not be improper to
give fome account of the gold mines in the mland parts,
which hive produced fuch confidcrable advantages to
the Portugucfe. The chief of thcfe arc in the province
of Manica, near the capital of the fame name. They
extend themlelvcs through a large fpacious champaign,
wild, land and barren, about nine miles in circumference,
and furroundid with high mountains. They arc fituated
nbout 150 .nilcs weft of the mart, or place where the
commerce for it is (arricdon. The natives that work
at them fir.d great diHiculty in gathering the metal, which
is here in dull for want of water to feparate it from the
earth, fo "hat they are obliged to take the whole as they
dig it out f) other ilillani: places, where they keep large
giiterns and rekrvoirs for that puipcl'e. They have one
ccnvenience, however, which is, thai they need not dig
d:.-pcr for thi; ore than fix or feven feet, all the reft be-
neath being a hard folid rock.

Bifidcs the above, there arc other mine: ia JllTere ,t

/KiitW)/' the tnijiiip that prrAlucc excellent metal, paiti-
lul.irly thofe near Jjatu.i, a fmall place 1 (iijering on the
piov nice of Manicii, and extending itillf liom the iMoun-
i.iins of (he Moon to the river Magnicf, whofo governor
is a vafliil to the einpeiiir. Tlufe- mines are- reckoned the
noft anlient in the whole empire, on account of fome
eallles ill tlieir neighbourhood, which carry the grcatelt
marks of antiquity, and are fuppofed to hive been ori-
(linally built as a lafcgiiard to them. The moft diftinguifti-
ed of theli; buildings is fituated in the middle of a large
Ipacioua plain, and furiounded by the mines abovcmen-
tioiicd. Its walls are not high, but of the thicknefs of
twenty-five feet ; the (tones arc laid regularly one upon
aiiother, but without cither cement, or any other mate-
I ials to f.iften them together. On the front, juft over the
great gate, is a larger ftone tlian the reft, and upon it an
infcription in characters, or lather hytroglyphics, which
are fo unintelligible that no perfon hath been yet able to
decyphcr them.

At fome diftance from this building arc feveral others,
all fituated on fome eminence or rifing ground, and
amongft them is a tower about 70 feet high. The na-
tives, being unable to conceive how fuch ftru£lures
could be raifed, imagine them to be the works of
demons.

Between the mines and the fca-co.ift arc feveral con-
fidcrable places, where fairs and markets arc held for the
fale of gold, particularly .it thofe towns which lie on the
river Zezebe and Cuama, and where the Portugucfe have
buiit fortreft'es to keep the natives in awe, who come to
thofe markets to exchange their gold [o\ E'lropean and
other commodities. In each of thefc markets they have
an officer of their own, who decides all contefts and dif-
ferences th.it arife about their traffic ; they have likewifc,
in moft of thefc towns, churches and monaftcrics of the
Dominican order.

The emperor of Mommotapa firft permitted the Por-
tugucfe to build their forts here, in gratitude for the fer-
vice they had done in contributing to reduce fome revolt-
ed vaflals to return to their obedience, as well as to enable
them, on all fuch exigencies, to be near at hand to affift
him. 'I'his was about the year 1640, fince which time
they have been on fuch good terms with the Ibvereigns of
the empire, that they have made themfelves mafters of a
tr.ack of land on both fides the river Cuama for abo\c 160
nii'cs ; befides which they have obtained fome of the moft
confidcrable mines in the empire, and engrofTed the whole
commerce to themfelves, not only of the coafts, but alfo
the inland parts.

The commodities which they bring the natives are
chiefly cloths of various forts, glafs beads of diftcrent fizes
and colours, and other trifling trinkets ; in exchange for
which, befides gold, they receive great quantities of ivory,
fui-s of fundry wild and tame beafts, and other valuabl;;
articles, which makes their commerce here very advan-

'..•".i'COUS.

1 !

fit:

CHAP

viir.

S O F A L A.

THE kingdom of Sofali is very cxtcnfivc, anil, like
the empire o£ Monomotapa, is rem.vkable tor
containing many excellent mines of gold. It it
bounded on thccalt by the Indian fc.i, on the ^clt by the
province of Manica, on the north by the empire of Mo-
nomotapa, and on the fouth by the kingdom of Sabia.
It is, properly fpcaking, ^ conunued coall, extending it-
felf from the river Cuama on the north, to that of Mag-
nico, or Del Spiritu San<5to, on the fouth. The inland
parts are very trifling in extriic, being cooiintd on the

weft by tht empire of Monomotapa, notwithftanding
which the whole kingdom is computed to be at Uaft 2250
milcl in compafs.

This country is well watered by rivers, the moft con-
fiderablc of which arc the Cuaira and the Del Spiritu
Sandto, both of which are fuppofed to take ihcir rife from
the lake Goyama. The former received its name from the
Portugucfe, but it is generally called by the natives Zam-
iKre. It receives in its courlc, among others of lefs note,
the Mangania, Ma«eno, and Suaboj and after being

dividea

,j IV 1

1 j

f til

lOi

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTE M OF GEOGRAPHY.

•! . 1

fl*'!/.:

!■.■■;* ■

ilividrd into two lirniichr',, difrharpcs itfclf into the In-
<liari fci i<t tour cli.inii.-1', »ioin north to fouth, diftin-
l^iiilhcd by thf n:iintK of K.lininno, Linda, Cuama, and
l.ii:i\ a. It i'! navi|;ablf itp^carils ot i 50 leagues, and hath
nmr.v larr^r iHands rvliJi?:; tlmi'r forr.ird by its lii-veii. chan-
nel-. I'his river walbrs down groat <iii.intities of gold,
whirh tbf ni';Trocs gathir whiii the waters are low, by
di\ iiii; to the liottO!n of fuch parts of it as, from praiticc,
iliry know coiitain the grcatelt ahiiiiJ.Micc. They 'jiing
lip thr mud in burkits," which, king properly levigated,
c.ilily difcover' the nutji.

()ii the coaft arc feveral apts, the principal of which
arc cillcd Corientcs, St. Catharine and Sebatlinn. The
turnirr is fituatrd under the i jd degree of fouth latitude :
It is nntcd for the manv roclv>, fands and (helves that lie
bctweiM it and the iflaiid of St. Laurence, or M.idagafcar,.
.-.n J which caiifc frcqut-nt fli'iwrecks along that channel.

■["he climate of this kingdom is exceeding unwholefome ,
occ.ilioncd by the va(t nuiiilHr of marOies, which being
in (iiinnier ilried up by the fcorchipg hrat of the fun, iii-
tift the .tir with pcftilcntial (teams. The foil, from the
mouth of the river Del Spiritu Sanfto to Cape Corientcj,
i.s \erv u'HVn, b.Tiren, and defert; but from thence to
the mouth of the river Cu.mia, it is very fcrtiic, and pro-
duces gr^.u pLnty of l"i veral forts of grain, particularly
rice and millet ; in fome parts of it there is alio excellent
paftiua.;i% and the cattle bred hea- are larger than in arv
othir pirt of Africa. I'he inland parts .abound with
vari'vv, forf^ of wild bi.i(i.?, bat particularly elephants,
great numbtrs of which arc annually killed by the na-
tive , not oii'v for the fake of their flc(h, which is the chief
fi.,it of th.'ir i'l'd, buc allH for their t'.etb, svliich they
loll trt jiT.it ad"anta»'* tn the Europeans. The number
of thnfc .inini .Is utttroyed bcrc bv the natives is f;ud, one
year with another, to air.oinit .at leaft to 4030.

Tiic iiihaliiiants of thi^ kingdom arc in general well-
fhapcd, and have fliort curled h.iir : tliey cover them-
ff-Ki-. on!v iVom r .e w. ill to the kner<, with a garment
ii.ade offik or cotton; but th.-y adorn th-ir arms, wrifls,
ffgs and ankles^ with rin:;-; of gold, .■.inlHr, or coloured
be.ids i and the better fort \fcar a turban on their hc-.ids,
;nid have fword.-. by their fdo, tli' handles of which arc
made of ivoiy curioiillv inlaid with pivcious (lones.

Tluir food cnufifts of the flt(h of elrphints, large and
fmall cattle, and (i(h, with which the riiers abound ; and
ijirte.id of bread, tliey ufe rice .and inilUt. 'l"hc drink of
rhc common people is watir, but tllc better fort have a
kind of beer, which is made of rice and millet ; thev luvc
:ilf 1 1'une ihong licpiois in.ide from honey, paliii and other
tVi.it--.

'I'liey nicflly fpc.ik the lang'isge of the country, but
lliev affo riulerrtand thr f'ort\igucfc and Arabic. The
i.j.il(iis in general fp^.ik the l.itter tongue, which is in-
deed their natur.d langiiaL;e, for they are not the original
natives, but the defcendints of the Ar.Uis, who left their
ii.iiive (ountrv, and lei lied themfelvca mure or Icfs upon
t!n< wh'le weit.rn coalK

The king and his court, with a great number of the
p:imipal popio, are alfo the dilceiulants of the Arabs,
.(lid i.ot only Ipeak that laiyu.ige, but alfo ftrictly pro-
r Is tb- Mahometaji r.ligion ; but the original nativTS are
permitted to rct.iin their antient cuftonis, as alfo their
lelijioiis maxims, the latter of which are much the fame
as thole pracliied in the principal parts of Africa.

The metK)|>olis of thin kingdom, and the only plactr
of anil note h> it, is called Sofala, nleafamly fituated on
a fmall illand at tlw mouth of the river Cuama. B«lore
the I'ortuguefc vifitcd this part of the copK, it was a vtrw
inoonlider.iblc town, neither large nor walled, but fenciil
only with a thorny hedge ; fincc their arrival, however
it h.is been greatly improved, and is now a very large an<t
populous place. The I'ortuguefe huve alfo built a (trong
fortrefs here, which is of infinite Icrvice to them, as it
lecures their (hips in the harboiir when they (lop here 1t»
their partage to and from India. The articles they piir-
ehale of the natives arc, gold, ambergris, (laves, and
elephants teeth. i in exchange for which they fupply the
natives with Alks, (hift's, cotton, glafs beads, and other
liich trinkets. Uoth the foruel's and ifland are tributary
to the king of Portugal.

Near the town of Sofala arc two others on the coaft,
one of which is called Harlcma, and the other Dardcma ;
there are alfo feveral villnges, but they arc all infignificant
places, and do not contain any thing that merits particu-
lar notice.

The king keeps a great number of foldiers, who pre all
paid in gold dull, each according to his rank. Tb.oii-
original weapons were bows and' arrows, the fcymftar»
javelin, dagcer, and hatchet ; but finee the arrival of tl«-
Hortugucfe tney have been taught the u(e of fire-arms, of
which they arc very fond, and excrcile them with great
! dexterity.

The inhabitants of Qiiiloa, Mombaxa, and Mellnda,
come to this country in fmall boats called tainbues, wiili
ltu(fs of blue and white cottons, (ilk ftuft's, yellow and
j red ambergris ; which they exchan;^e with the people
' here for gold and ivory ; and thefe again fell them to thc-
inhabitants of Moiiomotapa, who give tlicm gold in re-
turn, without wvighing it, fo that the profit of the ex-
change is "nry confider.able. This is the reafon that
when the Monomotapans come to purchafe thefe articles,
as foon as the Sofiilans perceive tlteir veflV-Is at Hen, they
(Ignify tlteir joy, and bid them welcome, by lighting
fin-s on the fliore.

It is faid that the gold mines of this kingdom yield
.above two millions of metigaU per ainium, each mctigal
amounting to fourteen livrcs ■, th.at the (hips from Zidem
and Mecca carry oft" above two millions a year in time of
peace j and that the governor of Mofambique, whofe
office lafts but three years, h.ii abme 300,000 crowns
reremie, without including the foldiers pay, and the tri-
bute annually paid to tbe king of Portugal. From bene*
many learned men are of opinion that this is the Ophir,
whither Solomon fent fhips every three years from F.iion-
gcler to fetch gold ; Kliongeler being thought to be Suen,
a fea-port on the Red Sea. 'I'his conjecture is fupportcd
by the remains of (inTr.il (lately edifices, which arc found
in the diftrrcnt parts where the gold mines are fituatcd,
and from their appearance are I'uppofed to ha\'c been ori-
cinally palaces or caftles Iniilt by thit opuL-nt prince the
king of Ifrael. It may alio be confirmed by the authority
of the Septuagint, who tianllate the word ( )phir ( i Kiiii/s
ix. 28.) into aophira, which has fome refemblance to its
prefent name of Sofala. As a farther confirmation of
thcfe conjcftures, Lopei, in h'n voyage to India, (ays,
the inhabitants of this country bnafl that they have booki
which prove that in the time of Solomon the Ifraeliici'
failed every third year towards thcli: parts to fetch gold.

CHAP. IX.

M O N O E M U

I. ' r: ■■•<' i

THIS is alfo a confiderable empiiv, but being an
inland countr/, is very little frequented by the
Eiiro|)eans. It is bminded on the caft by part of
Zangubar, on the weft by Matamba and Maboko, «tn the
north b\' Abylfiiiia, and on the iouili by the cmpin of
Munoniot.ipa.

What pirticuUrt vre have relativa to tliis empire air
chiefly founded on the authority of the Negmi., who
carry on a commerce with it, European travciien: not
daring to venture thenitdves In it:, not oiily by nafon of
the UitwhotelbmenEfe. of the ciimne, but alfo for fear qf
\ the inhuman Jaggas, whu infcfl tli.: luoic intctior parts

which.r
t:'ats hi
the Ind

AFRICA.]

« A N G U E B A ft.

393

anljr place
fttujtcj Ull
». B«rorr
waj a very

but fcnctil
, however,
•y lar[!;e anit
lilt a ftrong
:hem, as it
top here 1i\
s they pur-

flaves, and
' fupply the
>, and other
re tributary

in the coaft,
■r Dardema ;
infignificant
:rlts particu-

, who pre all
aiik. 'I'l'.eif
the IcytTirtar,
arrival of ilu-
firc-nrma, of
n» with great

and Mclinda,
imbues, witli
<, yellow and
h the people
11 them to the-
n\ gold in re-
fit of the ex-
e reafon that
thcfe aiticles,
■Is at (en, they
, by lightint

fcins»dom yield
, each mctiivil
)% from Zidum
year in time of
iibique, whofc
po,ooo rmwnK
ly, and the tri-
From hencf
i is the Ofihir,
irs from F.lion-
ght to be Suez,
urc is fupportcd
vhich arc found
ncs are fituatcd,
ha\'C been ori-
iK-nt prince the
by the authority
Ophir (i Kinjis
femblance to it^

confirmation of
! to India, (ays,

they have biwk't

m the Ifraeliiev

to fetch gold.

of it, and niaflacre ull that happen to fall in their
waV;

The extent of this empire cannot be afccrtaim-d, but
that it is very great ap(Kars from the dlltancc of its con-
fines. The emperor is a powerful and rich |>rince, and
hath fubdued mod of the petty kingdoms about liini to
obedi''"."? ; but fome of thtr>i, cfpecially on the north
fide, frequently revolt, and put thenifelves under the pro-
teifUon of the Abyflini;ui or Moiiomotapan emperors. He
is faid to have many rich gold, filvcr, and copper mines
in his dominions, by mean:, of which he carries on a kind
of commerce with ttiofe tw>< empires, as alfo with fomc
of the eaftcrn coaftcrs, with whom he is forced to ex-
change gold for Indian and Euiojican commodities, for
want of naviiig fome fort of his own on either the ealtcrn
or wcftern fca. This obliges him to prcferve a conlbnl
fricndftiip with the maritime kingdoms of Qtiijoa, Moni-
bafo, and Melind.i, whofe merchants furniili him wiili a
variety of filks, cotton cloth, and other fuch merchaii-
difes. He alfo lives in friendlhip with the gr.uid m.ikokp,
another prince on the north of him, on account of the
Negro inirehants who trade with the I'ortugiiefe, and by
paffing thrcugh his dominions carry on a confidcrable
traffic witli him and his l'ubje(fls.

The empire of Monoemugi is .divided into five king-
doms or provinces, all of which are governed by petty
princes fubji-Ot to the emperor. The namvs of th.lc are
as follow, viz. Mujaco, Gingiro, Camb.ite, Alaba, and
Monoemugi Proper.

Miij.-ico is bounded on the caft by AbyiTinia, on the
weft by Congo, on the north by Nubia, and on the foiith
by Mukoko. It is a large kingdom, luit very poorly in-
habited, neither docs it contain any thing that delcrves
particular notice.

Gingiro, which is alfo a very l.irgc kingdom, lies hi-
twcen Narea, the nioft foutliern kingdom of Abyllinia,
and Makoko and Cainbate. Father Anthony Fernande/.,
who travelled through this kingdom, f.iys, the king pre-
ferves ."ui extraordinary dignity, and that he contends
with the fun ; for which reafon he never goes abroad, or
gives audience, but before the fun rifes, alledging that
two funs c;uinot appear at once. His palace, fays he, is
no better than a cottage, which, when he dies, is always
burnt, and the fucccllbr h.is a new one built for him,
which is dedicated with the blood of two or three men of
a certain family killed .it the d(Kir, and on that account
the faid family is (rce from all other duties, which are fo
heavy, that they render this cruel compolition acceptable ;
for when the king buys any thing of foreign merchants,
he pays tliem in llaves, and thcl'e are the foiis and daugh-
ters of any family, which he t.dces at plealuie without
any contradiifion.

Cambate, the third divifion of this empire, joins to
the abo\e kingdom on the weft, and is bounded on the
eaft by Alaba, on the north by Abyflinia, and on the
fouth by Makoko. This country pays a voluntary ac-
knowledgment to the emperor of AbyiTinia. The prin-
cipal town in the kingdom is called Sangara, but it is a
very poor place, and wretchedly inhabited.

Alaba is a very large kingdom, and fituated to the
caft of Cambate ; it reaches to the coal! of Zan-
gtiebar, and is inhabited by a cruel people called Gallas.
Fhc prince is a Mahometan, but many of his fubjcdfs
arc idolaters, and of the worft fort, for they oft'er human
Sacrifices.

Monoemugi Proper, the laft province of the empire, is I ( ai. • at them."

bounded on the eaft by Congo, on the weft by Tranque-
har, on the north by Monomotapa, and on the fouth by
Makoko. This is the largeft divifion of the whole, but
is not otiurwife remarkable, except from its being the
relidence of the emp:-ror.

The chief produdlinn of this country, cxclufivc of the
ri fpe^^tive mines of gold, filver, and copper, arc, palm-
wiiie and oil ; and honey is here fo plentiful, tliat the
Negroes cannot confume one third of it, fo that they lut-
fer the reft to be loll. The ;>reat misfortune is, th;.t the
air and climate is fouiivvholcfoine, th,it no milTionaries,
or other Furopeans, dare venture fo far into the inl.md
parts, more cf(Kcially, as wi- before obferved, on ac-
count of thofc defperatc canibals the Jaggas, who infett
them.

The natives here drefs thenifelves in filks and cottons,
which they buy of ftrangers, and wear collars of tranfpa-
icnt beads brought them from Camboya : thefe beads
ferve alfo inllcad of nioiuy, gold and filver being fo com-
mon thit it is confidcred by them as of no value.

With refpeil to the laws, cuftoms, ceremonies, and
other particulars relative to the i^eople, we have not anv
account j all we farther know is, that they are moft of
them idolaters, and in their difpolitions are refiaC'tory and
cruel.

The Portnguefe inform us, that on the caft fide of this
empire there is a "teat lake full of fmall iflands, from
whence illuc feveral rivers. They fay that tin fe illaiids
are inhabited by Negroes, and that ihey abound in all
forts of fowl and cattle.

The authors of the Unlvcrfa! Hiftory, in their obfcr-
vatioiis on the little knowleilge a'taiiied of this empire,
andthr. parts that bniJeron it to ;ilefouthward, fiv tiius:
" 'I'h, iriher we move louthw.irds towards the Cape of
Good Hope, the farther v ■ may be faid to travel in the
dark ; though all our maps unite to embcllirti both coaft
and inlind wit!, fuch j-o. pedis, and pompous names of
empires, kingdoms, ami countries, crowded cl.fe to each
other, as i light indut i unw.iry rf r to in,a uie thofe
countries to be as fuily known a:, lofe of Furope ; and
were he to compare tlie vail flu w i ■ ok maps with the
little he finds in the relations a; > c ounts of the Atricaa
writers, he might be apt to c ' lelude from th- former,
that the tar gaater "d nod confiderable parr . "he lat-
ter, like iholi; of iie ncients, have been urn. . pily loft
or dellroyed. And this v think oiirli;lves bound to ap-
prife our readeis of, left they fliould be induced to afcribe
our leaping over fuch a vaft track of land, ovcrl<)okin>' (o
many feeiiiing-Cf.nllderable kingdoms and Hates, to out
neglecl, rather than to ivhat it is really owing, the want
of proper intelligence, .'.nd to lofe their time in a fruitlefs
fearch after them, amongft that variety of authors that
have written on this part of the world. The truth is,
the Ar.ibs, as well ,s the natives who inhabit this whole
eaftcrn coaft, are tixi jealous of, not to fay incenfcd ai^ainft,
all Furopcans, to give them any intelligence of the Inland
parts ; much lefs to let any of their miflionaries penetrate
into them, as they have more luckily done in the weftcrn.
So that all the knowledge we have been able to get of
them is chiefly founded on the precarious report ot thofe
trading coafters, and extends little farther than the names
and fitiiations of thofe kingdoms, which make fo fine an
appearance in our maps ; and might probably be rcprc-
>.'•'■ by them in fuch a light as rather to deter than
• rage ftrangers to attempt any farther difcoverics

* 3

}

CHAP.

iIa

I U1.J -^ ■>
'I 1,0.1

ri tliii empire arc
le Negcnch, who
ean traveilera not
oiily by ftafon ot
lut alfo for fear pt
HOIK inteuor parts
uf

Z A N G U E B A R.

THIS country is called by fome Zangibar, but by
the Arabs Zanguebar, from the word Zangiie,
which, in their language fignifies black, all the inhabi-
t:'iits being of that colour. It is bounded on the eaft by
the Indian Ocean, on the weft by Monoemugi, on the

north bv Anian, and on the fouth by the river Cuama,
which (cparates it from Monomotapa. It is very difpro-
jwrtionate in its extent, bring 14.00 miles in length, and
not more than 350 in the broadeit part.
The coaft of Zanguebar is very cxt«nfivc, and in the
5 Cj courfe

1 /.t

394

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

V 'l'

fi: (

couifc of it h.is m;\ny rivers anJ iHands. This part of the
country is belt known to the l-.iiio|jc.ms, owing to the
coiiquiib made here by the I'ortujjucl'c. The inland parts
conlifl of a large, b:iirtn, and i:nhc;ilthy track, the lands
lying low, ajul interlectcd by rivers, lakes, thick woods,
forelts anil tnaifhy (iroiMidb. MolV of the inhabitants arc
Ar.'bs, tliiy Ixiiig; tlie defccndan'.s of thufe who were
banifluci here troni thtir owncounirv, on account of their
adherence to the li.i.t i)f Ali, of which they arc ilill zea-
knis profefliirs.

Ainon^ the river> that water this country is that called
Kilmanii, or Ciliilnianca, the latter of which name was
pi\en to it by tlie I'omiguefe, from a fort and town fo
I a'led, built by thcni at the mouth of it. This river hath
its fourcr n-ar the inoun'Laiii of liravo, in the kin;;doni of
Nana, fubject lo the Ahyllinian empin', and near a vil-
lage c.ilUd Bochia, or Boxia j it is one of the nioft con-
fiderable in all this part of At'rica, cfpccially on account
of thi- Un^lth and vail winding of its courle, makjiig a
kind of circle toward the north and cart, as it wire to
incKili- infj .1 kin 1 of pcninfula the kingdom of Gingiro,
.-Mid divides tile (iltlement of the wild Jaggas from Abyf-
fiiiia J and thus fir it is called by the name of Zebea.
After this it winds its ijourle through the country of the
Mikorite>, which it leaves on the call fide, then crolles
the ii;u iii'\i.il llni , coiuinues its courfc along the conll
of Zanpiieb.tr, and difiharges itfelf into the ocean in the
kinL;dom of Melind.i. This river is by moft authors
(uppcl^d to be the R:\i)te, mentioned by Ptolomy in his
d'-fiTiption of th cciad ol Africa.

I he mntinrntal part of /.^nguibar is divided into two
kingdoms, namely, .M( lambiquc and Mrlimla.

The Ibrmer of thcle kingdoms is divided into (c\eral
pMviiues and lordlliips, each of which h.is a (Kculiar
dialcit to iifilf. I'he climate here is exceeding lullry
and uiiwholifomc, but the liiil is very fertile, ptwlucing
pleiuv of iv.illit, rice, and fmral forts of puKe ; as al(o
abundance of orange and leiiuui trees. It .ibouiuls likc-
vife with wild bcafls, p.irticularlv boars and elephants,
the latter of which are lo numerous that the inhabitants
are obliged to kindle fires round the ti;lds to prevent
them from devouring the corn ; nor daic they go abroad
at night without cairving lighted torches in their hands to
frighten ihem away. 'I'hey lu\e like wife hcie great plenty
of blai k I iltlc, ajid in fonie parts of the country arc gold
and fihi I mines.

The inhabitants of Mof.imbiiiuc are of a low (latiirr,
»ery black, and have Ihort curled hair; thcv are natu-
rally CI ;i I, deceitful, and great eiumies to (Irangrrs j
but as they are Mrv fearful, the I'mtuguele knp ihein
under tolerable fubjedlion. I'he men go quite naked,
except only a (mall pifcc of cloth f.i(lened round the
waill i but ihr women have a kind of petticoat of coarfe
lotion I loth, whuh re ilus fiom the waill to the knees.
I'hitr ornaments conlill in three or lour nitkiaces ol co-
ral 'leads of fi veral colours, wilh brafs rings in thtir r:irs,
and bracelets of the lame nuial on their arms. They
ornament their bodief by nuking incifiuns in difleient
parts, in winch .irc rrprvfcntcd the tiguitt uf birds and
^n'liials.

Their towns arc very fm.dl, a"! the buildings |.iw
ind ihlpifablc. I heii cot. n'vi\ f<xid is the flelh of tle-
ph.uil<, with hretd made of millet and rice , from the
latter of which ihry illo n .,ke t kind of bctr.

The ihirf wealth of 'lirfe people confiAt in gold, tbo-
rv, ivov, and fla\e«, all whuh ihry fell to the I'oitu-
g.i li only, foi thry will not luHcf any ether fure'g'>cr»
to iif.'r tncir couniry.

With lelpdil to iiic religion of ijiifc people, fome ot
them arc Chrillians, and others Mahomelans , but the
piiiicipal pall of them air idol.iters, and ule all thole
tu|Hil(iii(>us and ridiculous maxims praililtd in uthrr
tdolaUous countrie*.

Adjoining to the kingdom of Mofambii]ue are two
fin.ill >\'i' . lalled Nfongalo and Ango» . the former
i> filuald iie.ir the mouth of the river Cuania, an.l is
chiefly inhibited by Arabs, the other is alfo liluati.l on
a baiit of til'' fame river, about ifio miles fioni the lot-
mcr. Iloih Ihtfe places are fiuitful, tuoduting ahun-
dance I'l r' IT and millet ( a< a' hi great quanti'iek ol cattle.
The inh«ijil»;itJ are chiefly Mahonietiiia, but inteinnxed
with Nw^nx'*, who are idolaters, and remaikable lo. the
Uiw,it(tul thtii Katun. l'he| have iHfVvttiiiig tu the

upper part of their bodies, but round their wnifls they
wrap pieces of cotton or lilk; and lijnic of the better lott
wear a turban on their heads.

The (Koplc of both thefe places carry on a commerce
with the inhabitants of Monomotapa in gold, elephants
teeth, gums, &c.

The kingdom of Mclinda is fituatcd partly under the
equinoxial line, and partly on both fides of it ; fur its
louthern boundaries lie under the zd deg. and 30 niin.
fouth latitude, and its northern extremity extends to ihu
river (s^ilmanci, the mouth of which lies fomc minutts
to the north of the equator. Its extent weftward is not
certainly known, but it is fuppofcd to be bounded on th..t
fide by the coiintrv of the Mollegayes, a barbarous race of
the CallVes, and on the eaft by the wellern ocean.

As this kingdom is well watered by rivers, the foil
is in general very fertile, and produces great abiindanci;
of the principal ncccllaries of life. It abounds alfo with
a variety of fruit trees, particularly oange, palm and
citron tries, the latter of which conllantly perfume the
air with an odoriferous fcent. Th y have liki wife fcvc-
ral forts of cattle, with plenty of game and poultry.
Some of their fhecp are remarkable for h.iving l.irge tails,
which, upon an average, weigh fiom 10 to 30 pouiub.
Ihcv have but little wheat or rice, lo that inlk.id of
bread the poorer fort ule potatms, which aje here exceed-
ing large, hne, and in great plenty.

The inlubitants of this kiiigdmi greatly differ in their
complexions, fome of them being quite black, fome of an
olive-colour, and others ainioft white, particularly the
women. The common |)Cople wear only a loofe piece of
cloth about their wailts, but the belter Ibrt have a gar-
mint made of cotton or filk, which reaches from the waill
to thi- knees, and on their heads they wear a turban.
The ladies of quality always appear in filk, and orna-
ment their necks and arms, the Ibnncr with ftrin; s of
gold, and the latter with bracelets made of the liimc
metal.

The city of Melinda, the capital of the kingdom, i
liiuatid in a very agri-e.ble plain, and contains a gre.it
luiinher of houfes, moll of which arc well built with I'ret-
Itoiie. It is the rcfidcnce of the kin;', and in it are a i;rcat
number of rich merchants, who trade with the Indians
uf C'amboya iu gold, ivory, cop|Kr, qiiiekfilver, and all
forts of Hull's. [he I'ortuguele are fo numerous in this
city, that they have built no lefs than fevente-en ihurches
and chapels in it; and Iwl'orc one of the churches they
have alio enisled a llatelv crofs of gilt maible.

The king's palace is a very fp.icious edifice, built of
(lone, and neatly ornamented ; the apartments within
are large, and dicunited with very rich furniture. The
king is ui arbitrary monarch, notwiihllanding which h.-
is gre.atlv revered bv his fubjeiSIs, whole allection he ■ '■
tains by being always icady to liltcn to, and redtefs thiii
complaints.

Whenever be goes abroad he is i-arricd in a fidaii, on
the (houlde.t ol tour of the greatell men in his kingiloni,
.uid iiicmle and oiher pirlumcs are burned before him :i«
he palKs along the llieets. WIv.'n he goes f)n any p;.rli-
cular expidition, he rides on a lv)fle iichly lapariloiie.l,
ainidll the univufal acclamation, of his people. On
thefe ucialioiu the pnells facrihir a hind K fine him, ml
whillt the king's hoilc is pafling o\er it, thiy obl''r\e \ciy
narrowly the motions of the victim's entrails, and iroic
tliili- oblinatio ,s thcv pteteiul to fiietcl whilii'T his rx-
|Xdiiion Will be attended with liiccef*. They alfo ollir a
Licrihce uf the f.une kind, and with the lane \itw-,
whin.Mr an ainballador airuis from a foreign prince, Iu
treat with the kin" on any imp'ttant bufinr's. At every
Knvn the king iii'irs, he is always met by a number of
Uautiful women, lome of whom pi lent him with flower,
and others go l>e(oie him ftatti^iing \4tioui> kinds of per-
liiiiiesi lome of them make a kind of mufic by hej! iig
links upon brafs haloii«, while others join the iiii'ihI^
rf ihiir Voices with the found of other inlliuineiil', fmg-
ing the pr.iles of the kim; ; in ftion, tht y all endeavour,
lo the titmoll uf their abilities, tu pleale and divert him
as he palles.

'I he laws of this country are but few, and ihofe wholly

yelled in the power of the kifp. If .>ny one is found

I uiiiliy of murder, he is immediaiely puniflied wilh de.itli ,

jl nut tketts and trifling oH< mt . ate puii'thed only by hnr.

)| It' any ui llie kind's gr.uid'.'i« at dctccttd in having im-

I pcfed

adii

Mel

rmpe

care

rouil

city 1

of I

head'

frien

the

rntei

piece

Iu it

whii

AFRICA.]

B R A V A.

393

pofcd falfitics on him, they are cither fcntenccd to pay a
fine, or to receive a tiunibiT of blows (Vom the king's
own hand, more or lei's, aci.(irdiiig to the greatiiefs of
the offence i in the l.ittcr rale, the method of inflicting
the punilhment is thus ; they ftrip the criminal naiced,
and lay him on the ground, in the apartment of the p.i-
lacc afligned for that puipofe; the icing then gives hiin a
number of blows on his back and breech With a kind of
whip made with two long pieces of leather fattened to
the end of a flick : as foon as the king thinks he li.is
fiifficiently fcourgcd him, he ilefilU, when the criminal
riles, puts on his cloaths, kilVcs the king's feet, and
thanks him in the nioft refpc^lful iinJ fubmiHive manner.
After this the king orders him into his piefence cham-
ber, when he grants hii" a pardon in the prel'encc of his
whole council, and foibiJs c .ry oi.^ Iioni refledling on
him for what h;i$ palled : the criminal is then condutlrd
out of the palace with great pomp, perfumed torches
being carried before him by the retl of the nobles. 'I'hofe
who calumniate their neighbour^ are aid rliallifed in the
fame nsanner ; but when thi-. h.ippens among the louer
rank of people, the punifljmuu is inflicltd by the kinjj's
officers.

The weapons ufed by the people of this kingdom are
bows and arrows, darts and Ihieids. 'i"h() .ue laid to be
the bell loldiers on the whole co„ll of Zanguebar ; uot-
withlianding which they would cert.iinly 1ii.vl been over-
powered by their neighbours, who have made fcvcral
attempts on them, had it not beet» for' the prof.-ilion
they have conllantly received from the I'omiguele.

Somcofthele people arc Mahometans, but the prin-
cipal p.vt arc idolaters. The Portugucfe have m.ulc but
few profelites in thh kingdom, the people bcmg oblli-
nate in preferving their own religious print iples. The
former have uled many efforts to bring ihcm to a feiifc of
Chrillianitv, but as thele have proved ineffectual, tliey
have long iince dcfitkil from any farther .ittempts, and
now fatisfy themfclvcs with the enjoyment of exeicilinsj
their own religion without controiii.

On the coalt of Zanguebar are many idaiids, but as a
defcription of ihelc would here be inconlillent wiih our
plan, we {hall poftponc taking any farther notice of
them till we have inf|)eited the remaining part of the
African continent, when they will naturally follow in the
courlc of the large catalogue of iflands with which the
greatcfl part of this quarter of the Globe it furroujided.

CHAP. XL

The Republic of B R A V A.

I' I

THIS ii the only republican ftate on the whole
coall ' f .\!,ivi. it is pKifanlly litiiatixl on the
coatt ol the fiiiv ru:ne, being lioundul on e.ich
fide by a river, fu)i|iol'id to be two branches of the great
river (.Jiiilmama. Its extent inlaml is very trifling, and
the li.ief thin.; that rendii^ it remarkable is, its capital,
wliieli is called Hrava, .iiul lituated in the ill degree of
north l.it. bclwirn the two livers abcuenr'iitioned, where
it has a loUr.'.lile grxnl harbour. It is a large city, and,
with the whiilf repiiblir, w.is fniiiukd by levei. Arabi.in
hrrthten, v.'lio (ltd hith'r u> .'void the jm|)fnding danger
thai ihrcattiuil them from tlf tvr.;iiny of their king, one
of the petty monarchs of Arilna Kclix.

The citv is furroiiiuled h\ llioiig walls, and is other-
wife well loriitied. The h.iufes .ire very fpacitius, and
built after the morefio (Ivie : they are eliiefy inhabited
by rich nierchantv, whole prlneipal Irafliek coiililK in
gold, lilver, cotton, an<l other cloths, elephants teeth,
gums and other drugs, particularly ambergris, with
which this coall .iboiiiuU.

The government of this republic is ariftiKratical, the
inhabitants having a ri^ht to chule twelve Chieki fmm
among the n\<)ll .mtuni l.imili ■«, whom they trull with
the management of all affaiii, and the adininiilratioii of
jullire.

Til- inhabitants arc rhirflv M.ihometan«, but fubjetl
to the king of I'ortiig:.!, to whom they pay an annual
acknowledgmint.

Tlie manner in whiih lliii republie became tributary
to the Poring 111 Ij it thus leUtvd. Tnllian de tJiigiu
■dmiral of tiic I'ortiigiiele fleet, having kl on (hoie at
Meliiida three cmbaflidors, lint by king Kmanuel to the
rmpiroi of AbylTuiia, aiul iicommenaed them to the
care and protn'tioii of the king iil it, continurd his
routfe northwaid along the coall, till h.- c.ime to the
cilv of Mrav.i, where he rail anchor at the poit. line
he difpatched, a. coidiii;' to the I'ortiigiiele cuflom, one
of hisoflicei*, named I, urn. I t'oiliiigo, to wait on the
heads of the republic, and olV.r them |KMce, and the
frirndlhip and alliance of the king his mafter. To ihii
the C'hieks anfvveted, that they had no obje^'lioii to
enter into fwili a lieaty ; but this anlwer was oiilv a
piece of diffimiiLttion, and laUulaled to detain the fleet
to III dednu'li'Mi, the feafon bnii^ then neat at hand
when fuch boillcruus wiiid> ufually blew in thefc paiti j

as would d.i(h in pieces all their fhips, even in the very
haibotir.

Cugna, ha<'ing difcovercd this .irtifice, refolved imme«
diately to all'ault ttu- iirv. Aee.i.dii. .;, -for' I'lv
break, he drew up hik nun on the (boii, aiiil formed
them into two liius, the lull whereof coiilillnJ of ()?;>
men, the command of which he gave to Alplionfo Al-
biu|ueri)ue, whilll he lelerved t'l himlelf the coiiinand
ot ihe others, which cmililled ot about 6co loldiers.

Biava was .it this time cirrifoned by 40CO men, half
of whom immcdiatciv lallied out agaiiilt tliem. I'hc
confliil w.is lc\eie on boili fides; but the I'ortiieuolc
charged them with lui h turv, that thi y found ihemlelvcs
obliged to give ground, and made a very regular ietie.it
into the I itv ; alter which they fhut all the gales to pre-
vent the enemy from following them.

rile I'orfir^ueCe immediai' Iv luriounded the place, ex-
amining, with the utmoll diligence, where they could
IhII force ;;n entrance i but were all that time ten ildy
annoyed liom within by burning torches, and other
mifli\c weapons.

In the mean lime Albii(|urrque having difeovered a
weak part in the wall, beg in his attack tlieie, but w.\t
quickly oppoled by the lulie('ed, who fliK-ked thither
with all Ipei-d, and d> fended it with luipn/mg iiitre;iidi-
ty. The contell w.is kept up with great fiin' on both
lides, when, lucLilv lor Albiqueique, theadmiial came
up, at whole appioaeh the VlcKirs wen llrutk wuh liu It
a panic, that thev lied with tbe gieau il precipita'ion »
whilll the I'ortUL'iiele loldiers, eagir lor their prey, v .'uld
have purlurd tlum into the city, but were rclliiiintd by
ihiir commmaiuUrs,

The city, however, w,i» fiMin after entered, and plen-
de.ed of a very large and valuable biKity, wlmh the I'm -
lugiiele immediately carried on board thnr Ihips. ("real
numberi of the bilieged were lUin and wouiulid, and
many of them taken prifmicrs ; but moll ol ihefe wiio
Ion! alter lelraled. Ihe Portugucfe had ahnul fifty of
iheir men killed, and many dangeroully wounded, be-
fuKs ciffhtcen other* who (leriflied inthelong biui, which,
through their inlatijble avarice, they had lo,uleil fo im-
modeiately as to oecalion it to cncrlet. Such, indeed,
was the inhuniamly of the Poiliigiiile loldiers and I'lilori,
and luch their timll alter fjioil, ih.it thev lut off the
ariiii ul I'cvcii wwiiun tv conw the mote tcodtly at theit

firths

\' 'i

v-^ ■«•

396 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

rings and bracelets: butCugna, having fevcrcly puniflicd
the perpetrators of this crutlty, thereby deterred the reft
from the lilce barbarity.

After the city was plundered, Cugna ordered it to be
fct on fire ; anu it was foon reduced to aflies in fight of
the inhabitants, who ftood at a fmall dilbncc, behold-
ing the difmal fpe<Sbcle. From this catalhophe they

were forced to become tributary to their contiucrors ; for
the Portugucfe would not permit them to rebuild their city,
or enjoy their antient privileges, on any other condition
than that of paying the king of Portugal an annual ac-
knowlcdginuiit, which they have continued to do from
that time to the prefcnt.

CHAP. XII.
TheKIngdomofMAGADOXA, orMAGADOSKA.

THIS kingdom is fituated on the coaft of Ajan,
ajid is of confidcrable extent ; reaching from
5 deg. 40 min. of north latitude quIit- to the
equinox, wIktc the river or gulph of Jubo (ip.irates th--
coaft of Ajan from that of ZaUj^uibar. It is bounded on
the eall by the ocean ; on the wift, by the kingdom of
Alaba ; on the north by the kingdom uf Adcl ; and on
the fouth, by the tcr:ilories of Brava. It rcceiM.s it>
name from it^ cnpilal, fituated at the mouth of a river of
the fanic lunie, ,irul which river is c.illnl by the Arabs,
the Nile of Ma^adoxa, by reafonof its annually oxerflow-

ijig like that ot K.L;\pt.
Bifides thi> nvcr, the 1

: country i<. well watered by a num-
ber of canals that aa cut from it ; fo that the (orl is ex-
ceeding fertile, and puidiices gnat quantities of Icvcral
kmils of gram, as alio a variety nfcMellent fruits : it like-
wile artbrds gMxl palhirage, tor whi' h rcafon the nati\es
bread great quantiilLS of cattle, particularly oxen and
fhcep : they have alio numbers of horfes, and in the in-
land parts are various kinds of wild animals, particularly
monkies, babrxms and a|KS. The nvtrs alfo prcnlucc le-
veral forts of Hfli, which the inhahitaiUs catch without
any fear, tUey not being, as in moll other parts .if Africa,
jntVlled with crocodiles, or any other dangirous animals.

The inhabitants greatly differ in their complexion,
fome of them being quite black, others of a tawny colour,
and fome almoll white. 'I'hty are very robuli, and of a
courageous and warlike difjxifition. f'hi'ir weapons are
darts and lances, as alfo bows and arrows, the latter ol
which are infciUd with a poilonous quality.

The city of Maj; idoxa is tolerably large and well in-
habited. It is lefortcd to by great numbers of merchants
from the kingdoms of Adel, Camboya, and other parts,
who bring hithir (luA's of various lorts, as alfo drugs and
fpices, in exchange lur which they receive of the inhabi-
tants gold, ivoiy, wax, and other rommulities.

The king and hit couit ..re ail Mahometans, as are alfo
the chief ol the inhabilan's of the i itv ; but thofe in the
interior parts of the country arc all idolaters, and Iti icily
adhere tuthdi hiallundh luperftitions.

Thefe are the iMiiuip.d p,iriiculars we have relative (o
the kingdom ol Nlagadoxa. With rcf|H..;l to the hillon-
c. 1 part ol It, we have only to obferve, that an hollile at-

tempt was made on its capital by the Portuguele fleet,
under the connnand of Adjniral I riltran dc Cugna, who,
as inentiiuied in the preceding chapter, reduced the city of
Hr.'-. a to alhes ; the circumUanccs attending which were
as follow :

Alter the nduclion of that place, Cugna proceeded as
far as the city of flagadoxa, which he caul'cd to be fum-
moncd, as uliial, to accept of peace and fricndlhip, or, in
plainer terms, of fiibjc^ition and tribute to Portugal. Hut
here he found the inhabilatits ready prepared "o give him
a liiitabh' reception ; great numbers of IcKit were patrolling
along the fliore, th; walls were covered with armed men,
aiiJ a confidiralde body of troops were drawn up before
the town, which nuide Codiiigo, the officer fcnt with the
liimmons, afraid of going on (bore; inlkad of which he
dilpatched oMi- of the Hravan captives to allure the Maga-
dosans that the Portugucfe came not to denounce war, nut
to offer pe.ice to them. I'hey, however, knowing what
dreadlul execution h.ul been made at the city of Brava,
fill furioully upon the mi Hinder, and tore him in pieces :
they alio threatened to fervc Codingo in the fame man-
ner, if he offend to land, which obliged him to return to
his admiral, and acquaint hnn with the ill fuccefs he had
met with, aiul the inlulent men.accs of the enemy.

Cii^iia, uiMii this information, was fo enraged, that he
determined to bomb.iid and llorin the place, but was hap-
pily diverted from his defigii by the perfu.ifion of his ofli-
leis and pilots. The former rcprcfented to him the iia-
tuial lln imth of the place, the number of the garrilon,
ihi- great lueiilv of animun'tion, and the valour and t -
lolutiun ol th<' inhabitants : the latter pointed out the i\-
trcme danger that mull unavoidably arife to the Ibips,
lioth from the tire of the town, and the violence of t ha
fca, efpecially as winter was then coming on, and the
leafon for failing nearly expired ; l(> that if hit irexip*
Hiould milcarry in their attempt againit the place, their
fleet atid army mull iiKvituMy iK-riHi. From thcic rca-
fonablc ubicrvaiioiis Cugna immediately relinquilhcd all
thoughts of attempting! the defign he had fu precipitately
loiined, and immediately gave orders fur failing to the
idand of Seicotora, where hr foon after arrived with all
his (liips, having the bi.ive V1ai;a<loXiins in the peaceable
(iijoymcnt uf the n own pollelCons.

C H A P. XIII.

The Kingdom of A D E L, othcrvvlfc called ZEILA.

IMS kin^lom is bounded on the eaft by part o|
the riilli rn oiean ; on the well, by the kingdoms
ol Daneali an I Halli ; on the north, by the
flirighl« ol Hahrl-mamli 1 i and on the luuth, by the
kingdom of V1.»gado»a. It» lullrxterton either fide i.
MM nitwnlj kiwwn) but alvng (he vuail, Irvm call la

wi f). It is fupiKifnl 10 reach ihout 160 leagues, and about
7 J from north to fouth.

It receives As lecoiid name frnm its capital calli'd 7rili,
which i« filnaied to the louth-rafl of (he mouth ol the
lln i^liis of lialiel-maiHlrl, near a very fpaciniix and con-
vrnitiil bay, the «iiy 1* lulcrably \»rge, and the llrrctt

regularly

AFRICA.]

A D E L.

^97

rL-gulaily formed : tlic hoiifes arc built of (lone and mor-
tar, aiin are in gtncral vciy fpacious, and divided into
convenient apartments. '1 he (i)il round the city is very
barren, and fo dillrciled are tlicy tor water, that they are
cibliged to go many miles to fetch that ulcful article.
At ionic diitaiKc, however, from the city, the country
is very fertile, and pnxliiees moft of the neceil'.irics of
life, particularly corn and fruit, which are fo pleiniful,
that the natives have not only a fuflieiency for their own
confumption, but alfo export great ([uantitics to the neigh-
bouring countries. They have likcwife abundance of
excellent cattle, efpccially oxeii, fheep and hogs ; and in
the woods are plenty of variou% forts of game, liefules
thcfe, the country alfo produces gold, ivory, frankincenfe,
and pepper, which the natives fell to ihe merchants of
Arabia «nd Camboya, who come hither with cloths, am-
ber, necklaces, glafs bcids, raifin^, dates, &c.

Along the northern coall of this kingdom the inhabi-
tants are of a tawny complexion ; but farther to the foutli
fhey are quite bl.ick. Hotli fexes arc ftrong rad well made,
and have naturally good couiHtutions. I'hcy go aln.otl
naked, havini; only a lonfe piucc of cloth hanging fiom
the w..ift to the knees ; but they are \ery fond of orna-
ments, efpccially the women, who decorate their iiriu'^, il
necks .md an' kks with bracelets made of glats .\n'l amber
jH-.i<!'. The king and nobii!','.' ,11. c!,;!i'.^uilhed in th.-ir
diefs Irom the conunnnalty i>y wearing caps on tl. ir
h' lids, and having a kindot loofe g.iiimnt, which covers
the whole bi. ly ti .'in the fliouMirs to the anckles.

Tile inhal<it.ints rl I'li-. kingdom are n.itiiL.illy of a
warlike dilii.ifitioii, .ind are f..i|utii ly at enmity with
tiuifi. who inhibit the remote pjts of Abyflinia, as will
out of zial for i li'j.ioii, as in hop.> of plunder ; the
former being all Ibuiiich M.ihonict ins and the la'icr :■
puli'lanimous fun of Cliriilians, no ways eijual to them
tithi r III valo. ', dilcipline, or warlike v.'eapons. The
arm> of thel'e piople eoiilill chiefly of hows and arrows,
lances and juelins, all writtheelly fil)riealed, and the
ordinary fort an-.un^ll tliein have hardly miy thing better
than long ftaves (haip puinled .:t one cml , wh. reas the
Adilitcs are furnilheil, bv tlie Turks and Arab^, with
variety of fire-arms and -iher offinfue weapons, in ex-
change for wliieh they j^ive them ll.i >, gold dull, and
fueh other articles as they obtain liy plundering theit
neighbours.

Hefides Zcibi, there are fi-vcral other large towns in
this kingdeiin i but the only one that mri its ail) notice
is called Barbara, (ituati.l :it the bottom of a convenient
bay, on an idand of the fame name, h h.ith be-en tun-
tinually a kiiul of riial in commerce with Zeila, and is
no lefs reforted to by foreign merchants, who carry on
the fame kind of traftie. It is fitujte oppofite the city of
Aden, and wa> once much more confiderable than it is
at prcfent, being plundered and a great part of it deltroyed
by the I'ortugucfe fleet under .iilmiral Tnllrande Cu ;iia,
mcntioiieH in the two former chapters, who expeifted to
have found a confiderable Ipoil in il, but were greatly
difappointrd, the inhabitants having had time enough
not only lo make their tfcipe, but alfo u curry with
them their moft valuable rffeits.

The ilUnU on which this tuwn i> fituated i« very fer-

tile, and produces abundanceof different kinds of grain,
as alfo plenty of fruits and cattli.-, great quantities of
which are exjiortcd by the merchants to foreign coun-
tries.

The more interior parts of the kingdom of Adel are
chiefly flat, fo that they have feldom any rains ; but this
dcfeit is fupplied by the number of rivers that water ths
whole countn'. Among thcfe the moll confidirable is
called Hawafli, which is very broad and deep, and hard'
ly inferior to the Nile, except in the Ien;;th of its courle}
(or it dexa not extend .above fix miles from its mouth,
before it is divided into fuch a niiniber of canals as to be
in foine meafure exhaul'ed before it icaches the (ca. This
renders the fell foexcccding feitile, that it pioducis great
plenty of wheat, barley, and millet, as alfo prodigious
numbers of fl'.ef p, co'as, and other bealls.

The principal trafl^" of the natives in thefe paits of
the kingdom confills in gold-duft, elephants teeth, frank-
incenfe, and (Lives, all which they get chiefly (lom the
inhabitants on the borders of Abyflinia, with whom they
arc Continually at war, and mifs no opportunities of
in.aking inroads into Ibme of their provinces, from whence
they ieldom return without great quantities of different
kinds of plunder. The(e they convey to the port of
Zeila, where they feldom fail of meeting wi :h iTierch.iiits
from Arabia, Cambeiya, and other parts, who leudily
lake thcni off their h.uids, and in cxch.ange furnilh them
with eloihs of cotton, filk, linen, bracelets, anibir,
cliiyftal, fiic-anns, and other con, modities.

Uefbie we conclude this chapter, it may not be im-
projier to obl'er\e, that moll geographers have, by miflakc,
included the republic i r Bra\ , with the kiiigdi^ms of
Magadoxa and A,iel, und^r th j: iicr;ri name of Aian,
theiiii'h that is but a term accideii. . gi. n by the I'lrtu-
giieli to the whole ti.iilt of coafl calle.. by th.it lumc,
whieli extends itfelf from the fneighisol ;lat '-mandel
quite to the iitiiieift verge of At. ,ea on that f . le, or lo the
cape called Ciiiard.iluij and on theeafleio fid .ro'n the
faid c.i()C, in the I?.th degiee of nori i lal ludi . qi.tc iv»
the r()iiinoxi.il line, wliieh divides it fro.n the coalt of
Zanguebar.

All the cadern part of this co.i(l is a mere faiily .md
barren traiSt, prodiuing neither corn, giaiii, fruit, or any
aniii.als, except wild ones ; for which levfoii it is gene-
rally called the 1X( ir. Co:ill. The northern part of it,
however, makes aniemls, the foil being vi;y fertile, ami
producing moll kinds of provifions, in which the inha-
bitants cany on a great commerce. It is particularly
remarkable lor producing an excellent breed of horll-,
which are chiefly purt h.ilVd by foreign merchants, in
exchange for which the iiati.es Like lilks, cottons, and
other commodities.

On the co,ill aie great numbers of Negroes, who live
and intermarrv with the IJcdowin Arabs (an idolatrouj
and lupcillitioiis (e-i!l among thole people) anil, like them,
are inveterate enemies to the Abyflinians, on whom tliey
arc continually making inroads. They are hrutifli, and
errant thieves, but more particularly thole who live
nearell to the tnading coalls. They carry on a confi-
derable traffic in gold, flaves, horfcs, ivory, ttc.

'.pin

"ti

il;!: ^!i

fill

Hn).

i«i). ,

I..

CHAP. XIV.

ABYSSINIA.

THIS Mtfnfivf fmpirf it ruiiatrd under thf fnrrid
T.onr, and lie* Ixtwetii the Hth and ir'h degrees
ofiiorih laiitiidr, and K-'ween the ji(> and 4nth
of well lungiliide Ikhii London, it IS bounded on the
rail by the Red Sea and the coalls of Ahr», or Habefh,
which have Iki n dilmrnilM'ted tiom it, and now make a
province ol the Turkiib cmpiie ^ on tlK well by the
J5

river Malry, wMrh divid<^ It from Sharfkala, or the
country of wandering Kthinpians, and falls into ths
Nile, after it hath iiin a cuniiderabic way into the Nu-
bian doiiiiiiieins ) on the north by the kingdom of Nubi*,
and on the fouth by Alaba.

'I'hii roiiniry has been known by the different iiamei

of Abydiiua, Abbvliinia, Abailia, aud iiabeiliiiu, ilte

i 11 Utttr

f il

(

mii

F^lfii^

^ . '1 m

' (

■i

J, 'n

398J A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

■J.i

latter of which it obtained from the Arabic word
Habtfti, fignifying a mixtuiv, or confufion, it being
inhabited by people of various nations. 'I'he inhabi-
tants, however, rcjict thefe ,i;m.es, and tMll themfclvcs
Itjopians, and their country Manghcfta Itjopia, or Iting-
doni of Ethiopia. Thev are likewife fond of the name
of Gccr, or the land of Ag-A/i. that i>. Freemen, ei-
ther from the ficedom they cMJoy under their govern-
ment, or that which they formerly tixik of tranfportinp
thimfelves from place to place, tor the word carries with
it both meanings ; and it is bevoiiJ a doubt that they
eriginally cime hither from Arabia Keli.v. Some of the
antients called this country j^'.thiopia Afrirana, nr Oc-
eidenfalis, or .I'jhiopia fub A!gypto, in oppofition to
the caltcrn or Afi.nic /Kthlopi.i. The name of Ajhi-
opi;i, however, i' rather an ejNiihct th;in a proper name,
and w.TS given by the (ireeks to all countiies inhabiti.il
hy blacks. The diverfity of names hath heretofore
m.ide great confuficii, till at Icnr^ih that of Abyflinia
prevaikil, and by which it hath been univerfally known
for ages pait.

Before wc quit our oHfen'atfon< on the etymology of
the name of this country, it inay not be impropir to fay
fomethiiig concerning the title th.it hath been abfiirdly
given to its moijarrhs, namely, that of Preftor John,
and which feeniS to have thus originated. In the king-
dom of 'I'enduc, in Tartaria Proper, was an anticnt race
of Chiidian prinei«, who bore the title of I'reftor, or
Prefhyier John, as it was corrtiptly called by the Kuro-
pcans, tho.igh chiirtv owing to an epithet, which Un^-
Chiarig, one of the hill of ihofc moiiarchs, either tock
of PreUigian, or wr^s compliiiicnteJ with by his ftib-
jcCls ; that word fignifying upoftolic d or orthodox ; but
\»l'.ii!l had. In- thtr Kuropcans, been corrupted into
Preftor John, on a I'uppofition thit he was a prielt as well
as king. T he fame of this monarch was become fo
gre.it, in the time of John II. king of Portugal, when
the dilcoierv of India was midc, th.'.t he fent Peter Co-
villan bv land to rTial:- eiit|iiiry alter him in India j but
as he could hear iinihing of fiieh a prince there, he (being
informed th.it ttuie \v.i> a potent Chrilli.in emperor in
Afrie.i^ "ok that .oiintrv in his wav home, and was fo
kindly treatid by the rei:;niiig monaich, that he took is
for granted this was the kingdom lb much fought after,
though he could ftul nothing like the title of Prellnr
John. 'I'his poMit, however, ha h prfxluccd much con-
troM-rfy among the learned ah'Td; (onv affirming the
et;ipire of Abyihnia to be the real Prillor John's cour "'■y ;
while other', with much more reafoii, have treated th.it
notion as abfurd and chimeric.:!. As the dif]nitc is m«re
a m.itterof ruriofity than momrnf, and as it is impoITible
pioptrly toadj'.id it, wc Iha'l hue ijuil the fubjcdl, and
ptocccd to

SEC T. 1.

S'..lut<ti hijioy if AbylTinia.

FROM tlie fitualionof fhiscountr)', it may rcafonably
be fuppofed that the climate, in general, is exceed-
ing fultiy; but the cxtrime heat is only felt in the val-
leys or low lands, for the hill«, or riJ^cs of nuuintains,
iiH'll ol which arc of a prodigious height, enjoy .ui
agreeable cool nifb i inlomuili that there arc fome parts
where the lu^llller^ are Ms lultry than in Portugal, and
others, where the inhabitants arc more afraid of cold
than heat. This diftrrrnce of climate, is, however,
lrei|uently pro<lii..tivc of violent llorms of thunder and
lightning, whiih are lometinu fo terrible as to be very
deKniClnc both to man and beaft. 'Ihefe (lorms arc alio
generally attended with eM-cfTive rains, which arc fre-
quently fo violent, that their ftrcams cany away with
them trees, hoiilis, .uid even hills, whilll all the rivers
overflow, anil lay the country under water i and alter
the water retires, the lands and roads are fo covered with
a thick lliniv mud, th.it they become lor lomc time c n-
lirely impalLble. But the greatelt inconvenience that
attend* thelerains |v, that they inlici the air with adaii-
grrous malignanrv j lor, falling on a ground thai hath
•ain dry am) alt., ill parched up for a conlidirahle time,
they natiira'l)^ raile furh vail (|iunlitieH of uiiwholelome
rapoiu-s, as feldom fail ptioluting fume violent diftem-
pcrs, fioinwhiili, i\.ii thole that keep theinfclvci alto-
gether at home, ate leldom etiemptod.

Ihe fcafons here arc, propc.ly fpcaking, three, viz.

the fpring, which begins at the 1. ttcr end of September ■
the fiimmc'-, which commences on the 251I1 ol December-
and the winter, which begins on the 25th of June,
rhefummcr ihry di\ide into two parts, of three nioiuli^
each; the firit of which they call T/adai, and is ilie
noft fultry and difir^rceable ; and the other ihey cail
fla^ai, which is much more moderate and pleal'ant.

As the clim.it; s and feafonsof thi-, empire ditflr, lb di>
the winds : (bme, efpecially on the hi ih l.i:u!b and lolly
mountains, arc very relrefliing and pleaiant ; while others
on the low land^, where the air is Id's agitated, .irc lut
nd very unhealthy. They are fubjeiil to oiu- in pi;i-
ciilar, which is rather a hurricane, and is called in linir
anguagc Sengo, or Serpent. This is fometimes lii vio-
lent, that it overturns houfes, tears up trees by the riHMs
and is frequently verv prejudicial to the (liipping. Nut-
withftiinding thel'e ii\tonvcniences yet this wind l.as
fome good tendency, as it clears the air of the lowci-
grounds, which would otherwife fl.ignate, and prove
iiifecTious both to man aii.l bead.

The whole country is intufcL'Ud with prodigious hijli
mountains, between which arc I'uch diiadful "pneipi.'is
as mult naturally liiiki- terror in the beholder. .Some of
them have very large pl.iins on the top overed with tites
and other \enlure, and alford Ipiings o. 1 xcellent water •
and fome of them ■;xc fo well eultiv.ilcd as to piddiite
moftofthcprinrip.il neeelluies of life. Tin IV- 1.1011:1-
tains arc exceeding numerous, and in geiiCMl fo -.eiy
loity, that wc may jullly fay with the poet,

" Ridges of high contiguous hills arife',

" Divide the clouds, and penetrate the Ikics.''

Or, as PoiK- has no lefs beautifully cvpreficd it,

" Heboid the mountains, lell'niiig as they rife,
" Lole the low \ .de, and Ileal into the (kies."

What is veiy remarkable, thel'e ftupendous hill-,
which the natives call Damb;is, appeal at a dillancc with
a delightt'ul variety of lliapis. Some of ilieni relemble
pyramids, and others liK>k like towers of various ihapcs :
lome are of an e.\..ct Upiare, others .is perfectly round a«
if they had been turned or wrought with the cluliel.
Some again fo deceive the eye, that when jou arrive i»
what you fuppofed to be the top, you difcover it to W:
only the foot of anoliiir, equally hi^h, craggy, atul dif-
ficult to alcend.

In order to form a proper idea of one of thcfe ftnuigu
natural pioduclions, and the great danger and difli' uliy
there is in afceiiding them, wc fliall pie Cent the reader
with an account of th.it called (lu/a, liiuated in the
kincdoni of 'I'igra, whiih travellers who come liuin the
Red Sea arc obliged to crofs in going to Dambea. Thi*
remarkable moun'.i.n ii thus deUiibed by the authors of
the L'niverlal Hilloiy ; " When you have i^aiiud the lop,
lav <cy, it prefents 10 y.ju a liandluinu lp.icious pUiii,
ill the midft of vvliieh (i.iikK aiiollur muuiilain of equal
height, whiih you niiift alio go i/i er, alter you have fuf-
ficiently lefielhed yourfelf on the leitile and delighllui
top of the (iu^a. I he afeent takes up about h.iif a
d.iy's journey, .uul gi*s winding all the w.iy up j \\i
paths are very narrow, and cut into the fide ol the loii.l
roe k i and .ill the way you go pieluiis you with a m.U
deep and die.idful precipice, the botio.n of whie h caiiiut
be reached by the naked eye, bit only orf'ers a gulph,
which at once makes the lu.id q lite giddy, and fills ih:
heart with a (ontinuil dre.i I. ^Iieiild any ol the \:ma-
vans that keep going up an 1 down thele lleep and narrow
roads chance to meet aliahir in Its w..y, tluy are in ilm
^reateft danger, both mm an 1 beiill, ol being ihiovvit
down the precipice, and broken into a thoul.ind pie-cr«
before they reach the bottom, iinlel's ihi v take the utnH>ll
e.ur in pallini; by oneanothei. Tl.o mules aie by far
the bi If lor thole that iiif-, beraule tiny .itr the iiirrlt
fooled i but thi y have an ill la< iilty with lluni, that they
will always go t loll- In the idge of the piiiipiee, ami
cannot without jireat lifqiie be tur'u-d 10 the other Itilr "t
the road, ot be kept to it when thry are. What adds
ftill more in the horroi of the jo»r"ty, whctlwr it be up
or down the ttcrp derlivily, is, that at the bultuin ol ihv
valley below, there commonlv runt a Iwift torrent of
water, with a moll hideout mar, wliieh iK-liig eeluHd
by the adjacent io«ks, and oftui hri,!htriU'd by loud
winds, ai well u by the continual trampling ol iIk men

and

Soptcinbcr ;
Di-tcmbci J
1 "t" June,
ha'c iiKiiilhs
aiiil is ilic
r !!icy call
■alaiit.

Jirt'ir, (b (Ii.v
>!(. ;\iul lolly
while others
tn!, arc lu?c
on-,- in p.'i'i-
llcil in iliiir
times )<) vio-
by the riKits,
ling. Not-
wiiiJ has
of ihc iiiwcr
iiid prove

ABYSSINIA.

i»i.

i9^

nnd beads upon the roik, incrtafts the horrid diii to fuch || 3. The Malcy, which riff, iu Damut, and after a
a degree, that one cannot poinbly hear one's fclf, niuchj rouife nf foniu fcore lea[;iics to the weftward, turns

f,il

di^ioin hijjh

prteipiies

Si line (if

vd with trees

Ifnt water ;

to produce

!'hr fe 1,1(111:1-

RT.d fo Veiy

ic i];ic5.''

vprcficd It,

they rifr,
le fkies,"

[leiidous hill-,
.1 ilill.mce Willi
tlieni rclemble
ifarious Ihapcs ;
' My round ,is
th the cliillel.

II )ou arrive «
fKner it to In;
raggy, aitd dif-

of thcfe ftranjri:
r and difli' uUy

lent the readci
lituated III tilu
Lonic fiiiin tlm
jaiiibca. I hii

the authors of
' k^ained the to|),
Ipacious pUiii,
inlaiu of e()Ual
■r you have liil-

aiid delijilillui
) about haif *
e way up ; tl.,-
liile of the fi'i: I

III with a n.'lt
f tthuh car. :i t
otters a uulpli,
y, and fills th:
y III the laia
op and narrow
lluy are in il.i;
I hi ing ihiouii
thouland pieei 4
take ihe ucni'tt
iilfs aie In I ir
' .m- the hill It
llwm, (hat ihty
■ piieipiee, an!
llie other lidf >i|
le. Wh.il adds
vhi tlur it bf lip
le Initlom ol the
Iwift torrent of
h lH'iii|t ((IkhJ
htrmd by loud
liii^ ul the iiiiMi

and

Id's one another, fpeuk, though ever fo loud, or ever fo
near.

" But the wi(hcd-for ftimmit once attained, (which is
reckoned above 3C0 fathoms perpendicular aiiove the
plain top of tiuza, and the molt difficult part of all the
w.iy, being 'Illy provided by nature with a fort of ileps
like windin:- (fairs, tv\o or three cubits high, and un-
couth, on both fides of the rock) one is m.idu ample
amends by the beautiful profpecl it at once prefents to
the view, which is not that of rugged and interfeii^ed
peaks above, and deep gaping valleys nencath, as might
be expeilted, but of a liiiall, though delightful, plain,
about two miles in compafs, and a niu(lcet-lhot in
breadth, and terminated at one end by a ncn, flat, and
upright rock, like the back of a chair, of which this
little plain is the feat ; fo that take the whole mountain
together, that of Gu^a feenis to be a kind of pedeftal to
this i and the latter, which the natives call I.amalmon,
rcprefcnis, in fomc meafure, a chair wiiliout arms, the
back of which is the upiii^ht rock at the end of the
plain, which is as perpendicular as if it h.id been hewn
cut with achillcl. Along what we may call the feat -if
tills wonderful and fupcremincnt chair, is pleafanily fitu-
alcd a town of the f.une name, whof • inh.ibitaiits make
a decent livelihood by helping the caravans to Kud and
UMio.ul the btalb of Inirtlien a good part of the way of
the cr.igpy afcent befoic-meiilicned, in order to help
them to leap fiom one llip to another ; fo that one would
be furpri/ed to (ee with what facility they nuke the
be.ills climb and keep their feet, while they themfelves
convey their burthen^ t'rom one ft.iir to another through
everj difficult part of iliis extenllve afcent.'

'I here are other mountains in this country of iiiuch
the fame nature with the above, particularly one lituated
between the kingdoms of Anih.u^a and Oleca. Hut the
moll confnUrable amongft them all is that called by the
natives rh..!ul Marium, or more projurly I .uiliabj
Mar-jam, whole fununit greatly ixceeii. all the rell,
and is at the fame time very fp.iciou-. 'Ibis remarkable
nioiiiitaiii, wh»fc bottom is waterid by two large rivers
defceiuliiii^ Mom it, hath on its fununit leun handlbme
churehis, one of vvhieh, dedieitid to Sit. John, is e\-
ceedin;', bi-autilul, having been lormeiiy the buiial place
of the .Abvl'iinian emperors : wiihinliJe arc at thl^ time
five monuiiunts erected to the iiKinory of thofe nio-
llarchs i they are covered with lapellry, on which aie
iepr( fe^ucd the arms of I'orliigal.

We eaniiot i|uit thefe fineulai prodiiclions of nature,
uilhoiit t.iking notice of a reniaikable hollow and high
rock liiii.iied in the kingdom of (lojam, direiiUy oppo-
fite to wliK h, at a fmalf dillance, is anotiier much of
the fame height and bulk, fo evaclly pl.iced by nature,
that it eihoes back a word b.iicly whilpered in the for-
nur Willi ami/ ing force i and the joint voices o( three
or foul (Krfons IJK-aking together, produce a loimd not
inferior to that arilin^ fiuin the fliuut:> of a nulue;ou^
aimy.

" Keho in others words her filence break'',

*' Spcechlefs heifelf, hut when another (peaks.

•' Siic can't begin, but waits for the rebound,

*' I'o catch hi'' Miice, and to irliirn the lnuiid.

•' Hence 'tis (he pr.iltles in a fainter tone,

" With mimic founds, wid fpeeches not her own."

This country is well watered, having a great number
(if e.sctlleiit nveisi the moll lonlidct.ililc of thele, ex-
elufnc of the Nile, whiih takes its rile here, arc as
follow :

I. The Tac.r/.ef, fuppofed to be the Allaborei of
l't(domy ; it riles in the kingdom of Angol, and alter
m.mv coiifulrable windings, lull eall, th.11 north, then
well, ami then no:th again, diU barges nfell at lenetli
Into the Nile. Tior. fiver, though not lo l.irgc as that
it rum into, is in many places very deep, and abounds
with <r<Kodiles aiul Ua-hotlVs, as '.ilfo that nm.irkabb-
(i(h c.illed the foipeilo, a defeiiption (if whli h has been
given in our accniiit of the Ca|K; of (JikkI Ibpe.

1. The Mareb, 01 Moraba, ■ lieh comes liown fiom
the cuds of Habilh, or Abes, and lunsmollU noiih-
well tluoiiiih (he kingdom of I'igr.i, and gthei (jiomiicis,
and at lall talis into the la«.awc.

lorthward towards Narea, waters Bifamo and I'afeala,
wellward of the Nile, and then difembogues itfelf into
the White Riier.

4. The Mowalh, or Il.iowache, which runs through
the kingdoms of (,1.111, Kntngar, Bally, ^c. and loles
itfelf at lad in the fiiuly defert in the kingdom of Add;

I'bis river makes ample amends to the inhabitants for
the want of rains, as they fildom fall in this part of ihu
country; and being, like the Nile-, dr;'.wn into nume-
rous ch.inncls, enriehis all that tr.ie'l, bywatiniig their
field', and fertilizing their vallies, fo that tin, produce
not only plenty of com and cattle, but alio moll other
articles iii-ctllaiy for the piefervation and enjoyment of
the inhabitant'-.

5. The ZeUe, v.'h'cli arife. in the kingdom of Nar^a,
and is liille inferi. r to the Nile ; it takes its curfe hrfl
wciKv.ird, thi.n ealKvard, and after that I'omhward ;
when it lurrouiuls in foine meafure the l;in.;duin of
(liiigiio into a peiiinfuia, as the Nile doth thai of Cjo-
jum i alter wliieh it eontiiuies its courfe (ouiluv.'.iJ, and
at l.itl empties iilelf into the Indian Ocean.

6. T'lie Balir il Abiad, or White River, v.'hicli
fprings ill Bifamo, receives the Maley, and furrouiidi
the kingdom of Changara on the weft, dividing it from
thole of Cjorham and (Jagoa, and falls into the Nile
about be) leagues below Nu'oi.i.

Befides the abo\e, there an leat numbers of fm..lLr
rivers, the chief of which fail at length into tlu Nil.-,
and the lell into the rndi..n fia. From thefe riv : ..le
people cut canals to w.:ter th'.-ir lands, which in le.nu
paits are made fo rich and fertile, that they yiel.i twu ^v
three eiops in one year.

Merc are alfo fcveral large lakes, the mod confiufr.ibl*
of which is that called by the Kuropeans Dambca, and
by the natives Balu Tzana, or lea of Tzana, from the
eliuf illand in it of that name. This laice is lituated
ill llie kingdom of D.unbe:!, and is computed to be .bout
;o leaguis in leiijjth, 12 in breadth, and 150 in com-
pafs, excl 'alive ol its deep bar, creeks, and other wimJ-
ings. The country round about it is plain, fertile, and
pie il'ant ; and the iufide of the lake abounds with a mul-
titude of ill.indi of different fries, the largefl of which
are inhabited by Abyllinian monks. About I'evcn or
elj;ht of thefe illaiuK eontain the remains of l.;rgc ino-
nalleries, which appar to have been formerly llalcljr
edifices ; .ind among the natural produiftions of them are
fuch fine citron and or.ange trees, ai are not to be
eijualkd in .uiy oth. r part of the empire. One of thofe
ilLuids, and the molt barren of them all, is called by
the natives I)rk, and is the place adapted for the con-
t;iiement cf ll.ite priloners.

Ihe natives fail on this lake in flat-bottomed boats,
which they call taneoas ; they are not made of wocjd,
but of a kind of 1 iilhes that grow on if. banks, each of
which is about the tlncknefs of a man's arm, and about
two yuds in length. I'hefe rudies Ihev c.ill tinibiia,
tin- like of which grow alio on the banks of the Nile,
an 1 are ulid for the fame pur|«)li.s. Th. le lall are
thi... which the antients called papyrus, .ind wen- fVr-
\iceable fi them not only 111 making tiieir papty, but
alfo their boat.':, fails, and other t.ickle.

The only inconvenience belonging to this lake is,
that it breeds great numbers of fea-liorfes, which not
iinly endanger the navigation, but dellroy the filh, and
fometimes makccoiilider.ible ravages on the land. How-
ever, the people that live on its banks, make it their
bulinels to dedroy thefe animal ., not only to U\ uic their
corn and other grain Imm being dellroyed bv them, but
alio for the fake of thin flelh, of which lliey mi: very
loud ) they .illb cul their Ikins int..) I(»ng llr.ips, tailed
alliiigas, which they ulu indead of whips ^o fcour^e
their Itoiles.

The foil of this country is various, according as the
giound IS higher or lower, tloney, Candy, 01 flat ; in
general, huwt vei, it is luletably good, and thole patts
in paiticiilar that are well wateied, produce l.ugi- cnipj
of wheat, baiUy, niilltt, and oth 1 grain. But the
mod remarkable grain here, and wh ' s n fome iitca-
lure luttiial to the lountry, is a linall one called teiF,
whi'li ill tall'- and flour greatly rcfemble-. rye. It 1*
viiy thin and iK-iidcr, wid iIk {twit much fuuller ihaii

thub

)

\ .-(

A NEW COMPLETE SVSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV.

; ! i < fl

If"

■ I ! wilm.v

400

thofc of the muftard. The natives make it into hrc.nl,
and prefer it to that made with any othir grain, for
which rcafon they arc more careful in the eultivation
uf it.

They han; a great variety of fruits, but thnfe motl
cultivated arc, the black grape, pe.aches, ponUj^ranate'i,
.ilmonds, citrons, and oranges. They have alio a great
plenty of roots and hub-, which, notwithflandin;; the
heat of the country, grow naturally. Sugar-cants are
likcwife veiy plentiful, and they ha\e prinligious cjuan-
titics of homy, which is here very excellent, and ol'
many different forts.

Moft of the medicinal pl.ints found in Europe grow
naturally hire, befides which they have fcvcral others
peculiar only to this country. Among the latter the
moft dilUnguifhed arc thofe called the amadniajjda, and
the aiTale. The forincr of thefe hath the fpecihc v irtue
of healing diflicated or broken limbs, and of dr.iwing
out fplinters of broken bones left in the flifli. The
l.iitLT is a niofl lingular antidote not only againft all
poifons, but liktwifc all venomous creatures, infomuch
that the \et;. touching them with it Itupifxs and dc-
pnves them of all their powers j and what is ftill more
furprizing, it i- laid the very (hadow or fcent of it I'o af-
(ciits the Ti'.oll poilbnous feiptiits, that their limbs are
inuiiedi.Ui.lv beiiut.';bLd, their venom is no longer poi-
fonous, ami tlu y may be handled without the lealt danger.
'I'his extraoiJinary plant i. of infinite fcrvicein thofe
parts, as there are prodigious numbers of ferpent-, one
Ibrt of which is Co finguLrly preiudiciat, that e\ui its
bre.uh only, at ('e\eral yards dilf.'nce, generallv prn\e>
dtffrucilvc; they .ire fliort, but rLir.arkable thick, ifpe-
f 'ally .'.bout the middle j their iroulhs arc vciv wide, at
which they fuck in a great quantity of air at once, and
then breathe it out with fuch prodigious force agaiiift
man or beall who fall in their way, that it generally
proves fatal to them.

Exclufiveof the plants .already mcntioneil, this eoun-
trv produce Freat quantities if iLniia, as alfo abuiulanee
of cotton, which grows on fhrubs the f.uiie as in Indi.i.
Here are likewife variou. forts of flower-', that grow
in fuch abundance that the banks of the rivers are orna-
mented with them the principal part of the vcar. iMany
of thefe are peculiar to the countrv, but the geneialily
arc thofe natural to Kuropr, pirlicularly jeflannnes, lilii-,
jonquils, and rofes ; anion : the latter is one lirt that
grow on trees, and are much more odoriferous than
thofe produced from Ihrub-. Tlufe flowers not onlv
contribute to the beauties of the country, but .ilfoto the
enjoyment of the inhabitants, Here

" Within the chambers of the plobe they fpy

•' rill lieds where flei ping vegetables lie ;

" Till the glad lunimons of .i genial ray

♦' I'lihind the glebe, and call them out today.

*' Hence paiicies triik themfelves in various hue,

" And hence jonquils derive their fragrant dew :

" Henet the carnation and the bafhful role,

" Then virgin blufties to the morn difelol'e :

" Hmcf the challe lily riles to fhe light,

" L'iivi.ils her liiowy bicall, and charms the fight."

The animals of this country air both varioiu and nii-
nuious. thofe of the tame kind arr, horfcs, niiiles, c.i-
nids, dromedaries, oxen, cows, flieep and go.Us. The
own in particulir are of lueh a prodigious lize, that at
a dilbnce thev have been taken for elephants ; and their
horns are fo large, that the inhabitants make them into
pitchers, nil I other nea'fi'.iiy utenlil-.

The horles here arc of various colours, but the blai k
cnes arc moft cfteemcd : they are in general exceed 1 11 1
fleet, and very docile, but arc fcldom ufed rx.ept in
times of war. The bcalts of carriage are, the mules,
camels, and dromedaries, all which they train up to an
ca(y )et quick pace. They ufe the miilis wliui they
tiavcl over the cragj;y moiiiitains, thofe beaits being not
only very g'-ntle hut alio fure-ftKileil : and the cainils
iind dromeilaric* they ufe when they travel through hot
and fandv defarts.

'I'he AbyfTmians pirfcr ridinj on mule* to horfct, not
only on account of that bralt Uing more gentle and furr-
Cooted, but alio out of ri(|Hel to tluii ( wn jwdigrrei
for «s they ho»ft themfclvrs 10 Ik- defeeniled fiom th'
Jcwsi whvlcpiiiico and (jteat vutt ate recorded toli.ive

chiefly rode bpon mulcf, fo ihey iflvi ir. ir an hon', ir fn
do the fame here, and to have their liurfes led i , ihj
bridle, till fome nwrtial eng.igcnKJit obliues thini la
mount.

The wild animals of this country arc, lions, tyj^T^,
leopards, wolves, foxes, various kinds of apes, and uthtr
bealfs of prey; all which ;ue very numerous, fierce, .;nj
mifchicvoii-, but they have not any thing p.irticular iu
lluni from thofe of other hot eountriis.

The lions here are exceeding luin.crous, and of ftve-
ral forts and li/es, but the moll ri.niarkab!c are tliofi;
llilid of the kingly or royal biveil. As thefe do .; cori-
li.liKiliIe deal of mifchicf among the larger cattle, rh;;
inhabit.mts are very affiduous in endeavouring to deffioy
them, . ■■ ', will even encounter them with lej other iv; a-
pons than their lances and d.iggers. Thry arc in ry-
neral fo large, that fome of them killed by the inh.ibi-
tants have ine.ifurcd 14 feet in length from the neck tu
the t.iil. One of this prodigious li/e was foire yeai's ago
deftroyed by a (hepherd in the open field with his d.irt,
the circuiiiflanees attending wiiiih are thus related:
This fieice caMtiirc was coming down t— 1 the n:o;in-
taiiis, all covered with the bloinl of anunais it had torn
in pieces, when the ihejiherd feeini; him at a great ilif-
tancc makinj towards liim, retreated to a large hv'o
that had been m.ide in the ground, and upt/n his ;!p-
pioaching within reach of his weapon, he threw it at
him with fuch foire, tli.it it pieued him throii,:h the
flloulder : the monller, alter maiiv dreadful 10. us aiij
leaps, fell luckilv into the pit, where he wis dilpiu'i, 4
I by the vidlorious countryman, though net without le-
eeiving m.uiy wounds, as well as bi iiig in the n.vA iniiui-
nent danger of his life.

Klepiiants aie alfo ve-y numerous, and may pro-
peily be ranked among the wild animals, :u none of
them were ever known to be brought to that docility
conunon to thofe in othi r countries. Thev generallv :■•)
in l.irge droves, and frequently iii.ike dreiliu) havoeic
among the corn and other :r»in. 1 hev alio make LMi.it
d: llriiclion among the forelt-, by iMoting up l.iri'c- ti;i.,
and breaking down liiiall urns to l,ed on liieir Tcaves.

Rhinoeeiofiis are alio veiv ple.itiful bore, and ; re
great enemies to the elephants ; tlu' /cbra, or wild a(' ,
is lik'wife a native of liiis enipiu, but as both tlie:c
have belli .ilreauy d lenbeil in our .iCeOiint of the C ipi;
I ot (iiiod Iloiie, we have little to l.iv .iboiit cither, e>-
eipi that the L.tter is lo much adinued for its lieautiful
Ih.ipe, colour, and llri|HS, that kings and eiiijxn is
IcKik upon lliiin as very valu.dde pri tints, li is f^.'.i tli, f
2C0O feqiiins was given lor one of thefe animals by :.ji
Indian Moor, in order to make a prcfcnt of it to the
Ciriat .Mogul.

\Ve ili.ill conclude our arenimt of the wild .inimals of
this countiy with the mention of a very fingiilar on;-,
wliieli dors not appe-.ir to hue any niine, but is thaa
defiKlvd by Monl. Poiieet, in his voyape to Ethiopia :
" I'his extraordinary .inimal, lays he, is no bigtfir ih.iii
one of our cats, ami hath the face of a man, with a
white he.ird, and iti voice mouri.lul ; it alwavs keep*
upon a till-, and, the people ailutevi u-, that it is theie
hiouglit (oiih, ami theie it dies. It is fo very wild, that
theie IS no pcflibilitv of taming it. When they h..'. c
laught one ol iheni, wiili 1 difigii to biiiig it up, all the
caie they could take ol it could not prevent its pinui ;
ititif to death ; they (hot one of them in my piefence,
wlmh eluiip l.di to the branch of the tici-, iwiiiiiig iti
legs ah".u J .,11,1 though it was taken alive, yet it died j
lew days aftei,"

They have grfat plenty of poultry, particularly jrefe,
iliiiks, iiiikick and liinsi ihey li..ve alio .diuiidance of
wild lowl .lid pamr, with a variety of uncoiiiinon biiils
(Kculiar onlv to this country. Among thefe we (hall
ii'liel the loliuwing ;

I he pipi.loealkd from thefoiin.l of itsv oicerefinblini''
thole two Ivlhibles : this hud hath a reuiarkalde iiilliiK't
in dirie-ling luinllinen to their game, and will not leav«
them till thev have arrived at the Ipot where it lies. It
Is a lin.ill bud, but vi rv beautilul, Its feathers being
v'arii'';lnl with feveral colouis.

'I he abagiin, or ll.itrly i.bbot, is remarkable for it»

bi aiitv , as alio for a kind of hoiii that grows on its heaj

iiiM...d ot a crell ; this horn is (hoit and round, and i<

I div iJed at Uic u^ipci end in the dupe of a outre.

' Tte

many
prod'in
I le nil
I iiiiel
fliein,
Thvy I

COUIII

like tl
ai even
lomnio
to
ni.'iii!
to olo
llel
dlicth
ni tile
as alf
■|'hi
(ilver
iiig till
oiie-e
lii that
metals
l.calur
cliklly
{;iitiR,
liig of
t.ieir I
the tor
grams
nature

■|-1
the CO
doins I
troni
llieir
Ui..ies,
tains
1 hef.
our bi

i may pi"-
i.s nom I'l'
liat Jncility
j'onernlly ■")
U'liJ hj\('i'k;
I make irii. t

1.1. ^'P til'.:,
icii Ic.wcs.
It, anil ; re

or Willi :il' ,

■, Iv.itll tlli^'C

of tlic C'lpc
t citlu-r, ev-
ils Ijcautitiil

ml fiiijicn IS
It IS r.,M il; t
nimals hy :n
ut it tu the

AFRICA.] "^'J A li Y S S t N I A.

4^t

The fcitan, favez, or <I(vI!'s lioni-, relVnihlrs a man
nrmcd with leatlKMs, an. I ti iiimnnly walk:: with a mi-
jtitic gravity, or runs with fuijiriiing IwlCtnils ; I i.l
when too cloioly puriiiol, it cxpaiKls its wings and Hi
away. It is aliout as high a? a ftoili, but its lliapc is iiiuci'
more gcntrel and hcaurilVl.

The cardinal is a very handPime Mid, all its fcit'.ri .
bring of a iKantiful criiiilon, exiepr tho c on its Imaft,
which appear of tlie colour, and have the himcth glofs ol
the tinell l.lack velvet.

The white nightingale is alio a very curious hird ; thi
tail, which is very long, is of the (aine coii^ur with tin
hodv, and vdun iho bird tlies it appears like a large piece
of paper fafti ned to its runip.

The laft diftinguilhcd bird wc have to mention in thi-
country is that called the niaroc, or hoiiey-iiinl ; it re-
ceives its name from having a particular inftinct in dii-
covering the hidden trcafure of the indjUrunn U.e', ol
which they have prodigious numbers, and of various
flirts ; foiiie of them are doiiieftic and krpt in liivev ;
others arc wild, and lay up their honey in liullow trees;
and a third fort hide it in linali holes and caverns iti thi
gro'jn.l, which ihiy take lurpriling care to cUaiii'e foi
iheir ufc, and afterwanis to ftop them fo dole and art-
fuiiy, tint it is almoin imjinlliblc to f'n I them out,
thnii;.;!i they chicliy lie along the nioft piih.K: hij^luvays.
Tills laft is the fort that the mariK: lifiovcrs to the inha-
bitants, liv an unufual noife and rluttering ot its wings,
which, when perceived bvtlie palLnger, he has nothing
to do but to follow him to the place, w here ihe feathered
guide begins a more delirious note, wiiich he continue'
till the man hath taken poll'. Hion of the hitldtn ftore ; in
the pUmdtring ot wliic:i he takes care to leave a fmall
ejuantilv behind .'or his fongller, it lieing the chief food
on wlii. h he exiU».

The flirt of h'.cs that depofit their honey in this man
ncr are the moll nuiiuious ; and it is lani thai llieieaKni
of their thus laying it under-ground antes from their not
tiaving any fting ; the wax is whiter th.in that pioduced
from the other bees, and is more lit for chiruigical appli-
cations ; the honey is alfo far fuperior, and much more
ufelul for phy Ileal compoiitions.

I5i fides the fort of fer|)ents before mentioned, they ha\e
many others, fonic of which arc exceeding large ; as ailo
prodigious numbers of inlei\> and other vermin. I!ut
t'le inoftdeftruclivc creatures here are the loeulls, which
(bmclimcs lly m lueh fwaims ihjt tin y dedroy all before
them, and leave whole kingdoms and provinces defolate.
They ate bred in the rocky and moimtainous p.irtsof the
country, and go in fuch niiiltiiudcs, that they appear
bke thick clouds, and cover f i large a Ipacc of the larth,
a* even toeelipiethe li^hl of the lun al noon-ilay. They
lommonly range the whole funinur, Ibifcing Imm place
to place, till about tin ii Michai.mas, which is in the
m mil of Novemlx r, when a lining vvcfterly wind iiegins
to oliiw, which drives them miu the Red Sea.

Ileiiite wc conclude our account ol the natural pro-
diiclions of this lountry, it is neci llary to ohiervc, tha"
in the mountainous pans there are fcveral mini.s ot lalt ;
as alio others thai produce gold, lilver, lead and iron.
The natives, howcvu, do not uoik either the gold or
iilvcr mine, on.ucouiit ol the bai tiiey are in of tempt-
ing thiir neighbour-, to Ici/e on them, lliould they be
once apprized ol their having (ueli valuable polltllions :
fij that though this counirv might pioducc pKiily of thcli:
melals, yet ihty prudently chiife to have fo tempting a
t.eafure loncc.ikd hom lliangcrs, an I content iheinfelvcs
chicliy with what la brought l) them from Caifreria, Ni-
griim, and other parts, rather than to lia/anl tliecrdlav-
I'lig of their country, by acknowledging they have any ol
tiieir own. What little Ihey olhcrvvfe get is brought by
the tornnis fioiii ilic mouiiiams, which isoliea found iii
giaiiis ai. large as peas, and of a very line and pure
liatiiir.

Thr fait mines are very n'rncrous in many parts of
the couiiin-, biil dpcc Lilly on t!ic eonliius ol the king-
doins ol ligia and Angot. Tiiis fait is not maile either
from lea-wilict or tail Ipiings, hut i< ready prepared .o
liieir hand-, an I m Imli pnidigious cpiaiitiues, that the
111. .Its, vthiili are no oiher llian huge rocks or moun-
tains ol luliJ lalt, are in Ionic mealiirc incxiiaurtibh.
1 bef. rocks arc luwn in piues linn what in the lliapi ol
Qur bniks I'Ul ol' diUeKlil li«» uiid weights J tlm uU,

'hough very folid and liard on tlic ('url'arcof therock, it
niiiili fofter wit'iin the mine, till conlbiidatcd by the fun,
and is no way inlerior in talU- and quality to the befl jii
Liii ipc. I hel'e pieces arc diipcrfeil through the whole
III ire, and arc b.iug!it, efp.eiaily at their fairs, not
only av a neeell'iry commodity, but as the moft current
money, hy which they can fnrnilh themlclvcs with all
other goodi they want, and where they becir a greater or
icis value according to the diftancc of the place from
whence ihey are iirought.

In ibme parts of this empire are alfo large fpacious
plains, whole liirfaecs are incruftcd with another kind of
Mil, in the fetrhing of which many hundreds of camels,
mules, and alles are conftantly employed. This fait is
made in the lame lba[>e as the former, and is very white
and hard,

I here is alfo a third fort of fait, which is of a rcddifh

colour, and hewn from an entire rock : this is generally

j iifcd in phyfic ; and the mountain muft be worked by

niuht, the heat being fo violent in the day that it i> iiu-

fiolliule lor cither man or bcall to bear it.

S E C T. II. ■

Of the Inhaillanli «/"Abyfnnia, tkflr Manners, Drifs,
Cii/hms, Rili^isii, ifc.

'T'HE empire of Ab\lTinia is inhabited by various
* people, whom, for the fake ot diUinrtioni we lliall
general divide into Clirillians, Jews, Mahomeiaiis,
, lid (ienliles. By the tiift are meant not only thole of the
Abyliiiiian church, who are the principal natives of the
country, hut thofc whom the Koman millionaries brought
over to their own communion, and Aill continue in their
adherence to it.

I he Jews have been fettled in this empire from time
immemorial, though various revolutions have happened
amoiigft them, from the natural dilguft taken to thun 1 y
the rcipcOive emperors. Many ot the ancient Jews em-
braced Clirirtianity lioin the earliell peiiexl ol its being
propagated in this cm|iiie, which conlidcrabiy lellencd
their number ; and inaiie others were llain in the relpcc-
live wais that have at different times happened for a krie»
of years between the emperors of Ahyliinia and a ncigh-
l)Ouring, but barbarous nation, called the Gallas. I lom
ihcfe ami other caufes, they have graduallv decrealed in
numlier, lieing much lefs confiderablo now than they
were even in the laft centuiy ; and the few that leinaiu
arc looked upon with fuch contempt, that they aieobligcd
to detach ihemfelves from the reft, living chicliy in lomo
of the moll mountainous and craggy parts of the country.
The Mahnmctans are difperied all over the empire,
and are I" numerous as to form at leaft one thud part ot"
the whole inhabitants ; they live in great fnendlhip with
the Ciirilliaus, and the chief employment of moft of thciil
is agriculture and farming.

I ne Gentiles, who inhabit feveral confiderable parti
of this empire, are ehictlv the delcendants of the (Jallas,
fume tribes of whom the emperors have fufb red to lettle
in their dominions, on condition of their allilting him to
opiHjfi that nation at fuch times as they ollered to i.._);c
incurlions, as they ficijucntly have done in ditiercnt parts
of this empire.

The Aliyllinians in general are a well made people,
and of (lively and tiaClable dil])ofuion : tiniie ol them
are black, but the piincipal part aie of a bioun, or olive
'comphxiiin ; they aie very tall, and their Icatures well
propoilimicd i their eyes arc large, and of a Ipaikling
bL> k, their noles rather high than liat, and their teetii
white and uniform.

In tlitii diiJKiiitions they are » folrcr temperate people,
and Icis addnaed to vices than the inhabitants of Luiope.
Ihey leUlom (|uir'el with each other ; but when luch
eiicnmftanees do hai'pm, they firft proceed to blows, and
as loon as their heat is allayed, either by thofe means or
the intervention ol eeniler rcafon, to which they arc very
ready to liHcn, they inimnliatelv fubmit to an ai bilration,
or lay tlie whole caufe of their cjuariel Ix-fon the ruler of
the i'lacr, and he who it declared lo have been in thr
vsrong, failhlully lUnds by the judgment of the ruler,
without grudge, muimuring, or ap|X'al.

Thcdiilsul the eoiiimoii people confilU of a kind of

frarf, wliuh hangs looic In in the Ihouldcr to the waift,

lioiu wtitiucllityl>»vea pair ol tuliou drawer* that uai h

5 1 w

:;»

I
(
1«ii-

: m I

l.ijii^ili i.. _

Pi!f«

A N1:\V COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

lit:

m 1

46i

to tlic anrklcs. The iKttcr Ion wrar a long vcft made
either of lilk or (olton, ami litil ulnmt the waift with a
rich girdk-. '1 he Udiit tin Is in iht lull iilks ami bro-
eadcs, and oin.iiiunt ilicir lna<ls vaiious ways; their
necks arc dccoi.itcd with chains, jcwtl-.., and other ciii-
licllifluiif nts, and in tlicir cars ihcy wear the richtft |icn-
dants. Both i'cxcs take particular pains with their hair,
which is the only ornament ihev have to their heads,
none liuf the emperors lx.ing permitted to wear cither cap
or any other cohering.

The woimn In general aijc very fiihfcrvicnt to their
Imlbands, cipccially thofe ot' the meaner Ibrl, who exe-
cute ihc iiioll ialxirioiis olfices of the family ; particularly
that of grinding all the corn ufcil in it, which even the
male llavcs wiii rclulc to do. Tins work is exceeding
hard, for as lluy have lui mills ihiy aie forced to grind
all by il'c hand, vihci'icr it be for Srcad or drink; and
this nii:ll be upe.ited every di,», for what Is made one
d.iv will ill f Ivue ihc iiexl.

Tiuy luoftly live in tents or camps, and remove from
CMC place to aiiotlKi aa bed fuit< their convenience j lb
that, rxcUibveoi afevv loval pulaeCj andancicnicliurchcs,
thfie arc few pulilie llruiUirCi or privau buildings to lie
met with. I iie liouii"^, or railier huts, that form their
campi arc wiileind iiK.iii bviiMinc', being made onlyot
latli ani! elav, .-iiid coviicd witliltr.wv. 1 heir furniture
iscijuallv mean with ihiir Imiies, eonfiiling only ol a
l.iige talile to lit ioun>l at ilieir meals, and a few tritiing
i.ttn(ils. The iiion wcillhy be upon touches, and
cover tluiiifilves w'tli tlifii up|>cr garmcnls, but the
piHM' r f>rl he tn mats ( n the giound, and wrap them-
ftlves up in tlie (kill'- I'f foilie btaft.

They are all veiy timp. rare in their eating, but are
far fioiii Uin^; nice in ilu elicice of their loo'i, for none
can Ik. well eoariir, or ii.oic dii^ulU'ul than theirs, even
aiming the beliei (v'lt ; ii gimrally confiftsof « peace of
llelli, wlueli IS iKimtinies |)ail)oiicd, but for the moft
part i[uitc law : this le it rNcil up on an apas, or cake ot
liicad, ground and iiiailc by the women, of wheat, piale,
millet, t<lV, and other loit* ot grain, accordmg to their
citciiinftances, fo tliat ilin apas ferves them not only
inAead ol a dilb or plate, hut likewifc inlUad of a nap-
kin or tablc-eloih, neither ol wliich they ever ufe at
tlicir tables. W hen they lK)il mutton or chickeni to
make biotli, they lieivc it up in blaek earthen porringers,
covered with wjiat they call efcainbias, which are like
caps made of line Aiaw. I liofe of the greaicft quality
have no iKtter than thclc at their tables, and the older
they aic the more they value ihcm. (he faucci they
uie to their meat are no lefs dilagieeablc than the llclli
itfelf, being chietiy butter turned into oil, with which
arc mixed fome ingrcelients, whofe talic and fiiiell are
Ibdifguftful, that no ftrangcr cancat with them, nut even
a Spaniard or a Portuguete.

i'heir greatcfl regale is a piece of raw beef brought in
recking warm from the Uart ; and if they in\ite com-
pany to eat will) them, the whole ijuartei is leived up at
once, with plenty ot lalt and pep|H'r. i'lii' gall feivcs
inftead of oil and vinegar. Some add an ingredient
called malta, which m made of what they draw out of
the paunch of the ox or cow. This thov flew Ionic
lime on the fire, with J>ep|xr, fait, and lliced onion,
liefore they bring it to table, which, when covered with
fucli a large piece of warm r<w l*ef, is efteciiicd by them
a mod delicious repaft. 1'his dilli, however, can only
lie piirehal'ed by the rich, on account of the l>cp(ier,
which in this country is veiy fcarec and dear.

Tlicy are exceeding tiltliy in their manner of eating
their vifiuali ; it is elleemcd amongll them a piece ol
high breeding to gobble large pieces, and to make as
much nolle at they can in chewing their meat ; it b( ing
a common faying aiiiongft them, " I hat nunc but Ug-
garly wretches cIk w their meat only on one lidc ; and
none but thieves and roblierseat without making a luiile."
However, it niuft be obferved that they have one cleanly
cufloiii at their meals, which is always to walh thvir
hands before Ihcy tit down, Ixeaufc they lake up iheir
vid\uals with their fingtri ; and thofe ol high tank are
(till more nice in thtl paiticular having ihcir meat cut
into piecei, and conveyed to t)>eir niouthi l)y ihcir iiiuft
tavouriie attendants,

'1 hey never df ink till they have twilhed theiroieali,

holding it as a proverbial maxim, that it is itioft proper
" liirt to plant, and then to walcr ;" but after their
meals they give a loofc to ditTipation, and fomciimcs, et-
peciallv at ieafls, drink to the greatcfl excelii. Their
general liijuor is li.ead, the manner uf making whivh is
thus : they lake live or fix quarts of water, anil one of
honey ; thefc they mix together in a jar, and throw into
it a handful of paiehcd barley meal, to make it feimeiit :
after this they put into it fome chips of .t wood calleil
fardo, wliich in two or three days takes c.lf the cloyini;
taftc of the hoiiey, and makes itvriy wh(>lclome ami
palatable. They have alio a kin<l of beer made of bar-
Icy meal, with which, inftcad of hups, they mix fome
intoxicating drugs.

The laws of this country allow of polygamy, liut the
canons of the church foibid it; lo tUat thole who in-
dulge thcmfclves in it, arc only punillied by lieing exclu-
ded from the holy communion. All their mariiages
niutl be celebrated liefore a pi it ft, his I'cnediflion l>eing
eflecmed etVentially ncceliary. 'Ihc previous cireinoniis
arc very trilling, the parties only engaging to cohabii and
Join their ftocks together, as long as tlity likeeaeh othir ;
but. If any ditlctt nces alterwanls arifc, they lliall lie at
liberty to part. 'I his, added to the confenl of the pa-
rents, and the interchange of a few piefents, toiuluiies
the contract, anil llie p proeecd to the duor <.f iht

church, where they are i. .ly ihe prieft, who peiloriiis
the ceremony, and billows on tliem his bliilirg. I his
cuftom ol tl e pnili meeting and ii'iii jing ihe candiil.ilts
at the ehuiili iloors, is ceitainly ul uieal antiiinly, ami
has I een iiicil in sanous nalions ami by pcilon^ ol sery
oppofite leligleus piricatieiis. In paiiicuiar, liiuetliing
of ihiskinil was loiiiitily prafliieil in Ivngland, as apjuars
by the following iliftlch, wntien by ol'i Lhaucer, in hit
" Wife of Hath :"

She was a woiiliy woman all ber life,
Hulbands at the church door had ihe had live.

From the conditional engagements made by the parlies
l>efore marriage, it is little to lie wondeiid at that eillier
one or thcollicr tbould be Irequently detirous ol obtain-
ing a divorce, which, though reckoned unlawful, ex-
cept in calc of breach of conjugal tldclity, is yet very
readily granted, even whcie no fuch plea is fo much as
pretended. The realbns they chlctly uige tor lolu iting a
divorce, are the want of ihildien, a mutual dilbkc, or
bodily intirinities ; in all which lales each haih the pri-
vilege of abrogating the mariiage eontiaft. VV hen eilhrr
parly has obtained |irrmil!iun from the prieft to Ik di-
vorced (which is leldcui denied) ihcy next petition lor
a licence to rontiafl a new marriage, and this is as rea-
dily obtained as the ilivorcc ; but in fuch cafe the parly
is liable to be excluded for Ibmc time fiuiii the commu-
nion, according to the diltretion of the prieft.

When cither party has been guilty of infidelity, they
generally atljuft the matter by making fuch prelints to
the |ierlon injured as the latter thinks a fullicient eoiii-
penlation for the otFcncc commiiled : but where bieli a
compotition cannot lie agicid on between the injuiir aiil
injured, if the man lie the oliendei he is punillieil by pay-
ing a tine, which is appropriauJ to the ufe of the wile :
it the woman ollends i)ie isiondcmmd to lule all her
goods, and to go out of her hiilbaiid's hoiile in a lapgid
ilrefs. With au expitli prohibition never In ciiiic iiiio it
again ; and all that Ihi is pcriiiitled In lake w ilh her is a
lowing- needle, by wliiih llic may lie enabled to get l.ir
livelihood.

The paramour of an adultrefs, ifconvifled, is only
punillied by a tine ; and if he u unable to pay ii, he li -
comes a flavc to the hulband nil he can eiilui niaain the
money, or has coinpenfaicd for it by Kisnude.

They have but fewecreiuiMiies in ihe init iinriii ul ilieir
dead : at fuon as the jicrloii has expiiid he is imiiifiliatily
wallicd, Iprink led with holy watei, ihen wiappci! up in »
llleel, and laid on a bier, Wlitii this is ilum, lie k a-
iioiis order a grave »i) be made, iiiio whieh, as u on as
tinillied, the lieidy is lialbly lairicd andilir<'»n, wiiio
I be piiitl reads the feiviei , and the grave is iiiiiiiKliaiely
lilliil up. 'Ihc relatuini U-wail thcii iols by ihe ii ^ |1 hi-
deous lamentations, and by laying ihemliUes tiat i<i: the
giuuiul, and iH'aiingthemfelvesw illi gieal violence ii^a;i ll
It. The I'uiierali ui lUc im|[Ktori and grandees are |ki -

futmcd

witli .
(roiB ,
gre.'t [
of Gi|
lUnda
and dl
ail)' ^iiF

P<-'"l-'l
TKelir

AFRICA.]

A B Y S $ I ISf 1 A.

4*i

formed with i;rcnt pomp arnlmr.Ciiilircricp*, and are ac-
coinpanicil Willi .ili ilifiiiliy/.a oi dicir ili(;niiy, and with
the niort Idkniii a;id dolcliil iniitio, whirii is in a inanner
«liowncd liy tlicluud I'tiij.indlatiKnlatitinsof t!ic retinue.
Hut they ulc neillai lun-lics nor any otlier iiglils, eillu.r
in the proctiriuii, or in the church.

'I he common piuple chieily employ tlitnifelvcs in til-
ling the eround, killing uf oxen, cows, 2'oais, liorlis,
inuUs andcanirU; and the hitter fort in mer>.handi7.e siiid '
the ufe of arms. 1 hry have few manufa£turi.s anioiigft
them, the principal being only tvcavcru and (iiiilhs ; and
though their country is well calculated for the produce of
fsvcral advantageous a.ticlcs, particularly linen and cot-
ton, yet fuch is their natural indolence, (hat tlicy manu- '
fafturc no more of it than will jiift ferve their prclent '
w.ints. Tlicir liiks, brocades, velvets, carpets and otJicr \
cortl^ (luffs, aic hiouglit to ihriii by the 'lurks, in ex- i
change for wliich they give them gold duft, eiticraldt,
and hnc horfet.

'Ihc fovcreij^ns of tliiscnipirc have ever Ixen fenfiblrof ,
the ;',iiat advanugis a variety of trader would be of to
their dominions; but it fi-Tiiis they dare not force their i
lul'jcflslo wliatil-.' y would deem an inl'iipportal)ItlUvi,ry. |
'I'lu, .nppcars iviilent from llic httcr wliich David, one j
of liicir iiionai\lis, lent to Jo!m 111. of Portugal, where-
in he Jcfiud fii.n to f(;nd over to him foine armourers, '
cutlci"., arrhitifts, cai|.ciinii, iiialons, (joiiifmiths, mi-
ners, biickiaycs, .iiul jewcllcis. Uy the churclies and
fuluT ruinatcil builiiir.j;*, tlu-y ftvni, mdenl, as if they
had hertti'iou e.icuur.igtd .veliinitiue; but the worWtiicn
th.il did ihciu wi le lent tor trom other countries, and
W< re forcid to do all themrflvis ; fo that whin thole fa-
brics wire reairj, ihc piopic flocki d from all parti of the
eiiipire to view ijiem, and ailmiitd ihuii as new wonders
ol the world. W e liavc only lo cblervc, on this fubjcft,
that the few trades they have amongft thtni arc always
conveyed iVoai the talher lo the Ions.

'I'lic Tuii.s, bilides iilks, bux-ades, Jcc. mentioned
a'.Hjvc, brinj; the ••.';yiiiiir ns leveral (brts of fpiccs, and
amongll th.ni pepper. The lart article is the inoft covet-
ed by them, tor which rcalbii the T'uiki take the advan-
tage by lixing lo high a price on it, that it can l)e only
puiciiafed by them that are very rich. In exchange for
llicle articles, tiic Turks receive fkiiis, furrs, leather, ho-
ney, wax and ivory.

As this empire contains a niiiiiberof kingdomsand pro-
viiiics, lo a proportionate variety of l.nnguages may lea-
f.)»alily he expefled, moll of which are only known to
tluml'eives. I'lie J. ws that ftill rnnain here I'peak a
kind of Hebrew, but exceeding noirnpt : and the Vloors
ulc iheir own, Arabic, but no hfs Ihort of the purity of
their anticnl tongue, livery province, and ainioft dif-

• To give the reader a proper Idea of the Colcnin mig-
nilici-nte uleJ at the funerjii of the AbylTinian moinrihs
s»e Ibtil pirfcr\c the fnllotving defciiption of tlic iiiiir-
mcnt of the cniperor Scgutd, ti given by Father KniaiiucI
(]c AlniiJi, who was a principal alTillant at the ciicinony :
" 'I'he bod) , lays he, w.i> placed on a iquarc bier, or I cJ,
will) Heps 10 aleeiiu lo ii, which had been m:ide by an
EMVptian. He was cloiticd in hii royal robes, and covered
SKith a palt of ricli i.ilfriv nf feveral colours, and convcyrH
from Uacanz, whetc the imperial .^tffiip then \<as, lo ilie
l^re-'t church called C'.nieia Jcl'u, in a town in ilie knigdoin
of Uojam. The loi^ie waj piecedcd liy all llie iinpeiiil
llindarli, not inverted as uiih lis in hurop.-, but upright,
and difplayin^ ihcir vanuu< colours in (he air, hut without
any aiais or devues. On each lide of iheni marched Icvei.il
pe'^le with keitle >!i uia<, hradng in a foKnin niaiihrr.
riicle were follo*id In- Ionic lew of (he lincll hoilciwhuh
be ul'ed to ride ti/on, v^iili their ridtill luinilute. and ar-
te ded hv (he iiiipiiial nioi-mf. Nixt to ihile came (lie
p.it^e^ and other fcrv':int*, rarrving (he iinpciKd robes, and
ij'.lier oinaments : one earned nis vill, another hi> f»(iiJ,
and a third his crown ; othcii ids lalh-lif ld^, jjiclin, tar-
prt, fee. Thrfe were Inquenily (akcn liuin (hen) liy turns
bv proper offiters, who ihewed (hem (0 the people, in order
10 cxcKC their tears ; among whom even the empnls lier-
Iclfmanhe.l a eo-lidcr.ibic Ip.iee, wearinj; his crow n upnil
her head. Koth Ihe and ' er daughters, and other pi inccilcs
ol the blood, w^th their aidndant ladies, rode on ihiK",
>vith thiir i.e .d- :!iJved, and a ribband, oi flip rf «lint
I'v'th, about i.o inches bro*d, tied a>on( ihiiii, iheemi.
)i:iM^iiig i ehii d. Tiie leraainocr ut the rcrinue aH'ri^K'd ui
appeal in t; » eicll .-.ijjr-d and dii'y t.if.fi", j- th.- i.icl!

IrlA, liath its own clialci^ : that wiiich is ufed at courtj
and amongft the polite, is the fame as fpokcn in tl.u
kingdom of Ainhara, and more or lei's corruptly in other
provinces. That, however, fpoken in the kingdom of
Tigra, comes nearcft to the old Ethlopic. I his laft
almod retains its priftine dignity, and is flill in ulc not
only in all their religions and learned books, in the em-
peror's letters patent, and .^1I their records, but in their
liturgies and religious worlliip.

I'ne religion of the Abyllinians is a mixture nf Clirif-
tiaiiifin, Judailin, Mahomelanifm and Paganil'm ; but
the former is by far the mod prevalent, and, as it were,
the cftabliflied one of the country. 'I'liey pretend that
it was introduced by the famous eunuch of Candacc,
who, as they affirm, was queen of this vaft einjiire ; as

iiidaifm had formerly been by another ijucen called
lakqda, who, they faid, received it from king oolotiion.
Th'»s, however, they have only by tradition ; :\nd though
inileed we read, in Adls viii. 27, ^c. of fuch ati eunuch
being baptized by Philip, yet wliether he converted only
fome part of the nation, or whether it afterwards apof-
tatized in part from it, certain it is, that in l!:- .jth cen-
tury the great St. Athanafms, then patriarch ot Alexan-
dria, was obliged to lend thither Fru.Tient:,, whom he
conlecrated biiliop of it, and who foon alter, converted
the greateft part of tlic'hation : from wliicli time llierc
hath always been, and ftill is, a great number of monks
and religious men all over the empire.

About a century ago the Romilb milTionarics got fiicli
footing in this country, that tluy were veiy near tfta-
blilhing their religion in it, having fo far ingratiated
themlUves with the emperor and his court, as to obtain
a proclamation from that monar-h in their favour, allow-
ing, it not enjoining, the Abyflinians to embrace the
doftrine of the Kotiian church. The pei>ple, however,
proved lo tenacious of their old religion, that adreailful
inlurrcflion enfued, wliich was not ijueiled without much
blooddud. I-inding, therefore, their fiift attempt fo
ftrenuoully oppol'ed, and the Ihotking confeipiences that
had attended it, they forlxjrc making a fecond ; and the
people were more than ever confirmed in their antient
rites. I'.vcn the emperor, who had llicwed himlelf fo
zealous a prolelytc of the church of Rome, found him-
lelf o'lligcd to return to his former belief, ami to give
free liUrty to all his fubjefts to do the fame, and to" re-
gain the ainioft loft affeflion of the people, ordered all
the Roman miirionarics to depart out of his dominions;
fincc wdiich no far'her attempt has been made to convert
them to the Roman Catholic perfualion.

I he Abyllinians now own thcmfelves fubjcft to the
Metro|iohtaii ol Alexandria, t1 .'ugh they do not admit
ol any order amongft them fu|K'rior to that of a prelby-

expreflive iiurks of teal grief and mourning, efpeeiall
black, at ■ "
cut cicfe.

black, and folluwcd in the tear, with (heir hair Iikew

" riicrc were no candles carried in the proccllion, nor
lijjhtcd in the church, as is dune in that of the Kcniilh,
hut miieii V. eepingand hnwling heard in boih : at the church
door (he corple was nic( by hx or feven monks who lung
(hen plaliii'^iind hallelujahs till the body was iiKerred. On
the iiexdiiatning (he whole cavalcade tr^urned (o Daneanz ;
and, as iuon as (hey came ui(hin light ui (he inipetial
cam|', beyan (o marlhal thernlrbc" in the lanit order (lie»
liad ;joiH' 111 the day befoie, hiinging ihc empty biet with
thcin ; by the lide of nhich inde an ullicet on a mule, clad
in the impffial rohes, and wearing the imperial crown,
an umbrella held over hi^ head, and in all other rel'petls
repielenting the decrared emperor. Ucfore him marched
anuthrr, with that nonari hV helme( and javelin, mounted
on hi^ bell hurle and hi;; licliell aceou(rcineu(s. On (heir
appro.ching mar Uanean?.. (hey were met by four or Ave
bodies it aimed (toops, and otiiei perfons of rank belong-
ing (o the cuuK, wiiu received (hem with the moll dillin-
l^uiflied tokens ol grief, and proceeded with them to th*
new cinpt tor's pa\diun. Here again they renewed (heir
lamcn(a(inn< lot (he decearidall the time they were alight-
ing, when luaie of the hrll minilleis oT Hkc, and o(h(r
noblemen, attended by DiegedcMa((osand niyfelf, enteieii
the largi; ((III where Faciludus (he new emperor uas, and
cnndnucd ihe l.inie mounful lamentadnns near (he fpaes
of (uohnuii; which being ended, (he whole ceremony
w.ii (urni'd in(o looilarelama(ions and cjngiatulaioiy ptay-
rr« for the new mm. arch, who was crowned foen after witK
ihc ii^ullomed ccrcmaiici."

ttr,

1- ■

tiji

}

I i:

I : ?l

404

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

tcr, excepting ilicir Aliuiin, 01 lulTragaii to the Alexan-
drian i>aii larcli. 'I'licy main inany ot' tlic Jtvvilh ctrc-
iiionif., as we'll as ionic oilm v<ry ablurJ and lupeifti-
tioiis maxims, liny fiiciiMKilc tluir male cliildicn,
aiiJ have ieseial ways ot Iwim/ing tlitm. 1liey keep
tlic Satutilay, or li'vuiih, as well as the Sunday, or
firft, and aliUain from t'«ini's Rclli, hlood, and tilings
ftranplcd : lluy alio olikive other cciiiiiunies, which
though thcv pretind to be only antient culluins, and to
liepalorniid on no religious aci ount, yet greatly fa-
vour of the old Jewllli leavin. In otlar thing? they
Iiold the 1'criptuve to lie the only rule of f.iith, and the
canon of it to conlift of 85 hooks, vvhcitof 46 belong
to the o'.d, aiul the rift to the New Teflament. 1 hey
arc but im|icrfei.1ly verftd in the ajiollles erceil, and
in lieu of a i le (lie Nleene, or rather Conftantinopo-
litan. They ai know ledge the emperor to be fupruiic
in all matters as well crcUli.iltieal as ci\il, 1 hey rejeft
the ilcftrine of tranluMbimiatioii, purgatory, divine ler-
vice in an unknown tcnj^ue, auiieular eontellion, the
uIl I'f iinagts in ih.- elii.ieii, celibacy of putils, extreme
unftion, fsc.

Tlr.ir religious worftiip coniins chiefly in reading the ,
hi;!y f nptures, v<ilh loiiie lorts of homiiies and bnging '
of palms; all whiih liuy perfonii with guat dcemcy |
and divi-tion, .'.iid wtil.ci.i any liiii-g ol that poiiij) and,
ceremony whicli is ulsi. in ihe eliunli ot Koine. T he.
viiliiunts ihev nfc in iluine firsice a;e fuited 10 the dig-
r.liy ol t!c prrlon tiiat oHieiales, but aregriaily Ulterior]
to iliole worn by I e Koinilli piiells. Inftcad of the]
alba, or wliite liiun grtriueai, ulld bv t'lc laittr, they I
li.ne alunii, uhiili they puicliafei;f ilie I uiks, and isgi- 1
mrallvold i'ndllncadl.aie. They uti. iKitlur girdle,llole,
iraiiip'e, I'i.. as tliole ol the Romiih church do ; and as
to ileir tlial'uhile, or upiier garment, it is niueh nar-
rower than theirs, and tiaiis atmut half a yard on tlie
g;uuntl.

I hey go to tlicir chunhcs I'Climcs, and never enter
t!uni without taking ort" their (liocs, niithcr ilo iIha lit
down, excipt on the I are uioiind. T hey carcluh) ob-
Icrvc the houi ol piayir, and even the xery |Kalant» will
leave their uoik and attend thdl duty btlorc they have
broke thin lads. In a uoid, the generality of theinex-
prtls, in many rifpefls, a deep leine of religion, and
arc much inrlined to the giving cf alms, viliting the
fick, and other ujgious iluiics.

Before we quit tins lubjefl, it niay rot i)c impiopcr
to take notice of the dilierent ori'iij of the Abvllinian
cleipy. '} he moll dignilicd of theic is the nbuna, or
patriarch, who is wholly lubjefl to that of Alexandria,
as all the retl of the cler>:y are to linn. Mis office is
very luerame, lor having no billiops undir hlni, nor
any other pirioii to contioui him, l.e diijioies of all dif-

K ■Illations, wliiih biing himvery ) icuniary emolument?,
e has likiwili the lole piivilif^eol ori'ainiiiL', which
a'lo piiKluies a coi.fidciable ineoiue, liw being received
into holy orders wiihout a previous oikring to obtain
tliein adjiiitt.iiice, Inliihs tliefc advantages he has alio
c. 1 tain lands aliigned him in the kingdoms of Tigra, {io-
..-111, and Daiiiiiea. '1 he tuft of thtfe is computed to
liiii.; Iiini in 4> or i;o ounces of geld per annum : ihofc
1 1 i loiaiii and Dainbea aHbrd him a more than lutlicient
«p, amity of pionlions lor his table, the remainder of
wiialil.c difpules of to his own profit. To thefe may
be iihii added, a kind of public gathering of lalt and
I lotli, wliicli IS annually innde for him tlnoughout the
tn^piie-, and .iinounts i > '.'cifideialilc value; all which
put togcth.r make up a veiy hirgc revtn'jc, and the more
lb as the lands aic free from .,11 taxes to the cm|Kior.

The nc\t ord;r of eccliliaftics, and who are held in
pteai eflcein, aie iholl called IJebiaias. Thele are nei-
ther piM fts nordeacnn«, I ut a kind of |i\villi Icvitis, or
cliaiiutois, who uft.^ at all public othecs of the churih,
and whole head, 01 ihperior, calltd UaitaCiuyta, haili
the rare and direflie>n of the facnd pavilions in the iin-
iKiial camp. Ai tli. fe boaft themlelves of |ewilh ex-
traclinn. they pjetend, b\ the foiigs, dances, and Irat-
in;' of tlicir dmms, to im tate the lervice of the Iiwilh
taiieinacle, rnd temjile of Jerulaliin, anil the daciiig ot
king David l.fi'r,' tl e iik. Thele deliatai. is always ai-
teiiiT on grand fcfta.ils, when tlicy l<cgin llirir miilii and
dancing long beloii day, and loiitiiiue it tiUuooi), with-
(i.a uppeanii^ lu k in ilie kaft fatigued.

The koiiios arc the ncn in order, and in point ot
dignity follow the abfura. V.very parochial chunh luili
one ol tliefe, who is a kind ot hagiimanus, or archipi,;.
byter, and hath all the inferioi priclls and deacons, .is
Wsll as the lecular afFaiii of the pariftt, under hit erne
and government : ami as ihey have no bifhops over tliein,
they prefidc in chief at divine fcrsiw, diftribute the It -
veial otfices of the inferior clergv , ^iid reconcile tlicir
dil'putes. The olliec of the inferior priefts is to fupply
the place of the koiiios whtn ablenr, .id il preleni, lo
alTift him in the divine lervice, to b.ipii/e, marry, vilit
the lick, inter the dead, and perform oilier religious
duties.

The dearons arc the laft order of the pritflliorj and

likewilc allift at divine lervice, thourji in a lower IfAirc

than the priefts ; and Uitli have then pioper olliei. Vi d

i veftmentj when they oliiciate. Thisoidu isroiifeirtd

I by the ahuna on the emperor, princes, rrandees, and

i even on their children ; not that they may liavi tin pri-

i vilegc of oiliciating as I'urh, but only to alhft at the divirc

fervice, and leecive the communion in the chancel wiili

the clergy, aud be li parate from the laity, who always

ftand in the Ixjdy of the church.

All thefc orders aie allowed to marry, and may even
fo alter they have hem ordained piirlls. 1 heir Ions ami
arc allowed to fuccced tin in in their eluireli brnetiees.
In general, however, they are a", exi rpt the abuna, ex-
ceeding |k>oi, infomueh that they au obliged 10 ajiply
tlieillfelvi'S to ialKHir and iiuluftry, hut cluelly to laiin-
ing fnd pad ut age ; all v»hieli lendeis them lilsrilpiitid
than the clei^^y in other countries, elpecially lis tliey
wear no paiiieular dr< is, or other mark ol the pii.lliv
olliec, except alinal coils, w hich lie y carry in their hand
.~nd bids tl e people with, and a laiill round tapol any
colour, whuh they wear on tlu il luids. Neither hav.-
they the privilegesriijoyed by pi lelib ol many other coun-
tiies, be'ngluljtfl to be punillied by the lay inagillr.icy
in the lame manner as fccular pcrlons, lliould tlieyeoni-
mit any thing derogatory to tiie laws lu their country.
.Moll of their cliuiches appear to have been formerly
large andehgaiU ftrufturcs, but they are now lodccavid
that it is iinpollible to form apicpet idea oi their ori^iiud
niagniliccnce. The iiioft dillinguillinl, andwiiieh ilaiiii
the attention of all the curlou^, are the following one>,
vi/.. St. Emanuel, St. Saviour, St. Mary, the Holy Ciol's,
St. Cjeorge, Golgotha, Bethlehem, the MartMS, Mai-
corcos, and Lalibela. However incicdible il may ap-
pear, yet cert.iin it is, that ihcl'e tin cliurches wiie .ill
cutout of al'olid rock, by dint of the hammer and cliilicl.
The laft of litem liears the name of their founder, who
iK'ing defirous of having them executed, lent for a niiiii-
lier of woikmcn Ironi Egypt, and lo expeditioutly was
the uiidci taking carried on, that it is laid the whole weic
compUated in 24 years. A lliorl lime, conlideiing the
nuni!>er of them, and the ftatdy manner in which thiy
ate conftnflcd, Imng proportionable in all iheir parts,
as gates, windows, pillars, arches, channels, Nc.

Befides the churches, tliry arc many monalteries in
AbyfTinia, moft of which contain two chapels, one lor
the men and the other for the women ; but linw they
came to be inttorlured, and of what otder the liift loun-
ders of them were, is not known. y\t pielmt time ai ■
only tv^o difTercnt orders, who are called by the nanus
of their lounderi, viz. thole of Tikla Hawiianout, an
ot Abba Euflatius ; the foiincra native of Kthiopia. and
the other of Egypt. All the mi iiks belonging to thile
monaileries live in a very rieluli:aiid aLlleimous iwanner :
tlicir cells are very mean, liiing built only of clay and
covered with ftraw, and tin ii finiiituie within is eiiua'lv
ilefpicable : tlicy lie oniy u|ioii ir.;.ts on the lluor, anil
lollow every thing that is anlwenibie to a monalfic li!..
In their work ot tnortification they :oe leeuliar to tl,. lu.
Lives, lor inltead of lli. Ic pr.iflik.i by the monks ot
other countries, whicii |Krli..ps lailici llir.nilate than
damp the flilliy appdilis, tlicy plunge themlelves into
thecoldeft rivus, andioiitiiiuc in tliiin, wlththc watcruij
to their chin, for feveial liours together ; and this kin,i
of mortification they piaflil'c even in the coldcft weather.
I hey have all of them thcprivikgi of lairyirga crols in
their hands, and blcfling ti e people ; tin f ' ol tie al,b<.ts
01 liiperior orders ol convents arc dlftinguilliid iroiii tho
rill by Ixing itiuih Inrgcr > .d knur lliaped ; aiid whui
they go abioad are uluahy earned bitcre tlum by f,,„ii,

inferior

AFRICA.]

ABYSSINIA.

40$

•M n

inferior monk, as a token of their dignity. Such as \nx-
fcivca life of celibacy arc much iiioic clUcmiil than
thoi'c wlio marry ; ami arc often, cfpi-xially ihcir n!i-
liots, fonfultcd l>y tlic cnipcior in matters rciiiiing to ilu-
welfaic uf tlie llatc.

SECT. MI.

0/ thi Gtviftimitit of Abyffinia with tht pnver and
grandeur cj the Emperor ; their lawi, punijhmenli, (sfc.

'T'HE government of Aliyllinia liath ever been iiionar-
■*■ chical and ilcfpotic, unilcr an emperor, wlio hath
always rlali.n I an alifolulc right over the lives and pro-
perties of his ful)jc£ls, and hath prellrved an uncontroul-
ahlc atithority in a'l matters ui well eeclel"anical as ci-
vil. There nrver wer^- .iny wiittcn laws formed fjr the
govcrnineiit of this empire, much lei's .I'ly to lertrain
the abfolutc power of the monarchs ; lb tliat their will
liath ever Ix'cn the uni\'eU'al law.

The emperor of .Abyfliiiui pride-, liimfelf, on a like
fuppof.lion prefi rved by his anoeflors, of bein^ defend-
ed by lineal fiicceinon from Merriltheck, or Davi ', the
fon of the great Solomon kiiig of 1 Vael, by the queen of
Shcba. In confequcncc of thi< l-.e aliumes feveral vain
and pompous tiili s, fueh as, the BiloviJ of Gixl ; the
OfFspriiij; of Judah ; the Son of David ; of Soloiium ;
of the Pillar of Sion ; the Seed of Jacol) ; of trie line of
Mary ■, of Naliu after the llelb ; of t^. I'cttr and Paul
after the fpirit, \c. fit. He liki.wil"e beais in his anus
the lion of the tribe of Judah holding a crofs, witli lliis
infcriplion in Kthiopic : Tht lion of tht trile ofjuduh is
ctnquiror.

The refpefl paid to him by his fubj^fVs is aniucrahle
to the titles and dignity he prclervis, none of tlum
daring to appioach liini wiiiimit lliedcrpcft marks of
fubmidlon, and fucli as arc iiiiie interior to thofc lliewn
to Indian monarchs. He docs not, indeed, aifeft, like
them, that inajeft!>. piece of gramlcur of Ixini; feldom
fecn by his lubjcfls, for he will often lliew liimfclf to
them in public, and even admit them into his prcfence;
but this is always done with the grtatift I'oleinnity, and
thofc who are thus far honoured aie obliged to fall pro-
flrate on the ground before liiiu, and kils it as they ap-
proach his perlon. They alfo pay adoration to him even
in his abfcnce, for they never hear his name mentioned
without bowing their iKxIics very low, ai.d touching the
ground with tluir hands.

Tlic emperor, like his fubje^s, lives aIto';ether in
tents, and removes from pUce to place. He is always
followed with a numerous retinu.', and his camp lakes
lip a great track of ground, as lit. court i> very numerous,
and attended by a conliderable guaul beildes common
foldiers and the vaft cumbers of fiutleis who fu|)ply
them with all neccllaries. This Ip.ieioiis camp is lo
well laid out tliat it looks like a large city compofed of
many handfonic ftrects. in the center of 11, or on fomc
convenient eminence, is the imperial | avilion, .tnd about
it thoteof the emprcl's, the royal laiiuly, lords and ladies
of the court, \c. in Tome parts of the camp are ftately
tents adapted, inflead of churches, for the performance

of divine fervice ; tluii are very large, ami elegantly
adorned both within and without. In other part. >^\ the
camp arc marketplaces for the iaic of piovilion-, is alio
courts of judicature, and other tribunals of juftice.

When the emperor removes his camp from one place
to another, w'tetherin time of peace 01 war, he is al-
ways attended by his a/.aipies and chitf iiiiniftcrs. He
wears a kind of cap or hat, ni.ule after ti.c Indian man-
ner, on the top of \\ liicli is a cioun fonm ' of gold anJ
lilver, and embellillKd with pcarli. In imies of w.n
great order is obfcrved in marching : the army is ordered
to keep dole, the vaivguard and rear ihawing up dole
to the main liodv ; the wings fpnad theml'elves out, and
the emperor keeps in the center with Ins guauls, great
otticcrs, ladies, tec. At other times little order is oh
fcrved, excepting that there is always a n!im!>cr of war-
like inftruincnts, and a pioper guard uiaidiing Uforc
and after the emperor.

The fuccdiion to the crow n of AbyfTwiia is hcnditary,
l)Ut it is not ablolutely tieil to the primogeniiure, foi
the emperor, if he pUafes may fit adde his cUleft Ion,
or any other, and leave it to fueh one as he "thinks moll
deitiving of il.
36

This privilege has heretolorf proved the caufe of much
j' alouly and iiiifunderAanding among the young princes,
and fomctimcs produced long and etuel «ars between
them. And it is fuppofed that this rave rife to a cuftom
that was long preferved in this empire, of lonlining all
the princes of the blood to the lortiefs o.- rock called
Ainba Cicujcrn, where they were kept under fueh a very
rtrifV guard, that no creature belonging to the court was
permilled to come near their, j nor could any mellagcor
letter be conveyed to them till it had •indergnnc the exa-
minatifin of their jailors, whole bulinefs it w as to keep
them under the ftriiSteft and fevereft dilVlplinc ; neither
were they permitted to have any other c!in'v s than thofc
worn by the common people, led a more iliftinguillicJ
drefs lliould infpiie them with ambitious thoughts.

Father Telle/, has furnidied us '.siih the following
anecdote relative to the behaviour of one of thef.' jaylors
in the above particular, and theconduifl of the piintc 10
him after his advancement to tlie tlujne : " One of
thcfe guards, or jaylors, fays he, who was naturally
very rigid, obferving that one of thole young prince*
was better cloathcd than the rtft, and was more nice
and eaic*'ul in his drefs, not only f.verdy repiemandtd
him for it, but tore it oflhis bai k ; .nnd tlircattncd him,
that if ever he caught him again in fueh litiery, lie
would provide him a drels that would not pleal'e him.
Some years after, this prince was railed to thi- iiiijHrial
ll.oir , and ordered that guard to be buiught before him;
Willi, Miiing with a heait full of the dcepeft appieheii-
lion, i..rthimlllf at his feet, and lH.;;cd paiiion lor
what be h.ad formerly done to him. I lis feari, hov>evcr,
were fouii turned into joy and giatitude, for the I'rince,
bidding him rile, prcfcntcd him with a rich (uit, and a
gold bra>:eht of great value, and ihfiiiiircd him with
worils to this eflefl : " You did vour duty a> bcc.niic
you, aiiil I am highly plealid witli it ; and as you have
I'erved my father lo faithfully, lb I doubt not you will
do the fame by me : rctura 10 vour form:r charge."'
This behaviour, which afterwards made thole guards
more rigid and I'eveie, plainly evinces, that though thu
pr.nce might think his condition hard wliiid under that
cruel reftraint, yet he did not d. ciii it politic or lale,
now he was on the throne, to mitigate any |>art of that
leverity and harlli 'onlinement to which ti.eli: piineis
had been lo long fe jefl.

As the circumftr ices that gave rife to this unnatu-
ral cuflom are no lei- fingular than thofc which occ.ilion-
ed it to lie abrogated, we lliall, aa a matter of cu'iolity,
lay them before the reader.

This rigorous cuftom was intioduccil about the year
I 2(10, and took its rife as follows : the emiKror dying a
lliort lime before, bequeathed his dominions among his
Ions, of whom he had nine in number, with a rcltric-
lion that they lliould reign alternatly, every one hii
year, according to feniority. The voungdl of them,
being of an ambitious difpoliiion, could not have patience
to wait till it came to his turn to govern ; he eou!.' not
br'Hik the diftinftion made between thole of his brothers
who had governed, and thofc who were to govern, the
loimer bein; always fiated at an upjier table, whiUl he
and the others were obliged to put up with a lower ont,
and to walli their hands in anollur locm I'leaiile it w;.s
thought unfeemly lo to do before their lictttrs; all tliele
circumftancts joii'cd together inlpired tlic agitated prince
wiilia ddign to aholilli the lliiliuij; annual government,
and to graip it all into his own hs-nds. He found, Iiow-
cvir, tliat it wa^ dinic'ilr to crury on I'ui li a puijeft with-
out imparling it to Ibme friend ; and that friend louiul
it no leis dangercui to kdp his feci^t j fo that, iiillead
of I'ucciedi'ii:, he found hiiiifelf at lad eijtraiipcd in his
own fnarc. When it came near his turn to mount the
throne, as he was fludying proper meafures to fecurc all
his brothers in fome fu.h ftrong place as that of Amba-
Cieuxcn, his confident revealed the whole fccrct to the
t'lfn reigning brother, who liked the projeft fo well,
that he lent (with the projeflor, and all his other bre-
thren, under a ftrong guard, to that jdace, as the fitteft
for his pur|Kife : loon after which, growing jcilous of
his own lonJ, he fentthein alio to tiie lame difiiial con-
finement. Thcfe were tlie circumdances th:it gave rilb
to this unnatural cuftom, which continued tu Ih; prac-
tiled for more than two centuries.

The uccifion uf this culloiii being aftci'wardi ahro-
5 K. gate a

I ,

; ,1

\ y

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV.

Ai '

31; '

406

gated was ai follows ; Naliod tlic prince then on the
throiu-, and tlic father of Oiiak Scguid, the laft prince
of thi> country, who came put of th.it dreadful confine-
ment, had a fon about eight or nine vear» old, of whom
he was exceedingly fond. A counfillor, ivho came to
ecu. t one day, feeing hiui fland by his father's iide, could
not forbear taking notice to the emperor, how big his fon
was grown ; whereupon the young prince, who had a
ready apprthcnfion above his years, was flruck withter-
Tor at the cxprcfllon, and fixmg his weeping eyes uoon
his father, faid in a moving tone, " What am 1 then
grown up for Amba-Ocuxen >" Thcfe words, and!
t'-e manner in which they were fpokc, made fo deep an]
imprttfion on the fatl-.ir, that he inimcdiately refolved j
•o ;;bolifl\ that inhuman cuflom ; and not only fwore I
liinifelf, but <.b!iged his counfcllors, and officers of tlie ;
court to do the lame, vi?. that no fon of his, nor of
any other emixror, thould thmccforrh be ryer confined
to that place ; which oath was afterwards fo faithfully
obfervcd, that no prince of the blood hath ever been fcnt
thitlur from that timo to the prd'cnt. It is much to be
doubted whcthiy any ihini; ltlsili;\n the txtrtmo grief and
tears of lb tender and young a prime could have prevailed
upon the emperor Nahod his father to have aholiftied a
cuftoin of fuch long ftamhng, and which had been, till
then, confidcrcd as one of tiie greateA fecuritics to the
reigiiiiij^ monJvch. Tlius we fee the happy confequen-
ces that ronicihnes arift frcm tliemoft unexpcfledcaufes.
Had it not Itcn for tender (or more properly fpcak-
ing, the fympathctic) feelings that were difplayed bv
this mere mfant, the princes of this vaft empire had fttll
lived in a fl.ite of bondage ; but certainly Providence here
intcrfeiid, and by the lips of tlic child, converted the
tlave into ihc prince.

Quickncfs of thought hath made and unmade kings,

And great effcf^s arilc from trivial things ;

A fiKultn turn inny rcvoKilion caufc,

And linall ctents rifi^nii a nation's laws :

■J'inih from the inDulh of innocence prevail.

Ami balKS futcced where mighty warriors fail :

h docs to Providence alone belong

'J"o make the weak'.fl overcome the ftrong j

Againfl the pride of man to aim the blow.

And in the race give eon jneft to the flow.

The Abyflinian inonardis indulge themfelvcj in hav-
ing a plurality of wives, the generality of whom arc the
daughters of the moft diftincuilbcd families in the em-
pire. The ceremonies previous to the nuptials, as alfo
the celebration of them, arc as follow : As foon as the
emperor has iniimatcd his defire of having the daughter
of I'uch a one in marriage, llie is immediately removed
from her parents to an apartment in the houfc of one of
hit! moft diftiiiguiflicd courtiers, where (he continues
fome time, the emperor vitiling her occafionally to form
a judgment of her mental as well as pcrfonal accomplifh-
■nents. If he is fatistied in thcfe particulars, a day is ap-
pointed for the celebration of the marriage, when he
fakes her with h'ni to church, from whence, after aflift-
ing in flu- divine fcrvice, he leads her to the imperial
pavilion, where the marriage ceremony is performed by
the abuna or chief prieft, in the prefencc of the whole
court. The emperor, as at other times, dines by him-
f'elf in his own apartment, and the in hers; but the
gutfts are fuinptuoutly entertained at tables provided for
them in tents, and the remainder of the day is fpcnt in
fellivity and mirth.

The bride does not receirc the title of emprcfs till
t>iiic time after marriage, according to the pleafur; of
the emiKror; neither is ilie perinittcd to dwell with hiin
in the royal pavilion, but has one afTigned her near at

• Father Tellti fays, " As hirlh as the word Jlavt may
ibund in our can, it is in fucbcemmon life imongil tlicm,
that even the cmptroi'i own kindred anil breilircn have it
given to them ; to that when he raifei any of them to any
dignity, fuch as iliai of viceroy, which is the bighcft un-
der him, their commilflon always runs, We have conftitu-
led — our (lave, viceroj;, or governor, &c. without giv-
ing ihem the title of brother or kinfman ; and well may
kc llyle them (I.ivcs, feeing (hey are all fuch to him, from
the highcll 10 the loweli j apd their landi, lives, &c. are
whelly at his dilpofal."

^ ViK

hand, from whence flie comes to the emperor at fycli
times as he thinks proper to enjoy her ciimpany. On
the day Ibe is to be inllallcd Itiijue, or eniprefs, ftic ap-
pears in his tent fcated on a couch near the impcri.i)
throne, on which the emperor fits likcwil'e, but higher
by one flcp : they arc both dienird in the ruliell nppaiel,
as are alfo the nobles and 1!'^ . is of his ccuit, '^ Wt AhA
at the ceremony. Ori ;.::■: u<'. n)aHr, one of liisdij.'-
nitied chaplains gix-s jit p; i le tent, and itandiii; on u
chair, proclaims her en. j.. . 1 'du '' wki'I;., /tim^efna
dmguettra Jhim, that i«, H ,,1: tntaint,! our jlave •• to
rtign; ox Thi king halh a .nuJ his firvanl jutfii. 'i In,
is immediately anlwered iiy the loudcft arclamaiions nf
the people ; after which Ihc receives her i!:_^iiitied title < f
ltiqt(e, or emprcfs, and this flic rctnins (Uiiin;^ the it-
inaiadcr of her life. The cmprtllis ntvei receive the
ceremony of coronstion, unlefs it happens that the em-
peror dies without ill'iu, and in ih.iteafc it talis to ihtii ,
when they receive not only thai honour, but arc lolily
invefled with the imperial dignity-
No perfon whatlbever is pcniiiited to fte the cmptror
cat, except the pages that attend him, who cut his vii-
tuals into bits, and convey them to his mouth, for he
confiders hinil'clfof too much importance to be at the
trouble of feeding himfelf : even the eniprefs is denied
that privilege ; and when he gives audience to (oreigii
ambalt'adors, he is concealed lichind acuitain, lu that
they may hear, l*it cannot (ec him.
I The chief officer bclon;;iiig to the cmpcior is called
Rafh, who is gencralifllnjo of all his lurccs : be hiitli
I under him two officers, one of \vlK>m is ftilcd Bellati
I nochc CJoyta, that is, lord of the lervaiits, and is a kind
I of high ftcwaid : his power extendi not only over all tin;
I viceroys, governors, and generals of the army, but alfu
over the a/agucs and umbiires, who are the civil judg(»
I of the empire. The other officer is filled 'I ahali, tli;it
] is lord of the Itfler fcrv.inls : he is only a kind of un-
I dcr fteward to the king's lnulhold, which is commonly
i compofed of men of leller rank.

1 he viceroys and governorsof the kingdoms and pro-
vinces arc, as Ixfoie obterved, under the Hell.itimxhc,
as arc alio the miliiary commanders and civil magiflratis,
or judges. All thefe hold their fcveral courts of judica-
ture, in which caufcs, whether of a civil orciiminal
nature, are brought and decided. Thole of a martial
kind have martial officers to prefide over them ; but the
others are tried before the civil judges, who arc called
umbares, or chairs, kcanfc they alone are allowed n>
fit, the plaintiff', defendant, &c. bein^ obliged to Ram'.
Both plaintitT.ind defendant plead their own caule ; the
former fitft flates his complaint to the court, and when
the latter has anlwered to the allegation laid againfl
I him, the judge, after commanding filence, adtlrefTei
himfelf to the court, and afks their opinion, when the
I majority of voices determines the caulir, and fentcnce is
I immediately pronounced. In fomc cafes the fentcnce is
I without appeal, but in otliers it may be removed to n
I fupcrior court ; as firfl, to the viceroy or governor ;
; thence to the Bellatinnche, or lord high ftewaid ; ami
I laflly, from him to the cmpeior.

In capital offences they have three forts of punilTi-
' ments ; the firft of which is burying the criminal alive,
which they do by digging a large hole, putling him into
it upiight, and then hlling it with earth up to his
mouth: after which they cover the head with ihoui.
and briars, and over the whole lay a heavy (lone. I lio
feeomi is, by 'xaling the criminal to death wilh tliiik
clubs : and the laft and iiiofl coniir.on is, by pitic-
iiig them through the bodiet with their aflagayc) uc
lances.

When a man is accufed of mt'rder, anil it cannot l)e
fufficiently proved againfl him, all the liihabitanls of tlie-

Thc fame writer fays, " But as little underv.iluing it
they think the title of Have is among thcni, it was not fo
.iceounted by the I'ortuffuefe when ihcy were here : oii«
of whom having obtained feme great pod from the empe-
ror, and, aj a fubjeft of the king ofVortu^al, who calls
them all hij children, difdaining to he lliled .i (lave to that
of Ethiopia, offered a Urge fum of money to the herald, or
crier, who was to proclaim his promoiirn, to leave out
that odiout'titlc, and call him only by his n^iine ; but that
was mote than tUc otHcer dared to do."

at ChcU
ny. On
, ftic i,f.

iiiipiij,!)
ut l.iglicr

Ins ili(.'-
linj', on a
/Iniigufiia
jluvi - to

liSlJCIK ( f
(.d title (t

, lllC 11-

L-ciive ll'c

t the tiu-

to lliin ,

ate lukly

ic cnipcror

ut his vii-

ith, fur liL

lie at tlic

is ilcnlut

to loltigll

tin, lu tliuc

I or is calk<l
s : he h»tli
led Bcllati
ncl is a kiiKt

over all tlie
ny, lnit a'fo

t'ivil ju(lg(i>
I ahali, lluit

kind of uii-
s eciiniiiuiily

aiiisand pro-
Bcll.itino<lic,
I iiiaginratis,
ris of judica-
I or ciiiniiial
of a martial
icin ; but the
ho arc called
e allowed \t>
igcd to flam'.
m caul'e ; the
irt, and when
laid againd
icc, adtircfics
on, when tlie
lul fentcncc is
he fcntcncc is
ri moved to a
or governor ;
ftcward ; and

rt» of punifli-
:riminal alive,
ttinp him into
rth up to hi*
J vsilh ihoiii.
y floiir. 'I lio
iih with lliiik
is, hy picic-
' aflagaycs ui

1(1 it eaniiot he
ahitants of ilie-

ludervnluiiig it
, It wa!i r.ot fo
'crc here : oii«
Tom the cmpe-
igid, who ejlli
U a (lave to that
\j the herald, or
1, to have out
^Minc ; but thai

p'.ata

AFRICA.] •■ ' ■ • > A li Y S S I N I A. ^hf

place ire fevercly fined, or piitJo feme corporal punifli- r, try breeding vaft quantities of tiicm, makes it pcrhipi
incnt ; fo that a niurdercr here Icldoni efcancs. by far the moft coniiderahlc branch of the three. It in

: I

The cominon Handing army kept by the emperor of
AbyfRnia to guard the remainder of the cinpire (for a
great part of it hath been difmcmbcred, cCpecially to-
wards the fouth, where the Gallas, which lie between it
and the line, have laid waftea number of kiiigdoiiu and
provinces) is cotDputcd to amount to no more than '
3500Q foot and 5000 liorfc, which is but a fmall num-
ber confidering the ftill vaft extent of this empire. Hut
it is laid that he can raife upon occafion a million of
men, in as little lime at his orders can reatli the pro-
vinces uiulcr his obedience ; for, ujion tne receipt of
them, they arc obliged to ajipcar in arms under their
refpeftive generals or governors, and lie ready to march
to whatever part they arc allotted, none being exempted
from bearing arms at fuch limes but religious pcrlons,
inechanicks, and hulbandmen.

Some of the horfe wear coats of mail and head pieces,
but me rci'i a.r very indifiercntly accoutred, bavin" no
other arms, ofJcnfivc or tleiti.Iii'c, than a fpear and buck-
ler. They arc very little aaiuaintu! with fire arms,
and as indifl'erently furniflied with powJT and ball.
Their fpears arc of two forts, the one like our Ii;'lf, or
fliort pikes, the other like a hallwrt or partifan. The j
ftaves of the former arc very thin and the iron narrow,
like our pike; the iron of the other is broad and thin :
the (irft is to be thrown by dint of ftrength, and the laft
to he ufcd in clole fight with one hand whiirt the other
holds the buckler, w-liich is ufually made of the hide of ,
fome Iwaft. I

The foot foldicrs have likt wife two of thofe fpears, I
one of which they dart with fuch ftrenj, '1 and fury that
they will often pierce a coat of mail or buckle. ; and
the other they keep to continue the tight, as fomc do
the fword ancf buckler.

Thofe of higher rank wear fwords, but they feldom
make ufc of them in battle, having them chietly as a
mark of diftinflion. 1 licy likcwife wear a kind of
dagger under their girdle, with the hilt towards the
right and the point towards the left hand. Some alfo
carry a large club of hard wood with a dagger in it :
this weapon they call balota, and commonly ufe it when
they come to clofc engagement with the enemy, and
foiiictiines throw it at them with all their ftrength.

Thofe of the horfe that wear the coat of mail lay
afidc the buckler as an incumbrance. They are laid to
be all very good horfeinen, and mount and fit their horfes
to admiration; liut in other rcfpcfls they arc very indif-
ferently difciplincd.

The martial mufic here confifts of kettle drams, which
are exceeding large, trumpets, hautlxiys, flutes, and
other inftruments. In times of war the emperor, as lic-
fore obfervcd, is always in the center of the camp, fur-
rounded by his nobles and chief officers. He is likewife
attended by a vaft numlicr of troops, who not only per-
form the divine fervice in pavilions afligncd for that pur-
pofe, but alio efcort and attend the facred utenlils that
are ufed in it with great pomp and ceremony, and with
vocal and inftrumental mufic : among which thofe be-
longing to the imperial court are carried about with the
grcateft folemnity.

The emperor of Abyffinia's revenues chiefly arife from
,four branches ; the firft of which is the tribute paid him
by the governors of fuch prwinces and kingdoms as
contain gold mines, particularly thofe of Narea and
Oojam, from which he receives a certain weight jcaily
of that metal.

The fecond branch of the revenue arifes from th

I ailed the burning or branding lax, •leiaule ilie nnpe-
ror's olHcers brand thofe with a particular maik uliuli
they fet afidc (or his ulc.

The fourth and laft branch of tlic cinpcroi's revenues
arilirs from a duty laid on cvy loom of cotton dotlu
If it belongs to a Cluiftian, la |' 'yi one piece of cloth ;
and if to a Mahomclan, a piece of eight per annum.
By this duty arc gathered, in the kingJom of Dambia,
anil parts adjacent, about 1000 of thcfe pieces, and in
that of Gojam 3000 ; befides alioiit ■200 lnlUtes, which
are a thicker and ftronger cloth, and all Ihaggcd on one
fiilc. The like lax is gathered in all the other kiii:;doiiu
and provinces througlinut the empire ; and tlimigh it
does not produce fo much as either of the other branches,
yet the annual amount of it is very confulerable, and
would be more fo, were it n<it lor llie depredations maJc
!;y thofe appointed to collefl it.

SECT. IV.

Of iht differtnt KSngdami and Prcvlnc/i that ni;v form
tht Abyfiinian Empirt.

"^HE empire of Abyffinia was formerly much more
cxici'Jive than at prcfent, iVvcral of its kingdoms
aiiiT provinces having been difmembeicd from it by the
inciirfions of the Gallas, a barharots people, ofvvhcm
we (hall take a proper notice hereafter. Thcfe kin;;i.!(iiiis
and provinces that at prclent belong to it a;c as follow,
vi^.

1. Tigra, or Tigre.

2, I'agamedcr, or liagamcdri,

3. Aiiiara, or Ainhaia.

4, Oleca and Choa.
c. Dan

6. Cioy

7. Dainliea.

8. Naiea, or Enarca.

I . Tlie Kingdom of Tigra.

This Is the moft confiderabic kingdom in the whole
empire, and is remarkable for ha\ing in it t!ic remains
of the city of Axum, vvhn h was formerly the rclidenca
of the emperors, and though now abandoned by thole
monarclis, and reduced to a mere vill.ige, is (till the
I place where they repair to be crowned. It is bounded

and

Damota, or Dainut.
jyam, or Gojanii

icy
on the cart by the ked Son, on the wift hy Uambea
and part of Nubia, on the north by Barnagafs, and on
the fouth by the kingdotnsof Angot and Bagamcdcr.

The moft cxtcnfivc part of this kingdom is that which
lies towards the Red Sea, and is thence ftilcd Media
Bahr, or Maiatime Land ; bcfides v^'hich it hath 27 pre-
fcfturcs, exclufivc of feven oihers belonging to Bar-
nagafs, Thefe prefefluies arc not to be confidcicd as
fo many diftrifts, each under a particular prcfcft or go-
vernor, becaufe fume of thcfe prefcfts have two and
others three of thofe diftrifts under them : however, wc
have little to fay abojt them, being all infignilicant
places, and not containing any thing fufficicntly remark-
able to attiaft the notice of a traveller.

The chief place of note in this kingr'oni is the city
of .^xum, which was formerly an opulint place, and the
metropolis of the whole empire. When in its proljicrity
it was a large and well-built city, as appears !>y its few
remains ; and fituated on a fpaeious and deli^htl^iilj>lain,
wateied by feveral rivulets, ,^nd was .viorned with (talely
paUccs, rhurrhci, obelilks, arches, iScr. There ara

fale of all the great pl.ices in the empire ; fuch as the ij particularly the ruins of a fpaeious .ind magnificent ftruc-

\iceroy(liip<, governments of kingdoms and proNinees,

and other oliices and ports of truft; the yearly tribute!

they pay to him for being continued in them, as like- I

»vi(c for the produfl of thofe lands which arc in their 1

refpeftive governments ; for as all the lands in general j

appertain to him in chief, thcfe governors do, in loinc i

fenfc, farm them from him, and pay him a yearly pro- '

portion of their produft.

The third branch conlifts in a tenth levied every thinl

year upon all the cattW in the empire. Fly this Lift,

which It appears was unknown till .iliout the middle o(

the laft century, eveiy man that hath cows is obliged to

pay liim one out of ten every thiiJ year j and ilic eoun-

tuic, fomc of t!ie ftoiies of which arc of a pnxligious
fi7.e : one of tlicm, whirh is ftill to be leen in the form
ofapviaini.l, is 104 cubits high, i:i a bafis often cubits,
and ra'l'ed on a plinth about two feet high, liefides this
there were many other fuperb building-, all of whicli
were reduced to a mere heap of ruins during tiie wars be-
tween the Ciallas and the Abyflmians ; alter which, the
imiicria' court being removed, it ftill farther declincti,
and at prclent it does not contain above 2C0 mean houfvs
very poorly inhabited.

This city is fituated about 40 Englifh miles from ihc
Rtd-Sea ; and thougii the way to it was fo rocky and
mountainous that it took up !even days journey, yit ,t

- lift '

ml I

'i !?l '

4o3

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHT.

111

^ii; ,

ii' t

\v,-i<i wcil fiipplitvl liom ihciuc Willi various ncceflary ar-
ticles. The Al\ iVmiins I'^^y, that it was anciently the
rilulcnrc ol iiuccii Camlace.aml even ofthcfaiiicJ queen
of Sluiia.

A'xiiit ten miles fii\iili-wi-ft of Axuui flands the town
of M.ul;;"Ra, lb ealltJ o-iginally from the murmuring
nnili.' of .» ncislilxiuring iivuUt. It afterwards received
the naiiR of l"riiiioiia, Vro.ii tlie Jclult miflionaries wko
had tlicii- nlulcncc in it, on account of one father Fru-
mmtius, tlie tirftof tlieir order that car.ic into thefe parts,
ihis |iiacc litcanic moi t rcUliratcd hy the long rclidencc
and death of faili.r Andrea de Ovitdo, fent thither na-
jriaici. jf Alivllinia hy ilic |m)|ic ; after wliofe death it
l.iU continue ' the rilldcnce and ft'ninarv of all the milVi-
onaiiei. of thai <nt!er that came into the counti v, (the
oreateH part of whom \i){\ tlieir lives for the caule the)
.amc to picacli tlun, the fii|>i-macy of the church and
IHipc of Roiiu) •-intil their linal cxpnllion out of the
\v .<ilc iniiiire. ! he unvn is lituatol on a hill, and in it
aic ihe riinainsof a larjje monalleiy that fornicily he-
li-"giii to the Jeliiits.

Ahoiit a dav's journey from Mad"o!;aisi town called
A iilMiancl ; and a little farther to the loutliein frnmiets
\i anotiier eall.'d Maiiadcia ; Imt tluv .1 ^ IkiiIi inli^nili-
r.ir.t places, and vc: v liUlitKremiy inli.ilutsj. To tin
noilhward of the lar^r, lu'Wiver, ate two of the (ini 11
iiionaO. lies in t''e wlu'le eiupm : the larj;ift of lliem is
(ailed H.ilUliiiah, aud the oiIkt Ahugarina, l>olh of
wliieh wire toiinerlv ociijiied liy the jcl'iiit iiilllionaries.

l!.iinai;al» is the iiliiiort extent of this kingdom, and
leache^ to ihtcoaft of iheRt.l Sea, where it had formerly
a famous li.a-port ealhd Anpiico, which rendered its
roiniueree vry eoiilldcialdr. This |X)rt, however, was
lome veati a;;o fei/ed hy the Turks, liiicc which Barna-
i;afs ha< pro;^tef1iu Iv duindled, and is now become lb
Milii;iiiluaiit as lu 1 In merit any luillur notice.

1 o \\w norih ealt ol 1 ij;ia is the kingdom of Angot,
wliiih «as one ol tin ft wriftrd fiom the Ahyllinian em-
|iiie hy the (lallas, who broke into it from the Ibuthcrn
parts, wheie ihcv nioAlv Ipread tlumlclves rp to, or even
liyoiid, the line, .iiul made iliciiiithis lomplcat mailers
of It. It hath lone lew town* in it, \i/. Angot, the
capital i Dolnr/o, laid lo eiMitaiii near 1000 houl'es ;
AI'UL.ma, onci laiiKtl lor h.iving 111 it a handlbme church
L'alleJ liiil>re ('hiilliis, ami for luing the capil.d of a
eonlidrr.lile teiinoi V ol ils naiiK . iMfides t.;ile, there
are m.'.iiy oiIkis of le>s not'. l>iit llity all eontaiii
uiett'hed liuilding opialiy dilpu.'.is as the people tliat
inli^hit ihcni.

2. Till Kin^Jim 9/"BagaitieJer.

T UK'S kingdom is lioundid on rlie Ibulh ami fonth-
svell 1 v Ti(.'ra ; nn the lall liy AiijMit ; and on ilie weft
l<v Ci('|..iiu and D.mil ta. Its < xltnt Itoiii laA to weft is
alxiUi A>j milts, and its Im adih, lain north to Ibuth,
ahout 00. SoiiK' paits ol it are \ery rocky and moun-
tainous, lul ot'iirs arc exeuding leilile, Uing well wa-
teird with rivets. The inhal'itants ol llic iiiourtainouf
(•ailiconlilt of wild and wandi iinj; people, Iniiieol whom
aie ^lal'as, and others C'ailies, whole pirrieipal employ-
Hunt iiinhlls 111 the liicedin;' ol cattle.

Bag^intiler, the e.ipital ol t.i;s kingdom, is phafantly
I'ltu.'ited on a ilelighitui plain ui\ the hanks ol the iivcr
Bael.rlo, and Ivais tin title ol a royal town. Iron the
VIII toy liiing olilipid logo and itetivc a frelli ciovn,
lirlidcs that with ishieh lie is crowned at the empeiir's
(ourt uii Uing appoinird to Ins office. I'hi liuiidings in
this town are loirtaMy gooil, l>ul there aie nut any that
iiictit pamcular noiiec.

Till oilier tovsiisin this kingdom arc, Alataand Al-

fara, ilic feiimi ol wliieli i« rttiiaikalile loi haviny in iti

iieii;lilx>uih(Hxl a hriitge o\ii Ihe Nile; liut the latlei

halli not any thing to render it paitieulaily conlpieioui.

3. 7h, Prtvintt c/ Amutt, tr AmI'ara.

THIS piovinrr i« I nundcd on the well liy Cioji-iin,
fu-m whieh it islipaialcd hy the Nile ; on Ihe noitli l>y
Bagaiiieilcr ; and on the Ibulh hy Oleri. It is a vety
ii.oiiiitainous loiinliy, and is divided inio jli ditltiels.
In this pioviiirc the inhahiiantt f|irak a dillin^t dialiit
that difleik tioMi all ihe refl, liut whieh hv a new line ol
liioii.itehs liioughtiip in il (lot it has long l<een the rrll -
dciKcof the A'>\iriiiiaiieiiiperuis) is now become that ol

the court, and the mod in vogue not cnly among the
nobility, but alio the i>olitcr part of the people.

Though this province is the fmallefloi thcwholedivi-
fions of 'he empire, yet it ii lendtrcd the moft conridi-
rablc on account of its being the refulcnce of the iniptior
and his court. It contains, however, but few towns,
none of which have any thing teiiiarkablc in them ; .iml
the chief matter that othcrwile renders it ruv',iilar is,il.,n
it contains the lainous rocks of Amba-Ciuixen, whcie
Che princes of the blooet were fornicily coiihind prcMoii-
to their acceffion to the tin one.

4. 7hi Pmincfi »/Oleca o«./Choa.

TI1F. lirft of thcfi. Ires to the Ibuth cf Aitilian, .ir,,!

is tioHiuled on the eall by Angot, and on tire well l.y

Gojam, Irom whieh it is (epaiatetl by ilic Ni.e. It is a

I very linall pioviiice ; and has not a linglt town in it

that contains any thing lemaikable.

' The province ol Choa lies to the Ibuth of Oleia, nr.d

is iiidifleiinlly called Chi'S, X03, and Slie»a. It liatli

! part of the count ly ol MaiaUl on the nnith, Hut on the

■ caft, and Ciojam on the well, ll is divided in'o Upper

i and Lower C'Uoa, and is the laft j>iosiree on the loutli-

fide that now jikiiowledges fuljidtron to the inipiior of

Abyllrnia. 1 he user S.iiiilio, which ti.iis into the Nile,

paits it on the north, the R( iii.i cii me Ibuth-well, and

the Yema on the ibutli-eaft ; allwlirili rueis Ipriiig from

thole mountains that Hand on the eaflcrn tunlnies of the

province.

Hire are Icveral towns, butleaice any woitli notice,
except Korkora, the capri.il, onee ilie impenal relrdenee,
at which lime tliis piovinee tlounllie-il luperior to any
other in the empire. Some remains of the impenal pa-
lace arc (lili to lie lien, as alio thole ol a chuieli, .iiid d
l?rce monallery called Na/.aietli.

Ihere are alfo Ibmc other towns here that have mo-
nafttrirs m them, particularly thole called IXbia I.ela-
nos, ct Mount Lebanos i Menglnllia Saniajai, 01 king
dom of Heaven, and Ibmc oilieisot lets nole. Ihe mo
nailery at l.ibanos was that where llic guier.il olth:
Monks ufually reliJed.

5. 7A/ A7«£i/»m d/Damota, «r Uiitiuf.

THIS kingdom hath neither cities nor towns, the
principal part ol it luing covered Willi high monnlains ;
noltvithllanding whidi it Is lo well |H'oplcil and lulii-
vated, that the inhabitarits ol it were the liiAihat maile
an inlurre^lion agaiiill the emperor, on account of thn
Portuf^ticle iiiiirronaries, whieli could iiol beipicllcd tril
that monarch litd totally extrrpaled ihein.

Among the lofty hills in this kingdom none c.-ilUd tin:
I^i.id .VIountain ; this it the liiglielt and coUUII in all
AbylTinia, and the place 'o winch priloneis ol Hate, ar"f
luch olheis as the emperor determines lo iid himleil <'l,
are lent ; for here they are linin flarved with cold and Li-
mine, '1 he 'iver Maleg hath its Ipiinghead iimler ono
of the mountains in this kingdom, and rum aeiofs it ni
Its inurie towards tlu Nile.

The liluits had fornicily two places of reiulenee in
Oamoia, Ironi whence, in ihe inliuri^liin aluiiemcii
lioned, they were driven by the iiihnbiiants.

().7hi Kin^dtm »^Goyim, erfiojam.

TMIS country is tolirally large, and aliixll of an
oval liguie ; anJ lb furrouilded by the Nile thai it loni- •
like a peninlula made by that river. It is pailed by it on
the tall linn the kingd^1ms ..I Kagamedu, Amiiaia,
Ulcca, and L'p|>er Clioa ; nii the Ibulh fiom ihoU ol
I'alates and Ui/amo; on the well from lliol'e 01 doaga
and Agaiis ; and on the noitli fiom thai of l^aiiilKa.

The cxiirme p;!ns of this kingdom nie inoflly lc»el,
but the middle of it is exceeding iiKiuniainuiu, and inha-
bited by n [Kopletaid to lie dtlccr.dcil Irom llauai, Abia-
ham's tjivptian lond-maiil ; elptcially near tlie Iptings
of (lie Nile, winch arc liluated on the weflein pail i<l
the kingdom,

Alxiiit the neck, or ifthin»i«. made by the Nile, ii a
veiy fleepandalmoft inaciifTible mounlain, on liie top of
which IS an oval plain j jo fatliuin in length, and 1 \o m
bieadth ; to wimli tlieie aie two paths as afceiits acrol>
the rmks, and on one li.le a Iprin^ of execllrnt wa'rr,
larthcr towardtlhi, Nile t| anulhei plain feparatcdfioin

ti.4

cove
the
the I
villa

fuous
OW {

there

and I
Cantil
tin
iami
Kioun
exceei
nailer
for ag
plealei
apala
but th
Be
is a III
my ke
the
Is abc
about
to Ilie
his fri
Ad
provin
Al.yin
(iaila

sS'Ullll

IS lal',
. p'aiil

Africa.] n.'tf>Jir. a

B Y S S I N i A.

Olfin, siul
I. li liaiti
Hut oil the
imo l-'rp<-f
1 lilt loiilli-
iiiU'inJi ot
toliic Nile,
li-witl, and
Ipiiiii; triiiu
iliiio ot llic

01 til notice,
al rcfuJiiKi,
iiioi to any
illl|'Cl lal |'»-
luiili, and d

It liave iiui-

IXlua l.ila-
ijit, oiKinj;
L-. The nil)
.ati.il ot ih:

>niut.

ir loans, llic
li iiu)iiiiiain« ;
cil and culii-
ift iliat iiiailc
cinint ot ili<^
be (|iicllcil till

one eallcil tlie
coldtll in all
» c)| lUlc, J>"<
III hmikll "t,
, colli and la-
ild under one-
1* at iiif* It 111

tit rfliilcnrc ii\
n aUiMiiitn-
its.

loiain.

nliiK.ft of «n
kOiat It loot<
pailtilliy lion
dii, Aiidiai",
fidili ilioK "1
lolV oi ( loti;.!
>r|)aiiilKa.
c inuHly level,
loiik, and iiili*-
iillauai, Aliia-

MM t"ic l|>Hllg'

*i(Uin [Kit t-t

■ the Nile, i» •
n, on tiic [n^oi

^ili, and I {0 III
s akiiitt acioli

rmtllrnt wa'<r,
li()ir»li.dfM'"i

tlii« mountain by a natural trencli, .viicic the viceroy rc-
lidcs in a kind oi' camp.

't'lie northern pait>. arc alfo vi-ry mountainous and
rrxky, and piintipally mhabitcd by Jews, who retain
their antirnt riles and cutlcms withuiu inliirupiion.

The kingdom of (Jojaiu has but tew towns of note.
The chief, and only one worthy iiolicc, i« that called
Ntliella, ill wlucli llic cmprcfn lleieiia, j;ovtTne(6 to the
cn)|Kror Oaiid, trcilcd i magnilii.i.iil church, which j
was afterwards drf^roycd by the (lallas, but rebuilt by j
the Jcfuii>, who ulided lit fcvrral parts of the king- |
doin. Sdiiii itni.<ins of this church are Dill to be Ire n, I
but they are too tiittinji to convey any idea of i'.s original |
grandeur, ; ,

7. Till KingJtm of Dambca. 1

THIS kingdom is boumlcd on ihc Ibulh by CJojain, i
from whence it is feparalcd by the Nile, and tlie lake of
its own name 1 on the north by Nubia ; on the eafl by i
Tigra ; and onlliewift by (^han^alia. It is oneol the |
flatteU terntoi 11^ in all Abyfliiiia, lo that it is frei|iiehily
overflowed, not only i.v tli.' lake of l).iiiihea, bill alio
the rivers that run ilirmii'Ji it fioiii llie liiglur lands; anil
on this iireount it is inlirl'erted aliiiort every where with
deep ditches and canals. Its len;',tli luiiu lall to wc!l is
alioiit 90 miles, and from north to lontli about 3O, ex-
chifivc of the lake, or 70 ini ludinj; it.

On the ealUrn confines ol |hi'> km;; !om is a rriiiaik-
ablr mountain called Uaneos, or l)ancaii<n : it is very
hii^h, and on the lop of it is a Ipaemiis and Icrtile plam,
wiieic the emperor, tormeily rilidid, with ttuM coini
and retinue. Here were alio an elcj^ant buildinj; en I'Ud
after the Euro|nan manner, for the rtfidenteol liie I'ur-
tupucfe patriarch Mende/. ; a monaftery loi the Jeluils j
a church called Ciambiamt ; and about 900 ftoiic liuis,
or barracks, covrrcil with llraw, fur the Ibldltri .itlend-
inc on t'le emperor. But they have *11, f'ji iii.iny yeais
paft, l>ccn totally deflroycd. i

Oppolite to this mouiiiam is another of extraordinaiy
ti(il>m, and 16 lleep that the natives uled to tiec hiilier
fur fecurity when attacked by then enemies. On the
eafl fi.le of it is the nionafleiy of St. Kuflaiius, fu called
from that pcifoii Iwing originally abbot of it.

Moft geographers haveinl'ornied us that ilii-re are many
cities and towns in this part of the Abyinnian einpiie :
but thcfe relations apjiear abfulutely fabulous, there not
li.iving been a fingle town in any pan of it ever yet dif
covered by an turopean. As a farther ronfumation that
thcfe alTertions arc erroneous, I.udolpli allures us, lliat
the people lierc not only prefer the living in fcalteied
villages and hamlets lo towns win ir liouUs are conti-
guous, but likcwili: own tliemlelviN it: a lots to conceive
now it is polTible to live in large or walled towns, and U-
there fupplied with all the nceelfarirs of lite ; lii< h utter
ftrangers are they to thofe conveniences uled jn other
coitntiics for the carrying on of comnirrcc.

The kingdom of l5anibca is divided into 14 ddlm'^s,
and governed by a viceroy, who !ias the title ol Dainbea
Cantilia. The things inoft woilhy ot notice lute are
the following. In ihc :a(lern pan of the kini;iiom it a
(aiiious monalb'ry called (iancia jelii, fituatidon a low
giound, but veiy pitalant, and Wing will waicied iv
exceeding fertile. In the ihuich Ulonging to this mo-
natUry aie the ninnumenlt ol the Abynliiian enipeiois
foi agis pall, lather i'ais, a l'ortui;uefe Jeliiit, was lo
plealcd Willi ibis Ipoi, that he buill here aeliuu!i,as alio
« palace for tlie impiioi, aftei ibr Kuio|K.in maiiinr ;
but they have lioih bren lone fiiice ileftroyrl.

ItelMerii tianeta Jelu ami the tiunticis of Itageiiuilcr,
is a liiiall lut plea. ant temiory, and rennrkible lor Uav-
inijkeiilin it a kind of market .'t t.ui loreattle, 10 whiili
the in'iabit.ints of moft pails of the kini-ilom ulort. Il
Is about nine miles in Irucil fioiii laft 10 vseil, and
aUiut fix fiiim mil lb to 'oulh. It wa^ henlnloie (ii.uiud
to the paltiarili Meiidc/ for his lublitUiiee, and that ol
his fraternity.

Adjoiniiinto the kingdom ol naniliea is a fiuaUbaritn
province ea''cd laiiuai. 1' s»as foimctly a pail ol tin
Abyiniiun einpire, Cut was diliiiriidK.ird Irum it by ili<
ttallas, who fo tavnned it that 11 lull" not any tl.iiu' now
woitli iiKntiDiung, exiept uvohiuli lulls, our ot iilntli
is i«lUJ the Ntuiinuin o( the l'e»\iri it n litnated niai
, pain, to winch the Luropcans have givstii the iia'iic of

Market, bccaufc moft of the merchants oftheneigh-
liourinj; kingilonn refort hither. Ihc other is called the-
Mountain of the Lake, Ixcaulc at the foot of it is a lake
aliout nine miles in conipafs, and about it arc fevcral mn-
nafterirs.

To the weft of Fntigar are fevcral other fmall kinr-
donis, all of which lieiong to llie Cjallas ; and 00 the
eaft and north -eaft arc the rivers Hj.owaeb and Machi,
which ioin their flrcains in the kingdom ot Katigar,
and thence take their courl'c calUvaitl llmv.igli the vafi
lerriiorics of the caflcrn Oallas, and the kingdom of
Adel.

8. Tl>i Kingdim ff Narca, or Enarca.

THIS is the lad kingdom that merits anv particular
notice in the Abyinnian empire, and is lliuaied ilie lar-
tlieft of them all, Ik ing under the gih aiul part of the Hih
dcj^rec of north latitude, and under the joih f ml 31ft of
weft l.uiludc. It is furrounded by the lounlries of the
(iallat, nolwithftanding which, it hath continued faith-
ful to its ancient monarch*, though often att.ieked, not
only by the (iallas, but alio other invaders. What len-
ileis their lideliiy to their princes Dill more cnnfpiciious
and piailc-worthy is, ihiii being fiiui.trd lo farfioiii tic
Imperial relidcncc, and not rcicivingany .iirillanee iVoiii
the empcior, to proteO tlieiii a(;ainfi the attacks of the
Uallav. 'lo tills may likeviilc be added, that tliey had
foimerly a king ol their own, and were not the natuial
lubjeffs of tlic Abvllinian monarehs, but were fi.bdurd
by one of thim naineil Mcleeli Saglud, at the time whin
their own pnnee had embr.iced t.hiifli..nilv, and wlun
llicy were rieli, populous, and tutiiiuntly lirong to liavu
lliook olVtlie Joke. In flioir, the true charaifcr (Mvm
ol till III IS, that they are not onlv loyal liibjcf^s, but
alfo the uiletl, and luaveft |>eo{ile in ail .Abylfiiua; tin-
lerc and llritllv true to their word ; and in their deal-
ings lailhful and lunieft,

I'he kingdom of Narca is in general vrrv rich and
feitilr, piodueing not only abunilanrc of cattle, but alio
moft of the principal neecfl'aricsof 1110. The inhabitants
c.iiiv on a lonfidcrablecommcice with the Caffns. who
liipply thrill with gold, in cxchanpc for ivliich the N.iie-
ans ull them cloths of vaiious loris, fait, and utiier
commiHlities of the couiitrv.

llie moft conliderabic town in the AbylTinian domi-
niors is called (icndar. It is alxiut irn miles in eiicum-
fiiince; but the hoiifescoiilift only ol one llory, and are
built in the form ot a funnel, uitli ilie iiariow end up-
Hatds, They have no Ibops, bun any on tliiir trade in
a huge lipiare, where they cxpole llieir miiibaiuli/e to
fale on Uigc mat*. They have fivcial eliureliis here,
and their paliiarch is lubjift to that ol Alexandiia.

S K C T. V.
Hi/lcrjt tf Abyllinia.

WHAT wc know of the Abvllinian hiftory i« from
the niateiials colUftid bv llir Jcfuils milliona-
riis while in this iiiipire. It is lei, enpiuus and more
vigui than the hiftoiies of many ot'.,ir eotinlries ; wc
lliall, himever, gi\eoui nailers all the laiisla/fion lliar
the dct.iehid liagmenls wliieli tiny I ave piclirved will

|>Cllllit.

Aceiirding to the antient rerntits from wlicnrc tlicy
>l lainid tbeli fr.igmcnis, and which to this ilay aie kept
111 l^.> g'cai I hull 11 at Axuiii, the moft matitial tiaiilae-
t)Oiis iilntise lo iliiit luveriigni, at will as the clnunti-
i;v of tliiiii from the cailieft lime, are as follow ;

The full who lulrd the Abvllinian empire tvas the
ijueiti ol Mil la, who went lioiii theme intojudea in or
aUiut the yeai ImIok Clliiift ^92, and ol ihe wuild 3017.
.She rei;;ned i5ycaitafllr llcr (cturn, and was fucc'cedcti
by hei fun

Mcinliliuh, who reigned in eoniunflinn with Ins fi-
tliir 21) yiais, and it! iiiuie sviili bis lun Kliehulxiaiii t
aflei uliM h hediid.

.Sailgiii, llie fun ol Minilclieeh, fiiecrcdcH him, from
whom pii'ieedetl, in .. lineal dili cut, 14 princes ; but
the liii^lli 1 f iliiir leigns is not icioidtd, nor any patii*
culai, nl.itive lu iiilirr of iheiu, ixeipi ibal in tlie 8lh
yiui of llie liil), vslioiii the ehionicle lallt Plicccn, our
Savioui vsasburn, A. M, 4004. •

Ktoin ihii period lo the yi«r 317 wrre 13 empft«»r»,
5 l< wliuw

! I

I I

■|'

■ f

II 'i.

4io

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

tvhofe namt«, and the Icnptli of tiiiK lach reigned art
cmillcd J l>ut il was in tlie alwve year tlial St. Atliana-
(iii- iin; l'riim«-niiu« into Ethiopia to convert the i\hy(-
finians to the C'l.riftian faith.

rti-i 1 ihi iihovt ciicuii.ilince the rtcordj furmfli us
with a rtniatkabli atioimt ol three brotheri whoagicul
to reign loinily. 'I hcirn-nies are, Al7la, Atztcd, and
Amay ; that it i« fa'd, that in cuKv to prevent difionl
letwecii ihiiii, iIk; jirrjifted a very flrange expedient,
ivii:ch was, to divide the day inlo iliiee parts, and to
hold the reins alternately, each his third pait, or eight
l,our«. — 1 I ■.was ceitainlv a tiioft uncoiniiton iiitxle tif
govtrnmint, notw iii,ftaiiding whirh, it sse give credit
10 till- Ainllinian legend-, it piovtd very lucccfsful ;
for il at any liinc one of the l>iulhfrs difleied or fill out
uitli anotiiii, the iliiid was nady tu iiiterpofe, and aii
as iiiiipiu iietwiui iheiii,

Tlul'e iiii>i)aiili» were fucceeded hy fevtral others, but
\\( lia\e not r.nv r.rn'unt ot their lists or leigns, only
that in ilie ilnrc tall ol them, whole names weie Arado,
Aladi.lia, and Alaiiiid, great niiiiibers of monks and an-
clioiitkS laiMc liiilier fiuiii Kgvpf. with a view of propa-
gating CtiLllianiiy siid the inonartic life.

Alainid was lueicedid l>y Tacma, and he hy Caleb,
in the latui ol whole tiiin' lit w iiilns ot monks camrfruin
Kum, and Kiiltd in the kii<);(!( in rf 1 igra. 'I Ins was
alioiit the siai alter Chrill ^Ji, and the time that Jufti-
nian was eiii|<<.ior ot Koine. Caleb was Ionic tunc at
warwiili thcSalHaiioi Hoineritckingdoni ; but at length
loiallv lulHliied it by the defeat and death ol the Jewilli
king l)uiiav»», wholi ciowii he is laid to have lent to
Jeruia'dii, to le time luf|Hiided in the great ehureh of
^t. Sr|iiiiihie, in iiieiiiotv ■ i his fij,nal lucecl'i ovcrtliat
dininpuillicdpeiUcutorol iliolewhopiofilUd tbcChtif-
tian religion.

Calih was I'ueeccded by dabra l>icn(rt,avrry peaceable
pi Hire, who, it i;. Uul, li initd an alliance with theem-
piiiir lulbiiiaii. His two next fuccilluri were. Con-
ItaniiiK and Fit/uia ; and aliir thini fifteen more, all
tlic dtticiidant^ >'l Suloii »ii. The laftnfihef'j wasnaiiud
Del-Niwd, ssliO iiij^ned till al'out the year 960, «hcn
t'le luccdhon palUd into the /agtan family, and the
ulurpalic'P Ugiiii, whi<.h contmuid for 340 years.

This ulurpation \sas ciiiiiiiieneed by the infamy of a
woman named Titdda Cabex, who, for her mipitiy,
cruelty, Uwdncl', and other cnoiinous s ices, wasothei-
wifc .. died Kllai, or I- ire brand. 'I his woman formed a

(ilan not onlv to ihrtriiy Dtl-Noad, llir then emperor,
lut alio the whole liii|Krial family ; and this (lie con-
certed in order to laile a Ion of hers, svlioin (he had by
till rovtrnoi of liugna, to the Ktliiopian thione. So
ttftCluallydid llie kmeidin this dialxilKal plot, that only
one of thv whole l.uiiily efiaind, who lied for leruiily
into the kingiliinol Xasa, where his |H.|lirily wcie pre-
feivu! with I... Mlitio;! ptivaiy by the vuiroys of that
king<*om, »lio«eie ftmngly allai lied 10 the line of S<i-
loiiixn during the whole tune ol the Zagcan ufurpation.

The onlv prinrti ot whom any notice is taken while
the iin|irtial liiior..- s»as in tin handtof the /agran fa-
niily, are the folluwinr, vi/. I.alilxia, Drgni Michael,
NewaiaChrifios, and N.iacu l.uaUi. The tiifll ol ihefe
cterniieed Hit name I y many glorious a^lioni, and narii-
culaily liirtin^uilhrd his puiy m canting tin ehurchtt to
lie lir-wn out of a lolid rock lot the pcrloriiianrc of di-
vine ferviec.— See iKliirt, |>. 4<'4- ' he la(t the aliove
inonarihs was alio ot a sti v pious dil|iuliiiun, and greatly
extolled bv Ins fubiiffs as a |>careal>le, iliagnanimou<,
ai>-l lienifKcnt prirni

Wliotlie leflwere ilial filed thi ihirjne during ihc /a-
gean ufurpulion, ««• aic not inloriiKil nrtihn do we
l.niiw by is hat meaiiithe ernsvn returned to i!ii delien'
dams of SoloiiH/n ; l>ut onit thai, al^iul the yiai 1100,
the /ageaii lainily licin&diisen liom the iliione, Icon
A|iilai, sshtile pmlecelTors had been preliived in the
kingdiiin ol Xasa, during the whole tune of the iilnr
|iatiiin, lecovcred thr Ab^lhnian ihronr ; lioiti wliieli
period It haili ever (nice eonlinUMi in the SiiiutnunK
line.

Icon Anitac rei|>nrd iloitil 1 ( years, iimI "-ss luerctdi d,
aeeoidiiig 10 the ihtonn Its, liy ib othe^ pnncrt 1 Init
there tie not any pailrrulais incnlioneJ u( cither ot
thrill, till we luiiir in ilie lali, whul naiiic was /atia
Jaieub. 1 hii prince Ivj^an hit rcijn inti; y^ir I4{',

and was greatly eftrcmcd as a man of learning and dccfi
penetration. He died in 14(15, and was fucceeded by

HtH'da Mariam, who, after reigning only ten years,
died, and was fucceeded by

Alexander, or f.'candcr, who reigned 15 years and
fix months, that is, from 1475 "^ >4Vi. It ^vas in his
reign that Peter Covillan arristd in tlie empire of Abyl-
linia, and was tlic firft Portugucfe that rscr penetrated"
16 far intothc inland parts of the country.

The next emperor to Alexander was named AnuU
Jeygon, who reigned only (ix niontlu, and then dyinj
whhout male illue, left the crown to his uncle

Nahtxl, the Ion of Uoeda Tiiiaiii, who, at the time
of liis aceedion, was confined on the totks of Amba-
Iniexeii, where he had liecn placed by the fm|>eri>r
Alexander. He reigned 13 years and nine ir.onlhs, ami
dud aliout 1507 ; he was l.medtd by

Eiana-Dengliel, cr Libna-Denghil, but more gene-
rally known by the names of Onag- Segued and 13avid ;
which laO betook on bis aceellion to tiie etowii. This
prince lived in a iramiuilftate for foine year' alter his ac.
cellion, but was at length fo oppn fled by tliecruti drptc-
dalKMis made on his diiiliiniuns by his MooiiHi ncigli-
liours, that he had leeouile to the Porluguele for ailif-
lanee, which gavcthcni an opportunity ol enlaigiiig the
endeavours they had already made of |iri p.ig.iling the
Riiniilli leligion in the Ab)irir;..i empire. I he /.lal tliit
prime llicwid for the chunli of Koine, and the pope's
luprtmacy, had not only occi'ioned his lulijefts in ge-
neral to hate him, but in particular rendued the wholt^
Abylhnian clergy his nioft inveterate cneiiiii;, .ind at lall
brought oil thole eoiiiplieatcil troubles which otufioned
his ficath. Nniwithflaiuling the atliflanei the I'ortuguefe

cave him, yet fo|Miweiful weie hit enemies, fucli dipre-
dations had they made on his teriitorirs, and I'o eluftly
did they lollnw liim, that he was reduced to the neccfTity
of leeking fur 1I11 Iter among fome of thedtfert mountains,
wheie he continued for loiiie time, but was routed, and
obliged to retire to the lop of the Oaino. Here, having
loilie of his biaveft nun vsith him, he endeavoured tode-
ItuilhimUlf for fome time, hardly able to l^car the name,
inueli lels tiilupi'irt the ilignity of a iiinnarrh. In tliia
tiiitrel., bussever, all his tioublcs ctaled, for here he
yielded up his crown and life in the 4211 year if his age,
and the j^d of his reign ; the firft 10 ol Hhitli hadlxen
as happy aiul profiKrous, as the laft 1 j had proved dif-
tiafled and enloMunate. He began hitrtignin 1507,
and died in the year 1 (40,

'I he cm|K-ior mvuT was ruerredcil by his fon Claudius
Sagucil, or Atgnaf-Segurd, whole reign was little Icfs
unlotlunate than the fatter pan of that ol Ins laihei'i.
He was liarralled on all tides by iht Gall.is and Mahome-
tans, and hisssliol" empire mull base been totally de-
'royeil, had it not liein lor the inter|sofir:>n of the For-
t ^uefe. Segued, liowtver, loft his life in an engige-
11 It with the (iailas, in the iiioiitli nl March I5jqt
all r a tircfumc reign ol little moie than 18 Vtars. At
he ft no iiiilc illue, he twit fucceeded hy hit biolhcr't
fon, ailed

Minas, hut who, at his roronation, timk ii|ion liinift'f
the name of Adari.i Segued. This prince reigned «inly
three years, sshiii be was iiiuidtird by his own Inldicii
in an engagement againllonent the Ksolted gosetnoiiof
the maratiiiie province), in the iiiuntholApiil Ijbi. lie
was lucceedcd by Mtheh Segued, a wile ' d valiant
priiicr, who was blelled with a long, anil, loi ihc iiioft
part, fuccelslul reign, tlio' hardly tver frtt Itoin wars,
either againft tome of his resoltrd I'ul icfls, 01 againft his
|Miwerful and inveterate iikiiius tlit Ciillat, and Maho>
iiirtan Moors. He died in 1 5i>;, alter rii,t;iiiiig a little
more than ;y, years j a.id basing no fiMis iy Ins stile,
had drtij^ned a natural one, named Jatciib, lor his fui -
celibi ; i>ut atlcting lii> mind a lliort lime l>efure In*
death, he Icli the etuwii (u a Ino of Ins broth r, iiaiiicd

/cdengliil, who proved the fatal laulr tl a mol\
MikhW and civil wai, mans ol the ffkn^vt* taking Ja-
teob's pan ai',tinft bun, on acenunt ol Ins Iimi |>teai pro-
(is'iifity to thu Kuinan ehuich, IhiHigh, in oihsi lefptAt,
a biave and noble prince. I'der, the thin ibuna, seat
llieprinripal liiderol this rrlicltioii; and basing ablohttl
the A''y(Iinians (roin th«ir oath ol allrgians'-, they look
up arms agmnft hiiii, whdft he. wnli the lew lurcts be
had litl, .Did A fmall nuttilKi uf Pvriu£uelc, 'rnliiring

periiia
nifter
Seguetl,
reign,
ho<vev
iiily
naiiRtI
till gr,
p. in [
of Juii
the thr
rtmain
his acei
happen
taken
nours,
Suel:
relative
as a ma
a cone I
Purtiig
It ocral
Til.
latter I
great 11
llie 1 1
premac
llicr fr<
alxililli
entirel
Ihc nil
gi cater
abhor II
their r
that la
thoaia
thi all|
font*

AtTRiCvl.'] ^f^^'^- A R Vs s i N^-i''A.

to give t!iciTi battle, was ilefeated and killed in tlie montli
ol Oftobcr 1604, a(\er a Ihort and troublefomc reign ol'
nine years.

On till- dcalli of Zcvlcnghcl his conipetilor JaaroU was
invited tu, and accented, the impnial disnity ; but had
not enjoyed it long before lie found liiinTclf fticnuoully
oppole>l By the great grandfon of Etana Dcnghel, whole
name was Suliieus, or Sorinins, a yuun^ piinte, no lefs
artful than brave. 1 he coiitcn la'k-d foiii.wliat lonj^er
than two years, when it was decided by an ubtlinate tight
on the lOth of March 1607 ; in which Jaacob, and the
abuna Peter, were killed on the fpot.

Sul'ucus basing obtained the crown, immediately dif-

filayrd bis ftroiii; attaLlm.' lit tu ii.e Roni.in L;iilu>lic rc-
igion, iioiwilnfla:- lin^ it li.v! been very prtjudicial to
feveral ol bis pride cliors. Hi.' j;,..^ lucli encourn^imtni
to thcPo|iilhiniiruinaries, that great nuiiilKrs llucked thi-
ther during his reign, who, in all piol>:iliibty, would
liave univerfally eftabliflicd the po|>e's autlionly in this
empire, bad nut a ftop Ixen put 10 their pi<>grii» bj the] tlic emperor uf Abyllinia, to (iblaiii lea, • 'o come into

411

the principal part of the people (lil) adhered to their an-
tient religion ; and leveral provinces revolted entirely
from the emperor.

'I'hc Abyflinian monarcht, however, continued flill to
profefs the tenets uf the Latin church, and lu lubmit to
the diftatci of Rome j till at length the Jefuits, under
pretence of uiaintainliig the pope's cccleliallical junldic-
tion, took upon them todireft inoft lecnlar attairs, treat-
ing the prince laiher as a siieioy to the pope, than loie-
reign of the country ; and baving crefUd and garnfoncd
leveral forts, wcic fniiing for Kuropran funis to main-
tain their ufurped jXiwer, ulien the mipcrur, as well at
the nobility, taking the alarm, agreed -i o...e lu ubolllli
|X)|v.ry, and reftore llieir antient itli[;ii)n.

After this dcterminaiiun the Ruinim priifts were gene-
rally facriticcd to the fury of the people, and iheir |»tri-
arch very narrowly efcapcd out of the euuntry wiib his
life. Three capuchins tome time after cniiie 10 S.jua-
uena on the Red Sea, from wlimcc they lent Ictteis to

uncxjiefted diath ol that iiKirauh, who tnk leave ol
the empire and the world, in the muntli of November 1

balilidfs, tlie fun of SuUv i;e, fucctedcd to the crown,
at whiih time he look uixmi biiiifrll iIp' name of Ad/ain |
Segued. Soon alter his accillloii he iU'ued out a decree '
againfl ihc Roman Catholii s ; and iliioiii;h the whole
(Ourfe of his reign piovcd a> great r'li enemy 10 the mil-
iionarics as his lather had been a fiicnd and patron to
them ; infomueh thai b^-luiv his deail. he t'it,\Ily ixiir-
pated them from the empire. He died aliout the year
1644, ail I wi'.s fuccccded by his fon

Joim, who, on his aecimoii, look the name of Aelaf
Srgutd. This prince, alter reigning |Haieabl) lor 16
years, diid fuddcnly, and was lucceeded by bis Ion

Jawfo, or Adyan Segued, who acceded to llie throne
in the year ifiBo, and alter reigning upwards uf 2$ years,
was dethroned by bis fun

Takliinenotb, who took pod- fTuin of ihc crown in the
year 1706 ; but he enjoyed it but a Ihoit time, for the
uiopic enlertalniii;; an uiiivcrfal dilguft againll him for
his pcrfu'y, caulird liim to Ik iiialtacred by his own troops
about two years after.

On the death of Taklmitnoth, hi. biolher Tclilis
ufurped the throne. His riigri, ..owevir, was Utile lels
permanent than that of his priilectll'ir ; his prime m',-
nifter named Oullas, the fun o;' a iirter of JaisCo Adyan
Segueel, having deihronci thun in tlic third year of his
reign, and lei/.cd upon tlie ciunn. 'the AbylVu ians,
hoAever, would nor luH'ir him 10 hold the impiiial dig-
nity longer than till they could laife anothir prince.

his territories again ; when that prince rcijuelled tlie-
I'urkilh Italia, who eon inaiided on the eoaA, I'.ut to
fufllr any I'lankt to come that way into his teiutories,
and to fend hint the he.-ids uf the eapuchins. (be ball.i
not only complic4jn eviry particular vviili the emiieior's
riijucft, but alio lent him iheir Ikiiis llead and Itulled,
that he might know tUeni to l>e Franks liy iluir colour,
I and prietls by then Ibased ero^vn^. inns, bv tliefe,
and Uic!i like leventies, ilie Konnlli iniilionaries were
totally extirpated fiem the Abyllinian imjiirc.

S K C T. VI.

0/"M/C>alln, a I'ri'liiircui ami tifi^lhurlng pf'pff, t«A*
hdVf maiU greiil lir/ rt/ialiini in tht Abyllinian iniOire.

WlNti had frtiiiicnt ocealion to iiitntion t.'iefc
jKople in a former Kifion, it mav not be impro-
per to give the reader lomc aceounlof tlkin, tlpicullv
as they have goi |iolltliion of lu conliderable a part of
this country, and are llili a terror to the Abyllinian ii.o-
narchs.

They are divided intoeatlern, w-flcrn, ami fouthern,
according to their titualions. 'I . ule wiio inh.dnt the
ealb rn pans are fe.tted along the frontiers of the kingdom
ol rigra and Dancali.and have fci/cd the gnaiell part of
the l>rt, together w itii thole of Angot, Dow aio, Xoa, itc.
I'lie luuthcrn extend thenifehcs along the river Howu'-,
from the lioiitiersof the kingdom of Adel u,tt\\aid, ami
have made themitlvcs malUrs of the gna'ert pan m the
kingdoms ol Ciomcr, Hcrguino, Cainbau, tian/.i, i\i.
The wertctn Ipnad thrinlelves along the river Malei;,

till great llaughtet lia-l iKcn made by Uith paitics, as ap
y.tti by lettert receivid from Moka, dateel in tlie month
(it June 1718. Aller David had got entirrjKilliHion of
the throne, lir enjoyed it without mteiruptiun during tlie
remainder of his life ; and the revolutions oecalioneil by
his (cccflion, were the lall uf any conleiiucnic that have
happened in thisemiiirc, his fiKCeflbis having rigularly
taken the mipeiial dignity, and >pii;ily enjoyed their he-
nours, from that tune to the prefent.

8ueh are the particulaii wc have liccn able to obtain
relative to the hiflory of the Abyllinian empire; to whieh,
as a matter that materially eomuAs w ilh it, we Iball add
a cuncilc detail of the llrenuous attimpts made l>) the
Purtugurfi loiflablilli ilieii KbgumlHie, the dt flru£\ion
It (Kcalioned, and tlitir tinal exinpation.

The Hoiluguife liift iiroitid tu Abyllinia aliout the

named Uivid, to the throne ; but this was not ctTefleJ'' where they poH'els Mie kingdoms of IJi/amo, tiatfa.,

Cionga, and Ionic p,'ui of that of (■•ijaiii ; but lunv fat
they nave pinetiated northwauls is not known.

i he origin of thele |>i-ople is varioully eonjic'iirinl ;
thecrnrr Mtyot the learned luppoled tlitm delcendaiit- ot
the Je s . .lut whether liom tlu le \> 1 ••■ Sahiiane/er
king 111 M'viia, or Nebuchadiic//.ir Mng of Uabylnn,
tranl|ilan' ' >in PalcAinc, or liom thole whom i'lliis
^ 'JMlion '.Jrian, or Severus, ii.jKlled liiiii ih;nee,
i.ev ,,ic bill . ./'•ii*, 1 lieic lup|Hilitiun., i;oiMV,r, do
not ;i|)|it ail; ilTibIc, when wc eonlider tli.it llieie i-not
any 11 r.j, in tm.ii i.ianntr^, language, \i . (««e>pl 1 ir-
(umeir 1, which isionimon luiiiull of the Aliiean na-
tions) ihat biarsany Vmiiy to thole ol the Ji»s,

Otiic.s roniciturc, i\ indeed, liviii liicumtlanrcf,
'.in I'.rrat p' ^'liability, that liny are of the Celtic or
(tallie r.ice. On' priniipal uafon in lupiviit of ilin

I lie Koiluguile liilt iiloitiU to Al'yllinia aiiout tnc vtaiiie r.ice. v^n< priniipai uaion in iiip|vin 01 nin
latter end ot I he I5thrrntuiy, when they brought over a ■ lupjx.fnion is the name 01 ihuii, vbiili, in the Uailic

great many ot the natives lo their ubg'on, and |Hrluae
tlie then ein|ifri'r not only to acknowledge ihe p<i|it'slu-
|ircmacy, but 10 admit a paiiiareh among iluin, lini llii-
iher from Rome. The goveiiimcnt alfo confinleel to
alxililli their antient iiiri and eeicmonies, and lunform

entirely "o the litual ot the I. aim chuieh ; Inn many I'f , . _

the nobility and gosernois ol the provinces, with the !■ go in leiieh ol new ha 'itatiun> laitlier tovsanls tlirli:
greater part of the cwmniun jxople, hiving the griatetl ' moumaiiious parts, as was cullotiiary for tliciii to do ra-
abhoirtmeof tliofe innovations, role in arms againll I' iher iban lubmit to a love, jn yoke. What tontiiint
their emprror, \»liich ocralionej ci.il wars in Abyllinia , tlii» opiniun is, the lonloriuities of the mannrr and eUl-
that Ulied upuaijs of « sentiiiy, dming •.vhlch iiianv j toiu>, .\e. otti.eli; inodein 'iaMjs with tholu ol tlie anti-
ihoBlancIs fell on l«oth tides. I'liongh tue court, Witii cm (iault and Ciltn, >s1,k i will ap|ic«i lioiii iliu lot

angiiagi', ligniliis doul or waiid.e : lliis tpithet the an-
111 III Celtcs, or Cjalli, took much piide i,-, and made
\lii mltlves famous by, not only in k.uio|K' but In Atiica,
'vlicie ihry ciiitui a |s<iivciful kingdom, which they held
for I'onu cciituriei with a diltinguilliul btaveiy, till be-
ngal length diiven tiuin it by the Romans, they might

the aintlanec ol the Jcluiti, Iluiopean eiiiiuiier^. and
fom« rortuguclt ttoopt, was gcncralK viflonoi.', V«

owing gtneuil defiriplic-s 1 ' them.
The OaiU> are a very robult. haidy, and leiulute

pcopit,

I i

1 !

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAf>HVx

;'i

411

people, and irr naturally of a very fcrocloui dirpofiiion;
all which »rife* from the little care taken of them by
their parents when ehildren, they being left to wander
about at random like lb many little fava(;je^ The natu-
ral hardincfi and ticroeify thus acquired intheir infancy,
IS alten»"ard» improved by their bting fo early initiated
into the martial trade, from whence they become not
only ftout and intrtpid, but in a great miafurc favagc
and cruciv

They are tavipht the tifc of the fttord, and that it i«
an honour and liappinel's to live by it, a< Riving the btft
title to evrry thinn; they potrefi, and being the moll
tfTiftual moans of prrfcrvingit : they arc brought up to
a ilefiif ot glorv and concjiirft, anJ are taught to look
ttiili contc'Dpt on llaTcry and diatli.

A-, by ihtir maxims, the cuitinj; off their hair con-
ftitui s ihim men, tin- \ouni; males art' rot (lermittcd
to mrivethat honour nil they have defervcd it, either
by killing an enemy, or Ibme wi'd beaff, ("uch as a lion,
lipir, lei'pari!, f<c. alter whtrh they are alloxerd to cut
their hair, leaving only a f-ngle iock on ihc top • and
till', inlpiics them with an nncoriimor. Bml)itioii to hi;na-
lizc thiinrclves by tluir biavery, as the nioft rife^ual
means ol acquirinj; ffimii, and obtaining ilic more ho-
norable feats at then cuuncils, te ftivals, \c. for the great-
er nuiiibir of hiroie .-.f^itins thiv perl'orni, the more are
they II IjKtted. For this reafon ihry take care to fave dl
the hia<U of thofc enemies they have killed, at trophies
ol the gieateft va'uc; and when any ronteft or doubt
31'fes alwut ihem (whirli is rmnetinicf ihccafe) as when
till ic is no txard upon them, and may tie fupptiled to
have b< longed to a It male, they have a law wliieli ohligei
tl c [xrliin fo produce a more Jixifive pan along with it,
oilurivile 'hey arc not admitted. To iirevcni, therefore,
.11 difputcs, ihey are obliged to lay ihule truphirs that
arc gained in lutile IkiWc their pioper i.iiu .is, at the
head of their tribes, a', lixm ai the engagement is over ;
there ilicy are publiikly vitwcd and examined, ami, if
approved, are entered into the eoinmon rrgifter ; after
s»liich the o«n(r liaih li'ierty to carry them to his own
tint, together with his (hare of the fpoil or plunder,
wliicli 1^ '.llottii! to liim in ptopiirlion to the ilegrec in
svhichhehis diningnillnd hintfilf intho engagement.
Kv this imthsHl all eolbilif>n and drrett is pre»»nt<d, or
elfe difcoycred and ptiniflicj ; it fieing contideied as
escry man's duty lo (Vieif> all falfe preteneej to merit, as
svcll as that of tluir (i>iiiiiiaiidii'g othceis, who inliift
a punilhment on thedclimpieiit ackquate to the falfitics
lliiv may have in.leavoutnl to inipofi-.

'I'holc who Ibrw ilir Iraft figns ol cowardice arc pu-
iiilhed in the imfl ixciiiplaiy manner. It is death to
pivess-av alter an rtipa^niunt is liegun ; fo that they all
iu;hl with the nui\ undaunted eounge and refo'ulion,
and are lo tuiicus m the attack, not guingor taking any
Hi,artir, that it is hanlly iwifTible to make head againlt
them ; and this is the :eaiiin why they have obtained lb
many lignal siftorics (iv<r the Ab)thnians, though the
latter ate much lu|>crior in nunilKr, and belli r provided
I otii with horle» and ainn.

Hk <m|Kror Sigued, who had often experienrtd
tlieir intrepidity witii lonfiderable Id's, at length pro-
(«fled nicaturcs whereby he iTcaiiir mote fuccelnful than
any of his predecetlors. He knew ir wai impollible to
rtand the tnfl ftit tk of the (iailas ; " for which rtabn,
fays Lu<!olpli,liealway«ri:ffrred them to |ienetralc agooci
way into the (o«ntrv,lh»t they miglii have timclunlun-
dcr and cool ; and at iheir return, when they had loadcil
tlieinftlves wiih liooly, and wcie thinking only how lo
consiy it liomc and cnjos the prixrs, and ti.eir (irfl fuiy
iiiuc I. ibated, he then lay in watt lor thciii iii the way,
and called ihcm to ateotnl 'or what they had got { by
which means hr i.oi only rrcovernl the booty, but oftdi
lacrilicesl iIkh lisrs lo Ins refentment,"

The (5a!las had foriuerly no hoifr, but finrc they
have m»«le I'ufh (onipieDs in Abytfiiin, they have as
well casaliy a« fiK,f, aid though tlu-ir horfcs jie yiry
infrimr to thole of the Abyfflnianf, yet they keep their
ranks loelofe, ard engage in furh g<«! order, that they
are feldnin overpossricd by ihrir antag"nill'. When
Ihry tij^ht at a diliaiKi, thi y iiie l<-wi and airnws, and
s'arii, III ihc dilii>a.|^c ol wliieh ility aiC vrrv ei(|>ert i
and whtn »hey ewiK- to el<>(r »n>;. grinrnt, they have a
club, whisli in remaikabiv heavv ai one eud : tliv have

alfo fliiclds made of the hides of bufl'aIo<, and inflead o(
a club, thofe of higher rank ufe a fword.

Their government, as well as marriVI difcipline, ap.

peart alfo of Ciallic exira£k. They hav« no kin|^s, ln;>

arc divided into a great variety of trilx-s, each ot whicli

chufen a chi^f, or general coiinnander, whom they call

Luva, and him ihey obey at a fovcitign. Thefe ehitfj

arc chofen every ^ight years, and if any of them die irt

' the time, othert arc imBiediatcly e1e£>cJ to fupply their

I place. Their authority rclchetonly to military affairs;

; llwt is, to convene the great council at proper feafont

. to determine en peace or war : when the latter is the te-

! full of their meeting, each Luva heaili his own arinv,

[ an!t difliibutcs to the rclpcftivc officers under him thtir

j fevcral |K)fls and commands, tn like manner, when the

I war or cipedit'ion is over, he afligns to each man hi*

proper honouri and i wanlt, .iccording to his merit,

I r.ut if any difputc, or matter of complaint aiiles, it is

adjudged by the national council, who alone have a

flower toconfiftn, alter or abrogate the I'cntenec or deer, e

of the Leva.

To give the reader an lelea of the mock dignity prc-
fcrved by thcle oAennial chiefs, as well as the lingu-
lar mcthcxi in which they treat thole who r. nutil audi-
ence of (hem., uc (hall relate the following particu-
lars, as given by falhir Lolio, who had an opporn-nily
of feeing the wl-.ole. " Being, favs he, obliged to pay
my refpcfls to ihc luva, or chief, in order to dilirovcr a
new way into Abyllinia, I lound him with all hitwivo
and llocks alxiut him ; tlie place where he recci\cd ine
Itirg a hut thatched with ftraw, but Ibuicv.hat larger
than ihol'e of his lubjeftt. He ap(x:arc<l with all ihu
feeiuing cunrKjuence of an caftern luoiiaich, and his at-
' tendanisjiaiil him the inufl rcvciential refpeit. His iiian-
I ncr of givinj, auiliencc to Grangers is Ibmesvhat lingular :
I he apiKir^ liated in the middle of the apartment, witK
. all Ills rouriieis about him, fitting againlt tl-.e wall, each
with agoad or ft.itr,orilub in his hand, longer or Ihortei'
according lo Ins 'ank ; tiic longer are the mure dignilicd.
As leion a. the ttianger enters the playr, all thele coui -
tiers fall fuul of him, aod baftinadoe htm, till he has rc-
gatned the door, and got hold of it with his hand ; upon
wliidi they return to their feats •»<d he is c(mi|>liiiicntc>l
as if nothing tike it had been dune t-> him. 1 mylell',
lays he, did not fate one jot better, i.otwiihUr.nding the
|ieaceable and friendly olKccs lliat bad p.illed lietwccii
us ; and when 1 alkcd the meaning cf lo llrange a cere-
mony, i was anfsveted, that it was to make thole that
canic among them fenfible of the valour and bi avery <*.
thtir nation aliovc all others, and how realonnble it li
i lor them to lichave lubmiffndy 10 it."
1 1 he (iailas are naturally vc'iy proud, but at the fame
time they ate exceeding indoletil . they nrithci- till, low,
plant, or feather any thing that the land produces j li;.
that all their Ipacious jilains and vales only kisc to af-
, ford ilieir cattle lucli lood as the earth naturally brings
, l( ith. I hey look after Jlicir cattle for the lake of their
j rteth, which they eat raw, and is their principal food.
[ They have neither bread nor any thing die to fupply
I the wkot of tliat necefl'ary article. When they men
with any in their warlike rxcurlions, they eat ii with
'great raiiaeiiy ; and iho' they ailmire it, yet thiy will
not trinihle tlicitilelvts to cultivate the gram !;■ make it.
They give a political reafon for this piece ol iiii'oltr.ce,
wl.ieh IS, that if their lands pro'ueed ptetity ol coin,
the Ab)ilintan», and other enetiiics, might ln^nniitid
to inv.nde ihcm, and reap the liuitfil ot their lal-iui.
If ahy tit ighUiuriiig fiaits make ineuitions on theit ler-
ritoncs, I'ny iimuediatelv rctiie to (iiitic remote parts,
taking Willi thent thcii families and i.iltlr, in the lat-
; ler of whit h eonfifts their piijicipal wialth ; lu thai ilii:
enemy finding the country thus baireu ate obliged cither
to irt'urn, oi iierilh ttr want.

Although the liaMis area crutl ami tb.trom people,
yet t'r.y ..ir not without lonif j^oo.! qu .litlcs ; Kny are
lionrH .ill . .o Ihrir prumil'c, and .lit nc' ei kitbw II ttk
violati n oath. They conlider this at iIk' uitfi Itihiini
of all engagements, the i ereinony oi'wbuli is ihus |k i -
formed : they hung a (tuip lo a propt r j- .» r aj^poiiitci',
where they aiuiiil it with butler; afierwlntli i'» iMif,jn«,
Ol if it Ik taken in the name of a tribe, or lainih, the
bead, of il lay their hands U|'Oli llie hral of (hv lli.tp
I and loldiiiilv pryttft, that they v. ill ri li^^.onlly oilers:

escry

we (hall nt
merly bcloi
taken bs- tl
At the' tl
wife lei/et
from Kg)p
fo that ei
excluded
tie.i.

Ihr tl
try, ami t
the princi
inteilte'ted
r» that 1 1
fniia but I'
bkii, ai
(iciilt 1.
inil-'S a d
ele|ihaiits,
of deer, a
ti'-;. ' ML'C
I .. or tl|

The II
si/, the
nor kti|v.
K-iehi-s t|
ihe anrit]
uiilcr ^ii|
Ihouftb I
rally ver|
an a m
..nt\ Kpvf
ners, die

■Ihe
Aikiko
ilorA latj
on a lii
tliniinei
port* on

tlo.ifcs »

and ton
ol a I .1
V'.iiior,
3/

AFRICA.]

A B Y S S I N I A.

4'3

every part of their engagement. The explanation they
give of this ceremony is, that the fheep is, in foinc fenfc,
the mother of all tnat fwcar, and the butter is an em-
blem of the nidtial love of the mother and her chil-
dren ; and, confvquently, that a man ought never to
violate an oath, which he hath taken upon the head of
his mother.

With refpeft to religion, they only acknowledge one
fuprcme being, but have not any mode of wurfhip.
When the Roman miflionarics were here, many of them
were converted to Chriftianity, to which, for (iiinc time,
they ttridlly adhered ; but after the expulfion of the
Jcuiits, that religion was lai j afide, and they have ever
fnice followed their original maxims.

Such are the particulars we h.ue been able to get rela-
tive to the people called Gallas, who hav: greatly weak-
ened the Ahydinian empire, and ftripped it of m ni,uiy
large and CDnfiderable provinces, exclufive of a great
number of fmall ones, which, being intermixed with
them, have Ihared the fame fate. The principal of thele
have been already mentioned ; all, therefore, we have to
add is, tlut the Gallas might, in all prob.ibility, have
carrioi their conquelb much f.irther, had not fome mil-
undcrftandin^;;. li.ippeneJ between their tribes, and we.ik-
ened their (wwir by dividing' their mtercils. To this
may he uiKled, that the dreadful devaltations and niiighter
which thev (more particularly the foulhern one,) com-
mitted in tneir fuimer ineuifuiiis, in which thivdejfniyed
all that came in the ir way, without diltinction of i.,i- or
fex, hath oWii;ed both the Ahvllini.m, and other n i^^li
bour', to be farther on their guard againll thuii, aiul lo
inure themfelves to a more .\<ilive ami nuitial life th,in
they h.id formerly Incn accullomed to, in oidcr lo fiip-
prefa their bloody (iroweCs foi tlie future.

SECT. VII.

0/ tht Cs.yl r,f Abex, or I labcfh.

AVING, in the prccidip;; leiiiion':, defcriUd
__ every particular relative to the Abylliniaji tmpiie,
we (hall now t.ike a view of the above cualt, which for-
merlv beliintnd to thofe monarch.", from whom it was
taken bv the lurks in the beguiiung of the I.1II century.
At the time thry made thefn depitdaticms they like-
wife fei/ed on all the bays and (xuts belonging to it,
from Kgypt quite down to the (livighli of Babelinaiulel ,
fo that ever lince the AbylEnians have luen totally
excludid from having any nilercourlc with the Red
Sea.

rile climate of the road of .•Xbc'C i^ exceeding ful-
try, and the l.uid lo fandy and pirtlicd by the lun th.it
the principal p.nt ot it is quite bairiii. Iht Co. ill
inteiliCted all the ivav by a long eh.iin of mouniaiii,,
fii that there is no w.iy to come from lliencc into Abyl-
iinia but by two llrait pafles, one of which i'. caMid Ar-
I'ko, and till oilier .Snakiii j and even thiCe .refodil-
lieult to pafstliu iiasellers cannot go above live or (ix
inil-n a dav. H.n are great numheis of hon., tygcrs,
elephants, and otlirr wild IkmIIs , they have alfo plenty
nl deer, and (hiep ii( a prodij'ious fiie ; but ;iiain and
<,'J ' nccedary .irtielcs are Cither brought iVmn Abyf-
I .. or the Red .Sea.

The eoaft is divided into »wn parts, one of which,
\i/. the mMlhern, is (tiled Hegleb.r^iate, whole (jover-
iior kei p'. his refidencc at Siialiin. The I'outhein part
uaelies quiie to the end ol the coall, whceit includes
the ancient kiii!»dom of l)aii,~ali. both pai's l.diour
under gnat iiu uivcmence lor the want of water ; and
though the air is lultrv, yet, alter fun-fet, it i. genc-
lally very lo.'gy and uiiwl.i'lefome. The inhabiiinls
ati a mixture of Turks, An-bs, C.ift'res, AbylUnians
.nd Kjryptians, and diftcr equally m their religion, man-
lurs, dicfs, &tc.

The piincipal towns i' long the coafl are, Suakin and
Aikiko. Ilie former is fituatcd in 19 d-.-g. 4$ min.
nor#l lat. .tnd vj deg. 30 inin. call long, and is built
on a finail inaiul of its name oppofite to, and at a linall
ilinance liom the bay of it. It is one of the bell fea-
pons on this coafl, and very larijt and prpulous. jhe
hoife. aie built of lluiie, and in piiuiaUery Ip.iciou*
and lonvrnienl. Tlf town wa- l.>iineily the refidencc
ol a (. aft'reriaii princi, but now only cf a lurkilh t^o-
v.rnor, und>.i the baib* ef C'auo.
V

Arkiko is ulfo a lt.:-port town fituatcd in 16 deg. ;
min. noith lat. and 39 deg. 20. min. call long. It
is defended h v a calUe, but is much fmaller than Suakin,
and very indii'erently inhabited.

In the fouinetn parts of the coaft of Abex arc feve-
ral fmall kl igdoin?, the principal of which is callej
Dancala, fituated on the Red Sea, betwjeii the kingdun
of Adel on the c.ill, am, a Imall leriitory named iJekiii
on the weft. lis extent along the co.ill is very fmall,
neither is it well cultivated or inh.ibitcd. The king
is a M.ihonictan, as arc alio moll of his fubje>;ts ; but
he is in (Irict alliance and frieiullhip with the emperor
of Abyllinia. The mofl remarkable produce of this
part of tlie country is fait, great quantities of which arc
made by the inhabitaiKs, who cany on a confiderablc
traffic in that article both in the inland parts and on thu
Red Sea.

The capital town of Abex is fituated in this kin 'dom,
and is called Dancali. It i-. tolerable lai\ic, but the
houfes arc ill built, and very inditlereiitly inhabited.

The chief fea-ptrt here is that of lijlyur, fi-
tuated a little to the well of HabelmanJel. It vv.is at
this poit that the patriarch and hisjefuits, (lint to Aby*"-
(inia by the king of Portugal) firll landed; and as the
manner in whirh they weie trcafd by the cheik, or
king, was rather fmgiilar, we (hall prelervc a relation
of it, which we hr'v,' obtained liom father Lobo, who
was one of tlic piinclpril ft (nits in this emhalTv. A<
liHin as the king heard ol tlifi- ..nival, he fenr 10 in-
viic the p.iul..i;h „i..i ni-. retinue to his court, uhich
was about three or four days j.mrney from Halvjr, and
difpatelied his own (on lo meet them in the w.iv, and
eonduel ibem to the loyal palace, or rathii camp, which
they found to confill only of half a do/en tun>, with
.iboiit a fcoie huts fenced 111 with a thorn iiedge, and
(haded by fome wild kind of trees.

The hall of audience where they were rcccivcil by the
king, was a large tent, or hut, about a mufket f.ot
Ironi the nft. At the upper end wa-. a kind of hrone
about two fcx't fr.>m the giound, m.ule of ftoiie and clay,
.uid covered with a carpet and two velvet eulhions. At
the other end, oppofite to the throne, was the king's
hoife, with the faddic .iiid other accoiiircnu nts fufpend d
on one dele. Round the hall were al'oiil fifty youiv
men fi'.ting crolV-leggcd m\ the ground ; ami when the
I'ortuguele emballalors were admitted, they weie nude
to lit down ill lame pollure.

In a flioit time the kiiigcntercd the li.ill, proceeded
by fome of his domcllics, one of whom carried .m larlh-
en pitcher full of hydromel, or wine made of hoiuy }
aiiolher a drinking ..up ni.ide of porcelain ; a thiol car-
ried a cocoa-nut (hell hlh d with tolvicco ; and a fourth
a filvei tobacco-pipe and luiiw fire. Next to them c.mie
the king died'eU in a light liik llutt, with a tiiib.ni on
his head, liom the edges of whiih hung a parcel of riigs
that dangled befon' his lorihe.ul. Inllead of a fceptre
he held in his hand a Ihort kind of janliii ; he was fol-
lowed by all the ihief officers of his court and houlhold (
and among them were his loid high ftewai.l, the fiiix-r-
iiitcndant of his finanee*, and the captain I his giiaid.
The ref|ieil paid him at bis cuming in was, by (land-
ing on their feet, and (quatting down again iwiie; after
which they went towards the thione to kif.. his hand.
The audience was Ihort, but fu!I of the moll boni-
ballic proleffion of love and elKem on hi» (idc, and of
re((H-cl and gratitude on theiis ; but thi> bihaviour foim
altered, when, on the next morning they came to make
ilieir prelcnts to h.ni, for, indead ot the kiiig\ accipt-
ing them, father i.obti, who wa, thi pc.fon that brought
them to him, met with a levere irpriiiiand, for daring
to art'iort a monarch like liim with Inch tiiHing prelentt,,
and W.1S bid to lake ihtm away out of his light. Lobo
leadily obeyed, without betiaying cither fear or anv other
emotion than that ofdifdaiii, after having L'iven ^im to
uiuUrdand, that they were of more value than he ought
to have expedted from religious prrfons, who had re-
neuneed the world, and forlakcn their native country,
for the fake of carrying their religion into the Abyflinian
empire i .md told him at parting, that fiiue he did not
think them worth his accr|iijiicr, the lu-xt he fcjit tW
from them rtioiild be much lels valuable.

This Ipiiilrd behaviour ol !,obo greatly fiirpri/'d th*

king, whu lutifetcd hiin to uo away with tbe pit;fenu \

j M but

! i

414 A NEW C0\1PLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

but bting unwilling to lofc thrm, fcnt one of his officers
to fetch them hack, with ord -is to infift upon fdmc ad-
dition being m.»de to tlicm. He was Mad, however, to
take them as they were, Lobo, on his fide, infifting
upon retrenching them ; fo that when they were broui;ht
again, the greedy monarch received them with vifibic
marks of dilTiitisfaiSion and rcfentment.

The difguit in which he held them on this account
w»s foon evinced, for he not only detained them upon
fomc pretence or other longer at his court than was ne-
cefTary for getting things ready for their departure, but
privately forbid his fubjc(!ls to fell them any kinds of
provifions at any price ; fo that they muft have been
obliged either to iatiate his avarice by larger prcfents,
or have been in danger of (tarving, had it not been for
father Lobo, who expollulatcd with him on the impr(v
priety of his conduct, and at the lame time threatened
him with the emperor's rcfentment. Notwithllanding
this, however, he not only poflponcd their departure
from dai to day, but fuftercd them to be infultcd by his
fubjecb , in hopes of finding fomc pretences for extort-
ing fr. ■" them farther prefents for their difinifTion. To
avoid this, the only expedient they could find was, to

bribe one of his favourite miniftcrs with a valuable rifr
who foon after obtained their audience of leave, and (uch
fiipplies of carriages, provifions, dc. as were neceilliry
to proceed on their embafl'y to the Abyflinian court. JJut
before their departure they were obliged to compliment all
the officers of the I^ancali court, from the moft elevated
to the moll defpicablc.

Befidcs the port of Halyur, there arc feveral other
towns ill the kingdom of IJancali, particularly Vclli
which Is a fca-port on the Kcd-Sea, ajid very large and
welt inhabited.

The others of any note are Korlcora and Manadeli,
in both of wliich they have fomc manuf.iilures ol cotton
a, id lim-n, «!ueh they fell to the Negroes. This |v.uc
of the kingdom is w.atcied by the river Hawafli, but the
foil is in gnur.il barren, dry, and landy, and proi!uix-s
no kind of rrr.iin, or any other nccefl'ary article of hfe.
The inli ibii.mts arc MiM)rs, and confeiiuently ver)' la/y
and iiiJigent i and fearful of all Europeans, particuKuly
the l'orti;guczc.

The other territories on the coaft of Abex are fo trifling
as not to .admit of any pnrricular notice. We lliall tin re-
fore pafs them over, and proceed to the next chapitr.

t «l,M

CHAP. XV.
The Kingdom of N U B I A, or S E N N AR.

fllti^^:*if ^

THIS kingdom receives its name from its cspit.al,
which hv fome is c.i'iUd Nubia, and by others
Sennar. It is fiiuatid between I •? .I'ld 24 dcg.
of norrh lat. and between 25 .unl 3S deg. >f ealt Ion •.
It i>. bounded on the call bv th'.- Reil S' .1, on the wtll
by ihe kingdom of (lo.ii^a, on the north by Kgypt, and
nn the fouth by AbvlTiiiia, fr..,?' whence it is feparatid by
the Nil" and a long ridge of mouiitains. It is up*Mrds
of ()0o miles in length, and about tico in breadth, and is
fif an irregular oh'ong f jrm.

The priiuipal rners th it water this cnuntrv are tin
Nile, the Nubi.:, and the bira. The Nile overflow;
here at its ufual feafon, but not fo ronfiderubly ns in
Kgypt. It r.-icncb in its courfe through this niinlrv
the Ze7,er, ,M irjl", Amhiri. md fmno nth-r^ oi lei's
noli-, but It is not navigable till it has entered fome way
mtH Kgvpt.

The climate here is exceeding fultn,-, and the foil in
pcncral very fandy and barren. Thf mod fruitful pans
are the banks of the Nile and the other rivers, wb -re the
inhablt:lm^ cultivate great plenty of corn, and fome fiijar
rar.is i but as the natives have not the art of maiiufr-e-
fi.-irg the fui.ir to a propi r perfeition, it is of linl.r ad-
vantage, few fonigncrs > billing to purch»fe it.

Niibia produces" ftvcral (..its of excillent friiils, and a
variety of medicinal pl.nil-., ti-ots, drug'-, ttc. Among
the drugs is oik- ol the moll puifonous >|uality, being lo
i|Uick in its elfeets, tl the tei:'S part of a gram or fird
irtcr • .1 hour, and a whole
grain in an inll-int. i .s deadly prodint, wlii<h is .1
fmall f.ftl gathered ♦''■in the tops ol an herb nor inlike
;blt branch not onl, • ir.idr,
t : it i> fold bv th'' oiiiu T, at an
cninrou! price, and whatever the purelialer gins for it,
|-.i r.u ' ;ufi piv the like film M the king, and at the
(..■nr tiini take a folrmil uath not to make ule of ii within
h:s duminion".

Thi» (^iii'it'jr a!f'> proiliircs feveral forts of medicinal
ts ' Irl.'v.'di fire ";v'V, ivory, .Hid faiiders ; and in
' • - : t« tif it ar-- f<-'.n.l .•!• 1 ■puntitiesnf '.old.

!. f J'n' ■' ,f Ni|l' , dromid.ines, camrli,

K :■. . ■ ■r-i »1 • • ■ ■,;'!) i-r.at num-

li . .. • I , .■ •, ..iiul.irly liomi, tigrrs, leopaiUn,

''■ .ij «ro. oJiles. Here »re likewile a great

*...i.t.) ol reptiles, but the moll Jeftiudlivt art the Ayiog

will kill a m.m in .
Erain in an inlKint. I
fmall f.ftl gathered f''
our nittle, IS a cmri
but of the royal revi >

lirpcnts, whofe (ling? are fo wncmous that they produce
immediate death eith r to man or beaft.

The inli iliiiants of Nubia arc m general low in lla-
ture, hvt limit and very coui.ageous. They are quit«
bi'.k, anil their faces nvich disfigured luit only by the
flaiinls of ibiir nofes, but by the marks of tlii' (m.dl-
po\, th It dilrife being fo prevalent here that they frc-
c|uently hoe it twice or three times. (he coiiimi>n
people wear only a kind of pilticoat made of coaric c'.i.m,
which is fallen'.d round .lie wailt and reicjies to the
lines; but the better firt have Ion ; robes made of fi!k
or- cotton th;U reaches from the Ihoiilders to thtir anc!i«.
The ladies of t)uality have alio the fame kind of garniiiii,
and thev adorn their ears, anns and wrills with golj
filver, or eii|^>-r rini", and other trinkets ; but they have
not any iIuiit on thiir Iciis or feet, e <cept a kind of
Iciheni file laiiened to the Wtom of the latter with tap(
or ribbon*.

riicy arc greatly .uldicled lo dnrnkcnncfs, are avaii-
Clous-, bale and defigiiing ; and pride ihemleKcs not
onlv ui ilieal'.ng lb..ii;'ers, but each other. The piiii-
cipal part of them are Mahometans, but thry pay .is
little regard to religion as to honour and honedy. I'holi:
who live in t'AViis or cilu- emplov themfclves chieflr m
commirce j but fuch as refide in the vill.iges follow
hulbandry and Idhing, except thiife who Mih.ibit the
more delcrt parts, and live wholly by plundering thcr
neighbours.

Thry are very expeit riilers, for which reafon when
th'v are at wir thev generally ti^ht on liorl'e-b.ick ; but
as they have the miihixl of poiloning their weapons, the
Turks ilo not I are Ki engage with them. However, they
feldom want lor opiioriunitits of (hewing their military
exploits the Nubian kings being Bcnerallv at war either
with tholi- III Ciiirli.im, who inhabit the defart trav'ls on
the fouth-we!l, or making incurliims into the liUU:..
parts as far .\s the Red .Sea.

Notwithllanding the heat of the climate, and fhr ge-
neral barreniuls of the co.jiitry, vet the inli ibitanls of
It are <;\ccuding iiiimerous , Inloiniuli that 15 n laid one
of their kings once .illilted the K.gyp'.ians on a p:.ititular
emergem v with |( o.coo horfe.

I he king of Ni!iia is a deljmtir, indepetideitl ml
powerful prince. Mi« palace conlilM of a l.ngr |» '• 1 1
iru'ijuUi buildings itu,li*l(d with » high biick '.ViilI. I hi

•vtlnli

other,
lify.
things,
Aate ;
counts I
to the I
tante,
()uent
miraiiil

,at they produce

AFRICA.] E G 1

eutfide of it appears verr mean, but the apartments with-
in aie fpacious and adorned with the molt rich and coAly
lurnituic.

The Iciiii^'s drcfs confifts of a long robe embroidered
with gold and fdver, faftcncd round his waift with a gir-
dle of the fined cotton ; and on his head he wears a tur-
ban of the fame. He never appears in public without a
veil over his face, which is made with fillc ijauze of va-
rious colours. Strangers, who arc admitted to pay their
hom.ige to him, mull, on entering the royal apartment,
take oft" their Okws, fall on their knees, and kifs the
ground twice. When his own fubjects appear before
nim they do the fame, but they mult always be without
any thing on their legs or feet.

The king is very fond of ftiooting, and frc(|ucntly
takes cxcurlions with his nobility in purfuit of that di-
verfion. He and his chief nobles attend four d.-iys in the
week tobufincfsof (late, at which times alfu they admi-
nifterjuftice in all cafes, whether of a civil or criminal
nature. This they do with great expedition, efpccially
in the latter cafe, where, if the perfon be found guilty,
fcntencc is no fooner palled than executed. For trifling
matters they are puniflied by the baltinado; but in cafes
of murder .ind tteafon, they are put to death, the man-
ner of doing which i?, by laying the criminal on his
b.ick, and beating him on the breaft with a fliek till he
expires, whiel;, from the fevtrily of the ftrokes, is ge-
nerally effedled in a very (IutI time.

The language of th-' S'u'.iians is peculiar to thcm-
felvcs, but btai'. fume kind "f alhnity to ihc Arabic : It
is not, however, uMivcrl.illv fji'iken ihriiughout the
whole kingdom, for in tlio Jilo!.ue paiis, which, are in-
habited by a diflereni kind of |H.-iiple, they (peak a laii-
gunp-e that do( s iioi l)urder either on the one r>r thi
cthi'r i f(i that it is dilHeult for lliefe, and the inhahitaiits
of the more civilized" paits of the country, to underhand
eneh other.

The kingdom of Nubia iiceivcd the goi'|)cl from
the cirliell times, and ConiinueJ firm to it for fevcial
centuries ; but tor want ot ^uiod preaelurs it at length
deginuated, aiiJ Main'inet-i. iliu look phue in its Iliad .
the lew w!io !lill letain the Li. ■ lian fuih acknowUdg-
the p.itriareh ot Alexandria. 1 i. 'C aie Hill extant In
fevcral parts of the tountry, the ruins of their anticiit
churches; in fune of wliieh are the figuns of the Virgin
M.ciy, .aid manvi.ther (aiiU>, caived in itonc.

Havinn thu- prcmilcd the ixeii> ral (urticulars rela-
tive to tbis kin.'dom, we fhall now take notice of its
piineipal citif, which are two in number, namely,
Nubia, or Sennar, the capital, and Dungala.

Nubia, or .Srnnar, is fitua'.l in 14 deg. north lat. and
iq dej. rail lone. It ftaiuls on the willerii Iwnk of thi
Nile, and 1- Imunded on the ftiuth hv Ahyflinla, .ind on
the weft bv UaL'oa. It is pleafaiuly fituated on an emi-
nence, btneath"whii.h is a large plain, coveted with a

P T. 4,^

great variety of odoriferous fruit-trees. It is abotii five
miles in circumference, and fo populous that the inhabi-
t.uits are cftimatcd at ioo,coo. The houfes in general
are low, flat, and ill-built ; and thole in particular with-
out the city arc truly wretched, confifting only of poor
fmall huts made of wood and mud. I'rovihons of all
kinds are here very plentiful and cheap, for the f.tlc of
which a market is c-very day held in the center of the
city. The inhabitants make fine wheaten bread for
(Irangers, but they chufe a ccarfer fort for their own
eating. The inconveniences attending this city arifo
from the air being very unwliolcfome on .ntcount of the
exceflive heats, which arc alfo attended with violent
rains, that fometimes make it fo obnoxious as to pro-
duce diforders that prove latal both to men and bealls.

The inhabitants here carry on a confiderable tnide
in all parts between this city and Dan<;ala, as alfo
from thence down to Cairo, and other parts of Kgypt.
The commodities they difpofo of aie, gold, miifk, ele-
phants teeth, and fanders ; in return !ur which they
receive fpiccs, filks, cottons, aitd other Indian commo-
dities.

The city of Dungala is fituated in 19 deg. 10 min.
north lat. and 27 deg. lo min. call long, ft (lands on
the eaftetn bank of the Nile, near the confines of Ga-
goa, and is about 250 miles from .Sennar. It is ex-
ceeding populous, and is faid to contain at leall ic,00O
houfes, but they are all infignihcant buildings, bcin^
very low, and made only of mud and wooc, and covered
with ftraw. The inhabitants, however, aie moft ot
thent very rich, and carry on a confiderable traflick with
Cairo, and other parts of Kgypt, where they exchange
their own eominihlitles, efpccially fanders .-uiJ nmlk, for
arms, linen cloth, and other nurchandlze.

Ihc principal towns in this kingdom arc four, namely,
Cufa, Guola, Jalae, aiiJ Sula ; but they arc ail very
ttlfling, nor do either of them cont.iin any thing that ad-
mitsof paitlciilar notice.

Theie are manv vlll.iges, moft of which arc fitiiatcj
on the banks of the Nile, and other rivers, f)r the
coinmlence of watering their gitnnuls. Ihili; are
toleiably pleafant ; but the rel', which are in the
! vli lai t p.irts, arc wretched places, and very i)ocrly in-
habited.

To the fouth of Nubia is the fnmll kingdom of Gor-
ham i hut we know little of it, only that it is chiefly a
defart country, and that the inhabitants of it arc gene-
rally at war with the Nubians, and other adjoining
kingdoms,. They are a very rude, ignorant people, go
about naked, and chleflv live by plunder. Tliere Ij not
CM n a llngic village in the whole kingdom, or any thinji
that appears like one, except a few wretched huts fituated
along the White Rivtr, which dlxides this territory
from Abyflinia, and falls into the NiU fomc leagues be-
low the citv of Sennar,

111 i

i 11;^
1,1

'3\

«:■'! '

f' ■ 1

CHAP. XVI.

1 '4

WF, come now f,-) 1'" defrriptlon pf n roimlrj'
which hath alwavs home a diftii\guilhed i.mk
in hiftor\-, and 4Hi« o'ue .elebtaled above all
olher. for its antiipnties, Irainui;, opuleiui , .nvl tuti-
lily. Such, however, islhe ir.,it„bililv of all ijbhin.iry
things, that its prefent has no uliinblance of lis tormei
ilate ; and Ihofe who read the .indent and in.Hl.'rn ai-
countsof Kgypt, cm fearer believe th.u they ap|>fitaln
t.) the (.into ountrv. Its leatnlii.; is chanvTed to igno-
rance, its opulence to poverty, md its lertilnv m f'c-
quent fcarcity. Yet Kgypt afi, i,ls ample mitur fir ad-
inir.ttion and'pity i thcexplor. i o| nalur-, and .idinif 1
Vi uu may both gratify the I'loll boundkii cwiolity,

In rontfirplatinp the wonderful productions of nature,
and the llu|)endous remains of the moft ainarang works
of art with which this lountiy abounds. At i.\e fame
time then companion will be excited by the pre udicci
that the people have itnbibed, and the opprclfions be-
neath which they Inc. In fine, no country in the uni-
vcrfe is more iurprilir" in itfelf, or has undergone
L-reatr- revolutions i ;> .d, confei)Ucniiy, the dcrcripPon
ol none can be nun gratifying to the general tafte, ot
interclling to ev.'ry paflion incident to the human foul.

Kgypt has the Mediterranean Sea 011 the north, Abyf-
finia on the fouth, the dcferts of Uarea, :av1 unknown
P4f M of Afnca, on vt>c weftj and ths R«J Sm on the

4x6 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY

I'k

'.1.

eaft. The wcftctn MtcnJ towards the dcfirts Is indcti-r-
minatc ; gcograiihcrs, however, place the whole coun-
try hetwtxn the 20th aiij ni dcg. o( north ht. and the
28th and 36th deg. of calf long, and confequcntly make
it 600 miles ill length, and 250 in breadth.
This country is divided into three parts, viz.

Upper Egypt, or Thebais.
Middle Lgypt, or Ileptanomis,
Lower Egypt, or Delta.

Each of thefc diftric^s we ftiall dcfcribe in their rc-
fpcAive places ; but it is necelTary prcviotidy to tonfidcr,
the nature of the country, and its produi^tions.

SECT. I.

Natural Hi/lory of Egypt.

DURING the ftiminer the air of Egypt is more
fiiltry than fome other countries that lie under
the fame parallel of latitude, which is owing to its fitii-
ation between two ridgej of mountain'-, and to the fandy
foil, which throws back the refleiilinn of the fun's rays.
While the fun is in or near the meridian, the weather is
aftonifhingly fervid in the fumnier, and difagrceably hot
even in the winter ■ yet the nights are extremely cold .it
all rimes, which is owing to the great quantity of nitre
with which the air is impregnated. Towards the fea-
coalb the rains continue from November to Maich j
higher up the country they have only a little rain from
IJtCember to February ; but in Upper Egypt they feldom
have any at all. The coldeft ("eafon is in Febru.iry ; the
winds which occafion rain arc the weft and north-weft ;
thunder is often, but earthqu.ikes v«ry rarely known.
The finith wind is extremely hot at all times, bnt in
fome particular feafons the heat is fo cxceflive, that the
people are obliged to ftiut thcmlilvis up from Its intinli-
ncfs, and to retire to cellars, vaults, &c. to a\old the
penetrating rays of the fun. The fouth-weft wind ralfcs
luch aftoniOiing clouds of fand .md duft, as to darken
the face of the day, and do great d.unage by overwhelm-
ing whatever it meets with. The refieftiing gales which
blow from the north-eaft from the month of May to
November, mitigate the heats of the funimer, which
would be otherwife infuppoi table. This Is called the
Etefian wind, and Is deemed the- happincfs of Egypt, as,
)nde)iendant of lis revivinij qualities, it Is thought to oc-
cafion the overflowing of the Nile. Lucretius thus
Rientions it :

•' Or that the north winds Ao his month oppofe,
" Then yearly when the Ktefia firmly blows ;
•' VVhofc long enciimb'ring bUftsrehft his way,
•' Put back his ftreams, enforcing him to ftay."

The foil of the flat p.irt-^ of Egypt are a continued
fand, though In many paits the nuffi of the Nile covers
and feruli/es it. M.inv of the hilU arc of fret-done,
and fome contain petrified ftielN. The coat whu lithe
inundation of the Nile leaves upon tlie llindy founda-
tion, is a rompufition of muildy eaitli, full of nittuus
and fmall paiticlcs j and tins is fumctlmes fo very lieh,
that fand is obliged to b.- mixed with It, In order to
bring it to a pr<iper tcm|ierature *. This river, howe-
ver, neither flows lo (oploudy, 01 leaves fo grc.it a quan-
tity of fcdimcnf b<liin(l, as It ilid In ancient tinle^ j foi
its ftrength and Its matter feem to he gre.itly dlnilnilhed,
and confequcntl) itsirfiets In fertiliialiun mull beiun-
fiderably Icfs than formerly.

• The above iilliemull 1 iiional ;uiil |<r<<l jblc ac...iini»i
have been abli' to piiKiirej and tlioU) li a H' ' rcceiil 11 . 1
learnedanlhor diftiMiis in fome parili iil.iri funi. y(t I ili
agiee in the ni.iin pninn. T> eviner I'Ut inipariijiitv \n
thill here Inlri I the oil.pi aceoniit, that ilic rc.nler mavhivt
an Opportiiiuiy of jiidginj( of r:«eh. This (><'nilcni.in fjv<,
•' t'i\nt traveller', wlh> 1111 their voyage from IJamueirj, or
Rofetta, to Coru, havr, fiom tlictr bai)t(,lren people make
furrowj in ihe land. In wliiili iliey pl.iim d ^cmnl, i.ielon,
01 tiuumlei Iced, in Marili or .■\pril, luvi- noilakcn ilH>le
ffed« fur roin, .inJ han laiJ the toil in teypt aimiially pro-
duced t»o cropi, aiiil ilut it wn lo iii.n, they were ob-
Ijjcd to mix (and wiili ii, in order to dimiiiilh tlic luMiri-
amy. If tbcfe travellers bad taken tlie troiillc to eKamim
the fiibjfc'l more ittentivdv, ihey wiiiili! fuun lr.ive fouinl
•m wtutkind ol feed the people fe-Atd j they would hive

We fhall now proceed to a dcfcription of that fo much
celebrated river the Nile, which, fays an cxcelUrit
writer, " is the gieatcft wonder of Egypt, where it lei-
dom rains, but this river, by its regular inundations,
lupplies that defect, by brinjjing, asayeaily tribute, the
rains of other countries. 'I he ancients placed the Nile
in the Mcuntaim of tht Mim, as they are commonly
callid, In the loth deg. of fouth lat. but wc now tiiul
that they lie in the 12th deg. of noiih lat. fo that about
4 or 50a leagues, whrch the ancients gave that river, are
cut off. It rifes at the foot of a great mnnntain, in the
kingdom of Ciojam, in Abyffinia, from two fprings,
about Tp paces from each other. The river is Increiiled
with many rivulets, which run Into it, and alter part-
ing through Ethiopia in a meandringcourfe, flows at l.ift
into Egypt, which it enters almoft under the tropic of
Cancer, pouring iti'elf down In feven cat.iraifls. Havinjj
parlid tbioiigh Up|K'r and Middle Egypt, itisdiviilij
into two large arms, a little below Memphis, and tholi;
arms afterwards form feven channels, whieh empty then,-
fi-lies into the Mediterranean by two mouths, viz. iJa-
imietta and Rofetta"

Many parts that the Inundations of this river wiil
not reach, are nevcrthelefs fertili/ed by its wati 1 .,
which are conveyed to them through a varl ly of artlfu i.ii
canals, cut at an immcnfc cxpenec. Dining the ll.ioj
manv of the cities and towns, which are ireit. d cm riliii r
grounds, and purpolily elevated in therr conltnictioii,
appe.tr like illands, being furroundcd by the watcii of tha
noble and ufefnl river.

The Nile hath been an objefl of curiofity, and matter
of admiration to the learned of all age>, and has at-
tr.ieted the attention of the travellers of many ila:ioll^,
.IS well a^ the pc(>ple of the countries through whielr it
flow-. It begins to rife Immediately after Mrdhiniimr,
conirs to its hiiirht In Ati'uft, and falls .again in Sqi-
tembc r. Lucaii, In his I'haifalla, finely defi.rrbe^ rts
coiiife, but pretends that Its fource Is InfirutaMe, and
bad been fought for in vain by Alesaiid.r the (inai,
Sefoftris, Cambvfes, ?cc. and many moderns li.r c
adopted the ancient erroneous fuppofitions concerning it,

" From he-av'n Itfelf, tho' fevenfold Nilus flows,
" And harveft on an hundicd realms beftows."

Pope.

Liican llkcwife imputes the rife and fdl to the plane-
tary influence j and .ifcrlbes the ajinual Inundations to
the power of the planet M.rcury. The lines wbieli lie
makes the chief pi k (I Ai bonus .uhlrefs to Ciiarupon
this oei.ilion are fo beautiful, that wc cannot a\oid in -
ferllng them, according to Mr. RuWe's elegant verfiuu
of lliat |K>et.

-" Ev'ry limpid fpriiig, and falling ftrcam,

" Submit to radiant Hermes' icignlii!; beam.

" When 111 the Crab the htunid uili r (hincs,

" And to the fultry Lion m ar inclines ;

«* There fix'd immediate (.'ir Nile's latent fource,

" He ftrlkes the wati'y ftoies with pond'roiis torce {

" Norcanthi flood biij.ht Maia's fon wiihftand,

" Hut heavis, likeCXvan, at tin- moon's i-.Miimand j

" llis wavev afcend, obiul' lit a. the feas,

" And rcaih tlieir deftm'd lni;lit by jull degrees :

" Nor to its bank retiiiu.s theiiorinuus tide,

" Till LI'm's equal kale theda\s and nights divide.

" .Aiitiqint), unknowing and d eeu'd,

*' 111 dreaiUi of Ethiopian liijws belicv'd :

diliovered iliu iliry only mile iili- of faml ilofetorhe
liaiiksof iIk- Nile, and 11.1 lartliir ii]< the lonmrv i I ten ife
1 lie loll IS more c';iyry, .mil more liarilnuil ly the h.al <'f
I Me fun in ilu'. pan, lo ihii ilit j;i .liin.iii hy no nuanive-
Ketate, or picixe lliroiigliiij il, iifoi this rrjion. till the
ihoots have acquired 111. 11 ftrriigili, and llit- rarili is fofi-
enn! by repeatedly watering it, t!uy mike abed, loiiliOma
of ei|iiil parts of fand ainl pijreotis dung, in wiieh ihe feed
i.an llrilie roidj for *irhonr thi' dung ihey can n« peel no
liiiiii. They low 1 lie corn ill Kjiypi In the monih c.f Jami-
ary, afier the loll it well loiked by the wateii of the Nde f
and in L'ppi r E({ypt thev pi ick i tiii in April, but In Lower
K^ipt ill Mjy. " I cluiff the phrafe tl'n /■lu.-k ii n/i, iidleaj
ol la) lug ihey r.-ifiii, Iriaule the people re.dly do ihe

. , ■., - — r-'P'e re.dl)

'oriuii, lu uiJei I J Wake ufc uf tbi' cuUt* ftiaw.

Ftoax

Ihat fomiich
In cxcclluit
Arhca- it iti,
linunJatioiis,
\ tribute, (ho
pd the Nile
commonly
J'c IIDW liiul
|u tliut about
Tatrivnr, are
I'taiii, ii, (ho
|two (prings,
is iiicre;i(cd
|<< after paiT-
flowsail.id
J the trnjiic of
¥ls. Having
it is lliviil.J

lis, and thoii;
I empty thill. -
|h-s, viz. Jj,i.

|is river «;i|

i'> w.iti I .,

|y of artifl. ,.,|

i"g the (1,)„J

fii' ll nil iiflii r

Iwattii of iji.i

|y, and flutter

and li.is jt-

'lany lution,,

iigli vvhith It

iVJjddininier,

[gain in Sip-

■ ili-fi.ril)e.>. Its

liiutaMe, and

■r the (Jieat,

iioderns ha\e

eoncerninj; it,

lus flows,
lows."

Pope.

' to the phine-
iiiindaiions to
''"s-, which he
' C'< l!ir u(),)ii
Tlot .neiid in-
<-'aaiit vcrfiou

Ircani,

am.

I1I.S,

t foiircp,
roils lorre j
'liffand,
< 'inmand j

degrees :

lis

Khts divide.

>l<>l<- til the
rv : lent iff

the h.ai i.f
I Mil am ve-
l"ii. nil the
?arih ii foft.
I, n>iilii>ing
ih I he feed

I "-Kprol no
"ll 'f Jjtiii-
I' the Nile f

II III Lower
>>/>. itillmij
11)' du the

AFRICA.] . E G "

•' From liilln tliey tauglit how meltins currents lan,

•• When the (iilt fwcliin}; of the flood began.

" Hut ah, how vain the thought ! No Boreas there

" 111 icy bonds conlltains the wintry year j

" Hut fiiltry fouthcin v/nids eternal reign,

«' And fcorcliing funs the fvvarthy natives (tain.

" Vet more ; whatever flood the frolt congeals,

" Mills 3* the genial fpriny's return he feels j

" While Nile's redundant w.iters never rife,

»' Till the hot Dog inri.Miies the (li iier Ikies j

'> Nor to his banks his Ihining lli\ ^m eonlincs,

>■ 'I'ill high in heav'n th 'autumnal Balance Ihines :

•' Unlike his watry brethren he prefules,

•• And by new laws his liquid empire |;uides.

" From dropping feafoin no iiicrcale he knows j

•• Nor feels the fleecy fhow'rsof melting fnuws.

•• His river fwclls not idly, e'er the land

•' The timely otfice of his waves demaiiJ ;

" But knows his lot, by l'io\idence aflii^ii'J,

" To cool the fealoM, ami ufielh mankind.

" Whene'er the Lion fhedi his tires around,

" And Cancer burn^ Syene's parching ground ;

" Then, at the pray'r of nations, com, s tlie Nile,

" And kindly tempers up the iiuiuld'rint; I'oil.

" Nor Iroin the plains the cov'iin^ god uticat-,

•' Till the rude tervor of the fkics abates ;

" 'I'ill Phicbiis into milder aiituiiin fades,

" And Mcroe piojeols her lenpthning iliades.

" Nor let enquiring fe. ptics alk the taufe j

" 'Tis Jnve'seominiind, and thcle ate N.iture's l.iws.'

The proplicts Ilr.iah and Jcr.ini.ih call this river Sihor,
or SiJioi, whicli his fon.e afliinit) to the name j'iveii
to it by llie F.'!r.o|.iiins at this d^iy, as thiy dcnoiiiin.itc
that p.itt of the Nile tint runs thir.uj'Ji tin ir eountiy
Siiis ; anil all ilief^ appilblioiv; imply the l.uiie thin.;,
that is lU.itk River. The Cireek word /Fljivptios ba-
the fame fi^iiifieatioii, an I .-.lliides to the f.ible colour of
the w.iter. Tlv; woul Nil.", oi Nilus, however, is de-
lived from the ii.uiie of .; kiii^; of Fgypl, who did great
f-ivice to th ' country, by cuttin;; innunuraMe canals
fioin the river to fevcial p.urs which wanted irfnninunt.
'I'he ancients attciiipttd to account for the o\ rfow nig
of the Nile by vinous conjedlurcs ; but as thde weic
Jerivid rathei fmni imagin..tion th.m experience, they
Ime gr ner.illv be n found to be erroneous. The mo-
dern' , however, li.ive had more fucccfs m ihrir eiupii-
ries, and li.ive dilcoverid that the inuiid.iiioiiv of the
Mile .ire owiir; to the prcKligioiis rains which falling in
Ethiopia, riidi in loiuiit. from the hills, nvcrlluw the
Couniiyliift, an.llbii inipetiioudy defeend into Kirvpt,
where'llicv Iwcll the Nile, and caufe fiich falulary e4iCl^.
The hcigiil of the inundation is ufually lO cubits, or
24 feet ; for it is to be obfer\cd, ihitthe i libit in Ki'vp',
and parilciil.il ly at Grand Cairo, is but a foot and a h.dl,
lll'jugh in fiih r places it ii deemed a foot and nine
incho. ^\'hln il liles to only 12 or 13 eubif:, a famine
ufujlly enfues ; but if it exceeds 16 cubits, tho tiK> f leat
overflciw docs grc.t mifchicf. Thus extremes are ahvivs
divajtd ; and, fays .in intelligent writer, " as the
riches of Kgvpt depended on the inundation of the Nile,
all the iircumllai ces, niul dilFerent decrees of its cn-
tn af-, were ca;.f;lly i i:i!ide.'ed ; and the inund.itlon il-
fclf, by a long fiilis of riguler obfci\.itions, dilcovercd
wh.U kjiid of hauifl th" enfuiiig year was likelv to pro-
ilue-. Thai they iiii;,ht (he lutter judge of ihe tiaily
«-iii le.ifeof the water, and the coiifei|uejit pleiiiv or fear-
city of the enfuing year, the giadiial rife o( th- river
wai virr rxacllly meafuud, either by w.ills funk, or pil-
lars 11, 'h'd, and divided for th.it purpofe ; there was one
cf the former on the ».ink<of the Nile, in the l.'pp r
Fgypl. near Syne; .",nd one if the fitter was fet up in
Memplii-, on which thefe ilifKrent rnciealcs were
marked ; from whence notice wes given to all the relt of
Fgvpt J by wiiuh me.niis tbi inhibitants knew what ihcy
mii;ht fear or pmmifc ihemfelvcs from the harvelf.

Cibui.

In the time of Myris, a good Nile ^

(roiii the iile was - - S ^

III the time cd Herodotus, a good I ,

4«7

«' Fi

100^

Nile
Indift'ereiU Nil
Old Nito

- "5

A very ancient column, which fcrved for the fame
ufe, it now to be fecn in the caltle of Old Cairo, faid to
be eredtcd in the time of the emperor Heraclius , and
the prefcnt Nilomctcr, or Mikia;, as the Arabs call it,
is in the lame caftic, on the iflc of Rhoida. 1 he old
Egyptians afcribcd tiK inundation of the Nile to their
GodSerapis) and the pillar, on which was marked the
incrcafe, w.as rcligioufly pielcrved in the temple of that
idol. The overflowing of the Nile was by them attended
with an univcrfal joy throughout all Egypt, as they con-
fidcred it as the fountain of its happinef> j .-ind foinething
of the like cultom is obferved to this day at Grand Cairo.

Lcuhern veflils, and the Perfiaii wheel, an hydraulic
machine, arc fomctinits ufed about Cairo to pour water
into the canals ; and many ingenious methods have been
invented to retain the water upon the ground till fuffi-
cient humidity is imbibed, and the foil thoroughly
loaked.

The grand fignior is not entitled to his annual tribute
till the canal is opened at Grand Cairo ) and when the
ball'a does open it, if the waters are not 16 cubits high,
the people refufe the payment of the tribute.

Thcle overflowings of the Nile are faid to produce*
number of animated being*, which have no names af-
llgned them on account of their equivocal forms. Thcfe
imaginary infcils are thus defcribed by Ovid ;

" Thus when the Nile from Pharian fields is fled,

" And feeks with ebbing tides his ancient bed j

" The fat manure with heavenly lire is warrn'd,

" And crullcd creature-, as in wombs, are form'd •

" Thofe, when they turn the alebe, the peafants find

" Some rude, and yet unfinifti'd in their kind ;

" Shott of their limbs, a lame, imperfrdi birth,

" One half alive, and one of lifclefs earth."

But although fuch infiCls never exifted, except in the
imagination of poets; ytt .Vlr. Pope has, from the
(iLtion of their emerging from (lime half formed and half'
animated, conceived a pretty limih- in ridicule of fiomc
real beings, o( a nature equally contemptible.

" Some have at firit for wits, then poets pafs'd,

" Turn'd critics ne.tt, and prov'd plain fools at Liftj

" Some neither can for wits, nor poits pafs,

" As heavy mules are neither borie nor afs.

" Tholi- half-learn'd witlings, nuiu'rous in our Uie,

" l.ikr half-firm'd infeiifs on rhe banks of Nile,

" Unlimlh'd things, one knows not what to call,

" Ihtir generation's fo equivocal."

Some writers have reprefentcd the cutting of the
bank of the canal, which is to convey the waters of the
Nile (when iliey are rifen to a proper height) to Grand
Cairo, .as a very magnificent eeiemony : but later expe-
rience, and more authentic information, contradiiS thofe
ex.igg -rated .iccounts, and place the whole but in a mean
liglit i (or we find that this canal in the country rrfem-
bles only a ditch badly kept up, (or it has not cither a
lining of Ooiic-woik, or a determinate border. Indeed,
when it enters the city, it bciomes a little more refpec-
table, as it runs along the walls of the houfes built upon
its edges. However, it has no great depth in the city,
any more than in the country, and in the place where the
waters of the Nile enter, it may have from 15 to 20 feet
in breadth ; as foon as the waters of the Nile benin to
ciicieafe, thiy clofe the mouth of the canal, by means
of a little mound of earth, which th-y raifc there; and
they place a maik to indicate the time of the opening of
ibis canal, and of all the other canals In the kingdom*
When this day is come, the balfa and his beys go, with
a giaiid Kiiniie, to the ceremony of opening the bank.
They place tlieinfelvcs under a \ cry indifferent tent, that
is on one fide of it j and the Copti and the Jews are cm-
ployed in cutting the bank, .^omc ill-drelfcd people,
that arc in a vile barque, throw nuts, melons, and other
like things, into the water that enters, while the baffa
caufcs Come little pieces of money to be thrown in, and
a paltrv fire-work to be played off, confiding of about
20 rockets. At lalf, all thefe rejoicings, fo mucn boalted
of by (onic travellers, arc pretty much like thofe that
one may fee at the wedding of a fubltantial peafa it. All
that can jttrafl ones curiofiiy there, is the ictinue of the
prandccs, which has fomething raauiuficcnt in iti kind.

> 5N Tk,

V if %

lii

l^^i
W

\ n.

r t'

I ->

41-8

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAl'IIY.

The people, oil thcfc ccciifions, do .i tlu.iif.iiid foolifh
rhinp,'', to Ihcw the jov thivha\f, :ir their cxpeiftation
of the tVitility of ihcir couiiin', ^iiul of the plenty of
tlie hAjA'flf, from the infrcnfc of th;- Nile. 'I'hc moft
lafcivious dances art the leaft par" of thvir joy j and
(here fildom pafles a j'car, but fomc one lofvs his life
aniiu'ft thcfc tiiiiuiltuoiis rejoicinjr.

It inuft naturnlly be innjectuicd that a country' which
is foipctiiiKS ovrrflowcd with water, and coiilcqucntly
fubjict to humid vapours, at other tiinrs parched with

ifitL^nfc heat, and very frequently troiibliil with iiiiwhole-
fonic winds, cannot be of an healthy nat\irc. Indeed
ill? accounts which the ancients hrne tranfmittcd to us
iTtinceinlnf the falubrity of the air and plcalantnefs of
tlic (iiil (>t this country arc cither grof> falfitics, and ini-
iK-rtlncnt cxapgcrationN, or clfc both are totally altered
liiicc th'.: tiinif of their writing. The various dtfordcrs
which afflict the inhubitants are woeful proofs of the (x-f-
tikiiti.il nature of the air, and grneral unwholefcimencK
of the pUcc. They have at all times a trrriblj difeafc
*hich attacks the e\es of the people. This is To dread-
ful oi fcaicc to villi to any p.-mcJy, and fo univcrfal
that few or none are exempt from it. Sorc-cycs is a ge-
nctal complaint, aiv! blindnefs fo common, that you
can hardly meet with a family, but fome individu.ils be-
lonjiiin to it have been deprived of their fi;;ht ; hence
K^ypt IS often piovcrbijlly lliled b) the neighbi)uriiiy
nations the Liiiui of liUnJnifi Many hive licm tlu- rea-
fons afligncd as thcorii;iii of this dre.idful difnrdcr. ^unie
alcribc it to the iinmeiik qiiantilies of quick lime ufed in
budding, and wlute w.ilhing the lioulis, the fmall par-
ticles of which peel off through the intuife heat, and
being carried about by the wind, (ly into and ftick to
the peoples eyes, from whence it is alinoft iinpofliblc to
eradicate them ; others inij^'itc it t/j the cxce(li\c heat of
the fun nflecled from a fait and fandy foil; and many
imajine that it proceeds from both tjiefc caufes, toge-
ther' with the bad diet, brackiih waters, and waiu of
cleanlinefs ; wliirh Utter is a national charac'feriftic,
and the evils ar, ling from it might be prevented by bath-
ing; but the I'.gvptijiit, who are n.iturally lazy, do not
taicc that pains to waih away the cfteils of perfpiration
whiih they ought to ^So, and hence the palVages of the
■ores being impeded, the whole niafs of blood is infected.
This diforder being lo general, is in a great mcafiire herc-
Jitarv, and a roniplii.ition of otiicr complaints frcquf in-
ly atttnd it, fuch as ii^hy tumours, and all manjier of
fcorbutic and I ■pro'.s complaints.

From the (pti.K to the fummer foKlice a dreadful pe-
■lilenti.J fc tf free,'... iitly rages ; in autumn the thighs and
K).'\ lii "\any a.. f-jiilUd to a prodigious degree, , 1. 1 till-
ed w('; carbuncles the fmall-pox commits great rava-
^•■3 in the winter ; ami during the inundations of the
Nile, dyfcnlerit?, blocnly-fluxes, iVc. are extremely pre-
valent, nic co</.ing brccics which blow from April
K) Septcmb'.r, though they fend greatly to mitigate the
intcnfc heat, ate nevcrthelefs frequently of dangerous
coiuVqiienct, particulaily to fuch as cxpole themfelvcs
to thiir power, while in a Hate of perfpiration, as rheu-
matifms arc always, and dead-palfics often, the rcfult of
fuch indifcietion.

The plague is common to this, as well as all other
Miliumetan countiics, and the Ejiyptians are I'uch rigid
juedclt'iiarians that they think it n.ipious to attempt to
prevent its vifit", or flop its ^-rupreh. Hence its ravages,
which luppi-n piriovlically every filth year, .ire dreadful,
and in fome fcafous 500,000 perlons have di.d of it within
a few months in the city of C.uto only. Pcfides the peri-
odical plague, which IS certain, it is frequently brought
in the intcivals from other countries by a^ ulcnt. Many
aie likcwilc fwept aw.iy annually by a diltcmper called
Dcin-al-Vluyah which rcfembles the apoplexy in its

•Altir cimmeraiire the dreadlul difurders with which
|J)( Hfi^iuiaus are ami.'Ud, and the gdieral uiihealthhicfs
of the Climate, a lite aaihrn draws this inference;
" ThiN i> fuffcieiit to (hew, thit if ilie accoimts of th'
ancielils were reallv uue, aiul not rxiggerated, how much
it it altered ('nice for the wiirfe i all which are the una-
vcidal le ctfecfls of it. picfent arbitrary ^^overnmrnr.

•^ The aucienit oiii^inally vvroie upon palin-lcaTcs, after-
Aardi the Mit of the liark of icrtain trees wa» u(cd,
ftotn whence wo have lix etytnology of the wutd Mir, w.

fymptoms, and i< alnvdt as fuddcn ami fatal la ii,
clllcls'i and thi-dropty is a very conuiion di(uKier.

The foil cf l.^;ypL is very umqual with rclpeot to (,|-
tiliiv; near the H.\' where the water remains uuun :t
for forty da;'s.. it piixluces len-fold j but farther uii a
dccnafes in proportion as the w.Ucr continues upon it 4
ftiortir time, lb that in Ionic places it gives but iluet gt
toil I - told

To the Fgyptians the honour of having invented geo-
metry is attributed, on account of the inundatKuis ot the
Nile, which ti.mc authors have aH'crtcd obliged them tu
rc-mealurc their grounds, in order for every man loalcer-
tain his pro|>erty j but it appears that this is ncedlcts, as
the land-marks remain after the dccrcali' of the waters,
Neverthelets, an accurate modern traveller informs us
that they aitlual' i"< meature the grounds every vi-ai
not for the rcaton ; rcrallv fiippoted, but bccaule tin:
pro|>rietors have aiM' ..ly diti'erent farmers or (icafaiits in
rent their fields, and each of them farms .1 latsruc
Icfler piece of ground ; it is iherctorc obvious iti.i it mull
be meafured, more pait iilarly as the icnt is not paid 111
com but money, at lo much per teddan, or acre, th';
rate bcinij proportioned to the ncarnefs to, ot dillance
from the Nile.

I he corn of 1 ; r would not be tutncicnt for a quar-
ter of the inhabitaiu-, if wbciten bread was their com-
mon tood ; but the people in general do not cat bread
above once n week, then uliial I'ihkI being barley flour
mixed with water ; and wh.it bread they can get is til-
dom made of wheat, the gcncial compofition being 1
co.arfe kind of millet, which the .Arabians call dur.i, and
the Cjrecks karamboch: this millet is alw»ys (own 011
places which can be watered with t'acilitv, more parti-
cularly on the borders of the Nile : its produce is fifty
from one (Kalk, the ftem being about five feet in heigh;.

The foil itfclf of this country in general it a dark . 'i.
loured clay uii- 1 with great quantities of falt-petrr, I'j
that no trees, and very tew plants or (htubs arc found in
Egy|)t, and it would be totally IKrile was it not for the
inundations and artificial methods contrived lor wakr-
\ai the land.

i he papyrus is a praluiflion of Egypt, though it i.>
fa: fiom being fo plentiful as formerly ; the inhabitants
having greatly diminifhed the quantity by diggiiiL; up tht:
rixits for fuel . This rccil grew principally 011 the Iwr-
dcrs of the Nile, and ferved the ancients for writiih' pa-
perf. The bark was divided into thin flakes, thcf ■ v.. r;
laid flat uiKin a tincKitli furfncc, moidencd with the j^'la-
tinous waters of the Nile, coinprcflid together, and Ih.ii
dried in the fun for ufe. T his kind of papci w.is in-
ventcc^ before the time of Ak'xandcr th? (ireat, but ti..it
monarch firll brought it into gentral ufe. The anciint
hgyptians fet gre.4t (lore by this reed, not only on .ic-
count of its I'erving thcin to wiile upon, but lor its va-
rious otlicr utcs, tor the dirtercnt p.irts of it wen i .r-
vtrted into fiKid 1,1; thcii lv.llics, claiths for thi ir b n I. ,
boats for their lifhing, iitenfiU for cookery, crowns l.i
their gods, a.id ftitx-s lor their pmlh.

Tin.- L^yptian flax was furioerlv in high ciKem, on
.ici mint of the fine linens into which it v*is iiianuiii luru! ;
the luiH'rior kind ot whirh, crllcil lUOus, v^.ls (i> e\-
ccediiii; dear, that none but the wealthielt people coii!d
attord to purchalc it. At prcfent there is little of this
left, and Icfs known of the nunufadiiring it.

Barley is ufually ripe about the bCjjiiining if Ap:;!,
and wheat at the latter end of the fame month. The
method of fowing it is to throw the grains upon the mud
after the inund.it:on, wlteie it is lutbcicntly mellow ;
but where the clay is too hard, it mull be lightly plowed
up. The rice grouiuls are ufually kept under water, and
when the rice is ri|>c, it is thicllied by means of .1 11 dgt!
drawn by two oxen, which forces the grain from the llraw

book: tabki covered with wax lininienext the filliinii,
upon vvliicli me tliaia'"Ms were impiclfed wiili an iiitliu-
niriit called S'</»j, whence uriginaHs ilie word >'/.7.', m)V»
qiplied to the ili.'tliiii: ilufe igaiii gave way to /'i/ip ...
fiiim ivliicU the word Papfr is ileiivrd, which l«tr> r bee iniu
in univcrfal iltcer.i, m ilie u(e of panyrus deiliiud. Itiit
It is to be oldi'rv.d, that pirchi'ieiii at ufcd loi;g 1 loie
paper, and ahimlt a> aiicieuily as j a; .lUi, bui never to
iiuivcrfal at cither.

AFRICA.]

E G Y

liKn ami C.ital ,,■, ;.
(million diluiiicr.
lal with nijKCt u) r,r
vrattr rriiiains upon ;i
old i but lartlicr on ii
:cr continues ujion it 4
es it gives but ihret or

by running ovtr niiJ criidiinp it. Tbc Kgypti.itH iil'i
barley to Icirf itiiir cattle, ami to make an intovii atliiL'
kinJ of liijuor bv rcrmciitatirwi, wliiib is the loniiiion
ilrink of the lower cl.ilj. of people.

With lel'pecf to ihc animal proiluilions of Kgypt.
innny of the crcatiiiv. ilclVribnl by the niicients .ve un-
known to the nuKlern inhabitants of the country, par-
ticularly the hippopotanuis, which is not now to be
foiiiul in any p.ni of it.

The ciocinlile is the mod celebrated animal produftion
of Kgypt, and his ^ivon rife to a i;reat variety of roman-
tic ilories. The molt common le.iuth of a ciocodile i''
18 Kft, though fomc (irow to jo, but this UlJoin hap-
pens. 'I'Ik followin;.', is the deiciiptioii of one dilt"e(lte<l
fomc- years lince by the Jri'uit'. It was 18 fivt ,iiid a
half in l<ii;:;lh, of which ihe tail was rive feet and .1 li.ilf,
and the head and neck ;dirjut two feet and a haU'i the
circumference Wis lour feet nine inches in the tliickcll
part ; the four Ic o h.id the fame parts and conformation
as tin- arms of a iii.in both within and without ; the hands
(ifthiv ire intiiled to that ;ippellatioii) had live fiii;;crs,
the two lad ol which had no nails, and were of a cnnic
figuii : the liiiidci le,;-, inchuliii(; llie thi;;h and paw,
were two leet two ind.es long ; the paws, from the joint
to theextumitv of the loni^rft claws, were above nine
inches ; they wire divided into four toes, of which three
were armed with Iar'j;c claws, the loni;elf of which was
an inch and .1 halfj thell- toes were united by a mem-
brane, refembliii^ thole of a duck, but thicker. The
head uv.s I011-, with a little rilini; at Ihe top, but t;
rcit was Hat, and cfperially towards the extremity el
jaws ; it w.is (iivercil bv a fKiii adherini; (irmly to thi
fkull and to the jaws. The Ikull was rough, ami iin
fijual in fcveral pl.icesj and about the middle of the (or
head there were two bonv ercHs, about four inches liij^h j
the fkull, bctwein thcfe two creds, w.i^ proot airiinit a
ir.ufi|ii( t-ball, for It only rendered the p.irt a littl: white
that It llruck a;;ainll. the eve, in piopurtioii, was very
fmall, and fo placed within its orbit that the external
pait when the lid w..- doled was only an inch long, and
the line runniu : parallel to the openini' of tin- jaws. It
was covered with a double lid, one within and one with-
out j that within was foldtxl in the 'Teat co'ncrofthc
eye, and had a motion tow.irds the tail, but hein;; t;anfpa-
rent, it covered the rve without hindering the lijht. 'I'he
iris was very larjic in piopo.-tion to the j;'.obc ol the eye,
nnd w.is of a yeilowim prey colour. Above the eye the
car w.is placed, which opened from above dmiiuvards,
:iS if it Were by a kind of fpiing, by means of .1 folid,
thick, c,i;ti!.iginoiis lublUiicc. The nul'e w.is placed in
the mid. lie of tl'.c upper jaw, near an inch fi.iai its ex-
tremity, and W.IS perfccilv loiiiid and flat, bv'in:; near
twii inches in di.ametcr, of a black, li'lt, fponyy fiib-
11.111. ,-, not unlike the nofe of a dojT. The jaws appeared
lo (hut one within another j and the common r.ceivcd
opinion, that the animals under j.iw is with. rat ir.otinn,
is abloluteiy fall'e; it inov..- like the lower jaw in all
other animals, while the upper is fixfd to the (kiill, and
r.blolutely immoveable. The animal had 1- ciittini: tei lli
m the upper jaw, and l ^ in the lower, with fevi r.d \ nid
fpaces betwivn them ; they were thick at ilie bottom,
and fh up at the point, btinir all of ddleri nt (i/,cs, except
10 laree hooked ones, fix of which weic in the biwei
jaw, and (uur in the upper. The mouth was (li'teen
inches in leiif^th, and ci^ht and a half in breadth where
hro.idell i the dillance of the two jaws, when opened as
wid'- .u tl.ev couM be, was 15 inches and a h.lf. The
colour of th'.binlv wa- of a ilaik bh.wti on the upper part,
ami of a whitifli citr.^n I'.low, with large (jmts of both
colours. From the (boulders to the extremity of the tail
it was rovir(d wth Li'.'e lealcs of a liiiiarelonii, difpoled
like par.dlel jiidlc:;, and 52 in number ; but thole near
the tail were thinner thar. thcielt. The aiiif!,.! w.is co-
vered not only with thcf.-, but nil over with a coat of
aimour, which, howe'.ir, wa' not proof aijainll a niuf-
tiuet ball, contriiy lo wluil h.is been alfeiled. Thole
parts of the jriidie underin..ith the belly w re of a whitilh
colour, and were in.ide up of fcales of duels (liajies,
which were not fo hard as thofe on the back. The "iil-
let was larj^e in proportion to Ihc numlh, and a ball ol
wood, as large as a man's head, r.Mdily ran down and
w.vs drawn up again, The guts were but fliort in c.r.i-
parilbii, being not fo long as the Jiiimal's budy. 1 he

P T. 4(^

tongue, (which fomc h.wc erroncoufly afTcrtcd this animal
was without) confiUinp of a thick, fpongy, foft fltfti,-
and was llrontrly connected 10 the lower jaw. Tht heart
was about the (ize of a cult's he:i/t, and of a bri|iht rcj
colour, the blond p.ilfini; as well fiom the veins to tlic
aorta as into the luiij^s : there Was no bladder, but the
kidnies fiiit the urine to lie difcharged by the anus. I'hcre
were 6ji joints in the back bone, which, thou'rh \ciy
clolcly conneclcil, had futlicicnt play lo enable the ani-
mal to bend like a bow 10 the right and the Icfr ; fo that
what we hear of cfcaping a crocodile by turning out of
the ri?hl line, and of its not being able to whr-1 readily
.itier it5 piey, Icems to be fabulous. It is proh.ible that
it can turn with great facility, for the joints of its back
are not (tirttrthan thole of other animals which can cou-
venicnlly inrn about.

Ihe crocodile is terrible r ther <.n land or in the water,
but more particularly lo in the latter element. They
arc otten lecn balkiiii; ihemlelves on (unny banks, where
they lay for many houn motionltl', and exaitly refem-
ble the trunk of a tree, f )n the appro.ach of any living
creature, they dart u|x)n it, run lo the water, and imme-
diately plun ic to the bottom with their prey. During
the floods, they liimetimes enter the cottages of the na-
tives, and furioully feizc upon man, woman, or child,
cattle, domeftic animals, &c. Indeed examples have
,been known of their taking a man out of a c.inoc, and
diving to the bottom, without its being in the power of
thole who were in light to afford him any airiftancc.

All the parts of the crocodile are remarkably ftronir,
'hetcttharc exceeding (harp, and above all, the tail'is
':'ularly dreadful ; with a blow from this, it can over-
.1 boat, or ftun the (tronged animal. Many ridicii-
•■■.!• ..nd miraculous ((ories ha\e been told concerning
I this creature, fomc have proceeded from travellers taking
I the mod abfurd tales upon tnill ; others have been the
manulaiturc of their inveutne faculties in order to iinpole
upon th.: credulous j but the greitcd number peihaus
h.ive had their origin (rom I'liny's dtfcription of tliij
animal, which as it is curious, though in manyciicum-
dances rcmnntic, we (hill give for the infpnition and en-
tertainment of the rcidcr.

" The crocodile is an anim.il with four le.»s, that makes
a grievous dedru.;fion both in the water, and out upoa
the L.nd. Of all the creatures that live uixm the earth,
1 this alone is without a tongue, .;nd this alone moves
the iippcr-jaw in eating, ft hath two rank, of great
teeth, and commonly it is longer than 1 S cubits. It
prtKluceth eggs about the bigiuls of a gool'e-egL', tli at
it (its upon them out of the water, and lays them' at th-;
place unto which the water is to file that year, when it
IS at its hitched j .is if it had knowledge of this before-
hand. It IS the only creature that lifeth from liich a
fmall beginning, to (uch a pioilii'ious bignefs. It li
aimed with cl'ws to defriid itlelf. Its d;in on the b.ulc
is fo extraordinary hard tli.il no weapon, never fo (harp,
is able to (liter it. I< the d.iy-time i: lies I'pon tli.-
I'jouiul, and IJKiids the nijihts iii the waters. When its
belly is very full, it fleepsupon the bank with its mouth
ojK-n ; then there comes a little bii.l, named trochilos, to
eat the remains of the devouie.l prey which dicks be-
tween the teeth : with thi' fcvid it n&urilhcth itlelf, and
by the picking of the tcah it gives the crocodile a plea-
fiire, which caufcth him to fall adeep in this podurc.
.Vt that tune the ichneumon takes notice of the crocodile at
a (!idance, and when it lees its time, it enters into tin;
others m juth. Hides down the throat into the belly, and
lOiaws the cntr.iil; ; w.ih this the crocodile dies. In the
nvcr Nilus are alio dolphins which have a very (har|>
back, with which they kill the croctxliles that purlin;
them contiiui.illy. l"or th.it purpofe thcfe dolphins feein
to be afraid of the i.ivenous bead, which cauletli them
to hide ihemlelves in the waters under the crocovliles ;
then, with their {h.irp backs, ihey rip open the others
belly. This creature is very bold and daring to them
that run liom it, but tinionais and fearful if it be pur-
fui\l. It ii very weak-fiMited in the water, but out of
the water it is quick. In the winter it fpends four
months in fomc cave, without eating
and grows continually till it dies."

I no' the iireated part of ihis account is erroneous and

f..biil(nis, yit it h.as bc-en generally admired, ami UlieveJ

by many for ((.vcral ("uccccdlng ..^eb. I'he aflcuioiis con-

\ ccrning

Hi,

It lives lonj.

\,.

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WIBSTIR.N.Y MSIO

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A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

cerniiig the tongue and upper jaw are palpable falfities,
for it is poilefled of the firft, and docs not move the latter.
There is no fuch Ijjrd exifting as the trochilof, and dol-
phins are never found in the Nile.

Crocodiles are not fond of fait w.nter, but love to con-
tinue in rivers. They lay their eggs in the fand, having
prcvidufly dug a hole with their fore paws to de|)ofit
them in. Having delivered fomc of their burden, they
cover up the place with great care, and then retire ; the
next day they return again, uncover the place, lay about
the fame number of eggs, and then retire till the enfuing
dav, when they repeat the fame for the lall time, and
then finally clole the hole.

As foon as the eggs are vivil'icd by the heat of the fun,
which happens at the expiration of jo days, the young
ones begin to break the Ihell. The mother, by intHn(-'t,
goes at the fame time to aflill them by fcratching away
the fand. The moment they arc at libertv, the itrongeil
make towards the water, and the reft mount upon the
back of the mother, who carries them fifih to it. '' But
the moment they arrive at the water (lavs an accurate
nuthor) all iiniural conneiflion ceafos, when the female
has introduced her young to tlicir natural element, (he
and the nial'.-s become among tiK" ninnber of their nuilt
formidable enemies, and devour .is many of them as they
can; the whole brood fcatt -« into different parts nt the
bottom, and bv far the grealell number are deltroyed."

This animal is not only r.n enemy to its own fpecies,
but is at univerf.il einiiity with all other living creatures.
Man is its profiled fo-', and kills it to prevent its dtpre-
d.itions, as wtll as to e.it it. Indeed its flefli is but in-
different fcoJ, though the eggs are deemed gre.at delicacies,
i\nd are fought .iftir with iuidity, not only by man, but
bv many btalls, and bird> of prey. The vulture is par-
titulaily f'.K'cer-f.il in ilcftroyiiig its eggs, which ihey
I'ftedl by the following llr.itagtm : they hide ihenifclves
among the bulhes ami ftitubs about the banks of thofe
w.itiis wheie the crocodile inh.ibits ; then watching till
llie hathdepifiiiJ lureggs, they go to the place as foon
as flic rctir»;s, fcialth away the fand, and feait upon the
fpoil. At other limes, when they have not difeovercJ a
crocoriile's nelf, they are cipially dellruiftive to the young
fry as they run to the water.

The ichneumon, or r:;t of Pharo.ih, is another terrible
rnemy to the crocodile fpecies, as it dcftroys bo('i eggs
and young fry with gieat avidity. On account of this
peculiar exceiliney, as the inhabitants of this country
have a juft light to efleem it, together with the relt ot
its perfcelion", for it is eepially deftrue'tive to camelions,
fcrptir.s, fro'Vi rats, mice, and mofteibnoxious animals
and reptiles that it is able to mailer, the ancient Egyp-
tians deified it, and h' Ul it in the utmoll vcn: ration.
This animal, with r.-fpiel to (hape and colour, icfin-
bles a badger i it h.is a fnoiit like a hog, with which it
routs up the earili and faiul ; the nofe is piomincnt, and
llie ears ihoit an ! nujul. It i> of a yellowilh colour at
all limes, cxep|it when angiy ; but if provoked, it
briftles up its hairs like a poicupine, and then appears o(
two colours, which .iie white and yellow, thai run in
ihllintl ftriaks. 'I he h -, .uc blaik, the tail long, aiul
the tonj;<ie and teelh like ihofc of a eal. It is an amphi-
bious iieature, e.m be.ir lo rem.iin under water nuich
longer th u) the otter, aivl is bold, atlive, and nimble ;
but that it cri' ps down the throat of the crocodile, and
gnaws its intellinc-, is enlirely fibulou«, and was one
of the errors of ei.il infonnation, when coiijeclures
were relied fli mole than fj*il«, and conuuon npoit be-
lieved without h u in;; reeiuirfc to e\pi rinu'nis.

Antelopes, ihaneoo'. wild oxen, tyuris, hyirnaf,
wnher, fo.Ms, wild boiirSf hires, ciuriclions, &c, aic
common.

The birds of Egypt arc the odrich, fl.imin|f0, heron,

* An extflliiit autlior fays, " it lias often bti ii lemarked
(hat the Imjal HlUeiinni ure fuiiiid lo be III mil ir in tliiir
(lefrenl Ijiiniheir alei lU | ihai ilir Inve ol pueiiis to then
ihilrtrrn, fur inflaiiee, i cDnininnly in^ire anient ihan ihatxf
(hiUli en fur their partnln, iliiiii^,h lii'in ilic llale of thing':,
inil fri'tn the oliligiiioii. ujiieh rhildreii < »v to ihelr pa-
riT's, I'lie ii.i)ihi n iloTulply cspre'l it li> lie oiher«ilr.
Ilciwever, there i, a \ l.iMe gond ilillgn in this wile Hilliiia-
llrn I Ke Ire in ii, »s In rviry rlijrel we (crioiifly cuniera-
flair, the tli linniiMiiuii ( f Ihi^I wifjoni, Th( ufliprlng,

curleu, fpoonbill, duck, fowl, eagle, vulture, kit",
I'parrow-hav/k, fnipe, lapwing, partridge, &c. Tli';
ibis was deirted, and held in great veneration by the an-
cient Kgyptians, as well as the Ichneumon, and on the
very fame account, viz. its being deflruitive of many
obnoxious animals, reptiles, &c. Some travellers affirm,
that this bird is no longer to be found, but that its ab-
linee or non-exilKnce is amply fupplicd by the prefonce
of the ftork, a bird at once common and uleful in Kgypt.
This creature is of the ' /,e of the crane, and greatly re-
fembles it : the colour is white and brown, and the mils
of the toes arc of a very fingular nature, as they refein-
ble the nails of a man much more than the claws of a
bird. The ftork has no voice, or at leaft makes no other
noife than what is occafioned by its ftriking the under
and upper chaps tt)gether very forcibly. There is one
peculiar quality in the ftork which fcems more forcible
than in any other living creature, viz. an uncommon de-
gree of filial aftee'lion *. The lingular veneration of this
bird for its parent was obferved in the earlieft ages ;
hence it was called in Hebrew, chefidah, a word which
implies compalfion and piety ; and in Gr>ek it was
termed (iorge, which fignities, natural aft'edion. From
the latter it is probable that the Englifti word ftork
came to us through the medium of our Saxon anceftors.

This remarkable creature is a bird of pafTage, and .is
fuch is noticed in the Holy Scripture, viz. Jeremiah
viii. -. )'iii the Jhrli in the hetiven tmueth her appoit:ttt(
times; and tkt turtle., tiiiil the ej.me, iiiitl thejwtilliu;, il"
fervf tile time of their cimiiig, hut my pojiU knoiu i:,t
the juihmeiit cf the Lortl.

'i'his bird has a long b'll, and long ic<l legs, which
are peculi.irly ad.iptcd to ihe nature of its geltiii"; its
piey, for as it fteks for ferpiiit', frogs, ^c. in wet nd
niaifhy places, if, long legs lerve as itiits ; and as it llios
away with its lewd to its nc-ft, its long bill, which is
jagged, eni'.ble's it to lecuiv it. It lays but four egj-S,
and fits only Ifl days. Its tilial piety hath been the ad-
miration of all ages, and dr.iwn the attention of the moll
judicious and Karned. Or.c cf the f,.ytii wife men,
when Cra^fus afked him which was the moll happy ani-
mal, replied, the ftork, " liecaufe, fa\s he, It perfeirniS
what is juft and right by lutuic, without any compulfiv*
law." Hence ouv- of our poets fay,

" Th: ftork's the emblem of true piety;

" Mie.uif-, whii age hath f,;i/.'d, and maelc his daoi

" l.'nlit for flight, the griittfiil young takes

" His n.oihcr on his tack, provides her food j

" Rrpnying thus her tender care of him

" Kir Ik- w,as lit to fly, by bearing her."

The pcliian is another bird of which as many (lories
have belli lold X. tif the (lurk, though 'with much Ids
luilli. It is, however, fufricieiitly fmgular to mei it par-
ticular atleiilion.

'I'he Kgyp'.ian pelican, with refpeift to (Ize and fliape,
lef inlilis a iwan : its colour, however, is not fo pure .1
uhite, nor is the beak limil.r, the l.ttter being about a
fiKit in length, and very thick ; the colour blue and yel-
low, and ill' point (harp. The iipiKT chi'p is formed
like the lame part in moll other biids, but the lower is
unlike any thing appertaining to the reft of the feaihered
race ; it eliKS not confill of one fulld piece, but is com-
pofed of two long flat pieces, connciited by a membrai'f
which extends to the throat, but is flabby and loofe, on
which aceounl it Is eapable of containing a vaft e|uantity
of any kind of pruvidon. This bird indifterenily lu-
tpients fii(h and fait waters, forefts, and groves ; the
pi iiicipal things on which it feeds aie tilhes, imd wat'U
InfeiSts. It builds its iitft in the rttelles of groves, or
bulhy placrs, und then repairs to the lea fide, or tu rivers,
in fearch of prey | when having fid ilfvlf, it fill-, th:

linih '°0u' hiim.m and the anin1.1l race, cnnieintu ihcworlJ
feeble and hilpUfs ( iiiul if lie parenul .iflffliues were rut
exceejiiigly lntcihlr, ihry nnill pirifti in iheir w< ak and In •
lorn Kindiiloii 1 and the creation wuulil thus be fpcetlil)r
I lOiight to an end. There li not the fame rrafun for lb:
return of aHi'iilon ir the offspring, and ibrrcfcire weiaii 1/
liMil it ill ibe anini.il world: fuon j* the )<'im); itallLiu
proviile for illelf, » iniiiual fdrttclfulnefj jjtnerally tnfiif,
and the pjrini growi ai legaidifli tf ili bfliipring, ai ili'
uAprIng of lit pan ut.'

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AFRICA.] EG'

flcftiy bag at its throat with provilions to carry to it^
youim, who firii tVoin this natural ilorchoufe with uii-
commoii voracioufiufs ; and hence arofe the fahU', that
the pelican feeds its young with its own blood ; for, fays
ail ingenious naturalilt, " if fome perfon in early time,
quite unacquainted with the hitlory of the bird, faw
her alight in the midil of a defart, among a brood of
ravenous young ones, and feed them from this bag,
it would not be unnatural for him to fuppofe, how-
ever ftrange the thing mud be in itfcif, that it was
with her own blood ihe fed them. Thus arofe from
a miftake the ftory of this wonder, which plodding
ignorance hath propagated through fo many ages, and
which moralifts and poets have, Ironi the earlieft times,
drawn into an eniblein of paternal atfetlion."

It is obfcrvablu, that the Nile abounds in many kinds
of fi(h which arc common to other place-., but that they
have in general a very difagreeable bad tallc, except be-
tween the months of Odlober and February, when fome
l\v are tolerable eating.

'I Ml. re arc many lakes in P^gypt, but the moft remark-
able are thole called Nidolc, troni whence the natrum,
or fait, is taken, and the Liikc ivhhout If^titer, the latter
of which is celtbr.itcd for its putrcfadions. Different
writers have furnifhcd us witli very ((range and romantic
accountsof thefc hikes, but the moll authentic defcrip-
tion of thcrn is given by a modern writer, who, a few
years ago, travelicd through the principal parts of this
cxtcnfive country. The manner in which he defcribes
them we ftiall relate in his own words.

" On the 2 lit of Auguft, fays he, I fct out from
Cairo for Terrane, a place about 42 miles diftant, fitu-
ated on that branch of the Nile which goes to Rofetta. It
was my intention to vifit the defert, and the convent of .St.
Macarlus, the lake whence the natrum is taken, and the
lake without water, in which, accordin:;to the accounts
of all tr.wellers, 1 c.vpcdtcd to find petrilicd Ihips. The
governor of I'rrrani, to whom 1 delivered a letter from
the bey, ordered Ar.dis to be fent for, who had been at
tlic places whither 1 wanted to go ; many of them offered,
and three were chofen to be my companion^. We joined
a drove of cimels that were going to the defert of Scete
to be laden with n.itrum, and fit out on the 25th of Au-
guft, at five o'clock in the evening. On our road we
found the ruins of feveral aniient towns. Wc paflcd
through a long fandy plain, interfcikd by many torrents.
At fcven o'clock in the inoniing wc were near a lake from
whence they get the natrum in fummer. In winter this
lake, which is calLd Scetc, unites with another named
Nedelea. from whence they take the natrum in that fea-
fun ; and both lakes at that time form only one, which
is about 24 milt'S long, and two broad. The fait had
formvd a crult over the whole lake Scete, which bore us
and our camels. After we h.id pa(li;d over, wc left the
iar.i\ati, and wmt lo a Coptic monafteiy, while we
palled the rcit of the day. The monk told me that at
ivilf a day's jourmv from the monallcry w.ic petrifud
lliips and at the lame time (hewed me a fhnu', which
tliey pretended w.is a piice of the mall of a (hip. 'I'he
Jbijic pcrfeitly ril.inblid wood, but it did not appear
that it had ever been wood, .uid much lefs a piece of a
";-.ft.

" I'hc next day, about two o'clock in the moiiiinL',
I fct out in order to fee thefc petrified vi dels. After erod-
ing many fandy (iilds and torrents, with much trouble
and fatigue, 1 at lalt came to a mountain, fiom whcni i'
my Arabs brought me a lion'' that h.al lome refeinlilancc
ol oak wood. Ibis made me dllhioiint liommvcanul
to go and view lliefe pretended pttrifaiitions on the (p >t.
1 l.iw many litlK' (h.irp points projeding ftjin the rock,
which looked nun h like wood. I beat I'mial of ihem
down with a halclut, and found one tlint p. ifeelly re-
preli nt.d a ioinl of ihi back-bone of (itiine aiumal. This
kind of Hone is very heavj, and .1 little failher they tind
it of varii'Ui colouis. At la(l we t.ime to ihi' Liitr
wilhiul Ifniri; which is nothing hut a iiuir.ber of tor-
rents united into luie, and dry all the (ummer.

*' At a diduiue 1 l.uv loine fmall pieie> of lloiu llaiid
out aboic the fan.!, and ihifi aie |(«'ke 1 upon .is petrifiul ]
(hips and animals by ili.' people hire ; at .1 diUanee ihi y ,
indeed be.ir fome irkniblance (o ihe b, icircnKnlioiud ob-
]eiU ; but when you fnm- near them, 'ley ;uv nrithiiig but I
pointed lucks buried in (lie land, and luukiii^; like wv«d. ^
37

42i

It is very difficult to heat bfF any piece of them. Som«
pieces of ftone are (bund here fcattercd about, four or
five feet long, and fix inches thick, and tlicfc are taken
for pieces of marts.

" After I had fccn thele (tones, which are a mere
lu/us tiatura, arifing from the mixture of different earths j
1 returned the fame day to the monaftcry from whence I
fet out in the morning. The monks told me that tlie
Arabians, who formerly arrived in (hips in this lake, or
(ea without water, had vexed the hermits there very
much i and that St. Ephraim, who was then abbot of
the monalleiy, had prayed to the Lord to dry up the fja,
which he not only granted, but likcwifo changed the
(hips of thefe Arabians into ftone.

" 'I'he next day I returned to the lake of Natrumj
where I arrived about nine o'clock in the morning. This
lake infilled by the rain, which begins to fall in Decem-
ber, and ceafes in February. The waier leavi s the fait
behind, with which it is impregnated by coming down
tlic mountains, and through the fandy plains ; it then
filters through an unciluous clayey ground, and pafles
through fubteriaiicous channels into (everal wells, where
If becomes drinkable. Befidcs the natrum, which is taken
up from the boiiom of the lake with iron crows, in pieces
of 12 or 15 pounds weight, there are five other fpccies of
fait in it, that are continually replaced by thofe which
the rains carry into the lake. The people put dry plants,
old rags, bones, &c. in the place of the fait, from
whence many h.avc imagined that by length of time the
water in the lake changed thefe things into falti but I
convinced myl'elf of the contrary, having fcen many
pieces of cloth, linen and bones, inclefed in the fait, as
they had been thrown in the preceding year.

" The n.itrum belongs to the grand feignior ; the
baftiaof Cairo (arms it to the richeft bey, who generally
gives the grand feignior 15,000 hundred weight for it.
I'he inhabitants of five villages belonging to Terrane
are employed entirely in taking Out the (alt, and carr) ing
it away. Ten foldiers, and 20 faithful Ar.ibs guard it,
but fome of it is ftolcn now and then, notwitldhinding
their care. When the thieves are taken, they are car-
ried before the governor, who mav Pider them to be be-
headed r but he generally contents himfelf with coiififca-
tin;.; thefdt for his own benefit, and fining the thiif In
two piadres for his own perfon, and one pialfre for every
camel load of (alt he ftcals."

The lake that moft claims our attention after the two
above mentioned, is called Lake Manflet, which being
p.iiticularly defcribed by the fame writer, we fliall alio
i;ive in his own words : " This lake, fays he, is fomc-
times c.illed Lake Maiidet, (bmctimcs Taiiis, and fome-
tiines Kiheira. Ft is 66 miles long, and its greatcff
breadth 24. When the Nile riles it overflows, and forms
a^ it were three great rivers, wl.ch empty them(<;lve'»
into the (i\\ : tholi; inoiilh. are called the mouths of
Mellde^, Taliis, and Helufium, and they dry up fome
tiiii- after the inundation. This lake, which is the
!ar H It in all Egypt, begins clofe to Uamiata, »nd ends a
liule above Palurtuni. it extends almoft caft .ind weft,
iiul is feparated from the lv.\ In a findynetkof land only
a mile and a hall broad. Th' iv i-. a very plentiful fiflieiy,
which is farmed for 40,000 piillns annually.

" I'hi y h.ive various nitihods of catching the fifti,
bii' th" moft curious and lin^;ular is that with a bird.
When the filhermin have (it up their long nrt«, which
they draw qiiile round, they let two t.ime pelicans fwiin
in ill'' lake, having fallenrd a thread lo their rye-lids, by
iiii aus of which till y can tie up their eyes during the
vvlmle Idhery. The liftiernien are (diliged to take thii
prte.iHiion, in order to nrevcnf the birds from eating too
iii.my fidi. The pelican, hav ing a drong (cent, piirfues
the (illi annrid him, and the people on its fides prevent
them lioin (V tling away bydriving ihi m into the nets.

" I'he dolphins, which are very numerrun in ihls
lake, efpcci.illy in ihe Mendefian ne ' fh, purfurtlre fifli,
and oblige them to take refuge in litile ponds full ot
reeds ; as fixui as ihry are got into tiu)e ponds Ihey can-
not ell vpe, brcaufe the fiftlermi n (hut up the entrance
into the lake with nils. The filhirn>eii, who reap lu
preat an adv.mtagi; from thofe pinfiMt* n) the dolphins,
almolt look upon it as a miiaele, ;iiid tht v are i^noranl
enough to take ihe dolphins to be (onit ^ood ('piiits Cent
on purpo('e lo do them this feiviic."

5 O SECT.

i-'MI

• !| !■

i'il,

42 4

A NEW COMPLETE SY
SECT. II.
bivifunt, Subdivifions, &c.

EGYPT, ;is wc have alioady mentioned, is divided
iiiio three principal dillridts, namely, Upper Kgypt,
Middle Egypt, .ind Lower Egypt ; of all which we Ihall
treat in tht.r proper order, and m regular gradation, from
the ancient to the modern Hate of this country.

I. Cy Upper I2gypt, or Thebaij ; antl partuularly of Its
ancient State and remaining vintiijidties.

ACCORDING to Strabo and Ptokmy, this country
tvas div ided into thcle three principal parts, at the time it
firft began to be peopled. It wa» called Thcbais by the
Greeks, from its principal rity Thebes j and is the molt
fouthcrly part of Egypt next to Ethiopia. It was near
as large as all the reft, for it included the country on
both tides the Nile down t'-v the Heptanomis y its laft city
being Lycopolis on the well fide of the Nile, ajid Aiitie-
opolis on the e.ift.

This part of Egypt originally contained many large
cities, among which were the fullowing, fituatcd on tlie
weft fide of fhc Nile, viz.

1. Lycopolis, (ir the City of Wolves, fo called from
the inhabitants of it p.iying an extraordinary relpedt to
th.1t animal.

2. Hypfelc, about a mile to the weft of the Nile.

3. Ptolemais, f.iid by Ptolemy to be the largcft of them
all. It had a government eftabli/hcd after the (Jitek
manner, fo that it was probably rebuilt utuier il>e I'tole-
mies, and had its name frmii them.

4. Abydus, originally f.imous for having in it the mag-
nificent palace of Meninon. In Strabo's time it wa» a
very fmall place, and is now a village calUd el ikrbi, or
the Temple.

5. Little niofpolis, or the city of Jupiter.

6. Tentyra, whole inhabitants were rL-markablc for
their enmity to crocodiles. 'I"h«y were great worlhippers
ef Ifis and Venus ; to each of which deities they had a
temple, whofe ruins are ftill to bo leen.

A modern writer h;is furiiiftied us with the following
defcription of thele antiques. In fpeaking of them he
fay?, " the remains of the temple of Venus are entirely
buried in rubbifh, and though one may get in from the
top, yit it is impoflible to di.iW or to niealure it, on ac-
count of the earth and rulibilh with which it is filled.
On one fide of this temple arc iomc (jixek letter!-, which
I take to be the remains of I'ome inl'cription in tiiat lan-
gtiarc ; but they are fo defaced, that it is impoHible to
aifcover their meaning.

" About 60 yards Ibuth-wcft of this temple, lies that
of Ills. I he lull thing that attraiits our notice is a fine
poital 69 feet high, ^6 broad, and 31 thick. A beauti-
ful cornice furrounds it entirely. Under this portico,
and immediately above the door, which is 70 feet high
and 10 wide, von fce a globe by w;iy of ornament, iiip-
ported by two lifli refemuling lampries, which appear in a
field .r/,uie, like twoe»pandcd wmgs. The portal is co-
vered with hieroglyphics from top t" bottom. Through
this porch you enter a fpacious court filled with brokui
columns i oppofitc to the temple, which is in the iiiiddie
of thi";coHit, 12 of them are lllll ft.inding, and lupport
the reniaiuing part of the tilling. The fiont ol this
temple is i;.0 feet lonj, Hi broad, and 71 hi^h ; the
b.ick mc.il'ures l6c feet in length, l(ir> in bre.idili, and il'.
hei'hi is the fame vMih thai ol ihe fioni. I'lic exlciioi
v.iils arc full of K^ivptian divinities in a kind of bafta re-
lieui, and with hieioglypliii'-. A very fine cornice lui
rounds It, and eight lioiiv hc.vJs from the gutters on the
/oof. There are thiee on each tide, and two on Ihe
hiiidniiin.

" At liift youniKi * large hall, 112 fitt long, 60
fiM high, and 5'' tut I1I1..1J. 'I lie ceiling is fuppoiled
h\ fix rows of toluinn-i, four in each row : the lirit ol
thele columns is 5/ feet long, .inJ ils circunileienn- 2 j.
The iapil.ils are made in the torm of four fun.ile hrniN,
whole Ki^ks Iran ai^ainlt cat h other. 'I'he walls of this
h.ill arc ornamented with a prodigious niin'i>i r of figures
til .iniiiiiU, E({yptiiin diiiie-;,, and hieroglyphic^, llie
ceiling, ol which the lloins .uc from ughl 10 10 feit
lon^, fcvcn broad and two lluck, is pointed, .iiid the >o-
tours are now at vivid a'cu entet aiiotlwr liiiuu'c oue, whole

STEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

ceiling refts on fix columns, of which three ftand on each
fide. They are of the fame torm and height as the pre-
ceding, hut not of the fame thicknefs. This hall mea-
I'uies 42 tex't ill length, and 41 intireadth. From hence
you come into four chambers which have no light but
what enters at the door, and through an air-hole in the
ceiling. The firft of thefe chambers is 63 feet in Iei>[rth,
and 18 in breadth ; the reft are 43 in length, and 17 in
breadth. The walls of thofe rtxjnis are painted, and full
of hieroglyphic inlcriptions.

" Out of the lalt riKim you come into a corridorc 12
lect long and three broad, that leads to a winding ftair-
c.ife, by which you can mount upon the flat roof. There
you likcwife find a very dark room i8 feet long, 11 broad,
and nine high ; it is built above the wall of the gre-,it
hall, and ornamented with the figures of many Egyptian
deities in baflb relievo. On tlie ceiling of this room is
the figure of a gi.uit, likewili.' in relievo, with his arms
and legs llretched out. The ilair-cale has not any thing
p.irtictilar, only that five or fix of its ftcps are cut out of
a fingle ftoiie, and' which are very cafy to mount, beiu"
only liiui inches high."

7. If'iiionthis, a city in which Apollo and Jupiter
were woilliipped, and the capital of a province of that
iiiine. It was between three and four miles round, and
lituated in the midft of a large plain. The ruiivs of the
temple of Apollo are ftill to be feen ; but fo imperfect as
not to convey any idea of the foim i>r magnificence of
that ftruclure. Here are two walls of free-ftonc, which
.ire nine feet afuudcr ; the height of thefe walls is 15
feet, and the length 36. On the top of one of them arc
theruiu.ins of a cornice, below which there is a globe,
liippurted bv two filh like lampries.

». Aphrinlitopolis, that is, the city of Venus.

9. I.otopolis, in which wiLS the temple of Pallas
where both that deity ;uk1 the lifh LkUus were worlhippcd.

Ihe pi-ineipal part of the temple is ftill ftanding, and it
delcribcd bv bllhop Pocock, who fays, " th.it the capi-
tals of the pillars are ibmewhat like the Corinthian; aiui
that within the temple are three Hories of hieroglyphics of
men about thiee teet high, and at one end the lowetf fi-
gures .ire as big as life, one of which has the head of an
ibis."

10. Crocoditoiwlis, or tlic City of Crocodiles, (a
called, .iccording to Strabo, from that animal being the
jiarticuhir object worfliipped by the inhabitants.

J I. Apollinopolis, where was antiently a rruignificent
icmple, tome remains of which 1 le ftill extant ( but the
iiiurior parts cannot be entered, they being quite filled up
with eiiith and rubbifh. Its front was 118 feet in
breadth j the fides 169 feet long, and its height 70 feet.
(-)ii the ruins of this city is now a fmall rillage calleJ
Uitu.

12. Elephantine was a city in an iflandof the fam«
name. The illand is about a mile lo..^^;, and a imarter of
a mile broad 10 the Ibuth, ending in a peint at tlie north.
Ihcre w.-vs a temple at Cniiphis on thi: iftnnd, and a
niiometer 10 meal'urc the rile of the Nile. Mere are ftill
the r mains of a linall temple, before which is a ftatuc,
fittiii ; with the hiiiids atiols on the bnsitt, being about
eight feet high, with a lituus in each hand.

About 12 miles fiom Ekphantine Hood the city of
Philir, in an llliuid of the f.inie name, not above half a
mile loiij', .uid a qii.irlir broad. The ifland was deemed
lacied, Ipim an opinion ilut Ofiris was buritnl there (
and the nuns ol a magnificent temple are ftill to be feen.
It Wis e.dlid the IVmple of the Hawk, from the inhabi-
i.inii v.oilhippiiig that bird, the figure of which is cut
.1111011;) the hitriM^lvphics in fevenil parts. It was built
with liir Hone, and litu.iled on the wefl fitic of th«
Illand. 1 heoiutr cnuii it the temple w.is of coiifidera-
ble leiu'ih, and <n e.ieh fide of it are ftill ii.'maiiimg ■
low of pillars, oinamented wilh a variety »if capitals.
On the iMiilide of the iniui court aa' huge Colol'iil fi-
gures, Mx\ within lie le\eial heaulilul pill,iis,ornanHnled
with I jpilals v,iiiujf|it 111 hallo nlievo. On each fide of
the enii.iiice to ilie t.ilt is an oln-lilk of red graiiive, an4
the fiinth pill ol it is leriiiiii.itid bv a W.1II, at which are
twiMilH'lilks nilril on vi rv h iiidfome iK'drftals,

The couiitiv ahi 111 this ill.ind appeals vrrv romantic :
on the ralHide It is .ill rock; on the weft tlie hills are
either limdv, or of black rocks. The rocks of Ijr nitts
cro<» tlic Nile, and lu tlucc diti'ertitt places, .n iom«

dlftalice

AFRICA.] E G

diftance from one another, tliviJc the flream inti.- three
parts, making three talis at each of ihem. Here arc fc-
veral large cataradts, the moll confiderable of which ap-
pears to be that dcfcribeil by Strabo, who fays, " it is a
rocky height in the middle of the river ; the upper pan
of it ij fmooth, fo as the water can run on it, but ends
in a precipice down which the water falls." Lucian, in
his defcription of this p.irt of the Nile, and of its fcat-
tered currents, (which he makes thechiei prieft Achoreus
relate to Csfar) fays,

" Jointly they flow, when Phils's gates divide
" Our fertile Kgypt from Arabia's * fide ;
" Thence, with a peaLcfui, (oft defcent, they creep,
" And feck, infenfibly, the diftant deep.

" Who that beholds thee, Nile ! thus gently flow,
*• With fcarce a wrinkle on thyglaffy brow,
" Can guefs thy rage, when rocks refift thv force,
" And hurl thee headlong in thy downward couifc ;
" When fpouting cataracts thy torrent pour,
*' And nations tremble at the deaf 'ning roar ;
" When thy proud waves with indignation rife,
" And dafli their foaming fury to the (kics ?
" Thefe wonders reedy Abatos t can tell,
*' And the tall clifts that firft declare thy fwcll ;
" The cliffs, with ignorance of old beiiev'd,
" Thy parent veins, and for thy fpring rcceiv'd."

On the eaft fide of the Nile, going down from the
illand of PhilDT, were the following remarkable plates :

Syene, built on very high rocks, oppofitc the fouth end
of Elephantine. Its ruins are ftill to be fcen on the
height over AfTonan, exactly under the tropic of Cancer.
Pliny mentions this place, and particularly the antiint
forts here, as being iituated in a pcninfula ; and it is
conjeflured by modern travellers, that the granite pill.irs
in that neighbourhood are the remains of fonie antieiit
temple. Strabo dcfcribes an obfervatory here, built over
a famous well, for making agronomical obfervations.
The famehiftorian alfo Aivcs an account, that there was
a garrifon here of three Roman cohorts.

South-caftof the ruins of Seyneare the granite quar-
ries ; all the country, the i (lands, and fomc parts of the
Led of the Nile, being red granite, which is the ftone
mentioned by Herodotus. 1 lie ipiai rics are not worked
in deep, but the (tone is hewn out of the fides of the low
hills. Pocock fays, " they fecm to have worked in
round theftone with a narrow tool, and when the (tones
were almoft feparated, there is reafon to think they forced
them out of their beds with large wedges, of which
th-re are great figns in the quarries in all parts."

Fartiier to the Ibuth of Seyne was the city of Ombos,
now a village called Com-Ombo, where a great heap of
ruins are ftill to be feen of an old temple. On fume ol
the pillars, which are a few feet above the ground, are
many beautiful hieroglyphics ; but the chief parts of the
ruins are fo buried in the earth, that it is impollible ti>
form any judgment either of the fliapc or nugiiiliceiicc ot
the original building.

Elcthya, or the city of Lucini, famous for a temple
facred to that goddefs, not the leaft reinaint of which arc
at this time extant.

Cnuphis, fo called, fi.s Str,ibo, from a goj of that
name worfliipptd by the iiih bitants.

The next we have to mention was the city of Thebes,
which, it is (aid, when in its full profperity, might \ie
with the firlt city in the ii!ii\crfe. It was alfo called
Diofpoli>;, or the city of Jupiter, or of the Sun. It had
100 gates, from whince it (ibt.iliied the additional n.imc of
Hecitonpylos, to dilliii^'iilh it fiom another Thelies in
Bx-olia. It was eqiiallv larje and populous ) and, ac-
cording to hidorians, touKl (end out at once 300 cha-
riots, and 10,000 lighting men at each of its ^ates.
'F'hoi'gh the Greeks and Romans only fiW the city in its
ruins, yet they h.ivetehbr ited its grandeur and majnili-
crnce. When Homer tilatis the enibafly of UlylTes,
Ajax, and Phoenix, to entreat AeiiiHcs to return to the

Y P T. 4^-3

cimp, and be reconciled to Agamemnon, he reprcfenf>
his hero as protcfting that nothing (hould bribe him ta
(ucli a reconciliation ; for he fiys,

" Not all proud 'I'hebes unrivali'd walls contain
" The world's gicat cmprefs on th' Egyptian plain,
" (That fpreads her coiiquclls o'er a thoufand (late:,
" And pours htr heroes thiough an hundred gates,
" Two hundred hoF(binen, and two hundred cars,
" From each wide portal iflaiing to the vv.irs)
" Should all ihefe oftcrs for my friendfhip call,
" 'Tis he that offers, and I fcorn them all."

Port's HoMEu's li.i.An.
The city of Thebes was not only the mod bcuitiful
in all Egypt, but fuppofcd to furpals every other in the
whole uiiivcrl'c, as well for the fplcndor of it'< building',
as its extent and nun.ber of inhabitants. 'I'he princi--,
for many .""ges, made it their care to bciutify and enlar,^e
it; " J which, fays Diodorus Siculus, none under tl";
fun was equal in tlie many magnificent trenfiiies of gold,
filver, and ivory i with innumerable coloflulfes and obc-
li(ks of one entire (lemc. There were four temples admi -
rabic in beauty and greatnefs, the moft antient of which
was in circuit 13 (ladia, and 45 cubits in height, \wth a
wall of 24 feet bro.id. The ornaments and oh'erings
within were agreeable to this magnirueiKC, botli .11 value
and workinanlhip. The fibric is )\t. icni.iinilijj ; but
'the gold, filver, ivory, and preeic.u^ lloiies, were raii-
facked by the Perfian^, when Camhyfes burnt the ti iiipio
of Kgypt." — Such w.is the (late of th^s tani:le at the time
of Diodorus.

The ruins of the above tcinpte are Kill extant, and
it is computed to have been about half a mile in circum-
ference. At the tiiit entrance was a court or avenue
paved with llone about 100 feet wide, and { or 400
feet long. On each fide were fphynxes in two rows
about 30 feet apart. The ii-.u.r co'art of the temple was
ornamented on each fide wi;h rows of pillars, whofc
capitals were curioufly wrought. Some part of thcfe
pillars arc dill to be (ecu, but the cliicf of the building
is a mere heap of ruins, ,-.nd the infide almoft doled up
with earth and rubbi(h.

The temple of Jupiter at Carnack is one of the moft
pcrfeift we meet with in this part of Egvpt, for which
reafon, and in order that the reader may tbrin a proper
judgment of the original conftrue'tion and magnificence
of this ilrudhire as well as of Kg\ p:ian temples in general,
we liiall be a little parliculai in d.'leribing it.

This leinple had originally ei^ht rrand entrances,
to three ol which were avenues ol fpliynxes of a con-
fiderable lcni;tli, two of them h..virg lixty (latues on
each fide'. To one of thefe entrances are four grand
gatewn\s that lead to the temple ; tli. y are abiait ;^5 feet
dce-p, I 5c liin^', and about Co feet hi;_h ; the llidofthc
gates is of a r-d granite finely iMiilli. d, and beaiitil'iilly
adorned with hieroglyphics ; it has (» ur conip.irtments
without and tluee within, in e.ich of wh;eh arc thefi:;invs
of two women larger th.ui lite, and of 1 xquilit..' worii-
niaiilhip. Farther on caeh fide are cololial figure; \euli
hieroglyphics under them, about fifteen feet from the
ground. Without the gate is a red granite datue 011
one fide, and 011 the other a datue conpofed of a I .rt of
granite and finall pebbles. '1 hefe (Inuis mud be ex-
ceeding lirL'e, for Dr. Pocoik, who moafiiriil Ionic
parts ot one uf them, fays, that he found the hand to be
(ixteeii inelu■^ broad, and the head five feet fix inches

* Thii fxecllcnt poet it hero defective in his Kfography,
feir inlteaJ ol" Arabia it (hould lie lithlopia j and his tr anlb-
Kir hai eivcn u« his ft nl'e literally : tiMUgh he uLI'<rv«s
that Pldfr, which U an ifland in the Nile, and at 1 guod
diftwcG (rum the Ked Sea, urUulph uf Araliia, n much ra-

loilj

The other

gates

arc much of the fimc nature
with this, and arc in like manner ornamented with hiero-
gl) phics and cololVal l"i;,ures. To tl.t eaft of thefe gates
IS a large pond, which w.is probably a re(ervoir ot the
Kile watci leir the ufe of the temple.

All the rmrances have the appearance of extraordinary
magnificence ; but the moft (upctb and principal one is
that tu the well, which may be called either a g.ttewav
01 a front to the great court before the temple. It iK
40 feet biu.iil, the Tiottom part being a folid wall of the
llinie thickncls. Within this is a large open court, hav-

ilicr to le lei.ked upon as » boundiry between Egypt and
I'.ihiopia, than between Egypt and >)ral)in.

I Alui'X IS a link, or little inaccedible ifland in the Nile,
overgrown uitli recdi and buOici, It his between Piiilia
and E(cph.uitiLc, vciy Mat to tlw catitriuK nicl.tianid bjf
!itr4.e>.

V 'I lli.

"111: '

ii'

;i.

-is

1. 1

1.1

f ■ ' k

'A'

ij|f|!f|;|ii|

! i

4.Z4

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

ing on each fide,, at the P.ift cntr;iiv:c, a tciracc 80 feet
broad. The vvallc bitwceii the two terr.ices leads ^o the
i'lincr part of the temple, and is adorned on each lidcwith
VI grand eolonndc ot pillars above 40 feet high aud eight
feet dian'ieier, with large capital vafes like a hale, only
worked- with fomc figures in lines. At the farther end
of thcli: pillars arc two colollal thitues of red granite on
peJcftals four feet Wide, and fix feet long j hut the lu;ads
arc )»rokc olf, and the Ihitucs much disliuured.

On each fide of the grand entrance inlo llie temple,
from the fouth, arc two obeliiVs, having only one colunni
of hieroj.Iyphics, and are upwards of 63 feet hi[,h, and
fix feet fqu re. Farther to the cart arc two other ohelifks,
feven feet fi.v inches fquarc, and 73 feet high : they arc
all of red granite, and the two laft have three columns of
hieroglyphics all the way down.

The walls and doors of the temple are ornamented
with beautiful hieroglyphics and figures of men, in fix
compartments, above nine fbct high and 12 wide, every
compartment having tht: figure ot three men in it. On
entering the temple, there appears 16 rows of pillars one
way, and r8 tire other j the two middle rows arc 1 1 feet
diameter, but the other eight, with only fquarc Hones
as capitals. The temple is higher over the two middle
rows than in the other parts, having over the fpace be-
tween a fort of windows with twelve lattices of itoiie in
each of them, to convey light into the temple. Both
*ithin and without the temple arc hieroglyphics and
other rcprefentations : the outfide was beautified in a
very grand manner, particularly on the north tide, white
are itill to be fecn rcprefentations of battles with horfes
and chariots.

On each fide the temple arc fcvcral apartments, fomc
of which might probably h.ive been ufed by the priefts,
and ofher": adapted for the hearts they kept tor facrifice.
About I bo feet to the cart, is a large building which
confifts nf fe\-eral fmall apartments on e.ich fide of a fpa-
cious colonadc, and feems as if adrptid for the ufe of
the officers belonging to the temple. To the north of
this aie ruins of buildings, with a grand gate before
them, which feems originally to ha\e led to the temple.

The principal hieroglyphics now to be leen on the
gates of this temple are as follow ; on one a man oftirs
the deity, in each hiind, a vafc like a chocoLie difll,
having on each arm ItJiiiething rcfembling a folded nap-
Icrn. In another, one fcenis to ortlr hiinfilf to two
deities, which might probably be the fun and moon. A
man oft'ers fomething like apples to one on a throne j
tour deities being on thrones above, as on another floor.
A bird like a hawk on a pillar liinie\7hat rcfembling the
Corinthian order. A peacock "n another. A man Hand-
ing before four monkies, which are on two floors ; and
three trees en a prjtrtal. Thefe fi:'ups are all entire,
for being cut in gr.inite, they could not eafily be dif-
figiirtd.

Such is the prcfcnt fituatinn of the above tempi'',
near which arc the remains of fcvcral oth'-rs, whole ruins
extend for fevcral milrs round. Among thefe, one of
them, from the fitu-.ition of its fragnu nls, appears to have
K'en round, and near ?.on feet in di .nuter.

About four miles cart of Cainack (IihhI another very
flegant temple ; but the whole of it is totally deftroyed,
except the grand gate, which is entire, and near it is a
fphyiix about four feet long.

About a mile to the north of Carnack is a kind of rtrect,
©n each fide of which is a rocky ground about 10 feet
high : in thefe r(Kks arc cut many room-;, and fome of
them l.ipported with pillars, Thiy are fuppofed to have
ferved inlle.id of ho lies in the very carliill timeii, being
contrived as i-xcillent iccurities frtun tlw inclenicncy of
thcwealher.

At a fmall dillanrc fiom thefe is a rock, and inoun-
laii'.oiis place called Briban-el-Mrliikc, that is, tht Gatt
tr Cnnt «/" tht Kingt. Here are the fi puU hres of the
kint;s of rhehes, in grottos cut out o/the rocks, which,
!n Strabo's time, were 4's in iiundH-r, and admirably ex-
ecuted. The vale where ihefe grottos aie is about 100
varils wide, and there are figns ot about iH of the fr-
pulchres, but only nine can be entered iiitu al this time.
The hills on each fide arc high (Uep rocks ; and the grot-
tos arc cut inlo the rock in a mo(f beautiful manner, in
long rooms or galleries under ihc niountaiiis, which are
•1 a clofc, whitcfitt-llone, thurcul< like chalk, md i.'

as fmooth as the fined ftucco-work. I'he g.illerics are-
niollly about ten feet wide and high. Four 01 live ol the 1^
galleries, one within another, from 30 to 50 fe.-t loiij,
and from 10 to 15 high, generally lead to a IpaiK.u-.
room, in which is lien the tomb of the kini^, with his n-
gurc cut in relief on the lid; and in one the picture ol
the king is -jainted at full length. Both the fuks and
' cielings of the rooms arc cut with hieroglyphics of birds
and hearts, and fome of thcin painied ; being as freth as if
they were but jurt finiihed, though they mult be above
2000 years old. One of the tombs is of one Itoiie of ivd
granite, feven- feet nine inches high, ii fcet eight iiiclies
long, and abi .c fix fcet broad. 'I'he cover i>< made to
fhutiutoit ; and on it is cut the figure of the king i,i
mcizo relievo, with a hieroglyphical infuription, which
may be fome account of the monarch. '>'his room is
adorned with hieroglyphics in different columns, witti
figures of nien» hawks, and bulls. In the fjrtljern.olt
room is a figure in relief, with the .arms aciols on the
bicall ; over it is a globe, and on each fide of the apartm-.-ni;
is the figure of a man kneeling. In the great room is the
rtatue of a man with a fcepter in )iis hand, and on the
ceiling is a like figure painted, witi> wings hanging down
lower th.in the feet, and covering the whole liiKly. At
the entrance, on each fide, are the figures of four mm
larger than life, having on their heads the npitfcntations
of hawks and other animals ; and within aciicle, on each
of the pilafters, is a man with a he.id refembljiig a goat.

Belides thole already mentioned, theie are ni.uiy other
magnificent remains of Thebes j but the molt ruiiaik-
able are the cololTal rtatiies of Menuion : they arc made
of a particular lort of hard granite, which inort relini-
bles the eagle-ftone. Thefe ilatues point to the louth-
caft, and are on pedertiils or plinths entirely plain ; they
arc about 30 feet apart : the pedeftal of one is 30 feet
long and i; broad, and that of the other 33 feet lon:j
and 19 broad. The height of one of thefe ftalm-s, fnin
the bottom of the foot to the top of the knee, is about
iqfeet; from the bottom of the foot to the ancklc, two
feet fix inches ; to the top of the inrtcp, four feet. On
the fides of the legs arc two reliefs, and one bet'.vem tlif
legs of the natural height. The other rtatue is imper-
fect, ha\ ing been biokcn off at the middle ; on the p^~
d( ftal of this is a Greek epigram ; aiuf on the iiifli ps .mJ
legs, for about eight feet high, arc fevcral inkiipiunis
in Greek and L.atin, fomc of them in honour of ^^■l 1-
non, and others, tellinioiiies of thofe who heaiil 1;:,
found. Paufaiiias fay^, that Cambyfes broke this jlauie,
and that afterwards the upper part, from the miiidle, w.i.»
fecn lying ntgieiftcd on the ground : the other part, every
day at fun-rifiiig, uttered a found like the break ng ui j
ftring of a harp when it was wound up. This Urangi;
circumrtancc is confirmed by feveral other antient hilto-
ri.ins, particularly Juvenal, who, in one uf his li.tiie^
fays,

"■ Where Memnon's rt.itiic magic ftrings infpire
" With vocal founds, tli.it emulate the lyre."

About two miles from Carnack is a firull \ illagc called
r.uxerien, built on a pail of the antient 'I'hehcs, on the
eart fide of the river. Adjoining to this village are the
remains of a large aiu! ni.igHJIiei nt l>uilding, laid by I)io-
dorus Siculus to lia\e been thj Kpulchrc of Ofyinanduas,
and that it was a mile uiid a half in circumference : it
confirtcd of large courts, puitieo", ihrines, temples, ilio
tomb of OfymandiMs, and olher buildings ( but ihey aie
all fo decayed, luid clogged up with dirt and rubbilh, th it
little judgment can he foniu.-d of their original conltrue-
tion. '1 he nudt pirfeet .uid i oiil'picuous oinameius that
now remain of this |(riii.'liiie are t«i> obelilks, whiiii
rttxxl near theenti.inee of the firlt court, and aie laid to
be the fincft in ihj imivcrfe: they are now above ihc
ground 60 feet high, and fivcn fe.'t fqiiarc at the bottom.
The hieroglyphics are in thiee columns down cvirj fi f ,
cut in with a fl.it bottom an liuh and a half dci p. On
the top 'if e.ich is tht figure of a peilMH fitting on a llirwne,
with anoiher ort'eriiig him foinithing on his knees; ,1 .li
beneath, at prop, r dirtiiiee., arc the figures of vaiious
animals, as all<> bird--, fi rpeiiis, inf el«, (<c,

Diculorus fiys, that in the lepuhhre while tlie body of

Ofyifiamhias l.iy, was a circle or crown of g.ilJ jO^ cu.

biti ill length, and one cubit ihik, 011 "in h of v.liieh

w.is cut th,' rifiii ; and filing. if .11 ill.- liars for i- v

4 d.y.

now
ol Kv^\
f.uuly''
pl.iihs I
•|'h.
which
Ihc

in .my
fiarticul
-^■ill

The
w.is bi
.j!!s (
(..iely
I (Hint
b.ilc is

1?.,1C0

fithoms
Ihoii'.s.
pains t(i
each fid
fcTCIK
height,
iiioiil. d
Ihe
the (Hit
The
heii'ht

EGYPT.

Africa.]

tl.iy in the year, witli llic < (llcls the E:;yptian alirologcrs
aitrilnited to thtm, accoui'ng to ihcir ililllrcnt ililjio-
fitions. He likcwife f.ly^, that this [ireat ticaCiire tell .i
vidtim to the dipRdatioiis couiiiiittcd by Camhyfts ami
the Perfiaiis.

Such are the antiquities now remaining of the antient
city of Thebes, a tiiy ctlebratcil by tlie firll poets and
hittorians in all ages; " That venerable eitv, (as Dr.
Pococlc fays) whole niijis are older than the loiuidations
of nioft other jiti.-s, and yet liieh piodigioiis remains arc
ftill to be feen of magnilktnce and folidity, as may con-
vince thofe wh:) bjhold them, thatwitho.it fonie (Xtra-
ordinar) aecid;nts they mult have la!l, I forevir, which
Ceems to have been the initntiun of the founder c.f them. "

2. fy Middle Ei;ypr, «• Ileptar.oniis ; its Jiitltjiiitiis, &c.

THIS divifion of Kgypt received its fecond name
from tile f ven no'iics, or prcfeehire' , into which it was
orieinallv diviui J. It compn'hends all the country or.
each fide of th" Nile, from '['h^bes to the point of the
Delta, wh;re that river divides itielf into three brandies
by which it enters the lea.

This part of Kjvj-t contained originally manv large
and noble cities ; among wnieli the moll diitijiguiflud
was that called Mtn.phi-., fituated on tlie well fide of the
Nile, a little above liie Delta, and about five miles Ibuth
of Gi'ic, \\.Hch was oppollte to Old Cairo. It was fup-
pofed to have been built by Manes, the firif king of
Egvpt 1 and for man) ages was the metropolis of the
whole kingdom.

According to fomc authors, this city was upwards of
l8 miles in circumference ; and in its neighbourliood
were fepiilchies of ninny of the an'.ieiit Egyptians, who
coveted to beinterrid there, as being the place liippofed
to contain the bodv of Oliris, one of their kings, whom
4hev afterwards worlliipped in the figure of an ox.

'i'he citv of Memphis was exccediii;:; large even in the
timeof Strabo, who calls it the f.-cond after .-Mexandria.
But fuch are the rai ages of time, that when Saiidvs was
there, in 1610, little remains of it were to be ken. 'I'hat
writer, in delcribing it, fays thus ; " The verv ruins
were almoll ruinated j yet fome lew impreirions were
left, and divers thrown dov.'ii, (laluc"^ of motillrous le-
fcmblanccs J a fcarce luffieient telliiiiony to lliew to the
curious fceker, that th le it had been."

This is the part of Egypt tliat has ever been fo famous
for containing thofe diiiinguinied monuments of anti-
ipiity the pyr.unids, which, according to the antients,
were fituated to the north-weft of Memphis. They are
now called the I'yramidv of (iiv.e, anil Uand near a ridge
of hii;h mount.uiiv, oaa guule and civ ..Iceiit, in the
fuidy defan of J ybia, r.bo'.:t ;. qiiArf:.- of a mik liom th-
|ilaii.s of Egypt.

Thefe pyramids are about 20 ill number, three of
^•liith arc remaiUably large, ..iid Itand near each other.
'I he oih'.rs lie fcatt.'ivd, and are ir.od.Is of the gri,uei
ones i though fome 'if them are very confidcr.ible, par-
tuularlv one which ilands fouth-well of the rill, .iboiit
20 miles farther within the defart. As tliele pyramid'^
have particularly attr.ieK-d the attention of travellers foi
ages pall, an 1 .'.s tl'.e like of them arc not to be met with
ill ,iny other p.irts of i!,e univeile, we iliall here give a
particular deiaiption of the three hirgi.lt of them, whicli
will eon, ey to the ;vader a liiffleicnt ide.i of the whole.

The hirgeft of thcfe th;\v, according to Herodotus,
V.MS built by t'heop'i, king of Egypt, wh'nn Diodorus
>.i!!s Chcninis. M.:iil. de Cha/.elles, who went piir-
polely to mrafurc it in 160 {, gives us the following ac-
loiiiit of its dinienf'.'is ; lu la\s, the fides of the lipi ire
b.ife is 110 fith.ns; ihj fronts are ei|uilateral tri-
angles, and therefore the fiiperfieies ot the b.ile i'
12, ICO ftniare fathoms; the pi ipendiciilar height 77
fathoms, and the folid conients ji ^,51^0 cubic '1 fi-
thom-.. Anot*i,-r curious tia\eller, who took the fame
pains to fati'-fv his iiiriofty as the above gentleman, favs,
cicli lidf of the Ujii.ire bale h l:bo feet, and i:s circum-
fcTclice 2(140 feet : it has near 500 feet of pcrpeinlicular
height, and the fiilid coiiicnt'. the fame as menticiied by
1110111. de C'hi.zilli!.

'Ihe afcenl to the top of this pyramid is by fteps on
the tiutfide ; the number of wiiich are laid to be ii2.

Thefe fleps are toriiied in row>, .iiid dill'er as well in
hei;>ht as bnadlh , ihole ot the loweimoti rew are near

425

three fiet high :'nd two broad, vvliidi running about the
pyramid in a k\r!, form a narrow walk; the ticond ii
li!;e the tirit, benching in near three feet; the third is
alio iini.h the fame ; and the rdt follow in order like fo
many tt.iii:., nfiiig one above another fo the top, which
does nor uul in a point like mathematical pvramids, but
in a fnull Hat or lipiare about twelve feet broad.

'I'he b'-lt account we have of the entra.-ce and infide
of this amazing pile is thus given by i\l,-. Greaves :
'• The entrance, fays he, into the pyramii'; is by a.
fquarc narrow pafiage, which opens in the i.iidft of the
north fide on tlie ifjth Hep, or alcendiiig j8 feet, on an
artiticial bard: of earth. The ftonc over it is near 12
ftet long and above eight (let wide. T'liis entry goes
declining witli an angle of 26 degrees, being j6 feet and
a half broad, and 92 feet and a halflong. The (Iruiflure
of it was the labour of an exijuifite h.iiid, as appears by
the fillo'lllllKf^. and evennefs of the work, and cloll- knit-
ting of the joints. On the light hand is a hole of 89
t'eet long ; and a gallery on the left paved with fmooth
polilhed marble. Another pafiagt runs in a level no
iett, and leads to an arched vault or chamber 20 feet
I long, 1 7 b oad, and 15 high. The li.cond gail: ry i^ divided
I from the iirll by a wall, and is a very llately piece of
iwoik, not inltrior, eithvi in artificial beauty or riehncfs
of material', to the moll: funiptuous and ma;;iiificent
buildings : it is 15.1 feet long, fe\en broad, and :0 hi.:h .
'I'lir llone of which the gallery is built is a white and
pjlifhed marble, very regularly cut in large t.ibles ; and
tlie joints fo cloie, that they arc fcarce dik Viuble by a
curious eye. It is here to be obf.rvtd, that thofe who
would view the infide nuiil carry lights with them, for
there is no window, or other op-.ning, in this pviamid to
admit the light.

" After pafling the fecond gallery, you come to two
finall ante-chambers lined v/ith a rich fpeckled kind of
Thebaic marble. Beyond is a fquare hole, over which
.'.re five lines cut pai.ill; 1 and perpendicular ; belides
whicii no other Iculptures or engravjigs are obferved in
t!ie whole pyramid. T'liis paflagc is nine fit 1 •'.■•,
moll exquiliiely cut of Thebaic marble, and is a land-
ing-place at the north end of a verv fumptuous and well
pioportioned room. This magnificent and fpaeioii> ch.im-
ber, in which art f.ems to have contended with natu.-e,
ih'.nds in the center of the pyramid, etiuidiftant f.\.m all
the fides, and almoll in the midtt between the ball- and
the top. T'he lloor, tiie fides, and the roof, are .ill made
.if large tables of the molt b-.autifiil marble. I'loui the
top of it to the bottom there are about fix ranges of llone,
all of which are li/Ad 10 an equal height, and very
gracefully placed round the r.mm in one attitude. 'I'he
liom s iliat cover tf.is chamber are of a pre.ilii?iou';
length, like (b many huge le.ims, Iving flat and tra-
vcrling the room, fuppoiling that inlinite mafs and
weight of the pyran.id .ibove. The chamber ii ^.|. feet
long, 17 broud, and i<5 and a I'lif high. WTiatrvir was
originally in thir, roon:, at prd'eiit nothing remain' but .i
!i);i,b of granite marble, ot one piece, hollow wiilnn,
iiiicf.vcrcd at the top, an 1 founding like a bell. 1 he
rigii."e of the tomb ia like an altar, or two cubes finely
fit together, cut fmooth .ind pl.iln, about kwn feet loii.',
'our liroil, and tour ddp. ]• formerly had a cincr,
which has been broke; and ii i> luppofed to have been
raikd and placed there b..fore the loof of the chamber
was doled. 'I'his was certainly the monument of the
king i.nd fiunder; but he w.is n.ot buried in It."

S.mdys fays, that king Cheop, bccaitie fo poor by
Iniilding this large pyramid, ih;t he was compelled lo
pr.ilhtiit',- his daughter (o r.iile money ; and tli.il (he.

ilKcH

rier p.uticul.ir r

■manded a (tone of

p.rfon on whom ihebalowed lir favours, with whidi
ilie built a fin.ill nyraitiid near adioiiiing.

'I'he lec'in.l pyramid Is ali.iut 80 yards foutli of the
firrt, and was built by king Cephrenes, who fuccceded
(Jliuips. T'he ardiitectuieof it is much like the Ibrmer,
but it is very inf.rior in i':/.i;. U has not .my cini-.u.ee,
and is built of wliite itone, ivit fo large bv fir as thole ot
the firit : t!ic fides do not ril'e by degrees like th.,t, but
uc finooth .iiid ecpial ; and the wli.ile fibric teems quite
. ntire, except on the I'outh fide. t)n the north and w.lt
iides arc tv.-o very (lately and celebrated pieces of arehi-
teiihire, ab.mt 'jO fiet dei p and i.( "t f er long, cut ojt
"I the lock ilia peipe:ulicul..r, and I'puied by thecliillid ;
i I' which

. I

■l',l *'

:iit

ii :m \

I :!

'4^

If' ':

426

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

^"'"^'^ff's-

Mf-ipi;

L', );

which, it i'? Aippofcd, were difij:iicil as loilj^iM^^s tor the
lv;y|iti:iii pritlls.

The thin! pyramid is fitnatcd cm a nfing iMnujid about
200 yards from the I'eeond, and i> laid to have been liiiilt
by jMyeheririiis, the tim ot' Cheops, and I'ljceeiror (if Cc-
phreiies ; it meal'iires about jco feet <in every fide, and
though Ic fs than the other two, is faid greatly to exceed
them in the beauty of its worknianfliip.

At a Ini.dl didaiue from thefe pvraniids, and about a
quarter ol a mile from the river, is a nionltrous figure
called a fphynx, the face of which reprefeiits that of a
beautiful woman, and the body that of a lion. This
cxtraordiiiaiy figure is faid to have been the fepidchre of
king Amafis, who, according to Ciafner, was trans-
formed into a lion. The n.anncr in wliieh that antient
author relates this transformation beiiv; rather curious,
vyc lliall prcfer\c a copy of it.

" Then firfV I call'd to mindc, what hrr fo (carM,

*' My dreadful (liape, ivuglr mane, andh.jnid beard.

•* So went I to dip olFin\ Ivon's cafe,

" Began t'untve, unbutton and uiilaee :

" Stri\ ing to ihift, the more myfelf I hurt ;

" The fbajie lluck dole, lilce IXianira's fliirt ;

" I loundtlun, I no propel ty was in,

•' No monller's fur, but my own monllroiis (kin.

" MylVlf I did next in the tiiirror \ iiw,

" And from my own rcflee>in2 (h.idovv Hew ;

" 'I'ho' 1 had i'ctn all forts of lyoiis (lore,

" Ne'er fuch a prodigy I faw before :

" I call'd for blip, mv \o!ee grown llrangcly loud,

" I/ike thunder rung, broke from a prifoning cloud ;

" Like moutliing teinpelU, or a water breach,

" Or battles join'd, ten tlioufand ?iien ine.ieh."

'['his fphynx, the fuppoled fepulchrc of king Amafis,
is of one entire (K)ne, finoo'Ji and poliflied, and was cut
out of the folid rock. ria\ellcrs differ with refpee't to
the dimenfions of this fi^'urc, but the lateft and niolV jult
j.ppcar to be thole given by Dr. I'oeock, who lays, the
lou'er part of the neck, or beginning of the brealt is 33
feet wide, aii<l 20 thick to the back j and thence to a
large hole in the b.ick 7} feet; and from theme to the
tail ^o feet. IJelidcs thcaboveinentioneil hole in the b.ick,
tliere is anothiron the top of the head, bywhich it is con-
jectured the prielts entered it to deliver their oracles. 'I'hc
Kg) ptians iiieroghphically reprefented a harlot by a
fphynx, havijig the amiable face (;f a wojnan, and the
r.ipacious Ihength of a lion. I hefc l|diyiixes they alio
erected before the entrances of their temples, iiuim.iting,
that feciets of philolophv, and I'aercd niylkries, (liould
be fidiied in cniL'niatic.l expreflinns, feparatcd from the
iiHilerltanding of the propliane multit\ide.

As we luve alreaily h.id fiecpieiuly occafion to men-
tion the Kgvptian hieroglyphics, and (hall ha\e the like
hereafter, it may not be improper here to make a finjll
liigrefiion, in order to infiirm the reader of the rife and
ii.iturc of thole .;ntient fymboK.

After Hermes, and the Kgyptian priells who fuccecjed,
had, by l(>ng lludy and (peculation, formed a f\ llem of
theology and natuial phiUWbphy, in which Ciod, the
fuprcme caufe of all, was tlie luiiverfal foul dilfull-d
through the whole creation, they tndeaxoured tocxprcfs
the divine attributes a.'id operations of the deity, in the
works of nature, by the pioperties and powers of living
animals, and other natural producUons, u.s the prop, r
i'ymbols of Inch ania/.ing caufes.

In order to chufc the ir.oM jiroper fymbojs, and, at the
fame time, the moll expr.llive of the 'ivine attributes,
.uid of the tifeJtsof Div iiie I'rovidcnce in every part of
the nniverle, they ItuilieJ with great applic.ition and care,
not oidy the peculiar pro])erties ol thole animals, birds
and filhcs, herbi and plants, whieli Kgypt produced,
but alio the geometrical properties of lines and figures;
and by :i rc:;ular comuction of them in various orders,
attitude and conipofitions, they (ornud the whole fyllem
of their theolo.jy and philolophy, which was hidden un-
der hi< riijlyphic figiins and character., known only to
thtmfelves, and to thol • who vveic inuiutcd into their
myderies.

In this fyllem their principal hiro-"ods, Ofiris and
Ifis, theologically i<|irelented the tinpremc Heing, and
uni\erfal n;itiirc ; and phyfically lignilied the two great
ccJeltiiJ liiniituriLs, the Inn and moon, by wiluli: in-

fluence sll nature was a>!1uated. In like manner the
inferior heroes reprefented the fiibordinate r^uls, who
were the minillcrs of the Supremo Spirit ; .mii phvlically
*'"■ denoted the inferior nuiiubne elements and f

the

I powers

I Their fymbols reiiiefented, and comprehended under
; them, the natural pioiluctions of the lieitv, and the
I y;irious ben.-ficial ellects of l.)iviiic Providence in the
works of creation ; and alio the order and haimony, the
. powers and mutual inlluence of the feveral p.irts of the
univerf.il fyllem.

This is the fum and fubllancc of the Kgyptian learn-
ing, (o famed in aniient times throughout the world.
And in this general fyllem the particiil.rr hillory of their
i hero-gods w.is contained, and applied to phyfical caufes,
and theological '.'ci.-nce. The hieroglyphic fyftcm was
compofed with g.vat art and f.uueiiy j'aiul was fo univcr-
fall) (lleemed and admiied, that the mod le.inied philo-
' lopheis of other nations ciine into Kgypt on pinpofe to
, be indiuited in il, and to learn the philofophy and thco-
I logy coineyed by thrle itppolitj fymbols.

In this hieroglyphic (ylKm, the hero-gods not only
! reprefented, and wire (ymbols of the fupreme (5od ;uid
. fiibordinate deities, bm thcv bad each their animal fym-
bol, to repri l'. nt ihei.- peculiar power, energy and .idmi-
niftration : ..iid their (igures were compounded of one
part or other of their (ymbols, to exprefs more I'cnfibly
the natural cft'ecls of di\ine energy attributed to them.

Tlius Ofiris, when he reprefented the power and all-
feemg providence of the Supreme Heing, had a human
body with a hawk's head, ami a (cepireTii his hand, .inj
decorated with th'- other regalia, or cnligns of royalty.
Under the (aine form alio he reprcfcntctl the fun, the
great celellial lumi-iary ; and, as it yv^r.-, the foul of the
World ; Ins fymbol now was a bull, and the fear.ibitus,
or beetle, which exprcfied the fun's motion, bv rolling
balls of dung, containing its feed, backwards, or from eaS
to we(f, his face being'towards the t:,lt. 'Jhe fymbolic
bull was likewile o*' i p.irtic.ilar lorm and make', to de-
note the v arious inlliiences of the fiin.

Ofiris was ;dfo delineated (ometimcs with a bull's and
fometimes with a lion's he:id, toriprefcntlhebe.it, vi-
gour and inlliKnce of the fun, cfpeci.dly in the inunda-
tion of the Nile, wi'.en the fun was in the ccicllial figii
Leo; .uid lib. wife to exprefs the folar inlliiiiicc in all
the produit!4)ns of nature. And it is .illii obluvable, that
the bull and lion were parts of the Jewilh cherub's fym-
bol ; ;iiid as the one was the head if the wild, ;uid the
li.her of llic tame beads, tluy repii llnted, in conjunc-
tion, the animal cre.i!i(-n: wiiile the other two p.irts,
namely, the eagle and human figure, repref,'nteil the
;ierial, rational eiv.ition.

Ifis was termed with many breads, to repriilnt thc
carth, the uni\crfal mollur, and with a cornucopia in
her liand, denoting the imtiitivc and pniluctive power? of
nature : her fymbol was a cow, part black ;uid p.iri white,
to repreleiit the enlightened and dark parts of the moon.

Pan bad the horns and feet, and tometimes alfo the
head of a goat, which was his fymbol, to (liew the gene-
rative power of n.Uure, over whrch he prefided. At the
fame time he fymbol ically reprefented univerfal nature,
the c.uile of all things.

Hermes h.i I a dog's h?ad, whieli was his f,'nd)ol, to
denote his (.igacity, in the iiuenlion of arts and fcienccs ;
efiKcially in his watchful diligence in the culture of leli-
gioiis rites and facicd knowledge ; at the (^imc time he
fymbolica'ly reprefented the j)i\iiu' Providence, w.'s
woidiipped as the chief coiinfelKr of Saturn and Ofii is ;
he who communic.itid the will of the gods to men, ami
by y.diom their fouls wiie conduited into the other world.
lie was llkcwifo repril'ented bv thr ibis, ;'nd with the
head of this biid, which was, at the lame time, his fym-
bol, to fignify his conveying literature to the Kgvptians,
which they believed was done under the fiirm <if thh
bird, anil confined to their nation only, as the ibi.s wai
not known to live jnv wbciv but in Kgypt.

Amnion repielented the deity called Amun, and hii
fymbol W.IS a ram. He vv.is alio dtline ited with a tain's
head »t)d horns, 10 denote the cre.itive power of (lod,
and his biiirficial and diOufivc influence through ih-
woiks of iiatMie, making every thing fruitful, to pio-
duce and multiply its kiml ; and cherilbing and pre-
ferving them by the warmth of the fun, and an internal
vital licat and \igoui.

The

iiinniicr the
; [;iHts, \vlii»
11(1 phylK-ally
I ;iiHl pcnvcK.

.'itv, aiul tlio

IKX' in ihc

liaimon/, the

1 parts of til".-

'vpllan Icarn-
ic the woiiil.
llory of llicir
hyfii.al caufcs,
ic Cyllum w.,s
was lb iinivci -
Ic.iriicJ philu-
(111 piirpole to
phy and thco-

roJs not only
rcme Ciod and
ii animal fyni-
rgy and admi-
)iinded of one
s more ilnfiWy
xd to thiin.
iowlt and all-
had a human
1 his hand, and
irns of royalty.
I the fmu til'-'
the fuul of the
the fcarabitus,
ion, by rolling
d<, or from caft
'I he fymholic
id make, to de-

nih a bull's and
nt the heat, vi-

in the inunda-
thc cclelhal ligii
iiilUuncc in all
obfijvaMe, thaX
h eht-nib's fym-
le wild, :ind the
;cd, in conjunt*
ilher tv;o p.-.rts,

reprefonteil the

to iepr.^^l"i.iit the
a conuiciipia in
.!in;tii\' powers ot
k :uid p.iii white,
rts of the moon,
ilietinies aUb the
to fiicw the !;enc-
prefided. At the
univerf.il nature,

s his fyribol, to
.irts anil fcitncc^ ;
he culture of leli-
lie f.uiic time he
Providence, w.is
laturn and Oliris ;
j^ods to men, and
o the other wotld.
bis, i'nd with tlu^
inc time, his fym-
to the Kgyptian«,
■ the form <m' thi-i
Iv, as the ibis WJi

d Amun, and his
iMted with a t.im'<
, e power ot doJ,
icnce throiii;!! ih'
> fruitt'ul, to pi<i-
icrilliiiu; and prc-
1, and an ■iitcrnal

The

AFRICA.]

E G Y

The univerfal foul itfclf was beautifully rrprefente(
by a winged i;lobe, with a ftrpent cinergin;; faim it. |i
'1 he globe denoted the infuiiie IJivinc cllince, whofe
center, to ule the expieninn in the hermetic writin;!;s,
was every where, .uid circimifercnce no wlicre. The
wings of the hawk reprefcntcd the divine all-comprelKii- ]
five intelle(^b : and the fcipcnt denoted the vivifying power j
of God, by which life and cxiltencc are given to all j
things.

Typhon rcprofentcd the mod powerful dxmon, nt
genius, who was coiitini;, lly at war with Ofiris and Ifis,
the moft benevolent geniulles of Kgypt, Ilis lymbol was
an hippopotamus, or river horle, a very treacherous and
cruel animal.

Orus was a principal deity of the Egyptians, and, ac-
cording to his hieroglvphic forms and habits, fignified
fometimes the fun, and foinetimes the harnionv of the
whole mundane I'vftcm. At the fame time, being the
oft'spring of Oliris and Ifis, he was always reprefented
young.

In his hicroglvphic figure he w.is rcprtfcntcd with a
ftafi', on the top of whicli was the head of the upup.i, to
fignify, by the variegated feather of that bird, the beau-
titul variety of the cre.ition. In one of his hands he lield
a lituus, to denote the harmony "f the fyltem ; and a
gnomon in the other, to fllcw the pel feci proportion o(
its parts. Behind him was a triar.gle infcribed in a cir-
cle, to fignily that the world was made by the unerring
wifdom of Ciod. He had alio fometimes a cornucopia in
his hand, to denote the fertility and production of the
earth.

H.irpocrates was dcfcrlbed holding one of his fingers
on his lips, to den:jic the niylkrious and ineltable niitiire
of God, and that the knowledge of him was to be fearchcd
after with profound and filtnt meditation.

Upon the whole, almolt all the Egyptian deities and
fymbols centered in two, namely, Oliris and Ifis, who
reprefented, under various hieroglyphic forms, both the
celertial and terreftrial fyllem, togethiT with all the di-
vine attributes, operations, and energy, which created,
animated and prefervcd them.

The Egyptians likewifc concealed their moral philofo-
phy under hieroglyphic fymbols; but thcfe were not the
iubjc(its of the hieroglyphics delineated on obelifks. And
as hieroglyphic and fymbolical figures were very antient
in Egypt, and firil invented, at leaft formed into a fyftcm
there, io they were thence carried into other countries,
and imitated in all religious myikrics, as well as in poli-
tical and moral fcience.

The pieceding fymbolical figures making the fub-
ftance of hieroglyphics, and all belonging to Ofiris, his
family and cotcmporaries, they were probably formed
into a fvrtem fiion after the death of thoie hero-gods, by
fome who had been inltrucled in the art of hieroglyphics,
by Hermes, the inventor of them, 'ihc firfl he formed
himfclf, and the others were piobably added by his learned
fuccefiiirs, who h.id been inllruclcd by him in all his
niylWrious learning.

I'his hieroglyphic fyliem was, in it; be'ginning, p : ■ \
fimple and lei's lonipounded than afterwards ; for it .- .>i
been impnn'ing for livrial ams before it appeared on th'
obelitks cf the temples. And bene;.' we may infer the
time of the liril I!gvptian hieroglvphie fymbols ; iiir, in
all probability, they were nut older than tlK time of the
famous llermcs, who flounfhed in the reign, and fome
time after the death of Oliri-.

The hieroglyphic fymbuK were, in early times, car-
ried into Greece, and gave the firii oecali'in to the f.ibles
of the pi>ets, with regard to the nietan^orphofes of the
gods, which they improved lidiii inventiun- of their own;
and from the knowledge of them theCiieeks afcribed pe-
culiar arts and inventions to their gods, whofe names
they fird received from Egypt.

Having thus finilhed our digreflion, wc (liall now pro-
ceed to dcfcribe the remaining antieiaities in this part of
Egypt.

At Saccora and Dafliour, about lO miles fouth of Gize,
in the Eybian dclirts, are inany other pyramii'.s, as alfo
the Egyptian catacomlis. The pvraniiiis are built from
north Tti liiuth along the brow ol'.. bill, and from the firfi
to the laft take up .ibout I2 mi!'-^. Sixtein of them are
very large, but th" others an- inronfidei.ible. One of
them is callcJ Mull,ibait-cl-l'hara(,.n. , ur the feat of

P T. 4,7

Pharaoh, on which the Arabs fiy the king; of Egypt pro-
mulgcd their l.iws ; it is 273 feet wide, and 46 m' heiidlt.
.\nother is 6()0 llet bixxul, and 345 high. A tliiul is
(]C0 feet Iquare, and 335 in height. \V'ho were the foun-
ders of thcli- pyramids is not known ; but they niult cer-
tainly have been CKcltd upw.iids of 3C00 years.

In the llinie plain in which tliele pyran.ids Hand, arc
the catacombs or antient fepulchres of the Egyptians.
Many of the poor in Egypt are maintained by being em-
ployed to dig beneath tlie barren fands in feareh ol thefo
lepulehres. When tluir attempt proves fuccel'sful, they
make a finall well of about three leet bro;id, and lO or iS
feet deep ; into which one witli a torch in his hand is
eafily let down by a rope. At the bottom is a four I'epiare
palliige, but fo low, tliat they mull (loop to go in. At
the end of this they come to the four lipiare vauh.-d rcp;i-
fitory, 24 feet every way, in which are tables cut out of
the fame rock, whereon the bodies are placed in cliefts or
coffins of wood or ft'.ine, on which are certain hierogly-
phic charae'Tiers.

The mununies, or bodies thcmfelvrs, arc cmbabiKd
with fpices and bitumen ; but the ehells or coffins where-
in the numiniies lie-, and the winding (lieits in which
they are wrapped, are richly gilt, fiieaked with vari-
ous colours, and curioufly ornamented with liierogly-
[diics.

The methods taken by the antient Egyptians to pre-
fervj the bodii> of the de.al are thus defcribed by Sandys :
" In the preparing of them, fays he, to keep them fivii.i
putrefaction, they drew out the brains at the nollrib, and
fupplied their place with prefervative fpices : then cutting
up tlv belly with an Ethiopian ilonc, and extr.ieling th(;
bowel-, they cleanfed the infidc with v.'inc; and Huffing
the fame with a compofition of calCa, myrrh and other
odours, doled it .igain. The poorer Ibrt of people cHeiit-
ed the like with bitumen, as alfo with the juice of ced.irs,
which, by the extreme bitterncfs, and ficcative faculty,
not only immediately fiibdued the caufe of interior cor-
ruptions, but have prefervcd them incorruptcd above 3000
years."

Among the c.itacombs is one for particular birds and
animals, which is much mcHo magnificent thp.n t!ie others.
Thcfe creatures vv'eie worfliipped by the antient E_iy;Hi-
ans, who fo highly reverenced them, '.li.it v.lieii they
happened to find them dead, they embalmed them, wn.p-
ped them up with the fame care as they did bumaii bodies,
and depofited them in earthen vafes covered over and Hop-
ped dole with mortar.

'I'hc lalf curiolity wc have to mention that was fitu-
.ited near the city of Memphis, was a famous builiiing
called the Labyrinth, which is fiid to have been mueii
more furprizing than their pyramids. It is not (]uitc
certain who was the founder of this extraordinary f.ibric,
though it is generally believed to have been built by king
-Menes, but it is certain that it was cooled upwards of
600 years before C'hrlll ; and it received its name liom
being conftruiiled in fuch a ni.iliner that thole who enti r •
ed it could not find the way out again, without the allill-
ance of fome experienced guide.

Herodotus fays, this ftru(3urc was built by twclvt;
Egyptian kings, when Egypt was divided into tiu.t nuni-
Ivr (f kingdoms, and that it confilled of tvyilve pal.iees,
regularly dlfpofed, that had a communication with Ciich
other. Thele pal.iccs contained three thoufand rooms,
half of which, intcrfporfed with terraces, were rang;c(l
round the halls, and difeovcrcd no outlets; the other
half were under-ground, cut out of the rocks, and defign-
ed for the fepulchrei- of the kings. The whole building
was covered with (tone and adorned with the finell lepul-
ehres. The halls had an eepial number of doors, fix
opening to the north, and fix to the fouth, all cncom-
palled by the fame wall ; and at the angle win re the
labyrinth ended, Uood a pyrair.id, which was tht fepul-
chie of one of Its founders.

Diodoriis Sleuliis, and fcvcral other antient hillorians,
arc of opinion that this (lrui;lure was ablidutely a fcpiiU
chrc, in which iiinny of the Egyptian kings, particu-
larly tliofe who are fiippofed to have fumided it, were en-
tered ; and this opinliMi ^ippears very likely, as thole mo-
narclis prided themlelves 111 being depolited in pyramids
and othi r magnificent llrmilures.

A late celebr.ited writer has nude fome very ingenious
obfcrvuiiuns on the folly i/f the Egyptian nionai(lis in

ciLcling

illnHl

t ■

1 Hi.

"! <

'i !

I ' •.;

, :1- 1

i!'f ■*

M: '■

lllf*

4^.3

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAPHY.

'rcdling I'licli ll;itcly cdifuTS to be ilr|)<.lit.;il In ;irtcr tli.^ii"
daiths i ah alio Oil ilu- pyiaiiiiiU .irul iii.umLT of 'mtinm-iu
of thi: ainitiu Kgvpti.in-'.. A'i tluy .uc matters of curi-
ofity, it may not lie impropL-r to fiilijoin tluni, vvlucli \vc
fhall do in his own \i'i'nls.

'* 'f'hv pyramids fays he, which arc hrre fo famous,
arc the momimi.nts of the kings. The graiidecs ol
the kin'gdom followed their examples ami eatilcd thofe
to be crcdcd which are <liltinginih>-.l bv the name of the
Icfler pyramids, and lie alo-j the fule i>f the river. As
for private perlojir., they were interred in the catacomb.-,
which are very iiuirienuis in the f.mdy pUins, fitnated
in the ncislibonrhiiod of the fonlhcrn pyramids. When
they were interred in thrfe tombs, th,-y covered the (tone
which clofcd up the cntr.nlce four or fiv e feet deep with
Kind, wlvich contributed not a little to the pivfervation
of the kodies bv fccurinp; them from the injuries of the
exterior air. (3\cr and aboi'e this precaution, there was
no Egyptian but w.is embalmed after his deceafe, in a
manner more or lefs coltly, according to the abilities ol
his heirs.

" Superrtitioii was alfo the catife of all this Care about
funerals. The priclls afl'ured the people, th.\t in a cer-
tain period of Years an entire revolution would happen,
and thofe wliofe bodies could be preferred to that time,
would have them leftorcd and live in them again. Kvery
one, from that felf-lovc which is inherent to man, being
difuous o( finding at that time his old cafe, direcl-
id his heirs to take all imaginable care of their bodies.
What alfoniOies me is, that the hump-b.icked, the lame,
the blind, and every other maimed kind of folks, had
.IS llronr .'.n inclination as the rell to inh.tbit a fecoiid
time lo incommodious and difagrce.ible a lodging. It is
appall lit from hence, that theic Egyptians did likevrife
believe, th.it when the body w.-is onte dellroytd, there
was no getting another. However, it is certain, that all
this pains w.is taken for the cabinets of the cunous, and
the apothecaries fliops of the prcfent times.

" Amongll the bodies of deceafed great men, which
>iad been prellived through many ages, and were aiSiially
entire in the time of Auguftus, liiuorians mention parti-
f ularly Alexander the Great. They tell us farther, that
Auguilus being in Kgypt, had the curiofity of going to
fee the tomb irt' th.it famous prince, and that he fiw
(herein the body in a fhrinc of gl.ds fuWlitiited in the
room of one of gold, which was taken away by Seleuchus
Cvbiofcates. How idle it is for fo\ tr.'igns the molt potent
and the moll dreaded, to dream of rcfpeiit being paid them
after death ' Time delivers man from th.it fervile atten-
tion which living princes exact; and the tombs of th:
old Kvvptian kings, that of Alexander and otht-r heroes
of antu[nity, have been violated with as little ceremony
:is th<ile of private men. T hey were not fo much as
fpared in times wherein their memories were recent. Wc
adore, in a manner, living princes, .uid crouds of fl.itter-
crs continually purfuc them v.'ith vows for their profpc-
rity ; but,

When brc.athlcfs, they are dud become.

Ami all the glories of their pride
Are fhnmk within the filent tomb,
'llio' for us fplendor it be ey'd,
'Wt thcv are low and lolt indoe.l.
And hungry worms upon them feed.

Tbrc .ill their fwelling titles lofe,

(livers of peace and thunderbolts of wMr ;
And as no more tht-y can their bounty lUe,
There free from flatterers they are.
Nature makes equal in their j;raves,
A\hom fortune made or lords or Haves."

Having thus noticed the moft ed'ential particulars rc-
Lltivc to the antient city of Memphis, we (hall now take
notice of the other cities which ornamented this part of
the F!gyptian country, namely, Hcptanoinis, or Middle
Egypt. They were as follow :

1. Acanthus, where was a temple of Ofiris, and a
wood of Thebaic Acantha that pioduced gums, from
which, it is probable, the city might have received its
name.

2. Heracloopolis, or the city of Hcrculei, in an i/land
made by a caiul running from the Nile.

j Ni.i.poli;, wliicli liood in the lower part of thlj
in.iii.l, to the north.

4. Aifinoe, on a bi.inch of the Nile, which r:ui int'j
the l.ike iMa-ri'-, about 50 miles foiith-we(t of .Memphi:
and II miles and a half lr(jm the Like, ft w.is (uil call.J
the city of Crocodiles, btcaiife the inh.ibitants w.irlhipped
that anim.il. JJio lir.is gives two oc.cafioiis f ir the rif;
of the woilhip of the crocodile, the pniic p.il ut which W^
that Menes who is fuppofed to have built the labyrinth,
being purfued by his own dogs to this lake, w.is carried
by a ciocodile to the other fide, and in gratitude built
this city, inflituted divine honours to this .■.iiimal, and
fet apart the Jake for its iiourilhnicnt. Some ruins of
ihlj city are ftill 10 be feen near the province now calkd
Kayoum. It is conjeclured that this city was about feur
miles in circumference, and h.id a canal on every
fide.

5. Oxyrynehus, fo called from a fifli of that iinmo
v, 01 (hipped all over Egypt, but principally in this place,
wl'.eie a temple was erected to that deity.

6. Hirmopolis, or the temple of Mercury. This city
was fitiLited about two miles from the river, ,ind was
irregular in its form, being about a mile lon;^, and half
a mile bro.id. Here is (till to be fcen the grand portico
of an antient temple, confilting of twelve |)illars, fix m
a row, and nine feet diameter. Aliout three inije-, foulh-
we(t of ihde ruins was the antient cattle of H. rmopulis.
where they too^t cudom I'ur all commodities brought Iroi.i
the citv of 'I'hebes.

On the ealt fide of the river here flood the followiii:^
cities :

7. Antinopolis, wliere anticntly w.is a tov^i called
liafa i but Antinous, who accompanied Hadrian iiiia
Kgypt, being diown-.d there, that emp.Mor built this
city, and named it Antinoi'olis, in alliilion to tl'.e ii.inie
of his favourite, to whom he iiiltitutcd games and divine
honours. It was about four miles in circumference,
and on p.in of the ground where it ftoyd is iiuw a town
called K.nfineh.

Some remains of this antient city arc ftill to be feen.
particulailv a beautiful gate, of which the from i . aliniH
entile, and behind it are four pillars, together with m
many columns and their capitals, the Cults being llutcd.
I?eyond this gate is an avenue with i jo pilaltcrs on each
fide, but thcv arc all in a very bad condition. At t'le
end of this aiemie It.uuK tlie column of Aldiaiulri Severuj
the Roman in:]vror ; the fiift, which is built of (ivt-
pieces of (ti.'ie, is 32 feet long, and has a prop-jriiomible
diameter. The firit piece and the capital is ornameiited
with foliage; the pedeltal is fquare, 12 fi-ct high ami
t\\x feet br.i.id. (.)n one fide of it is aGictk infcription,
but the gie.Ucft part of it is fo def.iccd .is to be intir.-ly
uniiiteliieible. Near this pideflal is anoth..'r, on which
alfo arc t!ie remain-, of a (iieek infcription. About loD
y.ird:. from this lall is a triumphal arch almoft intire. Die
front:- are 4S feet wide, atui the fides 24 feet in leivth.
It has three gates, the two oiiterinoH of which are leveii
feet wide and 20 high; and the center one, which is
the largeft, is 1 6 feet wide, and -50 feet high. Oppjiite
each of the four fides of tlii» triumphal arch vvr..> a cclo-
iiade, or range of pillars of red i;ranite, of which iiythiiiy
remain but fome broken pillar--. This building w,^»
erected in the times when the Romans podefii.! i.;:vp:,
and is iloubtlels com[>o(ed of the remains of oih.i i^orc
antient ones, which may be coniectiired tVoni the imiiiber
of broken columns that lie on the ground near it.

8. C) nopolis, or the city of Dogs, in which .Aiiubis
W'.is worlhipped, and dogs wire held in gre..t eiu-^m, :i
certain food being allotted them. It is (aid the rite of
this was owing to Aniibis, a comp.inion of Oliri'', who
wore the dog'> (kin for armour, as an emblti i of his
courage ; as Maccdon, his other companion, wore the
(kin of a wolf; on v^'hlch account it is conjectured thefe
animals came to be wurlhipped. This feems the more
probable, when we confider that thefe deities are rcprc-
fentcd with human bodies, with the heads of theli.' bcalts,
which might have originated trom their bringing the
upper part of the fkins over tlvir heads ; as Hiicules is
reprefented with the ficin of a lion, as wc!! as thofe who
wirtied to be thou-lit like him.

9. Ancuropolis, or the city of anchors ; fii called from
a neighbouring (piariy, out of wliieli were cut (lone
anchors.

ic. Apliro-

AFRICA.]

P T.

4*9

|i- part of thii

vWich r;ui inty
" <'!' .M.-m|ihi: ,
|u-.;s Inil call. J
Jits woiihipiijcl
Ills f.ir the ril-
III ot wliicli i\,
1 tlic I.iliyrinth,
J.C, was canirci
Igratiiiiilc buiit
Is uMiinal, and
Ifioiiii- mills of
liicc now tulli.ll
I was about t'liir
(iial on CMry

<it' that name
ill this (ilacc,

Iny. This city

|rivcr, anil was

loii;^, and half

|; grand porticii

jiillars, (ix ij\

Irtv mljrs foulh-

ot il' innijiulis,

.s brought Iroiii

d the following

a tow'i railed
J Hadrian imo
nvr Iniilt thii
ion to tl'.f namu
anu-s and divine

cirt'iniikrcnco,
d IS H'jw 4 town

: flill to be Cxn.
e friint i , alinoll
:ogi.tlicr with uj
irts bjing fluttd.
lihdKis on carh
idition. At tlie
lex.uulci Scvcrui
is built of live:
a proportionable
ai is urnaincnied
2 fi'ct liigli and
rcik infi.riptioii,
a5 to be intir.-ly
oth^T, on which

HI. About 103
noft intiif. The
4 fi'ct in I'.-noth.
which arc Ibvcn
■ one, which is
liiii;h. C)|>pjli:c
arch wr.s a cclo-
f which llol'iiily
is buiidi.i;; w.ia
|>olle!il.'. i-Jiypt,
ns of (hIii 1 'ui'te
Voni the uiiinber
I near it.
I which Anuh;'!
grct eilivm, :i
faid the rili; of
of Oliri', who
cmblti 1 of his
iiiion, wore the
onjeclur.d thifc
fecnis the more
■ities are rcprc-
I of thffc bealK",
r bringing; the
as Hdcules is
!! as thole who

, fo called from
were tut iloiic

ic. Aphro-

10. Aphroditopolis, or the riiy of V'l mis, the inhabi-
tants: of which paid particular iidniaiicn to a white cow.

It. Heliopolis, orlhe city of the Sun, fituat.d on the
borders of the Delta; which is the Uit cf the fcriptures,
and is now called .Matarfa. It was a city of j^rcat aiiti-
«]uitv, aiul famous for the worf)iip of the fun. I'hcy
alfo wordiip I a bull, which was krpt here under the
name of Mnevis. The imall runains of this city are to
the north-caft of Cairo, and a large mound encompalVes
the whole, the aiuiei.t I'citc bcin;,i .diout a mile long and
half a mile broad. Here arc the remains of a temple,
fevtral fphynxis, anil .ui obeli/l; near 70 feet high. Ihc
priclKs of Ilciiopolis were the molt fimotis of all Egypt
for the ftudy of philoli.phy and allnmomy, and were
the full that computed time by years, each of ^65 davs.
They had here a fort of college, confilting of a great
inimbcr of rooms. Herodotus came to this place to be
inllructed in the learning of the Egyptians ; and when
Strabo was here, he was Ihewn the apartments of Plato
and Eudoxus. Near this city was a famous obfervatory,
which received its name from Eudoxus, who was a great
altionomcr, and ftudied that fcientc here for many years.
There is great teifon to think that the country about
Heliopolis is th? Eand of (iolhcn, called alfo Kamefes
in fcripturc ; efpecially .is the children of Ilrael went by
Ramcies the full fl.itiun on their departure from Egyvt;
this country being nci.r Memphis, where, at that tune,
it is probable I'haraoh refided.

lit city wi
lat called

of Egypt is that called Cercefura, which was fituatcd on
the wellern lide of the Nile ■, to which may be here added
another city, called New Habylon, fuppofed to have (lood
on Mount Jehufi, at the fouth end of Old Cairo, where
many ruin ^ are (till to be feen. It appears from Diodonis
Siculus, that the founders ot Babylon were the captives
taken by Sefollris, or their dcfcendants ; though there was
another account, which he d(xs not fiem to credit, that
it was built by fome li.ibyloniai.s, who came with Scmi-
ramis into Egypt. Strabo lays, that fome captives from
Babylon on the Euphrates, having e leaped, Hed to this
hill, made cxcurfions, and pluiuii red the country: Init
obtaining a pardon, and (ubmitting to the government,
they had this place rriven them to inhabit, and called it
Babylon, from their own city.

VVe mufb not unit this part of Egypt without takinjr
notice of thofe beautiful itrui^Uires the obelilks*, whicii
were here very plentiful, and confidered by the Egyp-
tians in no Id's a refpeclable light than their pyramids.
Thcfe obelilks, on account of their beauty as well as
height, form at this day the principal antique ornaments
of Rome ; the Rom.in power, defpairing to equal the
Egyptian, having thought it an honour to borrow two
of the moft dillinguifltcd monuments of their kings.

Sefoftris creiitcJ, in Heliopolis, two obelilks of ex-
treme hard ftone, brought from the qu.irries of Sycne,
at the extrelnity of Egypt, which were each 180 feet
high, and of one piece of granite. They were cut with
a defign to acquaint pofterity of the extent of his power,
and the number of nations he had conquered. When
Aiiguftus ni.ade E-gypt a province of his empire, he
caulh! ->ne of thcfe obelillis to be tranfportcd to Rome,
and placed in the camp of Marctius. He durrt not ven-
ture npon a fecoiid, w hich was near the palace of Helio-
polis, and of a prodigious (ize, made in the reign of
king Ramefes, who, it is fiiil, employed 20,000 men
in cutting it. This obelilk muft be confidered as the
nioft remarkable of all thofe taken notice of in hillory,
as it is one of the moft valu.ible monuments which now
remain of Egyptian antiquity. It was refpeifted even bv
Cambyfes, at the time when that furious prince put all
to fire and fword in Egypt, and who (pared neither tem-
ples, nor thofe fuperb mor.uments, whofe ruins are ftill
the admiration of travellers. Cambyfes, after having
made himfelf mailer of Heliopolis, gave up the whole
town to the flames ; but when he f.iw the hie approach-
ini; to this obelilk, he ordered it immediately to be ex-
tinguiftied. This Cambyfes w.is the fon and fiiccellbr
of Cyrus, and conquered Egypt in the year of the world

• All obelilk is a quaifangulir, taper, high fpire, raifed
prrpendieularlv, and teriviiiati'iir in a poiin, to fcrve as an
oriiani^'nt to fume open fquari i aiid wai often covered

3»

3479, which \»as 525 year; before Clirlft. Confauine,
more daring than Augullus, undertook to tranfport this
(.beiilk to Rome ; but the death of this prince lufpended
tla- execution ot his project, which was performed by his
Ion Conlians, who brought it to Rome, and placed it in
the Circus, with infinite labour and cxpcnce. It was
afterwards thrown dovn, but was re-ellablifhed by the
care of pope Sixtus V. Thefc olielillts are at this'tin'e
two of the molt diftinguiftied llruitures that ornament
the city of Rome.

Bcfides the above, there were obelilks alfo in other
parts of Egypt, particularly at Ailinoc, Thebes, .mJ
Luxurien, Irom the latter of which places one of them
was removed to Conftantinople.

There obelifks were, for the moft part, cut in the
quarries of Upper Egypt ; and it is very remarkable that
the antieiii Egyptians lliould have h.id the art and con-
trivance to dig, even in the very quarry, a canal, through
which the w.i'ttrs of the Nile ran in the time of its inun-
dation ; Irian whence they afterwards raifed up the co-
lumns, obelilks and ftatues, on rafts proportioned to
their weiglii, to convey them to the difti;ient parts of
Egypt to whith they were deitined j and as the country
abounded with canals, there were few places but what
ealily admitted of this convenience.

3. Of lie Aiitiqultifs of Lower Egypt, or Delta.

T H I S laft divifion of Egypt forms a kind of ifland,
and in fliape ufenibles a triangle, or ^, from whence it
received the name of Delta, which is that of the fourth
capital letter in the Greek alphabet. It extended from
Heptanomis to the Mediterranean lia, and contained
n< t only that part which is encompalfed by the arms of
tl'.c Nile, but alfo Mare.atis and Alexandria, with its
dependencies to the weft; and Cafiotis and Auguftam-
nica, with fome other territories tov/ards Arabia, to the
eaft.

It begins at the place whire the Nile i; divided into
two large canal<, through which it empties itfclf into
the Mediterrane.m. The eallcrn mouth is called the Pe-
lufian, and the wellern the Canopic, from two cities in
theirneighbourhood, formcily Pelufium and Canopus, cal-
led nowDamicttaand Rofetta ; but between thefetwolarge
branches there are five finaller ones.

Near the lake Martotis were feveral confiderable pl.accs,
but there are not any veftiges of them now remainins.

Between the lake and the (^lnopic branch cif the'Nile
rtood the famous city of Alexandria, which received its
name from its founder Alex.imier the Cjreat ; after whof?
death the Ptolemies m.ide it the place of their refidencc,
and the capital of .dl Egypt.

At a fmall diftance from Alexandria were fjycral other
cities, particularly Nicopolis, Elcufis, and Canopus.
The latter of thele v\'as fituatcd near the fen-fide, about
13 miles from Alexandna. It is faid to have been built
by the Spart.ins on their return from the Trojan war,
and to have taken its name from C.inopus, the pilot of
Menelaus, who was buried there. In the centre of this
city ftoixl the temple of Serapis, befidcs which, in dif-
ferent parts of It were feveral obeliflts, but there are not
the leaft remains of them now to be feen.

There were feveral other cities between the fca and the
canal that runs from Alexandria to Canopus, as alio to
the fouth and weft of the laft mentioned place. Between
the Canopic and PelufiiUi branches were likewife the
cities of Metelis, Naucratis, and Sais, the latter of which
was once the metropolis of Lower Egypt, and fuppofed .
by fome to be the S/k of the fcriptures. Here was a fa-
mous temple dedicated to Minerva, and near it w.is the
afylum of Ofiris, where he w;is fuppofed to have been
buried ; for according to the Egyptian mythology, Ifis
depofited fevered coffins in diftcrent places, that Typhoii
might not difcover his body.

l"o the north of Sais ftood the cities of Cabafa and
Brutus; the latter of which was famous for having in it
the temples of Latona, Apollo, and Diana.

Befidcs the before-mentioned, there were many other

with hieroglyphics, or inyftical fymbols, ufcd by the Tgyp-
liant 10 conceal and difguife their fjired things, and the
niyfteries of tUcir theology.

5 <^ citiM

i 4

-^!'

i ii! 'I

"\ ♦

t t

i il

' m

' 4 j

*ir

: (•■

43=>

A N£W COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV

SEC T. 111.

cities fii this pnit of the Dclw, but wc know nothing
more than their names as recorded by the aniitnts, there
ftot being the lead rtmains of any one of them now ex-
tant.

On the caft fide of the Delta, where Egypt was bound-
ed by Arabia Pctr*a and Paleftinc, flood tjie following
remarkable cities, viz. Bubaftus, on the nioft c;i(Kin
branch of the Nile, where was a mnanificcnt temple
dedicatci to Diana, who was called Bub.-\ftus by the
Egyptians.

Oni.is, Htuated higher on the river, and which had its
name from a Hebrew prieft, who had obtained it of a
king of Egypt, and built a temple there In oppofition to
that of Jerufalem. According tcr Jofephus, Onias was
influenced t» btiild this temptc by a great faith he had
conilaiitly' placed in a: prophecy of Efaias, who, 600
years before, had foretold that a temple (hould be built
tn Egypt, tv the honour of the moll high God by a
Jew.

At a fmalt diftance from thefe cities, flood Mount Ca-
fius, where, according to Ptoleiny, was a town of the
fame name. Strabo fays it had a magnificent temple de-
dicated to Jupiter Caiius ; but it was the mofl remark-
able for containing the fepulchre of Ponipey, who was
buried on this fandy hill, which runs into the fea, and
fccms to be the place now called by mariners Tenere. It
was near this place that Pompcy was treacheroufly mur-
dered by command of Ptolemy. He was buried by Cor-
pus a Roman foldier ; and a fuper& monument was after-
wards erefied to his memory, which was repaired and
beautified by the emperor Adrian. One of the Roman
poets thus exclaims againft Egypt on account of the
cruel death of Pompey :

" Oh fatal land ! what curfs can I beflow

" Equal to thefe, we to thy mifchiefs owe ?

" Well did the wife Cumxan maid, of yore,

*' Warn our Hefperian chiefs to fliun thy (bore.

" Forbid, juft heav'ns! your dews to blefs the foil ;

" And thou with-hold thy waters fruitful Nile !

*' Let Egypt, like the land of Ethiops, burn i

*• And her fat earth to fandy defarts turn.

•' Have we, with honours, dear Ofiris crown'd,

" And mourn'd him to the tinkling cymbals' found ;

" Receiv'd her Ifis to divine abodes,

♦' And rank'd her dogs deform'd with Roman gods ;

" While in defpite to Pompey's injur'd fhade,

" Low in her dufl his facred bones arc bid."

The wretched death of Pbmpey is beautifully repr«-
(cntcd by Lucan, who in the courfe of his defcnptioa of
that n}eIancholy event, fa^s thus :

" But, fee ! he lies unburicd on the fand ;

" Rocks tear him, billows tofs him up and down,

" And Pompey by a headlefs trunk is known."

He then makes Cordus, the Roman foldier, fecure the
trunk, and bury it

in a narrow grave :

*' Then with a ftone the facred duft he binds,

*' To guard it from the breaths of fcatt'ring winds ;

" And left fome heedlcfs mariner fliould come,

•' And violate the warriors' humble tomb ;

" Thus with a line the monument he keeps,

" Btniath this/lone the tnce gr<al Pompey jietps.

A little to the eaft of M«unt Cafius is the lake Sir-
bonis, which fcparates Egypt from Syria. The antient
Egyptians called it the plac* of I'yphon's expiration ; and
the poets feign that Typhon lay under it, (ot in thofc
times it was (uppofed to be a place of great fccurity. It
was then 25 miles long, but narrow, and cncloicd on
each fide by hills of fand.

There were fcveral cities on the lake Sirbonis, as alfo
on the Red Sea, but there are not any remains of them
now to be feen. All therefore, that wc have further to
fay relative to the antient ftate of Egypt is, that accord-
ing to Diodorus Siculus, it originally contained i8,ooc
cities, the chief of w4iich was Thebes. Memphis fuc-
ceeded to Thebes,, and at laft Alexandria to Memphis ; a^
Cairo has fince done to Alexandria. It is faid that when
AlexaTtitria was taken by the Saracens, thrrc were in it

J 000 palaces, as many baths, 4C0 fquarc.t, and 40,000
ewi that paid tribute.

Piifent Stiite "/"Egypt; cyiil<i:iii>q a Difoil-llon '.j' tic
Citici of Cir.uiil C'.iii), AUx.uuIri.i, ' Ki 1. ua, " iJa-
niiata, atid sti.rr rcm.ii :.,i'jli PUhn.

N defcnbing the fituation of Egypt at picfent, wii'i
rcfpccl to us cities and principal plates, wc lliall Iv-
gin with Grand Cairo, the largclt and ir.olt dimlem tii)
in the whole kingdom.

AccoiJiiig to Mr. Mallet, the prefeiit city of Gr.ml
Cairo owes its foundation to one (iiauliir, vi/ir ol ilv;
caliph Mee/,lcdin, who coiuiue-red Kaypt ; This viyjr
cauled a thick high wa'l to be built 'lound a |.!.uii in
which his whole army l<y encamped : His n^aihr, the
caliph, a mortal enemy of towns, as are n.iit of ilu-
Arabs, thinking this a more pleal.'uit reli.!. iicc than A|. :,.
aiidria,, caiUbd his tents to be fet u|) theie; but b" de-
grees (omc houies were built in thai iiielo!iM;\ In' pro-
tefs of time it was full of palaces and public (truilures,
and at Ui\ it grew to be a niapniliceni eitv, which w.'S
iiWenfibly enriched with the rujiis of the town ot Malr,
which its citizens abandoned in onlcr to come and dv.eil
in this new place. Giauher, in memory of liis C( lujui ll,
had given this city the iianie of Kl Caliera, which is cl.e
Arabic word for viiflorious : and from htiicc lonie mer-
chants of Florence and Venice, who were t!ie lirll Na-
zarene merchants that v.erc allowed to little in this ci;\-,
formed the name El Cairn, to which they added the epi-
thet Grand, to denote the extent and beauty of ir.

Grand Cairo may be laid to conlill of three towiis r.r
cities, namely. Old Cairo, which adjoins to it, Cauo
properly fo called, and the port of Bulac. Old Cairo is
reduced to a very fmall conipafs, not beinc above iwj>
miles round ; but it is the port for the bonis that come-
from Upper Egypt ; and Ibinc of the bcvs have couiitiy-
houlis here, to which they retire at the time of the liitih
Nile. Bulac is the port for boats th.it corns up the river
from the dirterent p.irts of Delta ; it i> about a mile
from New Cairo, and near two miles in circumtcrencc.

This capital of Egypt is litu ited on the eailerii fhore
of the Nile, in 49 deg. calf longitude, and 79 dep.
50 mill, north latitude. It flands about a mil j from tlic
river, and extends eaftward near two miles to tlie moun-
tains, a little above the place where the Nile leparates ii-
felf into two branches for forming the Delta. It is about
e^ght miles in circumference, extlufivc of Bulac or Old
Cairo; but it is faid to have been much larger v hen it
was the center of trade from tlie Eaft Indies, though it
fliU continues to be the chief mart and metropolis of' the
kingdom.

T'hrough the center of the city runs a canal, wlii< )i
comes out of the Nile clofe to Old Cairo. It has water
during three months only, after which time it is a mere
dirty ditch. In the watery feafon it forms feven or eight
fmall ponds in the cir\' and its environs, waters theaii-
jaceut fields, and communicates with the La';c of Pil-
grims, about nine miles from Cairo.

The flrects of Cairo, like niofl of the Turkifli cities-,
are very narrow ; the wideft runs the whole length of the
city, but it is little better than a long dirty lane. I'lic
other ftreets are fo narrow that they frci|uently make a
roof from one houfc to another over the ftreet, and put a
(light covering on it to defend them from the fun : the
ftreets are without pavement, and generally full of duft ;
but to remove, in fome degree, thefe inconveniencies,
they are (wept and fprinklcd with water every day, elpc-
cially before the houfes of the better fort.

All the houfes have flat roofs, and are fevcral ftorics
high ; they are built of brick, and the windows which
look into the flreet are fecured with iron rails and cur-
tains, in order to prevent the women from being (ivii.
The outfides of the houies are without any kind of or-
nament, and the infides are equally plain, having no
other cmbelliflimcats than the iicceflary furniture for do-
meflic ufes, except their falcons, where they receive tlieir
friends and acquaintance.

The city is well fecured at night, inofl of the nrccts
having gates at the ends of them, which are always (Imt
up as foon as the day is clofed ; and to Ibmc of the prin-
cipal ones arc guards of j. lu^aries. Some of il-..- fs.i.'ller
ftreets coiifift only of (hops without any houfes; aiij
there are fcMial places for fluips like our KxclMiig.-,

called Bc/eflan', wliieli are fluit up at nij;

Sl.up-. (^

the

Africa.]

43i

iil'ata, ■ ]).\.

prtfcjit, \\\\\
, wu lll.il 1 Iv,--

ll CllUllllR til)

:ity of (ii'.in I
, vi.'.ir 1)1' ilv.'
: Till), vi/.ir
iJ .1 |i!.iiii \\\
lis n'nlHr, tin-
• n.iir ol ilu'
ICC tliiiii A|. \-
f i but I'" ilc-
I'lih-. Ill pro-
jlic (Irviitiircs,
tv, whicli w.'S
own ot M;irr,
mic ;,iiu iKvcil

Ills C( r.iiui (l,
, which is the
ICC (onic iiici-
; the lirll N;i-
;lc in this cif,-,
aildcil the cpi-
:y of it.
Iircc towii?, f.r
1 to it, Ciiiri

Old Cairo iii
,ng aho\e two
uats that comu

have coinitry-
iic of the high
Its lip the river

a'juut a mile
ircumtcrencc.
ic caikrn fliore

and 7-9 deg.
I mil; from the
s to t!ie nioun-
ile iiparates il-
ia. It is about

Bulac or OM

larger v hen it
dies, though it
tropoiis of the

canal, which
It has water
e it is a mere-
-.'cn or eight
.'aters the ailj-
La^;c of Pil-

fev

Tuckifti cities,
e Itnf^th of the
rty lane, llie
uently make u
rect, and put a
I the fun : the
ly full of duft J
leonvcniencies,
very day, tl'pc-

e fevcral (lories
windows which
rails and ciii-
om being feeii.
my kind of or-
lin, having no
uinituie for do-
uy receive tlair

■d of the n reels
arc aiv.'.iys (hut
iiic of the priix-
icof \\m !i.i.;!!iT
■ y houfes; and
our l''.\oh.ingi',
ij,ht. Shups (It
the

the fame tr.T.le are generally together, as well in the Be- |
zcft.ins as the (krcets.

The ninfi)ues in this metropolis are exceeding nume-
rous, being reckoned by molt writers to exceed iioo.
The principal part of them have minarets, or towers,
with each its preacher j but fonie of them have neither
towers nor preachers, bein;^ confidcred only as chapels or
oratories. M.iny of the former are grand and beautiful ;
but that which exceeds thciii all, both as to the folidity of
its building, and a certain grandeur arid ltia\;nificencc
that (hikes the beholder in a furprizing maimer, \i the
mofquc of fuitan Halian. It is very lofty, of an oblong
fquarc figure, crowiad with a coini(h al' round, that
projects a gieat way, and is adorned with a particular
ibrt of grotefiiuc carvings after the Turkiftj manner.
The entrance to it is finely inlaid with feveral forts of
rtiarble, and carved at top ; the afcent was by feveral
ftep;, which are broken down, and tlie door walled iip.
This lalf fccurity wis ir.ide to keep out the rebels, who
often took (lielter in the mofque in times of public infur-
rcitions ; and the place is now lo ftron^, that there is al-
ways a garrifon ot ja .i7aries, who have apartments ad-
joining to it. Betv/een the mofquc and the cafllc is a
fpacious and elegniU piazza, which is the only one in
the wiiole city.

There is another beautiful mofque at the north-eaft
end of the town called Kubbeel-Azab, or the Cupola of
the Arabs. It is fixty feet high, with a beautiful dome
over it, raifcd on a bafc of fixtcen fides, in each of
which is a window. The room is wainfcottrd round
eight feet high in pannels, with all the moft valuable
marbles, among which arc feveral line (labs of red and
green porphyry : the borders round the pannels are
carved and gilt ; and a fort of frize ranges round, in
which are fi'ntenccs cut in large golden Coptic charac-
<ers. The walls above this are adorned with Arabic in-
fcriptions, in letters of gold ; and the whole cupola is
painted and gilt in the finell manner. All over the
mofque arc hung a great number of glafs lamps and
oftriches eggs : adjoining to it arc fe\enil apartments
for the priefts ; anil alfo ftjnie grand ones for great people,
who fometimes come and rcfidc there. This great edifice
is faid to have been built by Jaafar, who conquered
Egypt for the caliph Moczz.

In the fouth part of the town is another large mofque,
faid to rcfemble that of Mecca; and an old building,
which appears to have been the quarters of the body of
foldiers called Cherkes, to whom it ftill belongs, and
goes by their name. The part of the town where this
mofque (lands is called Tailoun, from a general of that
name, who built a mofquc and palace here, but there arc
not now any remain? to be feen of cither.

To ...e caft of Tailoun is tho callle of Cairo, faid to
have been built by Sal.idin. It is fituated on a rocky
hill, which appears to be fepa inl by art from the ca(t
end of the mountain Jebel Moc.itthim. It has four en-
trances, two of which are on the north fide, one on the
ead, and the other on the we(l. The eaflern entrance
is called the (latc of the Janizaries, and the weftern one
the Gate of the Arabs. The caftle is about a mile in
circumference, but yet is an irregular building, and the
principal part of it in a very ruinous condition. At the
well end are the remains of lome grand apartments, fe-
veral of which are covered with domes, and adorned
with Mofaic piilurcs of trees and horfes that originally
belonged to the anticnt fultans. This part of the ca(tle
is now only ufed for weaving, embroidering, and pre-
paring hangings and coverings, great quantities of which
are annually fciU to Mecca. The eaftern part of it
{lands on much higher grouml than the reft, from
whence there is a delightful profpcifl of Cairo, the pyra-
mids, and the adjacent countries. About the center of
the caftle is a large court, on the fouth fide of which arc
the bafl'a's apartments, A fmall garrifon is kept here,
and the men are lodged In large towers, which form an
inclofure of about five or fix hundred paces in circum-
ference. Thefe towers command the ball'a's apartments ;
fo that whenever he receives an order from the Porte to
quit his government, a battel y of four or five cannon is
raifcd againft it, which would fooii beat it down (hould
he cfter any rcfiftanee. Near the badii's apartments
arc thofc of the great divan, wherein arc to be feen fe-

javelin flicking in theiti, whet-ewith it is liiid they Wer«
pierced by one of the fultans, and kept as monuments of
his ftrcngth. The officers under the ba(ra have alfd
noble apartments here. Near thefe apartments is the
mint where they coin their gold, and fome finall piece*
called mcdines, which are made of iron, and walhcd
over w.th filvcr.

In this caftle is a particular kind of well : it is gene-
rally called Jofeph's Well, but by the Arabians, the
Snail Well, becaufe it defcends in a fpiral line. It is a
fquare, which within is fixtcen feet wid ■, and twenty-
four feet long. The depth is 244 feet, but it has two
(hafts that are not perpendicularly above o.t- ^not.her ; the
firft is 148 feet long; and the other 116. The water is
drawn up by means of a double wheel, and a double
range of earthen jars. The oxen employed to turn the
wheel, go up to the firft (haft by a path which is cut ill
the rock quite round the well from top to bottom. The
v/ater of this well can only be drank at the time of the
inundation ; after which it is bracki(h like all other welis
in the town.

To the fouth of the caftle is a kind of anirient fuburb
called CarafFa, at the entrance of which are feveral mag-
nificent tombs covered with domes, and faid to be the mo-
numents of fome Egyptian kings. The people, in ge-
neral, have a notion that they are the monuments of the
caliphs, the relations of Mahomet, who conquered this
country; and fuch is their vetieratibn for them, that they
oblige Chriftians and Jews to alight from their aftes or
camels, when they pafs this way, to pay them refpeit.

Adjoining to Cara(Fa, on an eminence, is the great
mofque of £1-Imam-Shafei, antiently one of the four
great doitors of the law, who is held in great veneration
among them, and whofe fepulchre is thefe. It is called
La-Salchiah, from a title they gave Saladin who built it,
together with an hofpital and college;

At a finall diftauce from the above is another mofqup,
fituated likewifeoii a hill, in which the Sheik Duife was
buried, which gave name both to the ntofque and hill.
The infi ''• of the mofque is painted with flowers on a red
grouna , iiear it are buried feveral of the Sheik's children,
as alfo the fons of fome baflas.

Beyond this mofque, on another hill, IS a folid build-
ing of (tone, three feet wide, biiilt with ten itcps, and-
at top three fccr fquare ; on which the Sheik mounts to
pray upon any extraordinary occafion ; as, at the begin-
ning of a war, or when the Nile docs not rife as they
expeift it (hould. Under this hill, to the north, aie a
great number of magnificent tombs covered with cu-
polas ; and fevcral large mofques built over the buriil
places of great men,

BefiJes the tombs already mentioned, there are fevcral
others atiouc Cairo of the Mahometan doftors or Cantons',
which are frequented by numbers of perfons who pay cv-
traoidinary devotion »o them. Among thefe, the moft
diftinguKhed is that of the famous doitorChafai, ofwhofc
remains we have the following remarkable (lory, which
(hews that the Turki(h monks are no lefs jealous fot
their faints than the monks of Rome.

A fovereign of Egypt, who Was caliph of Babylon,
and kept his court there, was dcfirous to have the body
of this famous Chafai carried to all the places where he
chofe to refide. He wrote to the governor of Egypt tu
caufe it to be taken out of the gro\ind, and to fend
it to him in a magnificent cofKit. The governor was
very lorry for this order, becaufe, knowing what a
profound veneration all the people had for this pretended
faint, he dread'-d an infurrection ; and in order to avorxl
the fad confequcncts which commonly attend popular
rifings, he communicated the order he had received to the
dcrviles, whom he exhorted to lubmit to the cominaiiils
of their prince, and recommended it to them to difpol'e
the populace to confent to the removal of their faint.
" I will go to-morrow (faid he to them) and perform
the caliph's command ; do you, therefore, be ready with
all ncceftaries." The Turkidi monks rcfolvod to oppofo
the order of the fovereign, but to do it in fuch a iivmncr
as (hould not make him their enemy. To cfFeit this
with eafe, they refolved to cover their fraud vvitli a mi-
racle. T hey worked all night to finifh their projeiS ;
and after having opened the faint's tomb, they put in-
cimbuftible matter round the corpfe, mixed with fortia

veial leathern (hields, cAch almoft an inch thick, with a phofphorus, which would take fire as loon as it received aJr.

iHi

' -I

V ^^ !

W^ '

i i

Aft«r

7 il

*3:

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

ils'.l''' ■'.!
i li"""

■: !■! :

hi :

i4'»«j,r

nEr '

At'tertliey had preparcdcvcry thing, they very cahiily waited
for the gmernoi, who, on pretence of doing more ho-
nour to the faint, repaired to his tomb, with a retimje of
10,000 men; though all this apparatus and pomp was
only to keep the people from rifmg in amis, As fr.on as
the govern(.r arrived, the workmen began to open the
ground. When they came to the place where the corpfe
Jay, and began to give air to the phofphorus, the coni-
bultible matter took fire, and fuch a hot bright flame
burd out of the tomb, that thofe who dug there v\ ere,
for fojne few moments, deprived of their fiirht. 'D'.ie
were the tirll that cried out, a miracle ! The populace
did the fame j and then the priefts proclaimed, that it
was not the faint's will to (pi it the place of his letirc-
nient. The imagination of the Egyptians, which is
rijic for prodigies, greedily catched at this ; and the
toml) was inlhuitly covered up again, without prefuming
10 go any farther to work. I'he governor, like a good
politician, and as good a courtier, artfully took advan-
ta;,'e of this pretended mir.acle to futisfv the people, with-
out r,i.iliting the order of his matter, to whom ho fcnt an
account of the prodigy, which above 10,000 fpcclatnrs
could certifv. ihc caliph, when he heard that the faint
was we'll, and did not care to quit his lodging, con-
(cntcd to let him lie in his old tomb, where he {fill con-
tinues, and whciC tlie Mahometan devotees go in crowds
to prav.

in Grand Cairo arc fevcral bagnios, which arc very
handloine, and convenient : they are rcliirted to by gicat
luimbers of people, fome of whom vilit tluni on a reli-
gious account, to purify themlelves ; while others t^o to
them as places of a'fre(hmcnt aivl divcrlion ; the latter
are chieflv women, who, once or twice a week, fpiiul
mod of the dav in them, and are glad of fuch a preti lur
to be leleafci. from their conlinemcnt. I'eople of the liiil
rank have bagnios in their own houfcs, to prevent inter-
mixmg with thofe of inferior character.

In Cairo are likewife manv kinns, which they call
okclas. Thcfe are iiidilVeient buililings round a court,
and are commonly appropriated to the ule of l^.(rchant^
of particular couiuues for the fale ot their lelpeetive
commoilitiis, 'J'JKie i> one for thofe of Nubia, and the
blatk (I.IMS and goods they bring with them ; and an-
other for white flaves from Georgia. 'I'hey have like-
wife feveial kanns at Bulac j in all which itrangeis are
accomnKKhiti d with a room at a very eafy rate.

Grand Cairo is a very populous city, but the inhabi-
tants of it .ire a mixture of various nations j fuch as ori-
ginal Kgyptian-, among whom arc ciMiiprehended the
Coptic Chriihan^ i Arabians; people of Barbary, and
other wcllein parts nt AtViia ; and fome from Nubia j
but the piincipal part of the inhabitants are defceruled
from liie Mamalukes. There are alio fome Greeks, a
few Arm' mans, and many Jews.

The l.umpeans fettled here .ue chiidy EngllQi .md
Krcneh ; with fome It. bans from Venice and I.eghorn.

The KraiKifcans dipui.lent on the convent at Jerufa-
falcm h.ive a large nionalt. ry here, and the fiiperior is
I ailed the v icc-prcficl of I'pypt ; the guardian of Jeru-
Ulem ha\ ma lie title of prcliit. I'heie is alfo anoiher
tonvml ol Francil'caiis, whole mliTionarics arc fiiit tiom
Rome with a liii>erior : he iv i.illul the ptefeet of Kgvpt,
and commands three convents they h.ivc in Up|Hi Kpvpt.
Thcfc live on a fmall alliiw.iiice fioni Rome, auJ ilie
bcmvohiice of their dilciples ; they are under the pro-
tection ot the Knglifh, who are le.idy to defend all Chri-
ftians ill thele ceuntries. Here are likevvile two other
convents, one of Capuchins and aiMlher of Jcfiiits ; both
of which .lie under the piotcilioii 'f the French.

'I'he l.uin|)ean merchants bete live very agrce.ddy, and
are paitieilaily fociable wiili thole ofllicirowii nation.
Thev giiH rally dedicate their lime in tin morniii;! to biili-
ne)--, and 'hi leinainder ot the ilay to liuli amufements
■ tiie pl.ice artiirds. They freipienlly iide out i) the
»!' ' '~ and gardens north ol the city, where little danger
i;. '.) be "pprehindcd : th-y have a relaxation lioni buli-
III 'V both on the Chrilliaii and Jewilli (abb.ith, .is the
JrW4 tr.mlaCl a great pait •! their ali.ill^. When the
Nile is hi '.h. and little biilind's f.n] be doiu-, ihcy gnu'-
rally (p. ml tlicii tiii.e in the llullle^ ilny liavi atOld
C.uio and Gi/.e ; lii ihiit ihey lofe id (ippoitiiii'iy of
pollelfing every enjoyimnt ihi it filiiaiion and ihc tucuin-
iLiiiiet uf the place cau |)ullibly atl'utvl Uiciii.

Thofe proteilants that die at Cairo arc buried in il^^
ccmctry belonging to the Greeks, and have the Icrviec
of the Greek church read over them, unlefs they have a
chaplain of their own to perform that office according ty
their own liturgy.

The city of Grand Cairo formerly carried on a very
coniidirable traffic ; but its commerce has greatly dec.iyid,
fince the trade with the Indies hath been carried on by
way of the Cape of (lood Hope. However, from iht
great convenience of water-carriage, it is (lill very con-
fiJcrablc ; for there are few arts in any tolerable pcitedtion
higher up, or indeed in any other part of Egyp ; lb that
all the country, up the Nile at lead, is lupplied with
mod things from this metropolis.

As there is little crcilit among the Tiirk«, ami as thev
feldom trud one another to negotiate aiiy bulinels by
bills, or rifque their money in the hands of^any one, this
always <x:c.dioiis a great cindux cf people to the cit) ; (,>
that near a quarter of the fouls 111 it are not fixed in-
habitants.

Among the manuf.ietiircs here, the inod confulerablc;
is that ot inal;ing 'l"ui"key cupels, and a good trade u
carried on by means of ilie caravans. The caravan tli.T
lets out from hen-e every yiar confills of between ^J
and 40,000 pilgiinis, with from 6coo to gcco cair.t]-),
befides horlts, ice. All thcfe are efcoited by 300 of the
grand fcigivior's troops, well mounted and ainieii, to ue-
teiid them atMind the j.Uindering Arabs, who ger.tr.illy
lie in wait I. u- them, it is laid that the grand lei., mur
.diovvs thefe pih'iiiiis 000,000 ducats yearly for their
m.iiiuenaiiec, wliieli ii near a fourth of the revenue of

IJetoie we leave Ciiand Cairo, it may not be impropei
to take notice, thai 111 the villages about it the inhabi-
tants have a method of hatching chickens in ovens, wK;i.b.
is alio pradtifed in many other parts of Egypt. As this
is a matter of a very fingular nature, we fliall be a little
partitul.ir in di I'eribing the means by which it is efledlod.

The feafon for executing this buiinefs is from Jami.:ry
to April, wIkii the weather is tivlerably temperate. The
ovens are undeiground in oppohte rows, with a galhry
or pad'age between them ; and they are raifed one above
another, with holes at top, as .,re likewile in the p.if-
f.igts, vvhieli they open or ilop, as they would h.ive the
heat iiiereafed or dinMiiiflieil. The fuel that hiuts
them is duHg and chopped draw, which make a fmother-
iiig fire. Thev continue to heat them gently, eight or
ten d.iys toL;etiier, and then bring the eggs from the
lower ceIN, wiv.ic they had lain in heaps, and fpreaJ
them in the upper apartments fo as only to cover the floor
fingly. After this, the bufincfs is to turn them every
day, and keip .1 moderate fire in a channel that run*
along the mouth of the oven ; and, indeed, the an
conlids chitHy in giving the ovens a proper degree
of heat, ntithrr too much nor too little, for in
either cafe the l-ibour would not fucceed. Their
general rule is, that the eggs be never made hottii
than a man can boar them at his eye-lid. Thus they
begin to hatch in about iliree weeks ; at which time it is
very cntert.iiniiiir to fee luiiie of the chickens jiid piittiii;;
for h llieii Ik.iiIs, otlnis half out of thelhell, and others
quite (lee. I htiiuki ocialioiis abundance of eggs to
niifearry ; and at hill many chicken:, want a d.iw, ir
have fomedilei.t thai is uncommon in the natural way.
Mr. Greaves tells u<, that the fire in the up|)er ovens,
when the i^ggs are In the lower, is thin pro|wrtioned ;
The fitd day ibegn.ited fire, the feccmd lefs, the thiid
lets again, the loiiitli more than the third, the fifth lels,
the lixlli moie th in the fifth, the leventh lefs, the cight'i
more, the inntli none, the tenth a little in the mornili".
The eleventh they clofe all the holes with (l.ix, ^i .
iiiakiinj no mull hic, fur if they Ihoiild their eggs woul I
break. Thus 7 or 800O are hatched in a ftiort time. It
is to b' <d>iiived, that the fuiie experiment has beiri
made, with IikhIs, in Italy and other parts of Euro|K' ,
though it mult alto bi' oblerved, at the fame time, that
the birds tliu. piodiivi d by .irt, laniiot claim an I'qualitv ,
in point "I pi I III lion, v^ith lliofe produced by nature.

\Ve (hall conclude our dehiip'.ion of (Jrand Can >
with an aieoinit of the raiavan, or grand pilgrimag,
ni.idr aniiM.illv from that rity to Mecca.

The defile of gain, joined to the difficulties and <Jan-
uiT» ul wild .Vi.il»» wild bc«lb» aiul other accidents, m

fuch

JiiiiicJ ill ila;

|ve the Icivicc

llicy liiuc s

I according ti>

bd on a very
[■atly (luciyid,
carried on liy
tVoin ihc
11 ill very con-
llilc pcrWtion
Ijiyp ! 'otlut
|lu()plied witiv

and a? tlicv

bulincfs by

[any one, tliis

io the city ; fu

not fixed in •

\\ confaicrablc
good trade ii

je caravan th.ir

|of bttwcrn ^j
gcco cair.e;'),
by -^cc of llie
aimed, to dc-

ul'.'i giiuraliy
jM.tiid (I'lj. iiior

AFRICA.]

E G Y P T.

433

I . ; H
.1 M

ally

t'nr iluir

the revenue of

lot be improper

It the iiihabi-

11 ovens, w'liieli

:gvpt. As tliis

fliall be a little

h it iscfl'.dlcd.

s from Janu.;ry

•mperato. 'I'lie

witli a galUry

aifed one abovi;

vilb in llie p.il-

would have ill,"

I'uel tli.it hejts

make a (motlier-

geiitly, eij'ht or

egg* troni llir

aps, and Ipreul

;o cover the floor

arn them every

aiiiiel that runs

indeed, the an

proper degree

little, for ill

ucceed. Their

■er made hottu

id. Thus they

which lime it is

leiis jiilt piiltiii;;

Ihell, and others

mce of egus to

vant a cl.m', i r

he natural way.

he up(H'r oven".,

15 pro|Xjrtioned ;

d lefs, the tliiiJ

d, the filth Wh,

1 lefs, the eighi!i

in the morniM".

with (lax, ice .

heir egj;s would

a (lion tim?. It

rimcnt has heiii

larts of Kuro|K' ,

fame time, that

iaiin an equality,

;ed by nature.

iif (fraud C'aiii

rand pilgrimage,

cultiM and Jan-

cr aceidvnls, m

(uelk

fuch long journics gnvc the f rll lil'e to thcfc cr.iavans ;
•which arc no other tlian an allociition of a great number
of merchants and travellers bound to the fame country or
place. The antiijuity of them, even from the time of
the patriarchs, ihcws the ncccirity and ufefulnefs of them
in thole hot and baireii climates ; nor could any com-
nicrce of fuch lengths and dilficulties be carried on, with-
out fuch allociations : but when a certain number of
merchants li ive once joined themfelves in this defign,
fixed the place of rendezvous, the time of their departure,
and taken all other necelVaty precautions and helps for
convenlencies, fafety, and dilputch, experience Ihews
what may be pcrioriiied by tliem, what long and barren
def;u-ts may bccrolVed, what difficulties and dangers may
be fuimounted, and what rich and cxteiifive commerce
mav be c.rried on, and with what diffufive benefits they
m.iy be man.iged to and from the reniotell countries. For
this commerce, divine providence hath amply pro\ ided
thofc countries with plenty of c imels, a be.iif exadly
fitted for fuch burdens, aii.l luch other fatigues as necef-
farily attends this painlul v.;;) of travelling ; and fo docile
and patient, that, with a littie care in bringing them up,
they are taught to carry burdens of 50olb. weight thio'
thefe fandy and barren defarts, over long ridges of moun-
tains, both lard and craggy, and with a Icorching (iin
over their heads ; without that conlLint refrelhment of
food, drink, and in fome cafes even of rell j tor v.-ant
of winch, horfes, mules, and otber beafts of burtiien,
would expire, in lefs than a quari.er of the time that they
continue without it.

Lvery Mulli Iinan is obliged to makeatleaft once in his
life this g.and pilgr^'ua, e to Mecca, tile center of tiii'
Mahomctar. faith. It lets out from Cairo once a year j
and is one of the iioil i\l wd'ul :■!.., nunurou.. cavak.id^s
in all the call. 'I'll.- number <. tiiole which conipofe llie
caravan Uldom amoiiiit'. tci lefs than ^o,ooo ; but it is
often much greater, in limes of p.aee ;.r,e ,;,enty, when
the coninicice is not obilriided ; for tnefe caiavais ioiii
to their devotion;, a coiifider.ible trade, and return Immi
laden with the riehetl gtiods from Perl'ia and India, which
come to (jedda bv the Red-Sea, and are thence conveyed
to Mecca ; and this, joined to the richnef. of the pre-
feiits canied there, niikis it mcelT.iry that tliey (hould
be attended by a fulKeiint gui.id. With this \i.w, a
draught is always made of all the bell tioops in Kgypt
to eleort them ; at the he.ul of which is the l*.mir Madge,
or prince of the pilgiim:, who hath the power of lifi- and
death over the whole car.ivan. The ceremony i,f his
fetting <nit on this expediiion from Cairo is verv magni-
ficent i tiie c.micls are all ornamented ; and the fiini total
belonging lo the Emir Madge amounts to jcco j but the
rell is bejoiid eiiiiiputali.iii.

Thofe camels are nioH magnificcnily adorned v/hicli
arc made choice of to carry the prefents lo Mecc.i, eljw-
cially iliat which curies llie grt.M pavilion c.ilUd .M.ih-
mel, or tovering of M.ihoiiiet .uid Abraham's tomb,
which is made in th.- (liape of a pyramid, with a fijiLiie
hafe, all richlv embroidned with gold on a preen and
red iridiiiul ; the view of the houfe of Mecca being em-
broiderid upon it, A'llh a portico anniiid it. He is co-
vered wilb .1 riihc.crpit thai c ines ilnvvn to his fut;
fo that nothing is feeii ol him but his head, neck, and
crupper, which arc richly .idormd. I his cainci i . faid
to be bieil I'it that purj 'fi ; iii.l after he has piilV>rmed
this office, he is tHcenud ;.,er d, and never mole put to
any ufe.

Their encairpmcnls arc iu fettled, lh.it the c.iravan
muft arrive at Mecca in >K d.iys ; and the departure of
it is fixid to the 27th da) ol the moon uhii h follows
•heir Ramadan. It Is jomid ;at llrddar, fix days jour-
ney fioiii Mecca, by the cai avail •'.om Daniafcus ; alter
which they niaich jointly loMica, and arc jnimd in
the way by the caravans trcm olhir pans, who linn
proceed logelhei to pay theii dilutions al iiiniini Aral-
f.it, from whence tlvy in..ich ( a lo Mecca, where the
Kmir lladge puts up the mw crand pavilion. 'The (lay
of the caravan is confined fo 1/ days ; in which lime a
(Tcai and rich fraftic is • airied on bi tvvccn the pilgrims
and their lol'owfrs from all p.rtM ; and then llie rmir
ll.idgr gives his figiiil loi dip.irtine. On their return
to Cami, tin grcalell fellivilics are made ; and each |Hr-
fon is honoured with the title of ll.idge, ui pilgiiin,
btfore hii own nana'. J

.<8

0/ the City of Alexandria.

W E have already taken notice of the original city of
this name in our account of the antient flate of Egypt.
The prefeiit Alexandria, or, as it is called by the 'lurks,
Scandaroon, has two ports : the new one, to which the
veflels of Europe r ffort, and the old one, where thofe
only are admitted that come from Turkey. 1 he former
is what Strabo calls the Great Toit, l^ingto the cafr-
ward of the Pharos : the other is the port of Kunollus,
where was alfo the Cibotus, which had formerly a com-
munication with the lake iVl.irtotis, that lies behind it to
the fouth. The prefent city is htuated betv/een them,
whereas the old ciy lay farther towards the north and
nofth-eaft.

'The entrance to the new port is defended by two
cafiles of a bad 'Turkifli Ihuctiire, and which have no-
thing remarkable but their fituation. That which i>
called the (jivat Pharillon has in the centre a fmall
tower, the fummit of which tcrminntes in a lanthorn
that is every night illumin.'tul. 'Thefe caftle are built
on two fmail illands, one of which is called Pharos, and
is about half a miie in extent. The weflern part of the
other ifland is called the Cape of the Figs, on account
of its being famous for producing that fruit in very great
pcrfeiition.

'The walls of the old city which aic ftill rcn a!ning,
are built of hewn (lone, and the arches are adir.ir;.My ex-
ecuted. 'They are defended by feir.icireu!,;i tcAvers 20
feet diameter, and about 1 ^o fe^t apart : .it each of them
.ire Ihiirs to afceiid to the b.ttlemeiiis ; and there is a
vv.ilk round the top of the walls huilc cmi arches. Thele
wills, as thi. y now lland, appear to hr.ve lonncrlv en-
clofed all the city except the palace of the k n^s to the
north-call. The inner walls appear to have been eiedted
in latter times, being much flroiiger and higher than til?
others, and defended by large high towers.

Within the old w.vlls are a few nioli|ues and three
convents. One of the moltjues is called t!e majque cf a
thjujiind anil ci:e J'iii,.rs, where tlie\ l;i was a church
dedicated to St. .A.'.rk, and the patriarih rifidedatit,
being near the j;ate, .is they ri port, wiihout which ihc
evangdill w.e; iii.;iiyrcd. 'The other great mofqiic is
tlint of St. Atii.uialnis, where it is faid tl,. re was a ciiurch
of that name. At the cliuich of the Cojui convent they
fliew the p.ilil.iu lul chair ; they alfo piMend to have the
lie.-.d of St. MaiV 1 ..lul I'ome even fiy that his body is
there. At the Ciieik convent they (liew fome things,
which, they fay, relate to ihe mattyrdom of St. Catha-
rine in this city. The Latins likewife have their con-
vent in the old city, belonging to that of Jcriifalein ;
and thcri' are always fome po.ir Arab- encamped within
the walls, which makes it dangerous to b' rbroad after
fun-fet, when all the comp.iiiy begin lo relire.

At the fouth-weft corner is a large c.dlle, with a few
foldicrs in It j but no F^urop.ans are admitted there. In
llie oid gates are many fine pieces of granite ; and fr.ig-
nients of columns of beauliful niarbte are feen all over
the old city, which bear telliniony of its origi nal gran-
deur and ni.ignificence.

A celebrated writer, in fpcakiiig of ih? antient city
of Alexandria, fays, " Inftead of thofe antient and mag-
nifitent llruitures which tiaveller:, may have lieaid or
read of, they mull exniet to behold little more than their
iiiiiis, fragments of llately w:;Ms .iiid totterinii towers
and calHes, whole architeihne funis the work of the
Saracens. Here tluy will li'c the moll fiimptuous tem-
ples converted into plain molipies ; (imie of the fiiufl
pieces of archilciilure artleWy fc.iilercd, and empluyed
to patch up an oidinary dwelling ; the royal p.il.ico
become a common prilbn for flavery ; the once numernii*
.iiid opulent inhabiLinls dwindled into a fni.ill parcel of
(ti.ingers; ami a mulliliide ot miferahic wretches, fer-
vants and (laves, cniploywl in lading, unlading, and
carrying of mcrchaiidi/.e,"

'The fame writer (ays, "the new city of Alexandria
may jidlly lie compared to a poor oipliaii, whole fiilc
inherilance has been the veiurable ii.uiie of its fjihei.
'The vail extent of the antient city is coiilr.i<.'ted \\ the
niw, to a (iiull neck of land, beiween two poit>. A
plate formerly fo famous foi the extent of its commerce
It no longer Any thing more than » meie place of cm-
J R barking

434

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY

barking. It is not a phoenix th..t revives from its own
•flies ; being: at moft a reptile ^prun^ *'rom the dirt, dull
and corruption with which the Alcoran h.w infedled
the whole country."

Such is the portraiture of the prefent Alexandria,
which is built on the ftrand to the north, on the ground
that fceins to have been left by the fca, and makes but
a very indifferent appearance. There are but few ic-
mains now of thofc ornaments th.it decorated the origi-
nal city. The only ones worthy the attention of tlie
curious arc, the famous Corinthian column and two
cbelifks.

The Corinthian column, which is known by the n.imc
cf Pompiy's Pill.ir, is fituatej on an eminence about
a mile to the fouth of the walls, and is fuppofed to be
the greatcft and moft magnificent column that the Corin-
thian Older has produced.

The generality of people fuppofe this pillar to have
been eredUd in honour of Pompey, and thereby to have
received its name j but others are of a different opinion,
and aflcrt, that it was built in honour of Vcfpafuin ;
which latter appears the moft probable, it not being
mentioned by Strabo, or .any other antient hiftorian.
The laft opinion is farther confirmed in a letter written by
Edward Wortley Montague, Efq. F. R. S. to William
Watfon, M. D; F. R. S. dated Oaober lo, 1767. As
this letter contains many curious obfervations on the
above anlient ftrudture, as alfo the bcft and moft recent
defcription of it that can be met with, we fliall here
prclirrve a copy of it, as read before tlie Royal Society on
the 19th of November following. It is as follows :

" Sir,

" I here fend you a few lines, which I believe will
appear extraordinary, as every traveller that has been at
A!'.-.xandria has mentioned the f.imous pillar of oriental
granite, whuh is about a mile without the walls of that
citv, as crriteJ, according to moll writers, cither bv
Pompey, or to the honour of Pompey. As I differ in
epnuon from them all, and think this famous pillar was
erected to the honour of Vefp.ifian, you certainly will
expefl to hear on what foundation I formed fo extraor-
dinary a conjedture, as fo new a one may appear to you.

F. In.
By my mcnfuration, the capital of the pillar is
1 he thaft — _ — — — —
Thebafc ___ — — —
The pcdeftal — — — — — —

Height from the gr<njnd — —
Its diameter — — — —

" As foon as I faw this furpriving pillar, I w.is con-
vinced that if it had been crciflcd in Pompey's time,
Strabo, or fome of the aniients, would have mentioned
it : I thercfoie determined to examine it narrowly. I
perceived too that the pedeftal was of a bad and wciik
ni-f;nry, compofcd of lm;ill and great Hones of different
forts, ai.J .ibfolutely unable to fiilfain fo great a weight ;
I therefore eafily concluded fueh |vdeftal not originally
belf-. •,'••■: to the pillar. I attcmpt'd to get out a Hone,
which I 3id without trouble, and difcovered the pedeftal
to be •■•'' • Alter fome time, I mean during the
courfe of many days ' ni.ide an opening wide enough
to enter it i when within it you will judge howmuili
I was furprizcd to find this prodigioiie nuifs uf granite
flood, as on a pivot, on a reverled ohrblk, as I then
believed it was only five fext fijuarc. Cuiiou-. to kni,w
the length of tlic tbelilk, I began lo move the t.irth on
one of lis fide.i ; but my furpri/e incrcafi'd much when I
found, after moving a few inehe-i of the foil, that the
obclilk was not entire, this pivot being only four feet
and one inch thick. It is feated on a rock ■ the (tone le
of an pxtreme hardrnf*, and almnft a pefrcfadlion, 01
rather conglutination, of many different ftones, but all
vitrcfcint. I never met with any ftone of ihrs kind any
where, except with one fmall piece on the plain of the
Mummies ; I broke a piree of it, which lord Bute has .
a fmall piece too of the pillar was frnt, that gentlemen
may be convinced it is of red granite, and not a tomiMi-
filinn, as fome have im.iuined.

" Thii {«rt uf th« uTkIiOi i* coveted with hierogly-

phics, which are rcverfed, a plain proof the pill.ir wij
not eri-^dted whiirt tlicy were held facred char.uiters.

" Convinced, therefore, that it was not of the anti-
quity one would I'l.ppofe it, from being called of Pom-
pey, I vifited it fe\eral times, to foe if it might not be
podible to find out fomethiug that v.'ciikl gi\c room for
a reafon.ible conjecture, in honour of whom, or at what
time, it was cree-lcd. From the inlcriptic!!! I could not
difcover any thing: it is on the weft hee of the hafcj
but fo much injured by time, ;iiid I may f,iy too by ma-
lice, (fcir the, marks of Ionic inftriinunt appear c'lcaily
to have contributed towards defacing it) that one can
but imperfcdly make out fome (5icik"cliar.((acrs, fo iiii-
perfeeitly, indeed, that no one word can be found.

" At length, obferviiig that the cement, eir mortar,
which doles the fmall fepar.i'.ion of the (haft from liic
bale, was quite dellroyed in one part, 1 was curious to
fee if any thing was made ufe of within, to fa(K-n or tie
the Ihat't to the bale ; I f.nv there w.is : beins dei'irou. to
know if it was le.id, and if lii, if it was ^not of that
pure, and of which we ftill meet with femie few medals,
f endeavoured, with a pietty lar^;e hanger, to cut off a
fmall piece of the grapple : there was a great number of
liz.uds that had l;iken fticlur there, and which ran out
(in my introducing the hanger. I then difcovered a d..rk
I'pot, .at the diftar.ce of more than a foot, within tlie
circum.'erence of the pillar; which, by ftriking it with
thr hanger, 1 found was fomething Kuck f.ift to the
bafe : after ftriking it feveral times, I detached it fnin
its place, and it proved a medal of Vrfpafian in iim:
order. On one fuic of it was the following infcriplioa ;

AVT. KAir. EEBA. OvEln

On the levcrfe,

I'Lloiia gratllcm ; Dtxtrn fptcns, fimf. palmart.

" The rcverfed hieroglyphics \v.v a prt'of that x\i]%
amazing ir.oinimi-nt was nni ercclcd in Pompey's time;
and a; thcr^' is no mention r-f it in rny of tli.'- antiej.t
writeiN that I have met with, it fe-.ris pl.iin that it wat
not known before the time of Vefpr.fi.'.n. This medal
could not by any accident, 1 thinl:, have bevn intro-
duex'd abjve a foot within the circumtVn -ireof tin- fhnft;
theietore I fuppofe it was pl.iced there when the pillar
was creded, wliicli fioni thence I conclude to have been
done to the honour of that empereir.

" If you think thi-. paj .-r v.-orth it, you will plcalb
10 ceimmiinicnte it to the Royal Society, and that of the
Antiqiuriaiib.

" I am, Sir,

*' Vour luuil hembl-' fen'ant.

Ed. W. .Montague."

Xante, May -,

1 707.

The two obelin.s aic called Vie X.rM.s ef Cl.opatitt i.
one ot them only is prrfecjf, whofe height is about 6 {
f(it i but the other is liokc, and part of it lies on the
ground.

Among other things that have in feime meafurecfcapcel
the iniuiics of limc in this cily, niuft be confidertd its
great number of cifterns, whijh are annually filled witll
the waters of the Nile, bv a canal that is called C\\x)-
p.iira, and hi^iiK about lis miles from Rofelta, from
ulience it coiueys the w.il<r to Alexandria. This is the
elucf water tliev have fit for ufe, and when it fail., they
.lie obliged to fe-tch it fioin Rofrlla. Thel'e noble refer-
\oirs were once i(iy mime ton-;, but they are now reduced
til fix only that an ufeliil ; the reft .ire filled up with
c.irlh, as v.'cll as the gr.uid pillars that fiipportcil tiieni,
which were m.ide of brick, and covered over with j
loinpofition impenetrable by water.

Near Cliiip.iira's canal arc fome catacomb', which
ronfift of feveral apirinieniii cut in the rock, on each
fide o( an open gallery. On both fides of thefe apart-
ments are tiiice Holies of holes, large enough to contain
the bodies. It is conjciltuted that this is the fpot wliers
the fubiirbs of (he old cily begun, in which were g.ir-
deiis, fepulchrrs, and pUees I ■ piep.ue the bodies for
interment. The catacomb; t ilniltd above a mile to
the well, and there ,11 Atii.i mimber ol them by lli«
fea-fide. The moft r(ii;r\aMe are thofe towards the
faithd laduf the caiiali Wlnih may be (cckuned among

irmc cfc3|)cj

onfiilcrtd iti

tilKil with

.illrdClm-

olctt.i, /"loin

This is ihe

l.iil., they

luliU- refir •

now inluiiJ

Mud u|i witli

xirlcil tlii-m,

ivcr wilh a

nl)«, which

It, on each

ihcfc aiMri-

h ti> rontaiit

1' I'ptit whors

li wcir (;.tr-

Ixxlifs for

II mile to

licm liy tilt

iw.iiJ. the

uned unions

the

AFRICA.]

EGYPT.

^35

the fined that have been difcovercd ; being beautiful
rooms cut out of a rock, with niches in many of them
lar^e enough to contain the bodies, and adorned on each
fide with doric pilalters.

The city of Alexandria is computed to contain about
15,000 inh.ibitants,* who arc of different nations, and
many of them natives of various parts of the Turkifli
empire. The riins of government arc held by the
Turks, who keep a garrifon in the city confifting of a
fmall number of Janizaries. The governor who com-
mands them is an Aga, and has his rcfidence in one of
the aiiticnt bulwarks ; but there is likewifc a cadi, who
judges in all civil caufes. Moft of the Turks here are
artizans or (hop-keepers ; but fomc few of tlicm are
merchants, and though they appear mean, arc faid to be
very wealthy.

The grcateft part of the inhabitants arc the Chriftian
Copti, Greeks and Armenians, who are natives of the
country. Thefc maintain themfelves much on the fame
footing as the Turks ; and amongll the Greeks and Ar-
menians n particular .-re fomc wealthy merchants.

Here are likewifc great numbers of Jews, moft of
whom are foreigner:,, and natives of Conilantinople,
Lifbon, or Leghorn ; fome of th.m are merchants, and
very rich and powerful ; but the principal part are pooi,
and live by felliii^ lei.iil what the rich import by wholc-
fale i by which means the latter preferve a tyrannic au-
thority over the former. He that refull-s to obey thefe
imperious lords has no longer any (hare in trade, and
confequcntly in a fliort time becomes very miferable.
His example induces the left to fubmit themfelves to all
that the nth dc-ide. Their fentences are 'ike thofe of
the judge, 10 wlium the Jews feldom have recourfe ;
fince, in all their want«, ihey are under a kind of necef-
fity of applying themfelves to the rich men, and of ad-
hering to what they pronouncv.

All Europeans luie ,;o under the name of Franks ;
the chief of thofe that li\e in the city are the Fr neh
and Englifti ; the former pimfe thnnfulves with being
moft relpectcd, and the latter, wilh having a better
trade. The French have about a dozen mcrcliaius here,
or rather faclois to thofe of Cairo, to whom tluy have
the care of fending the nnrehamlizcs landed hire. The
French conUil liveb with a dillinguifhed dignity, and the
Turks entertain a very high idea of his power. When
he goes to Rofttt.i, he carries a white flag at the mart of
his pinnace ; and when he goes out of the port, as alio
when he returns into it, he is fuluted by a general dif-
chargc of the cannon of the Fieneii vellels. He refide*,
together with the greateft part of his nation, in a large
hotel, where he has a thurcli, and a chaplain. He docs
not traflSc himfelf, and only goes abroad on very particu-
lar occafions.

'Ihe I'reiH'h trade here is ver)' confiderable, as they
annually receive fevcral fhips, which are chiefly freighted
with commodities from (iiand Cairo. The vefl'els they
make ufc of for this intcrcourfe are feluccas, barks
and tartanet, which they call caravaniers, bccaufe, like
the caravans, they go from place to place to take in their
ladings.

Thi are many Britifti vcflels arrive at Alexandria
every \ r, but they are not always hulen on account of
that nation ; for tlie Jiv.s, and even the Turks, often
iicight them, and thcrchv carry on a confiderable traffic.
The Dutch and Ven.tians had foimeily fettlements
and cor.fuls at .Mexandiia ; but great bankruptcies, even
of the confuls thcmfelrcs, hive entirely ruined that com-
merce, The Turks, who are not to be amufed where
their intereft is conccrnc!, refuf'- to admit, any longer,
•onfuls from thofe two nations, till they have indenmi-
ficd the loflcs fuftaincd by their predeccllbrs. Some V«-

* An K'lghlh gentleman who wa? a few yean fince In Alex-
andria fay< in a Icltrr to a tiicnd 111 Kimlund " Uiic time,
rince the Turki have ueen mallei <il lliij ciiy, a ciiiiiiinB
Mahometan nnit'ii nbrtrviiif; it veiy lliiiily Inliahiied, fpi»a|l
a report, that Mahomet 111 one ofliii writings, luil lift
many bleffingi to the inliililuiiti of this cilv, and to lliofe
«lm vifit Ir, antl rrm.iinrd a lew d.iy«, giving alms) ly
Ihii falfe repiirt, it got lull of Inliahii.iini. The fame grn-
tleman f^iyi that near the Fiench llan, ii a large open plHtr,
where the Kraiik# recreate tlimili lvr« 1 on the ni>rtli fiilc
•i thi» place U • (land of ad'ci, ranged ui rowi, aiiduUli

netian merchants, however, come hither every year un-
der French proteition.

The Swedes, though in alliance with the Porte, gp
feldom to Alexandria, as they are obliged to pay the du-
ties on their refpedtive commodities to the utinuft ex-
tent.

The Turkifli velTels, that frequent this port, arc
fome fultanas, who go thither yearly to receive, in mer-
chandizes, the carrat, or tax, of the grand feign.or.
There are alfo Turkifh vcflels called faicks and vergues,
that are feen daily in the port of Alexandria. The firft,
as being the largcft. go to Damietta and other parts of the
Levant; but the latter are ordinarily cniployed to go to
Rofctta ; from which places they bring the European
merchandizes, and carry thither the fe of Cairo that are
Cent in exchange.

The Europeans carry on a very profitable trade here,
fince, according to their treaties, they always pay (a
much per cent, lefs than thofe who are fubjeclcil to the
tax of the grand feignior, among whom are com])rizcd
the Jews, both foreigners and natives, as well as thofe
nations that have not any conful.

The environs of Alexandria are very low : the only
marks by which the failors can know the coaft are, the
tower of the Arabians, which lies 36 miles to the weft-
ward of the town, and the column of Pompey. This
circumftancc often occafions fhips bound to Alexandria,
to go to Cyprus or to Syria, when the weather is foggy.
There are neither woods nor paftures for a confideiable
diftance round the town. The land is covered with fand,
::nd fome few date-trees grow on it, but the fruit is very
indifferent. " It is really a matter of furprize, fays a
celebrated writer, that this fpot (hould be chofen for (o
great a capital to be built upon, where it is fo difficult of
ace-efs for fhips, .ind fo deftitutc of wexjd, water, and all
other nccciiarics of life. But it is much more to be
wondered at, that the Ptolemies fpeiit fuch immenfe
(urns to popul.ite this place, and to colled there the
greateft abundance of al! ihings tint could be had in the
world !"

To the fouth of Alexandria is the lake Mareotis,
which is 30 miles long from eaft to weft, and 12 broad.
It receives its water nut of the Nile at the time of its
overflowing, but is dry about four or five months iu the
year.

At the weft end of thi'- lake is th • tnvvr of the Arabs,
which the natives call the calHc Abiizir. It is, indeed,
.1 fiiuare ealtle, 8n feet high, and its fronts are each 250
feet brc-ad. It is built of fine frec-llone, and the walls
are 14 fi.et thick. About three qiiait is ol a mile from
this caftle is another tower, which is (.pure at top and
round below ; and, t\\ miles from thence, there is ano-
ther to the weftward, on the wails of which arc the re-
mains of an Arabic infcriptioii. All thcle builuings,
however, are in a very ruinou'i condition.

0/ the citin cf Rof.'tta, Damicttn, &c.

THE city of Rofetta is eftccmcd one of the moft
pleafiuit places in Egypt. I; is fituated on the weft (ide of
the Nile, anticntly called Bolbiiiiiiim, or tlie Uolbutiu
branch. The town is iCout luo miles in length, .tnd
cnnfifts of two principal ifree-t^;. The fine country of
Delta on the other fide of the Nile, with two beautiful
iflands a little below the town, make the prof|K'cl truly
delightful. 'F'hc country, to the north, is improved
witli pleafant gardens of oranges, lemon,, citrons, and
almoft all forts of fruits, with the agreeable variety of
groves of palm-trees, and fmall lakes in different parts.
When the fields are green with rice, which is much cul-
tivated here, it makes a confiderable a<'ditio<i to the beau-
ties of the fcene.

each aft a driver. Thefe are Ictt out to 'ide, and the dri-
ver runs behind hik biafl, and with a Ihort Aick makr«
liim gn prrity faft. It is pirafjnl <nougli t<i obfeive the
Clii iflian failum when lliry eome im flime, and happen to
ftroll 10 thia place i the driven in an inftant briuu their
afirt in 1 ring round the faliurs, and importune tucm to
ride t the failxri, not iindcrAanding thrin, fall to curlhij;
and fwearing at hriiig fo hedged In. At leiigih ihe driver*
put the poof tars ly force on ilieir beaft», and lirive tlieiii
about half • initc and back again, and tlien iiifilt on ilicir
fart."

About

\ 1

. • \

";J e

i-*'

I* .

436

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTE M OF GEOGRAPHY.

About two miles north of the towu, on the weft fide
of the river, is a large calHc. It is a fquarc building,
with round towers at the four corners, h;iving port-holes
at the bottom of it, and fome pirces of brafs cannon. It
is built of brick cafed with Itone, and is faid to have
been ercCtwl above 400 years. A little lower down, on
the oppofite fide of the river, is a platform of guns ; to
the call of which are fait lakes, where are gathered gaat
quantities of fait.

A little nearer to the fea, from the alio c caIHe, is an-
other, whofe walls, ordnance and g.arrifon, are but in a
poor condition. Somewhat below this fecond caftle
the Nile fplits into two branches, one turning cair, and
the other welt, and forming what is called a bogaz, or
bar in their mouth, which is known by the name of the
Canopic. I'his bar is very dangerous to pafs over, efp"-
cially when the fea is agit.itcd by a northerly wind.

The inh.ibitants of Rofetta have a large manufartory
of llriped, and other coarfe linen; but their chief eii^-
ployment conlilts in carrying gnods between this place
and Cairo. All Europe.ui merchandizes are brought to
this place from Alexandria by fea, and carried from
hence in boats to Cairo ; in the f.unc manner as thole
brought from Cairo on the Nile are here put into laige
boats to be fenr to Alexandria. l'"or this purpofe the
Kuropeans have their vice-confuls and factors here to
tranf..ct their bufim fs ; and letters are brought regularly
from Alex.^ii.lria by land, to be fent by boats to Cairo ,^n
the day t ■ , lt;t lorw.irds j but letters of greater cond-
quence, t.,„t iee|..;ie difpatch, are fint by foot-med'en-
gers acrols tile defarts.

Though Rofetta is fo near the fea, the water is good,
unlcfs when the n^rth wind blows Itrong, or the Nili' is
at the lowell, wh; 11 the v/ater is biacLifh. It is remaik-
able, that tlie river I'-tr ■ does nut rife above three or four
feet ; 1; caufe the banks arc low, and the water rilln;;
above tiiem, fpreads itfelf all over the ailj;'.ecnt ci.uiurv.

Ncvr this part of the Nile i> an illand of a triangular
form called by theCjreiks Latoini.i, on account ol the
divifion of the wati r h.re, by which two entrances are
iradc at the moulii of the riMr.-. It is about a mile in
circumftrence, a;ul ihere arc fandv hillocks from ea(t to
welt along uie lu'.ddle of it. The illand is faiidy to thi
north, b.it to .;ie loutli it is a kind of inorafs.

The onn 01 tlie Nile, at Hoi tta, i» much about the
faniL width a- the Th.unes at ( ii.nefend ; but it lell' lis
by di.;;recs, till it L.comes fo llu.llow in many places as
to be very da.i_; rous, owing lo the difficulty uf avoiuing
the flats.

Nearly oppc.fite Uoiltta is the city of Damietta, (Itu-
atcd on the I'altern brinch of the Nile, betv.'een f'lir and
five miles from tln' mouth of the rivi;. It is a very
laigep'.ce, but the houfes in general are indift'erenth
built, and its principal inhabit..nts are filhenn r and j,.-
nizarics. It is cncoiiij. dlid by walls, except ii.it part
that fronts the ri.er, and at the noith ci./ c.f it is a line
larte rouiul tower built of hewn Hone.

This city is reckoned one of tlu mud beneficial for
trade, on account of it^ iinpoitant harboui on the Medi-
terranean. It is fuppnl, .1 to tonl.iin about ^5,000 inha-
bitants, rxelufive of its fubiirb on the other lidc of the
Nile. Th'ie are here abo'it 4r.c (Jreek families who
are the piineipal merchants and ti.ideis In tlie city.
'I'lvy ha\e a church, a bifhcp, and the free lib'rty of
their rtligion, except ihat ot rin;:ing ttic bell. Helidts
the (Jrix-iv', thire ate here m.iny "iiier ftranijers of \a-
rioits nations and religions ; but they are utrally re-
llraincd in the i njnymdil uf Ihiir national privileges, aiwl
arc afiaid of goinp, into the (treels efpti 1 illy after dark,
on account nf the infults they are fuhjrtt to from the
Turkifti foldiiry, who have a n.ilural antifrathy to all
firangcrs. Tiny liave .■ j Muulir averfu n to Kiiro-
pcan', whi( h femis to he handed d'lwn to them by their
fcrcfathi rs, and to be oecalicined by the holy war ; for
this city was the principal fc iie of ai!li(in, atul tb- place
wht re l,<wis IX. w;is made prifoiter. No pirfonsnnill
appear hi re in an Kiirop' ui drcfs ; and a a Chrilhan is
known by his hh in, (Ir.mgeis d.irc not go out ot the
Itrecls thi y are itciirtomed to frec|U'nl.

The chief trade i irried on here is, (he export of rici
and rofl'ie lo all p..it' of Turkey ; and of the fornu r, a
totilraband trade to hut >pe, which has bmi prodmtiie

•f tmnulu againft th« Canituuis. I luy have allu an

import (f tubiieco and foap, the former from Laticli.,i
and the latter fnim tlie coalt of Syria. ' '

Ne.ir the city of Dainietta, and to the fouth-wil of
the lake Mareotis, a the cattle of the labyrinth, ij
calkd I'rom the fa-.;.nis antient labyrinth, of which \vc-
took proper notice in our account of the antient Itatc of
Egypt.

1 his antique edifice is about 165 feet long, and 8a
broad. The jionico is a very rultic work, imd'tlie pr'n-
cipal part of it dillroyed, being no where above fix feet
high i but the. front is more ruined th.in any other part
of it. The ujipii llory, in the niiddl', is tilicn down,
and is entirely j:oik alinoll all the way from this break.
As the building now remain^, there aie 4^ tiers of (ton?
each nine inch.s d.vp, and conieipiuitly the whole is ;?
fcit in heiglit.

The whole edifice bears the appear.inee of Ibino ;.;i-
tient palace, nr mil r public Ihucture; but its remains
are totally infiiihcitiit to C'-nvcy .u.y idea of it,- oi,'. hiaf
ni.ignilieenec,

I'heie arc many ftones fcattcrcd about the plain ne.ir
this building, elpecially llveral round ones with holes in
the middle, which kem to h.ave compofed the pillars that
might be about this edifice, and were probablj- faltenctf
together by means of tliei'e holes.

The next piincip;il place that attrafls our attention is,
the town of Sue/, lituated at the noith ml of the Red
Sea, and is thought to be built on the fpot where for-
meily ftood the antient city of Aifinec. It Is a conli-
derable fea-poit on the ilthfiius ot' its namv, which joins
Alia and All ica, and is advant-'gioullv Hated on a I'nvalt
peninlula that juts into tlie utmoit verge of the Red Se.i,
about 63 miles foiiih-welt of C;!iro. 'I'hf trade between
tins toun and Cnio is etleCtcd by fliips belonging to pri-
vate perfons at the lalt-meiitioned place.

To the loulh of the town is a l.irge fjndv bank'nbciit
two miles Ion;;, to the eaii of which is a road to go cii:
to the lliipping ) and when tlieie is no wind, thevdra.v
the boat- :.lo:ig by this banl'. Abi ut a ir.iie fou!h-w.l<
of it are the Hup-, ihr.e mihs from the town, the deep
water being on the welt, where the (hore is encloi'.d by
high hilh, i but I'll the cait fide, wh-.ie th;- land is lev.,
there are conliderable (iioals.

The I1..W11 is I'm, .11, but tlie houff, tnof.nies, tlie
(|u;:y, inag.i/iii'"-, and oilur piib!;e (dilleis, ar ■ made of
a iTuilt eurious lort of Itone, ccnlaling of a • ..it number
of flielis, lo cloli-l,' u'.iud bv n :::ik- as to be infeparable.
The molqees .ire four iii nun.ber, all of which are \crf
liandloMie binidir.;',.; ; a;.d there is alfo a Ci;i!; rhuivli.
The gieatir pait m th-, inhabitanls nr^ M;.hOln^-tan^,
there being only ..bout tiO (jnek f..iii.l!es, and a few
Coitic'. The) (.et all the lecefl'irios of If,-, ,ind even
pot-liLrbs, liom Cairo; for the country, fv about f;\ty
iniks loiind, uoe.> not p.-oduce any thing. V\ -ter is verf
fi.irce, inliimueh t'.at they ai:c obliged to fetch it from a
place nine mill - <.rt', and thoujh biackilb, ).^t they pay
for it iwo-pcno' per p;'.il.

rile town of ^It,/ I: .-OVlTV ..'

biiriuels chielly 1

iiim a cahnacam (the ordinary l'om rnors of towns) who
both loj;iilKr, or li purati'v, loMni the .itfairs of the
placi-. I'hc cain'.ae.m ^;-iur:illv refides here, and th"
capit.iin will n the ihipi are in the port. Thevliave.i
p;'irilon o( ali"iit -jco mm, one hidt |.in-zarie-, and the
relt Ar.dis ; and thefi- bill : re commanded by a fheik, or
civil olHcer of their own, flibd f.ider.

I he haibour lies n'.itn ;.iid fouth, i'^ not le.rg'-, and
has very little witer : when the tide has ebbed out',
it is not above live fut d-ep. As this haibour is onlv Trt
for fm.ill villeN, iIk' larger rni-, v.huh are emphncd in
bringing goods to Jcdd.i .ind 1 \\,.r p.lit^, anchor in ano-
thtr harbour, fituated nln ut loui miles and a half from
the town.

Many nf their vellels «ill c; rry from iHo to J50 ton.
Some lif them are bored 1 r p ^iins, but never n.oiint
more thin two, and ihele are the belt unned , foi nn ft
of them have only two prileiiroe.. liny direct die
(hip by means of a pule lliiingly fallined to the rudder,
■ in the outfiile, and placed in an iiKlined fituation, lint
quite lioii/omally : at the end is l.oli n' d a rope, which
padi- on both fidi s tliioii ;h blocks fuUi . ' ' i" iwii thick
itianlvirfe niects of wood, which art n. li 1 10 the two
a iun^ itiid thick bcain pbcid kbit) . I be ii>|v

biinji

Suez is goverr. 1! by a c.ipitain, whofe
tl' peiids tn the IJ ip-. ; and he has under

mds cf a iun^ itiid thick bcain pbcid kbut

E G Y P T

AFRICA.]

being put through the blocks, is hung or faOxiicd on a
pi-g, which ftiinds on that part of the item where the
helm is. On each fide three men arc placed, who muft
not leave this rope while the veil'el is under fail, and muft
Biter the dircftion of the helm, when required, by draw-
ing at the rope. 7"hefe vefl'cls are hut ill provided with
failing tackle and trimmijigs ; nor, indeed, do they rc-
cpiire them fo tonipkic as in moft other voy.igcs, for
they ne\'er fail without a fair wind, and always keep
along the fhorc.

The harbour in which thcfe .(Icls lie at anchor is
from five to eight fathom deep j they are flickered there
from the caft wind by the mountains of Ettaga ; and
when they are forced away by another wind, they run
afhorc on the neighbouring fandy beach, without fuftain-
ing any damage.

The town is very indifferently fortified, having no
other dcfi nee than twenty-two cannons and three cul-
vcrins, all of which are in fo \<Tctched a condition, that
they appear as if entirely ufelefs. At a fmall ditlance
from the town are to be fccn, on an tminince, the ruins
of an old cafHc, fuppofed to have been formerly built
by the French.

Many attempts were made by the Roman emperors
and kings of Egvpl, to cut a channel thro' the ifthmus
of Suez, and join the two fcas together j but every at-
tempt proved inefFeiJhial. There is ilill to be fecn, about
three miles from the town, a deep ditch, which runs
acrofs from north to fouth, and is fuppolLd to be a relic
of that vain projcft.

0/ the primipid towns andvillagfsJituateJ up ^/c Nile.

THE firft wc meet with of thefe is called Gize, and
fuppofed to be fituatcd on a part of the ground where
once ftood the anticnt city of AKniphis. It is tolerably
Large, but the houfes are \vry low mean buildings; and
its only ornaments confift of four or five min.'.rots of
mofques, with fome palm-trees. The inhabitants are
chiefly employed in making earthen pots and tiles, but
they are fo indifferently e,\ecuted, that they produce but
little advantage to them.

About a mile and a half to the fouth of Old Cairo, is
the \illagc of Dciir-Etiin, where there is a niol'ijue and
a Copti convent. The houfes hifie are alinoft all built
of clay, and covered with reeds. One i nd of the village
is clofe to the Nile, and the other e.vtcnds towards the
mountains, The greatcft ornanunts of this \ ilLige, as
well .as moft of the others, are the p;.lm-trees, which are
cultivated in great abundance.

Near the above is the vill.igc of Dagjour, remarkable
for containing in its neighbourhood many handfome py-
ramids, as alio fevcral fpacious mofmics.

The neM village we come to is Bcnefoet, fituatcd on
the wcflcrn fhorc of the Nde: it is a kind of capit.d,
about 100 miles dift.int from Cairo, and the place of
rcfidcncc of a bey, who is govcrniir of it. It has many
inofijues, 1 eral of which are very large and elegant
llrudVurcs.

'I"o the nnrth-eafl of this village is Amount Kobzim,
at the foot of which ftands the convent of St. Anthony j
and at fome diftancc are feen the mountains of Alkar,
where arc the ruins of three nionafteries, called Deir
Ucrdet, Deir Bakllc, and D.ir Anna. A late celebrated
writer, who travelled throu; li moft parts of Egypt, and
to<ik up his abode fome time at the convent ot St. An-
thony, gives the following purlieular defcription of it, as
alio the monaftic life of its inhabitants. After relating
his arrival there, he fays, " Having reftcd n little before
the convent, I perceived a monk in the window, and
I informed him of the reafons that hrouL'ht me thither.
After the fup.'iior was acini.iiiitrd with this, they called
to me from a trap door ut the lop of the convent, and I
faw them letting down a rope for ine to fallen round
my middle. 1 w.is by this means drawn up and taken
Into the monaltery, had a cell alligncd to me, and was
treated like a monk ; that is, I rec.ivrd a portion of
lentils ^nd bad brtad ivery morning and evening during
my ftay.

" 'this monaftery is a fipi.trc building, confifting of
tu-enty-eight cills, an ugly dining-hall, a mill, an oven,
and li kitchen, hefides two very filthy, fmall and dark
churches. Each of iheni is )0 feet long and ib broad.
'I'here are fome b.id paiiuin!;» on the walls, now t\\Mi:

i'i

437

black from tho fumes of iiicenfc. One ci theft churches
is coiifccrated to St. Peter and Paul, and the other to
St. Anthony. They are connciflcd by a covered walk,
above which there is a little ftceple with a bell.

" Between the churches and the kitchen is a fquarc
tower, in which they have built a chapel. You go
to this tower over a draw-bridge, refting on an adjacent
high piece of ground. Here they keep the facrcd vellils,
their provifions, their books, and all that they hold va-
luable : this likewife is their refuge when tiny arc at-
tacked by the Arabs. There is a garden clofe to the
cells, which is about 260 vards long and 120 broad. In
it they cultivate dates, o' 'cs, St. John's bread, peaches
apricoti, and vines, befir<s many kitchen herbs. They
likewife make wine, of which the monks drink on the
four principal feftivals in the year.

" The water of three very clear fprings is condu(.^cd
from the mountains into the gardens, by means of three
I'ubterraneous vaults. This water is their common drink,
and is alfo ufed to water the garden, in which is built
a chapel confecrated to the hermit Mcreus, containing
two altars, one of which is dettincd for European
priefts.

" The whole fraternity confifts of twenty-five fi iars,
twelve of whom are priefts, and the relt lay-brothers.
They wear a white woolen ftiirt, a brown woolen gown,
and a fur-coat of black ferge with wide flceves, a black
calot which fits very clofe to the head, a purple coloured
worftcd cap, furroundcd by a blue and white ftripcd
turban, a leather girdle, and red or black fhocs. They
have no ftockings, and never uncover their heads.

" Hefides the vows of chaftiry, obedience and poverty,
they likewife make that of never eating any flcfti meat
in the convent, but farting all the year except Saturdays,
Sund.iys, and Eafler. They fing their fervice ftanding,
and leaning on a ftick called Taunt, which is formed
like a T. At midnight they go into the church, deep
in their clothes on mats of (traw, and before they go tu
reft, proftrate thcmfelves 150 times on the ground, with
extended arms. At each prollration, which they call
a penance, they make the lign of a crof^. Six of thefe
friars wear the Afi^im, or angelic drefs : it is ni.ule of
very loft leather and like a pcUum ; but bccaufe this drefs
obliges thole that wear it to make grcatir aufteritics, (in
p.irticul.ir they muft at leaft make 3C0 proftrations every
evemng before they go to bed) the abhut never gives it
to any but whom he fuppolls c.ipahle of undergoing fueh
h;ird(liips. Thefe monks are viry fuperftitious aiid^igno-
rant. 1 know not whether they ftriiSHy adhere to the rules
of which they promife the obli.rv,ince, on being admitted
as members of the order j but fo much I know, that moft
of them walk- their time in fcarch of the philofopher's
(bine, or writing bills which they pretend will cure the
fick. They get their provifion from the vill.ige of Buftia
on the weftern fliore ot the Nile."

Not far from the convent of St. Anthony is that of St.
Paul, which the Copti call the Tyger convent, from a
fuppofition that thofe animals made the tomb of that
faint. The principal building is a quadrangle, but much
lefs than that of St. Anthony. The chuVch (of which
it is laid the cavern where St. Paul did penance makes a
part) is J2 feet long and 14 bro.ad, and is very light.
The walls are orn.amentcd with paintings, and on tlul
p.iit wlure the altar is fixed are the remains of a Greek
mfcription, but fo imperfect as not to be intelligible.
The garden is planted with many fruit-trees, particularly
vines i and the friars plant as many kitchen herbs here
as thofe do belonging to the garden of .'it. Anthony.
About forty yards from the monaftery is a rock whicli
fupplies it with a large fountain of water. The monks
here arc 14 in number ; among them arc five priefts, two
of whom wear the angelic drefs, and the reft are lay-
brothers.

On the f.imc fide of the Nile with the village of
Benefocf is another called Monfalut. It is a fort of ca-
pital, whofe mofques give it a beautiful appearance : and
it is the fee of a Copti bifhop. The adjacent country
is very fertile, and abouitds with a great variety of fruit
trees.

The village of Siouth contains fcveral handfome

mofques, and is the rendezvous of thofe who go with

the caravan that fcts out from hence to Nubia, ifhi!

village it fituatcd about two_ miles from the river, In a

i S very

- ■«li

■1

R' ■!! I

K.^:

i'#^

ift

43S

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

very plcafant part of the country ; and by the fide of it
is a large lake which is filled 'from the Nile by a ca-
nal, oMi which there is abridge of three high (lothic
arches. A calbif refidcs here, who is governor of the
province ; and there is a biftiop» with about 500 Chri-
Itiaiis. Their church is three iniles from the village,
among a parcel of hills, in which arc cut great numbers
of grottos.

Aboutiteflie is a large village on the fame fide of the
Nile with Siouth, and has fome mofques. It is a bilhop's
fee; and is fuppofcd to be the Hypfele of the antients.

Farther up the Nile, on the calt fide, is the village of
Akmin, which is very large, and .idorncd with fevcral
niofques. Here are the remains of two temples, conlllt-
ing of ftoncs 20 feet long and 10 feet broad ; all of which
are painted, and full of liieroglyphics. On one llone there
is a Greek infcription of four lines, of which the fiill
and laft are almoll totally, and the others partly defaced.
The Copti have a convent here, and there is alfo an hol-
pital belonging to the Congrcgatio dc Propagand,;.

At the foot of a mountain, to the call of this vilhige,
is the monafteiy of St. Senodius. It is built of free-lione,
and of an oblong quadrangular; it is 1 jo feet long, 20
feet broad, and 50 feet high, and has a cornice that goes
quite round it. Its gre.itell fides have two rows of ?.i
xvindows each, all doled up ; on the other fides there
arc only nine windows in each row ; on the wed fide
Wvie formerly five doors, but they are now all cloGJ up,
and the entr.uiee to tlic monaitery is by a little doulili
door on tiie fouth fide, whole leaves are covered with
iron pl.itcs. The church is quite dec.iyed, but there an
fliU fourteen columns in it, fome of iIdiic and the relt ol
bricks, covered with pypl'um, and which fupport the
ceiling. The choir, which isprefirved, ct'Mtains three
altars, but hath not any thing remarkable. Only three
monks inhabit this convent, and they have \er) wretched
h.ibitations. There is likewife a deep and wide well in
it, wi.ofc w.ittr nfes and falls like the Nile, though the
convin! is above three mile> from the river. However,
this rifing and falling of the water, which the monks
and the C'opii look upon as a miracle wrought by Diof-
corus whilll he fi.iid .n liiis monalhry, arifes from a
communication wiii. a canal, which gets its water from
the Nile, and 10 •. 'viJi s this w.ll with it. 'This, and
the tvv'o mona.tcr = of St. Anthony am' St. Paul, uu
the two cleaiiliell in Uiij.er I'gypt.

The next place we >.onie to is the town of dirge, or
Tfiliirfthe, which is the capital of Upper T4,vpt, and
the relidencc of till Hey. It is ab'jut a qu.ut. r of .1 mile
from the riicr, ..iid tolerably large, being at leall two
miles in cireunilerence : the houles an- n. ,jneral fpaei-
^>u^, and chi.fly built of hard brick ; .jui oiere arc fever.il
haiidfome molqu^s belonging to the lurks. It i.-. allii
the fee of a Copti biftiop, and the I ithers Dc Propa-
gaiiila have an hofpital heie, wiun they maintain thi 111-
iilMS by their practice of pii)fK, th.it renders thiin
ufeful to the Turks. ^Vhen the Hey of CJirgc has am
thing to communicate to the chief of the Ar.ibs from thi
Divan at Cairo, he fends them word that they are t.i
come to him. 1 hey imnicdialily lend one of their num-
ber with 2CC0 horfemen to a certain place delHiud lor
thofc interviews : thefe troops fiiim a ling round the Hev,
who is attended by a train eoiifilfing only of twelve pi i
fons ; and after the interuew is over, c.uh returns lo his
own home.

The Milage of Gau is fitiiated on the caftern fide of
the Nile, and was once very laigc, but a confide rable
part of it has been w.ifhtd away by the tiveiflowings of
that liver. Here are 14 columns prefervcd llaiuiinL',
and full of hieroglyphical figures. At fome didance from
the village are m iny fc.ittered coffins e lit in (lone, which
the tr.ivellrrs make ufe of as troughs or cilKrns to w.Uer
th^ir horfes at i and there is alfii a cidollal (Kitiie of loek
(lone, but it IS greatly disfigiued. y\t the fiK<t nf the
mountain are m.my ijuairies, tlie ftoncs of wlilch are
ivhite, and have a fine polifh.

About fcven mile* fiom Gau, on the fime fieic of the
Nile, is the \illage of K.tidy, the refidencc of a (heik of
the fame name. This village is fam'iiis throughout
I'-gypt on account of a fiiake, of which the people relate
many ftrange and miraculous denies ; and fome of them
bclievf it to be the devil, bajiilhed into the mountains of
Vppcr £gypt by tlie iingel Raphael. Uf thi» luakc, a

celebrated writer has fiirniflied us with the following p.u-
ticulafs : " Tlu Iheik, fays he, keeps this ferpent in his
polielfion, as his predecclVors have done befijre him time
immemorial. It is two feet long,' and about au incl»
thick ; the (kin is fmooth and reddllh ; it plavs with.
thofe who take it in their hands without doinc them the
lead hiirm, and twines about their arms aiul legs. It is
fingular, that it likes women more than me.n, iuid when it
fees a wemian, will creep up to her neck, and get inti>
her bofom. They allow it this liberty, as it is believed
to be an angel. In honour of this ferpent, they hold ai»
annual felHval. 'The people on this occafion meethe;e
freim 60 miles round, and they flock in fuch muiibers-,
and gi^e In many alms, that above 60 oxen and 20c flieei>
are killed to give them a meal. 'They relate many LiMe-,
of this fiiake, which is perfetHy well taught to do its
part. 1 w.is told that the iheik could cut it in pieces .ic
ni'^ht, and be fure to find it whole and lound the next
morning. From curiofity, I alkcd him whether it was
true that he could do fo, and on his anfwering in the
affirmative, I offered him 10 zecchini to perform this
miracle befiiru me, but \»'ith this conditicm, that 1 fiiem.d
keep the piee-es of the fiiake till thiy united i'gaiii, aii.l
that if this (lid not happen at the proper time, 1 diouKl
neit be obliged to pay him. But he would 1101 a;^ie:e to it,
aiiel his exe-iile v*-as, thai the angel (for thus he ealLd thii
ferpent) would be provoked by luch a ban-aiii.''

Notwithllanding ilie abluid notions the people here
entertain o( this feipent, yet it is reinaikible that thev
cm handle the'fe leptih s without receiving the lead iiijuiv,.
•IS is ee iiK \1 by tile fi>l'iOwing p.^rlicuUirs, related by an-
other writer, no Icfs celebrated than the above. la
writing an .iccevimt of his travels while in F.yypt, he-
lays, " I am now going to iiilorm you of lomethiiig
wliieh I loeik upon as very curious j but I aliiiie you the
thing is lo ania/.iiig, that hud I not had oeciil.ir deiiion-
dration of the l.ict, 1 would not prelumc to relate it to
vou.

One morning as 1 was looking for fomcthing in our
warehoufe^, tlie Ibois of which arc of fimd, 1 obferved
in feveriil jiaitsof them the traces of ferpents, which gaver
me fiune uneafinefs, led at any time I fhould be hurt by
ihein. I conliilted our druggcrman about it, who toKl
iiic to make mylelf entirely ealy, for he knew an Fgvp-
tian who cemld catch them by a charm. I communi-
cated this to Mr. F H , who, like ine, waniej

faith to hi li'.ve tlut any mortal had power te> do any fiieli
thing. I he dnriffTman lent tor the man, an J as 1 fiif-
peetiel he nii'dit bring t;. me ferpents with him, and pri-
vately I'.t them I'jofi', and td 11 catch them again in our
pnftiic' i I propjf d that the charmer, before ae bi'gm,
ll.'iiild b liipt to Ins bud'; this was agreed to be done.
\Vc led liiin into a coml-yard where the warelioiifi'>i
dood ; but before hi went into either of thc:ii, he fixed
Ills eve- towards the (kv, and muttered fomcthing unin-
telligible to us ; this ihnK-, lie went into one ol the w.ue-
heiiites. and with a diort and Header diek of a d.itc-tiei,
111- h.id in his h iiul, hi pointed to the leiof, and uttered
fomothing with a loud voice, at tlic fame time danipin:;
hard on the greiund : as l«oii as he had done this, he loUl
us tlitie h.ul been ferpents thef, but were gone. He
I then vviiit iuto another warehoufe, and after doing the
i'.ime a^ he' h.ul ilmie in the fird, he laid, there was a
ferpent f me where in the walls; which were of loofe
dunes, very thiek and much decayed. Here he repeated
his charm ; and preliiitly a very larjf; ferpent came out
of the w.ill, and ilopprd ; but the charmer, who dood in
the fiiiJille of the warthoulic, uttered fiime more jargon
with very great vehemence, and the ferpent c.ar.e to hi-i
feet ; he took it up in his hand as unconcerned as thoii.'h
it h.ul been only an eel. In the fame manner he catehcd ai;-
other among fiiine ruins in the yard. We examined the
lerpents, luid found they h.id theic teeth ; for I allure
you. Sir, we were (o much aniazed, that we could
li.irdiv believe oilr eyes. We gave him ;{0 paras for his
trouble, and he went away quite fatisficd."

To Kirroborate the above, we fhall fubjoin the tefti-
mony of the learned Dr. Hafii'lqnid, whei, in his travels,
fpi'..king of the people eif Kgypt, fays, " Thi y take iht"
mod poifonous vijHis with eir bare, hands, pl.iy with
ihcin, put them in their bofoms, and ufc a gieai many
more tricks with them, as 1 have often feen. 1 havi-
frtquciuly i'cen thiin handlu \ij)ers tlut were tiiicx- ui

fv>ur

AFRICA.]

E G Y P T.

four feet Ion;;, aiiJ of the mod horrid fort. I enquired
and examined whether they hud cut out the vipers poi-
fonous teeth; but 1 have with my own eyes feen they do
not : we may therefore conclude that there are to this
day pfilli (that is, perfons who arc capable of fallinating
or taming ferpents) in Egypt ; but what art they ufe is
not cafdy known. Some people arc very fuperllitious,
and the generality believe this to be done by fome fuper-
natural power, which they obt.iin from invifible beings.
I do not know whether their power is to be afcribed to
good or evil ; but I am perfuadcd that thofe who under-
take it ufe many fuperlVitions." He afterwards fays,
" he had vipers of four different forts brought him by a
female pfilli, who put him, together wiin the French
cciiful Lironcourt, and all the French nation profent, in
confternation. They gathered about us to fee how (he
handled the mod poii'onous and dreadful creatures, alive
and brifk, without their doing, or even offering to do her
the lead harm. When flie put them into the bottle where
they were to be preferved, ilie took them with her bare
hand, and handled them as our ladies do their laces. She
had no difficulty with any but the vipertt offcinaUs,
which were not fond of their lodging. They found
means to creep out before the bottle could be corked.
They crept over the hands and bare arms of the woman,
without occafioning the lealt fear in her : flie, with great
calmncfs, took the fnakes from her body, and put them
into the place delliiied for tlieir grave. She had taken
thefe f( rpcnts in the field with the fame eafc flic handled
them before us ; this we were lold by the Arab who
brought her to us. Doubtlefs this woman h,id fome >"\-
known art which enabled her to handle thefe creatures.
It was impolllble to get any information from her; for
on that fubjccl (he would not op.n her lips. The art of
fafciiuting ferpents is a fecret amonjit the Kgyptians.
It is worthy the endeavours of all naturaliils, and the
attention of every traveller, to le.irn foincthing dccifive
relative to this affair. H'lw antitnt this ait is among the
Africans may be concluded from the antient iMarii and
Pfylli, who were from .^hio.i, and d.iilv fliewid pioof'-
of it from Rome. It is very remarkable that this ihould
be kept a fecret for more than 2coo years, being known
only to a few, when we have feen how many other
fecrets have within that time b-'cn revealed. 'I'he cir-
cumftance relating to the fafciiiation of ferpents in Kgypt,
related to me, were principally, i. That the art is only
known to certain f.lmilic^, who propagate it to their ofl-
fpring. 2. The peiinn who knows how to fifcinate fer-
pents, never meddles with other [Hjifonous animals, furh
as fcorpions, li^ard^, &c. There are different perfons
who know how to fal'einate their latter animals ; and
fhey again never meddle wilh firpents. 3. Thofe that
fafcinate ferpents, ..,. them both raw and boiled, and
even make broth of them, which they very commonly
life ; but in particular they eat fuch a difh when they go
out to catch them. I have cmii been told, th.it ferpents
fiicd or broiled are fie(iueiitly ;;te by the Arabians, both
in Kgypt and Arabia, though they know not how 10
faf'.inate them, but take them cither alive or dead. 4.
After they have ate their foup, they procure a blelTing
from their flieik (prieft or lawyer) who ufes fome fuper-
llitious ceremonies, and amongff others, fpits on them
feveral times, with certain gelhircs. 'This matter of
getting a blclTing from the prielt is purely fuperllitious,
and cert.iiiily cannot in the leall help to fafcinate the fer-
pents i but they believe, or at leall will endeavour to
p^rfuade others, that the power of fafcinating ferpents
depends ujw)!' this circumltance."

In the mountains, near tile village of Kridy, are to or
I ?. f( pulchral cavern*. There are alio many heaps of
ruins, which, according to the report of the Copti, are
the remaiiih of the antient town o| Irgy.

Dandera is a On ill ^•illJge, but viry pleafantly lituatcd,
it being enconipafled by continued lows of trees, which
produce all the various fruits to be met with in Kgvpt.

Nagadi is a large town, and, among othpr tJilices,
contains feveral fp.icious iiioftpies ; and the Cupti have a
bifliop, who coiillantly refutes here.

Ciniac is a name given toa v.ift extent of lountry to
the eaft of the Nile, where arc feen, in various places,
(oinc very confideiable ruins of buildings that wcie once
fpacioiis and magniticrnt.

£fnay is higher up (he livu', and \% a Utge place,

adorned with a very handlbmc mofque. It is the refi-
dence of an Arab flieik, and is fituated where the antient
Latopolis AooA i fome remains of which arc ftill to be
feen.

Edfu, or Ktfou, is the antient Apollinopolis, and is
fituated on the weilcrn fide of the Nile. Here is a fine
monument of antiquity well preferved, which has been
long converted into a citadel, occupied by the Turks.

Elfouan is alio lituatcd on the wcftern fide of the Nile,
and is the ancient Seyne, which was under the tropic of
Cancer. It is a poor (mall town, with a fort o( fortrefs,
or rather barrack for Janizaries, under their governor,
who has the command of the country. In this town,
as alio in i'li illand adjoining, are quarries of g anite,
and the remains of fome antient buildings. It is at this
place where the lirlt cataract on the Nile begins, above
which is the idand Giefirct Ell Heift", the I'hila; of the
antients, which is a defart, and quite covered with rocks
of granite. 'The borders of this idand are cut in the
form of a wall on the rock ; and within aie abundance
of colonades, buildings, and other magnificent anti-
quities.

At Debonde arc the ruins of feveral grand edifices ;
as alfo at Hindau, Sahdaeb, and Tcffa, where Egypt
ends, and Nubia begins. From thence up to Uerri ara
niany fmall villages, in fome of which are to be feen
feveral ruins of antiquity.

IJcrri is fituated on the caftern (hore of the Nile, iicar
the place where the river begins to direct its courfe to-
wards the weft. It is inhabited by a race of people called.
Uarbarins, who are a poor niilerablc tribe, and live
chiefly by plunder. 'The llope of the fli jrj of the Nile
here is in many places covered with lupines and radi(hcs,
the feed of which fervis for making oil.

The people of Uerri have frequent occafion to crofs
the Nile, in order to go to Ellbuan, hut as they have
not the convenience of canoes, they fiipply that defi-
ciency by various projedts, the moll dillinguiflied of
which, as defcribed by a modern writer, are as follow ;
'Two men fit upon a trufs of llraw, while a cow goes be-
fore Iwimming ; one of them holds in one hand the tail
of the cow, and v/ith the other directs a coid laftened to
the horns of the animal. The other man, who is lic-
hiikl, lleeis with a little oar, by means of which he keeps
.1 balance at the fame time. Another w.iy is, to crofs the
river with caiiids loaded in this manner: a man fwims
b< lore, holding the bridle of the firft camel in his mouth j
the feeond e.Miiel is falleiied to the tail of the firft, and
tlie third to the tail of the feeond: another man, fitting
on a trufs of llraw, brings up the rear, and takes care
th.at the feeond and third camels follow in a row. A
third way is this : tliey put themfelves a-llraddlc upon a
gieat piece of wood, alter having placed their cloaths
over their heads In form of a turban. They alfo faftcn
to it their allagaye or dart ; thiy afterwards make ufe of
their arms as oars, and by this means crofs the river
without much difliculty, or any danger from the cu-
eodiles.

Having thus giv .1 an account of the .antient and mo-
dern Kate of Egypt, we (hall now proceed to dcfcribe
its inhabitants, with fuch other particulars as are ncccf-
fary to be obferved relative to this antient kingdom.

S E C T. IV.

Of the Pcyfom, Milliners^ Cu/loms, Hal/its Uft: cf tht
Egyptians.

EGYPT is inhabited by v..rions people, viz. Arabs,
Moors, Copts or Coptis, 'Turks, (irecks, Jews
Franks, &c. And thefe fo materially differ in their per-
fons, habits, manners and cuffoms, that a peculiar defcrip-
tion of each is necelVary.

The 'Turks are tall, well made, finely featured, fair,
and drelled after the Aliatic fafliion.

The Arabs arc a fin.dl fwarthy |>eople, and refide in
tents fc:itlcred about the country in a circular form, which
they remove as inclination prompts or necelliiy requires.

'The Moors are almoft as fwarthy as the Arabs, and
in every other particular rclcmblc the Moors of the B»r-
bary flati s.

The (ireeks arc in every particular like thofe of the
Levant, the Jews in all things refemble thole who refidc
iti the other part* of Africa, uid the Franks may be cha-

rai5lcrizctf

;' ^i:

!■!

i«i I

440

A Ni:V^ COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

raclerized fiom the different ii;itk'iis from whence they
come.

Hut the Copts or Coptis, who arc the real Egyptians,
being the ilcritiKliints of the original inhabitants of the
country, are a very ill favourcil, bad (haped, flovcnly,
effemii'iati', nady p^-joplc. 'I'lu'V arc dilagrecablcto the
beholders in thcnil'chts, and rocoive no manner of ad-
dition from thi'ir drcis for if the latter is ever fo good,
they put it on fo awkwardly and wear it fo clumfily as to
appear vny ridirul'nis to other people. Hut the beildrefs
cannot be long decent with thefe people, as thry fre-
quently ulb thi-ir Ions; llccves not onlv to wine their hands
and mouihs after meah', but to blow their nofcs on .at
other times.

But as evil communication corrupts jood manners, we
find that llie other people already dclcrihcd, when they
have a long tiiiie rcfidcd in this country, infenfibly give
w.w to the bad cultoms of thr ori;;inal natives, and by de-
eras adopt thcdifagacaMc and obnoxious qu.dities of the
Coptis, for

Fxair,ple is aliviu;' law, whofe fv/ay
Men nuire than all the written laws obey.

'I'hi> obfervation is eonfiinuil bv a noble writer, who
fiivs " Ktl<niinacy and inac'cion arc peculiar to the
Eavptians j and though this kingdom is no niorc than a
(h.alow of what it was heretofore, \ ct the pinplcs notions
.ui. the Inme a-^ ever. They ate idolizers of fcads, love
niufic, ihews and danclii ■, wen to excels ; and the mo-
dern Kgvptiaii^ \ le with the anticnts in the ilate of every
thing that may be an agn.iaMe eiitertaiinncnt lo the fcnies.
It i» almolt inipollible to be long accpiainted with them
without calthmg tluir hunv.iu^ and manners. The
Turks, who arc nauiiallvol a feiious and phlegmatic tem-
per, b; degrees loie Ibmi what of thtir gravity. Bcfides
this, luch an influence has the climate of this country
on the inhabitants, that lliouji the Turks are brave and
martial, the children they get here bcc< nic cowardly,
like the other Kgvptians who are, to the lart degree,
poltroons. Therefore all [nrl'Mis born in Kgypt are by
the laws thcmfelves excluded from military ports; and
though, by a fpecial favour, the children of the Turks
have a privilege of being common foldiers, yet this right
docs no extend bcvond the lecond generation. And all
the militia that theCirand Seignior keeps up in Egypt are
recruited by the lurks that are fcnt from the European
«nd Afiatic provinces. This dcg( iier icy, owing to the
air of the country, makes the people of quality glad to
nii.x their blood with that of (oreigtiers -, for men as well
as an-imals decline in Egvpt, from one gem ration to ano-
ther. The horfcs here, liv degrees, lole their fpced, the
lions their iliength .md courage, and the very birds are
inferior to thofe of other countries."

Jiefides the piople already mentioned among the inha-
bitants of Egypt, there are two Ibrts of a peculiar kind,
the firft of v/hoin arc called the Erta.blifhed Bedouin^, and
the latter the Wanderug Bedouins. The former live
in villages, and are to be conf'.iered as pcafints of the
country. The \V .ulerinc ikdouins lead the fame life
as the aniient patri.>rchs) t'lcy live under tents, upon the
milk of their cattle, aid ftiift their habitation for the
convenience of pallure : thcv always encamp in places
where they can ealily come at water ; f mie take up their
refidence mar lh« mountaiju, and others retire to places
before uninhabited.

A celebrated Ercnch writer has given us a veiy plcaf-
ing dtfcription of thefe people, with ingenious reflcdlioii'-
cn their manner of life aiul contempt of worldlygran-
<leur i whirli, as nutters of entertainment, we fliall l.iy
before our reader'.

" I'lie Bedouins, fiys he, arc fonder of their rural
lil'c than the c< urtirrs are of the pageantry and buftic of
a pabcr. With ihem the golden aee ii llill in being ;
their ca.ttle not only furnini tlv.m with the nxdl: -lelicious
di(hes of meat, but alli> provide for their other occafions.
The wool of their fliccp fuflices to clothe them, for they
make a Itufl' with it which dcfmds them fmin the inju-
rici of the air. They look upon thofe *o be m.admen, who
huild imnienle palaces, and yet think they live in a nar-
row conipal's. Do not cares aiul ]H'rplex;ties, fiy they,
inhabit in thofe (lately buildings? If man ha. no more
content nor fatiklactlun in thole tlian \vc have under

our tents, why fliould we be at the trouble of bulldin'
them ? "

" The Bedouins have no need to afllmble their gcn'--
ral Uaics for preferving their liberty; for tin ' "e i,,,
difputes, no civil war; they find pafiurc .,,1 „ater
wherever they go, and that is their beil tretilure, their
indurtry and frugality furnilhing them with every thin"
cllii'. 'I'hey have no dift'erence about religion, no wrang-
ling doctors aiul ilivines; they pafs their lives without
Ixing diltuibed by the rage of oppofite parties, alvv-avs
ready to ir.urjer one another. Thefe happy people li.u..-
no tent encompallcd with ditches, guarded by Ibldiers
and let apart for the confinement of prifonen of (late :
they make it n.) crime for their brother to think ditftr-
cntiy from themfelves ; but they have every one the
Ivlierty always of praying to the De.tv in the'l'urkilh
Arabic, Perlian, or even the French language.

" An enemy, were he ever (b potent, w'ould not be
able, with the alTillance of a ferap of paper e)btjined bv
the favour of a Bedouin minilter, to ge-t an order for a
private man to quit his tent, his family, and his flock,
and to repair to the cemfines of Ethieipia, there to (lav
till further ordepj. A Bedouin mufti does not go with a
guard of foldiers from one tent tei another, to get a liib-
(cription lo the confeffion of the Mahometan faith, driwii
up in a ll't form of wends, wherein all the virtue of it
confills.

" Counfcllor-, attornirs, folicitors, the f.-veral de-
grees of jurildidion, fubaltern, inferior and liivereign,
are unkneiwn to the happy Bedouins. A fuit of law be-
tween two perlbns never lafts above twenty-four hour.--,
tor the eildelt man of the tribe gives his decifion of uie
matter in queltion on the (pot.

" i'hefe people are ignorant of ediits and new re-
gulations for the riling or falling the value of inonev :
never diKs a Ikdeiuin go to bed with an hundred thou-
land crowns in his pocket, and rife not worth a ptnnv.
'I'he moft he lofes l^ a (heep, perhaps, which a wedf
may run away with in the night. He pays no tax at
cemiing into the world, nor any thing at going out."

Such is the defcription given of tticfe people by the
above writer ; from which it appears, that if happinefs
is in any degree to be poflcfled by mankind, the Be-
douins niulf be allowed to have a nu'ift ample (hare of it.
I'heir minds are not diflurbed by worldly pomp ; they
are llrangeis to avarice, and think of no other cnjov-
meiits than what relult from p\ire nature.

Some of the Bcdeiuins, however, are not quite fo dif-
inteielled ; for an Engliflt traveller who was lately at
Alexaiulria, informs us of an anccdeite which was com-
municated to him by a gentleman of th? French failory
there.

" This gentleman (fays he) told me, that two winters
ago, a Bedouin came and fliewed him fomething, whieh
on examination proved to be a piece of ice, a thing not
found in an age in this place. Mr. Robolv, pleafed
with the fight eif what he had not feen fince he left
France, oftered the value of a (hilling for it ; hut the
Bedouin imagining it to be a precious (lone, difd.iiiuel
his ofler, and wrapping it carefully in a i.ig, went away
in quell of a better bidder. He met an acquaintance
and opening the rag to (lirw him what he had found,
was furpriled to tiiul if, and his imagin.irv jcvvcl, wet ;
and in order to diy lliem, he laid them in the fun-fliine
on a large (lone. But how great w.e; his fuiprile when
he f.iw his jewel grow lefs and Icfs. He invoked Maho-
met, called every Turk that paffcd to look .it this inir,.-
culoiis alfair, which in a very ftiort time deprived hlin
of his jewel, and left him nothing hut the rag. "

Wiih rrfpeet to thj drefs of the E_vpiian ;, in com-
mon it is a liuig (hirt with wide llceves ; it hangs alniolb
to the greiuiid, and is tied about the middle : encr this
the vulgar wear a brown woollen fhirt, and people of a
fupcrieir condition, a long cloth coat ; and theiUhcle is
covered by a blue frock, except tipem public iKcafion»,
when a white frock is fubllituted. In the Lower Egypt
inde-ed, inllcad eif the blue frock, a black woollen one is
fomelimcs worn, whieh, when lefl open before, is called
a tcrijce. I'cople of rank have thefe iip|K'r garmeiils made
of fine cloth, and ornamented with fur. 'I'he Ceiptis
and Arabs always wear large (leeves ; but the I'uiks
only wear l.Tge (leeves upon public eice.ifions ; at other
times their (leeves arc Im.U and clofe. 'I'lic people in

geiieial

:of buililui^j

e their gcn--

;lu- ' , . i; 110

i; ■■! .! .vatcr

rc;ilure, their

:i tvi-ry thiiij

I, no wr;iii|;-

livcs without

irtii-s, nlw".ivs

y pciiple li;ivc

li liy IbUliiTs,

IRTi of l|-.\tc :

) think ilirttr-

ivtry one the
the Turkilli,

igc.

would not he

r olitjincil hv

n order for ;i

md his flock,
there to ihiv
not go with .\
to get a fub-

n mith, driwii

le virtue of it

:hc n.-vcral de-
ad fovereign,
fuit of l;iw lie-
ty-four hours,
decifion of UK-

s ;ind new re-
luo of moncv :
hundred thou-
A'orlh a penny,
whieli A wolf
pays no tax it
t goln'» out."
; p'.'ople hy the
lat if happinefs
ikind, the He-
ple (hare of it.
ly pomp ; thi y
o other enjoy-

ot quite fo dif-

was lately at

hieh was coni-

I'^vnth failory

lat two winters

lething, whielt

re, a thin^ not

joiiolv, pleafed

11 fincc he left

[or it ; but thj

one, difdainul

ig, went away

li .ic.jjaintantc

he had found,

iry jeivcl, wil ;

|n the fun-fliine

furprife when

nvcked Maho-

ik at thih mir..-

Ic deprived him

ag. ••
Itians, in corn-
it lungs alniolV
Idle . over this
lid pLoplc of a
lid tlio^hole is
JiMic occafion«,
1' !,owcr Kgypt
1 wodlUii one is
lefore, is called
Igarinents made
'I'he Coptis
lilt the 'I'luks
llions J at oilier
\ The people in
gciiciul

AFRICA.]

EGYPT.

441

general wear drawers, but the n\a\ do not tuck the fliirt
or under garnunt inU) them, though the women do. Some
of the Turks, oicr their linen drawers, wear another
pair made of red cloth, but the latter reaches to the an-
kles, and beneath iheni yellow locks arc worn.

The Arabs and Kgvptians wear red leather flippers,
but the Turks and Chnltians in general ufe wooden fan-
dais within iloors, and (hoes or llippers, made after the
falhion of their rcfpeetive countries, when they go abroad.
The diels of the head and feet of this country is the
peculiar charaiSteriltic of the dift'eient people ; as all are
liable to be fined who traiifgrel's the eitablilhed cuftoni.
Pococke fays, the head drefs is a high Ifiti'capi with a
long piece ofmuflin wound round it, which is all toge-
ther called ihe Turban by Europeans ; but inferior peo-
ple, in(h-ad of the turban, wear a red woollen cap that
comes cUiCe to the head, under which they wear a little
white linen (kull cap. The fa(h wound round the head
is the great dilfinctioii, and none but the rehitions of ^la-
honicl are permiited to ufe green ; other people of rank
wear white, middling p^'ple brown, and the lower ranks
of all go without any fa(h round their caps. Of the
Mamaluk drels we .have the following account.

The true Mamaluk drefs is the (hort garment above-
mentioned, put nto ilieir gr.at red tiowfers, which are
tied roiinu the h g at each ankle, the foot being left bare ;
and they wear the i. it of fhocs ufed by the Arabs when
they ride. In other lefpects they drels like the Turks ;
and this is the drels of the flaves, as alfo of many of the
gie.it men, when they are not in a drefs of ceremony.

The girdle round tiie waift is made either of filk, mo-
hair or woollen, and in this a knife in its flieath is ufually
fhiek. The Coptis wear a large blue cloth round their
necks, with which they cover their heads, as a fecurity
tithcr againlt cold, rain or fun. Some of the Arabs,
and native Mahometans, cover thenilelves in winter with
a large brown blanket, and in fummer with a blue or
white cotton Ihcet, which they wear as a furtout, put-
ting one corner bcfoie over the left (houlder, and then
bringing it under the right arm ; the left flioulder and
body being by thefe means covered, and the right arm
left bare for aittion.

The drefs of the Turkidi women here, like the drefs
of the women in Tuikey, differs but little from that of
the men, except in being rather (horter, and the under
garments made of filk. Their hair is likewifc plaited,
and their heads bound with an embroidered handkerchief,
which encircles a white woollen (kull-cap. The com-
mon Egyptian women, or C.'optis, wear a large linen or
cotton blue garment, like a furplice, with a kind of bib
before their luces, which is joined to the head drefs by a
tape over the note, the intermediate (pace being for them
to fee through. The fuperior fort wear a piece of gauze
over their (aces, and a large black veil to cover their
bodies. " The women in fome of the villages on the
banks of the Nile (fays a late traveller) wear a ring in
their nol'es, about the circumference of a half-crown
piece, cUimlV br.ieelets of filver, ivory, or iron, round
their wrids and ankles, and large heavy ear-iings of me-
tal or ijreat beads. Their whole clothing is no more
than a long blue ihil't, and a veil of the fame, with win-
k'e-holcs cut in it to fee through. They go into the
r.vcr up to their middle to fill their pitchers, which they
carry on their head to their cottages, and fometimes are
devoured by croeodiles while they are tilling thcni."

With regard to the bracelets worn for ornaments in
Egypt, Ionic are made ot dd fin ly jointed, others of
(ilver or bral's wire, and a eummon lort are majiufadurcd
of pLiin iron.

In the cities of Egypt, niofl ehildren go entirely naked
during the fumnn r, as many in ilie villages do all the
year round, for this rcafon, that they have no cloaths to
wear.

The lower kind of women paint iluir lips and the tip
of the chill blue; the belter iurt dye their finger nails
and their feet yelloiv, and colour their eye-lid., with black

lead i but both, with a defign lo render tlienifeives a»-
traiilive, take great pains to make their appearance fiight-
fully hiileous, at hall U) (Irangers.

No women go bare-f.iccd, but fiich as, tor a UibfilK
ance, fing, d.incf!, or play mion fome iiirtruinenf ibnut
ihellrcetsi and common prollitutes, who arc her . I ccn-
I'vd, and pay u coiil'idcrablu tribute.

We cannot conclude die article of drefs better thaii
with an cxtraifl from a letter lately written by an Jlnglifl)
gentleman at Cairo to his friend in London : " As at
Grand Cairo (fays he) no Frank wears his own country

drefs, Mr. and myfelf have had our hair cut ofl^

thrown alidc our European garments, cloathed ourfelves
like Turks, and in order to be quite complete, have been
letting our whiflcers grow ever fince we left Smyrna. I
find thel'e garments rather troublefome at prcfent parti-
cularly when I go up ftairs with any thing in my hands,
as I then tread on the bottom of my caftan. The next
morning after my metamorphofing, I was obliged to get
one to aililf in diciring me, but can now do it eafily my-
felf. I am at piefent free from many articles I ufcd
before this mutation, as buckles, {lockings, garters,
fleeve-buttons, ruffles, flocks, cravats, hats, great coats,
and walking-iiicks."

The Coptis in general are grofly ignorant ; a few
indeed can read, write, and call accounts ; but if any
one goes farther in literature, he is deemed a miracle of
learning. The Arabs feldom know even how to read,
and the native Mahometans very rarely, unleft they have
been bred up to the law. What is very fingular is, that
the moll intelligent and beft educated people in this coun-
try are the flaves, who can read and write, are expert in
arithmetic, and underftand the Arabic, Turkifti, and
Coptic langii.-iges. This proceeds from the lazinefs of
the matters, who being too indolent to attend to bufinefs,
or infpeift their own affairs, generally purchafe flaves
who have been properly educated, to officiate for them,
and fuperintend their bufinefs both at home and abroad.

The Egyptians in general are a treacherous people,
ungrateful to their friends, inhuman to their relations,
laithlefs to llrangers, and falfc to their words. If they
can cheat you by ftratagem they will, if not they attempt
it openly j and either accufe you publickly of having
comniitted fome crime, or of owing them money j and
thofc who prefide in the courts of judicature arc fo venal,
that for a trifling bribe they will give judgment in favour
of the accufer, though feiifible that the accufation is un-
jutt J of which the following is a remarkable, though
not a fingular inftance :

A worthy French merchant who had long refided in
this city, uled every day during lome years to take a fo-
litary walk. A poor Turk ilwid to alk alms in the way
this gentleman palled, and received daily of him a para,
by way of charity. At length the merchant finding his
bufinefs decrcafe, "'termined to quit Alexandria and re-
turn to Erancp , acre he fettled, and remained nine
)eara ; at the ■ .,.. ration of which, fome genteel offer*
were m.idc to ii.iuce him to fettle again in AI<;xandria.
He accepted the:., and returned. According to his for-
mer cuftom, he went to take his old walk, in which he
law the Turk mendicant he had fo often relieved, anJ
olicred him a para, which lie refufed, and faid, " Sir,
you are fome hundreds in my debt." Thf gentleman
affronted at this infolence walked on, and aetermined
never more to give him any thing. The next day the
merchant was ordered to appear before the cadi, when
the beggrr declared he owed him as many para;, as there
were days in nine yeass, (the time of the merchant's ab-
fence. ) The cadi defired the mendicant to explain the
nature of the debt, which he did as follows; " during
this gentleman's firfl refidence in this city, I conftantly
received a para a d.iy of him, and on this accouiU, .looked
on myfelf as his penfioner, and depended on my penfion ;
but he afled very unjullly by me in abfenting himfelf
nine years, without firft leaving a fund fufficient for the
payment thereof; but fate ha.s favoured me in bringing
him here again, and 1 doubt not but I (hall have jullicc
done me." The cadi declared that the beggar had a juft
light to the [KMifion in queftion, and ordered the mer-
chant to pay him up to that day, which he was obliged
'o comply with-

The ule of laudanum, which was formerly almod
general in Egypt, has declined greatly of late years, and
I (iieceeded by the cuftom of drinking ftrong waters.
When the cor.inion people cannot procure the latter, they
pound the leaves of green hemp, make a ball of it, ai)(f
Iw.illow it to make them chcarfiil.

I'he people in general are great believers in magic,

divination and fortune-telling; are fond of talifinans,

philtres, and charms; and firmly imagine that the eves

' 5 T ot

■

¥
t

H\m

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

44*

of fomc particular perfons, commonly called evil eyes,
have the power of fafciiiating, and doing great mif-
chief.

The late Dr. Smolkt in fpcaking of Egypt fays, " It
was from hence that the vagrant race called Gypfics came,
and difpcrfed themfelves into every kingdom of Europe
and Afia. They were originally called Zingances, from
their captain Zinganeus, who when fultan Selim made
a conqueft of Egypt about the year 15 17 refilled to fub-
mit to the TurJcifii yoke, and retired into the defarts,
where they lived by rapine and plunder, and frcipiently
Came down into the plains of Egypt, committing great
outrages in the towns upon the Nile, under the domi-
nion of the Turks. But being at length fubducd, and
banifhcd Egypt, they agreed to difperfe themfelves in
fmall parties into every country of the known world,
and as they were natives of Egypt, a country where
the occult fciences, or black art, as it was called, was
fuppofed to have arrived to great perfe<ftion, and which
in that credulous age was in great vogue with perfons of
;ill religions, and perfuafions, they found no difficultv
to maintain themfelves by pretending to tcH fortunes and
future events."

An ingi'nious gentleman who lately belonged to the
Englifli fadlory at Grand Cairo, gives the following en-
tertaining account of the remnants of the Gypfy race, as
they are now found in Egypt.

There are flill in Egypt a confider.ible nimiber of peo-
ple Itiown by the name of Gypfies, fome of which I
have niyftif ieen. Two of thefe peregrinators, both
females, came to the faftory I was at, and inquired whe-
ther any of us were defirous to be acquainted with future
events that would happen to us. Our cook and cham-
berlain, who were no lefs fupcrllitious than many in Eng-
land, bargained with them for two paras each, and I
doubt not, but reaped as much benefit from their prog-
noftications, as the credulous in Hritain do from fortune-
tellers there. Nothing can be more extravagant than
the notions thefe impollors nuike thofe they impofe up-
on believe ; always raking care to level their mumjnerv,
with the favourite defires of the people of the countrv.
Among many other wonderful events which our cook
was to have happen to him, the following were apart.
They made him believe, that whatever he fhould wifh
for, would certainly come to pafs ; that he would foon
beblefled with the pnfllflion of three beautifn' /es, and
a numerous train of concubines ; that he • .J be ex-
ceeding rich, and after fome time become ,..i Adgi. It
muft here be obferved, that the men in Egypt make
beauty only (not monev, which is never a point con-
lidcred) the material part of their choice of women, and
to be reckoned a pilgrim or faint, which is an Adgi,
one of their mofl \iltimate wifties. The eftlcf their ex-
travagant nnnfenfe had on the fellow, is fcarce credible ;
he became prfr.id, imperious, inlolent, and totally neg-
leiffed his bufiiiel's, nor w.is it poflible to continue him
longer in our fervice ■, he even rcfufed at different times to
adt fo much beneath his new e.xpeilted dignity, as to labour
in his employment: fo that it may with propriety be laid,
he was robbed both of his money and his fenfes at the
fame time. The drefs of thefe people differs much from
that of the reft of the inhabitants of this country. The
women in general go with their faces covered, but the
Gipfirs lca\( theirs naked as with us. In their ears they
wear long llrings of large beads, and at their back is a
kind of baT, in which they carry a black cat, which
while they are telling people their fortunes, creeps
up to their (houlder, and putting its head to their car,
is looked upon as their familiar. Though thea- arc
males among this order of people, yet they feldom ap-
pear at Cairo, but the caufc cannot cafily be afligned.
The vulgar (hew great reverence to thele wanderers,
and believe implicitly every thing they tell them, how-
ever cxtra\agant.

By a prophecy which it is faid they have amongft them,
ihcy bel eve that Egypt will again be under their domi-
nion ; and at the expiration of a certain time, the Turkifli
empire will he brought to nothing. Mr. Hill has fa-
voured us with this prophecy in Englifti verle, as follows :

" Years over years fliall roll,
" Ages o'er ages Hide,
- Before the world's controul,

•Shall check the Crefccnt's pride. '

Banifh'd from place to place,

Wide as the oceans roar.
The mighty (Jipfy race,

Shall vifit every Ihore.

But when the Iiumlrcd year

.Shall three times doubled be.
Then fliall an end appear

To all their flavery.

Then (hall the warlike powers

Krom dillant climes return,
Egypt ag.iin be ours.

And 'I'urkifh turrets burn.

Some of thefe fortune-tellers are very dextrous at breed-
ing up birds, who are taught to carry little fcrolls of
paper Inmi their mailers to thofc who come to enquire
what luck they fliall have ; and the good or bad fortune
is written therein, the truth of which the people inipli-
citlv believe.

I'he Turks in this country think themfelves far fupe-
rior to all the other Mahometans, and the Mahometans
in general fancy that all the Chrillians are much beneath
them. Erom thefe abfurd degrees of pride, good man-
ners and common ci\ ility are (ijldom preferved amoin- the
different orders of people. The mode of lalutation,
when any of thefe haughty gentry think proper to faliite
each other, is by ftretching out the tight hand, brimrinj-
it to the breaft, and a little inclining the head ; they thcii
kits the hand, and afterwards put it to the head. l!ut on
extraordinary occafions. Inch as when an inferior vilits
a liiperior, the former mult kil's the hand, or the hem of
the garment of the latter. The word made ulc of in thele
lalutations \spetue\ but this fimple word a Mahometau
cannot bo prevailed on to make ufe of to a Chrilfian.
With refpect to the Arab falutation, it is by joining the
hands, and bowing the head feveral times to the head of
him faluted.

At meals, the Turks make \\k of a low circular or
octangular ftotd inftead of a table ; under it a coloured
cloth is placed on the ground, and over it a kind of t.ablc-
cloth is Ipread, large enough to come into the lap of the
guells. To people of condition a napkin is given before
they eat, and another after they have done, previous to
their walhin'j. A copper di(h, tinned both within-fidc
and v( ith'iiit, is put on the ftool, round which bread,
pickles, fallads, &c. are placed. 'Chen two or tiiree
dilhes follow, to which the company either fit crolV-lcggcd
or kneel. The ufe of knives and forks is unknown %
and the ri;;ht hand onlv is empli>VLd at meals, with which
they tear the meat in a bcallly manner ; and the mailer of
the houfc ofti n throws large pieces to fuch of the guefts
as he would pay an exuaordinary compliment to. The
entertainment coiifills of two or three courfcs, and coffco
iminediatelv fuceeeds. The food confills of pilaw, fnups,
Iweet ragouts, ffewed diflies, pieces of meat cut fmall
and roafted, and dulma, which is any kind of vegetable
Ifuffed with forced-meat. The inferior feivants, who arc
not (laves, eat what is left ; but the fl.ives have a meal of
the coarl'efl kind of food pro; ided on purpofe for them.
Ihe Arabs, for their own family, ufe only a (kin by
way of table-cloth, which they fpread upon the ground ;
but when thev have company, a coarfe woollen cloth is
fublHtuted, when whole (hecp and lambs, boiled or
roafted, are let before the guefts ; and as foon as one
company has done, another falls to, till all ii coii-
lumcd.

IJi . Pococke fays, " an Arab prince will often dine in
the Ifreet, before his door, and call to all that pafs, even
beggars, who fit down to the repafl ; for the Arabs are
great levellers, put every body on a footing with them,
and maintain their intcrcft by fuch gencrofity and hofpi-
tality ; but the middling people among them, and the
Coptis, live poorly. At a Turkilh vllit, a pipe is im-
mediately brought, and coffee ; if it is a vilit of c^re-
inony, Iweetme.ats with Ihe coffee ; afterwards a (herbet;
and thin, according to the dignity of the perfon, incenfr
and roll-w.iter to perfume, which is a genteel way of
difmifling the company. If any one goes to the houie or
tent of an Arab, buad is immediately made, and they
Ic-rve four milk, fried eggs, and oil to dip the bie.id in,
a fait cheifi; like curdb, »nd other fmiilar thin"?."

.1 !■''

'if

AFRICA.]

443

ous at breed-
It fcrolls of
ic to cnmiirc
bad fortune
jeopk- impli-

vcs far fiipc-
Mahomctans
\uch lieiieatli
I good mail-
ed among the
if falutatioii,
opcr to faliito
nd, bringing;
d ; they thin
ead. But on
inferior vifits
ir the hem oi
lie of in theic
a Mahometan
a Chrilfiaii.
ly joining the
to the head of

w circular or
r it * coloured
kind of tablc-
thc lap of the
s given before
', previous to

within-lidc
which bread,
two or tlirec
crofs-liggeil
unknown ;
1, with which
the mntler of
of the guelts
lent to. I'hc
fes, and coft'eo
pilaw, foups
;it cut fni.iU
of vegetable
,nt:;, who are
lave a meal of
pofe for them,
ily a (Viii by
, the ground ;
lollcn cloth is
boiled or
foon as one
all is con-

I often dine in

hat paf<, even

the Arabs are

with them,

ity and hofpi-

hcm, and the

a pipe is im-

vilit of cne-

ards a (heibct;

lerfon, inccnff

eiiteel way of

to the houfe or

lade, and they

tlic bie.id in,

hin-s." ,
Iti

In Grand Cairo, women arc obliged to ride on afles,
becaufe the men arc affes enough to put conrtdcncc in an
old prediction, which foretells that a woman on horfe-
back fliail feme time or other take that city. I'hcy are
likcwife obliged to have ftcrt Ifirrups, which would be
difgraceful for a man riding on an afs * to make iili; of.
■ Friday is the day appointed for women to go abroad,
when they repair to the fepiilchrts of their relations to
adorn them with boughs and flowers, to hang a lamp
over them, and pour water on their graves. I'he wo-
men in riding wear yellow boots without foles, or r.ither
boot Icirs, and ladies of dilliiuSlion arc attended by
many female (laves, who follow thcin all mounted upon
all'es.

The bagnios are the places where the women mofl:
particularly meet, where they freely chat of the current
news, and converfe together without the Icalf rcferve.
We ihal! here infert, in his own words, an account of
the whimflcal diftrefs of an Engliih gentleman who late-
ly relided at Grand Cairo, on his inadvertently entering
one of thcfe bagnios while the women were bathing
in it.

As there are excellent bagnios in Cairo; I have often
teen at one near the place wheie 1 live. Going there
again about fix weeks ago, I went in as ufual, parting
through the entry to the undrelling room. I had no
fooner got there, but 1 heard fuch horrid flirieks and
cries, that I was replly am.i/.ed. In my fright 1 hap-
pened to call mine eves on the place where thofe who
came to b.itlie, undreis themlelves, and beheld a num-
ber of human fpecies entirely naked, with their pofte-
riors turind toviMids me, who kept fcrcaining on. When
I w.as rieovered a little fmm my fright, I perceived
they were females. I immediately took to my heels,
the woman fervant following me halfway out of the paf-
fafc, cndeavourini; to (hike me with a bioom. As liion
as I had gained the fheiT, fearing fomc I'evere punifli-
nient for this accident, 1 loll no time in getting to the
Jia/.ar, where there are alw.iys ades to let out. I hired
one and ordered the driver to take mc to Boulack ; when
I got there, I bid him drive nie half a mile farther up
the bank of the Nile. Here I alighted, fat down under
a date-tree, nnd anui("ed niyfelf with (moaking tobacco,
until the dulk of the evening, and then returned to my
place in Cairo, very imich caft down for fear of being
difcovered. 'The next day, on hearing that inqiiirv vims
making after the perfon, who contrary to the laws of
the country, had prefuiiicd to go into a bagnio, while
women were in it, 1 was fo territied that a fever cnfued,
and I lay ill about a fortnight. After my recovery 1
learnt from our druiigeiman, that on the days the ladies
come to bathe, a large towel is hung over the outward
door of the bagnio, as a fignal for men not to go in. I
acknowledge 1 (iiw the towel, but not knowing at that
time what it particularly fignilied, 1 imagined it was
hung out to dry. Befides this fignal, a man is placed
at the door-way to prevent miltakes ; but when 1 v.ent
in, he w.is gone to a neighbouring houfe to light his
pijie.

People in fupcrior ftationsdo not rcforttocofpec-houles,
but thofcof the middle rank are very fond of frequenting
them. In fomc of them they have inufic daily, at (fated
hours, and in others, a perfoii is regularly employed to i
recite fomc entertaining itoiy, which brings a great deal
of company together, and highly contributes to their
amud'inent. Thde colFee-houles arc, in general, only
fo many large flieds, with banks under them, and covered
with mats j manv "f thini will contain feveral hundred
perCons, v^'ho, befidcs the abovementioiied amiifement,
regale thcinfelvcs with a pipe of tobacco, and a difti of
coft'ee ; the latter i^ made veiy (Irong, but neither fugar |
lior milk is ufed with it.

Unlefs a Chridi.in inhabitant is married, it is not fafe
for him to fiiffer any v.oniaii whatever to come into his
houfe, and it is for this re.ifon that fome of the Frank

* A late traveller fays ; " No C'liriiUan whatever, under
the Hcpiee of a eoiiful is permitted ui ride a linrfe ill Cairn,
and a coiiful ftld"in docs ir al)o\ e once a ye.u, «hciibe

foei to jiay his icipL^tstoliie balliaw, and then he throws
andfuU of paras among the populaee. If .i Turk is alked,
why a ClU'iflian IliuuUI not ride a liurfe, he will reply,
*' hccaufc lie, yoii tall yair S.iuour, was eomtutcd to
ride on an afi."

merchants, fettled here, marry Chriftlaji women of the
country j for then the 'I'urkilh ladies m.ay have free accefs
to their houles, and the merchant's wife can be admitted
into the haranis, by which means (he may fell them va-
rious commodities.

All pcrfons of the Mahometan pcrfuafion have a parti-
cular veneration for fools and madmen, as they tnink
them both inlpired, and confcquently dearer than lamts.
Ihe Santos or Santonis, a kind of enthufialts, are like-
\\ile very much admired ; of thcfe a late traveller ji.ivcs
an ample and accurate account, which we (hall tnLnfore
itilert.

In this country there is a great number of S:'ints, i.m-
tos, or Santoiiis ; fomc ot them go entirelv naked,
others with a rag or (kin of a bc;.(l round their loins for
the fake of decency. Some lead a folitarv life in holes
and caverns, others run begging about tliii city ; thcfe
la(f are very truublefome to every decent perl'oii who
pafles the (Irects, particularly the Franks, who gener-uly
ride, when they have occafion to go to any diiiani pa.t cf
the city i for thefc Santos will lay hold o( the afs's neck,
and keep with you until you give them fomcthing.
There is one of thcfe, who be"s between Cairo and liou-
lack, \\-ith a brick or ftoiie in Ills hand ; but will accept
of nothing except the donor lays it thereon. 1 have
feenone of thcfe fellows run his head feveral times .againll
a (fone wall, for the fake of two or three paras. I'holb
Santos who go entirely naked, are highly eltecmed by
the people, who fay they are undoubtedly in a (late of
innocence, othcrvs'ife they would ki.ow they are naked,
and would a(k for clothes. '1 he Santos who be: e^n the
banks of the Nile, between Rofetta and Cairn, wear
their own hair. Molt of them have got fome favourite
p.iliage of the Alcoran by heart, which they repeat in
the itrcets. I have feen many of their tomb-, .-ovcred
with a building in form of a cupola. Thele nauloleums
arc creeled at the cxpcncc of thofe who molt admired
the Santo in his life time.

^Vhcn the followers of a Santo cannot afford to build
him a magnificeiit fepulchre, they will, when carrying
liini to the grave, I'uddenly (lop, then run backward, as
though impelled by fomc external force ; and as foon as
they have (or rather pretend to have) recoiered thcm-
felves, they will feign to try again to get the corpfe to
the grave, and fuddenly run backward as before. After
they have repeated this prank feveral times, they declare
to all prefent, that the holy man will not be buried in
the common burial ground, but mufl be interred in a
diltimJt place, and have a maufoleum crciEled over him.
'I'hc populace believe this, and a collection is immedi-
ately made to defray the cxpcncc of building one. Some
days are fet apart in memory of fome favourite Santos,
but it is the common people only who p.iy any regard to
them. Thofe who arc too lazy to work turn Santos,
and in many refpeiSts behave like lunaticks; for the bet-
ter they act the madman, the greater opinion the people
have of their fanctity. Some few of them, I believe,
are real lunaticks; but the greateff part are certainly
more knaves than fools.

In a eountry (o hot as Egypt it mull be im.agincd, that
the conltruclion of kitchens, and the modes of cookery,
greatly ditter I'rom what arc found in Europe, particu-
larly towards the northern parts ; a gentleman who re-
dded there tells us, '^ th.'.t t!ie pl.ices for dreiring \ iiituals
arc detached from the houles. I'hefe flieds, or cooking-
places, have chimnics, though of a peculiar conltruc-
tion ; they are made of a kind of b.i(ket-work pargettcd
in the infide as our chimnles arc, and the outlide covered
with a kind of plaillcr. Jacks, for roa(*'ng v^f meat, arc
not known here, and in a climate fo warm as Eirvpt,
the turning of a fpit, b\ a large (ire, mui\ be very fa-
tiguing. In pity to our cock, after endeavouring in vain
to (iiid a man who could make a Jaek, I got a whexl
made of w.Kid, and a dog to turn it (inch as are fccn in
and about HiKtol.) It is hardly pollibic to imagine, how

!■(

As I was one day riding through a rtrcet where ainiofl
all the inli.iMtnnts get iheir living by traiiftril iiig fuch
jiarts and fei:<iices of the Alcoran as are particular cllecm-
ed by ilie itiigioiis Malioinelans, the afs 1 was riding
fell down in the middle of the ftrect, and the fcribes at
the fame tinu exelained " See! fee! the dealt it not
willing to caji an iiitldel through our holy rtreet."

much

i-'i

I ■•■ ..i

1 !Mi^

¥ '^i %'-

..■.'V:

II* #

44+ A NEW COMPLETE SY3TEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

iTiiicIi the people aJmireJ this frmplc machine, and what
ologiuiiis they bellowed on nic, who, they imagined,
was the inventor of it." The f.iine ingenious gentleman
•lelcribtb the intolerable heat of Ciiiro, and the confe-
qiient cullonis, in this manner : " Cairo is exceflive
hot in fiimmer time ;. the heat is fur intolerable, that one |.
has hardly power to let about any thing, and fuch a mul-
titiule of Hies, that we are obliged to keep a kind of
whilk continually iji our hand, otherwife they v/ould, in
two minutes, cover our faces like a malk. When we
write, we are obliged to have ii man ftand by us to wifk
thcfe inlccU aw.-»y. 'l"hc very beds are fo hot, that there
is no lleep to be had one night in fix, and had we not miif-
keto curtains, there would be no poflibility of fleeping at
all, bccaufe of the gnats. I have often thrown my bed
into the corner of the room, and lay on the bare bed-
fttad.

SECT. V.

Litii^iiii^c, Arts, Iradc, Commerce, Manufactures, blc.
if the Egyptians.

TH E language antiently fpoken in Egvpt, at lead the
nioll antient that wc now know of, was the Cop-
tic : tliis continued in general ufe till the conqutK of the
Tountry by Alexander the Great, who introduced the
Circek, which was the moil y vailing langu.ige for above
nine hundred years after ; thjt is, till the Greeks were
driven out of it by the Arabs ; fince which the vujgar
Arabic, or ArabefK, language, hath been the moft uni-
verfal. The other languages which are ftill f])oken,
though not fo prevalent as the Arabic, arc the Turkifli,
modern Greek, and Coptic.

The Turks hiivc a genius for traffic,, bnt \'Er7 little for '
the liberal or ingenious arts, thefe bemg principally in
bands of the Franks,, or Ctuiftians. In particular, Chrif-
tians only are filverfmiths and jewellers ; and thefe have
a pretty brifk trade, on accoimt of the great demand for
trinkets and trappings to adorn women and horfes : for
the Mahometans arc not allowed to keep plate in their
houfes, nor are the men permitted to wear rings, uuiefs
they give a tenth part of what they are worth to the poor.
Few, however, are found who .ire fo fond of ornament
as to purchafc the privilege of being fine at the cxpcncc
of fo much benevolence.

The window lattices both to the mofiqucs and houfes
arc very elegant, being curioudy manufadtiired either of
iron, brafs, or wood, 'i'hey are made of round bais
let into c.ich other, and forming fmall fquaref, which
are decorated with a variety of ornaments. With refpedt
to the Turks, thofe who do attempt any manner of work
are much Inferior to the I'urks of Coimantinople.

In many of the villages on the banks of the Nile, the
inhubiunts are chiefly employed in making fal-ammoniac.
This f.ik is procured from the foot which arifes from the
burnt dung of animals that feed only on vegetables ; but
the dung of thefe animals is only fit to be burnt for that
purpofe during the four firft months of the year, when
ihey feed on frefti fpring grafs, which in Egypt is a kind
of trefoil or clover ; fot when they feed only on dry mc.it
it will not do. The dung of oxen, buffaloes, flicep,
go.it5, horfes, and afies, at the proper time, is as fit as
the dung of camels for this purpofe. The foot arifing
from the burnt dung is put mtu glaf>< vefleLs, and theic
\cflcls into an oven or kiln, which is heated by degrees,
r.iid at laft with a very ftrong fire for three fucceflivc
nights and days ; after which the fmokc firft Ihews itfelf,
and, in a fhort time, the fait appears, adhering to the
glaili's, and by degrees covers the whole opening. The
glalles being broken, the fait is t.dcen out in the fame
ilatc and form in which it is fcnt to Europe.

I'he domeftic trade of Egypt chiefly confifts in fup-
plving the lower parts of Egypt from the upper parts
with corn, pulle of all forts, dates, &c. and fupplying
the upper parts from the Delta with rice, fait, &c.
Cairo is the general mart for all things imported into
Egypt, but Indian linens, mudins, callicoes, and China
ware, &c. bear a greater price here than in England,
being brought the priiuripal part of the way by land.

The exportation of coffee and rice from Etiypt to any
plirts not under the Turkifh government is prohibited ;

however, grest quantities of both are fmugg'led to
variety of places. Senn.t, caflia, coloquintida, and a rc'l
dye called lafiraiioun, are exported from hence to fcveral
European countries. Fl.ix 15 lent to all parts of Turk'y
and LcKhorn, and cotton is Uanfporttd in gie.it (luaii
titles to Marlcillcs. '

-Fhe i.npo.t:: :.rf Fngl.fh, French, ,nnd Venetian
cloti,.;, lilk from Leghorn and Venice, likcwile diut,
and dyes which Egypt does not produce; tin from l.iv<-
land, lead and marble blocks from Italy, fmall wait,
from France and Venice, furs and copjK-r uteniils from
Conftantinople, iron from Salonicj, carpets from Afia
Minor, wool from Barbary, raw filk from Syria, auj
coral and amber from various parts.

Befides the above, the things imported from and ex-
ported to different places are.

Imports.
Agaric
Arfeni'i
Orpiment
Antimony
Quickfilvec
Vitriol
Vermnion
Cinnabar
Cochineal
Brazil wood.

Exports.
Opium
Indigo
Sugar
Cinnamon
Tamarinds
Saftion
Sal ammoniac, &c.

Of the manufactures of Egypt, the linens .ire tli?
principal not confumed at home, great quantities of thell-
being fent to Turkey, France, Italy, Algiers, &c. Tlie
chief manufaiftures here are three, viz. linen, woollen,
and filk. The filk is worked into large handkerchiefs for
womens veils, and other rich handkerchiefs worked with
gold ; and in Cairo many fattinets and taffetas are made,
but both are inferior to thofe of India. The wool is
manufadturcd into carpets of different colours and fizes,
and various garments. And the linen is made from fla\
which principally grows in the Delta. The thre.iJs arc
drawn from the diilaff by letting the fpindlo hang down,
without being fpun. 1 he linen, however, when made,
is not very fine, which appears to be principally owin'"-
to its not being in great rcqueft in Egypt, as the better
fort of people wear a kind of fine light muflin, which
feems better adapted to fo hot a climate : the linen, how-
ever, is cheap and white ; and the chief place for inak-
in;; it is Rofetta.

Pebbles are here finely poliihed for fnuff-boxes, han-
dles for knives, &c. they are done by a wheel, like
jewellery work, and are not to be rivalled any where.
At Cairo, red leather is made, and a better fort is pre-
t«ted at Alexandria ; yet the latter is far inferior to that
which is made iji Morocco.

With refpcil to the trade carried on by the Englifii
faiitory at Grand Cairo, we fliall iiifert an account uf it
written by a gentleman who refided there many years,
and belonged to the fai'lory. In a letter written upon
this fubjett and .iddrell'cd to a friend, he fays, " 'Fhe
goods we hai'e to 1<;11 here, are configiied to us by fome
eminent Turkey mt.ihants in London. The princi-
pal articles arc, woollens, lead, lead ore, tin, fire arms,
cutlery, hard-ware, opticS; bob and chime clocks, alfo
watclics, made in a particular manner for the Turkey
trade. We fell our goods to fome for ready mone\-,
and with others, we barter thim for fome of the
following articles, viz. coffee, falTafras, gum elcmy,
gum arable, gum tragacanth, fagapenum, frankincenfe,
myrrh, aloes, fal-ammoniac, aflafuetida, Cocculus In-
dicus, &c.

When we firft fettled here, and fold goods to the Ma-
hometans, they would fometimes bring them back,
after having kept them a week, complain of dcfciils,
when there were none, and infill upon having the money
returned j but we were f(K)n after taught in what manner
to deal with them. When we fell any thing now to a
Mahometan, as foon as the price is agreed on, which
we will fiippofe is 2C0 Zermaboop chcquins, we call
in two M.ihomutans as witnefles, and then take a hand-
ful of dirt and put it upon the goods, f.iying at the faint
time, we fill you this dirt tor 2co Zermaboop chequiiu- ;

AFRICA.]

EGYPT.

445

rom and ci.-

if he replies, " I buy this diit, for 200 Zermaboop
chcquiii'., the l-nr[;aiii then will be lilie the laws of the
Medes ami Pirfans, which alter not. Perhaps cuftom
Piily has ertablilheil this method ; but be that as it may,
they art never alter returned on oiir hands. When we
have gum-arabic, fiankincenfc, myrrh, or Cocculus
Iiidicuf, to fend ti) Chriitendom, we always take care to
have it garliell-' I (Irft ; but wc, and all other Franks here,
are obliged to em 'ny a let ol men called CJarbellcrs, and
no other, as the\ pay a certain fum yearly to the Ba-
(haw for this puvilej;e.

Merchants who confign goods to Cairo, (hould be
very careful to fee lli' m well and lecurely packed or em-
baled. We had 30 b.i I ids of tin in rods eonfigned us by
a merchant in London ; it canir very fate to Akxandria,
•.ind was ihcic :i(hippcd and 1- ■' onboard fonie vefiels
lor this place. m iheir pallage up the Nile, thecxccf-
fivc heat of the luii lud fuch an crteit 1 11 the barrels,
ns to caufe Ibmc of them to fall entirely to pieces, others
loll their hoops, and Ionic their heads ; which gave the
poor thieving tailors who work thefe vefiels, a fine op-
poitunity of making a penny; which when the goods
arrived at Boulack, wc found they had not neglected ;
for out of evei-y barrel damaged, they had taken fome
pounds weight of tin, and fold it at different villages
on the banks of the Nile. I would recommend mer-
chants who fend tin to Cairo, not to have it put in bar-
rels, but in ttroiig cafes made of elm, or oak, to the
length of the rods, and have them well nailed up j if this
was done, there would fcarce be a probability of an
ounce being loft j fori never heard of Nile failors forc-
ing any pack.iges open. Woollens fhould be embaled
as tight as poffible, with a tarpauling under the outfide
canvas; for at the mouth of the Nile is a boughas, or
mud-'pf.nk, on which fomctimes the germs run foul ;
but cloth packed up in the manner I defcribe, may in
cafe of this accident, be got into another germ without
receiving any dnmage.

Gold and fiiver fluffs are packed in ftout waxed cloth,
and then put into a ftrong cafe. In and near Cairo,
they make oil of the feeds of fafflowers, and fell the
greaves at 26 paras the kintal of 150 rololos ; thefe greaves
are ufed by the poor for fuel. In Up|)er Egypt there
are many plantations of fugar-canes ; the fugar and me-
laflcs made there are fti.t to a kan near Boulack for fale :
the melaffes is put into the fkinsof oxen, heifers, calves,
and other animals, which when quite full appear like fo
many dead hearts.

Bufinefs in general is done by the affiftancc of brokers,
who are moflly Jews, and will buy or Icll for their em-
ployers, no matter how, fo as they get their brokerage.
A native of Aleppo, who kept a Ihop in this city,
fold many pikes of woollen cloth to a great Turk for
the clothing of his fervants, and to be given to the poor ;
and a few days after, being defired by the Turk to bring
in his bill, replied, that through the hurry of bufinefs,
he had forgot to enter that tranfadlion in his book ;
faid he perfedtly remembered the rate per pike agreed
on, but as to the number of pikes, he was totally at
a lofs. The Turk defired him to guefs as near as he
could, and the ihop-keeper, feeming fuddenly to recol-
ledt himfelf, afked the Turk if he had the lifting of the
cloth by him ; and was anfwered in the affirmative ;
then faid he, we can foon fettle the matter, by mea-
suring that, which muft be the fame as the length of the
cloth. The lifting was mtafured, and the ftiop-keepcr
was paid for as many pikes of cloth ; but he groisly im-
pofed on the Turk ; for it was evident he made him pay
twice as much as he ought, as all woollen cloth has two
liftings. The bafenefs of this tranfadtion was a few
days after explained to the Turk, but the Aleppo knave,
had a friend who warned him of his danger, and advifcd
him to decamp, which he immediately did. We pack
the drugs, ^c. for Chriftcndom, in large fquarc bafkets,
made of date-trec-wood, which arc called coftaffes ; we
line them with coarfc blue linen, and cover them with
fkins of beafts. During the Turkiftt lent, month, or
moon Ramazan, we fell more woollens than at any other
time i for then the Turks purchafe great quantities for
the new clothing of thcmfelves and fervants, agaiiift the
feftival of Bairam.
T/v IVcights maae Uft of in Egypt an as foUvw, viz.

A grain is the firft and leaft, four of which is a killat.
39

Sixteen killats is a dram, of which all the Egyptian
weights are compounded.

it drams is a mcttigal, by which is weighed gold
and filvcr lace.

144 drams is a rotolo, and is equ.il to i lb. 4 07. i ^,clr.

400 drams is an oke, by which weight ftiop-keeper*
fell pepper, fugar, &c.

The Kintah in Egypt art as foUcw., viz.

One of 36 okcs, others of 110, 133, 150, and IJJ
rotolos.

One pound avoirdupois is equal to 142 [Jdf.
One hundred weight, to — — 40 okcs.
One oke, to — — 2lb. 12J0Z.
One hundred okes, to — — 280 lb.

Tht current Coins in Egypt are,

Burbers, medincs, and fequins.

The burber is a copper piece of money about as big
r< a fi.xpeiicc, 12 of which make a mediiie, which is a
piece of iron filvered over, and about the iize of a lilver
three-pence.

The fequin is of two forts ; the one, called a funduclec,
is of the value of 146 mcdiiies; the other, called a zer-
maboop, is worth iioniedines.

Afpers, though not coined in Egypt, arc t.iken here,
three going to a medinc. Barbary fequins, ; nd Spanilh
pieces likewise go here. In fpeaking of great fums, the
inhabitants of iigvpt always reckon by purfes, a purfa
being 25,000 medines, or 120 pound* Itcrling.

The Turkifh month being lun.nr, they begin it at
the time the moon firft appears. The Coptic month is
30 days ; and every year they have live intercalary days,
and every fourth year fix. Their a-ra begins 302 years
after Chrift, from the martyrdom of the iaints m Egypt,
in the emperor Dioclefian's reign.

One great caravan that arrives at Cairo, is of thofe
blacks who come from the country near the ifle of phea-
fants, and pafs through Fez, Morocco, and Tripoly ;
being about eight months on their journey, and wnat
they bring is chiefly gold duft. Car.ivans alfo come from
Tunis and Algiers : befides, there is one of Berbcrines,
from Sennar, who bring the goods of Ethiopia, and of
feveral parts of Africa, as black (laves, gold duft, ele-
phants teeth, gums, oftrich feathers, mulk, ambergris,
and ebony.

SECT. VI.

Politiial and Military Government t/'EgJ'pt.

TH E government of Egypt is the moft confiderable
one the grand feignior has to beftow. It is vefted
in a bafla, 24 beys, and feven corps of different troops,
without the confent of whom the bafla cannot aft. He
begins his viceroyfhip with the month of September,
which is the firft in the Coptic calender, and the
grand feignior fends his order every year towards ti.at
time, by virtue of which he is either confirmed in his poft'^
or difmiffed from it. His refidence is in the caftle of
Cairov and he holds a divan, or privy council, three
times a week, viz. Sundays, Tuefdays and Thurfdays,
at which the beys and the agas, or head of the above-
mentioned troops, always aflift.

Although the number of beys is fixed at 24, yet it is
never complete : the baffa, who has a right to appoint
them, turns the falary of thofe who are wanting to his
own account. This falary is 500 afpers, or about 15 sj
fterling per day ; and in cafe they have made fome cam-
paigns for the good of the country, it is double that fum<
The dignity of bey is purcbafed, and feldom at a left
price than 30 purfes.

It is much the fame with the militia, or land forces^
who are feldom found to exceed half their proper num.'
ber ; only with this difference, that the officers imk the
pay of thofe that are wanting into their own pockets,
though not without making fome fuitable acknow->
ledgement to the baffa for winking at the deficiency.

Two of the corps of troops fcrve on foot, viz. th«
Janizaries and Azabs. The reft are horfemen, and are
called Jumelis, Tufelcgis, Sherakfas, Mettefarracas, and
Shaous. The Janizaries are fuppofed to fomi a body
of 12,000, the Azabs one of 8000, and the horfe 20,000 {
fo that the whole number fhould be 40,009) but for the
S U re«i«9

IM,

'■i h

:»

• '■ i
. I

^ ^ II.

446

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

fc.

rcafon before obfcrvcd, they I'eldom amount to above half
thi' number.

Tlif foot foldiors fomi the garrifon in the caftlc and
city of Cairo; the Mcttefarracas liold the other caftles,
fuch as Alexandria, Roletta, &c. The Juinelis, Vu-
fckgis, and Sherakfas, are diilributcd throughout tlie
kingdom, to fcrve the beys and governors of provinces ;
and the Shaous are employed to keep a watchful eye
over the chargeable revenues belonging to the grand fcig-
llior.

Egypt is divided into a number of provinces, called
Cafhcflis. The governors of them are lliled Cafliefs,
and thofe who pollefs villages, Meltezcns. All thcfe
Cafhefs and Meltezcns are obliged to obey the commands
of the di\an and balVa at Cairo. Each Meltezen, or
owner of a village, mult either have fold or given his
right to another 40 days before his death. If this has
not been done, the whole becomes the property of the
grand feignior, in confequence of his right of contilcating
all the polTelUons of his fubjefts, who at the time of
their deaths, are in his fcrvice.

The bcvs are iTolVell'ed of all the troons and the power,
and there is always one amongd them who takes fonie
advantage above the others, and by that means raifes
their jcaloufy ; but he only keeps in this fituation till
his enemies have found a Hronger party than his own.
The government of thofe who thus elevate themfelvcs
aba\c the rell is Ihort, aiid their end often proves tra-
gical.

Dr. Pococke fays, that neither the bafla, nor any of
the beys fcruple t;dcing off their enemies by poifon or the
dagger, particularly by the former means, of which he
relates the following iiiitance ; " A balfa, fays he, know-
ing that the bey whom he would willin'jly difjxitch was
jealous of his defigiis, ordered his lervant, when he
came to vifit him, to pour his own coft'ec and that of
the bey's out of the i.jne pot. The bey, feeing this,
concluded that it could not be poifoneil, and drank it oft';
but the flave, mi his given the codec to the bafla, made
a falfe lb:p, as he was ordered, and £|)ilt it on the floor 1
upon which the bey, too Ute, perceived the bailWs trea-
chery."

When any inteftinc wars arife, the haffa grows rich,
partly bccAufe the difunion among the troops throws
Ibme of the power back into his own hands, and partly
bccauli; a confiderablc fliare of the cllates of thofe who
»rc killed in battle, or arc afterwaids proclaimed ene-
mies of the Hate, becomes his property. But the moll
confidcrable branch of this revenue arilcs form the pelH-
lence that fo frequently rages in Egypt ; infomuch that
(luring the three or four months it commonly lafts, it
brings iti fo great an income, that a finglc day may pro-
duce two or three himdred thouland crowns, by the
deaths of thofe who arc poll'efled of liu-ge vill.igcs. By
the laws ol the Ottoman empire, thele lands revert to
the graud feignior, but a coniiderable ,)art of them fall
to the (hare of the balla, to which he is entitled by vir-
tue of his commiflion ; and thefu frequently amount to
immcnfe fuins, efiiecially as, by the rapid deaths, with
which the purehafers are often (hatched aw«y, one after
another, he is enabled to fell the fame ellate to three or
four dilTerent perfons in one week ; no land purchafe
bi lut' longer tli.in the life of the purcha(<;r.

.A late celebr.iird writer, in fueaking of the political
eonditution of E[;ypt, fays, " Noiwiihllanding Egypt
is lubjtiik to the graul feignior, yet we may fay it pro-
perly Delonis to their Mamaluck*, ut (l.tvcs, molt of
vhoiii are Cjcorgians or C'jrcaflians. The Turks, who
cairy on the trade with thofe Have, force them to abjure
then religion litforc th<'y bring thcni into Egypt. All
the bevs, and e(|)rcially all the officers of the troops, arc
teiirgadoes, and it is r.ither extraordinary to (tt a Turk
raHidio any great military poll. They go into the fcrvice
of the renegadocs, who partly to get rid of the expence of
feeding them, obtain tor them the pay of a janixary or
ot a horleinan : in one word, all the fcvcn corps of trcKtps
conlill merely oftlwIiK-guarJs of ihefc renrgadocs. There
■ rr thavasof the janizaries, who have a guard of four hun-
ilicd mi n about them, bcfides thole wriom they keep in
their villngei. The rtncgadors inherit equal ftares ot
their miliei'. rflatrs with the children ; and it has been
t>b<crvrd, that the latter bring brought up to a volup-
tuous lile, tuon focnd tncir inticritann', and arc nxlueed

to fuch wretched circumftanccs, as to line rewiirfc to
thefe their own Oaves, and beg of thc-m tor fubfnluiee
or even to lerve them. It may juftly be faid, that tlurr
is no country befides Egypt where fuch vail changes hap-
pen in families."

The revL'nues of the grand feignior in Egypt confift
of three branches, which arife from the land-, the cuf-
toms and the poll-tax on Chrillians and Jews. All the
villages in Egypt pay a certain yearly rent to the grand
feignior, which is hxed ; and this is the hafna or trca-
fiire, that is fent every year to Conftamiiioplc. How
eafy the rent is, may be concluded fiom the fum which
is raifed, amounting only to 6000 purfes, each of 25,000
ii.edines, or about 120I. flerling ; out of this, corn, flour,
oil, and the like arc fent yearly to Mecca, and 12,000
fuldicrs are paid, which reduces the treafure to 1,200
purfes. After other deduilions, for the conveyance of
the water of the Nile to their lands, prelerving the
public canals, repairing the cadles, fupplying the feraglio,
and ftoring the arlinal, the whole of this treafure car-
ried to Conilantinople does not commonly amount
to more than 200 purfes in fpecic, or .about 24,000!
(lerling. The culloms arc farmed, and the perfons that
pay the poll-tax arc only men, after thiy arrive at the
age of fixtecn. It is called the harach, and is impolcd
only on the Chrillians and Jews.

SECT. VII.
Of tht Civil Govtrnmnit of Egypt.

TH E civil as well .is political government of this
kingdom is firft veiled in the balla, whofe prime
miniftcr is called caia, and generally holds the divan.
The balla prefcrves a dignity not inferior to that of the
grand feignior : he always lits behind a l.ittice nt the
end of the divan, and fcldom aflills himfelf, cxce|it on
very particular occaficMS, fuch as reading fomc order
from the Porte, or t like. When he g< cs .ibroad, he
is always attc nded by one of the great officers, calKxl a
druggerman aga, who is not only an interpreter, but more
efpecially aits .as mailer of the ceremonies ; and, like the
grand feignior, he is always cfcorted by a body of guards.

The divan is held three times a week, viz. on Sunday,
Tuefday, and Thurfday, at the bafla's pal.ace at Cairo.
This grand council fits in a fpacious and magnihccnt
hall, which hath a noble fquare or court before it,
where the members of it parade with all their retinue,
and make fuch a fplendid appearance with their fervints
and horfes, richly drelli:d and caparifoncd, and glitter-
ing with gold, filver, and precious ftoncs, that it is laid
to exceed even the pomp of the grand leignior at Con-
ilantinople. According to antient records, we arc in-
formed that fultan Selim, having held his divan at Cairo,
and in the iLitcly hall of the royal p.il.ice of the Kgypti;m
nionarchs, forbad the then ballii and all his luccellors tu
meet any more in that magnihcciit apartment, led the
light ot fo much grandeur and opulence, joined to the
noble appearance ol the divan, (houUI infpire them with
a defign of Ihaking off their loyalty to the Porte, and of
making themlrlves ablblute mailers of Egypt ; to that
this hall, where the divan now meets, is quite diHerent
from that of the antient Egyptian kings; nor is there
any thing in it worthy of oDiervation, except feven deal
planks, each about half an inch thick, and clofcly lall-
ened together by an arrow, which, it is laid, that lultan
(hot through them. Thefe are kept fufpended o»cr the
place where the b.iU'a fits, as a monument of the extra-
ordinary llrength ol that monarch.

The dift'errnt divififMM of this country are fiibdivided
into provimes, tijmc of which arc under thcdIieiSlion of
governors, called fangiacks ; and others uiider tlu; go-
vernment of Arab flieiks, or chiefs, all of whom are
annually chnlrn by the divan on the 'itjth ot Aui'ull,
which is the firll day of the Coptic year. The buliuets
of thefe officers is, to keep the people under their lel'pcc-
tive jurililii^lions in proper order, and to gather in luch
revenues as bilong to the pr..nd leignior.

'I'he city ol Grand Cairo is under the guard of the Ja-
ni'<arirs, as is alio the couiitiy norlh of it, and the Axab*
have the charge of the country round the city. An oificct
( iinllantiv p.ilroles about the city, cfpeeially at iii^hl, wha
IS called the Walla, and anfwris to the I'uikiln uiKcri
called buubaiha. He takes iiu<j cuilody all |>uluni who

brhave

i H

M! I

live recoil rfi- lo

tor I'ubliiliiKL',

laid, that then!

ill clungcb li.ip.

1 Egypt coniitl
land-, the cuf-
Jcws. All the
;nt to the grand
c hafna or trea-
itiiioplc. How
the lum which
each 0^25,000
his, corn, (lour,
ca, and 12,000
-afurc to 1,200
' conveyance ot
prtdrving the
i rig the luaglio,
is treal'ure tar-
monly amount
about 24,000!
the pcrfons that
iiy arrive at the
and is im poled

sypf-

:rnment of this

a, whoie prinic

lolds the divan.

to that of the

a l.ntice nt the

licit, cxct|it on

iig fonic onlcr

'.res abroail, he

ifficcrs, calltxl ;i

ircter, but nioic

i and, like the

body of guard>^.

i/,. on Sunday,

lalacc at Cairo.

md nuiMuficcnt

ourt before it,

their ri'linue,

h their firvmls

, and glitter-

tlut it is laitt

iL'nior at Con-

Js, we arc in-

ivan at Cairo,

the Kgyptiim

s luccellorit to

tmcnt, Ifrt the

joined to the

re them with

Porte, and of

gypt : fo that

miitc dirterent

nor 14 there

ccpl ftven deal

id elofely fait-

d, that fullan

ndcd over the

t of the ixtra-

ari' fiibdivided
he iliu'<.'lion of
llbdiT lltc go-
ut whom ate
)tU <it All 'iill,
I he huluirt'
■r their reljKc
ather in luch

«rd of the |j-
ind the Azabk
ty. An otficcl
at iiiphi, who
iiLilh oAicri
I I', ilotH who
brhave

AFRICA.] E O

behave diforderly, or cannot give a fatisf..cloiy r.rcoiint of
theiiilblvcs ; and, if they are not under the piotedlion of
the janizaries, frequently infliits piiriiflimcnt on them at
his own dilcrction. Another didinijiiidicil ofKcet lielong-
ing to tlie cily is called meteflib, whofe bufincls is to fee
that all weights and mcafurcs arc of their prrpcr itniidards.

The telk-idar is a great officer, beitr; lord high tiea-
furcr of the tribute paid out of the lands to the grand
feignior. He is chofen annually by the Porte, but, un-
lets in cafes of initbchaviour, or bicach of trulf, he
ufiially retains his office during life.

The emir badge, or prince of the pilgrims that go to
Mecca, is alfo chofen annually, and generallv continues
in his office two years, in order to make amends for the
great cxpencc he mull lucelVarily be at the firll year for his
equipage : but if he is a pcrfon of abilities, and has great
inteielt at the Porte, he may be continued lonjcr, thoiiyh
rarely more than fix years; for if they conduct the
caravan fcven years the grand teignior preltr.t'. thtm
with a collar of gold. Their perfoiis are eUcemed
facred, and if they happen to make any violation on that
conduit thcv ought to preferve, they i.ic not fulijcit to
any o'her piinilhmcnt than bcinji; degraded from their
office. This officer h.^s command over the ellates that
belong io Mecca. The perquifites of his olRce, exelufivc
of what he is allowed by the Porte, confitt in h.iving a
tenth of the eftcils of all p'lgrims who die in their join -
ney ; and if he behaves himfelf well during his adminl-
ftration, it procures him the general cftecm and attedion
of the whole country.

With rcfpeft to the adminiftration of juftice here, it is
much the fame as In moft other parts of the grand feignior's
dominions. A cadiliflcier (whofe office is much like that
of lord high chancellor) is fent annually from Conftanti-
iioplc to (irand Cairo, to whom they mav appeal from the
cadis ; and many caufes of importance in Cairo arc im-
mediately brought before him. He has his diputv, called
nakib, and his houfe is the place of juftice. In Cairo
there arc alfo eight c.idis in dift'eient parts ; and In every
ward there is an officer called kabani, who is fomething
like a notary-public ; for by h m all obligations muft be
drawn that are deemed valid.

A cadi Is fent annually from Conttantlnopic to Alex-
andria, Rofctta, Damietta and GIzc ; but the cadilifkier
fends them from Cairo to molt other towns.

'I'hc l.iw here is much (ludied, and is written in the
purelt language, fuch as is fpoken at Damafcus. They
h.ivc a faying, that " the law cuts ihc fwoid, but the
fw'rd cannot cut the law (" for the grand feii^nior him-
felf cannot inflii^ any punifliment on a pcribn of that
piofeffion, however atrocious his offence.

Many caufes in Kgypt arc bri ight before leading men,
who abfolutely decide the matter without h iving .my re-
ference to a magiftrate ; nor is there any appeal 10 lie had
from them. ( )ne thing is much to be ilmired here in the
ndmlnlftration of jultiee, which i-i, th.n ill caufes arc im-
mediately decided, .is icnin as the parties nuke application
to thofc in whofe power It is to determine them.

Their punifhinents are proportioned to the offences
committed. Thole guilty of murder are piininied with
de.ith i but In trlHing matters, they cither i;ive them the
baftinadoe, or clfe fevcrely whip thtm. They are parti-
rularlv teverc in the punlftimcnt of bakers for making
their bread dcfuient, as alfo to butchers for telling their
iiual either ihnrt of weight, or .'o Hale as nut to l whole-
fomr. t)f thefc laitei punifhinents we have a very par-
ticular account, given by a perton who, a few years .luo,
frivtlltd through moft parts of this kinpdom: " I he
punifhmeni, fays he, iimiilrd on bakers in this eoimtry,
for making their bread deficient in weight, is, t ihink,
ii'vcrc and ciiicl j for though I cannot eseiife fo barbarous
an impofition on the labouring part of the eommunily,
yet I would, by all means, bmit the punifliment within
the liounds of humanity. When found guilty of the firll
iiffence, the ovcrfccr of the bakers, who is ihe examiner
and only pcrfon who tries them, immediately ordus the
d( liiiquem to be fcverely baft in.i.loed, which is mating iheni
t.n the loUs iif their feet with a large ftick ; for the lic-
tond, tin y are more fevertly punifhed in the fame mani\er (
and lor the thitd, without my other procefs than the above
ofluerN 01 del, tU<.-y aic (omrimies put into ihcir own oven
when hot, wheie they are luiKied tc (wrifti, beunj burnt
to ihaih i whivh piinilliiuuu I Uw executed.

4V.'

"■ The puniftinv ill of the but' lier.^ in this country, who
arc detected in fillie.;; ni'.-it either Itale or deficient in
v.Tight, Is no lets extKionlinary th n lliat of the bakers,
though not i\> cruel or leveic ; and ;'.'■ i irean 10 ac,|uaint
you more particularly with facts 1 hnve had occiilar de-
monftratioiis of, than reUitions culled tVoni other travel-
lers, luch as daiicimr camels, i^'c. r^iaiej by niaiir, .Tml
which, after the molt Itrict inqiiiiv among tiic luuivis, I
affirm, I could never hear the le.ili 'trace cf from the ol.K '!■
inhabitants of Cairo ; fo you may be afl'iircd the fullo-.v-
ing is a fait, of which alfo 1 was an eye-witnefs. A
butchei in the neighbourhood where i rjuicd was dcteib ,1
by the examining officer of being guilry of this criinv, and
without any other form ot' tri.ii than tlie order of the offi-
cer, was iinmedi.ately nailed b)' one uf his cars to thepoli
of his own dooi, hi> neli.- pierced, a;ij one end of a wiiv
about fix inches long faitcned to ii ; at the other end ut
which a piece of his ffinkiiig meat was lixed. In this
lituatlon he was obli;iid to continue near four houri."

■|'be rcl.iii.jiis 01 dele.ndants of iM.ihoniet, called in
Arabic, fticritf or noble, and by the Turks emir or prince,
have the privilege of being exempt from .ipj-ciring before
any judge but their own chief, who Is himfelf a relation of
Mahomet, and is called neekibel-efheralV. Thev arc fo
much elieennil, that 1 bough any one of the military bodies
will piinllh them if guilty of any inifdemcaiior, vet they
full take ofr' their green turban out of refpec't to their cha-
r.aifer, and then fiibjccl them to eipial piinifliir.ent with
others ; and the like ceremonies are ulcd when thev arc
punifhed by their own ma;;iltrate.

Although judlee is In iume cafes adminiltered by the
bafta, his h.-y, and the militaiy ofiicers, yet thcv all pay
little regard themfelves to the laws of equltv. The mili-
tary officers in particularemich themfelves by various op-
preffions of the i)Cople, efpeclally of the richer fort, whom
they cither artfully enlilt, or pretend to have cnlillcd, un-
der fomc of their bodies ; by which they fleece them while
alive, and khr on the beft part of their ettec'ts after they
are dead. The balTa connives at all thcfe abufes, either
as being a fhaicr In the fpolls, or out of fear ofdlf-
obliging fuch a powerful body, by difcounten.incing or
fiipprcffing them. 1 he Immenfe rirhes of the grand
feignior, fays a celebrated writer, may be cafilv collected,
as he is abfolutc lord of all the lands' In his dominions j
and all the riches center In him, notwithftanding the bad
government ; for the little officers opprcfs the people ;
the great officers fquceze them ; the balla, all llie people
under him j himfelf tx-comcs a prey to the gie.it people
of the Porle ; and the grand leinnior at lalt t'eizes thi:
riehi •! ihe great officers about him.

Thefe arbitrary proccollngs of the railitary arccxrrcifcil
more or lefs all over the kingdoir,, cipeclally among 'he
Arabian fhclks, from whom they extort the molt exor-
bitant contilbutlons, under the fpecioiis n.nmc of tribute
for protciting them. The janizaries are fo bent upon
this point, that they keep an rx.ict roll of all the \ mous
eftates, tr.ides and occupations in the kingdom ; of all
the rich and p<K>r ; of thedift'erent ways by which thev
have extorted any (urns from them ; and arc ever con-
certing new ones to eft'eit their opprcffive purpofe.

The Europeans, and other trading nations, partake of
ihefe cruel extortions : the janizaries .ire never at a lols
for a pretence to quarrel with them, fomctimcs about
their drcfs, at others about their behaviour, as not pay-
ing a proper rclpeit, or for .idmitting fome of their Ala-
honntan women into their quarteis bv night. Undri
fuch pretences, whether real or falle, thev cxfoit money i
for there is no olher method of a\i)idiiig their refentment
than by a quick fubmllfion, and tome anlwcrablc atone-
ment, as f|)eedy as valuable, according to one of thtir

I ' ■ ■ ■

that of the Jews is molt haled, dcfpil^d ,ind opprelled by
this tyiannic go\. tnnifiit ; under which thiy are dwindled
to a ^ery Incoiifiilerablc number, i xcept at Caiio, and
reduced to the lowell poverty 1 iboirli they were once
very luimeroiK, lieh, and entruftcd with lomc of the
moft important pnfts of the ftatr.

The inhabitants of the upper parts of the kingdom .in?
flill moie wretched, as they jie not only equ.illy opprefl'ed
by thrir rapacious governors, but fiequently expofid to
ine inrivads and dreadful rsN.iecs of the Arabian fhciks,
who take «ll oppuituniticiot piundiimg the poor villaiici*

....... ..J .|...vuj ..3 . ... >....'.L , .1. ..Ul M 111^ l\' V.IIV \»i iiieii

lavouritr adages, that " the egg of to-d.iy is preferable
to the chicken of to-moiiow. Hut, of all nations.

ist

I ' 1

.,"'1

r II

148

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

by wav of repiiziil lor thi; hardftiips they fulFcr from their
petty tyi. lilts.

From the tvr.uiiiy thus cxcrcifed by one degree of peo-
ple over another, tlic government of Egypt maybe fjid
to be at lead equally oppreflive with that under the di-
reiflion of the molt delpotic prince. The rich plunder
the poor, aiul the latter, in defence of thcmfclves, make
reprifals wherever they are to be met with. Thus in-
furreiilions frequently h.ippen, the •onfeqnenccs of which
are not only the lofs of property, but of lives j for the
poorer fort, when urged by neceflity, become del'perate,
and wreak their \engeance on thole that have 0|)prelled
them.

" Tempt not the brave and needy to defpair ;
" For though youi violence fliould leave them

bare,
" Of gold and filver, fwords and darts remain,
" And will revenge the wrongs which they fuilain :
" The plundered ftill have arms."

SEC r. viii.

Of the ifligiin of the Egyptians.

BFfore we defcribe thd prcfcnt ftate of religion in
Egypt, it may not be improper to give fomc ac-our.t
of that ufed by the anticnt Egyptians, who were grofs
idolators, and worftiipped the molt fabulous deities.

The Egyptians arc l.ud to have been thetirll who ereift-
cd idolatrous altars, images and temples, and the tirit in-
ventors of feltiv.ils, ceremonies, and tranlaiilions with
the gods by the mediation of others, and to have tirll
riven names to the twe'r. j gods. They had a great many
deities of different ranks and orders. Thofe who were
chiefly honoured were Olins and ll'is, by which it is molt
probable they originally meant the fun and moon, whole
nifluenccs governed and preferved the world. The name
Ofiris in the Egyptian tongue, ligniHed maiiy-eytd, an
epithet very proper for the fun ; and Ifis llgnified antient.
Thcfe two planets aie confidercd by them' as the great
caufcs of nutrition and generation, and as it were the
fourccs from whence the other parts of nature, which
alio they looked upon as gods, and to which they gave
diltimit n.inies, were derived. Thcfe were Jupiter, or
Spirit, the vit vivifim of living creatures; Vulcan, or
Fire i Ceres, or the Earth; Oceanus (by which they
meant then' Nile) or Moilture ; and Neith (.Mineiva) or
Air. They had alio terreltrial and mortal deities, which
had, they thought, merited the honours paid them by the
benefits th.) confined on m.m in their life-time, feveral
of them having been good kings of Egypt. Some of
thcfe bore the fame names with the ctlellial gods, atul
others had proper names of their own. Such were the
Sun, Cronus, or Saturn, Rhea, Jupiter (called liy them
Amnion) Juno, Wdn, lieimes or Niereury, Orus, Vc-
nu-, i'.in. Aniens Niphthys, Harpocrates, ajid others.

Kefidcs thefe gods, the Egyptians woilhippcj a great
numlier of beafts ; a~, the o\, the dog, the wolf, the
hawk, the crocodile, the ibis, the cat, &c. Many of
thi fe animals were the objeds only of the fupcrltition of
fome partiriilar cities ; and whillt the inhabitants of one
p.irt worfliip|M-d a particular fpccies of them as pods,
their niighbours held the fame in abomination. This
was the fource of I'lc rontiniul war? carried (m between
one ciiy and another ; and this was owing to the falfe
polirv of one of their kings, who, to deprive thtm of
the oppoitunity ami means cf conlpiring againit the llate,
mdeavouicd to jinufc ilieni by engaging them in religious
toiuerts.

The inhabitants of every city had a peculiar zeal for
their g'l.ls. " Among us, fays Cicero, it is very com-
mon to fee temples robbed and (latues carried ott"; but
it was nevi r known that any peifon in Egypt ever abufed
a cioeodile, an iliis, or a cat, for its inhabitants would
have fufi'tred the mod extn mc torments, rather i\\m
have ben guilty of furli l.iiiihge." It was death foi
any pcrfcn to kill one of ihefe animals intentionally ; and
tvt.i a punilhment was di' reed anainll him who Ibould
h.ive killed one of them even by .ucident. DioJoius
Siculus lelatis an incduit to which he was eyc-witne(s
during his Aay in l.;.'V|i(. " A Uoman, fays he, had in-
irivcttemly, ai.d without defign, killed a cat , the ex-
alperated popul; co lan to bis licjule ; and neither th'? au-
thuiiiy ol lilt knij^, whu iiunudi^tel/ d.lK.hul 4 bu<ly ol

his guards, nor the terror of the Roman name, could
refcue the unfortunate criminal. And fuch vs'as the re-
verence the Egyptians had for thcfe animals, that in an
extreme famine, they chofe rather to cat one another
than feed upon thefe imagined deities."

But of all the animals which the Egyptians held facrcd
that moft reverenced was the bull , by which they rcprt-
fentcd Ofiris. 'I'here were two of this kind kept, the
one at Memphis, called Apis, and the other at He-
liopolis, called l\lneuis. This jait was black, and
the honours paid to him were inferior to thofe due to
Apis.

The extravagant worfliip which the Egyptians paid to
the bull at Memphis and Heliopolis, the goat at Mcndes
the lion at I.eontoplis, and the crocodile at the lake
M.T-ris, almolt exceeds belief. They were kept in con-
fecrated cnclofures, and well attended by men of high
rank, \vho at a great expcnce provided victuals for them,
which confilled of the greateft dainties, fuch as the finell
flour boiled in milk, cakes of feveral fcrts made with
honey, and the fleih of geefe boiled or ro.ifted. Thofe
that fed on r.iw meat were fupplied with feveral forts of
birds. They were waflied in hot bath', anointed with
the moft precious ointments, and perfumed with the moft
odoriferous iVents. They lay on the richell cm pets and
other coltly furniture ; and that they might want nothing
to make their lives as happy as poflible, they had tha
moil beautiful females of their feveral kinds provided for
them, to which they gave title of their concubines, be-
llowing cxtiai.igint .ittendance and expence upon them.

I'he crocodile to whom they paid adoraticm wa>
trained up to be tame and familiar for the puipofe ; he
had his eais adorned with ftrings of jewels and gold, and
his fore-feet were ornamented with golden chains. He
was fid with confeciatcd provifions at the public chaive,
and when Itrangers went to fee him, which often haji-
pened out of cuiiofity, they alio cariied piefents of cake,
dreired meat, and wine, or a drink made with honey,
which was offered him by the priefls, one opening hu
mouth, and the other feeding him. When he died, his
body was embalmed and buried in a facrcd coflin at
Arfuioc.

The Egyptians often laid out more money th.-n th' y
were worth in the funerals of thefe animals. 'l'lij>, in
the beginning of the reign of Ptolemy the foil of E.igu>,
the bull Apis dying of old aj;e, the funeral pomp, be-
I'ldes the ordinary expences, amounted to upvv.irds of
50,000 French crowns. After the laft honours had bein
paid to the deccafed deity, the next care was to prov.de
him a fuccefl'or and all Egypt was fought through for
(h.it purpofe. He was known by certain figns that dif-
tingiiilheil him from all other animals of that fpccies ;
upon his forehead w.is to be a wliit.' fpot, in form of a
cielcent ; on his back the figure of an eagle, and upon
his tongue that of u beetle. As (0011 a, he \vas found,
mourning ga\e place to joy ; and nothing was heard in
all 1 arts ol Egypt but feuivity and rejoicing,. The ne\»
god was brought to Memphis to talce pol)(:nion of his

dignity, and there inftallcd with a great nuinbei ofceie-
nionies.

Befidrt the worfhip of animals, the Egyptians carried
their luprrllitious fully to fu< h lengths, as even lo al-
ctibc a diuniiy to the pulfc and roots of their g.udeiis,
for which they aie thus reproached by an antient la-
lyrical jKM. .

" VV ho li.ui not heaid where Egypt's realms are nam'd,
" What moiillei g<Kls her frantic Ions have fiam'd ;
" Here Ibis goig'd with well-nrown fiipents, thcrs
" The crniodile lomniands ntigiou. fear :
" Where Ml mnom's Italue magic Itriiigs infpira
" With vocal founds that emulate the lyre;
" And Thebes, fuch. Fate, arc thy difallrous turns I
" Now prollrate o'er her pompous luins mourns ;
" A monkey god, prodigious to be told I
" Srikes the beholder's eye with burnifli'd goU )
To godfliip here, blue Tiiton's fcaly held.

" 'I'hro' town

'Fhe rivi I ptoueuy is there prifcr'd
viis, Diana's

OttS

And fliould you lcek> or onions eat, no time

Where tu her dogs afpiiing tem|

power neiilecled lici :

•glecleil 1
.lies life :

" Would expiate the facrilegous riiine
" Religiiiiis notions lure, and blert abodes,
" Wltcic ev'iy urchaid it o'ti-iuii with gods.'

Such

AFRICA.]

EGYPT.

* niuuiiis ,

Such reverence did the Egyptians pay alfo to cats and
dogs, that when one of the former died, all the family
lh:ived their eye-brows; and If one of the latter, their
U'tiulc body. In cafe of lire there was great lamentation
on account of their cats, which they took greater care,
if they could, to prcferve, than their houfcs.

It would be necdlefs to enumerate all the animals wor-
ihipped by the antient Egyptians ; but at the fame time a
piece ofremiflhcfs not to take notice of Hcrodotus's ac-
count of the phcrni.x, which fable of theirs has given
^ile to whatever has been fmcc related of that imagmary
bird. He tells us, the phicnix was one of the facred birds,
which himfelf had never feen but in efligy, for he ap-
peared in Egypt but once in 300 years, immediately
after the death of his father, as thofe of Hcliopolis af-
firmod. Their painters reprcfented him with a plumage
of crimfon and gold, and of the ftiape and fize of an ea-
gle. They pretended he came from Arabia, bringing
the body of his father embalmed, which he buried in
the temple of the fun. And this they faid he performed
thus : hrit, he moulded as much myrrh as he could car-
ry into the ftiapc of an egg ; and having tried its weight,
hollowed the egg, and put his father into it : he then
(lopped up the aperture again with myrrh, in fuch pro-
portion, that the weight of the whole might equal that
«f the egg before the body was put in, and then carried
it to Hcliopolis.

The antient Egyptians alfo offered human facrifices
to their gods. As red oxen were allowed to be facrificed,
becaufe of their refemblance to Typhon, who was faid
to be red-haired, fo men of that complexion were flaiii
in former times at the tomb of Oliris ; but few of the
Egyptians having red hair, ftrangers were the ufual vic-
tims. Men were alfo in old times facrificed at Hclio-
polis to Juno or Lucina. Three a-day were facrificed at
a certain fcafon in the dog-day-, being burnt alive, and
their alhes fcattcred abroad, liui this barbarous cullom
was abolilhed by Amofis, who cirdcicd that fo many
images of wax Ihould be offered in their Itead.

Several reafons have been given fur the worfliip paid to
animals by the Egyptians. The tirll is dr.iwn troni the
fabulous niftory. it is pretended that (he guds, in a
rebellion made againft them by men, (ltd Into Kgypt,
and there concealed themfelves under tlie forms of dif-
ferent animals ; and that this gave birth to the worfliip
which was afterwards paid to thefe animals. The fe-
<;ond is taken from the benefits which thefe feveral ani-
"mals procure 10 mankind -. oxen by their labour, (hcep
by their wool and milk, dogs by their fervice in hunting;
and guarding houfes, whence the god Anubis was repre-
fented with a dog's head, 'i'he ibis (a bird very nnich
rcfembling a (torlc) was worfliipped becaufe he put to
flight the winged ferpents, with which Egypt would
have othcrwifc been grievoufly infetted, the crocodile
was worlhipped becaufe he defended Egypt from the
incurfions of thi wild Arabs, by preventing their crof-
fnig the Nile, and the ichneumon was adored becaufe
he prevented the too great increafe of crocodiles, which
might have proved deurudhve to Egypt.

Since the ellablilhment of Chriflianity, philofophers
have afTerted other means for the worlhip which the
Egyptians paid to animals ; and declared, that it was
not ofT red to the animals themfelves, but to the g'xis
of whom they were fyr.d>ols. Plutarch, in his ireatife,
where he examines pri)fellally the pretentions of Ifis and
Ofiris, fays thus : pliiloliiphers honour the image of
God wherever they tind it, even in inanimate btings,
and confequcnily more in ihol'e which have life. We
are, therefore, to appro\e, not the worfhip of thefe ani-
mals, hut thofc who, hy their me.ins, afcend to the deity ;
they arc to be cnnfidered as fo iii.iny mirrors which na-
ture holds forth, and in which the Supreme Being dif-
plays himfelf in a wonderful manner, or as fo many in-
ilrumcnts which he makes ufe of to manifed outwardly
his inc<mipreheiifible wifdom. Should men, therefore,
lor the embellifhinent ol (latues, amals together all the
gold and precious Hones in the world, the worfhip mull
not be referred to the ftaliies i for the deily does not ex-
lil in colours artfully difpufed, nor in frail matter delti-
tute of fenfe and motion.

Plutarch lays alfii, in the fame ireatife, that as the fun
»nd moon, he.iveii, e.iith, and the fea, are common to all
iiieii, but have dirt'ereut names acco;ding ta the Uift'ercncc
40

of nations and languages; in like manner, though there
is but one deity, and one providence that governs the
univerfc, and which has fcvcral fubaltcrn minifters under
it, men give to this deity, which is the fame, difterent
names ; and pay it different honoui>, according to the
laws and culloins of every country.

Having thus premifed the religious worfhip of the an-
tient Egyptians, we lliall now take notice of that prac-
til'd by the modern ones.

'I"he prefent eftablifhcd religion in Kgypt is that of
Mahometanifm, whicli is here e.\ercifed in all relpedts
the fame as in Turkey, except that ihey are not quite fo
firiit in obferving it in the former as llu y arc in the litter.
Thofe who have the care of the modiiies arc called (heiks,
which fignifies head or chief; but the fupcriors of the
religious government are a mufti, who ib the principjl,
and the doctors of the law ; and thefe arc the judges in
.ill caufes of a fpiritual nature.

The number of fheiks to each mofquc is fixed in pro-
portion to its fixe and revenues. One is fuperior over
the reil, ui der whom there are hngi>, or leaders, and
thofc who fu.nmon the people to pniyers. in fmall
mofques the fheik does all himfelf: he opens the molquc,
calls the people to their devotion, and begins the per-
formance of religious du'es at the head of the congre-
gation, who ftand in great order, and make all their
motions together.

By the moft antient and authentic records, it appears
that Chriltianity was firif planted in Egypt by St. Mark,
who was the fiiil billiop of Alexandria, then the metro-
polis of the kingdom. The jurifdiiilion of thefe prelates
were fettled by the council of Nice over all the churches
of the diucefe of Egypt, which incluocd Lybia, I'enta-
polis, and Egypt properly fo called ; and at'tei wards the
Ethiopian, or Abyfine churches, became lubject to this
patriarch.

The firft emperor that iffiied orders to pcrfecute the
Chriitiaiis was Nero, and that perfccutlon extended to
Egypt, where many Clniltians were deitroytd. Domi-
tian ifVucd out orders againft the Chriftians, which Ner-
va revoked. In the lime of Severus, a perfecution
againft the ChrilHans went through all the Ruman pro-
vinces ; hut it was more cruel at Alexandria th.in any
where el fe J and many Chriftians of the firil rank in
Egypt fuffered martyrdom, particularly St. Felicia ;uid
St. Perpetua, two female martyrs.

Churches were ellablifhed in Egypt in the fiifl cen-
tury ; and in the third, more than one h.ilf of the Ro-
m.m empire became Chiifti.uis. Thea- were many
churches in all the cities, which were governed hy
bifhiips, priells, and deacons. Of thefe churches, fbme
were more eminent, and the bifliops of them had more
authority th.ui others. That of Rome, founded by St.
Peter and St. I'aul, was the firii : thofe of Alexandri.-i
and Antioch held the fecond and third rank ; and that
of Jerufalem was refpeifcd, becaufe it gave birth to
Chriftianity: but all thefe churches were linked toge-
ther in the fame communion.

The patriarchs that fucccedcd St. Mark in the live
lirft centuries were as follow :

Tlie fumn nf ihe Thr be|iniiiii|> i.f

bilhiipi ol Alcl-

thrir punti

andfla.

Aniamis,

(>1

Avilius,

Cerdon,

Primus,

10()

Julius,
Eumencs,

119

•3"

Marcian,

Celadior,

'5J

Agrippa,

167

Iuli.in,
I)emetrius,

'7'»

iH<i

Heiaclas,

Dionyfius,

,4«

Maximus,

26s

Thconas,

281

Peter,

300

Achillas,

AlexuiJcr,

The length of ihcir p4ntiG-

1}.

1 1
1 ."
1 1
'J

12
10

•7
16

II He fufTered
lyrdum.

id '^'

It.

if,^^

Tt'i 'I

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAFJIY.

lit,,.

iJil

450

'i'he njmpj cf the The brginniiig cl The length of iLcir [lontili
biihoii, of Aicx- ih;ii- p nuuicjic. cate.

326

373

I'lidc three fiiccecilc<l at
till- (litiVrcnt times Atlia-
naluis was dc|ioltd.

3t<'
3«S

4
2-7

412

414-
45>

7 IbuifheJ.

6 Flit to ilcath by the
Altxandiiaiib.

457

Uanilhcd.

4(10
4S2

St. Athanafius

PiftllS, 1

GrcgOrv, >

Cicoiiiiii*, J

Petcr'll.

Lucius,

'rimcthoiis,

'I'luophihif,

Saint Cvril,

l)io('c*t)rus,

I'lutfriiis,

Timotheus I.
'I"iinntlv.'us ''
John lalaia,
i'etcr Mi'iiau'!

The fucccdion of the patriarchs of Alexandria whicli
followal is not known, and would bt of little life in hif-
torv, as the liarli nians were then in poHlHiou of K.irypt.

Diirin:; the perl'eciitions under the Roman enipeuus,
many of the ChrilHans of Eijvpt retired to Coptos, and
the plaees ;.hoiit it, from whieh it is faid thev obnined
the name of Coptis. The Turks (lill call thtm by this
name. As. the Coptis ptaiilife eireumcifion, the Chrif-
tians of other cinintrie'^, bv way of eontcmpt, give them
the nick-name of Kult-^, or (jirdlers, meaning; therebv,
" that they are ChriHiaiis only from ilie (girdle upwards,"
hut carry the fear of Jiida'fm below it j for either from a
fpirit of oppofition, or in imitation of tl'.eir neighbours
the AlivHinians, they have adopted that and many other
Jevvilh rites,

J'he Copti monks, who are difpcrfed all over the Up-
per Kgvpt in poor wretched convents, have aKi) adopted
(b muih of the afcetie life ol the old Jewilli heiniils,
that they are looked upon as their fpirilual olKpring,
and particularly imitate them in their Ion:' falls, lin^int',
|)ravers, and maiiv extrava^^mt feverities. 'I'luir cluirches,
cells, gardens, iitenfiN, and drefs, are as poor and mean
as their diet ; and, from tlieir afcetie way of life, they
contract a niorofitv of temper, which, joined to their
tenaiioufivfs and ijnorance, render them totally imlit
for any oth'r converfation than that which tends to a
monadic life.

The reremonies of the Copti church are much the
fame as thofe of the (iieck church : their litllr,^ies are in
the ancient Coptic laii;;ua;;e, which is the Kgyptian,
thouph mu.-h corrupted, ifpeeially by the (Jieelt lan-
guage, that was introduced among them durin;; the time
«)f the I'tokmie'., when they took not only fc\eral of
their Itttds, that might be fomethini; dift'erent in iheii
manner of proiumriation, but likewife adopted many of
their words. It is rcafonable to fuppofe that the Aiabc
language took place of it when the .\iabs eompiered this
country; fo tliat now the Coptic is no more a livinj;
laie.Miajic, nor is it uiidirlloo<l projicrly, except by a few
of their prieft-.

The Copti el'.urches .ue always covereil with mat-
tini! i and when thefe people jio to their devotion,
bciorc thcv enter (he chinch llu y t.ike oft' their dippers,
iwid MJim ihcy Come into it, they proltrate thenilelves
and kifs the pavement. The pat.iarch makes a fttort
difeoiitfe to the priefts once a year; and the latter read
lej;ends from the pulpit on j;rcit f. ilivals, but never
preach. Tb y keep the Sunday very lliiiHy, and, taking
til ^\■cdlHfd.iy^ and Ki:d.ivs, fafl lovcn n.onths in the
year. Thiir abllincnce chiefly cnnlills iji not eating
tjit'H, nulk, butter, oil, and lutl» thmijs as arc at other
tiiues lom.ni Illy uled.

it 1^ laid, that the chrifma, or holy tnl, which they
call the mciioii, is confivrated hut onie m jo years by
fhe patiiareh ; .iiid ihnt a whole day is Ipeiit in rhat cf-
rinionv, in the couifc of wliieh ihey ehani the Old Hnd
Niw '1'efl.iuiei.t -all over. It is pofliblf lhi> may be (Kmr,
but ihe iiie.iii- o;' uVce-lnie it inuU riiuiiily ha by diHb-
iijit Kt» ot Ihiiu Uinng Jirt'ereiit parts.

In their ceremony of haptifm, they dip lUc child tlirc-
timcs into the water, then contirm it, and give n li,^.
facrament, tlut is, the xvine 1 the pricll dtppin.r i|,e i-,',^
of his tiiigcria it, and putting it lo the clii:u\ iiiouih ■
which is done after they have .idminilftred the ficru'
iiier.t, for Uicy do iiol keep tlie coiUccratcd my-
Iteries. '■

They give abfolution as they do in the Greek church
and alio auoint all the people prcfm, that the c\ il fp.ri'
may not go into them. The jnu lU are obliged to fay an

office every d.iy, as long as that of the Roman breviary •
only it is every day the fame, which they get by rote!
The deacons have a Ihortrr fo:in, but the biftiops is lon-
irch'.s Hill longer. 'I'hey adilnniller the
iidays and holidays, which l.ittec are
Ifo ijn VVtdnefdays and Fridays, anj
. The prielts prepare for it by going
the evening before at fun-let, anei

* An ♦x-ell'-irt witiir fav», " lliil if, us has been (bp-
»')ffi ky fi'nr, ilie l:)})y!UBj by yc.ui iJid iwi iBMuilie

biftiops is Ion
r, and the patriarch's Hill longer. 'I'hey adilnniller the
facrament on Sundays and holidays, which l.ittec are
numerous; and alio on VVednefdays and Fridays, anj
every d.iy in Lent '"^ '

into the church

continuing chere till the eerc'niony is oyer : thcy'fpcni
the night molHy in linging pfalms,'aiid Ibme of the laitv
Ihutthemfelves up with them. I'hey ablUin from blooi
and things Ifrangled ; they pray for the dead ; but have ;i
notion that the Ibul goes to heaven in 40 days ; aud vet
they pray (or them atlerwards.

fhc Coptis ill general are very irre\ercnt and carclclj
in their devotions. The night before Sunday and fclfi-
vals they fpcnd in churches, and the holy ilay in faun-.
tering about from one place to another. They feem to
think that their whole religion confills in repeating tlu-if
long lenices, thoii-h wilhout the leaif devotion, and
in ilrictly obferving their numerous fcalfs- They are
in general cjiceediiig ignorant, both prielts and people ;
and if wc except the conyentv of .St. Paul and St. Antho-
ny, and one at Efne, .he reil are inhabited only by oiii;
or two prielts. 'i'he patriaicli mull: be a man that his
never been married, and is always taken out of one ot
the above convents.

The Alixaiuliian metro|X)Iitan is faid to have no Ids
than 140 bdhopncs in Kgypt, Syria, Nubia, and other
parts that are fubjv-ct to his patriarchate ; befides rlic
ibuna, or bilhop of the Abyllini.ins, wlu) is nomiiLiteii
and lonfetrated by him. 'The bilhops elect the psitri-
arch, who is conlirmeil by the pi incipal Copti, hecaufer
they mult advance the money for the firman, or patent,
which is .ifi>ivyards paid out of the patriarchal revenues.
He is inlKilled at the ea(t end of tlie church of St. Mai:a-
lius ill Cairo, where he is elei^tcd, and afterwards in the
choii of St. Maik in Alexandri.i. He is generally choli 11
[ by the MJority of voices : but if the imnibei app:Mr
eipial, they vote- in a more lolemn maiinn, by writ
their names, and putting them on the altar.

W'c mult not ipiit this fcdlion, without takins; notice
of the dervifes, who are a very particular fort of people,
.iiid may be reckoned of two or three kinds. Tholi that
arc in convents .ire in a manner .1 religious order, aiiil
live retired ; though Ibme of tliele travel with credit
and return to then eonvcnis. Some who laki- on then*
tins clurailler live with their families, and follow tlicir
trades : tlule alio appear to be a gwut kind of people j
but there is a third fort that travel about the country aiii?
beg, or ii;ther oblige every body to giie. Tli.r all
wear an octagonal liadge of while ahibalter, with a
grii niih c.l(t, bilore oa llmr giidles, and ihrv have a
high Ititl c.-.p without any kind of ornament. The tur-
coineii wear the fame, a little more pointed, but with a
white ladi ah' ut it. I here are few of fheic people m
i'gypt, except thole who live in eoiucniv, and thele
are chttfly li.uated within a fniall diltancc of Cuiio.

S K C T. l.V.

Ilif l/i/lcry of Kgypl.

I I is certain that the Kcvpiians arc a vciv ancienr pen-
I. pie, tliimi;Ii not IV ar lo ancient as they would ripie.
lent theiiilelviti, when they give ii^ a catilo|tue of iheir
princfs, liimc of wlioni aceording to their ficlitious account
iiii>n5d liveral (houland veais belore the creation.*

Ii is howeeer ee ulciil tl at tins country wan very early
planted, but the liillory of itii aiiticnt Itate ii funiue-h en-
veloped

peiiocllnl rtvid'iiioai.filie fun, Imi only nf ili» niouii, ihrir
etiiDiieilo^v 111 lint vafc liiij;lit L.. i ibMlclit lliwii^b \\v'i\ the

li|i]'iur'

P tlic child ilir,'.

AFRICA.]

E (r

vclopej in obCciirity, or dil'Ljiiifi-cl by faLIc?, th;it it can- |
not in the lead be dipcniLil on. 'I'hc- tirll- !iiii;,'(it' K;.'vpt ,
of whom wc can fpeak with any ilcj^rcc of authority was I
Mcncs or Mifraini, the fon of Ham, or Chani, wlio
reigncti in the year of the world 1816 and 21HH years
before Clirilf. Concerning this prince, Herodotus fays .
that the Egyptian prielU informed him that "this Menes
was the tirit kin;; who reigned lu the world; and that, I
before his time, all Egypt, except the country of Thebes, I
was one morafs. That he diverted the courfe of 1
the Nile, by drying up that part of it, which h.iJ pallid
by the foot of the fandy mountain towards Lybia ; and 1
cauli'd the waters to run from a certain an^l.' throu^Ji the
hills by a new ch.mnel : after which, he built the citv I
of Memphis, within the ancient bed of the ruer ; canlld j
a lake to be made without the walls from the ri\cr ; and
founded the magnilicent temple of Vulcan. Menes in-
llituted the worlhip of the gods, and the ceremonies of
the facriticcs.

Herodoius then tells us that the finie priefls re.td to
him the names of 350 fovereipns who reigned after .Me-
nes, eiglitcui of whom were tthiopians, one a vvi>m,tn,
and the remainder Kg\'ptiaiis. Diudorus Siculus m.ikes
mention of feveral pniiccs bciween Meni.s and M.eris,
for he fays the Menefian family cnjoved the throne to
tlic 5^.d defcent, and that the whole of their riij^ns in-
rludid the Ipace of 14C0 years, il^nce Hufnis the firlt
was the 551! monarch from Menes, and he was lucceed-
ed by eight kings of his line, the la(l of whom, who w.is
likcwife named IJufiris, w.is the founder of the city of
'I'hebcs, which ho made the royal rehdence.

CJfyniandyas is hippofed to have fucceeded the above
monarch, though th.' fai-'t is controverted by fome hillo-
rians. The li.ictrians having revolted in the leign of
this prince, he raili.d an army of 400,0x0 foot, and
20,000 horfe, and with this prodigious force reduced them
again to obedience. The defcindants of Ofymandy.is
reigned after him tothc eighth ja'iieration ; and the lall mo-
narch of that line, whofe iiamew.is Uchoreus, rebuilt and
fortitied Memphis, to which ciiy he removed the regal feat
from 'I'hebcs.

Safychis is confidcred as a great Icgidator, and the
«pieen Nitocris, who fucceeded him, founded the third
great pyramid.

After the death of Nitocris comes the race of fliep-
herd kings i for the (hepherds, who wire Arabians, con-
ipiered llie greatelt part of Lower Kgypt, with the city of
Memphis its capital. Hut Upper Kgvpt llill remained uii-
conquered, and Thebes exilted a kingdom till the reij'U
of Selollris. The tirll of the flupherd kings was nameil
S.d.itis, and this monaic'i was fueceided by live others
c.illed Beon, Aph.tcnas, Apophis, Janhir and Aflls, whofe
reigns included the fpaee of 259 years.

Thetmothis, king of I'pper Kgvpt, liaving railed a
prodi.Mous aimy, drove thife (licpheid kini-s aiul their
iubjei'ts from Lower KgypI, and obliged them to retire
into i'aUlline. 'Thi' h.ippened 1825 vears before Chril!,
and in the year of the world 2170, fiom whith time no-
thing rimaikable occurs in the hgvplian hdiorv till the
year of the world 227?), which was the time when Jo-
i'eph was brought a ll.ive into Kgvpt.

'The hirtcry then bL-eomes uiunttrelling ag.iin, till the
year of the world .'427, when llamafes Miamun, one of
the Pharaohs of the facred writings, reigned over the
country, and was particularly opprilFne to ihe Ifr.aelites.
'This prince had a very long reign, and w.i-. liicceeded
pn the throne by his fmi Amenophis, in the year i<( (he
world 2414. This Ammophis was the Th.n.ioh under
whole reign the lli.ielitis departed out of Kgypt, and
who was himlelf diownid in the Red-Sea.

Muris, or Myris, was the piince that dug the celc-
litutid lane tli.it g(KS by his nann- to this day, and ere>lled
a noble portico on the north lide of Vulcan's temple a(
Memphis. This monarch was lucceeded by the cele-
brated .Sr loftris, who began his reigi\ in the yeai of the
world 251 J, or I4C)1 yeais bifore Chrilt.

ficfolliis WM one of the giratelt heroes and conquerors

r^iipturv and iruth | liit ntlu'ruife, a\ liith Icen loni; liiice
•■1 lineil 01 thrChuiele ami oihiT (inM'lc, who run up lluii
iiiiginil loveiv lii);l<< '< tuiUntei itielf, as no tiilrr.ible iir-
^tiiuit Hi liillory is |»ivcMi uh ol thcle prrteiulctl times, liit,
*ulU( jnirar^, the invention ul .ill art^ 4iid lUfiKcs, ivin

45»

of all .nntiquity, and hi- r.ign is d.^T.cd one of the moll-
eMr.iordinaiy periods ol llw i;g\p!i. u annals. His father
tormeJ a delign of making !.:rii a Ik-io, even from his
biith, and laid a plan to bring liin ii;i in all the hardi-
nel's of body, forlilude of n-.ii!>!, and niilitary fciiowkJ.;!',
r..quifite to fovm the eh;nacier of ,1 gi\.'.i-ecmiueror. Ilis
phaiwas as follows: heoreerid a'l the' male children in
t.gypt, born on the fame day \viih hi-, fon, to be brought
to court, where they were educated with the young princi-,
and inured to la' onous exercil^s, in order to quality
themfelves lur a military hie, and at tlu I". me tin,.- pro-
per care w.as taken to .:di>rn their mind- with all kind ot"
liiitable knowledge, lb that they weie at once filmed tL»
connnaiul and to execute.

When Scfollii xvas an'ived to a prop..'r agL', his f..;h.-r
lent him, and iholl who were idiuatid witli jum, at th.-
head of a conlid^rable army, a/ainit thj Arabians,
whom ihey fubdued. 'This was the iiitrodu.;iory cam-
p.'.igii of the young S i'-.Hr;--, ;md his iuv.-mie con-p.i-
iiituis uho had been t'dueatod v.itli him, .11 oi.ler to llrvo
as ofticers under him, and who were! -com nundui.
'i"lK- kin;.^ then ordered Seiol'.ris and his :',-my to march
againll ilie L\bians, whom they fubdn d, .s t..ey had
done the Ar.d)ians. On bis return liom the L)biau
expedition, Selldhis moimted the Tgyptian throne, his
tatliir having died during his abfcnce.

Having^ a gre.it tlii; 11 for gloiy, and b.ing fond cf.i
military life, SeCoIhis determined to extend his loiiquclh
Hill faither. Hut b, fore he entered upon this deli.;n, or
quitted his kingdom, he wifely [vovid^d for its fivurity
during his ablence, by dividing Kgvpt into 76 nomes,
or piovliice., o'.ir ea'h cf which he pl.u: .i a tr.dlv
governor, in whom he could coiitide, and made his bro-
ther, .Armais, fiipreme regent of the whole. He then
levied a vail arn.v, eonfilling ol 600,000 foot, 24,000
horle, and 2.7,000 armed eh uiots. With this force hu
firll invaded f-.lhiopia, rendered it tributary, and obliged
its inhabitants to lurnilh him anmiallv with a IlipuhiteJ
quantity of gold, ebony, ivory, 5;c. Finding his land
forces inadequate to th.; ^iX'.it plans he deligned to exe-
cute, he was the In it Kgyptian king who turned his
thoughts to the equipment of a navy. He acc'.'idin'jlv,
at a vail expence, tilted out two fleets, the one, eonfilling
ol 4 ;o (liips, w.is to act in the Arabian lias, and the
other, which was of a limilar force, was llationed in thi:
MediterMiieaii. AViih the lirll of thefe fli,-ts he cntued
the Red-Sea, lubdiied the coalls, eiJiiiiuered ill • illands,
and then turninjr back, he proceeded with iqn.il luccel's
to India. With his Mediterr.mcan Iquadren lu- con-
quered Cyprus, the" fca-co.ill of Pha'ii;.!.'., ; ad liveial
ol the Cvelades.

( )n his return 'o ICgypt, he anen-.bled another nume-
rous army, with which he landed on the contin nt, ;uid
conquered all the countries where he palled. He over-
ran and fubdued .'Mia with an am.-./ing rapiditv, cntiiej
India, fubdued the countiies beyond the (.j.uiges, and
advanced as far as the ocean. 'The Scythi.'iis, as f;r as
the river 'Tanais, Armenia, luul Cappadocia, were con -
queied. Fie left a colony in the iiitient kingdom of
Colehos, fitiiated to thee.ill of the DIack Sea, wheix the
Kgvptian cudoms .nid manners h.ive been ever liiice re-
tained. I'iithei the fearcity of privilioiis in 'Thn'ce
lloppvd the progrel's of hi.i conqmll-, and pieventul his
advancing farthir in Kurope j or his return was halluKd
bv advice he receivtd iVi in the hi.'h-piiill of Kgvpt of
the revolt ot his bh'tlur Aiinais. His empire i\tenJcJ
fiom the Cianges to ihe D.uiube ' and Heiodoliis law in
Alia Miiioi, fioiii one fn to the ollur, iii< niiiui.nts ot
his V ictoiics. It W.IS hi" cuUom to lit up pillars in eviry
country he ciuiquered, with tin- iiili riptioii : " ^^lollIi^,
king ol kings, and lord of lards, liilidued this country
by the power of his Ivvord,"

On his Hturn to Kgvpt with the I'poils of the nations
he had vanquillied, li- ivvv.nded his officeis and t'oldiels
with the moll prcUile liberality. The ancient liiftorians
fay that one ciriumllance rcfpteling this conqueror is
very remarkable, which is, that he n.-vcr once thought

of .iHiiiidiurr, is pbiccd about ihe I'.inie lime .is in oiu liil-
toriis; «liii.li would unt pulhuly hue lern the cue, had
I lie woild been a* rhi is tlie^ I'ug.i'Hl j fur it . ji Hal he con*
ceivfd lii.w men Cvuld live any time III * icnulai li'ciciy
wltliUUt tlieiii. "

9 JU01

•\^^

Iff

■ : Hi

' 11 1 i

4S»

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

liki- other licrocs of [)rercr\ ing wll.it he conquered, but
comeiiteil hiiiilelf witli the glory of having Cubdued fo
many nations. After ha> ing ravaged various countries,
and made the wiUlell havock up and down the world for
the fpacc of nine years, he fccnis to have confined hiin-
felf within llie liniitu of antient KgypN •'* "" traces of
this new empire ate lo be found, cither under himfelf
in the latter part of his reign, or under his immediate
fuccelFors.

Sefolhis then expelled his brother Armaisfrom Egvpt,
on account of his rebellion, when the latter retired M\to
Circcce i after which ScfolJris dilbandcd the Egyptian
army, and applied his mind to works the molHfujien-
doully magnificent that the imagination can conceive,
by which he hoped to immortalize his name, and
contribute at oiue to his own reputation and the public
^iooil.*

Sefoftris might l>e decincd one of the moft illviftrious
heroes of antiquity, had not his pacific virtues been lul-
litil by a blind third of glory, and the brilliancy of his
fimc eclipfed by the clouds of vanity which induced him
lo forget his humanity. He treated the kings and chiefs
of the n.itions he had vanquiflied with the molt unmanly
indignities, by ordering them to be chained to his carr,
four abreaft, inltead of horfes. He was at length, how-
ever, rellrained from this inhuman praflice, by a juH re-
mark made to him by one of thofe unfortunate princes,
who, in f(K'akini; concerning the viciflitudesof fortune,
compaixd the initability of human greatnefs to the motion
iif the chariot wheels, by the rotation of which the fame
part is alternately above and then upon the ground.

After having reigned y years, Sefoftris, upon his de-
niife, left the kingdom to his fon Pheron, in the year
of the world 2547, and 1457 years before Chrift. J'his
Pheron, or Sefoftris the fecond, as he is fometimes called,
did not fuccccd to his father's glories, though he did to
His territories. He built two magnificent obclifks in the
temple of the fun at Heliopolis, each being 100 cubrts
in height, and eight in breadth, confifting of one ftone
only : there is nothing more recorded of his reign, but
what is apparently fabulous.

From this period there is a chafin in the Egyptian hif-
torv, fuppoftd to have been owing to a ftate of anarchy
and confufion, or an inter-regnum ; fo that we have no-
thing hiftoricully certain upon record, till the time of
Proteus, or Gates, who reigned in the year of the world
2800, that is 1204 ye.vs before Chrift. In the reign of
this prince, Paris, the Trojaji, was driven by a ftorni
from the -'Kgean to the Egyptian lias, which compelled
him to put into the port of I'arichea, fituated in the Ca-
nopian mouth of the Nile. Thonis, a tributiiry king,
and the governor of that par', fcizcil his perfon, fccured
his (liips, and fent Paris hini(clf to Proteus at Memphis.
The king, underrtanding th.it he had ftolen Helen, re-
proached him feverely with his perfidious behaviour and
bn.ich of hofpitality ; and then feiiing all the riches
which ht' had brought wi-.h him from Greece, together
with llekn, in order to reftore both to the injured Me-
n.il.nis, he commanded Paris aj<d his attendants to quit
his territories in three days, unde.- pain of being treated
as enemies. Homer "'v :i;'pi lied of thefe circumftances,
but thought proper to fink them in his Iliad, as incon-

• An Ingenious writer fays, " His work* may be londJered
as religicius, military, and civil. As to the firtt, he creeled
a'l hundred magnilicenl liniples, that ii, one in each city,
IS (i) many munumtnts of gratitude to ilic tutelar gnds nt
all the Litiei : .and he took care lo puliliHi in the iiifcriptions
of Ihrm, ili.it lliefe niii;hty works were rompleted wiihom
the allift nice of any of lii^ fiibjects j for he made it his glory
Id It teiiiler of them, and to employ only cipiivcs in tliel'e
mDniimenis ol liii cun>|uellt. He was particularly Itiidiinis
uf aduniiiig the leniple uf Vulcan at Pelufinm, in arknow-
Udgmeut of the imaginary pioieolion "filiatgoH, when
Ills brother had a delign ot diltroying liini iheie. And he
erected Icveral llatues at tlit- intraiicr uf this leniplr, in
loiiuncmnration of bit coniiiitll uf Ktliiupi», Mil military
ileligns were equally gre.it and ufeful. To prevent the
iiKiirfiont of the Syrians and Arabiant, he fnrtlficd the c.il)
fide of Kgypt with a wall, which ran from Pehniunt tliungh
the dcf.iri 10 Heliopolit, 1 500 furlongs, or iK; miles anda
hill', from Memphis, as far ts the li-a, be cut a grr.ii
fiumltr of ciiials on Uiih fides ilir river, fur the tonvfiii.
»iifr of trade, and fettling an ral> (.onelpondence between

fiftent with his pl.in, and that he might have an nnnnr-
tunity of rendering his poem much more entertaimnir
by the Inppofed prefence of Helen at Troy. This k
manifeft from the Iliad ; for defcribing the \ova'rc^ of
Paris, he fliews, that after he had been drove tluougli
divers fe.is, he ariived at Sidon in Phoenicia :

There garments l.iy, in various colours wrought.
The work of Sidon's dames ; from Sidon brought
Hy god-like Paris, when he plow'd the fcas,
And high-born Helen wafted home fi^yin Greece

/M, B. VJ.

And after liaving defcribcd the nepenthes or minh-
infpiring bowl, prepared by Helen, Homer adds,

Thefc drugs, fo friendly to the joys of lift,
Bright Helen le.nrn'd from Thonc's imperial wife ;
Who I'way'd the fccpter, where prolific Nile
With various fimplcs cloths the fatlcn'd foil.

Pope's Ihm.r's Odyjfty, B. IV. v. 315.

Which verfes fufficiently ftiew, that Homer was not
ignorant of the arrival of Paris in Egypt.

Several circumftances related of this king Proteu«
have given rife to a variety of poetical fables among the
ancients. In particular, Euftafius enumerates various
opinions concerning Proteus : fome underftand Protein
allegorically to fignify the firft m.atter, which undergots,
all changes : others make him an emblem of true frienj-
|hip, which ought not to be fettled till it has been tried
in all fliapes ; and others ajjaiii make Proteus a plchire
of a flatterer, who takes up aU fliapes, and fuits himfelf to
all forms, in compliance lo the temper of the perfon
whom he courts. Diodorus obferves, that the Circek*
imagined all thefe mctamorphofcs of Proteus to have been
boi rowed from the practices of the Egyptian kings, who
were accultoined to wear tile figures of lions, bulls, or
dragons, in their diadems, as emblems of royalty ; and
fometimis that of trees, and fuch like, not lo much for
ornament as terror. ( )thers take Proteus to be an en-
chanter i which kind of men always pretend to know
events. This perhaps was the real foundation of th<;
whole ftory concerning Proteus : the reft is the fiction
and embellilhmentof the pott, who afcribcs to his Proteus
whatever the credulity of men afcribe to enchanter-.
Proteus h.id a magnificent temple created to him at Alem-
phis, and on his death left the crown to his fon Rhem-
phis.

Rhemphis or Rhampfinitus is faid, by Diodorus Sicii-
lus, to have been of an exceeding avaricious temper,
and to have amafied fo much wealth, as to be able tu
leave behind him 400,000 talents. Herodotus, however,
fiwaks in milder terms of this monarch j he allows indeed
he was fond of riches, but not to fo fordid a degree, as
he is reprelented by Diodorus. He tell us that Rhem-
phis built the weftern portico to the temple of Vulcan,
and creflcd two ftatues before it, each 25 cubits high,
the one being dedicated to fummer and the other to win-
ter. He likewife creiEled a treafury for the purpofe of
depofiting the inunenfe riches he had collected together ;
and concerning the building of this edifice, Herodotus
records the following fingular ftorv. 'I'he architect
employed in this work, placed one of the (tones in fu

fuch cities as were moll diltant from each otiicr. Kgypl
was thereliy alfi made inaccellil.lc to ihc cavalr\ of iis
enemies, whieli liel'iire bad liarralled it by repeated iiieiir-
fions. I'gypi herd If, which had been hulierlu famous for
her borfei and chariots, and was admirably well ad.ipii J
for either, was now no longer the fame place in thofe r«f-
pefls, and |)iii on a nesv face. And his improvcnicnts in
civil allairs weieof the grealtit utility ; for he raifed a grc.it
number of liigli banks, or moles, in every pin of ilic
kingdom, oiiuliicb new cities were built, as a bclirr I't-cii-
lily for mm and beaHs, dining tlie inundations of the Nile.
Bcl'i! >, '< >rding to Heiotlutns, he divided the lands
eip.. ' '..iiiiig all the ('.g)piiaiis, refervinu Xu liinifill a
certain rent : yet if ilie river diniiniOied the bit of any riaii,
the royal furveyoi* nieafured it, and aUenained the Inh :
from wlience, the al nvc aiiibor conice'liius, oeomeiry h.id
its lieginning, and wa> ifierwardi jntrodnrcd among the
Grecians: but allronoiny, with the ul'e of ihe giiunion,
and Ihc divllion of ibe day iiilg twelve pjrts, tlity leitivcil
fiom the BaUsluiiians.

artful

AFRICA.

EGYPT.

*5J

artful a manner, that it might be taken out and put in
again by one in.in only j it being his intention to have
fomc fliarc ot" the riches of the place. But about the
time that the treafure was loJgtd in it, he was fcized
with a violent fit of (ickncfs ; and finding himfelf at the
point of death, he font for his two Tons, declared to them
the whole artifice, and gave them tlie moft exail direc-
tions in the management of tlie bufinefs, which he forc-
faw would never be his faie to accomplifli. The father
died i and the young men, impatient to take advantage
of the dicovcrv, repaired foon after his death, to the
treafury ; and having, with great eafe, removed the itone,
carried off with tli^m a conliderable fum, repeating, every
night, the fame theft. Some time after, Rhanipfinitus,
ming in to view his wealth, was furprized to find a vi-
ible diminution of his treafure ; and the more, as his
feal W.IS wliole on the door, the only part of the build-
ing which ht thought could give entrmce. The two
brothers continued their night e.xpilations, till the king,
after two or three further furvcys, was perfedtly fenfible,
that, by fome means or other; his wealth fuftVrcd a fuc-
teflive decreafe. He then ordered fnares to be laid .all
round the veflils which held his money. The two bro-
thers failed not to come at night ; but one of them, as
he approached a vefiel full of fiber, w.is inunediately
taken in the fnare. As he fiiund it impoflibic to make
his cfcape, he called to his brother, who ftood without,
and carneiUy intreated him to come in, and cut oft" liis
head, that (b he might fave his own life, and prevent
the difcovcry of their clandeftine theft. The brother,
confuliing his own f.ifety, and dcfpairing of his, com-
plied with bis reipicfl ; and putting tile ftoiie in its \t]..cc
again, took the heail away with him. Early next morn-
ing, the king, going in to fee the event of his projcvht,
was fo furpriled to find a nun taken in the fnare without
a head, that he haltened out in the greateft confufion ;
from which he no fooncr rreo\ered, ;han he direi>ed
that the boly fliould be hung on the outfide of the wall,
and expofcd to public view ; charging the guard, ap-
pointed to take care of it, to make a narrow inlpeetioii
into the couiUui.mces of the fpeilators, and in whom-
foever they pcrreived figns of furrow and mourning, to
bring fuch perfons into In-, pretence. The mother of the
deicafed, hi..iiiK; that th;- bujy v^■.ls cxpol'ed in this
maimer, d'lliiu.tej with grief, and upbraiding her fur-
viviiig Ion, tliiiatciuJ, if he did not procure her his bro-
ther's' body, and bring it homo, to let the king know
who had lobbeil his ire.ifury. The young man did his ut-
moll li>lri'g I e' to h.\m len-per, by i\ii-onllr.iiing to her
the impi.acli( ability of li.r iei|ucft, but to no purpofe.
Finding her, therefore, unalter.ible in her rell^ilution,
he gratified her, in the end, by th- following fiibtj in-
vcmion : lo.iding his all'-s with (kins of wine, he drove
them towards the place where the lujy hung up. Hav-
ing leached the guard, he privatily opened Ionic of the
fkins i and, Urikiiig 1. ii'f If, in tokc n of defp.\ir, as I'oon
as the wine began to run out, hr counterfeited the trou-
ble and conllernation of a perlun utt' riy undone ; in the
ine.-m time, the foldais iqicii duty ftio\e to lave as much
of the liquor as th< v eould tor themfelves ; whicii he fee-
mg, reviled them 'h the moll bitter reproaches, fur
the pleafure they to. . in his misfortune, inlkad of oficr-
ing to .aflilt him : b.ii they iiling him kindly, he pre-
tended to be pacified, and leading his afl'es out of the
way, feigned to be \erv bufy in lecuring the rem.iliuler
of his wine i in the n.r.iu time, the guards ftood loiind
hini, and he, prelendnu; to be pleadd with their jokes
iuid humour, at l.dl conl-.iited to give them .i Ikiii of the
wine i and they, in return lor fo ereat a favour, preflid
him to (l.iv, and take p.irtofit with them : he ci'pinpliiil,
and when' the (k.n wa • emptiul, he gave them another ;
fo that, by excefTn e drinking, the whole guard w.is o

come, and fel

ep (leip : then watc hing his

opportiinitv, in the di ail oflhemglit, he took down the
body, laid' itactof. an afs, and, llia\ ing the ri^dit cheek
of each of the foKlius, ly way of deiifion, eairie.l it
home to his mothi r. The news of this was matter ol
new wonder to the king, who, to find out the perlim
thai had done it, bethought him of the fidlowii.g ex|H-
dient ; he ordered his dau(.'liter to give her cnnniany, in
a certain apaitimiu of the pil.iee, to all co.nei., piomif-
cuoufly, but undir this nlhi^'lion, that (he fliould pie-
vwully extort fiom each of ihcni .i loiifcfliiin of the moll
40

ingenious acElion he had ever managed, and the moft
wicked crime he had ever committed. 'l"he daughter
pundhially complied with her father's inltrucfions ; which
the young man being appiifed of, he refolved to perplex
the king a little farther. With this vicv/, he got the arm
of a dead body, yet fiefli, and, taking it under his cloak,
went to the king's daughter : (he examined him, in
the fame forin, and to the fame purpofe, as (he had done
the reft who had been with her before him ; when he
frankly confefled, that the moft abominable and wicked
adion of his life was the cutting oft" his brother's head,
when cnfnared in the treafiiry ; and the moft: ingenious
thing he had ever done, was the ftcaling the body front
the guard that k-pt it. She then otT".red to lay hold of
him ; but he, holtling out the dead arm to hrr, haftcncd
out, while fhe grafpcd it; and, by the fivour of the
night, made his cfcape. Rhemphis's rage being now
coincrted into an admiration of the bo'.dnefs and in . iiu-
ity of th.c num, he caul"ed it to be proclaimed in every
city, that if the perfon, whoevei he w.is, would difcovcr
himfelf, he (hould not only be pardoned, but rewarded.
The young inan, confiding in this, went ftraightway
to the palace, and having made himfelf known, the king
gave him his daughter in marriage, .accounting him far
luperior in wifdoni to any nir.n then living upon earth.

Seven kings fucceeded Rhempliis, but nothing re-
markable is recorded of any of them, except Nilus, who
ordered a great number of car.;'.ls to be dug all over the
country, .and did his utmoft endeavours to render the
Nile as univerfally ferviceable as poflible ; whence that
river, which had been called hiiherto Eciyptus, chan.rcj
its appellation ; and from this king, Nllus recei\ed "the
name of Nile.

Cheops followed thefe feven kings; he was a great
tyrant, built the largcft of the thiee i;reat pyramids, (his
daughter foon after building a final! pyramid near that
eretled by her fiither) and reigned 50 vears. He was
fucceeded by hi: brother

Cephrenes, or Chabrejis. This prince reigned <;6
years, was as great a tyrant as the former, and likewife
erecled a pyramid.

Egypt had been tiiiis afflicted with tyrants for 106
years, when i\Leheriniu9, the foil of Cl'eops, iiKiuiited
the throne, and ai^ted ipiite upon dilTerent principles
from his f.itii.r and uiick, being upon the \\'hole a mild
ar.d mercifu: prince.

Af)chis lueeeeded this prince, and creeled the eaftcrn
portico of the temple of V'ulcin, vi'ith a m ignificcncc
that cclipfed the former poiticos. After his death, An\'-'
fis, who was blind, mounted the throne; and in his
reign Sabbacco, king of Ethiopia, invaded Eg\ptwithu
powerful armv, drove Anvfis to the Ccn.-,, and feized the
kingdom. Sabbacco made great inipro\einints in Egypt,
iiid after hav'ng reigned 50 ve;!is over that country, eva-
cuated it, when Anyfis returiud, and in an extreme old
age became repoftelfed of his kingdom.

On his death, he was fucceeded by Scthon, who was
both king and a prieft of Vulcan. It was in the reiL,ii
of this prince that Sennacherib, king of AiT\ ri.i, iiuailal
Egypt, and committed great depivd.itioii., till his whole
army, aceording to the facied writings, was flain by the
deftroying angel.

Tharaca fucceeded Sethon, and reigned iS years j
after whole death the Egyptians divided their whole
country into 12 diftrlels, and elee'led a king to reign
over each divifion. 'I'hel'e 12 kings contr-iCled the
llrongeft alli.mces by mutual inteiiiiaiiiages, and reci-
procally covenanted to coiitimie in perpetual ratiitv,
without invading the particular territories belonging to
each other. I'his duodecenn irate, or i;overnmrnt e.f 12
kings, howevir, lafted onlv 15 vears ; I't Fl'immaiichus,
I who ruled near the lea eoail, having grown opulent by
commerce, and contradled leveral .itii.inces with forei;;ii
powers, at length became fo formidable, that, with the
aftiftancc of the C'arians and Ionian', he coni|uered thr
other II kings, and reduced the whole country beneath
his fway. Pfammatichus was a great king, and reign.d
with much wil'ilont and magnificmee 1 he wis, however,
guilty of one great politic.d error, which was heaping
too many favours not only on the loni;'lis ;;nd (.".irians,
but on the Circeks in general, out of gr ititude for the
.uliftanee they had given him in fulHUiing the 11 allied
kings i whiclifo much irritated hi. fubjecl , that 200,000
5 V of

u .1:; ?

I !

f1 • •

:li

•

451 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

of them rsCohciI, and made a llttlcment in Ethiopia,
under the proto'tioii of the king ot that country.

'l"o repair the lol's which thi; coantry fulhiincd by fo
great an emigration, Pfainmatichws applied hinifcll' to
tlic ( ncourajcment of commerce, and opened liis portb to
all ftrangersi and at the fame time entered into new, or
reneued his old alliances with the Athenians, and other ]
Greek n::t;on>. II'J likcwife added a portico to the tern- ■
pleofVnican, and built a fpacious edifice on the front
of it. He leigncd 5+ years, 2f) of which ho confumed
in the fiegc of Aiotus, in Syria, Infore he could reduce
that great citv ; this having been the longeft ficge com-
niemor.Ui.J in hitlorv.

Necus fucceeded his f.uhcr Pfanimatiehus in the year
cf the world 33K8, and (11 b years before CluitK 'i'his
nionaich in fcii,nure is c.illcd Pharaoh Neeh;)ch. He
betan a c.'.iial if connnunication between the Nile and
the Red Sea, which Darius the Pcrfian afterwards fuiifh-
cd. He built a fliet of gallics in the north fui and another
in the Ar.ibir.n ;;ilpli at the mouth of the Red .Sea ; after
which he ;,',ot loMii (.f the e.\pertelt feanien in the Pha'ni-
cian fenii.c, and fent tluni out by the Red Sea, through
the itrei^hto of Habelniandel, to difeover the coafts of
Afiica, where in three years time they fiiled round the
continent of Africa, palled the Ibeights of (jibrahar, and
returned );uine by the w.y of the Mediterranean fea. He-
rodotus fjy:i, that this king fought a battle againft the
Syrians in the pUtuis of M.'gdolus, where he obtained the
viii'.ory, and took tlie great ciiy of C.idyti^. Jofephus
fays tliat Necus U'ade war upon the Mcdes and 15aby-
lonians, who had Jiriinlved the Aflyrian empire, and be-
came fo formidable th.r.upon, as raifed the je.doufy of all
theii neighbours ; and therefore, to put a itop to then-
growing greatnefs, Necus marehtd with a great army
towards tne Euphrates, to make war upon them, in the
3111 year of Jollah kinu of Judah. Hut the feiipiuie e.\-
prefsly favs, " Pharaoh Necho king of Egypt went up
againil the king of AflVria to the river Euphrates : and
knigjofiah went:\g:'inlt him, and he (lew him ;.l AUjjiddo."
This Valley of Mi giddo in the fcripturc, is the lame as
the plains of Magdolus in Herodotus ; and the whole is
related thus bv dean Pridcaux ; On Necus's taking his
way through Judca, Jofiah rcfolved to impede his march ,
and polkd himfelf in the valley of Mcgiddj, to (lop his
paflage : whe;con Necus fent cmbafl'adors to him, to let
nini know that he h.id no dcfign upon hijn ; that the war
he was ciiiat'cd in was againll others ; and therefore ad-
\ifed him not to meddle with him, lell it (liould turn to
his hurt. Hut Jofiah not hearkening thereto, it came to
a battle between them, wherein Jofi.ih was not only
o\erihrown, but alfo unfortunately received a woujid, of
which, on his return to Jerufai.'m, he died.

Necus, anini.ited by this viiSory, continued his march,
and advanced towards the Euphrates, where he defeated
the iJabvloiiians, and took Charchemifti, a great city in
thofe pans, uhere he left r^ good garrifon, and after three
months returned again towards Egypt : but hearing in
his w.iy, that Jehoahaz, the fon of Jofiah, had taken
upon him to be king of Judah wilhout his confeni, he
fent for him to Rihlah in Syria, and on his arrival caufed
him to he put in chains, and fent him prifoner into
Iiivpt, where he died. Necu>, then proceeding on his
v»av, came to Jerufalem, where he made Jehoiakim, an-
other of the f .lis of Jofiah, king infiead of his brother,
and [Hit the land to an^uinual tribute of an hundred ta-
lents of fiKer, and a talent of toKi ; after which, he
rtturned with jireat triumph into his own kingdom.

Necus dii.d after a reign of fixtecn ycais, and was fuc-
ceeded by his fon Pf.munis, who reigned only fix years,
and left the kingdom 10 his fon .Apries.

Aprics, in llie f.iered writings, is called Pharaoh Ho-
phra ; he reigr.'d with great profperity, took Sidon, and
reduced all Piuei,ieia and Paleiline ; after which he con-
cluded an alli.nKe with Zedekiah, king of Judah (Ezek.
^xvii. 15.) declared himfelf the proteClor of Ifrael, and
promifed to deliver i! fioiv. the tyranny of Nebuchad-
nezzar, who fron after dedroved Jerufalem, and carried
away /edekiah cajlive 10 H.ib)lon (Jer. xxxvii.) Soon
afier, the judgments deereid by the prophets of God
againft Apries liegaii 10 oixrate, for that prince having
fent an army a;viin(l the Cyrrnians, it w.is defeated, and
the greatelt part of the men (l.iin. But the overthrow
W.1* nut the only miiforluii?, for the Eg/ptiaiis con-

ceived, by the imprudent condua of Aprics in the wholi;
affair, that he had intended this army fliould perilii!
Eearing therefoie that he fliould devote more of them to
deftruihtion, they revolt' d in great numbers, and put him
to defiance. In thit; diknmia Aprics difpatclied Amalis
an oliicer of his cour:, to appeafe tfe infurgems, and
bring them back 10 a lenfe of their duty. But while
Amalis was I'peaking to lliein, they put on his he.id the
enfigns of royalty, and dechw d him their king. Amalis
accepted the dignity, and joined the revolters, which fo
enraged Apries, that he fent Palerbemis, another of his
ofliccrs, to apprehend Amafis. Paterbemis not beiu" aide
to efiect the bufinefi:, on his return had his cars and noli:
cut off by the king's order;. The wrong and indif/iiity
offered to a pcrfon of his charai5tcr and worth, fo cnn;'cj
the rell of the Egyptian;, that the revolt became .ilim.H
general- whereupon Apriis was fiMccd to fly, and m:i(le
his efcape into the Uppei Egypt, where he maintained
himfelf for fome ye.irs, while Amafis held all the afE
The king of Babylon took advantage of thefe inteftine
divifions, and fubdued Egypt from Migdol to Sycne ;
that is, from one end of the kingdom to the other. He
made a miferablc ravage and devaftation wherever he
came ; killed a great number of the inhabitants ; and
made fuch dreadful havoc iii the country, that the da-
mage could not be repaired in 40 years. (Ezek. xxix.)
Ntlnichadnczzar ha\ing loaded his army with fpoils,
and conquered the whole kingdom, came to an accom-
modation with Amafis, whom he left as his viceroy, and
returned to Babylon.

Nebuchiidnz/iT having left Egypt, Aprics forfbok
his hiding phxx-, and hiring an army of Carian'', loni-
ans, ^c. ni;ire''.:.i againll /vuMfi^, and j,ra\; him battle
near the city of Memphis. Being hov.evcr vanquidied
and taken pniln.T, he was carried to the city of Sais,
and theie lfr..iigled in his .v.-n palace ; whereby the pro-
phecies of Ezekicl and Jucjiiah w.ie fulfilled. (Jere-
miah xl.ii. xliv. xlv. — Ezekiel .\;.;.\. xxx. xxxi.)

Co.i jerning this king Apries, it is obfrvcd by Hero-
doii: , tliat lie was of that pride and high conceit of
h ! ;: if, as to vaunt, that it was not in the power of God
i.ni.i it to ilifpoiiefs him of his kingdom. For the firft
.'.o years of his reign he had enjoyed as profpcrous a for-
tune .as moftofhis predeccflbrs ; h.ning had many fuc-
celles agamfl the Cypriots, Zidonians, Philiftines, and
Oihir nations ; but after he took on himfelf, Caligula-
like, to be thought as a (jod, he fell from his former
(late, and made this miferablc end. After his death,
Amafi>, without any farther oppolition, became pof-
(eded ot the whole kingdom of Egypt ; which happened
in the 19th year after the defiruclion of Jerufalem.

Amafis, who became fole monarch of Egypt in the
year of the world 3.1.55, and 565 before Chilli, was a
native of Sinph, in the province of Sais ; he was a wor-
thy king, and an excellent legiOator. Egypt, in his
time, was happy in the fecundity of the Nile, and is
laid to have contained 20,000 populou' cities, towns,
and \ ilhagcs. To maintain good order ,11 the midll of
fuch a multitude, Amsfus in ide a law, whereby every
Egyptian w.is obliged once a year to inform the governor
i» the province by what means he maintained liimleU j
the omirtion of giving luch information being punched
with death.

Among other public works he built .m admirable por-
tico before the temple ofMlneua .11 S.iis, and ' , clcd
a colod'us before the temple of Viilc.ai at .Memphis. I'his
colodus lay with its face upw.'.rds, w.is 75 fct in length,
and h.id befide it two other finallir (latues cut out of the
fame done. He likewife built the (pacious Kmple of
Ifis at Memphis, which v.as a llrudliirc of adonilhing
m.ii;nificence.

In the nign of this king, Camhyfes cnnrri\Td the de-
fign of invading Egypt, but when he arrived on the bor-
ders of that kingdom, he received information of the
de.ith of Amafis, who depr.rted this lil'e, after a h.ippv
reign which laded 44 years, his body w.is tmbalmed, and
then iiileued in a fepulchre which he had fome years be-
fore ereiilcd for him(elf.

Ptiimmenitus the (on of Amafis fuccoeded his father in
the year of the world 3479, and 521 years before Chrid.
I ins prince had a (hori and calamitous icign ; for Cain-
byfes, dill puifuing his delign of conquering Egypt, the
Pcrfians and Egyptians came to an enj;aj;cmeut, whrn

the

AFRICA.]

E G Y P T,

455

the latter were defeated, great rmmbcrs flalii, and I'fam- |
mcnitus himfclf takiii prifoiier. Canibylcs tnatL-d tlic
captive king in a nioii: ignoniinous manner j he made
his daughter a (lave, ordered his Ion to be executed as
n common malofaitor, and at length put Pfainnuniius
hinil'ilf to deatl\.

Having leceivcd the fubmilTion of all Egypt, Cam-
byles proceeded to Sai», and with an unmanly dign.i'
of refentment, ordered the body of Amafis lo bo taki.ii
cut of his fcpulclire and burnt ; he then fl<w the guJ
Apis, ordered the Egyptian priclh to be feverely feourg^d,
ind opprelTed the people with the molt tyrannical cruelty.
Thus weie the Kgvptians treated with all the infolence
of conqueft, and redii'ed to the very lov.vli: degree of
fubmiHion. 'llieir ri.)al line was cxtincl, their religion
trampled on, their pri^ils perfecutcd, and themfehes
defpilld and oppreliid. And thus the kingdom, after
having continued in a re;i,al fuccefiion above 1600 years,
fell a prey to CambylL-, one of the moil outrageoul^, and
violent princes that ever reigned.

The fuccelTion of the Egyptian kings here ends, and
fiom this period, thj hiitory of this nation beeon,i,~
blended wiih that of the Perlians andCJrceks, till the
death of Alexander the Cireal, and after that ;era, it
is intermixed with the hiliory of other nations. Concerning
this great revolution, an ingenious aviiiior fays, " The Al-
mighty had given by the mouth of his prophet?, an allonilh-
ing ril.it'ion of the fevir.il eircunntiuiees ot this miyhl)
event. ThusEiekieKleehued, tliatdinin^i forty years, the
Egypti.uis (hould be opprilleil v. ilh ivery Ipeeies of cala-
mity, and be reducid to fo deplorable a llatc, that there
fliould be no more n prince of Egypt. The event veri-
fied the prophceies, for foon after t..e expnation of 40 1
years, Egypt w.is ns.ide a pr.n ince of the I'erl.an empire,
and has been govrrni d ever fi.'ic- by loreigiii is j for after
the ruin of the Perfian moiuueiij, it ha^ lucn lulvj,.-c.t,
fueecflively, to the Ciietks, Ron;ans, Saracens, .M.nia-
luks, and hill to ti e Turks, who poliels it at this day.
See E/' k. xxix. i ; — r.o. xxx. 13. xxxii. Ifalali x.x. 4.
XX. Jerem. xliii. !). 13. xliv. 30. xlvi 13 — 27.

Thi^ period, viz. the year of the world 34S0, and be-
fore Cliiid S5-4, is drurid the lecond period of the
Egyptian h;duiV. Uut Wiih relpecl to the fubfeiiuent
actions of CaniLnii,-, and ins fuceeliors, who reigned
ever Egypt, as will as Teilia, we fliall reAr the reader
to our.iceoiint of the ini; le of I'lrfia, page Ol and 67., in
whieh the mod riniaikalile occurrences are recorded ; but
as only the out'.iius of thi; tianlaclioiis of Alexander the
Great's reign are there given, we ihall here enter into a
nioic copious diiail of tiiat fingular and eccentric mo-
narch's tranfaclions.

When Philip king of M.iccdon had made himfelf
m.\(Kr of Greece, he pivp.tred to revenge the injuries
which it had reeeivtd troiii the Barbarians duriu;; the

his army amounted to no more than 30,c.:)0 fe^ot, and
450olKirfe; Iv.it with this fninll army he attempted, and
alii) accomplillied, the coiuiuell of the whole Peifiaii
empire, and added India to his ace)uil;tion.

AVhen Alexancler arrived on the bijiks of ihe Granicus,
a river of Pliiygi.'., he was oppoled by the I'crlian governors
with a very eonlider.ible army, whom he totally nefeated,
and, belides great numbers killed, took upwards of io,cco
piilbneis. lie then took S.irdis, the bulw.irk of t\v:
Perh.in empire next the llaj Ephel'us, Miletus, and
Haliearnalius, though delliukd be Memnon, C*:lenx',
a' ' jrdion, the e.ipital ceminand'.is of I'hrygia.

.inon, fuoii alter his defeat by Alexander, died,
and IJ.uius er):;imaiided his army in pcrfon : it was af-
l.mbl'.d at Pabylon, and amenuned to400,o.'.o foot, and
100,000 linrfe, Alexander imnudialely m.aelied to at-
tack Darius, when both armies met and engaged near
ifliis in Ciiieia, where the IVifians were defeated, with
the lofs of ij.o,oco foot, and io,or.o horfc, though the
Macedonians lolt only 300 foot, and I 50 liurle. Uarius
himlelf efcaped i but his tiueen, his children, and his
mother, were taken priiimers j to whom the comjueror
.aited like a huiband, a father, ; iid a Cm.

Alexander, by this coiitjuell, obiained all the trea-
fures, .ind other rich ftoies, which Darius had dcpofited
in Damal'cus, as a place of leeurity ; for not only that
city, but molt other-, in Syria, furreiidered to him. In-
ilead tif puriiiiiig D.irius into the plains of iiahylon, he
directed Ills march towards Egypt. All Phoenicia fub-
mitted to him, except Tyre, whieh n'as jultly called the
t^ii'-c n of the Sea, that clement bringing to it the tribute
of .dl nation'^. Alexander dcllr^d to enter the eitv, that he
might ort'er a facrilice to Hercules, its tutelar god j but
the Tyrians, who were attached to Darius, refilled hiin
.ulniiflion, upon which AleNaiieler immediately refohvel
to force them to it by a fiege. Tyre was at this timu
le;,'.led In an illand on the lea, about half a mile from the
continent, and was furrouiided with a Itroni: wall. Alex-
i.der, to ef.eet his purpofe, began to throw up a bank,
orcaufeway, * vvhich Oiould reach from the continent to
the ill.iiid. The Tyrians ccuuemptuoudy atked the work-
men, " wlieiH.r Alexander was greater than \ep:une,
and if th-.y intenJ;d to piiM'.il eiv'.r th.it god r" This
dillinguiflied inideitakin:;, hov.'ever, was in a fliort time
aceeM-.ipliflied ; the J'Nrians were iiivelied on all heles,
and auackcd at the l.une time both by fca and land.
Alter lultaining a fuge of ftven months, It was taken
by Al.xaiuler, who lold 30,000 of the inhabitants, and
tluii reduced the city to ajhcs.
I Alexander marched from Tyre to Jcruf.dem, with 3
i iuni refolution of chaltifing the Jews, beeaul'e they per-
I lifted in maintaining their oath of lidelitv to Darlu~. i?ut
1 he fpared the holy city of Ciod, and ollered laerihees to

him in the temple, after the manner prefcrlbed to hini by
fpaee of 300 years. With this view, a war ag.dnit the || the high prielt, who (hewed him thole paHajies in the

I'erfiaiis wa> refolved on in a general allembly of the
AmphyeHions, and Philip was appointed commantler in
chief of the forces dellined for this expedition ; but before
he ceiuld put this mighty project in execution, he was
niuteUied by Paufanias, m the midll of all the pomp and
feftivity whieh hr made to celebrate the nuptials of his
daughter Cleop.itra with Alex.inder king of Epirus. Phi-
lip was lucccedeil by his Ion, Alexander the Great, who
was ilun 10 years of age.

The ine)ll elllliiuuilhid pallions tli.it appeared in Alex-
ander, even Iroiii his tender year-, weie ambition, and
ill aident delire ol gloiy. 'I'he terror of his arms foon
m.ide all things give way befjie him in Greece. After pu-
nifhin^ fcveral barbarous nations, and alio the Ihebans,
he called the general council of all ihe (tales, and free
cities of ( iieeee to meet at Corinth, to obtam from them
the fupieine command againll the Perfians, as had been
granted his lather a (hort time before his death. The
deliberatieuis eif the allembly were very (liort, and that
prince was unanimoully appointed generaliirnnoagainlt the
I'erfuni.

Alexander, in the- fpring of the following year, col-
lected together his forces, matched with them to Scltus,
and there' palled the Hellefpou into Alia. At this time,

' This bank, or cvilrv.ay, is Itill rt'inaiiiln){, and the
fanv' an v.hrn l.tll made, beiiii', a'litithalfa mile hi length i
by meaa, of evui.di, v. hit w !:• lurnierly an iUaiid, Ht that

I prophecy of Daniel, which are fpokcn of that monarch,
and which foretold the deltruction of the Perfian empire,
by aCiiecian king. Under the figure of a fpotted leo-
p.ird, with four heads and four wings, the prophet repre-
k-iits Alexander, intermixed with good and b.id quali-
ties; rafli and impetuous in bis relolutions; rapid in his
eoiu|ueits ; flying with the fwiftnefs of a bnel of prey,
rather than marching with the weight of an arniv, laden
with the whole eepilpage of war j fupported by tlie valour
and capacity of his generals, lour of whom, after hav-
ing alliiled him in obtaining his empire, divided 11 ..moii >■
themfelves, D.ui. \ii. 4, 5, 6. ll.udi propii.iied the
vidtories of Cyrus, and Daniel thole of Alex.'.iuicr, the
two moll famous coiuiueieirs that ever cxilled ; the one;
ftiiinder, the other delhoyer, of the powerful Perfian
monaichy,

Ere.m Jeriifalem, Alexander look his rout to (jaza,
whieh was the only pais into Eg; (it, and w.is di feiideel
by lietis the eunuch, wliei niaile a gallant defence 'or two
nioiiths ; but the place w.is then taken bv a' ailt, and the
inhabitants eitlui put to the fwordor fdd for llaees.

'I'he victorious num.aeh left a garilfon in G.-za, niiel
then turned the whole power of his arms agaitirt I'^gypl.
Mav.anis commanded lor D.nius ai Memphis, and findinu

'*' fl

Mi]

i
i

>' , 'i >

'x:

dirtaiiee from the llaire, was made a peniiiliila, uiul fu it
hat eentiiiiied frem ilut lime to ilie prclent.

r I

456

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

s the moon fufFered an cclipfe, fome great Calamity
caby porti'iidfil to th? latter.

it would be of little uft to attempt an oppofition againft
fo powerful and triumphant an arniv, he readily fubmitted
to the conqueror, and !;avc up Soo talents of gold, with all
the royal furniture ; wliereUy AlcxaudLr became malhfr of
all Kgypt.

Alexander, during his ftay at Memphis, determined
en making a journey to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, •
which was fituated anions: the fands and defarts of Lybia,
at the diftancc of 200 miles from Kgypt. His motives
for making this journey were, according to the religion of
tliofc times, vain-gloriotis and impious. He had read in
Homer, and other fabulous authors of antiquity, that moll
of their heroes were reprtfented as fons of Ibme deity ;
and aiming to be celebnited an hero like them, he would
alfo be thought the fon of a god. Accordingly, luving
chofen Jupiter Ammon to be his father, he lent meflen-
gcrs before, to confiilt the prierts, tocaufe him to be de-
clared the fon of that god by their oracle, when he ihould
come to confult it.

In his journey to the temple, he took particular notice
of a fpot of ground oppolite to the ill.md of Pharos, which
he thought a very convenient place for a new city ; and
determined to build one there, which Ihould be called
Alexandria, in allufioii to his own name. He drew
the plan of it himfclf, and marked out the feveral places
where the temples and public fqu'res were to becrerted.
He employed Dinocrates to build it, and it foon became
not only the capital of Egypt, but one of the moll flou-
rifhing cities in the univerle.

As foon as Alexander arrived at tlie temple, he paid
his devotions there, and received from the oracle tile de-
claration he wanted. He then aturncd to Memphis in
great triumph, and from that time, in all his letters,
crdcrs and decrees, ftiled hirnlelf. King Atexnndtr fon
of 'jHpitcr Ammon ; and occafioned it to he univcrfally
propagated, that this -god begot him on Olympias his
mother, in the fliape of a ferpent.

He now turned his attention to his new city of Alex-
andria, whithc]' he went, and took great pains to popu-
late it, by inviting to it the inhabitants of many other
places. Among thefe were great numbers of Jews, to
whom he gave very dittinguiihed privileges, not only al-
lowing them the ufe of their own laws and religion, but
alfo admitting them equally into the fame franohifes and
liberties with the Macedonians thcmfelves. After (lav-
ing a fhort time at Alexandria, he left it, and wintered
at Memphis, where he fettled al! his affairs in Kgypt.
The military command of it he entrulfed only with his
Macedun^.iiis ; he divided the country info (e Tai dif-
tricls, under each of which he placed lieutensi ! inde-
pendent of e,ich oilier, not tliiuking it ("afe to coi.imit the
wliole power of that large and populoMS country into the
hands of one m,m. The civil government he phxed
wholly in one Uoloafpes, an Kgyptian i for as he intend-
ed that the country (hould Itill be governed by its own
laws and ulages, fo he thought a native, who was bed
acquainted with them, the moft likely to fee them pro-
perl v executid.

After Alexander had adjufted thefe matters, he went to
Syria, from wheiite he m.m hed with his army into .Mi.i,
aiid eroded the Euphrates and 'I'igris to meet I^arius,
who had in vain offered terms of |KMce, and had then. •
fore collected together a much more numcrou.s army than
that he had when defeated at Babylon.

Alexander pitched his camp on the banks of the Ti-
gris, a few days after which there hapiwned .in cclipfe ol
flic moon, which fo terrified the Macedonians, that they
refufed to proceed in thcii march, crying out, that hea-
ven difplayed the marks of its anger; that they were
dr.igsed, againll the will of the goiTs, to the utmoft ex-
tremities of the e.u th ; and that even the ir.oon refuled
to lend them her udtal light. On this Alexander funi-
moned the principal officers into his tent, and command-
ed the Egyptian foothlayers to declare what they thought
cf this pTiacnomcmm. Thefe were well acquainted with
the natural caufes of eclipfes ; but without cnterin" into
fuch enquiries, they replied, that the fun was predomi-
nent in CJrccce, and the moon in Perlia ; whence, as

* Tliis temple was liuili in hunour ef llani, the fun of
Noali, who being the lirH planter I'f Krypt and I.yhia, be-
came ilie great god i>f thnfe countries in the idolatrous
agfs. He WM the fame whom the Ciiueks call Jupiter,

often as 1
was the

This aiilwer revived the hopes and courage of the fol-
dieiy, and .Vlexander proceeded on his march to attack
Darius, who was encamiK-d in a large plain near the city
of Arbela, w'lcrc a battle was to be fought, on which
depended the empire of Afia. The Periian army was
very (iiperior in numbers to the Macedonian, notwith-
ftanding which the former were totally defe.ittd; and,
according to Q^iintus Curtius, 40,000 Pcrfians were
il.iin.

Darius fled into Armenia and Media, while Alex-
ander took Arbcia, Sula, and Perfepolis, where lie
acquired immenfe treafuies. Darius w.is afterwards
murdered by UelTus, wh) was put to de.ilh for it
by Alexaniler. 'Chits died Ditrius, in the 5rth year of
his age, and fixth oi' his reign ; in whom the IVrfi.in em-
pire ended, after it hi;d lalted 20b ye; rs, under the go-
vernment of 13 kings. When Alexander viewed the
dead body of Dariu-, he wept, and paid it fuch honours^
that he ordered it to be magnificently interred. (Jn the
death of Dariu", all his commanders fubmitted to the
conqueror, by whom they were rcilored to their former
hoiu>ur- and employments.

.Alexander wx: at this time captivated with the charms
of an Athenian courtezan, called Thais, at whofe in-
itigation he deftroycd the city and palace of Perfepolis.
This flu- perluaded hint to do in revenge for Xerxes hav-
ing burni Athens ; and thus was dcllroyed one of the
mul> be:\utilul palaces in the iiiiivcrfe, fome remains of
which are ftill to be k'i:n, at a place called C'hekel-Mi-
nar, near Shiias in Pcrfia.

AUyander, ;Jtcr li.iving conquered various other coun-
tries, at length crofled the river Indus, entered ind'a,
and ad> aueed very near the Ganges, which he alio in-
tended ii pal's, had not his army refufed to follow him.
He thore'orc contented himfelf with marching to view
the eiecaii, ..nd went down the Indus to its mouth. In
the coiirle of his niaich to India, he lubdued many na-
tions, li'ine of which refilKd as long as they were able,
while others immediately fubmitted. His army con-
(ilKd of 120,000 (ireeks and Pcrfians; and his fleet,
which he had in the Indus, amounted to 2000 veflels of
ilifterent kinds and fizcs. He conquered Porus; after
which he failed down the Indus as far as the ocean, fub-
duin ; nil the n.itlons in his wav on both fides that rivei.

When he had pallid the nmuth of the Indus into the
.Southern-ocean, and h.ad carried his victories to the
utterinotl boundaiies of the earth on that fide, he ap-
|KMred fatisfied ; and after fettling the conquelU he had
made in India, marched with his army to fiabylon,
where he relinquiihed the char.Kifer of the hero, and
lubP.ituted in its place that of the debauchee.

Akxaniler had two wives, the fiiU of whim was Rox-
ana, the daughter of (Kaiies, a noble Perfian ; and the
latter, Statira, the lUlcll daughter of Darius. His chief
favourite HephelHon, married Drypetis, the youngeft
filler of Statira. Alexander married about an hundred of
th? Peifia.i ladie's to others of his comman.'ers and prin-
cipal followers J fi)r as thefe were the daughters of the
prime nobility of the Perfian empire, he hope<l by thefe
marriages to make fuch an union eif the Grecians and
Pcrfians, as (hould render them both as one nation under
his empire. Thole nuptials were e'clebrated at Sufa
with great |iomp and lolemnily for (\vc days together;
.nnd all the dowric; of thefe ladii s were paid by Alexander,
who expended vall funis on thefe and fuch other occa-
fions, which were all fiipplied him from the immenfe
ireafure of Darius; of which, it is faid, the conquered
monarch laid up in liis treafury at Kcbatana 190,000
talents, which, according to the loweft computation,
amounts to 3500,000 fteiling.

When Alcxaneler returned to Babylon, he intended to
have made that city the |i at of his empire, but the loofc
he gave to difiipation foon fruftratcd thofe intentions.
He fpeiit the greatell part of his time in the pleafurcs and
luxuries of the pliice, efpecially in drinking, which he
carried to fuch cxccfs as to continue at it fometimes for

ami the Kj'.yjitiaiis Amnion ) hut as both names were after-
wards put togctlier, he was therefore called Jupiter-
.Amiuoi..

wUuIe

AFRICA.] E O ■'

whole iiiglus and days toijcthor, till at length lu ir.uik
liiinlclf into a tcvir, of wliich he iliid in a lew li.ns, in
the lame manner as his tavoiiiite Hepheltion had done
the year before, while he was at Kcbatana in Media.

'Ihus ended all the deligns of this great and vain
(;lori()US prince. Never had any man a greater run ol
liK-eels than he during the tvielve years of his reign j in
which time he fubjecfed to him all the nations and coun-
tries that lay from the Adriatic-fea to the CJanges, at
that time the ureatell part of the known habitable world.

Alexander was only 3?, years and eight months old
wlien he died, lie was lueeceded by his natural brother,
Aridirus, who was declared king m his Head ; but, as
he was an iJeot, the regency of the kingdom vs'as placed
in the hands of I'erdiccas. The goveriinunt of the pro-
vinces was diviJ.d .iinong the chief commanders of the
army, all of whom went to take polielfion of their re-
fpective ditiricts, leaving I'erdiccas at Jiabylon, to take
care of Arid^us, and dircit for him the main affairs of
the whole empire.

The governors of the refprii^ivc provinces had been
but a fliort time fettled in their new Itations, before
they began to wage war ..j!:a.nlV each othvr, fion) the
naiurai confeipiences of which, fe\jral ol them w^re
killed, and their dirtricts fell into the hands of their
conquerors; fo that in tli ■ courfe of a few years, ihe
number of tiiem was redui^d to four, namely, I'lolemy,
Cad'andcr, Lyl'mnchus, and Seleucus, who divided the
whole empire between tluni.

Ptolemy had Kin'pt, Lybia, Arabia, I'alelline, and
Syria; C.dVander had iNlacedon and (Jreece : Lyiimachus
had 'I'hr.-'.ce, and thole parts of Afia that lay upon the
HelKi'pont and the 15ofphorus ; and Seleucus li.id ail the
relt.

Thus the prophecies of Daniel were truly fulfilled ;
which foretold, that the great .orn if lb'- M.icedoniaii
empire, that is, Alexaiuler, beui^; broke oil", I'lere IhouKl
arile four otlur liorns, fignifyin!; f< tir kings of the f.une
nation, who fhould di\ide li empire Lietwrcn them.
Dan. vii. 6. viii. 8 — 22. Fron this divillon begins the
:vra of tb/ L.t_i,ides, or I'toleniies in E^ypt, wln^h con-
tinued nil the time of Auguitu;. C;efar.

'ihe ara when the empire of Alexander ihe Great
was partitioned out, is termed the third period of the
Kgvptian hilhiry, and this happened in the year of the
woilil j68i and before Chrilt 325. The partition of
Ale'iai.der's empire was h<iwe\erot Ihnrt duration, except
in Kgvpt, while Ptolemy had firll elfablilbed, and always
maintained liimfelf upon the throne without .acknow-
ledging any fuperior, or even competitor. After the bat-
tle of Ipfus in Phiygia, wherein Antigmiis and his Ion
Demetrius were dif. .ited, and the former loll his life,
the impire of Alexander was divided into four kingdoms
by a folemn treaty, as h.ad been foretold by the prophet
DaiKil.

Kgvpt, from this time to its becoming a province of the
Roman empire, h.id fourteen luccefTivc monarchs, includ-
ing Cleopatra. All thele had the common name of Pto-
lemy, but each of thiin was likewife dillinguillied by a
|v'culiar fiirname, and they had alio tlie appellation of
L,i;;ides, from Lagus the father of the firfl: Ptolemy.

'Ihe tiril monarch of the M.tcedonian race who reigned
in Kgypt after the death of Alexander the Cireat, was cal-
led Ptolemy Soter. 'I'his prince had been one of the
chief favourites of Alexander the CJreat, who repofed the
molt implicit confidence in him on account of his wif-
«lom, courage, and prudence ; in fhort, he was beloved by
the king and revered by the army. On receiving the
povi riiment of Kgypt, be i hofe Alexandria as the place of
his iifidince, and granted great privileges to thole who
fettled there, bv which means that city became exceeding
populous and wealthy. The name of Soter or Saviour
was given to tliu Ptolemy by the Rhodians, in conlidera-
tion of his friendly offices towards them, while their ine-
tropo'.is was befieged by Demetrius, the Ion of Antigo-
nus. The Rhodi.ms creited Itatues to Ptolemy, Callan-
der, ami F.yfim.ichus, who bad greatly contributed to the
(Ml feivali.iii of the place; but to exprels their gratitude to
i'toli my above the rell, they conlecrated to him a grove,
and gave liim the iiaine of Soter or S.iviour. Soon alter his
cILddilhinent in Kgypt, Ptolemy confederatcdwith Anlii;o-
nus, Aj;fipatei and Crateras, againll Pcrdiccas and Ku-
iniHie^. liowevtr, the troops of PcrJiccoa mutinied and
4«

P T.

45/

nifrcd a, .ind hen went and joined the army ot
.uiJ Euni -s was defeated by Antigouu-. jii

>lii

id, that all this time the boilv
as the prepif
') be the mo"
'fumed tv
Midy had '

she oci
wiiijj accou.
'IIS preparatio
wrought \i\

• rlie bu
uloeh I'll

iioni

nag-
hole

. .?m-
and

f the

^ liam-

tnd it
.< well

p.id>.. la.

It is to be ob
lander the G .1 lay uiiImhi'iI
lie funeral, w h was deh
niluent that had been ki:

years; in the intenm, huv
baliiK'd, in order to pnferve 1
Diodorus Siculus gives the 1
funeral itfelf, as well as the pr-

'Ihe coffin was of beaten
mer as to anfwer to the pi'j

was half filled with aromatic dru^;., iwuen ui . ..< wen
to delight the fenfe, as to prelerve the body fiom putre-
faction. Over the coffin was a cover of gold; fo ex-
actly fitted, as to anfwer the higher part every way : anJ
over this was thrown a curious purple coat, embroidered
with gold : near to which were placed the arms of the
decealed, that the whole might reprefent the aiits of his
life. Upon the top of the chariot, in which the body
was to be conveyed, was railed a triumphal arch of
gold, fet thick and lludded over with precious Hones,
eight cubit:, in breadth, and twelve in length. Upon
tins roof \v.is placed a throne of gold, joined to the whole
work, on which were carved the heads of goats ; and
to thefe were faftened golden rings, of two hands bre.idth
in the diameter ; at which were hung little coronets of
various beautiful colours, like fo many (lowers. Under
he top of the arch w.. a fringe of net-work, vv'here hung
larg bells, whole luund might be hearil at a great dil-
tai.'-e. C)ii both fides the arch, at tlie corners, llood an
I nage of vii(:lory in gold, bearing a trophy. A perillthy-
iium of gold, like a pi.,/za, fupported the arch-work ;
tne chapiters of whofe pillars were of Ionian workman-
lliip. Within the p.rillthyliuni, by a thick net-work of
golil, were fufpeiu'.ed four tables ; on the tirll of which was
pouri: lycd a chariot curioiilly vv'roiight, reprefenting
Alexander fitting with a royal fceptie in his hand, fur-
rounded by his body-';iiard, in complete armour ; the
Macedonians on one fide, the Pcrfians with battle-axes
on the other ; .ind before them llood the armour-bearers.
In the fccond, were \'vi:n elepli. iits completely h.irneired,
with a hand of Indians feated on the fore part of their
bodies; and on the hinder, anotlur band of M.icedo-
niaii-, aimed as in the day ol h.itile. The third exhi-
bited to the view fever:d fiitiadions of lioife i.ingid in
military array; and the fourth npiefeiited Iliip> prepar-
ing for a b.iltlc. At the entrance into the pavilion vv'ere
golden lions, that fecnied to guard the pali'age. Kroni
the middle of every pillar, an acanthus of gold fpouted
up in btanchcs, fpiring in llendcr threads to the chj[ii-
ters. Over the arch, about the middle of the roof, a
purple carpet was fpread in the open air, on which was
placed a vail crown of gold, in form of an olive coronet,
which, by the reflection of the fun-beams, d.irted fuch
an ama/.ing brigbtnefs and fplendor, that it appeared as
a flalh of lightning at a diftancc. Under the feats, or
bottom of the whole work, ran two axle-trees, a'aout
which moved four Perfian wheels, whofe (pokes and
naves were overlaid with gold, and the rounds platcJ
with iroB. The extremities of the axle-trees were made
of gold, reprefenting the heads of lions biting a dart.
The , ; .ot bad four diaiigbt-beanis, or poles, to each
of which were harneircd four lets of mules, each fet
confining of four of thole animals; fo that this chariot
was dr;iwn by fixty-four mules. The (liongert and lar-
geft of thofe creatures were chofen on this occafion ; and
they were adorned with crowns of gold, with collars en-
riched with precious (tones and golden hells.

It may ealily be imagined, that, in fo long a proccf-
fion, the motion of a chariot loaded like this would be
liable to great inconveniences. Therefoiv, that the
pavilion, with all its appendages, when the chariot moved
in any uneven ways, might conllantly continue in the-
fame fituation, notwithllanding the inequality of the
ground, and the (hocks that would he frequently unavoid-
able, a cylinder was raifed from the middle of each axle-
tree, to fiipport the pavilion ; by which expedient the
whole machine was preferved (leady. And, fuitable to
(ill (lately a procellion, a numerous body of workmen and
pioneers attended it, to clear the way from all
diments.

5 y

impe-
TK!*

I ft

»[■

'^i':-

I . Mi

:> •!

!!■

, n

4j3

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

The chariot was followed by the royal guards, all
magnificently arrayed in arms. The miiliitudc of fpcc-
tators at this folemnity is hardly credible : bui they were
drawn together as well by their veneration for the me-
mory of Alexander, as by the magnitkenec of thi.
funeral pomp, which had never been equalled in the
world.

'I here was a current prcdiiSion, that the place where
Alexander (hould be interred would be rendered the
moil happy and flourifliing part of the wlioli. earth. The
governors contertcd with e.ieh other for the difpofal of
a body that was to be attended with fuel) a (;loi iuus pre-
rogative. The aftection I'erdiceas entertained for his
country made him defire that the eorpl'e (liould be con-
veyed to JEge in Macedonia, where the remains of its
kings were ufually depolited ; but Kgypt hail the pre-
ference, and Ptolemy determined to fignali/,e his grati-
tude to Ale.Nander on this occafiuii. He accordingly fei
out, with a numerous guard of lli^ belt troops, to meet
the proccflion, and ad\ anced as far as S)ria. When he had
joined the .ittcndants on the funeral, he prevented them
from interring the corpfe in the temple of Jupiter Ammon,
as they had propofed : therefore it was firil depofitcd in
the city of Memphis, and afterwards conveyed from
thence to Alexandria. Ptolemy raifed a magnificent
temple to the memory of this monarch, and rendered him
all the honours which were ufually paid to dcmi-gods
and heroes by pagan antiquity. Upon which account,
fays Diodorus, " he was defervcdly honoured, not only
by men, but by tlie gods themlelvts."

PtoUmy, having been thus fucccfsful, formed the de-
fign of making himfelf maiter of Syria, Phiunicia, and
Judca. Thole provinces lay convenient for him, .i:.
well for the defence of Egypt, as lor the invading from
thence the ill.md of Cyprus, which he had an eye upon.
'J'hey were granted in the firft partition of tl.e empire in
Laomedon the Mytelenian, who had porfelied ihem iVo.i.
the death of Alexander, without any interruption or tiil-
turbance. Ptolemy at firll thought to have bribed them,
and offered vaft funis fortb.il purpolc, but failing in h\>
defi^iis, he difpatched Nicanor with an aimy into Syria,
while he invaded Phoenicia with a fleet. Nieanor de-
feated Laomedon, took him prifoner, and feized his
country. Ptolemy was equally fueeelVful in the luaval
department, by which he obtained the poflurion of Sy/ia
and Ph(rnieia J but this incieafe of his power gave um-
brage to both .Aiitipater and Antigonus, who grew jea-
lous of his fuecefs. As the Jews remained fiiil iefi.iel.o-
ry, Ptolemy marched into Judea, and laid fiege to Jeru-
falem, which he took by afl'ault on a Saturday (the Jew-,
fabbath) as they made no oppofitioii, thinking it a breach
of their law, even to defend thcmfelves on that day. Pto-
lemy returned to Egvpt with above I00,C03 Jews, whom
he carried into captivity ; but they at length fo far in-
gratiated themfelves into his favour, that he felcc'led
30,000 of them, to garrifon his moll important places ;
and he likcwife placed colonies of them in Cyreiie and
Lybia, which countries lie had lately fubjugated ; and
from thefe the Cyreniim jews arc dLlctnded.

Antipatcr akiut this time died, when Antigonus con-
ceived the idea of rc-uniting and making himleU' mailer
of the whole partitioned empire. To oppole thefe de-
figns, a league was formed between Ptolemy, Lyfiina-
chus, and C-aflander.

Antigonus now inarch.;d from the Eaft, to dif|x>nefs
Ptolemy of Syriaand I'hocnicia, and make himfelf mailer
of his mipping. Ptolemy, however, withdrew his naval
force to Egypt ; and Antigonus, being difappointed of
his intended feiziire of the fliipping, proceeded to lay
ficge to Tyre, which city he reduced in 15 months j and
having thus gained this celebrated lea-port, he litted out
a fleet of 5C0 fail, which rendered him exceeding formi-
dable at fea. Antigonus then marched with one divifion
of his army to oppole \J;.''.andei in the Leflcr Afia, and
ordered his fon Demetrius, win. ,i;c ilur divifion, to
end Sy
linft th

In the interim, Ptolemy reduced the id. .1 of Cyprus ;
and having made a defcent upon Upper Syria and Cilicia,
he returned to Egypt with great fpoils and many cap-
tives. At Gaza he defeated the army of Demetrius, and
by that means recovered Phoenicia and Syria. But after
his departure, Demvtrius, being reinforced, again made

defend Syria and Phoenicia (which he lua now feized)
againft the arms of Ptolemy

himfelf mailer of them, and afterwards even conquer d
the illand of Cyprus j all of which he annexed to ihc
dominions of his father! and Antigonus, upon tiiis .,^.
ceflion of territory, thought proper to wear a crowii^ ; uj
all'unied the title of kin-, which before he had 11 jt L'^.v.
Antigonus now determined 10 invade Egypt by 1^,",]
while Ins Ion Demetrius attacked it by lea; tl.e am, J
and fleet came to Gaza, from whence Ijenictriiis l'.:ilal lo
the Nile- but Antigonus met with great dilticiihie,, ia
palling the dtlLii between Palelline and Egypt. Tli^.
Ion could m.-ike no dekent by lea, nor eouKT the f.uh r
m.,keaiiy better progn is by land j for IViiemy had well
guaidid all the iiunuhs of the Nile, and all the p.iUcs
.iiid av.nues on the frontiers. Thueloie Antiiionus was
forced to return b.iek into Syria witli dilgr.ice ; h..\iii|T
loll great nuiubeis of hi> nui. by l.iiiJ, ..nd many of his
Ihijv, .It fea, in this unfiiccel'slul exp;d.tioii.

Ptolemy wrote to l.yfimaehu-, Callander, and Selcu-
cus, of his fueeefi, .im] renewed the k.igue with ihim
.igaind their coninion enemy ; from which t.ine h. tic-
came firmly fettled in his kingdom, and was never after
any more difturbed in it.

Ptolemy II. fur-named Philadelphu--, was the fon of
Ptolemy Sotcr, by Berenice, and wai declared by his
father parliiei in the empiie previous to, and luccellor to
the crown after his death. Ptol.niy had now governed
I'.gypt 39 years, ;uid was induced, by the al'eei.deney of
H ixiuee, to declare young Phiiad^lpi:us his heir. Ecr
the k.iig, who at this time was iJ2 years of a^e, had feve-
ral Ions by his other wives, and among thefe Ptolemy
Ceranmi-, or ihc Thunderer, who was the li n of Ku: ,-
dice, jiiJ the eldell of the male illue, on which ace u'lt
he liv^nud the crown his birth-right. The kin- tluiv-
I II-', in order to prevent the coiitell which nii^^ht iiifiie
.liter his deinife between the two broihris, leluhed tu
jilace the crown on the head of young Philadilplui.. dur-
ing his lile-time, and reign in p.utneillup with him.
i'liis paitialiiy occalioned theeldell fon, Cerannus, ti»
depart from court in dif^;ull, and retire to Lyiiniachuo,
king of 'I'hrace, who recei\cd him cordially in Lis
couil.

'1 he celebrated watch tower in the ifland of Plisro*
was Mnillied in the lull year of the reign of Puilepiy Phi-
I..Jel,:uus i and Ptolemy boter, who was hinililf a leani.d
pnnee, .'nd a great .. .cnJ 'o literature, founded, at Alex-
andria, a muleuni, or coii^. ■, of learned men, much
upon tiic plan of the prefeiit Royal t'oeii ty at Lon.ltn,
or Royal Ac.idemy of Sciences at Paris. 1 o render this
nuileum lefpeclable, he luj-plied it with a valuable library
of books, which was alierwards gradually augmenltd
by feveral of his fuec(.li'or;:, till it contaimd yoOjCCO
volumes. The method of collecting (befides purch.afing)
was to feize all the books brought into Egypt by any
llr.uigiTs, to fend them to the miileum, that they might
be tianfetibed, and then to remit the tranferipts to the
owncis, and keep the originals to cniieli the library.
I'he works of Sophocles, Euripedcs, and yT'.l'chylus,
were borieiwed from the Athenians in this maiuieri when
being tranlcribed, the copies wore lent back, and the*
originals detained j however, as a recompenle for the
lofs eif fueh valuable works, a preleiU of 15 talents, or
1 09+ pounds fterling, was remitted with the nianuferipts.
Strabo tells us, that this mul'eum was a large building
adjoining to the pal.icc, and Handing near the port, that
It was lurrounded by a portico 01 piazza, wherein the
philofophers met and converfed togcth'-r : that the mem-
bers of the fociety were under the goveinnient of a prefi-
ileiit, whofe oiHcc was ol that conlider.ition and dignity,
that during the reigns of the Ptolemies, he was always
appointed by thofe kings, and afterwards by the Roman
emperors : and that they had within this building a com-
mon-hall, where they ate together, and were plentifully
prtivided for at the common charge. Demetrius the Pha-
hirean feems to have been the firll prefidcnt of this mu-
feum. He had been prince of Athens, and governed that
llatc with abfolute authority ten years together. As a
legiflator and philofopher, he was eflccmed one of the
moft eminent men of the time in which he lived j and the
emperor Antoninus ranks him with the gicatell princes
of that age, even with Philip and Alexander the Cjieat.
Demetrius was prime minider to Ptolemy Siiter j and
probably put him upon thefe projeiits. I'or Plutarch tells
us, that " DemeUiub i'hakf tus peifuaded Ptolemy to get

totrether

AFRICA.] EG

together books which titfntcd of the government of kinn;-
(loms anil llatos, ;uul to read them : for in thofe he would
find fucli I'ood inlvicr, as none (if his fiicnds W(;uld dare
to give liiiii." However, to this niufeiMii it was owing,
tliat Alexandria, lor a great many ages together, was the
greatelt fchool of learning in all thole parts of the world,
and numbers of the niolf learned men were bred mi it.
Among the orn inients of literat\irc who have had their
rdia.iiion there, we lind the iiaincs of Clemens Alexan-
drinus, Ammonius, Origin, Anatolius, Athanafiiis, lie.

But to return to I'tolemy Soter ; he died in the fecond
year after admitting his Ion to lit on the throne, and was
04 years old v.'hcn he departed this life. He w.is a wife,
prudent, jull prim , and made Kgypt a happy and flou-
lifliing kingdom. 1 o his prnifc- it is recorded, that he
was ealy of acctfs to his luhjiCls, freqiienlly tonverled
and ate with them at their houfes, and thought it no dif-
grace to borrow their richelt plate whi n he g ive any en-
tertainment, becanfe he had hut little of his own ; and
when fomc reprefcnted to him, that the royal dignity
fcemed to require an air of greater opulence, his aniwer
was, that " the true grandeur of a king confided in en-
riching others, not hiinli If."

After the d'.xvafc of I'tolemy Soter, Ptolemy Phil.ulei-
phus reigned alone i and to eelibr.ite his aceedion to the
throne, as fole monarch of E^vpt, he entmained his
fubjeits with a moll' fpliMukd Ipcclacic, of which Athe-
n«eus hath left us a di Ici ipiion, which he tranfcribed from
Calli.^cnes the Rhodian, who compiled a hillory of Alex-
andria. It is requifitL- lure to inkrt the particulars, as
they are not only entertaining, but convey a very proper
idea of the gr.ijidcur and o;iuience of Kgypt; we think
likcwile, with Mr. Kolliii, that as antient writers Ipeak
frequently of facrcd pomp, proccflions, and I'olemn iVHi-
vals, in honour of tliijir fabulous deities, It is incum-
bent on us to give foiiie idea of tluui for once, by defcrib-
ing one of thi- molt celebrated folcmnities that ftands on
the records of antiquitv. This I'plcndid procelTion con-
tinued a wholi- ilav, and was conducUd through the Cir-
cus of Alexandria, being divided into feveral parts, and
forming a variety of leparate procellions. The fabulous
deities had each of them a diftinil cavalcade, adorned
with the ornaments relative to their hillory. Hut Athc-
ii;rus has onlv rel.Ued the particulars of that of H.uchus,
by which a judgment may be formed of the magnificence
of the reft.

The proceflion bcg.m with a troop of Silcni, followed
by a band of fatyrs, who were fucceeded by the Victories.
Thcfe laft had gold' n wings, and can ied vales nine feet
high, ftreaming with kiiu led perfumes : their hahiis
were embroidered with the Hgures of animals, "and everv
part of them glittered with gold. After thefe came a
double altar, covered with a hixeri.uit foliage of ivy, in-
termixed with orn. line lUs of gold, and beautified with a
golden crown, compofed of vine leaves, and adorned with
white lillits. Next adv.uiced 120 youths, cloathed in
purple veils; each of them fiipportiiig a golden vafe of
i'aftVon, incenfe, and nuirh. I'liey were followed by
4.0 fatyrs, with golden crowns ; two perfons reprcfent-
ing the year, and the genii of the four feafons. Then
came Philifcus, the poet and prielt of I5;icchus, attended
by comedians, mulicians, dancers, and others of that
clafs. Two tripods were carried next, as prizes for the
victors at the athletic combats and exercifes. An extra-
ordinary large chariot followed thefe, drawn by 180 men ;
in which was a figure rtprefenting 15acchus, i 5 feet in
height, and in the .ittitude of performing libations with
a large cup of gold. Before him was a large vTlTel of
gold, formed in the Laconic manner, and containing
15 metretes, or 145 Knglifh gallons. Phis was accom-
panied with a colden tripod, with a golden vafe of odours.
Uacchiis W.IS leatcd in a ftiade of ivy and vine leaves, in-
termixed with the IV-'i.iffe of fruit trees j and from thefe
hung feveral crow ^, i llets, and thyrfi, with timbrels,
ribbands, and a vaiicty of fatiric, comic, and tragic
niafqucs ; and in the fame chariot were the priclls and
prieftelfes of that deity, with the other miniftcrs, and
intcrp>ctcrs of myfteries, d.uicers of all forts, and wo-
men bearing vafes. Thefe were followed by the B.ac-
cantcs, who marched with their hair dilhevcUed, and
wore crowns compofed fome of ferpents, others of bran-
ches of the yew, vine, or ivy. After thefe advanced
another chariot, drawn by 60 men ; •■" which was the

459

ftatue ofNyflh, or Nifa, the fuppofnl nurfc of Bacchus.
Then came another chariot, drawn by 300 men ; on
which was a capacious winc-prefs, full of the produce
of the vint.igc : lixty fatyrs trod the grape s, and lung
airs to the found of the (lutes; Silenus v/a.i the chief of
the band, and llreams of wine flowed from the chariot
throughout the whole procelTion. Next, followed ano-
ther ch.iriot, dniwn by Cr.o men; wliieii tor.lained a
vcllel of 3COO mcafures, or 27,000 Kiudilli gallons, and
(hed a ceinll.int eftufion of wine. This chariot was fol-
lowed by 1 20 crowned fatyrs and lileni.

flaggons, and

cups, all of

c.uTying pots,
"hen fuccecded

ii.i^j^eiii'>, tiiiu i.iige eu|i>, till e

a filvcr vefl'el, containing 600 metre ti,, or 54.00 i.iUuns,
.adorned with jevvels. Next appeird li\eral large and
rich bowls, and other vellLls of nialTj gold and filvcr.
After this rich cquip.ige, marche.l 1600 youths, ha-
bited in white verts, and carrying gold and filver vafes.
Another troop fuccieded, with large and fuperb drink-
ing vcfleN, and tablis, on one of which was reprefcnted
the bed of Semele. In a chariot, drawn by 500 men,
was the reprefentation of a deep-cavern, (hrouded with
ivy and vine-leaves : a fountain of milk, and another
ot wine, (lowed out of the c.nern ; all the nymphs
who furrnunded it wore crowns of gold : and Mercury
was feen h.ihited in a fplendid iiiaimer, with a golden
caduceui in his hand. 'I'he expedition of B.'.cchus into
the Indies was exhibited in another chariot, where the
god was repiefenled by a ftatue, eight feet • '.eight, and '
mounted upon an elephant; he was arra).il in purple,
and wore a golden crown, internii:eed wilii twinin" ivy
.md vine-leaves ; a long thyrfus of gold w.is in his hand,
and his fanlals v.-ere of the fame metal. A tall fatyr
was feated on the neck of the elephant, with a crown
ot TOld on his head, formed in imitation of pine-branches,
ane! blowing a kind of trumpet made of "o.it's horn :
t!v; trappings of the elephant were ofg^lJ, and his neck
was adorned with ;i golden crown (liaped like the foli-
;ige of ivy. Tl.!-, cli.uiot w.is fiilluwed hv 500 youno-
\iigins, adorned v.ith purple \e(ls, ;;nd golden zones!
Next came 120 fatyrs, in glittering aiin.s ; and tliele
were fucceded by five treiops of fileni, and crowned
fatyrs, nuninted on allcs, entirely h.iriKll'eil wiin gold
and liher. After this troop appeared a Ion ' train of
ehiuiots ; 24 of which weie drawn by elephants; to
hy he-g.iats; 12 by lions j fix by orygcs, a fp.cics of
goats; 15 by butFalos ; four by wild a lies ; eight by
oliriches ; and Ccvcn by ftjgs. la th'J'e chariots were
youths habited like chaiiotevrs accomp.inicd by others
of a Id's (hiture, cloathed in m;ii, ties embroidered with
gold. On each fule of thefe w.r. tliree chariots drawn
by camels, followed by others drawn by mules ; in
which were tents, with women of various nations, lu-
hited like Haves; and the camels cairied great loads of
odoriferous fpices. Then marched a lar.;e band of Ethi-
opians, fillowed by hunters at the head of 2400 dogs
of the Indian, Hyreanian, and MolofTun baed. They
were fucceeded by 150 men, with feveral forts of birds,
deer, (heep, and oxen; alfo a large white bc.ir, 14 leo-
pards, 16 panthers, four lynxes, three be.ars, a camc-
lopard, and a rhinoceros. Bacchu-, advanced next, feated
in a chariot, :uid wearing a crown of gold embelliftied
with ivy leaves; he was reprefented as taking fanduary
at the altar of Rhea, from the pcrfecution of Juno ; .md
I'riapus w.is placed near him, with a golden crown. The
ft.itue of Juno w.as crowned with a golden diadem ; and
thofe of Alexander and Ptolemy had crov.ns of fine gold.
The image of Virtue was placed near that of Pto-
lemy ; and alfo another ftatue, which reprefcnted the
city of Corinth. At a little diftance was a great vafe
with golden cups, and a large bowl of gold. This cha-
riot w.as followed by feveral women richly arrayed, and
wearing crowns of gold. In ;mother chariot was a gold
thyrfus, 135 feet long; and a filver lance 80 feet in
length. In this part of the proceftion were a variety
of wild hearts and horfes, and 24 lions of a prodigious
fize ; alfo a great number of ch irioti, in which were
the rtatues of feveral kings and deities. After theic
came a chorus of 600 men, among whom were 300 who
played on gilded harps, and wore golder. cr•.".v■■.^. After
them weie 2000 bulls, all of the fame colour, and
adorned with golden frontlets, in the middle of which
roll- a crow n of gold. Next advanced the procelTion of
Jupiter, and a great number of other deities ; doled by

that

!;!•

■■;:(; i
■;■■* r

e !■

: ii!,i;:

^^' !|

460 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY

that of Alexander, whofc ftatuc ot maHy gold was placed
ill a chaiidt dr.iwn liy elqili.iiits ; on (uic liJc oflhls

ftatue Hood N'ictory, and iMimrva on the other. Th
proceflioii was graced wiih Ceveral throias of" gold and
i\'orv, on one of which was a hufjo golden diadem.
On the iliroiie ot' Ptoleinj' Soter was a golden crown,
which weighed 10,000 piece;: of gold, and was eijual to
ahout 50(^ol. fteiling. In lliis pn .ci llion were alio 300
golden v.il'es, in which pert'iinus weie to be htiint ; with
fifty gild;'d altars, cncoinpalVed with golden crowns :
there were large torches of gold, rich gilded hearths, and
ni.igniticent DJphic tripods of gold. Alter the fe were
feveral gilded palms, and a gilt cadiicnis 02 feet long ;
a gilded th"Mderbolt 60 feet in length ; and a gilded tem-
ple 60 fcvi in circumference. Next were carried j?.oo
crowns of gold ; togetlier with a conlecrated crown 120
feet in circumference, and adorned with a piofulion of
gims ; many goldui vclUds, and other orii.imints, ein-
Ixlliflud with jewels ; paiticularly 20 guldi 11 bucklers,
and O4 complete fuits of golden aiiiiour; a^ alio many
tables of gold, co\ered with goldiii gobkts. 'riu-ie
were likewife 400 ihariots lo.ideil with wllels, and other
works of filver j 20 others hllcd with goUkii veliels, and
800 more appropriated to the carriage of aromatic Ipices.
The troops which guarded this proceirion were coin-
jiofed of 57,600 foot, and 23,000 horle, all armed and
drefTed in a magmhcent maniici. Duiing the games
and public combats, which continued fiviral day^, after
this pompous fokninity, I'tokniy Sotir prelented the
victors with 20 crowns of goKI, and they rcteived 2 j
from his confort licrenice. It .ippcarcd by the re"illers
of the palace, that tlufe l.,rt crowns were valued, ac-
cording to Kgvptian cltimation, at }j4,<ool. Ilerling ;
from whence lome judgment may be foiiied of the im-
nienfe funis to which all the gold and fhei, employed
in the. fpleiuled ceremonial might air.ount.

Ptolimv I'hil.idclphiis now di\oikd his v\ho!e attention
to the impiovuiuiu ol the noble Ale\aiu!i i..ii libi.iry, anil
fp.ired neither pains or espince to procure the moll \.ilu-
able and cinioas books from \arious nations. In parti-
cular, he priHured a copy of thi Old IVltament, .iiul
li.id it iranlialid into the CJreek langu.ige; of wliieli
Iranliotion we have tin following .iccoiint. lie iiig 111-
foinud that the Jews h.id a book which contaiiud th;
l.iws of Mofes, jiul the hillory of th.it people, he was
defuinis to h.ive 11 Irand.itcd out of the Hebrew into thi
(ireik lainiua^n-, that his libraiy might be emu hed with
fo \.iluabie a perlorm.ince. To aciomplifli this defign,
it was neeeli'arv for him to addrefs the Jewilh high piiell j
in whiih he nut with ;ii 'at diflieulty, becaule a great
inimbri of Jews had been .ultually reduced to a flate of
(la\ery in Kgvpf, by Ptolemy Soter, diiiinii the invafion
of Iiidea in his time ; and it was repi. i\ ntid to the king,
th.nt thep- would be no probability of obt.iining from that
piople cithei a copy, or a faithful tuinllatioii ol iheii law,
while he .jft'ered their countrynun to continue in their
frrvitude. Aiilleus, Sofbius, and Andnas, ihueofhis
principal iiobkmin, adMlid I'lolimy to releafe all the
|ew Ciptivcs, who ainiuinled to about 120,000 ; upon
which that monaich piihlillied an edic'f for thfir rele.ife,
and idiud an older, th.it a leit.uii luin pel head (lioiild be
paid out of the public tnafuiy to thrir mailers, by w.iv of
indenmihcaiion for the 'ofs of thi 11 fla\is. The whole
fxpencr of redeinimg thi Jews, of both fixes .ir.d all ages,
amountid to 297,^-0 I. Ilirling. I'tolemy then wiote .1
lettei to Klea/er, the high prii ll ol the Jew- at Jelula
Irm, to fend liointhiiiee .1 tiue lopy id the Ilibuw
original biKik of the l.iwof.Mof ., .iiul with it fix out of
rni^ of the twelve liibis of ili.iil, to iranllate it into
Ciieek.

AriKeas and Andii.is weie fent with this letter to Je-
rilfaleni, and li.id with them likewife feveral uiUs for the
temple, til the v.iluc of 4()i,^"l. Ilerling,. \\'hinthiy
arrived at Jiri.lalem, ihe\ weie ieeei\ed with the iitmoll
tetlimonv id joy, and their rei|iiell was planted with the
Hreatcll readinds. In lonlcipieiice of which, they loon
leiiirned tn Alexandn.i with an authiritii lopy ol the
Mol.uc law, WTittin in htt'isol gold, ind (JIMii tliein
hy the high pnelt himlell, with fix eldeis of 1.11 h of the
twelve trilns, beinu in the whole 73 ildiis, or interpre-
ter*, who wire aiithoiued to IrAiill ite the whole lloin
the i>riginal Mi brew into the (Ireek I uii;uagr.

I'tuleniy I'hil.idvlphus, on (he aiiivjl ul the 7a tlJrtk

at Alexandria, lent for tlitm immediately to court, wln'ii
he made a tri.il of their knowledge and .ibilities, bv pro-
pofing 72 different and difficult i[iieftions to them in
their Older, th.it is, one to each j and from the anlwers
which they made, approving of their wifdoin, he gave
to e.icli of theivi three talents, or 1 J50 1. Ilerling, amount-
ing in the whole 1007,200 1. Ilerling. TIk; ciders were
then coiiduiitid to the ille of I'haros, and lodged in a
houle provided for their reception, VK'hcre they were pltn-
tifully lupplied with all neeiliiiry accommodations. 'I'hcy
applied themfehes immediately to their work, and com-
pleted the volunu;, which is commonly called the Sep-
tuagiiit veilion, in 72 davs. Tluy agreed in the veilioii
ol each periixl bv common conference together ; alter
which, the whole was read over and approved of in the
prelciice of the kir.g, who gave to each of them thiw
rich garments, two talents in gold, and a cup of gold of
a talent weight, with which they returned to Jerulalcm.

This verlion i , Kill ext.int, and is the fame which was
in life in the time' of our blell'ed Saviour, as moll of the
pallages quoted by the holy penmen of the Niw Tella-
iiicnt are found verb.itim in this verfion : it is Hill ufed
in the oriental churches, as it was by thole in the pri-
mitive ages.

An excellent writer fays, " This verfion, which ren-
dered the Icriptuie of the Old TelLiment intelligible to i
vail iiiimbei ot people, hee.ime one of the moli ronfide-
r.ibli' tiuits of the CiiiA'ian coiupKlls, .uid was evidently
t..niprelienikd in the dell /ii tiod li.id in \ iew, when lie
deliveicd up all the Kail to the Cireeks, and fiipjxirted
them in thole regions, iiotwithll.inding their divifious
and jealoulies, their W' - and Ireipieiii revolutions. In
this ni.mner (iod prepared the way lor the pre.iehing of
the gofpel, which was then approaching, and f.ieilitattd
the union of fo many nations, of diffrent iangu.iges and
manner-, into one locietv, and the l.imc worlliip ami
doctiines, by the inltrumentality ol the linell, moll co-
pious, and correct language that w.is ever Ipoken in the
world, ,uid whii h bvcaine common to .dl the cuuntrick
eoiujiiered by Alexanii-r thedreat.

1 1 is here necitlary to obicrvc, that the mod antient
and the bell ni..i.iik lipt of the Septuagint verfion now
extant, is the Alex.iiidiiaii copv, which is in the king's
library at St. James's, wiote all 111 capit.,1 letters, with-
out the diftinclions of chapters, v.rles, or words. !■
was f. lit as a prelent to king Ch.iiks I. by Cyrilliis 1. 11
caris, then patriarch of Conllaiilinople, who had been
before patriarch of .'Mexaiidri.i. lie alio lent an .iccouni
of the book III a Ichedule .mnexed to it, written in l..ilin
with his own haiul , figiiifying, that " I'liis luKik of the
holy liriptures of the Old and New Tellament, .is wc
h.ue it bv tradition, was written by the h.ind of Thecla,
.1 noble rgyptian I dv, above 1.{C0 yeais fince, a little
.iftei the council ol Nice."

I'lolimy I'hil.idelpluis had married the daughter ol
Lyliniaihus, whole name w. is Arfiii'H', and this pnncrfs
biought hiin two Ions .uid 1 daughter. Ihceldell of the
foiiiier aftenvaids fucceeikd liini, and v.is known by the
name id i-iKmetes; but their mother, through jealouly,
promoted a I onlpir.uy to dellroy hei hiilb.ind, whodil-
louied the plot, and coiilined hei in l'p|«r KgypI j
and I'tokin) then m.iriied .uiollur piincils id the very
lame name, but ol diH'erent qualities.

About this time the Romans began to llouiifli, anil
obtain a name among foieign nations, wheieiipon I'to-
lemy, defiling to eiiiir into an .dliame with them, lent
.01 emli.iliy for that puipole to Rome,. The Roman*
leceived them with live |r,ieiuell rordialily, .ind leturned
the compliment by fending an cmbali'y to Kgvpt the en-

fuillg ye.il.

I'tolemy received the Roman ambali'adors with the
llimtitl relpcL^t, c.ive them a Ipleiidid eiitert.iinmenl, and
prefi nted t.ieh ol tliiin with a iiown ol gold i which
till) iieeived becaule thiy were unwillin;', to diloUigr
Inni by declining the hoiloiii he iiiteiidid thuii i hut the
next morning tluy placid thole 1 lowii. on the llatiieit
ot the king, eieitid in the public paits ol the city.
I'tidimy alio ) a\e them niagnilicent pielcnts at their de-

I p.iituie, which tli'v depotiled ill the publii tiiafury oil
! theii aiiival al Rome, howevet, the iipiiblu wuuld nor
I lulfer itlell III In- ixiiided 111 geneiolitv ol lentiments,
and oiderid tli.it the amli.illadois (lioiild lecrive a liiiii of
, inuiiey tquivakul to wlul they had put into thu irenlui)'.

I'Kis

AFRICA.]

£ G Y P T.

461

f :!o

I -

- iO

4 -

- "4

2 -

- 12

14 -

- I r

30 -

37 -

- 7

S -

- b

'7 -

- S

This was a noble contcft between glory ami gcncrofity.
We may oblcrvc here three tine examples fet before us,
in the noble liberality of I'loKtny, the tlifmtcrcfteil (pi-
rit of the ambafladors, and the grateful equity of the
Romans.

Ptolemy reigned about 20 )c:irs in a peaceful manner,
but then his tranquillity was dilhirbed by fomc intelUne
broils and quarrels he h:id with his relations ; thefe,
however, he foon got over by his vigilance and policy ;
and then turned all his thoughts to advance the tiade of
his kingdom by the means of navigation. To this end
he drew the merchants, both of the eallern and wcftern
parts of the world, by many privileges and immunities,
to make Alexandria the center of trade ; and th.it city
contiinied the chief in;irt of commerce for above 1700
years afterwards (th.tt i*, till another paflage from the
weft to thofe countries was found out by the way of the
Cape of Cjood-Hopc, in 1480). Hut as the load from
Coptus to the Red-Sea was through defarts, where no
water could be had, nor any conveniencics of towns or
houfes for the lodging of pallengers, Ptolemy endeavoured
to remedy both thefe mcoiivcniencics, by dr.iwing a ditch
from Coptus which cariied the water of Nile all along
by that road, and built on it fe\eral inns at fuch proper
diftances as to afford every niuht lodgings and convenient
rcfreftiments both for m.in and beall, to all that ftiould
pafs th.it way. As he thus projct'tcd to dr.aw all the trade
of the eaft and well into his kijigdom, fo he provided a
very great fleet to protci^l it, part of which he kept in
the Red-Sea, and part in the Mediterranean. This lall
was extremely line, and (ome of the ftiips which coin-
pofcd it of a very uiiufual hignels : for he had in it.

Ships.

Oars on a fide each.

Total 112 (hips.

Bifides the above, he had as many more with four
and three benches of oars, exclufive of a pr(Kligious num-
ber of finall velltls. Wnh this fotmidable fleet he ad-
vanced the tiade of his country, and kept the maritime
nations of Ltfler Alia in awe.

The above fleet was ceiianily very confider-ible, con-
fidtiing the age in which it wasliuilt, and the little kiu>w-
Icdge that ni.mkind at that tinte had of maritime attairs.

Ptoleinv, diHMig hi^ wluile reign, paid the griatell
attention to the iinpii>\tincnt of his library ; and after
his death, left behind hiin the charailer of a wife, pru-
dent, magnanimous, and learned prince, by at once en-
deavouring to promote loinmeue, and encourage litera-
ture in his kingdom, bv which he improved the miiidn,
and mended thi' circumllances of his fuhjid^s. The en-
couragcninit he gave to the profclfor'. of different arts
and fciuices brought many learned men to his court ;
among thefe wire feven celebrnted poets of that .ige, who,
from theii nuinlKr, were called the Pleidaei, or feven
ttars i thefe weie, Aiitiis, Theociitus, Callimachus,
[.ycophron, Apollmiius, Nic mdi r, .iiid I'hilicus. Iheo-
riilus wrote ,in idylliiini, .iiid C.illiinaehus an hvnui, in
praili- of I'Inladelphus, whi< h ha;e leaehrd our lime;
lis alfo have liine ot the wotkN o( Ai.itim and I.y<ophron.
In his court likewifc fliuindied Aiift.irchus, a learned
giainmaiiaiii Malulho, ihr l.mious Kgyplian hilloiiun,
who dedualed his liiMory to linn ; Conon and Hipp.ii-
chus, two lelehraled niathcm.itici.uis ; Zenoilotus ot
Epheliis, the full who coneclid the works of Hcnier, ns
Suidas inloims U" ; And Aiifto.ih.ines, who, a. cording
to Vitruvnis, re.ul over all the books in the Alexandiian
library, in the o/dei they flood, /oiliis, the critic, came
alio to his (ouil, and lived fomc tune at Alexandria. He
had written againit Homer, whom all Inhdes highly
valurd and admire 1 though his eminence this wjv was
icmaik.i)ile, It could not leioinmend him to Pliilemy j
and for the Ijine rialon having iliawn (ui him the avrifion
pf *\\ men, he at length dicJ nnlcrably, At Philadi/i-
4«

phiis had abundance of wit, and his happy genius had
been carefully cultivated by great malkrsj he always
retained a peculiar tafte for the fciences, but in fuch a
manner as fuited the dignity of a prince; for, inftead of
fuffcring them to cngrofs his whole attention, he regu-
lated his propenfity to thofe grateful anuifements by pru-
dence and moderation. To (X'rpetuatc this talle in his
dominions, he crcited public fchwds and ac.idcmies at
Alexandria, where they long flourifhcd in great reputa-
tion. His intercourfe with learned men, and his care to
dignify the fciences, may be confidered as the fource of
thofe mcafures he piirfiicd to m;ike commerce flourifti in
his dominions J and in which attempt no prince c\cr
flouriftied more than himfelf.

Ptolemy HI. furnamed I'ucrgetes, or the bcncfaflor,
fucceeded his father in the year of the world 375b', and
246 before Chrift. In the commencement of his reign,
he made preparations to wage war againft Antiociius
Teos, king of Syria, who had repudiated Berenice, the
fifter of this Ptolemy. But in the interim, Antiochus
was poifoned by his other wife, Laodice ; whole Ion,
Seleucus Callinicus, afcended the throne, and begm his
reign by putting Berenice and her fon to death.

Ptolemy determined tore\enge the death of his filler,
and aniinblcd a confidcrable bo<ly of tnxjps for that pur-
pole. The cities of Afia Minor interelled themfelves in
the quarrel, and difpntched great numbeis of forces to
join with the king of Egypt. With thefe reinforce-
ments Ptolemy became very formidable ; and having;
put himfelf at the head of the confederate armv, he foon
made himli.lf mailer of Syria and Cilicia, and h.uinj
taken F^aodice, he put her to death j then paffing the
Euphrates, he conquered all the country from thence to
the Tigres. A domcftic lidition, however, interrupted
the progrefs of his arms, and obliged him to return to
Egypt with part of his forces. Biit to leeure the coun-
tries he had conquered, he left one of his generals, named
Antiochus, to guard the provinces which he had taken
on the well fide of .Mount Taurus, and Xantippus w.is
enlrulled with the care of thofe on the e.ilt fule of it.
Having thus provided for the proteiilion of the places he
had fubjugated, Ptolemy returned to Eg\p., carrying
with hiin immenle riches, of which he had defpoileil the
enemy, paiticularly 40,000 talents of hlver, which arc-
equal to 18,000,000 ftcrling; a great number of gold
and lilver velli.l«, 2500 ftatues, ^c. »^'c. All this hap-
pened exactly as it was foretold by the pro|)het D.iiiiel,
(Chap, xi.) who tells us, that aftir the kinus daughter of
the fouth, with her liiii, (hould be cut olf, and h.' that
ftrengthcned her in tholi- times, that is hu fuller, (licnild
be dead, *' out of a branch Jof her mors .'h.ill one ll.ind
up in his cH.ite," that is Ptolemy Eiieruetes, who fprini;-
iiig liom the lame rixji with her, as bcin;; her bioilui,
ttood up in the ellate of I'l.ileiiiv Philadelphus his f.,thcr,
whom he fucceeded in his kingdom ; niul that he " Ih.ill
come with an arniv, and fh.ill enter into the lortrels ot
the king of the north, and lliall deal .i.Minll them, .inJ
(hall prevail : and fliall alio carry capin^s into Egypt
their gods with their prince., and wnh their picciou*
velltls of filver and of gold, and he ftiall continue more
years than the king of the north ; fo the king of the tuuth
(hall come into his kingdom, and return into his own
land." The king of the louth is the king of Kgvpt (
and the king of the north is the king of Syiia ; for hoth
are there fo called in lelpedt of [udea, which, lying Iw-
tween rhele two countries, hath Egypt on the louth, and
Syria on the north. After this the hidy prophet pio-
ce-eds. ihiough the reft of the chapter, to preiliit all the
other molt rcmaikable events that weic biought to pais
in the tranl.iCtions of the lucceeding times of thele two
r.ices of kings, till the death of Aiitiothus Kpiph.inrs,
the );iiat iHrleciilor of the Jews.

Attrr the return of Ptolemy to Egypt, Selcucns pre-
pand a great fleet on the co.ift of Syria, to reduce the
revolt! il cities of Afia. Howivrr, his enterpri/e w.is
incffci'lual, as his whole imvy was ilcftroyed by a violent
tetn|H-ll. Seleucus nnd n few ot his attciid,intii cfcaped,
hut all the reft who compolcd the fleet weic diownrd.
But, lays Jufliii, this drcidful llioke contiibuled to the
rc-eftablifliment of hi« affairs, for the eilie» of Alia,
which had revolted 'iit ot the abhorrence ihry h.id ot
him toi the murder of Berenice and hei Ion, on hearin,;
of hilt great lots, and thinking hiai fufKctently pumthril,
b A t hiinged

iN-il I

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M!>

462

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

changrd their haltid into compaffion, and declared for
tiiin again.

Biing thus iclloKil to the bell (lart of his doininionfi,
Stleucus prepared a fdiinidablc ainiy againft Ptolemy, in
order to rccovtr the reft of his terntorici. But in this
attempt he had no better fuccefs than in the former, for
he was iefcatcd by Ptolemy, '-/ho cut off the grcatcft part
of his ti5ops, and he himfelf, with a few followers only,
with great ditficiilty efcaped to Antiorli.

The repeated misfortunes of Seleucus, however, fecmcd
to conciliate the afteilions of his fubjcdts, and their love
to him rofc in proportion to his diftrcU'cs. Hence it was
that the cities of Smyrna iuid Mag;nefia, in Lower Afia,
out of therefpicf which they bore to him, entered into a
leajjue to join all their power and llrength for the fup|virt
of his intereft and dignity, which they caul'cd to be
engraved on a large column of marble ; " ibis very
marble, fays the learned dean Prideaiix, is now llanding
ill the Theatre -yard at Oxford, with the laid league en-
oravcn on it in Greek capital kturs, ftill very legible. ,
It was brought out of Afia by Thomas earl of Arundel,
ill the beginning of the reign of kin!; Charles I, and was
given, with other marbles, to the univerCty of Oxford,
by Henry duke of Noifolk, his grandfon, in the reign
of king Charles II."

An accomniwlation at length took place between Pto-
letny and Seleucus, and the former then applied himfelf
to tiic enlarging ot his dominions foiitliward ; and he ex-
tended them a great way down thi; Red-Sea, making
hinilelf marter ot all the coatls of it liolh on the Arabian
as well as the Ethiopian fide.

After having reigned 25 years, he was poifoned by his
(i)n, who fuccceded him in the year of the world 37Ki,
ind 221 years before Chiill, and was called Ptoleiny IV.
or Philopater.

J'his was a nioft profligate and vicious prince, and his
title of Philopater was givin him ironicullv, for the word
itfelf figiiilies, lover of his father ; but his rnnilty to his
father, and murdering him at l.ill, being notorioully
known, he received that appell.ition by way of derifion.
Giving way to his diabolical difixilition, he fo<m after
murdered bi> motlwr Berenice, Tnd his brother Magas,
and thus enibrued his hands in the bluod of his wiwile
family.

The wcakncfs and wickednefs of this monarch's reign
induced Antiochus, the lineal king of Syria, to try to
recover his dominions, which had for (ome time paft
been annexed to the Egyptian terrilciifs. ilc firft le-
ducid Selucii, ;u»l afterwards Tyre and Ptolniiats.

He began the next cinipaign 111 a foimidable manner,
having fpcnt ihi winter inonihs in ei)uippiiig a great fleet,
ind fitting out a very large aimy. Ihe fleet he gave the
direiftum of to Diogntius, and took the coinirand of the
ainiy ujion himlilt.

CJii the other hami, Ptolimy had put hi.- army under
the command of Niceilaus, and entrulled his Hect to the
tJte of Peiipenes. Nicolaus man lied to mount Lihaiius,
wli«ie he fei/fdall the pafles belwirii that place and the
(ea. '1\k fleets coafied .iiid the armies nurelicd on both
fides i (o th.it their naval as well tf tand-fon;e* met at
the palfes which Nicolaus had feiwd. While Antiochii'<
atucked Nieilaus bv land, the fleets began to engnge ;
fo that there w.is a geneial ennngniieiit hoih l>v le.i and
land at ilie fame tune. Ncitmr p«it) had the fuiKTioritv
atfea; but Antiochus had the adviiitnge on land, and
foriid Nicolaus to retire to Sidoii, »ltei lofing 40^0 men.
AnlKKhuscouM not befnge hint iliur, but niniched into
Galilee and (lilead, whiili he rtdueed to his obi'dirncc,
and then took up his winter-quarteis at Ptoleinais.

In the eiiluinu eninpaign, both parties »g»in took the
field. Ploleniy was hinilell at the head o( his army,
winch eoiif (led if 70,000 fcxii, 5CC0 horfr, and 73 ele-
phants, wbnh he led from Pelufium cnrer the delarts that
parted Egypt liom Paleflinc, and encan>)>c<l at Kaphia,
a town lyiliK between Kbinexciuni and (iaxa. Antiuehuk
met hini tliere with an ii:mv of fal.oco Iih.i, and ici
eh phants. The two kiiij-s drew out all tfRir loices for a
decifivc battle, and both rode before the front of ilwir
rT(|)f dive armies to anini.ili ihen tioopk. Ailinor, who
was fitter and Wile to Ploleiin , aeiuinptiiiid hini in lhii>
jvlion, and continued in tlie aimy during thi heal ot the
whole bailie, mlioiiing the loblu is (o Uhave \aliiwitlv,
and (xpvliiig bvrfilt to all ll>e d^ni^cisi ui liui cngayc-
mcQt. {

During the Kittle, Antiochus commandiiiff the ri^ht
winu:, tutmd the oppofite wing of the enemy ; butp'in-
fuing them too far, in the interim the other win' of the
enemy having beaten his left wing, fell iipon the m.u'n
bodv, then lift naked, and utterly broke tliein before he
coiiiei return to their allillanee. 'I his compelled Antio-
chus to ictii-at, with the lots of io,coo imn killed, an,l
40CO l.iKeii prifoners ; after which lie abandoned all hn
conmielt ., and retired to Anliocli with tlie leu.nants of
liis troops.

In conlee|iiencc of the above viiTlorv', all Co;Ie-.Syr',i
and Palefliije fubmitted to Ptolemy, wiio went to Jeni-
lalem on puipofe to vilit the temple. " But, fays m
.iccuratc iuithor, he was not content with vinvin;; ilijs
temple onlv from the outer court, beyond whii li it w.t;
ivit lavkuil for any (ienlilc to pals, but would h.<\c
prelll'il into the fancUiary itfelf, even into the holy of h<i-
lies, where none but the high-prie'ft was to enter, and
that only once a ye ..r, on the great day of expiation. The
liigh-priell, priells, levitis, and |Wople, in vain oppofed
this rafli and impious leliilution. The king entered the
inner court ; but as he was pafling farther to go into the
temple itfelf, he was fmitten from God with fiich a te-r-
ror and conlufum of mind, that be was c.irrnd out of
the place in a manner half dead. On this he departtd
from Jerufalem, fillnl with great wrath .igainlf the whole
nation of the Jev/s ; .iid on his return to Alexandria
leverely put it into execulion."

The inhabitants ol Abxandri.-'. were of three ranks :
ift, the .Macedonian-, who were the original founders
of the city, and li.;el llie firll right to it : 2dly, the imr-
renary li^ildiers, v'lio came there to lerve in the army :
.ind, ;dly, the native Kuypiians ; but, by the lavour of
Ale-.iiKlir die (ii.at, and I'lolemv Sotir, the Jews wiie
enreilkd among the fiilt i.uik, and had all the privile-yes
ol original Macedonians confirrcd em ibeni. Pbili.p.itor
nloived t) dipriie them of thisiiglil, and lei piibjifli 4
ileeive, whereby they were degiadid Imui tlie liirt r..iik,
and eaufeil tlum to be eiiiolbd 111 the ihiid rank, ;,ir.i ii"
the eoinmoii piopic of Kgvpt. However, he p' iiiutr -d
Inch of the Jews as weuilJ be initial. d ii.to the lie.ithrn
religion, to reiaiii th'.ir f.rnier priuliges. But of thi:
many tboufands of the Jiwifli race, which then ilveilt
at Alrxiiiiliia, there were found only vco who aco^pi'd
of ihis eonditiem, .,iul forio.ik their Cii.J, to j^iin the
fivoiir of their kinj ■, the reft (lood all liiiji to thiir reli-
gion, and held the .ipollates in abluirreiicc, which fo
nunh enraged the king, that he tixik 3 rclblution eif def-
troving all the Jews in his rxtenfive dominion', purpof-
iiig to begin Willi thole of Egypt, and then to p;oce< J
a^.iinll the inhabitants of Judea. Accordingly he or-
dered all the lews in Egypt to be brought in chains lu
Alexandria. I hev were brought and fhiit up in the
Hippodionv, a large place without the ciiv, wlii re the
people uled to allemble to lie the horle-races and ylhet
llifws. I'he king was determined to expofe them there
tor a fpeitacle to be diftroyed by his chphanls, wli<»
were biought forth three days fucceflieely lor that pur-
pole-, and on the third day the king was prcfent, when
the eK-phant», to the number of i^cc, made dniidc with
wine and frankinrenfe, th.il ihiv might with thr nieire
r,i.;e e\r< ute what was intended upon thole people-, wrrc
let Uitile upon them : but, inlb id of filling n^n iho
Ji ws, thiy tuimtl ihiir r.ige all upon llie)(e ulio eani«
Id lee the Ihiw, and dedieiyeil ^'le.it nun.bi rs ol them.
Several ap|¥-arances were lien in the iir, whuhniueh
lii;,l«li<l ihr king, anil all the (pei!t.iiois. All wliiilj
iii.iiiifefting the intcipofal of divine |>ovver in the protec-
tion of tholi- people, Philopaior iliirfl imt any b n; ■ r p:o-
lecuic bis rai^ againft them, but otdered tluni ,.11 i^;.,in
to be fet free; ami fcatliif the ilivine vin-jr.ince iipuii
h..,i in their behalf, fin the apprifin^ .uiefilivertiiii': of
it, he irfktred tliem to all llmi privilege', rofcindiii
an.l n-voking ;.ll his deiieis vvhiili he had publiflic
afiaitift them.

I'lolegiy at lein'ih eontliidid a piMC» with Aiiliovhi.i,

who gave up C'evlr-Svria and P.deltiiie. IfPtolen.v had
...._i.....l .1... ..;n..-.. '.. n ..i.-. l _.. t,\ . ' 1

t] I " -'_...- ■■ • tul.tl.) I IOTA

purlin il the viflory at R^ipbia, he might have J M.ved
Aiiiioehus of the whede Svn.in empiirj ami tlie t^.V'-
tians weie fo much iiueiilcd at fin li a difad, jiit.vjjeeiui
[veaie, that thrr hinke into a nbellinn ; I'tolrniv, h.>vv-
fver, luponlTed it, and put many of ihe | nniip.il (.tiOu
loiicrintti <• death, unJ iminrdiately tlitt rriis c^ctir-

t«rcT,

AFRICA.]

EGYPT;

46j

rence, the Romans fcnt ambaflajors to renew their an-
cient friendship and alliance with Egypt, and enter into a
treaty of commerce and mutual aililtance.

Peace being entirely rcftorcd throughout the Egyptian
territories, Ptolemy Philopatrr gave himlclf wholly up
to lult and iccntioufnelV, and I'ufFercd himfelf to be
wholly Bui'l by Agathocica, his concubine, and Aga-
thocles, tier bi other J drinking, giming, and libertlnilin
cnarollcd his whole time, till his excelUvc debaucheries
cuitc emaciated him, and weakened him I'o, that he
fell a martyr to cxcefs, and died alter having reigned 17
years, beine then only 37 years of age.

Ptolemy V. furnamed tpipharies, or the llluftrious,
was but hvc years of a^c win n he acceded to ihc (ijvc-
reignty. The death of his failicr was conciaUd by Aga-
thocica and hrr brother, till thiy had pluiuicitd the palace
of many valuable effcc^ls; after which they made it pub-
licly known, and then fummoiiid the Macedonians to a
feneral council, when A(catllocle^, having the young
ing in his arms, implored thtir protctftiun for him againic
the ambition of Thepolemus. Tho Macedonians were
fo highly incenfed at this, tliiii thiy immediately wrefted
the young prince from the arms of Agathocles, and placed
him on the throne in tic public hipodrome, where Aga-
thocles, Agathocica. . d (Xnanthc, their mother, were
put to death ii> Ms pn nee, as by his order ; after which
all their creaturi . w. i ut ofF, and the guardianfhip of
the young kiii^ vvj> i .initted to the charge of Safibius,
the fon of him who had been the ruling miniftcr of the
court during thclaft three reigns.

Philip, king of Macedoii, and Antiochus, king of
Syria, thinking' to take advantage of the death uf I'hilo-
pater, and the infant Hate of his fucccllor, entered into a
league to divide his dominions between them, in which
it was aijreed that Philip fliould have Caria, I.ybia, Cy-
rene and Egypt ; and Anliochus all the relV. Accord-
ingly the ' tter marched into Syria and Paledine, both
which places fubmitted 10 him without the Icaft oppdlitiDn.

The Egyptians, lindiiij; thcmfilves much diltrcllid bv
the league made between I'liilipand Antiochu., agaiiiil
their infant kinj;, and the ufurpations which had been
made by ihcm on his provinces, lent anembally tu Riuiu,
to pray their protcdlion, oft'eiing ihetn the guardi.mfliip
of their king, and the regency of the kingdom during his
minority; and the farther to induce tliem to .ici'cj.t ol
their offers, tliey alledged that thi dcceafed king had re-
commended both to them at his death.

The Roman', thinking this would extend their fame,
accepted the oft'er, and took upon them the tuition of the
young prince. They inuiii 'h.itcly difpatchcd three ain-
liaflailo'' to the kings of Syria and Macedon, to let them
know ihat they had taken (in them the tuition of the young
Egyptian king, and to rciiiiire them to defift frcnn in-
vading hi- doniinions, otlierwife they (hould be obliged
to make war upon them for his protection.

An(lomen<>, .111 old e.\perienced miniftcr of the Egyp-
tian court, Wis not iinly appointed guardian over the
young kinj;, luit alio mvefted with the care of the go-
vernment, which tiuft he difcharged with great prudence
and fidelity, lie lecruited the army with ihr belt fjldiers
he could get, and took 6con flout Atollans into pay. I h
fent one Sciip.is, an exjK'rienccd commander, to recind
Syria and PaUHinc; but he was defeated by Anliochus,
With the lols of a great number of his men.

SiKin after this conijutll, Antiochus fent a mefli nger
to Alexaiidiia, with propof.iKota marriage between Cle-
opatra, his daughter, and king Ptolemy, to be conluni-
mited as foon as the parties lliould be of a proper af-r tur
iti ptomifina the reftoiation of the pro\ incos he had coii-
quucd, on tlie day of the nuptials, byway of duwiy
with the young princcfs.

T"he confideiatiun of tin le propofaU was intrrrupfcd
by means ofScop:u,whuliad Ici n eonqueied by Antiochus.
This gnirj-al had eonecin«l a h heme for m.iking hinilcll
matti : of Egypt, by muideringlhe young king j but the
plot w.is <lifco\cicdl>y Aiillomciie!,who|)UtScop«s and all
nis accomplices tu death, and difimfled the i^tuliaiu
from the Irrvicc.

At the lime this ronfpii»cy was fully fupprelTed, the
king was fourteen yv.vs ul age^ and, according to the
cudom uf that country, was dedarnl to be out of Ins
ininiiiity ; m cunfrquciicr ut which he was cnthionrd
With ^le.it pomp, and the govrinincut placed folely m
bi» hand*.

The Egyptians having accepted the propofals offered
by Antiochus, the next year the young king was mar-
ried to his daughter Cleopatra; on wliich Antiochus
agreed to give up to Ptolemy the proiinces of Ccclc-Sy-
.ia, and Paleftine. Antiochus w.as foon .-.fter killed in
the province of Elimais, where he had plundered the
temple of Jupiter Bclus.

T'he following year after Ptokmy'.'- marriage, his wife
Cleopatra bore him a Ion, who rcianed alter him in
Egypt, by the name of Ptcdemy I'luioinctor. She had
alio another fon by him, and a daughter c;'.llcd after her
own name.

T'he principal afKiiis of go\criinicnt had hitherto been
under the direction of Ariltomenes, who had conduiSled
hinilelf -vith fuch propiicly as to obtain uiiiMTfal eftcem;
but the king growing weary of that able ami faithful mi-
iiifter, ditcrniined to get rid of him, which he accom-
plifhed by cruelly ordering him to be put to death. The
remainder of his reign was little more than diforder and
confufion, and his kingdom was involved in. farther trou-
bles than it had been in the time of his father.

The Egyptians, unable to bear longer the grievances
under which they had laboured, from the bad admini-
ftration of the king, attempted to depofe him ; but he
extricated himfelf out of thel'e troubles by making Poly-
crates his chief miniftcr, who was a wife and valiant man.
TTic revoltcrs were fupprtHed, and many of them put to
de.ath, among whom were foine ol the piincipal nobility

I'toler

iriaintaiii

cd a (trie! alliance with the Ko-

mans during the who.e time of his reign ; and he alfo
c.irifully cultivated tlie frieiulfliip of the Acha'ans. He
had piopoled to make war upon Sedeiicus, king of Syria;
but he w.is poifoned by fume of his attendants, which
put an ind to his project and life in the ^^th year of his
leign, and 2Qth of his age.

On th^ death ut" I'teieniy Epiplian.s, his fon, Ptolemy
\'I.c.dl.J I'hilomctor, (uccceded to the fovcreignty ; but
bein^; a child only fix years ol .v;c, his mother Cleopatra
was dcclaicd iej,ciit, who govoriied the kingdom with
great care aiul pruilence till her death, which happened
only one year before the expiration of the king's miiio-

I he regency, alter her death, was invcftcd in Len-
na'us, a nobleman of the court, and Eula;us, who had
the principal care of the young prince. As foon as thefe
two h.id entered on the .uiminillration, they made a de-
mand of Cojle-Sviia and Paleftine tiom Anliochus
Epiphanes, the fin of /Viuiochus the (ireat, who had
agreed to give up thole proeinees to Ptolemy \'. on his
marrying his daiightir Ckop.itra. Aritieieluis refufcd to
I'oniply wiili theii demand^, wliieh occ.iii.iie'd a w.u' be-
tween Egypt and Syria. Clerpatia v.a. inolher to one
king, and lifter to the othei, whereby ftie had prevented
any bre.ich being ni.ule between them during her life;
but the new regents beiiijj ..bfiilute, tiicndftiip fiibfrded,
and animofity i"ok pl.ice between Antiochus and his ne-
phew Ptolemy I'hilometor.

The young king having i\jw attained his finirteenth
year, w.is declared to be out of his minority, and great
piipar.itions were made at Alexandria fir his being en
throin d with the ufual pomp and lolcinniiy.

Antiochus being infiirnied ol -.liis, f..-nl Ap.illonius, one
of the piinie nobles uf his court, to be prelent .it the ce-
remony, .ind to congratul.ite the young king on the cxca-
fion. W'lun the amball.idor returned to Antiochu-., that
prince fiiiind that war was intemled .igainft him, and
therefore he put his fiontier> in a proper pullure of
defcneo.

Antiochus, not chufing to w.ill for the enemy, marched
to attack them, .ind w.is mi t by the fiuees of Ptolemy
between muiiiit Caliiis and I'eliifiuin, wluie a b.iltl.' cn-
fued, in wliieh Anliochus ha\ ing got the vieloiy, forti-
fied thole border'' ol his dominions, and 'I' - ' took up \w-
winter epiaitets at Tyre, which lie culilj edit iiiii'd by ihP
governor giving it up without niakin.^ the Icaft oppofitlun.

Ill the early pari ot the following year Antiochus in-
v.rdcil lYvpt biilli by U.i and l.iii.i. lie obtained ancther
vii'toryiiui the Egyptians on thiir fioniiei-'i took Polu-
fiuiii; and lioiii ihence made his way into the heart bf
ihe kingdum. Sc luperior was he in ftreiiglh wherever
he ( .uiu, that it was m his |iower u< have out them all 0.4'
to a man , but iiilKad uf taking thi< advantacc, he radc
jbmit the field in pulon after the viiSVory, foiLidd'ny the

filldwTt

.. I ' '

I ' ' i;

' I

iLi I

Iff'

46+ A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

I ■■

■M'X

foldicra to put any of the conqiicn\! to death. This cle-
mency (o tar cmlcarcil him to the Kgyptians, that on his
farther march into the coiintrv, they all readily yielded to
him. In (hort, the only place that held out againll him
W.1S Alexandria, he havinjj made hinifelf maiter of Mem-
phis, and all the other parts of F.gypt.

The yonng and pufillanimoiis king voluntarily furrcn-
dercd himfelf into tlie hands of Antiochus, who treated
him with great rcfpeiil ; for they eat at the fame table,
aiid converfed together as friends. Antiochus pretended
for fome time to take care of the intcrcll of the young
king his nephew, and to manage the atlairs of the king-
dom as his tutor and his guardian; but when he had
made himfelf mailer of the country, under this pretence,
he feized all to himfelf, pillaged cverv place he went to,
and greatly enriched himillf and his army with the fpoils
of that country he had pretended to p.otedl.

Antiochus marched from Kgvpt into Judea ; took Je-
rufalem; flew 40,000 nf its inhabitants ; and fold the like
number for flaves. He facrilegioully plundered the tem-
ple, to the value of 8co talents of gold, or 12,960,0001.
ilerling, and returned to Antioch with the fpoils of Judea
as well as Kgypt, which both together amounted to .an
immcnii? treafurc. Sec .Maccabees, chap. v. ver. 21.

The Egyptians, finding their king fallen under the
power of Antiochus, and by himdepri\ed, as it were, of
the crown, looked on him .is altogether loft to them ; and
therefore, having the younger brother with them, they
placed him on the throne, and made him their king in his
Head.

When thcfe honours were conferred on the younger
brother, he took upon himfelf the iianii" of l-'tolemy I'.u-
crgetts II. which was foon changed to that of ICakergctes,
the former fignifying luiifficinl, and llie I.Uter btmvslfiil.
He afterwards obtained the name tf l'hyf(u[i, that is, the
f<il ;;tii, or gr,al-/'iiliiJ, bv reafun of the great and pro-
minent belly which he acquired by his luxury and glut-
tony ; and by this name he is nudl commonly Jncntioncd
by hiftorians.

Soon after this prince afcended the throne, Antiochus
made another expedition into I'Lvpt, under pretence ol
rcftoring the depofed king ; but in icaliiv to fubjeiit the
whole kingdom to himlelf. He comjuered the Alexan-
drians in a fea-hght near Palufium, entered the country
with a great armv, and marched diietlly towards Ale\-
andria, tc lav fiege to that city. I'he amballadors who
were then at Alex.indria, on embalTies fiom feveral of the
Grecian llafcs to the Egyptian court, inicrpofed in vain.
Antiochus invilled Alexandria; on which Ptolemy Eu-
crgetc, and Cleopatra, his f.lirr, who were then fhut
lip in ttiL' town, fent amballadors to the Romans, to fo-
licit their afliltancc.

The Roman finatc, mo' ed with their remonllrances,
and perfuadid that it would not be for their intereft to
fuftir Antiochus to attain fuch an heiiiht of power, re-
fohcd to fend an cmhafly to Egypt, to put an end to the
war. Accordingly three of the molt proptt perfoiis were
appointed for this important neuoiiation, whole inllruc-
tions were, that they (hould tirit wait upon Antiochus,
and afterwards on Ptolemy ; that they (hould order thim,
in the name of the feinte, to fufpeinl all hollilities, and
terminate the war ; and th.it, fhould iilln r nf the partiis
refute a compliance, the Romans would no longer con-
fldcr them as thc'r friemi and ally.

While this negotiation was concerting, Antiochus,
hiving met with great oppofition from the Alexandrian^,
fbouglit pro|)rr to alter liis pl.in, .ind concluded that it
would be molt to his intereft to keep up an enmity be-
tween the two brothers, which would pmbably lo weaken
them that he might .;l leneth get the matter over them
both. W ith this view he withdrew tiom Alexandria lo
Memphis, .ind there leemingly again reltured the whole
kingdom to Philomelor, excepting only Pc lunum, which
he retained in his own hands; that haMng this key of
Egypt Hill in his cullody, he nueht thereby again tnt<i
the kingdom when matters (hould he ri|M; for his defign ;
and having mad., ihele difpofitions he returned to An-
tioch.

From the mi>lortunes Ptolcm" Philomrtor lud met
with during ihilc revolutions, he began to be a little
rouT.rd from his lethargy, and appeared lulceptible of the
lulurc intentions of Antiochus. Whcrclme, as foon as
lh«t prince wu gotic, h« invited hit brother tu an avcuiii-

modatioii, which was cffeaed by means of their filler
Cleopair.i ; and an agreement was made upon terms that
they Ihou'.a reign jointly together. Philoinetor then re-
turned to .Mex.uidria, and peace was relhired to E"vnt
much to the fati-tadtion of the people, cfpccially of the
Alexandrians, who had greatly fuftcred by the war.

When Antiochus heard that the two brothers were re-
conciled, he fell into a great r.igc, and determined 011
tutiiie tLVcnge. Accordingly, in the 131I1 year of ilie
reign of Philomctor, he made another imafion up,,,,
Egypt, in which he purpofed, without owning the iii-
terell of either of his nephews, to fupoivfi tliem both
and make an abfolute conquelt of the whole kingdom!
He lubducd all the country as far as Memphi., .jij
inarched towards Alexandria ; but here he was Hopped in
,j his pr(.>grei>, and all his former defigns totally frullrated;
'for, at a plar ■ called f.eufme, within four miles of the
city, he was iii^t by the ambafl'adors lent from the Rom^in
fenatc. Amoi;g thcfe was Popillius, his old friend and
acquaintance, with whom he had contraaed an intimate
friendihip and familiarity while he was at Rome.

As foon as Antiochus faw Popillius, he put forth hii
hand to embrace him; but the hitter refuted the compli-
ment, and tcid him, that the public intereft of his coun-
try mull ;akc place of private friendfliip; that he muft
firft kno\v, whether he w.is a friend or an eneni) to the
Roman ft.ite, before he would own him as a friend to
himfelf; and then delivered into his hands the tables,
in which were vritten the decrees of the fenatc, and re-
quired him to give an iminrdiate anfwcr thereto. Anti-
ochus having read the decree, told Pi-pillius he would
conUilt with his friends abciii it, and fpeedily gi\ e him
the anfwcr they ihould advife. But Popillius infil'iii ' -
on an iinnu'di.4te aiifwer, drew a circle lound the kir.'"^
in the I'.iiul, with the ft.itV which he h..J in his hand,
and iviiuired him to give his anfwcr before he IlirriJ out
ol that ciicle ; at which ftrange and p' reniptory w..v of
procecdin;: Antiochus being llartled, after a little hcfi-
tation yielded to it, and told tlie amballadcr th.it he would
obiy the command of the fenatc; whereon Popilliur ac-
cepted his embracis, and acted according to his former
fr'endfliip with him. That whi.h made him lb buhl ;is
to aiit with him alter this peremptory manner, and the
other fo tame as to yield thus patiently to it, was the
news which they had a little bciorc recei< ed of the Tiat
lictoiy which the Romans had obtained over Ptrfcus,
king of Macedonia.

Antiochus, alter this, went back to Syria, and Popil-
lius returned with liis colleagues to Alexandria, where
they ratilied and fully fixed the tcniis of agri'cnient Iv .
iween the two brotliers. 'Ehc anibafladors tlien faikd lo
Cyprus, and caiifcd .ui entire rcftoration of th-.i iflimd to
be made to the Egyptian kings, to whom it of right be-
longed. I'hey then returned to Ronv, and were followxi
by ambaftadors from the two Ptolemies, to ihuik the le-
n.ite for the [iroteiition they h.id received from them.

AiitiMchiis again plundered Jerufalem, and finifhci? an
impious life by a miferable death. See U Maccabtrs,
chap. xiii. 'I'lie two Egyptian kings prtllrved thcairrre-
ment ratif^.cd between them by the Roman amhafladon
but I lery fllort time ; for they broke into an open rup-
ture, infbmuch that Phyfcon dioic Philomctor from the
throne. I he lattc r, in confe(|uence of this, embarked
for Italy, and l.inded at liiundutium, from whence he
ttavelkd on foot lo Rome, in a fordid habit, and with »
mean a'tend nice. In dimiiid from the fenatc the necef-
l.uy aid for n pl.uing him on the throne. As loon as thtf
lenate wi le inlonned of Ins arrival, they fent for liim, and
conduiitcd him lo a l<«lging luitable to his royal dignity.
A day of audience being appointed, Philomctor niaile
known hi* c.il'c to the lin.ite, who unnicdiately decritil
his reltoiation, and lent two amballadors with him to
Alexar ' in, to fee their decree rxfcuted j who rrcoii-
diiiitiu mm accordingly, and fuccecded in negotiating an
aicommod.itioii between the twi> brothers. I.ybia and
thepnuimeol Cyrriie were afligned to Phyfcon; Phi-
lomctor had Egypt and the ille of Cyprus. Each w.«
dji hired independent of the oiher, and the tre;ify ar.J
agrtcmint were fully confirmed with the ul'ual cttenio-
nies.

Phvfcnn, being difTatisfied with the (li.ire allotted hiin,
went to Rome ni fcdicit the fenatr that he might have
Cyprui in(h.id of his brother, which WM [;r»iitcd, iinil

AFRICA.] E G

two ambafiadors were fent witli him to Pliilometor, to
fee it executed. Tile latter refulid to fubiiiit to this de-
cifion, aiid the Romans declared liim their enemy. Phi-
lometor afterwards defeated Phyfcoii, and toolc him pri-
foner at Lapitho in Cyprus, where he pardoned him
every thing, and even reftored him Lybia and Cyrene,
wliercby the war between the two brothers was wliolly
ended, and never after revived.

About this time Antiochus Eupater, king of Syria,
was put to death by Demetrius Sotor, tlie fon of Seleucus
Philopater, who became king in his Head ; but lie was
defeated and killed by Alexander Bahis, wlm ihen mount-
ed the throne, and married Cleopatra, the d:iJL;hter of
Philometor. The latter, foon after, fufpectiiig that
Alexander had a dcfign upon his life, took his daughter
from him, gave her to young liemetrius, the fon ol De-
metrius Sotor, and engaged to re-citablifli him on the
ihrone of his lather.

Soon after thij, Philometor defeated Alexander near
Antioch, when the latter fled to Zabdiel, an Arabian
prince, who cut otfhis head, and fent it to Ptolemy;
but this prince died a few days alter, of a wound he h.id
received in the battle. Thus Alexander, king of Syria,
and Ptolemy Philontetor, king of Kgypt, died about the
fame time, the former after a reign of tive years, and the
latter after one of thirty-five. Demetrius, who had at-
tiincd the crown of Syria by this battle, aflumed the
furname of Nieator, or the Conqueror.

Ptolemy VII. furnamed Phyfcon, or tun-bellled, fiic-
cccdcd his brother in all his dominions; in which he was
at fiill oppofed by Cleopatra, the wife of the Kite king,
by whom ihe hail a fon ; but affairs were accommodated
through the mediation of Thermiis, the Roman ambaf-
fador. It was agreed that Phyfcon fliould marry Cleo-
patra, and educate her fon, who ihould be declared heir
to lb* crown .itttr his death.

Phyfcon had no fooncr married the queen, and taken
full [lolVeflion of the crown, than he began to (hew the
natural cruelty of his foul; for before the day of their
nuptials w.is expired, he killed the young piince in his
mother's arms. He had atFe.^ed to aflume the name of
Euergetes, or the Bencfidtor ; but was now called by the
Alexandrians, Kakergetes, or the Malefaiflor, on account
of his wickcdiitis ; for he w.%s the moll iniquitous and
cruel, as .'Ifo the moll vile and dcl'picable of all tlie Pto-
lemies that tcigncd in Kgypt.

Cleopatra, his wife, brought him a fon, whom he
called NIlii phritis, from his being born at the city of
Memphis ; but this gave no latistaetion to his people,
who uni\erl'ally detefted him on .iccount of the barbarous
cruelties he was perpetually excrcifmg on his fubjedts.
He inurdeted and banifhed not only fueh as were devoted
to his dcceafed brother Philometor, but alf'o thole who
had been tirmly attached to himfelf. He empowered his
foreign mercenaries to commit murder and rapine upon
the opprefl'ed and terrified Alexandrians, who fled into
other countries, and left their city in a manner dcfolate.
On this he invited all (Irangcrs to come and re-people
the place i and as great multitudes fltKked there, he not
only gave them habitations, but admitted them to all the
lights of ihofe who, by his cruelty, had been obliged to
del'ert the place of their nativity.

Among thofe that fled out of Kgypt were many learned
men, and other profefl'ors of arts and feieiices ; by wh

^S-

! I. .

means learning (which had l)een a long time loft) w.is

■ '" "" "■ . he 1

other places where they went

revived in Gri-ecc, Afia Minor, the Ifles, and in all

While the city of Alexandria wa*. receiving new inha-
bitants, three Koinan ambafiadors arrived there, who
wire received in great ftatc by the king. Thefe ambaf-
fadors, after taking a full view of Alexandria, and the
ftate of afl'airs thcie, failed up the Nile, to lee Memphis
2nd other p;".! ts of Egypt ; by which they had an oppor-
tunity oi difeoveriiig the number of cities it contained,
and the llrength of the country. They found that it
wanted nothing but a prince of rapacity and application
to make it a \eiy potint and formidanlc ftate. I'hey
were therefore pleafed that Phy(co,i appeared rnlircly de-
ftitutc of every nualitication neceffary for fueh an under-

taking i and they looked upon him in the moft defpicable
liglit, more efpeciuUy as the deformities of his body*
were equal to liicjle of his foul. Alter flaying a fhorl
time at Alexandria, they Wi nt over to Cyprus, and from
thence pioceeded to execute their commiilion in the other
countries to which tbcy were fent,

Phyfcon ftill perfcered in giving a loofe to luxiirr,
tyranny, and cruelty. He divorced his wife Cleopatra,
and married her daughter, who was called by the fame
name. He treated the new inhabitants of Alexandria as
arbitrarily as he had done the old on^-s ; and thinki.'ia; ir
would be his bell lecurity to cut off their youii'T men,
who were the llrength of the place, he caiifed his mirce-
iiaries to furround them in tie Gymnafium, as they
were at their public cxercile, and put them all to
death.

This horrid mafTacre fo cxafperatcd the people, that
they role in a general tumult, and fet fire to his palace,
with an intent to have burnt him in it ; but he made his
; fcape to Cyprus, with Cleopatra his young wife, and
Memphritis bis fon. When he arrived there, he was in-
formed that the Alexandrians had put the government
ot the kingdom into the hands of Cleopatra, his divorced
wife, upon which he hired an army of mcccnarics, and
determined to make war a<;ainfl her.

He h.kl made one of his fon'. governor of Cyrene, and
fearing the Alexandrians would make him king, he fent
for him to Cyprus, where he put him to death : by which
Ihocking barbarity the Alexandrians were fu much far-
ther enraged, that they pulled down and demolifhed all
his fhitues, wherever erected in their city.

Phyfcon imagined this was done at the inftigation of
Cleopatia, his divorced queen ; wherefore, to be revenged
iipuii her, he caulul iVIemphritis, a very hopeful and
)oung prince he had by her, to be llain before his face ;
after which, cutting his body in pieces, he put them all
into a box, with his head, tlureby to (licw to whom they
belonged ; and fe;it it, with them inclofed therein, to
Alexandiia by one of his guards, who was ordered to
prcfent it to the queen on the day then approaching,
which was to be celebrated as the anniverfary ot her birth.
It was accordingly prefented to her on that day, when
the joy, which before was univerl',1, was turned into the
greatelt lamentation, and the horrid fccne produced a
general deteltationagaind the author of it.

The Alexandrians railld an army under the command
of Marf'yas, whom Cleopatra had made her general to
defend the country againll Phyfcon, who gut t.ijether
M\ army, and lent it .againfl the Alexandrians, undei the
command of Hegclochus his general, who defeated .\!ar-
lyas, took him prifbner, and fent him in chains to Phvf-
con.

Cleopatra fled to her daughter, who was queen of
Syria ; and Phyfcon returned to Alexandria, where he
re-aflumed the government. He nwrried his daughter
Trypheena to Antiochus (jripus, the fon of his niece
Cleopatra, and placed him on the throne of Syria.

Phyfcon fbon after died at Alexandria, in tlie 67th year
of his age, having leiijned 29 years from the death of his
brother Philometor; but no reign \,'as ever more tyr.an-
nical, orabounded with greater adts of cruelty.

He left behind him three fons ; Apion, whom he had
by a concubine ; and Lathyrus and A'exander, whom
he had by his niece Cleopatra. Th. ngdom of Cvrcne
he bequeathed to Apion ; and lef , pt to his widow
Cleopatra, in conjunition with one oi' her (bus, whom
ttie fliould think (it to choofc.

Ptolerny VIll. furnamed Lathyrus, had bi-en banifted
to Cyprus by his father, and even his mother wifhed to
keep him from the crown. But a fiction being raifej
in his favour, he was fint for, and placed on the thnme
in the year of the woild 3KH7, and 117 years before
ChrifK Nothing worth recording happened in this mo-
narch's icign,wliich filled 10 years, when his mother con-
nived to dethrone him, and place his brother Alexander
in his room. Ptolemy Lathyrus then retired to Cvprus,
where he was fuftered to rcign unmolefKd over that ifland.
Ptoiemy IX. or Alexander 1. began his reign in the
year of the world ^Sq-, and 107 years beCorc Chi ill.

*Tlie naluitl defurniliy of tbi< priiue Is particularly men-
•iuncd by I'olidoriut, the Jiuic, h hu f<) 1, thai he had a gre«t

4«

, If

\ K

\ ■!

head, and a hiiiinl fare, extremely def 'rnied and fliocking,
upunalhuii f'quat body, with abclly enurmuufly prominent.

Tha

Y I

666

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

The firft tranfailion of Lathyrus, after being depofcd
from the throne of Kgypt, was entering Phoenicia with
an army of 30,000 men, in order to oppofc Alexander
Jann:eu5, the kin^; of tlie Jiws, who had invaded that
country with 50,000 men. The two armies engaged at
Afophes, near tlve river Jordan, and Lathyrus obtained
a complete viifory ; but he was foon after obliged to
return to Cyprus bv his mother Cleopatra, who brought
a great army fiom t-gypt into I'hirnicia, took I'tolcmais,
and drove Lathyrus out of tliat country ; as /he was ap-
prchenlive if he (houid make hinitilf mailer of it he
would therrby grow llrong enough to recover Egypt.

The continual wicked"efs of the nueen-mothur was
fuch, that her fon Alexander began to be .ipprehcnfive
that (he would either dethrone him, as (he h.id done his
brother, or murder him ; on which account he tmjk the
impious precaution of [Hitting her to death. Diis par-
ricide occalioned a revolt, and Alexander was driven
from the throne by his own fubjccts. lie attempted to
recover the crown again, but was killed in an engage-
inent againll the revoltcrs, and his brother Ptolemy La-
thyrus, being feut for from Cyprus, was rtinllated on the
throne, and contniued to reign over Egypt till hi* death,
which happened id ye.irs after the death of his father,
1 1 of which he reigned jointly with his mother in Egypt,
iSinCvpru-i, and leven alone in Egypt after his mo-
ther's death. He was fuccecdcd by Cleopatra his daugh-
ter, and only legitimate child ; her proper name was Be-
renice, f(u it is to be oJ)ferved, that 4s all the males of
irtis famiU- had the common i\;ime of Ptolemy, li) all the
females of it h.id that of Cleopatra, and bcfidcs, had pro-
per ii.-.mcs to (lidinguifli them from each other. Thus
Bcleiie was called Cleopatra ' were two uf her fitters j
and thus lieiuiice received that pame according to the
ufage of hei family: the obferving of this w.ll remove
many obfcurities and difficulties in the Egyptian hillory.

It was at this time that Sylla was p.rpituat dictator at
Rome, and fent Alexander to take polRifuin of the crown
pf Egypt, on the death of his uiiclc L.uhvrus, as his
pcarell licir male ; lor he was the foil of tli.'t Alexander
who had put his mother to death, and had attached him
to SylLi, who was then the difpenfer of h.w to tlie world.
The AIixan*lriaiis h.iJ put (.'leopatia upon the throne
fix months before he arrived amon;r them. However, to
compromilc the matter, and avoid difpleafin^ S^lla, it
was determined th.it Ale.\aiider (lioulj nvury Cleopatra,
and reign jointly i hnt Alexander tiihcr dilliking the l.idv,
pr not liking to base a i.virtiur in the goviinment, put
her to death iq days alter their inairiage, ai„i iei>;necl
alone 15 years. Jliis niona eh, who v^^a^ c.lUd Pto-
lemy X. or Alexander Jl. began iiis reign .ibout the
year of the woi 111 ^l■yl^■, and tji before Clirift. He was
at firft op^Kifed by the two Ions of S- Iiik, th^ lifter of
Lathy^u^, who went to Rome to lolicit ilic Icii'te in
their behalf, but their lolicitatioiii v.i le ineffctliul. The
people at length growing tired t»f thiii kin; , txpjlled
jlim the kingdom, and called in Ptolemy Aulctes, the
rllegitima«; tun of Lathyrus. Alexander iipplicd to Pom-
pfy for aid, which was ovW of hU power 10 jjiant, and
the banilhcd king went to 1 \ie, in hop^s of iuiue more
fortunate tirciunftaiice arifiiig in hi> tavjiur j \v.\ how-
ever, died before any lucH aulpiciou.^ evi nt happened.

Ptolemy XI. hirnanitd Auletes, or the' Piper, on ac-
count of his priding hiiiifelf partii ulatly on being Ikilful
in playing ut\ that inftiuinent, began Ivis reign in the
year oi tlie world 39 59, and 65 years belotc Cbrift. He
was an exceediug wicked priiue ; and at the time of
coininenciiig his n ign, Julius Ciefar was coufu) of
Kome. As he wiftied to be cuufirmed in hii title to the
frown, and to iiiivr into an alli.uice with lh< Ro-
mans, Ciefar iiififtcd upon his paying fix thiiifand ta-
lents 3» occalioned great murnuirings. Much about the
lame perio I a dvcie.' w.is (utblilbed at Rome by Claudius,
for depofiiig Ptolemy king of Cy[irus, the brother of
Auletes, (ei/.ing Ins kingdom for the republic, and con-
fifcatirtg all hi', eflviils. 1 he Ejivptiani preftcd their
king to demand that illaiid as an old apiwrnluge of Kgypt,
whiih he d'c lined, and tluy expelled bim from hit king-
dom on th.it .lecount. Auletes made his cftapi; to
RbuUcs, whetu he met wUh U)« tiuituus Ctto, wiio vt^
i

on his way to Cyprus, to put the decree in excculio,,
againft that ifland. Auletes and Cato had an interview
when the tormer told the latter that he was goinu' to
Rome to require affiftance of the Romans, in order to
re-crtablilli himlelf in his kiimdom ; but Cato greatly
blamed him lor having (luarrelTcd with his proplc, and
thus cxpoling himlelt to the diftnacc, trouble, and coji-
tempt, which he muft exped ^o meet with at Rome
Adding, that it all Egypt was to be fold, the purehafc-
money would not be futficicnt to fiuisfy the greedy cxpoc .
tatioiis of the principal Romans; therefore he' advilid
him to return to Egypt, and make up all differences with
his people. Cato even offered to go with and aflift him
therein. But Ptolemy went forward to Rome, where

he foon found, liy
Cato had told him.

lull exiierience, all to be true th4t
The king was obliged to pay .>reat
attendance on the leading-meii of the common-weaM;,
and ex|)eiid great funis among them to piocure them to
fa\our his (..lufe ; and afu r aU, whui there was no more
left to be extorted from liliii, an oracle was trumped up
out of the tjibylliiie books, v.hereby it w.is pretended
the Romans were forbidden to give liim any help in ihi^
cafe. So that after he had foliiited this matter a whole
year at Rome, and expended vaft funis in it, he was
forcxd to depait li.m thence without fuccefs, and uiiie
to Ephefus, after which the Egyptians placed liis daiitrh-
tcr Berenice on the throne, and fent an cmbally into
Syria to Antiochus.Afiatii « , who, by his mother SJene
v.as the next heir male of the family, to invite liiiu to
come into Egypt, and there marry Berenice and rii^n
with her : but the ambaftadors on their arrival in Syria
found him jiift deceakd. However, they made the lame
propoi;.l to Seleueus his brother, which he riadily ac-
cepted. He pioved a very fordid and bali- fpirited man,
which oceafioned the Egyptians to give him the nickname
of Cabiofjctee, or the (cullion. It was this monarch,
who facrilegioully lobbed the fepulchre of Alexander the
(Jreat, lA' the coffin of mafly gold, in which his body
had bixn dep >lited by Ptolemy I. and put it into a coffin
of gl.il's. However, the wife of this king, conceivini'
a great didiLe to him, got him to be aHal!iii.ited, an3
afterwards married Archilaus, the hi^h piieft of Couiana
in PontiLs,

At this time CJ.ibinius was proconful in Syria, and
had palled with a body of troop^ over the Euphi.itcs, in
Older to reiiiOate Mithrid.iti ;, in the kingdom of Media,
from ulii. 1. I.e ii.iJ been expilled by his bi.ith.:; ; but
Ptolemy AiiKtc. c.imt 10 him with letters from Pompev,
tluir Common friend and pit.'on, who w.is dcclawd coii-
lul for the enfuing var. By thofe letters he conjiiuj
(iabiiiiiis to 1 sert ail his pouvi in fa\our of the piopoi'ili
lliat prince Ihould make him with regard to his re el(j..
blilhment in his kingdom. However dangerous that
londiut might be, the authority of Ponipey, and ilie
hope of g.iin, m.iiie Ciabiniiis begin to wavir. The
liiely remonftraiues of Antony, wlio fought occalions
to fignalize liiinlllf, and was befides indinul to pleafe
Ptolemy, whofe intieaties fl.ittired his ambition, fully
ditetiiiiiud Ciabinius. This was the famous M.irk An-
tony, who afterwards, as triumvir, governed one thiid
part of the Roman empire for feveral years. He accom-
panied (iabiniiis into Hvria as his general of the horfc, and
in that f rviie full figiiali/ed himlilf. Being ,i voiiii^
man of gn at cour.i^e and a bold fpiilt, he wa-. the chii f
proniot :r of an expedition into Egypt ; though it w.is
oppofid by moft of the othu generals; hut the opinion
of Antony agreed In ft with the .iv,irice ofGabiniin, and
earned it againft Iheiii ill. The more dangerous theen-
terpri/e, iIk" more right Ci.ibinius thought he had t<»
make Ptolemy pay dear for it, who offeivd him ic,ooo
talents; the gre.iteft pait to be .idv.uK'cd immcdijle')!
in ready money, and the reft as foon as he ilioiild lie
roinftated. (ialiinius acci pted the offer wiihout ary
hcfitafion, re-piilTed the Euphiales, croH'cJ P.diftir.e,
and marched iliiecUy into Egypt.

On the arrival of the Roman army on the borders of
l'"gyi)t, Mark Antimv was fent with a body of horf-
to lei/e the palles, and open the way for the reft of th--
army to follow. He fuei ceded in his deligns, by f.eur-
ing all thi' paftis, and taking Pelufium, the- key of E;',\p'
on that fide. Antony huing thus opened the way,
(iabinius entered Egypt with the whole army, at tlu;
loalbn vf thu year wh(ii the Nile y/vi lev^dL Archilau«.

the

AFRICA.]

EGYPT.

667

the hufband of queen Berenice, omitted nothine that
could bi; done to defend the country, and had fevcral con-
fliiSts with the invaders ; but the Egyptians were of too
efFeminate a nature to oppod' Cuch warlike people as the
Romans, neither had thty equal (kill in military affairs.
Hence it was inipoflihle tor Archilaus, at the head of
fuch undifciplincil forces, to oppofc the Roman legion-
ary troops ; fo that he was not only frequently defeated,
but at length (lain in Oiic uf the engagements. Mark
Antony, however, ordered his body to be fought for in
the field of battle, and had it afterwards interred in great
funeral pomp. After the death of Archelaus, Egypt
was foon reduced to obedience, anu compelled again to
receive Auletes ; who was no fooner rcltored thiui he put
his daughter Berenice to death, for having worn his
irown during the time of his e.niU-, and likewife cither
killed or baniflied nioft of the capital men who had been
concerned againft him, and coufifcated their ellates in
order to raife the money to p.iy G.ibiiiius for allilling him
in obtaining his kiuEdom.

Having left fome Roman troop? to be a guard to Au-
letes, Gabiniu. nturned to Syrii.

Being firmly fc;:tcd on hi^ lluone, as he imagined,
Auletes filled his dominions with blood and flaughtcr,
the people being kept in fear by llie idea of his Roman
friends.

Ptolemy Auletes died abfiut four years after his rcfto-
ration, and 30 attcr his fi.-!t coming to the throne, when
he was fuccceded by his eldtll Ion, I'toleniy, and his
cldeil daughter, Cleopatra, who, according to his will,
were to reign in conjunction. They were both very
young, their father therefore bad appointed the Roman
fenate to take cx:>: of them till thty came to years of ma-
turity. Accoidin^ly, Ptolemy XII. and his biiler Cleo-
patra, jointly fuccceded to the throne of Egypt in the
year of the woild ,jgS3, ami 51 years before Chrift.

This was the Cleopatra, who afterwards became
fo famous, and had a great fliare in the civil wars
of Rome J or r.itlvcr fo infamous for her lafcivious amours,
el'pecially with Marl. Antony the Roman triumvir.
Little is known of the bigimiing of their reign : but
we find that the minor king was under the tuition of Po-
thinus the eunuch, and ot Achillas the general of bis
army, who drprlvcd Cleopatra of her (hare in the fuvc-
reignty, that they might tngiofs the whole power to thtm-
fclvcs. Injurul in this m.mner, fli.: wvnt into .Syria and
Palertine, wlnre (he raifed a very cor.fider;ible army, and
led it hcrfelt into Egypt, to alii rt her ri^ht by force of
arms. Ptolemy alfo alfembltd his forces, and marched
igainft his fill".. Both aruMcs encamped near Pi liifium
and mount Ciliu , where they obferved the motions of
*ach other, withnut feeming inclined tc- come to an
engagement. Such were the affairs of Egypt at this

Period, which w.is the very time tb.it the unfortunate
ompry Htcl thi:!'.,r to beg p'roteitiou .igainil the viifo-
rious Julius C;ef.ir.

It is here ncccirary to prcmile, that Pompey had been
raileil by Sylja, luul iuccceded te. ■ great part of his power.
He by turns (l.ittered the peo))K' and fenate, in order
firmly to eltablilh his interelts, but at Icivgth attached
himfc'f entirely to the latter, and negleiSed to conciliate
the affei>ion.s of the pe<ip'e any longer. At the f.ime
time Cjtfu w.is d'-ti rmin'.il to rival hnn in power, and
turned to the fide of tlie people to effev^l bis purpofe. He

§ained the public fa\our, by ^ropofing in his confulate a
ivifion of lands, Jijd ciicie'tin'" :,.. m..ny popular laws as
po(Iibh\ Thccur.qu-lt of (i..i.l h. . I gic.itly heightened
the reputation ofCafir. Pim,;i,y ..nJ lie h.ul previoufly
been united by inti red, but .uubiti.in and jcaloyfy of each
other's power at K igth occiifiinul their fatal ijifunioD,
nnd fcndervd it inipothble to li lile their ditfcruices other-
wife than by appealing to tlir fword. C;efar, having re-
duced all It.ily .lid Sp.iiii, foIl.)w<d Pompey uitoCircvce,
where tbev ut Irnjrth came to a decillve b.Utk, in tlic
plains of Phatlalia, iiiTheildy, in which the arroy of
Pompey was (ot.illy ruiued, and fled to the iflaud of Lef-
bos, Iwm thence he weiii to Cyprus, and aftetwards
proceeded lo Egypt, to foiicil tli.- protci^fiun and afliil-
»nce of Ptolemv".

Previous lo his landi'ig on the Egypti.m coaft, he dif
p.-itched fome melKiigds to PtoUmy, to infurni him of
■is misfortimis, and to require his fuccour. Pioleiny,
b»in|^ a minoi, could return no anfwer of himfclfj but

his two minifters, Pothinus, and Achillas, Theodotus the
rhetorician, who was the king's preceptor, and fome
others, confulted together what anfwer to return. Some
weie for receiving and relieving him, others for rejecting
and refufing him afliftance. But Theodotus reprcfented
to them in an artful oration, that their fafelt courfe was
to difpatch him, arguinf in this manner to perfuade
them to acquiefce.

" Should we receive him, Csefar would be avenged on
us for abetting his enemy, or fliould we rejei^ him and
he again recover his power, he tlien would be revenged
on us for this reful'al, therefore the only way to fecure
us from both, is to cut him off. This will make Ca;far
our friend, .and prevent Pompey from doing us any hurt
as an enemy ; for, according to the adage, dead men do
not bite."

This mode of rcafoning conciliated the opinions of
the reil, and brought them to adopt the bloody method
he had propofcd. Achillas, and Septimius a Roman
oflicer, with fome others, were pitched upon to put the
fanguinary defign in execution. 7"hey took Pompey on
board a fmall boat, under the pretence that great velVels
could not approach the fliore without difficulty. The
Egyptian troops were drawn up on the fea-fidc, with
their king Ptolemy, at their head, as with a defign to
honour Pompey ; and the latter having tenderly embraced
Ins wife Cornelia, who was in the fliip with him, he
(Kpped into the boat, where he was barbaroufly murdered,
in the fight of his wife on one fide, and the young king
on the other.

The murderers then cut off his bead, and threw his
body on the fand, where it had no other funeral than
what Philip, one of his frcedmen, .aflifted by an old
Roman folJier ii:uncd Cordus, gave it. They raifed a
wretched funeral pie, and afterwards made a kind of
fepulchrc over his remains, with the fraginentsof a wreck
which had bctn driven on fliore. A fuperb funeral mo-
nument was, however, afterwards erected to his memory,
and, at a fubfequent time, it received additional cmbij-
lilliments from the emperor Adrian.

Thus mil'erably perilhed Pompey the Great, in the
59th year of his age, concerning whofe death Lucaii,
111 his Pharfalia, puts the following lines in the mouth of
Pothinus, as additional reafons for the murder of that
celcbiated perfon.

" Nor Pompey! thou thyfelf fhall think it hard,

" If from thy aid, by fate, vse .-re debaii'd.

" We follow where the gods Jcillraiiiin^ le.id ;

" We ftrike at thine, but wifli 'twere Ca-fai's head,

" Our weakuefs this, this fate's compulfion call ;

" Wc only yield to him who conquers all.

" What hopes thy f'li 1 mill.iking Ibul Ixtray'd,

" 'lo put thy trull m Egypt's feeble aid !

" Our llothful nation, loug difus'd to toil,

" With pain fuffice to till their fliaiy foil j

" Our idle force due modeily ihould teach,

" Nor dare to aim beyond its humbk reach.

" Shall we refill where Rome was forc'd to yield ;

" And make us parties to Pharfalia's field."

The Cmie admirable poet, in another place, thus pa-
thetically exclaims againll Ptolemy, on account of his
UaviAg concurred ia tliis bloody affiiir.

" Can then Egyptian fouls thus proudly dare !

" Is Rome, ye goiU ! thusfall'i. by civil war !

" Can he to Nile transfer the Roman guilt,

" And let fuch blood by cowards hands be fpik ?

" And thou, inglorious, fi'cble, beardlefs boy !

" Uar'll thou thy hand in fuch a deed employ ?

*• Does not thy trembling heart, with horror, dread

" Jove's thunder, grumbling o'er thy guilty head ?

" Had not his arms with triumphs oft been crown'd,

" And e'en the vanquifh'd world his conquell own'd,

" \\m\ not the rcv'rend fenate call'd him head,

" And Csetir given f.iir Julia to his bed,

•• He was aRoman ffill— That name (houid bw

" For ever facred to a king like thee.

" Ah! fool, thus blindly by thyfelf ujiJone,

" Thou feek'lV his ruin, who upheld thy thioutf |

'• Hi only cou'd thy feeble power mainulu,

'* Who ijave ili«e fifil, o'er E^ft'i t««lm to reijjn."

:' ■ And

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Mtti

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♦1 "'

\ k

463

A N^.W COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

i I'' ■

'■$

'■' I
i

And again concerning Scptimius one of the murderers,

" Say you, who with the ftuin of murder, brand

" Immortal Brutus's avenging hand :

" What monllrous title yet to fpctch unknown,

" To lateft time fliall mark Septimius down."

The fame author thus finely defcribcs the manner in
which the head of PomiK-y was carried on the point of a
fpear to Ptolemy, who ordered it to be embalmed, that he
migiit have the cruel pleafureofkeeping and often behold-
ing it.

Caught by the venerable locks which grow
In hoary ringlets on his gen'rous brow.
To Egypt's impious king that hc.id they bear,
Th.1t laurels us'd to bind, and monarchs fear.
Thofe facred lips, and that commanding tongue.
On which the lift'ning forum oft h.is hung j
That tongue which could the world with eal'e rcllrain,
And ne'er commanded war, or peace, in vain ;
That face, in which fucctfs came fmiling home.
And doubled cv'ry joy it brought to Rome ;
Now pale and wan, is tix'd upon a fpcar.
And borne, for public view, aloft in air.
The tyrant, pleas'd, beheld it j and decreed
To keep this pledge of his deteilcd deed.
His fla\es ftrait drain the ferous parts away.
And arm the wafting flefh againfl decay j
Then drugs and gums through the void vciTcls pafs,
And for duration fix the ftiff'ning mafs.
Inglorious boy ! degenerate and bafc !
Thou lart and word of the Lagean race !
Whofe feeble throne, ere long, fliall be compell'd
To thy lafcivious filter's reign to yield.

It is eafier to imagine than cxprefs the diftrefs of Cor-
nelia, who had fecn her hulband maflacred in fo cruel
and treacherous a manner. She, with her young fon
Sextus, cfcaped firft to Tyre, and then into Africa.
Manv of the Roman (hip*, however, were taken by the
Egyptian gallies, and all on board were barbarouliy put
to the fword.

Cacfar hailed to Egypt with all poflible expedition, and
entered Alexandria with only two legions, and 8co horfe,
being not in the leaft apprehenfi»c for his perfonal fafety,
becaufe his troops were fo few, not exceeding 4000 men
in the whole ; as Iw placed a thorough confidence in their
fkill and intrepidity ; and in the terror which accom-
panied the fame of his rapid conquefts. Here he firft
heard of the dtath of Pompey, and had his head pre-
fentcd to him, which lo much affcfted him that he wept,
and ordered it to be buried with the moft honourable fo-
lemnitits.

" He who, relcntlefs, through Pharfalia rode.
Anil on the fenate's mangled fathers trod j
He who, without one pitying figh, beheld
'I he blood and (laughter of that woful field ;
Thee, murdcr'd Pompey, could not ruthlcfs fee,
But pay'd the tribute of his grief to thee.
t)h mvftery of fortune and of fate !
Oh ill conforud piety and hate!"

Rowe's Lucan.

Pompcy's head was brought to Cxfar by Theodotus,
the rhetorician of Chios, the worthy preceptor of fuch a
prince as Ptolemy. He wiis one of his council, and had
been a principal advifer of this barbarous murd?r. Plu-
tarch, however, informs us, that he was afterwards taken
by Brutus in Alia, and, on that account, put to a cruel
death.

While Cifar waited for fomc more legitns from Afia,
he pafl'ed the time in calling in the remaining part of the
debt due to him from Auletes, and in hearing the difpuces
and interfering in the controverfy between Ptolemy and
Cleopatra. The unpaid money due from Auletes, CxCar
exacted with great rigour, which Pothinus took care to
reprefent to the people in the very word colours, in order
to prejudice them as much as polTible againft him. He
even plundered the temples of their gold and filver utcn-
fils, and m.-idc the king and great officers of the court
cat out of wooden or earthen vedels, pretending that
Czfar had fei/.ed on all thole of gold and filver. The
Egyptians were ftill more exafperated at him for prcfuming
t* c«lJ their king and queen btfvre him, to be judged by

him with R/fpcft to the controverfy that w.is btiv.te u
them, he having fent a ptiimptory order to e.ich to diliiii ,
their refiJcaive armies, and leave their caufes entirely to
his determination.

This was deemed by the people an infringement of tli,-
foyereign authority, and not fit for any independent
prince to fubmit to 1 Cafar, however, anfivered thcle :ir-
gumcnts in this fallacious manner: " I'hat he did imt
take upon him to judge as a fuperior, but as an arbitni-
tor, appointed by the will of Auletes, who had iherebv
put his children under the tuition of the Ron!.\n (hti ,
and all the power of the Romans being vtftcd in him, as
their didlator, it belonged to him to arbitrate and deter-
mine this controverfy, as guardian of thofe children by
virtue of that will i and th.it he claimed it no otherwid-
than to execute the will, and fettle peace between the
king and his filter, according to the purport of it. This
explanation having appeafcd the people, the alfiiir was
referred to Ca-far, and advocates appointed to plead for
both fides.

In the mean time, Cleopatra hearing that CxCur w.-s
amoroufly inclined, laid a plot to attach him firft to her
perfon, and then to her caufe ; for (he was a woman of a
very lafcivious and abandoned charaiiler, and did not re-
gard what (he facrificcd to her inclination or her intete(t.
She defiled pernii(rion to come in perfon to C:efar, tu
plead her own caufe before him. This was readily
granted, and (he was privately conveyed into the citv by
her I'ervant, who carried her on his back, tied up in hir
bedding, to Ca-far's ap.irtmeiit in the citadel, where he
threw down his burden, untied it, and up (huted the
lady, with the bett airs (he could put on. Carfar was
pltaled with her ftratagcm, luid fiiiitten with her beauty ;
which had all the efFe<it on him that fhe wanted.

Their amour was produ<5live of a fon, who was called
Cxfarion ; but the intrigues and hwJnefs ofClcopatri
brought great mifchiefs afterwards both to the Egyptiuni
and Romans. Hence exclaims the poet,

" Oh fatal form ! thy native Egypt's fhame !
*' Thou lewd perdition of rho L.itian r.;imc !
" How wert thou doom'd our furies to increafe,
" And be what Helen was to Troy and Greece !'•
On the enfiiing day after CIcopatia had been firft car-
ried thus to Csfar, the latter fent for Ptolemy, and told
him to receive his filh;r again upon her own terms; at
which the young king was i'o inflamed with rage, liiat lie
ran into the ftreet like a luiy, raged like a lunatic, tcic
the diadem from his head, threw it down and ftamped
upou it i and then bitterly complained to the [xoplc,
that he w.is betrayed by a finifter collufion between Ca-Uit
and his fifter Cleopatr.i. This put the whole city pre-
fently into great confufion, aiul the people in vaft mulii-
tudes flocked to the comfort .ind afliftance of their king.
The Romans, however, feized his perfon j and Carl.ir
took cate to fntisfy the Egyptians, by alluring them that
his decifion in the caufe between the king and his filter
(hould be fuch as to give univerfal fati^fadtion.

Ca."far having fummoned the afllinbly, caufed the will
of the late king to be read ; and accordmg to that will he
decreed that Ptolemy and Cleopatra {hould JLPimiy reign
in Egypt i and that the other Ptoli my, the youil^rr fun,
and Arfinoe, the younger daughter of the deccafcd mo-
narch, (hould reign in Cyprus.

This decifion, as it was certainly truly equitable, gave
fatisfaition to all, except Pothinus, who well knew that
his power would be greatly dimini(hed if Cleopatra, who
hated him, had any thing to do in the government. On
this account he nerfuaded Achillas to maich with hi',
army from PeUmum to Alcx.indria, in order to drive
Csflar from it.

Achillas had with him ■'.o.ooo j;ood troops, and there-
fore thought he could overpowei C.i'f.ir by numbers ; but
the (kilfuT Roman placed AIn (mail body of forces ti^ judi-
cioufly, that he luftaiiud the afliiult with great eale and
little lofs. Achillas not luving fucceeded in llic fiilt
attack, made an attempt upon the fort, with an inti-ii-
tion to fcize the fleet, in order to block up Cwl.ir by leaj
but here he was again fniftraled by Ciefar's fetting fiie to
the fleet, in order to prevent his defigpi. He at Unglhi
took poflefTion of the tower of Pli.iros, and Ca-far loi li-
fted himfcif in the ftrongeft patt of the city itlilf, Irom
whence Arfince efcapcd lo Athilla>, but Catfar put Pu-
thinus to deatli.

2 Out

AFRICA.]

EGYPT.

469

But here it is proper to mention, that while the fleet
<vas on fire, fome of the fliips drove on fhore, and
communicated their flames to the adjoining houl'es, and
fpreading into that quarter of the city called Brachium, it
confumed the fame, together with the celebrated and
noble Alexandrian library, which had been fo many years
collefling at fuch an immenfe expcncc, and at that time
contained above 400,000 volumes j an irretrievable lofs
to the learned world !

The eunuch Ganymcdes put Achillas to death, and
fucceeded him in the command of the Egyptian army.
Photinus, one of the principals in advifmg the death of
Pompey, was, as we have already juft mentioned, put to
death by the order of Cxfar ; and now Achillas, who
was one of the pri"cipals in executing the murder of that
great Roman. a victim to the treachery of Gany-
mcdes. Ht.ice the poet, fpcaking of the latter, liiys,

With juft remorfj rcpcntin" fortune paid
This fccond victim to her r ompey's (hade.

Ganymcdes, after having taken upon himfelf the com-
mand of the Egyptian army, contrived various (fratagems
to diftrel's Ca:far during the war ; in particular, he found
means to fpoil all the (Vtfh water in the quarter where the
Romans were polfcd ; for there was no other frclh water
in Alexandria but that of the Nile, which was kept in
vaulted refcrvoirs, fupplied from the river by a canal,
which communication he flopped, and turned the fca
water into the refervoirs. After being greatly diftreflcd,
Cxfar contrived to relieve his tro(.)pv, by finking wells
fo deep that he foimd (prings, and by that means obtained
plenty of frcfli water.

Cifar at lengtl\ being reinforced with more troops and
fome fhipping, defeated Ganymcdes in fcveral fallies, and
in three naval engagi'nunts. But in an attack upon the
ifland of Pharos, and the mole which leads to it, he was
rcpul fed with the lofs of 8co men, and was near perilhing
himfelf in the rout; for, finding the (hip in which he
endeavoured to elcape ready to link, he leaped into the
fea, aiid with difliculty efcaped to the next iliip bv fwim-
niing. During this cfcapc he carried fome valuable pa-
jiers, which he had then about him, in one hand, and
iwam with the other, by which h-- faved them, as well
as his own life.

Juflice and fate the floating chief convey.
And Rome's glad genius wafts him on his way j
Freedom and l.iws the Pharian darts withftanJ,
And lave him for avengiiij^ Brutus' hand.

At length Cajfar was pirfuaded to fend king Ptolemy
to the Egyptian army, in compliance with their difire,
and on a pronrife of (X'ace ; but when they had their kinu
at their head, th^y prellLd on the war with greater vigour
than before. Mithridates advanced with hisaimy, andde-
fcited a b(Kly of KgVjiti.nis who defended the banks of the
Nile. Ptolemy then adv.mced with his whole army, to
oppole the viiitors, and Ciffar marched to fupport them.
A dccifive battle enfiud, in which Cxfar obtained an
abtblutc vicWy. Ptoluny endeavoured to cfeape in a
boat, which lunk, and he was drowned in the Nile;
after which Cxfar returned to Alexandria ; when the
whole kingdnni (ubmittej to the conqueror. C;el'ar gave
tile crown i,\' Egypt to Cleopatra, m conjunction with
her younged brother, who was likewife named Ptolemy,
and who was only then eleven years of age. Caefar con-
tinued his amour with Cleopatra till he was obliged to
quit Egvpl, in order to oppofc Pharn.aces, whom he
engaged, defeated, and drove from the kingdom of
Pontus. After this C;efar returned to Rome, and ha\ in'j
previoully taken Atfinoe with him, (lie walked in his
triumph in chains of gold j but immediately after this
I'olemnity w.is over, he let her .at liberty.

In the year of the world jQtji, and 43 years before
Chrill, Cleopatra poil'oiied her young brother Ptolemy,
in order to reign alone, from which time fhe ruled Egypt
till her death, as fole fovcreigiij but in a kindofftib-
ferviency to the Roman power. In the interim, Cxfar
had been murdered at Rome by a coiil'piiacy, at the head
of which were Urutiis ami Calfiiis ; and immediately
after the celebr.ated liiumvirate between Antony, I.epidus,
and (idfavius Cifar, was formed, in order to nvengc
the death of Julius C;efar. Lpou this occafion Clecjialra
declared for the triumvirs, and failed with .\ iiunurou-
42

fleet to join Antony and Oftavius, who defeated Brutus
and Caffius at Philippi ; after which Antony came into
Afia, to ellablilh the authority of the triumvirate. Cleo-
patra met him at Tarfus in Cilicia, which proved his
deftruilion : her beauty, wit, and art, enflamed him
almolt to madnefs, and extinguiflied all his military flame.
Cleopatra at this time was only 25 years old, and the
graces of her perfoii were more powerful than the mag-
nificence of her drefs. When ftie entered the river Cyd-
nus, never was equipage more fplendid and magnificent.
I'he whole poop of her fhip flamed with gold," the fails
were purple, and the oars inhiid with filver" A pavilion
of cloth of gold was raifed upon the deck, uiuier which
appeared the queen, robed like Venus, and lurrounded
with the moft beautiful virgins of her court, of whom
foine reprefei;ted I'e Nereids, and others the Graces.
Initead of trumpets, were heard flutes, hautbov<, harps,
and fuch other mufical inihuments, warbling the foftelt
airs, to which the oars kept time, and rendered iho har-
moliy more agreeable. Perfumes burnt on the deck,
which fpread their odours to a great diltanceon tlic river,
and each fide of its banks were coi crcd with multitudes
ot people, who cried out, that it was Venus coming;
to make Bacchus a vifit for the good of Afia. Thcde-
fcription which Mr. Drydcn has given in his JHf-ji- L:vs
of Cleopatra's failing ''.own the river Cydiui>, is fo ex-
tremely beautiful, that we ihink it necell'ary to give it a
pl.ice, that it may accompany the profe account of the
fame, h.uided down to us by the antient hiltorian?.

Her galley down the fi!\er Cydnus row'd,
The tackling filk, the (tiiamcrs wav'd with gold ;
The gentle wimls were lodg'd in purple fiiK ;
Her i.ymphs lil<e Nereids :ound her eoucli wcr-- p!,u-'J,
\Vhere flie, another fea-born Venus, lay.
She lay, and lean'd her chick upon her hand,
And call a look fo kiiiguifliingly fwect,
As if, fecure of all beholder.^ hearts,
Negleding flie could take them I Boys, like Cupids,
Stood fanning with their painted wings the winds
That play'd abnit her f.ite ; but if (he Ihiil'd,
A darting glory feeni'd to blaze abro.id,
That Mens' defiring eves were ncvur weary 'd.
But hung upon the objeiit ' To foft flutes

The filver oars kept time ; and while thrv play'd,
'I'he hearing gave new pleafure to the iigiit ;
And both to thought. ' IWas Heav'n, or fomething

more ;
F >r (lie fo eliarm'il all hearts, that ga/ing crowds
Stood panting on the lliore, and wanted breath

I'o give their wvlcom.: voice.

Antony and Clcop.atra continually revelled t igetlicr in
every kind of luxurious diflip.ition J and in one ot iheireii-
tertainments Cleopatra is faid to havedillolved a piarl, va-
lued at 50,0001. in vinegar, and fwallowed it. She had
another of equal fi'/e, beauty, and value, with which (he
would have dune the fame ; being, however, perl'uaded to
the contrary, it remained entire, and vams taken among her
olher treafures bv AiiL;iiliu-, who carried it trum Alex-
andria to Rome, an. I dedieated it to Venus.

Mark Antony, a:.i h.iviiig pad'ed m.inv months in
the moll i'calldaloll^ debauclierv, returned to Rome, and
married ()c(.i\ 1.1, the filler of C.cfar Augullus, and wi-
dow of M.ircellus. However, after his marriage he tlill
retained his fondncis for Cb'opatra, and met her at Lu-
cecome in Pha'iiicia, lioin wheni.c they returned together
into Egypt, where he indulged his inordinate pallion for
this laleivious woman to the greatell exeefs. Aecoiding
to Rolliii, he gave her Pluenieij, the lower Syria, and
Cyprus, with great parts of Cilicia, Judia, and Arabia.
He alfo ni.ide her a prelent of the libraries of Pergamus,
ill which were above •/oo,ooo volumes, and (he placed
them ill a new library, whuh Ihe built wlierc the former
one Hood. Slie had a l.ille tor polite learning and the
leienccs, and urulerllood leveral laiigu.iges. She omitted
no kind of arts to keep Antony in her chains ; and he
entered Alexandria in triumph, dragging at his chariot
wheels the king of Armenia, l.ideii willi chains of gold,
and prefented him in that c(>i\dilion to Cleup.itra, whj
was pleafed to fee a c.iplive king at her feet. At one of
llieir banipiets, vadlen Antony was iiUoMcated .vith wine,
(he [rtfuined to alk him to give hir the Roman cmpue,
w!in h he was not alh.'mod to promil'c her.

C This

if,

, -li^'

k J

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OK GEOGRAPHY.

470

I'his great but wicked woman hail two foils by An-
ttjny, one ot" whom vv;is called Alcx.iiuler, and the other
Ptoleniy. He heapeU a pruiufioii of hojiours on thclc
young princct, and celebrated the coronation of their
motlicr with great maguihcence. She attended him in
his proprefe through Greece, where he repudiated Oiita-
via, and declared war againll (Jctavius, v>ho then de-
clared WiU- apaiufl Cleopatra, though aiilually intended
againll Antony.

Antony ailbmblcd his forces at Sanws, and Oiflavius,
or Augultus, got his together at Urundiifium. The for-
mer had a flL-et o( 500 huge lhip!<, on boiud of which
were 200,coo foot, and 2X,oco horfe ; while the latter
had only 250 fhips, >io,ooo foot, ;uid 12,000 horl'e.
'I'he two fleets met, and engaged near Aiitium, in the
fight of the two armies, which had been landed, and
prtvioudy drawn up on the oppofite ftiorcs. The battle
was fought with dubious fucccfs for fomc tirnej till Cleo-
patra retreated with the whole Egyptian fquadron, and
Antony, to his great Ihame, precipitately followed her.
'I'his behaviour fo much exafpcrated the officers of the
remainder of the fleet, that they immediattly fubmitied
to Augulhis ; and Antony's army fooii followed tbeir
example.

The fugitives efcapcd to Alexandria, where Cleopatra
put many great perfons to death, lell thev iliould betrav
her : aad in order to avoid falling herltlf into the h.aiiJs
of the enemy, fhe formed the \ery extraordinary defign to
have her (hips in the Mediterranean carried into the Red
Sea, overall Ilthnius of above 70 miles j but in tliis (he
was prevented by the Arabians, who burnt all her (hips
in the Red Sea.

Now AiUciiy found himfclf deferred by the greatcft
part of thofe who h.id been his friends, which fo difguftcd
him with the world, th.,t he for fome time fccluJcd him-
I'elf from mankind, turned milaiithrope, and aft'eited to
imitate the conduifl of Timon, the man-hater. But ;'.
life of afperitv not fuiting his difiiofition, his alTc(5hiti(in
foon gave way to the natural bent of his inclination ; and
he returned to the arms of Cleopatra, with whom he re-
velled aw.ay the remaining part of his life, and endea-
voured to extiiigui(h the fenfe of his misfortunes, by aban-
doning himfelf to vohiptuoufhefs. In the mean time Cleo-
patra, who forefaw tli.it flic was likely to I'all into the
hands of her enemiis, had fome thoughts of eluding the
coiifcquencc?, bv putting a period to her own cxiflcncc.
She therefore collccied all forts of poifons, to try which
of them would give death with the leall pain. Slic made
the experiment of their viitues, (Ircngth, and efficacy,
upon various condemned ci iiniiials,whereby (he found that
the llr<iiigcll pillions caufed death the foniiclt, and that
thofe which wore gintle brought an eafy, but How death.
She tried the bitiiigs of vcnemous creatures, and caulitd
vaniius kinds of lerpcnts to be applied to difllrent perfons.
She dailv made thcfe experiments, and at length difco-
vercd that the alp* was the only one that occalioned nei-
ther torture nor convulfions ; and which, throwing the
pirfon bit into an immediate heavinefs and (hipefaction,
attended with a flight fweating upon the f.ice, and a
numbncfs of all the organs of fenfe, gently cxtinguKhed
life.

Aucurtiis proceeded to Pelufium, which immediately
opened its gates to him. As foon as this news re-ached Alex-
andria, Cletipatra ordered her moil precious move.iblcs to
be carried to a place of fecurity adjoining to the temple of
Ifis, where (he had caufed a tomb, and proper rcpofi-
tories to be created. AuguKus hearing this, was fearful
that (he intended to confume herfelf and her treaiiircs to-
gether, and therefore lent kind and fl.ittering niefiiiges to
ner, to give her hopes of the molt generous treatment,
while he advanced towards the city by forced marches,
and on his arrival encamped near the Hippodrome.

• The afp is of the file of a ciiminun fn.ike, only the back
is broader, and the neck fwclli giiatly wlien it is angrv.
The ttcih in general arc long; l>m 1 he two longeft aic
liiillow, and tmitain the venuni. Tin- (kin is covered witii
fcalci, which are of a red call ; and ihe bite is fo fatal, rlut
it kills the pcrlun wounded by it wiiljiu three hours, Liicaii
thus fpeak' of it :

" Kirll of thole plaguei, the dfov.fy afp :ippcar'd,
'' .And then her crell, and Iv.rllirg iietk Ihc rcai'd.
" A larger liiop of blatk cungciliii" Llii.,d
<■ Diil.iiguiib'il her ainidH the deadly Ijiuod ;

Antony, in the mean time, prepared to make a vi .xi-ou
detciice. He was fuceefsful in a f.dly, which 'hvc hiin
Inch Ipuits, that he determined to engage the" advene
party iie.u day, both by fca and land ; wh<.°i, to his ,.reit
altonilliment, the Egyptian fleet revolted to the- i„cii,v
and Antony now perceived that Cleopatra had Utiaved
him. I his threw him into fuch a rage, that ht fiviv ;o
the lepulcbral manfion, in order to revenge hianlclf on
Cleopatra for her perfidy; but (he h.id given orders that
Antony ihould be informed that (he had de(\royfd hertll.
1 his intelli^nce converted his cxcefs of rage tei the niuii
violent trarilports of grief, and determined him to follow
her to the grave. With this view he commamlgd a Have
to plunge a dagger into his breaft ; but inttead cf ohe\'iiig
hun, the ilavcltabbed himfelf. This fo ajftifted Antony,
that he fell upon his own (word ; at which very moment
an officer came to let him know that Cleopatra was itiU
alive. On hearing her name pronounced, he d^-km^ his
dying eyes, permitted his wounds to be drelled, and
caufed himfclf to be Carried to the fepulchre where (he-
had immured hcrfclf. Cleopatra would nut fuifcr tha
gates to be opened, for fear of a furprife ; but from a
window threw down cords, to which Antony beinii
falfened, Cleopatra and her two women drew him up.
When (he had drawn him up to her, and bid laid him on
a bcil, (he rent her cloatlis with grief, and making the
molt mournful exclamations, cut off his hair, according
to the fuperlHtion of the pagans, who believed that a
relief to thofe who died a violent death. Antony, foe a
minute, recovered his fenles, cxprelicd his happincfs to
die in her .irms, and then expired.

Augiillus entered Alexandria without farther oppo-
(ition, and Cleopatra, to prevent the difgrace of beinj-
carried to Rome to grace his triumphal car, rcfolved on
death ; previoufly, hovirever, flie had an inten-icw witn
Odtavius, who (K-imittcd her to bury Antony with the
utmolt magnihcencci ;uid (he fjjared no coll in his intcr-
iiKiit, according to the cuKoni of Egypt. Shccaidcd
his body to be embalmed with the molt cxquilite perfumes
oftheeiUi, a':.l placed it among the tombs of the E-vp-
tiaii kings.

After vifiting the tomb of Antoiiv, and (trcwing it
with flowers, (he returned to her chamber, went into a
bath, and from thence to table, which was fcrved m .,;-
niriceiitly. When (be rofe from uble (lie wrote a let. r
to Oclavius ; and having made all quit her chamber ex-
cept her two women, (lie (hut the door, fat down upon
a bed, and afked for a ba(ketof (igs, which a pcaliint had
lately brought. She placed it by her, and a moment
after lay down, as if (he had fallen allcep ; but that vv.is
the effed of the bite of an afp, which was concealed
among the fruit, and had ftung her in the arm which ihe
h.ad held to it. 'ihe poifon immediately tainted her
blood, communicated itlclf to her heart, and (he expired
without pain. Thus died one of the moft beautiful and
accomplilhed, and at the fame time one of the moft am-
bitious and wicked princelfes that ever lived, in the jgth
year of her age, and 27.d of her reign, from the death of
her father; and in her death ended the reign of the Pto-
lemies in Egypt.

'Ihe death of Cleop.ntra put an end to the war, and
Egypt wa» reduced to a Roman province. Horace, the
celebrated Latin p'lct, wrote fix odes, upon this occafion,
the moll beautiful of which is the j-th of his tirit book,
in which, (peaking of the death of Cleopatra, he fays;

With fearlefs hand flic dar'd to grafp
The writhings of the wrathful afp;
And fuck thepoilbn thro' her veins,
Kclulv'don death, .and fiercer from its pains j
Then, fcorning to be led the boaft
(Jf r.iighty Ca;lar's naval hoft.

" Of all the ftrpeiit race are nun* fo fell,
*' None with foni,iny dealhii fiKli plenteous venom fuell.
'* C'liill in themli?lv«i., our udder eiinie^ they (hun,
" And chulc lu baJk in Afric's warmer fun."

It vejs natural for T.ucan to imaciue the afp to b« peculiar
to Afrira only; hut later diftuveiiet evince that it is like-
VMie f.jiiiid iu .America. The Ibijaia of Brafil ii fup|»ored to
be of the laine fpeciri, and its vtiium iv rqiially latal ; but
ofific filter d.uigcrnii> ferpent we (h dl ^Ive a pailiclujr in-
vrltig.uioii ill uiir thlcripiiun ot' Brafil.

SIRICA.] E G

And, arm'd with more than mortal fplecn.
Defrauds a triumph, and expires u liuecn.

Egypt was now governed by a prefttS fent from Rome.
Cornelius Crallus, the famous Latin pott, was the hrll
who had this prcfedture, and under this form of govern-
ment Kgypt continued a Roman province 670 years,
till it was taken by the Sar.icens.

Auguftus now cut oft' all thole whom he thought might
revive the civil wars of Rome, anion;; whom was C;rfa-
rion, the fon of Cleopatra by Julius C;»'far j however,
the children of Cleopatra by Antony were fuffcrod to live,
and even treated with clemency, not but he made them
adorn his triumph on his return to Rome. 'I'lio body of
Cleopatra was inferred with great funeral pomp, «nd laid
in the fame tomb with that of her lover Antony. The
conqucll of Kgypt occafioned fiich an influx of wealth
into Rome, that the value of money fell one half, nn<l
the prices of provilion and merchandize were coiifequently
doubled.

" Thus mighty ftatcs and empires fall and rife,

" And ull things fluiltuate beneath the Ikies ;

*' Wealth briiii;s corruption, and corruption vice,

•' Ruin's the g.une, and follies aic the dice."

.'Vuguftus wns proclaimed emppror 23 years before
the birth of Chrift, when he divided the Roman provin-
ces imperial and fen.itorial, the latter King deifitute of
troops, while the former were ftronjly guarded, and
Kt;ypt w.is one of thnfe |>rnvincc<. Men of diftinotlon,
fiich as had been conful?, or pr:ttor«, wrrc made go-
urnnrs of thcfe provinces, with the titles of proconful
and proprxliir ; but the government of Kgypt was com-
millcd to a priiace knight, vii Cornelius Galhis, the
celcbiatcd port. All thefe governors held their employ-
ments only for a year, and were obliged to quit their
provinces, on the arrival of their fucceliors.

Cornelius 'lalhis afted in his government more like
.111 aiifolu'e monarch, than a fubordmate magiltrate,
which obliged Auguftus to recall him; after which he
fpoke with Uich liberty agaiaft the emperor, that he was
condemned to pcrprtu.1l banilhment by the leiute, which
he prevented by Killing on his 'jwn Iword ; but the em-
peror, who was fond of him for his military exploits, as
well as his poetical genius, wept when he heard of his
death, and evur after paid the grLratett rcfpedl to his me-
mory.

A'.Iius (lalius, a Roman knight, fuccccdcd to the
governnunt of Kcypt, in which time the Ilthiopian ijueen,
C.uul.iC^-, invaded that country, flic fiirprized the cities
of Syeiie, KK'phantin.i, and Hhylse, laid walJe the coun-
tries near tlum, overthrew the iratues of Augulhis, and
carried the Roman garrifons into captivity. She was,
howe\cr, at length oppofed and defeated by Caius Pc-
tronius, who made hiinlrlf maftcr of Pfclcha, the key of
Ethiopia on the fide of Egypt, and penetrated above 800
miles into the Ethiopian dominions ; he then returned to
Alexandria with many captives, whom he either fent to
Rome, or fold for ll.ives.

After this, for fomc years, the world enjoved a moll pro-
found tranquillity ; during which JESU.SCHRIS T,
theiedeemer of mankind, was born j and 14 years after
that iK-riod, Auguftus died in the 76th year of his age,
and 43 ye;iri after the battle of Aclium.

Tiberius fucceedcd Auguftus as cnipcror, in whofe
reign our S.uioiir was crucified A. I). 33, and Caligula,
one of the moft wicked of the human race, fucceed.d
'libcrius as emperor A. D. 37, in whofe reign the Jews
cf AUxandii.i luttcrcd a moft fcvere perfecution.

Under ft;vi ral fuccccding tmpcrors nothing happened
with rcfix.'(!t to Egypt, but cruelty, taxation, or i)egle>;t ;
for it was either a pcrfecuted, an opprefled, or a difre-
gjrdcd p;ovincc.

On the decline of the Roman empire, the caliph Omar,
one of the fucccUors of Mahomet, fent an ariny to in-
vade Kgypt, under the command of Amru ; who pene-
trated into the heart of the country, and took Mefr, the
ancient Mcinphis, which was treachcroully delivered up
to him by the Coptic goveruor : the naine of this traitor
was MokawkiiS, who made a tre;ity with Ainru, which
included the whole nation of Copts ; a yearly tribute was
thereby impolrj upon the people, who were allowed the
free exercile of their piopcrUMi under the imtnisliAte pro-
tedlion cf the caliph.

The inveteracy Ci" Uiv dipt; niMJ/nl their fellow citi-
zens is ahnolt inconceiv.iblc ; thry oen cncouragtil the
Ariib:. to piirfue the Cireeks fiom i\Klr to Alcx.indna.
Anirii defeated the Greeks in tiiree eiigaiemciit^, and
obliged them to retire within the walls uf AlcxanJriii,
where they endured a long fiege. Amru w..s takeji pn-
fonerin one of the attacks, and brought before the go\cr-
nor : but he efcaped by a ftratagem, and prelled the lieyc
fo clofc, that it furrendcred to the Arabs A. D. Oi^j,
after they had befieged It 14 months, and loft before it
23,000 men. Many of the Greeks efcaped, and at-
tempted to rc-pollefs themfelves of this capita], in which
they were defeated with great lofs.

Amru informed Omar, that he had found in Alexan-
dria 4C00 palaces, 4000 baths, 40,000 Jews that paid
tribute, 400 royal circi, or places fet apart for public
diverfions, and 12,000 gardeners, who fupplied the city
with all kinds of herbs in great plenty ; and the Arabian
writers inform us, that this metropolis at that time con-
fiftcd of three cities, viz Meiv.na, or the port which in-
cluded the illanJ of I'haros j Alexandria, properly fo
called, which was fituated in much about the fame fpct
as the modern Alexandria now ftands, and Nekita, which
was probably the old Necropolis, whofe ruins arc now
hardly vifible. Amru having taken polfeflion of the place,
demolifhed the walls, and difinantled the city.

The lofs of Kgypt, which had continued in the hands
of the Romans ever finco the reign of the emperor Au-
guftus, h.ipp.-ncil ill t!ie 25th year of the reign of the
emperor Heiuclius, who died foon after. Much about
the fame time, Omar was alTaflinated in the mofque at
.Medina and was fucceeded by Othman. The fucceeding
caliphs of the .Saracen nice, from Othman to the time
that the Egyptians threw off their obedience to the Ba-
bylonian caliph, and chole one of their own, were,

A. D. 655. .Mi, married to Katima, the daughter of
.Mahomet, as well as moft of his fuccelfors of the fame
line, pLaccd Egypt under the care of a fubordinatc magi-
Itratp, as governor thereof.

tiOc. Hafnn, the fun of Hali by Fatima, who rcfigned
the government within fix months to

660. Moawiyah. This was a prince of great parts,
and an excellent Arabian poet ; and in this reign the
Arabs befieged Conftantinople the whole fumnier and
I'pring for feveral ye;us together ; but were received with
fuch vigour and refoliition bv the emperor, that they
thought it advifeable to withdraw alv.•.;y^ in Septmiber
to Cyricus, and at halt abandoned thceiiterpri/.e. In this
long ficge, or rather repeated ficges, the Arabs loft in-
credible numbers of men, and many fhips ronfunied by
fca-fiie, as it was called, becaul'e it burnt iiiuler water j
being the invention of Callinicus, a native of Hcliopulis
in Egypt : and about the fame time there was a dread-
ful mortality in Egvpt.

680. Yezid fucceeded his father Moawiyah.

684. Maowiy.'h II. fucceeded his father Yezid ; but
he abdicated in on!y the fixtli month of his reign.

684. Alxl;illah Was eledted to the caliphate. Then
the fucceftion ran as f illows ;

692. Abdalmalee.
704. Alwalid.

7'5-
718.
721.

724.
742.

Soliman.
Omar II.

Ve7.id II. • ,

Hcfham.
Alwalid II.
743. Yezid III. reigned only fix months.

743. Ibrahim.

744. Mervan II. This prince was tjppofed by the par-
tizans of the houfe of A -Abbas, who began to grow
powerful in fome of the interior provinces of the empire.
After feveral engaements, being defeated and flatn, the
caliphate was transferred to the houfe of Al- Abbas.

749. Abdallah, the firft caliph of the houfe of Al-
Abbas, died of the fm»ll-pox, and was fucceeded by his
brother,

753. Abu Jaff.iar Almwzur,

774. Al-.MohdI.

785. Murfa Al-Hadi.

786. Haroun Al-Ba(liid.
808. Mahomet III.

81 J. Abul Abbas Almun Abu Taafar Abdallah.

8ii.

\'^

^\'m

I','

f I

■ I m

p} i i 1/

47»

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV.

K53. Al-Mot.irem.

K41. H.irniin Al W.ithclc Billah.

H4O. A) Motawakkal Al.ill.ih.

Koi. Al MoMtafcr I5illah.

S62. Aliimd Abiil Abhas

K66. Mahomet Abu Abilallah.

86S. Mahonut Abii Abiiallah Al Mot.iJi.

Hbq. Ahmed Abiil Abbas. In this pririci's reign the
F.pvptians rcvolti-il t'loni the caliphs of the Saracens, and
fninulecl a caliphate of their own, which was begun by
Ahmed Kben I ohm, and hence it is called tlio Jyn^dly
cr line of Tolun.

The line of Tolun.

fi/o. Ahmed Kben Tolun.
8K3. Hamaria.

Xbarun, d.iin by Muftapha the caliph of Ha-

00
bvlor

bylon
■940.

9+3-

970.

075-
996.
lOiq.

'035'

1096.

HOC.

"35-

Achid Mahom-t.

Abipnib.

Mea/. Ledin Illachi.

A/iz.

Klhachain.

Etabar IyCa7.1«din Illatrij

Malteratzar Billatri.

Mullealr.

F.lamir Bahacan Illatri.

Elphait L.idin Illatri.

Eizabar

- - - KlpJiai/,

- - - Etzar LcJin Illatri. In this rcirrn the fultanof
Damafcus fcnt a 'i'urkifh general, named Sxrackoch,
with an annv into Egypt, who conquered the comitry,
but alfumed the regal authority himfclf. Hence we have
another race of monarchs of Egypt, dillinguifhcd by
the name of

The Turkifh line of Caliphs, or kings of E-gypt.

1 16 5. Afllredin fuccteded Syrackoh.

1 186. Zeli-Heddin. Thi> prince conquered Daniaf-
cus, Mefopotamia, and Palelliuc.

1 199. Elazir.

Eladel.

1 210. Elcharnul.

1237. Melecb Aflalach. This prince was flain by
h,> Mamaluk guards.

1242. EInuitan, the Ion of Melech AfTalach, fuc-
cccded his father, but w.is likewife flain by the .Mama-
luks, who becmie malkrs of the kingdom in A. D.
1245; and hence we have another race of monarch- in
Egypt, called

I2S5.

12b0.

1286.
1291.

The race of the Mamaluk kings.
Turquinicnius.
Clothes. '

Haiulocader.
E.lphis.
Araphus.
Melechncfar.

i Melechadcl

i - - - Melechailla.

I The actions of thcfe kings arc very uncertain, the
!' dates of their reign not afcert'awicd, and a chafm is left
; in the Elgyptian iiillory till the reign of
1 1 14&5- Cathbevus.

Ij 1498. Mahomet, the fon of Calhbeyus, who w.is de-
il pofcd.

;; 1499. Campfon Chi.irfefius.
- - - Zanballet.
1500. Tonombcius.

I 501. Campfon II. This was a worthy prince, and
reigned prolperoully for the fpace of 16 years, but at
length Tiding with IfmaeU the emperor of Perlia, igainll
Selim I. emperor of the Turks, he drew his kingdom
into a war with the latter monarch, in which his armiei
were defeated and himfelf flain.

1517. Tonombeius II. fuccecdod Campfon in his
kingdom, but was equally unfoitunate; for being van-
tjuilhtd in the lirll year of his reign, by the emperor
Selim, Egypt became a piovinceof the '1 urk fli empire,
and continues fo to this day; as it h governed by a
'I'urkilh balla, who hath his rcfidence at Grand Cairo ;
therefore its hillory now becomes blended with that of
the Ottomans.

\VV- have been more ample in the hiftory of Egypt
than in that of any preceding nation which we lia/c
defcribed, and iliall conclude it in the words of a late
elegant author, which will at once point out the impor-
tance of the Egyptian liiftory, and Ihcw our reafon for
being fo copious m it.

" I'hc Egyptians arc mofl worthy of our attention
of all the nations of ;uuiquity, and we are particularly
interelled in their biiliry. From them, by an uninter-
rupted chain, all the molt polite and beft coriiitut'd na-
tions of E^uropc have received the lull principles of their
l.iws, arts, and fciences. The Egyptians iiillructed and
enlightened the Cirecks, who performed the fame bene-
ficent office to the Romans : and thefe lords of the world
were not aihamed to borrow from the Greeks the know-
ledge which thev wanted, which they afterwards com-
niunicat.d to the rell of mankind, and of which wc are
in poriellion to this day."

CHAP

XVIII.

IM\

AFRICAN ISLANDS..

Of the Iflands In the Atlantic Ocean.

I. The Madeira Islands.

TH F. Madeira iflands are only three in number j
namely Madeira, properly fo called ; the ifland of
Puerto Santa, or Porto banto; and Iflu Deleita,
or the Defolatc Iflc. The whole are fituated in the At-
lantic Ocean, between 32 and 33 deg. north lat. and 17
and 18 deg. weft long. 250 miles north by raft from Tc-
ncrift", 360 from Cape Cantin, on the coal! of Africa,
and 300 north of the ifland of Farro.

Before wc proceed to dcfcribc thefe iflands, it is neccf-

fary to relate the manner in which ihey were difcovcrcd,

firlt by an E'nglifh gentleman, and many years alter by

Iht Purtugucfe, as there i.-. fumcthing extremely fingular

in both thcfe occurrences, but more particularly the firil.
In the reign of Edward the third, kin^; ol England, a
young gentleman named Robert Machin, conceived .1
violent pallion for Ann D'Arlet, a beautiful and acconi-
plifticd lady of a noble taniilv. Machin, with rcfpe.il ui
birth and fortune, was inferior to the ladv, but his per-
fonal qualiluations overcame every fcriiple on th.'.t ac-
count, and (he rewarded his ardor with a reciprocal affec-
tion. Her friends, however, did not behold the young
gentleman through the ni diutn of pallion ; they fancied
their blood would be contaminated by an alliance with
one ot a lower rank, and thercfoii- determined to facri-
ficc the happincfs of the young bulv, to the hereditary
pride of blood, and the maccji.u-y motives of intereft.

Fraught

AFRICA.]

AFRICAN ISLANDS.

who was dc-

Fraught with ihcff ideas, a warrant was procured from
tilt king, under ihc laiu'lion of which Machiii was ap-
pr>hciulcd, and kipt in thiff coniinciniiu till the- object
ol his alK'Cljons wax nurritd to a nobleman, wholt; cliitf
merit lay in his hoiior.ii v title and lar^;e iiollellions.

ii.iniediately alter the nuptial reieniony was over, the
nccr took his beautiful bndc with him to a ftroiig and
fupcrb calUc, v.hich he had in the neighbourhood ol
Brittol ; and then the unfortunate lover was rcleafed from
his cruel iniprifonment.

Machin being at liberty, wa'i acquainted that his mif-
trefs had been compelled to give her hand to another.
I'his rendered him almoll Irantic, and he vowed to re-
venge the violence done to the lady, and the injury which
]\r himklf had Cuft.iined.

With this view he imparted his dcfign to fome of his
fi lends and companiiins, v\'ho (wore to aci. 'nipany him
to IJrillol, and allill him in whatever enterprise he un-
dertook. One of his conu.ides contrived to get hin^felf
hired by the nohl'iiian as a (erv.int, and by that meai. .
being introduced into 'he family, he loon found an op-
pcrtunity to let the l.idy know the fcntiments and inten-
tions of her lover i when (he fully entered into all nis
projects, and proniiled to comply with whatever he fhould
jclire.

'l"o facilitiite thedefi.n, the lady appeared more cliear-
ful than ufual, which lulled alKip every fufpicion that
her lord might othcrwile have entcrtaiiieil ; and intreated
periniirion to ride out daily to take the air, for the benefit
«jf her health, which requelt hir cimfort ealily granteu.
'I'liis point being gained, flie did not fail to make the
mod of it, by riding out every morning, accompanied by
one fervant only, wnich w.is her lover's companion ; he
having been previoufly pitched upon, by her contrivance,
always to attend iier.

All things being prepared, fhe one day rode nut a<
tifual, when her atteivhait iMiulucted her tii his hiiiul,
\vho waited at the lVa-!iue to receive her. They all three
immediately entered a boat, and Coon reached a (hip that
Jay at fome dilLu.ce ready for their reception.

Machin having the object of his willies on board, im-
mediately, with the allillance of his aliociates, let fail,
intending to proceed to France; but all on board bein;
ignorantof maritime affairs, and the wind blowing a hard
jiale, they niilled their port, and the next morning, to
their alloniflnncnt, found themfelvcs driven into the m-iiii
ocean. In this miferablc condition they abandoned
themfelvcs to defpair, and committed their fates to the
mercy of the waves. Without a pilot, almoft dclHtute
of provifions, and quite devoid of hope, they were tofiid !
.ibout for the Ipace of thirteen days. At length, when '
the morning of the fourteenth day began to d.iwn, thev
I'ancicd they could delcry fomething very near them that
had the appearance of land ; and when the (m\ rofc, to
ih.ir grc.it joy they could diftinilly perceive it was (uch.
'('heir pleafure, however, w.as (bmewhat alleviated by
the refleiilion th.it it was a ftrange country; for they
plainly perceived it was covered with a variety of trees,
with w-hofe appearance and natures they were totally ui:-
ai i]uamted.

The floop being got out, fome of them landed, in
order to make their obfervations on the country ; when,
letiirniiig foon after to the fhip, they fpoke in raptures
of the place ; but at the fame time declared they believed
it to he uninhabited.

Machin, with his miftrcfs and fome of his friends,
•hen landed, leaving the reft to take care of the (hip.
The country appealed beautifuHv divcrhhed with hills
and dales, (haded with various trees, and watered by
'iiany clear meandriiig (Ireams. Several kinds of wild
bealts approached, without offering any violence to them ;
.Old the molt beautiful birds of different fpecies perched
upon their heads, arms, and ham' , unapprchenfive of
danger.

Peiv trating farther through the woodv rccelfcs, they
cnlered a fine meadow, .adniir.ibly encircled with a border
of laurels, finely en.imelled with various flowers, .uid
happily watered with a winding chrydal rivulet. Upon
an eminence, in the niiJIt of this meadow, they faw a
lofty (pleading tree, the beauty of which invited them
to repole under its (h.ade, and partake of the (helter it
would atfoid them from the piercing rays of the fun.
Heiicatli this tree they at length deteimiiicd to make a

4/3

pio\idiii;'^ thcmfelves with

temporary rcfidence ; and

boughs from the iieii>hl:i,uriin' woikU, they built fi'veial
iinall huts, or rather r.rbors. In this phiee they palled
thiir time very agreeably, and made frequent e.xc'.irlion-,
into the .idjacent corntry, admiring its ftr.mm' produc-
tions and various beauties. Their happiiiLfs, however,
was of no very lo.ig conlimiance ; for, one niidit a ter-
rible ftorm arofe fVom the iiorth-ealt, which blew ili.-
(liip from her anchor, and dune her lo fea. 'I'he cre\/
were obliged to fiibmit to the mcrcv of the clenienr .,
when they were driven to the co.dt of Morocco, and ib.e
(liiplieiiigftranded,all the crew were carried into captivity,
'I'lie next morning, when Machiii and his comp.i-
nions mifli>i ihe (liip, they concluded (he h.id foiiiideud
and gone to the bottom. 'I'his new calamity phiiiH-d
tlicni into the deepeft melmcholv ; and proved in p.irti-
cular Co afl'eiiting to the l,idy,'that (he funk under it.
She had indeed before continually fed her gnef by I'.J
prelages of the i nttrniize'- ending in fome fatal ca-
i.iltrophe to all c.iuci imd ; but the (hock of th^' late dif-
.iller (truck her dumb ; (o that (he expired in three day,
afterwards, in the moll bitter agonies. Machin was f'o
jtfe(ited by ii.r death, that he furvived her but five days,
iiotwithitanding all Jut his ce , ,iaiiions could do to alVord
hini coiifol.ition. Previous to .lis death he begged thi in
to place his body in the fame grave with hers, wiiich they
had m.ide at the foot of an altar, erciSted under the beau-
tiful lofty tice before mentioned. They afterward' erected
a l.irgr woodui crofs upon it; and near that an infcrip-
tion, drawn up by Machiii himli-lf, containing a fuc-
ciiuit account of the whole adventure; and concluded
with a requelt, that if any Chriftians fliould come there
to letde, that they would build a church upon that fpot,
and dedicate it t-i Jel'us Chiitt.

After the death of M.ichin, his remaining companion';
ditermined to .ittempt retiiining to Kiigl.md in the (loop,
which had liein fo well fecured near ihe (horc as not to
be in the halt damaged by the ftorm which had driven
away the (hip. Iiiit li,.piieniiig to take the fame courfo
the others had been forced upon, thiv, unluckily for
tliem, arrived in like manner upon tome part of the coalt
of Morocco, met wiili e\aclly the lame fite, were I'eizeJ
in a Im-.ilar manner, and carrud to the fame prifon. In
the place of tlicir confiiuiiient, bef'ides their own compa-
nions, they met with t'^veral other chrillian flives; p;'i-
ticularlyon.John de Morale-, a Spaniard of Seville. 'I'his
iiiiiii v..,. .Ill excelli-nt 'lilor, and took a peculiar delight
in hearing the Kiiglirti captives lecoiint their ...Iventure-.,
by which mean-, he learned, and retained in his memoiv
the l:tu.ti(.in and peculur marks of thi:. iifw difcovered
country.

In order to coi..i.cl the above narrative of the lirftdif-
covcry of the M.ideiras with what is termed the I'ccond
difcovery, but which, to I'pcak with greater precillon, is
the complition of the firlt, it will be neceliiirv to look
back u little into the leading incidents which brought
about the latter.

John I. king of I'ortugal, having entered Into a war
with the Moors, palled over into Africa with a formi-
dabl- army; and A.I). 1415, laid fiege to and tonk
Ceuta. In this expedition he was accompanied by his
fons, one of whom. Prince Hcnrv, took great delight in
the Itudy of the mathematical f'cienccs, particularly geo-
graphy and navigation.

Upon this occafion he had a preat opportunity of con-
verlingwith the Moors and African Jews; and informing
himfetf by their means of the fituation of feveral foreign
countries, of their coalts, the (c-is about them, Jcc. Hence
grew an infatiable thirft for making new ccmquefls ; and
from this time he determined to devote his ;;ttention to the
difcovery of unknown countries.

In cunfequence of this refolution, after the reduction
of Ceuta, he retired to the Algarves, where, within ii
league of Cape St. Vincent, he founded a new town,
built a fort to defend it, and determined from thence to
fend out (hips upon difcXJveries. The pcrfbn he intended
to employ upon thefe occafions, as chief commander, was
a gentleman of extraordinary abiliti -, named Ju.m Gon-
falvo Zarco, who b;c.ime famous, not only for his ma-
ritime difeovcrics, l)ut for being the firlt perfon who
introduced the ufe of artillery on board (liips. 1111418
he difcovered Puerto Santo, one of the Madeiras ; and in
1420 he palVcd the (freights, and furvcycd a coiiliderablc
t) U c.\tcnt

"liU

I . f';!*]*

M'tt

■Mi-

•!m I 'in

t:i

:/i ,

''■{

■\

[

■1 1

'■', "

i\.

!. 1:

ft:!!', /

■'*»!-■•"

'^r tl

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CEOGUAl'ilV,

474

fxu-ii! of ilv-' coiill (.t Africa. In the iiitirim, u S|wnirti
prince living, left In lus will n hirirc fiun of ninnty tor
the piirpofc of redcenuMi; .Spanlfii Chiiltiaii-, who were
kept as ll.-.ves in Morocco, 'lenns lieiii^', apreeii npoii
between the emperor of Morocco ami the comnuiriom rs
for the R'deniption of thofe captives, a Spanilii (Inp was
fent to Morocco to fach home the reil' en>e<l Ciii iltiaiis,
uiiiong whom was the before nuiitioned Jolin ile Morales.

I'his (hip, on Its retinn to Spain, happvned to fall in
with tlie (ipiailion coiiniiancled by Juan Cienllilvo Zarco,
who was till n p.illiii!: the (Ireighis to make oblcrv.itlons
en the coait of .Africa, as we have jiill notireil.

Spain ami l\)rtvi;j[al bciiii; at that time at war, Juan
(loiifalvo Zarco made pri/.e of the Spanilh ihipj bnt
(■luliii;.'; it contained only redeemed c.iptiMS, he was
toiicliid with conpaflioii at the mileries tluy h.id alreadv
fiirt'eved during their llavcry, and geneioiillv difmillird
them, taking out onlv Jolin de Morales, whom he louiul
to be not only ,'.n ahle faiUir, and an expert pilot, but
a very intelligent (nrfin.

Moiales being acquainted with the reafon of his de-
tention, and the dilcovencs tliat the Portiii;uclc were
upon, inllead ol' licinj, (irieved, w.is n::r.'ln,!y reioiced,
and ort'ered voliintarilv to enter into the li ;,lce of Pniue
llenty. He then tuld Juan (ionfaho of the illaiid whuh
thel.nglifli h.id newly d;fi.ovcn\l, nrounted tht Ifory ot i
thctvko unfoitun.itc lovers, and related every thini.' wiilch
he had heard from M.ichin's companions, while in
flavery.

Juan tionfalvo was fo niii;lil:lv pleafed at this rel.ilirn,
that he tickid ..b.iiit, .ind ritiiiin'i M the new town whiji
I'rince Henr\ h.id built, and vihich w.i. calliil rii(|-a
Nab.d, On bis arrival he iniioduced Morales to the
prince; vvlu ii the Spaniard a;riin itcoiiiited all he h.id
before told tn Juan (lonfalvo. The priue thcuioht this
worthy of bienmiiv;a nation. il atlair, and tlieicture, coni-
munic.itini; the whole to the king his tather, and tin
PortugiKte niiiiilln , thiv determined l" [uiifur ihi^ dil-
coverv ; and foi that pui jmu'c lilted cm' a good (hip, well
manned and proxided, and a Hoop to go with oars, when
occ.ifion rn(Uiicu ; .uul the command of the whole w.is
given to Juan ( lunlilvo.

On diliiueiin; I'lietto Santn, a fliorf time htforr,
Juan Ciotifalvo h.id left fome roiluguele on that illand ;
and iudging bv .Moi.ilo';. .u count ol the litiiatimi .>t the
illand thty wen in ipiell of, that it could not be t.ir li mi
Puero Santo, h d- teiirined to fail thither.

On his aiiiv.d at that illaiul, the roiiusjucfc, whom he
had left Ih-Iiiiu!, iiiiMrmed him thev li.ul oblcrved to thi
Norih-eall a thick impcuetr.ible datknels, whieli nm-
llantlv hung upnn the Ic i, .ind eMended iiul! upward to
the heavens. l hal lluv never kmw it W be dmiinilhid ;
but often heard frini thcncr a Itrange kuid u< nolle,
wh:cli thev could not account for.

Morales fumed to be conuncedtlut this WM the iHand
ihey were in Icarch of, and Ju.in (ionUlvii was inclined
to .'doi'l his opinion , luil all llie ti H wrie tcrritird at the
accounts ihiN h.id luaid. It was tlien lore com. Iiidid to
remain at I'm no Samo till the change of the inuon, to
liv what tfl'. >i ih.t would have up. m thefliade, oi whe-
lliei the iioile would ctale. Hut percruing no alteration
of an) kind, the panic encaaied amiuig the prm-rality ol
the .uKciiliio t>. Muialcs, however. Hood tirm to his
opinion of tb a U .ii- the I iiid lluy were looking fc^r ; and
vcrv lenhhly ohkued, that, according to the accounts
he ii.id leceived from the Kngblh, the ground was ro-
Vtrid oVir vMlh loin (hadv tries ; it was no wonder,
theiclore, that it liiould be exrrcdim; damp, .iiid that the
humid vapours might ixhaf finm it bv the power ol tin
fun, which, (pnajina tlimilelves to ilie Ikv, oi cafumed
ihe dark i nil they law ; and with lelpect lo the mule,
that aii|<hl he ooalioned by icitaiii currcntt Jaihuij
i4^ainl) the rocks on its conll.

Jiiurt Cionfal\o, howtvei, detrrniinrd In pfH'cidi and
fettiiig lailihe next d.iy, he at l(ii;:lh made limd; and the
(tar of thole who had been all .iloiig tciiilied now va-
liUhcil. The hill point they law thev namixi St. Law-
ttnce's point : doubling ili, , they loiiml to the loutliwaid
rifinjt land, where Moiabs and otheis were lent in a IliMip
tu icioMiiuiire the itiill j and imi to a buy whiih d. mril to
»llfwu Ui\u:., thi) iituriinl tu Juiui Uoiifalvu,

I with an account ot their fuccefs. Juan (jonialvo im-
mediaiely landed, and took |H>llcHion of the pLur, in ths
iMi.ies of John I. king of I'oitu-al, and PniiceMau.'
his Ion. Having built an altar mar the ur.ivc- o|"the 1.'
vers, thcylearchcd about the ill.ind, in .irder to difcofer
It It contained any caltle ; but nut lindiii.^ any, they
coalKd wellw.ird, nil ih.y came to a place where four
line rivers ran into the lea, of the waters of which Ju;mi
CJonlalvo lilled fome Iviitles, to carry as a prefent to
I'nnce Henry. I'rocading l.i.ili.-r, they c.mie to a hue
valley, which w.is infrrfeclcd bv a beautiful river, and
atter that to a pleafant fpot cove nd with trees, t^ime of
which being fallen down, Juan (Jonf.dvo ordered a crofs
to be crecUed of the timber, and called the place Sandla
Cm/.

Thiy now began to look out f.u a place proptr to Gx
their relidenco in while thiy llaid ; audat length found u
line track of land, not to woodv .is ihc iclf of the coiin-
liy, but covered over will) fennel, which, in the Ponu-
giKle language, is called H uncho ; trom whence the town
o! I'unchal, afterward* built on the fame fpot, took its
name.

y\ltcr having viewed other parts of the iiland, and daily-
had occ ilion for new admiration of the beauties continu-
1111. lily iliftovcied, Jii;in (lonfaKo returned to I'ortiu'al,
and arrived at l.ilbon in the end of Aiigiil*, 1420, wfth-
out having lolt .\ fmgle m.in in the whole enterprise.

A day ot audience being appointid tor Ju;m (jonfilvn
to make a report of his vov.ige, the king gave the name
of Madeira to the new dilcoverid itland, on account of
the great ipianlitv of excellent wood tound upon it. An
order was liionafter made lor Ju.m (loiil.'Uo to iiiurn to
M.ideira in the fpriiig cnliiing, wilh ihe title nfi.ipiaiii
governor ol .\ladeii.i, to which t.t'e the heir of his f.imity
.it pi. kill adds that 01 loiiiit.

Juan Cioiilabo let fail on his fecund vnv.ige, in M.i),
A. I). 1421, taking wilh him the grctcll pait ol his fi-
mily i and .inning at Vlidei-a, he call .inchor in the
lo.ul till then called ih. KngliOi Port ; hut Juiintion
laK.i, ill honour ol the tirll dilcomer, ihm calleil it
Puerto dc Machino, liom which n.ime it wai corruptij
to M;.cliico ; which it bears to this dav.

Jii.in (loiilalvo ihcn ordered the large fprctding briiuli-
lul me heliMc ni<ntioiiiil, umlir which M«chin and his
ton.paiiions had t.ken up their rclidcnce, to be cut down,
and ,1 fmall cliiiii h lo beeiec'Ird with the timber j which,
agreeable to M.i bin's rrqui'ft, he iledic.ued to Jelus
Chilli, and iiuirus;ted the pavement of the choir wnh
the hoiK s of the two unlortunate lovers.

He then laid the Inundation of the town of I'unchal,
which loon giew famous; and his wife Conllaniia, who
was with him. dedic.ted the idtar of the new wocxlen
chinch to St. t.'athriine.

On the death of John I. king of Porfu;'al, his eldiH
|i>n and luccilior, Duarle, in ciuilider.ition of fhegieat
limis lit nioHi V I »pi'iidp<l in pcopl ijg th . illand by prince
Heiiiv, hi»biothri, gave liim the levenues 'f it for life.
He bki'Wilegave the Ipiniiialilies of if lo th'' order of
Chilli, which I ndowmcnt was afterwutdn (.unliiincd bv
Aliuilo the bitOMiih.

'lit I \ND OK Madeira, frsfirrly ft callril.

M A I) K I R A, properlv fo called, i< about -5 mile*
in lengih, .uid {.1 iii liicadlh, in (he widell places. 'I hi
lull hitlers. Ml ordir to clear the land, (it hn to tin-
woods, the .ilhis of winch occafioiuil ,in altimifhin.', fer-
iilit\, psiilieulurlv in wine», (01 (ivrial \.aisallrr; but
till v riadiiallv diire.iird, and at pief.nt the produce is
not .ibovch.ill what il was immnliitely after the hid fei-
tlntieiit, Ihc loil, however, is dill vry rich, ihouih
the countrv in general i^ nioiintiiinou*. Kiiic fpiins
.ibonnd in aliiioll rv. rv parr, hi fulis winch there .nre ci.'lii
;iiodlivits. I Ills iral piriitv of w ili r lilll (lii'Uellrd
the hint to prince Henry of lemliMv, fui>-ar canes In Mi
deira Irmii Sicily, which grently improved through ihi
incraitU' ol heat, and proHiicetl mope ih'". in their native
loil. \ ine« .ire here hiund in ab.indance ; aial from
the grapes which ihry pnxluce, a vaft ipiintityol the
moll delicious wini" are madi . Indeetl ihe lod is fo ad-
mirable tor the I iiliiv.ilion of vlitrs, fli.if ihr gr4|Hs ex-
eecti th«- Iruven in iniiiiher, and (bnie iif the bunche* are
lixtorn ot cighttun iikIw* in Itiigtli. 1 he vintage i< «b<.iit

KalU',

AFRICA.

MADEIRA 1 S L A N D S.

4/5

EalUi, ;iml of llic wines ihere arc four piincip.il fort";;
the one is like ohampaignc in colouraml talK- ; ilic U-conil
kind is ftrongir, .mil ot a pale white eaft ; the tliinl, tailed
Malnifey, is exceeding rieh and delieious ; and the loin th
called trinto, tqiials tent in colour, thouifh it is interior
in taile. The l.Kter wine is not drank in common ; but
tifed to tinillure and prelerve the others. With rei'pect to
the feeding and fermenting the wines, the dealers bruifc
a certain ftoiie called ji(s, and having baked the powder,
they throw about ten pounds weight of it into each pipe.
I'hc M.ideira wines have this peculiar exeelleiicy, if they
happen to Iw pricked, tl • heat of the fun will nielior.ile
and recover them, for which purpofe it is only rripiifiu-
to roll the pipe into the fun beams, aild open the buny-
holc that the rarilkd .lir may enter.

It is ufual to divide the produrt of each vineyard
ciiually between the piopvietor and the peilon who ga-
thers and ptelles the grapes ; it however ufually happens
that the gatherer is poor, and the merchant rich.

The Madeira wine-, ,ire |iiificiilarly refrelhing in hot
climates, and feeni, fays the author of lord Anfon's voy-
age, p.irticniarly adapted to comfort :i!id revive the in-
habitants of the torrid /.one. Thofe that are hroULhi di-
rciilly to laigland, are not eipial in goodnefs to fueh as
take a Well India voy.ige ; in iwrticular if they remain
fontc time in Barbudocs, their flavor is exceedingly height-
ened.

The whole idand aft'ords v:i(( quantities of figs, cher-
ries, plums, peaches, apricots, walnuts, ?cc. The En-
glifll merchants, who are allowed to refide here, have
trees planted loim Fn.;Iand, currants, giHifebcrries, Hl-
Iwits, ^.e. wliieh gr.iily miprove in tins warm climate,
and goiial (iiil

'I'ht Baiiiina trer i^ here in fingular efteem, being
reckoned, on account of its delicioufnels, the forbulden
truit. I'o c. -tirm this furimie, they .illeilge the extent
of its Icives, judi;ing them of a li/.e fil to make aprons
lor Ad.uu anti I've. Oranges, lemonf, atKl citron*,
abound here, and ol the latter, the natives make a IweCt-
mc.1t c died I'ueket ; the particular fui;ar which they ul'e
in candying them, is deemed an etiVctual remedy ai^.unll
tonfumpti.ifi^, but it is never (utt^rJ to be exported, on
account of ir« gre.lt fc u'city.

The Cedar tree hire is very (trait, tall, and thick, and
h.is a rich feent. The woikI of the nalPo tiee i> o( ,i
red role tolour, .nid Ivfules, there are a varietv ol other
trees, whirh .ir" ifitnmon b'.n to Furope and Africa.

Ihe everl ifting flower is a great curiofity, for, when
phukeil it cannot be perceived to fade, it comimies to
frow like fage, (liiwer.. like cunomile, and appc.irs always
frelh.

The r.irtuguele have well ftocked the illand with
cattle i there are many hcv',«, fome of which run about
wild iji the mountanis. I'hey have alio wild pe.icoeks,
p.vtridges, arid quails. The firit fettUis found giv.it
quantities of pidgeons, but the brevd h.is been greatly
rcdu«d.

The prhiclpal place in ihit ifland is Funchal, or
Tunchai, whuh is now a latije and ponula« i ity, lon-
tiining m.iny churches, monalterii «, and nuniu'rirs. The
nuns arc uniV'f lefs rrftramt here than at F.ilbon, for they
are jvimitteil to cojiveile (reely with ''r-Migers, ami to
Iralne with ihem for>\s. The inhabitants are a iniv-
tiire of I'ortugiiefe, Negr(H-s, Mulattocs, fome Kn^l.fli,
nnd a tew Kreneh, who are upon .1 level with '■. l|Met 10
trade, and intcrmairy Without regaiding colour, or coun-
try, The port i.t very danRerou', partieul iily dming the
Wift and foiith weft wind-;, on which (ide the road lies
open, and there i» no anrhoiing under 40 fathom above
.1 mile tiom the Ihore, and ihit no where but at (he urrt
fnd o( the ifland. The fuif too is geiieially fo great on
the Iv.' '• that the tommnn methiHl of landing, is to
fwim ctt" the pipe t<i ihe launch, fo that the only
good lime for landing, i« hi ftiie the |.a brec/.' comes on.

On .1 hi'',h lock, c.illed lb' l.oo, 'here is ,1 fort, where
fiiull viflfls imy moor in lafrtv. Hut, ii|win the whi>!e,
thole who tiade to M.iiUiia, h.i»i but a m ry uiiealV limt
of it, till they i..ive that iflaihl. Nor is lodging on Ihore
imicli c.ificr ilim beimi on (hip ho.nd, ai you .ire obliged
to lir upon a nitl on Ihe IUhh, pdbicd with liii^-s and
fltai.

The ithrr |own» »rv Morofi^ieo, S.mta Crur, and
^Lllhlco, the Utici lakmg its name (rom Machiii, the

I hri( difeoverer of the ifland ; bii; Uiefe towns src of little
I note, \^iy thinly iiiiiabiln!, and contain n^jlhing worthy

of nblav.ition.
I The people here trade among thcmfel\is by barer.
Ihe mdinary food of the poorer people in the time of
yimage is little elfe than li:end and 1 :ch grapes ; were
it not fur this ah!!,-niioiilhe!-, the danger ot" fuels 111 the
hot leafons would be raiely .ivoided ; therefore, iicn the
rich in the hot months aieveiy fp.ire in their diet, .md
drink but niodeiately.

The people in general afliiT greii :;ra\ilv in theii dc-
liortinent, and iilu.illy go clad in black, hat they can-
not part from the fp.ido and dagger, which even feu ants
Wear, (ii that you may (ee a'footman waitlii,' at table-
with a fword, at lead a yaid long, and a grcjt b'.,lkit hilt
to it. The hollies in ger.ei.d ,,ie pl..;,i, as the iidiabi-
taiits put thcii'.lcUes to no great yxpence, either in ercif-
mg or fuiniliiing them. 'Ihe windows are lattictd in-
lle.id ol being glared, and are fecured by wooden (hutteis
at night.

In man i.igcs here, a(}li.Hion is never imce thought of j
the principal enquiiies are into family, defcent, and cir-
eunillances ; tlie women ..le prohibited from marryi'i/
Knglillimen unlefs iliev eonlent to ch.ui^je their R-ligioii,
and turn Roman calholiis.

Miirdei is \er) In queiit hen, on account of the cre.it
number of places deemed fanctuaiies and the cale with
which a niurderei can then In dreen bimfill liom jullice.
Hut if the crinim.ii [lafon is taken before he cm Hy to
laneluary, the punilliiin-nt is onl) e.ther bani(hnieiiti or
conlinenient, bulh wiiuh may bt ei.ided bv a pecuniary
lompolition.

rii'ili.igy lure are exceeding numerous, and gene-
rally rich ; but none who are dcfcended f 0111 Moois, or
Jiw-, are admitted to takv 01. Vrs. Tlie chuiches are made
leptilitoiKs tor the dead; thecorple.is cuiioiillv dulled
and adoi lied, yet 111 the internu lit, llore ol linii. is iilej
in order to cortlU'iie the b.nlv with all imaginable dif.
pateh, which ufually happens in a foiinight j lo that
there is then loom lor another corple. I'lie bodies of
pinn((.!iits are not .dln.vul 10 be iniiisl, hui mull bo
Ihiown lino ihi le.i, uiiKls a l.uge fiim of moiicv is paid
to the clergy, when ihey ..re permitted to be inteired in
conlecrated giouiid.

I'orlo Santo lies to llv iici!ih-e„ll of M ,d. ' ., iiiilir
the pd ileg. .mil jO 111111. ol iioiih lat. iiid uiijir tli. ijih
.iiid jo of long, wert liom London. It wa^ diUo'. ercd
111 thi year 14 iS by two I'ortuguefe gi ntl .nun (i lu- of
whom was [u.in (loufalio) Nsho were tent bv th • infante
lleiirv, fun to John I. king of Portugal, to double Cap.-
H.iiadiir .iiid inak iarilui dilcoveries^ riuyw^rclii;-
piiKil with a violent llorm, which driving tliiin out inuj
the main ocean, thty luckily met witli liiis illand, at
the tune they gave ihemlelves over lor loll : and as it
niovid a I. lie alylum or retreat In them, ihcy called it
I'orto S.mto, or tile Ilolv Ilaibour. it w.u delert ,it lh.;t
time, but has been pmpled fiiue by the l'oilU)(iiele, wliu
have continued 111 the poliilliun ol il. This ill.ind is but
Im.dl, and onlv fue le.>,;iics in compafs, .ucotding to
CulahioHe, ihiMi ;h Sainit afliims it lo beb.tger. Il want*
h.irboins, and h.isoiily .1 b,,\, which is late enough, ex-
ci pt when the wind blows Irom the roiithwTil. This
b.iv .'.(folds a coiniiiienl letieal lo ihi llnps ihal eoinc
lioin the Indies, m gotoAliua, So ih it ihe meuli.ini-
men ollen (top iheie, which aliords a coniidei.dde pi.il.t
lo ilu' iiih.ibitaiits. I he ill.md priHluct » wheat aiidolhir
lorn lulliueni lor the piovilioii ol the jvople, IKie aiv
.illo phiily uf oMii and \< ild boar, and a piiHligi-
oiis nuinbir of i'mihs. Hue is alio dragon's blood,
.ibiindaiiieof honey and wii>, and the lea atwiiiids with
lifh. The inhnbiiiinis an .dl Kom.in citholiik*. under
the Ipiiiiiial juiildiclion ol ihe bilhop "I l'ui.ih.il 111 .Via-
lb Ml. Thrv would live a very qtiut life, were 11 not for
the pir.ites, \sho..fiin pnv thrm troiibh lome v ilits. In
the yrai 1(117 (hey landnl ill this illand, and carried ilf

l)t> { prili'ilelj.

On ihi ra(1 fidr of M.ideiia. at fix leagues ilillancc, it
a litllr ifland called the Dcfait, which piodiirei only
orchat, and goats.

In the midway, |ietwe< n Madeira .ind Tenriili", it a

little folilary ifl.md called the Salv.ip-s, which is ahaut

I a lr;i(;iir in conipals. Il prmliurs nrilhir tiuii nor tit^s.

I The gtiits, however, which abound luic, hiid hriHi' n

tnuu^l)

i 5 '

! ■' I

*' .

||i;

• ' t

4/6

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

enough to tVcil upon, vvlilili not oiil) fuppoit-;, Init t.it-
tcns tluni.

\Vc cannot cor.rlui'.i- till- article Intlcr tli.ui I'v niakiii;
an extract (Vcjm captain Cook's culiou^ dclcii|)lioii of this
illand, in the account ol" hi' hitc voyage rounil the worlii,
ptrtbrmed hy order ot hi^ prdent niajelly.

" There is gnat realon to lupp(.le tliat this whole
illand was at Ionic remote period, thrown up by the cx-
plolion of Uihtcrranean hre, asc\ery llonc whether whoie
or in tVaginents that we (aw upon it, appeared to have
lieen hurjit, and even the land itl'clt' to have been nothing
.iiore than allies.

" The only article of trade in this ifland is wine, and
the manner in which it is made is fo liniple, that it might
have been ufed by Noah, who is laid to have planted the
iirit vineyard after the tlood ; the grapes an- put into a
fi[uarc wooden villel, tiie ilinienlions of which are pro-
portioned to tlie ll/e of the vinevard to which it belongs.
The fervanisthen having taken ott' their Ifockings and
iackets, get into it, and with their feet and elbmv^, prefs
out as much of the juice as thiy can : the Italks are after-
wards collected, and bring tied with a ro|H-, aie put un-
der a I'juare piece of wood, which is prelled down upon
them with a lever, with a ftone tied to the end of it. 'l"hc
inhabitants have made to little improvement in know-
ledg'-, or art, that they have but vtry lately brought all
the fiuits of a vineyard to be of one ibrt by engrafting
their vines. 'I'herc fecnis to be in mind, as there is in
matter, a kind of vl> Inirlia; which refilK the tirft im-
pulfe to change, lie who piopofes to aflilt the arti-

ficer, or the huftandman, by a new application of ttjc
principles of philofophy, or the powers of niechanilni,
will hnd that his having hitherto done without thein
will in- a ftronger motive for his continuing to d. without
them Hill, than any advantage, however niaiiifell .uid
conliderable, for adopting the iinprovemeiit

" We faw no wheel carriages of any fort in the place,
which |K'rhaps is not more owing to the want of inge-
nuity to invent them, than to the want of indullry to
mend the roads, which at prcfent it is iniportiblc that
any wheel carriages fliould p.ifs ; the inhabitiints have
horfes and mules, indeed excellently adapted to fueh
ways ; but theii- wine is notwithllahding brought to town
from the vineyards where it is made, in vclfels of goats
llcins, which arc Carficd by men upon their heads. 'I'hc
only imitation of a carriage among thcfe people, is
a board made fomewhat hollow inthc middle, to one
end of which a pole is tied by a (trap of white leather.
This wretched fledge approaches about as ne;u- to an
Knglifli cart, as an Indian canoe to a (hip's long boat ;
and even this would probably have never been thought of,
if the Knglifli had not introduced wine velTels, which
are too big to be carried by hand, and which, therefore,
are dragged about the town upon theic machines. One
reafon perhaps why art and iiuluftry have done fo little
for Madeira, is nature's having done lb much ; the foil is
very rich, and there i'. Inch a diftercnce of climate be-
tween the plains and the hills, that there is fcarcely a
lingle obieiit of luxury that grows either in luirope or
the Indies, that might not be pioduced hare."

CHAP. XIX.

2. The CANARY ISLANDS.

TH F, Canary Idands or as they were anciently
called the t'ortunate Ifl.inds, lie in the .Vtlantic
O^^an, near the continent of .M'rica, and are ge-
nerally reckoned fcven in number, vi^.

Cirand Canaria

Tnieiirt"

Pal ma

httro

(loinera

tuertevriiturj

Lancerota.

Their longitude is wert, fiom utoii deg. and their
latitude north, from i? deg. p min. to 2q. J-^ iiiin.

It IS to be obfetvid that the above feven are the prin-
cipal ones, but I und L.uicf rota are fix lUOK, \:i.

firaciofa

Roeea

Allegran/.i

Santa Clar.i

Infietno, and

Lobo«.
But a^ thcfe ate of little or no ronfrcpicnce, and not
much bettir than locks, thry .irt very leldoni taken no-
tice of, cither hv liaMiiatois or gio';r.(plKr«.

Bclorc we proceed to a iiuuinllaiitul ditail <•! thife
illatid , It may be m-ceflary to pien.ile, the ini.ll Luiious
.md learned geo M.iph'i ■ agree, that ihcfe .ire the hor-
ti.n„tr lllamK defciiUd by I'toleniy uid I'Imy, though
t'le Kirtncr placet llvm Xno mm h foullmaid, luincl),
under the Idth degree of north lulHiide, whiih made
(uine p'-ople, who mindeil only that fitual on, lake lliein
f„i the illaiids of Ca|K- Verd' Some lay they lud their
prifcnt name liom the laigdl ol them, wim li wa» called
CanaiLi by the Spaiiuidh, Ucaule of llu great luiinb'.r
if large dogi they tgund upa it, when ihiy lull dilco-

iTred it. Though Gemara afltrts, that when thefc
illands were full difcovend, no dogs were found (here.
And Dr. Harris .igrees with Ibiiiiai , that thev denud
their n.ime not from Canibus (dogs,) iiccording to I'liny,
I lit liom the Caii.'ieaiis, that is to fay, the l'hii'iiiei.ui',
uho, as Scvla,\ Cari.indeniis obfenis, uled to l.iil often
liom the continent i;f Africa to Cei lie i and Ionic think
that Ccrne is only a contradtion of Canaria.

Thcfe illands have been lubjeifl to the cro^n of Spain
filicc the year 1417. when they were diltovered by John
de Betaiuo-.it, a I'reiichman in the fvivice ofCallile, who
fubdued Kucrleientura, and l.ancerota, .is others .liter
him did the nil from that time to the year nqb. In
the days of I'erdinai.d, king c'f Cdlile, and AIfi>n/o V.
(if Portugal, each of them claiming a liiiht to tin other's
dominions, ,uid alVumiiig e.ich others titles, there in-
fuid a bloody war betvtceii the Sp.iniards and the I'or-
luguefc, till both fides being Ipeiit, a peace was foncliided
ill I47nat Aleoba/as, on the 4th if biplemlur, by which
thev Kiipioc.dly renounced their pn tuitions ; and it was
Iherein llipul.ited, that the Canary Illands (honld iiuirely
belong to the crown of Callilr, and the d itunirie and
iiancation of (luinea to that of I'oitugat, rxdulivc of tin
Callilia's.

The ancient inhabitant* of thcfe ilia. ids were lallcl
(iiiaii. he, and were formerly very ninncious thiir F 11-
ri'ivan ii>iiipieiori have, h.cwevcr, (jieatly reduced then
iiunibers by i.iiious kiiid> ol crm'lties, though luiiiunis
of thtm Dili lemaiii.

'Ihefe people, accnrdlnff to the Ppanifh writir-, wci.-
rude and uneivih/cd : pulygainy wa» allowed aciioiii<
them 1 and thry trained up goats lo^iie fuck to their
childiin. Thi y had not iii^ notion ol private pioperly,
thinking that ih'- bounties ol nature ought to be eiijoud
III C( mmon. They ni.ide but little life of fire, a»
they never drtlled meat, becaule thev held the Haughl"
of auiy livui)i iiHtutf in the grcaUil abunniutivn- N<>(

haviiiii

AFRICA.]

CANARY ISLANDS.

47t

having any iron, they made ufe of flints to (have with ;
and in general lived in caverns in the rocks. Each
ifland was divided into a certain number of lordfhips ;
in particular, Tenerift was ruled by nine different lords,
or petty fovereigns ; and thefe had frequent wars with
each other.

The Guanchcs, like the ancient Britons, painted, or
rather ftained their bodies with the juice of certain herbs,
their favourite colours being red, green, and yellow;
and their weapons were lances, darts, and ftones. Every
lordihip had its own mode of worftiip ; thus in Teneriff
there were nine different kinds of idolatry ; fome paying
adoration to the fun, fome to the moon, and others to
particular ftars. Upon the .icccffion of any new lord, it
was cuftomary for many young perfons to offer themfelves
to die, as facrificcs in honour of him ; the manner of
v/hich was thus : the new lord held a great fealt on the
day of his acceffion, to crown which, all fuch as were
willing to give this cruel pro^f of their unfeigned affec-
tion to him, were attended to a high cliff, which over-
hung a very deep valley, where, after fome preliminary
ceremonies, the willinir virtim threw himfelf down the
precipice, and was darned to pieces : after which, the
lord held himfelf obliged to icward this fanguinary ho-
mage by conferring all manner of favours on the relations
of the deceafcd.

The fieur Durret informs us, that thefe Guanchcs
were a ftrong, h;irdy, robuft penple, tall and lean, with
tawny complexions, and flat no(cs ; of a fprightly dif-
pofition, nimble, ftout, rind warlike. They fpoke little,
hut eat much ; 'heir tbod being principally dried bar-
Icy, ground ind made up into cakes wiih milk and
honey. Thev climbed up cr.ii'gy rocks with ama/.in;;
agility, and defcended with eitiial eafe. In fight they
threw l^ones with great cxjctiul. .'.nd amazing force.

Ti) fpeak in gtneral terms of the pruducc of thefe
iflands, previous to their being lettic.i by the Europeans,
wr arc told that ihcy were then deltitute of wine and
wheat, and had Uarce any vaiuahle commodity but
chetfe, goats ft;;iis, and tallow. \\' heat was fown, and
vines planted here fmee, and both thrive extremely well,
only at certain til.lr^ a pernioiDin WDriii called CJorgoflio,
gets into the wheat, and > .st^ the fubllaiice, leaving only
the hulk in a manner whole.

Since their lettlement, they produrccorn, cattle, wine,
fugar, conlervef, pilch wlueh does not unit in the fun,
iron, honey, w.iv, eheefe, (kins ^c. The water, however,
is not good, and the iiih.ibitanls endeavour to remove
its defedts by the ufe of till ring Hones. The harveft is ufu-
ally in March, to April at fanned, and iome of the illands
have two every year, Lc Maire affirms, that a cherry
flip will produce fruit in fix v.eeks alter grafting. The
orifelle, or Canary feed plant, is ihe product of thefe
((lands ; it, however, requires greater care and manage-
ment here than even in Euro|)e. Hcans, peafe, papaus,
^herrie■s, guavar., pompions, oninns, pot herbs, fallad-
ing, and all other kinds of garden Huff abound here.
The gardens and fields are enameled with a great variety
of K-autiful flowers ; the feas and rivers (upply the pto-
ple with gnat (piantities of filh, and thry have deer
iiderablr plenty. I'hele are the produi'^* of the illands
in grncril ; hut the Spaniards have .1 laying, which may
be thus tranflated.

Lancerota abounds in horfes that are fine,
(irand Cuiaria, It neriff, and i'alina in v/\t\e,
I'uiTtiveniura a IIok uI IuwU cuntaint.
And (he finelt lallow deer run on (lumcra's plains.

We (hall now prneced to drfrribe the illands dillinilly,
and to take notice nl all that is nniarkable in each.

(iRAND CaNARIA.

THIS idan.l i< fuperior to the rrrt of the Canaries,
not on account of its greater feriili.v, but by reafon of i's
heini; the feat of jultiee, and gnverii'nrnt tor them all.
There i» t govirnor for this ifland only, befides whom
ihrrf auditors, or tu|)erior iiidges, ri fide here, who a<i^
jointly by comniitHun, and hear apjKaU Iknii the othrr
illands.

(irand C.snarra is about 14 Icigiies in lrnj{fh, nine in
breadth, iiul 54 in cireumtrienee. The chiel city is called
Canatia, or Civitas P.ilnnriiin, and halh a luvble cathe-
dral, with all theutuil di^'iiiu:'' \S'iih rcfpctt tu the

adminiftration of civil affairs, there'are feveral aldermen^
who have great authority, and a council houfe to them-
felves. The city itfelf is beautiful, and the inhabitants
drefs in a very gay manner ; the ground is of fuch a hard
fand, that the (treets are always clean, and the people
in general are healthy, as the air is exceeding temperate
confidering the lituation is nearly tropical.

This town, fays Le Maire, is defended by a caftle,
fituated on a hill, but very mean and defpicablc. It lies
a league and half fouth weft from the road, where there
is very good anchoring, for the fliore near the town is
peftered with rocks under vratcr. It is inhabited by above
twelve thoufand people, and its precinfts are neara le.ngue
in compafs, moft of the houfes being well built, two
ftories high and flat roofed. The bi/hop's court, with
the inqiiilitor's tribunal, and the fovorcign council, be-
ing like the parliament of the fevcn illands, are he!
here. But the bilhop, governor, and principal people,
refidc at Teneriff by choice, and only repair to Grand
Canaira upon bufinefs. There are four convents, viz,
Dominicans, Erancifcans, Bernardines, and Recollefts
of Obfervation. There are alfo 12 fugar houfes, called
Inganios, in which a great quantity of fugar is made ;
but of the growth of fugar, and the method of preparing
it, we (hall fpeak more particularly.

A good foil yields nine crops of fugar in 18 years.
Firft tliey t.ikc a cane, v.'hieh is called the pl.nnta, and
hying it along in a furrow, cover it with earth, fo that
by a fiiiice they r.ui let the water run over it, This
plant, ii, the nature of a root, brings forth fundry ( iines,
which L'low two years before tli' y .ire fit to cut. VVIien
ripe they arc cut even with the ground, and the- tops,
with the leaves, called cohalia, being thopi)ed off the
bodies, arc tied into bundles like faggots, and carried to
the fiigar-houle, which is called au inginio. Here they
are ground in a mill, and the juice conveyed by a gutter
to a t'reat vrllel or cauldron, where it is boiled till it
eomes to a iliic thicknefs, and then put into earthen pots
of the mould of a fugar-loaf, and placed in the purging-
houli' to purge and whiten, which is done with a certain
el.iy laid on the top. Of the remainder in the cauldron,
a lecmid lirt, called e.iiuiias, is made; and of the purg-
ing liquor that drops from the white or clayed fugar, a
third lort is made. The refufc of .dl the purgings is
calleil irriiicd of nulaffcs.

When the firll crop is thus finiflied, the canes of
which arc called plaiua, then the fugar-llraws, or wi-
thered le.aves of the canes, arc (et on fiix-, which likewili;
burn the tluinps of the canes cloli; to the ground. With
pood watrnnp, in two years more a fecond crop is yielded,
which they term zoca ; the third crop is called tertla
zoca i the fourth, qu.iita zoca, 5<c.

The wine of this illand is fingularly delicious; and the
fruits are, melons, pear*, apples, oranges, lemons, pnmc-
granatrs, figs, p;iche^, battatoes, or Spanilh potatoes.
The plantaiio grows n. .ir the fides of brcxiks, is very
llrait in the bin!'', and h.is furprizin;;ly thick leaves,
which grow not on the branches, but out ■^A' the top of
the tree. Every leaf is fix (eet loin;, and ilmoft two
broad. The fruit glows on the branews, of which each
i-ee hath but three or tour. The fruit in Ihape rcfem-
bi s a eiu'iiinb(r, ,ind whin ripe turns black, .'.'which
tin. ■ it is one of the nioll delicious contirves in the uni-
veric. The pUnt.ino-tice will bear fruit but onci , vhcn
It is ci t diwn, and ;inolher tree fprin^rs from the fame
root i the ruitinc down is tlieuf .re repeated every fealiin as
(oon as the fiuit is gathered. As this ifland hath a
lalubrui'.is mr, and is well w.iterrd, almoft every thing
thrives that is planted, luck .is wild-olives, laurel, jxip-
|jr, pine, p.dm, Indi.n-fig, alo<-(hrub, Ac. (Irand
Canana likewife abounds in oxen, kine, caincis, coats,
(hern, canons, hi lis ihuks, pigeons, parliidges, i:c.

'I his ilVind, as well .is the other Canaries, alxiuiids in
thole beautiful finging-hirds called the Canary-bird, of
which a nuxlern naturalilt gives the following account :
" This bird was oiiginaUy peculiar to thole- ifles to
which it owes its nanu' ; the (ame that wire known to
the ancients by the .iddition ol the F:rtumitt. The hap-
py trmpiratiire of the air, the (pont.ineous produfiion of
the giound in the varieties of fruits, the (prightly aiul
chearlul ilifpofition of the inhabitants, and the harmony
ariliiig Irom the number of birds found there, procured
them th^ ionuniic ditlindion. On ihe fame fpot thefe
6 E charming

^ ■ !.

V \i

'■..I i

itn

I. 1

47.8 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

charming fongfters arc ftill to be found j but they are
now fo plenty among us, that we are under no neceflity
of eroding the ocean for them. In its native regions,
the Canary bird is of a dufky grey colour, and fo differ-
ent from thofc ufually fccn in Luropc, that doubts have
arifen .vl.cther it be of the fame f|iecies. Next to the
nightingale, the Canary-bird is confidcred as the moft
celebrated fongfter : it is alfo reared with Icfs difficulty
than any of the foft-bill'd birds, and continues its fong
throughout the year ; confequcntly, it is rafher the molt
common in our houfcs." ,

The original iv.Iiabitants of Grand Canaria,*.are, by
the firrt diftovcrers, faid to have aniownted to upwards of
14,000 men capable of bearing arm> ; exclufive of women,
children, aged pcrfons, &c. which mull have rendered
the idand extixmely populous. The natives in general
were tall of ft iture, well made, aiflivc, che:irful, and of
dark complexions. They were warlike and humane,
faithful to their promifes, fojul of diflicultics, and fear-
lefs of dangers. Duy frequently climbed up very Iteep
precipices, and by the means of long heavy poles, leaped
froni rock to rock.

Their drels was a clofe flinrt coat, reaching only to
the knees, and being girded round the middle with a
leather belt. I'he co.it itleU' w.i> made (vf ruflus, which
ihty beat till it became loft, like flax, and then fpun and
wove it into a garment. Their outward covering was a
goat (Icin cloak ; the hairv fi.le of this thev wore inward
ill the winter, and outward in the lumnier. I'he cups
were made of the (kins of goats heads, fo contrived, that
part of the be.ird hung down by each ear, and was I'onie-
tinies tied under the chin.

The clo.uh> of the ancient iiih.,tiitanls <.f Giaiul Cana-
ria were in general better lewed, and neater than thole of
the inhabitants of the other illands; being lVei]uently
painted, and rometimcs adorned with leathers. .Some of
them went bare-f H)ted, but otlicrs wore lliiies, nii.le ot
raw hides, the workmanfhip of whleh w.is toler.ibl) neat, j

The external dilHmition of the noble, or liipericr 1.111k
ofCanarians, from thole of the vulgar or lower chil's,
was b\ the cut of their hair or be.iiiis. This honorary
dillinition was not, however, hereditary, but was to be
acquired by means of an officer called the fiveag, whole
buhnefs was to fettle private dil'piites, and liellow titles.
The manner of conferring a title was thus: Tlie perfon
defirous of obtaining it, let his hair and beard grow very
long i then going to the layca^, he faid, " I am the Ion
of I'uch a jierfon 1 I am arrived at the Itatc of manhood ; 1
I can bear the fatigues of war; and lor thele rcafons defiie
to beenobled." 1

After this demand, the fieeii' went lo the town or ^
village where the perl'on who iii.ide the reqeell was born, j
and having allirmbled the princip.il people, exhorted them ■
folemnlv to deelaie, " Whether the youth del'.rved to be
( iinobled i whetlier they had ever known him do any i
menial offiees, fiich as diefiing I^Hid, or looking after
citlle , whether he had been puilty of any offences ir-inlt .
his neighbour i or h.id done what was obnoxious , e-
ceney and decorum." It thefe intcrrogatives were an- |
fwered fatisfadlorily, the dem.indant was di-enied worthy
ol being ennobled J and the t.iycag proceeded to cut his ;
hair round and fhort, accordingly 1 but on the contrai y, it ,
.iiiy pirfun prelent could charge him withh.nin;? lom-
niitted any of the alledgcd crimes, or ot having been leen |
doing any donicllie offices, his h.ir was 111. mediately clofe
Ihaved, he w.is tor ever forbid eiiteringinto the order ot no-
bility, and lent away in difgtace.

Originally the Caiuiiaiis ulcd only (loncs, club-, and
ftiarp pointed poles; but alter ha\ ing l>e(ii iiivadid by
the Europeans, they leaint of their invaders the art of
making (hnlds and fwords. In ail their wais, how-
ever, they prefer ,'cd humanity and decency, lot they
never molelted women or childirn -, ut did the Icatt
damage 10 the temples or lacrrd places belonging lo
ihcir cimnies. They had, in tunes ol i.eacc, amphithe-
atres tor public comliats) when a cliallenge bring given
in form, the challenger and eh.illengrd Iwlh rrpaiied lo
ihc grand council of the ifland, which confilled of twelve
piineipal nobles j ht-re they petitioned for pemiilfioM lo
light, which hrinu granted, tiny went to the taycaj to
(.ontirin that petnnffion. This being done, and all things
prepared, Ihy went to the anipjcllieatie, wheietheex-
hilutiuii WAS be^un by the iwu lunibataiitk mounting on

two large ftoncs at Ibme diftance, and pelting each other
with fmaller Hones, which were fupplied them for that
purpofej the main llsillconlifting in avoiding being liiuek
by thefe, by the meie dexterity of body. This lapi-
dation being performed, they engaged with a cudgel in
the right hand, and a Hint Ihine in the left, with which
they gave e.tch other a hearty drubbing, then retiring for
foinc refrelhment, they afterwards returned, and fought
again, till the grand council ordered them todefilh Tliell:
combat* were generally fought on public feltivals ; and
the cure. If either of the combatants was wounded, was of
a lingular nature ; for a fkilful perfon, who ailed as fur-
geon, pounded a riilh, till it became of the confilleney of
tow, and then dipping it in goat's t.illow, heapplie'dit
warm 't the place art'ecled. Thefe combats were liic-
ceeded by tinging and dancing ; their dances being qiiit^,
fprightly, and .igile i and their longs all of a plaiiiiive
nature. The luiul'es of the native Canari.ans were buiii: of
(lone, but not cemented together; they were, Itowevtr,
ladened with liieh exaetnefs, that their appearance w;is
not uncouth. Tlie floors were I'uiik beneath the level of
the ground, and the walls were very low. The i.iiils
were formed of W(>oden beams covered with earth, ludi
made of go.Us ikins, mats mnde of ruflies, to fit ii|H,n,
and batl<cts formed of palm leaves, were the whole of
their nirniture.

In the proper t'eafon the women gathered flowers, I- .rb-,
■ind (hrubs, from which they extnufted a V .. !ety of colouis,
and when that le.ifon was over, they employed themlclves
in dyin", llaining, and painting their houfes, furniture,
and drelVes. 'i'lieir thre;id w.as in.idc of nerves, or ten-
dons j the needles of bone; their fidi hooks of horn ; and
their domedic uteinils of clay, dried in the fun. The
makin'j; mats, barKet>, thread, needles, fdi hooks, pot-
tery, 5cc. W( IV deemed honourable employments ; but the
tr.ide of a butcher was looked upon as fo ignominious, r.i
account of ll.e natural abhorrence the people entertained
to killing any animal, that none would convcrfe with a
perfon of tli.it prolenion, or liiti'. r him to touch am- tiling
belonging to them. Indeed ibofe in any of thefe idands
who eat meat, were looked upon as but little better than
canibals, and the biitibcrs who killed it for them were
! confequentlv Iv.'ld in ihe utmotl detelhition. The c.m-
j moil lood oi the Can.nrians was barley meal, milk, butter,
. tVc. They grouuil their barley with a hand mill, an.l
' ploughed their ground with a wooden machine, which,
I ill I'onie meafuie, refemblcd a hoe, with a tpur at the end
j of it. When the land was overdrv, they had the method
I of iluicing it by the means of channels, cut in parallel
j lines, vith o'heit intestcling them at right angles. When
ripe, the e 'in was always reaped, threOied, and win-
nowed by the women. The richer fort of the people
refided chief v in the inland parts of the Iflaiid, and the
poorer clats iiiliabiled the lea coall, where they lublillid
principally by fifliiiig. 'I'hey had a peculiar method of
cattliriga Inial!, but extpiifite lilh, of the pilchard kind,
winch vas this when ihey perceived ■■ Oioil near the (liore,
a niimbe. of perfons I'wam ofi', furroimdcd the tifli, and drovi.-
them into nets, which were piirpofely laid lor their recep-
tion ; the p'i/e was then divided between all pri lent with
gieat equity, but pregnant women had always the allow-
ance ot two p lions ; and thole who h.id children, befidc*
'lieir own (liaie, received a (hare for eaeli ihild.

They educated their children by the iiodes ofemuhi-
lion, inflead of li verity; and pnr'iits, when a daughter
was to he tn.iriied, kept her previoully thirty days, during
whiililime Oie was fed with the molt noiirilhing ali-
ments, in order lo laltrn her ; as they deemed it a bad
omen lor people to many when lean.

I here wa> an order of nuns among the oripinal Cana-
riaiis, whowiie dillinguifhi'd fiom the other women by
a jxiuliar loitof long white garments. They h.id many
liipeilliiious tuditiunal notions among them, and the
places wheie Ihey refided were deemed places ot it luge for
iriniinals, and had privileges very nearly refembliny Eu-
lopian taneluaiies. In all crimes but thole puni(hable by
death the laws of retaliatiim were ufed, and jutlice, in
general, iinparlially adminillcred. In times of public
daiujer, or when tmy lo>iked upon ihrml'elves to Iw af-
lliwted by any general calamity, the (.'anarians went in
proccffion to the rocks and mountains, preceded by the
religious womri, and carrying wilh them blanches of
palm, aiid vcni.ls filled with uulk, which latter thev

pouted

■ WA

AFRICA.]

CANARY ISLANDS.

poured upon the rockf, ns il-11-1iius oblations, and then
ilaiiccJ in mourntul nieafuifs, and fung melancholy fongs
to (.IcprccatL- the wrath of their liippol'rd diviiiities. Some-
times they went to the feu (hore, and having (houted with
great vehemence, tliev beat the waters with their rods,
and performed other ridiculous ceremonies. When any
of the Canarians died, if capital people, they were buried
in fepuichrai caves ; if of the vul{;ar clafs, in holes in the
crnund, which were aftcrwar<ls covered with ftones.
Some were buried upright, but thofe who were laid flat
had always the head turned towards the North.

The European conquerors of Cuiaria were informed
by the traditions among the natives, that Ibme time pre-
vious to their coiiquell of that place, Canaria was go-
verned by fevcral petty fovercign^, among whom Anti-
damana, the queen of a moll fertile dirtritt of the ifland,
was celebrated for Iut wifdum, equity, and eloquence j
lo that (he became revered by the people of the other dif-
tricls, and was appealed to .is the general arbitrator of
their ditierence"-. Her great influence, however, gave
umbrage to and raifed thejealouly of the other fovereigns,
who did their uunolt ende.ivours to prejudice the Cana-
rians agjintV her, and reprefentcj that it w.i': fc.indalous
for men to iubmit their reafon to the voice .ind decifion ot
:iwoin;'.ii, when they mi;;ht have their caufes decided in
proper courts, and tried before eompcteiit judges, as
their anceltors li.id .iKv.iys done before them. 'I'hele In-
finuations aiil'wired the purpofes for which they were
defiLined, and the qu en found her influence gradually
decieafe. This piqued her lo much, that (he determined
to give her h.uul to GumiiLift', a brave warrior and popu-
lar officer. The luiptials were no fooner performed than
tlie queen invelleil her hufband with half her power, and
nude him fole commander of her army. Having put him-
felf at the he.ul of the troops, he fuecertively attacked
the other petty fovereigns, conqiured them with great
rapidity, and brought all their dominions beneath his
own (way. He lift a fon, bv Antidamana, who fuc-
cecded him as king of the whole ifland, and this (on, at
his death, left two Ions, between whom he equallv di-
vided his dominions. Thefc were on their rcfpedivc
thrones, trying to maintain what their father had left
them, and the depoled petty fovereigns weie aiming to
regain what they had loll, at the time the Spaniards con-
i|uered the ifland; which term.nated all their intclHne
difputes, and united them to lament over one general cala-
mity.

The Island e/TEsTRiFF.

THIS ifland is fituated between the a8th and 20th de-
grees of north latitude, and between the Ibth and 17th
degrees of welf longitude, it is about 50 mile.sliMii;, 25
broad, and I S" in circumference. Though it is but the
fecondnf the Canary Irtands in point of precedence, yet
it is the piofl etmliderable with teljxrif to its extent,
riches, ami trade. It was aneieiiily called Nivaria, tVoin
the fnow that tnelofes the neck of the pike o( I eyda, like
a collar 1 the name of I'enerifV being given it by the in-
habitants of I'almi, in whofc langu.ige Tencr fignilies
fnow, and il^'e an hdl.

The pike of I'eniiift', for which the ifland is pinicu-
larly f.imous, is fiid to be the hi^liell lull in theuiiiverle,
and, as Sir Kdiiuind Scory I'bldVc?, (Inkes the beholiltr
with amazement, both near and ,it adilfaiui. " I'his
great mountain," fays that writer, "extends its bad to
tiarraehico, from whence it is two d.iys and a half's jour-
ney to the top i which top, though it feems as fharp as a
fiipar-lnaf, is yet u i1." 'hi- hr- idih of .;i' arte; and 111 the
ntidit ot it there is a gulph, out ot wlush ate thrown great
flones, with J prodigious noife, flame, and Imoak. Sevi n
Itagiics of the wav up may In tMvelUd with alUsor mules,
but the rell muK W eliinlxdon foot, and that not without
diftiiulty 1 every one carrying his own provifmns and
wme. The aleent of the hill, tor ten miles upwards
from the loot, is adoriud with the goodlirll trees in the
world, of divers forts; being will watered with riplings,
running from Ipriiigs, wiiun joiirng .it leni'th, defeuid
in lar^e torrents (efpccially when Iwclled by the violent
winter rains) into the fea.

In the middle it is intolerably col J, (o that the tr.ivellcr
miirt continue to travel on the fouth fide, iiid 111 the ilav
lime only. Ihi* cold icgion ends within two leagues of
the top, where the hiMt i> itu left extreme than at the

47'V

bottom. By the fame rule, thcfcforc, you mud in thofe
regions keep on the north fide, and travel only in the
night. The befl: time of the year for the journey is about
midfummer, as avoiding the torrents caufed by the fnows,
and if you gain the top by two o'clock in the morning,
niav abide there fome hours ; but not after fun riling, .1
little before which there iflUes a fteam of heat from the
ea(t, not unlike the fteam of a hot oven. It is remarkable
that from the top the fun appears much lefs a little after
it has afcendcd the horizon than when viewed below ;
and feems to whirl about upon its center. The (ky here
is clear and fcrene ; it never rains near the top, nor is
there any wind upon it. (The like is faid of Olympus.)
Though the ifland is full of (harp ragged rocks, to the
number of twenty thoufand, yet from hence the whole
(hews as a plain, laid out in portions by borders of fnow,
which, howevei, arc nothing elfe but the white clouds
that arc many furlongs beneath you. All the upper pare
is barren and bald, without tree or flirub upon it; out of
which, on the fouth fide, there ilTue ftreams of brimftone
into the neck, or region of fnow, which lies intervened,
.IS it were, with brimftone, in fcveral places. The fire
from the volcano above mentioned. In the top, breaks out
ofteiiell in the Cummer time; and when a ftone is thrown
down, it refounds like a veflcl of hollow brafs, ftrucle
with the greateft force by a prodigious weight. The
Spaniards, by vyay of mirth, call it the Devil's cauldron,
wherein hell's whole provifion is boiled ; but the natives,
or Guanehcs, feriouliv think it is hell ; and that the fouls
of fueh of their anceitors as were wicked went thither to
be tormented, while the good and valiant retired into the
pleafant valley, where the great city of Saguina now
(lands, with other towns abeut it ; and indeed there is no
place in the world that has a more delicate temperature of
air, nor any country which afturds a more beautiful
piofpecf than is beheld from the center of this plain,which
is fertilized by abundance of waters, falling along the
crannies of the rocks, in little ftreams down the moun-
tains, till feveral joining, form rivers, which run along
the plains into the ("ea."

So far Sir Edmund Sciry, whofe account is extremely
ingenious and accurate, and difi'ers not from the generality
of other accounts, except in one circumftance, in which
he tells that there is no wind at the topot TenerifF.
'I'here might not perhaps when he was up; but other
travellers have felt it.

The height of the pike of TenerifT is about 1 5 miles j
that is the obli(|UC height ; for the perpendicular height,
aceoiding to \'araiiius, is hut 4 miles, .uid 5 furlongs'.
Sir Thomas Herlnrt tells us, it is Co hic;h, that the top
is leeii m cle.ir weather 120 miles off, and that there is
plenty of wood at the lottoni, fnow in the middle, and
flames 011 the top, where there are veins of brimibme
burniii;', which the people call the Devil's Cauldron.
It rif.s iiiini the middle of the ifland, and has a li-dge of
hills <in each fide, which divide it. He adds, that thole
who alei nd it iifually ride round for the I'pace of feven
leagui s, and w.dk the nil on foot. But the bc(l account
ofthis r.imoiis pike is lo be fcen in the hiftory of th»
Royal Society ot London, publilhed by Dr. Sprat, late
bifliop of Kocliefter, from a relation ot loine confider.tbl(
niereh.iiits and others of credit, who went to the top of it.
Kor our reader's fatisfadion wc have extratltcd it as foU
lows :

'I'hey fel out from Oratavia, a fea-port town on th»
.of the ifland, and palled over leveral bare moun>

ley let
weft lule of

tains and landy places, till they came to the foot of tht
pike, wheie there ,ire many hu;;e iKines, which leem to
have l.illeu down from (ome upper part. After they had
aleended about a mile, they were obliged to quit their
hoifes, and though the air was very mild in thed«y-time,
).\. it was (o cold and flrong alter lun-fet, that they were
obliged to kirp great tires all night. The black rocks
begin a mile above, and lie flat like a pavemrnt< From
thence ihiy proeeuUd to the fiii;ar-loaf, where they began
to tr.vel again in a white land, with fhori, the lliigle
loles of which are made a hnger broader than the upper
leath-r, tofacilit.itc the paflaj^e. When they had climbed
to the top of the pike, ihey found a Itrong wind, and
continual breathing of a hut lulphurons vapour, which
made their (aces fore, but no luch fmoaking as there was
below. I he top on which they ftood, being not above a
yard btjad, it the bunk of a pit called the Cauldtun,

whicb

I :i

! * "

y^p

\4..

1 ^fUi;.

J !l.1 '■■>

'Sf •

4.8o

A NEW COMPLETE S

*(rhich they judged to be a mufket ftiot over, and near
four yards deep, in (hape like a cone, hollow within like
a cauldron, and covered all over with fmall looCc lloncs,
mixed with lulphur and fand, which fend forth a hot
fiiAbcating fteam. They defccndcd tour or five yards into
that pit, but no farther, becaufe of its Hiding front their
feet, and the difficulty ; but fopic have ventured to the
bottom. They obfcrved a clear fort of fulphur upon the
ftones like fait j and from hence they could fee the Grand
Canary 14 leagues ditiant, Palma 18, Gomera 7, and
Fcrro above 20. As foon as the fun appears, the (hadow
of this mountain feems to cover nut only this and the
Great Canary ifland, but even the fea to the very horizon,
where its top f«ems to turn up, and c:ili its (hadow into
the air. Sometimes, cfpecially durinj^ the north-weft
wind, the clouds fecm to hang over, or to wrap themfelvcs
about the pike, which they call the Cappe, and l.iy it i:<
a certain fign of approaching Itonns. 'i'lvre are feveral
clmicc (prings on the tops of the other mountains. The
fandy way to the foot of the lugar-loaf is fteep almuft to a
Ijorpcndicular. There is a cive ten yards deep and fifteen
broad, in {liapc like an oven, or cupola, with a hols at |
the top, near eight yards over, by which they fwung
down by a rope that their Ici vanis held at the top, till
they came to a b?iik of fnow. They were obliged to
fwingthus, becaufe in the middle of the bottom of this
caTC, oppolitc to the overture at the top, there is a round
well of water, the furface whereof is about a yard lower
than the Inow, but us wiile as the mouth at top, and
about fix fathom deep. 'I'his is not luppolcd to be a
fpring, but only dillblvcd fnow blown in, or water drop-
png through the rocks. About the tides of this grotto,
for lbm« height, there is ice and icicles hanging down to
the fnow. The whole perpendicular height of this moun-
tain is reckoned four miles and a half. There are no
trees, herbs, nor flirubs in all the paffages, but pinc«,
and amonc the whiter fands a buftiy plant like broom.
On one Me th"rc is a fort of carJon, which has ftems
eight feet high, with a trunk near half a foot thick, every
iKm growing in four fquarcs, and rifing from the ground,
like tulFels of rufnes, upon the edges of which grow
f'nill red buttons or berries, which cont.iin a poifoiious
milk, that immediately fetches oft' the hair from the fkin.
It is faid this plant is Ipread all over the illand,

We cannot conclude our account of this celebrated
Pit.'-, witiimit (juotiiig the beautiful lines of Sir Suniud
(rarth, who, in fpeaking of this and other nioun-
tajns, lays,

" From Atl,i«, far beneath a wafte of plains,

*' Proud Tencrift', his gi.iiit brother, reigns ;

*' With bie.ithiiig fire his pitchy noftrils glow,

" As fidiii Ills (iJes he (hakes the fleecy liiow :

" Aroun I their hnary prince, from wat'iy beds,

" His I'libject idands raile their verdant heads ;

" The wives fo gently wafti e.ich rifing hill,

" The land feenu floating, and the ocean ftill."

This ifland is prodiid^ive of all the fruits which grow
in Grand Canaria, and hath, in common with the ulher
Canary Idands, a (lirub called tayhaba, out of which
ilHies a milky iuice, which, after ftanding a little, tliirk-
rns, ?.nd is accounted exceeding gnod birdlime.

The drage, or dragon-tree, is peculiar to Tenerjffi
it grows on roeks i and when an ineifion is made, it
yields a juice like blood, which is well known by the
n.rine of gum-dragon, and is a common medicine with
a|K>tliecaries. Targets made of tins wood are held in
high eftimation, bce.iiiie if a fwoid or dagger is ftuck
into them, it cannot be eafily plucked out, and coiili;-
<Hiently a creat advantage accrues to thofe who ufe them.

Tcneriff abounds in corn more than other of the Ca-
nary- iflands, and on that account, in times of fcarcity,
i> termed the inothir of the red. Among the rocks
throws orchel, a kind of mols, which is of lingular ufe
to dyers.

A certain author favs, " There is in Tenrrift' a fmall
f|Otof land, atv>ut a league in rompal^, the like to which
|.. rhaps cannot be (he. " n all the woild befidcs i it lies
bitwci II two 'owns, one called l/jrrta\,i, and the other
Hialejo. This fingle league of ground produreth fwett
water out ol the cliff", or rocky mountains j corn of all
ftrts, all kinds of fruits, rxcellent filk, flax, wax and
honey, very (jooil vintJi ui abundance, with jrcat Itwe of

YSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

fugar, and plenty of fire-wood." The beft vines in Te-
ncrift grow on I he fide of a hill called the Ramble
and great quantities of wines arc exported to the Wcll-
Indics, hurope, &c.

'I'hc wines of the in.ind in general are known by the
names ot Malmley, Canary, and Vcrdona. Bcekmaii
infills that the wines which yield the canary were tranf-
ported hither from the Rhine, in Germany, by the
Spaniards, in the reign of the emperor Charles the fifth -
where meeting with a happier foil, inftcad of fharp Rhe-
iidh, they proiluce that (wcet delicious wine now lb well
known all over Europe.

Durret lays, befides the dragon-tree, the aloe-plant
and pine are natives of Teneriff: the latter vields a cer-
tain gum or pitch, which is thus cxtraaod j 'the wood is
cleft, and laid aiiofs a pit, and then the top is fct on
fire, which forces the pitch to run out below, where
there arc proj^r veilels to receive it. I'he apricot, peach,
and pear trees, bear twice annually. The pn-nada*
lemon, and ligiiaii wood are found here ; as are the cot-
Ion (In ub, and coloquintidj. The loles blow at Chrilf-
masj the carnations arc large and line, but tulips will
not thrive. The rocks abound with faniphiiv, the mea-
dows are covered with clover, and the beach produces a
broad-leaved g|■af^. About fourlcore ears of wheat lpriii:>
from one root, the grains of which I'.re as tranfpaii nt as
the purcfV yellow amber, and in a good Icafon one bulhcl
will produce an hundred fold. The barley and maize are
not inferior to the wheat ; and indeed fertility feenis to be
the charadteriftic ot tliis ifland.

The quails and partrid'ics are larger than thofe in
England, and cxtremeiy liandfome. Wood pigeons,
turtles and crows, abound in the Ipring ; bees prolper in
the rocks and mountains } and filk-worms thrive exceed-
ing well.

Here arc plenty of rabbits, hogs, wild goats, kc,
Fifhes arc found m great quantities, particularly dol-
phins, (harks, meros, lohlLrs, mufcles, perriwinkles,
the clacas, which is deemed the beft (hell fi(h in the
univirfe, and the cherna, that exceeds in reli(h any wi
have in Enjlaiul : here is alio another fi(h which is c.illej
an c.l, thoiii'li with little propriety, for it hath teven
tails .)f a fpjn loiij; joined to one boHy and one head,
i which ar'' much about the lame length.

I he piirHipal pLice in 'I'enerift' is the city of Laguna,
which Itands near a l.dcc, about nine nnlcs from the fea j
it :s cal!c,! by the .'<-;:'nianis S.. Chrilloval de Li l.agiina,
or .St. Cl;;.:!i'j)her o: 1 Lake, and is handfomely built,
having tv.-o fair p.inili churchi^, and a palace for the
governor who rcfidis here. It is remarkable that the al-
dermen of thik city pay a certain price to the king to
fcrve their offices of magiftrates j but this gives them
great power over th; inhabitants, who are divided into
three clalle-j, \i/.. gentlemen, merch.ints, and hulband-
men, or is the natives (ay, idlemcn, bulVmtn, and la-
bourin.nu 11. The land on each fide of the .oad, lead-
inu to l,;iguiia, is in general rocky, but lomc Ipots of
coin land are interfperfed here and there, :.m\ terminated
by finall vineyards on the fides of the mountains. Upon
the whole, Laguna pielcnts the beholder with an agreeable
prolpeif, as it If' .ids on the (ide of a hill, and ffretchis
its Ikirii on the plain behind; it is l.irgr, compadt, and
populous: the houlcs, though not uniform, have a plea-
f int appearance ; befides the governor's houfe, and the
two panfh churches, here are two nunii'iles, (our con-
vents, an holpital, and (ome chaiM U, brlides manv pen-
tlrnu ns houles. The convents are thofe of St. Francis,
St. Au^^uftin, St. Dominick, and St. Diego. The
churches have putty high, Iquare IK-eples, which top
the reft of the buildings. The (freets are not regular,
yit they are moftly fpacious, and pretty handfome, and
near the middle ot the town i'' a large parade, whiih has
good buildings about it. Theie is a Itront' prilon on
one fide ol it, near which is a large conduit ot gmid water
that liipplies all the town. They have many gardens
that are let round with orange, lime, and oth<'r fruit-
trees ; in the middle of which are mit-heibs, falading,
flowers, Ur. and indeed, if the inhabitants were curiotis
this wjy, they mi(;ht have very plealant gardens ; lor as
the town tiands high from the lea, on the brow of a
plain that is all open to the call, and has conlequently
the Iwnefit of the tr.ide-wind, which blows biie, and ii>
moll cvniinonly tajr -, fb thire iic Ivlduin wauling at this

town

AFRICA.]

CANARY ISLANDS.

4»i

Laguna,
tlic lea ;
I.agtina,
\y Imilt,
ace for the
hat the al-
c kiii^ to
c's thcni
IJcil into
hulhand-
aiul la-
lud, Icad-
iii: Ipoti ot'
tcrniinatfd
Upon
a';rtcable
iVrctchi^
iwdt, niid
vc .1 plca-
.iiiil the
lour loii-
nanv jiPii-
Kriincn,
o. The
which top
ot rfniilar,
feme, .ind
which has
{iriloii oil
'mhI water
yardeiK
h<r Iruit-
TalaclinK,
re iiiriiMi*
lis : lor a$
irow of a
iiliiiuvmly
.ic, ami i»
iiig at ihK
Igwii

town brifV', cooling, and rcfrclhing hrcczcs all the Hay.

On the back of the town there is a large plain, three
or four leagues in length, and two miles broad, proclu-
tinga thick kindly fort ofgrafs. On theealt fide nf this
plain, near the back of this town, there is a natural lake
Cr pond of frcfh water ; it is aliout half a mile in circum-
ference i but being (lagnant, it is only ufed for cattle.

In the winter-time fcvcral forts of wild-fowl rcfort
hither, affording plenty of game to the inhabitants of
/jaguna. The plain is bounded on the weft, the north-
well, and the fouth-weft, with high ftcep hills, as
high above this plain, as this is abovfi the lea ; and it
is from the foot of one of thefe mountains that the
water of the conduit which fupplios the town is con-
veyed over the plain, in troughs of Hone raifcd upon pil-
lars. And, indeed, confidcrinu; the fituation of the tnwji,
its largo prolptdt to the eaft, (for from hence you fee the
Grand Canary) its gardens, cool arbors, plcal'ajit plains,
preen Holds, the pond and aquedudl, and its rcfrelhing
brcezcis, it is a very delightful dwelling, efjwcially for
fuch at have no Iniiinefs to call them far and often from
home i for the ifland being generally mountainous, ftccp,
»nd craggy, it is very troublefnmc travelling up and
down in it, unlefs in the cool of the mornings and even-
ings, y^ '' and aflcs arc mollly ufed by the inhabitants
"■ofh 'ng and carriage, as fittcft '"'"• '•»" fto'y,

. ncven i<. Beyond the mountains on i ' -wHf

..Je, Itill ... .iT up, you may Ice from ti. ..iwn and
plains the famous pike of Tenerlfi', overlooking the reft
of the mountains.

Concerning the falcons, or rather ftrong large hawks,
which hover over the lake of Laguna, Sir Kdmund Scorv
lavs, " 1 cannot forbear mentioning the haggard falcons
that I'oar everv cvenniu about this lake. It is very gcxxl
diverfion to ieo the >fegroe5 tight them with flings, (or
they ftoop often, and feveral at a time ; and bcfides arc
the bcft mettled hawks in the world, of a larger kind
than the Barbary falcon. The viceroy (governor) be-
ing one evening to fee this fport, on the author's com-
mending their (Irength and mettle, alTured him upon his
honour, that a falcon bred in that ifland, which he
hid formerly tent to the duke of Lerma, did at one flight
(unlefs (he refted on any Ihlps by the way) pafs from
Andaluzia to Tcneriff, which is 250 Spanlfh leagues,
ard was taken up half dead with the duke's varfel?, or
bells on."

The neNt pl.icc of any confideration is Santa Cruz,
which is a haven lying on the north eaft fide of the
ifland, the bell riding place not being above half a mile
from the fhorc, in 40 or 50 fathom, with a black flimv
bottom, i'hr Ihore is generally high land, and in moft
places ftcep to ihc w.iter : and when many fhips arc then',
they ire obliged to ride dole to each other. Near the
untcfing place are two little forts, which, with f<imc bat-
teries fcatttred .ilong the coaft, command the road. The
town i* licuriil by two other forts, which front the fe.i.
The hoult's .ire about 200 in riiinber, all llrongly built
of ftone, three (lories high, and covered with pantiles.
We cannot forbear infcrting here the account of the
bombardment of Santa Crur., and the deftruition of the
Spanilh plate flitrt, by admiral Blake. Upon the firft
appearance of Blake s fleet, Don Diego Diagues, the
Spanifh admiral, ordered all his (mail (hips to moor clofe
to the (bore, covered by the forts and batteries, and then
ported fix great galleons farther o(F.it anchor, with their
broadfides to the fea. Blake having called a council of
war, it Was unaiiimouflv agreed to attack the Spaniards.
The Knglifh admiral then commanded captain Stayner,
in the S|«Mkfr frigate, with a f»iuadron to enter the bav,
wh , bv eiijht the next morning, fell ujKin the Spa-
niards with great intrepidity. BKike feconded Stavner,
and piilkd Ionic of the greater (hips to cannonaile the
forts, which plavcM incefl'antly uiwii thrm. Thrle
drove the Spani.irds from their lines and batteries. Blake
fought four haur« with the galleons, which made a brave
refiifanee, but the Englifh at length obliged the Spani-
ards tci <i!).uidi>n th.m, thout h the fmallcft of ihele gal-
huiis WIS l.\|pfr than the hii;;;' ft of HI ikc's (hips. The
til; li(h thin Irt tin lo the wiujle Spanlfh plate fleet, and
totallv d. Itiovcd it, which di.l the Span' irds incredible
dama;;e, as it w i-^ miinendv rich. Blake's |nfs .imountcil
only I" .|H men killed, uiul 1 :c wounded ; bin the earn igr'
on th>' lidc ul tlie Spamaid' \va< terrible indeed. Lord
4?

Clarendon f.iys that the whole aftion was fo miracu-
lous, that all men who knew the place, wniu'ered that
any fober man, with what courage locver endued, W(ju1J
ever have undcTtaken it; whilft the Spaniards eomfoitcil
thcmfelvcs with the belief, that they were devils and not
men who had done them fo much mifchiof.

With rel'pca to trade, Or.itava, or l.arotava is confi-
dercd ;us the moft convenient port, and here it is thnt
the P^nglifli conful Piid merchants principally refide : it
is, himcver, more dangerous here during the wefterly
winds, than at Santa Cruz during the eafterly, and t hi
latter place has likcwife the advantage of the heft water,
lb that boats frequently go from Oratawi to fetch it.
I'he towns of Cjarachico and Rialejo have nothing
worthy of notice in them, and therefore have not been
del'ei ihed by voyagers and tr.ivcllers.

It is generally" allowed that Tenerlft" is the l'?ft peo-
pled of all the Cai;arie.<:, and fome have gone 'j far .-.s
to aftirm, that confiderin.' its fizc, it is the heft peopled
in the ocean. Indeed it is exceeding populous ; and tho
better fort of Spanilh inhabitants are exceeding courte-
ous and afl-alile, but tlic vulgar clafs, like thofe of Spain,
arc exceeding proud and l.iry. The nicaneft among them
wear a long fword at home and abroad, and will rather
ftarve, or at lenft take up with piilfe and roots, than (l.-p
out to fetch any thing better, though there be wild fowl
in great plentj". The women wear veils, but many of
them contraa a method nf fquinting, by pc'cping with
one eye through a hole made in the front of them.

As what relates to the Guanche";, or ancient inhabi-
tants, is extremely intcrefting, we (hall here prefervc it
for the entertainment of the curious. The origin of the
Guanches is not cenainly known ; they were, and the re-
mainder of them (fill are barbarous, and without literature,
hut their language, which ftill remains among the remnant
of them, has grc.it affinity to thatof the Moors in Barbary.
They had fome notion of a deity, and held that there was
a fupremc power, whom they diftinguilhcd by various
cmphatical names, fuch as

Achuhurahan - - The nt-atcf.

Achuhuchanar - Thchi^h,')}.

Achguayaxcram - Tire maiiitaincr cf all.

When they wanted rain, when too much fell, Or in
any other calamity, they drove their fheep and goats to
a public pl.icc appointed for Inch folemnities. When fe-
parating tne young ones from their dams, a general bleat-
ing was railed, which they imagined would appcafe the
wrath of the heavens, by which means they (hould ob-
tain what they wanted.

It is evident that they had fome idea of the immortality
of the foul, by luppoling the cxiftence of places for fu-
ture rcwTirds and pimifhmcnts. In particular, thev fiip-
pofed the pike of Tencrift" to contain hell in its bou-eis,
which they termed Kcheyda ; and to the di.vil they gave
the nameof Gii.iyotta.

Thev h.id fome regularity in civil aftairs, as each dif-
ttidl had a fovercign, whom they thought it their duty
to obey as a fupreme magiftratc. To him they pro-
mil'ed vaflalagc at a certain age, and confirmed the lame
promifc when they happened to marry. The regal fuc-
ceflion was hereditary, and all children were admitted
to reign, but illegitimate children were rejefted. Tlh-
kings, however, .is well as common people, dwelt in
caves, and had not the leaft conception of i ivil uchi-
tedtiire. One of their kings, named /.c.exi , ruled tlic
whole ifland fingly for many years, but haMiig feveral
children, they coiifpired againit him, depolul him, and
then di\ided his dominions amoiij; thimlelves. Their
wars were principally m.idc to Ileal cattle from each
articiilarlv fjiotted goats, which were

other, particularly fpotted goats, which were highly
eftcentcd, and even at this Jay, the remaining Guanches
pl.icc a great value upon them.

When a man had a mind to marry, all the preliminary
ceremonies were, alkini', thcconfent of the girl's paieiil,
and if that was obtained, the marriage was immediati ly
confummated. What was thusfo eafily done, was as ealily
undone ; for whenever the parties had a mind, they might
fepatate, and ni.irry with others, at their pleafuie 1 but
under this rcfjriifllon, that all the chiMren born after
the divorce were to be confidcrcd as illegitimate ; their
kings alone, for fuccclTion fake, being exempted from
ihisctilTom.

At the birth of a child, water was poured on it head
t F by

t\i 1

^..■^^■.

;» '

r'v.

'II if

i.UII;;!

ir •

482

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

.by a woman cholln for that purpofc, who was taken
into the faniilv, and btcxmc its adopted mother, nor
was it afterwards lawful for any of that race to cohabit
with her, or marry her. Such indeed was their fenfc of
modelly in general, that if any man oftercd the leall in-
decency to a woman, he was alluredly put to death. A
degree of delicacy, worthy of imitation in politer na-
tions.

The people in general were of a good ftature, well
made, and had tolerable complexions : their ufual diver-
ftons were leaping, running, fliooting the dart, tlirow-
ing floncs, dancing, &c. at all which they were ex-
tremely expert. Their drefs was a (hort coat made of
lamb-Zkins, without plait, collar, or llcevcs, being faf-
tcned together with ilrapsofthc fame leather, or (kins.
This drefs, called the tamarce, was worn equally by
men and women ; the latter, however, added a call'ock
bene.ith it. In this garment they lived, in this they died,
and in this they were commonly buried.

Wheat being unknown to them, before the conqueft
cf the m.ind by the Spaniards, they fowcu b.irky and
beans. The barley being dried by the lun, they
ground it with hand mills, then mixing it up with water,
milk and butter, ufid it as their common fubfillance,
and e.dled it giffio, or bread. They never tat flefh but
upon certain folcmnities ; when being publickly met toge-
ther, the king with his own hands, dillributed three
goats to every 20 of them, with a proportionable quan-
tity of the before mentioned giflio, or bread. After
whitli the company entertained the king, and each other,
with their ufual fports, and the day concluded with the
iilmoft; ftftivity.

When fowing time a.rivcd, the king of each diftricl
laid out the land in lots to every man ; when they turned
up the ground with goats horns, and threw the feed into
the ground, uttering certain myftical words at the fame
time, by wav of incantation. This was entirely d<me by
the men ; but moft other laborious works were allotted
to the women.

The fepulchral caves of thefe people were very remark-
able. They had an uncommon veneration for the corpfes
rf their anceftors, which were depofited in caves formed
by nature in the rocks; they were preferved in goats flcins,
bound round by belts of the fame, fo exaiil'.y and uni-
tornilv inclofini!; the body, as to excite admiration, each
round being jult proportioned to the part j and this method
preferved the bodiis. The eyes, which are clofcd, the
iiair, cars, nofe, teeth, lips, and beard, are found en-
tire : they .ire pl.icod on wooden couches, which the
natives had the art of rendering fo hard, that they are
unpenetrable to iron. A particular tribe onlv had the nrt
rf embalming, which was inviolably kept fecret trum the
vulgar. Some of the caves contained two or three hun-
ilred bodies. We (hall conclude the account of thefe
f( pulchrcs in the words of a learned gentleman, who re-
iided levcral ycaison the ifland ; " Being one day hunting,
a ferret, having a bell about his neek, ran after a coney
into a hole; where the found of the bell w.is loft. The
owner being afraid he ftiould lofe his ferret, in feeking
about the rocks and flirubs, found the mouth of a cave,
and entering in, was fo affrighted, that he cried out.
His fright arofe from one of thefe corpfes, very tall and
large, Ivlng with the head on a great ftone, the feet fup-
ported with a little wall of ftone, the body itielf refting
nn a bed of wood. The man being now a little reco-
veied from his fright, went nearer, and cut off a great
piece of the (kin that lay on the breaft of the body, which
was more flexible and pliant than anv kid"s leather glove,
vet not any ways rotten. Thefe bodies are very liglit, as
if made of itr.iw, and in lome that were broken might
be obfervcd the nerves and tendons, as alfo the veins and
ai'teries, like ftring^, verv diftiiuitly. By the relation of
the moft ancient aiiiniig them, there was a particular tribe
who had this ait only among themfelvcs, which they kept
as a thing fiered, and not to be communicated to the
vulgar. The people of this claf-. v\'ere likewife pricfts,
.inddid not ni.irry out of their own tribe; but when the
lipaniards cotiqueiLd the pUcr, moft of them were de-
ftioyed, and the art iKJily piriftied with them; only the
remnants had preferved by Iradi. ion the knowledge of a
few of the ingredients ufid in this bufinefs, \'\i, I'hey
look butter and fit, kept for the purjwfe in (kins; in this
titry buded certain hab.^j as t kind uf wild lavender,
4

growing plcntifiilly on the rocks ; likewife an herb
called Lara, of a very gummy and glutinous nature,
(ound under the tops ot mount. uns ; tliirdly, a knid of
cyclanien, or low bread ; fourthly, wild (age, of which
there is plenty here ; and (bme others unknown ; ren-
dering it thus a perfect balfam. 'Ihis being prepared,
they Hrft imboweled tiie corpfe, and wafhing it with a lixi-
vium, made of the bark of pine trees, drying it in the
fun in fummer, and in a fto\e in winter. This w.is re-
peated very often, after which tliey began their unction
both without and within, drying it .is before. 'Thi ; they
conthiued till the balfam h.id penMrated into the whole-
habit, and the mufcles in all p.ins appe.ired through the
eontraited (kin, and the body became exceeding ii"ht j
after which they fewed them in the goats (kins. It is ob-
fcrvable that, in th-' poorer (iirt, to lave charges, they
took out the brains behind, and fewed them up "in (kins,
with the hair on ; whereas the richer fort were put up in
(kins fo finely and exactly dreft'ed, that they remain ex-
tremely pliant and fupple to this day. 'Their ancient
jieoplc fay that they have above twenty faves of their
kings and great perl'onages, with tlieir whole families,
yet unknown to any but themfelves ; and which they will
never difcover." The (ami: gentleman obfervcs, "that
the bodies found in Grand Canaria (etm not to have bien
fo well embalmed as thofe in lenernf, as they aie con-
fumed much more, and not fo entire in the ditVerent parts."

TL- TsLAND cf Pal.m.v.

THIS idand is fitu.-.tcdjabout 50 miles to the weft of
Tenerift", and 200 weit of the continent of Africa. It
lies in 2gdeg. north latitude, and iHdeg. weft longitude.
It is about 30 .'liles long, 20 broad, and 70 in circum-
ference.

On the north eaft part of thi.s id.ind is a high and fpa-
cious mountain called Iai Caldera, or the Cauldron,
from having a hollow in it, like that on the pike of Ic-
ncrift". Ihe fummit of this hili, which is about 6 miles
in circumference, is covered with verdure, and fonic
parts of it produce excellent corn. 'The defcent within
the Cauldron, which proceeds gradually from the (um-
mit. contains a Ip.ice of about 30 acres ; and on the de-
clivity of the inlide are I'everal (pringsthat form a ftream,
which ill'ues out from the extremity of the mountain.
'The water of this ftream is exceeding unwholelinne, and
of littK' other ufe than, by its tapidity, turning two lug;ir
mills that are (ituated at a liruill dift.uice from the moun-
tain. The middle of the Cauldion abounds with herbat^e,
befides which there are many trees, particularly the palm,
pitch-pine, laurel, lignum-rhodium, and retamas. Thefi;
laft, in moft of the other idands, are onlv flirubs ; but
in this they grow to large tues, which h.ive a vellow
bark: the leaves of thefe trees are very pnjudicial to the
goats, as they are apt to breed (loin "^ in their bladders,
which generally kill them; (o that the inhabltant^ take
all the taie they can to pievent the goats from getting at
them.

Befides the rivulets that fpring from the inlide of thtr
Cauldron, there are two without ; one of which runs
eaft toward the town of Santa Cm/,, and the other runs
northw.ird to the village of St. Andrews. The(e arc the
principal rivulets in the whole illand ; aniFthe land during
thecourfe of them is more lertile th:in the other \\ini of
it; but the niuu^s fupply this defect by building banks,
or (quare iclervoirs, which they till with rain water th.ic
rufties down the mountains in the winter (ealon.

Near the lea (hore, on the fouth fide of the ifland, i«
a medicinal well of hut water; and at a vilhige cilled
Cguar is a cave, at the extninity whereof is a \uv cu-
rious grotto, whole rool is lluck with large flake> ot llatr
Itunes, trom between which conllantly iftues a Ho.v 01
clear and whohlome water.

'There are ni,inv other mountains in this in.nnd, e\elu ■■
five of th.it called La Cuhkra, leveral ol which aiv very
long and lofty, and between llieni aie large vallie.-., wi II
llocTced with \ariou.> kinds of trees. 'I'lieli.- niouiuains
occafioii a great dift'eruue in the ilimate of this ifl.uul.
In the winter the air i.s (o exceeilinj (harp up the moun-
tains, that the inhabiLuits are oblr;id to keep liivs burn-
ing both night and day; wherras iieai the fca (ide tlnv
only h.ive thrm for cookiiij;, and oth' r occalioiul piii-
poles. In the months ol' July, Aiigult, and Septunbei,
the heat near the lea Ihoic 1, intolerable; while, in the

nieuiitainoav.

AFRICA.]

CANARY ISLANDS.

an herb

s nutiirc,
1 kiiul of

of which
\vn ; rcn-

pixpaii-'il,
fiih.1 lixi-
C it in the
lis \v;is rc-
ii unction

'i'hi:. '.hey

the whole
iroii(;h the
ling li^ht i
It is oh-
irge^, thiy
p ill (kills,
e put up in
remain ix-
cir ancient
I'cs of their
le fanlihe^,
:h they will

vcs, " thnt
h'ivc btcii
icy aic con-
.•Riit parts."

the weft of

Africa. It
If loiigituJc.
) in cirtum-

iffh anJ fp.i-
e CauUiriiii,
pike of I c-
bout 6 miles
', and fume
fcciit witiiiii
,,m the fuiii-
on the de-
rm a llreain,
c moiuuain.
lefomc, and
two Uig;u:
11 the niouii-
'ith hcrbaijc,
ly the palm,
mas. Thife
fliiubs; but
ve a \elUiw
lici.il'to the
i-ir liladdcrs,
il>iiant> take
ill g' tunc ac

infulc of tlic

which runs

e other runs

hilf arc thet

■ land dunnp

Ithcr parts of

IlUint; banks.

In water that

■on.

llhc illan I, IS
i.'illigc called
a xav iii-
laki><.i llale
a tlo.v ol

Jlaiid, exclu-
Inch aiv \rrv
Iv.dlie.-., will
lie inouniains
hi this ilt.Uld.

|p ihc niouii-

Tp lircsbuiii-

Ifca lidc they

calional pui-

Septcmbei ,

vhilc. III ihf

nuuiiUinoas,

itiountainous parts, the air is quite plcafant and re-
frefhing.

The winds and rain arc much the fame here as in Ca-
naria, except thofe th.it blow from the welt ; and theft
arc much more fretjuent, on account of the ifland laying
more to the welt and north points.

The natural produiilions of this ifland, both with re-
fpecl to vegetables, poultry, and animals, are alfo much
the fame as thofe of Canaria; except, indeed, among the
animals it particularly abounds with rabbits, which, it is
laid, were lirll brought to the illand by Don Pedro Fcr-
nandcs de Lago, the fccond lieutenant gelicral of Tc-
nerift'.

This ifland alfo produces gre.it quantities of fugar and
wines, the former of which is made on the weft fide of
the ifland, and the latter on the ealf. Their bcft vines
grow in a foil called the Brenia, where it is faid they
make at lealt 12,000 caflcs of wine every year. The
wines dift'er in their quality from tlioli made in the other
iflaiids i but they are viry rich, and have an excellent
flavour. They have likewife great plenty of honey, and
moil kinds <if fnut, the latter of which grow in fuch
abundance, that they export groat quantities of them to
the. other iflands.

Palma alfo produces pum-dragon and pitch, the latter
of which the natives ixtraiil from the trco called the pitch
pine. Pine-apples aie likcwili; very plentiful here; and
I'omeof the trees on which they grow are fo large, as to
beuted for the malts of (hips.

The principal town in this ifland is called after its
name; and is tolcn.bly large, and will inhabited. The
houfes are low, bui ([ucious ; and in (lie part of the town
is a very handfome church. A contiderabli- trade is car-
ried on here in wines, which are exported to various
parts ; but particularly to the \V'e(t Indies.

There is another very mat town in this ifl.and, called
St. Andrew's, whcie there are four engines for the making
of I'ugar ; but the land hereabouts is very poor, fo that
tJR inhabitants are fupplied with grain, and other necef-
fary articles, from the illand of TcneritF.

The chief port is called Palma ; and is fituatcd on the
fouth fide of the ifland. 'I'he iviad is about a quarter of a
mile from the (horc ; and, though it is open to the ea(feily
winds, the fliips ride with great fofety.

'I"his ifland h.as heretofore been greatly fubjedl to earth-
quakes and volcaiios; the cftects of which are (till to be
feen in various parts of it. Nunno de Pcnna, in his
Hiftorical Memoirs, relates, th.it on the 13th of Novem-
ber, 1677, a little after fun-fet, the earth (hook for 13
leagues, with a frightful noilc that lalted five days, dur-
ing which it opened in fcvcral places, but the gnatcfl
gap was upon the mountain of La Caldera, a mile and a
half fiom the fea, from whence proceeded a groat liiv,
which calf up (tones and pieces of rock. '1 he like hap-
pened in (everal places ilureabout, and in lels than a
quarter of an hour m.ide 28 gaps about the foot of the
mountain, which vomited up abundance of flames and
burninc (tones. He adds, that on the 7.0th of November
following, there was a fecnnd eruption of the (ame mount,
from whence came forth Hones and fire, with givat earth-
quakes and thunders for feveral days, fo that black cinders
were taken up at 7 leagues diftance : The adjacent ground
was entirely waited, and the inhabitants forced tu quit
their habitations.

'The lalt volcano that happened in this ifland was in
the vear 1750, when a large liodv of Hre ifl'ucd from one
iif tlie mountains, and took its courle with great rapidity
to the town of Palma ; from whence it fpread to the lea,
and there dil'cluirged iticlf.

7'ljt Island t,f Ferro,

THIS ifland is called by the Spaniards Hierro, and
by the Trench L'lflede Ker. It is the molt wellerly of
ail the Canaries; and lies between the 27th and z8th deg.
of north latitude, and in 18 deg. welt longitude from
London. It is about 30 miles long, 15 broad, and 75 in
circumference.

According lu liarbot, this ifland was particularly fa-
mous on account of the French n,ivigatois placing their
firlt meridian in the center of it ; as the iJutch did theirs
through the pike 01 'Teneritl ; but .it pn;lliit molt geo-
grapheii reckon the tirlt mt.:idi.ui liuiii tiie capital c>t thvir

48J

own country; as, the Engli(h from London, the French
from Paris, &c.

The foil in fome parts of this ifland is very barren,
owing to a fcarcitv of water j but in others it is fertile,
and produces all the ncceflary articles for the fupport of
the inhabitants. 'There are but three fprings in the whole
ifland; (b that only rain water can hi had in the chief
parts of it. The (lieep, goats, and hogs that are brought
up in thofe parts diltant from the rivulets, feed almoft all
the year round on the roots of fern and afphodil, and there-
fore h.ave little occalion for water; as the great moid iire
that is naturally in thofe roots fupply the want of that
clement.

Molt writers who have defcribed this ifland give us a
very (trange accf>unt of a large tree, fituated in the middle
ot it, which they fay produces fuch quantities of water
from its leaves, as not only to fupply the general wants of
the ifland, but alfo vcfli-ls that call here to trade. W^;
cannot, however, conlider this relation in any other light
than abfoluttly fabulous ; as it docs not appear, from all
the writers we have confulted, that there was ever any
oneperfon th3t fiiw it ; and therefore imagine the (lory ti>
have been originally fabricated by fome traveller of a very
niarnii'lhu! difpofition.

'There is only one fmall town in the whole ifland, and
the molt diltinguifhcd buildini; in it is a parifh church.
Thereare many fmall villages'difperfed about it, butthoro
is not any one of them thatitierits particular notice.

The trade carried on by the inh.ibitant5 of this ifl-and
confilts in fmall cattle, brandy, honey, and orchilU
weed.

T/a'TsLAND of GoMERA.

THIS ifland is fituatcd to the weftof TcnerifF, in 28
deg. north latitude, and 18 deg. well longitude from
London. It is about 30 miles Ions, 20 broad, and 6d
in circumference. It is a very plentiful ifland, bcinr^
watered by manv rivulets that flow from the mountjinous
parts, ami give fertility to the vallies beneath; and indeed
there is hardly any part of the ifland but water may be
had, by dig-ing to the depth of about fix feet.

The inha.iitants of this ifland (ildom import or cvport
any corn, as they cultivate jult a fufficiencv oiilv for
their own confumption. They have great plenty of all
the necefliiries of life, particularly catde, poiiltiy, wine,
roots, fruit, and honey. They 'have deer alfo in gr-at
abuiulance, and more mules are bred here than in any
other of the Canary Iflands.

Ciomera prochnes likewife great quantities of fujar,
fruits, and wine ; but the latter" commodity is nuiciriii-
ferior to that made in the other iflands; and is fo p.-or
and weak as not to be fit for exportation. It is therefore
chi-fiv confiimed among thtiiifelvcs.

1 his illand has but one fmall town, which is fitunted
near the fea-llioro, and is called after its name. 'The
iiiinibrr of houfes is about 150 ; but ihev arc fmall, .uid
very mean bu.ldings. Here is a tolerable good church,
anil a convent of friars ; and on one fide of the town,
next the Ihore, is a fmall fort, on the fouth fide of which
is an old round towvr, and on the north fide, a batt.iy of
fix (mail cannon.

Oppofite the town of Gomera is a very commodious
bay, where (hip.i arc well fecurcd from all winds, except
I the louth-call ; and the bottom of the bay alfo affords ex-
cellent anchorage. To the north of this bay is a good
cove, where (hips of any burthen may he convenuiitly
pl.iced for cleanfing and repairing. 'The (hore oppo •
lite to this cove is a high perpendicular clift", over
which there is a narrow path-way that leads to the town ;
and at a fmall dillance before you enter the town there is
a large gate, which i, (hut iverv night after dark. The
i town begins about fifty yards from this gate, and luni in
a Itraitline to thcdiltance of about half a mile.

The I.SI.AND cy FUERTEVENTI'RA.

THIS ifland, which belongs to the Lord of Lancc-
rota, is about twenty-four leagues diltant from Grand
Canaria. It is about 65 miles in length, and of a ver^
unequal breadth, confiding of two pininftJas, joined by
an iHluiius o ' r; iniUs over. On the north fid? there is
a haven called Chabi.is, and anethcr, which ID very com-
inodivus, towards ihc well.

Between

.!'j.fl

.{V 1

I'i' litl

!! •

■n\

484 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRArifY

they arrived at the town tlicy found

iM Ml a

Between this ifland and Lanccrota there opens a fine
found, fufficicntly big to receive a very large fleet.
Towards the north call the coait is very foul, anii the
breakers exceedingly dangerous.

This ifland produces wheat, barley, kine, goats, or-
chcl ; but neither this nor Lancvrota have any wine of
their own growth.

In the channel which feparatcs p'licrtevcntura from
Lanccrota, there is a little uninhabited ifland called
Lobas, which is between three aiidfour miles in circum-
ference.

La Villa, the principal town, is fuuated in the center
of the ifland ; contains about 100 houfes, and has a con-
vent of Francil'cans and a church.

The next town is Olivia, which has about 50 tolera-
ble good houfes, and a haudfome church.

'1 he town of Kunchc hath more houli.'s than Olivia,
and near as many as La Villa j but they arc to mean that
it only bears the third rank.

lielides thcfc three towns, the ifl.ind contains many
fmall hamlets, fcattered about in different pait>.

As the fprings arc brackifh, rain water i> c.iu^ht in pits
and ciftcrns, for domcftic ufes.

The inhabitants of Fuertevcntiira formerly had fomc
good horfcs, of the breed both of Barbaryand Spain ; but
not having far to travel, nor caring for thetxpenceof
keeping them, the breed is much degenerated in fize, as
well as dwindled to a fmall number. The people indeed
prefer ailes, as they are more ferviccable in the hilly
parts, and can be kept at a much cheaper riite.

The great fcarcity of wcod, fhrubs, and budics, occa-
fions a learcitv of birds and wild fowl. Canary birds are
the only ones found in any numbers, (ieefe and ducks
arc likcwife wanting, from the fearcity of water.

In this, as well as the neij'hbouring ifland of Lance-
rota, arc the remains of many \olcanos; they are hills
with (harp tops, narrow edge's, .uul hollow cavities within,
which refemble monllrous thimnics, bcii\g black and
burnt. No eruption^., one excepted, have been known
for many ages j and that one happened about hall a cen-
tury ai;o, on the fouth weft part of Lanccrota. It threw
out futhaii inconceivable quantity of ftuncs, aflies, ful-
phur, &c. and made fuch a terrible noife, that moll of
the iidiabitants fled to this ifland for fecurity. While the
Tolcano continued, a pillar of fmoke proceeded troni the
fea ; and when it ceafed, a rock arofe out of the waves,
and rearing its head in a pyraniidical form, it ftill con-
tinues in the fame pofition.

The Island ef Lancerota.

THIS ifland lies in a8 dcg. 40 min. north latitude,
and I J ilc^. 5 nun. well longitude ; and is about 32 miles
in length, and 22 ni breadth. It is about 18 leagues
loiuh-eadol (Jrand Canaria, and the whole ifland is parted
in (!ie nnddle by a ridgc of rocks, on which teed goats,
theep, and afles. Here are likewife fome cattle, camels,
andgenlK•t^. The valleys are dry ajid fandy, rcfembling
the rye fields in Kngland ; but they vield tolerable good
barley and wheat ; the tirft harvcll be'ing about April,
and the Iccond in September. The pi incipal commodi-
ties arc goats flelli and orchel, and the whole is an eflatc,
or caridum, belonging to the family of Herrara, the head
of that family being always lord of Kucrtevcntura and
Lancerota. The people, however, in both iflands have
the liberty of appeal to tlie king's judges in Grand Cana-
ria. Boats go from hence weekly to (Jrand Canaria,
Tencriff, and Palnia ; laden chiefly with dried goats flefti,
which is ul'cd in the manner ol bacon, and is not bad
tating.

In 1596, this ifland was attacked and taken by the
Englilh, under the cummand of J-eonid,is, earl of Cum-
berland, of which capture the following are the particu-
lars. 'i"hc earl having l>een informed that the Siianilh
nobleman, who was lord of Lanteioia and Fuertcientura,
refidid in the chief town of LaiKeiota, which went by
the f.imc n..me as the illaiid, and was poflcfled of gre.it
riches, he diliutched Sir John Berkley, being hiiufelf
out iif order, with about 600 men, to attack the town,
which WM lituateJ 10 mites at leali from the place where
they landed.

I'he way they v.eiit, though in their opinion tlic nearcll,
wa- ,' u-ry bad to.ul, lull of loolc llunes and land. When

. , — d it almoit defrrted by

the uihabitants, who had carried ..If almolt eviiy thini.
except a confiderablc quantity of wine and checlb. From
hence Sir John lent a detachment to the caltle, a llroiiir
hold upon the (unimit of a hill, half a mile from the town.
It W.1S garriloned by about 100 Spaniards .ind natives,
who fled at the approach of the tnglilh. They found
here a dozen br.ifs guns, and many piles of ftoiies, laid
up in the mo'i advantageous jilaces. 'J he cdtle was built
oUbnc, and flanked very ftroiiijly and Ikilfully, both for
ortence and defence 1 but with tliis Angular cdmriv-incc,
that the emrance was railed conliderably from the ground,
lo that if they h.id drawn in this ladder, twenty men
might \\,\\; maintained it apinil live hundred. At that
time the town itlelf conliltcd o! .iboui luo houfes, which
were only one llory, and in i;eiier,il mean. 'J"hcv were
thatched with canes and lliaw, laid upon a few rafters,
and a coat of clayey dirt covered the whole, which being
harde/ied by the fun, became proof againll the rains.
The church was without any windows, and received
light only from the door. There was a friary, prettily
laid out, with a better fupply of water, and a handfomcr
ganlen than thole belonging to the noble governor's houfe.
I'he Knglilh did not burn or deUroy the place, but after
ranfaeking a little, departed. What native inhabitants
they law were ftrong, active, tall, and .-unazingly fwift
ot toot. Their arms were pikes and iioncs, with which
they frequently att.icked the Englilh in their march ; and
their cullom was, when they perceived the latter going to
lire, to fall flat upon their faces, and after hraring the
report, to ftart up, and charge in a fcattered and irregular
manner.

Lanccrota is very high, and may be feen at a great
dillanec, its appeaiance being black and barnn. The
principal port, which lies on the fouth-call fide of the
ifland, is called Porte de Naos, and the harbour is tole-
rably fecure for fmall velUds ; indeed it is dremed the bed
belonging to the Canary Iflands, and is much frequented
for its conveniency in repairing and cleaning {hips. Tliis
port is without any town, or indeed houtes, except floic-
houfes, magazines, and barracks for foldiers. The calllir
at the well end of the harbour is of no confequcncc, as a
lliipof force might cafdy batter it down. A channel di-
\ iiks Lancerota from the little ifland called Graciofa,
which is uninhabited ; and this channel is named the
haibourofEl Rio. Near this harbour is a falt-work i»
Lanccrota, which turns to a tolerable account.

Rulvcon, or Cay.is, is the principal town of this lfl.ind.
It is about fix miles from Porto de Naos, nnd is what was
formerly called Lanccrot.i. At prefent it contains alxMit
200 houli's, the ap()earance of which is as mean as when
the Earl of Cumberland took it.

I'he next town, called Haria, is but a defpictble place ;
it contains about joo inhabitants, and has a tolerable
church.

The inhabitants of this ifland chiefly ufe rain water,
which is caught in pits and cillerns, adapted for that
purpofe, as they have but few wells or fprings. The
breed of horfes hath dwindled and degenerau-d in thm
ifland, as well as in I'uertcventura ; aUirs arc pri'ferrcd
here as they are there, and for the fame rcafons. The
all'es indeed in both thele iflands are ufed not onlv for
carryin" burthens and riding, but for pluui;hing up the
land ; m that they are deemed of general utility.

The want of wood here occalions a want of hirH», and
the deficiency of water a deficiency of dueks, geele, &c.
I'he different appearance of the cattle, at the different
feafons of the year, is very fingular; for during the ver-
dure of the IpriiiL' tluv are plump, fat, and lleek; hut
in antumn, when the grafs and herbage aa witlured by
the heat of the fun, they refemble fkeletoiis, have fcaiec
Ipirits to woik, and their flefli is unfit t > eat, Neitlitr
Lancerota nor t uertcventura have any venomous creature,
except the black fpider; this, however, is luffieient to
teirify the people, as its fting is extremely paiiilul, and
very dangerous. Tlie (eas inteilittin^ and lui rounding
thelie iflands, afFurd the inhabitants plenty of tilh, parti
cularly cod, much finer than what is tauL',ht on the banks
of Newfoundland, and a very fin;;uUr filh called the pi-
Ludo, or fea- pike, the bite of which is as venomous as
that of a viper ■, yet when dr';iii:d, it is pJaalunt and
wholcfenc fued^

CV'.

AFRICA.]

Gtntral Obferviil'iins en thi- modern Inhabitants of the
Canary Inlands.

HAVING t'miihcd thu (iifcrlption of the Canary
Iflands fcvcrally, and taken notice of ali that is
worthy of obfcrvation, with rtlpcrt to locality, or to thtir
ancient natives, it is now nccilliiry to fptak generally of
the modern inhabitants, win) aa- a kind of mongrel
breed, formed by the intermiM'-ne of .Spaniards and peojilc
of various other nations, w lii the rrmnants of the ancient
natives. The yreatell part of thefc are finall of ftature,
well made, and have good fcamrus. Their complexions
are very fwarthy, their eyes full of fire, and their coun-
tenances exceeding expreflive : they arc fond of calling
themfelves Spaniards, and (peak the Caftilian language)
the better fort of people with a good grace, but the vul-
gar very unintelligibly.

Men of condition in common wear a camblct cloak, of
a dark red, or black colour; a linen night-cap, bordered
with lace; and a broad llc-jched hat. When they pay
vifits, a coat, fword, and vhite peruke arc added ; which
latter makes a very ftrange appearance with their dark
countenances J and what is ftill more fingular, they keep
their great heavy douched hats upon their heads always in
the houfe; but when they are out of doers, they carry it
under the arm.

The peafa'its vcar thi'ir own black bufhy hair, and
tuck fume of it behind the right ear; and their principal

farment is a white look- cotx, made in the manner of a
'rcnch loofc coat, with a friar's cape, and girded round
the middle with a fafli.

The women wear on their heads a piece of gauze,
which falls down thcflioiidir?, is pinned under the chin,
ajid covers the neck aiid brealt. A part of their drefs is a
broad brimmed douched lut, but thi y ufe tliis with more
jiropriety than the men ; for abroad they wear it upon
their heads, and fo their f.ices are ihiclded from the fcorch-
ing beams of the fun. Over the (liouldors a mantit' is
thrown, its goodncfs beini^ in proportion to the condition
of the wearer. Jackets are worn inifead of (lays ; but
all arc very fond of a gre.it number of |>etticoats. The
principal ladies of Grand Canaria and Tencritt'dnf-. after
the fauiions of France and England, and pay villls in
chariots; but none walk the ilreets without being veiled,
t'nouj,h fomc are fo carelefs ni the ufe of their vci!>, that
they lake care to let their f.ices and necks be feen. Some
ladies have their hair curioudy plaited, and faftened to
the crown of the head with a gold comb; their mantles
are very rich, and they wear a profufion of jewels ; but
the clumfinefs of drefs, and aukwardncfs of gait, obferv-
ablc ill both fcxcs, render their appearance ridiculous to
ftrangcrs.

The lower peop!? arc aJHiftcd with many noxious difor-
ders, and are naturally very {ilthy ; the gentry, however,
aftc£i great delicacy. Beth fexes go every morning to hear
mafs : moll go before the/ take any refreflimer.t. Their
breakfaft is ufually chocolate : tiicy iiie at noon, .;nd
fliui up the doors till three o'clock. People in good cir-
cumfances have four courfes brought to table; the firfi
is fou;>, the fecond road meat, the third an olio, and 'he
fourth the defert. While drinking, their toafts are much
like ours ; but they ccafc drinking as foun as the cloth is
removed. After dinner all the company wafli their hands
in one large utenfil, and then go to flccp for about an
hour. In winter evenings they regale with chocolate and
fwectmcats; but in fumn.erfine fpring water is fubilituted
inftead of chocolate.

The beds of the people in general arc mattrafles, fjjread
on mats, and placed upon the floor. The iheets, pil-
lows, quilt, &c. are fringed or piaked ; but no curtains
are ufcd, as they deem them the h.trbours for fleas and
bugs. The women fit upon cufhions, on a raifed part
of iIk floor, cither when they receive, or when they pay
vifits. The children are inftruiflcd in convents, and ufu-
ally make a rapid progrefi ; for it miift be confelTcd, that
the people have a quick genius, particularly for poetry.The
common amufeinents are linging, dancing, playing un
the guittar, caids, wreftling, quoits, throwing at ball
through a ring at a diftaiice, fee. They take an airing
on hurfcbaek, but travel with afl'cs.

Each of the Canary Ulaiids, as well as each town and
family, hath its peculiar titulary faint ; and the fcflivals
ol thcfe faints are kept with great foleinnity. The people
in general hold the emplojmcnts of a butcher, tav'lor,
miller and ivjrter, in ihc uimoU contempt j and the «f£cers
4i

CANARY ISLANDS.

48^

I II

1; lour employments, the;

{Butcher"! "| Ba
Taylor I. IeA
Miller I '^ f A ■
Porter J J A

of juftice have a right to feize upon a pcrfon of any of thcfc
employments, when airimin.d is put to death, and make
him perform the office of executioner. For their hatred
to thefc four employments, they give the following reafons :
' Butcher 1 1 Barbarous
Effeminate
Thief

, . - human bead of burthen.

In the prmcipal of thelb iflands, the gentry, thou^'h
proud, are polite; the lower people, though puor, .°rc
mannerly; and even beggars a(k charity with a good
grace ; and if refufed, never behave with impertinence.

Private pilfering is very common here ; but liighway
and ftrcct robberies are Icldom or ever known. The
only confcquencc of robbery, however, is a found drub-
bing, or a Ihort imnrifoimient. Duels are never heard
of, but private murders are common ; which evinces that
the people have more malice than coumgc. The inha-
bitants of the Canar)' Iflands in general are temperate : or
at leaft if they are othcrwifo, it is in private only; iot
nothing can be a greater flain there than to be feen drunk,
and a man who f in be proved a drunkard is not admitted
to take his oath in any court of judicature. Hence thofe
whoarcfond of liquor intoxicate themfelves in theircham-
bers, and then lie down, in order to flcep themfelves fober.

If a man falls in love with a yeung woman, and hef
parents rcfufe to confcnt to their union, flie has liberty to
complain to the curate of the parifli, who takes her away,
and places her in a convert ; where flie muft remain tiP
they confent to her marriage.

What we have hitherto .aid concerning the modern
inhabitants of the Canary Iflands, muft be confined to
the people of Grand Canaira, Tencriff, Palma, Ferro,
.uuUiomera, only; as tha natives of Fiiertcventura and
Laiiccrota differ in feveral particulars; for they are tall,
llrong,^ : ibuft, and of a very dark complexion j and the
other Canarians deem them rude-ind unpolilhed with re-
I'pea to themfelves ; they fpeak a barbarous kind of the
Callilian, and drefs like mt.m Spanifli peafants. Their
houles are built of (lone and lime, covered with pan-
tiles for the better fort of people; but only tl»tched for
the meaner ; and the floors are paved with flag ftones.
Thcirdietis as mean as their habitations: they hate im-
provements, becaufe they deem them innovations; and
have (b little euriofity, that none will vifit Sp.iin, if the/
can help it; and very few the other Cinary Iflands, un-
Icfs obliged fo to do by bufinefs.

The principal nianufa<£lurcs of all thcfc iflands are fillc
hofe, and filk g.irters, knit; quilts, taffetces, blankets,
eo.arfe cloths, &c. In the largt; towns men are weavers
andt.iylorS) but in the villag«s women only; and the
exportation of raw filk is prohibited, in order to encourage
the manufaftories.

The commerce of the Can.aries may be confidered
under five heads, viz.

[ Domeftic trade with each other, and from ifland
to ifland.
~., /Trade to Europe.
' "'\ Sp.mifli Weft Indies.

- Englilh Colonies in America.

- Coaft of Barbary.

The center of trade here is TcncrifF, where the Englilb
and Dutch have confuls. The principal commerce is
carried on in foreign bottoms, particularly Englilh ; and
the mod capital traders are Irilh Roman catholics, and
their dcfccndants fettled here.

The various imports are :

From Great Britain J ^7"";. g-^'.', ^^'t'^'i* ,''«'♦
\ red herrings, pilch.uds, whcat,&c.

From Ireland r""!Ll A'"'''"' T'''''' ''°''''

J pickled herrings, &c.

Fron\ Holland and J Gunpowder, cordage, coarfe flax,

and Hamburgh \ &c.

From Bilcay Bar Iron.

{Dried cod, rice, beef, pork, hams,
bees wax, deal boards, Itaves,
wheat, flour, maiae, &c,

Iks, Velvets, Oils, Cordage^

From the Britilh
American Colonies

From Barcelona, Sc.
ville, Majorca, Ita-
ly and Cadiz

In return for thefe they export their various cotn*
modities and manufactures to the fcveral CVUDtries fronk
which they receive their imports.
60

fsilli
[.cc.

I ,

'U\

' il

(■■. r

i: !

1 y\

486

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

c n A p. XX.

^1 Cape de Verd ISLANDS.

THESE inanJs nrc fo callrd frt)m a cnpc of tlic
r.inic ii.imi', litu.itcd iliriilly oppolitc to tlum, in
I4ili'i;. 10 mill, luiitli lat. and i6 dcg. 311 min.
wcfl long. I'hey were difeoveicd by the Purtuguefc, in
the year 1460, to whom they have ever fiiice belonged,

1 viceroy, appoiiitei" ' _
Aantly reliuvs in the ifland of St. Jago, Ihc cape took

they M;

,iy liis 1

and a viceroy, appointed by his Portiiguefe ni.ijeHy, c

its name from the perpi^tual verdue with wliich it is co-
vered, and tie idands received theiis fiom the cajH-. The
Portuguele give them the name of las Ilhas de V'eides,
lliiier from the \r-rdiic of the cape, or elfe fiom an herb
railed fargolVo, which is green, and floats on the water
all round them.

Tliefe idands cover the Tea, from the 20th fo the 24th
degree, fo tliick, that they feem to be floating illaiids,
intended to obftrmil the paflagc ofrtiips, it not being
f^.ily, without :■. (Irong ga'c, to pafs through them. The
Diiieh call tluni the Salt Illaiids, from many of them
proJuciiig large ijiiaiitities of that commodity.

The chief of thtfe iflands arc eleven in number,
•aiiK^y,

St. John, or Sail Juan.

St. Nicholas.

St. Vincent.

St. Aiithonv.

St. Lucia. '

Brava.

".:.iy, or Mayo.

San Jago, i^r St. J.iiiics'i.

R 1!, 01 Salt.

Roiia VilU, or Good Sight

St. Philip's, otherwifc ciill-

cd Kuego, or the Iflc of

F'irc.

'I'he clim.atc of thcfe iflands is exceeding hot, and in
fomc of them unwholefome. 'l"he foil dirfcrs wilh the
climate; for though feveral of them arc very ftony and
barren, yet the principal part are fertile, and projucc
various forts of grain and fruits, pa.'ticularly rice, maize,
or Indian wheat, bananas, lemons, citrons, or.iii:res,
pomegranates, cocoa-nuts, figs and iiuluus. They ha\c
alio cahnancs, a fort of pulle like Krench beans, and
great (juantities of pumpkins, which form the common
food <if the inhabitants.

Dtfides the fruits already mentioned, thefe iflands pro-
duce two others of a remarkable nature, viz. the cuflard
apple and the papah. The former of thcfe is as laigc
.•is a pomegranate, and much of the fame colour. The
ciitfidc hulk, iiu-11 or rind, is in liibfl.uice and thicknefs
b.'f.vcm the (hell of a pomegran.ite, and the picl of a
fVville 'irange, fofter than the former, yet more brittle than
the latter. I he coat, or rind is alfo remarkable for
bring coTcred with fmall regular knobs or rifings j and
the iiilidc of the fruit is full of a white ("oft pulp, which
in its form, colour and tafle, greatly refitiibles a cuftard,
from whence it received its name, whii h was probably
firft pivcn it by the Europeans. It has in the middle a
few (iiiall black ftones, but no core, for the whole of it
ij entire pulp. The tree that bears thii fruit is about
the (ize of a quince- tree, and ha^' long fli-nder branches
l!iat ipreail a coufhlcrahle way from the trunk. The
fruit glows at tJic e\!remity of thefe branches, upon a
fl.ilk about nine or ten inches long. It is to be obfervcd
that oiilv (iime of thefe branches bear fruit, for though
ihcli; trie> arc large, vet in genuial larh tree does not
produce .>,.\e 20 or •^a apples.

J'hc p.ipah Is a fuiit about the fir.e of amufk-mclon,
sr.d rcliniblcs it in (hapc and colour, both within and
nithout; only in the middle, inftcad of flat kernels,
r.hich the nijnn^ have, thifc have a quantity of fmall
blackilh f'-eds, :ibint the fi-ze of pepper-corns, the ta(K'
of winch is miH h the fame as that (pice. The fniit it-
fclf, when rip.-, !■. fweet, (oft, and lufcious ; but while
g'lvi'. It is h.'d -M'.A uiil"a\'niry, though even then, if
boiled, It will liipp'v the place of tun.ips, and is in
ipeneral greatly ajmired. The tree on which this fruit

grows, is about 10 or 12 feet hli^h ; the trunk is tliicke/l
at the bottom, ("rom whence it gradually decreaies to the
top, vvhere it is very thin and taper. Ft has not any
(inall branches, but only large leaves that grow imme-
diately on the Aalks from the body. The leaves are of
a roundiih form, and jagged about the edges, having
their (blks or (lumps larger or fmaller, as they grow
ncirer to, or farther from the top. They liei^in to fpring
out of the body of the tree at about fix or (even feet hi»li
from the gouiid, the trunk being belov^' that entirely
bare, and the leaves grow thicker all the way from
thence to the top, where they are very clofe and broad.
The fruit grows ^nly among the leaves, and arc moft
plentiful where the leaves are thiekelt ; (b that towards
j the top of the tree the p.ipahs fpiing forth from it in
I clufters. However, it is to be obferved that where they
I grow fo thick, they are but fmall, being no bigger than
ordinary turnips, whereas thole that grow lower down
the trunk, where the leaves are not fo thick, grow to the
I fize above defcribed.

I The Cape de Vcrd Iflands alfo abound with feveral
: forts of poultry, particularly cuilews, Guinea hens,
and flamingos, the latter of which are exceeding nu-
merous. I'lie flamingo is a large bird, much like a
heron in fha|)c, but bigger a:ul of a rcddiih colour. They
go ill flocks, but are (o f!)y that it i.s very difticult to
catch them. They build their nefls in ihallow pond.s,
where there is much mini, which they (crape together,
making little hillocks like fmall iflands, that appear
.ibout a foot and a half .above the furfacc of the v.'ater.
Thtv make the foundations of the(e hillocks broad,
bringing them up taper to the top, where they leave a
fmall hollow pit to lay their eggs in. They never lay
more than tu'o eggs, and feldom lefs. '1 he youirn-
ones cannot fly till they are almoft full grown j but
they run with prodigious fwiftncfs. Their flclh is
lean and of a dingy colour, but it neither taftes lifhy,
or any way unpleafant. Their tongues arc broad and
long, having a large lump of fat at the root, which is
delicious in its talk', and fo greatly admired that a dilh
oflhcBiwill piotluce a very confide.-abte fum of money.
■They have alfo fcicral other (iirts of fowls, as pigeons
and tunle-doiis i miniotas, a fort of land fowl as big
.as crows, of a grey colour, and the flefh well tailed;
crufias, another (bit of grey-coloured fowl, almolt as
large as the former ; thefe are only feen in the night, and
their flefti is fiid to be exceeding (^ilutarv to people in a
decline, by whom only they are ulld. Here arc likcwife
great plenty of partridges, quails, and other fmall birds ;
as .alfo prodigious quantities of rabbits.

They have many wild animals in thcfe iflandu, par-
ticularly lions, tygcrs, and camels, the latter of which
arc remarkably large. There are alfo great numbers of
monkies, baboons, and civit cats, and moft of the iflands
abound with various reptiles. The tame animals are,
horles, alTes, flicep, mules, cows, goats and hogs ; and
here the European (liips, bound (or the Kail Indies,
ufiially flop to take in frefti water and provifions, with
which they are fupplied in great abundance.

The fea is pitiitifullv flocked with (Ifli of various forts,
particularly dolphin-, boncttas, mullets, fnapperv, (ilver
filh, fic. Ami there is fuch plenty of turtle here, that
feveral (oreign fllips come yearly to catch them. In the
wet feafoii the turtles go alhorc to lav their eggs in the
fand, which thiy leave to be hate heel by the heat of the .
fun. The iiihabil.:nts go out in the night, and catch
the tuitles by turning them on thrir backs with poles;
for they are fo large, th.it they cannot do it with their hands..
The fli (ll ()f the tunic. , well cured, is as great a fupply
to the American plantations, aicod-fifli is to Europe.

There

AFRICA.]

CAPE D R V R R D ISLANDS.

487

There nrc many Kuioprnn f.iinilics in llufi- ill imN, all
01 whom proicfs (he Koinun t'^tholic rilipion. The na-
tivisarcall negroes, anil niiuh like their Alriean neigh-
I'Din-;, from whom it i^ liipiitil'd they aie delcended j
thoii;-h bein;; fubjeit to the I'oitnt'iiHe, they have llieir
reli^'ion and langu.eje. lioth nu ]i and women are \\uut,
Killy, an<l well lindied ; and thev are mi {>eneral of a
civil and (]iiiet difpfilition. 'I'hi ir dref-. (particularly thofe
of the ill.ind of St. John) is very triflintr, confilling only
(if a piiee of cotton cloth wound round the wailK The
woim a foiMctimes throw it over the head, and the men
ifiol- the (hoiilileis. Neither lex wear fhoes or flockinirs,
except on urtain feftivals. The men arc partieiilarh'
liind of well in;T breeches, if they can get thcin ; and are
viry liappv, be they evi-r fo ragged, fo that ihey have
hut a wailHiand and ,1 flap before.

H.'.vini; ihii- taken nutice of the general mntti rs relative
to tlule inand>, we ili..ll nowdcferibe the rcfpcctive par-
ticulars belonjinn toeach, beginning with

Tl:e Island of May, or iMayu.

THIS illand is fituated in 15 deg. north latitude, and
J2 dig. welt longitude from London. It is about feven
leainu'S in ciitruml'ercncc, of a roiindifti form, and has
feveral fmall rocky points that Ihnot out from it into the
fea. On the ill.md are two bills of a conlidcrable hriglit,
oneuf which is fiat at the top; but the other termiii.it s
with a point, anj is very dangerous to afccnd. The rtlf
of the ifland is for the moft p.i; t level, and a tolcr.ible
height from the fca. The foil is in gen' ral very dry and
barren, owini; to the want of w.;ter. I here is but oiv
fmall fpring in the whole illand, which is fituated about
the center of it, and from whence proceeds .. <hcam of
water that runs through a valley between the ii.lls.

From the natural barrennefs of the foil there arc but
few trees here, and thofe chiefly within the illand. Near
the fea are fome (hrubs, which produce a fort of (ilk ct
ton ; the iLrubs are about four feet high, and the cotton
grows in cods as large as an apple, but of a Ion:, ftiapc,
which, when ripe, open at oneeiid, parting leifiirely into
four quarters. This cotton is of very little value, and is
therefore ufed only for the fluffing of pillows, or other
purpofes equally trifling. Near the (liore are alio fome
bufhcs of the right cotton flirub, but the gteateft quantity
of them arc planted in the iniddle of the ifland, and are I
carefully attended to by the inhabitants, cotton cloth j
being their chief manufaif^urc.

On the wcik fide of the iOiiiul is a b.iy, and a fand bank
that runs two or thrc. mile - I'.iiig the (bore, within which 1
there is a large f.iliiiii, or liik pond, encompafled by the
land bank and the hills beyond it. The whole falt-pond
i.s about two miles in kn^tii, and half a mile wide; but
the IV .'ater part of it is ginerally dry. The north end,
wliicli is always lupplied with water, produces (iilt from
No\ erril'er till May, ihoii.- months being the dry fcafon of
the year. Tliewiteii that yield this fait workout of
the fei through a hole in the fand bank, and the quantity
that flows into it i . in proportion to the height of the
tides; in thecf."in'( :; ciurfe it is very gentle, but when
the fpring lidt ^ ari'.'.', it is lupplied in abundance. If
there i-, ally f.\!t in llir pond, when the flulh of water
comes in, it lV„)n dillinves ; but in two or three days
after it begins to con;;eal, and (b co"f'niics till a frcfh
fupply of watir comis in again from the . 1.

'i'he I'nglifh c.irrv on a confiderablc •• J .ere for filt,
and the lumed Ihip^ dcliincd to fecure the African com-
merce, al'ord the vetlMs thus engaged their protetlion. l"he
inhabitant^ of the ifland air principally employed in this
bufinefs during the fe:iii>in they rv!:. it iogcther, and wheel
it out of the pond in barrows, froii whence they convey it
to the fea lidc on the backs of ifles, thofe animals being
heir in guat abundaiKi-. The pond is not above half
a mile from the landing-place, fo that they go back-
wards and forwards manv times in the day ; but they
generally ri 'r.iin themlcKcs to a cert. dn number.

The chief fruits that grow in this ifland arc figs and
water-melons : there arc alio plenty of calavaiies and
pumpkins, which are the ordinary food of the inhabi-
tants. I hey have likcwife le\ei,d lort^ ot fowl, parti-
cularly flanungos, curlews, and (iuinea-iiens ; and their
chief cattle are, cows, goals and iiogs.

The inhabit.in:. live in three iiiial' towns, the prin-
cipal cf which IS called Piniuie, and contains two

churches, with as many pric lis : the fecond is called St
John, and has one cliuVeh, and the third, which has a
ihiuih alfo, is called 1-agoa. The hoiiles arc verv me.m
fmall iind low: they are built with the lii:-frcc (th.it iic-
iiig the only one, ht for the purpoll', that grows on the
illand) and the rafters arc miide with a fort of wild cane.

The negro governor of this ifland has his patent'from
the I'ortiigueli. governor of St. Jago ; Ins lituatlon is to-
ler.ibly aih.intai rous, as e\ery e..miiiaiider that ludes Cilt
here, is obliged to complimeiu him with a prclent. ||c
fpends moft of his time with the Knglifh in the liiltino
fealiin, which is his harvelt ; and ind'eed all the inandei'i
are at that time fully employed. Thele people li.ive n„l
any vefll-ls of their own, noi do anv I'ortijgiicle fliips
conic hither, fo th.it the Knglifli arc tiie chi<roi, whom
they depeiiil lor tr.ide ; and though tiicv are luhirds of
I'oitugal, yet t'uy have apjiticular eltce'in for the KwL
lifh nation. AlUs arc alio here .1 great comn.odity tf
tr.ide, they being fo plentiful, that Icver.il Kuiopcaii
Ihijis come aiiiui.illy to freight with them, which the/
carry to L!arbailoe>, and other plantations.

San Ja(,

St. Ja.mk.s's Island.

lich they

THIS ifland is fitu.ited about fnur leagues to the
welhv.ird of Mayo, between the 15th and ihth decree of
north l.ititude, and in tlie ?,;jd of welt lon'j;itude.° It is
very mountainoie-, and has a great deal of iiarrcn land in
it ; notwithflinding v.-hich it is tiie molt fruitful and belt
inhabil.d of all tlie C. pe de \ erd (flands.

'Ihec.ipiid town cf this ill.inj i- called after its name
and is fitu.it.-d in 15 degrees north latitude, it (lands
agaiiill the fi cs of two mountains, between which theic
is a deep valley 200 yards wide, that runs within n quar-
ter of ., mile of the lea. In that part of the vallev next
the li-.i is a (traggling ftreet, with houfes on caci' '"Ic
and ;• r'. ,ulct of water in the bottom, which empties it-
felf into a hue fmall covi '-v liiiidy bay, where the fea is
g- ^ r.illy very li.. .ih, lb li it (hips ride there with trrcu*.
lai'ety. Near f' • landing-place from this bay is a fmall
fort, where a 1 •,,■ 1 is conlLmtly kept, and ne.ir it is a
battery mc .. .:' v.ith a kw fmall cannon. 'I'hc town
contains abi -t 300 houfes, nil built of rough (tone; and
■■'.\s one fmall church am' --onvcnt.

1' inhabitants of this ; ■ n are in general verv poor
hayin. but little trade. Their chief manufaci'ure is
.Iriped cotton cloth, which tlie Portugm !e Diioj puiclull;
ot them in their wav to Brazil, in rctui.i i'
fupply them witli ilveral Kuropean comnioi. Lies.

On the ealt fide of the ifland is a tolerable large town
called I'rayn, where there is a good port ; which, efne-
ciaily in peaceable times, is I'eldom without fhips. At
this port molt of the Kuropean (hips, lioiind to the Halt
'iidies, touch, to take in water and provilions, but tiiey
icldom fteip on their return to Europe. When the Euro-
pean fliips are here, the country people bring down their
cemmiodities to fell to the fi.'.imen and p.ifienn-ers • thefc
generally confift of bullocks, hogs, goats, fowls, eggs
pl:iiitanes, and cocoa-nuts, whieli they exchange for
;lurts, drawers, hnndkerchiefs, hats, w.iiltcoats, breeches
and any kind of linen. The town of l^rava is but linall
and d<x.s not contain any remarkable buildin:; except a
fort, fituated on the top of a hill, which coniiiiands the
harbour.

The natives of this town and St. Jago are, in general,
black, or, at Icaft, of a mixed colour, except fome few
of the better fort that relide in the latter, amon.T whom
are the governor, the bifhop, and fome of the paelres or
prielts. The people about Praya arc naturally of a
thicvifli difpofition, fo that Ittangers, who deal with
them, mult be verv careful, for, if they Ice an opportu-
nity, they will (teal their goods and run awa\-. Theile of
St. Jago town, ll\ iiig under the governor's eye, arc more
orderly, though generally very poo:, h.-,vir.g but little
trade.

T/jc Island ef Sal, et- Salt.

THIS ifland received its name from the great quan-
tity of i'alt naturally produced here from lea-water, ft
is the windermott of all the Cape de \'eid Ifliuids, and
lies in 17 degrees north latitude, and live deg. iS min.
welt longitude, from the Cape. It is moltly low land,
having only five hills, uiid IlietclKs, lioin north tu

fwuih,

i m

ill!.

nv.

.1 I : i

111

■i 1

> !

i i

1 !

r »

4H3

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

loutti, Awui eight or nine Ici^'iies, but its breadth docs
not cxcLi-d one kaguc and a halt.

Thj> in.uKl is ixccciliiig bancn, and almoft uninha-
Utid, then- being only a lew people that live in wietthed
huts nrar the fea fide, whole bulliwls is to gather the fait
for lliol't fliips that occafionally call here for that article.
It was fiirnieily well l>otked with goats, cows, and affes,
but now there .ire only a lew of the lornicr, which is the
principal food of its milcrablr inhabitants.

C.ipt. Rolx.rts who landed in this idand, relates the fol-
lowing llorv, whiih, he lays, he was told by one of the
blacks that then rifidcd here. " About the year 1705,
fays he, not long betore 1 went alhine, the ifland was en-
tirely delertcd ^r want of ruin, by all its Inhabitants,
except OIK old man that rcfolvcd to die on it, whirh he
did the faine year. The drought had been fo extreme
for foine time, that inoll of the cows and Beats died for
want of fuifenancc ; but, rain falling, they incrcafcd
apace, till, about three years afterwards, they were
again reduced by an odd actident. A I'lench ftiip coming
to fifli for turtle, by Itrefs of weather, or fome other
means, left behind her 30 blacks, which ihe had brought
from St. Antonio to cairy on the filhinc. Ihcfe people,
finding nothing elfc, fed moftly on wild goats, till they
had deftroyed them all but two, one male, and the other
female ; thefe were then on the illand, and kept generally
upon one mount.tin. A flioit time alter, an t'nglilfi
fliip (bound for the ifland of St. Mavo) jieiccivini; the
fmoke of feveral fires fent their bo.it on (hore, and,
ih liking they might be 'xme ftiip's company wrecked on
the illand, put in there ; when they undcrltood the fitu-
aiioii ol the people, they eommilcrated their cafi-, took
them all in, :md let them on their own illand."

Ihe ifl.ind of Sal dol^ not at tins iinie produce any
kind of viYct.ible, except a lew lin.ill ftirubby bufties
th:it grow by the fea fide ; neither has ii any kind of ani-
mals, except goats, which are (<> poor as to be alinoll
ufelefs.

On the fouth weft fide of the ifland is a fmall port,
near which there is a trifling ifland, with ;. land bank,
in a kind of bay '. and a little farther to the louthwaid is
a fafe road for fliips.

On the fliorc of this ifl.ind are found crca" quantities
of turtle, fome of which .ire exceeding large -, there is
alfo abundance of land cr.ibs, and the lea abounds with
various kinds of fifti.

Bona Vista, er Good Sioht.

THIS ifland is fitiiated in iti dei;. 10 min. north la-
titude, and 5 deg. 14 mm. wcti Ion. from the Caiw ;
and is lo called on account of its b> 111;; the firl> th.it the
Portupiiefe difcoverrd of theic ill.iiul>. li> lenj;th is not
cert.uiily known, but it is luppoled to he about ho miles
ill cireumfeiriu'e. On the north roall ol this ifland is a
ledge ot white rocks, and tlu- eallerii coall is bounded by
laiidy downs ; hut, withii land, the country is in gem -
ral very mount.iinous. On the fniith welt lide of it is a
giMid road and h.iibinr, where Ihips may anchor in five
10 if) l.ithom water, on a l.iiulv bottom.

I'hit ifland produce* great i|uantitie* of indiso, and
more cotton th:ui .ill ihc Capi dc Ver.l lfl.mds l)efides ;
yet It 11 a difficult 'natter to gu a lupply of it : for the
men are fo indoUiii, th.it they v.'ill not g.ither the coiton
till a (hi| 1' airived lo putthik it ; iioi will the women
fpin It till ahfolute ntceifiiy obliges them.

The iiativci of this ifland arc particularly fond of the
Kngi:^!, whom they great. y endeavour to imitate ; and
the men generally dref» aUer the ^ uiopcan f.dhion.
When they ha\e an opportunity tiny buy 1 liulhs ul the
Kn^jlifli i and thele they gie.itly pii iir to thnr own,
though made as near as pulfibh; altei the lame lalhioii.

St. Philip, ithnviifi talltJ Kueuo, «r iht Iilk t/

1-IRIi.

THIS ifland is fiMi.itid in 15 deg. in min. north
latitude, and deg. {4 mm. well fiom the t.'ape. It n
ceived Its fccond name from a very l.irg'' moiintain, whii h
Jirquently »mits great quantities if toe and fulphur. It s
Ihe hijihelt of .ill the CujM- dc V'eid Iflands, and, at a
diftance, app« ir« bkt one contiiuinl mounts . On ili"
wM fide o( It there is a roa I for ftiippiin;, near a (null
( illle liliiateil it the toot of a niuiiiil.iiii ; liiil the haiboiii
l« nut Uft on account ul the viule-il btukiii^ gt the

waves. The wind blows very ilrong round this ifland,
and the (hore being on a flant, the water i» very deep ■
(o that IK) ground is to be found with the lines, except
jult next the cattle.

This ifland is very deficient of water, there not being
a finglc running-brook throughout it ; iiotwiihflandinK
which it is tolerably fertile, and produces great quamities
of |«)tnpions, water-melons, fclhoons and maize, but no
bananas or plantaiies, and fcarcc any fruit-trees, except
wild figs ; III (bine of their gardens, however, they have
guava trees, orangis, lemons and Iiiiks. They have
liktwili; fome good vincvardsi but tlicy make no moic
winc than what will juA fervc for their own confump-
tioii.

The principal inhabitants of this ifland are negroes,
there not being above one white to an hundred blacks.

They are all Roman cafhoNcks, though fome of them
intermix with that religion many p.igan fuperftitlOll^.
They make cotton cloths for their cwn ufc, and breed
great numbers of .nules, which they fell toother nations.

When the Portuguefe firft came to people this ifland,
they brought with them negro-flaves, and a (lock of
cows, horlis, afles and hogs 1 but the king himlelf fur-
nifhed the place with goats, which i.m wild in the moun-
tains. There are many of the latter animals here at this
time, and the profits of their (kins is relerved to the
crown of Portugal. The perlbn who has the maiuigc-
ment of this revenue is called captain of the mountains,
nor dare any perliui kill one of them without his
licence.

Tht IsLANU rf St. JoHK, er San Juak.

THK ifland of St. John is fituatcd in 15 ilfr,
25 nun. north hit. and fevrn de-;, two mill, well Ion. from
Cape di- Verd. The land of this ifland is exceeding high,
the lolls rifitig pyramidally fine above the other. It
abounds in pompions, water-melons, potatoes, bananas,
maize, felhooiis, cows, horles, alics, hogs, &c. Hunt-
ing, or killing of goats are privileges bi-longing peculi-
aily to the governor only, and none are peiiniited to
keep hiinting-dogs except the governor, and the caula-
dors, who aie lieciilid by the governor ; thele precau-
tions having been taken in order to prcferve the breed.
When the governnr is difpofed to make a hunt, all thf
hiinteis and hiinting-dogs are aflenibled ; and, after the
eh.ice, lieiiig .igaiii met together, the governor parts foiiic
of the M mil 11 among theiu as he pleales, fending home
the reft in older to diftribute it among the old, inliim,
and iiiciliitou'.

The illand of St. John abounds with faltpetre more
than any other ut the Cape de Verd Iflands . it grows in
eaves, eon iiig the infide like a thn I. hoar frott, and in
lome placi-^ like icicles. Captain kolierts tells us, it is
his opinion that this abounds with copper, andpuhaps
with finer metals, for which he gives his realbns ; he ob-
ferves, that there .ire (iveral acid fountains, of a vitriolic
quality, whnh he tried by putting a cle.m knile into
them ; and, in about half a minute, it would he all co-
vered with copper, neatly of a gold colour, very thick,
.md, when diy, it might be fcr.iped oft' 111 leales ur (kiw-
der. Some of thele waters had a nun h ((longer power
than other^, and their acidity diminilhed in proporiion tit
thi II dillanee troin llie (ouiilain-hcud. Many are Inund
ol a d.iik blue, black and reddiftt colour, (omr ot which
exctrd lion in weight, and nearly equal lead 111 gravity.

The leas almut St. John abound with filh, .ind the
priiu ip.il employment amongft the lla•.lve^ is li(hini> j
hence they mils no op(M)rtunitics of wrecks, or, when
llrps touch there, lo procure all the bits ol iion they
can. Moft of ihr fi(h here have remark. ihle lar;;t ftiaip
I'ltht and the (miIs u(ed are generally eiabs and 111-
lii'ts.

The fait here ii made by the hral of the fun, which,
(hilling on the water in the holes o( the nicks, i> thcrtbjf
Mill >l, and loinetimes lies two fret thiCK.

I he iiatues ufiially go and get a quantity of (alt eaily
in the moiiiitii;, h(h the grralell part i>( the do, diy,
Iplit, and lalt ihrir hlh in ihr evening, and, haviii|^
heaind lliein up, let ihem lie in the fill all night. On
the inluiiiu moininn they Ipread them out to dry >n thn
lull, iiid then they are fit to ufe whrnevri wanteil. The
haleat, a loil o( wh.ih' or grainpn', it veiy loimnon
ne.u Uiik lilaiid , aiid Wiuc aihiui, that anibcrgiii is ihi

(|HIIII

» St

AFRICA.]

CAPE D R V E R D ISLANDS.

489

t.ilt r.itly

lliv, lliv,

d, luviMj;;

hi. Oil

ilry III lli«

liil, I lie

miiini'ii

lit IN tlia

Ipiiiii

(mriii lit this cii'ature. A great <|iiiiitit\ of ambergris
v.;is ripiiiuily I'ouiiJ about this ill.iml, but it is lils plcn-
(itul ;it I'uliiii. Ciptaiii Huberts lavs, lli.it I'diiic years
biluie h;«.istiuu-, Juan Cariiciia, .1 I'oi tugiicCi', who
w„5 baiiilUnl iVom l.ilbim Tir iDim- iiiiiu, h.iviii;;, pni-
luml a little lUioi) or (li.,liii(), trailul aiiuini; tin I'e ill., mis ;
iiu^t.ii,, at Uiie.tii, «itli a piece ol anibei;;ris uf an

norlli-weft fide of it there is a bay, a Ic.iguc and a half
broad at the entrance, larrouiukd w.ih bi^d mnimtainf,
.iiid Ifretchin^' to the iiiidille ot ti.e illuid. I'hi^ b.iv is
(heltercd from thewcderiy and n.irtli-w.ileily willd^ by
the hij-h nioiiiitiins of ilr- i(le ot ^:. \ iiueiit. Si ih.it
tliisi^ the fafill haibour of any in all time illands. .\iij
yet it is of difficult aecelV, bi.caiiK ul tie. luii.ius uinds

uiHimiiuon bijiiuls, lu- not only procured his blxTty, I that blow with the utiiiolt iiii|ietLii'lii, Iniin the inoun

tains along the toalt. 'I'lii le are leveial othci linall b.iys
on the fouth fide ol the ill.uul, where (hips may aiic Inr,
and thilher the l'ortu;Mie|i' ;..ciierj|lv (;o tcj loud hides.
Th' re is alfo in a valley fivlli water, which is feen to
I'poiit out of the ground whi.v one digs a little. I'hc
The .i.ifives do not airount to .tlmve iro fouls, they '\ Ibuth-call fide of this illand is .1 laridy lliote, but there

and leave to letiiiM Ulore the term of his exile was ex
|iircd, but li.id fullicient 1 It, after ilefra;in;i all ih.irgc »,
to put hinifelf into an e!

iblewayof livnr.'j aii.l a rock
ti'.'.r to which he found ilic aniiieryris is, t 1 this d.iy,
(.lib il by bis n.iine.

is not a drop of water on the hills, no even in the
deep valleys.

The Island cf St. Asi honv.

St. Anthony is the moll northward of all the Cape de
Veid illands, and lies under the iHth decree of norlli lat.
liven miles fiom St. Vincent, with a channel between
them, which luns from fouth-wcit to north eaft. Meie
are, in this ifland, two high mountain^, one of which
is nearly as hij;h is the I'ilce of Tcni-ritf, and feems al-
ways I nveloped in cloud-. The inhabitants are alwiit
500 in number, and, on the north-well tide of the
illand, there is a little viilare conlilliui; of about twenty
' lioufes or cott.igi', and inhabited by near fifty families of

groes and white people, who are all wrcttbcdly (WKir,

arc unite bl.ick, .iiul tlu- in^iU innocent and h.!r:ii!if':, as
Well .IS i^'iioLint .inJ luperltiiious ot any (if iheinh.ibitants
»if theCap»'de V'td ill.inds. 'I'hey .iie humble, cb.iri-
l.ible, humane .in.l bofpit.ilde j p.iv a particular refpeiSI to
their niuals, n eerence their elders, dul.lul to their pa-
tent , and liii'M.illue to their fupiriors.

77v IsL.^^■n y St. Niciui..\3.

T II K ifland of St. Nicholas is .ihout 45 miles diftant

from the lil.ind of Salt, the iioith wett point bein^r in 17

deg. ic niin. north lit. and welMon. fr.im Caj).- de Vcrd,

fix dep. ii nin. It 1. the I.ul' 'It of ..11 the C.ipc de

Verd ill.uul , St. Jago ixvcpted. I'he 1. nd is hi/h, and

lifes Ilk. .'■ I'l.;. r-lo.t, but the .ummit of the moll clrvated

part isfl.it. I lie coaft of this illand is entirely clear from

nxks and fltii.'N. Th • bay of l'ara;>bifi is vciy l.de, but ij ind Ijieak the Poitugucfe 1 in 'u.ijje. On the noith fide

the other ro.ids are infecure till the tr.idc-winds are let- || there is a road for (hipping, and a colbclion of water in

tied. '1 h.r- is a v.dl 'y ii this ifland which has a Hue '' a plain lyin ; betwirn hi, li niounlaiiis, the water running

tpring of watrr in it, and many perfoiis enip'ov them- 1 1 from .ill fides in the rainy Ualoii ; but, in the dry fe.ilim,
' ' "' ■■ ■' '' ' " ' the people aie greatly dillrellld tor water. The princi-

pal people here are a govrrnor, a c.ipt.un, a prielt, and
a fchool-malbr, who all take much upon themielves, fj
ihn the people have a jineling 1 iMii^, whii h impli s,
that

The govrinot makes us all bei^i^ars.

The prielt advtfes and prav^,
I'iie c.iplaui Iwears and Iw.ig t r-,

I he IchiKil-m.iller l! igs an I ll ivs.
Hill the goveinoi's ll.ilf, ..iid the be.ids of ihe piiel?,

I he Ichixd-inaDer's rod, .ind th. captain's iHurd,
AHift but their in.irters on us to feall,

lur we aie the flavcs that mult add to their huaid.

1< Ives in luppl; iiig dili'erent p.uls with that ufeliil flu
With which they liud afl.s, and c.iiry it a conli.bi.iblc
way at a vlieap late. Water may likewife be obtained by
dil'i;iiij; .'. wi r. Ill .dir.oil aiiv p.irt of Ihe ill, ind.

■|"he ih.'l l"»n, 01 iniieed the onlv pi ice worthy of
that name, 1^ ilie tnwn of St. Nicholas, which is dole
built and populous', but all the botiles, and even the
ihurcb, .irr co, .red with thatch. The ci lebrated pirate.
Captain Aviiv, h.iving once leieived lome oticnce from
the inhabi»aiii~, burnt this town ; but it w.is iltcrwards
built a,;.iin, nuuli in the fame manner, anu to the fame
r«irnt.

I'he iiih.di lants of St. Nichols arc nrailv black,
with lii//!' .! ban; they fpe.ik the l'orni;Mnli: l.in-uige
tolerably Will, but arc ihievifli and blood tliirlty. I he
Women hiicare more ingiiiiou-, and bettei boulewives,
flian in any other of the Cip'' di Verd illands. iMolJ
fainiiies h.ive boili -, hogs and puiliiy, aiil nianv of the
[>, ipl-of St. Nicholas undcrllaii I the ait of boat-build- ;
uii:, in w'ui b the iidi,ibilaiit» of the other illands are Je- '
(icirni. I'hey bkiwile make good cloths, and even j
floalhs belli', toUrable tavlor., manui.ictuie cntlon

Tl.i IsLANIi of St. LutlA.

St. I.ucia

II of hdiv

i<.'v in lat. 17, 18, north; it is high Iri.l,
and IS about eight or nine Ici^juis long.
On the louth-ealtcnd of it are two I'null ides, very near
e.ieh other. On Ihc eall-loiith-eal( lidc is the liarboui,
where the (lioie IS of white find . here lies a Imall ifland,
rouiiil which there is a \eiv gooil bottom for anchonnj- ;
and ihiieis avciygood mad over-ar>aiiilt the ifland of

t|uilts, knit cotton lluckings, tan leather, and make

St. Nicholas .iboiinds in oranges, lemons, pl.mtains,' St. Viiuent, where (hips may anchor in 70 lalhom
banana", poinpionv, nuilk, w net ini Ions, liYir-i.ines, | water.

■" ' ' TVv IsLANn •/ Brava.

»iiKs, giini-dragon, b Iboons, niar/e, ,Vc. I lie |Kople
ait llioi:'.; Roman tatholi-, but th- ir ililpofitions are fo
ubilin.ite, ihil then piiclK h,ivr enough to do to iiile
iheni.

7I-/ IsLANO •/ St. ViNlKNT.

St. Vincint IS about 45 Icigiirs dillant from the iflenf
Salt, to III well, nil b',,ng a little noiihward', and two
Icagiiis In ilie well 1 I .M.l.uru, under the iNih degui
•t iiutth latitude. It is live leagues in Ungth. On the

II R A V A, or the fav.ige, or defart illand, is about
four le.i)(ues to the louth- well o' h ue)'o , (hue aiv lwi»
01 thrie Imall iflands to th'- north oi it. On the well
fide "f It theie is a very lomnioilious iiwd lor Inch (Inps
as want In gi't water. Ihe bell liirbour lies on the
I luth-eall fide of the ifland, where (liips may anchor
nc\t to iIk (bote 111 I (f latlioiiis water. (here i> all hei •
nnl.ige and a haiiilrt jult above the hatbaiit.

6 M

I H A P.

49«

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

CHAP. xxr.

The Ifland of G O R E E.

NEAR the continent of Africa, in 14 dog. 30 min. ;j
north lat. and 17 Jig. 20 weft long, lies tin; ifl.md
ofGoree, the only European Icttlement between the ri-
vers Gambia and Senegal. Being but a fmall diftance 1'
from the fhorc, it forms an excellent road forfhippuig, 1
and is furrounJcd by rocks, every where inacccflible, ex-
cept at a little creek, I JO fathoms bro.iJ, and 60 fathoms
long, iiiclofcd bctweei\ two points offand, one of which [,
is pretty high, and called the I'oint 01 the Burying Ciround j
the other is lower, and before it lies 3 fand bank, over 1
which the fea beats with great fury. All round this ifland
tlicrc is good anchoring, and particululy in the In furc- |
mentioned creek, between which and ilir [.aid, fliipsmay
ride in pcrfetft fecurity from the moll dangerous li;,;;cs. I
This illai.d was yielded to the Dutch in the year 1617, |
by the king of Cape Verd, .uid they built a ftrong fcrt
upon the north-we(t part of it. l!ut di.it fort not bcin,;
fufficicnt to prevent an enemy's landing in the creek, ;;
they ertiSed another to frcure the warchoufcs. It was
taken by the Englifh in l&6^, and retaken by the Dutch
foon after. The latter, howLVir, did not keep it Ion;;;
for the French conquered it in 1677 . aUer wIikIi tlicy, ,
thought proper to rebuild iliem, and to maintain the ifland ';
as a pl.ice of roiifeqiieme. It wa«, however, taken fr<im 1
them in the late war, together with Fort Senegal; of both
which captures wc (li.ilT give 3 circiinilbntial account,
Jince thty aie fo intimately blended logelher as not to be
related finglv, without obfeuring the whole. 1

A fcheme being formed by \lr. Cummin;;, a friifiblc
tju.'.ker, for attacliing the French fettlements on the coal!
of Africa, the miniury dctermiiH'd to carry it into exe-
cution. ,|

Mr. Cumniing, as a private mcrch.mt, had made a
Vov.ige to IVirtenderriek, an .idjoining part of the coall, 1
atid contraiUd a pul'onal aeqiiaiutame with Amir, the ,\
Mooiifh kiiij; of I,egibtlli, whom he found extremely 'i
well dilpolcd towards the liibjicls of (Irtat Biit.iin, pn- '
ferring them, on ivet^ occifiim to all other F.uropiMii ('
natioiHj whuh had exal'per.\teJ thvFrtnch againlt him,
that he declared he {lumld never be ejfy till they were ex-
tirpated from the pl.ice. Julf .it that time he h.id deelarid
war ag.iinll them, and iifi J often to willi that ilie king ul
(ireat Britain would fend out an armament In ledute Foit
l.iwis and (lOive, whuh the Frtneh hid iteclid to de-
fend their failniies on that eoalt, with (omc (hips of
foree to orotiil the trad(r.< ; promifmg, in fuih aeafe, tn
join biv liiitaiinic Miiilly's Inree*, .uid indulge his fiib-
ji;<.')« Willi .iiuxelufive kumnarie. At his return to l.n.;-
land, .Mr. Cumming informed the povernment of the
,?uat .idvantages whii h would accrue to the nation Inim
filch an .'tiempl. It wav, hoiviver, taken very little no- '
lice of at that fimei but at Kii^lh .dl difliculliet bemr
overcoiiH , a fm.dl li|uadron was iquicpid for litis expi'-
ilitinn, under the tunima:id ol i..ptain .Mailh, having
on lii>aid a bi»lv of inaiiiies, cominaiuled by major .Malni, ,
with a delacliiniiit of aitilleiy, I'li piios ul lannun,
tight -01 tars, and a tonlidt i.ibl - quaniiiy ol wailike
llorc> idaminiinitiMn. Captain W.ilki-r w.n appomliil
cniineer, and Mr. Ciimiiiiiig w.is cfuntriud as a piin-
cipal director and picmii.tit id the expedition. In lli'
beginning of .Mjuh 1-5N, this litilinrnuitu nf lailnl, and ,
in their pid'age tiiuch.d at the idaiid of liiirirt'i and
while till- fliips weie l.iLing in the wine and waiei. Mi.
Cumming pniivdv I in the Swan lliK>p tu I'Mrteinierriik, ■
thiigedwitli a IvtUi ol ercdiiue Id his old liietul, the ^
k.it4;uf thai eoiiiiliv. Hut on hni arri\al lie had the nioi-
tihcition fii tind thi« piinn eniii'ed in a ni w war wiih a
■eighbiiiiring ii.itioii, and at tli.il time hr.ijiiig hi« arinv ,
at a very uiiilidetabli dillaiMe liom hi* tapit.il. One ol ,|
the chills, h'lwevei, dilpatchid .1 •lelliiii'er to the km",
w.ihadvi.e ul .Mr. Cuminiiig'< arriv.il a,i I drll,Mi , d '
iUnn^ *\ the UiiK iuih', tlutt Ik wuuldulv tti« yiiuwit i.

expedition in aflembling three luindrcd warriors to join
the Fnglifh trimps, .uldin;^', that he was perluaded the
king would liiid a dctatluneiit from his army to reinforce
them.

Captain Marfli, with the reft of the armament, had
by this time arrived at Portenderriek, and without wait-
ing for the Indian forces, which were not yet reaily, they
failed ag;un on the twenty-lecond of April, and the nexc
day, at four in the aftei noon, difcoveied the French flag
flying upon Fort Louis. Captain Marlli having talcn j.
large Dutch (hip, richly laden with gums, which lay
without the bar, came to an .mehor in Senegal road,
at the mouth of the rivei, where he perceived the em my
had pultvd feveral armed Hoops to defend tile p.ilijge of
the bar, which is extremely dangerous. The captain,
however, immediately prepared for l.inding. All the
boats ot the fleet were employed to carry the ftores iniu
the linall craft, nolwilMlanding the enemy's velii-ls kept
tiring on them. As loon aseviry thing was ie:\dv, aiiJ
the channel difc-veicd, the fhips WLu>hed anchoi ; and
at th.it inllant the wind, which gi iier.illy blows down
the river, veering about, capt.iin Miller, 11: ihr L'uulon-
bufs, feizcd the opportunity, and palliiig the bar with a
full fail, ca(} anchor on the ir.fide, where lie lav all night
expofed to thewholeiireof tlieenrmv. Next 1110: ii r,,f hiw.'S
joined by the other fni.iU villi.ls, upon which a i^jular
eng.igement eiifiieil, .md was wafinly liipp'rte.l ..u hoili
fides. ." t lall the buliis and oneol tiie mull vclRIs run-
ning a-groiuid immediately bulged, .iiid were filled with
water. 'riii.s niislort'ine obiijud the lrcwp^ ihey con-
tained to take to their boats, and with guat d,.'liiuliy
they ic.ichcd the (lioie, while they lorm-d m a body,
and weie foiin alter joined by iheir compuuons lioiii the
other VI llelsi fo that the whole now ainoimied t.i thtec
hundred and ninety niaiine^, belld.:' the di t.uliintnt of
artillery. Lxpecting to be .iiiackrd b) tl, ■ n.llue^ whu
lined the fhoir at fome diKaiicc, as ii nioKid to oppuli*
the dcfcent, ihcy threw up an intiim hmeni, jiidlveaii
to dilejiib.iik the Itorcs, guatpiit ot whuh 1 ly uiiiiii
water. Whde they were lliiis employed, the iie.i.n .
lanie down in great number^, inj lubmiltej to ilrni -.
.iiid on the lollov«iiig day, they »v> ic leinfouid by three
hundred and hlly leaimii, hIiii palUd the bai in lloops.
With iheir I'lili^nsaiid colours living.

I'lieii intention was tu make an immrdiatc iltack on
loil I.oui-, hut this delij^n Was prevented by ilic ..rrival
ol lAT) 1 lemli dimties at the 1 iiiienchiiiein, with pro-
polals liom llie goMrnor lot a lapiiiilation. A llioit inni:
Uiiig pallid in delilxratioMs, it w is igrteil, 1 h.ii all the
while people U longing 10 the French ei>io|'iny al .Senegal
fhoiild be lately conducted to Fiance ill jii Fiiglifh \iflrl,
without belli); depiived of ihi ir piivali ertUls : ih.if all
ilii mi 11 h.iiidi/eaiid uneomid liealiire IhonKI lu- delivrreil
up to the \ .1 tills : lliHl all the fort'., Itoic houli , vellib,
iiin-, provillon<, and every artiile biloMgln;.;to iheiom-

IiaiK in that riwr, Ihoiild lie put into the hands of the
'jijjiifli miiiH'di,iulv aim the capitulation DioiiM li«
flL'iied that the loe i.alnev livini; al Foil Fouis IhouM
remain 111 ijiiul pi.flilKon ol their irti.'ls, .md in the |i«f«
ex< telle ul ihiir iilr^ioii, am! that .iH m ^loi », n iiljtti>e«,
.ind others, who could prove lhlllll•l^e^ liee, lI'oiiM be
at then option either to lemmn in tltr place, 01 iiinu,»
to anv oilici pari o| the roiinliv.

I hi c.ipliins C.r pbi!l and Walkei were imiivdiireljr
feni lip the riMrwitha flm of liiii , lo lee the »nii ir»
lieiiid and exeiuinl, ilaviMi|; iiiwid toward a bjiti-fv on
till point ol the i.i.'iul, ihiy lav iipi.ii lln;r oats ileal all
hour, Watinji the ihamade; bin not the li jll i:oine wa»
l.ikeii ol iheir approach. Ileiiig i.i a lots in arcoiint M
iliiv (liaii^:'' mniliu't, ih< V rrturmd 10 ilieir intri m liiiieni,
will le ihi v l"ariiisl ihat the mun ■ ^ 1.11 the illanj w- n- lit
aiiii-i auU bittikcd u^i tbc I'leiiiii 111 ^iMtt l.ouu, uiuituig

I ' I

I H

AFRICA.]

ISLAND OF B U S S I, &c.

to Ji friid the place to the laft extremity, unli-fs they were
incluJcJ in the cipitulAtioii. The uovcriior figuiticd
tins lircumlJaiirp, in a letter to the Engliih commander,
ulliiig hini at the Umc time, that unlel's the French di-
Ki.ti)i-gciu.ral (liouUl be alliiwtd to rtmain with the na-
livi"i, as a liiKty lor the pcrt'ormancc of that article of the
japitulation in which thiy were concerned, they would
liirfrr thcmfclves to be cut in pieces rather than (iibmit.

This rcqiicft hcini; rca'.ilv granted, the FngliCi forces i
be an their march for Fort l,<iii:s, accompanied by a imm-
btrof long-boats, in which the aitillcry and Iteros had
bixn umb.ulccd. On I'a iii^ them advance, the F'rench
immediately itruck their fia^, and major Mafon took
rolVeirton of tht caftic, where he found ninety two pieces |
ufeai\non, with a verv conruUiable quantity of treafiirc :
and m( TchandiiC. 'I'he corporation and burghers of :ht i
town of Senegal readily fiibniitted, and fwore allegiance
t ) the kin^ ot Gicit hrit.Jn : the lieighbouring princes,
a'.tendid by nunv rous i-. tiiiiKs, vifited the cotnmander, ^
ar.d concluded treaties with the Kn;;lilh nation ; and the ;
kijij^ of I'ortenderrick, or Lej;cbilli, fait an ariibaillidor ,
Irom his camp to irir.'ior Mafon, with compliments of;
congvatulaiion, and all'iirana-bof friendfhip. |

Having left an F.nglilh giuifon at Fort Louis, and '
place d a lutHciint number of armed boats to fecuie the
p. fl!igeof the b.ir, the large fhips failed to make an at-
leii.pt on the ill.uid ofCioae, whii h lies at the diltance
o! thiny league! from Sencg.d. This expedition, liow-
cver, lor want of a fu.licient force, mifcarried. liut the
niinillry being finfdle tliat the F'nglifh fettlements on the
cjall ot Afni-a coiiKl never be fecuic wliile the French '
kept pollellion of thi? iflaiid, thiy titt d out a li|i:aJrjji,
ine command of which was given to cominodorc JCeppel,
ti>iifi<hiig ot four (hips of the Ime, ftveral frigates, two
l)oinb-kc:ch.-i, and fome tranfports, having on boatd
(even hiindttd regular troops, commanded by colonel
W'orge. On the eleventh of November this armament
tailed fioin Cot k in Inland, and, after a daiiLierous paf-
fa(;e, the y at lived at tjorcc tlie latter end of December; 1
when the cnniinodorc iinmediately inade a difpofition for I
M.ickiiig the idand. The flat IxittDined boat* for landing '
the ttoopi being hoilled out, and langi tl along fiile of the
diftlrvnt tranlports, Mr. KemK'l llationed his (liips on
the W' ll fide of the ifland. A flicll being fired from one
of the bonib-ketclK-s, which was the ligiial for the cn-
tagi iiKiit to begin, the great (hips poured in their broad-
Itdcs without intctmifUuii, and th'.ir tii* was returned with

491

equal vivacity from all the batteries of the idand. At
length the cannonading from the fhips became fo fevere
and terrible that the F'rcncb folJiers fled froin their quar-
ters, in fpite of all the efforts of the govirnor, who en-
deavoured to keep them to their duty; "which obliged him
toffrike his colours, and to furrender at difcretion ; upon
which the commodore lent a detachment of marine:; on
(hore, who difarmed thegarrifon, and hoiftcd the Britifh
flagon the ifland of St. Michael. Two trading vefl'els,
which happeued to be at anchot in the road, likewile fell
into the hands of the Enplilh, with (lores, money, and
mcrchandirc, to the value of twenty thoufand pomids.
■fhis important conqui (t coif the vii^tors only one hundred
men killed and wouiided. Commodon- Keppcl having
left a garrifon at Cioree, and rcinforci I that of Senegal,
returned with his fqu.idron to England.

Goree at prefent, however, bi longs to the Trench, as
it w.is afterwards ceded to them by the treaty of peace iti
17O}. Though of fo ii'itch importance to the African
trade, (jorec is only a fmall ifland, extending about three
quarters of a mile in Kiigih. It is of a tiiaiigiil.ir form,
without wood, and has no water but wha'. the mhabitaiu.
catch in cillcrie , relervoirs, &c.

Cireat quantitii s of gum arc brought to this place and
Senegal, by the .Moors and Arabs, and from hence fent
to Europe, and other parts of the world. They bring it
on c.nmels, bullocks, horfes, &c.

'I'he gum is meafiired in a cubical yelTel, called by the
Moors Sluantoi , and every quintal pays a certain duty.
Proper commitfaries put it into facks, and then allow it
to be carried to the Company's fettlements.

The natives of this place and Senegal are in general
Mahometans, and they praiftife circumcifion with great
rigour. TheojKiation is performed at the age of i 5, that
the youth m.ay have fiiflicient llrength to undergo it
and be tolerably well inlfiucled in the principles of
his faith, 'i'he ceremony is never performed in hot
weather ; the la(t quarter of the moon is alwai s
choleii, throm'h a notion that the operation is then lels
painful, and ilic wound cured with more cafe. It i-. done
111 1 beautiful meadnw, furrounded by gardens, upon a
lew boirds elevated a little from the ground. The victims
are Icil thither by their paients, fucccrding each other ac-
rording to their ranks, when the prieft performs llie ope-
lation. After which the youth retires
le»(t aft'ectiiii' to linilc.

if: r^r>

1
1

■i

II';;

;t • t

«P

:-,■

C H A P.

XXII.

Of the Illancl of Rujli ; the I (land of BifTcur, or HllTIio ;

the Billagoe Ulands, <S:c.

v' 1 A R the I.Mit'i till of the nioiiih of the n\rr St.
^^ I)oiiimgo, 01 k.i. Ii.i.., on the cojil of Ni.;roland,
\x\ till ifland of Hufli, i.i limiri. It is about 15 leagues
lit iiu uiiili lence, mVLicd with treis, .indwell walned
with leyt'i.il rivuliti. I he iiihabilants aie papels, but
trcicheioiit, wicked, and ^'leal lobbeis, lr to piocuie o\rii, Aiid palin-
iiutv, wliii li ut lh« inly ailitUsthey will kil. In the
illaiut ar. two jniutl kcuie h.iib<iurs, the on - 10 the north,
railed Old I'ort, and the otbei to the loulh, called New
Foit.

Tlie ifl.i...l of Hiflui, or liifliiu, it filUAlrJ in the
tiuiw rul|'h, and 1. kpauud Irom Uiifli by a canal aluiut
i mill' bio.iil. riii« iilaiid is near 41' leagues in nuuil,
and the
ifland, 1

tiiikiiiit biiiiMih ciii li uilh'i. III. I luiiiiiii,; mail) mieriiK
Ui.il< sall()s, III wUkIi llie v\a..l> ^atlui .ind loiili iivu

lo.tii. I 111^ liiMIIU IS ii«-.i ^' 11 af^.**.-. ■■■ ..i..u.«,

viuund III. p'lx'piibly (lies lu the noddle ol the
vlii re are Km ilu.- tops ol ftiial lulls giadiiail\

li Is thai tun into the fia. The coiinlrv is fruitful, well
cultivated, and abounds with tnrs, p.irticul.iily line l.irgc
orange trees, which tin l'orliii>iiele and Negroes, whuli^'
habitations aie iiitcrmiM J, laki- lare to plain about their
houlcs. MaiwiK's aiv lound 111 great pleiilv, cfpecially
about the (i.\ fliore. The onlv town here is th.it of the
I'omij'uelc, the houfes of which lurround the parochial
church, M\A the coinciii of St. Fraiuis, but it has Setu
toiilideiiblv increalcd in inhabitants by means ot the-
factory, wiiich the Fiuuh hive fettled near il. Helides
this, tlicie is iioilullii ol houfes, or sm 11 huts, in the
whole ifl.ind, whieh even merits the name ol a village ;
iioiwithllandilig which llic iflaiul is divided into iiinr pro-
vim e-,emht of wimh ai'' i;ovetiicdby officris, appointed
by flicfuveiiii'li, *l\A ca(h ol ihife talii the title of king,
that they may lo^etliei pive that of rm|Rioi to then eoni-
iiiiin mallei. lb-- ninih promicc this petty em|ietui
icvi'iiiii.k lohiiiilelf a%a kiiid ol p.itiiinonv.

The iiilubitaiits uf ihu ifland art likcwife ralKd p«

pvU,

|il'

49^

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

pels, but h.ivc ,1 laii2uai;c .iiul cuftoms peculiar to them
I'elvcs. 'I'heii chief idcl is .i little tigure they cM Shiiiah,
but it is no eiil'y m.ittcr to know wh;it he perfoims. Re-
fides tlli^ idol, each individual takes tor a ^od whatever
the imagination may (ui'p.elt. Conli-'crated tre»'s are ei-
ther deemed deities, or the dwellings of deities j and to
thelc they faenfice hiiUocks, dogs, and cats, which they
take particular care to fitteii, and waOi clean, hefore
they kill ; after having kilkd thmi, they fpill part of
their blixid lound the loot of the tiee, and fprinklc the
branches of it with the red. Ihe viclim is then cut to
pieces, and if a bullock, the emperor, officers and peo-
ple take each a part, and carry it home in oider to cat it,
leaving their liippofed god only the horns, which are
hung up upon the troe, and there remain till they happen
to drop down, or ret to pilce^.

At the death of the emivror, the bed Ivloved of !iis
wives, and molt ufefiil of his lla.es, are killed and bu-
ried near the place where the emperor's corpl'e is to be
interred, that they inavgo with hiiu, lu fcrve and divert
him in the other worlJ.

The body of the emperor is put into a kind of coffin
made of reeds, and very neatly wove. Then four of the
(Irongell lords carry it with great fol.mnity to the
burial place, *here being arrivvd, a very whimfical ce-
lemony fueceed-. ; for the noble aiiuile thcnilelvcs, lor a
confiderable time, by tolTing his majelly's coffiU; body
and all, up into the air, and catching it again, without
letting it fall to the grr>und. When they arc pretty well
tired of this fport, our of the great lords extends himfelf
on the ground, at full length, and the reft once more
thiow up the coffin, body and all, but do not, as betore,
iittempt to catch it, when the roval corple falls on the
proftratc lord, and alnvill beats the breath out of his b >dy.
Alter having been thus o\erAhelnied with the royal
Wiight, he IS immtiliati.'ly acknowledged emperor. It
iippi.iis by this ceiemony that the kingdom is 'leiitixe,
though oiii- of the myal Umily, either trie Ion, brother,
or nephew of the dceafed, muft be chofen ; and you
may be lure the pretend'-rs to the crown do not fail to
bribe with prefents thole bearers of the loyal bier, who
ni ly propirlv mough be lliied electoi-.

I'hc I'orluguefe have a lorry fort upon this ifland. It
is a pretty latge fquare furiouinled with wills, having
three lin.ill baliioiisi the fourth was m verKymi i tlir furt
has neither ditch, covered-wav, or pallifadoc-. I he cur-
tains aie fo low, and in fo ba i a cotiJition, that one may
I'.-ifily get o\ei them, and eiitei the fort. Ihin aie;o
gnat gun , as many muli|uets, b-fides thofe of the g.ir-
rilon, which ought to be oliO Negroes, paid b) the king
of I'orlu'^al.

■| hr lilaiul of Boul.im lies at the n.outh of RioCirande,
or the Great River, which by means of this ifiajid du ides

litfelfinto wo branches. Boulam Is between ei 'hi and ti a

I leagues lo. g from e.ilt to weft, about fne in bre.idth

; trom north to luiuh, and between 25 and 30 in circum-

i tcrence. It is liurouiKL-d with woods, beyond which the

I 'j''",'."0' '■'^ ^eTv line, wi II cultivated by the- NVgioes of the

j Billagoc Illaiids, vvho eoinehiiher to low milk-t, rice,

' and other grain, and return home after they have reaped

their h:irvelt. The giound riles almolt imperceptibly

lor two leagues from the fea-lbore, to the toot of fonip

1 hills, which I'erye as a bale to higher mountains, which

I Itand in the center of the illaiid. ^'et thelf iiioun-

I tains arc neither fteep nor craggy, being covered with fine

and lofty trees. Through^the many vallies between

thefe hills and mountains, run feveral confiderable rivulets,

I which the Negroes allirt to run conft.intlv, even in the

: dry feafoii of tiie year.

I The mouth of Rio Crandc, or the Cueat River, to the

, fouth-eaft of the ille of lioiilam, is about two leagues

j hio.id, and haying run fomc Kvgucs from call to weft,

I it makes a great elbow, or winding, and turns to the

, north-caft, till a little higher it is uivided into two arms

by the ifland Uif.igoe. Both fides of this river are very

Will peopled, and covered with lofty trees it lUeral forts,

which the Portugucfe cut lo build barks. There is one

particular tree, v ich they call michcry : it is cafily

worked, and nevei infefteil with worms. It is full of an

oily moifturc, e.\eeffively bitter, which prob.ibly keeps the

worms trom it. Trials have been made of that wood in

feveral parts of Kurcpe, Africa, and America, and it has

alw.iys been found of equal giMidnels. Thefe tries ncier

grow very tall, feiv of thim being above 2 i feet high ;

I but then they are very thick.

'l"hc Negroes here are tall, ftrong, and healihv,
I though they live only upon (lull and other li(h, palm
I oil, .md palm-nuts, cliufing r.ither lo IVI! to tlu- I'.uii
' piaiis the nuKi', rice, and other piodiice of llu i.iiili
I which tliey reap, than to keep thun for th.-irown ul'e.
I The i(l..iid of I'oimol.i is ihi iiioft lalUrly of .,11 tlufe
j iflands, but is now defart. I,a CJallina, (01 Hen-lllamI,
thus called, fiom the : r.at numbeis oi h.iis the I'oilu-
, guile touiul there) and Lainbae, are very populous and
fniiilul, and ha\e pliiity of good water. C'..l.;.;ut is the
i molt confiderable of ihric illands, being .ibout li\ leagues
I lont', and two bioad ; its foil is viry gooil, and jwoduces
] millit, lice, and all kinds of pulfe, befides oi.,nge and
I palm-trees, and many others. This ifland, with tholi-
, of Carache, Can.ibac, and l.aCiallina, are the only ones
j where the Kuiopeans may trade with fomc feciirity. They
I trade, howiver, fomelimes at the other iflands, hut they

I mult be extrenuly cautious, and yet alii r .ill ihiu pre-
caution, they will be robbed and murdered, if tlv y ven-
ture to go afliore.

CHAP.

xxni.

The HI.uhI of St. H E L K N A.

, UV. \(\.nv\ of St. Helena is fituateil in thr milft
ol tl'e .Xtlaiitii Ociaii, in the l()th deg. ct louth
lal. »nd fit deg. 15 mill, weft lonj;. it is i\^o
miles from th< loall of U 1 gm l.i, IS70 from (lumej,
and l8uc Itmn the (oiuiiieni o| South Ami in a.

There iiniiot be a inoie ple.ding, or animatrd, ami
at tin lame liU" juft iliferi|'tioii of this illaiid, than wh.il
i. iiivfii liy till' ingenious captain Thompfon, in his tai-
lor sluiu-, whiih w. Hull then (ore ttanluibe " Alter
.1 pallage (lavs lu ) of K5 days, 21 of which were lo dead
a lalm, llml'the urv lea i,o'\v putnd, we ariived at this
1. .ill paitiile ol eaii'h, pl.u.il in 'he midlt of an immenfe
cicean, .iiid to u'ry removi.l tiom any Ibmg terrellrial,
Ihil it fiiipii/'s nil It IS not w.lh.d .iwjy and didoUcd in
Juih

I body of v/AM

The bafiJ i» lo very Imall, and

the rock fo perpiiidiritlar, that with our deipcft hue ami
plummet, wt I. Ill liiid no giound but In one place luuiid
this illaiid, and there thi bank is fo Imall .iiul tieep, a>
noi to admit of mote than 1 2 fail ol (hips. It is ilillin-
guifbrd to you by a liiigle black dot on the giiiiial map,
and It is baldly more 011 the lea, which ni.ikrs it lodil-
lirult to tiiid. The Dutih, who are not ({Uilr luih alrit
iiavigatois .IS the Kni;li(b, call il huttii illaiid ; thry Uy
the Tun iiiclls It, aiiJlhoii^li ihiie may In loiiii humoui
in the lhou|(ht, \it it is a Inull apology lor thur want of
vigilance. One would imagine that the (iixl ot nature
iiilmded tins ipot tor the leiiealion ol lianuii in then
long, pad.igis through thr luulhi III leas, and as a ^'uidc
lo lo Im.ill I place, g.ive a jHculiai pulsion to inhabit it
and iIiulI the «uya)jii i Ins bud riuiiUel Ilo iiiiliis in

tlM

AFRICA.]

ISLAND or Sr. II E L E N A.

4/3

the winiKv.'.rJ, .ail iir.irlv on nn cnO .m'1 wi'ii liiif in tlv i'
l.itituilcot tlu iihiiul , .1 .. imIiI ;i~ pii-.iliiij; to ii--, ;is tli.it |
toNiuh wiiii ilie i.l,\i lir..r.(.h, 11.111^ a ci-rt.im imlica- i|
lion WL- ii.iil iini p.ilii-il 111 illc ; birt wh^t is (HH luon "
jxtraoniiii.il V, ilulc b i\\:- iiu ntvi-r (iiii 10 ilii- Iti w.iui. J
The I'ailiny, iiitii tliis pi)it i~ i.ji);.;iit;i' Ivyon.i ili--('..rl|)tion,
the rocks iu'ing I'o iotty, and )uurihi,) p,.liiii^ 10 iirai j
them, th.'.l they nuk. a pLrll.t t. a<ip\ iHtwtcn yii and j
the he.ivtiis. .-V villil i'loiii ihc liiiii i,it i>t tiiefe liiiis, .ip- |

5)C.us no bi_L'^;^•r lliaii hei lioa., or bii.>y, and her 111: 11,
ike thoi'e ct l.i-.ir, ^i..ilKiiiig ('ani| hue mi thi' rock' iii
Dover, i'aiiit M.icn.i IS I'uuatel 111 the li-reiicit tlimair
I ever breathed 111, and del\rhtliil1y teiiiperate. Not li'.lijtct
eithti to htinicam , or carthiiu.ike^, lor one eoneiiflioii
would throw it d avii like a nine-pin, and the water dil-
liilve it like a lump ol liigar. The lurlaee i.s a good
mould, and would produce all kinds ol" gr.'in, was it not
iiil'lled hy mice and rals, whieh d.voiir it as foon as
(own. 'I'he inhabitants therefore arc obii^rd to eat yanis,
in'.ie.id of bread, lonie part of the year, their nual and
lorii being brought aiiiuially in the llore ihips Ironi 1' ng-
l.ind. Every laniiiv has two hmil'es, their town h.iln-
tatioii being in Si. James's \'alley, wh-.re they iiiftan;:)
repair, on the arrival of a fliip, to regale tlu lea geiutj
Willi ihe pr.'duee of their farms. Kvery hoiife, lii..
Hath, is let out into lodgings, and cxorbit.uitly dear;
lor as valetudinarians make one market, the ariiv.il ol a
ffurvy fleet makes the other. Their pinliis are great
^fhen you eonlider thev raife all their ov.n Hoek, enjoy
it with their lodcers, and make tliem likewile pay nu^lt
cvtravagamlv diar for it, whith we t.irs do with ptuliile-
ivfs i for the (hori time we Kav the inind is in a perfect
inrhantmcnt, the power of Circe o\er the companions
of V-'lvfli's is not to be compared with our liluation, nor
her ni.iuic fpells with the into.'cicating delights of St. II;-
Irna. rA'cry thing app' ars like a I'cene uf eiieantaiion
to .in eye lo long toiifmed to fky and water, a body cor-
rupted with fait foial, and the jet bc.iiities of India ex-
changed for the faiiell goddelVes. It is fuch a I'cene of
rapture, that h.id that child of fancy Shakefjicar beheld
it .liter Inch a voyage as ours, his ilefcripiion and imagery
would, if pulllble, have furpalied cvciy thing lie lias given
us, for I may trulv lav with him,

" The objciil and ihe pleafure of mine eye
" IsonU Helena."

This illilld I f id to ha\ebeen liirt difcovered ami feltUd
by the I'lirtuguele on the leliival id the emprels Helena,
mother of the emperor Conli.inline, for which riafon tile
I'ortugiiefi gave it her n.une, which it Hill beai^. Hut it
being siterwards dcferted by them, it lay walle, till the
Dutth, finding it conveniint to relieve their Kall-Iin'ia
Iliip8, letlltd II a^.iin. Hut lliey afterwards relinquillKd it
for a nuire convenienl place, which is the Cape i.f Ci ood
Hope. Then ihe Knglilli Kail India conip.uiy fott' d their
fervants tli. n , and began lo fortify it i but they being yet
wiak, th ■ Diit.h, abou; ihe ve.ir lb- 1, came hitllir, retook
It, and ktpt it in thiii pofliirion. This news being u-
ported in Kngland, captain Monday w.is fent lo take it
again i who by the advice and cindiu'l of one that had
fumerly lived there, Ijiidedapaty of armed nun in the
inght Ml a fm.dl cove, imknuwn to the Dutch tlu n in
gariilon, and clindniig the iiKks got up intu the illaihl,
.•nd lo came in the 11101 ning to the hills hanging ovei the
fort, which Hands by the lea in a linall valley. From
llienci- liring into the fort ihey Iihmi made iheiii liirrender.
Phis ifland has continuid ever fine e in the hands of the
I'liglifli Kall-liulia company, ami has been greatly
lliingthened boih with men . nd gum., lo that ,(t this dav
It i!i III lire enough from the invalioii ol any enemy, Kni
the Common l.,ndin|;-pl.icr is a fniall bay, like a half
niiH)n, Uaiee 500 pates wide between th Hvo points.
Clofo by the fea-fide are good guns planted al equal dil
Unces lying .dong Irom one end of the bay lo the othrr ,
befide* .1 fm.dl fort a little faither in fioin the fi J, niai
ihe midll ol the \\\ all which iiukis the hay lo Hiong,
t'lat It is lm|>orti'ife lo (orte it. The final 1 cove, when
rapiain Mond.iv landed his nun.wlien he Imik the ifland
lioni the Dulih, Is Icarce lit lor a boit tu liiid al, and
\il thai i« now alio torlitied.

There is 4 im.dl Kn dilh town within the grr.it bav,
n.iiulinu ill ille valliy, betweiii two high lleen iiioim
Inns, rill re may be aboi 1 twtnly or ihnly liiull houles,
whuli- viAU atv built WHh luiigh lluim. I'hc iiiliJv

yet

1. ;.d)le handloiiK- houle by the lorr, where he c.ni.moiil/
lives, having a few foldu rs to at', r.d iiiin, and to guard
the loit. Hut the hf.ufes in the town (Kind einn;\,^fi\j
only when Ihips an ive: for the ownrr.. (.f tho'ic'houli.s
n.neall pl.int.uions faither m the if.in.l, where tliiymri-
It.intly unploy lhenili.lves. Bin wiiiii liiips arrive tlu-v all
flock to the town, whore they liw al'l thi t.me iliat
ihips lie here; for then is their f.iir or m.nk,.r, t.ibuy
fuch neceli'.irie.-, as they wa.nt, end to lei! olf th-- pn duel
of their planl.ition^.

Thcii pl.mtations .-.irord potatoes, vam', and foiiie
plant..ne and banuias. Th.ir Oock-s tonfili chii..'!y c;'
hogs, bullocks, cocks and luns, ducks geefi. and tinkles,
ol which they have great pleniv, .uid i. il them at their
o'.vn prices to rhe lailor.-., tai'.in.r in exchange lliiiu,
dr.iwers, or any ]ight clcthes, pieces of ca!lleo,1riks, or
mull.ns; arr.ick, fugar, and liiix-julee is alfo much
elleemcd .md coveted by them.

Mr. Ovington forir.' rly carried over to this ifland fe-
veial Irench refuge. . with him, who were kindly enter-
tained by the Coiii|).uiv, and Ibme advanced to confi-
der..b!c pofts. He coulci v., tins iilar.d tWv-in-live leagues
.It lea i .and tells us, thai the lereniiy :;nd tenip.rateaiels
ot the .ur gives the in.mders as fair and f;U]i .1 compleNioii
lis thofe in Kngland have.

The Company's aiLiis here are manag.'d by a gover-
nor, deputy governor, and Huie-houfe keeper, w!io have
Itandm-falanes allowed by iheCoiup.ny, bifidcsa pub-
lic t.;!>'.' well fiirniflied, to vvhieh .;i; c'l.iv.mandeii, ir.af-
ters ot (hip,,, r.nd eminent paliiiiL' is are welcome. The-
natives fometinies c.dl the ufult of iheii cunfultationi
l^vere iinpofii ,.ns ; and though ivlief m ;y peih..i.,> be
had liom the Comp.iiiy in Kngland, yet .Vlr. Ovii-gtoii
ohie.vo, tliat tile unavoid.ible \'( l..y s m leturniim a re-
did., at tli.it liillance dois fonulim.s put tlie ..dili\lTers
under a h.udlhip; ind think-, that weie not the lUuatioii
of this iflaml viiy fei\ice-hl. to ..ur Latl-l.ilu Hlijis
homc'.'.ar.l bound, the conll.nit trouble and i .\ix:ncc
would iiijui . the Comp.my to abandon the iiland ; for
though ii is lurniflKd with the con\enieneii> of life.
It h.is no coir.niodiiics of any prolil to men hantr'.

Mr. I-otkyei makes this illan.i .1. miles in eircuriifr-
rence, andobferves, that In C!iat)e!-\ alley v.ij Jaives-
lort, of 10 linall guns, wiiich he ....s told was di-mul ijwj
.ifterwar.ls, and a much l.iiver eicitid i.i its ifeau. i'li.iu
V/..S allu.i pl.itl.irmof irj gin;s, and ihi.e at ine liliding
|daee. Hanks's pir.tlbrin h 1.! ii\ ;.uii , Ru;'eii.'> ,daiiorin
liunueii, and m l,riiion-\ oky, where tne Dutch :i>r-
n;.i!y l.indtd, was a pkitroiin ot I'm more, jl) whul. I>..J
ueeive.l vonli ler.dde .idditiors lince. There is no lan.l.n"
to the windwaid, and a '. tn creek and bav a;.- 1 \ ur>.t
as.diove, bcfides al..rm-guiis on the lull. Ail ihiiiL's uiv
ilenr t 1 Prangers, except clloiee tool, and leinoiH. "ih y
h.a!, m.\li. I.ockvti's time, J5C0 h ..d ol black c.tlle,
with I luiiyof hogs, goals, turki.s, and .ill firt, ot poul-
try. I heir chief gi.nii is kidnev -h.ans Irom S t'l : •
Hulling-, a bufliel : A finall o.\ i, I'M for fix |Kiuiid<, tiul
tinkles for a doll.ir a-pjece. The common people iii'.'l'.Jt
I liietlv on poialiHs, yams, pLintanes, piille .uid lilh j
aiul il th( y can gt t ll. ill once .1 week, tluy reckuii it gixnl
living. l'hcConi|s.iiy allows the loldieis fall meat, but
how .d':en our auiinir dots not fay, IJoih they rnd the
mceli. nies may rarn a gnat dial of n;oni \ by ih-ir la-
boui. Their common drink is plain walei, or mibbv,
which is but one remove from ii.

The inallirs of the plant, itionskerp a !ri\;t m.inv black*
wlui, ujioii f.*vere treatment, hide ihen.felvi . lor a ipiar-
ti r of a year logtther, kiepii..; among the rocks by ilay,
..nd ri V ing at 111^,111 lor prov dions ; but lb< y aie pneralW
difrnv till and l.il.rn. Ihe ifland pi.,d..cc. here and
thi re a ilrug like Hin/aiin, and gieal pKn'v of wild to-
ll iceo on the hill., wliuli ihe llaves ule lo finoke fur
w.int of the i.ght I. lit. Tlr- iiili 'biLinls air fupplied with
lusetl.uies ivt'itv « mi'iiih out I't th' CiNiipany's lion*, it
fix months ciedit. Ihe cliuf v.imniod :k'j far f,J. Iut<t
ail ih iiv biandy, malt and .vd-i, fpiiit.-, b.i-, .\la-
di 1 i and I anary wines, and .'ipanlfli br uidv, which may
br taken in al ilioli illands ; ll.i!.;vi.i an ick, u\'.'.. 1, tu ' ir-
I indy, tea, l.iiis, china, laciju'nil wire, lilk', Cluiu
iiblvoin, foirf llriped ginglumn, otdiii.iiv inuflin, coarle
(hints, blue .iml biown lung-cloths, laiumpoivi>, ,inil all
icuti ul cuarit cillicwt.

61 Cl>

Ihit

'h4

ll,

if
!1

\¥ i

49-t

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

CHAP. XXIV.

Of the Illands of Afcenfion and St. Matthew.

THE Ifl.ml of Ar^cnfion lies nfarly in the midway; I
between Africa ami America ; tli;it ij, it is aliiiolf 1 1
ci]ui-ilirtant from Loaiigo in Afrii.;, and Fcr- i
r.ambiic in Brazil, Ivini: in the fame jiarallel, in - dcg. n
fciith lat. and 13 Hcj;. 10 min. wcfl long, from London, i

This idand wa* I'lfcovcred in the year l5rH, b\ Tullaii I
li'Acufn:!, on lii' return from the Lad .-'ks, who'
caiiid It Akcnfun, bccuile he firll [lerc'-ived it on Af-
ceniioii-day. It is ahont twelve miles lon;^, not above
liiree broad, and nearly twcnty-fivc miles in circumfe-
iiiKc. Tlie whole ifland is niiitc niduntainou';, and
.'.Imolt barren ; yet it is generally ufed by our homeward
bound K.ill India ihips, as a place of refiefliment. fjrcat
oiiant'ties of alhts and C'lukrs arc found upon the foil,
wliicli induces fome to inia.;inc that a xolcano muft have
Ihtm here formcrlv. The harbour, however, is exceed-
ing con\eiiunt, and foiiie lew places are fit for tillage.
When the (h;p^ touch here, their crews fomctimcs live
iip'.n turtlo for a t'ortnight, and deem it not only pleafant
but falutary food. The goals that run here wild are very
lean, ard indifiVrcnt catini', and the birds, of which
there are \aiiniiv kinds, are fo extremely h.id tailed, that
none of the failors can ufe them as food.

On this idand there is a pl.icc which feamen term the
piill-officf, and where thev leave Utters. Ihe method
is to put them into bottles, which they ilofely cork, when
the piople of the next (hip that comes take out the letters,
and leave others in their room.

Neither the I'ortuguefc, or any other nation, have
thought proper to take, plant, or cultivate ihisifland ; it is,
howe\cr, \rry convenient for Eaft Lulia (hips to call at,
when they liappen to overflioot or mif. of St. Helena.
Jiilt beiou the (hips leave this place, after having fealled
Airticientlv upon turtle, the ("ailors take a large parcel of '
thole amphibious animals on board, in order to gratify
the luxurious appetites o| the Lnglilh epicures; for lux- |
iiry now luperfedes all other thought^, ;i.id by preving'
hr'.l upon the bodv individual, at length threatens the
rum ot the btxly politic.

" I here in her den lay pompous luxury,

" Strrtch'd out at lrn;th, no vice could hoart fuch high

" And general viJt'iriis .IS (he had won, '

" Of which pf'iud tiophii-^ there ;.t large were fliewn ; ,

•' Ikhdesfmall iKites and kingdoms ruined,

" Tli'ju- nii'.'hty monarchies that h.;d o'crfpiead 1

" The Ipacious earth, and ftrctth'd tlieir conquering |

arms

" I'rom pole to pole, hv her cnfnaring charms j

" Will (piite tonfum'i! — There ir.y im|X-rial Rome,

" That v.iniiui(h'd all tli • world, by her 1'trcoi.ie.

*' Ketter'd was ih' old Afl'yri.in lion ihirc,

*' The fireci.in leopard, and the I'eifi.cn hear;

" With othtrs iiambeilefs, lamentiiii; by

" Lxaiupleaol lilt (i..wei of luxury.'

May's Henry IL

A' d here it mnv not he improp-r to ,'• ('rriSe the turtle,
which, (rom an ailiclc of luxurj, is now become an ar-
lirle of commcrrc.

Turthsarc ufnally didinpuinud liy failiiri into four
kinds: th-' tiunk-turtle, the loggerhead, the hawkc's-
bill, and ih; green tuilie.

■!'hctri.nk tutth- is g'lierally l;'rgtr than the reft, and
it* b.irk is hii^hci ojid ruuitd i but the (Icfli is rather rank.

The logpcihcad has obtained his title from the fizc of
his head, which is much larger in proportion than that
of the other kinds; but the fle(h, like that of the former,
being rather rank, is very feldoni eaten.

The hawk's-bill turtle has a long and fmall mouth,
refembling the bill of a hawk. The fldh is but indif-
lerent ; but the (hell (^ei\es for many valuable purixjfes,
luch as making fi,uft"bo.\es, various trinkets, ?cc.

'Lhe green turtle is the molt celebrated and molt valu-
able of the turtle kind. The .lelicacy of the defii, and
its nutritive qualities, have rendered it highly illeemed.
It refrc(hcs and fealls the lailor, and forms a principal
part in the banauet of the epicure.

Dampicr appears 1.0 have been the firfl who informed
us of thedilHiiiiHons smong thefeanini.iL, .iiid that while
the re(t might be valuable' for other purpoles, the giecii
turtle alone was prized for the deiic.icy of its fli(h. Cun-.
veniencies are m.ide in fliips to bring thefe over alive,
which cannot, however, be ;ilways tttecled ; for though
they fcarcc require any provifions 111 the voyage, yet the
working of the (liip occafions them to be beat againll the
fides ol the boat thai contain, them, by which they
become battered and lean, fo that in order to eat this ani-
mal in perteition, inllead of bringing the turtle to the
epicure, theepicure ought to be tr.iiifported to the turtle.

The colour of the (hell of this animal is rather greener
than that of others of this kind ; whence it has the name
of the green turtle. TliofL- which ..le about two hundred
weight are the molt common f.ze, though they arc fume-
times found to exceed live hundred.

'l"he turtle leld im conies fio'n the fea but to depofit
its eggs, or to fport in frefli v.-aii r. In about twenty-live
days alter laying, the eggs ..le hatdicd by the htat of thi:
fun, and the young turtles, about the fize of quails, arc
feen burlting from the fand, .v. if earth-born, and tun-
ning dirce'tly to the (ea, with inllinet only for their guide.
But it liimetimes happens th.it the liir^es of the lea beat
them back upon the (liore, and they become a priy to
the innumerable quantities of birds which at that time
haunt the eoaft.

In ordei to catch the tunles upon this idand, the Tailors
go on (hole in the night-time, when they find gie.it num-
bers on the flrand, who, ficni their natural (Kiwne!-,
cannot get away ; thele they turn upou their back-, and
leave till morning, when they can take them at p'.e.iliire;
for when a turtle is once tiirii.d upon its back, it cannot
get upon its feet again without alUllance.

Tilt Isi.ANi> cf St. Matthew,

T H L' S called by the Portuguefe, becaiife they difco-
vercd it on that Saint's day, lies to the muth of St. He-
lena, and Co the nurtli-<all of .MVenfion, under the leio.d
degrie ol louth latitude. It is defart, though there is a
(inc rivulet of frefti water that runs through it. Cia.cus
de I^o.iifa, a gentlrniin ot Itifeay in Spain, wl.otom-
mandcd the dect which the eni|M-ior Charles \'. caufed
tube fittdout at the (iroyne, to go a:.d conijuer llie
Molucca Iflands, having landed at the id.ind of bi. Mat-
thew, found it unrultivated, but full of large orange-
trccs. He found alio fume |>oullry then, and on the
barks of trees th( re were inleriptions in the I'ortugueli!
tongue; which pnned that liime of that nation had been
there before. lJap|Kr (ays, ihcy tuminucd '''.viral \iar«
un that idand.
\

flKt.

CHAP.

AFRICA.]

ISLANDS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN.

495

' \ '

CHAP.

XXV.

Of the Iflands of Annabon, St. Thomas, Prince's Illand, and

Fernando Po.

rpl

UiE iflaiiJ of Annabon was (lilcovcrtil on New j
I year's day, and on that account was named An- j]
nabon by the Portugucfi:, as that i-xpri-fllun fig- j
nifies the good, or the new year. It lies to the eaft of ;
St. Matthew in 2 deg. fouth lat. and 5 deg. to min. eaft ,
Ion?, being near 210 miles from thecoall of Loango, and 1
is irear 30 miles in circumference. Here arc two high |
niomitains, which b.ing continually covered with clouds, j
occafion frequent rains. Here are feveral fcriile vallies, j
which produce plenty of bananas, potat(x-., oranijes, I
pinc-npples, tamarinds, and cocna nuts ; bilides wliich j
the ifl.uid abounds with kn'un«, citrons, nuts, figs, !
Turkifli corn, and millet. Here are alio oxen, cows, I
hogs, goats, fowls, pigeons, with pUnty of fi(h. The j
idand likewife produce- gnat quantities of cotton. The |
governor is a Pni ui ucfe, who has very few white people j
with him i all the other inhabitants are blacks, wliu arc
ncverthclefs very fiibmilTne to the governor, and 7.calou(ly ^
attached to the Roman Catholic relif'ion. On the louth- ,
eall of the ifland there are two rock' nc of which is very
low, and almoU iven with the fuiface of the lea, the
other is much hujlicrand very laige. On thefe rocks are
a multitude of bii.ls., fo tanu thai th.y I'lirter thcmfelvcs [
to be t.tkcn with tlie hand. The w.ittr is fo deip between (
tliefe two rocks, that fliips may i afily pal's between them.
On the fame fide of the illand there is a very good w.iter- i
ing-place, the w;.t r running down fiom the nujuntaifis |
into a valley full of (range and other fruit-tnes; hut it I
is a difficult matter to come at that water, becaufe of the ^
violent breakings ot the lea ; and the negroes have made ■
an cntrenchnuiit of Hone there, from which they can 1
very much ii.comriode thole who go thiiher for water. ,
The raid lor fhipping is on the north-call fide of the I
illand, where one may anchor in 7, 10, I j, or 16 fa- ;
thoins water, on a landy :Trouiid, clofe to the land, omt- |
acaiiillthcvillage where the abovenientioued iiitreiiehmeiit ]
is, Whm the inhabitants cannot prevent a dcfeent, they I
leave their houfes, whi<:h arc only of iliuher and fain!,
and retire into the mountain*. They are very will armed.
The revenue of ibis ifland confills chiefly in cotton. The
lie ;r,(xs gather it, and aficr they h.ive cleaned it, they
fend It into I'oitUiii'. Here are alfo lome civet-cits in
t!i.- iiumnt .ills, wliceh yet aftuid but little prolit. 'Ihe

inhabitants are poorly cloathcd. The women go bare-

I headed, and have alfo the upper part of their boily naked,

1 wearing only apiece of linen wrapped round them, which

reaches from the pit oP the itomach to jull below the knee.

I St. I'lionu, or St. '1 homas's Illand, is diredly under

; the eiiuiiioetlal line, and about 240 miles noith-weft

, from the city of Loar.go. The air here is fo e,\ee<;dingly

I hot, that htiropeans loon die, though negroes will live

to near an hundred years of age. Being an cqualatorian

j fitualioii, the d.iys and nights are confequently alw.iys

I equal. The only raiiiv montlis arc March and Septem-

j her, when the fun palles vertically over the ifland; but

j at other times they have nocturnal dews, which refrelh

j and fertilize the loil. It produces lefs fugar than it for-

I nierly did ; but is extremely fruitful in wheat, wine,

I millet, rye, bail' y, melons, cucumbers, tigs, ginger,

' red parfnips, cabbages, French turnips, lettuces, ra-

i difhes, lagc, beat, parlley, i^e. Olive, pe.ieh, and ai-

} mund-trees thrive v.'ell in timber; but excellivc heat and

j moiftiiie prevent the bearing of fruic. P.irtridgrv, quails,

Mie?el>, parrots, &c. abound here; fo doth tile fa with

exrelleiu hfli, and large whales. A mountain in th;

ilbuid's center hath its top covered with a cloud, which

'' moillens the trees, and greatly iiourilhcs them. The

I higher tlie lun .Ucends above the horizon the more moifturc;

does the cloud atbiul. The I'ortuguele buiha town called

r..\oarni, v.-'th a harbour towards the Continent. This

' town IS ixceeding plcafant, .uid the inhabitants bailer

I fu^ar for wiiu', cliecle, l,-,ither, and tloaths.

I I'riiue'i 1(1 uid is nearly under the equator, the lat.

, being only i d g. -jj min. It is woody and iiiountainou',

.ibouiiding in triilt, rice, Indian torn, fug.ir, hubs,

roots, 5;e. It contains alio cattle, hogs, and gor.'.s ;

but the valt quantities of alfesare both tumblefome ami

daiigerou', as thiy wantonly dellroy m.uiv of the Iruits

of the earth, and will attack, .wid '..ar to pieces, a man,

if tiny tiiid him fini'leand un.irnie.!.

About Ihiitv miles to the welhvard cf the coniincnt is
the illaiiJ of Fernando I'o, in 4. deg. north lat. It is
near _)"' mile, long, and 20 bie-d. The produce and
iiih.'.bitantsdo not differ from ihofe of Prince's Illand,
and It likew.le beloni'S to the Portuguefj u.overninciit.

t':i

li 4

•V difcn-

S!, He-

thi leto .d

ih.l ■ IS .1

( !a:eias

wl. < 1 om-

Laulid

inqa. . •!..

Si. Mat.

orange -

iiid on the

I'tiifuguele

had be' n

ir*l viarK

H A P.

C H A P. XXVI.

Illands in the INDIAN OCEAN.

Tl't Island ef Bourbon.

'^T^lli S ifland, which lies in 21 deg. fouth lat. and
I 54 deg. call Ion. is j-u miles e.dl of Madagafcar,
and l.in miles |i)uth-w ll of the ifland ol Mauritius. It
is ol an oval form, abo i' 40 miles long liom call to well,
^o broad fiom noith lo I'outh, and .dune 120 in eiicum-
ti ri.'iice. It WIS lull dilcovered in the year 1545, by a
I'oitup.uefc, of the hoii'e of Mafeariiduis, who gavi' it
the name of M.il\.aiiii, in honor of his (amily, and
Itocked it with h('.,s .ind goals; I lit thought pro|H 1 af-
terwaids to ah.ni.icvn it. In the year ihlj, (a|it.iin
Callleton, an I iigMh nival officer, touched here in a
(liip named the Peail ; and ftoiii the journ.il of his \ov-
.igr, written by John Tatton, mailer, we Ih.dl mike
the fvilluwing vKtra>^t. " In twciily-one dcgicci fouth

I latitiide, they faw an ifl.ind weft-fouth-weft, and fouth-
wtil bv wefl, five leagues dilfant, being very high land.
! At lix o'eloek at night they anchored I'U thi- eallern fida
I of it, a mile trom Ihorc, in' ten f.iihoms, fine bl.uk find,
' whii h )oii meet with from forty fathoms, to foui f.'.thonis
' clofe to land. I'he boat being lent afliore, found in-
finite numbers of great land-tortoifes, as big as ;, man
might well carry, which were veiy good meat. Th«
luirih-eafl point of this ifle is very hii.'h and fb-ep ; and a
httle to the fouth-ealf of the pr^int is low bind, whcra
runs a tine watfr, like a river, and thcigl i bo.it cannot
go in, yet it is .1 very good place to wai.r in. At fom«
dillancr trom the fti'ore, the ifle appears like a forel(,
whence the author (John Tatton 1 called it Knglanii'*
(orell ; but tJiw utheii iiam«.U it Ptarl Ulaiid, trom the
Ihip.

" Fhij

IK-

f •

\^)6

A N C W C O iM P L E T E S Y ST E M O F G BO G R A IM I Y.

" Tliii id.md \v:\> uiiinli.iMtcJ, but abouiiJcJ with
l,inil-lbwl, hotli I111.1II ^iiiiiUi^f ilu\o,-i, jrieat parrot', and
lilt- liki', aiul a \\uv I'irJ, the h;.;iRri ot a turkey, very
lat, aiiJ I'o fliiirt winj;M that it could nol fly ; The birds
III" this kind wcie all wliite, and in a manner tame, as
,vre all the other towls, heeaulc thiy lia\e not been feared
with (hot. The I'ailois knocked them down with fticks
.uid Hones; ten men might take fowls enough tofer\c
forty for a day. Suuie of the company, walking up into
the illand, foun.i a river, and a pond well itocked with
inullards and wild geefe, iKlides an inhnitc number of
iTe.it lets, as good as any in the world. If ftruck with
.1 pike, or any other thing, thry would run not above
two or three yards oft", and then lie ftill auain, fo that
they might be eafilv taken. The author oTiferving they
were bigger than any he had ever fecn, wci"[hed one,
atui found its quantity twenty-five jiounds. rhcy were
alfo the fwecteit h(h, in his opinion, that can be eaten ;
whence he cnncUidcd, it wms as good .t place as the world
I'vald afford I -r rcfnibin::, neither was there any danger
.;bo>it the illand, but the Ihorc itfelf."

This illand, ho\v..'ver, never rcfainrd the names of
Fnjland's forcft, orPiarl Ifland, mentioned hereto h.ive
Ken given it, hut continued to be called by the name of
Mafearin till the vear 1654, when Monfieur Dc Fl.acourt
look poireffion of it in the name of the king of p" ranee,
;hh1 g-.ive it the nan'C of Bourbon, which it (till retains
in compliment to the royal family upon the French
throne. He left there a few of his jwople and (laves,
who not liking tlu ir fituation, were afterwards brought
awnv by wn Knglifh Ibp. The French, however, .again
I'ormed aletllemmt tlierc in 1674, and hive now three
con(ider..blf towns on ilic ifland, viz. St. Paul, St. Denis
and St. Sul'anna, hut the governor ulually relidcs at St.
JJcnis.

According to the lateft account? of this idand, it
abounds in a!! kinds of refrrlhments, and the air is par-
ticu'arly eNcellept. The French Kalt-India (hips touch
here to t.ike in v.atcr :'Md provifions, for the roads are
good for iliij'ping, hut there is no harbour in the whole
illand. Here is plenty of wood and water, and the face
of" the country is beautifully di\crfified with hills and
«hiks, pafturcs and woods, and v.-.uercd by excellent
fprinrs and r.vulet-. In r.nc of the mountains there is a
("mall volcanr, which difcharges fire, and fills the
iicighbourli'vid with a bitun.inous matter ; .;nd the flames
are perceived, in the right time, at the diftancc of
iwciuy-lU J li.i^ue'.

Some of the trees h'-rr .^re fit for building vefTels.
The llle of Bouibon likewife produces the flirub that
bears coffee, the tarnarifh, the cocoa-tree, the tree from
whence bcn/oin dittill-', the cotton, aloe and ebony
tm. The black ebonv here is lefs cHiemM than the
yellow ; and the wild coHee, which is \ery plentiful, is
iseeiding go.id. Many ol the trees and plants produce
udoriferous gums ; and here are f leiuy of or.-.nges, le-
mons, tobacco, palms, whitc-peppcr, &c. Ihe illand
likewife abounds with black cattle, hogs, goats, ami
hoars, the flilhof which Ij. admirable, on account of
iheir feeding (>n tortoiles ; many kinds of fowls, pigeons,
turtle-doves, (jarr ts, &c. The lurtounding feas, and
inti rfecting rivers, rivulets, &c. fupply the inh.ibitants
With abundance of filh ; and, on the fhore, are found

freat i|uantities of ambergrif , corals, and beautiful flirlls.
lere are no crocodiles, fnakes, mulVetots, or any of
ihofi- vermin, or other veneinous creatures, which ale lo
troiibklome in moll other paitsol the ton id zone.

A French writer, in (peaking of this ifland, lays,
" The bell animal found here, whether for talie or
wholifomenefs, is the laiid-torloil'e, and the molt agree-
ibli. I.'iiit is the anana i this tnrtoile is of the fame huiirc
with thole in Kurupe, but of a very difttrent (i/e. I hey
Ciy it lives a prodigious time, that icveral ages are required
lo bring it to its dill growth, and that it can live Icveral
months without food. They have kept foine young ones
in the ifland, which, at the end of twenty years, in-
crcaicd in bulk only a few inches.

" As for the uiuna, it is a fruit of an oblong ftgnre,
and ol the biriiefs of a melon. ; it is covered with ihorl
leaves, difpoftd very muih in the fame manner as the di-
vlfions of a pine-apple, and it is crowned with a tuft of
Uavis fomething longer , it glows on a plant ie(emhling
an aitichoak, and has the talte of levcral fiuus, hut mgic
t(j>-.cially a ijuiiicc.

" '1 he bat of this illand is very fin:;ular, and one nii^ht
call it the flying fox, fmce it very "iiuieh ivfen:hles This
.miinal in fize, hair, head, ears, and even teeth. 'I'he
(emalc hath two teats, and, under each win^, a ha" to
carry her young in. The length of the wiiil-s is about
four teet Irom one extremity to the other. I'ltc- tklli is
fo good to eat, that they go a hunting for tlnm witli the
fame cagcrnefs that we go a fliooting partridges.

" But though this ifland is fo'agieeabie, it does not
come near to the beauty of the coalis of Java and Su-
matra plains, which are coveted with orange, eucoa, and
other fruit-trees, with a number of rivulets that water
them, hills adorned with delightl'ul groves, foiefti for ever
green, villages and towns (hiiiin:; with all the rural
graces, concur to render thoCc coalis ihc mui* charmiii'r
in the world." "^

Vines have been fucccfsfully planted here of late years,
and now confidcrable quantities of different wines are
annually pnxluccd ; but the greatod inconvenieiK:;s here
.'.rife from the terrible hurricanes .;iid lldiins, wnich arc
not only exceeding violent, but very Irequeiit ; hence
(hipwrecks arc common, and the moll' horrid devallaiions
become familiar to the eye, fo that the following ani-
mated dcfcription iS hut too often realized on the toads
of this ifland.

The fea prows white, and rolling waves from far.
Like heralds, firll denounce the w.il'ry war ;

V en, the captain loon began to cry,
Sti. , (Irikc the topliiils, let the iiiain-lheet fly.
And lurl your fails ; — the winds repel ilie lijuiid.
And, in the fpciiker's m.iuth, the Iprech is diuwn'd ;
^ et, of their own a cord, as danger taught,
haeh in his way — otficiouily tiuy \vrou.;lit :
.Some ftow theo;:rs, or Hop ihe leakv fuies,
.Another, bolder yet, the y.uds belli ides.
And folds the fails, a fouith with labour laves

Ih' intruding leas, and w.iVts ejects on w.wcs.
In this confulion, while their worlw thev piv,

The winds augment the winter of the (fcy.
And wage inteltine wars, the fuff'ririg feas
Are tols'd and mingled as their tyi ;ius pleal'e ;

The captain wou'd command, but in defp.^ir
Of fafety. Hands; amaz'd with Hupid care.
Nor what to bid, or what fi)rbid, he knows,

I'h' ungoyern'd temped to fiieh fury grows.
Vain is his force, and \aiiier is his (kill.
With fuch a concourfe comes the flcMxl of ill.

The cries of men are mix'd with rattling flirouds.
Seas d.i(h on (eas, and clouds c ncountcr clouds ;
At once, from ead to we(t, from pole to pole,

("he f.irky lighl'nings flalh, the roaring thunders roll;
Now waves on waves, afcemling, h.de the (kies,
And in the fires above the water fries.
When yellow f.inds are lilted from bilow.

The clltt'ring billows gi\e .1 yolden fllow ;
And when the foul; r huttom Ipews the black,
The Stygian dye the t.iintid waters t..ke ;
Then liothy-white .ippear the flatted leas.
And change their colunr, (h.-.nging their difeafe,

Like vjriou. fits the luvten velRl ti:ul-,

And now lublime (he rides upon the winds.

As I'roin a lofty funuuit looks from hijh.

And lioni the cloud, hehohis the nether (Vv ;

Now fiom the depth rf hill they lift their !i_ht.

And, at a difl.mee, lee lupeiteir light ;

The lalhiiig billows make a loud rejHTt,

Anil beat her fides as h.itl'iing-rai.is a f irt.

Thus lias Impell'd by winds, with addeil \i< wer,

Allault the fides, and o'ci the hatehe-, low'r;

I'he planks, their pitchy coverings w.ilh'd aw.iy.

Now yield, and now a yawniin: hitaeh difplay j

The ro.iring w.itcr', with a bollile tid'-,

Ru(h through the iiiins of her gaping lide ;

Meantime, in (hcris o| ram, the (ky di le ends-,

Atd oivan fwell'd wuh wateis upwards teli.N ;

One rifing falling one, and the h"iveiis and u-a

McTt at their confines in the inulrile wav 1

Thi- fails are drunk with (liowers, .uid drop with rain ;

Sweet Waters mingle with the hriiiv main.

No (lai appears to lend his friendlv light,

Daiknefs and fimpill make a double night ;

But fl.ifliing fir\sdif(lofe the deiji by turn*.

And while the lighiiiingi blaze, the water burns.

4 An

AFRICA.]

I-&LAND OF MAURITIUS.

497

An univcrfal cry rcfoundsaloud^

The failors run in hc-aps, an artk-fs crowd ;

Art fails, anil courage falls ; no fuccour near.

As many waves, as many deaths appear.

One wcips, and yet dcfpiirs of late relief,

One cannot weep, his fears congeal his grief;

But ftupid, with dry eyes expciSs his fate.

One with loud ftirieks laments his loft eftatc.

And calls thofe happy whom their fun'rals wait.

This wretch with prayers and vows the Lord implores.

And even the (kies he cannot fee adores.

That other on his friends his thoughts beftows.

His careful father, and his faithful fpoufe.

The cov'toiis worldling, in his anxious mind.

Thinks only on the wealth he le.ivcs behind.

Tofs'd by the fe.is, prefs'd with the pond'rous blowj

Down finks the fliip within th' abyfs below ;

Down with the veflcl fink into the main

The many, never more to rife again.

A French officer, who very recently vifited both this '
iflmdand the Ifle of France, or Mauritius, tells the fol-
lowing ftory concerning one of the pirates who ufed to .
infcft this iiland. " The viceroy," fajs he, " of Goa, |
came one day to anchor in the road of St. Denis, and was i
to dine with the governor. He had fcarcely fet his foot |
on fliore, before a pirate ftiip of fifty guns anchored alon;; I
fide his vcflcl, and took her. The captain landed forth- ■
with, and demanded to dine at the governor's. He featcd
himfelf at table between him and the Pormiruefe viceroy,
to the latter of whom he declared that he was his prifoner.
Wine and good cheer having put the feamcn in gixid
humour, Monf. Desforges, the governor, aO^cd him at
how much he rated the viceroy's ranfom ! " I muft have,"
faid the pir;ue, " a thoufand piaftres." " That's too
little," faid Monf. Dcsforges, " for a brave fellow, like
you, to receive for a great Lord like him: afkmoagh,
or afk nothing." " Well, well then, I arte nothing," re-
|,'ied the generous corfair, " let him be free." The
viceroy inftantly re-embarked and fet fail, happy at having
efcaped on fuch good terms. The pirate afterwards fet-
tled on the ifland, and was hanged, a confiderablc time
after an amneily had been publiOied in favour of his com-

jpanions, and in which he had failed to get himfelf in-
, eluded. This injuftice was the work of a confeilkr, or
[judge, wlio was dclirous of appropriatiiu; tlie fpoils of
i the pirate to his <iwii ul'e. It is not long fintc the laft
ofthefe pirates, wliofe name was Adam, died, aged io+
,years."

; The fame writer has alfo given us the following de-
scription of the orij_,inal inhabitants of this ifl.md, with
obfervatiouB on the prcfent (late ot them. " Tlic man-
, j ntrs," fays lie," of the lirlt inhabitants of Bouilioii wen;
I 'very finiple ; the ijreatLr number of the houfes were not
i made to (hut : a loek was a curiofity. .Some people even'
j put their money in a tortoif^-fhell over their door. They
1 1 drefled in blue cloth, went bare-footed, and lived tipoll
i , rice and coftce • they imported but little from Europe;
I content to live without luxury, fo th^y lived without
jwant. They joined to this modcr.ition' the virtues that
I ever attend it ; good faith in commerce, and generofity
! in their proceedings. As fo(<n as a ftranger appeared, the
I inhabit.uitscanie to him, ami, as a iirjnger, ciiiered him
I their houfes.

" The laft war in the Indies has made a change in
their manners. I'lie volunteers of Bourbon diOiiiKulfhed
themfelves in it by this bravery ; but th;' ftufts of Alia,
and the militaiy dilHnrtions of France, thereby H'A foot-
ing in the illaiul. The children, richer than their pa-
rents, require to be treated with more coofideration.
They have now no enjoyment of an unnoticed good for-
tune, but kek in Europe picafures and honours, in ex-
change for domi'llic happinel's and the quiet of a country
life. The attention of the f.ithers being chi(flv tixrd
upon their fons, they fend thcni to France, from whence
they leldom return. Hence it is, that in this iHaiul there
are more th.m live hundred marriageable girls, whj arc
likely to die without hulb.inji."

The whites who inhabit this ifland are eftimatod at
5COO, and the blacks at 6roo. Their principal tr.iffic
is with France, to which place thty export the various
commodities of the coiintrv.

'Ilie chief town in thi^ ilhn.! is called .St. r)"nis, and
is the u lldence of the governor and council. It is a linali
place, and does not cont.iin any thin;r remarkable, ex-
cept a redoubt, built of ftone, and a drawbridge.

''r

!.l I '

VI i

CHAP.

XXIV.

The Ifland of Mauritius, othcnvifc called the lile of France.

THE Idand of Mauritius, or Maurice, is fitualed
in 18 deg. jo mill, fuuth latitude, and $6deg.
cad long. It was called Mauritius, in honour
of Maurice, prince of Orange, who was ttadtholder at
the time the Dutch took pofiellion of it, A. D. 1598.

Mauritius is between three and four hundxcd miles eaft
of Madagafcar, and is alHmt .in hundred and fifty in
circumference. The form is oval, and from the niany
high ^mountains torrents of w.ucr rulh down with
great impetuofity, and form viuious rapid rivers and
livulctSi which arc foul near where they fall, par-
ticularly in the rainy feafon ; but grow clearer as they
turn farther from the mountains, and areas tranfnarent
a» cr) (ial before they difembogue themfelves into the fea.

Thus the pure limpid ftream, when foul with ftains,
Of ruftiing torrents, and defcending rains,
Works itielf clear, and as it runs refines,
Till by degrees the floating mirror fliincs ;
Reflci^ts ( ach Rower that on its border grows.
And a new heaven in its fair bofom (hows.

This ifland contains two ports, the principal of which

is to the fouih-eait, where (he Dutch fettlement formerly

was, the remains of the buildings belonging to which are

kill to be ftcn. Thii port m^ bccstuc4 w.itli cafe bc-

♦4

fore the wind j but it is mighty difficult to get out of it,
as the gales generally blow to the f.mth-eatl. The other
port, named Port Louis, is fituated to the North-wert,
and is fnialler than the fornior j but the town belonging
to it is deemed the capital of the iiland, though it is litu-
ated in the moll difagrceable part of it. This town,
denominated the Camp, is built at the bottom of the
port, and towards the opening of a valley. The valley
itfelf is formed by a chain of mountains, whofe fuinmits
are rocky, without trees or bullies ; but covered with a
dungy herb, which makes the country .-ippciir blacic
like a colliery.

The town itfelf, called the Camp, is built with tole-
rable regularity, the houfes arc of wood, and onlv one
llory high ; they ftand feparatc fiom each other, imd are
all furrounded with pallifadocs j the .Irccts, however,
are not paved or planted with frees, nor are there any
fortifications except towards the fea, where tlie place 1^
defended by the fort called F'ort Blanc, and a buttery en
the little ifland of Tormcllieres.

The Ifle of France is watered by above fixty rivulets,
fume of which deferve the name of rivers, but others d«
not contain any water in the dry feafon. ThL- whole,
however, as we have already mentioned, have their
fuurces principally in the mountains. A gentleman,

'II if

498

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

who W.IS lately on this illjiid, I'.iys, " Kvrry thing here
ilitRrs Iroin what h Iccn in Kmopi-, even the herbage of
the country. To begin with the I'oil : It ih ahiicit every
where ol ,i rediJilh colour, and mixed with venis ol iron,
which are tVequeiitly found near the Unlace, in the form
of j;raiii, the fi/e of a [ica. In thediier parts, ifpi\ially
near the town, the giouml is very hard. It releinbles
|ii|K-rIay ; and, to make trenches in it, I have feen
them cut it with axes, as they do le.id. As foon as it
rains, it becomes foft and Iticky, notwithilaiuling
which, thev h.ivc not yet been able to make it into
bricks." '/'here is no real l.ind in the foil, but the
ground is every where rocky, except where artificial
means have been ukd to make it otherwile. I'lu- locky
fubllaiices, in t'cneral, are of an iron grey colour, con-
tain a great deal of iron ore, and \itrity in the fire.

Of the vt^ttiilif pr^du'lims, h-jth n.itural and fxalic, of
tie Ijloiid if ALunlius, :r //.'<• cf Fium,:

T H K herbs natural to this iflatul are a turf, which
grows in beds near the lea lliore ; it is very thick and
clallic i its leaf is \iry liiLill, and lo (harp pointed as to
prick peopk'> deaths. The cattle will not touch this
lurb, but line to bu'w/e upon a kind ol dogs grals,
whali grows in many part , and puis out litcle hard
branchi* frum (he joints. I he belt herl), however, is
one that grows on the windw.ird lide of the illand. It
b.s lar.;i(h blades, or lathei leaves, and is grfen and
tender all the ye.ir.

Here is likewilu a llirub that yields a kind of tiuit
whole hulk might be turned to lingular ad\anta:;e. A
prickly afparagus ; a mallow with fin. .11 leaves j a tliilUe
with vellow flowers, which vield Iceil ■'-nt arc poifonous ;
.T kind of fweet-leentcd lilly ; a bad-fcmtcd gilliflower,
fwect-halil, which is of a hr.iling iju.:i.ry.

The plants called raipieite^, which beai yellow flowers,
arc ufed, on account of their fhatp prickles, in m.iking
hedges. The velantier is a pl.uit whole (xlour is ijuiie
agreeable at a diftaiue ; lei's lo, as jou approach it, and
pcrfeillly naufeous when yciu loine i)uite r.tar it ; and
here is a kind of bramble th.it bears a nui, the kernel
of which is bitter, but efficacious in many dilorders.

H.ilm llirub' and a b.illaid kind of potatoe are com-
ir.on ; a^ is p.mniir gial«, which latter I'erves lor phvlie
and cleathmg, for it i> ufed medicinally, and likewife
to make thread. There are likewife many other fhrubs,
which have not as vet particular nan-.is afliyiied them,
but go under the gen..r.il denoiniii.ition of liaiines or rat-
tens ; thvfe twine round the trees in a mol(.iinafmg man-
ner, and fecurethem from the violence of llu huiricaies;
of the b.irk of thefe, Itrong cords are made, which are
tougher and more fervicei.bfe than thole made of bark.
Here is a very prettv (lirub culled bois dc denioilclle, or
lady-wood, others th.it rekmbl' the box tree, and foiiic
that bear a great aflinity to thecoik tice. The mapou
tree is as penetrable to a knife .is a turnip, but it is of
a poifjiious nature. The baftar.1 cinnamon tree is lirge;
its liinbtr rel'emb!.s that ol the walnut tree, and its wood
is iTiuch valued by cabinet makers. The iron wood,
and (linking wooil trees .ire common, as are likewife
the farula! wood tree, the \acoa ur fni.ill palm, the lata-
liier or larger palm, the m.mgrove, which grows in the
find of the lea, and a very large kind of lei n'.

As the ebony of this illanil is the l-nelf in the world,
we (liall here rjxak n.ore genrrally of \'.. The real, or
black ebony tree, grows very high and thick, has a bark
of ad.Lrk colour, and the leaves, which rcfemble thofe of
myrtle, areof a deep green tinyc. The ebony taes, af-
ter being cut down, ate burieil under the ground for
foinc time, which, it is faid, improves the jetty black.
The wo(k1 being very fine .ind beautiful. Is ufed in va-
rious M<if..ic inl.iid works, and toys; the qualities arc,
being luid, heavy, poflefling an admirable black, and
bearing a high polifli. However, ebony is not quite fo
iiuich in requift as formerly, on account of the Kuro-
peatis ho iiig diftovered Ui ni.'iu' methods of giving other
hard woods a beautiful black colour, and an elegant
polirti.

As many vegetable produftions, which were brought
here by order of povernmeiit, tranfplanted by private
pcrfjiis, or imported by the drfiie of I'ome of the fettled
iiihabitaiitu, have greatly cncrcafed, it is proper t« fpcak

of them particularly, and this may be done under four
ciallcs, VIZ.

1. The plants which being once fown, afterwards
grow wild by rc-lowing themlelves and lo become natu-
I allied.

2. Articles of cultivation.

3. The |)roduce of the kitchen garden.

4. I he produce of the (lower garden.

Among ihe wild pl.mts, or thole of the firrt clafs, arc
a kind ol Midigo, piirllain, watcr-crclles dandelion
wor.nw.Hul, niullen ; the bnlhulh, which is green l\,l
about nve months^ in the year ; white grafs, vvhi^h was
introduced full of all lor forage, but none of the cattle
will e.it It, and its incicile is now fo gieat, that it is
become one o| the plagues of hufbandry i the brette i
Iptvies ol^th. nioirll, with a piickly leat, but pleafant of
talte, and ol a piirgatiie nature; the brette is ol two
Ions, the l|)eciei alieady mentioned is only ufed as a
medicine, the othei is lerved up to ublc in the manner
of (pinn.ige.

Among the plants which arc the objctSs ef culti-
v^ation, the caflavc root w.is tranfplanted hither from
America, and grow> in great plenty ; it is of infinite
lervice in luhfildng the Negroes, who are allowed ihri-e
pounds ol It daily ; maize or Turkilh corn, and inamoc,
are common, as are wheat, rice, millet, fatague, a Hue
kind of grals nrought from M,idagal'car, and tobacco ;
but tlir latter is but very indiftlrent. Experiments have
been n.ade, but without any fuccefs, to prop.igate faint-
loin, trefoil, hemp, flax and hops. It is to be obferved,
however, that vegetables in general degenerate here'
and tlut thole who widi to have them tolerably good,
are obliged to be liipiilied with frefli feed from the Caiie
ot (iixkI Hope, or Kuiope.

Here arc in -he kitchen gardens pcafe, French licans,
artichoaks, pan okins, melons, water melons, cucum-
bers, gourd-, pcjiper, pine apples, pomegranates, Kraw-
berries, fpinnage, garden-crclles, fcrrel, cherville, paifley,
tennel, cellery, lieks, lettuce, cndifF, coHlflowcrs, cab-
bage, burnef, garden purflain, (age, .ifparagus, carrots,
parlnips, turnips, la.'afras, radifhes, beet roots, Euro-
pean potatoes very linall, Indian potatoes very lar<'e, faf-
Iron, ginger, piltachio-nuts, chucs, leek, and onions.
'1 he productions of the flower-gardens here .are only
the tuber.-le, larksfiKit, large daily of China, .ind pinks,
of a fmall Ipecies, from Europe. Attempis have been
made to tranl'plant other flowers hither, but they havo
never yet lutceeded. I'he African exotics arc the flower-
ing fhrub, or /<,// Immott.lU, or Imnuital Bciiuly of the
Cape i a reed which be.irs a group of leaves, white in
the inlide, and violet coloured without; a kind of tulip,
bearing but ivvo leaves, which always adhere to thr
ground. Thele flowers are all without fmell, ami even
thole tranfplanted from Europe lofc their fine fragrancy
when cultiv.ited here.

Aloes floutifh here, as do rofe-trccs, ien".imines, mrr-
tli,-, .1 flower called the (hoemaker-fluwc r, the puiiu'i!.
lade, I kind of bramble, j.dop-flowcrs, tlievineof Ma-
dagalc.it, which is only a rattan, with which era. .is an-
made, I ut it bears a yellow flower. The mongris,
which has fome refcmblance both to the jefl'ainine, and
the or.ingi-trcc. The Iranchipanier is a|i infeiior kind
of jeflainine, and the Indian lilac.

I he cotton-tree, fugar-canc, and coffic-trer, fuccecd
tolerably veill ; and here are found fome 0.1k, pine, (ir,
cherry, .npncofs, medlar, apple, pear, olive, fig, and
mulberry-lues, but they are, in :'rneral, much dt-renc-
rated with leljieit to (ize j and the' fruit-trees oiily^blof-
fom, but (carce ever bear any fruit. The pcach-lrcc,
however, produces fruit, and the vines tranfplanttj
hither, bear grapes, but a kind of white loufc is very
delirui^livc to both. The polehe is a free that afi'ords a
picalant (hade ; tin bambou is ulelul in various domeflic
matter . The b.iiiana is very common, and the blackl
are cxi' eding fond of its fruit. They ate treated with it
in great plenty every new-year's day ; and they ufually
count then years of I'orrow and fervitudc by thenuuibrr
of banana (calls they have regaled at. I he gonyavo
tree is a kind of medlar, the Jarnroc tree rili.nibles a role
tree, but iHars a fmall fruit of a fwmi(h but in(ipia
tafte. The badamier yields a kind of almond ; theavixat
fervcs as a lwecinie.it, the jaca tree (urnilhvs 4 large fruit,
which is 1 alur agreeable to the taiie.

•> The

AFRICA.]

ISLAND OF MAURITIUS.

The Umariiid tree here has a beautiful hr;iJ, its
leaves arc I'pread during the day, but clofcd at iiinht,
like moil other leguminous plants. Its pml contains a
mucilage, which maitts excellent lemonade. Orange
ami citron trees abound, but the fruits of each are but
indifferently tilled. The cocoa-trees, however, psouuce
nuts, which arc very delicious. Date, palm, fago, 4;e.
are found here, but in no great perfciSlion.

Upon the whole, the climate of this illand is r.ither
too cold for the vegetable prmluiStions of Alia, and too
hot for thofe of Europe pTO[>er\y to fuccred in. There-
fore the exotics of Africa are bcft calculated for Iranf-
planting hither.

Of the animals of the Ifland of Mauritius., as well natural
ti the ptiiie, as thoji: imported from other auntries,

T H E only quadrupeds natural to this ifland are
moiikies and rats. The monkies are of a middling fi/e,
of a reddilh colour, and have long tails. They fie-
<iucntly go in droves, and pillage the hoiifcs. When
they are on the fcout, they will fix thcmfclves on the tops
of trees, and the points of rocks ; and if any of tliem
fee any danger near, they cry out to alarm the reft, when
they all immediately decimp.

I'he rats have ever been fo numerous in this ifland,
that it is faid the Dutch abai\doncd <in that account.
They are much the fame as thole i Europe, from
whtnic it is fuppolcd they were originally brought.
They make great dtftru<Sion to the corn and fruits, par-
ticularly the former, infumuch that a whole field of mai/.c
has Iwcn kiiovv-n to have been deftroyed by tlieni in a
fmgle night. In (hort, the havock thcfc animals make
here, is almoft incredible.

Amon; the birds here is one called corbigcaux, whic b
is reckoned the Ix-ft game on the illand ; but they are very
difficult to catch.

Parrots are very plentiful, but none very handfonie.
There is alfo afpccicsof the paroquits ; they are about
the fize of Iparrows, and have green bodies, with grey
heads.

Here is a bird called by the natives Paillencus, and by
the Englifli, the tropic bird. There are two lint of
them, one of which is .ill white, and the other va ie-
gated, having the body white, the beak bl.ick, and -he
tail and claws red. They build their nells in the woods,
but r.ie generally found near the fca ; and are fo little in-
timidated, that they are very eafily caught.

The v.'oods aSou'id with black-birds, which aie a kind
of game pailicu'urly admired by the natives. There are
alio two lorts of pigeon*, one of v.'hich is called the
Dutch pigeon, and is cxce-eding good ; but the ..ilier,
though picafani in its tafte, is of lb bad a i|ualii), that
thoft who eat of them arc thrown into (liong eonvul-
(Ion«.

Near the fea fide arc found great numbers of Tuiilou-
roux ; thefc are a kind of ampin hmiis trab that make
burroughs under-)^niiind, like m.ks j tliey run verv I'aft,
and, when attaei>ed, will fiiap their claws by way of de-
fence.

But the mod cxtraoril lary creature here, is that railed
Bernarit I'Hermite : it ■ i kind cf lobller, whole hinder
part is not provided with a fhell : but it inllindtivcly
lodges itfelf in empty ihells which it finds on the fhore.
They run together in great nunilicrs, each with its houic
after it, which it abandons fur a larger one as it .1 J\ auccs
in growth.

There are great numbers of infee^s in this ifland, the
IJioft delfruiilue among which arc tht grafs-hoppers.
Ants are alio e-.c-- dii;. numerous, and very trouMelbme
in the houfb, as it is a difficult matter to fecure the pro-
vifions fioin being didroycd by tliem.

Here arc likcwifew.lf'ps, fpidei various kinds of flics,
centipede?, and lizards. Moths, or linall butterflies,
fo infell the houfes alter dark, that they arc obliged to
put their candles into glat's cylinders. I'hefe flies draw
into the houfeS a very beautiful lizard: it is about five
inches long, and has hri;;ht and fparklingcyes ; it climbs
along the w.ills, and li\i.s upon fiies and other infc£ls :
they arc ii' .t in the le.ifl mifchievous ; but, on the con-
trary, f'l t.inie, that if fugar is thrown on the ground,
they will immc.iiately come and take it.

The iireatell rrirmv to the infects is the fpider, fomc of
which h.:\~ bellies as big as a nut, with Urge paws, co-

499

vcred with hair. Their webs arc fo ftrong, that even
Imall birds are liimetinies t;iug!it in th--in. Ihey are of
particular ufe in dcllroying the wafps and centipedes.

'I'here is an inl'eil here called forniie ilen, which is
partii-iiiarly dcllrii.'tive to the ants ; and another named
caneielas, of which there are three forts ; the molt com-
mon are about the I'y/v of a coek-.-hafer, ofareddifh
brown ; anotner I'nit of ilv.-m is flat, and of a{':rey colour.
The houfes are ;;r.atly pellered wit'illum, elp;ci;dly in
vvetwiailier, and iluy .ire very delhu.;livc to fiiiiiiturc
and books.

A late celebrated writer, in fpeaking of the inlei^s of
this illand, fays : " The temperature bt' this i linia'e is
lo favourable 10 the propagation of infects, ti;. t m a (hort
time the fruits would be eaten up by them, and the illand
itklf become uninhabitable, but inoft of the fruits of
thele meridional countries are clothed with a thick r'lul,
and afterwards with a ik'm, a veiv hard fliell, and an aro-
matic bark, like the orange or i itron j inloniuch that
the flies can introduce their eggs into very few of llieni
only. Many of thefc noxious animals are at pi rpctual
war with each other. The formicalcos lay I'nares |i r the
ant J the green fly pierces the cancrelas ; the li/,,ird limits
the butterfly ; the fpiders f'preid nets for every infect that
flics; and the hurricane, wiiieh rages once a year, anni-
hilates at once a great part both of tlie prey .ind of the de-
voiirers."

Having thus particularized the animals natural to this
ifland, wc (hall now take notice of thofe brought into it
from other countries.

Among iliofe of the quadruped kind, which may be
callid doinellic, are horles, oxsii, lUeep, and hogs. The
hones are very fmall, and lo dear, that a con.nv n one
cannot be purchafcd for lels than an hiiii.lreil pillolcs.
There is one fort of oxen here, of the .M.ui.- ifcar breed ;
but they arc not fo g'«)d as thole from Europe, nor will
the cows of that breed give half the 'u iiitity of milk.
The fluTp are l.irgc an.i lat, but they arc apt to iol" thvir
vv.Ki!. The pork is at lead equal in qu.ility to th.it of
Europe i but it will not receive the fait, 011 account of
the peculiar acidity of that article.

In the wtKhls are great numbers of wild goats, wild
hogs, hares, and flags. The latter are particularly nu-
merous, and of infinite fervice to the native--, :!•. n- flifh
being exceedini' et"..l. tipecially from the bvginning of
April tothe end of Augiift.

They have various kinds of poultry; but the moft
common are ducks and fowls, the former of which were
brought fiom Manilla, ,ind the latter from l:iiio|)c.
riiey have all'0,1 linall fpecies of fowl from China, wliole
flefh is exceeding delicate.

The wild fowl are pintadtx-s, Chincfc pheafants, pi-
gcons, and three forts of partridges : thcfe birds always
rooll on the tops of trees, ti, fecure thcmfclves from being
deftroyed by the rats.

Among the fmall birds is a very beautiful one, called
the I'itmoulc, which has a number of white I'pots on
tlu•win^s. There is alio another brought from Hengal,
cilled the cardinal, whole head, neck, ai.J belly, .it a
particular part of the year, is of a lively red, and the reft
of the pU:mage is of a party-coloured grey.

The inoft propagating bird in this ifland is that called
the Martin, which, in fize, colour, and aptitude to talk,
greatly refcmbles the Englilh ftarling. It will perch
upon, and peck at beafls, without fear ; but its
chief prey is the graf's-hoppi r, which it purl'ues with an
unwearied perfeverance. They always flv in pairs, and
conllamly alVemble at fun-let in very coniidcrable flocks.
'Their fleth is very indifl'crent eating, notwitlitlanding
which the (hooting of them is prohibited.

Thcie arc two forts of birds here, broueht from the
Cape, one of which is called the gardener's friend. It is
of a brown colour, about the fizc of a lar(;e fparrow,
and lives upon worms, liialK, and linall firpcnts, which
it not only eats when prefli.l bv hunger, but makes an
ample ftore of, by ftickin.; idem on the prickles of the
hedges. The other Cape bird is much like the Englifh
fky-lark, and is the only inhabitant of this ifland that is
heard to fing. 'They were firfl brought here as curio-
fities, but lome of them cl'capcd to the woods, where they
bred fo (aft, th.it they are now ex. -ceding numerous.

In the ponds and lakes are two forts of fo eign fifh,
one of which is the Chincfu nold-tifli thele thrive

equally

r^.

I'^r

:. I

1. 1 w^

Ml*

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CEOGRAl'IIV

5^0

fqiially well as in their own climafe ; luit as they incrcafc
in bulk, they lolc tliciv hiuiity. 'I liioihtr is tailcil Ciou-
lami, and wjs iniiKiited from Batavia. It is a t'rtlli-wa-
icr tifli, ahout the I'l/e nf a laliuoii ; but llie taftc oj'it is
far fupcrior, ami it is reckoned the belt lilh in India.

Several attempt., h.ue been nude to bring frogs here,
that thev niicht eat the eg^s which the inuliiuetos lav on
the ilandiii^-waler ; but fruni the dilfiience of elnnatc,
or fome other laiife not known, eveiy attempt has hi-
therto proved unlueeefsful.

We flu II tin w mention an animal of a very fmgular
nature, which Mr. liurion calls the great ^l;uiaga(i•ar
bat, yet .is it is comnioii not only to the illand of Alaila-
uafcar, but to the illands of Uourbon and Mauritius, and
particularly piedoininato in the latter, we think proper
here to deicrihe it. Hut it is necell'ary to premiie, that
the bats lesn in Great Urit.iiii arc iiioticnl'ive and minute,
incapable, from their lize, of mjuring mankind, and
not (iitficicntly niinieniii-. to iiiccjii.iiiode them j but here
there is .1 larger race of bals thai .ne truly ioriiiidabic.
a liiigle one is a dangirous enemy i but when they unite
in flocks, they become really dreuliul. lies Marchais
lays, that if the inhabitants of the Alric.in coall were to
cat animals of the bat kind, as they du in the Eall-lndies,
they would never want a fuppiv of provifions. I'hev are
U^ luimerous, tiiat when they lly they oblcurc the fetting
fun: early in the morning ihiy are feen ftieking upon
the tops of trees, and clinging together in great heaps.
The Europeans often amiilc themlelves in fliooiing liiem,
and tb.e negroes aie expert in killing them ; they, how-
ever, regard the bal with horror, and would not cat it if
they were ilarving.

'I'his animal is about a fcxit long, from the tip of the
nofc to the iiileition of the tail ; and its extent, from the
tip of one wing to that of tlie other, is about lour feet.
It has large c.inine teeth; that is to f.iy, four cutting
teeth above, and four below. The note is l:lack and
fliarp, the cars large and naked, and the talons crooked,
ftrong, and comprelled iidewaysj but it is without a tail.
1'hefe animals differ in colour, foinc being of a bright
ted, others of a brown, and ollieis of a dark dufky co-
lour. It refembles the common bat in its internal con-
formation, in the form of its wings, and the manner of
its flying. When thclic creatures M(>ofe, they Hick them-
fclves upon the tops of the tallelt tree.^, and hang with
their heads downwards; but at other times they fre-
quently I'ettic upon animals, and even upon man himfelf.
They devour indifcriminately fiiiils, llefh, mid inlects ;
and arc, in particular, fo extremely fond of tin- juice of
the palm-tree, that they will intoxicate thcmfelves with
it till they drop to the proiind. At night they maybe
heard in the forrlls, at the dillancc of more th.in two
milo, with a moll liorrible din ; but they utiially retire
at the approach of day. Notlimg i^ lafe fioin the de-
predations of theft nuMOiis fiealiires ; they deilr.r)' fowls,
and domeftic anim;kl5, if they are not pioperly fecurtd,
and frequently fallen upon the inhabitants tllemfclvcs,
attacking them in tlie iace, and inllicling very terrible
wound.H. It is very probable, .is .M. Buffon obfeivcs,
that the ancients t<K)k their idea of harpies from thele
fierce and voracious cieaiurcs, as they both fcem to con-
cur in many parts of the defcription, being equally cruel,
<letormcd, greedy, and uncleanly.

Monftcrs more fierce offended Hcnv'n ne'er fcnt.
From hell's .ihyfs, for human punilhmcnt ;
With pa■nche^ foul, with ordure ftiU uncleati.
With claws for hands, and looks forever lean.

- * with hideous cry.

And clatt'ring wings, the hungry harpies fly.

The Indians cat thefe animals, .uid fay the flefll is very
good, efpccially at particular times of the year, when
they have more fat thiui ufual ; and even fome of the
French litre, and in the I fie of Bourbon, have brought
thcmfelves to ufe them, in order to give a rclifli to their
bouillous; but the negroes hold them in the utmoft ab-
horrence, and will not touch them upon any account.
Pirl'ons have been attacked by thefe creatures, and
have foiratimes pafl'td from a Ibund ilerp into eternity ;
for the bat is fo dexterous a bleeder, as to infinuate its
(harp-pointed tongue into a vein unperccived, and to
fuck the blood till It is fatiatcd, at the fame time fanning
with it6 wings, and agitating tht; .nir, v.hich, in tlwlc

hot regions, luUs the fuffurcr into a ;fiU |,.;,„d. r n.y-
h i.s therelore dangerous to rcpofe iuthe (,i,cn au, oi u
leave open .my entrance to thele nu:.ii,us amm.ils

0/lU uuinntitatur,,/ l'rf,J„iti:u< ,.} ih lf.<,n<i tfMuu,i.
I. us, (,r Ifii of tianci.

'•'■ H AI.KS .ift-frciiuemly feen to the windward of
>■" ii;..;,.n hut they at' not lo lame,,, ihole in the
■"r..,-;ii Uas. There is no ellalilifti.dVhale lilh, ry heie,
y ' -V ne|;i.jcs a!L not unacquainted with ihe nuihod of
hai.; ».in,,^; them. Sea cows are liimetimcs eau-ht, =nd
(hcirllefli. 111 lomenicafure, refembles beef i:i taltc. The
vieilie isa black:.h f.fh, and has fome fimil.uity to the
cod-hfh in talte and inako.

Many of tin- filb near thif illand are of a poifonous qiwi-
lity, in particular the white onn-, with a laijc belly and
great he.td, fuch as the c.iplain and caraii-uee ; and of
the rtlt it is to be obli r\(d, that the fmaller ilv Ijfh th;;
greater the danger, 'i lie nmif eft.cmed Hfli for eating
iieie is a kind of turbot, called the watcr-pulii t, the fat
It which is green, and exceeding ddicious. ihe hor-
hlh has a head like a pike, and upon its back are leven
points, as large as its body, the pricks ofwli.ch are very
venomous: a mpmbr;;;ic,' Onaked with brown ilripes,
and relcmbling tile wing of a bat, unites them.

'I'lic peroeiutt-fifli is lo called .'rom its cxai5l refem-
blancc to the bird of that name ; for it is gnen, hath .<
yellow head, and a kind ot white crooked" bea!». The
hflu-. of this fpecie.s liitewifego together in number:, like
the birds called peioquets.

'I'hecels areol the conger kind, furnilh but bad food,
and are very dangerous to lliofc that attempt to bathe in
the creeks where thev , ire found; a.s they arc in general
eight feet long; to the full as thiik as a man\ lig ; ex-
ceeding voiuciou>; and capaible of killing any perion they
attack.

Merc arc great numbers of lobfters, cray-fifh and crabs ;
the two forme.- are of a f:ne blue colour, marbled with
black, and the latter is principally grey. One fpccies
hath the eyes ill two long tubes, like telefcopes, which,
when not in ufe, are depulitcd in grooves iiloii^ tiic Hde of
the (hell.

Among the flicll-fini, here is one of a very fingular
nati:rc ; for the ufual oriji r lixnis to be reverfed ; the .uii-
mal is on theoutlide of tht lliell, the whole appearing as
a (hapelefs mafs, foft and membranous, in the middle of
which is a linglc bone, or fheli, fmooth and arched.

I'hc tulier, .nn enormous hlh of the oyller kind, is
ceimmon here : the Ihell is fiippofed to be tht; largcft which
the lea praluces.

With refpecl lo other marine produiffions, Mauritius,
or the Ifle of France, i-, fiirrounded by madrcpares, a
kind of vegetaliiin of lioiie formed like a plant or fhrub.
Ihey arc fo cxcediimlv numerous, that many of the
rocks feem formed of t.hcm only. Among the madrc-
pares that adorn and diverfify the lea fliores are, fome ex-
iiilly relimbling cauliflowers, others cabbages, wlicat-
Ih avcs, frees, &c. Many arc of the cor.il kind, and
exhibit a prodigious variety of colours, but thefe arc, in
general, fo brittle, that it is not woitii while to leml
them to Europe. ,Stiir-wort is fomctinies fccn, and am-
bergris was formerly plentiful, but very little of it is
found at prefent.

Of tbt inhniittints nf Mnuritlm, v.kile, lluit, tr'r.
' Their ciill"i'!y iniinnfri, i3\.

THIS iflij:d, whtji hrll difccvred, was uninha-
bited. The firft French people wb.oeihiblilhed thenifelves
here were a few hulbindiiien from the lll.uul of Bourbon.
Thefe people were finiple in their manncri, induftrious
in their callings, and hofpitabb in their behaviour.
When the importanrc of tnc ifland was known, from
its fituatiun, in the courfc from Europe to the EafI In-
dies, many pcrfons came to fettle here, particularly fe-
vcral who were lent by the French Fad -India company.
Thefe, by their tyrannical and a\aritious behaviour,
foon became txcectiiiisly obnoxious to the people in ge-
neral ; commerce employed their thoughts, but they had
not the Icaft idea of humanity; they lanciid they c-mc
fc> far to get money, not to do good ; and, inllead of
clearing the lands for the purpofes of agricultur.^, they
cleared them to ereil dwclling-houfes and warchoufes,
which they might fell at ancxetbitantpricc to new fcttlers.

i I

AFRICA.]

ISLAND OF M A l' R I T I IJ S

r.15 uninhn-

thjiiifjlvi's

'f lidiiil'on.

iiidu(hiou:>

Ivli.iviuut.

o-.vii, Irciu

iL- L.ift Iii-

;icularly fc-

i i.-.,)rup;iny.

belijviour,

copk- in ^',c-

tut thtv lud

tlii.\ c^mc

, inltcail of

iltur.-, they

wjrclioulcs,

.KW (etlliT:.

It \f true, complaints wtif mailc of thiir ;irbifrary prrt-
Cfcdings ; but the augrcllbis wiTf ton gri at to be pu-
ailhcd, and the coinpTainaiits Ion little idobt.iiii rcdrcis.

Many feafaring ptoplc aftciwards fettled here, who
hoped to gain great advantages fmin the internuiliate
commerce Dttwten Europe and [lulia ; but thefe neither
tnirnded the inanncrs, nor the morals of the relt of the
inhabitants.

Soon after, the French F2all-India company fent a mi-
litary force hither, commanded by officers whofc families
were very good, but whofe pockets were very low.
Thefe, having more pride than money, did not choofe to
keep company with the merchants or clerks, becaiife they
were fordid ; with the planters, becaufc they were mean ;
nor with the failors, bicaufc they were bmtifli ; fo they
kept company with each other, and remained as poor in
flic Iflc of France, as they had been in Old France. |

Some of the king's troops then touched here, and fe- j
veral of them became fettlcrs ; but thefe entertained a fo- i
vercign contempt for the company's troops, and the relt
of tht inhabitants ; and this uillikc was cordially re-
tained by the other parties holding them in the higheil
(flfdain.

The next fcttlers were loiri.f niiflionaries of the order of
St. I.azarus ; when all the enile.i.'nirs of thefe were to
reign uncontrouled over the minds ot the inhabitants, as
the company's principal fervants did over thiir lives and
properties.

A fucceflion of felieeming merchants followed ; who
introduced monopolies, and all the chicanery of tiaile ;
and at length, to complete this heterogeneous group, the
lite war occafioned the fcum of Kiirope and Atla to emi-
grate to the Ifle of France ; bankrupts, ruined libtitincs,
thie\es, proftitutcs, and wretches of every denoinnia
tion, driven by their crimes from the former, or by the
bad fucccfs of the French arms fioni the latter, (ought
icfugc here. " On the arrival m this lit vf men (lays
ail admirable writer) the complaiir.s, both gejieral and
particular, cf the inhabit„nts, we::- .lUL'mciued ; every
characler was traduced with an A'i.i'.ij ingenuity, hi-
therto unknown to the calumniators of i.ur elniiate. No
woman was now looked upon a^ chaC.e ; nor any man as
honeft ; all conlideiiccand erteem wen at an end. Thus
by vilifyiiig all i,.jnkind, they thought to reduce all
mankind to their own level."

At length, in the year 1765, the French Eafl India
company yielded up to the king a colony which had coll
them fo much trouble and cxpence j when the miniftry
took this opportunity to (Ind fcveral of their minions,
fytophants, and creatures, for whom they could not pro-
vide in Old France, to the Iflc of France, that the latter
might there provide for themfclves, and the former get
rid of tlicir importunities. Thefe added to the luimber,
and increafed the vices of the inhabitants ; and nivv dil-
cord reij'.ned over the whole ifland, and extirpated that
love of fociely, which might have bten expeiited to pre-
vail among peifonsrefidinginan ifland forniedof little more
than a numocrof rocks blended together, in a remote corner
of the world ; fccluded fiom the relt of mankind, and
furrounded by an immenfity of tempellu.His feas.

The people in eeneial here are greedy of gain, yet,
grafpwhat they will, they are never fitished ; an hundied
and fifty percent, appears too trifling an advantage to
content them, for avarice h.ith a moll infatiale appetite.
The defire of accumulating riches continually encre.'.fes
the population of the i.land ; but was you to hear the
difcontented voice of the ]K'ople, you would conceive
that it muft , in a very fhort time, beci nie again ur.inha-
bitcd ; for every man declares he will go .iway the enlu-
ing year J and Ionic of them liavi' made tbi^ declaration
for 20 or 30 years fuccellively, yet ihev (eem fixed to the
fpot, and remain flill to make the lame declaration for
years to come.

A gentleman, whonfided a confiderabic time upon
the ifland, fays, " probity and honour a'eof no eOeem ;
the iunmrtg man is nere the mm: of wit ; it is, however,
in my opinion, a charafter only worthy of foxes ■, it is
certainly not a property natinal to the human fpecies,
and a wretched foriety miift that be, where it is looked
upon as an '■(limable quality. On the other hand, mif-
trufHul and wary people are much diflikeil ; this may ap-
pear a contradii2ion, but the reafon is, that there is lels
to be got from pcrf-;!:, iil'cd to be 0:1 f''.c;r (;uard, who
45

5'-"

may deteef and eypofe ihofu who would impole upon
them. '1 he;i infallibility, with refpcilt to the feelings
which conllitiite the hapijinels of a generous mind, is
extreme. I hey have no talte for arts or literature j every
feiitiment of luiinanity is here depraved, n.iy, 1 may fay
ewlni!t. I was once at the funeral of a coiifidcrablf
iiK.l.int, but law no tigns of affficlion. [I. s broth' r-
in-lavv remarked, indeed, that tliey had not dug the
giave fodeep as it (liould have been. This indifference
extends to all that ale about them , the (heets and courts
are neither pavetl, nor planted with trees. The houfcs
arc nicer cabhiiis of wood, which mav be cafily removed
from one place to another upon lollirs; the windows
have neither ghifs nor cur.-ainsj and the houfca have but
little furnitur'-, and that little but vciy fliabby. There
is a fort of an exchange, where people meet at noon and
in the evening ; here th -y make their bargains, and rail
at, and talk le.indal o! tneir ncighboui.."

In propoi titJii to the number of people, few here arc
married; the rich pretend tliey Jo not ciiufe lo in.irry
till they return toKuropc; the poor plead their poverty
as an excufe ; but the rial realoii ;<• the facility of accrl,
to the negro girls. Th ■ people, in gener.il, are im-
mod-ratily fond of dancing ; ;'iid the women, in the
plantations, fclilom or never come to town but at Kaftcr,
lo con.'ef,, or whin a ball is announced.

The ulu;.l nioO,- o.'" tr.ivcr.iiii;, particul:irlv for women
I and ehiliiren, if in palajiiiuiiis, carried bv ll.ivrs; for the
I b„dncls of tile roaiis, and uneveni.efs of the llreets, will
I not admit ot the ule of wheel carriages. The women
; aic pale, hal will made, and in general handloinc. They
I have gie.it vivacity ; and, if properly educated, would
be agiecble coirpanions ; but few of them can read ;
yet, ignorant ns they .ire, they are much lefs depr.ivej
than the men ; being of a domellic turn, fober, careful,
and neat in the rxneme. Their moll iilual drels is muf-
liii, trimmed with rofc-colourcd tafl'aty. They arc ex-
travagantly fond of their childien ; yet being ignorant
themfclves, they bring them up in utter ignorance ; and
what is worfe, the ciiildien imbibe with their milk the
vices of the negro women, who arc their nurlts, .ind
generally fucklcthcm.

The black iuhabit-nts of the ifland are cither Indians
or n.'grtK't.

The Indians are Malabars, or Malavans, who come
from Pondicherry, in order to article theiiilelves as llriaiits
for a certain tcriii of years. Thefe occupy a I'ubuib called
the Camp of the HIacks : in general thev v^'ork at trades,
are fober and thrifty, but laleivioiis. Fhcy arc clad in
long murtin gowns J werr a turban on their lie.als ; have
gold rings in their cars, and filver bracelets on their wrifls.
Somefiw who do not like work engage themfelvrsto
lerve the principal and richi ll peoplcas runnin;: footmen.
riielc being ci|iiippcd with a handf>>mc cm;.', ."nd a
poicnard at the girdle, aftect grcit lla:c, and deliver the
moft trivial meflag's with liich an appearance of profound
gravity, as to appeal truly lircical.

The negroes or flaves are brought from ^T.lda^afc.1r,
where the giciitrll price for a llout Have docs not exceed
("even pounds ten lliilllngs llcriinff. Thefe are neither fo
black nor fo badlv fctucred as Uie natives of (luinea;
but refeml'le the Hiiiopems in features, and in complex-
ion incline to a copper cidour. They arc in aencral
a(5Uve, ingenious, gr.acful lor l.ivour^, and fiithful when
well iil'ed ; and have a quicker fenle of an infult dene to
anv one they Iom-, than of any p'.'rlonal injury to
themlcKcs. Alter having been purchaied at Madagafcar,
they arc l.mded, with onlv a rag round their loins, at the
, Ifle of Fiance, where being fold, it frequently happens
that hulbands, wives,, brothers, filters, friends, lovers,
i^c. are cruelly lorn afunder, and bidding each other a
long faiewrell, are driven in the greatcft anguifh to the
refpciilive plant.-itions for which they arc bought. Some
upon thele occafions have been known to turn frantic,
and do mifchief, which is imputid lo the horrors they
conceive at the apprehenfions of the dreadful fate to which
they imagine they arc doomed ; for it is a prevailing no-
tion with lome tribes of the Madagafcar negroes, that the
white people intend eating their flefli, m.iking red wine
of their blood, and gunpowder of their bonesj nor arc
thefe ilrange ideas to be woiidured at, coiifidering the in-
numerable barbarities of the whites, which have jjiveii the
blacks occafion to fu^eil them.

L In

I i

1 ^'

>. ;•'

\i \t •'

502

A NEW COMl'LETE SYSTEM UE GEOGRAl>]iv.

'r. tlic f.l;intatioiis, every d;iy as foon as i!io dawn
hrjtiiis U) p( cp, a figiial o!' iliitc liTiack^ f>( a liuid-vvliip
calls tlu'lf iiiih.ippy wRtihi- to woik, wluii they loil
through ih'- il..y aliiiofl iiakn.1, broil in the iiu-ijiiian Cun's
excels ot'lKMi, and ivperi juc ihe ixtreniitiis of huiij^c;
and thirll, lor their I'ood is or.Iv maize, ii:.iiiioe root, or
c:i(Iiva ukA, ar.J thofe hut fu.iitily allowed thciii ; and
though water may be had tor nothijig, yet their tyran-
nical tafl^-iii.:(lirs will h.iidiy allow them time to itlnfli
thcnilVlves ihe.-wilh. The iiioO trivial oHeiiee is pu-
nifhcd hy a n-.oll dreadful f! igell. tion, after which an
iron cullar, with thrie fharp Ipikcs, is put round the
unhappy offendeis nei k, and he is again feiit in that con-
ditioii to purfue his l.ibour. Yet after this inhuman
tnatment the poor wretih, on his return home in the
cv. ning, thdUjjh petha|i leady to faint with the (atigues
of the day, and the aiijn;!!) of mind and body. Is not
pcnni(t"d to rriire to li ll till Iir has repeated a pray;, for
the proipei iiv of his worthy mailer, and has returned him
the mcll nfjit'tful thanks for his womlerful ^'oodnefs '
a rcfiivment upon cruelty, which ceitainly mul{ double
fhc anguidi of the ftripes originally given, and could be
cxack'd I'V niuie but minds inleriulU bent. This dreadful
treatment i xirnds to each li \ Midil'criminatel), the
females hauii^ no mor^; mercy Ihcwn tliem tliaii the '
nun.

Some years finer the French government, for the re lid '
of thele mlferald'' wretch •', inltitut' d a e(.de of laws,
r.dl'.d the C'.V Koir,; or H'iiiii l.mv: \ and tliife ftatucs
maet that they fti.dl rtoive no more than 50 lafhes for
any uO'encc whatrvci, that they Ihall ha\e meat once
a week, a new (hirt ar.nually, and not be obliged to
labour on Sul»days. Thefu regulation-, howe\er, ha\e
not as yet had any iiriet, for the brutal planters have
hitheit) difregarded tlie laws of the mother eiuntrv, and
followeil only the dicUttS of then owM inhumanity.

When a llraiij-rr (ienis llruck .eith hoiror at thefe
fight«, the iiilwbit.i:it- eixilly tell him, " you dont know
the bl.'cks, fii — they ,iie (lah gluttons that they will
fte.il \icluals whuiiver they ha\c ..n opportun.n — aie
lo idle that they li..ve not their nuder.-. bufincfs at hc„rt.
And the women are lu in.ittenti'. j to ihi ir familic, that
they would looner pr(Kuie an abortion than bring ehil-
djen into the world." Tliefe are their cuiioiis arguments
in t.veufc lor their excels ol barb.irit) , when it mufl
ajipear obvious to tveiy thinking muul, that if they
(leal food, it IS becaufe iluy are .liiiolt taini{hed, if tluy '
do not tb-ir nialKrs bufine's, it is Ixe.iule treated teio
cruelly to t, .'..«. kindly of them j and if the women an
'lot fond of bijngin;', childnii into the world, it in
becaufe they would not have thiu oH'spring trcmd
with tne inhunianil) ihiy thimldvis eontinually cxpeii-
tnce.

Love is the inly paflion which keeps the Negroes from
abfolutc diljiair, this cheeii their drooping fpirils, and
invigorates iluin to g<i through then daily labour. Tor
the obi' ct ol their paffion tiny delpiii dan^nis .md laugh
at dithcultics. W Ik n a NegHK' is in love, he will m
the oeiiing forget the fatij^uis wf the day, and wUh ala-

' limes makes ex-
:»'eii^c, aiid obtain

; c.ity go tnany mile-sand run tnany haxaid.to connne
but a lew n:i:,utes with his beloved iniilnf

I When overwhelmed by delpair, a Negr„c will fome-
; nnes attempt ,0 get back to M.uL.aktr .n .n y , u,

•boat he can (teal, and run the luzard "o. hen;, d fwl d
rather than continue >,. ilavery. If this expedient , "l

. he fl.es to tne woods, wheie he fecretes himt.l, .„ ,he me.|.
oblcure reedles, from whence he |„„„ ""«""-"

ciufinn., .It oneo to gratify his rcvt
I'lundel.

'l'roops..rclu<iuently fent to ferret iheabfcoiided flaves

, fiom thur lurking places, .„J fomunne. the prlnnn^
people lorn, pa.tirsof pieafuie, as they pina.e ,t, to l.t'.nt
U.wn' "'''-^"';Y""''P"t"P, likea'L..,t, an'd h,„
down, orn.ot, bkea.iyw.ld animal. ,|,c„ his U.id is

i.oi,i;v'o;",'h ""/."' '"'"'' '" "',""'»'''' """"'"-""piui

t.ojil.y ol the moll attroc.ous cruelty.

When one of thele ..eg.oes ., taken, Withom bei,.„
In.nieel h.s lentcee fo. the rtrll ..tleiice is to I,, li.nr.-iv
Hogged, and to lole an tar ; lor the (etond, to be lu/l
nu.ie (everelv whipped and ham-ll,in.gi but the thi,xl
o'iuice .s punillK-d with dei.th, whuh is ex.euled bv
hanging, or bie.ikmg on th. wheel. Some ol t|i«|e ne-
g.oes have been bapt.zed, but ih.it hath gftni iK-nt. u-
ragemc.t tO(!th(is tolHcome ChiiKunsj f„r iIm,|c wlio
-ue b.iptizi.l .ire 11,, better uled th.-.n llu.ic who ii, ■ not •
as tie pl.uitus thit.k more of their own .nttielUlian of
the ncgious leiuiineiiis of tlu-ir li.ivis.

Uiih ref|Ktt to tommerco, the iiihaUitanis of this
illa.iJ leceiie

l^he moll of their houfehold utcnfils
Their .'ppare
Tiair 11,0 es
.Manv u\ the

l*r (China.

\ I India.

Jf.om J';*;"'''!-"'^"".

" \ J I hi capeol

/ iCjoodliopc

I I ^paill

articles ol proveiidei
which thiy eonlume
I'hcir money

^ And we might add, ihor laws and ;>..vertim(nt from
Fr.iiice; th( ir follies from various nat.of.e, bcth wiiifr
•ir.ilblaJ. i and then \iees, at the head of viWu\ ('itid
I. humanity and avarii,, l.oni the arth-encniy of mr'n-
kind, the devil himlilf.

The great' ft e li>g to trade here is paper oiirrenrr.whirh
i- payable in I'la.iee, f;x mo.iths alter its nirival t!!er •,
at .1 lofs fmieiimrs i I (illy |ki cent.

W" h.>vi fun r.ither .iniptc in o.ir «ccotint of Mrir"

■ tins, or the lllcof l-'r.nirt-, js, in .-dl iiilirr lylh-ms of, e.i

iieafilis on (tuvgrnph) hithcito piiblillied, adelcr.ptirti

of it hath been uther totally omitterl, or lo (lightly piv n

, as fcarce tome, it ailil.tion. \'et this illjnd is ."it pn-ler.:,

and h IS bee.i f 'i fane years palt (nntwiiliHaiiding th« de-

piavity of the iiihabit.iiue, and i'lCfi.veniei.cc of the cl'-

' mate) of the utmolt political conffi]i.i nee. Hena- the

; lea., cd Dr. Campbrll, whole ingenious wiitings g.ivc

hit pn fent M.ijeOv li.e firlt idea ot pro(ecMtingdilioveiie»

I in thereinoiill ri(.ions of the world, .ind prompted hiin

I to lit on loot the l.uc voya^^rs to t'u .South Sia<, and to

I the North I'ole, fays ; " 'I'he Iflc of Kiame is at pn 1. in

cue of the fit.eft, .IS it was always one ol the nioft inipoi ■

luit.ind impioveabh, Ipots upon theglobi."

C II A P.

XXV.

Ulanl of MADAGASCAR.

Ills ifland, which is one of the Ijri^el) in the
univcrlr, \% diliercnily luincJ bydiHercnt people,
vis.

The

I Knglifti / I Madagafcar.

Il'oitugutfc f I St, Lawrence.

•cKirnch ^call it ^L'lfle l).iiiphinr,

iPerfiant, Ara-l
/ bians, Nuiii- I
I an<, tec. I

the Dauphin's Ifland.
bciendib.

It lies between the 12, 30, and 2^ <lrg. 10 mill, of
foulh l.ililiule, and Ihiwoii the 44th and Jlduf Ion, .
tudc call (lorn London t lo that its |(ieatelt length lioiii
ninth lo luiiili IS 4lM>ut Kon milis; but its ^leatelf breadth
IS nut above 320 nnics. ll lies north-noilh-eal), and
laut!.-iouth-wrl(. Its fuuihrrnmoD point, which leans
lowaids the l.'ape of Ciixxl Hope, is the broadcit ; and
ibrnorthiin point, whieh inclines tuwaids the lafteiii
ocean, n iTiiu h inirowrr. At a diflance (loni tf '• >4
are very hi^h and Deep luountainsi but it abounds nivrt-
ihcleU wilU fpaciout plaiiWi Mttaurdiiiary guiAl pa'luio,

|iv(is

AFRICA-l

ISLAND OF MADAGASCAR.

rivcrsBiid Inkfs, woll (lockfH with fidi ; aj'rceabic fpriiii;s,
the water of vvhiili is, pcihaps, th. belt inthcwoild;
ami large lorclh alwavs jrrccii. v/hi re limoii and pomc-
i;ranate-trce*, agrceahly mixed withoilorHc loirs flowL-riiig
trees, iifrlumc the air Wiih the molt delightful fccnt.

Thi'- ill.iiul is iiiterlldlcd, and its coalh divided by
rivers which have lluir loiircc in the inland parts, and
difcharpc tliemfclvcs into the ha. The b.ivs an<l uulphs
are innumerable, and in general abnund in good ki.uIs
and harbours, fo that t!n- ifland might he rendered of
prcat conl'eqiiinre. I'hi I'nneh alwavs claim the ho-
nour of having lirlt diliovcred the maritime countrici
between the bay of Antcnviil and the bay of St. Aiigudine,
although the Portugwefe, in all their voyagts to hall In-
ilia, have conltantly, tince the year 151 6, anchored in
this illatKl, and impioved their difcovriies; and the
Dutch lii'.vo folloWiil the example of the i'cirtugucfc ; and
II null* be allowed that tlic Krench have pentt.ated far-
ther into ihe V ountry than either.

'Ibis illand is divided into ?8 provinces, or counties,
which lorni lo many dillimif people and govirnments,
viz.

Ano'H, or Carcau.li

Manatengha, or
natnp.iiu

The Valley of

\ (ihitlhang.

Itomampo

Iconilrr

Vatemanahon

An;ichimoulli
q I' ruipdram'
I'. V'ohits- Anglion-.be
II .M.m..caroni;,ha
13 M.uataii
ij Antavarcc

I
■i

4
S
i>

14 (ihallcmboulou
nr .\Ia- 15 'I'.metavi

lb Sahaveh
Amboulc 17 Voiiloviloii
li Andovouche
i() Mangh.ibcl
:to Adcimou
21 .Mandrerei
72 Amp.itiv
7 J C'jraniboule
74 Mahjfalle
?5 Houlome
i6 Sivah

27 Ivoiiiiihcoc

28 M.ichicorc
The principal riven in this ifland arc

Francherc ^

Acondrc I

Imanhal |

Manambatou

Manhafio

Harangwavac

Kantac

S.imati

Manampani

Manatenghii

Avibiiul

Aiulraghinta

Sandravivaii! ni

Man.inilvindriii

Mallianac

Manangh.ire

Itom.mipo

longainoii

Maropir

Mangharpi

In the Province of .^noffi

In the Province of Manatengha.

' III ih' p.ovinro of Vohitlb.in,.;

Mananghare

A' ibatie
S.uavil

Mannn.rhorou

ManaiiTatra

Moiinibii

.Siiiniamc

Manangliare

ManJrer:i

I'll le run through the pro-
\ ',;\iv\ of Itomanipo, Iiondn*,
Vatcinaiiahon, Cai ..inboule,
and .Aiuclnnu'Uin

This iivi-r wjtits the piovlncc^
of Maiucarunghu and Mau-
tan

J I'hi (f wafer (he nrovinci » of
( Antavarcc and Anachnnouin

Till fe wafrt all the eo.ift from
' I .iiiietavi to the bay of An-
to^il

Waters the provinces of Am-

patre, Manghabei, and Ca-

ramboule

f Waters the provinces of Ma-

\ h.ifalle. Hi uluuve, Siv.ih, and

lonrhdalie

Ivoronhc
Ongbalahe
R.inoiini^ne
Ranoumnninthi
S.ihaiirrnha
Si'iiinaiidu
Maiuiangh
Manfialrr

All there province* aic pretty Urgr ; Maehichorr, the

rhefr u!l run thrOUith, and wa-
ter (he piovinceul Mach.corc

!:i!gcft of all, is .-diout 70 Ic^iios long, and 40 broiid .
Hut the molf populous are Vi.hits-Anghonibc and
l.riiigdranc. Thele feveral nitions nie perpctuallv at
war againft one .niutherj ancient c^uatrels arc the prc-
tence> of thcf.' wars, but thi' true taulrof them is the dc-
lire of plundering each others goods and cnttle. Kvery
one of thele pivivinces i'^ governed by a (Htlv tyr..n!, wl..)
ufurps thcfonreign pouei, either by nuii: force, <,r by
attitiie. The fons fucceed the fathir>, and thus the fame
lamily keeps the inhabit.ints of the [.rovincc in iHrpetu.'.l
fubicilion.

W'e (hall now fpeak of th:-fc provinces rffpciflivcly ; »s
many things null be locally rrlatid, which cannot come
into the general dcfcripti 1 of lliis large ifland.

I. The province of Anolli, or Carculli, or, as ibmc
writers have called it, Androh' i/.at.a', extends fiom the
province of Manatengha to the river M.iiidi rei. Cro-
codiles fwarm inall the rivers of Ihi. piowiue, aii.lindei.l
they arc to be found in all the rivers ol the illaiid. A
like IS found at the head of the principal livtt, laliej
I'rancliere. The iiameof this luke is Ainbon: ; it is. hall
a league over, and h.is fuificiuit dcjiih t\.r any fnip,
if ;he mouth was coiillaiitly open, which iTiii:lit my
eafily be efteiSled. The ca|)c which runs out (lom the
river Kr.:iKhere is by the I'rineh c.illrd Ciire St. Ro-
niain, but the natives name it Kaiuv.ae. u hn th«
Ca()c is paflld, (lie coal! forms a hue bay in the fliape
of a crols, as the land piojeiits into the middle of it, .aid
I forms a peninfula, lallid Tholaiigare. I'oit Dauphin
lies to the noiih of this |Kniiilula, .iiid l',<it IJauphia
over a^ainrt it; .uid hence ib.e I'luuli call this bay Dau-
phin flay. The mtr.ince is rocky and dangerous ; but
within it is a feeurc harbour for eilh?r (hipping or boats.
A liiiall ifland, called by the Fre:Kli St. Clare, lies near
and l.irms another convmunt h.irbour. 1 his piovince
includes feveral otha lets conlidirable prninfulas, and
(ill ill'.r ifl.'.nds oil the coalt. The country, upon the
whole, is beautiful, and abounds in iVuit-lrtes; and is
fertile in palluies for cattle. It is furroundid by inuun-
tains, hiii.ly JivrrlifieJ with hillocks and plains; and
with proper culture might be ni.ide to proiluce not only
all till- nectfl'aries, biitiieii.dl the luxuras of lite.

This proiince, bcfidcs vilLigc. and h.unicu, contains
cn'iil towns, vii.

i r.iiKherc Maromamnu

liiunh.il lii'oiits

C'osombcs MarofonKints

.Andravaiilc Kaiungbr

A rdumetaiM

Several Iragiirs from Fort Dauphin tlir Portuguffe ha)
fotmerly a fort, on the luumut of a h -li rock, and fe-
\i lal iiK lofuris th t furniflnd them with all forts of pro-
. fions; but they were at lenj;th ill nuFacred by the
iKij.'hbouiing ilativcfc.

In this province the mountains arc covered with ticts
111! Ihrulis, and the French have often dug here, in ex-
pictatioii of hnding cold ; ihev haie, liowtver, be>nal-
i ways dil.'p|KMritcd. In the rivers indeed they liiiiKiimcs
found Hones, and yellow cLiy, inteini'Ved with black
and white fpanghs the latter Ihinnig likefiKer; thefe
they carelully |>oiindid mh\ wadied ; but the fiparatej
matlir pr0M.1l much too light. Soii.c writers, ntMrthc-
lifs, leport th.it the l'ciiiU(juelc, byilig;ing hue, for-
nerly (ound gold, and that the plaei . whue they du^
hid been filled up bv the lUtius, alter they had driven
ihofe invaders nut of ihiir luuiiiiy.

The inhabitants of this province urc of two kinds,
vi/.. whites and ncgnx's.

The whites arc drlceii'led from fomc Arabs, who lef-
tlid lure upwards of two centuries fince; and Ihe iK'gioen
lie the origin.il iiihabit.iiiis ol the countty. The wliiut
aic dividrifinto thier claflls or devices, vi«.
Roliaiidii.uii
Aiiacandriajis
And/alli
And the Negroci vc dividvd intu lour ciaiics, or
degrtrs, via.

Voadtiri
I.ohavohits
Antiiu

Atideves •

Robandrian sthitr* are lh« nobles, and front

1 H

liiji

The
anMn|> them the chivft and kiii^s arc iholcn.

Ihe

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

504

't'lie Atucanilrians arc of the blood of tlu' Roh.m-
drians, but it is bv a digciii'r.ite mode, or in other words
lli^v are the illegitimate ortsiiring, or the defecndciits
of the il!' ;;itiir.iie oftVpring of tlu- kings, princes, and
noble;, (.f the Roliandrian race. Both thefe rlafies enjoy
the privilege of killing eattle, whith is tonfidcrtd as a
miuhty ereat honour in Mada^afear.

I'h'c Andiatli is the loweit clafs of the whites, being
the illegitimate defecndants of the Anacandrians. The
people of this clafs .'.re in general lifhcrnicn, and they are
not ptrniitted to kill any living creature except the fifh
ihey catch, and chickens.

All thefe people, though diftinguifhed by the name of
whites, are in (iH rather of a copi)er colour, and their
hair hangs down in ringlets.

With refpeiLl to the Negroes, thole of the firft, or
Voadziri clafs arc the moft powerful and rich, arc maf-
ters of fcveral villages, nid defceiid from the original lords 1
«if the counirv, though they are at prefent, and have been
f'lr a confiderable time, fubordinale to the wliilek. I'hiy
are permitted 10 kill cattle if no white happens to be in \
the vHlage, but if a white is near at hand, they mult not
afpire to fmli honour.

The Lohjvohits, or fccnnd clafs, are chiefs, but ftill
they are inf^iior to the Voad/iri; as the Voad/iri are
lords of didrict-, and the Luhavohils only of (ingle villi
pes, Thele are iikewifc iifrniilled to kill bcafl
own ufe, when thtv aie ;:bfeni from any white,

The people of ;l;e .Antfoa, or third clafs, are the legi-
timate oli'^piing )t the I.ohavohits ; and the Aiidevcs, or
the |)eople of the fourth clafs, arc lonfulered in a del-
picable ;.iul nn.in light, the term iti'elf, by which tlie\
are dcnominiti'd, implying I'ljl men, and as fueh they
iTi.iv be conlider' J, fiiicc tlity are either llaves made by
the 'nriunc of war, or the childnn of il.aves. In times
of famine, <r fcarcitv, if the mailers of the Ande\esi
cannot, .:" will not fuppoit iheni, the latter have the |
privileg' of changing mailers, and giving ihemfehes to be I
the Haves of </tners ; but frriclom is a thing they never ,
tan obtain, till death leleaft^ them Irom thiir tyrants, j
(Mhers mav v.-.ry their cicumllances by induftry, and
(Min an accefTiDii nfwe.dihbv fortunate contingencies,,
but the unhappy Ande\cs have no alternative, nor any
liojK- beyond the id:a of flavery 1 to the other*

" Good uncxpe^ed, evil unforefeen,
" Api)ears by turns as fortune (liifts the fcen^- 1
" .Some lailcd aloft, come tuniblinu down amain,
''' While others fall, rebound, and rife again.

Uut the wretched Andcves are invariably fixed in the
molt unhappv fituation that human natiiie is capable of
I xperieneing, vi/. per|Ktual captivity ; and are wiilw.iit
the lealt plealing giran of ho()eof ever finding any alteia-
lion 111 their cin umKanccs.

2. I"hc province of Manatengha is w*II w.iteted,
f-uitful, and agreeable, but nothing ri larkable is men-
tioned tonceining it.

3. The vallev ot .Aniboiilc is finely w teird by a vaii
ftv of fprini's, wb.i's it receives fioin t ; mountains of
KiiC«lld''., M.el.', aiiil .M. iij'ha/e. In th.' iiudit ol this
pleafant valley Hands the Kit:; town of Ambmil', whuh
IS populoiiN in ilfelf, and tlie eircumj.uinl leiiilones
abound m tattle, pbnis and tniiis, patlieulaily white
yarns, and th'- heib Ulame, wh'd, conipieli'ed feed pro-
durr-, the (111 menachil ; ..ikI thr lattle are here remaik-
ablv fat and t-nr. Thi' iiioiiiKC piuduiesiion , and
neai th'' town <( Aniboiile is a hot fountain of niineial
wa»rt, which is I'teiiAtl exceed ir.> elfceacious in the (■out.
'I Ik piiiple ol i!:.s ililtridt are princip.illy ernjiloved in
tiianiitawlurin- wap'itu .md done (lit iitrnfib, with iioii
and Ittrl. With iilp'il to tluir diljiolltioiis, llu>, an
lirrntam* and ilifhuiv tt, I. ih.il thisdiUnt^t, <m |. u» im r,
is ikinivd the i.lrtni o( the ro('iiif)\ .iiid lj/\, who
er(.>|H' lioniolliii p 'iVUKf, and lun hithi ' in Kidet tti
herd with I'M h «i^o:e cl./i.u ter» rrteiitblc then 'lUii.

I'hi* p'ot Mif i< li'li'l I'la Libriliii, or ^'i>at luid,
whu IS rxcntlini; ridi, pariu iilarlv in c itllr, .md lule*
iti 3 v( 'y arbitiaiy nianiii 1. Subordinate to this i.iberlaii
i another, who iiiles over a little diAn-.l >allid l/amr.
'1 his diltrii" ( ()ii»ait!s only alx'Uf ^or> prifonv, the nun
ol which :'rr de<'mi-<l the licft li'diiis m tlir ilUiid.

4. Thr prut ince cf Vohit(b«i)| rxtcnds from the liver

Manatengha, to the river iVLinangh.ue, and flretclws up
the country to the river Itomainpo.

The fea coaft of this protinte is mountainous, and
covered with thickets, and the plain parts arc fertile and
abound m honey, (ugar canes, yams, rice, and other
grains, cattle and iron mines.

The inhabitants of this part arc black, with thick
long curled hair, extremely tpiaricKiime, vindicitivc,
cruel, treacherous, and rcvenge'ul. 'I'hey arc great
thieves, and pay lo little regard to humanity in their rob-
licries, that they frequently Ileal the wives,' chiKJren, and
fcrvantsof their neareil relations, and fell them for (laves.
They have conreivcd an implaeabU ti.itud to the white
natives, as they arc pofli-lled with the notion, that the
lattej: hare the power to bewitch ttuiii, .u I what belongs
to them, and to (end difeads and deaiii .unong iiiem and
their cattle.

Their garments are made of thebr.rkofa tree called
fiautradranoii, and thole brought from Matatan arc
niiide of aiiollier bark called at o. liny tiavtl into the
provinces of Airi(!i and Ampatrc, aiul iliei; .uins are a
heavy dait, and a wooilen (liield covered tvith the hide 01
.111 o\.

5. rile province ofltomnmpo is or.1v about three
leagues in l'ii"th, nar'i vv in propor;i<.ii, lituattd in a
valley furrounded by In;, li mountains, and the belt ((eel

!or liiir i in th'- illand is prep.ired here.

6. I'lie province of Icondre is likewile very fmall and
mountainous. Its boundanis mi ilie nortli-eall aie hiiih
liilN, whiJi divide it from thr eouiit.yof Iti.aiampo.
On the (outh are the couiitri.s of \ atemanahon and
.Machicore ; the other bound.iries aie hills and woods
adjoining to various provinces.

7. The province of Vatemanrihnn, which adjoins tn
ihal of Icoiidie, is iiiiinli.iluled .11 pivfent, the whtdtr
race of its inhabitaius liamig been extirpated and de-
(tioyed by the wars.

8. 'I he province of AiiachlmnufTi is (aid to Ik- four
days journey in extent, and is priiu ipally bounded by
mountains or rivers. I'his piMviiiee is extremely popu-
lous, finely watered, and exeirilingly (eriile in cattle,
yams, rice, and every other nece(lary of life. I'he title
ot thc'jirinee of this province is divan or di.in panohahc,
whole lubjeets tormerly became very riih and ixjwcrlul,
by the a(liltancc of the French 111 the wu> caniixl on by
them againll the neighlHiiiriiij; piovinces.

g. I'he irtit.nueof l.iingdt.inc is a (ine O.ii country,
of gieat extent, and ditidid into two didrii'ls, viy.
greater and leU' r, which fepaMtion is by the met .Maii^-
harac.

10. The province of Vohits Atij-hombe is dividnl
from th.it of Ktm.'.lranc by the litM .M.iiunlair.i, which
river has its (nurn in I iin;Mlr.iiic.

We are tulil, that ,li. le two plot inccs are luicommonlv
fertile, and lo eseeediliglv JKipuloiis, th.it Kiingdiaiie cail
find iiil.uhe lield Ji^cc, :iii I Vthits ,\nghoinbc iix.oco
lighting mm. In both th' fe pronnie.-, the towns and
hoiilis liiipals, in beautv, tli >le of any otiiir. lion,
llirl, and .-.il the neiellaries of lil'e ' abound lieie.
Cloaths are ni.ide o| the nnd ol ban iiia tiixs, and tlicic
garments are veiv lu.ir as tineas (ilk, .uid, bv the na-
tives, aie pi.feiiid to it, though they can likewile make
filk. The |)eopleot thele two fertile pwiv inces aie, how-
ever, very great enemies loeacli olli>r.

1 1. I he pioviiiK' "I Maiiae iioiigh.i is ntuatetl on thf
liaiull, the iiiUnd paits btiiiH bounded either by liters
or mountains. The ritcr iXlaiiiiighar.', which waters
this province, is foimcd by the toiiHus of ihele rners,
vi/,. the Itomampo, ihe Icuig.iiiioii and Maiigh.irae,
belidcs inanv liiiall ritulet, that r^iii d'lwn ffimi tho
mountains, and, whu hall uniting, lulctluii refpci'livc
names, and lake that ot Manangliare. This rivri alier-
waids leparatrs, and dilrmbogues itlelf into the fea, by
fettn mouths, iionr of whiih are navigable, on .ut-iHint
ot the riKks in them, nor it the rivei itlelf, though a
very wide one.

I J. The pi ov ince of Malalan is fiiuatrd near » fivff
that lieais the (ame name, which hath il< (.lurii in the

iwu mouths, which aie letcn lea|(uev idllant liom tain
ollui, and toim a laige and deli^'htliil illaiid.

I'his plot nice is H.1I, aboiuids ivitli ('i:f!«r.canrs,
honey, yamt, whI (atile, uidi> watircd by many rivn-,

tvhich

ISLAND OF MADAGASCAR.

frikls, vi/.
Hit Mant-
is Uividnl
Utr.i, uhiili

luoiniiioiilv

r.JiullC tail

nbi- 1 1 \, ceo

towns .mJ
I'Uur. liDii,

mil Ikic.

.mil tlick-

IV llu- 114-

kiwiU nuke
. air, how-

jatnl on th*"
ki by iiviTit
k'tiich uadri
ihi'fc riuTj,
Ma!i);h.iiar,
in fiiiMi the

rivri atlrr-

itir IVa, by

on .u'i-<)UMt

II, th<)U)'h a

m-jr ii rivr
'>iu< in tlir
Ihc Tea by
I lium t at ll

I )'«r-cinft,

■iiy rivrt",

inrhii'h

AT RICA.]

wliich contain piT.it <]u:iiititiis ot i\(\\. Siigar-cnni<i
(;row in liuh plciitv, tlml iiuny (liips n'iglit lif lo.u'.il
vi;iriv tmiiil thr n.iims lie lirmii;lu to ni.nki- Ciigar, ;iiui
VNtTf tliiv liiiiullhil with iKctiriuy ilnpk^u•nt^. Foly-
C.iniy is .illownl tn thi- cliii'tV of this cdiintiy, and thiii
wivi.-, will) ;iu- t'tiicrally al'otil jo in miinliii, live in d--
paratf ap.ntniints in an iiicloltil placr, luriDunilul liy
palii'.uUxs, hkr a larjr town , .ind wllotvtr prcriiint- to
iiitir it is pun'lhahU- with di-ath.

I ^. Thi' prin inri- <>l Ant:ivaric is wattred hv many
fhtains, loiiif nl' whith havr thrir fourii- in the Red
Mountains, whiih lioiind it to the north-wdl.

1 1. Ihc province o) Cjh.ilUnihoulini liirroiindsa bay of
the laiiu' namf, whieh is very cxti'tifive, with a good io.id
for b^lilt^ hchiiul the rock>, but extieniely dangerous.
The vill.ij'e of Kallnialoni" lies upon the tiulf of this
iirin lie ■, hut the turoprans know it by the ii.mic of St.
M.itthew.

15. The province of Tanictavi, I'ltuated on a bay or
pnlj'h of the fame name, is well watered, and tolerably
lertili.

l(i. The province of Sahaveh is likewifc fituntcd upon
a ' iilph el the fame name ; this j'lilph is of jTrat depth,
the bottom is fand) .mil [mkhI, but the bay is unlafe un
account of thec\ciilivs high winds,

17, liw p:ovir.ce of \ oulovilou is mar Cape Lonp
I'oint, ;'nil, iieinL' well watered, is eyceedill:; ftrtile. In
this province is a tim h.iiUiur, tK-tv/tcn fnme high rocks
which projcd a conlili 1 able wav ini' the fca.

iK. The province!': .■KndoMiuche is a maritime pro-
liiue, loniainin;; n .ii.y ^'iilphs, bay?, haiboni', »^c.
p.irticularlv the huv ot Antongil, formeily called .MaB^-
liahrt by the inhiibitants of the tourt'y. It is htu.ited
len.'thw.us to the noitli, and is ahovit 18 niil« wide.
At thi end of the hav Hands ^'n illand extremely hi^h
abii.c water; it is alviiit fix miles in circuit, coveied
wiih the moll ill lii'htlul vndiire, and abounding in all
ki;uU of ('rain, ['.nils, fiiiits, bananas, hoin \ , lowls,
i^c. H files this liiaiiil, tlirir aie (ome rocks, and three
rr foul other fmall ill.nuls in the middle of the bay from
the tntranec on the ninth call fide ; fomc of thefe are
(own with lite, anil the others coveiij «iili wood.

19. Bordering on the Iwlore-mentioiied bav, is the
province of Maneh.iUi, whi< li contains manv populous
Oi, the iifth fide 111 the river tiand- a

5".^

N lUages,

town called, by the I'ortUL'iulf, ^t. .Anielo. Ipon .ui-
vaniing deep in the hav, upon the left h.md. Hands an-
other called hpakenburg, built hv the Dutih, in t?')),
In their full voyage to the Kalt-li,ilies, lontainiiig, in
the intloluie, .about jc"> hoiifes. The coaH herv is to-
veitil with foiells of high tuts, for feveral miles in
length, and the interior part of the tounl'v is full of,
bamtHHis, or a kind ol thii k cane called bamhii vocil.ui.
'I lie (Oil iili'il IS giMid .111.1 111, mil, from th>' fretiuent
ilii'wers of run, propeilv imllowed. 11. Meadows are
nth in paltiire, tlimiiih the mh.ibitants are never rich in
cattle, the rreatell llork, of thi' ninl ■• 'thv, not
amoiintiiij' to above twrnly he.i.l. The'- 1. lams are
peiuliarlv IVuittuI ; and tlie ; \;\s, in 'ii oart, .1.
rreifed with ^ re.it ri.ular.ly iiiid lolidity, .i ; 1, en ex-
hibit fomc figns of t :1K' in iiiechoc- t filiation, as
ihey arc rilhir built on plealaiit rmiirnre*, or by thi
lidcK of livers. 'I hev are (♦loni.-l • ;iaiiifitJocd r<>iin),
and have only two g.itrs, or tnu , one Im the ufu.i ,
or ordinary !iiMnj»« in and out, 1.' the othrr towards
Iht woods, to tacilitate 'heir retri.it to ihofc pi.ifesol rr
luge and lafitv, when (urpri,ed by their rnnnic*, or
whm too weak to nM. I lie piopir in ^ri)fr.il hire are
faiiri than t!ie wli.tis of Malatin, their h.iii e long,
tnd lunging down ; thev are fae, liberal, hofpnable !••
ttrangrrs, and arr not addiitrd tu murder 01 theft.
They ire foiul of (iw inc and d.mcmg ; love is the t.niy
liihjefl nf ihrir lungs, but their dances have rather nn
inmioili It irndrntv.

■1(1. The pr«viiueof Adcimmi Is fmall, and fo inton-
fidirih'e, that it It Uarce nirnliuticd bv feographtts, Of
vovagfu.

11. fh* province nl Mandieie is p,u^|ly w.Merrd by
th» river M lh» fume ninie, and parti) by other ftreams. |
Thi» rivrr which, nnr \t\ fourrr, divides the provinrs-*
ol Anolli and Ampiire, tuns, like » loitrni, wilh great
rapidity 1 it riles in the (sine mountiin with that ol
lluniMifVi and lunt ■ {rot way to iht luuih-w«ft« re-

ceiving feveral other rivers and Hicaius in its courfc, till
it dilembogufs itfelf into the fouthern ocean.

22. The province ot Ampatie lies .il mg the fea-coaft,
is bo miles m length, and between 30 ar.l 40 in breadth,
from the lea to .\1achieori-. In this province there is a
gnat lean try of water, which is to be h.id onlv liom a
lew marlbis, here and there, as here , , no rive: . It is
fuppoled that .Mr. Drury, who was many yei-rs a llave
111 .Vlad.tgalcar, alludes to this coiinfiy which he calls
Aiuerndroc (the name uled by the natiuO in mentioning
the great fcarcitv of water. " 'I'his eiiiplnyment (fivs
he) of atter.Jii,^, the cattle, w.is agree.ible to me, except
in excefTivi: hot weather, when it w.is .i gre.it latiguc to
diivc tliem level al miles to wattr, at hall every other
d.iy i hut, in the coUli r f. afoii, we li.id no on ilion to
ohierve that praifticc, lor the dew fall. In pl. ntilullv in
ih. night, that we hnii it fiiflii lent to diive them into
the grafs about break of day; and even the inliabitaiits
ot the. part ol •''c country of Antevndne, who have no
water, nc.ir them, go into the fields, in a mornim;, with
two wooden pla'ter>. and a tub, and, in lels than an lioiii,
will coU'Cl about tight or ti .1 gallons of dew water,
which I, very good, while Irelh, but will turn (our In
a day or two, .iiid grow dilagreeabli tJthelalle."

2j. The pioviiue of sJaramboulc is but a Imall quar-
ter, being not above twenty miles in length, and ten in
breadth. The fea bounds it to the loutii, .md towards
the welt there is a giilph, whieh is di iiominatid th: Hay
ot Caramboulc; and this bay or gulph inns greatly from
the writ towaids the call, and thu.by divides this pro-
vince from that of Anipaire. I lie tountiy i.l Carani-
biiile is in general dry and barren, iiotwith(laivl:nt» which
theie are fime good (i.-.ftiMi-, .'ml many herds ot cattle.
] riiiy have cotton and n me (ilk, wliuh is nude into
.ipp irel by the inhabitants , .\\h\, belides the tame, great
i|uantilies of wild cattle.

24. The proiince of Mahafalle is fiiuated more to
the noiih-well, on the lea lide, ap'l cMends as far as the
(alt river, called by the I'ortugiied-, S.u iliie. This
laer 111) v.. from the couiiliy o| Houloinc, and fui.-il
mtoa gi.lph, an acciiliomcd anehoring place of the IV •
tii^uele, hut never li ipicnlid by the I- renth.

25. The piovinc 1' Hoiiloiue begins at the mouth of
I ihc liver Sacalitc, ami 1 xtiiiil .•bi..e two dajs ji.Lrncy

.irgi 1 1 up the country.

20. I'he piovinec of Siv.ih txtmds .ihout twilve miles
•ilong the coaO.

1". I he provinee of Ivoioiiheoe, ir the country of
the bay of St. Augulline, is tlie ihaI, and fitu.ited mar
the rnti longhrlahc.

The river longhilahe, b( fides many rivulets, receives
the waten of three li.iall livers, Oiandumaintiii, Oiij;-
helainallrv and Saiamaie.

28. 1 he ptovinic of Machirore is of great extent,
and of tipi.i' h .:;th with the tiver longhel.ihe. It n
upwards of iiles liom e.ifl-iioiili-ealt to will foi.th-

welt, the lame from calf to well, and ab'iiit 15^ from
north to loutli, that is liom the inn longlielahe, tu the
provlnvc* of Ampaire and .Mahalalle.

rh> toiintrv was, loine time fmce, laid wifte and
ruined bv wai, the inhabitants liiing, loni' alid in we-od',
thiough fearol their eneniiC'., an.l fuhlilliBg upon loots
only, or the (Itlh o( wild c.itie. I'f vious to that tinii,
ivcral of the before-mtntioned proviiue* were under thu
fiivcreijsntv of one lord, callid Di.iu or Deran Ralu-

lahn, or lord of an hundred ihoiil'iiid parks ; in the life
time of thi< prince, thilc eountnes enj.iyed a piulound
jieatc, aid Houiirtied in excilsol littus and pleafure,
P'li. upon his death, a war broke out betwei n hi< fun ,
which W.IS laimd on With li) muth liny and aliiiiitdiiy,
that it ended m their mutual rum.

Naivnal History «/ MAnAtstscAH.

THIS ifland being in general well watered, is loi|
is very frtniful, and pn^luces an abundamc ol all the
n ellaritt ot life. It has liveral iorts tl gram, parti-
iutaily rice and bulry, the latter ol which is called \>J
'!v' II itives apembf , it grows exceeding high, and ll
-• in the mnnlh o( June.

irre are alfo fevenl kinds of pulff, with a gr«t v.t»
nely y<( plants. Among the fornn 1 aie a kind of fmalt
beans, calltd hy the lulivis viiaiigkeinb" iliey are veiy
plcafant to th« lalU, whclhtr npe or oilieiwir* • but

(1 M tkey

506

A NEW COMFLETL- SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

1^,1

11 I

^9^^P

they arc imwhokfomf, luiiig li.iid of ili^cfUtm : iluy are
fcinTallv linvn in Juik', an. I gro* lo pcircilion in tlipcc
nlontll^.

'I'Ir- v(iaiid(i)uroiis are final! pra<, about the fizc of
lentils i iIkv are (.iiUiv.ited wiiii little tuiuMe, and are
fown at tile fame time with the voaii^^kniilii lKan^.

The voandriin is a kind i)f hiaii piodiiccd alfo with
great eafe : the fruit lies uiuler-vTuriid in pod*, with
only one bean in rjch ; and the leaves greatly refeniMe
trefoil.

The vcr\ates is miieh like the raper-tra, ami IilnflonK
in the fame manner: each pod coiit.iins only one fiiiall
pea of the li/.e of a lentil ; the plant is Miy fiiiitUil, and
grows to till' height of a cherry-tree.

Here aie likewife great plenty of leeks, purdaine, let-
tuces, carrots, eahb .ge, tuiiiips, anile, niull.ird and
hawtlioiiis.

This ifland alfo abounds with a great variety of fruits,
p.irtieul;'.rly bananas, aiiana?, and w.it. r-nieliMis. I'hi
latter arc of two kinds, one with hlaek, and the othei
with rid (ceds ; the fruit is exceeding wluileliinie, and
gi\es ei'iilidir.ible iclief to the inhabilau'.- dining the ho;
Uafon. I hev have liki Wile fucli 11 eluiis ,is in 1 iiiope,
and punikiiis, whole firft lUds weie ini|Kirted fioin
France.

B-.lides tlicfe, there are manv other kinds of fruits, as
alio \ailous f'rtsof trees, [itculiar loth.- i!l.;nd ; among
which we fhall Rieil the followiMj, ;

The voarot is the fiiiitof a large fr-e, whofe leaves
refemhle tliole of theolixe, whieli, .iddi.l lo the height
and ixtiniof th',' boughs .\nd bi.nuhe . e\hibit a very
;iUafiiig appearance ; lilt fruit is about the lire of .1
cheiry, with a thuk flull like a nut : it has a very hitler
tallc, and is of ihiee forts 01 col.iiifv, white, red, and
black, but the two former are the moll common.

'I"hc \o,.verone is a l.-o'* of a \ioUt c.ilour, not l.iiger
than a nd currant, anu huS a \ery pliafuit talle. Whiti
nuilbiriies grow alfo here ; but uk\ an- 1 \ceeding I'oi.r ;
and the lea\es have hut a flight lefimbl.nce of thole 111
l^urojie.

'I')'.: voatfoiirte is a finall folid fruit, about the fire and
(h.iiie of a nutmeg: thvy tafte much like the walnut j
and are exceeding i;(hk1, titlur boiled or roalted.

Voanane is a fruit about fix inches long, confifting
»>f four p.irt' : it talies like a (!ony pc.ir, and is a lovi-
iiigii 1' iiuil) ill l.'.xativn dil'oid.'rs.

V.ntlai.ih is tlie fruit of a la.ge tree, v.hicli grows urv
(trail ..i.d high : the leaves arc kw, and refcinbk ih.'ie
»f the nut iiiej thcfiii;t ii long, .::;J divided into dil-
feri lit little cell', thinner than tlic fkin that covers thun .
it gi.uvs on the tiuiik of the tree, ficin the bottotn lo the
lop, and is only fallened by a thin lla'k, which is very
turious .ind iiiuonim.in ; :he fiuli is f>( a yellowillt co-
lour, very juicy, and of an agreeable talle.

FoiiK, or lourim, is u plant that grows like a pliinie
nf feathers, with leavet fix leil long, .iiul iwo bio.id.
The Iruit is called Voatfjlift, and is iiicl.'Ud in a haul
iind or bark.

The tree called Anghive is of two forts, the great aiul
ledei i thi fruit of the former is about thi fi/e .>! a hi n's
egg, and the lattet that of a walnut i thev aie both i.l a
li..iUt coloui, an. I have a ilelicious taOe : a dccodtion of
thi- trie cures the heat of uniie, and the gtavrl.

V.ita iciMii is a plant 'hit twines .iboiit great tree^, and
bears a Niolet- coloured fiiiil as lar;,'e as peaih. s, of an
admirable tafte, extremely fwcel, but vifcoui. With four
kitiuls in the middli' ; the wckxI of this plant is ufed loi
the making of hoopt -, and through the bark of it uo/rs
a r';d gum, thick and refinoui, which diflblvc, iv
i.indli', l:kc gum lachi, and has much the fame fiiKli.

The fru;t culled the vo.inounouc, or Indian lig-ti.',
ha' ihi- urte and fhape of European figs. If .in incdion
IS m lie in ine tiuiik ol ihn tree, ihcie proccrdi fiom it
a lii{uid ol the colour of niilk, and of a very fwirt lafte .
and the bark of the tiee is ufed (or the nuic. ■ ' oi
loi.l.ige.

Voanain ii the fiuit of « Urge tree that prow by the
iiA fide ; i(« nient, though rlammy and vifcous, is iiou-
rilhlngi and iie.il by the natives with milk m fait : the
WiMxi Ik very lolid, exceeding clean ami linouth, and no.
fubjcifl 10 rot, or he wnrm-eatin.

Vont.tca it a tiu:t about the fitr of a quince; itt root
U tt hud u a yiurJ, mi lull v( flat fads : ihr meat.

ol .iiiice,

an .lumiatic

and balk.eis of

when ripe, has an exquirite flavour and tali-, and gnrs
the moll Ira;.;. .mi imell ; but, if i,„t perlcclly iiih-, ,1 ,.
very prejihln.i.il to the lloni.iih.

\ oot/arte glows upon imall tiee.^ with broad haves;
the Iruit is about the fi/c of an e^ .,>, and fu!
like the eocoa-i.ut ; the pei!, c\ii^], has an
t.ille ; and the names make rope>, mat
tile leaves.

Aeliith is a kind of pir.nt that grows much life a \ 'ne ;
the leaves, wnich are. aiv.ays green, .-.re 10UI..I, luinte.l
at the end, .ind di iiled like ivy : the fruit is .■Uuw. dip
fi/c ol a grape, .iid is npe 111 'the months of Oeeember
and Januarv.

Aml^om..ii is .1 fniall plant like flax, and of a bittc:
flyptic lalK. il IS ol a corrolixo quality; and, in
limis of le.iuity, is eat by the n.uives to'lupport .md
preilrxe 11 length, lome ol them chew this plant to hl.icken
tiie teeth, lip- .iinl ^;iinis, which tli.y conlider as orna-
mental lo their pi. Ions.

Lui^o.i 1., till' liuit if a cuipir.g- plant, .ibout liie
fizeof a lilberd, lluck-lh. lied, aii.l ultes like th.- lar.-c
gri-eii pliiii; ; the Ikm, pounded, givis a black dye, and
IS in ide iil'e of liy till natives for ilut purpile.

ZaiKih- is a la-lid ere-; .r,.. hi-ib, iti Liearelleeni ai;v>ng
the n.uiu-s li.r tli- fame puipoie .is llie lengou ; as iiiui
lorthecuieol uKeiati-il gcine.

\'esa is a fniall (hriib, wlioli- le.i\es relembi- thof-;
of tl,, almond tree; they aie of a d..ik ^ie>n above,
while . nj liaiiv underneath, .ind have an atuacli\e iiiii.
litv.

l^;mav:•.!.• is a tree with l\ leaves onculi l.i,r.,|i,
placed Oj-pellte cull c ti.er. T|-,e leaves h„\, .iiw.ldri-
lerous iVcii!, and when lleeped in wine or braiidv nuke an
excei'eni cordi.tl.

Kiidr.ii 11. ndiach is 1 very large tree, the wood of which
is yeilow, odoiiUrou', luav), and lo hard that it will
not peiidi, though placed under-ground tor a conlide-
rable number of M-ars ; from this lall quality il riceivcd
ilv -lanu. which in the langu.ige of the natives, ligiiiiies
lalliiig for ever.

I liniaiidam is a tree that liears but few leaves; they
.ire ulelul, how. ver, in niiiiy cafes, particularly in cui-
inu the pl.igiie .11 .! oihei coniagious ilill.-mpeis.

reiiHi.lie is .i li.ndii (.'iriili, wliuli pnnluces fm:iil
round i.ibbagi-, tli.it are exceih iil in tin 11 talb-.

The niai.doui.tte tiiv i» imeird wiih a green birk,
haid and n ry pmklv: it po..luiis .1 Irmi refi-inblin.;
lilbc-rds, ii)i the Wood is ukd for making handles :»
d.iiti.

tiini ^?anghll;, or od.irifernus, i'. a \-itv (lender tr;-e ;
:ind lo railed iio.-.i the agra-ahic fn;ell 01 it., kavei i.nd
bark, the foimir being lirnt.d li!,e v iii'e and ytll.iw
landers, and the l.ttur ih.il ul ib/vcs, piuduciin; ailu a
uveet fccn'.-d lofni.

I.akene ik a tree whofe ftoek is uptight and hollow,
and the leaves are (ixeil uiund in a fpiiai line like :\ liiew.
The KfMirahi pio.luccs a ureeiuhl. -rileious baliini, and
is 3 fovi 111- II riuicdy loi all Luis of w.iiinds and brinlis.

bal.i.ts IS a line wcHj,ly plant, ami | imluces red flow-
(rs nL-mbliiij^ liathirs. The lied < I il.is plant ixcilct
Miin.tinir, and till ria.t of the fame ll.ips it.

I lu- piiidre toe lliixils le.iNis hi|(her than an a'K,
and be.it ten ci twelvi: white IIoa'hs ul an excellent
'.hIuiii.

Apocipouc il a til e whofc leaves ;iiid (lowers are like
th '(i: ol ipurgclauiil : the Iruii i> abuul the fiXc of an
„li:vind, a:'.il is a liroim poiion ; an oil, howtni. is
exirjiled lioin the keiiicls, whu h in iiliful for iUlvinting
the h.-ii.

Till- lou'oii tree Is a kind ol the Iii.llaii cane, and
'■ruw< plrnlil. lly in molt ut the piovnues, pailicularly
111 that ol (ihal embou' 111. ALnt ol thcfe trees arc veiy
luft», and lior, the 1 ilormity ol their branrhet .ipne:.,-
1 xcie.liiij beavuiful. .very three years they be.ir a Iruit
-.iIhjui the W/x ot a bean, '1 im whence iinghl be made a
flour not inferior to liiai fiom F.uiopean whe.il. This
tiee is ufeliil to thi'le ifl.inders as the co .la-tret ;• to the
Indians it lupplii-s ih. in with mauruls fix houlhold
furniture, and loi various other aiiicles: they nnke their
wheriii-> with it, and ule a lor the roofs and Auors of
huulis,

Anipoufouichi, s » very light wood \ it is of a white
colour, fult and c afy tu be vtiarkitl. The allies ol this

wood,

AFRICA.]

INLAND or MADAGASCAR.

507

wood, wlitii ftnp'i! ill wnicr, ;■ a- jjdcd tor fcvi.-al dif-
ordiTs, .iiul tlif I'.iik ii( it in.'ki.' < \Ci ilnit cordn;; ■.

Aii;iic is a I.Mj'f trii , Jiid yiow» liki- a |iyr.irnu' ; llu'
fruit i>, lull oi wl.ili pilli, h.iN luid kruicis lite the
pinc-applr, .-ind in t.iilc nuicli iclciiiblcs t.iit.ir.

rill- liaiilli.m litr in \iiy tluik and Kidv, and pro-
diici'S a rtddidi l;(jiioi ; tin- leaves are like Km, and tlu
u'ixhI is h.ird .md beaiiiifidiy veiiud,

L:it,ie;:ni^;llonul.ille 1. a ereipin;' |.l.\iit n'lth a white
bloliiiiii, which l;iull.-. ir.iKh like our |i|iamiii.

RlicMiil-ia IS an lurb that grows hii'h, and ilioots forth
iarj;e kaves : it liiielis iike ilovts and ei'iiuinion, and is
a Ipccies ol ballain.

I'he loni;uj is a plant that bear* a flower rcfcnihling
jrflamin ; the root ol it is bitter, and is not onlv ..n in-
iallihle 1 iir.' for tli" hiart bir. n, but is alio an antidote
a;;ainl( po'loii. Ther" are two forts of this plant, one
which flioots while, and the other puvple tlowers ; but
thole whieh iieur the white arc the moll elTicieiuus.

Anr.matiio is a lar;;e pl.iiil with 'iir; (hoot- at th.'
mil <l ihe leavis, which hue a hi il .u' flower. I his
plant bears a particular, and m>ill eiinou. kind of iVuit .
it 1- ihaped lik.- a vale aiid cnv.r, i.r.d is ol two kinds,
red an i yellow ; the native-, who b'.'lieve that ra.ii \eould
ini'iietiiaiely furovv the ^atherini; of this friiil, refrain
lioiii it upon til ir journeys ; bui Kuropeanv have lound
b) i\psiiiiice iheie 1x1 ilions to Ik- romantic, and without
I. Hilda;. 111. 'Mie lli.wcis are lull ot water, and Ionic of
tluin Will contain mar a gallon.

I'loiiout IS an herb iKihiii; yellow ?,::••:-", and -.viy
thici; h ives : W:.j\ burnt iMceii 1: has ihrfinril of melilot,
:;iid the aihcs make excel kn' Ive,

Fiiiipi is a tree ..bout the lire of the nlivr ; thcbaik
is of an .iftj-;;:ey, inulU like niu'V., and in t.ilte r fein-
bits pepper, though much Iharpci. ihe bilk of this
Ine IS dried in the lun like ciiin.iincn and wilether
burnt or not has a mofi a^ictablc fiiiell ; the wood is
white and hard, ainl hr.s alio a tlion • Iccnt ; the Uavl^
have the fiine linell .is thule ol the aiiK', and arc apt to
jiroinote Inee/ing.

Kiicalalialic is a wood of a ■reeiiifli colour, and lull
<if Veins : It l.mlU l.ki a loie, and wh. ;i rrouiul and .ip-
|iliej lu the Itoiiucli will iniiiiidiatcly uic the l.cail-
btirn.

Vintang is a tree wliofe wood is never worm-eaten.
It is uiid by the natives lor budding laiim', and pro-
duces a gum or roliii, wh.ch is particularly govni in hcal-
iiijj, wound).

The vehat is a fmall (limb, thi- b.irli of the rnnt' of
which Ik ulilul in dvinp . if b'.deil w:'!i fi!'; or woollen
on a flow liie, itiinpugnatrs the ihiii with a red cOoui,
nil i by addin;i a little kinoiijuicc it will give it a line
yellow.

Uelides thefe I'cru and plant', which are (M'tiliar to
M.id.n' iliar, tli'-ieate ni.Miv that n KnibK', or are the lame
with the liiio|Kan pliiii,. lir.i(HS jtr^'v to pirlcction
in a pail iiij; i;;m.r«itt of their ipulity, are
afraid to (at tlitin.

Hemp (jiows Ih.v in jt. -t ibundancc, llirfl ilk, li-iv-e«,
and lecd ui Wb ch aic inu li the f.nie a< th:i' ' iiltivatrtt
in Kiiro|>c. The nati.i.i lak. particular care in the nu-
iLtgcnirnt of this plant : thcv thew the ilry k-ivr^ in lieii
«if tobaico, whiiii proilmr* it iiin'.ir i li'.it, as thcv ihi
pifv .iiid caule Ikep. Many of them uli it tn bnivlh cha-
grin and mclai'.v huU . I he Oalk 01 liie M.idai;aUar
hemp is looked upon »s tit l.ir coidaur or in in, and is
never ulcd in the lame manr.ei a^ in 1 iiiepe.

They h»vc all" ^rreit plenty of fii;ar canr<, but 'hi
inhabitant* trap litik iKiirlit troin th. f , owing tothm
want ol kiiuvvkdue in niaWin,; fupiir. While |>- pi* r,
^in^er aiiJ i.iH'ruii grow likcwilic in many imtuuI this
iKalid.

Tlicv have here f. vit..l f,>its of hnnev, called, in thi
lan^iiail' of die som try, ttntilc. I'hc hrlt n nude
lioni hots, and the Ucond Iri n gie.n flies lalkd lih.
'I hey h ive two uthcr Ibrtu made lioiii .mts ; one lort 1
finni wiiijted <nt>, and n iiath red Irom hidlow tnit .
the oihcr iiom antit ot a Iii.:ei lic without v«ini!», who
inake (hill hwnrv in \oiitat.ui.e<, or gi''ai liraps ul earth
pon-il at the top, and pureed round With hole*. All
ihile (.iil'i uf honey arc ix.cetlinii Ivrrct ; biitltHiT ix
yet .(ituthcr Ismi dUciiR'd puilUnous, bviii^ ni.ide by lets

who (iK k tlic flowers of a particular tree that produces

.1 111 irp poifon. This tree is fi.unil in leveral of the pro-
I eiiici-, and is called iiy the natives caracarac.

I he inh.ibitants make thrie lorts of wines, the firft
.iiid ir.oll coiiiii.on of which is made of honey. 'I he
leconii lort is m.idc ol lugar laius ; the method of doing
which is as follows : tiic canes, arc boiled in water
till It IS reduced to two thirds, after which thcv put it
into latj^e gourds ; and in three days the wine is lo (Irnng
.md penctratinj:, that in a night's time it will eat through
an egg-llicll. I'lic third fort is m.de with the fruit of
iMiMiia, boiled lour or J.ve hoiirs, which make,, a luui-
ilh wine, loini.what in t .fle like cyder.

I hi., ill.iml .i!|o pii duces a ;'.ieat variety of gums,
m.uiy of whicii are v. ry iiagrant, .md partjjularly etfica-
cioiis in healing wound- and ulcers. One of the molt
dilliiij;ui(hed amoiii; thelegun, . is that called t.icamahaca,
ol which there are tvo lorts, the one oo/.in;; from the
tri'e IponiaiKoully, and the other by niakiii.; iiicilions.
It is 1101 unlike our pnpl.ir-tree, oiiiv laiger and t.dlcrs
its leaves are Iniall and preen, lis fiuit red, about the
lize ol a walnut, eMcediiit! refinoii--, and containing
a lle>ne like our pcache :■. The gum is good to dii^elt tu-
iiioiMs ; .iiid being applied III torm of a plailter to the
temples, and nape of ihe nick, it afiuares pains in the
luad, i-ipreik-s deRuNions ul rhiiim, and .diates ipiflam-
m.itions ot the eyes. Ii is all.> good a^ainff th.- t.ioth-
.eli, and m arthritic naiiis it is ufcd cvternallv wiih great
luci-f.

The anim.-jh of ^!.■ldal'afcar an' various, and molt of

lh:in peculiar onlv .0 thi^s ilhnd. Here arc three forts

i of e.-.iili ; (,ne kind hnrnei', anothei with round hcad<

I Without horns and a tbii.l, wl.ofo horns are luofe, and

I lallin.-d only to the (kin eif th-. he-.id. All th'-le animals

I ii..eei\crik. iices betwien t!-.i i; ilioiildi rs, loiiiewh.it like

. that o( lanieis : ilielc i.vcniccn s are veiv fit anel fle-ihy,

I and lome of them fo larr-e as to weigh from Oe> to 80

pounds. 'I he- natives nieilt down the f.it, whii h they

'.lie mill ..d of butter, .'lui diem it ce)uallv agreeable in

Its talle.

Ill n-,.il( of the provinces, but particularly in that
"t .M.:ehicore, are gieat iiuiiilK'rs of butt'.docs : the na-
tees believe that tiny were originally domellic animals,
aiie' Iccimc wild hv the I. ng coiitinuaneeof civil wars.

Merc arc (!i eat aimbetsol goats and kids; the lemale
gincraiiy Li.ls thac f.mcs a yc.ir, and btiiigi four at each
time, .'ihr p are all.) viiy' plentiful, ..rd the flelh ex-
leii.n- nnc .-.nil ii.iev. .\inoiiL the ftieep there is one
I'lit tliat have ?.:.: t.ilr, which arc to large as to weigh
liom -;'. to "iri ;'or:'.ci<.

I he wooels ar • inhabited by ^ creat number cf wild
biMis, who ;',reat!y d.iinage and d;llroythe iice. Thefe
animals have two boms near the nofe like great prickles,
ami their (icin is fo li..id „3 to be almt-ill impenetrahle.

ill moll of the piin.nc.s, are found variou' kinds of
I irni.kies and babooii> : lone of them are lar'.;e .md white,
have Ikick l,ioi, on ihe 1 .bs and hend, with Ion fnouts,
aiiil arcof lo fieici .inatuie,as never to betained. Otheri
h-ve I'tev hair an ' ll..t iiol'es, and are eafily tamed, Thofe
I l■alll^i varis ..re I'.e inoli common ; they are grey, hive
Uinp fiiimtt, anil l...:>t hiilhy iiils like ti)Xe.. Th'-n' n
another white frit i.iihd lilac, with goo,! tc-eth, white
tails, md two tj-ots lik. ti-cth on the rib« . they aie of
.■ mid.i!:nj !..a\ a::d will iKind iipricht and ltron.» on theif
; hind lf(:s. in the provincis of .•\nipatre- an.l M.it.if.illc
I- .i"i.ther whit' kiiui, with tails ch.-i;ucrcd white and
biavk, rliat run ihi. ugh the wo. .el* 111 tioop^ of 40 or 50
togrilnr. I heir is alhi anothei [;rey kind, with eve^
Ipurkli 1 > like tire, and Ihort hair, who die foon alter
btinc I iccn, ow.ii ; ti) thair natural wildnefe.

.•\in.ing the tnim.ils jxculiar to this tlland, thir-i'S
one t! ill I'le-ativ r Uiiibles a piMCupiii'-, whole (lefll,
though inlipid und flabby, is gn.illv adiniicd by the ;ia-
t.ves. It 14 ralle'd. III the bneuage of the cou'.irv, to|i-
elou.k; but Diury tails it the yroiiiid ho--, «iid gives
the 1 11. wing defcripticn of it " It is, f:-' s he. ot the
l(»r of .1 cat, with Imiut, rye-s nnd rar«, like an Fni'lith
hoK , It has britllis on ihr Kick, but no tail ; the tret
aiv ike thofi ol r.ibbits, and it feed- ii|Hin beetles and
voiiiu' nails ; it is viry prtdihc, biiiieinic uboiit ?o in u
lifn-r. m.l lurkiing them nil. It hnUs itlill in the j-round
ill a lmpri!iiy> iiwnmri dig* firtt two feet iliri'iMly down,
th 11 twi' vi lh.,c oL'l.ejuily, afWrwrd* ssoik» upwsnii
t alUnt

■ »

A NLW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAFIIV

illaiit till within h.ilf a toot of the fiirf;icc, whi-re it
nukes a pr<ipcMlionatt Icxl^inL' ("r ihc budy, and lies five
or fix months without I'lilkn-mic ; ;it the cxpir-itiun nl'
whieh tciiii It i^ as (;it as when it went in. It is an ex-
cellent liKid, and no pains are (pared to take them."

Volic is an annual like a hadjjer, and the flelh ol it is
grcatlv admired by the natives.

Varelle is a bjad ol" prey, iil' the bifincCs of a fo.\, with
a lari;c and lon;j tail, and has han like a wolf.

1 inlihi aiv a kind of grey fqn.rrils, whieh keep in thr
holes of t^ee^, and are natiujlly lo wild, that there is not
any poiribility ol tainin.; them.

Voiidiioe IS a Im.ill animal like a wcafel, of a dark
red eolour ; it fivds on li>>iuy,aiid dileharj^es .. feent much
rclemblinj( inuHi.

Civet c.its^irc very numerous, and their flelh is nuieh
admired by the native'.

I letretiecre is an .iiinn.il about the fi/e of a heiler two
ytais old) It has a round head, human eoiinteiiaiiee,
with the foie and hinder parts of a b.dnHin, and breeds
chiefly in a defart part of the idaiid, lu^r tljc lake of
I.iponiani. The nat:\es are friglueiied when they fee it ;
and the animal, in return, takes lo its heels on the ap-
|x;aiaiue ol a man.

The unt.imba is an animal about the fi/e ol a lar ;c
dour ^reaiU lelembles a leopjul. It preys
r;i man and bcall, but keeps to the mnintauis, and is
leldor.i feeii.

M.iiv.'.ur.'.hoc i~ .1 large heart that brays like an al»,
Slid IS ihnu-ht bv loMie to be the wild afs. Thcfe are
liKcwile fe'.di>ni Ken, as they a!w.i\s keep on the moun-
taiii^.

Tin bubn is an animal with one horn in the middle
of the loielu.id. li IS about the lize I'i a ^'oat, and is ex-
Uenuly wild.

Hire au neither elephants, tigers, lions, nm hurl'es ,
but th;v have yri.it nuinbei of do^x, which aic in gene-
lal liiiall, \Mth Ion.: .nuui-., ihort ears, and hair like
Uixes.

I'his iflaiid prlldult•^ alfo fiver.d kinds of ri^rrand
•ther birds, known, in tlu l«nj;uai;c of the country, by
thejenu.d name ol \ onrou j hut they arc much !efs
than thole of F.urope, the t);i;s of the hens nn; luin^
larger than thole of pi_'t , s. Here arc manv pheafants,
whii hate the fame as iliofe in Kn'^l.i;ui ; but there is a
particular loit that h;'vc vKilet feather^ and a read beak.
Here aie likevifc linall paroipiet', and lomc of a dark
red, but thele I.H aie very fcan e : Imali preen tinehe*
lh.it whiiUe, .md imitate the foni.', of otiier biids j wild
tu'kiiv; blaik, while, and ;;rev ciale^, with tine plu-
itiai;e ; wild Ibirk^, williiielUon their heads ; common
t- ,il, and a iwituultr lort, with red U;;s and claws,
called halues j jiclKaiis ; bl.ick and white lieronij water-
wai'-tMils, ;f»i..

.Samba is a bud whole feathers arc as red a« fire.
Vourouchoiirl'i are white bitd« that tnllnw the cattle,
and lecd u|ion the flies anil beetles luund on them ) thrv
aie ^.'nerally vny Iran, and lu ill taKed a< not lo be oi
iuy life to the I'lhibiUiits.

\'<iuU ih a liver bid, with a lon^ and white beak ; it
it .dviiit the I'lKC ut a p'lican, and its rielh isiiluable
good oiiim.

i'alita IS alfo a live; bird, about the fnr of a hen,
w.th Mulct )>Iuina^e, and led be.it and feet.

H.'tetac IS a bud with a red ciell on the head i and has
black fcalheih, and leet like a Iral.

Takia lb a bud whole win|;s, leii, and Ivalc are black:
It ik ah'"t the li '■ of a black-hud, and h.ir hut one lim-
ple IK . Iioni . .h i( ifceiti-d Its nmie , fur it is cuii-
tinuaU) .Ihiu I ukii, in the l,i(r niannrr as thci uikuw
Ik lu call.'d III England, tium its ic bciitg oxprclfivc ul
tlwtf.. '.

Th^ .:*nd of M.ida|;afc»r priKluce* alio a great variety
vf infect' and lcptlle^, aiming which are the tullowini; ;

The faiiiiXalitiaiiHi, ur br«a((-leii|H'r, is ai« cMraurdi-
liatv, bui (l.iii(ieiou» in^irt. It i> about thv (ire of a (mall
lirjid, .Jii Kes iilelJ, »■• il (Wii«i, to the barki ol rreev
» ith it> inuiilh always iijiin, ready to :.. th Ipiders, (iif«,
and othii iiilisi>. 1 hey arc called brealt-leapirs Imtti
til. ir leaping ou the brentts of iliole who appiouch the tree
where they ar' ; and f') Itilf do they hick, that it is im-
pul&ble to ifet lh>:iN oil' wiikjut . atliiig away chat part of
die fldii Oil which they an hxed.

Mandouts is a kind of ferpcnt that feeds on bats and
final! birds; it is about the lenslh and thickricfs of a
man's arm, and not venomous, thoufjh deemed lo by ilu-
generality of the natives.

'I here arc many other ferpi-nis, fuch as the nicnore,
(ave, mare, triondlbale, a-nutric, .md .macondcf. I Ik'
lad is very danneroiis, though in fubftance not thicker
th,ui a ipiill. It (lips into the body at particular times,
tnaws the intelfnies, and occalions the nio(t cxcruciatin.*
[viin i and, if not extracled in a (hut! tina, which is lei-
doiii the cafe, infallibly produces death.

1 he tringalaka huiavou, or water fcorpion, i. fides
conllantly i:i maidies .uid Hill wateis; ddtroys cat.' • ■
attacks doi^s i and fucks then blood, when killul.

I he vnncoho, or fcorpion-lpider, has a large, round,
and black belly; .iiid is extremely d.uii;.rous. Its bite
occ.ifions an iiHlantaneous (wiHin'ing, uhich fom^'limes
lads two dayv, attended with a rcniaikable coldncfs and
(liivering. I lie method of cure is by piai in!> the (X'rleri
by the lire, and adminillering the fame thing^ as aiv iiled
to expel poilon.

Anocalife is a creeping animal that breeds bctwien ihe
barks of lotun and worm-eaten treis. It is about iix
inches Km;, of a fl.it form, and h.ismanv legs like a ca-
terpillar, with a h.ud (km. Its bile is exceeding veno-
mous, and caufes the like dilorderas that produced fn.m
thevancKho; and if the fame rimedies aie not .ipplied,
the eoi.fe(]uence will be the lofs o( jrfe.

I here are great numbers of moth-worms, eiiwiq?,
bugs, and other tuniblefomc in(ecls. The aolalan m
a fm 111 infect, not lo oH'enfivc in fmell, but like a bii;' ;
when full grown it is about the lize o( a man's little hii-
ger, at which time it becomes winged and fliis awa\.
The young ones remain in the houles, and are veiv il> -
lliii live to the furniture, as alfo to cloth and mod kinds
of appaiel.

The vombarc is a butterfly variegated with i! !>'i rent

coIi'Liii, among which are thofe of gold and Jil.er.

( )iliers are known by the name of ficondiT . thcl ■■ pro-

eeed liom bei lies, and keep lithe bark of a partii ui.ir

I (mill fluub, on which they depofit honey, not infenor

■ to that produced fiom bees.

I Here are many (oris of fiuils, fomr of whieh hive

their partKiilai ap|ullations, but thev Jie in 'ji'iier d called

c.uacora. Caterpillar.-, alfo abound here, ami are "f iVveral

kinds but the whole of them ar« dillnwiiinKd by ihe

I name tdngoulon voulon.

I Ikri' .leieelie is a beetle thiit gives li_;ht, and fliiiips

I in the voods and houles in the night with a furnrdiu^

Under. -^

I Worms of virion* kinds .ire al('o found in this ifl.ind ■,

I but the mod liilliiiginnied arc llic lilk-worms, which are

I i|uailrupid. .Some ol them, tailed l.iiid.-\e, priKluce one

prickly end.- others, called landeliraha, i > -.ke liiiall

cods cm loll d in a large one, linjuiiitlv conijining <ji- j

, young. I he third kind, called landeaiiai au, ipin then

(ilk on the tiii- anacuu that grows bv the lea (Ide ; thir

' cckIs hang in linn •«, (eparated (lom c.i' h othci, . -id the

, lilk Mill.- hill (I, dioiin. d, and bed of ,dl. I hi loiiith

port, failed l..iiiilevonlai'Uia, iDakc their (ilk km the tii-e

itoiHii, whii h is alio very (me, but not lu luiidaiitial

a.s Ihe forinir.

Hcic are - great number of ant« ; but ihcv arc all ex-
errtiing harnilefs, except (>n« (ort called licnutoucourous,
which are paiiii ulaily deftiiiCtivc to the rice.

Land-toitoilis an- alio vrty pleniitui, and are of two
forts, one tti which is called hilinltoca, and the other
lanoii.

riif minrt in this ifland abound with ii«n and Aeel,
which iIk naims luive the art ol piirilyin| and trwj^iiijj
with iiiiich lc(- ilitdculty and labutii than the Eurupetins.
Aciuiduig to Ml. Drury, in the inland nimntainous
puts, lilser is luund, and a white metal, which much
rrlemblcs Kritdh tin.

The gold here is of two forts, vi'/.. a pole fott (iirt

which isol lit'le value, and a hmr fcHt, which is lole-

> lahly icood. It mud be obfened, h.iwever, thit we

I Ipeik only ol the jnold natural to itiu c-ountrv, for grrat

ipiantities ol othci Kold ate to lie fiiond heir, which ha-,«

been introduced ai dilfc-rrnt times bv variMM Kiimpr.iii

nations, by the pirates, who lormerly halbaured htrc,

and by the eventual means ul Ihipwrcrks.

ticUdu tbck utafurcs, the riv«r» ami bfooki arc neh

AFRICA.]

ISLAND OF MADAGASCAR.

nl.' oil bats ami

lliickticl's of 4

■cmcd lo by ilif

' till! nuMDrr,
icoiidcf. I his
iicf not thiikir
;irtkuljr times,
i(t cxcrutMtiiur
, winch is iiU

I'tpion, i.ruK'i
Idlroys caiL'';
ikilU.

1 largf, rounti,
^■roiis. Its liiii:
hich f(>iTictimp>i
i: ("Idnclii ;ir.J
imj; the (XTlt.n
mg., as .nv iikil

^Is bctwmi I he
It is aKiui ii\
U'ps like a ca-

xceiijiiiir veiio-
prnJuceil fn.in

ic nut .ippliej,

inns, earwigs,

lie ae.iUlan i*
lilt like a liiii; ;

in thi« illand ;
ms, which ire
e, priKJiiie one

".ke liiiall

oiUiiiun^ ^oj

111, ipin then

e liM liiie ; thir

Hhei, ^••)J the

I hi toiiith
lilkan the tiir
t lu lulillantial

liev are all ox-
niiiouiuiirous,

■c.

mil arr of two
aiiil the other

iron ami (lerl,
H and tot(^^iiijr
he tuni)ieun\.

mountaiiitiu.

whieh much

pall- foft flirt
whah is toll-.

ver, that we
itrv, for pnat
r, whiih hav>e

(uo Kiiropraii

iliiiutcj hire,

fViAa »rc rieh
III

in various precious ftoiies, vi/. emeralds, fapphiii.s, cryf-
tals, topazes, gianatts, ainrthills, eaglc-ftoncs, hyacinths,
iafpcrs, blood Ibiiics, touch Hones, and cornelians.

The waters here run under gniunil in a very particular
maniKT, and afterwards re-appear, impregnated with the
luicei which they draw with them, and in this manner
receiving the diftercnt talU-s and qualities inherent in the
Dictajsand places through which they flo.v. in the valley
of .Amboula is a fountain ol hot water, ellienied a fovc-
reigii rtoiedy agaiuft all diforJcrs proceeding from cold
in the nervous parts, and the fame w.iter taken inwardly
cures allhiiias, and all difordcrs of the lunys, removes
obllrudiions in the loins, and expels the gravel.

Of the Inhniilitnti of Mmlagafcar \ their Cnj/cnis, Mtin-

This idand, though reckoned to be tight huiulreil
|e3j;ucs in compal-, is not populous in p.njonioii to its
bij;nelsi fur it is fuppolid not to contaui above fixtciii
liiindrcd thoufand fouh. All the inhabitants are bla< k,
txiipt thofe of a liltlc province luyoiul the Maratams,
and moll of the great men who i\re diUended faun the
Ai.ibs, and IHII prelcivc lomethiiij; ot their complcxiun,
thoui;h thiy Income bl.ick iiifenllbly, by their inti im.ii -
iiagiswith the criminal inhabitants. 'I ht Arabs, wlio
I'ei/i J upon thn ;!ljiul in the beginning of the fiftienth
itiilui^, cllaMitluJ coiiuiiaiiders in all the pro\ inces of
tli: illaiul, and t'\ii'. tile chlit le;\t of th'. ir jiovernnient
be}ond the M.ii. [tains, whii!. 's the real'on why ihiu
i' icndants, who are Itiicd La; alcftt^, are Hill fair, o;
u icalt called fo ; for they are not half fo l,.ir as the
tl.Kktll gipi y.

riuv are tall, iiiniMi, .iiul havi' i pi.iud gait, They
I'lmvifinieb attVil a frilling ciuiiiciMiiri i .iiid t icy know
bow to eoncejl a ;r.iiid difign, or the ftroiigell piflion,
with as much artilicc a> the molt crafty knav^ among the
lotiuiis that .11.. the molt tanious mi tbeii jKilitical dilli-
mulatiun. Wild p uplc are toiiiul m Ionic parts of this
ilUivd, wtio It 1 thvii hair and Uards L;row, go ainiofl na-
••iH, inhabit tliKk and uniieijUviited woods, avoid meet-
tii^ .hc,r fiilow II aivci, live u|kiii wild cattle, fruits,
toots, ! miy, li.ciilJs, »»c.

According to ihe accounts given by the French of this
iOand, the inhabitaiils aie tome ot the nioO deceitful,
flattering, and I illr people in the uiiiveile ; particularlv
thole of thcco.dl of .Man^.habei, to the end of the ill.iiul,
foulhward. Thoiieli the pii pie of the inland parts of
the fanu' pioviiicc aie ii.ucli hfs cruel and tre.icheious ;
fpt.ik little; are bitter oblerviis of their promifes ; and
follow other culloiii- and laws. Drury, indeed, feems to
excule the otlui>, in fome mealutc, tVoni the linputa-
tlon^ thrown u|vai tliein by many wiiter>, but nune

!<artieul.irlv the Kiemhj lor he fays. " wliethcr their
ittle acijuaiiitaiice with the Luiopeaiis ^ives them a dread
of them, I caiiii't lav ; In: I am feiifible they imagine that
white mm are exiiemly .iddiCted lo hghting, and not fo
I. ndei hearted ,is thiinicKes. This received notion may
be.i guat 1. "Olive to :licir dcllrin.iig ihe'm on very tii\ial
piotocalioiiN i for they are alw.iysjealoiit that the white
men have ii.a.,- cu I u.li^'M- up.iii thenu lo th.nt thev
are evei o.i tlmr muhI, iliiu.,iiig the .ludacilv ,ind Uipe-
I or (kill whivh the ).ui.)|Har,. have over thi in in point
cfwai." A . lin, in fpakiit^ of the treatmint which
till' natives rccci VI d fumi the I'miili, belays. "Tluv
made thrm all (lave'', itivertul th.' *ho)c order of their
government, and nioil ul liiem I mg illiter.ite feamen,
who Kal imoii them to rui., thf> lliiwul no legaul < i-
thei lo iivir.iliiy, civility, or iiiikul lonimnn demuvi
nude no dillinclion of perli.n ; con^iunded all o:ders;
and treated every black as it hew. is abr.ite, and 16 much
interioi tu themlelvcs, as not lo h.ive tli< Icail right or
title, in their opinion, to lb'- common pnvilegcs of hu-
man ciTaiures. lu that to kill u.ir ot lli m w.is no mure
than to Sill a dog, or .itiy noxious . nini.tl wiiallurvvi.
1 do n )f make this as a refledivn on the rei,.honly,
tl'.jii4;h, if credit w.is to bi given t.i h..lf wh. . the n.ilives
f.iy, they were guilty of the mo I ii aadabiis i iid i v---
cLible actions. Our own rnum. i.DCn ^liu inudi ad-
diilid to ttmr follies and vicis) an ii >' exempt lioin the
jult cauki ol th.s Uaiitlal up«-i wlii ' nn n i loi ill. con-
duct ul our britilh p<rate», and oi' is uki, who..;., nut
w.liiui; ••) bv thought inbuinan, lia> been batbjiou. to the
inltiitf^rw."

The M.nl.igafcrians having but a very (lender know-
ledge of coinmeice, .Mid know in;', Imt litilcofarts or fci
eiices, apply themlelvi, princip.illy lo anricultute, the
bleeding of c.ttlc, or hunting ul game. Their country,
w.is It not fo ^le.iily negleCt.d/ini.'ht be rendered ex-
tremely opulent : from the iiumbei ui lilk-woniis, with
proper management, hlk might be : laik- a Itapie canniu-
dityi but the views cl the pceple extend only to th-ab-
foluteneccffities of life, fuch a^ eominon ;)roviViuns, mean
habitations, .iiid a tiirie of we.uing .ipparel 1 for of luxury
they have very little idea, and fup.rtliiitr . they atiecl to
dtfpile. With rifpect totr.des, tlKrifore, our catalogue
will be rather conhnid. All ma\ be fiiJ to be aKliit..-?ls,
according; to the cultom if the country, becaufe e\ery in-
dividual IS cap.iblf i.f eit^ting .1 hut'lor himfeif. borne
work tolciably well in gold ;inJ liKer. The fmillis are
ixtieniily ixpirt in working of iron or Heel. 'J'h.y re-
dun the (11., as broujit from the mines, into powder,
upon liuriiiMg coals i place it betiveen four lloii. ^, v.liich
aie clayi .1 kmiiuI fur the purpole, and by eoiiliniial blow-
in:! iiiiilerneath, with bcllowMiiade in ih (1...;^ of v.'iter-
puii.p', th.-oieiuiH in Ids tliaii ap hour ; the metal is
.ilterwardv extracted, iiid by means of heat is I'oriiiid into
bars ol alioiil four p.anids weii^'it. A (iiw are expert in
polidiing niiials, making earthen ware, fpinniiig, wcav-
iiiij, lope making; and manv are toler.ibleliftieniien.

I he aiticles made by the fmiths in general are:
Iinplemcmsof iron and fteel Nippers
l.lliing hooks (iridirons

Hatchets Folks

Hamiiieis Javelins

Shovels Darts

Ka/ors Hutchcrs knives, e^c.

The goldfmiths make car-ring-, bracelets, necklaces,
ajid other ornaments.

Here are fome ear|ientcrs and turncr':,who make wooden
chells, and plates, or platters ; wooden and hurnfpoons ;
and other houfehold goods.

The Rohandrians and Anac.indrians arc remarkable
for the wood-woik of their houfes; their chief tools,
however, aie only a plane, a wedge, and a rule. The-
lilhcrn-.en ufe draw-nets, well-balisets, hooks, a:id hat -
pooiis; and exchange the filli to the inland iiih.ibitants
tor rice, yams, roots, cotton, and other nccclVaiies.
fome, howevi r, they dry, to I'erve as occafion re.]:ires.

'I'hc lope-makcrsmake cotd.ige of all fi/esand ' i.gths.
'1 he fniali ropes lor netting and l-alkcts arc ma.! Iran
the bark of ditteient trees.

In fpiruiing, women alon.- are employed, and thifi
make \aiious l()rts of lluti- from ri.ix, and they likewilc
make '!iie;ids from the barks of trees.

In .M.id.igalcar a.-nculture i> practif.'d withkfs troubl.'
than 111 l\uri>pe, Ine.iule the inai.iier iv more fimpli. \ i
plough IS implm. d ni the till i^e of l.iikl ; .111 a\ tor tel-
ling the limbs o; liee'-, a bi'l for lopping oirthi- br.uKhis,
ind an implcni' 111 I alle.l faugali, lor (.lubbiiij the roois
and weeds, aie tin ir fdc inllrumem.. The jiirs mhJ
braneliisiif lue-, whin da, by bei.ig burnt tu alhes,
greatly rnriih ilie giouiid , and lbs l.ii! l^ ai'tirwanl*
propi r lor the pMRluilion of cams, rice. Sic. when ;>io-
|Hiiy wilteil by lain or other vsatii. In I'lne few pl.ice»
rice IS pl.intiil giainby gram, and cut in tin' fiine mar-
nef; li.t 111 th. gii.itift p.irt of the ill.iiid the u'oiind is
piip.iiedl) the tiainplmg of oxen, which bI^ak^ and
kills the wieds, and ihife u.tiing, nianuie th.' ll'i! ; '.viiuv
the lue Is lowed, which grows with gre,.t eafr, 1 i\l 111 a
Ihoit time beion-.es exttcniely fine. The fields lor rice
are niarflies, or marlliy lam!, called hutrac.-, and every
horiac, or fi Id of rice, is the oroperiy of a particular
iliief, which oecafions «reat dilVetenies ftoni tli.i; pre-
tentions of ri,;ht fo the bill and moil feitile linl>. Th;
(loot nlgM.e^ plant and iiili.vale y.mis on the lides of
inoiintaiiis, and are obliged cntinually tu hunt the wild
boars, an.' other wild anniiab, in order tu prcler\e tUcir
plant . ' .im detlru^ion.

1' ;e people aie m 111 h addic'Vd tofingim; and daimng,
in pailiciiiar, the women aie very fond ol finfiiij', MiA
compole \crlcs txteinporc, which, thnui:h not the bell
[Hxtry in the world, (hews an aptitude of genius, and
ready turn >t wit, that ]•. iiallv fuipiiling. Iheir longs
are either p.iiiegyrics on the rcmaikable actions oi tlicir
anccftors and heroes, of an amoioust'jrn, or «4 » lalirical
iMIUii:. I'bcii inulic^l uiftriinH utaic tluci' inuuuibcr, 'iz.
b N 1 he

■■

^ •

itd

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

The vallham, which is Urimg with cords.

The v.\nli', which is niadi- <>t hiiiiiboos.

'I'hc hciralbvou, which ii> pLiycJ upon with n hfiw.

The pcifoiintrs on thv- latter inllrumcnt arc the moll
cftci-nicd .

'I'he riches of the inhabitants confift in cattlf, which
the men IcKik alter ; and in ticUs of rice and roots,
which the women low. Gold and filvcr fervc only for
urnainenls. They make paan<, and carpets of cotton
of divers colours ; and as they liave no looms, hut only
flicks laid on the ground, which they raile by turns to
make the wo.)l, they cannot work very l.iU.

Here arc cities, towns, and villages; noblemen, and
(laves. I'hc cities contain at halt a thoulaiid houles,
or rather huts, and are licrroundi J with ditches fix fret
deep, and as manv b;oad, with paliladoes within on the
banks of the ditth. The dim.ic (lliiis they c.ill the
lord's houfe) is built with boards, railird about lix
feet .^bnve ground, and covered with leaves. The othu-
habitations aie lo low, that one cai'.not enter them wiih-
dut (looping. I'hc towns aie cncompalled only with
Hakes drove into ihe ground ; and the vill.i^es ha\e
neither ftakes nor ditcht'. Four negroes take up a hut
on their (houlders, and carry it where tluy pleale.
When a lord vifits another, the perlon vifiteJ hiuU
to the other one of his wives, whom the vifitor likes
bell.

With refpecl to the houlehnld furniture, it confilK
enly of rulli mats, which are either of a yellow or a red
colour, and are neatly made and llrung. The floors on
which they lie .ire covered with ih.le mats without bed,
bo'.ltir, ijuilt, or .my fort of coiering, and tlie pillow is
Only a lo^; of wood. This delcr'ption is gener.il, and
aniwers to the furniture of all the houfe', thofe of the
Rnhan.liians excepted, for thele people make iile of
pillow-biers fluft.d v. it!i cotton feed. Their clonihs,
fambcrs, girdels or faravohits, cotton, cffiiits, and ail
ornaments are kept in balVets ; and oils for the body
and h.iir in tarthen pitchers. Their kitchen liirnitiue
confills of earthen pots called Mllangues louvies, fafis,
nionangees, and linc>, wooden dilhe> and Ipoons, dried
gourds or calibalhes to hold water, knives, gridiron',
mortars to pound i.ce, trough', and wini. owing fans,
with large vill'els for honiyttine. The lea\e.- of rit-.s
twelve feet Imig and fo i; br.\id, are iif d intlead ot
napkins .md finaller portions ferve as plat.s : thffc are
fpreid upon mats on tiic ground, for neitha tables noi
chaiis are ufcd.

With r.fpcct to the dtcfs of thcfc people, the ntgroes
go nakid, cxeeptinL; t!\:;r midJlrs, which they cm. r with
a linen called lainbir , and fome of the wonun ule lara-
\.ihits, ordiawirs w.:h m n-zan, or loni; ribe vvilhuiit
flicies, hanging lii-wn in the .incles, and a pi.-cc ot linen
before, fewed at both rnds like an apron. 1 he white
men and women (wc do not mean Kuropean whites, but
fuch as arc fo denominated in this illand) go without any
tfvcrinaon their head orfiet, except the inhabitants of
Manghabei, as the men in th.it province v.rnr a fqtiarc
cap, and the women i hood, pointed at top, and hanging
down upon the iliuulji rs. The drellis are of liirt'erent
tolouis and namis, fomi of nd lilk called foatliiiilili,
ethers of cotton c.illed varo; thefe ire of a vaiietv ot
iiilours, cunoufly intei woven with tine eo't-n in white
flripis, and aie far from being defpi.-atiie workmau-
(hip, or inelegant in appearance. Others an- made (mm
Ihe harks of irees; either liom that of the f.ut.-iftranou,
try, n:oi'ffia, avo, cnuraii, or threads of banana. 'Ihe
colti n-tloths made by the whites, or zafeiamlni, in the
jirnviiiee of An< ffi, are the finelJ and bell, niueh lought
aliu by the mhahitanti of Vohitfbang, and others, who
buy up gre.it iiuantities ; bi.: the moll illnmed are the
tofton-, Willi lilk borders .ibout a foot d.cp, the ground
white, with bl.ick lliipes, and black and red lilk lace.
T he chiefs only, and Robandriaiis, wear this upon
treat foimalilic-, .md arepielerved for the tuncrals ot the
chiefs, whole liixlis ire wr,ip|xd up therein. The ;iai-
inents fur flaves are made ol the bark of tii-cs ; which is
firO kiMt fo a hemp, then boiled twice in llrong lye,
ntterwarcJs w.ifhed, and twiftcd upon fpindles in dirter-
int fizcs, and wrkeu up for apparel : the cloth relnii-
blrs Kurop. n linen, is rtrong, and nioie hilling th.in
roitrn. Th"le m»de of the b.irk of try areextiemely
fine aivl foft, but lot durable i u arc iholc of atfouche,

in the province of Mafatan, from the bark of the ttw
ayoj of which alio pajK-r is made in the provinces of
Ghallemboulou, .Maiighahei, and round the b.iy. of Aii-
tongi^ the bark or thin Ikin of fniall Kaves"fliootuir
from the middle of the tree mouflia, which, in other
places, produces only large leaves, twelve or lifieen feet
111 length, fupplics them with wearing-apparel. Tin:
fruit of this tree is like a pine-apple. The lluH"., made
form banana, chitlly in the province of Kringdrane, arc
line, light, and cipial in beauty to the liiken manufac-
ture, and arc wove in the fame manner. Their orna-
ments, called lirauaeh, arc dili'eient kinds of chains
worn round the necks, arms, .ind leg, -, car-iinm, brace-
lets, rings, and oth-T toys, with necklaces ot°ditkrtnt
names ; lal.mtes, faraves, and eiijaehs, confiUinn o| ;|nec
or loiir, and cieii twehe rows of pe.-ris, cor.i"l>, beads
of goli, glJ's of all colours, rock-crylhil, a'.'ats, cor-
nelian .aid lard. inian Hones. Thefe ornaments of i;olJ
are only woin by the Zaleramini, who are the chief^ of
tlv illind, and the Voadziri and l.ohavohits among the
negnx's.

I'olygamy Is prailiftd throughout the illand, and tlie
piople in general are exceeding incontinent, which may
lie owing to the extremes that aiiiiiate cither !ex j th,'
men having too much freedom, and the women hein'
under too much rcllraint ; yet thefe oppofite caufcs pro-
duce limilar elli (its, for here, fincc

" M.in the lawlefs libertine may rove,

" Free and unquetlion'd thro' the wilds of love,

he takis all the licentious liberti'.-s whieh fueh an un-
bounded licence permits; and the women ihinknm
that *•

" Conftraint in all things mnkes the pleafure \ek,

" But Iwiet's tile lir.cthat couus with willin:;iiei's,

allow themfelves fuch iVeeelom in priiaic, in order to com-
peiilate tor what they liiftcr by the llverityof the public
I.1WS, and tyranny of their hiifbands, that very few can
claim that iiieiliniable jewel, cli.uhtv.

I lie iiegrcKs here have yo other 'n.irriagc reremonr
ih.in a;rreuiig to Coh.ibit togi'lher ; but liie whites have
a peculiar ceremony in being joined, or married to the
head wilV, but their other wius they take with as little
foini as the negroes do theirs.

The ceremonials pr.aitifed at funer.ds arr as folUnv.
The relations wadi and ckanle the body of thedefiincf.
Old then adorn it with the moll colli v oir.amcnts which
the detiiniJt wore when livine. It is then trapped uo in
a m.it in order to be curried in that mani-r to th': "i.ive.
The head of a woman's corple is ufualK emlwllinurf
with a kind of cap. But the he.ids ard b- :'r.!s of men of
. r;ink, when defuiull, are clean ihavid. I'levi-ms to ilia
l! time of buii.il, the eorp*"- I' s in iKite for Icmie days,
during which fp.ice a liyht is coniinii.My burnt at if*
feet i and .dl the relatieiu, friends, ami llavrs freijtientTv
lurroiind the coiple, and ni.ike the moll dilinal lament.i-
lions. Hiving tiicj thtmiUvi's with bewailiiiT, tlie
women fall a ilancing, and the men have recourfe ta
warlike rxeieifes. At ler.gth they all fiirround the body
again, lall the di .id by Ins name, very gravely expoftii-
late with him foi dviiig, and paiheticaln demand whe-
ther he had not everv thiii;' th it could fati-f-, him in
this life, fuch .is beautiful and faithful wives, dutiful
children, loving liierd«, indullrioiis llives, a fiiflSci-
ency of ^"old, lilvir, iron, cattle ,^e. It may not bo
improper toobleiie. that this builelipie method of hiw!-
ingovii, and interro'iting thede.id, is not peculiar to
the M ida^alcrians, as many <!lher n.-.tions have the lame
ciillom, and even iii Kuiope Imn': pi riens retain thele
ablurd ceremonials at this prelmt timi'.

(In the day of iiiiermint the corple is carried to the
buiving-plate, which is named .Amoun 'uque, in a coffin
made of hollow truidts of trees, wliich are curioufly
doled together; and there it is depolitrd fix feet deep,
under a llioiig hut, in which .•n left plates, di/he<, ap-
parel, rice, tobacco, &c. th.t the dead mnv want no
nrcclVary aceommo<laiio:i. 'I he delunCl being then pro-
perly provided fm, the hut is cntir.K clofetl up by placing
a laige Hone belore the onlv tntiaiiee. Thrii, on the
oiitfide, be.ifts are facrificed ; and the company having
ngaled themlelves, fume fr.igments of meat are left,
which lliiy fiippoll will It cipi.illy dilliibutcd between

AFRICA.] ISLAND OF MADAGASCAft.

Si*

the dfCPafcil and the demons. FiAecn days after, ima- I
ginirig that the provifioiis arccxhauftcd, the relations and '
friends lend more, left the dead body, "r the demons who i
guard it, flidiild be t.imilhed ; and thel'e prefcnts are iil-
ways accompanird with ih.- kindell mell'ages, and nioU re-
fpedful cunipliments to the deccafed.

The heads of all the hearts which are facrificed, are
fixed upon lont: pnlcs, and placed round the fcpulchral
hut in the manner of trophies. Sacrifices of bealt- are
likewife made by, or in favonr of the children delcended
fr. n the deceafed, or thofe nearly related to him, wheii
the juvenile band invoke the fpirit of the departed perfon
in a kind of hymn, which implies,

Spirit, that art fliiwn away,
LilKn to our artlcb l.iy j
Tcich us, fpiiit, to do well J
'leal; h us, Ipirit, to exctll ;
Stoop, oh fpiiit! and be kind,
Te.iching thofe you left behind J
Lilien to our aitltfs lay,
Spirit that art fiown away.

If a perfon of dirtincfion dies at a diftnnce from home,
his body is burned upon the fpot, but his head, having
been pn-\'ioii(ly cut off, is carried home and interred in a
proper fepulehrc, with the ufual funeral rites. Hut per-
ions (lain in war, who have been halJily buried in or near
the ticM of b.ittle, are, in times of piace, again Jug up,
and re-buried in the ufual form, proviiled the f|race from
the time of interment is not fo confiderable as to admit of
an alnioft total pulreficlion.

1 he Mad.i^Mfcrians hold the memory of their ancef-
fors in tlie utmolt cftcem a:»d veneration. Tluir ;;reatH(
and mot! folenin oaths being to fw; ar by the fouls of ilieir
prrdeccfTor*, or the virtues of their pa:\.nt-c.

When anv perfon is fick, the ne.irell relations apply fo
the oinbialli , or priefl-, who L'oes by ni^du to tin- anion-
r.ou(]ir , or fepulcbre of the t.ilhcr ; O.'-, if the f.nlier is
ftill living, to th.it of the grandf;uher of the ntHirted per-
fon. Tbrn in.ikiii^ a hole in the niomimcnt, he places
3 kind nf c,;p ujion the aperture, and lu\i,iiis his inc.mta
tions with Uveral [;iimaccs, invokir.v the fpirit of the
fleteafed to t/ke pity of the pcrfm diforjcred, ..ad rellore
his hflplcfs pr0|>i nv to heal'h and \ igour. 'i'lie aperture
being clckd, the (unbi.illi- takes .w.iy ila- cap, re-
turns to the houfe where the lick pvrfoii l:','-, .m.i places
it upon his head. If the p.itient recovi rs, the ombialle
receives great appl-.nifr, and is loaded with pn'lint.s \ but
if he dies, the oinbiafle, verv gravely, imputes it lo the
evil (lenioii>, or to fate ; for tht Madajafniaiis are great
prcdclliiiaiians ; but nevir to any fault in hinifilf, or de-
ficiency in his incantation;. '1 he very fame inilhod is
purfued in cafes of infanity, the ombialle applies to the
I'epuUhnsof thedefinu), to demand uiukillnndin^ for
their oft'.pitim, .iiu! that their fcnics in.iy be rellond. If
the patient recovers his lenles, the pri-ll is rewarded ; if
the former remains mad, no difgrace- enlues to the latter.

'I'he commim diet of tlufe illanders is cow's milk, rice
and roots. 'I'hey roalf funietiinis large pieces of beef,
with the hide on. i'hey drink water and honey-wine.
Hut thoy have neither bread, nor grape-wine. The
honey-wine is a compofition of three p;uls of water to
one of honey, which they boil toj'ethei, ;iiid ikini, after
it is redui(d to three fourths. '1 in y afterwards put it to
work in l.irpe pots (if black earth, made in this ifiand.
This wine has ,i verv ple.ilant tartilli lalle, but is too
lufcious. The wine made of fugar-canes is (lill intre
Uimhoh fonie.

( )f all the barbarous ciiltoms ;ind execrable fuperlti-
tions nf thele people, the ciiKom of cxpofing their chil-
jlreii to a reii.iinand ciuel, though indetermiiLitt kind of
death, <if lliaii;;ling them in the birth, or f.icritieing them
to denmiis, are |KThaps the molt atiocioiis, and may be
the true political realon why this large in.iml is fo thin of
iiihabitanls, in proportion to its great extent, .aid ama/.ing
fertility. Theie execrable cruelties are owing to the om-
bialles, who cxercife a mod iincontrouled power over the
rnnds of the people ; the latter being under an oblig.ition
of cxpofing their luw-botn ihildren in defert plans, to
famifh, or be devoured by wild beafts ; to llran^le them
in their birth, oi to facrilice them to their demini, ai •
cording to the predu'tion or coinnuind of the ombialle,
who prctinJs to coulvinplat,' the afpjCl i4 the plaiietj at

the time of th"i • birth, pronoiinceo arbiftarily whether
they arc fortunate or inaufpicious, and decrees the child
to life or death accordingly. I'hefe deteUable murders
are the more frequent, as belides the ombialU-S h.aving the
f.ite of new-born inf.uits at their dilpofal, at all times,
thofe who are ho.n on v .lat the people deem unlucky
d.iys, are fure to be put to di-ath; and, unhappily, abovi
half the days in the year come uiidei that denomination.
I'he inaufpicious, or unfortunate portions of the year
are.

The entire months of \ {^1^^''? '"" ^'J'"^-

I M.irch, (M Ramahara.

The laft week of every month in the year.

Every eighth day, Mheiher it falls in aufpicious or in
inaufpicious months or weeks. Kverv eighth day being
called Afl'.uonior, and every lall week in each month,
Al.icom.

livery Wed pu (day and Friday throughout the year an?
deemed unlucky. And even particular iiours .ire (uppofed
to be influenced by the vil iiigs, or unlucky planets.

Sometimes, however, the toicc ot nature overcome'?
the power of fuperlHtion ; and the pnjudice of cuftom
yields to th« dict.ftes of parent.il afftctiun.

Cuftom, which wifdom often over-rules.
And fcrves, inlieiid of reafoii, to the fools ;
Ciidom, which all the worM to (lav'ry brings,
'I'he dull cxeule fur doing filly things.

The ombiaflis are not infcnfible to the power of bri-
bery; and what will nut a parent, who truly fcebj^ivc tu
fave his inoffenfive oft'spring.

Fathers alone a father's heart can kiuiw
What fecret tides of Hill enjoyment flow.

Thus wealth, the grand fountain of vice, .and ftimu-
later of crimet, may, properly applied, be rendired .lie
means of ehiirity, and friend of humanity. Nothing in
the creation is imnnfieally \ leious j it is only the impro-
per applie.itioii ot things which tender them ivriiicioiis.

Ileiiee, f.iys an aicurate ;.uthor, in (peaking of thefe
execr.ible ciilloins ; " powerful nature breaks the chains
with wlueh (he is fettered by pagan education, and exhi-
bits the compallionate and tender impreflions of her own
potent Cre.vtor, in the freijuenl oppolition given to theli;
languiiiai\ precepts, by pieveiUing the cruel deltniclioii
ot innocuit babes, in the pixi'enation of the life whieh
their parents had been inltruments of givinr^, and in rc-
verhng the (entencesof the cruel and avantious ombialies.
Sl.ivrs are often employed to fiickle and biiiii; up the
childiin born in unlortunate times. S;'criliei.s, liono-
miiiated falls, of beads and cocks have been immol.ited,
whillt they were coiifnu'd in places pointed out bv p.ieaii
liiperllition, to take otf the mali '.nity of the piedominant
(lar, which would lueellanly t ake eti'ei't, weie tbele cul-
tnmary and fuperditious pr.ictice^ neglected."

riie lame language is (poke throiijhnut the ifland, but
ditiereiitly pronounced in dirtuent pioeineec, loiii' and
(liort, of gie.it artinity with the ouental, clindy .'Xrabic,
ami .ii;iee.dile lo the (ireek in the mai lur ol fpi.ikiii:;,
in the Older and coiiiuiielion of tlie n.uins and verbs
ae-fivr, and extremely copious. The eharae'ter' in ul'c
amoiiL'd the ombiatii's are the Arabic, in number twena

ty-teiur, written lioin t!ie ri'^ht to the left, tho

the

pronunciation of fonie diH'ers fiom the Araliic. I'hefc

characlers were intioduced about three centuiies aivj by

I the Arabs lent by iheealit of .Mecca, who landi<l .it M.i-

I tatan, inlermariied vsith the women of thecoiintiv, and

I taught the Arabic lani'U..i!e, with the Koran, to thol'«

who embr.icid the doctrine ; and wliieh I'ome of them

continue to this dav.

I'o convince the reader of the mimlier of futt and li-
quid tones v.iih which the Madagalcar language i-.bounds,
we (hall lelei^t a fiw of their common word*, with the
(Ignihcation in Kngldh.

Valu
Melangore
Tuinborts
iVlalilke
Leihulu
Mvinonego
Voorha
Omeb.iyloyhe
liettu

Alive
lo agree
An anchor
Anger
Any body
Afcend
Aligatur
Dule
Urania

!■ I

Ha,

1^' •

514 A NEW COMPLEET SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

bccnmo'i Inioath, even, and lit tor ufo. 'liicir ink is
cxtratSlcJ, by w.iy of dicoilion, from thr wood calJid
arandr.iiuii, which Isliktwili: m.iilc iifc of by the princi-
pal people for building, riic extr;i.it bi-inj; mixed with
V- ;digri», bccuiiH'ii exceeding bLek. 1 he pi-ni are
rnadc of bamboo, and aic cut to the f.ime Ijj.e, lulhioned
after a fimilar manner, and rendered almuli a:> truiilparent
as Kuropcan quills.

'I'he tride of this ifl.md is rather of adomefllc than fo-
reign nature, as ilu- iiativti h.ne vei) < intincd ideas, and
iinperfedf notions ol tbrcign liaSic. Among tlii-mlelves
they barter commtKlity for commodiiy, as no luch thing
as eiincncv is edablilbed throughout the wliole illaad.
Kven if tliiy obtain any gold or fiKer eciiis from the
Kuropcan*, who lomctinies touch here, they immedi-
atdy milt tin in down, in older to convert them into
( .,i-rinj.'s, biatelits, l\u. The d'/nuHic ti.ule i^ of this
l...',iiie: lIu- |K<)plt of the cottcn pio\ iiRXS t.ike care to
cultivate that article, and then cany it to the piwiiices
which abound in cMtlr, e, &c. Haviiu', trucked ur
Iviitired lomniodiiies, the w.iiii'. of r.ich are lupjilitcl; In:
tho: who have plenty of provision", are b^ thife iiii-.inj
fuppiied with cUrathing, and thole who can eajlly pro-
cure apparel in their own country are furni(hed with pro-
vilions, in whu h their own provinces might be deficient,
thus the exchange of the produce ol imepiovince for
that of another is the whole of their doincllic, or inland
trade.

With refpcfl to the foreign tmde, i>t rather tmflic,
which fonie of the Madaij.ifcrians carry on with the Ku-
ropcan (lups, that fumetimes touch here, it coiiiilh
of exchanging

Hanrr

lieef

Mundavy

Uoil

Mctonu

Broil

Oincbayvovvi

Cow

Umebay

Cattle

Morte

Dead

Lunibook

\)ua

Taniu

The earth

Sofi-e

The ear

MolTu

The eye

Tule

An egg

Varlarvo

A moufe

Orocng

The nolo

Arratto

A net

0\ernarmo

Potatoes

Lomoty

A jilunib

riato

A pil»ol

I'onndey

I'owdei

Knidoc

A pir.ue

Hulu

People

Color

Yews

four c.-.rd!nal points

of the wind.

1 ernon^hei

Kail

Ai:.i.et}lr

Well

Avaiiuch*

North

Atcenio

South

Numbers.

Efer

One

Roaa

1 wo

Talu

Ihre*

Kffiitchs

Koiir

Demic

Kive

y.iminui^

Six

Kccto

Seven

Varlo

Ki-ht

Stver

Nine

Kol»

Ten

Days of the week.

Alhaida

Sunday

Alletcnmc

Muiulay

Talorter

'I'uefdav

Allerrerlwer

Wedn iJay

Comiiielhcc

'['huiui.7

Immor

Krid.iy

Sarbuechc

Satunlay

Krcfli provifions
Sapphires

Rubies

Knieralds

Cornelians and other!
precious Hones loiiiidl
in the country, &c. |

All the inhabitants of Mada; alcar, the ne;;roes ol
Machicore and the inhabitants of the iiiountains excepted, J
afc toktably expert at carting up (mall funi'. Kike the
Arabians and K.uropcans they reckon from one lo ten,
ind alter li n add the numbt ■ M>e, a> lar as twri.u .

With lelpcct to tlieir weights and nieafures, lliry uli
rone higher than a drachm . lor as they weigh no arti-
cles whatever, gold and filver excepted, drachm wc ights
are deemed f.ilTiciriit, all other commodities bein, I'.M by
wr.y of burt'.r or exchange The names of iheli; Inul!
wci 'hts are

Nanqiti

S.;Cure
Nanque
\jri
Sompi
The rre.ilurct here ..re
The Vouit;

M'lnca I contj

Haifa grain
A pt nil
Six gi<ins
Mail a drachm
A drachm

[Half a pound of rue &c.

/...toil

If Half a pound of rue Si
contains J Six pounds of ditto
f .ibout I A himdied vouliiv,
J L fillv poiuuls ditto

1 heie are meafures of capacity ; the tiiealiirc of length
IS cnlv :i rele, or a mcalure of about iwiijards in Ungth,
*hKh IS uf.d in mealuringeoiilage, ftufis, &c. the land
not Uingclt niated by iidme.ilii:iii.cr.t, but by the quan-
Mt\ ol gram v.bich is re»^uircd lo low it.

iVIadagafi ai p«|'sr is made wi'h fewer inflniments and
engines tnan the Kuti'pe. ii. Ihe b.irk i>; the tree Avo iv
bcil.d two d..,v in gtwJ 1;> , mide ol the allies oi the lan e
tree, till It beurtii?v loft .iiid lupple, tb-n w.idii.d in iliax
V *tcr, I. at to a piopir i.nililKiu y, and poiireil alti--
ward". on mats iiijili ol cxiMiiliteiy III" rieds, iwillid .\n(l
regulaily joiiud tojrettui, in ouirt lobediuinid and bc-
vome paper. Alter thl^ it is pLiced on a leaf of Halil;ci,
«il.d with ir.iiucliil, lo di) Ml the fun ; each diied Kal is
afi.iw..ia» di(ped III a dici-clion ofiice, to previ lit i*
f.'c.n icin.ii.iiig I;iung7, then being diied twice n.oi., it
i

Yellow wires

Hard wares and fmall wares

of all forts
Looking glalles
for J Heads

1 ire arm<

Coral ol .my fi/e or colour,
pierced through for (hiiig-
J \ ing, &c.
Hence the riches r.f tlicfi people confill in the wares
and coninii«litiis which they thus piotuie ; in the bills,
h..tchst-, knives, lantes, iron and ilcel fpades, lair.bers,
&c. which they m.'.kei in the llaveitl>ey i.ike in uir, or
Ileal in times of peaie; in thr cattle which they breed ;
and III the lands which they cumvate.

We ar;' told that the ecUbi Jted Krench governor, Fla-
touit elleemed this idand of great importaiKe for .id-
vancing .ind ellablilhingcornnuicc lowaids Kihi'ipia, thr
Red S 2, gulph ol Atalii.i, .ind other Indian cuiimiie^ ;
that "real advantage inij',ht Iv made liom the coiiviiiiency
of wood lot Iniildiii'j Ihips, whiih mi ht be carried on,
and eXLhan.'ed loi othii coinnioJitics in the precedm^^
COU.UUi.'.

Mol* of the ptinct-^, 01 I'ov II "11- of the dtlTeient fer-
ritoiies in ibi- illaiul, .uu j^ !..tid to each oilur, an.i lu
are thei. ]jrtat Uiids and iiilericr lubjeit', by contiiuial
intermarriages; yet tliiy are perpetually ijuai telling with,
and w.igiiig war againll each other; private family dif-
putis otten occali'.n opm iiiptures, and th. refciitment
of an indnidual will indue- lonie thoufands to commit
hollilitie^. Khele di ■lu-IHc wars are purfued with mon-
rancour and hatml than a war with a forei;ni enemy
would be, lor wlun lelaii.'i.. or li.,-nds dilfei, they en-
tertain a ^reatir implacabiliiy againit each otlur than
HrangerN when tlnv liapjxn to bi .it enmity. 1 Ins lin-
timent i^linely illulii.iled in the f.llowm.; lines, bv Wil
liam WhiuheaJ, III); poet l.iiiKat, in his ode for the
new year, performed belore his iii;ijeHy, Jan. i, 177S.

When rival n.itions, great in arms,

(ireat in powc r, in glorv great.
Fill the world wilii war's alarms.

And breathe a temporary hate,
The hoftilc ftotms but rage awhilr,

And the tri'd contcft ends;
But ah ' how hard to reconcile

T he fois who once weu friends.

Each hafty word, each look unkind,
Kach dilhint hint that lieiii' to mean

A fomi thing liitking 111 the iivnil,
Which almult lonu-^ lu luik unfcen.

" Faeh

[1 n

\ f

AFRICA.] ISLAND OF

Each ihadow of a fludc ofionJs

Th' inibittii'd fuo who onto wiTc friends.

That pciwer alone, who fram'd the- loul.

And bade Ihc Iprings of p.illion play,
Can all thiii j.iiiiiii; (tiin^.s contioul.

And foini on dilcoid, loiuord's Iway.
''I"is he alone whofc brcatli of love.
Did o'er the world of w.itcts move,

Whofc toiK'h the mountains tiend«,
Whofc word from darltnci'. i.ill'd foith light,
'Tis he alone can reunite

The lilts who once were friends.

la war, their engagements are fcldom regul.ir, thev
chiefly depend on furpriz-e .uid anibufcade, and laentice
courage to Itral.ij; in. Wlun the piolpict of .idvan-
t.igc otlVrs, they uluiMv aHeinhlr priv.iirlv, ai't wilh the
utinod caution and pi v.icy, t;.iin tlu encinj's In.iiiitr'.
by forced nurchci) in the iiii^ht, ^lul .itt.ick tluin fiid.unly
und unexpectedly: if luccefs atteiuis their .inns, th'y
commit the inoft cruel ravage-., if tluy ii.eel wiiii .in un-
furmifed reinille, they rctriat with the utiiiolt precipi-
tation. Jiut g(X>d or bad (uettfs ;ire eiiually fatal to th.-
country i if they are fortunate, they deldoy :il| before
them as they advance ; i( unlnruin.ite, they l.iy the coun-
tiy walle as they retreat. Thus fannne fieijiMitlv rei^jiis
in a country, calculated by ii.iture to .iliord t.ie uiniol)
plenty, and many are llarved in tin- ii.ii il of a luMiiiant
foil, by ineinb of the inlcllinc broiU winch lei-u ainoni;
the people.

A D A C; A S C A R.

Sometimes the prince nf
lords, who ."le his fubje.
rately, and to march by ilr
of rinde^v'ius, in orvfcr
attack the towns of theii
and advance to with the

territory gives notice to the

' .in(.-nu)le their foices fepa-

■ louts to a en tain place

fuddcnly upon, and

>, vvliich tliey liir'^ound,

i;nll dre.ulnil (hoiits ; .md if

fucci-fsful, thev mafl.icrc all ti.ey meet wiih in them, lp:ir-
jng neither lirx noi age. Atter tins faiii;uinary heat i^
over, if they meet with any oilui of the adverle partv, or
overtake any fugitives, they m.ilLi ll.ivcs of them ; but
lifually put (o dialh thofe who .ire allnd t-i the eh.efs,
fearing if they lliould furvivc they will at loinc future
time become lomiidable.

Their political management of war is this ; thi v de-
pute fpies to obferve the condition, number and (itua-
tion of the enemy, if en a march, or encamped, or to
reconnoitre their town>, and take notite of the nnpor-
fance <if their foitihcations, if tluy Ihuuld mean in main-
tain them and Hand a fiege. If threatened to he .ittacked
by oihirs, they ch.ingc their place of relidence, drive
their women and cattle into the molt private reci-lli', or
plac.-s which are difTicuIt ol aceefs, ;uid conltiiuently
may be cafily defended. Thus their paiTions prompt
them to plunder e.ich other, and their peipi tual dangers
iiifuifibly give them policy; but dti: i^ ihefe rav.iges,
all parties think themfelves light; ti pi ince imagines
it his duty to prevent any neighboiiis Irom beioming
too powerful for his own (K-ople, and f.incies it incum-
bent on himfelf toerulh fuch alpireis ; the people diem
it their duly to obey their prince, who has their good at
heart ; all lee through the medium of their pallions, .md
fancy the means jull if the motive or propofed end is fo.
It Is felf-love and re.ifon at lirife, and the improper ule
of cither, occafions all theit mifcarri.iges.

" Two principles in human nature reign ;
•' .S(-lf-lovc, to urge, and reafnn, to rellrain ;
" Nor this » good, nor that a bad we call,
" Kitih works its v'nd, to move or govern all ;
" And to tlu-ir proper operation (lill,
" Afcribe all good ; to their iiiiproper, ill.

" Self-love, the fpring of motion, ae'ts the foul ;
" Rrafon's comparing hallance rules the whole.
" Man, but for that, no action could attend,
*' And, but for this, were aciive to no e.-\d:
•• Kix'd like a p!ant im his peculiar fpot,
" To draw null ition, propagate, and rot ;
" Or, meteor-like, ll.iine lawlefs thro' the void,
" Defiroying others, by himfelf deftroy'd.

•' Modes of felf-love, the palTions we may c.dl :
" 'Tis real good, or firming, move, them all ;
" But fincc not rv'ry good we can divide,
" And reafoii bids us t«ir our own piovide;

5'3

" I'.iiri.-ns thoii^h fi Itlfli if thru m-in-; I- fa-r,

" i-ill under re.ifon, .md dell rve li-r care ;
I hill-,-, that inipjitid, coin i .1 nobler jiin,

" t^xak tli.ir kind, and t.ike f.,ine virtue's H.iiiie.

I'oi'l.

.Somelimec parties i;f onle 4^ or 1,? are feiit to pliindei
.Mill dedioy the Mler vill.ig.-s and hamlets, and thi (c
light det.ichinents are called lamoiive. If opportunity
leries, the iinvns ..n redueed lo :,(hes ; but if they ate
under any appi. .1 , (i„n that the ti.unes will cxafpei.ilc
the iK-iglihourm,; iiih.ihitants, who ini-ht immediately
purine itum, or cut oH' ihi-ir retreat, th'^-y latisfy them-
lelves wi;h nnly plundi rin-^ the towns without binning
ihem. 'I'heli- kind ot expedition. ,ire n.uned t;ihcha-
mjn'hi, or lecnt w.t, and the maraud. r„ who 1 image
I" ihnii, lire alw.ns provided With wlint lh:-v deem
cliaim>, which an- Imall bill.ts wiilien in Arable clia-
raeh-rs, thele th. y iina;..ni- will pi.ieui.; ihem lueeefs,
and biiiig the i;re.ite(t misfortunes on iheir eniinies, by
lakiiig away then lli.ngth, and dip-iving them of their
eoiir.,;e to defuid thtiiilelv^s ; tliey likeivili- i.-nnjiiii:
that they allha tlieji (o-s with imiuiiK r.ible >lifurilers,
-aid oei .ifion the molt fatal dilKinp.is lo attack them.
Hoth pailie, are n|ii.dly fupuKitious in refpeet to thefc
(harms, and as one lidc imilt fiiecced, their rrpulatiun
iscontimi.dly kept up; for the unuicc -I'jI paity never
eoiui-nes that his iharms are iniltieac i;y., ;--., imigines
that lome faults 111 the prepai.ul'/: , or ilm w- uihon of
lome ceiemonieshave rendere-1 tli.-ii i :ai:rpieic is.

With refpea to w.nlike w -poi^s, th-y arc different
in ditterem parts of the illae,!, Some '.'iijl. ufc of a
dart, which u named renelofs, with an iron point loiiji
and thiik, and carry belidcs 15 lelicr daits, that arc
named (iioraehes. Others ufe an ample lliield, and a
large dart ialled cauhahi, but the generality ufe lances
as well as dirts, and the great men carry hre arms; fur
to carry a lance only, is the badge of being a petlon of
common, or vulgar r.uik ; but^to bear a gun upon the
Ihoulder betokens gentility, and fhews that the bearer
r.-.nks a- a noblen\an or gentleman.

'I lie .M.id.igafcrians have little notion of difcipliiie in
their w-.irs; they generally charge in liparalo bodies uf
100 each ; their charges are irregularly made, as eacK
individual tries to do his belt, but at the lame time keeps
continually lliouting, hallowing, capering and jumping
about, in Older at once to intimid.ite the enemy, .md to
prev--nt any aim Irom being taken at himfelf. So that an
.ittick thus mad. , .ippcars to be rather the allauit ol a pro-
imfcuous mob, than the uell conducted attaik of dif-
eiplinid tionp^. Wlun all enemv (alls, he i. miinedi-
atily pureed through with darts, bv as manv a. can get
near him, and his tliruat is aftenv.aJs cut Itum ear tu
ear.

\v'e are told from ,;(X)d autli-iritv, that during tliu
time ot w.ir, the woini n ki-p up coiitinu.il dancing (al-
ternately) by day and night, never fleep or i.it in their
town houle>, .Hill however addi^Uu to incontincncy,
upon no ai count whatever futi'ei the company oi' ano-
lliii man, whilll ilie.r liufliands are e.\poled to d.ingcr,
peiui.ided that thev [tile hun-ands) wguld be killed of
wounded, by inf'deiity in their alilen-.e, and believe them
to be aniniaiid by their con;ii.ii31 dancing, and ihei:
Ifiingth .md coura.-e enereafid ; whuefore thev keep up
their dancing dining the war, by the moll fuperlfnious
obli rvance ot the eiiiloms and ceremonies.

When one prince hiid.s himfelf too weak, to oppofc
another i<v force ot arm^, hi has recourle to negotiation,
and fends amballiidors, l.ii';-n with pielents, to fae tor
pe.ice, appoii'i a time and place for a conference, and
lellle all the preliminaries ol an accommod4tion. if the
preUnts are received, and the piopofals approved, other
prelints arc lent in letuin, and eveiy thing is fettled for
the intended meetiii'r, the place appointed being always
on the banks of a river. When the d.iy arrives, both
princes, or chiefs, repair to the river at the head 6{
their rel'peclive armies. Kach then kills a bull in the
fight of the armies, and then they prefent to each other
refpee'tivily a pi' ce of the liver on the end of a fpear,
which both are obliged to e.lt a piece of, and then they
mutually wilh with the moll folemn imprecations.

That the liver may burlf them.

I'hat God may withdraw his hand from amongft them.
6 O Tlut

' -I-

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33 WIST MAIN STRUT

WnSTIR.N.Y )4sao

(716) •73-4503

f/i

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,

Th.1t they may be doftroycd by their enemies.

Th.U their r;iec m:iy eiij in tlu-nilVhes.

It" tliey any longer think of curr\.i\^ on tlie wnr.

It' they carry off tlic cattle, or dcUroy the lulijic^s of
C.ich other.

If they have anv defign of fending witchcrafts or
poifiMis into the enemy's conntry, fee.

'I'lie iM..daga(eri.ins have fome notion of aftrononiv,
and divide the year, like us, into twelve months, viz.

f March,
April,
.Mav,

Vatrcvatc,

Safard,

Atfifi or .\ Soutri

V'al.ifcira,

FolVa,

Macaj

Hialna,

Sacamall'eh,

S.ic.ive,

\'oulanhitou,

Afunianghils,

Af.ir.ihe,

Jvm.',

Julv,

Aiiguft,

Sei)li.'nihcr,

O^Uibcr,

November,

Ueccinbtr,

January,

Ptbruary.

The fird day of the year begins wUh the new nionn in
March ; they have no certain and regular accoinit of

time and fealbns, but compute the years bv the \!..\\j-- of
the weeks, beginning; the vcar of circumeifmn on
Friday. They have likcwil'e obferved the motions of the
heavens, the n volutions of the planet^, and tlie hgns of
the vodi.-^e, which, in the manner of th? Europe; n^,
tiny likewifc di\ide into twelve figns, viz.
Jn the (pring,
f.

Alinii/a,

AUe.'.robo,

Al.icoili,

Alizadi,
Ad.ilou,
Alohutli,

Alahem.ili,

A/.orou,

Ali/ozo,

In fummir,

In aiuumn,

i'lon,
>agutarius.

f [,ibr
\ Seor
C Sagil

f Cuprieorn,
K Aiiu.iriii>,
I I'lices.

f AricJ,
s I .inrin,
C Gemini.

f C.ncrr,

^I„o,

IVhl'o.

In winter,

Afarata, 1

Al.i.ifaJf, \

Al iinbonlo, J

Tims are thiy rorrcc> bv cafiial ohlervalion'! only j
and aceiiiaie, wiiliout the knowledge or u(e of inlliii-j
nunNi whiih evince, that the heavms are an nniverf.d ,
Ixiok tliat is open to all nations-, mav be read in c\rry
climate ; ami be fcrviceabte, even to (he moll l,i\a; e r.nd
ignorant. So inll is that b<'autiful ode of Mr. Adjikn's ,
wi the glories of the hem ens.

The fp.uiout rirmamri\t on hi'^h,

With .ill the blue xthereal (ky.

And fpangled hcav'ns, a (himng friinc \

Thi'ir great original proclaim.

Th' unweariid Inn, troni day to d.iy,

Diws his Creator's power dilplay )

And pnblilhi s to nery land,

'1 he work uf an Almighty hand.

II.

S"on as thoevcniii' fti.ides prevail.
The moon takvs np ilie wond'roiK tale j
And nighily, lo the hd'niiiL: earth,
Rcpats the (forv of her Inith ;
Wliilltall thi'ltarsthat round hrr burn,
And all tlie pl.iii'ls, in fluir tiiin,
Coiiliiin the tidings as they lull \
And fpread the truth fium pole to polf,

III.

What thnti; h, in folemii filenre, all
Move loniul ihe d.iik terrrdnal hill ;
Wh.it lhoM;;l\ mil real voici- noi (oimj
Ainid their Mili.int orbs be found !
Ill rralon'^ ear they all rejoice,
And utter lorth a glorious voire \
I'oievei fiiii'ing .is ihi v (hine,
'1 be Hiild th«t made u> it <li«in<i

The perpetual enmity in which the Madag^fcrjanS
f^eiii to live with each other, aril'es either from jealoufy
or tliilL J but while the f(<rmcr or.callons m.iiiy privaii;
iMiiinoliiies, the hitter uliially tern'iiiates in w.'.r. PriiH-.s,
and nobles themfilves, make no manner of confcieivie of
Healing their luighboui's cattle privately; aii'i tlicir
neigh'iiours return them the complinient whenever an op-
portunity prefents. In this manner it fonutimes only
prompts to retaliation ; but, at other times, it occafiuns
open liollililies to commence.

During fome part of Mr. Drury's captivity in the
idand of .M.idagafcar, he was a fla\e to a chief of great
eonlcmiLiice, who was, however, very fund of ikaiing
his neighbour's cattle privately. As the ditlrefs of Mr.
IJrury, when he lirll went with his mailer upon one of
tliel'e expeditions, is rather whimfical, we fliall quote ii:
tor the I ntertainincnt of the reader. " My mailer (f;ys
he) attended by lc\Lral of liis (laves, took me with iiiin,
one evening, into the woods. 1 oblerved great prtp,i-
rations made for killing and drtfling a bullock, or fome
fuch tiling ; but there being none to kill, and it being
then dark, 1 perceived that they walked with great cir-
cuinlp>e.lioii, talkrd loltlv, and teltiluu all the lyirptoms
of lonie fecict delign ; upon this the tears (lood in my
eyes, una (iniag that they inteiideel to '•ut me up, and
make a iv.eal of me ; but my fright was loon over when
I faw tv.-o Kavcs hauling a-long a bullock by a rope fall-
ened to iiis horns, and niv mailer Unking his lance into
his tliro.it in order to dii'patch him. 'I'li.y immcdiattly
cut up Ilis carcafe, and diclUd li,' entrails after their own
inannir. 'I"hc booty was ci]ua!lv divided, and I obiervej
that laeli m.;n took care to hide his portion in fome pri-
latc piaee, from whence he nii:-ht convey il: awav by
night. As (ooii as our buhnels was over, we parted,
I' line one way, and fome another, for fear of being taken
notice of 1 now plainly perceived, tliat we wea- all
tli,. tune plundering of our neighbours."

Alici rlie men return from w.ir, or frini a grand liunt-
iiig-m.itch of wild cattle, when they enter their town or
village, the wives and (laves of the ch".fs come CRvpinj
iVoiii their relpective huts, and lick their lectin a moll rc-
Ipeiitful manner i and when this ceremony is perlormcd,
the wi\ es and (lai es of the other great men, and even the
wives of llaws thi'inlelves, all act in a fimilar manner to
tedify their homage and fubmilhon to their rcliieitive
IuiiIuikIs ; but w hen they return from their thieving-
matilie-, or (haling their neighbour's tame cattle, not
' the Ic.lt notice is taken of their having been abferit.
I As the hunting of wild cattle is one of the principal
diverl"i.>ns of thele people, we (h.ill give fome .iccount of
; the ii.,tuiv of it in the words of Mr. Drury, as his rc-
i lation IS both mene authentic, ami more curious thai*
lain uilier. " It was now night (fays he) and they were
I going a beef-lmnting : when they lit out on pur|H)fe to
I kill the bell health, tliey always make choice iif the
darkell nights. Ihcy permitted me, on my leqiielt, tn
accompativ them, but hill ordered me to waOi myhlf, u
tliev tliemleKi-s did, that we might not (niell either of
linuak or Iweat. 1 weiuld have taken two lanres, accord-
ing toeullom, but tliey obliged me to leave one b( hind
I1K-, led two teigithei might rattle in my hand. 'I'hefe
c.ittie (eed only in the night, and if all thefc prccauliom
were not taken tiii-y could never be furpii/ed, (or ihcy
arc alwais on ituir guard, Inoning w.ih their nofcs,
and lidiniiii; altei llieu puiluers. We can hear tiicm
roar ar.d b' ilow a "ie.it way ort'j by winch wr know
where tiny .iie, and we are to; eed always to go round,
III! they are dirctltly to the windward of us, for otlnTWili;
they would le<on li lit us. As I ion ak we had got the
wiiul ;ipd I iltle ii,lit a head, and were witliin hr.iniig,
wewalktd Willi ..II the ( ill iimlpeclion imaginable, lO'p-
ping llu lop of the gials with oui hands, as dole as pof-
lible, to mimiek, as well as we could, the imlk- .iiow
makis whin Ihe bites it. The inoiniiit they lie.iid u<,
ll.. ) wio ail liulli, not one of them billowed or gr.ajitl,
but liemeil to lilleiiuilh the utiiioll altentiun ) which,
whin we perceived, we all llootl Kill liki wile without ■
wliifprr, whilll thiee or lour, who uiidi iIIimkI the ii;ituie
11 bill, loiitimiril ctoj ping the grafs. Wluii thi?

d, they ti
ed to lliei
I we Walked, will) i lutioli, lieaiir, llill iiiiiniekiiitf

\iv,u\ Muiiiair/ack
(wis

iililc li.iil lilteruil till, ai v.e imagini.d, they took u< lur

(omi ol Ihi il own Ipeiie^, iiiry retuiiied to llieii f;ra/iiit;,

and we Walked, will) i lUtioli, Il

^1 Uikut as wc inuvfd (ultly iilvlijj.

AFRICA.] ISLAND OF iM A 1) A G A S C A R.

(pne of the chiefs) ordered me to kceii behind, \d\ thcv
lIlouUI difccrn my white Ikin, and be ihirtled ; lie alio
cave nie his lambcr to ecu cr iiiyrclf with, whitji was ;i
larLje jiiecc of black filk, It) that if I had been near them
they couM have fecn nothing but my face, the grafs be-
in^C above knee deep.

" At length we got .miongft them, fo that one of our
men, as he told me, with fonie gral's in his hand, ami
under the cover of a bufli, took hold of the diif; of a
cow, and, finding that On- ;.;avc no milk, he concluded
flie w.-is not lean-, for whit h reafon he Itruek his lance
inllantly into her belly, and i!rew it out agiin, making
no other motion. 'I'hc cow, thus wounded, will give a
fpring perhaps, and make a n.oife, as if another had run
her horns .igainll hei ; but this is fo common .amon;jll
them, that the herd is not any ways dillurbed by it ; lo
tli.it our people ihuck three or lour after this manner,
and left them with an intuition lo come the next morn-
ing and trace them by their blood ; lor it is very dan-
gcious to keep too near them in tlie iiiglit. As loon as
they find ihemfelves foirly wounded,, they run I om their
co;!ipanion ., and will attack l!ic firlt man ll..y fee.
'I'hey . re gciKi.diy ftniiid aetu.illy dc.nl, or fallen down
in fomc wood, or ilielur i ,' bu/lic , as if they indullii-
oudy endeav:>iucd toconceal thcinlelves.

" A d.iy or tv.o after this beef-hunting, we had an
accidental diveifion of aii.nher kind j our do^;^ had got
the fetnt of fome wild lioL's that were got into a tliiekii,
and were very bufy in riuu)ing round it, but could find
no entrance lor a conjul. table time. At length, however,
they found t!ie path which ihe fv.iiii had made, and at-
tempted to enter the wood by it ; the p.illa,;<' w.is deteiulLd
hy a large boar, who loiight the dogs with great luri,
and wou Oiled one of them in aveiy defperate ni.iniar;
now wli.it with the dogs on l!ie one hand, and the fwine
en the oilier, there w.is f h a )elping, gruming, and
howling, tli.ii the woods rang with tluir Jioile, and one
would have ini;igined, all the liogs in the illand had met
there by conlcnt, in cd'-r to rivengc tlieir quarrel upon
us. We l.iid down our burdens, and luine of us went
up to them aimed with ^uns and lances ; Deeaii iVIur-
Zanzack lliot the hoar that woimdid his dog, where-
upon anothi r, in an i::llant, dil.iided the eiittiiiice, and
fought fo rei'olutily, that neither the ilogs nor we our-
felvis could come near the cattK ihat Wuie witliui, till
we h.'.d nude a palfage behind them with our hatchets
at',,1 ljnee> ; and then find upon fome ot the molt relo-
liite who turned upon us : the relf, perceiving theinlelvi ~
atl.icked behind, fought their way through the dog--, and

5'.?

when words e.innot de-
iallv alter a nundiei of

ran away with the dogs aim
fcnbe the noile there was,
them wcie wounded."

77.1^ religion of thf iiiliilittinti if Miida^dfar.

THE inh: bitants of M.id.mafcar I.avc no particular
pbcciof religious worllnp ; nor do they ortir up prayers,
unlefs their ocealional iiuantations may he lo called.
Their firll piiiuipleof i\|igi..n, hovvevit, is to believ.
in one .SL'l'Rir'.ML CiOU, who cre.ilid the lu.ivui- and
the earth, all amnutnl bt.ing~, ,ind an innumerable holt
of angil-, in fevm d.lv^, Jet, alter lining this jult
ide.i of the deity, thry have not any notion tint it is nc-
ctnaiy to woifliip him, oi p.iv him diMiie hoiu.,". , al-
Icdging, til. If it is fiifticieiit lo acknowledge liis power,
foi thai he is too fuldiimly treat to take notice of iheni \
and too immenfrly gixtl lo l>e aiigrv with them. They
likewile believe ill a dinuui, or ili\ il, who ihiy fay is in-
fininly inferior to the Siipieitie J)i ity in power; but, at
the f.unc time, he has power luflicient to do them a grr.it
de.il of mifcliief, and to torment them ciiiellvt liim,
thiril'nu, thev Wdidnp, to ili pit eate Ins wrath, and in-
cline him lo fp.ire them. Ilmce we may draw two iii-
ferLiices from what h.ith been liiiniiled, vi/,

I. That they ilenn CJod the author iif all good, and
thedetii (he author of alliAil.

I. 'ri\:t their leligi .11 i» founded on fear, not frati-
liide i and ihit their notion^ of piety arc formcJ on rc-
luct.int, not a willing .idor iti.m.

To the devil t'uv U'.e the name of I'aivadv, and
have a pm»rrbi,il Jirtuh, delnibmg hiscluiacler, whirh
■i.iy Ik ihu> tiannjteJ ;

Info ihf wotM Tjivailv feiv!<,
Di of hiuili'lf, or by bin Irii^nd'f

Misfortunes, quarrels, and dilcafe.
All that can ruin, or c.iti teize.
''lis he allilts to Iteal our cattle j
t)r gives us ill fuceefs in battle.

On account of thofe mifchievous qualities, they try to
appeale him by faeririees, to win his friendlliip by incan-
t.itions, and do all ia their power to put him into as good
a humour as poilihle.

They likewile imoke a third power, whom they call
Dian, or Deean .M.mang, that is, lord of riches in ge-
neral, and fovereign of gold in particular; li. that this
fabulous deity aiilwers to the I'lutiis of tile Ciieeks. Out
of veiieiaiion, therefore, to Deeaii ManaiiL', when any of
them obtain a piece of gold, they lift^it above their
heads, .nnd kil's it with the moll profound refpeiit ; and
fome even go fi fir as to fancy, that a reniillion of their
lins may be obtaiiud by drinking vciter in which gold
ear-rings, bracelets, &c. have been dipped.

'Ihe angels, or immediate fervants of Ciod, they br-
licve are inlinite in number, and great in power. Soms;
ol tlufe, tiiey inuujne, are continually employed in the
niovement of the havens, a.id adt as governors fubor-
dinate to (.Jod in the management of the wandering and
fixed liars, comets, rain, wind, and indeed all the phop
noniciia of nature. Others, they f.mcv, arc employed
as attaul.mts on, and guardian aiigtls ol mankind; and
many, they fiippt.fe, ha\e the fiipeiintendancc of all
niaiimr of cntLijui/.es, whether civil or military.

In the whole, they imagine, there are I'even kinds or
orders of fpirits, including hoih good and evil, viz.

1. The I iiperior angels, or immediate fervantsof God,
(which are thofi; already mentioned) arc the lirll dafs,
being called A'l.ilaringhea.

2. I'hnle of tl'.v fecoiul order are called Couroulanpoii :
and thefe are of an inferior nature with refpcet to the
others ; bccaiife they are fii|ipofed to be corporcil ; vet,
while they think proper, they remain invifible to man-
kind ; becoming only vilibic to thofe whom thev intend
lo favour. They frequent folitary places, are of both
fexes, marry, get children, live long, but are mortal ;
■ind, afti r de.ith, are ri warded and pimidiid aeeordin;i-
to the muit and mraliire of their aittions. Thus, even
the moll ignor.mt and favaire people, in many parts of
the univeife, have a tolerable idea coneeining future dif-
criminalion for former atlions.

Reli ;ion prompts Its to a future tt.ite,
'1 he l..it .'ppeal from fonune .nid hoin file,
\yh.Te ( iod's all-righteous wa\s fli.dl be detlar'J t
T!ie b.;d meet punifhment, the good k ward.

Di.ring life, however, they are fiippofed to tc fa-
voiird with fome other privilej.es, belidis thofe aliea.!/
imi.tionid, fuperior to wh.it are granted to mankind:
Inch a-, bt iiig exempted from the power of poifon, dilleni-
pers, accidents, fee.

■?. Thi fpinis of the third clafs are, the apparitions of
parents, IikiuK, i<<i. i,r of thole «hom ihev hue, aiii
who 1 \> them.

4. I he fpirits of the fourth cl.ifs are, the apparition!
of their eiuiiiif s, or of thole whom thi v hive h.id realon
tofe.ir; and, conlujueiilly, tlicic fpirits arc deemed of «
m.ilign.int nature.

5. The Ipiiits of the fifth clafs, which arc called Aii-
eats, .mlwer to what we ti rm phantoms ; and are, even
bv the iM.idagafcrians thrmfelves, deemed rather imigi-
n.iry, lli.iii leal ; f.^r thiy feein to think them oiil) ihe
illiilions of the faiu v.

b. The fpirits o| the fixih clafs, c.Tl|rd Rocara, art
demomoreMl fpirits whole bufiiiefs it i« to enter into,
pollefs, and torment people of all ages aiiil conditions.

7. 1 he l|iii its of the leventh clals are called Kili'. ; by
whii.h word is meant, the devil and all his fiends. I'hele
arc liippoliil to be as numerous as the fiid cl.ifs, thouidi
not lo powerful i neviiiliikl«, as their privilege of doinj
ni'lihief is t.stculive, iheir prnjifufily to evil it greatly
dre.ided b) the people in ;;eneral.

Indipciident of the above, the generally received rcli.
j<ious iioi'ioiis ol thefe people arc :

That ( lod having created heaven, Mtth, nntl all thin;^
animate and iii.mmi.iic, thi n formed Ad.im out of clav,
and placed him in I'aradile, which they fiippofed was
cilhsi II) the fun wi llic mwuii , but wbith planet tin v do

ti'

||i|f.

•" I

5.6

A NEW COxMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPMV.

f .I'r]

f
1

hbt protend to fay, with any degree of prccilloii; how-
ever, this Paradife, tlicy atSrin, was retVcfhcd by four
riMTS, tiiat rcl'pectivcly flowed with wine, oil, milic,
and li->iiey ; and abounded with a profiifion of the mod
CR-licious fruits: yet Adam was prohibited from cither
c.itia.r or drinking of thefe delicacies, his conllitution
being fuili as to r.ecd no manner of rctrefhnvnt.

This is their i-.otiun of the creaiion, in whicli truth
and falfehoo<l arc blended together ; but the facred beau-
tics of the firft are vifiblc through the erroneous blenullii's
ot the latter; and tlie wliole evinces the extravagancy of
currupted nature, when dclHtute of revelation, the only
guide to be depended on.

Their idea of the fall, which appears to the full as
rxtraordinat)-, is this : That the devil, by euimijig and
craft, hndiii;; Adam iji ParadiliL', afked him, why he
dranlc not and ate not of the wine, milk, oil, honev, and
fruits, which here abotnidcd, ar.d were fo exceedingly
delicious: to which Adam replied, that he duril not,
bscaufc he had been prohibited from fo doing by God
himfclf, and befides he had no manner of neceflity for
nourifliment to fupport life. The devil, being deter-
mined to ruin him, if pofliblc, appeared to be fatistied
witli this aniwer, a[id departed ; but foon after returning,
be deceived Adam by the moft fallacious difcourfe, pre-
tending that he h.ul obtained pcrmilTion from God for
Ad.im to cat or drink whatever he plcafed. Ad.im being
thus deluded, ate and drank, and entered into the cor-
ruption of nature; on which account God ban'died him
fic):n I'aradife, and fent him into a far country. Here an
importhume grew in the calf ofhis leg, which burll in a
few mor.ths, and produced ;i female child. Adam being
very much perplexed on this account, applied to the angel
Gabriel, to l.now, by his means, wh.it he was to do in
thcaffairr When the .mgel Gabriel told him, it was the
will of God th;it he (hcjuld bring her up, and marry her
atu certain age ; which he did, and called her Rahouii.;,
or Eve,

Rahouns w.'S fubfequciitlv delivered of two fons, Ca'o
and Abel, who (lavs their tradition) afterwards deliroycd
each other, being ilimulatcd thereto by the inltigation of
the devil, aft. r this, liad manv children, who, as they en-
creafed in numbers and vcais, encrealtd likewife in wick-
cdncfs. 'l"he grcatell part of thefe God thought prop r
to dellroy, on account of their vices; but full eimunanded
Noah to build a fliip, and retire to it with his wife,
children, rehations, domclHcs, &c. and with a male ami
lemalc of every other fpccies of anin.ated beings. I'heie
having entered the fliip, the deluge fucceeded, ami
drowned the rcll of the people, the cattle, fie. &c. the
waters covering the whole earth, four mountains ex-
cepted, \'u.

'North

Z.dialicaf
Xabdic:itourc
'/ahalirof
Kabaliba/.ani

•ui the

South
Well
Ealt

When the flixnl had fuhfided, Noah, with all belong-
ing to him, quitted the fliip, and fixed their refuknee at
Jirulalem: (mm hence they ninoiid to Mecca; and
here, according to tradition, Noah received four kinds
of writing, which he was to tranfmit to pofterny, and
which contained the l.uv of Ciod, vi/..

I. Alifurcan, ot Al-Knian, was intended for Noah.

a. Socndii, intendid for Mods.

•^. /onhoui.i, intended (or l).i\id.

4, Ahudzi, intendtd for Chrilt, whom they call Ra-
hifla.

Thefe tr.vlitions and religicus principles having Ixfn
introduced by the Alahonietan Aiaii'., who were the pio-
Ijenitors of thofe people called the Mad.i'Ml'crian Whitis,
therein no wonder that thev lliould haNC madcfiuh ::
tlcdtion of Chiiflian, Jewilh, and Mahometan tinets,
4nd have interlarded them with ;,b)iirdities of their own ;
nor can we be furprifed that lluy (hould have attempted
fo make the M.dioniel.ui (he primitive religion, fince,
where thronoloj»y is unknown, any error which dates
alDiir I an reclify I'UV go down.

Ill a gitat iLcafiiie ihey are rijjhl in their notions con-
cerning Chrid, as they allow th.it he was (mt oy God ;
that he was not Inyoitc n of man , that he wav lumi of .1
Virgin ; thiit he was (iod aiul i'mu ; lli.it he w.is a gn at
(iruphcl I ojid that he was kiucihcd by tlK- Jew- ; but tlicn

they add, that God, not thinking projifr that he (lioiilJ
die, fubftituted a nialefadlor in Ins pi.;ee, who died 111-
Ik.id of him. The latter circuinlhiiKv might originate
liom the feriptmal .tccount cf tiie nialcf.ictur wh« w:.i
cnicilied at the fame time as C'hrift.

The prieds, or oinhiaiVes, are of two orders, viz.
T he oiv.bialVes omponoiants, and
The ombialles omptiiuiuili.

The tiiftordei is ulu.dly compofed of white .Mad.iL'af-
cri.uis, who praib'tife phytic, te.ich the Aiabic language,
compofe the ziridfi, or Arabic words, written on' linali
billets, which are uled a.-, charms; act .as fchoolm.dtei ,
conjurors, wizards, prjift--, &t.

i'hc ftcor.d order arc black ombialles; and thefe, by
pretending to geomancy, or the art of di\ iii.ition, upoii
all occalie.ns, live with ^reat reputation .unong the peo-
ple, and accumuhite conlideraMe profits to tliemlelves.

There is another clafs of inferior ombialles, which
arc placed upon the Kxjting of ijii.uks, as not lieinf>-
deemed lo regular in their piokOion as the two former
orders. 'I'iiefe, however, villi the fiek, not to :idnu-
niUer medicines, but to predii^t the event of the diforder;
their prediiilions ufuaily being f.iveurable or unfavour-
able, as they are well or ill paid.

'The Madagafcrians have received tVoiu the Jews and
.Mahometans, by means of the .\r.ibs, who come to Ln'te
there, the cullom ot circumcifioii, theceiemony of which
is performed every third year ; at which time they build a
hall railed uixjn wooden pillar-, and eiicompanid with a
pallifado of Itakes. 'The gie;'t lord of the province kills
a bull, and having fpilt the bliod of it, mi.xed with ho-
ney-wine, round the building, he opens the pallifado,
and plants at Oiat opening a banana-tree with leaves :uvi
fruit, on which he hangs a girdle, tainted with the blood
of the bull : alter which that place is looked upon as la-
crcd ; no pcrfon approaches it but with the iitmoll rcfpeir,
and none enter it. 'I'he fathers of the children who arc
to be cinumciled, fall during the firlt eight days of the
moon 01' March ; and the lait day they walk abroad two
a'ld two, carrying the children on their (boulders, wrap-
ped up in I'aans. 'The young men who a.e not mairied
follow them, and holding their I'abres in their hands, they
m:ikc threatening motions with them, as though they
were going to attack an enemy. After they have walked
three times round the donac (the lord's houfe) they flop
before the door, and dividing themfelves into two troops,
they e.<eicile themfelves a long while in feigned attacks,
till btiii,' tited at lail, they are obliged to fit down on mats
piep.ui d lor them. The next day a priell or Marabout
run- like a madman into all the cottages, in order to drive
away the evil fpirit out of the bodies of thefe children;
he threatens him, and at length m.ikes the people believe,
that he has forced him to come into the bodyot a chicken,
which is tied up in a ball<et, and crufliing it to death, lu
tells their (he children are dclivcied of that evilfpim.
'The fathers and mothers prefent themfelves afterwards
before the gieat lord, with as many oxen and as many
black chickens as there are children to be cireumcil'ed,
and the lord appoints the day on which the cuemony is
to be pel formed. 'That day being come, the lord, fittiiif;
at the I ntry of the h.ill, receives, on a t.ible covered with
paans or carpets, the otferings of the mothers; then hi;
enters into the hall, and fits down in the middle of it,
and the fathers holding their children on a very finooth
Itone, the lord cuts ort' tiie prepuce; which done, the f.i-
ther immcdi.itely cuts the thnwt of his chicken, m..ke<
the blood ol it drop on the wound, .iiu! gives the 1 h:ld
back to the mother; who dipping cnttun into the blood
of the ox that has been killed, and into that of the chicken
alfo, ties it about the uiniiid.

I)rury gives us the hdlowing .iccount oftheinithod
of thankfgiving alter a (uccefsfiil war. " 'l"he inhabi-
tants," fays he, " have in all th 'irhi^iifes a fmall portable-
utenfil, which is devoted lo religious iifes, and is a kind
of houlehold altar, whiih they e.dl the OwUy. It n
m.ide of a peculiar wood, in tinall pieces, neatly joined,
.ind making almoll the firm of a half iiuion, with ilie
horns downwards, between which are placed two alii-
jjators teeth. 'This is adurned with Vatiuu- kinds of
beads, and fuch a (jfli CdKiied to il behim', .is a man
ties about his waill whin ho gois to war. However, I
ohierved th.it they hiiiiig,ht two forks li.in the wood'i,
and hxcd them in the ground, on which »at laid a beam,

a flfiider

AFRICA.!

ISLAND OF M A D A G A S C A R.

flendcr at each end, ar.d about fix firt Ion;, with two or
three pegs in it, anil upon tlii>, tlv.y hajii; t)u' nw'n-y.
Behind it was a loni; pole, to whirh a bullock was l.il-
tencd with a cord. I'hey h.:d a pui lull ol'live coals, upon
which they threw an aromatic i;uui, and planted it under
the owlcy. iheri they took a linall <|uantity ol hair
from the tail, chin, and eye-brows of tiie ox, and put
them en the owley. Then my inalter ufed fum.: parti-
cular gefiures with a lar;;e knife m hi^ hand, and made a
formal incanlatioti, in which the people joined. In th<
next place thev threw the ox on tlie ground, wiih his
legs tied i.A together, and my mai'ter cut his throat."
'I hus the ceremony ended, and tin-, is deemed an obla-
tion for havin;_; obtained a viiilMy over .m enemy. Thus
thcfe people, like many ancient nations.

Do recompenfe with d'-ath their creatures toil,
'/"hen call the flelsM above to (haie the I'poil,
The fiirfll vieli.n n;uit the powers appeafe,
So fttal 'tis fomutiiiiv s too Mluch to pleale.
He hear the 1•.mrd'lOU^ j.vajej: the priell prefers,
But unuiiUandn nut 'lis h.' dooni he hears ;

■ And vi-W perhaps the knife,

Uplifted, todiprive himoflii, life ;

Then broken up alive, his entrails lees,

T. in out, loi prieils t' inTpecHhc goils decrees.

Dryden'b Ovid.

Palitlial (ltd civil Giwrnmeiil of Madagajcar .

THE accounts given of the political ftate of this
ifland differ vi ry niutli lionte.ieli other, which is not
owiiiL' to anv want of aulhenticily in the feveral auilvirs,
but to the revolutions winch have fo iVequently happenedj
fo that ditfeient writer-, tieating of the political li.iie of
Madagafcar, at various periods, muft of conrle vary from
each other exceedingly. Hmce N'incentius Albus, and
Gafper de San Bernardino, have inl'ormed us that this
ifland was divided into fi\ didincl kingdoms, whole lo-
vcrei oisvcre at continual vitiance with each othir ) and
Marcus Paulo, the Venetian, tells us, that In his time
it was governed by only tour Ibvereigns. By hiti r ac-
counts, however, it is certain that every province hath its
particular foveieign, or lord, who is called dean, or deeanj
and this fovercign lord appoints a tilouhei, or governor,
over every village in his tirritories.

The civil goverimient here is not dependent on ediefs
or public iiifliumcittsi nor is there Inch a thing as written
law in the whole idand. A kind of n.itural l.tw, arifing
fiom th' common oeciiirences of life, f)unded on the
feelings of human tiaturc, refulting from rtalim, and
h iiided dijwn by tradition I'lOin latlier to fon, i the fole
guide of thel'e people.

Thefe tr.iditional, or oral l.iws, are of three kinds:

I. Mi''indili, Ol the law of the prince.

a. Ma'dimpoh, or the law of individuals.

3. M.;ll.i ti.iu, or the general law, or cuftom of the
country.

The flirt ofth'fciawr, or the law of tlif prince, re-
fpeits his peculiar prerogatives, and (licw~ liuw larhis will
fliould be limited, and how fir his power exu 11 ltd.

The fecond of th' le lav.^, or the l,.w of individuals, is
of a douKltiC iiatuu, ar.d o fpeels each imlindiial. Ins
nianiier ol living. Ins diportmenl .lensidiii ; to his cir-
cuinlliniws, his brhaviour to perl'un. of his own family,
or to his immediate neighbouis,

'I'he third kind ol the(e law^ is the univi il J law of tho
rouiitu, or wliat ni.iy be called the cninmon law. It
repaid:, all (ucurteoees, ortenees, and complaints, which
■re of a puldic aiiu m.iteiial iiiiture, orwiiali, in any
nie«lure, ali'etJtllie well.iie o( the eoniniunitv.

01 iliife laws we lliall give a lew e.N.imples,

or the full kind,
To li' with one of the f iveri ign's wives is death by the
law of the piincc, or the prerogative law.

( )t the fecond kind,
If » man i' raichid lobbing his nri;'hboiii of .in ox or
a tow, he is iibligedio ri Itore it lenlidd.

It a man boiiuws m\ ox 01 a towol his neighbour, and
riots not nt.iin A III a year's time, fix caUes are l(K>ked
up'ii as an Mpiuahnt tor the ox i and if he iirglcdK pay-
niiiit at ih.il liiiu, iholc calves are fuppol'. d to be three
lU'i'is, and three hiilcrii and their iiuitalV, which, by
4b

5'7

a fiir computation, arifes by their growth and produc-
tion, !■ the man's right of whom the beall was borrowed.
.\iul iT It go on for ten vears, or any longer term, it is
eon puti-d what three bul's and three eows ir.ight produce
in that time, and all that produce is due to the creditor.
Of thi' third kind.

It a man has criminal tnnverration with the wife of
another man, who is his fuperior, lie forfeits thirtv head
ol cattle, belides beads and (IkhcIs in abundance; but if
the men are of equal degree, 'hen the tine is only twenty
head of cattle.

If any one maliciouflv affaults another, and breaks a
leg or an arm, he is hned fifteen head of cattle, as a for-
feit to the party injured.

It any one breaks the head of another, and the aggrieved
party has not returned the blow, he leceues three becTCS
by v^'ay of d.'.manc.

If any oiieltcals another'shiveof honey, and is catehed,
the line is three iron ftiovels ; for it is to he ohlerve 1,
that iriMi (hovels, hoes, i^;e. are a kind of fniall money
with tliel'e people ; for here is no tr.i.le, but bv barter, or
the exchange of one cominoditv lor another, theiel'cie
tliey are very exact in propoitioning the value of difterent
articles.

It one man's cattle break into .inotiier's pl.intatliin, the
owner, for cvry bealt t'uund then, mull gi>\: an iron
Ihovel.

It two men tjuarrel, and one happens to cuife the
other's father or mother, whether thjv be \\\ ini; or dev.d,
and his antagomH h.is (<j much cominand of hiinfelf as to
nlraia from turniig the other's father or mother, he le-
coveis two beeve. , as a eompenfition.

If any one in found guilty of llealing Guinea corn, ca-
ravaiices, potjttK's, or the like, out of anv of the planta-
tions, he lorleits a cow and calf to the owner, or n-.ore,
if the damage done is fuppoftd to require a gieater forfeit.

R E V O L U T ICJ N S.

THE ancient Inflory of this country cannot be kiio\/n,
.as the people are without public records, or the chronolo-
gical knowledge of events. All that is k^'owii is from oral
tradition j but the tranfuSlions thus handed down are too
lutile .md v.iguc, and too much interwuv -n with ficlion, fo
merit notice. We arc told, indeed, that the province of
Anofli,which has been better known to the Europeansthan
any other part of the ifland, was, previous to the arrival
of the Ertnch, governed by a fovercign, who was not
only honoured as a kiii^', but ahnoll revered .is a god.
Ills n.ime w.is Andi.in kamaeh, and on Ins demife the
crown devolved to .Viulian .\laioarive, who was ,\ Chrif-
tian, having been educated at (io.i, and b.ipti/ad by the
Jefuits. He, however, foon tunieil to the p^'gaiiilm of
his aiuelhirs, and was afterwards killed by a iiiul'iset ballt
when the Ereiuli attacked the town of I'ranchere.

Captain Riv.mit, in the v ar i('42, obtained permif-
fion lioin cardinal Riclilieu, for nine vears, exclufiveofall
others, to fend Ihips ..nd l.iuesto iM.;d.! s.l'i ar, and the
neiLdibouring illands, in oid'T to ill.diliih .1 colonv, plan-
tation, and commeiee. And th,s gintleni ui eieoted a io-
ciity for this pui pole, uiidvr the namt of a I'leiieh E..(k
India Company, and the grant wasilrawii out, with the
addition of tin years more piiviugej or, in other word-,
extended to tliv year i6bi. In the intirim, th,it is,
inimtdi.itely lubl'i quint to the making out of the grant,
A. 1). 1042, the Hrif (hip was lint under the ciMnmaiid
of captain Coquet, who was gi-mg to V:\A ebony at
Mada. fear, on the accinmt of hiinklf and fomepuvatis
merchanis j but had orileis to take vv iih him two gover-
nois, whole names Were I'roiiis and loiuju. nboiirg, and
twelve other !■ renchiv. n; ihefe b. ing coiiiiiianded to land
and remain ihiie, till the arrival of a fliip Ironi Eunce,
which was to f,:il in November.

Coquet got to M.idagalear in September, having in
his w.iv anelioied at the illaiid of Ilouiboii, which ha
took poliellion of, in tile name ol the king ol I'lance)
touehing alterwardj at the llie of St. Marv, h ■ dij tho
lanu i and aiiivingat el'e bay of Antongil, m Midagal-
car, he acted in .1 fimilai in.inner. I'roiiii and Kiiiqiien-
boiirg were at length landed m the po.'t of St. Lucia, m
the province of Mangh.diei.

The expieled (hip liom Eratite atiiveJ on the litft o(

April, in the enluing year. It was named thi St. I.aw-

reiice, and was unilet ih- e e'lniiuiid vf captain Ciiles

b 1* Kdiinunt,

t ■',

l> »i.

I I

\ ■

jlS A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY

! tlii'ir voimr.

li'i^r

Rcfimont. Tliis officer broitght fevtiity men with liim,
to reinforce IVonis. The inhabitants, jealous thai the
French would obtain too firm a footing in their country,
meditated an oppofition ; but their intentions were pre-
vented, or at leall delayed, by the prudent conduct and I
timely prefents of Pronis. Upon this fuccefs, Pronis t
fcnt twelve men, to penetrate into the province of Ala- j
talan, fix of whom were cut ofF by the nativesj and the !
rclt: compelled to retreat; and foon after, captain Reli- j
mont's fon and fix failors were murdered in the province I
of V'ohitlbang. This oppoli'ion was owing to the I'eeret
intrigues of the leading men in AnoiTi, who, from their
maritime fituation, did not dare to otfend the Frei]th
themfelves ; but llirred up the people of other provinces,
to oppnfe and niurder them upon all occafions.

In 1644, Projiis thought proper to remove from St.
Lucia to the bay of Tholangare, where he began !ii I'.ir-
tilv himl'eU'i and having reduced almoll the whole pro-
vince r>f Anodi by tnrce of aini^, he built Kort Daupiiin,
in 25 deg. 6 min. louth lat. the fituation being exeilKiir,
the harbour commodious and fine iheltercd, and the en-
trance very convenient for (hipping ot any burthen. I'r-
hind the fort he erected fevera! other building-, w.lh
large enclofures, which produced vaviuii-. li>rts of fruits,
kitchen herbs, &c.

In the vear 165O, the fort took fire by fome unfi)iefeen
accident, and was tot. ill', deilroved; luoii alter, hr.wever, 1
it was rebuilt, and llronglv garrifoncil j the French being
always .it variance, and fiequi ntly at w \r with the natives.

In the venr 1651, the celebrated I'lench go-.crnor, ]
Flacourt, at the head of So Fren. linien, and a great i
number of armed negroes, rav.ig'il the coiDUrv, to a |
crniiJcrable dilKmce from the tort, carrying otf" great
fjuantiiiis of c.ittle, and dtifroyiiii; all the houles and
huts in his wav. This occafioned the natives to conceive
an extravidinarv aierfion to the French ; and what added
to their Jillike was, that whenever any prilolKr^ fell into I
the hands of the Freneli, they looked upon them all in
an equal light, and f dd thein iiidiferiminately to the then I
Dutch I'overnor of the illand of Mauritius, not making |
any diliinction between deaans or lords, treemen or i
flaves ; or flirwing any greater refpciil to their l.idies, I
when capti\es, than to women of a lower rank. 'Fbe
French at length finding that the idea of conquering
Mad.igafcar was chimerical, and ih it the danger and
expeneesof maintaining a colony, and keeping up a for-
trefsh-ri, were nt-t recompen.ld by the profits accruing
from the fettlement, th<Hii;ht proper at once to abandon
the i.land, and all piojects relative to it.

The tr.iditioii.d accounts given by the natives, of the
atlein|Vs made by the French to fettle on and fiibdiie Mi-
d;.gafcar, b' ing exceedingly euriou', we fliall extract
them I'rom Uniry's n.arati'.e of his captivity upon this
illand.

" T'his part of the country (faith he) to which the
French have iiven the name of Port Dauphin is called in
the jM.id,igafcar language, Antcnofa. There came hithei

upwards of a century ago, two French flnps, on what

prince, and could by no means rclifii the
governni.-iit, and direction e.f foreigners : limvever,
the French, by their .-.rtful, and culining depnrimenc
and inlmnations, gained fo much friendlhip amongli:
them, that they nianied, and lived up and down in
(everai towns, at fome diltance from each oilier ; and r.i;c
abo\e five or fix. in a phtee. TTiey oeeafieiially aflilLJ
the natives in their wars agaiiitt a king, that relides to
the north-ward, whom they defeated, took a great iiuni-
ht.r 01 Have.-, and many cattle, in this manner tlur
lived tor fome years with great tranquillity, neglecting
their fort, and extending ihemfebcs all over the whole-
) corntry of Antenofi : .but at lail, as their families grew
jl nuiiu (iHS, the natives grew jealous; and recoikitiiiT
how inhumanly they had treated their prince, and p: r-
ceiving them thus Icattered, and d;fperfed ; th-y tliou-hi;
(his a lavourable opportunity to free thcr.ifJves 110 11 .i
loifign yoice. Hereupon they formed a contpiraev to
cut otr all the white nun in one d«y ; and the VVediKid.iy
h'llov.-ing it w.is put iu.execution, not leaving a white
man alive in An'.' ofj.

Soon after a French fliip came thcrt as ufual : the
mauroniinteis, or ilave5, wiio retained a lelpect for the
I'reiieh, got a caiiae, and went utF to them; and in-
fo: meii them that their country-men were all mafiaered.
I'lie cai't.iiii was Itartlcd, and deeply concerned at tins
niel.incholy news but uould no: revenge their caufe ,
luing glad to (leer another courle, without ni.Jv:i:^ liic
lead attempt to go on flioir.

U.i\ mg now no body to interrupt thora,1^ey put tlicir
roMniment into its original iorm, and made' choic- of
one t.u- their king, who was the iieareib related lo the
lormi r ; there being no otlv.r fon but liini whuin th«
l-rciuh look captive. Und( r this imw kiiifi'i direction
they lived peaceably and quietly lor Cevcral yean , no
I'reneh (hip ever piefumiiig to come near iJKin; but
now and tlun an Finglillv (hip paid them a villt , and
they tradiil in a very lair and hoiicll ni,j!iiier with the
ollictrs on hoard.

Some years afterwards » Fieneli niip, homeward bound
Irnm India, happened to be in i;ri..t diilrefs for want
ot water and pnnifioiis, and could not comp.il's t!ic tape.
Port Daupiiin lay very commodious lur the e.iptain, but
j hi kiuiv iii.it the natives were their iinpl.ttalle eiiemie',
iieith'i w.ls he ignorant of the real i-ccalion ; and there-
fore relolved to make ufe of the WfTowing llratagcm.
I L'nder a pretence of being lent anibaflador iVoin tht;
', I'lench king, he went on (hore in gre.t pon;p, and uiih
: p.-opcr attuulants. I'hc (hip la) at anchor as iK.ir ti-.o
(hole .is poihble, in oidct to be within reach of thur
.'uns, in cli; any aits of hortility fliouUI be fliewn them.
I he iLitiyswho t.ime down to them, alk,.d if tlujr
were F^n.,ldli, or French ; tliey renlied, tlie l.stter >
but the\ W'.ie lent hy exprefs oidci, lioin the Fr.nch
king with lone vaiu.ibie prefents, and wire ireiiivil to
make a treaty of peace. The kinic they li.id l..!l ehofen,
whom I nientioned before, diril about a month hej'on:
tlieit ariiv.d, and no new one was tlun electid in his

account 1 cannot learn, however, they came to an ,ui- i| llcjd ; but the old queen (uiutlier of the youinj prince,
chor elofe under land, in a very good h.irbour. T'he cap- whom they had fo cLmdidlaicly conveyed aw.iy (oinc
tain obfcrving that there were plenty of tattle, and all || yeais befote ;) being then alive, gave directie>ns that

(liouUl be conduckd to her houfe. Hi»
g1e.1t many things of 1:0 great value
lut luth, however, as thev kr.ew would
be highlv agncblc in tins toutury. TTiele were for-
mally |iirfinlrd in the name ot the French king, ami
the queen tillilied her fathfietion in the reception of
ili'-m, by uiteit.iining the captain in the moll elegant
nianner (he could devilc. Tins day pallid in conipli-
ment>-, mutual |rii"i,i«, and fiich oiher ctreijionies, a,
were eonlillent Willi thiir ideas of public gr.m.liur; the
luxt d.iy (lie lint for the captain, and informed him,
that flic (Vpiiited his men, as well as himlill, (hou:d
t.ike the oaths .irci'ido!;-, to thetullom of her counlt)'.

Ihe ci'ptain havln" readily agreed to hrr propofition,
the ceremony was perlormcd aliir the (ollowing manner •
the holy owley, of which we have already gii-cii iiju-.-
1 .[icount, was brought out, and hung upon a pitc;. •('
l( wood laid crol' -wile on two forks, all which were cut
Jn .iboiit a year after this expedition, the natives began jj iluwn on this folcmii oecafion ; .is was alio t long pole,
Jo be better reconiiled to the French ; notwiilillandini', '' 10 wliieli a bulloi k w.i fallened . this was provided by
liny wiic fcttttly diljiulUJ al the illdnjnit) yliirtii to j! the queen, and when killed, they took part of the tail,

li aiiU (vme uf ihi; luii ol tht; iiulv iiini rye bruws, and put

theui

proviliolis, as a very good fiil, determined that one ol lithe ambdH'.i.'iT
f'";ni (houldl^av here and eltabliiha (i-ttlement. Hereupon jj men i.itiied a
they cart lots wdio (hould continue on the illand, and ii amonglt ihein ;
the pel foil tui whom the lot fell was eajitain -Melinerrico. j
This captain MefmeiTico landed with two hundred I
white men, well armed, and pro'.ided witli itoie ofl
ammunition, and other neeelliiries for the building of a '
fort, which they immediately began. No fuoner had I
the n. lives obfirved their intention, but they iiled then J
ufinoll art and iiulidtiy to prevnit them : tins creatid a [
war, in which the Fiench weie the vicfors, who took j
■It fevrr.il times a gieat numbi r ofprifoncis: in this 1
w.ir, the king of Aiilenofa, and his brother wire killed; '
and .imongrt many other children that were made c.ip- |
tive«, the kingV fon was one. When the F"rt iich had
fupprertid the natives, and complealfd then fort, the
fhips fet fail for France, .ind c.nned this youn;^ prince,
nmi lev( ral others of dillincbon with them

SS',

rclifii the
hou-fvcr,

anuiiiLlc

li'Uvn in

; ;:iiil r.i;t

lly :iffillvJ

rc'lidL-s to

rrcat iiuiu-

aiincr ilny

tlij wHoI'l'
ilii'-i grinv

and pi i -
y ihou-ht

i>^ II O V. J

]<iracy lo

I ( JiU ill. IV

,:; a wliit'c

AFRICA.]

ISLAND OF MADAGASCAfti

5'i

thfm on I'omc li\'C co.i!.^ tlint Wfiv iind.'r the ou'li.y ;
tliey tlicii took Imuc ot tlic blood, which thi-y I'liniiklLd
upon it, and upon the bcm 'Al-.Cicon it hung, ; the iivcr
ailo was roaltiJ, and a piece placed on it; two other
pieces were put on two lar.Le.>, which were (luck in tiie
ground bclwixt the qincn and the anibail'ajor ; the queen
Iwore lirlt to this, or the \ikz eltcct.
1 I'wear by the k"'"-'-'' ^'"^ above, by the four gods of
* the four quarters of tlie world, by the fpirits of niv
forc-failicrs, and before this holy owley ; that neither 1,
nor any of my oli-fpriii», nor any ot my people, who
affilf it this foUinnity, or their iliue, fhall, or will wit-
tingly, or willinily, kill any 1' lenchman, un'efs he
proves the full ag^rtlUir ; and if we, or any of us, mean
any otlier than the plain, and honell truth by this pro-
teltation, may tliisliwr, which 1 now cat be com cited
into poilon, and ddtroy me on the Ipot.

Uavinj; upeated this I'orni of words, flic took the
piece ol liver olV the lance, and eat it j and ulun flic
had done, the (ham aniball.idor did the fame.
» 'I'hc captain, or quondam .imbaflador, Ibiyed on ftorc
about three, or four day> after this folenm contract,
and Itnt on board what provilion his people wanted. A
firm fnendfhip bein^ now cltublKhed between them, they
ftrove who Ihould outvie the other in the art> of cour-
tify and compl.iifuice. The captain invited the queen
to ^o on board his veliil, and flie very readily went with
fevtral of the chief of iu r p^ojilc ; who were treated by
the captain with great m.'qnihcuice, and to her intire
fati^l.:ciif'n. !>!ie returned on iliore in the fliiji's bo;'.t,
and Itood lookin;^ .ibout her for fome time alter file was
landed. The I'renchmen, not r'.'f;arding tlv prcf nee
cf the black queen, lirippLd, and fwam about to w.ilh,
and cool themlelves ; the queen, ohi'erving tile whltuiels
of their Ikins, indulged her euriifity in looking on them :
ailall, perceiving oiie man, whofe ikm was much daikei
than the all of his companions, as he came towaids the
(hore, and was ('oing to put on his cloaths, (lie el'pud
a particular mole under his left bivall ; (lie went to him
iniinfdiatfly, and looking more wilhfully on it, would lu t
ptrniit him to put on his (hirt ; but clainieil him as her
Ion, who h»d been carried away whin a child iiianv
years before; and had not pat'enee to comain hemll,
put ran to him (crying for joy that (he bad found lai
fon) threw her arms abmit iiis neck, and a'.molt Killed
him with kidct, This li'ipri/ed all the pmple, as well
blacks as whites, till h.iving iicovered herklf a l:!t!e,
the turned to them, and tolii them, this w.is her Ion;
and Ihewcd them the private mark. Thry v.'ho had i
known the young priiue, drew near, viewed th'' mole, '
and aequieked with hi r, that it mull be he, and no
rthcr. The Frenchmen could not tell wl'.at to make ol
this odd difeovery, nor what might be the f.ital conle-
tjuences that might ]iollibly attend it.

'I he captain, therefore, lakiog tlic man afiJe,
advifed him to give a.-, aitfiil anfwers as he could lo what
quellions thev ihoiild ;'(k him, for their fafitrs fike.
New I'uic were fever..l blacks who fpoke f leiK ii, and by
(heii means the Frenchmen as fooii underllood the queen
.as they did. She defnxd th'-y would all; him, if he knew
the country he was born in .' He aiil'wered, he could re-
iraiidier nothing of it, lor he w.'s cairied frmii lli^ iiatiie
jilacewluna child. She alkej him if he kiu-.v h.r ? lie
laid, he could not pieleiid to fay abfolutelv that he did,
but he thought (he bore a giejt refemblancc to liimebody
he v...smuch Hied lo when )iiung.

This coiihrmed ihem more and more in their opinion ;
as lo his beine, while Ikiniied, ihcv thought that might
lalily be fmm he. w^aiiiig cl uth-, duiiiig the time h;'
was ablint iVom home ; his hair was as blaik astheiis,
fothat it was com hided it mull be their prime. The
old ipuen was tranijvirled with jov at finding her Ion,
and the natives weie loi chilling him their king diiiOlly,
lie being the next heir. The) .ilked what was liis ii.ime r
He told them, he never remembered th.it he was calle.l
bv any other name than that c( Sanual ; but tbey gave
him what they thou^l w.is his original name, com-
pouiidid with Fuliy, which denoted his laurn, or .irri-
Tal; loihey called h.m De,i..n Tulcy-N 'ro, (deaaii, it
m.ty !'■• oblcrved, is an umverfal titli^of hoiinur, and llg-
nitied Lord;) and he was alfofurthei (alutcd immediately
»vitli the litlii o( I'an.i/ker, th.it is, king of .Xntenof.i.t
i lie capt4(ii and uU'.iii Fuiictinicii were luipiikd to

find the man play Ms part fo dcxtcroully; hot perceiving
at firil that he was in eariieft, and w.as as fond of beinir
iheir king, as they were of electing him; though it wa^
in fo heatheniHi a place. He had here twelve ^houf.ind
fighting men immediately under his command; and a
tine, fpaeioiis, and plentiful country, to live in at his
[ileafurc. 'I'he (hip's crew failed away, ai'd le.''t him
behind them; but as often as the French h;'d occ.afion
for what this ili.ind aftorded, they made it a conllant
practice to put into I'ort l);iuphine, and traffic vith him.
About three years before we were call aw.iy, fays Drury,
a French (hip happening to be there, fome of the men
gut dunk on Ihore ; and in a qii .rrel with fome of the
native-, t -.Id them that king Samuel was not their law-
ful piitv.e; but that he y.as flill refident in France.
1 his mi|,ht have jiioved of very fatal conlequence to him,
but he to. k fiich c.ire to [ircveiit it as n one could judly
bl.ime hiin for : he Cent for the man who made this pub-
lic declaration, and ord' red hiin to be fliot to death ; he
commanded likewife his companions to depart forthwith,
and :iiiui\d iheni that if ever they, or any of their coun-
trymen prefumtd to conic within his territories .igain,
they (lioiild feel tile weight of his refentmcnt.

l-felides Fort Uauphin, the Europeans often fr.ri|uer.tej
the bay of Antongil, which is fitualid in the lOth deg.
of foil ill lat. ami extends above 40 miles to the north-
w.ud, b.ingiie.u thirty miles broad at its e:itraiice. It
contai|l^ a fmall idand, v.'bich is fertile in piovifions, ha?
plenty of I'll (h w.iter, and a good h.irbour f'r ih'pping.
File Outch had formerly a f.ctory here, which is iiuw
.ib.uidoned, as thofe left to take care of it were alnioil
fare to fall vietin>sto the bloody dil'pjfilions of the na-
tives, or the inclemency of theclim.'.te.

St. AugulHiic's B.iy Ls fituated juli under the tropic of
Capricorn, in 23 deg. 30 niin. fouth lat. being on thj
Weill rn coall of Madagafcar ; and was formerly mucii
rifortid 10 bv Fiiropcan-.

iMr. Salmon iay^, " it was once expected that the pi-
rates would have made a fettlcmcnt in this illand, and
iifurped the dominion of it, having fix or (lve;i fiil of
(liips, with which they ui'ed to ini'eft t!ie InJi.in feas,
and carrv their pri/cs into a place of fecuniv, on the
north-calf p.irt ot Mad.lgafcar, where ihey pujlilied them-
lelves of a harbour of difficult acceCs, and djfeiided tVoin
llorms by the little itland of St. Mary, which lies bc-
l.ire it in 17 dcg. foiith lat.

" Tlie court of Fngland, about tlic year 17CO, lint a
fquadron of four men ol war, comm uided by cn'mcdor;
\Varreii, to drive the pirates fiom tliencej but he, (ind-
ing it iii.ponible to come at them, publ;(hcd a procla-
mation, 111 purt'ii.inc'-of his inltrULtioii^, i.nerin;; .1 par-
don 10. ill ili.it would come in (e.vcept Avery, their leader)
but not a man came over to him. 'Fhe comiiiodorc at"-
tei wards proceeded 10 Fort St. Crcorge, in the Fall In-
dies, 'Fliis gentleman ufed his utmoll endeavours tj
meet, with the pir.ite'-- in the iLa: of In.lia, but to no par-
pole; ..nd h.iung lilt one wr two of his (liips on ihe
llioaU near Malacca, returned with the rell to Fingland.
However, his e\pedition had this good etr.il, that the
pir.ites duid not llir I'ro.n .Mad.lgafcar ; and linjing they
were fo narrowly watched, they agreed to divide wh.it
thev had got, and difpcrt.' theml'eTves. 'I'wo of tlieni
were afurwaids taken by the Dutch at .\l.d.>cc,i, and
brill' lent to Fort '-t. fiiiirge, wi'rc brought over to
iMigJand ill the Howl.iiul, being the fime (hip the au-
ilioi, Mr. Salmon, came home in, A. I). I"CI. What
bic.imeof Averv himf If," continues Mr. S..lnioii, "I
could never leaiii ; but it is prob..ble ht is dead, or remain*
comealed in the illand of Madagafcar."

Later account-., howiver, allerr, th.it Avery dilTipatcJ
his Imii'enle wealth, nturiu d to Fngland incog, livcii
many years privately and poorlv, and at len'jth died in
great iiuli'^encc and miferv, at llidili!ord in l)evomhire,
concluding thus a Ulc of wickednels in a death uf caU*
mily ; for as

Heaven tor ever w.iits on virtuous iKt^s,
And though a late a lure reward luccecds j

{udicciinmmiberM infiilts will endure,
ler puiiilhments are alwayi llow, but lure;
She iirikcs the llrongell blow vvlvn lancy'd dcaJ,
Her hands arc adamant, tu|fll'«ct arc lead.

Sh«

Szo

A NEW COMPLETE SVSTE M OF GEOGRAPHY.

About the year !740 anotlur Kii;',lifh pinitc-, nnmcd
Pl.uitLun, llttk'ii lic:v, ami ;iittmpti.(.l lo prolit by the di-
VifiDiis among the petty princes of tlic ifland, fometiiiies
ti'.king the part of (me chief, and fojiictimcs of another;
by v\h;ch condiiifl he made hinifelf confide: .blc among
the native?, till each individual of his crew affecting the
ftatc of nobility, and growing tCKj proud to be com-
manded, the captain found hi.uk If entirely deferred ;
when, venturing to fea in an Oji.n boat, with only one
r.tioci.itc. 111' landed o. i the coalt of Malabar, in India,
and entered into the fervice of the celebrated piratical
prince, Angria, whofe flict was deftroyed during the
late war, b' admiral VVatfoi -. a particular account of
wliich we ha\e given in chap. \. feci, ic, page 15S, of
tiiis work.

Some in.'.nds being fituatcd in the gulplis belonging to,
or near tiie coafts of Mad.agafcar, may, with proprietx ,
be incluii^d under this head ; being, from their locality,
ufuall) conlid.red as .ippendagcs to it, at leatl when con-
ildere<i ;;i og.aphically.

Tilt hi'.t of thefe is the ifland of St. M.iry j or, as the
natives and the ?v!..dagakrians call it, Nodi Ibrahim, or
the Iflt of Abraham, which lies in 17 deg. fouth lat.
about iwo leagues frcn: the fliore of M.idagafcar, and
oppofiie to the mouth of the river .Mananghare. It is
about 50 miles in lenj^th, Irom north to fo.itli, and al-
nioil ten front ealt to welt. It is lUrroundcd by rocks,
over which canoes tiiay pafs when the tea is high ; btit at
low tide they are fcartely covered with a foot of water,
which renders the eo.ilt in general d.ingcrous, and only
scceiTiblt for fliippiii.; at particular places. Various be.iu-
tiful fhcUb, at. d great quantities of v. bite coral, abound
ibout this idand."^ The whole is interfected and watered
by many rivus, rividet'., and ruiining fprings, which
give fertility to the foil, and beauty to th<' Icenej en-
riched on every fide by plantations ol ricei^yanis, millet,
fruit, vegetable-, Joc' Sug •.r-caiics grow fpoiitaneoufly,
iiiid the tob.R co-plant comes to very great perfe(;iion.
The air is extremely moill; fur there is hardly a day in
the yiar but it rains fome time witliin the twenty-four
hours, and it often rains a wtik together, without inter-
miffion. The cattle are fat and g.iod : ambergris is found
about the eaftern Ihore, and the ill.iud abounds with va-
rious gums, particularly that cxcellctit one called taea-
mahaca. Since the Freneli were fettled on the Ifland of
St. Mary, it became much more populous than before;
nor dare the neighbouring M.idagalerians now fet a foejt
on the ifland, though they formerly ufed to carry fire
and fv.-ord an.ongll the p>x)r nati-.es, and wet e a great
fe.iuige to them. "At prefu-.t there .ae ten or twelve vil-
lii:es, and near a thoufand inhabitants, who employ
themfelves chiefly in cultivating rice, yams, pe.as, beans,
(ice. They are likcwife very fond of a tifli i ailed liourils
which thev catch either by nets or lioulcs, and cat or fell
them, as their TKceflilies rupiirc. Their religion is pa-
ganifm, mtermixed with fome particli:s of Judaifin; and
they kvepon ;',iKid terms with ChniUans, though none of
them haie been iiuown to becon'.e [ roielytcs.

T.i the fou;h of the Iflar.d of Ht. Mary is a fiiiall ifland,
fenai.ited bv a narrow cha.uicl, not above thiee fathom
ovei, lofei'tile, rieh, aiid.duina.nl, that the iiih.diitants
of St. Marv (■ m\ their cattle hither 10 fatten, and lay out
larje pb.ni.tioii, of rice, corn, niols and fruits, not-
\vit1ill .nding which they ha\'e not thought proper to plant
aiiv Colony la it. Thi5 is probi.bl;. the Unn: illaiid which
l'u.tourt pl.ivs in the bott.iin of the bay of Antongil,
which he hiizhlv praifes fir its beauty and fertility, as
\m11 a', for the' fafety of Us h.'.ibi'ur, which was once
much freiiutntcd by the D.itch, in their early voyages to
the K.dl Indies.

The rnaml of Diego RiKlerigucz is fituated 111 19 dcg.
151010. louth lat. aiiout ii leagues to the eaftward of
Wad.ig.d'c.u i and is uninhabited.

In the I'vth dig. fouth lat. are fituatcd the illandscalkil
by the I'uitugueie Ilhas, rnniieias, and other iflands
called Angoras, which .ue four in number ; but ihcle
iflands conuin tio'iiing worth |Mrtieulari7.ing, or that is
worthy of attention.

Hrr'e we may likewilV menti.'ii fever.d fmall iflands cal-
led Utiquc, placed bv !-e Co.ix opp'.fite toCape St. Se-
badiai., on the cu||fl of Safola, and und.t the lat. of 24
dcg. nine nun. ftlln ib- coi.iiiuiU ; yet ihilewehivc^
rcalontobdiev: to bi. tin litilc elulln of ilLiids which.*

ftand ofl' St. SebaUian, on the north wefl- end of Mada-
gafear, eafl: of th; Comc.ro Iflands; they produce rice,
millet, and great .dmndance of cattle; there is alfo am-
bergris found on the lea-coalt, which the people collcdl
and export to difierent parts of the continent; but the
moll valuable commodities of thefe iflands is a pearl fi(h-
ery, which inight turn to good account, if tiie natives
underllood their virtue, anddid not fpoil thci.- colour and
tranfparency, by boiling the oylUrs in which they are
found.

The inhabitants arc negroes, and refcmble thofe of
Madagafcar, both in perfons and drcfs ; if the bit of rag,
or lambcr, tied round their middle, merits that denomi-
nation, 'i'hcir religion is paganifin, with fome faint
gleams of Judaifin, ,ind they are exceedingly fuperftitious,
being extremely fond of attending to predictions, though
their lives are ufually rendered unhappy thereby, as, in-
deed, how can it be otherwife; for if we believe that
(bmc cert.iin gooel is deftined to attend us, wc groart under
the prefent burden, and are anxioufly miferabic for its
arrival; while, on the coiur.uy, if wo fancy that fome
evil will afluredly befall us, wc feel it poignantly in ex-
peiitation, and are truly unhappy, in the excruciating
idea of what may chance to happen. Then how impiru^;
muft they be who attempt to pry into futurity, and to
fearch for that which heaven hath in wifely concealed.
And how kind is Providence, to hide fioin us fo cauti-
oufly what, if known, could only render us the Haves of
either hope or fear." ^

Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate.

All but th.; page prefcrib'd their prefent ibtc ;

From brutts wh.at men, from men wli.it fpoits know.

Or who could fuli'er being here bi low ;

'I'he Lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to day,

H.id he thy reafon would he flvip and play i

Pieas'd to the laft, he crops the flow'ry food.

And licks the h.ind jull rais'd to fhed his blood.

Oh, blindncfs to the future, kindiy given.

That each may fill the circle mark'd by hcav'n ;

Who lets with equal eye, as God of all,

A Hero pcrifli, or a fparrow fall ;

Atoms or fylfems into ruin liurl'd ;

And now a bubble burft, and now a world.

Ho|)c humbly then, with trembling pinions foar.

Wait the great teacher Death, and God adore ;

What luture blifs he gives not thee to know,

Hut giies that hope to be thy bli fling now.

Hope fprings eternal in the human breaft ;

Man niver is, but alw.ivs to be blelt.

The Ibul uneafy, and confind from home,

RelU and expatiates in a life to come. Pope.

To the eaft of Madagafc.u, from the fifth, to the^cth
degree of latitude, are a number of fi .nil il'ands ; but
.IS they arc all uninhabited, fo a defcription of them can-
not be expedled.

The Illand of Diego Garcia lies under the latitude of
eight, and longitude 90 ealt. Near two degrees louth of
this Hand three fmall iflands, cal'eil Hiandons; and di-
rettly fouth of them, about thr.e degrees, (lands the
ifland of llodriipic, or Roderlgo, between the continent
and .Madaiaicar, not very far dilt.mt troni the Comoro
Iflands. Voder the 29th deg. of fouth latitude llan.'.s
the illand of Romareires, about three deg. call and fouth-
ealt of Mauritius; a little beyond which is the illand of
John of I.ilbon, in the fame longitude with the Ifle of
Ilouibon, and in l.ditudc 2O deg. fouth.

In latitinle 'j2, an.! longitude ?(), lies an ifland difeo-
vered by the Diitih, who never gave any ii.inie to it. Co
the fiiutli of this, between l.ititiide 37 and 38, ate two
other illands, one of which is i ailed Ainlbulim, and the
other St, I'aul ; but neither of them contain any liiir.g
that merits the atteiitinn of a traveller.
" BefiJes the idnive, to the north of the Cape of (iOo,i
Tlope, nre three fmall iflaiuK, called by th.- Dut. h,
Ulohen F.iland, Dallen Filaiid, and Frans Eiland. 'I he
Thrft of thefe is .llfo called Rabbit Ifland, from the prodi-
, , .ous niiiiibi rs of thole anim.ds that buiiow about the
fliore. It IS very Iniall, being not inoif tli.in two Icairues
in circumfereiue. 'File ficond is called alfo Deer Illai.d,
from its being inhabited by confideiable numbers of thole
animals. It is imagined that thefe anini.ils wore brought
hither by Spitsbergen, in the year lOoi. The Knglifli
St ai:d

AFRICA.] ISLANDS ON THE COAST OF ZANGUEBAR.

and Dutch afterwards brought hither foine (hrop, which
|i:ive alfo greatly incrcafed, though not any way in pro-
portion to the Jctr, which arc fo mnncrous as to cover
the principal part of the ifland. The ihccp here grow to
^n amazing bulk ; ami their tailh are fo large, as to weijjh
from 30 to 40 pounds.

It is aftoiiilhiiig how fhcfe animals procure a fub-
fiftence; or what could induce the people to bring them
here, as the ifland, which is fandy, produces nothing
but a few flowers and briers : it muff, therefore, have
had a very unpromifing appearance for the breeding or
fattening of cattle, though the event has anfwercd the
expciffations of thofe who were induced to try the expe-
riment. What Hill incrcafes our aflonifhiiient is, that
it wants frefli water ; which circumllancc alone, it
micht have been imagined, would have deflroyed the

whole pri.jcil. [l.;\cc \vj in.iy a;!inire the work: of Pro-
vidence i and I'.iy with David, in his paftoral hyinn.

The Lord my paflure fliall prepare.
And feed me with a fhephcr J's care :
His puliiur lh..i iiy w..|'l fU|iply,
And guard me with a watciful eye ;
My noon-day walks he fliall attend.
And all my miJ-night hours defend.

Tho' in a bare and rugged way.
Thro' devious lonely wilds I ftray,
Thy bounty fliall my pains beguile :
The barren wildernefs fhall finilc,
With (uddcii greens and herbage crown'd.
And Iheams lliall murmur all around.

?!<

CHAP. XXIX.

ISLANDS near the Coaft of ZANGUEBAR.

THERE are many iflands near this coafl, but the
generality of them are very fmall and uninha-
bited. We fhall, therefore, only take notice of
the moft confiderable, which we lliall defcribe in proper
Older, according to their refpedive fituations, beginning
witJl

Tije Island 0/ Mozamukive.

THIS ifland is fituated in a gulph, in the 15th de- ,
gree of fouth latitude, and about two miles from the
coafl. Before the illan,', and next to the Ihorc, are two
fmaller ones, which feciu as if they had been formerly
joined with the main land. One of thefe ij called St. 1
George's, and the other St. James's ; but they arc both
fmall, and without any inhabitants.

The ifland of Mof.'.mbi(|ue is very fmall, being not 1
above a mile and a half long, and three quarters of a 1
mile broad. The land is fmooth and even, and the
gieateft part of it covered v.'ith white fand. The air is I
very ful try and iinvvholcfome ; and thev have no other I
frefh water than wliat arifc^ from a fmall fpring fituated !
about the center of the ifland. Though the foil here is !
very dry and fandy, yet the inhabitants have gardens, in
which, from the aliilbnce of water brought fiom the
above fpring, they cultiv.ite oran^vs, lemons, anana*-,
and fig-trets.

Notwithflanding the general barrennefs of the ifland,
here are gnat numbers of black, and fmall cattle, paiti-
cularly iheep, wl'.i.fe rumps are of an enormoii-. fi/e.
They have likewifc fome hoc;s, and a kind of fowl,
whofe fcalher.i and llifli are black ; when theft- are boilfd,
the water i^ of the colour of ink, but the tielh of the
bird is very delicate and wholeliime.

The natives of this ifl.iud aa- fhort of feature, very
black, and have cuiled hair like the wof)l of a ilieep.
They are naturally cruel, deceitful, and cmniiLS to
lliangers ; but ai> thev are very feail'ul, and great
cowards, the Portuguefe, whu are nrntUr, of the ifland,
keep them under toleiab'e fuhjtciion. The men wear
only a fmall piece of cloth wouiul round the waill ; but
the women have a kind of paticoit of coarle cotton
cloth, which reaches from tile middle to the ankles.
They wear round their necks, firings of coral, beads of
various ciilours ; in their cars diex h.ivo brafs rings ; and
on their arms, bracelets mavle of brafs or tin. Some of
them arc Chrillians, others Maliomet.ur; ; and the reft
idolaters.

The ifland of Mof.imbiquf belongs entirely to the

I'ortuiMiefe, who hiiilt a town in it, which is called alfo

by the lame iiiime. I'iiis town is of iiillnite advantage to

them, as then lli'p* not only Hop .ind rcfreflj here in

their way to the Eaft- Indies, but it alfo fecures their
trade with the tuighbouring nations, p.;iacul..;ly thofe of
Sof'ala and .Monomotapa, from whence they take great;
quantities of gold. Tliis town alio keeps in awe the
kings and n.aions of the adjacent coaft, moft nf whom
are either fuhjects or allies to the I'ortuguefe. The
houfcs in this town are tolerably well [•\xV.t -^ .nd they
have a convent and an hol'pital iVir tlu'- fiek, boih of
which arc huge and handfoiuc buildings. Here is like-
wife a fort, wliich is much larger than any the Fortu-
guefe have on the whole cciall u\ Zan ;uebar. It is a
fquare building; and at each corner there is a ballion
planted with leveral pieces of oidiiance, which !'-'cures
both the town and the harbour. It is furrounded with a
triple r.an.pait, .uid a very bro.id and deep .''teh.

The continent, oppofite this illand, :• alfo called j\Io-
zambiipie ; under which name the reader will find it de-
Icnbed in our account of the coalt of Z..nguebar.

The Island of Mombaza.

THIS ifland is fituated in four deg. five min. fouth
latitude : it lies in a gulph, and is about 30 miles in cir-
cumference. It has a large town fituated on a rock, and
defended by a itrong cafde. The houfcs are built after
the Italian manner; and the calUe is the ufual refidence
of a M.ihometan prince. I lie i'ortuguefi. were once
mailers of this illand, but they were ro ' ' '.mm it by
the Arabs about the middle of the lail cen. . '1 .

This ilhu'.d is V .itered by a river of ihe : nc name,
which fpiings from the mouiit.iiiis of Monocr igi, runs
fiom e.ifl to well, and then dili.liargcs '"'" .1 into the
lea.

The port of Mombaza is \ cry liiti: and commodicus ;
and is gp ally reforted to by the merchants of the coalt
of Zangu.bar, and other pl.'.ccs, for the convenience of
trade.

Til' (.>l-EBIMBA ISLAN'DS.

T H E S E idaiids arc feated .along the coaft, from
Cape del Ciad.i, in 10 dcg. to the '2th dejj cf ibuth la-
titude; and extend two degrees, or 120 iiiiles, Iroiii
north to fouth. 'ihe molt remarkable, and largelt of
tluni, which gives name to the reft, is Q^icriir.ba, where
tlic I'ortugiKie have a fmall fort. This illand, which i^
the mull pcipulous of them all, contains ;;bout 25 houksj
not contiguous together, but fcattered up and down, like
fo nie.iiy l..i:n-houles. In the middle of the illand is a
church, wlurv mafs is laid by a Domin'caii pricift ftnt
hithei by the archbifhop of (joa.

The other iflands tluit go under the denomination of
(jueiiniba are, Ibo, or Oibo, Matomo, Macoloo, and

Q, Malmds i

I
1

522

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAl'llV.

MaliiuH.i ; but they arc all ton inrijjiiificain to mci it anv
partCTilar notice, vxcept tlic liill, which is iindtr thciii-
icclion (it a Portiiu,ut'lc j;ovcriior, who li.is a lari:c houl'c
fcviiv.l liorii's high, with an cAtdifivc i:ari!c]i bchiiul it;
iinj till- who!? i, cnclolal with a lotty .mil (Iroiiij: wall.
This ill.iiul and Qiieriniha have yooil harhouis far fhip-
piny, wliich is not the c.il'e wiih anv ot the rtll, the
thanni Is hitwccn thcni being, at low water, not moic
tlian three t'eet d'eep.

The Qiieiiniba iflamls are all well watered with
fprinj:s, ar.d aic theieforc exceeding fertile, producing
jikniy of d.;tes, oranges, citrons, gr.;pes, pot-herbs, &c.
Tliey abound alfo in good palhiris, where are fed great
herds of large and fniall cattle. Moll of them have like-
wile great plenty ot game; and the lea about them pro-
duces a \aritty of excellent fifli. The inhabitants rc-
tciee wheat, rice, and dried Iweet-meats, from (Irnius.

Tlafe illands were formerly inh.ibited by Ar..bs, as
tippears from the ruins of feveral houlls, which were
built with lionc, bricks, and mortar. The Portnguefe,
when they hrit came here, not only deftroyed the houfes,
under pretence of their being inhabited by Mahometans,
but they even carried their cruelty fo far as to murder
all the people, without (paring either aiie or lex. It was
owing to thi< cruelty, that theic illands continued many
years uninh.ibitcd ; till, at length, fome Portugaefe from
]\!onib.i/a, Mozambique, and other parts, came and
fettled on them. At tirll, each family took pofi'elTi'n of
an id.ind, where they built a houfe, provided thcn.lllves
with fire-arms, and b<night (laves not only to till the
j:round, but alfo to defend their ptrfoiis. They are now
inhabited by I'ortuguefe and I'l.icks ; and they are Uiuler
the protscfion of the governor of Mozambique, who
fends them annually a judge, to decide all difierc'ices
that may happen nmongfV them.

To tile fouth of Qi^ierimba is a clufter of fmall iflands
tminhabited. 1 hefe Illands were called by the Portu-
piieff, 'l"he Iflands of the Whipped or Lailicd, bcciufe
the hill time they went to examine them, having a pilot,
whom they had taken at Mozambiipie, they found that
the perfidious wretch endeavoured to eiit.uigle them
among thole iflands in order to fhipwrcck their fleet ; in

I eonfciiuencc of which, th; y piinillied his trcucher, b.'
; leverely whipping him witii cords ; a.id iroin ihtUte tu:
, iflands received their name.

I Th- Island r,f Montia

1 L 1 1'. S in nine deg. 30 niin. fouth latitude, li i-<
very lertile in rice and millet, and has a ere.it variety of
' Iruit-trees, as alio prodigious luinibers of liigar-cues.
j It containv only a few \ illagts, though i' is at lealt an
' hundred miles in circumkrenee.

I 77v.IsL.\ND cf ZaNJAII.AR, cr Z AM'. 11: .Mi.

1 THIS iflanil is fitunted in fevm deg. 55 niin. fouth
! latitude; and is about ei;j,ht kagues dlili.nt Irom thecon-
i tineiit. It is a very fertile illand ; and, in paiiicular,
, produces plenty of rice, millet, and lugar-canis. It li.is
many lorefls, in which grow very tall lemon-trees, whofo
blohonis perfume the air for a c'oiiriderable dilhince. It
abiHiiids with fprings of excellent water ; and mull here-
tofore have been very rich, iinee a Portugucle, namej
Ravafco, during two months that he continued on the
I fpot, took from thefe ifl.inders, tw.niy vefi'Js laden with
, feveral forts of merch-jndi/.c. When the Portugucfe Hrif
began to appear in thdo parts, the king of this illand
promifeJ to pay yearly, to his Portugucll- in.ijellv, a cer-
tain ipiantity of gold, helides tliirly ihcep, wlueh a Por-
tugucfe captain was annually ftnt v> receive. Thi- chid"
p.irt of the people that now inhabit this iflaiid are Maho-
metans.
i There are oiilv two other fmall iflands to mention oa
■the coaft of /..inguibar. The (i;lt of thi fe is called
I Lamo, and is htu.Ued between the lirl! and fecoii.l de^.
; of fouth latitude. Here is a fmall town, which is the
n-lidence of the king, ; and near it is a good hailvnir for
(hipping. The king of this ifland w.is murdviid by the
Porluguefe in the year 1 589.
; The other ifland, which is called Pate, is fitiiated to
[ the north of Lamo, in the 2d degree of (oiiib latitude,
i It has a fmall town about thecmterof it; but it docs
not contain any building that merits particular notice.
The inh.ibitants are all Blacks ; and the chief part of
them profefs the Mahometan religion.

CHAP. XXX.

The COMORO ISLANDS.

TH E S F. iflands, which nre fituated to the north ;
of Madiigafcar, are h.e in number, the laigilt
of which gives name to the whole ; though
the other four have names peculiar to thcmlelves, namely,
iMohilla, Angazeja, Johanna, and M.iyotta.

I'hough Comoro is the moll conliderablc of thefe
iflands, ill jioint of fize, yet, in all other relpecls, it is
the moll iiilignihcant ; for it his not any lafc road fur
fhips ; and the n.itives are fo barbarous and unciviliaed,
that noKuropeans h.i\e ventured to (lop heie for a conli-
derablc time pall. The native ot thi^ illand arej.-alous
of (IranL'ers in general, and have a peculiar averhon to
Ell" ;uis ; the realon of which origin. ited troni thecru-
'' .xiTifed on thein by the Porluguefe when they fird
. .nted th( (c (las ; (or they not only robbed them of their
property, and committed the moll dreadful outrage', but
.a'lo made tlitm captives, and frequently divefled them of
tv -ry e.irthly enjoyment, by forcing them on board their
(h.ps, and then felling them (or flave=. It is therefore
little to be wondered at, that the defcendams of thefe
unhappy jieople IliouUI look with detedation on thole who
had prined themfelvcs lliangeis to every humane (eula-
tion.

The ifland of Mohilla is no lefs infignificant than
that of Comoro j and very (eldom vifitcil, not only (loni
Ike dillikc the iiihabituius have to llr.injers, but allu truni

there not bcin^ any place convenient (or the reception of
(hip':.

All thefe illands, however, are exceeding fertile, and
abound with cattle, iheep, hogs, and (owls of various
ibrts ; they alfo ptodiice fwett and (bur oranges, gre.it
and fmall citron^, cceoa-nuls, bananas, honey, betel,
fugar-cancf, rice and giiirer.

The ifland of Ang../eja is inhabited by Moors, who
trade with various parts of the continent, and moll of
the iflands (o the ea(tw;,rd, in cattle, liiiUs, and the
otiu r temmodities of ll;e ifland, exchanging thrni for
callicoes and other cutten cloths. The bread iiled in this
ifland is niaile of the kernel of the cociia-iMit, boiled or
broiled, and fpread over with honey : their drink is palili-
wine, a juice txtraiitid fiom the fiigar-cane, and fufl'irtj
to fcrn'ent, or the milk o( the cocoa-nut. 'I'hey nevtr
let their women be Ufi\ by fliaiigirs, without perminion
from one of the chiefs, or an order to fee them, which
the (Iranger brings with him. Many of them wiite an!
read Arabic with great lacilitv ; and (ome of them iiii.lei -
(land the Portugue(e, which they learn bv means of th' .r
intercom fe with Mozambique, whithir thif trade in
vell'els of 40 tons burthen. The houles arc built of llone
and lime, made of calcined liyftcr-Ihell';, y.-ith which
the walls and roof are pl.iidcred in a vi ry clesraiit m.'iiiU'r,
and the roofs and windows, covered with palm-have-,

which

Irt

C O M O U (■)

(!. I' ncc atiainll rnin ami the

ic h I-
VM'iety of
;^u'-f..iics.
t k-.itl an

V, liirh iirvc i']i\illv

fioa-liing heat oi thi miu. 1 li.:. iii.nul i-. luiJer tin- j;ovfn;-

niiMt ot'li-n IiMil.-, lilt >.i'i.(.n.;liiiii liiiii^a pure a-illoir.iry.

'I'hj ill.ii;i! oi .M I'liil.i n iiiuier ilic dlavlicm of a
fii!t»ii, wiiciie ihili 1 -11 |i.iriii.ip.ite in hi^ autiion;;. , whe-
thtr male ur finale, aiiil j/oveni in iiuality m' weciuys
in ilirTcrint |>aris cf the illau^. All, hi)wcver, Ixar tne
title of fullans, thoii;li they are, in I'oiiie rel'peet-, I'lili-
ordinate to the au;hority ot the filhei- 1 eaii'. h,i5 hi.-
£,iiai.l<, his crown, t'eriuie, and all the en!i :n-- i;nil pa-
jjc.uury (if niaii'll', , l;i[;etlier with ,i hrilliant eoiiri, and
iiumenni . lu'iilhuid. The liilun never^ nusalinj.id with-
out heiiv; alt; lukd hy twenty nt the inuieipal perf ni.s in ^
the illaii'l i iipnn whieli oecaltcM, hi:- dnl's i* ,i Inrii^' n.ihe
of (lri)i,d e.'.liieo, han^'iii^ troni hl^ ihmcUlers t.i hi-.
hicN, with a tiiib.iii mi ins head. 'I'hi' peopK- in gnu'r.il
wfar luole c illieo gowns, and arc eontimi.illy ch'. wini;
areka, nr Intel, in the inaiiiiet of the Kail liuliaii-, to
whom, in their enllonis, th y h.ive a iv.i'r ailinity.

The ill.ind of Johanna is the mill iViipunted, wni.'
beft known to I'^vnopeans, of all the Ctar.oio idaiids;
fir lure thev toueh lor rtli<l!inKiils in their pall'.i-;e tc>
J'onihay, and the Malabar eoalts of Indi.i.

'Ihis illaiid lies in 12 ileg. iO ir.in. fmth latitude. It
is 33 niilfs long, i^ hroad, and about <p in cirtiimfe-
l^-nee. 'I'hough fonie parts of it arc excadir.g moun-
tainous, \it it is, in geiier.al, :i very beautiful and fertili.
fpot. 'I"ne foil is ii..tuially very good ; an.!, from its
keing v\vll watered bv rivers, produees abundance of the
chief necifiaries of lite.

In order to cliiplay tlie beauties of this illand, as well
as to take the advaiit.t^e of introdiieiiig a prop.r defcrip-
tion of its natural piodaclion.;, we (Iiall rel.-.te the aeeount
of an o.-'urlion taivcii hy Mr. Cjiole aiul another geiitle-
inan, the f.cor.d dM' alter they landul on this illand ;
which account is as follows: " As we let out pretty
early in the morning, fays he, we made a (liift to p/ue-
trate about tive miles into the country h-fire the fun be-
gan to be anv-ways troubleloine ; and this was no (mall
llrcteh, conhdering the iiiountaiiioiis way we had to go.
\V^e had fowlin.'-pieces With us, and the view of c.\e,l-
Iciit fpovt in ihooting, could WT have reached the places
where we might [k revive the game lay ; but we could not
conquer tlie alceiit of the hills, though we eiideavourLd
to|,:raiiible up them on our hands and ku' es. \Vc were
obliged thcret'ore to reft fitislied with wliat fmail birds
prefentcd themlllves in the vallies and hills tliat were
pallablc. We made our breakf.ft c:; pin.-apples, and
the milk of coco.i-mits, whiih I'erved to ipieneh our
thirft. About noon, coining to a beaurifiii piece of
wat>r, we Hated oiirf Ivcs in the (liadc by the banks of it,
to make afconilmeal, as well as to enjoy the tinkling
of lever:;l little fp. ings .uul natural ca'.c.iJ^;. t'l it fell trom
the rocks, and, according to their dift.ince, lecined to
found a gradation of note^, k> af to form a kind (jf agree-
able fooiiiiiig wat-r-nuific.

" The orange and liine-tive'-, which ft.iid in great
numbers about th.it fpnt of ground, hendir;; undtrthe
weiglit 1)1 their I'luit, dilfiii'd a inoft fi/g^aiit odom.
'I'here were alio plne-apiia-. which grew wild, of eleven
and thirteen iiKhes in ciicumfcreiice, of a much liehei
flavour than thnfe 1 afterwards met with in India. Our
guides too m.Hie u-. diltiugiiilh a number of goyava, and
(Ipecially piumb-trees, th.: li/e of whole t'ruit is about
tli.it of a daniare.ne, and leaves a plcaling relilh on the
palate for foiiie minutes after it is eaten. All ths I'e grow-
ing pioiiiifciiouil', , and without the Icaft arrangenaiitor
onlcr, I ombiiu'd vvith thj f.lls of w.iter, and the llupeii-
dous height of the (urrounding hills, covered with trees
and \eidiiri, .uul, in iheir various breaks and projec-
tions, exhibiting ihc boldell llrokes of nature, altogether
compuf. d what mi^jit, without exaggeration, be called a
ti-rn llil.d paradil'e, compared to which the finell gardens
in Kurope, with thiir llatiii'S, artitieial cafc.idcs, com-
p.irtments, and all the reruiements of human invention,
would .ippear poor imleed ' Mere it w.is inipolfible fir art
to aild any thing, but what would rather fpoil than .idorii
the fceneiy.

" It Was not tlvn vv'ithout regret that \vc quitted fo
charmin!> a fpot, ai'; r having fealled our eyes witU the
beauties of it ; to vx'huh it may be mentioned, as no in-
coiiliderable addition, that there w.is no fear of wild
beads or 01 vi nonious cicatuics lui.xed with our plcafurc,

IM.ANDS. 5:3

the ill.uid being fo happv a. to piodiiec non'. W e r^ -
turned tin 11 to our tent, •,'■.11 p,,.,l I'.ir th ■ llight 1..1 ,jiie
we h.id undergone in this little exciii lion."

This illaml prmhices l.-veial other kind* oi liii;;-,,
i'elides tJMl- mentioned in the foregoing account,
.iniong whu ii is a very remarkable fort of fwcvt oranges -,
they are about the fize of limes, are e,\ceeding juicy,
and have a much more delicious llavour than thJle pio-
duccd in i'oriugal.

Thc^chicf cattle of this illand are o\eii, iiieeji, and
hogs. ']'i;i; oxen are in general of a middiini; liz., and,
like tholj ill the Kalt rndies, aie lemark.ible for hav-
ing a large Iklliy cxereleence between llieir neck and
back, 'i heir lletli is exceeding I'weet, and the eserJ-
cence, when kept for iiirne t'iiiie in pickle, t.'t}. s like
marrow, .aid is geiKial!) preferred eitlier to toiivue ur
udder. '^

In the woody parts of this illand, arc great numbers
ol monkies of various kinds and fizes j hut there aie
not any wild bealts of piv\, nor are thev infcllid with
any vcueni.ris animals. ' Defides the 'nimikii-, the
wo.ids arc inli.ibited by two other kiiuU of an'n'.ds
which bear Iwne kind of rUemblance to tl.at Ijiecisi
one ol them is called m.Jiigooz, and the othjr mauc.aic,;,
of the latter of which there are two forts.

The mongooz is about the fize of a fmall cat, and
has a head ihapcd like a fox, with bl.ick eyes, and
orange coloured circles round the pupil. 'I'he hair
about the eyes is black, and li,.ngs downwards in a
point towards the nofe, wliicli is ,dfo black ; but theic
is a fpacc between the cvis and nofe, entirely white,
which is continued to the fides of the lace .:s l.^r as ti.e
cars. 'I'he upper part of the head, ntek, hack, tail
and limbs, is of .-i dark brown a(li colour, am! t!ie hair
is loinewhat woolly. The under fide of tlie bodv is
white, and the paws are like liunuui hand., witii flat
nails except a Iharp pointed cl.iw on the keond toe of
the hinder ieet. The tail is long, and tiie hair thick
and foft. Us .iclions are like thole of a nionkev. It
leeds on fruits, herbs, and almolt everv thing elle, not
excepting even live fiih. 'I'heic are fevcral f>its of
thefe animals, wdiich dili'er only in colour : and th. ;■ are
all \ery h.irmlefs and iiiolieiilive.

The maucauco is an animal .ibout tlie fizo of .■>n or-
dinary cat, but the body and limbs arc of a more lluukr
make, and the tail is at leal! double the length of the
body. It has a long fnout, and the head greatly relciu-
blcs that of a fox. The iris of the eves is of a bright
hazel, and the fice and ears are white : but the not'.- is
black, and each eye is furrounded with a bio.id bl.'.ek
circle. About the nofe, and on the fides of the luad :\:j\
eye-bruv.-.., there are long Ititf hairs, like the wiiKr.a
ot a cat. 'i'iie crown an.i back part of the head ate c-
vereil with dark afll-cdoured h.iir, longer than t'lat on
the f.'ce ; but thL back and fides are of a ivduilh alhc.:-
1. ur, and not fo dark as the head. The omfides o!' the
legs are of a light alh, but not red as on the b.ick. I he
upper fides of the paws are whitilh, and the bare S.iii
witl'.in hue is black. The fore paw-, or h.ui.1-, are liko
tlioie Oi nun, and have a dillincl thumb, and Ik.t naili,
i'he hinder paws are remarkable lor having the thumb,
or great to.., very broad. The inlides of the paWs are
covered with black hair ; and the hair on the whole body
is very liilc and ULlicaie to the touch, (landing almolt
upright like velvet, it has two (mall nipples liigh on
the hieall, and placed as in tile nionkey-kiiul. The
tail is loiig, covered with fir, and marked alternately
with broad rings of black and white. When it li.epi
it briii:;s its noli: to its belly, draws its paws clofe in a
littin; podure, ^\\^ brings its tail over its head. When
it pl.iys, it ul'es a fort of galloping, with ili tail raifed over
Its back.

Tlie black maucauco is much about the f imc I'zr as the
o.dvi, and, like that, is alio a very Ibeiable, gemlc, harni-
lel- creature} though it has all the cunning .uul wiiiin-
lical tricks (f the monkey kind. 'I he head i-s
(hapcd like that of a fo.x, having a fliarp fnout -, and the
eves are of an or.inge colour, with black piipiU. The
ears arc rounded at the tips, and much hid by the hair
that grows on their border-. The fame long hair is con-
limied on the (ides of the head and Uce, abo\ e and below
the cars, which makes it h.ive the appearance of a ihagged
ruff round tile face. It has lix (cooping tc^th in the fo; •

part

4, t'ri

',!^t

'Ml

ill

111

s til

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CJEOGRAIMIY.

part of the lower j;>w ; Init tlurc arc not any to anfwer
tluni (111 the iipprr lidc, tlitre bung only a cvity to
rccoivf tluilf tVom aliovc. It has tour ilog tivtli, Iwo
above and two below, and the backward teetli are very
roi gh and jaai;ed. The I'lir on the body and limbs is
long, thick and loft, and (lands alniott i .iriiilit on the
fkin. The hands arc fliapvd like thofe ot" nun, with
{\]M nails, and the feet are like thole of monkies, txcept
the great uk; which is nuieh largu', and on die next to
ii i.-' a (harp claw. The hinder legs are longer than
the lore legs, and the tail is longer than the whole boily,
and nearlv of an equal thicknch from one end to the
<i(I;cr. All the fur, with che naked part of the nole,
and inlidc of the paws, are of a deep black. It Kxds
upon vegetables, and when made familiar, will cat cakes,
and bread and butter. It eats fittmg upright, holding its
food !• its fore paws, or hands.

In ii ■' \.-ood; .ire alfo great numbers of fciuirrels, which
are gci.ir.i'.Iy v'.:v large and (hy, but they are neither well
Ihaped, f.r .'i^reiaMe m colour.

Th.y have kveral kinds of poultry in tliis idaru',
pattieularly fowls and ducks ; and there is alfo a great
v.arie;y of came, but the inhabitants are fo inexperienced
liotii in th'^ ufe of nets and guns 'hat very few of thtni
arc c.-u^.l.t.

Th?'i'ea here abounds with feveral forts of excellent
fill, which the natives are very exp.rt in catching, par-
tici:!ar!y thornbacks, mullets, and a flat lilh gre.itly re-
fembling turbot. Hut the moft reniark.ible fp>cies is
th'! parrol-hfh, li> called from its mouth, which is hooked
like til.- bill of a parrot. It is about a (o<it long, .;nd
the colour is greenifli, variegated near the head with
yellow. The hns are blew, as are alio the eyes, wlueh
are very fprightly, and have a yclhiw iris : the fcales
are very l,ir'j;c, and there are two rows nf ib,in\z teeth
in the niourh, with which it breaks open mul'cles ;"id
cyllers. The fielh of this lilh is very firm, and v.\!l t.ilKd.

The natives of this iflar.d are in general i.'.!l, Ihong,
:;nd well proportioned ; but the women aic lu^t fi well
made as the men. They hive all long black hair,
piercing eyes, lips foniewhat inclining to be thick,
and are in general of a colour beiwoii olive and bl.ick.

The poorer fort live in huts made of reeds tied togi-
ther, and plaiftered over with a mixture of clay and
cow-dung i and the roofs are thatched wit!i a kind of
matting made of cocoa leaves. Th ■ better fort li.ue their
houl'es made of llone and mud.

Their principal food confidsof vegct.ibles ami milk,
winch they have here in great plenty, and perlicUon.
Inlte:;'! of oil and vinegar to their fallads, they ule a
kind of liquid, foinewhat like our treacle, wliicli they
cxtr.xt from the cocoa-nut.

The quality are diftinj;'ii(hed by the nails of their
finixers and toes which th.v filler to grow to an immo-
deitite length ; .md they pa'iit tii;riii with the alkenna,
a yelliiw:f'i red, furnilhed them i>y .\ p
that grows in the marlhy parts of ;lie ifiai
idly c.irry large knues ituck in a fa(h they v.;ar round
th/ir v.-aifh, fome ofv.'hi-h have lilvcr, or .agate h..ndles ;
but the geiier.'.litv arc made of wood, carved

'I'he roiMnion people h,'
a piece of coarfc cloth wound rouml the wailt, with
a Ikuil cap m:.'.c of anv kind of (hiff. Thofe of a fu-
perior rank have a kiiid of wide-.l.. ced Ihirt, which
ham.s down over a pair of largr' di.iwers, and a waill-
toarmade thick c.r liglit, acecrdin-; to the feafon of the
year ; and the very liilHnguiihed of all wear turbans on
theii hc.idj.

'I'he women wear a fliort jacket and petticoat, with
a kind of loofe gown ; and when they go abroad, have
a veil over their laces. I iuy take great pains in orn.i-
nientir.g their arms, Ic -, and cars, in the latter ol
which 'they have Inch \> quantity of trinkets made ol
metal, that the lubes of tb.em ate fo dilated by llie weight
as almoll to toudi the Oioulders. Their arms and wrilh
are decoi.:ted witli a nuii.b^r of bracelets, made of rial's,
iron, toppi-r, pewar, or lil'.ir, according to their rcl-
pc<ilive ranks iMciicumdaiiies.

Thev fuller their children from their birth, both
males and femah., to go Hark naked till they are fe\en
or ci;ht yea:s of .ige ; a cultoni they have m common
with the orientals, who are not fo much governed i;i it
by the beat of the climate, or ncteflity, as by phylical

.uticular ihrub
,hvv ufu-

no other cloathing, tha

ic.ifons. Tii.-y imagine that infiiiN aie oinltituiionall/
mora apt to he hurt i>v h'-at lii.iii .old; :;nd that thu
tree aceefsof the .lir to ill p..r;:. of th. ir bodies, is ckm
nutriii<ius, and iiioie tavouiable to their prineiples of
growth, than if thiy v.ne l\ve!fered up with fwathir^
clothes, which, they ll.iuk, u.b thcin of a li.adinels
conducive to their lic.dth. By thefe means, the chil-
dren arc prcferved from compl.iints, to ivhieii oth-rs aie
lubject, from their tloaths being fo binding as to oc-
cafioii them to cry, and frequently to lueh a degiee,
as to terminate, through their ilraining, into ruptures.
This condui^t, with lel'pccl to tlieir children, appears
to be very confillcnt, aild to have the wiihed-for effect ;
tor infte.id ot meeting with a detormed peilon, it is very
r.ire to fee one who is not admirably proportioned. The
Johannians judicioufly endeavour to acquire health,
uhich above all cnjoviiieiits in this life, is certainly the
moll defirable acquilitioii. In their eyes health

Seems a cherub, moll divindv bright.

More toft lli.'.n air, more gay tli.in iiuMnin ' li'.'ht.
.And with proprietv may they thus exel \im.

Hail, blooming goddels I thou proi'itous powV,
\Vhofe blelTmgs mortals next to lite implore ;
With lo much lulire your briiilit looks endear,
i'hat cottages are courts, wh..n thoti; appear;
M.iiikiiid, as you voiichiafe lo tiiiile or trowii,
I'ind calc in chains, or anguilh in a crown.

The Johannians arc, in general, :. plain, fimple, well
meaning, iiiuti'uilive people; hwCpitablc beyond llicir
wc.ilth, void ot prule, and llruilly hoiiel! in all llkir
dealings. Mr. Cirol'e, in Incking of ihcli- people, f'y-:,
" Their maimers liili letain a great deal of llic fiirpli-
city of uncultiv.ited n..tiire. The inildiicls of the cli-
mate renders thim indolent, ami pione to veiicry. I'hcy
otfen make ule of the liberty, granted them by their
lawN, ot dadrcir.g their wi\cs, upon llip,ht pretences,
for the fake of novelty ; though they have gcner.illy two
or three of them, and are conhncd to no number of
concubines they can maintain. They are torwaid cnounh
to beg any thing they hke; but very far from being
thievilhly inclined. They treat the Liigiilli, i;i par-
ticular, very cordially and fraternally; not piiiriv from
a principle of inteirit and ronveniencc, which however
has doubtlefs fume influcuce, but fi.jm gi.utude, tor
the eU'eeUial allitlance tlie\ iurmerly received from thoirj
ill t'leir wars with the -Mohillians. Being moreover
allured, by a frequent intereourfe, that they have no
deli ;ii ot iiu.iding their country or liberty, of which
they retain a lliong lealoul'v againft other F.uropcan
nations, and of the i'ortuJiiefc efpccially ; to whof-
ulurpation of the lea coalt on the coiitiiiejit, they arc-
no llrangers ; againll which th.v chieflv, and with great
realoii, rely on ihe inacceiliiilhty of Uieir mountains, of
which nature liai formed fo: them an impenetrable b.uiier,
and di lence of the in:erior country.

" Their l.inguagc, favs the lame wiiter, is a cor-
rupt Arabic, mixed witli ilie Zangu.bar tongue, of tlie
oppolite part of the continent, tioni whence it is juci-
bahle the Comoro Ifl.ind . were originally peopled. But
the wiiite fort of then;, who arc geiKr.^.liv of the beil
rank, or at le.ill: the moll illc'ied anioi:,- them, partly
derive their colour Irom the Ai.ih mi);tuiv. ..nd partly
troni then' communication wiili tlie Eur:'P'-anf, whitii
was formerly much more cinnion tli in at prei'eiit. 'i'hey
have adopted the jealoufy of the .\r, bs, together witli
their manners ana relicii'i); though thciis is as vrt
no more than a lmoIs Mahomet uiifm, .ululteraic I with
the remains of their ancieiu luperllitions, cl'pecially
among the lower lo-t."

1 hey hate and dread the di vil fo much, that ihcv
frequently burn him in cfligy, intimatiii'; Ity that, their
dcteU.ilion of this enemy tr> the human Iprciis. Tluy
alio have a lliong abliorrenee ot tli.it Ijiot where ajiy
one happens to die, looking upon the ground ci.hcr to
be unlucky, or dieading dep.'.ried fpirits, the uniMilal
toible of the vulgar ; or, as others fii gell, believing the
place to be polluud by the dead i arc.iii . I'hey thcicfore
quit the pl.ice for fome time, but att.iwaids return tu
the houlc, and live in the chambers where their friends
died, with the fiiiie umoneern as other p!.ople. In
genfr.il, the relij.ion and manners of all the i:;!i„bitams
of thole illaiids, have a lliong allinity : they vary in

particular

AFRICA)

COMORO ISLANDS.

525

particular moilts, but th: liiiK-ia;nerituls arc iicarlj- tlic
lUmc ill all.

In thii illaiid arc 73 village,-, bcfidcs the town of Jo-
hanna, the rcliiUncc of the chief or king; and the num-
ber of inhabitants is elHniated at 33,000. The town
of Johanna contains about .'.co honles, moll of whicn
arc inhabited by the prii\ci|ial men of the country.
Thcfc arc built of (bine, but thev arc all very low, ex-
cept the kind's palace, which is both Infty and fpaeious.
Tnc people here futi'cr (tran;;' rs to come familiarly into
their firlt apartment, but referve all the others for the
ufe of their families.

The title of king is juftiv f;iven to the chief of this
idand, he having all the cllentials of royalty, with an
unlimited power over his fubjecls, both in fpirituals and
temporals.

Mr. Grofe, who was a confidcrable time here, and
to whom we arc greatly obliged for many particulars
relative to this illand, has furnilhed us with a very c«ii-
ous account of the means by which the fovereigiity of
it was firft acquired, which for the entert.uninvnt of the
reader, wc ihall !;ivc in bis own words.

" 'I'he grandfather, lays he, of the prefent king,
was an Ar..h, or Moorifli trader to Mo/.ambiciu!', vvIktc,
on a quaiiel with a I'ortuguefe fulalgo, or gmtlcman,
with wh'im he was dealing for Haves on that coalt, be
had the fortune to kill his .uheil'ary, and was tbeiecm
obliged inliantly to liy, ..:id put to fea in the firll bo.it
he could feiic on the ihore, when the hift land he ni.uie
was Johanna, wlicie he took refuge. Heie meeting with
an hofpit.ible leccption, he remained lome years in nb-
fcurity, until an Ai.ib tiank b; ing driven in there by
Itiefs of weather, he m.vde hiinfilf known to his coun-
trynicn, for whom he procined all the relief the place
atibrded.

" In the mean. time he had fo peifecl'y acquainted
himfelf with the language and manners of the inhabi-
tants, and was fo captivated with the fertility and plea-
fantncfs of the country, that he not only relinquiflied
every thought of leturniiig to his own, but laid a (cheme
to obtain for himfelf the fovereignty of this j in which
he was greatly countenanced and allilled by the Arabs,
his countrymen, who came into his views, t'rom the ad-
vantage they expefled to receive from his (uccels.

" fie pioceeded not on a plan ofviolence but of infiiui-
ation, in making himfelf neccfl'ary to the natives, whom
he inltrudfcd in the ule jf arms, before unknown to them,
efpccially the ad'agnye, or lance, which thofe of any
confuleration among them now handle with dexterity.
This then, with other n,ethod~ of war which he taught
them, entirely new to tliele fimple people, proving of
fingular I'eivice to them, againit: the inhabitants of the
neighbnming ilbuid.-, efpeeiallv of Mohilla, with who
lliey had cuiifiant bickerings, Ibmetimcs iinading, and
fomctimcs inv.ided, acquired him liieh a confuleration
and aiithoiitv, that he !bon availed himfelf thereot, and
piocured himfelf to be elecled their chief or king, and
inverted with a defpotic power. Yet this was not ob-
tained but by degrees, and by great art; themfelvcs too
being divided among one anniher. As loon, however,
as he had carried his point, he made th.in repent of iheir
credulity and confidence; for not onlv Ihvngthening him-
felf by callin;: in fome of his coiintrymen, with tlieir fa-
milies, hut cliooling for his guards the moll hold and de-
termined of the native', he was foon in a condition to
tllablifli an.ubitraiy government. .Such as endeavoured
to oppofehini in his pretenfions and innovations he forced
from their families, and fold for I'.aves to the Arabs, who,
on this alteration, encreafed tlieir refort there fur trade,
which the) llill continue, liilliort, he fuccceded fo entire-
ly, a, to overcome all oppofition, and to bequeath tlie
peaceable fovereignty to hi.- liin, who w.is about 45 years
of age when his father died, .nui who had no farther trou-
ble or contcllation with his fubjecV, until he alio dying a
few years ago, left two foils, of whom the oldeil is at
prefent (1756) king of the illand."

The king refules, fur the molt put, about nine miles,
according to thi ir computation, up 111 the country, fel-
<lom coming down to what thev call their lower town,
on the fea lide, but when the Kuropean fhips arc lying
there, at which times he is accompanied by a very nii-
merous retinue. Ite ftldom millcs going on board the
veA'cIt, where the captains re^^le him in the belt nunner
47

they arc able, after the European fafhion, and compli-
ment him both on his arrival and departure, with adif-
c>iargc ot live guns. This is a ceremony he is exceeding
loiul of, not only from the fatisfielion he receives from
the civility ol the c.qitaiiis, but from its making him ap-
pear of greater impoitance, and confequently more re-
fpected liy his fnbieits.

Kveiy c.iptain is obliged to obtain a licence from the
king before he can tr.uie with the natives; but this li
cence is cafily aeiiuircd, nothing tnore being wanting than
to compliment his m.ijerty with a few trifling articles
of Kurope.ui manufacUire.

" As foon as a Ihip anchors in the road," fays Mr.
Ciiofe, " it IS immediately furrou.ided with a nurnbcr of
canoes, hurrying on board with refreniments of all forts
ot the produce of the illand ; and it is humorous enough
tooblervc t.ie cnfulion and lirifc among the rowcrs,wi-.*
Ihall get till! to their market the f)np. They arc fomc-
timcs overfet when the k,\ is any thing high, but without
.my (Linger to their perfons, being excellent fwimmers,
and lole only tlieir litlle cargoes of green trade. Theic
canoes arc molt of them bal.inced on each fide with out-
leagers, compiled of two poles each, with one acrofs, to
prevent their overli.tiing. They ufc paddles inlle.id ol
oars, .ind make no dillinffion of head or lb in. 'I'hcir
larger boats, called p.ingiiays, are railed |i.)inc feet from
the fides, with reeds and branches of trees, well hound
logi tier with a fmall cord, and .ifterwaids m.ide water-
piuof with a kind of bitumen, orielinous fuhlbnce. 'I'he
mart, for few have morelh.m one, carries a fail or two,
which is iii.ide either of cocoa leaves, or lleer grafs mat-
ted together ; and in thefe beat- they will venture out to
fea for trips of three or four \. : ks and Ibmetimcs longer.

" It was common, fome years ago, for the natives,who
came oil" with refreniments to thelliips, fuch as frefli co-
coa nuts pl..ntains, fowls, goats, 5£c. to deal entirely
by w.iy of barter, for handkerchiefs, rags, glafs bottles,
hits of iron, and in fliort all forts of frippery, without
.uiy rel'iiect to money. T'hey are now, however, well
.lequaiiited with the value of gold and filvcr, and arc not
.dtogether fo fond of baubles as they ufed to be ; for if wt
want to purcliafe cattle, fowls, or cowries, they defire
to be paid cither in fpecie, fire-arms, or gunpowder.
I'hey have likewife fallen upon a method of foliciting
thofe who come there, particularly all paU'engers, to con-
tiihute a dollar or two towards improving their naviga-
tion, which tliey carry on with the African continent ;
and bv way of perfualivc example, produce fevcral lilh
of p; ifcms v.ho have fubfcribed to that purpofe; fo that
they fometimei collect thirty or fortv dollars a Ihip, from
thofe who touch here: ami when the captains leave the
place, they generally make it a point fir them to fign,
and leave with them a certificate of uood ufaLn'."

Thus the molt f ivage inhibitaius of the worl.l daily
improve in ciiniirii / and artifice, though we mull not
tiom tluaie infer that ihev prow uijn; a cammon but
mifipp'.ijd epithet for peoples mowing more knaviHi than
former!',-, which induces fome who are find of falfe pru-
dencv- to euacliide that they are confeqm ntlv lefs foolilh ;
hut uh re integrity does not go haiu! in lui. 1 with im-
piTiveiir, ;it, we renne away happinefs, and laeiilicc every
Ibcial \irtuc to chicanery and artifice. In the pure fim-
plicity of nature the productions of the earth are as free
as the air we breathe, and everyone partakes .as he pleafcs
of the bounties of I'lovidence. At length the peoiile im-
prove till they g«t an idea of private propert)', and that
immediately jiuts them upon the expedient of valuing one
eoinmoility by another, and making ufe of barter to fup-
ply each others ncccflities. Again, fucccllive improve-
ments evince that barter is attended with many inconve-
nieiicies, as it is almolt impollible, where the truck is
various, properly to crtimate one commodity by the ca-
fua! v.iliie ol another : hence the necertitv of coinage ap-
pears, in which commodities of all kinds and values m.ay
bccafilv P'i 1 for, an equivalent readily given, and coni-
merci.ii ir.tjrcourle c. 'Tried ou with the greateft facility.
But if a pruplc, who thus refine in the courfe of their
impniveni;:,:, lofe their probity, and become fraudu-
lent, exciiangc their natural benevolence for the .avarice
of tr.ide, and fictifice their integritv to commercial arti-
fices, their Kfincment is a misfortune, and their improve-
ments contribute to their unhappinels ; for the poor
fliepherd, blcfl'cd with purity of confcicncc, is fcnfiblc of '
b K inoK

lil ' ^

1 '

ja6

A NEW COMI'L-ETE SYSTEM OF C.HOC^R Al'lH.

mon- ciTciiti.il blirs than the i irh .i;ul ^'icit, whiill- minds
are monitdrs iyainft them tor tlK'ii Jcvi.itiou tVoiii the line
of rcillitudc.

Iflhol'c wholivi' ill flic[>hc'ii'.'-- b nvor

PniM not tlu' ricli aiiJ ilalely i'cd,
Tl-.L lijw-miiwii liay, anJ liivathini; flower,

A IbftiT couch beneath tliem ipreaJ.

If tlvrfi- wiio fit at fheplicnU' lioarJ

Soothe iioi their talK' hv wanton ait,
Thi'V ta!-:r whr.t nature's ijil'tN atf.JiJ,

AiiJ take it with a chearful heait.

If thofp wlio drain the flie|iherdS bow!

No hif^h or fparklini; wines can boait.
With wholeliime cups th< v eht-ar the i.ml,

And crown tlicni with the village toait.

If 'hofe wiio join in fhephcrds' fp.iri,

(Ja\', clancinj;"M theilai!ied ground.
Have not the I'plendor of tlie court.

Yet love adorns the men y round.

'I'hr only particular account of Mayotta, wliich wc
fan depeiul upon, i'! that gi\ en hv tlie French comman-
der, cniii'ioJ'ire I^eaiilicu, in the narrati\e of his expe-
dition ro ih'' Kail Indies, in which he tells us, Mayotta
is rather low, Init abounds with prnvilioii'^ and fruit;
that it is cool, moid-, covered with verdure, and in-
habiti'd all alon^; the fea fhorc. " The tide (fays he)
cariied u» wdKvaid along the cart to a point where we
(aire in C\jJ\l of a (liip; upon which 1 fent out our long-
bnai wiih tm niiifiiueteer^, who bioii;.;hl me wonl that it
was a \eflel of 40 t<uis, bound from Mecca, and that
the captain taking us for liutch fliips, had run all tiio
jwds . 1 (hnre. 'I'l'.c captain of this velfel fliewcd mc
two jitters. Oh' (mm an Knjlifli commander called
Martin, and .mother from captain Banmr, to inl'oini
th?ir countrvmen, that thev hau t.iken in feveral refrelh-
ments at tint place, rfpi-ciallv fnr.t : th.it they li..>! ,>und
no wall r, auii liiat linen cloth and paper were proper
com;v.Ouilies for that place; .iddini;, th.it care oii;;ht to
be taken, ri> t to difobiii'e the inhabitant-, who, thouph
they appeared friendly, were able to do theni a -reat dial
I'f miuhief. The road biin,; fuirounded with rocks,
iha Ai.ibiaii m.ifkT advifcd nic not to attempt landing

without fetching a pilor fr;>m ilie (liore, and •n.;nrdi:.,'*e
I lent my boat alon;_; u';th him, .ind in the atf.rno. n i/..
returned with two of the inhahit.uits, v.lio, lielorc (uu-
fet, broiiL'lu our ihip liile to an anchor. I l!i ii 'cnt the
Arabi.in mailer b.ick v> his own Ihip w.th full a(i'uiaiux'»
of the innoe'enee of ciiir deli;^ns, and t.'ie frimdle dilpo-
fiti<in of the Kix-iieh, together with .1 letter to the IWnc
purpol. , addrclled in Sp.uiilh, to the kin;; of the liland.

" Afterwards the kiiu', lent tijine of h.s chief f..Mjurllfs
to allure lis of his fneiidihip, and readi'iels to lupply us
wiili wliateier the ecuntiy arto.iied. Lj)oii tl.i-, llenr
him a pielent of a lilver hilted hanger, .1 coup!,' of very
handloiiie knives, a ream of paper, and a l;io!:in7-.i|als,
which he recei\ed witb [dealuic ; and, in iciurn, knf
mc a vouni; kid and fume fruit. I at the fan.e ti.-,v d.-
liied tl;e Ai.ibi.in captain, who v.-.:s then on (bore, to h".v
me limie jiiovillons, prcinilin;'; to (liid (uch c anmivditic's
as weic (Moper to be iriven in e.\-h..n!;0. l.'jion this, tha
captain (i'lit mc word, that lb,;- inhabitants ol the i(liii>i
were of luch a paiticular humour, ih„t tl;e\ v...-uM not
conclude a bar;,;ain of the \aliie of half a rii! in .i d;'.y's
time ; and would not huv a yard of cloth, will. out C'JI-
ing all their rcl.'.tie;i-, and neighbours to fix the price tlu y
Ihould give for it. I was alio informed, th..t a Riita-
gue(b carr.ick, h.iving Ixcn catJ away upon that ilhiid,
about three years before, the inhabitant' were (o ovu-
Itocked with. ri.iN, that they let no value upon them.

" The next day, lia\ ing oblervi d a couple of (hips
belonging to th..t country, I h.ul the captains broufhton
board, when they inlornied me, th.it they came from -.hj
Iflaml of Mayo'ta ; that they were l.iden with rice and
dried li(h, and were bound for Monl).i/,e. 'i ii • next day
they lupi'lud me with as much rice, jx-'a^', ;a;d hunc
bcel', as would frve us for four months; of wliich I
wa^ very gl.J, as 1 could buy nothing of the inhabitants
without in inliiiite lofs of time, l^i fides, 1 be;aa to
fulpeel their honelly ; for the day hefou-, when we were
founding, in order to come to an anchor, funic of tie m
made a fignal lor us to come over a phicc where we cb-
drvcdalong lidgeof rocks; whence, I pr< fumed, that
the adv.intage they had tii.ide by the fliipwreck of tho
I'orluguefe earr.ifk, l.ad tempted them to widi us the
l'..n c fate. Findin;', likewife, that the water Wis br;'.ik,(h,
WL failed aw.y, »iid left the pl.icc."

C II A P. XXXI.

The llliiml ofZOCOTORA or SOCOTORA.

1-\\\ V. Iil.iiul of .-locntnra was fill difcovcrej by
one liidinai.il I'eier.i, .1 l'..rtiiguei; , about the
yt.u I5()C. It is fituatej about 75 miles to the
north-e.i';i el Cape (iiiaid.d ay, in I i dfg. 10 niin. north
latitude: it i» bounded, on the north-calt, by the king-
dom of Mclind.i i .iiid, on the foiiih, by the conlinent
ot Atabi.i, from wlunee it l^ dillant about 50 miles, it
Is ol \ay conlideralle ixtiiit, bein(' i;ot lets than Ko
miles III Iiiigth, fic III bre.ulih, and 150 in cncuni-
lervnce. There au' levii.d v.", id ports on the fhoie, bifiilc
»Yhich iheie aie two i\ielKi,l bays, where the ftiippinj;
ride with the |>iealell l.ilety.

The ground in ihelnys is falld, and III fotne plates
ftuny ; Tut not fo .is to injure the tables. The ties
here .ue loiuraiy 10 ihol, ot India ; for when the moon
»ppcaieih on the hoii/.i,n, il 1- lii^'h tide, which theme
bciiins to ebb ; and by the time it cometh to the meri-
dian, it be);ins to (low again in the l.uiie older as it Ids
at Ciua i and being fit, it is then lull fea.

i'lu climate of this ifl.mJ is exceeding fultrv, owing
to the Ilioit loiilintiame ot laiiii, which Ic Idom l.iK
more than two or thnr wnki in (he (iafoii. '1 Ins di In I,
htwcycf, Is happily nimdicd by htaiyUcws, ottafiumJ

bv the lofty mountains, whofe tops arc generally cmertj
with (now, (>) high as to condeiil'e the clouds, and .iller-
waids dillolve •' ni in a kind of lu.ivy null or fug,
which thoiuug w.itirs the laith. In foii»i p.iiuol
the ifland are riviis, which lile Iroin l;>ring<, .mil mi:
never aftccted evm bv (he diiill Icjloiis , but othei paiU
of it are lot.dly diMilule of watti, r.xcep. in the i.iiiiy
fcafon.

'I hi^ illand is exceeding p^pulous ; and the inha!.il.''.m-
are under the governmetU ot a prince, 01 fult.ui, who
was once fubject to the iluiit1'> of Ataiiia; but it tiuvv
tributary to tlie I'orlr.

I he whole coiiiiiu abounds in catilc and fruit, with
which, ; id fonie other comiiioditie-, the n.itivi . iuiie in
(loa, wlieie they are better leceived tlian the Aral)., who
are not (wrmiltid touit.i that (own wiih.ia; paflpoif.

I'lie other prixliti'lions bt the illand are, aluri^ Iraiik-
ineciife, diag,on's blood, rice, date , aiidHT/ri', and
corai.

A» (he two jjft articl«« have not yr; been puticuiaily
n(>(ie<d, we ftiall here t»kc the opfiuitunity of klefsillulijf,
them.

Aiiibcr^^iis is, in general, cT an iili calour, ot |/rey,'

AFRICA.]

ISLAND () )• S O C C) T ( ) R

<;1J

and l- a fit folid fubdancc, lilcr fm-t, but light. Ii Is
varicg.itcd like ir.arbK-, niid is fomfiimcs fjKctlcd with
wlute ; it fpriii(.'s troin tlic lunvcl'. of thi: earth, is cou-
dcnltd in the ff.i, and is foiiiiJ Ho.itiui; nn the watL-r,
though (onu'timcs ii is met with on the fca (horo, where
it has been thrown by the wave<;. It is fometiiues black 1
as well as grey; hut the };rey is .iccoiinted the heii. |
There is little room to doubt that tliis is a I'jrt of hi- '
tamcn, which pioceedifiom the eaith near the bottom of !
the fiM -, for it fomctini'.s contains (tones, (lulls, the'
bones of animar, and the bills and tlaw. of binis, as
well as honey-combs, from whiih the homy h.e> not j
been all lolT. Heme it appears, that this bituiiu ii muH
have bern firft in a liquid date ; ir h.is K.r.Kltnies been
found in lumps of 200 [wuiids wei;'hi. 1

An.bcrgns will ic.idilv melt in the firo iiilo a firt of'
gold-colourid rofin, wh.ich will km. lie and bum when ]
held to a candle. It will not diffolve entirely in fpiiit' of |
wine, but In-.ts a black pitchy niali''i behind ll. 'I'lie I
folution, after fonic time, will le.'ve a white eluiuly fedi- !
mcnt, which will eoarrulate by little and little, and ;;row 1
thick, efpieially by the coip.nai'on o| ihe f-mr i-arts of j
the fpirits of wine. When this is diy, it b'lunica a:
fhining fort of earth, not nnich unlike I'permaceti. It ,
conlills of oily rreyilh partiile^, v.-hieli are very fine and '■
volatile, with others that .ire thicker, fdiiK and bitumi-
nous. An:beri;ris Is of ;:i'eat ule amon;^ perfimi'-rs ; .md '
is recommended by phyfieiaiis foi ralfiiii; laiijiiiilhiiiir fpi-
rits, and incre;ifini; their imuion ; whence it is iiivi 11 for
diforders of the brain and hi art, as well as in I'.'.intiiig
fits. The dofe, in fubftance, is a pill of the fir.c of a
fmall pe.i, 01 from one jjrain to eight, in a po.!clicd egg
or wine.

'I'I'.ert' are various kinds of coral, fomc of whii h rc-
femble fnall trees without leaves ; others are in the form
of a net, fom«imes with lar^e mcfhcs, and fometlnies
with fmall. The infJcof the branches ferns to be of !
the nature of horn ; for it Kas the fame fincll when put
into the fire ; but the bark is of a ftony nature, and
ciMi'ains a great deal of f.ilt. Coral, properly fo called,
IS ot a ftonv nature, and is placed in the animal king-
(Itiin, becaule it yioduccs (ei infeiils. Some of llule
are lid, and others white, and others of virions colours ;
how.'ver, the red, of the colour of viimillioii, > bell,
and is by lomc laid to be of the inali kind, and that
which is pjliih of the f ni.de. The whire coi.il Is the
next in value, and thenbl.uk; hut lliofe (4 tlu other
mlov.is fomc will not allow to be cor.iK, tlmiedi tlv y
iiie found 111 the f.ime places. It is .ilways covered with
haik, and is lloiiv, (idid, and very h.ud, iien In tlie
water ; thoin;h the branches arc a little fl xible, hut
fooii grow hard in the .in. The bark of coral is .1 iru.\-
liiie iif tartar ami a iliild of a gliiev n.iture ; and ihou.Ji
it Is a little ri'ii?li, it takes a very fine polllh. .Some t.ike
the Mack C01.1l to be a lea plant of 1 dilhrent ti.iture.

Red Coial is not fo much elV.eiTud in !''uiope 1, it is
in Alia, and p.irticularly in Ar.ibia. It is iifed fur
inakiii;! fi'veri! (tuts of toy, fmh as fp.'^ns, h. 'ads of
«'jiws, knite-handles, fword-hills .ind bcMils ; aii.l, when
let in (ilvjT, is ferveil as .1 pi iv llmu; (or il. Idien, and
ii. dili,'ned to ruh thiit L'.unis therewith, that ih'.y may
biei'd their teeth more eafilv.

Dii (lie vrMiii;; b'anrhes of coral there are found fmall
cnuneiites, pieieed ill the form of Itars, and lull ot a
milk"' lliiid wlieii ihev aic jull taken out of the water.
Many leal ned nun have thoiij;lit fea plants to be 110 ■
thiiijj hill pi"rific.;tions, confillin': of pl.ites if \'.\]\, .md
luveis ol lait. 1, placed one upon iiiotli-r 1 and .'s cord
always j'tows wit!> its bead downwards, in c.ivcrn« of
rocks III the fea, the fituation bus ciiifed them to liif-
peil th.it thev were iioihiii': die but pi trilic.ntions, like
fhofe lound on the iiiots of certain ca\e» in the lotks.
But fiiue the difcoierv of the (lowi rs of corn!, ,nnd liime
Other ni.iriiie pioduclicns, it is not at all doiiht< d but
thi y have a ri';;ular organiAalion ( and if their lecds
have not bitn |«-rceived, It is becaufc their fmalliiefii ren-
der^ (111 m iinpeieeplible.

Hut fo'iie have tlimi;'hf that the penernion of th'fe
plants IS out owin>; to thi !e feeds i bic.uile, ,is they al-
w.ivs I. .111^ with their he.ids downwaids, they would
f.lf 4dV t'l the bottonit of the cavei ns, ,ind not place
tlundi Ues on the top \ hut this diiFicully may to re-
moved, by fiifpufin^; they arc lighter than th: feu wa-

t'l'oiii is of r,

; tluni in Iv. i'.i-

tliat many v(

, .uid i!i'':e.pr--

. nil to ihe top

and ih.'n iliey

ler, and that the milk wliieli !iiiio..,,d
tiiiek a nature, th.tt it may liei|i to ;.'.li,
ining. Hence indeed it ni.'V li.ipprn,
tiiem may rifj to the te.j) of rl'.e v .ae
lilh; but then likewife oilur^ ir.,iv ..u
of the caverns, and tlieie fi.\ then. leKes
will ^row like coral, fn.m which tli.-v pioeie.l. il,iie.:
we may coiielude, fiom thu re.'iil.ulle of thefe pi vdm;-
tions, the i.iiMni'/.iition of their p.irts, the gnat nu't.-
bei:. of fmall piles in their hark to rec'ive ti.e jitiinicii,
and other fea juices, tile emiueiices regularly hollou'ej
ill the form of liars, which lei\es for the cafes of
Howers in th.' fmie Ihipe, the veffels full of a milky
fluid wliieh IS found benve-ii the b.nk and file boj-. ,jf
the pl.iiit, to m.ikc it eiow thii ker by Utile .iiiJ iiul..',
and the pupitu.il unilorinlty of t'le fulie C'lcumihincs.
From all tliele particulars we have realon to helitve,
th.ii the botiom of the k.\ is covered with pl.iiits, w.tli
eharacl'-riilies dilt'eiviit li'i.ii '.iirs.

The red coial is only cliMieo (or mL.lieln.d ui'c'-\ :;.ij
many author; luive aferihed ;;■_■/; \ irtues tl;i.:e;.i, v.hieli
are in .1 ^te.it inealurc iinijiiiiv; however, li cui.not
be denied iliat It ii a gooil .'b;, liieut, ..nd tlieieJ'oio is
prop-r to ivlli.iin the oi|;\inrm I'l the bJc^'J, and to blunt
the aeiiinony of tlie bil.- and oilier hmn'-.tiis .:, v.irioui
lorts of llu,\es, as will as for the t^ilp 'S in children. Its
dole is (roai a leiuple to a dram.

'I'he inh.ibitants of lioa, who piireli; fe tiiile luticles,
e.xpoit them (iom thence to many part) uf the Indies,
and to moll of the kiiridoins of i'.urope; whence ariles
great profits to the tiaders, and .idv.int.iges to the inha-
bitants, who arc luxiirloiilly fupplied with all the necef-
faiies of life, in c.xh.uige for thiir coinmodliies. b"or-
merly they had a moie immediate inicrcouili: with
Kurope, by me.uis of the l", .11 India (hips, which frc-
i|U. iitly topped here, when dif.ippointcd of theii padiiije,
either by being too early or loo late for the monfoons ;
but now the H.ited periods of thole winds arc Ij
will afcert.iiiied, that this port is almoll eiitiicly nejr-
li'cled.

Befides the natives of Socotora, fhcrc arc here qrcat
numbers vt Ar.ibs ; the latter of whom call tlic (ormer
by the ii;ime of Ocdiiins, or (l.iped brutes. 'I'hefe U(l:
ari' divided into two (iirts, luniely, the n.>t!\.s of liiu
co.ill, who iiiterm.irrv with the .Vrab«, and ..le c.illed
halt liediiins ) an.l thole of the interior puis, uh.ii'i-
j^oroiidy adheiv to then own t udoms, .ii\il reckon it
a heinous ciiiii'. to mingle blood with forei^uii';. The
la(t are the true Ueduins, or original inh.ii.it it- of the
countiy. Tli.\ are much filler th.in the hid :i!^, .iiij
are in g.ni-r.d li.ll .iiid ver) p'l.ipotlion'.My U'l^de ; but ill
their dil'p. .(iiioiis lb. y .ire dec. iiful, indo'eiil, and e re.it
cow.. ids, faii". liiij] tlienii'eU .'- to be enn..v,'d, ill u n .in-
ner, by a hin.lful of Ai.ib-, and atteiiiling to ilolhiiij;
bi.(idis hulhan.liy an.l |I.iiIiim' . Soth wliieli are chiitly
latried on by the woiieii Th, .1 food c.JiifllK of ip'lk,
butler, ii.c, d..te-, .'ii.l the fi.li 0. lii.il cattle i aii.l ihiir
cuinnioli dunk is watei.

The o'li-r inh.ibii ,iits of I'.iii : flan I feem 10 maka
ufe of all llie beii.-lits of Iheir litii.iiion, but at tin (.iiiic
time they want th.' p; ri'onal advaiit i^jts of the li.di.iii' ;
1.11 they aic of a lew (liture, ilil igiM-able compl.'\liui,
Laii habit, an.l h.ive bi.le.ms features) but liiey aie
very liardv, an.l are pio.lmiinis lluuig ..ltd aftivc. They
f-ed on (i(li, n. (h, milk, biitl.r, .md vc^et.dd.s : their
eoinmoii dllh is a compolitloii o( ..|| iliifi boiled tojjether,
Willi which llievial bic.d, riei, ord.itts.

Ihediefsol the pi opie of tlii^ ill 'lid I 'i' rs accor.llnjj

tn tlir (everd p.irts of it. III. ii.iliie B.'duins go almolt

ii.ikcd, h.iving noiliini', I le than a fin.i'l piece ol cloth

f.lKned louii.l the waill, an.l .1 cap m.ide of go 'is fijin.

The worn, n ;; . b.inh. ,id.d, an.l li.ue a (lieil jjovvii, ir

ilo.ik, with a Onli ni.i.le of ^oals h.ili. tiui the moll

geni'ial di.lsof thile ill mdeis conlill- of a I011-; ihi.ik,

which reaches fioni the wall! to the ancles, it h.m;-*

down in a liain behind, and is not unbicuiuinii, llioiigli

extremely ineonunodious, on account ul llu' he.it .>f ilie

! climate : whinlh.'V .iie at woik, liny jjalh^i it up iind

I l.ill. II It loiiiid the w.iil) with a yiidle.

The Socotoraiis ;iie entirily i.Miorant of art«, iiifo-
I imicb, th.it w,is It not lor th.- Aral , liny Uould bu
: d. Ilitute uf .diii.dt evciy coiivenieiice of lile. ll poJlibl'-,
)thry iUr itill iniMC it'll.)! allt uf die Iibvlol artti in. I Ii)

' I

528

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

little defiroui; arc they even to acquire the knowledge of
reading and writing, that they think tlicy have i'uffi-
cicnt learning if they arc able to reckon their cattle by
making notches on a piece of wood. Their chief inge-
nuity is difplayed in the can\boline manufaflure, winch
h a beautil'ul ihift", made with the hair of goats and other
animals.

Thcfe people have fevcral very (Irangc and uncommon
cufloms. They praiilice polygamy, and divorce thtir
vives at pleafure, cither for a certain time, or for ever.
They may even he tlie father of children, without be-
ing obliged to maintain cither them or the mother, pro-
vided the latter, during her pregnancy, confentv that thi
father {hall give away the child, when it fees the light.
On thefe occafions the father kindles a fire before the door
ef '.lis hut or cave, and then makes proclamation that he
will give .iway the inf,int of w hich his wife is on the point
nf being delivered, After this he fixes upon fomc par-
ticular perlon for its adopted father, to whom the infant
is carried iitimediattly after its birth. Here it meets
with all tli.'.t tcndernefs, kindnefs, and thofe carefks
which are denied it by the unnatural father, is given lo
a nurfe, and ordered to be ted with goats milk. Thel'e
childied are called The fins :r duu^hters of fmiak ; and
it frequently happens that a good natured man, who is
himlelf incapable of getting one, fliall have the huiiuur
if rearing a dozen children, upon whom he bellows all
the aftcclion of a real parent. This is certainly one of
the moft cxtraordinarv, and unnatural cultoms to be
met with in hiftory, as it docs not feem to be founded
cither on the principle of religion, policy, or inclin.ition,
but upon mere caprice only ; for it is common with a
fathei , who cxpofcs his own, to adopt the children of
others, and requite, by his kindnels to the latter, the
gocil offices due to the former.

Thefi; people have alfo another cuftom, which is no
lefs llrange and fingular than the above. Thcv peneially
bury their fick before they h.ive breathed their \aA, mak-
ing no diltimftion between a dying and a dead pel foil.
Thev efteem it a duty to put the p.itient as foon a,
pollible out of pain j and make this thcjr requell to their
Iricnds, when they are on the fick bed, which, in all
acute difi^rders, may be called the death bed. When
the father of a family finds himfelf thus circumftanced,
and appiehends that his difTolution is near, he aflembk.,
his children around him, whether natural or adoptitl,
his parents, wives, fcrvants, and all his acqualntanees,
whcni he llrongly exhorts to a compliance with the
foIUnving articles of his la/ will : ne\er to admit anv
a'ti.r.itinn in the doelrine, or cultoms of their ancertors ;
never to intermarry with foreigners j never to permit
En .itT"n,nt done to them or their predecillbrs, cr a hi all
lKi!e from either of them, to go uiipuniflied ; and, l.illly,
never to fuftW a friend to lie in pain, when they can re-
lieve him bv death. Such are the exti.iordinrrv requcK-
rf the dying man : after wliich he makes the fi»n.il to
have the l.ilJ of them performed upon hmifelf, ard ex-
pires.

■f his laft duty is frequently performed by means of
a white liquor of a flroiig poifonous quality, which ooyes
fr'sni a tree peculi.i; to this ifland. Hence it is, that
It gal murders are more common here than in any couniiy
in the world ; ft, befides the inhuman cultom lall nim-
tionid, the othir r'qiielts of dving men prndueenum-
bcrlefs quarrels, and uitjil family feuils and bloinlftud
upon their pofleiity for generations, by taking revenge of
the injuries rionc to their anceilors.

How dirterent arc thefe cultoms from thofe adopt' d
\ty the Turks, who even found hidpitals for luperan-
nuatrd and dee. ved horfes, and gratefully repay, wlitn
old age hath dil'.ibled them, the ferviccs they have re-
ceived from thofe iifeful .mimals while in their prime
and vigour; tonfidering bin'\olcnily and nhilolophi-
rally that Thi wh:lt iiKhirfs n tntfyltm effi<iely,

r,rx)k round our wotW , bihold ihe chain of love
4>(mibinin^ all belo\" and all above.
See plaltie nature working to its rnd.
The fingle atoms each to other lend,
Attrai't, attracted to, the next in place,
Korm'd and ini|icll'd its neighbour tormbiacc.
See matter next, with various lifr endu'd,
Crofk t«enc fCDter ftill, the i;eii'tal good.

See dying vegetables liic fuftain,
hee life diflblving vegetate again :
All forms that pcrilli, other forms fupply,
(liy turns we catch the vital brcatli, and die)
Like buMdes on the fea of matter bom,
'I'hev rile, tliey break, and to that lla return.
Nothing is foieigii ; parts relate the whole ;
One .ill-ixieiidi;ig, all-prcferving foul
Comieels each l\!Hg, grcatert with the lead ;
Made bealt in aid cf man, and man of bealt ;
All fi.r\ed, all iciviiig: nothing Hands alone;
I'hc chain holds on, and where iteiuN, unknown.

In Socotdia judiec is aJminideied by the chief ma-
giftratis, who are next in rank to the fultan : thev arc
called hod.inios, and fit at certain times to judge and de-
termine ill all caufes poiiticd and eechfiallical, civil,
or criminal. They hold their office only for a year,
during which they prcferve the moft diltinguifhed ;ic'nver
and dignity. Thiie is no appeal from this tribunal, nor
can the fiiccelVorj revel I'e any decree pafi'ed before his
coining into office.

Ill ciiniinal calls, the punifliment for nuiidcr is death,
which i> iluuc eithir by cutting off the offender's head,
or impaling him alive. ' In cafe's of iheft, if the robber
eleape^ wiih his booty, and takes f.induary in a temple,
he is prott^ted ; but it' he is caught by the perlnii robbed
belore he reaehc- the temjile, he is then diliveicd up
to jiillice, and the punifhment for the crime is the lofs
of his light h.md. Clher trilling matteis are punilhej
by hues, one h.ilf of which goes to the fullan, and the
otlur h.'lf is iqua'ly divided among the magiliiates.

With refpeiJt lo the religion of the Socotovans ; the
Ar.ibs .unonglt them are M.diometans, but all tiie reft iire
p.;;j.ui-, and pradtife the moft fuperllitious maxims.
I'licy adhere I'.rikllly to cireumeifion, ami are fo nice in
pisllrving this rite, that they cut off the fingers of thofe
whc u parents have ni'gUxled to perform the operation
upon them, or have themfelves rcfufed it.

They keep lent, or at Icaft fafts equiv.ilent to it, which
thty begin to obferve at the new moon in March, ab-
ll.iining, for the fpace of fixty days, from milk, batter,
flefti, and filh ■, and living wholly upon dates, rice,
honey, and vegetables ; procuring the honey from .'\rahi.i
in exe/iange for aloe's and frankincenfe. 'I'hev have al-
tars and croftesi but, as they are entirely ignor.uit of
every tenet of the Chriftian church, nothing ceilain u'll
be deduced from ci.:emonies and ufages handed down by
tradition, of which they can give no manner of aecoimt,
or for wliich thev cannot produce a fingle reafon. Thar
they are grofs idolaters is fufficientlv evident from thrir
woiftiipplng the moon, whiih they <■#'.' in as the ereativf
piineipKiif all things ; a notion extienvlv inconfillent
with atheifm, imuh more with Chiilli.inity, and the
doe'tiincs of ledempiion.

At times of great drought they alTemble In a folemii
nianiii r, and oHer up thi ir petitions to the moon. They
make a public lacrifice lo her low.irds the beginning of
lent, iiml ofllr up iiiimbeisof goats in honour of her.
Thi y enter into their temples whenever the monn tili» or
lit", ,iid pi.iCtile liveial other leligioiis ie."emoii.e>,
whiili prove them lo Ik- the /ealoiis votaries of tins in-
coi.il.iiit dciiy, and tiitally ignorant of the piinsijilcs of
thi- Chiillian religion.

I .; Croix lay-, " At the rifing anJ lilting of the
moon, or more pnb.ably .it the new and full moon, they
make liilemn pioeefficms round their teiiipU-, or mo-
qu.iiiiosi as -llo loiind thtii Iniiying-places, ftrikiiijj
.iL'ainIt each other two pieces of odoiilciou* wotjd,
atmiit a yard loiig, which lach man holds in his h.ind-.
I'his ceiimony ihi y pcform three limes in the day, and
a> olti n al night ; alier which, pulling a Urge cauldioii,
liifpended by three ehain^, over a gieat fin, fliiy dip
into it fplintus of wood, Willi which thiy light tluir .d-
t;ii» and the pouhof the temple. They then put up
iheii pt.iyrrs to the moon, th.it Ihe will enlighten thiin
with her coimtenaiue, flied upon thrm hei beiiij;!! iiiflu-
incc; and never piiiml I ireigiieri to inleniiix with them.
I'hey m ike alio an annual piticeirmn round the t< inplo,
preirdi I by » crots ; .ind the whole ceremony ends upon
the pni It's clapping his hands together, as a fi^iul that
the mouii is tired with their worlhlp. OlhrriiT.iy, ih.it
the figiial tviifills ill cutting oltthe lingers ol (he peifon

AFRICA.]

I S L -A N D OF S O C O T ■) M A.

5~'?

who h'^lJs ihecrofs; in rccorrpcncr for wliiclt, he h,;s
given I'.iiii a ftick, with certain mark':, prohibitiri:; iill
[Kffons, ut' whatever degree or cuiidmon, to ii\oiill:or
hurt him ever alter ; on the contrary, they are to aiil anJ
aflift him with ail their power, in whatever maninr he
may require tlicir help; and to refpect .uiJ honour him
as a martyr to religion, under the penalty of torp ir.d
punifhrnent, and the lofs of an arm."

Thefe particulars, relative to the religion of the Soco-
torans, arc confirmed by Sir Thomas Roe, who, durini;
hi? ftay on this illand, took great pains to prcfervc, in hi>
journal, a minute account of the manners and cuil"ms
of the natives. This writer fay>, that he found the in-
habitants of Socolora to conliit of four different forts of
mtn, viz. of Arabs, whom the ttingcf Caxem h.i.l fent
to keep the illand in fuhjcclion to him ; of llavcs to the
pritice, who aie employed in pnpjring aloe', and "thcr
offices of drudgery ; ot Bedu.ns, tii ■ primitive inhabi-
tants of the illand, who we e banidi d to the mo\int.iins
till they fubmitted to the yok., i.ii.i a.Tud to breed up
their children in the Mahometan religion; and, laftl),
of favages, with long hair, who live naked in the woods,
and refufe all fociety.

To add to the particulars already mentioned of this
idand and its inhabitants, it may not be improper to pro-
ferve the fhort account of it givtn by Mandefloe, who
was an accurate obfervtr, and very particular in de-
fcribing the manners and cullonis of the people.
«' They live, fays this writer, chiefly upon fifii, roof,
and fruit. They have no wilil-lbwl, .nid gt'-a: I'ca.jiry
of tame i yet they are not delliuili. of cows, caiiuls,
afles, and (hcep, with goats, whole hair upon thi
thighs is curled in the manner in wliieb latyrs ari
painted. Their arms arc fwords with lave hilts, with-
out a guard; poniards, with long bl.id.s, which th >.
conftantly wear ftuck in their girdle ; and fire-arms,
which they manage with fome dixurity, but cai.iiot keep I
in order, or free from nill ; fo that, in a few weik', I
they are rendered ufelefs. I'hey are remarkubly expert 1
in ''le ufe of bucklers, which they wi^ld in fuch a nian-
fler as to protect every part of the body, and are wouiuUd
only when their fliouUkrs arc pierced, or cut down by
blows. Though thfv live in an ill.md, and trade with
the continent, thev arc ii^norant of navigation, and havi
no otlict veliils than flat-b.ittomed tilhing-boats, wiih
which, howtver, they w<-aiher great llotnis. The tor-
nnts that tuniMr down Imm the mountains, like river-,
cither in rainy weather, or wiuii the fnow on the tops <>f
the mountains is melted by the fun, lufficii ntly l'iip|ilii>
all forei'ii fl!i])|iinir with watir. Thouvh they aiv .Ma-
homel.m'-, yet thty worllnp the fun and moon ; Chrif-
tians or inhdeN, their rcli-ioii is a (trange mixture of
liiilh and infideiity. iiiit one would imagine, th.it ido-
latry and paianifm prevail, Irom the iblemn pioeeflions
and'lierificrs made to tin I ■ liiniinarivs.

" The Socotorans ule the r women, who are ch'i 11)
A'abian-, with great tmJerir i^ ; but are fo jealois, tb.il
they ne\ er permit them to In fe n by a llrang'r. As they
arc crafty and dcceitlui thtiif.-hi,-, fo they are I'ulpieinu''
ft tie fame intiiuerity in o'liers ( thi'V .idiilttr.ite their
cominoditie>, and e-.pict that thole they deal wiih have
done the fame. 'l"he illand a-Kuds lonie indilRient
or.uiges, tobacco, citrons, and i icoa-niit.s j but ihey
feldoni come to matin ity, on aieoiintof the llony, dry,
and I inily foil. I'heir ehiif n'tiunodity is alix- .inil
thrv h.ne alio dra^'on'— bl'Kjd, .iiid keip great n;ii; ■ rs of
civcl-e.l- i liitli.it (his coninioiiily in..y bv puKl\..lidat
Soeoroia for three or four in.wr.i p r ounce, which (lirvv
how plentilul it is; but, iiiihi|pil\, there is no nuthul
iif being feciired fimn liauil, lor they tiiid means to .idul-
teiatf even the ei\tt."

The ii.itural ciaft and fiihl'lly fl the .Socntoians is
beyond eoncepti HI. Iiuind, the deep peintiation, and
cunning of tlwle, as Well as moll otlui .Vr.ibs who inha-
bit the i(l..nd» ill and mar the Rt4 Sea, and the ulj acent
parts ot the continent, .ue Inch a> to hue yivtv. tife to
in.iny ciii:oiis llories coi'^ iiiing them, on • ol thife, a
celebrated living author hith avail.il liiMiUll ot in a re-
ctnl ptrform iiicc ; and as if dit'pl.,vs better than word.,
can otherwif.- dcftiibe, the profound fag.irity, as Will as
peifidy of thefe people, atid gives at once an idea of
iuinc of thi'ii lucal cuflcms and the <tiic they ufe, wr
47

i'bail intrt.duee it lot the f;ia!.irio..li;jn c/l' the i:.-j,i:t'i
eiiriofiii;.

" Z.iilig <1, t.iinin.J top lis hi", lin-i^, for th;fu;urf.
in the Hudy of natur.- ; who i- h. ppa r, laid h.-, than
the philoioplier who p.-ruli-, ui'.h iin.!e:rtanJin;r, th.it
Ipaeious book wliich the oupreine IJeiiig has laid op.n
biloo- his cv-s r Tiio tru'h . iie d.i.over; thcr:.- .ue of in-
finite lervieo lu liiiu. lie th.ie'>y cuitiiaies and in.-
pioves his mind. U- lu.sin p;.'e.- -.'nd i/anquilluy ail
liis days, and i> not itraul of any pfrfon.

" A\'rappjJ up in theiV contemplation', he rtti.-cd tt>
a little country-houle oi. the banks of a rivir ; th..TC ho
never lp;nt his time in calculating how many inches of
water run throiith the rreh of a brid:;c in a f>cond of
timf ; or in uuiuiring if a cul-a line of rain falls more
in the inoufe month, thai' in that of the ram. He
(urnied no projecis for mai-.inK iiik gloves and Ifuck'iijs
out of fpiders wi's nor of Cbiiia v/.'re out of broken
glals bottles ; but he pij'd into the nature and prop.rti.s
of aiiiinais and pianls ; 2nd loon, by his llrict and ii -
p.'ated iiuiuiri' >, he was t.pab! of difeerning .i thou-
land va'iatii-ns in vifii^le obj'.c.s, th.it cthais" lei's cu-
riouv, imagiiud wrreall alik' .

" Une day, as he was takuig a folitr.iy walk by the
lidc ijt .1 thicket, he cfpied one of th' iitiecn'.- tuu'uclis
with fiveral of his attendant-, coming towards him,
hunting about in de^p concern, both'h.rc ai-.J there,
like piTloiis almolf in defpair, and feekin; with impa-
tience for fomcthing loll of the utinoll importance.
" ^'oung man," laid the qur-en's chitf e-.inuLh. " have
" not you f^en, prav, her maiefty's dog?" Z.idi:; \eiy
eooily replied, " Sou mean her biteii, I piclLiie ""
" Y'.ni f-.y ve.7 ti^.l.," (aid th'. •<: uc:i, " it is a .''p.-i-
" III ■ : ■ -h. md- ^ .' " A . I.," laid /adiij,

" .S.._ ii.is had puppies too, lately , li-tlc lanic

*' with her ief' ■" '■. „ I'liig .....a. " liy

" your :■ ....,,i.on, Sir, you mull, il'-j'it! <s^ nave
" 1 a iiei, ' faid th.. eujiiien, alniolt out of , r lUl.
* Indecj I have nit, i.j . u /.,.;... ^, " .ieith?r c. I
" know, but by _vou, that t.ie queen L\ei lu^, luch a l.i-
" vourite bicch. "

" Jul! ill this critical juncture, lb various are the
riiriis of f..rtune's wheel ' the belt pullVy in ail th-; kin^ s
'ables li.id broke loofe fioni liiegiooiii, .uid got upon ins
open pl.iins. 'Ihe ln..id hinitliiun, witii .ui hi- ii.ienor
elliccrs, were in purluit .ifier him, wtli a> much con-
evun as ihe>unueli about the bitch. The h,-ad u-intf-
mr.n addrilKd himlelf to /adi;', and alk-.d hiin wnetlia-
he had nut leen the kind's paii.y run by hini. " No
" horle," ri plied Zadia, "e\cr 'gaiioj-.-U f.ii.ioih.ri h:
" IS about hve f.-et iii^li, lii> hool> are ury Imall, his
" tail is about (htvC fivt, i.x inches loii^ j the liudsoi"
" hi-i bit are of pur.- ^ol.l, .bout tweni;. -tlirec tar.it',
" and his (hoes aie of liiver, .uuiit liLvui p.-iiny-weiylits
" eaeii." " AVhat c-jurf, did he Ijue, pr.n i.t .■"
" Wlxiv.ibout is h,' ?" find the hunlli.ian, '• i u~\\t
'- fitrjistui hlni," fiiid X-.dij-, •• nut 1 j nei<h.r it .i I
" ever hear, biforc now, tii:t Ins nujclly had iiicn a
" pil(r\."

" The head huntfiiian, as u-^il a., th.' bead -iinutli,
iip"ii his aiilw-iiiiii' their iiitei.c , itMu-s in ver\ e.v.:,:tiy,
not doiibtiiej In ilie h-all, bat that Z.dit had cLiid'.l-
tinely iiuueyed both tin- bitih ..lid the ho.le awa), fe-
ciired him, and cj'ried bin hi ion- the ■•j.w.d uilKiham,
who eon.leinncd liim to ilk knout, and to be Confined
lor lite ill fome ninote and loiiilv t.iritory.
" Nil luonrt h.id till fiiittiue Iven pionouncid, but
I the horiL and bitch were both fo ind. Th.- judges were
j 111 fi'iiie peiplexity in thi> ed.l .itl'.iii j and vet iliou^hl it
I .ibiolutily n.eifi'aiv, a-, th' m,n was innoe-.-nt, to i.cail
I ihiir deiiie. IbuMvii, ihey l.iid a fine upi n him of
four hiiiiJud ounces of gold, Ivr In.- I. iii- d'd.i.Mtion of
his not b I. in^ iV.n what diuibikls he did ; and the hnf
W.IS ordered tube depofitod in court .teordinjiv. Oil
the p.iMnviif whereof, he w.i> pirmittej to biinj; hil
caule on to a heariiis; In lore tlu' j^raiid dcllerhjin.

'* (111 the day appoinlid for the purpi fe, he opened
the cull hinilili, in li rms to tlii-, or th> lik. elllct:

" \e bii.;bt (lats of julliee, v' pufouiid .I'.'vfs of
iiniv rfil kimwlidge, \e niiiiois ot equiiv, who ha\e in
)ou Ihr Iblidily ol lead, the haidii' Is ot itiel, (lie luilic
of the dianiciid, and the itlembl.-iner of the puiell gold,

(t >i fiii«<

I- m

f\^

Hii

A N E W C O M r L E T E S Y S T E M (J F G EO G R A P H Y.

55,^

fmcc yf have cornlirciiulcil lb far as to aJinit of my ailiircfs
to til;!- .ni:;i'll alil'inlily, i Ikic, in llu- molt foK-imi ni:in-
I'.cr IWL-ar to voiir, by Oralniaik-s, that I never law the
<]iifciii's ilhllirll)U^ hitcli, nor the noble pall'ry of the
kinn. 1 will be iiigeniioiii, however, and declare the
truth, and nothii.g but the tnuh ; As I was walking by
the t!::clcers liJe, v lure 1 n\et with her niajcHy's niolf
vcneiable chief euiuieh, and the king's moll iliullricus
chief huninnan, I perceived npon the land the fouilkp
of an animal, and I ealilv inferred that it mull be a little
one. The I'eM-ral fiiiall, though long ridges of land be-
tween tlie foolltips of the enatiire, gale r.ie jufl grounds
tn imagine it was a biteh, whole teats luing down, and
for that real'on I toneluded llie had but lately pupped.
Av I obl'crv.d hkewife fomc other trace' , in fume ihgree
ilifferent, which fecmed to have graved all the wav upon
the furlaec of the land, on the lule of the forefeet, I
knew well enough file mull haie had long ear^. And for-
afnuieh as I p< rccived, with Ibnie degree of curiolitv,
th.it the land wa^ every where lei's hollowed by one foot
in p.irticular, th.;n by the other thr.e, I conceived that
tile bitch of our nioft augull qu^en, was fomcwhat
laniilh, if I may prel'uine to lay lo.

" As to the pal fry of the king, give inc leave to in-
form vou, that .IS I was walking down the lane by the
thickctf hed H-, I took particular notice of the p'ints |
mad'- upun the land by a horfe's flioe, and fr)und that j
III ir I'.ilfancis wi.re in exact proportion; fiom which !
obferva.tion 1 concluded the palfrv gi-lloprd well. In I
the next place the dull of fonie tries in a nairow lane, '
which was but leNcn feet broad, was here and there j
fw. pt off, both <m the right hand and on the left, about J
three feet IW inches from the nnddle of the road, for I
which re.ifon I p'.onounctd the tad of the paliry ui be
three f 'et and a half long, with vhich he had will:ed off" |
tlie dull on both fides a^ he ran along. Again 1 |jL'rcei\ed |
under the tie's, which formed a kind of bower of five
feet hiL'h, fome leaves that had iatelv fallen to the |
groi.nd, and I was fenfilile the hoi fe mull have Ihook I
them oIt', from whence 1 coiijeciured he was live feet I
high. As to the bits of his bridle, 1 kinw they muH be i
nt i;old, and of tiKMaluc I mentioned, for he h.id rubbed |
the Ihuis upon a certain ftone, which I knew to be a I
touehllone, bv an experiment that 1 had made of it. i

" To cr-nclude, by the prints which his tliocs had ,
1-ft on fomi. tlint ftones of another nature, 1 coiieeivcd his ,
thoes were fiher, and of eleven penny weights Inienel?,
as I btf .re mentioned.

" 'I'he wliok bench of iudges flood aftoniflieJ at the
litv of Zadiii's nice difcernment. 'I'hi- news was

fouii carried to the king

anu (|uten.

Zadig

WIS not
but

nnlv the whole fubiret of the court's con\eii,.i!

hi' name w.is nitiuioncd with the utmoK vein ration in

luluiion, a pnfoner of tl.ito had jiill made his cl'eapt,
and palled uiuliT the window of Zadii'.'s hou c, '/.,v\:'

' was examined thereupon, but wi.- abfolutclv <!.n:ili'

' However, as it was plainly proved upon him,' that l:v
did look out of the window at the I., me time, he wjs
fentcnced to pay 500 ounces of g..'d for that iiufdemcim r,

' and inoriovu- was obliged to liiank the court for their

• indulgence.

The real Ai.d)ian fiory, IVom which the above was
principally taken, and fabricated by the author of
Zadig, is as follows ;

" Three Arabs, brethren of a noMe familv, who

' were tr.ivelling to;:.;iher for tlie f.ike of improving their
mindj, were met by .•'.ceicent by a tamil driver, who

; alked th<ni if lle-y h.id not feiii a camel, which had

; llraycd from him in the night. \Vas ikjI the camel biiiul
of an eye, i;.id the eldi 11 ? yes, laid the man. It had
a tooth out bvlbre, laid the fecond ; it is very true, replied
tile man. Was it not a little lame, added the third :

, why really it was, returned the driver.

' . " The camel drivi r took it fir ;^ran;ed that they had

', feeii it, and thcr. lor;- bifouglu ihnn lo tell him w'aich

! way it went ; follow us, friend, f.iiu tlicy ; and the man

j did lb.

I " He had not gone far bi.lbrc he happened to fay that
the camel was ladui with corn ; it had, .uliled llu- Ara-
bians, a vefll 1 of oil on one fide, and a veftel of.hoiiry on
the other. It h.al lb, fai I the man, and therefore let mc

' conjure vou to u\\ me where you met it. Met, it replied
theildeli of the Inotlurs, whv we w.w: f..w vour c.imel
at all.

J " The man, Icfmg all paticiice at this, began t^i load
them with reproaches •, and as thiv w< re parting throuiih
a \ illage, railed the people upon them, and cuifcd tliem
to be apprehendid. The judge of the village, not being
able to delermlne the can., lent ih.m to the prince of
thttcountry, who perceiving In their behaviour that they

' were ptrfons of dillinclicn, let '.h-m at liberty, lod'jetl
them in his palace, and treat.d them with all the rifpciit
imaginable. Affr fomc days wrre over, he took an op
p)itunity to entreat them to cle r !hi mvUerv, by ex»
plaining to him how they coulJ p illiby hit uj'on lb many
circumllances without ever ha\iug foi n the camel.

" The young nunfmiUd at the inipoiiunitv of the
piincc, anil, after h.iving returned hun alniiid.uice of
thanks for the civilities they had received, the eldcll of
tliem fpoke thus :

" We are not either deceivers, or necromancers, we
never I'.w the man's iiniel, nor did we uf-anyother

• feni ', and our ica-

the king's cabinet, and his privy counci

lla

■f their maci diciarc

d he

and notwlth-
^ht to bf

burnt for ,1 forctior, yet the king thought proper tliat
the line he had depofitrd in coiiii lliould be peremp-
torily rellort.l. 'i'lif clerk of the court, the tipllull's,
tifliirrs, wailed on linn in iheir propir

and otiiir

petty

liabits, in order to relint the four luin.'.icd ounces of gold,
puiluant to the king's cxprefs order, mod -Illy relerv-
in:^ only ((joiinee^, |Mrt th.Tcof to d'-IVay tie fees of
the court, and the domett ics fwarmcil about hun likewifc

1 hopi
Zad;

es ol loine Ima

g, U|>on

iilidcration.

convinced tli.il It was \»

the winding up of ihc whole, was fully

to b

lie over Wile

.Hid wa

deter

■d to fet a watth before the door of his

lips for the lutur

All oppu'tuniiy foon uft'trcil fur the trial of liii rc-

inilruments of di\iiiation, than

fons. I for my part judged it was blind, btc.uife I
afs eaten on one tide of the road, and not

oMe

the

on the oth'r."

" I, faid the fecond, giirlTtd it

becaufc wh

the

lill .1 tooth before,
was cif jjt cloii.ll, there wetc

conllanily a lilth liilt hit behind.

" Anil I, added the third,
caiifc the piiuts of thiee feet '

eeivcd it was lame, be-

dillmct in the ground.

whereas the iinpieflic.n ot'the fourth was blurred, whence
1 concluded that th ■ Jeull dragged it, and did not let it
to the ground."

" All this' I apprehend, faid the prince, but how in
the name of f^rtuii- could you dilcover ihat oil anel
h»ne\ made part if it- loading ?

" Why, retiirind the Araiiiatis, wc pucfl'ed this, be-
caiife on one fide of the inad we law little troops <ii' a:it

I rreliivj

the gral-

icaute on the otlui we f w ijic

flies allembled here .'iid llure in
lew or none were uii the wing. "

grc'ipes

inlunuich that

C II A P.

AFRICA.]

STREIGHTS OF BABELM AN DEL. &c.

53'

C H A P. XXXII.

The Strciohts of Babelmandel, the Red Se^i, the IflanJ
of Babelmandel, &c. &c.

TH E name of B;'>clm3niU'l, pjvcn to the ftrcights
which join the liiJiuii Occ.ui t'l the Red Sea,
Is a cornipriiiii nl the wouls li.ib.il nuinJul,
which l.ittcr iiuivy the ^ulr if lUipn:',, an tpithtt be-
flowcd on ihele Itreiijhts bv the ancitiit Arabs, on ac-
count of the Jan-cr tl'al atteiiJed the navii;.,t;nn of them,
which was concnvcd to be lo -iv.it, that when any ot
their relations palled them, they put oi\ mourning, as
perfons whom thry had e/urn over for loft. \ et dange-
rous as Uich voy.igcs n.:!:lit be deemed, many, allured
by the hope of gair, en-a^cd in them.
So much can avarice tho foul betray,
And e'en the verv thou_?hts of death outweigh ;
in dear-bou;lit gold tiie fordid mind can lee,
ricafures unknown to peaceful poverty.

According to De Cadro, the Arabian gulph, or Red
Sea, which includes the llreiglus of lia!..lmandel, be-
gins on that pait of the ocean, bouiuhd on the- fide ot
Africa, by Cape CJuarvlafuy, of Old Ar>)i:iata, and on the
fide ot Afia, by L'apv Taitak. Krom thef; capes the Ihores
run well waul a., far as Aden and /eyla, and trum
thence proceed, n.'., rowing with def.iit i oaih, and not
much windiii;; till they meet m the mouih of the Arabic
uulph with uvu pionioniories.

The promontory <m the Arabian fide wa^; c.dled

Poflbdiiim anc

')■'

but the name of t!Mt on the Kuro-

pean fide is loiK 'Tr- iiiterniediate itrci-ht was called
by the Arabians and Indians Albabo, which fij^nities
th" gates or mouths, as it is not above I.n. Ua^jues wide,
and fo imerfpcrfed with little illaikU, as Icarcc to |
admit of (hippin:; to pafs ihroiu;h its narrow chr.nnels. j
'I'hefe fniall illands are lull of bays, pons, nooks, creek,
&c. the cbbiiiL' and (U.uiii:,- of the waters into and
f.om which greatly imp^Ji;"^ «lie naMi;.ition in thole
parts.

On the (Ide of Arabia the rape appear- lo thole eimi-
iiiU from the lea to b- . .1 dland, at a conhdeiahh dil-
tanee from the n-.ain land ; but \vA far from the cape li
the ill.uiil of Rubun, orv.itlier Ridioan, winch tui.i, in
t!ie Arabic Ian ;ua^e, fKT.i'ir-, a pilot j ..ud this appi IL.tion
was gi\en to the illand, became leveral pilots, whoun-
denb^d the ivavig.ition of thcfe (Ireiu'lits refid.d here.
This illand is veryH.it, and not two mihs in tomp.iK.
The WMter from here to ihe promontory is folh.dlow.
that it may be eafily fonlrd when the tide is low. Abou;
a lea'j;iie Luther is anoiher lil.ui.l, fonv.thin:.i biga;er th.ui
Robon's illand, yet untreipunted, aithou^ii it hath a very
pond haven.

liv means of fo manv illar.ds it mull be naturally fup-
pofd I'.ial many ih.imieN .re made; the principal .d
which may be fafelv p.died i.i the iiiidit. Herring iiorth-
weli bv w. It, or louth-eall by e.iK, there being eleven
I'aihomdeep ipiii ■ llirough, and w ilher flat flioals, or any
Dthcr obllruciioM.

The other cliinnds arc not qu'.iv lb birr as the above,
hut may be as (.ililv n.ivi;^.ited ; and the Ar.bians are
iitluT more Ikiltul in maritime .ilVairs, nr Ids fi.irful than
they fi'rmcrly weic when thry named tliefe Itreights, as
at prefi nt they do not .ippear to be afraid of navi'^atinu
tluni. Thus holdnelV, tike vice, encrcafe* from faini-
lijrily, and our fear-, like our virtues, yield to the frc-
«jueni light of wh.vt wc dreaded.

" Vice is a motiftrr of f" fii;'htfiil mien
•• A- 10 be hated, needs but to be fern \
" Vit, fun iiio oil fimiliar with In i l.iee,
•• Wc lirlUnduu, ihui pny, then embrace

77e ;^/.(Wcy" Babelmandel.

'I'hc ifland of Babelmandel, or the Port of AfHiflion,
was formerly r died the Illand of Diodorus.

It is fituatcd towards the entrance into the Red Sea,
adjoining to one fide of the ftree^hts of Habelmandel,
and lying under izdec. 150 min. north lat. It Hands
in the very middle of tlie ltrei;:hts, about four miles from
the .Arabian, and llie fame uilb.nce from the Abylli-
iiian coalt, direitly oppolile to Cape Zeila. Hence it
for ns two fine chanre 1-, one on each fide of it, and
from its fituation mii,!i:, if properly fortified, command
both. It is affirmed by ancient hlllorians, that the
kings of Egypt formeily ioitiiud thcfe channel- by l,.y-
ing booms, or chains acrofs both, from the ill. .11 1 to the
continent on each fide. 'I'liis illand is about live miles
ill circumference; and important on no other ac.ount
than its admirable fituation, as it produces neither giain,
loots, fruits, or heib.ige. Formerly, however, it occa-
lloned bloody wars bav.'een the Abyfliiiians, and the
Ar.ibs of the kingdom of Adel, falling inlo thc'r Ivands
alternately, till the Portu-ie.fe took it and dcino!i;'..ul its
fortifications. The Mahometans now being malieis of
huth co..lls, it is funk into its natural r.uthin-nielV, and
is alinoU defined, ha', ire.; on'v a few poor iiiM-.bitants,
for whom it iull fiipplie- a fubl.thincc. Vit tliele people,
though poor," find tlie moll pertect iia;pincf'. in ;'ii.r fitu-
atiou ; ihiy polltls wliat ihey lieem a compeien -e, and
find tile utmolt felicity in what feme might i'aliely Call
penury.

" O happincfs I our h(iii:>'i end and aim '

" Goud, plcafure, eafe, c n- nt, whaf.Vr thy mine :

" That liaeeihing which Hill prompt-th' eteiii.;! fKh,

" For which we bear to live, nor Uar to die,

«' Which Hill fo near U', )et beyond us lie-,

" O'erlook'd, fecndcnbU, by t'li •■ fi.ol and — wife.

" I'l.int iif celellial ll.'d, if dr'opp'd b. lew,

" Say ill what mortal lod thou deign'li to grow ?

" Fa'r op'ning to fome cmirls propitious Ihrin.',

" ( \ deep vviih di'mond-, in the fiaming mine ?

" 'Iwm'd with the wreath.s Parnallian laureli yitld,

" Or reap'd In iron l-.arvell- of the field ?

«' \Vh.. re grows .'where grows it not? If vain our toll,

" We ought to bl.ime the culture, pot the foil ;

" Fix'd to no Ipot, is happincfs lineere,

" ' Tis no where to be found, or e\'ry where;

" Some place the biil's in action, fomc in cafe,

" riiole c.il it [ill :S>i\c, . I'.d eonteiitment lie fe ;

" Some funk to bealf-, find ple.d'ure iiid in pain ;

»» Some fwelled toCJ.ids coiu'efs e'en virtue vain;

" Or indolent, tocili extreme they f.dl,

" To trull in e'ery thin::, or doubt of all.

" Who thus di'f nr it", lay tlay n;oicor lefj
«' Than this, that liappinei'-- i- liappiiv.fs f

" T.ike nature's paih, and m.id 1. pinion's leave j
" All Hates can I'.ach it, and all head-, conceive ;
*' ( Mv, lous her eeods, in no extreme they dwell j
" 'I here needs hut thinking ri;j;ht, and nieaniiij well:

" Know, all ihe -ood tti.it individuals find,
" Or CJ'ul and n.itiiu meant to mere mankind,
" Reallin's whole ph.il'ine, all the joys of InH'e,
" Lie ill three words health, pi ace, and comp.tcnce.
'• Hut health confills with tempi raiue .done j
" .And pi.ue, oh \irliie ' pi ace i-. all ihy own.
" The goods of furluiie, good cr b.d may g.im •,
" lliii till fc Id's talle them, as they worfc obtain.

As thi t . H account of the other ill.inds in the I'niijhf*
. f Bab Ui,..iidcl, ihu l.av %.\U<M of thoftt Iticijjlits, .md

1 A

«f

S3*

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

of the Red Sea, with the entrance into the latter, '\;c. 'cc.
is founJ in the voyage of tlie Fortiigucfc admiral Don
ijlcf-mo dc Gama, from Goa to Suez, the journal of
which was written by the famous Don Juan do Callro,
tlien one of the commanders in his fleer, and afterwards
governor and viceroy of India, we fli.ill extraiil as much
from that famous voyage, as is ncceflary to elucidate this
part of our work.

In pafling the ilrciihts. Do Caftro made an obferva-
{ion at noon, and found the moutli ot thcni to be in I?,
de: rcLS, fiftxn minutes, rurth I.itltude ; two hours after
midniyht the Hcrtugucfe f^t f;il from the mouth of the
iireights. In the niorniivj; thi y faw both coalls, being
neater the Abelhim, between wliich and the firit illand,
tiiey failed norih-wcll bv weft, tlie wind '.ilowing h.nd at
call till noon. This coaft was i]uitc nev/ to the Portu-
guefe ; their diftancc irom land was about four Icigiies.
An hour after fun rife thev law a range ot illands, moll of
Jhem vcrv low, which extended north-well and (i)ulh-
eall ; as the coall did, along which they lay, for about
to leagues. In this channel o! Abifhini they fnleil with
a fair wnid, having illan.ls .ill ihe way on both fides.

Here there is no failing bv ni;;ht, or vvi Jiout the wind
in the poop; for if it h.ippens toch.mge, it i^ impoinble
to tack about, or conic to .inchor, till the fliip arrives at
tlie firll il'.ands, which arc nine little ones; after having
pafll-d thefe, the fea becomes nio;^ o;vn and free ; but,
towards the fliore, there arc fev.r.d illands and rocks,
which render the navigation daiijiious if a vcflel keeps
too near the coatl ; and it is the ojimioii ot iJe Callro,
that none fliould .itlempt the navi^aiion of the flrcigliis
of Habelmandel, or tile Red .Sea, without a pilot be-
longing to the eouiUry. A little f;rthcr are liven fmall
idands, called the Seven SilKrs, between which aid the
(horc are fome very dangerous rocks ; after having p.iiild
thcfe, they arrive.l at the Illand of Sorbo, and aneliored
in a harbour of thj lame name, in nine ('..tliom and a
half water.

Dc C'u'.Iro found the ifland of Sorbo to be in 15 dcg.
fevcn mill, north lat : It is near tv.'cnty miles in cireuin-
ferencc, and belongs to a gieat Aieliipel.-go of illands,
about four leairues from the ." byllinian co..(, andtwei.ty-
four fhort of Mafna. 'I'he Portuguefe ro'.ed about this
illand, and perceived it was low, ami full of iree«, but
the trees were all flic.rt, or of the (hrub kind ; the plains
were verdant, and they difcovcre.l the tra..;. of men and
bcills in fevcral places, though they did not happen to
meet with cither, a camel cxeeptid, on whith account
they called it Camel Illand. Alter all thtir refearches,
they did not find any water, except in one well digged
in a (lone, ai'd made, according' 10 their conjeiture,
principally for the reception of rain.

Ha\ ing left .Sorbo, tiny failed among many idands,
moft of V '1 ' '•■ .> very low, and .ilmoit even with the
fea. In thur p.dTagc, they kept about a league to the
rl:',htof them ; and in t!u' e\ening f.iw alfo to the right,
liliout four leagues dilt.uil, a very long range of illands,
tvtending near five leagues in ltiii:th, north-well and
f.nuh-eall, as near as eouM be judged. The coalls here
llretcheil noitll-wcli by wilt, and louth-ea(l by eaft ; and
the dep:h of wa.ierwas contiiiiially twin!y-hve fathom,
in an 007 \ buitom.

They ..fti rwards entered the channel between the
point of Dahl.ik and Siiamoa ; the iil iiid of Shamoa
being the fnll they made of five very flat idands,
which are- f.tuatcd l-ttvieui the (lid point, ;,nd the main
land. It is two Uagu; s in riMiipalV, and contains a few
fpniv.-s and wells. N", .>r tb'. tiuie ..le fevcial other
Imall ijlanils, the nami . of whnh ate imieiiown, and the
|l,icis themfeUes ft) ii.li; iiilicaiit : s nut to merit any de-
li tiplion.

TIf I; l.ANT) r,J' D,\H1 AK.

THIS idand is fitu.ittd near the colli of Habafli or
Abex, being about twriiiy le.igues callw'.rd from the
continent ; and about the f..me dill.inee foiuli ot Mjfua.

Dahlak is the largell, and nioll confidcrable iflind on
this eoall, being near <)> miles in ciicumfeu iice. Tli'-
air li temperate and faUibriius ; the land will watered,
»nd verdant i and the pii'ple iiunie;ous and rohull.

(Jreat numbers of lamels, oxen, go.it*, ^c. teed in
llie |ja!lu:ei , (he lea and rivers )ivld plenty ol fifh ; and
the inhabitants are proluie'v liip|)!ied ffjiii the tyntineiii
uiili honey, corn, ^c.

The wealth of the place arlfc-- eliiefly from pcarl-firti-
ing, at wiileli many of the natives are verv dexterous-
and the pearls found here are lome of the'fiiicll in the
univerle. And here it may not be aniifs to deienbe this
beautiful fubilanee, which, though not properly fo, is
ranked as a gem.

Pearl is a hard white iLiiil.-ig body, iifiiallv roundifli,
found 111 a t' (laeejus lifti r.f.-mhling'.ui ovller.

Pearls, though clk-eined of the iminber of grms, and
though th^y h.ue bee 11 highly valued in all a^.V, proceed
only Irom a dilleir.per i.i ;,ic crc.iluri.s tiiat j)roduce
them, bang analogous to the be/oars, and other llony
concretion- in leveral animals of other kinds. And what
the antients l:r>.agii;ed to be a drop of dew, concreted
into a p...rl la the b;;,lv of the pia-.l-iilli ( ,v Ijieli ihey
lu))poted rof; from the bottom to the fiitfacc of t)ie water
to receive it) is nothing more than the in.uur d-jii;i;d to
form and eiilav.e tile ihell, bunting from thi' velicii de-
ligned to carry it to the parts of tlic fiiel! it (hould h. vc
I formed, and by that means producing tiled- Utile concre-
tions,

Hefides pearls, this idand produces many nmeraklv.
The emerald is the mol> beautiful of all the -lafs of co-
loured gems, wh.ii reiiVct. It is Ibmetimcs found in the
roundifli or pebble torm ; Ibmetimes in the columnar, or
ehryli.illlne form : the pebble-emeralds are, however,
the moll valued. Theli; are found loofe in the earth of
mountains, and in the beds of rivers they ar • ''i their
natural date, bright and tranfparcnt, thougJ. ieis gloflV
than the columnar ones,

Emeralds have the green colour in all its diSerent
(hi'.des, from very d.irk, to extremely pale ; .-uid ai«
(ometimes entirely coiourlefs ; though the English jewel-
lers then call it white fapphirc.

of Dahlak
are,

wlio vlo not concern

Tiiofe inhabitants
themliUes in lifhing are, in general, notorious f-.-2^.T,
and f lunder all the fhips that come in their w.iy. I'hey
behave with rfjierity to all, but particfiarly to the Turks,
when any of them arc fo unfortunate as to fail into tl-.cir
hands ; and when they get home, ihey take a peculiar
pleafurc in boafHng of ih(ir piratical exploits to tiiiir
wives, children, and relations; when

— The fond wile, in tears of ir.uifport drowiiM,
Hugs her reiiL'h lord, and wecjv. o'er every wouriJ j
Han.s (11 i!k lips that dee .Is of blooil relate,
And Imik'-, or trembles at hi'-, vaiioui fate ;
fbs liitli lill'iiing progeny tarn pale,
And b" ■ .'^am to h.ar the dreadful tale.
'Ihe km;' of Dahlak is fo-.ereign el this, and many
other illand- j and his liibjeeb: conlill ehie:ly of Ab)lli-
nian Chiillians, or Chiillians of the AbvfTini.in church.
Indeed lome fiw Mahe.meta-is, of the fei!i of ll.di, reliJc
in his dominions ; but thefe are much oiiprrd'ed by the
kin:', and cordially hated by their Chrillian fellow -I'ub-
jiils. The people of Dahl.ik, who appear to be of the
I'ithiopic race, are black, .nnd ill-favoured; hut i'rong,
rohull, bold, daring, and loy.il to iheii (iivcreign. 'Ihey
are extremely f.igacious and crafty, fond o? repeating'
and hearing entertaining tales, very pleafant companions,
and admirably ikillcd in floiy-t"!Iii:g ; l» that thev leeiu
by r.atnie, to pr.ie'life the precepts, and avoid the mors
mentioned in the artificial rules of Mi. Stillingflei.i, vii.

A (lory (liou'd, to pleafe, at leaft fecm true,
• Pe a-propos, well told, concile, and new ;
And vvlunloe'er it dev laies from thele rules.
The wile Will deep, and leave applaule to fool.;.
Hut others, more intnlerable vet.
The waggeries they've faid or heard repeat ;
Heavy by mem'iy made, and wh.it's the worft.
At (1 conil-hand, as often aa at firll.
And can ey'n patieme hear, without difdain,
Th'" maiming ri .illerof feiile mice daiii.
While the dull features, big with .inhnefs, ftrive
In vain, the forc'd half fmile cu keep alive.

The cloathing of the Dahlakians is a lar"?" piece of
filk, or cotton {.leeordin;' to the refpeetiv 1 aiks of the
wiarcn) tiid round the noddle, and haiigii;., .:.:vvn to the
feet J lltUI from the middle, upward., bi.;li fixes gei
naked. Th- languaj-r they (peak is ,'\r. ;;ic, inter-
mix! dwiih tiiliiopian word^ ; and their deportment it
eourti ly itlell to cich other, but they arc very uncivil
and iru'l to (Inini'ets.

Th«

STREIGHTS OF BABEL MANDEL=

AFRICA.]

The float's hair here is very fine and long, fo that it is
nianufaiUircJ into tolerable camblets. The; foil, in ge-
neral, of this illand, ii red ; and though it does not pro-
duce much timber, yet it yields abundance of herbs.
Here is a fmall infecb refembling a bee, which feeds on a
kind of <',um, that diflills from a tree which hath fome
fniiilitudc to a cherry-tree ; and from this infec't it is
faid, that gum lac, ul'ed in varnifliing, making fealing-
»vax, &;c. is txtraclcd.

The capital citv, which goes by the fame name as the
illand itfelf, is fitiiatedon a point of land to the weilward
of it; but it i> of no great confideration, as tlie king re-
fides, the grcatcll part of the year, at the little ifland of
Mafua, of" which we Ihall proceed to give fomc account.

The Island of Masua.

M A S U A is only half a mile in length, and fome-
what lefs in breadth, it is very flat, and lies very near
the mainland; that is on the iioitii-wcft fide. It has a
good harbour, fecure in all weathers, the depth of the
w.iter being about eight or nine fathom, and the groinid
ouzy. The entrance of tliis port i^ on the north-call
fide, towards the middle of the channel, for from the
eaft-north-caft point of the ifi.iiid, there runs a fhoal to-
wards another point ; fo that (hip^ inuft take care to keep
the middle of the channel, which is \vry ftrait, and coii-
fequently dangerous ; and runs noith-caft and fuuth-
ivcft.

The people here refemhle thofc of Dahlak in cuf-
tonis, manners, vices, &c. and have hkewil'e liniilar vii-
tues. The men are alfo of two clalllr, thole who follow
tiaffic, or the pearl filiier\ , .ind thole who live by pir.icy ;
yet both claflcs are looked upon in a light eipially favour-
able, as piracy is not here deemed crin;inal, or even dif-
honourable. Whatever profits accrue from either trading
or thieving are, by the men in gener:d, appropriated to
the purpofes of gallantry, and the facilitating their
amours ; for the people here are great votaries of Venus,
and Cupid feems to reign with unbounded power ; the
men being as expeit in intriguing, and the women as
fkillful in the arts of coquetry, as if they had been edu-
cated in much politer nations. As the people ol Malua
are exceeding w.irm in their pallions, both from their
manner of living, and the natiiral heat of the climate;
their fannuine conltitutions, and the heat of their ima-
ginationv, often precipitate them into\ery ralli aiilions ;
atid their amours frequently ha\e a fatal conclufion.

Oh mighty love, from thy unbounded pow'r,
How (hall the human bofom rell fecure I
Mow fti.ill our thought avoid the \arious fnarc ;
Or wildom lo our caution'd he.irts declare
The dilfercnt (li.qies thou plealeil to employ
When bent to hurt, and certain to deliroy ?
The haughtv nymph, in open beauty drels'd.
To-day mcounters our unguarded hreall ;
She looks with m.ijelty, and moves with llate, 1
Unbent hei foul, ind in misfortune great, r

She fconis the world, and dares the rage of fati-. '
Here wliillt we taiie iKin ni..i;hood for our guide,
And guard our eonJuct with bicomin.; piide,
Chaim'il with the courage in h>.r action Ihown,
\Ve praile her mind, the image of our own.
She thai can pleafc is certain to perfuadc ;
To-day helov'd, to-inortow is obey'd.
We think we fee thro' realim's optics right,
Nor find how beauty's rav^ elude our fight ;
Struck with her eye, whilll we applaud her mind :
Aiul when we Ipeuk her gie.it, we wilh her kind.
To-morrow, iiuel pow'r, thou irin'lt the fair,
AV'ith flowing loirow, and dilheMl'd hair;
Sad her tompl.unt, and humble is her tale.
Her fiih'-evpl.iiniiiL: where her accent^ fail.
Here geii'rous loltnels wainis the honcll breall-,
We r.iile the lad, and fuccuui the diltrelt :
And whiUl our will) pn p.ues the kind relief j
Whilll pitv mitigatev hei liliil;' j'rief ;
We fu ken loon liom her eont.igioiis care,
(irieve lor her lorrows, gro.in tor her delpair ;
And againll love too Kite thole boliims .irm,
Which tears tan loltrn, .iiid which lo\e e.ui waui).
AgaiiiH this nearell, cruillillof foes,
VVhjl lliall wit niL-ditatv, ut I'orce uppuli; ?
47

53^

Whence, feeble nature, Ihall we fiimmon aid,

If by our pity and our fea. betray'd ?

External rein'dy Ihall we hope to find.

When the clofe fiend has gain'd our tre.ach'roubiiiind,

Infulting there does reafon's pow'r deride ;

And, blind himfelf, conducts the daz7,l'd guide ?

PiUUlt's Sul.OMOS.

Mafua, with all the oppofitc coafl, was formerly fu'u-
jcd to the emperor of Abyliiiiia; bur, within the lalt
century, it was fei/,cd by the king of Dahlak, who rc-
fides chiefly here for the convcniencv of cariy;i;g on a
trade with the continent ; from whence he receives abun-
dance of gold and ivory.

The air is exceeding hot and unhea'thv, during the
months of May and June, for want of wind; lb that
the king and priiiripal inhabitants retire to D.dilak du-
liii:; thofe months.

Very near this iflaiul, to the fouth and fouth-wefi", lie-
two other ifl;;nds; the largeU is ne.\t the land ; the
other, lying towards the fouth-wefl^, i^ very round. He-
twcen thcle iP.ands and Mafua aie many fhoal s ; 1 it
through the midit of thrin runs a channel, where gallics
and row vcflels may pal's at full l^a,

The people of .Nlafiia value thcmfelvcs much on ac-
count of the queen of Sheba ; faying, that ihe ciofied
! tiom the continent thither, and took Ihipping in their
port, in order to vifit king Solomon, to whom file car-
ried immenfe riches, and afterwards returned to her
own country.

The Island of Mar ate.

HETWEEN this illand and Mafua arc fomc cluf-

tcrs of fmall inconfider.ible ifland?, wlulc names arc not
known, and whole importanee is fo little, that they
have not been thought worth delc-.ibing by any navigator,
traveller, or geographer.

iMarate itlllf is a low barren ifland, of a rotindifli
fliape, about thiec leagues from the continent, and tb
iV^iin Mafua ; but, in compafs, it doej not exceed five
miles.

On the fouth-wefi fide, facing the coaff, there is a
very good haven, fecure from all winds, efpceially the
eallern, made by two very long points, which e\',,i,d
north by w-ell, and fouth by e.dl, inclofiiig a fp.;cicus
haibour, narrow at the mouth, where there lies a long.
Very flat ifland, with fonie fand-banks and flioals ; fo that
no lea can get in. This port hath two entrante:, both
very near the points. 'I he channel, on the i.ait fide,
lies north by well. The depth is thn e f;tlioni, in the
(liallowell place, and tncreali'S advancing in the port ;
where, near the Ihore, it is four or fi\e fathoms, and thu
bottom is rather mii.ldv.

The people who inhabit this ifland difier in nothing
\\'f' relpect to culloms, manner', iVc. from tholi: who
lefiile in Mafua, IJahlak, 5;e. And therefore need not
a p.irticular defcription.

The Island r.f Swakpn, SuAcyts, or Slnchkm.

T HKS ifland is fituated in l() deg. 45 mill, north lat.
aiul >' (Kg. 30 (aft Ion. and the port is deemed one of
the hell in the Red Sea. 'I"he entraiue is bv a nairow
llreight, which leads to a lake ; in the midlt of which ii
M\ illand, and a town that coveis every p.;rt o\ the
ifland.

This town was once very important, and extremely
opulent; as we are informed hy de Cidio, in hi- ac-
count ot I)e '.Jama's vovagi , for at the time he was
there, which was about the \ear 154c, he fiys

" Swakcn, at pn lent, is one of the richeft cities in
the call, ll.mding near the coal! of Abyflinia. It equals,
it not excel d', the molt eminent p!,ieis in goodiirls and
ficuiityof the port, ficility in lading, and unlading of
(hips, traffic with remote countric;, tlrength and advan-
tageous lituation of the town, he,

" The harbour is Oielteied, hv nature, from all
winds ; and the wateis fo fmoolh a;id llill, that the tides
are fcarce priccpiible. It is capable of containing 200
large (hips, befides an infinite number of galleys. The
road is from five, to twelve fathoms water, and hath u
mud boituni, which is fei n in all places not exceeding
leven l.ithoin water. The (hips come up clofe to the
lllore, quite round the city ; and may be laden, hy lavJ
inj; a plank Ironi tlieui tu the merch<uits waiihoufes."
or WitU

1 1"

i ..

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

55+

With refpeiSt to comniorce, Dc Caltro (ays, he kiK-w
no city, Ldhon excepted, which could compare to it,
for at tiiat time it traded to both the peninl'ulas of India,
the Aiabuui and Perlian gulphs, Grand Cairo, Conilan-
tinople, Alixandria, Kthiopia, &c.

For itreiigtii the city Icemed naturally well fecured by
the iii..iiy lhoai>, iil.iads, rocks, (iiiul-bajiks, and in-
tricate channch, that he from lb leagues about it, which
renders tiic api)roach by Tea verv dangerous, and terrible
to n.nigatois; yet the inhabitants had not taken the Icfs
care to defend it by art. " This city, fays De C'aiiro,
thu • lituatcd, ill the mi.llf of a circular nook, ftaiids in a
flat illand, aliiioil peiKctly round and level witli the
water, atioiit a niile in compafs. In this fpacc ihcre is
not a foot of ground but what is taken up with houfes;
fo tliat all tne liland is a city, and all the city an
ill.iiul."

tiueh was the importance, and opulence of Swakcii,
between two and three centuries ago, at which period it
Was under the dominion of a Cafrian prince. Subl'eijuent
to tliat time, it has f.Ulen into the hands of the 'lurks,
and like moll other places, which thofe hauglity, tyran-
nical, and idle people, have become pollelVed of, hath evi r
fmce dwindled ..u.iv to little or nothitig, loll its com-
merce and confequence, grown poor and lefs populous,
and at piei'eiu is of very trifling conlidcration. Such are
the effects of indolent examples, and arbitrary govern-
in ait.

On the north-wrft fulc of this ifland lie three others,
two of whicli are very fmall, but the third, next the chan-
nel, is about .4S huge as the city. Between this ill.iiul,
and the coall on the north fide, runs a great and long
cha;;nJ, wlure a numerous fleet may ride with lately
in le\eii fatluim w.tter.

The homes now remaining in Swaken, and the other
little illaiuh, are all erected with Hone and mortar, and
built much in the Kuiopean manner; the decayed citv
of Swaken is the leat of a Turkifli governor, who acts
fubouliiuite to the bail'a of Grand Cairo, and the modern
inhabit.ir.ts , re pi iiuipally Turks or Arabs.

The belt buildings in Sw.ikcn are the baths ; and the
mcft pleai'mg amulement which both the Turks and
Arabs take, i-. that of bathing. Indeed, the fultry fitu-
ation of the place feems to require frequent ablutions,
both for health and pleafure ; and Mahomet appears to
ha\c entertained the fame opinion of the Turkifli domi-
nions in general, by his having made purification, bv
frequent wilhings and bathings, a fundamental point of
the Mahometan religion, and a duty diurnally incumbent
oneverv one ot its piolelTors.

That h:> followers might be more piinftual in thefe
ahlmions, Mahomi't is laid to have declared, that the
practice of rel.gion is toundeil on cleanlincl'', Vvhuh is
the one half of the faith, and the key of prayer . without
which it will not be heard by Cjod. And tl.it thele
txpreflloii'v mijiht be the better undnrftood, one of the
coii.nient.'.tors reckons tour degrees of purification ; the
fill! ot whieh 1' the cleanling of the body from all pollu-
tion, filth', and excrement ; the feeond, the cleaiifing
of the memb'r> of the body from all wickednefsaml un-
iull .Ktion'i-, the third, the cleanfing of the heart from
all blameable inclinations, and odious vices; and the
foiiith, the purging a man's fecret thoughts from all
afiietion>, which may divert his attention from God ;
addiuir, that the bi-.'y is but as the outw.ud fliell, in
rei'pcct to the heait, which is as the kernel. And for
this naliin that iVrie commentator highly complains of
thofe who are fupetftiiioufly folicitous in exterior pu-
rification', avoiding thole perfons as unclean, who are
not fj fciupaloutly nice as themfclves, and at the f.uiic
time have their mmds lying wulle, ;uid ovcr-ruu with
pride. Ignorance, and hypocrify.

I .ell fo neeifi.ry a preparatioji to their devotion (hould
be omitted, either where water cannot be had, or when
it may be of jirejudiee to a perfon's health, tluy are al-
lowed, ill (iicli cales, to ufe fine fand, or dull, in lieu
of water, and then they perform this duty by clapping
their open hands on the (and, and paffing them over
the paits in the f.inio Bianner as if they were <<ippvd in
water.

But in thefe ablutions, the men never bathe with the
women ; and there is fo much modelty oblervcd, that
any one wuuid be rcproveil who llMulii fee any thiiij^

through inadvertency , and if he did it by dcfign, he
would be baltiiiadoeci. There are fome baths whith ate
tor the ufe of the men in the morning, and for the wo-
men in the aftcrncioii. (3theisare fivquented one day
in the week by one lex, and the next by the other. I'to-
ple are fcrved very well in thefe baths for three or lour
al'pers. The firlf entrance is into a fine hall, in the
middleof which the principal toiintain appears. All round
the hall is a lin.iU bench, about three leet high, cover-
ed with a mat. The men fit upon it to firioak, and
pull oft" their clothes, which are folded up in a towel.

i'he air in this tirlf hall is to hot, that nothing can be
borne upon the body, but an apron about the waift,
to cover before aiul behind. In this condition a man
p.iHes into a liiuill hall vvhirli islHll warmer, and from
thence into a larger, where the heat is more lenlille.
All thefe halls aie generally doled above with fmall
domes, which let in light al the top, through a round
glal's, like thole our jardeners put over their melons.
In the lalt hall there are marbie bafons with two cocks,
oiie of hot water and the other of cold, which every one
mixes according to his own fancy, and pours upon his
body with little buckets of brafs b'elor.gi.ig to the plate.
The pavement of this chamber is heated by furnaces be-
neath, ;ind every one walks there as long as he thinks
proper. When a man defires to befci-und, a lervant
ot the bath caufes him at once to lie along upon his
b;;ck, and fetting lii , knee,, upon his belly, pieili-s and
liiueczts him violently, and maizes every' bone cr.ii k.

1 hey handle after the fame manner the joints of the back
and the (houlder-blades. If he would be (haved, he
(haves him, or gives him a rr./.or to Ihave himlelf. When
the perfon enters the gre.,t hall, another fervant prelles
his tlelh all over with his hands to dextroutly, that
having kneaded him, if we may f^y fo, without doiiw
any harm, he fiirecs out a lurprifing quantity of fweat.
The little camblet-bags they make iile of here, are indead
ot the itrigels of the ancients, and arc much more con-
venient. 'I"o clean the (kin the b. ttcr, they pour a
great deal of hot water upon the bady ; and alio ufe
perfumed (bap. They wipe the (kin with linen very
clean, dry, and warm ; and the ceremony concludes
with the feet, which the (ame man waihes very carefully,
<vhen you return to the hall. In this hall they finoak,
drink coftee, and have collations ; fer after this exer-
cile, a man finds himlelf \xvy hungry. By cleanfino-
the glands, the bath certainly facilitates perfpiration,
and conlequmtly the circulation of the juices, whieh
fupply the blood. A man perceives himfelf very lioht,
when he h.is been well parified, but he muft be .accuf-
tomed to this bath from his youth, for otherwife the
bieall is very much aftecled by thefe warm rooms. The
women are very h.ippv when thcv are permitted to 2o to
the public baths; but moft of them, cfpecially" I'uch
whole luilhands arc rich enough to build them b.iths at
home, h.ive not this libcriy. In the public baths they
eniutain one another without any con(lra;nt, and pafis
their time more agreeably than in their own apartments.
Tlie men who have any complaifance for their wives,
do not refule tlum thole innocent divei lions; for tou
much conflr. . t makei 'hem lometimcs feck reafoiis for a
divorce.

72i' liLAN'u c/Barbora.

This iflaiul ii'-s in lo deg. 45 min. north hit. and 47
(leg. two niin. ealt long, and has its appellation from a
town of the fame name vn the iiei;;hboiitin2 continent.

'I he inhabit.ints of Harb:ira are negroes ; and the com-
mon people wt.iv cotton garments, which go round their
vvaitl,-., and hang down to iheir feet, the relt of the body
being bare ; but thofe of a luperior quality h.ue the addi-
tion of a long cotton gown, which covers them all over,
their fares excepted.

Thefe people are great breeders of cattle, for which
the foil of the ifland affords excellent parture ; and very
indufitious traders, as they carry en a confidcrable trat'-
fic,

"Cattle 1 r Cloths

Cjold Amber

by exchanging ' Franlclncenfc • for Necklace*
Ivory Glals bead?

■ Pepper, &C. J *-Raifin-,Date!&c.
The csmmeditiuii they vxchange <iway, am cither the*

pioduce

S T R E I G H T S OF B A B E T. M A N D E L.

iifii very

oncliides

■:ircful!y,

y fir.oak,

lis cxer-

j.iiifing

ration,

which

' light,

accui-

ife the

Ihc

) go to

y I'uch

.iths at

ths they

lul pais

rtiiu-nls,

■ wives,

tor tou

bus lor a

ami 47
(roni a

liiicnt.

the fom-
iJ their

thr liiiiiy
hr uiidi-

.;il over.

AFRICA-)

produce of their own ifland, or what tlify procure from
the neighbouring continent ; for their labour in lonkini;
aiter cattle, as many of them officiate in the capacity ot
fliepherds and graziers to the people of the kingdom of
Adcl on the oppolite continent. Thole who here tend
the herds and flocks arc fome of the happiell and mod:
inoftcnfive people . ^hc univerfe : indeed their felicity
hath been fo mu 1 ■■■:■ admiration and envy of others,
that many capital men from Adel, and the adjacent king-
doms, and fcveral rich Arabian merchants, have thought
proper to retire hither from the adulation of courts,
the dangers of war, the hazards of commercial voyages,
and the painful buftlc of trade, in order to taltc, in rural
retirement, thofe delicious picafurcs, which they could
not obtain in the purluit of fame and riches.

But bleft is he, who, exercis'd in cares,
To private Icifure public virtue bears ;
AVho tranquil ends the race he nobly run.
And decks repofe with trophies labour won ;
Him hmi'iiii t;)!hiws lo the fee ret Ih.ule,
And crowns |ir.'iiitiim-. his declining he.id ;
In his rctrejts their harps the niul. s Ihing,
For him in l.iys unbou^ht fjionl.uieoiis iuig.
FrieiuKliip and truth rn .dl his rvionRiits wait,
Plcas'd with retiioment belter th;iii v. ilh Hale j
And round the bower w:ivie humbly ;jrejt he lies
Fair olives bloom, or verdant laureb. rile.

The commodities they receive by coinmerciil means,
ore brought to them by '."■irkifli, Moorifh, Arabi.in,
hgyptian, &c. merchants. Th r tr.ilVu-, however, is
f.iuch decaved hnee tlie Kurofeans h.r. e t'ornicd fuch
powerful commerci.il coniii.ctions in the Kail Indies,
us the merchants above alluded to naturally repair to the
beft mart, and feek the moll profitable mode of vending
their con.moditics.

• -eye.

:)j3

give ability to communicate happiiiefs, (and fecms fo
intended ;) but it can give no right to indiet unnecef-
lary, or unmerited p.iin. A wife man would impc.icli
his own wifdom, and be unworthy of the blelling of a
good undcrllanding, if he were to infer from theni-c
ihat he had a right to defpife, nr make game of a fool,
or put him to any degiee of pain. Flic folly of the
fool ought rather to excite his conipartion, and demands
the wife man's care and attention to one that cannot take
care of himfeif.

" It has plealed God, the Father of all men, to cover
fome men wilh white (kin-, and others with black (kins :
but as there is neither merit nor demerit in complexion,
the white man (uotv.-ithf^.uijing the barbarity of cuitom
and prejudice) can have no .igiit, by virtue oi' his colour,
to enllave and tyrannize over a black man ; nor has a
fair man any re-ht to dtlpiCe, abul'e, and inliilt a brown
man. Nor do 1 beiieve that a tall m.ai, by viriu: of
his itaturc, has any legal right to trample a liwarf under
his foot. For, whether a man is whc or foolidi, whits
or bhick, fair or brown, tall or lliort, and 1 might add,
rich or poor, (for it is no more a man's choice to be pour,
than it IS to be a fool, or a dwarf, or black, or tawney,)
lueh he is by God's appointment j and extractedly con-
hiiered, is neither a lubject lor pride, nor an object of
contempt. Now if anionglt men the dilV, ivnces of their
po,vcr:. of the mind, and of tiuir complexion, iL-.ture,
.■/id atciiients of fortune, do not give to any one man a
right to abul'e or infult any other man on account of thefe
dilfeienees ; lor the (ame realon, a man can have no na-
tural light to abule and turnieiit a Ivall, nierely bccaufc-
a biMll has not the mental pov.ers of a man. For I'uch
as the man is, Ik- is but a, God made hhii ; and the
very fame is true of the bea'd. Neitliu of them can lay
claim to any imnnlic merit, for being I'ueh as tluvare';
lor before they v.ere created, it was impolHble tiiai eithcc
of them could defeive; and at their creation, their
Ihipe-, perfections, or dei'ic!-, were invariablv fixed,
and their hounds let which th.y cannot pal"-. And be-
ing fueh, neither more iioi kl's than God made th-.-m,
ihere is no more demerit in .i beall'-, being a iieail, than
there is merit in a man's being .i man ; that is, there is
neither merit nor demerit in eiiiur of them.

" A brute is a;i animal no lefs fenfiblc of pain than a
iraii. He has limilar nerves and organs of lenl'ation ;
and his cries and groans, in cafe of violent imprellions
upon his body, tliough he cannot utter his complaints
by Ipcech or human voice, are as ilioiig indic.uions to
us of his fenfibilily of pain, as the cries'and groans of a
human being, whofe language we do not underlland.
'Now as pam Is whst we are all averfe to, our own fen-
libility of pain llionld teach us to commiferatc it in
others, to alleviate it if poffible, but never wantonly,
or iiniiieritedly to iiillicl it. As the difference amongit
men in llie ahove p.uticulars are no bars to their fecliniis,
(o neither does the ditVeience of the ftiape of a brute Irom
that of a man, exempt the brute from feeling, at leaft,
; v.'e have no ground to liippole it. lint ftiape or hgurc
; is as much the appointmc nt of God as complexion or
! Ih'.uire. .'\nd if the ditference of complexion or i\aturc
j does not convey to one man a riuht to defpil'c and i.'wk
I another man, the difference of fliape between a man uid
I a brute, cannot give to a man any riLiht to .ibufe and tor-
1 nvnt a unite. For he th it made man and man to difi'er
in complexion, or llature, m.e.Ie man and brute to differ
in ibapc an 1 figure. And in this cafe like .vi lb there is
neither merit nor demerit ; every creature, whether man
or brute, bearing that fiiape which the fupreme wifdom
judged molt expedient to .iiilwer the end tor which the
cre..ture was ordained.

" With regard to the modificition of the mafs of mat-
ter of which an animal is formed, it is accidental as to
the creature iii'elf; 1 mean, it was not in the power or
will of thecn.iture to cheiofe, whether it fiiould fuflain
the lliape of a brute or a man : and vet, whether it be of
one ih.ipe, or of theother, the matter of which the crea-
ture is compelled would be equally fufccptible of feeling.
It is folely owing to the good plealure of God that we
are created men ; or animals in the Ihape of men. For
he that " formed man of the dull of the ground, and
" breathed into his nollriK the breath of life" that he

Where gold allures the heart and charms the
Molf nvn towards its bright eff'ulgence fiy j
Forfake old friends, new riches to acquire,
And in the arms of avarice expire.

The inhabitants of this illand are admired by all who
have traded in thoic K.is, for their univcrfal phil.in-
throphy, and are peculiar for their (irgiilar bencvcdence
to each other, and their verv humane treatment to do-
nieltic, and oilier animals. \\"e wilh that fueh virtues
were more general, and that thofe who effeem tliemfelves
politer people, and boall of a more refined education,
would copy the Ihiniiig parts of all character*, however
ditferin;; Irom them in p.ditical religious fentiinent^, or
remote with refpect to the locality ol fuuation. Theie
ideas natur.iliy tun our thought-: on the waiuon cruelty,
and iiihiimaiua, often imiieecii'anly exercilcd towards
the brute crciiion, by Finopeans, and two frequently
extended even to our ewii fpecii'- ; and fuch re.'lections,
induce us to trani'crib" fome exeeilcnt obfervation. ot the
Rev. i)r. I'rimatt, a- .it the fame time th.it thefe obler-
v.uiiMis difplay tliole cruelties in their proper colours,
with refpect to oiirfehe-, they apply with s;reat pio-
prietv to loiiie diliinet.o:;-, too fiequ-ntly made with re-
fpec'f to the generalitv of the inhabitants of that part of
th<j globe, which we !i..ve now under confideratioii.

" I prilume, fav- l-.e, there is no man of feeling, that
has ,iny idea of jultK , but would confefs i pon the prin-
ciples of realon and common lenle, that it he were to be
put to iimiccelfiiy .md unmerited pain by another man,
.; L^inv Mt(M would do him an ac'f of injullice ; and from
a !■ I'e of the inimiice in his own call', now that he is
the .ulferer, he metl naturally infer, that if he were to
put another man o' feilmg to the fame unneeilVary and
unmerited pain which he now fuHers, the injulHce in
himfl.lf to the otht r (hould be exactly the fame as the In-
juftice in his torm ntor to him. Therefore the man ol
feeling and iiilfici will not put another man to imnifritcd
pain, becaiile he will not do that to another which he
i. unwilling fliould be done to himfeif. Nor will he
take any advantage of his own fiiperiority of lliengtii,
or of the accidents of fortune, to abule them to •-he op-
pieflion of his inferior i becaufc he knows that in tlic
e.rticle of feeling .ill men are equal j and that the difFer-
ences of ftrength or llation are as much the gifts and
appointments ol (jod, as the ditferences (if underltanding, [I might " become a living foul," and, endued him w ith the
colour, or Itaturc. Superiority of r.iiik or Itation may fciifc of feeling, could, if In- had fo pkafed, by the

fame

536

A Ni:\V COMPLETE SYSTE M OF OEO G U A I'll V.

Unw plaftic power, have call tlie vui y fame dull iiUn tlu'
moiiUI (if a heart i which, licinu; aiiimainl by the life-
giving breath of its maker, wmiKI have beeciiiie a " living
" foul" ill that fo:m J anJ, ni tliat furni, would ha\e
been as fufceptibie of pain, as in the form of a man.
Anil if, in brutal lliape, we hail been cmlii- J with the
lame degree of re.'.foii and reflocliim whieh we now en-
joy ; and other bein;.'s, in hiinian (hajie, (lioiild take
upon them to torment, ahule, and barbaidully ill-tie.a
us, betaufe we were not made in ih.-ir (li.'in , the iiijiif-
tlee and crueliv of their bihai ioiu to us. would be iell-
nident : and we fliould naturally infer, that, w/ietlui
we walk upon two le<;s or four ; v. iutherour heads are
prone or erect ; whetliei we are ii.iked or co\c red with
hair ; whether we have horns or no horns, ion;; ears o:
round ears ; or, whether we brav like an afs, fpeak like

a man, whilll'

bii.l,

mute as a filli , nature

ncier intended thefe dill iielions .is foundations tor riL.ht
of f raniiv aiul opprellion. lint perhaps it will In: faid,
it is abfiiid to make fueli ,ii inference Ironi a nieir luppo-
fition that a n>an ini;.'lit h,.\c been a brute, and a brute
might have been a man ; for, the liijipoliiion itielf is
chiinerieal, and has no foundation in nature j and ail ar-
guments flioiild be diav.n from facls, and not from I'ancy
of what miL.ht he, or nsiijht not be. lo this I riply in
few word-, and in geiural ; that all cafes and arguinents,
deduced from the iinpoitant and benevolent precept of
" doing to others as we would be done unto," necella-
rilv rcijuiie I'uch kind ol fuppofilions ; that is, they fup-
pole the call- to l\ otuiivvile than it rially is. I'or in-
iiaiue, " a rich ni..ii i> not a poor man ;" yet, the duty
plainlv atifing from th' |)iecipt is thi> — The man who is
now rich mi^ht to lie'a;ive to the man who is now pool,
in fuch a manner as the rich man, " if he were poor,"
would be willing tliar the poor man, " if he were rich,
ftiould behave to'vaids him. Here is a cal'e which, in
fact, does not cxill between thefe two men ; for the lieh
man is not a poor man, nor is the poor man a rich man ;
yet the (uppofitioii is necefl'ary to enforce and ilhilhate
the precept, and the reafonableiiefs of it is allowed.
And if the fuppolltion i. realoi-.able in one cafe, it i- rea-
fonable, at leatl not centrary to rrafoii, in all caii:s to
which this general precept can extend, and in which the
duty enjoined bv it can, and ought to be performed.
Theretbrc, though it be true, that " a man is not a
" horfc ; yet, as a hoife is a (ubjict within the extent of
the precept, that is, he is cpable of receiving benefit by
it, the duty (iiioined in it extends to the man, and
amounts to this — Do you that arc a man to treat your
horfc, as you would be willing to be treated bv your
matter, in cafe that vou were a horle. 1 lee no abl'ur-
dity, nor falfe reali)ni:ig m this precept ; nor any iU-
conlcquence that would aril'c from it, howc\er it may be
gainfaid by the baib„i;ty of cultom.

" In the cafe of luiinpn cruelty (th.it is, the cruelty
of men unto men) th ■ oppnlied ir.an has a tongi:- that
can plead his own cault', and .1 lingir to point out the
agirrili'or; all men that hear of it Ihudder with horror ;
Jiid, by applying the cafe to themfelves, pionounce it
cruelty with the common voice of humanity ; and iina-
nimoully join in demnnJing the punilhment of the of-
fender, and brand him wit!i infmiv. liut in the cale <d
brutal cruelty, the dimdi beat! can neither utter his com-
plaints to his own kind, nor delcribe tlie author of his
wrong; nor, if he could, hav,' they it in their power to
rtdrefs and avenge him.

" In the cafe of Iranian criielt\, there arc courts and
Jaws of jullice i!i every civih^ed ibciety, to which the
injured man may make his appeal ; the atfair is canvafled,
and punilhment infliel^d in proportion to the oli'ence.
But, alas ! with Ihai ,e to man, and fjirow for brutes, I
afk the quellion, Wnat laws are now in t'orce ? or what
court of judicature does now cxilt, in which the luHVr-
ing brute may bring hi- action .i.:aiiil! the wanton cruelty
of barbarous man ? The l.iws of 'I'riptoleiiuis are long
fince buried in oblivion ; for Tripto'enius w.is but a hea-
then. No friend, no advocate, not one is to be found
ainong the " hulls nor calves" (Pfal. Ixviii. jr.) of the
people, to prefer .in indiclmeiU i<n behalf of the brute.
The prieft paliclh by on one tide, and f';c J,evite on the
ether fide ; the Samaritan ftaiids (till, Ihrds a tear, but
tan 11') more ; for there is none to help; and the poor
wretcbcd, and uiibcfriendcd trcalurc is left to moan iu un-

regarded foriow, and to fink under the wei'd.t of hi;
buideii.

" liut fuppofe the law promulged, and the court
erected. 'Die judge is leated, the jiiiv Iwoni, the in-
dictment read, thecaule debated, and .1 verdict lound lor
tlie plaintitf. Vet what coll or d.image ? Whatrecoin-
pmee lor lofs fullained .' In actions of hunianitv, witli
or without law, fati: faction in.iy be made. Jn various
ways you c.in make amends to a nun lor the injuries you
h.ne done iiiin. "I'oii know his wants, and you m.iv re-
lieve him. ^ ou may give him clo.iths, or food, 01 im.-
ney. \ (Ml may raile him to a higher liation, and make
him h;!]ipi' r th.iii bel'oie you alHiiitcd him. Vou may en-
tertain him, keep him company, or fupply him With
e\cry comfort, comeiiience, and amiil. ir.eiit of life,
which he is capable of enjoying. And thu» may voh
m.ike fome atonement tor the injury which you' h'ave
il^'i'.e unto a man ; and by thy afliduity .uul future tender-
nils, thou mayelt, perli.ips, obtain his pardon, and p.il-
liate thine t-wii oft'ence. Jiut wliat is all this to the in-
jured brute r If by thy palTion or malice, or fpoitive cru-
elty, thou had broken his limbs, or deprived him of liis
e;,e-figiu, how wilt thou make him amends ? Thou caiiR
(io nothing to amiifc him. He wants not thy money nor
thy doaths. Thy converfation can do hini no g.iod.
Thou has obllrueted his means of getting fublilleiice ;
and thou wilt hardly t.ike upon thvfilf tiie pains anil
trouble of procuring it for him (which yit by the rule'
of jullice thou art bound to do) Thou hall marred his
little temporary hapiiinefs, which was his all to him.
Thou halt niaimeii, or blinded him for ever ; and halt
done him .m irreparable iniury."

* * ♦ « t * • * « -1- »«#»•*»««* V, »

T) E K () U E we conclude our account of Africa, we
•" fli.ill mention a lew fuiiplementa.y circumltances
relative, in the till! pl.ice, to what li.itli been the opi-
nions of the learned concerning the eaufes of a ditter-
ence of complexions in mankind ; as tins lecins neceliaiy
heie, fmce the greatell part of the iiilnbitants of this
quarter of the globe are lilacks. — .And, fecoiidly, le-
Ipccting llavery, to prove that it is abfoluteiy iiieon-
lilient with, and even contrary to (ound policy, huma-
nity, rcafon and julliec; witli fome hints to thofe who
are not to be moved by fuch aiguments; for the better
ircatnieiu of llaves, dining their paifig ■ from Africa to
America, and on the plantations ' '' ■ latter, greatly
to tile ;.d(. Ullage of their owners as . as themfelves.

With refpeet to thede(p b!.,ck, wiuch tinges the com-
plexions of Negroes, a learned author fays, " 'I'hj
eaufe of this lingulaiiiy h.is been the fulject of much
iiu|uii\, which lialh given rife to a\arietvof f\liems.
Some have abfurdly luppolird that the Negroes, being
the delciiidaiits of Cain, have had this mark of infamy
ll.unped upon thcni, as a puiiiihmint for the ftatrlvideof
their aneelior. If it were lb, it mult be allowed that
his polterity h.ive made a feveie .itorement for his crime ;
and that the defceiuiants of the pacitie Abel have tho-
roughly avenged the Hood of their innocent fathi r.

" liut, waving the dilculllon of fueh ridiculous f ni-
cies, let us enquire, wlietlier it is pollible tliat the Ne-
grois (liould derive their colour from the climate they in-
h.ibit r Some philofophers, and eminent r.aturalills, art
of tlii- opinion. Theie are no Negroes, lay thev, but
in the hottell countric. Their colour becomes darker
the nearer tlu y a|>pioach to the equator. It becomes
lighter, or more bright, at the extremities of the torrid
/,011c. i'lie whede human Ipecies, in general, coiitr.ict
whitenefs from the liiow, and grow tjimed in the fun.
\'arious (hades ni.iy be oblcrved from white to black, and
fi'Mii black to white, m.iiked out, as it were, by the pa-
lallel decrees which cut the i.irth from the equator to the
poles. If the zones, inia-iind bv the inventors of ttie
Ipliere, were reprelented liy re.d b.imU, one might per-
ceive thejctty colour of the natives inlenlibly ikereale to
the right .nid lett as f.ir as the two tropics ; from thetiee
the I110WI1 colour of the iiihibiiants grows paler and
brighter to the polar circles, by iliadis of white, be-
eoming n'ore and more biilliant. liut it is liimewh.u re-
mark.ible, that nature, which hatli la\i(lied the brr'hi-
iv.ls of the iiioft beautiful colour- on the iVin and plu-
J majje of aJiiiiuls, and on » ej;etiibii.i( and mt;-!s, Ihould,

jnuperly

r ^

AFRICA.]

STREIGHTS OF B A 13 E L M A ND EL

properly fpeakinj, have left men withnut toloiir; lime
blatlc and white are nothing but the beginninj;, anil ab-
Icncc of all colours.

" Whatever be the original and radical cauCe of that
variety of complexion in the hmnaii Ipecie-., it l> agreed,
that this conipiexioii is owing to a gelatinous fiibltance,
that is lodged between the cuticle and the llvin. This
liiblUncc is blaclcilh in negrws, browji in olive-coloured
or fwarthy ,:eople, white in Kuropcaii^, and divcrlitied
with reddilh Ipots in tholij who ii.uu cxtiemely light
or red hair,

" Anatomy hath difcovered, that in negroes, the
fubftance of the brain is blackiih, that the pineal gland
is entirely black, and their blood is ot a much deeper red
than that of white people. Their Ikin Is always hotter,
and their pulfe quicker. The leal'on of their hair being
curled is, bccaule, having to penetrate through a net-
work of a more denfe and tenacious Uibrtance, it becomes
twiftcd, and cannot be lengthened out. I he fweat of
the ncgroe dirt'ules a llroiig and difagiecible ndour, be-
caufe it is impregnated with that tliicK. and rancid greafe
which hath been long lodged, and flowly oo-zes out
between the cuticle and the Ikin. This lubllance is fo
palpable, that one may dllHnguilh in it, witli a mifcio-
icopc, a fediment formed in little liLukidi ulnhiik-.
Hence the perlpiiation of a negro, when it is copious,
tinges the linen cloth which wipes it off.

" The colour of the negroes is t.ilfely fiippofed to
be owing to the climate, hncc in Africa, under the
lame parallels, the eailern coalt has no negroes, and
even produces white people ; ami that in America the
heat of the fun and nature of the loil have never pro-
duced any negroes. Though it iliuuld be allowed, that
the weftern coafl of Africa is the hottelf region of the
whole globe, the only inference to be deduced from
this would be, that there arc climates proper only to
certain fpecies, or certain fpecies adapted to particular
climates j but not that the dirt'einicc of clim.ites could
change the fame fpecies from white to black. White
people never become bl.ick in Africa ; nor negroes white
in America. An union, iiulerd, between the fexes of
thefe two, prixluces a fpecic:, who partake equally of the
colours, features, and complexion of both. If man
was originally white, it mult be fuppofed, that h.aving
been created nearer to the frigid than to the torrid zone,
he peopled the earth fuccellively from the poles to the
equator : while, on the contrary, the lertility of the

flobe between the tropics, is a prefumplion tii.it it has
een peopled from the eijuator to the poles.
" The climate inhabited by the negroes exhibits no
palpable variations, but fuch as may he ocealioned bv
lands or morallcs. The ainioll inl'upportable heat of their
days is fucceeded by very cchjI and relielliing nights,
with this dirtcrence only, that thev aie lefs fo in the
rainy feafons th.ui in the time of drought. The dew,
lefs profufe under a cloudy n<y, than under a ferene
horizon, is undoubtedly the caufe of this i'lugularity."

With regard to the African (laves, we arc told in
a recent publication, that " in America it is gene-
rally believed and alVerted, th.it the Afric.ins are equally
incapable of realim and of virtue. The following
well-authenticated (ii\ will enable us to judge of this
•pinion.

An Englifli fliip that tr.adcd in Guinea in 1752, w.is
obliged to leave the furgeon behind, whole bad (fate
ef health did not permit him to continue at lea. Murray,
lor that was his name, was there endeavouring to re-
cover his health, when a Dutch veflll drew near the
coalt, put the bl.icks in iron' whom curiolity had brought
to the fliorc, and indantly failed oh' with their booty.

Thofe who intereded thenifelves for thefe unhappy
people, inceiifed at fo bale a treachery, inllantiv ran to
Ciidjoc, (a black, at whofe hoiile Murray lodgnl) who
(topped them at his door, and alked them what ihey were
in fearchof." " The white man who i^ with you," replied
they, " who fliould be put to death, becaufe his bre-
thren have carried otV ours." " The European^," aiv
fwcred thegencrous holt, " who have carried olFiuir coun-
trymen, are barbarians ; kill them whenever you can hnd
them. Hut he who lodges with me is a good man, he is
my friend j my houfe is his fortrefs ; 1 am his foldier, and
I will defend him. Before you can get at him, you (hall
pafs over my b«dy. U my friends, what jult man

537

would ever enter my doors, if 1 had fut.'Ted my habit.i-
tion to he tlained with the blood of an ii nncent man ?"
I'his difcourfe appciled the rate of the bla> ks : they re-
tiied aflianied of the delign" that had biMUght them
there; and foiiie days after acknowledged to Murray
hiiiilelf, how happy tiiey were that they had not commit-

ted a crime, which would have ocealioned tljcni

perpe-

tual reinorfe.

'I'his event renders it probable, that the lirfl inipref-
(loiis which the Africans receive m the new world, de-
termine* them cither 10 good or bad aiitions. Repeated
e.vpirieiice contirius the truth of this oblervation : thofe
who f.dl to tin Ihaic' of a humane in.ilL-r, willini;! y cfiioufc
his iiitereHs. They inf nlibly adi pt the fp;rit"and nian-
neis of the place where th(y an ii,\ed. Tnis .ittaeliir.ent
is lonietiniL^ ex.iltcd even into heroifin. A Portu 'iiefc
llave who had Hed into the wood-, having I'Mrnt liuu his
old mafter h.ul bc(n t.iken up for an allalimation, came
lilt 1 the couit of julHee, .i;ul atknowkd^ hinilelf
guilty of the fact; lit himl'eif he put in piii.i, in lieu
lit the malter ; brought fali'e, though judicial p-^o if., of
hi^ pretended crime," and luffered death infl.- i of the
guilty iHMloii. Actio!!'- ( '.i lef heroieal n.itun, O-.wh
not uncommon, have touched the 'icartsof lom.. coauiilfs.
.■-\ ral woulil ri-.ulily fay .is Sir 'VV'illiani CJooch. -over-
iiorof \'ir^inia did, when he . lamed for re turni'i^j the
falut.ition of.ihl.uk: "• (hi ■:d be "erj I'ony that 3
Have (hould bi 11, n:, polite ,.nn r. jli.

\Vc will not hue fo fir d ■ fe ourlelves as to enlan'o
the ignominious lift of thule wrifrs who de'.ote their
abilities to jultify by policy what i.orality condemns. In
an age where fo many errors are boUliv laid open, it
would be uiipaidiinahle to conceal any truth fliat is in-
terelliiig to humanity. If wliatever we have hitherto
advanced hath leemingly tended only to alle\iate the bur-
den of (lavery, the realon is, that it was firit mceli'ary
to give I'omc comfort to thole unhappy beiivs, whom we
cannot let free ; and convince their opprellors that they
are cruel to the prejudice of their real int. relt>. But,
in the mean time, until fome coiilitler.ible revolution
Ihall nu.ke the evidence of this great truth felt, it m.ay
not be inqiroper to purfue this fubjeCt further. We
Ihall then lirlt prove, that there is no rcafon of Itate that
can authorife llaverv. W'e (hall not be afraid to cite
to the tribunal of rcafon and jufticc thofe governments
which toler.ite this cruelty, or wliich even are not ;i(hamcd
toir.ake it the bafn of their power.

.Mont-lquieu could not prevail upon himfelf to treat

e que

Ition

concerning llavcry in a ferious liuht. In
re.ility it is degrading realon to employ it, I will not fay
in defending, but even in refuting an abufc fo repugnant
to it. Whoever jullilies lo odious a I'jilcm deferves
the iitniolt conieirpt from a philofopher, and from the
negro a ihib with his dagger.

If you toiuh me, laid t'larifia to Lovelace, that mo-
nieiit 1 kill niyfelf ; and 1 would fay to him, who at-
tempted to deprive me of my liber'y, if you appro.ich
me, 1 will llab you. In this cafe, I Ihould rcafon better
than ClarilVa ; becaufe defending my liberty, or, which
is the fame thing, niv life, is my primary duty ; to rcL'ard
that of another, i> only a fecoiuiarv conlideration ;"and
if all other circuinllance:< were the fame, the death of a
eriniinal is niore conformable to jufticc than that of an
innocent perfoii.

Will it lie faid, that he who wants to make me 3.
Have does me no injury, but that he only makes ufe of
his rights ? Where are thofe rights ? Who h.ah llamped
upon them fo facred a thara^^ter as to lilencc mine .'
From iKiture I hold the right of fclf-defcnce ; iiature,
therefore, has not ;iven to another the right of attacking
me. If thou thiiikelt thylelf authorili.d to oppiel'^ me,
becaule thou art llronger ;uid more ingenious than I am ;
do not complain if my vigorous arm (hall piunge a da^
ger into thy brealt ; do not complain, wdien in thy tor-
iiiied entrails thou (lialt feel the pangs of death con-
veyed by poifon into thy food : I am irroifger and more
iiigeiiieius than thou ; fill a vidim, therefore, in thy
turn ; and expiate the crime of having been an op-
prell'or.

He who fiipports the fyftem of (lavery is the enemy

of the whole human race. He devides it into two locie-

tics of legal anallins ; the oppreflbrs and the opprellcd.

' It is the fame thing as oroclaiinine to the world, if you

■ fc U would

k^i

ANEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

would preferve your life, inftuntly take away mine, for
I want to liavc yours.

Uui the right of flavery, you fay, extends only to the
right of labour, and the privation of liberty, not of life.
AV'liat ! does not the mafter, who difpofes of my llrength
at his pleafure, likcwife difpofe of my life, which de-
pends on the voluntary and proper uie of my faculties ?
What is exigence to him, who has not the diipofal of it ?
1 cainiot kill my Have ; but 1 can make him bleed under
the whip of an executioner ; I can overwhelm him with
forrows, lirudguy, and want i I can injure him every
w.iy, and fccretly undermine the principles and fprings
of his life i I can fnioiher by (low punifliments, the
wretched infant which a negroe woman carries in her
womb. Thus the law prdtcdts the flavc againll a violent
death, only to leave to my cruelty the right of making
him die by degrees.

Let us proceed a ftep further : the right of flavery Is
th.Tt of perpetrating all forts of crimes : thofc crimes
which dellroy perlbnal I'afety ; for the flave may be fa-
crificed III the caprice of his mailer : thofc crimes which
nvike modelly ihudder. — My blood rifes .it thcfe horrid
Images, I detcll, I abhor the human fpccics, made up
only o( viiflms and executioners ; and if It is never to be-
come better, may It be annihilated !

Further, that I may difclofe without referve my fenti-
mcnts on this fubjedK Cartouche, the highwayman,
litting at the foot of a tree In a deep foreft, calculating
tlie profits and lodes of his robberies, the rewards and
pay of his aflbclates, and adjuding with them the ideas
of proportion and diltributive jiiltice ; this Cartouche is
not a very dilTerent charaiiler from that of the merchant,
who, reclined on his counter, with his pen in his hand,
fettles the number of attacks which he can order to
be made on the coafls of Guinea ; who deliberately exa-
mines how many firelocks each negro will colt him,
in order to fupport the war which Is to furnifli him with
flaves ; how many iron fetters to confine him on board ;
how many whips to make him work ; how much each
drop of blood will be worth to him with which e.ach
negro will water his plantation : if the black woman
will contribute more to his ellate by labour of her hands,
or by thofe of bearing children r— What thinkyeu of this
parallel ? The highwayman attacks you, and takes your
money ; the trader carries oft" even your perfon. The
one invades the rights of fociety ; the other, thofe of
nature. This certainly is the truth j and if there exift-
id a religion which authorifed, which tolerated, even
by its filence, fuch enormities ; If, moreover, occupied
by Idle or factious queftlons. It did not eternally de-
niiunce vengeance againft the authors or Inftruments of
this tyranny ; if it made It criminal for a flave to break
his bonds i if it did not expel the unjuft judge who con-
demns the fugitive to death ; if fuch a religion exilkd,
its miniilers ought to be mafTacred under the ruins of
their altars.

But thefe negroes, fay they, arc a race of men born
for llaviry; their difpofitlons are narrow, treacherous,
and wicked ; they themfelves allow the fuperiority of our
underllandings, and acknowledge almoft thejulHce of
authority.

The minds of the negroes arc contraiSed ; becaufe
flavery dtftroys all the fprings of the foul. They are
wicked ; but not fufficicntly fo with you. They are
treacherous, becaufe they »>•« under no obligation to
fpeak truth to their tyrants. They acknowledge the
fup<riority of our underllandings ; becaufe we have
abufed their ignorance : they allow the juftice of our
authority; betaufe we have abufed their weakncfs. 1
might as well fay, that the Indians are a fpccles of men
born to be crulhed to death ; becaufe there are fanatics
among ihem, who throw themfelves under the wheels of
their idol s car before the temple of Jaguernat.

But thefe negroes. It is further urged, were born
flaves. barbarians, will you pcrfuade me, that a man
can be th.- property of a fovereign, a fon the property of
a father, a wife the property of a hulband, a domcftic
the property of a malter, a negro the property of a
planter r"

But thefe flaves have fold themfelves. Could a man
ever by compact, or by an oath, permit another to ufe
and abufc him .' If he alTentcd to thi.s compact, or
•onfirnied it by an oath, it was in a traiifpurt of i|;no-

rance or folly ; and he is releafed from it, the moment
th.it he either knows hiinlelf, or his reafon returns.

But they had been taken in war. What does this fig-
nifytoyouJ Suffer the compurur to make what ill uli;
he pleall'S of his own viittory. Why do y<iu make your-
felyes his accomplices >

Hut they were criminals condemned in their ciuntry
to flavery. Who was It that condemned them ? iJoyou
not know, that in a defpotic llate there is no criminal
but the tyrant.

The fubjedt o! an abfolutc prince is the fame as the
flavc In a Hate repugnant to luiiire. livery thing that
contributes to keep. a man in Inch a llate, is an auenipt
againlt his perlon. Every power whieh lixes him to tlic
tyranny of one man. Is the power ot his enemies: and
all thofe who are about him aie the authors or abettors of
this violence. His mother who taught him the hill lef-
I'ons of obedience; his neighbour, who fet him the ex-
ample of it ; his fuperiors, who compelled him inio this
flate ) and his equals, who led him into it by their opi-
nion ; all thefe ire the minilters and inllruments of ty-
ranny. The tvr.nt can do nothing of hiinfelf; he is
only the firil mover of thofe cli'orts which all his lubieiits
exert to thch own mutual opprellion. He keeps them In
a flate of perpetual war, which leiule'-^ robberies, trea-
Ibns, aflafTmatioiH lawful. Thus, like the blood which
flows in his veins, all crimes ori;.'inate from his heart,
and return thither as to their primary I'ource. Caligula
ufed to f.iy, that if tl' whole human race had but one
head, he fhouUI havi taken pleafure in cutting it olf.
Socr.ites would have faid, that if all crimes wen: heaped
upon one he.id, that fliouKl be the one which ought to be
(truck olF.

Let us, therefore, endeavour to make the light of rea-
fon, and the lentiments of nature, lake place of the
blind ferocity of our anccdors. l,et us break the bonds
of fo many viiiHms to our mercenary principles, (hould
we even be obliged to difcard a commerce which is
founded only on injiidlce, and whofe objeilt Is lu.\urv.

But even this is not neccdary. There Is no oeealion
to give up thofe conveniences which cudom hath fo
much endeared to us. We may dr.iw them from our co-
lonies, without peopling them with flaves. Thcfe pro-
ductions may be cultivated by the hajids of freemen, and
then be reaped without remoilc.

The iflands are filled with blacks, whofe fetters have
been broken. They fucccfllvely clear the final I planta-
tions that have been given them, or which they have ac-
quired by their indullry. Such of thefe unhappy men,
as (hould recover their Independence, would live in quiet
upon the fame manual labours, that would be then free
and advantageous to them. The vafliil.. of Denmark,
w!io have lately been made free, ha\u not abandoned
i their ploughs.

Though all the nations concrrn-d in the African
trade are equally Intereded in preferving the flaves in
their paflage, they do not all attend to it with the lame
care. They all feed them with beans, mixed with a
fiiull quantity of rice ; but they differ In other refpeiits iii
their manner of treating them. The FiiflKh, Dutch,
and Danes keep the men condantly in irons, and fre-
quently hand-cuff" the women : the final I number of
hands they have on board their diips obliges them to this
feveritv. The French, who li.ue great numbers, allow
iheni more liberty ; three or !bur days after their depar-
ture they take off" all thtir fetters. All thele nations,
efpcci.dly the Fuglidi, are too iieL.'li,;eiU with regard to
the intercourfe between the lailors wiili thewonun liaves.
This irregularity occafions the death of ihiec-fourths of
thofe whom the Guinea voy.ige deltroys every year.
None, but the i'ortiiguefi', during their paflage, are fc-
cured ai;aind revolts and other calamities. This advan-
tage is a confequcnce of the care they take to man their
vcdelsonly with the negroes, to whom they havegivontheir
freedom. Ihe flaves, encouraged by the converf.ition
and cnmlition of their countrymen, form a toleralily fa-
vourable idea of the dcftiny that awaits them. The qul-
etnel"s of their behaviour induces the I'ortugucfe to grant
the twolcxes the happinefs of living together : an indul-
gence, which, if allowed in other ycd'els, would be pro-
duL^tive of the grcatcd inconveniences.

All th^ negroes, .is well male us female, who come
from Guinea, or arc born in the Iflands, have the yaws

onec

AFRICA.]

S T R E I G n T S OF ll A R E L M A N D E L. &c.

5i9

•luT in ihi-ir lives: it is a iliitalL thiy iiiult- iici.cll!.i,l'.
p.ils thnnijji i but ihcic is no inlt.inci- ot any tif tli.ui
Inirv^ .ilt.».)<ril vvilli r a (ikhuI time, alter having Imn
raJii.iliy iiiivil. I In; I'.iirojiLaiis le'.iloni or jieviT i ucli
thin ililoiikr, iintwithllimiiiij; tin- liv(|iiuit ami daily
(.■omici.iM)^i vvli'.L'li tlic'V liavc Willi tlic mL;rii wtmicii.
'I'ln.('f wmiuii luckle llic cliililrcii iit' the wlliir pedple,
hut (1(1 iHit i;ive iheni the jaws, llinv is it pi>liil).e t(i le-
ffiiieile thele lad'', wliicli are iiiccjiii', itihle, witli ilii' iV-
Iteni which [)h\rKiaii> k-ini to have aiiii|iial witli reg.ihl
ti) the natuieoi the yaws ? C,';iii it mit he alloweii, thai
the liMieii, the hliuni, ami Ihin oi the iieitrcic, aie Cul-
ceptihle dl' a virus peeuliai to their Ipeeii-. > 'I'he eaiill-
ol thii ililorJer, perhaps, ii owiii;; to that which oeea-
fioiis their colour : one ililliienee is naturally piuduclive
til" aiuitlier : and there is no being or eijualily that exilU
abloliitelv iletacheil troni ^llHr^ in lutiiie.

Hut whatever thi-, I'llonler ni..y be, it is evident
from the molt accuiate and undenialile calculations, that
there d.es eviry year in /Viaerita, the leventh part ot the
Macks that are imported lliitlur Imni (luinea. I'ourteen
hundied thoulaiid uiilia|ipy beiu;;:-, who are now in the
Kiuopean colonies m the new world, arc the unlortunate
leinams ol liine niillioni ol Ihnes that have been con-
veved thither. This drcadliil dci'.iuction cannot be
the elVeCt ol" the climate, which is nearly the lame as
that ol Africa, much lefs of the dilorders, to which,
in the opaiion of all ubfervers, but few fill a I'acriHce.
It mull; originate from the ni;iiiner in which thele llaves
are govermd : and might not an error of this nature be
corrected ?

The firll flep jiceeflary in this reformaiion would be to
attend minutely to the n;itiiral and moral Kate of man.
'I'hofc who go to piirehaie bl.icks on the co.ifls of f.i\agc
Ii.ilions; tllofe who convey them toAnurica, and elpe-
cially thofe who direct their labours, often think tliem-
fclves obliged, from their fituation, and frei|uentiy loo
lor the fike of their own f.ifety, to opprel\ thefe wretched
men. The foul of thele managers of Haves, loll to all
frnfe of compaflion, is ignorant of every motive to en-
force obedience, but tholi.- of fear or feverity, and thele
they exeicifc with all the h;irflnicfs of a temporary autho-
rity. If the pioprietors of plantations would ce;ife to
regard the care of their n.;ves as an occupation below
them, and con'ider it as an office to which it is their duty
to attend, tluv would foon difc.ird thefe errors that arife
from a fpirit of cruelty. The hiltory of all mankind
would fliew them, that in order to render llavery uleful,
it is at le:ift neci Ifiry to make it eafy ; that force does
not prevent the rebellion of the mind ; that it is the maf-
ler's intereft that the llave Ihould be ;i!tacheil to life, and
th.it nothing is to be e.spcctcd from him the mo:;ieiit th;it
he no longer fears to die.

'I'his principle of i iilightcncd rcafon, derived from the
fentiments of humanity, uould contnlute to the refor-
m.ition of fevcral abufs. Men would acknowledge tie;
neceflity of lodging, cloathmg, and giving proper food
to beings condenmed to the molt p;iinful hond.igc that
rver h.is cxiftcd fmee the infamous origin of llavery.
They would be fenhblc, that it i-> natuially impoHihle
that thofe who reap no advant.ige liom their own labour'^,
can have the fame uiulerllanding, the fame ccconomy,
the fime activity, the fame llrenglh, as the m;in who en-
joys the produce of his induitry. That politir.i! niode-
ration would gradu.iily take place, which conlills in lef-
fening of labour, all.vi.iting punilhnient, and rendering
t.) man part of his rights, in order to reap with greater
certainty the benclit of thole duties th.it are impokd upon
him. The piefervaiioii of a great number of llaves,
whom diforiler?, occalioned by vexation or regret, de-
prive the colonies of, would be the natural confeijuenec
of lb wile a regulation, bar from aggr.avating the yoke
that opprefles them, every kind of attention (liould be
given to make it eafy, and to dillipatceven the idea of it,
by favouring a natural talte that feenis peculiar to the ne-
groes.

Their organs arc extremely fenfible of ihe powers
of nuific. Their car is lb true, that in thcirdanccs, tiietime
of a fong makes tin m Ipring up an hundred at once,
llriking the earth at the fame inftant. Knchaiited, as it
were, with the voice of a linger, or the tone of a Itringid
inftrumuit, it vibration vf Uitf itir i» the Ifiric (h>it ac-

[■ lu.itcs ail the bodies of thele men ; a found agitates,
I, tranlporis, and throws them into rxtafies. In their com-
mon l.il)oiiis,the motionof (heir .irms or of their feet, isal-
w.iys incadence. At all their employments they fing, ani
feemalwaysasif tluy weiedancing. Mufie animates their
couiage,androuz'sthi'm from ihcirindolence. Tlieinarks
of this extreme Kiililiilily lo harmony au; vilible in all
Jl ih;- mufclcs of their bodies, which are always naked.
11 i'oets and mufKians by iiatuie, they nuke the words fub-
jl luvieni to the mufic, by a licence they arbitrarily af-
inii; ol lengthening or lliortening them, in order to ac-
iciiiniodate them to an .lir that pleafes them. When-
evii .iiiy objecl or incident Itrikes u negro, he ijill;intly
makes it tin fubjcel of a fong. In all ages this has been
the origin ol pouiy. Three or four words, which .iic
.iltini.iuly repeated by 'i.- linger and the general chorus,
fometiuKs coiMli'utc the whole poem. I'ive or fix bars
of mufic comp lie the whole length of the fong. A
n umltance that ajipears fingular is, thai the fame
an, though merely .. eoiitinu;i| repetition of the fame
tones, takci entire poll'eflion ol ihem, makes them work
or dance lor level ,il hours ; neither they, liur even the
white men, are difgulted with that tedious innlormity
which thefe repetilions might naturally occafion. This
pinicular attachment is owing to the warmth and
e\|irellion which they introduce into their longs. Their
airs arc generally double time. None of them tend to
iiifpire them with pride. Thofe intended to excite ten-
dern; Is, promote rather a kind of languor. Even thofe
which are mod lively carry in them a certain ex-
prellion of melancholy. This is the higheft entertain-
ment to minds of great fenfibility.

So Itrong an inclination for nnific might become a
powerful motive of .iction under the direction of ll<ilful
hands. Telliv.ils, g.inies .ind rewards might on this
account be ellahlijhed among them. Thele amul'e-
nients, conduced with judgment, would prevent; th.it
Itiipidity fo common among Haves, cafe their labours,
and preferve them from that conltant melancholy which
confumes them, and ihortens their days. After having
provided for the prefeiv.ition of the bhicxs cxpo.ted from
Africa, the wclfaie of thofe who arc born in the iflands
theml'elvcs would then he confidercd.

'l"he negroes are not averfe to the propagation of
their fpeeies even in the chains of ll.ivery. But it is
the cruelty of their mafters which effectually prevents
them from complving with this great end of na-
ture. Such hard l.ibour is rciiuired from negro women,
both before and after their pftgnancy, that tjicir children
are either abortive, or live but a (hoit time after delivery.
.Mothers, rendered del;.'eratc by the punilhments which
tlie wcaknefs of their condition occafions them, fnatch
luinetimes their children from the cr.idle, in order to
lir.mgle them in their arms, and facrifice them with a
tiny mingled with a fpirit of revenge and compaflion,
that they may not become the property of their cruel
I'.ialters. This baibarity, the horrot of which mull be
whollv imputed to the Europeans, will, perhaps, con-
vince them of their error. Their fenfibility will be
rouzed, and engage them to pay a greater atention to
their true interells. They will find that by committing
fuch outrages againft humanity, they injure themfelves ;
and if they do not become the benefactors of their flavcs,
they will at lealt ccafe to be their executioners.

I'hey will, perhaps, refolve to fct free thofe mothers
who fliall have brought up a confiderablc number of chil-
dren to the age of fix ye.irs. The allurements of liberty
are the moft powerful that can inllucnce the human heart.
The negro women, animated by the hope of fo great a
blelling, to which all would afpire, and few would be
able to obtain, would make negleil and infamy be fuc-
cecded by a virtuous emulation to bring up children,
whole mimber and prefervation would iecure to them
frecdum and tranquillity."

It is now time to emerge from regions of ignorance
anil barbarity, to the more enlightened realms of Europe ;
from nations tainted with the moil horrid andcruelfuperfti-
tions, to kingdoms where the gofpcl light prevents errors,
cheeks criminal offences, mcliorateseach propenfitytoevil,
and humanizes the rational foul ; in fine, from favag«
countries, where dcfpotifm reigns triumphant, and tyranny
ll.ews its molt gliallly featurcE, to poliih'd fiates j where.

5+'

A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.

it drlpoiifm iIatct appear, it is obliged t<» put on a
|il:iciJ (XJUiKtiioKf ; and arbitrary power is under lucli
li.iiit.aioiis, ;i» Id be coniptlled to wear the moll kindly

ffTliU'S.

VVe (hall, l\i\»r»er, clofe thi? article, and our arcomit
of thrvt quiu'f "I che ailolw calU'd Africa, with the (nl-
U'wiiii: i^A'U* al lines, which aie luppoCed to have been
if^drviloi bv an African iiepro, (cnn.lemned to be bnint
fur att\-nnitin;i lo rciraiii his Iteciloni after having been
fold as a (laie inio one of the Kuropean teltlemcnts) to
hi^ wife, while he was falfeiied to the Italcc and ready for
rxetutiim.

' lis paO ; — Ah ' calm thy carr; to reft !

Finn and unmov'd am 1 ; —
In freedom^ cnule 1 bar'd my breall,—

In ficedoin's ciiife i die.

Ah flop ' thou doft me fatal wrong :—

N«tnie will vet rebel ;
I or I have lov'd iliee very long.

And iov'd thee very well.

'1 o native (kies and peaceful bow'rs,

! lOon (hall win^ luy way ;
^\ here iovs fhall lead the ending hours,

I'liU-is loo loii;^ thy (lay.

O lpo\l, lair bin ' thy courfe divine ;

Mv Abala remove ; —
rhrn. liiv briahi beams flull evet (}im<".
And 1 for ever love !

On thofe blell Ihores — a Have no more !

Ill pc.iccful eal'e I'll (liay :
Or loufe to chafe the mountain boar.

As luicoiitin'd as day ;

No Chriftian tyrant there is known

To niarlc lu> llqis with blixxl.
Nor fable mis'ry's piercing moan

Rcfoimds tbio' every wood !

Yet h.ive 1 heard the melting tongue.

Have fcen the tailing tear ;
Known the g(.xid heart bv pity wrun;;,

i\b ! that fuel] hearts are rare

Now, Chriftian, glut thy ravifh'd c\<ii,

— I reach the joyful hniir ;
Now bid the Icorchiiit! Hiiines aiile.
And tliele poor limbs devour ;

Hut know, pnle tyrant, 'tis nwt thine

Kttinal w.ir to wage ,
'1 he death thou ^'iv'ft (hall but combine

To mock thy baffl'd rage.

O death, bow welcome to ih' opprell !

Thv kind rnibi.ice 1 i lave ;
Thow bnni;'/! to iiiilen's bolbm reft,

Aju 1 Ki.LDOM I O IHIL iLAVK!

END OP T 11 F. FIRST VOLUME.

r 54» J

INDEX

T O

VOLUME

O F

Middleton's Syftem of Geography.

ABci^a, 0?
/\l)iliil-ll.imet, IJ7
Al>rx. 41 J
Al.l.il.im's Pillar, j:6
Aliydoi, 104

Aliyflinia, 3i;7. N.mir.-il Iliflory "I",
;ji)8. Ciiltiims ami M.mncn ot the
inliil/itaiits, &c. 401. Hillor/ o(, 409

Acta, 117

Atlmiet, 13J

Ailana, 1 10

Aikl, jijCi

AJcn, 87

AJoni«, 116

Aclrvniitiuni, 104

AdIIs, 105

jtryllirra, I of)

A lo|ius, 104

At'iii-ai 241

Ajiri, 151

A|.i//.i>, 110

Akil/iki, 9(

Al.iilulu, 101)

Allaiorr, 141

Aleppo, 1 1 3

Alcx.>iulrr tlie Great, 61, 4J5

Alr\aiulria, 41 j

Alfticrv iH

Allinatiiij, 141

Alin.iii.uk Cluiicfc, Kf

Aniiiti.i, Q9

AniitiJ, I ID

Anura, 40R

Aiiiaii.i, loH

Aiiulii, I'll, 4(4

Ani.illiK, loU

Amiiiiyn.i, aij

Ann. I, 41

Amur.ith I. l}l

II. Iji

111. IJ4

AiiamahDr, 3x6
Aiiax'lia i'lupcr, loj
Aiiiyr.!, 107
Aiidcni.iii lilcs, 171
Aii^ula, jAu
Ann«y, jn

Anuria the Pirate, account ef, ij8

Anii.ibmi, 49J

Aiilik.i, j6.5

Antaii<lnis, 104

Aiiicliii'c, 50

Aiiti-Litaiuis, II I, III

Aiitiocli, III, 131

.Apaiii(.':i, 107

Apis, JOJ

Apns 4/54

Arabia, •;{

Aratciii, 166

Ararat, 55

Aras River, JJ

Arl>.we^, 59

Aibi'i, lOJ

Arilif , ('b

Ardil.il, 56

Ariniatlira, 12;

Arka, ii]

Arnuniaiis, 68, 70

Ariiieiiia M i|"r, ((6

Ariiuiiia Minor, i^l

Arnroui I'lHi, 9

Ailaci's t:

Aria'Mr\<<, fu

Ar/cruiii, T

Afialon, 1 irt

Alcenlion lllc, 4'j4

Alcin, 169

All>.l"d, i:3

Aflur, li»

A III, <

.Mia Minor, I0»

Alia iMitiila, Jij

Arti", 104

Adytia, 101

Alliailian, p

Allnuioiiiital Tribunal, 19

Atlas "''5

Aitmiui', 37*

All, l6j

RAIiilm.iiuli-1, <JI
ll.ilyliMi, lou
lU^imtiU'i , 40!
Bagdal, 101

Bihara, 75
Uajazet I. 132
Bajazet II. 133
Balbcc, Uiiiiib of, 119
Hainiioo, 10
Karuli, 114
Bandrl, i6i
B.icliian, aij
llanjar, 2 1 3
Bantam, iiy
Bauia, 358
Baptilni, iji;
BarabinlUi, 46
H.ir.intiila, 33
Barliarolla, ^4;
Barbary, 243
Barbora, /; 34
Harca, 243
Barks Cliiiicfc, 2 J
llana>, aij
Biifliira, loi
llilhnailo, 30
Ban, 3{<,
Bat.ivia, 217
Bailis I'lrrmi, 67
HaiSiang Uoats, IX
Bear, v. 43
llccovi'ih, {>
lleilai, I4(
llrliitliiis, 57
Hrllli.i//ar, (i3
Hrnilia, 3.-»
Hcnibca, i<>i

"<'"£''< 3'">
Kenj;.il, i,,4
lli'iiji,ucla, 364
HtniM, ,141
Urrakliap, 111

HCIVMUS, I I (>

llei,'l, I J

llfllUMV, 117

Hcihlebfin, ij;
Ueibit, 102
Uillilaul.!, 113

Ho«l of, I J*

Hcib/or, 111
Bi'/o»r Stone, {9
Hiir, or liaJiT, 146
IlillJiigeriJ, 216

«ir.

54=

Bir, .

Biliiau.i

I'.ifl-,

')')

lllc

'??

l!il!

49t

Bithyi
Rii

cur, 491

!y3

Ul.iik Hole at C:\lclitt.i, ilreniluil I'.

>>f

IVilo

r.i>.

Klue 'Ki

ITS confiiUii iluie, 154

Uodi
Koli,
Bombav,

ar.i, 53

'57

Bona Villa, 488
Hoiucs Clniuic,

triiii'S ot', 5j
Bolii.l, :c6

Bcitivs, 1 16
Bonrlii'ii Iilc, ^^(JJ
B.11110, ;i,'i
B'liitnii, I ;3

E:.i;r.i!i5, 144
r.i.'.ll.i, 4O

31. — Siory of Doc-

in>

Ki;.iililic of,
4S1)

393

hv.kv
llri.liHs in Cliin.i, 22
iiks, .17
.■574

BriniHoiK M

BulVa
iiuil.l

Biilli.

al i'hia
104

4')'

1 f'llin'

Hiiririllv ( hiiiefi', 9
^yllus,' 1 lb

Call
Cafn
Cai.

lAl'C-vo, 361
I Calion IS, ;-.
I'lijio, 3,-1

370

.17'
104

23J

C'.liuita, I ;.y
C.iluiir, K'l
(. !li;nach.
C.iK iry,
Caiiliay.i, 1^^
t" iiiilioilia, 18?

t I" l)ii

t.iiiul, t;, (S.
C.;milic.n», 108
taiM[|o|iiiiil.ilis 37)
C'aiiiliyfi>., di
Cimoiiiloji Tree, lOf
C'.un|K liulian, J4H
filial- Chiiicfc, S, zz

Can

1 of f.iUiUc,

Lar.ary l!lr.. 4'fi

I Inh.il ii Mill of, 4Sj

C IM

lliH'fe

106

tapi I'nail ( iltlf,
l)t \ tnl I

3-4

1)1 (.<x)il Mi

i\>\\ n, jSy

C''|>cri< .mil, ilj
lilaiMunil, 110
Caiiinirs ijj
Caiia, Kv'»
C.rnirl, 1 11
l.ar|i.iiiilaii, 338

486
Pe. J', 3

>V7

( ifi I

(.' ilhiMif, I {I
C il|iiaii Si a, 7,;
tafwiii, -/i

C'.iiarni

KM
4<

(. illitriiu liiiii;, 49
tall crair, Si, (.onrent of, 76
— . - ■ Mount ol, ;'i, 77
I .>o|'ii jc liiHnimriiii, :o
{ 4iiiMrii<, (,. '/i

I JVIollt;f, i[ \

ti'lilti's 01 lllaiul ul MictlTti', ioS
'.'rrani, iib

Cctita

. cyloi

■ SiL'ne of, iS;

i Cli.

otit^uas

C'lialcciloii, loj
Chaldca, too

Chali

g.in, 161

Cliainpaii Boats, i ;
CiiaciipoMrs, •;7i
Cliaiig-pi-cliaiii>, •;
Chan of Tartaiv,
tlial Uiver, 76
CiiL--ky-aitp, 7
L'lifft'iion, 1 li)
Clicrtioiil, \o2

Cl.cis

'4;

CliiiUcirs l\i;yj)lian, Mtihi'd of lialcli-

CliiUirtii of Corca
I Chilonno, i^o
I l'lniii;i'ra, 1 iO
I C'liina, 7

!')

of, 1 211

tlirilt, L:
C'liill'im 1, j'lO

Cliioiiolonii.al.Ac\:oiiiuof;licCalil>li;,S6
Vjiinauioii, zz'i

■ Natural Ilillovvof, S

IVrf.

I. liaracUis of tlic

• Rn(>t, 1 I

■ Circmor.ics ilc

■\\\

amita^'toiA

i()

Slate of Cliriili.Miiiv in.

nijron,

Dahlak,
Oamifci
J)aiiilK'a.

409

Daniitta,
Oainota, 408
Dances I'trliaii, M
Dan, i:i{

1-ot of, ,:,

Daiula, 362

D.inca P><(Vcltion ot", in 1::

Mnills 1 lyflaf|K■^, 111

Date Tic;, 10

Dainna, c;;rt

Daya, 216

Dcail Sea. 1 21

Di' .'\nu;clib Katlici , \c.

Dclili

t.-j

I), la Scula,

Dcrbcii
Diaibcc

I .W

' lily, 99
Diamoml Xlinc,
i'liiliy, 107
I 'iu, i6j
DoliiM, u;

Oil

aw s ol.

Clini

— MiniainCiicinoiiicsiifi iliii,i
■fc Ci'ion, 10

■ Ciiuonis

tirit!:rionas

i]na

..lii.

t"i\ il l.ltaliiilliincnt of I'cilli, 71

Ciaio', J

CI uiiliiia|>ulis, loS

Cla

l.lci)|iair,

CI 'ik-wnik, zo

4C17

CoJl.

( icIiiK-C'liina, 184

Coclii

New and OIil 'l\

Ni.l L

Cal t

uUU foi Prifs 12

CoHVf,

Coinan 1,

.• eii

• Coil

nu'U'

C ipiora Ifl.

Coiifin.in>, liis C italo'.'iirof Iclipfcv, uj

Dra

Onifuiis

rii:

'4'

Dii

iiupias

D;itcli I'ollcilio

(iOOil I 10

at I lie Cape of

I ln,li:

n«arf St ,).,
l)\natiicsCliiniff

■\rtii

lalllf

iq'iikcs, 12, 13

4'5

N'a

.Am

lira'. Hift"

• <if,

niiipiitiiA of, 412

I'rcfciit Stale iif,

• C'lirto

■ Hiltnry of

Ml
409
I -Ijo

4.iO

i^c.

nf the

1 piianr, 143

all.

Con,'o, 34(1

al Ililto

Ml hi

"1. 3 <

ill Ills iV

CnlNiins aiiil iVlaiiiicr> 01 llic In

liaLii.li'.ts,

.1U« of, 35

fropcr, 3^1

Convt'il.nioii ,\Unnci 1 I, ill Cliiiiii, I
Copper Mints 43
liromaiidil, 14^
Coi, :y,

Coljli<>, >;{

Com

3'7

CotNXllll, 107

(i)«iic>, 231
CiO);iu, 110
Ciinrt'irlart, f4
Cloioilllr, 4I()
Crnlailrs, 1)1
( urilo, 102
Cnrilrll.iM, 101
CnilU, I J I
Ciillci», <>(<
Cypi n, :tS
'. yra\ji

Cyr
iy/icus. 104

Ujj;IuII4Ii Aluiiiiuins 't<t

I.I I I.I
Klv.i, (>7
111- 37+

l:l-Mc.lr 1, 250

:4s

244

KI .Mcifa

meia, 113

l.inonx-.

inpcior ( hiiiele

I nip. 101
Kn.l.

Toil, i(n

i.-i

al.ll, l.-!j

I'J

fjiivilli, I'ofl'i lli.iiM of, ill lu.lia, 1,
I, nil 1: uiiiiu 111,, 13, ;»
l''|'liilii'', no

p.iianii, ij,'

I'.nily Serpeiil of, 438

Kiel oil y, fmnnlar Kmbliniof, ^i

Kiipl

plni

ciS

H)i

Kiimprni Siiilimeiil* on iln" Hank* nf

Ihr (iaiiil ia, :
I'lnxine Sta, 96
I'Ail Mrroilnili, fto
l'\rcniioiiti, 1'iiLIIl Iluiinuiali!«, ia

C'liinn, ;)l
I'.yi'jc.i Arabic, too

Ij^ Amacnll.i, > i)
 Siii|jnlnr, |(
le/, af'fi

f li'li,

♦9

I I lib, iMttliuiJur Drying, ^^

IMI.

I'ifliing VffTcls,

|.ivc- Hoifc Mcnil Hill', 8

l.-l.>i>l>s. iyi

KId" ti's, CiiinefL', 1 1

1 lying l'ii>.ib, .12 J

I'.ickycn, 7

Fol.u,i:i, 307

I'.iod, 7S, 94

iMirimil.i, :oo

I'\n\ ling, 79

I'luiuli, PolU-HioT. of, in I:-;di.i, 159

r'ricl.iy,S,iliL.iili Uv\n on, jjz

Fiitiii'viimirn, 4H3

I'liniuuie I'tiliau, 67

C>lAil, I,<il nf, 122
J (.;lno, ;,;!5
Ci.il.iii.i, 107
G.:llaiuini, 58
Ci lilfc, 121
G.ilia-, .(.I I
(;nll Nuts, ?8
C'.r.ilii.i Unci, 2i;o
Cia ninvi, t^
(J.ircli ini'g, 10, ^7, 9?
f iunlt lis, Kin|HT>>r ol China's, 24

. I'ltli.i's, 58

Crh, ii8

li .mK, 'I'l'niplc o(", 57

Rilij'Jon it', 79

C.i/.i, I..S

Cri . l-c!-:ir( .1 M<-.r.iit, y(,

(JciR'i.il Konviikk im the Tartars, <).

(Ji'iiius 111 tlic I'cili.ins, 06

Ifcntiiiis «I India, 14 )

(Jrntn.i Women 1)1'.. II tiiiniiilvi.?, 145

tiiTizini, 111

Cii-liiii, :-i7

(icZi.a, f;9

tJiijrri, 2^6

Cjihoti, 121

{.ih.'ii, I'o.'l of, i:f>

CiUling of Siil<, 17

Giiilo, 2l(>

ifinlt 11^, 1 1

(jioli.is St. 9,5

tin.its, 41

tliii, ito

tJalri'nda, If'i:

IJrrtilnnim, 74

f Jnni T.l, 4S j

(•oMCo.ilt, "ii2

— — — Nat'irnl Ilifl.irvof, ,^i.i

C'liiliniis .ind ^ialUU'l■s ul" tlit*

IV 'I'lr- it, jl-y

Cic.l,! lilh, 9

Milal, I I

(Jonliiini, 1P7

Ciiini-, 490

(ii-ri niiliaiconai, 172

<'r\ 111, 408

(Ii nd Cairn, 4,'.t

(Vr iiid Can nil, 477

(i,.iiii Cd.iII, ,;0 I

(ill, 11 C'M'iii.iniin, <'6

liiiMi ^^o^;lll, I'.iiiii'j'iiiiiriu ''.i'vii

I'V, 1(2 '

f;irit Wull ill China, ]|
■ niMi IKilnni, 74

(lit! II SiLikr, 141
tiny Mi'iikits, 227

C Mill, ,Oj

(iiilur, J07
Cuiiic.i, ,jrj
f.iil •, 4»
(Jiiriil, 9A
(in /art I, I,' J

II A krfriof Indollaii, 14J
'I Haiimii, 101
Ibil liii):, q

I l.ilii ,1111a liM, loA
H iiiiiniini'l, i',o

II iiuiniuiiii*, (7j

I iMig Own Uixr, 8

Happiiicl's, Lines on, 7
llarptl, 102
n.irri-Clali, 14^
llallaii, 2;z
Htlal, 121
Hebron, 128

IICflilM, 67

ll(!il.:;;iius, 372

I llT.ulc.l, no

I Icriiiijihrmiite Tree, 10
1 1' r.iilia I'linti, lu'i

I I< MIUill, I 2 I
llvll'ijM.l,, j7|

i llN !■.. tills, .^71
I Inn! :11s, 146
I lillii.y (if China, 2j

-Ci)i\'a, 40

I'ulia, 59

ll.cJaKgus, 365

Hol'A an, 102

II..1, Land, 120

lloiiin, 7

iloiiiri, ^c"

l!..ni.--fl.ili laten, 41

I lortt'Mi ^iiii.ip, 41

llorfi., (), 58, 77

H„u.,, ;,,

I lii'ainioi,, Cuunrryof, 371

— . Dcitiipiioii 01 the I't'ojilcfo

c.ulc'd, ,77
Huiil-.s, 2:1, ,;«
i l''ii:(inqii.is, 371
llnL;,l!>. l.'.i
I liintin:^,, 4^

1)1 I!. ar«, 45

It ll.llls, &.1-. 5'

llvusui ilir Kaiiitfcadalfi, 4).

'•'.laioicilinns, 47

Nej^i'ii' Tiriars, 51

' — Arabs, 7S
lln-ii;i-.iii;i, 7

JA'.iiucs, III

|af;i;i, i\ini> ol, ^91
"1 rk lliwr', 53
JaKiiti, 4U
j.iinlin' Canes, 21 j
liiidey, 22(1
Jar.ipiiiil.ini, 210
j.ininin, ,<iu
ja| ua, 220
Jipin, 190

Na'inal lliltury "f, 109

C iiUiiius ,iiid i\l iiiiiLr., ot' liilij*

I iianr , \i . 191

Ilill.iry ol, h)7

l.iva, jl'i

J.I/. 11', 122

Ibi , 420

llii iliiiii, I 57

|. Ini iKii 11:, 420

\\ iini ilii, I I'l

Idol., ;.;

), .ihiuly of the Aralii 111', ; )

J, liiiial.ini, do

l.iieh.i KiVfi, 1:

J' iiilVilk, 4S

j',ii,dio, 12;

"icriil.dtni, i2i, ijl

Jcliiii-, 8

j.'li;.. 199

LsvclUrs, C6

|e»s, III

liMi.iiia, 3:)7 .

Illiiiibi, J'i2 I

liiiiii.iull,i, 9;
liid..|lon, I3'<

Naiin.il lliftory of, 1,19

Mittoiv of, 16

543,

liiili.jliN ol the Chinifr, 11

Ink, \'n

liilpf.'lor Privateer, DiiliC'IUii of the

Cr.nv of, 2ft7
IniiiiilaiioiK, 4,
Joh Hen Solomon, U'lilllkablc S'.ury

of, 29 1
|.hnr, K19, 17U

.r.5

Jonni, ti?f
Ionia, 10,'
Joppa, 123
Jordan, 111, 11
Ippo, 225
Irene, 1 5-
Iri nilh, \S
lion Tree, 10

.Mine: , 43

Irv.ni, 97
Ifls'of Dinmnds,
iric of Salt, 487
Ifpahan, ({
Iljatliar, lot of, 123
Jndah, Irilie of, 127
JuLilfni, ^3
Jiiili a Proper, 125
Jdiui (.u-;;,!-, 467
Ivory Cea.l, jio

j.'^A.k.-io, 298
J|\, Kainan, ..7
ls..iliniicks, 59
Kanilli, 46
Kaniifchaika, 43
K.nakalpa'.is, 53
K-atcftran, .-,7
Kiit.ifura, 220
K.iyrwan, 250
Ki.-ehcng Tartar.s, 36
K. itiile, z'o

'si-anj^-li.
Kin;;..'-.
Kin-Ill 'I

.1, 8
-■in-fin, 198
K!*'n-iil.i, 3(1
'iir^ic Tartar.5, 53
Koh.i, 29^
Koni, 57
Konjcy, 19'?
Koopnians, -!7i
Koran, 81
Korcki, 46
Konii Kan, (13
Kniilcs, 46
Knr Kivei', ^J

IAInrinih, IVyptiaii, 427
^ Laho, ill
l.ahor, I,.'.
I. mils J'ari.ii iaii, 33
I.anipfaciis, io|.
lamei'ol.i, 4^4
L.iii^i.iiis, iHy
l.intcrii.s, I ellival of, i |
l.oaiheia, ili
l.ios, i^^

Lipid's, Jndaiea, IIJ
l.arifa, 12S
LoITi, Ida

l.ivvsi.f ilic K iniili.hud.ils'9, 4(
La\re, 20A

l.r^irniii)' Stale ot, in Indi.i, 144
in China, 19

l.rhidas, iof>

I.e III iiie lonieriiitM', .Alii, lOJ

I ( iiioii, Cliineli', 10

I.epiofy, 174

I. VI in, loS

I., t.is, 2J7

l.rlUis, '34

I I lj>ee 'I'aiiar-, ?4

I.eller J.iv I, 221

I evaiu, 102

l.ilMiiiit, III, 1:1

l.iil'.i, 17:

Liiiiillo, 239

l.in);na I'laiiri, 2(3

l.itililHldM.iiiof\Var,Slilpwrfi.lior,i79

l.ilili' lee', I lliion.ihle in ( linia, li

l.itili- lornii'iiii, ,(2fi

L.M'kiim, hi. I. he Jiid l\nctt, 31

l.oidllone, Jli

Loai9',iii, ,|{0

LunniJt

ifc

, 102

. Iflaml of, 3Cji
Liiango, 346

City, 34«

■ Moiigo, 550

Locklmitlis, i'crliai!,
Litculls, Cliincfe, 9

. St. John'-, 11

Loiig-ycu Tice, 10
Louvo, 17:

l.in\ cr Ka;>'l"i
Liibolo, ^bi
I.ydi.i, 10(1
Ls-oci-iong, 7

419

MAclii.in, J15
M idaj;al\:ai-, 501

Natural Hilh'ry of, 505

. lnllabitanv^, i:c. 50^

Ki'Voliuions, 517

Madeira l(I<.'s, 472
Madura, 1 59
Magadoxa, 3(;o
Magazan, 267
Magic Lamcrn, ;o
Migiciain, 166
Magci, ibid
Magnclia, 107
Magnificent Proccflion, 197
Maliaiiud, 6j
Malinioiid River, 59
Maliomet, Life ot, i:, 131

Toinli "I, S7

II. 1.13

111. 134

IV. i;5

V. 136

MalninK'tanifm, State of, in Oiiiia, 34
M.ijiiiiilia, 350

MaUica, i('y

City of, I'O

Malava, 215

M.ilitlir^li, 109

Maldivia Iflc.-, 23>

Male, 332

MamalukeB, 95

Maiiaffcli, Lot of, :jJ

Manatca, 301

Mandarin, 13, 29

Mandria M<.>, =37

Mango, 10

Manila, 10;

Mannfcripts, 3^

Maoponjjo, jf 3

Maiatr, JJj

IMarabbni>, 81

Mirllr Itlis, 104

Margat, 1 13

Margin, 172

ivianaii Ide', 103

Marnif, Clnncfe, 2;

Mariner's Contpafi, Jj

Maik .Antony, 469

Maronitcs, ill

Marriage Ceremonici, Japanelr, 193

Mar!, City of, 109

Martatan, 17J

Martleti, 58

Mafbite, 206

Mall>ili|iatan, I4<>

MalTiinia, 118

Mafu;^ S3?

M.itainap, |70

IVtat7.i>°>ul, 199

Mai.ritini, 497

Mavo, 4«7

Mcac, 193

Meal fiflt, 9

Irte, 10

Mra(.n<«, Chitlffif, 35

Micca, **7

Mrclunici, ^apanrlr, 192

. l'ilgiitna(;e to, 8t| 43J

Mrilrn, if'9

M'dina, H7

Melille, 177

Melons 58

Mttuphit, 41J

Meqnincz, 266

Merchants, I'crllan, 66

iMerod.tch lialladan, jy

McfuiiiKaniiii, 99

Mcjiapoaia, 113

Meiliiid, lingular, of Catcliinj Filli, 9

Middle I'.iiypi, 41J

Midtuni, IC7

.Military Fo. ces, 29, 71

Miiid.ina», 20{

Miiidora, 206

Mindus, 106

.Vlinsiiiclia, 93

Modi I, S7

Mogul, Great, 147

Petition of, 164

Moluccas, or Spice lUanUs, 214
Momb:izi, J2i
Mozambique, j2i
Vlonfia, ,-, :2
Mongol Tartars, 40
Monks of Carca, :j8

St. Bafil, 9j-

Mi'ua'miigi, 302

.Mononiotapa, 389

Moors, Cullomi, Manners, &c. of, 278

Moriah, 121

Morocco and l^'ez, 164

City of, 265

Mol'eclic, 36a

.Molques, 2^1

Moful, 1^9

Moiir, 2rj

.Mo\irning of the Cliiiiefe. i J

.MiigJcn, Province of, 36

-^— — City ol, ibid

Mule, Chinefe, 9

Mummy, 58

Mnndingo, 291

Mulic, Suite ot in China, 20

Mulk Cat, 9

.Mufkctoi's, 341

Muiiar'.ia 1. 135

— : — n 136
Ill, 136

Myia, 110
M)lia, IJJ

NAbopolalfar, 63
Nabel, 248
SacMivan, iy8
Nagai T.itiars, Jl
N igiran River, 76
Namaquo", 3"»
Nangaraki, 19O
Nigtalis, 169
Nau-l<;ii|;, :j
N.iiea, 4.'9
Nailm, 4S

Naplitali, lot of, lit
Naphtha, Springs of, 57
Ncbuchadnci/ar, 60, 4';4
Nccanz, :{')
Necus 454
Negarcc, 213
NtgriH-land, 290
Negroei 'He, job

Ne^rot), concerning the Colour of, J3''
Neuviai.lkoi, 48
New I'liilippines Iflei, 207
New Solitude, J35
New Tiipoli, 24,j
Nicu'i, 163
Nicaria, 236
Nice, 103
Nicolaililes, 171
Niioniidia, 103
Nilbin, 99
Niiier River, 107
Nile Hiver, 410
_____ — Town aniJN'illigei, ntiutrd

on Mi Hanks, 437
Ninev»h, S9
Niiin-po, S9
Nimis, ja

Niphon, iqo
Nobiliiy, aij
Nubia, 414

OAcco, 361
Oarii, 363
Oihns, 62
Odiqnas, 372
Odoriferous Kiver, 8
Oku, 199
.Oleca, 408
Olives, 1 1
Olivet, 121
Olympus, 1 10, 239
Optical Fignres, 20
Oran, 256
Orancayas, 2:3
Orange, CJiinefe, 10
Orchanas, 132
Ormus, 74
Orpha, 99
OriiU, 227
Ofacca, 196
Ofiris, i(j2
Olinan, 136
OIUoc, 46
Oftrich, j;j
Ottoman 1. 13a

11.135

Ougnela, 74;-,
Oxen, 58
Oxus River, jj

PAeodas, 21
P.ihan, 171
Pango, 3i9
PalamLojni, 220
Haleiline, t-'o
Pal.ice in China, 14
Pal.UKjuins, 1^0
Palicate, 162
I'aliniburg, aio
Palina, 482
Palmyra, 87
Pancas, 117
Pango, 3,-9
Paper, 18
Paphos, 239
Paphl.igonia, lot

Papyrus, .11**

Par.idife, 93

P.iragon, ao6

P.irrnts, Power of, in China, ij

Pitoiia, 170

I'aiieure Streiglus, 210

Pitinos, 237

I'atora, no

Peaie, Palate of, J39

Peak, Adam^'a, 230

Hea-Tiet, 10

PearlRinr, 7

tillury, 36, 7>

Pegu, 165

Peguans, ib.

Pekcli, 7

Pc-kiiig, J 3

Pelican, <c, 410

Pemba, j6j

Pcra, 171
Prrgainu'<, IC4

'rrganiuf,
•eriip.ili",

7»

I'eilia, ?;

Natural HiHory of, 57

■ >^ntH|Uitics ot, 71
I'liliaii (tulph, 7;
Perliuu of ih( Coiean<, 38
—^ Mongals, 41

K.iniif hadales, 4.V

— Saiiioifdia'ii, 47
Circallians, $a

_— — Perlians ('?

— Ai.ibiins, -7

„_- (iiMrgi.i'i^, 9I

fcliipuljr, i6a

Miogidiani, 9

Phimt-

N D

rii.imaci.i, ic8
I'hnlis 94

l'liial.1, 132
i'hil idelpliia, 107
I'hillipine Ifles, .05
Hliill^ipina, jo6
ViianiLia, iic

.rvfji.i, 107

I'icMis, tijb
P.ilory, 31
i'lfc iiliires, 103
1' ri, ;i5o
I'ljiit.ine, .iS .
I'l.iyiri, I )

I'llllllT!, 4S

Huliiical, Ciovcrnmcm of I'erfia, 71
l'i>Iomic I'ltc, 10
l'.)Hipiy, 467
I'riuli.jiiciry, ijy
. I'o'uiic, 108
I'opo, 327

Fiiri'cel.iiii Tower, 51
I'ortuiruerc, rndclTicms in India, i^o
l'in\ c r 01 ilic iIk' Cliintfe Kmperor, 29
I'liilo, Cliintfe, _ji
IVit'lis ot I'ejiii, ifrf
I'rinic of Anainaliui', fineular Stoiv
of. .k6 6 ;

I'nnte s KIo, ^cyj
I'riniiiig, 18
I'uibal, 172
l'riH(.-lfn)n.s, jR

A IpleniiiJ one, 4;')

I'riiphccy, 442
I'lDvtrbs, S
Prufa, loj
I'fiia, J, {6
I'nloCindorp, i8?
ruiiillinirnts, jo, '31, j';, 40, 50
I*} L^'iiahiin, 221^
l'|iuniid!i, 42 j

OUanp-fi, -
Oumg-iong, 7
<);.eila, 171
•^iccn I'f MnU, jj^
i^iiciiniha, 521
•^iffinio, 2{
^icw-cbtw, 7
<iiiid of Hctil, 2J7
<iiiillig.i, (Oi'>
<Xiinttlli Iflc, jji
liuoja, job

RAf;«, C'liinrllf, 2;
K^pliii, 12H
Kii\ in.ind, 124
He»l Charity of llir Prjruan",
Uflids I'linillum nt nf, 2fio
Kp,I NiMk Uivcr, 44
R.-.l Sea, 70
Kciii l)*cr Sl<d;»,rs 4'i
R.lUM.in "I ilif I'.irtars, ^(7
Ciinefi', ji

— ■ ' M.in);"l«, 41

» i KinaMiaJalfS, 45

UrtiocK*, 40

— ^— — ^— Sainniidijin, 47

— — KaliMiiilij, 5 1

■ Ar,ili«, Ko

Mmurclians, g4

if the l"ouan«, j8

■ f>{

UclifMiiis Wonirn 11 u
R(MH(;adi), (iieck, 145
Hrfd.il, J7
Ktvtnuc of the Fmprror of Cliina, ;i
— — — of till' (I'rijt Moj'iil, 1,0
Krvniiitloni, j''. 1-, ;3
lUi.iii'iClinnl'iiiulit, 1 1 j
Kliinipliii, 4(1

Klllhoci KK, '74

Kliodr», 2;8

Rika, 99

Kinilia, 360

Koads, 22

Roletta, 43J

Kota, 205

Koving, riifpofition of the Aral)«, 78

Hnlicii, Lot (if, 122

Kiifliin Inhabitants of Siberia, 48

SAblps, 45
Sacrifi,:cs, i6fi
Sadlcrs, 60
Saccai, ig^
Si^.ilapns, no
Sa^o, 2!4

Saints, or Santmiis, 443
St. Anthony, 4H9

— Georgt, log

— lleUna, 492

— I.iicia, 489

— Matthew, 494

— Nichn'as, 4^9

— Phillip, 4fi8

— Salvadore, j;6

— Thomas, 4^5

— Vincent, 489
Salciii, 12-;
Salk'c, i()~

Salutation-, forms of in China, 13
Perfia, 67

Salmanafar, /jg
Salt, 191

Samachon Lake, i;»
Sama, 3:3
Saniurij, 12J
Sainni, 23(1
Saniofat 1, 1 1 2
S.inio, 2jf)
Samoicdia, 47
Sandiocul.is, i6t
Sin Iai;o, 487
San |i:.,n, 488
San i'.iulo de Lnandu, 362
Sant — Si, 1 1
Sapph.i, 23J
Sapphi, 221
Saracciu, 62
S.iracus, 59
SaT.li~, loh
S.irepta, 116
S Italia, no
S.uHiicl]innr, 161
Scctta, 361
Sciinaihir, {5
SciiiderliiT)^, 133
SLMiidcrimii, 1 1 :
Scheiks, 152
Scliiras, 57

Scicmis, Antiqiiitv of, in China,
■^— State of, in Cnrta, 39
— — Ditto, in I'crlia, 67
Uiito, in Arabia, 79

Siio, 2);
Scorpion!, 141
Sea i'al , 4 |

— Cow, ill

— Ilo.fe, ill

— '^"K. 47
Seals, 43

■ Method of Drcfling Skins of, 45

S' I II, 20ft
Sediurn, 7
Sirdy Donde, 251
Seid llraliim, 73
Siloiicii, ii;
S<lini, 133
Seniihu, 134
Semi Cylinder, :o
Semiranii', i6j
Senacheril', 59
Sent'tfal Kivir, 197
Scpiih hre of Siod Ibrahim, 73
-— Tinbuliba, lb

Shah Seli, 73

St. Tfikli, III

— — — /ccharlali, iik
— — — " bei p«n«», 409

Si5

Sefoftris, ,)ji

i6j

Sftte, 351
Shah Sefi, fij
Shah Thainas, 63
Shangtiing, 7
ShanJi, 7
Sharks, 141
Shen-fi, 7
Shi'naar, 100
Shiluh, 121
Shuncin, 125
Siam, 171
Siberia, 42
Sichein, izj
Sidon, 116
Sierra Leona, 299
Silk Manufacture, 17
— Worm, 17
Sillebar, 225
Silver Killi, 9

Metal, 3j

Simeon, 128

Simois, 104

Sinai, 76

Sincapour, 1G9

Sindy, IJ2

Singular Method of taking Wolves,

wild Swine, &c. £i
Sinniu, 197
Sinopc, ic3
Sittri, 146
Sivas, 108
Size Tree, 40
Slave Coaft, 327
Slavery, Thoughts on, J37
Sledecs, 36, 43, 47
Small I'ox, 43
Smerdis, Ci
Smyrna, loj

Ifland in the Oulph of, «jt

Snow, 37
Sutala, 391
Sobir Tartars, 36

Q^iadrant, 1 9

Solur, 2 50
Solynun, 132
U. ,33

m. 136

Sonquas, 370

Sonta, 2^0

Soii-ttheou, 2j

Sphynx, ligyptLin, 4>i«

Spirits, Evil, i66

Springs, Hot, 191

Stampalia, 2(3

Stanchio, 237

Statical Machine, ja

Steffa, 256

Sterlet, 43

Stones, lingulir, 46

Storks, 108

Strabobates, 163

Sudder, or Labourer, 146

Sultan, 147

Siitana, 147

Sulthuania, ;6

Sumatia, 222

Sumbi, 360

Summary Trials, 31

Surat, 1 53

Surperftition nf the Chineret I (

— — I'erlians, 65

— — Mingrelians, 95

Snrpri/iiig How, 42

Stininga, 196

Shaken, 533

Swallow, Stone, ti

Syria, 1 1 1

— — — Proper, 1 1 1

TAbor Mount, ill
Tai-uiian-fou, 201
Tallow Tree, 10
I'anicrlar.e the Great, ij«
Taiijtier, jft;
Panjoie, i;-;
Tafliilei, 177
Tarfut, IIQ

♦ ^ Tirtir»j

546 1

TariaiE, tlieii' Coiiqiieft of China, 28

Tai tary, Oriental, 36

Tatt,i, 153

Tavan, 207

Taiiris, Mount, Jj

Taxes, Chliicl'e, 30

Tajclio, lyS

Taylnrs, IVrlian, 66

TchukotfUoi, 46

Tea Tree, 10

Tedfi, 277

TeHis 95

Teiiiba, j6l

Tembandumba, 368

Temples of I'cguaiis, 1C6

Teiialcriiii, 174

Teneilos, 134.

Tcmrift", 479

Tcniaii. 298

Teos, 106

Teovaiig, jco

Tern. lie, 214

Terra D.is I'umos, jS8

Tcit:;!;-, 112

Tetiian, 479

Tl'.aniuz, !i6

'J'liebes, 423

Tliicvcf, Chiilefe, 13

Thyalira, 107

Tibet, 1 83

Ticow , :;{

Tiiliir, 2r;

Tierra dc Natal, 3^7

'1 i;;er% g

■ Story of, 323

Tigra, 407

Tigris, 98

Tih(ili;[i,;_r, 11

Tiniai, 204

Tinmen, 48

Tipra, iftS

Tob:iccii, Cliinefc, II

— — Perli.in, 5S

T"b'>l»ky, 47

Toe t, 109

Ti/karari', 3:3

Tonibnto, 290

Toniskii' , 48

T'>l)alles, 218

Torpedci, 3, -7

Tomiuin, I Si

Trule, ^c. Kl India, 149

Trant;ano, 171

Tr.nn]n'bar, 161

TiMvellinir, M"de of in Kamifc!atl.:i,4;

"in I'eilia, 03

Tra'it, 101
Trtbi.-.'ii.le, io3
Tritliiiiupoly, 159
Trijii'li in Suia, 1 1;

. in I'.nl ,iry, 243

Trij. 'lii, 107
Tiin'..ipbil ■■'relies, 21
Trov, io.(
Tfrium Tr2c, 10
TfNln, lr^8
Tfifi-liur, 36
Tiiii" 1. Kiver, 37
Tiin^jfi, \(>
Tunis n7
Tiirbow, 3!;
Tiiiliev in Afia, 91
Tiiilc; Miltury I'f, 131
Tyre, llf)

UMbrcll.i, M.srli iif D.ftinilion, 233
Upper ii(;y|>t, 4:1
t|., ./ V:ni>, 297
Uft'eli T.iri«rs, 53
Uluri River, 36

Verfr

idiTice, I

Alia, ?
-- Hippinefs,

Impfiiicifity 'jf Hivcrj, 8
Tlie I'll' ilaiit, I)
Tea, 1 1
lie I'll , 11
A Iviii, lliiil

Verfes nii Old Pvuins, 104

i Troy, ibid

— — — I'riani's Death, ibid

— — ■ Hillory, loi

11 — Seiiulcliral Monuments, ib

— — ^ — Palliuns, 107

Content, ib

— • I'mpire, 109

Glory, 1 10

Vicillitudc, ib

Chinia;ra, ib

Libaniis, 1 1 1

■ Cliin:ite, ib

I/.beily, ib

• K>iins, II J

kiiran, ib

.^-^^^ Proverbial, 1 14
Tiiamuz and Adonis, 116

W ar, 117

Heroes, lb

C birtity, ib

I. live, ib

D;-alli, 119

The \Vlialc, 123

The Shiin.imitc, ib

I Gholls, Furtiiiic-Tellers, ice,

— — — Sollma, ij;
liirib of Chrift, 127

IJaRo", liS

Scripture, ib

Love, 133

. lieauty, ib

Adinir.itioii, ib

■ \1n.170ns, 131

CoiaML'e, ib

— C'Miruenci-, 13J

lyraniiy, ib

- — TV.irice, I. .8
— ^— — \ 1 111] tjoufnefs, ib

. Tlie i;lepliint, 140

— — — — Di!lilmilllio:l, 142

Indi'lciuc, 144

Pyihagori.in Sylicm, I IJ

JiiiUee, 14H

li.diiltry, 150

.. —- S 111, 162

PenriKk, ids

— »- Tvavellers, Ib

^ Sill eiltilioii, "•

/.o;ii'-,, 172

LiiMiry, ib

Pride, i,iO

-— R cli, ib

japanefe F.iMe, 191

I'Atieme-,, 193

- — - [■"umiMls, ib

Laus, 197

Snpciftitioii, ib

—— Kiiial, ib
/.cpliyr', ;oo

Il.ippiiuf,, 20J

M.ilicf, jrjj

I!ii«, ib

— .^^— Money, :n 3
_— . I'liveis, 214

I'ilh, 21 {

— Indnftry, 219

Muj;i;iird, -128

, . M.iri'iai;'> '^')

Supeilliiioii, ijo

t.ive, 53;

_— Tun-, ib

Nrptone, 23A

OppielTlnll, lb

— Content, ib

Pytha;'orls, ib

- — Jnno, ill

Allaliility, 237

— »__ — Apollo, ib
_— Diana, ib
DaiiRcr, ib

I'Aeriile, ib

■ \'enn«, ili

Sol, .5*4

Inpiicr, JJ9

Temple ul love, ib

iVrfes on Py^ni.ilii n, 240,

Attica, HI, 2)3

P.arca, 243

■i'iine, 244

Triton-, 248

Carriage, 24-!, 249

— - — Juno, Temple of, 241)

IM'c, Changes of, 250

I.i.in, 2j;

L.'.;er», 258

Gold, 260

Sl.ivcry, ii id

S null Wind,

— — — llorfc, ibid
—— — Alias, 26J
— ^ — Oaths, 279
Arabs. 18O

■i

26|.

Olirich, ibid

Stars 2S8

Mullet, 300, 301

Contennneui, 30;
—— — Uy the rtl'riian Piii'c?, 32J
^— — ^ By a dying N.;_Mee, 337

S- r Miiiv, 371

Snakes, 372

Nature. 371;

Torpedo, 3^7

_-_ — Oriiidunnels, 378

Kotaliation, 379

V'intain, 2i;6

Virgin iMary, her Peas, 122

Tomb ol', 126

Vilits, line m.id ill China, 13
Volpa Kivcr, 51

Voiirti, 23J

WA I, I. Dr.iu.ms 9
\V Iter 1 1 plianis, 3-,7
Watir LiHiilK, 1;.)
Weavers, I'lilian, (''i
Weepintr Wii'tiw, 10
Weflun Tariary, 50
Whi.l.ih, s:S

WbirUviiids Hefert of, 24 j
White W,. . Tue. 10
Wild Affes, 37)
Wild Ducks, y
Wind, poiluning Flo-'cr, <'■!
Wile Draw CIS, Perfi ;;:. ')')
Women of Aiaean, 1(^7
Wood Olives, lit
Wo d, Cliincic, i^
WiKily le-.ltor, i.iJ
Writing, Japanefe, 192

XAnthus, 104
XerM', 61

Xicoi- 1, 197

Xolo, 20'i

No Ri»nr, 8

YAln-Uiver, ;.7
Viiiy, 296
Vrililil, 19C)
Yellou' — EarJi, 1 1

fiih, 9

Kiver, 3

York Ide, 304
Yiin-oan, 7
Yupi Tartars, }(i

ZAara, 287
Zaine, J4H
Ziiirc River, ,15 1
Zainoia, ij6
i^infiia, J97
'/angiiehar, 393
Zanjabar, {>i
ZeUa, 37;
/ebolon, l,ot of,
Zedekinh, 60
/cnobn, 90
Zlnibo, yi'i
Zoara, 244
Zoc oTora, .-i 2O
/ullilll, 3(g
Znlplia, 99
Z«eg,-.(B, 297

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