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Thoae too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea cartea, planchea, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre film^a A dea taux de rMuction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est tfop grand pour Atre reproduit en un aeul clich6, il est filmA A partir de Tangle aupArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'imagea nAcessaire. Lea diagrammea suivants illustrent la m6thode. rrata to pelure, □ 32X 1 2 3 . ' 1 2 3 4 5 6 I H 3SDSS ORi.,V>-. <' ^^ OCT -^X *"ll , CHAPTER XXXIV. THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. By Franz Boas. INTRODUCTION. In 1891, when active preparations for the World's Columbian Exposition were being made, Prof. F. W . Putnam, curator of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnography, and chief of the Dopartment of Anthropology of the Exposition, placed n)e in charge of the section of Physical Anthropology. At an early time during the preparation of the exhibits we agreed upon a plan to represent as fully as jjossiblo the growth and the development of American chil- dren. Valuable material was available, but it seemed desirable to extend the inves- tigations over regions in which heretofore no observations had been collected. I submitted our plans to Mr. James Hughes, superintendent of public schools in Toronto, Ontario, and to Prof. Earl Barnes, of Leland Stanford Junior Univer- sity. Through tlie interesl^ taken by these gentlemen I have been enabled to obtain series of measurements of the school children of Toronto and of Oakland, Cal. The former series was taken under the supervision of Dr. Alexander F. Chamberlain, the latter under the direction of Prof. Earl Barnes. In both of these series the same plan, excepting details, was followed. In the following pages I intend to ju'esent some of the results of our investiga- tions upon the children of Toronto, together with a few general statements which the treatment of the material and a study of the questions involved suggest. Since in previous investigations the influence of sex, of occupation of parents, and of descent had been studied, it seemed desirable to investigate the influence of other v^HUses. I selected for this purpose the influence of the order of birth, i. e., the question whether first-born children have a development different from that of later -born children. The blank on which the observations were recorded was drawn tip so as to cover not only this point, but also the influence of nationality and occupation of the parents— facts which it was necessary to note in order to determine their influence on the ciuestiona to be investigated. Blue blanks were used for females, white blanks for males. Here is a copy of both sides of the blank: [Front] FEMALE. Record nil lineftr mciiHuromeuts at nearest oontimetor; all wolKlitH at nonrost iiound. No. (name in full). Obflorver (numn in I'nll). Place of observation. School. Date of observation. Arh; years, months. place of bfrtli. Nationality of lathers father. Nationality of fatlifrs mother. Nationality of mother's lather. Nationality of motlier's mother. Ploco of birth of father. (City and State or country.) Phuw of birth of mother. (City and State or country.) Occupation of fatlier: Attimeof .•hild'Hl)lrlh; At time of oli^iervation. Residence. Number ntid ages of livliiK brothers. Nuni)>er and aKes of livintf sisters. Nnnil>er of deceased l)rotlierH. Number of deceased ulsters. Bom cliild of motlier. (State whether first, second, thirtl • child, etc, ) 1541 Eyes; Stature without shoes. FiuKcr-reach. , Height, sitting. Weight: i)oundR. Hair: Black, brown, red, golden, fair, gray. ( If gray, record also the original color, If jiossible. ) Ulaclf, brown. Hazel, gray, blue. Ability: The following mea«iurement8 to \w taken by special oliHfirvorH only. Length of h(>ad. Breadth of liead. Breadth of face. • Height of face A. Boiglit of face B. Breadth of hand, •'-'»'.»! ^JIW. I » H \ 1 . I ^ 1542 EDUCATION RWORT, 1896-97. [Back.] EXPLANATION OF MEASUREMENTS. 1. Ilri'tjht .f/foif/ni!?.— Let the person fitand clo.io to tlio wall in front of the moasurinc rod. His liocls niiist 1)0 closo togothor, touching tho wall, and ho must .stand perfectly straiRiit, looking straight ahead without raising or dropping tho chin, tho head touching the wall. Read off tho height (if tho crown of the head by means of the triangle, pressing- one side against the rod, tho other against the ci'own of tho head. a. lli'iijht siHinq.—Vwt n low, level seat Cfor instance, a small wooden box) in front of tho meas- uring rod. Let the person sit on it so that his knees are about 5 inches higher than the seat, whic-li i.s accomplished by making the seat sufticiontly low, or by using a footstool. Let tho per- son .sit far back, closo to tho wall, keening his back erect against tho wall. Ho must look straight ahead without raising or dropi)ing tno chin, tho head touching tho wall. Give tho heights of tho seat and of tho crown of tho head. 3. /•Vii.f/ci--irf(c/i.— Lot tho person touch a vortical iiost or wall with tho .second finger of one hand, and stretch along the measuring roil as far as lie can roach. The rod must bo hold hori- zontally at right angles to tho wall, in front of the body, along tho uk dian line of tho arms. Lot tho person make the greatest possible efforts in stretching out his arms bofoi'o you read off tho figures. 4. The weight is to be taken in ordinary indoor costume. •■ The instrument used was a rod divided into 210 centimeters.' The index arm was a separate piece, consisting of a wooden angle, the sides of which were long enonsrh to insure perfect contact with the measuring rod and with the crown of the head of the person being measured. The head measurements were taken by carefully trained observers; the others by the teachers. The personal data were given by .':he parents of the cJiildren. Owing to the peculiar social conditions previiiling in Toronto, certain groups of the population are represented by very few individuals. Tliis is true particularly in regard to the French popiilation, the greater part of whose children seem to attend the parochial schools. There are also very few children of the professional classes included in our material. Tho success of the collection of measurements is largely duo to the assistance extei ded by Mr. James Hughes, and to the lively interest on the part of the teach- ers who undertook the arduous task of obtaining the necessary information from the parents, and who took many of the measurements. To all of them my thanks are due. I have also to thank Dr. Alexander F. Chamberlain for the eflflcient management of the whole undertaking. THE METHODS OF TREATING STATISTICS OF GROWTH. ' Tlio treatment of anthropometrical observations, particularly of growing chil- dren, offers peculiar difficulties. During the past years a vast number of observa- tions referring to the growth of children have been accumulated. The method of treating the results of such observations has largely been a comparison of averages and of the fre(iuency of occurrence of measurements between certain limits; for instance, frequency of occurrence of statures from inch to inch or of weights from pound to pound. It is generally assumed that these figures express immediately the physiological facts relating to growth. In almost all cases the observations have been tal^en onlj' once, and on a great number of individuals, not repeatedly through a long number of years on the same individuals. For this reason the series, when arranged according to years, will not bo homogeneous. The younger gi-oups contain many individuals who will not reach the adult stage, while tho older classes contain only low individuals who will die before becoming aditlts. When we assume the whole series to lie homogeneous, wo imply that the vahie of the measurimeut under consideration has no relation to the liability to die at a certain age, which assumption seems to be very doubtful. Without considering details, it would seem very likely that individuals far remote from the average, who show either too small or too large measurements, approach the limits between pathological and physiological varia- tion, and are therefore more likely to die. This would imply a greater variabilitv of the measurements of deceased individuals of a certain age than of living indi- viduals of the same ago. The series of living individuals of all ages can be equally constituted only when the measurements of tho living and of the deceased show the same values. This fact has already been pointed out by H. Wcstergaard." 'J^here are a few series of observations which seem to make the identity of the series of measurements of the living and of the deceased individuals of the same ago very improbable. The most important among those is tho peculiar decrease in the brain weight in males after the twentieth year. This can hardly bo explained in any other way than by assuming an increased death-rate among men with very large brains at an age of about 20 years. ' A contlmotor is nearly 0.4 Inch. "GrundzUgo dor Thoorie dor Bta+lstik, p. 188. THE GROWTH OP TORONTO CHILDREN. 1543 ncro iprlit, looking Read off tlio tho rod, tho of tho moas- lan the seat, Let tho per- look straight .0 heights of inger of one )0 held hori- :)f the arms, you road off index arm were long e crown of e taken by data were conditions ed by very ilation, the There are rial. assistance ' the teach- ation from my thanks le efficient iwing chil- )f observa- njethod of if averages limits; for ighta from miediately on a great irs on the ? to years, iuals who lulividuals eries to be isideration n seems to ikely that ' too large ical varia- ^'ariability iving indi- be equally ased show faard." tity of the f the same lecreaso in cxplaiuod with very Bowditcli and Roberts have shown that, on the average, children of well-to-do parents are taller and heavier than those of poorer parents. Carlier has shown tho same phenomenon by proving that a number of children of a certain class, when brought under more favorable conditions— in his case into a military train- ing Hcliool — grow more rapidly than the rest, who were left in their former con- ditionfi. The mortality of children is greater among the poorer classes than among tlio well-to-do classes. Therefore among the j'oung children a greater percLUtugo of the individuals measured belongs to the poorer classes, whose cliil- dren are at tho same time shorter of stature than among the older children. This fact aficcts luidoubtedly tho averages of measurements collected in our public schools. It does not seem unlikely that tho correlation between measurements and mor- tality is more strongly omphasixed at certain periods than at others. If, for instance, many individuals of retarded growth should dio during the period of adolescence, this might give the re;d explanation of the curious overlapping of the curves of growth of boys and girls, tho girls between about tho twelfth and fourteentii years l)eingheavier and taller than boy s of the s:ime age. I am strength- ened in this opinion by tho observation, made by Dr. G. !M. West, that the extent of this period and the amount of overlapping are the smaller the more favorable tho conditions under which tho individuals live. It would bo interesting in thisconnec- tion to study tho curves of growth of a people which lias a very high death-rate among young children.' Social causes are apt to introduce other complications which restrict the com- parability of the results. The poorer classes do not send their children to school as long aiid as ret'tilarly as the well-to-do; conseiiuently their proportionate num- beramongtheschool children decreases steadily, and this changing composition of the series must afi«>rt the results of tho measurements. Tho state of h( aUh of the children also affects the series, particiilarly during tho first and last years. Weak children will be sent to school later than strong children, and the teachers will be inclined not to promote them as rapidly as strong children, so that the oldest school children will include an undue propor- tion, not only of those who ai*e dull, but also of those who have been of weak health during a portion of their life. For all these reasons, investigations bised on single observations of children of various ages do not give us results which can be considered to indicate with the highest accuracy attainable the processes of human growth. The series for the various yeai's dilTer in composition, an., tho physiological constants are therefore modified to a greater or less extent by a variety of disturbing factors. In order to obtain the physiological results with the greatest accuracy, the material upon which wo base our studies must be made homogeneous. This can be accomplished in two ways. A very largo number of children may be measured once; and j-ear after year those who dio and those who on account of social reasons are removed from the field of observation must be eliminated from tho list. When all have become adults, the remaining individuals and those who dropped out for various reasons must bo treated separately. But the best way would be to take measure- ments of a large .series of children at stated intervals, as in this manner the fullest infornuition on tho manner of growth will l)e given, and as these repeated meas- urements furnish all the necessary material for subdividing the series so that each division will be homogeneous. These limitations must bo borno in mind in interpreting results of a single sot of observations on children of various ages, or, to use Hertel's term, in interpreting results obtained by tho generalizing method. Besides this, certain corrections must l)e made which heretofore have not received sufficient attention. The number of children of various ages who have been meas- ured is not equal. All tho series begin with comparatively few children. The num- ber increases from year to year until, beginning with the tenth or eleventh year, it decreases again. Tho change of numbers is not equal in tho two sexes. It follows, from this fact, that among 0-year-old children, for instance, there are in the measured series more of the ageof yearsand 1 1 months than of years exactly ; and that, on the ether hand, among the 1 Ti-year-old children there are more of tho age of 15 years exactly than of 15 years and It months. In treating tho various series of observations, all children between (5 and 7 years, 7 and 8 years, etc. , or all the children between Oi and 7^ years, etc., have been grouped together and tho series is assumed to represent the sizes for tho average ages, i. e., 0.5 years, 7.5 years, etc., or, in the other case, 0, 7, 8 years. On account of tho varying^ frequency of the several months this is not quite correct. Among the young children the average will be >I oxpreHsed thoso views first in Selenoo, Vol. XX., p. a^l, Decombor ~:i, 1803. 1544 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. a little more than 6. 5,7.5 years, etc. , while among those near the upper limit of age it will be a little less than 14.5, 15.5 years, etc. I have tabulated the frequencies of various months for the children of Toronto and obtain the following results: BOYS. [Average age expressed in years and months.] Months. Age In years. 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 9 30 13 13 36 33 43 36 33 35 89 47 22 36 45 37 67 61 67 54 62 45 71 60 45 74 72 68 87 70 87 74 81 04 51 73 42 72 84 89 93 69 8*: 91 85 88 66 76 36 83 75 65 93 83 78 84 80 85 66 87 21 70 76 81 88 69 85 07 70 71 08 83 33 77 78 73 73 69 82 80 77 58 46 71 39 36 72 66 53 68 64 53 72 76 69 69 22 65 47 53 62 61 41 51 67 48 62 47 28 42 85 37 85 81 89 33 86 22 26 23 7 1 19 2 S6 3 19 4 19 6 13 6 16 7 18 8 10 9 7 10 7 11 16 Average age 6 6.7 0.2 7 5.6 8 6.7 9 5.7 10 6.8 11 5.6 13 5.8 13 5.7 1^6.1 15 4.9 GIRLS. Months. Age in years. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 24 42 44 28 51 49 81 52 55 63 51 58 25 57 53 65 67 64 72 73 81 77 69 77 80 79 77 74 81 52 80 76 82 70 63 71 87 79 70 66 79 80 00 73 00 72 73 77 87 05 78 04 Ot 71 70 71 83 03 73 70 88 88 CO 80 89 03 78 00 83 78 ft5 85 43 75 75 72 70 79 73 01 77 00 55 75 33 44 74 03 06 63 69 63 69 41 48 53 20 47 47 38 53 40 38 28 40 34 34 25 16 20 14 19 31 22 81 26 23 18 16 8 13 1 18 2 11 8 11 4 16 6 7 6 46 80 iO 83 m 49 7 7 8 11 2 10 8 11 8 Average atra 6 6.1 7 0.1 8 5.7 5.7 10 6.8 11 5.7 1-5.5 13 5.5 14 6.8 16 5.2 10 4.8 Similar deviations from the assumed average of period would be found in all the existing series if the material were arranged according to mouths instead of being grouped for the whole year. Tho error resulting from tliis source may be very easily corrected by adding to the average a correction proportional to the deviation of period. The following consideration will show this method to be correct. The material may be divided into periods so short that we may assume no growth worth considering to take place from beginning to end of each period, say, for instance, according to weeks. Then we may obtain the correct average for tho whole year by taking the average of each period and adding to it a correc- tion corresponding to the time that has to elapse or has elapsed between the mid- dle of the year and the period. Let these averages for the periods 1 , a, 3 .... be Op a.^, o, . . . . , the annual growth be d, the distance in time from the periods 1. 3, 8, .... to the middle of the year be ^„ t^, 1 lilt) ... 1 107 1(18 1 100 3 110 4 Ill 4 na li;i g 114 li,-) 9 11 116 13 117 10 IIH U lilt 15 120 17 131 11 122 13 V£i 6 12t 11 125 9 12«J 6 137 4 128 5 129 1 Number of girls measured, age 8 years and- Oto 3 months. 3 to 5 I months. 6 to 8 months. Otoll months. Otoll months. (o> 13 i 15 1 13 I I) I 1 4 X 1 3 10 15 10 15 10 34 •w 13 •£i 10 31 10 15 13 18 1 M 16 11 U 5 13 5 8 6 t» 5 8 4 Itl 13 15 14 IH 17 12 16 13 14 3 3 a2 1 1 4 9 10 12 21 10 27 51 36 64 47 78 m 61 48 54 47 38 35 21 12 a One of 102 cen timers. EDUCATION REPORT, 189G-97. 1546 Distrilnttiou of ohHcrvations of the hcUjlit of S-ycav-old (//j'/s— Continued. Ilci^lit in (•(•iitiiiiotiTs. Ntimbor of girls mcjiHurod, apre 8 years nnil— 0to8 months. 3 to 5 months. 6 to 8 months. 9 to 11 months. Otoll months. 130 o 3 3 3 6 1 3 3 3 8 1 5 18 131 4 132 1 11 i;j3 8 134 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 135 1 ]3(i ' . 1 8 137 1 IAS 1 13O-0.r., thus covering the whole j'ear, wc find + 0.5 -0.5 fr- = /i,' [C + ^V (& + 6. C + aa,) -h sV &M + -iV iClh + ««,) + ,'„- bb,. When a, b; (T,, ?),; «:, ?).•; are computed from the values of the year under con- sideration, and the preceding and following years, which may be designated by the marks —1, 0, | 1, wo find C = l — -,\b, o' ^1 -- o ■.' ' ^^= — 3777 — ' a:= -q y b. dl,+dU From these data the final corrected values of average statures and of their vari- abilities have been computed (see also jjp. 1555, 1556.) Average atatitres and variabilities,^ Age. 5.5 Boys: Average Btatiiro .- Vnriability (4. 40) Girls: Average statnro . Variability 6.5 r.5 8.5 ! 0.5 1«>. 90 HI. 58110. 8:1 l*i. 04,120. 91 104.88 4.02! 4.93 5.34 5.49 110.08110.08 131.21il20.14 I 10.5 131.78 5.75 11.5 131. 13i5.20 0.10 7130. 02 12.5 140.74 0.0() 143.52 13.5 140.no 7.54 14.5 15.5 10.5 ! 17.5 18.5 152. 39 159. 72 104. 90 108. 91 171. 07 8.49 8.781 1(0.74) 148. 09 ira. 50 150. ,50 158. 03 159. 14 It might seem that this correction could be better made bjr adding the propor- tionate amount of growth to the measurement of each individual, 1. e., for those of years months, for instance, the amount of G months' growth if the measure- ments are to be reduced to the period of years 6 months. This, however, must not be done, as small children grow differently from tall children, and therefore the amount of growth to bo added differs for the various values of the measure- ment. That this is the case has been proved by Dr. Henry G. Beyer.'' I collected some statistics on this subject in Worcester, Mass., the results of which are briefly given here. I am indebted to Dr. G. M. West for many of the measurements, while others were taken by mysolf. The first series was taken in May, 1891. The second series was repeated in May, 1893. I give first the series of annual Increases which were obtained in Worcester. • Figures hi pnrenthoaos donoto approximate values. ""Tlio Growth of United tttates Naval Cadets" (Proc. U. S. Naval Institute. Vol. XXI, No. 3, whole No. 74). 1548 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Increase in stature of boys. Increase in centi- meters. Number of boys whose increase in stature was observed between the ages of— 5 and 6. Oand7. 7 and 8. Sand 9. »f° 1 2 4 t 5 10 o i 4 1 3 7 8 8 8 *w 1 7 4 4 5' 4 2 2 4 2 3 1 3 8 0- 8 4 8. 5- 8. 2 0- 4 0.5- 10.0- 10 4 1 2 10 5 10 9 11 11 4 11 5- 11 9 12. 0- 12. 4 20.7-1 18. 1-1 19.6-1 Average increa.se.. Variability. Cases 5.75 ±0.88 17 5.90 + 0.08 5.70 ±1.10 5;3 5.50 ±0.07 50 5.07 ±1.23 55 6.17 ±1.»5 75 6.08 ±1.89 84 6.71 ±2.fl« 71 5.44 ±2.89 47 3.34 ±2.71 36 i5 I next divided the series into two e(iual parts, the first embracing the short, the second the tall, individuals. The following amounts of growth were found for these two groups : Average aminal increase (d + J) in stature of short and tall children bettveen the follouiing years: BOYS. Class of children and differences. Years. and 7. 5.51 5.88 7 and 8. 5.18 5.55 8 and 9. and 10. 10 and Hand 11. 13. 12 and 13. 5.25 0.50 13 and U. 14 and 15. 15 and Hi. Short 4.81 4.98 4.77 5.30 4.77 4.79 5.28 5.30 7.28 8.47 7.47 4.99 ii3 Tall 4.41 Difference (3 A). + 0.37 + 0.37 + 0.17 ' +0.63 + 0.51 +0.41 + 1.31 + 1.10 -3.48 -3.30 aiBLS. Short . Tall... Difference (2 A). 5.75 fi.OO 5.40 5.00 + 0.31 +0.41 5.34 5.67 + 0.33 5.53 0.41 5.81 6. 53 + 0.80 , •+ 0.71 7.01 6. 05 -0.06 7.38 o.o:i -1.35 0. 55 4.38 4.45 2.33 1550 EDUCATION BEPORT, 1896-97. That thoro mnst bo pn interdependence between the rate of growth and the actual size attained at a certain jieriod can be shown to be a theoretical necessit}% If the variability of a scries at the age t is /i, and if the variability of the annual increment d is vi, then, according to the theory of probabilities, the variability at the age t + l must be -j/^^ Zjiyu^ if the amount of anniial growth does not depend upon the size attained at the period t. Observations show that m is small as com- pared to /I. Observations also show that /t first increases quite rapidly from year to year, and that at the period jt adolescence it suddenly decreases very rapidly. It is clear that these phenomena do not agree with the assumption made. Wo must conclude, therefore, that the amount of annual growth depends upon the size attained at a certain period. It is possible to give an approximate value of this relation. If the average of all measurements for the period t is ^1. that for the period t. is ^1 + (/, where d is the average amount of growth for the period /, — t. We will consider in what man- ner a value A -\- d + v in the series of the period ^i develops 1 rom the series of the period t. We will suppose that the relation between the actual size of an individual and the average amount of his annual growth is expressed by the simple relation j dj. = d -\-ax, where a is a constant. ik Furthermore, we will assume that the variability of (?,, is the same for all vahies; of x. The annual growth of a single individual of the size ^1 -f .r will be, accord- j ing to these assumptions, d + ax-j-y, where y expresses the accidental variation, of the annual increment. The size of the individual at the jeeriod ^j will there- fore be A + x + d + a.v + y = A + d+v. y = v — x (1-f-a). The probability of finding the variation .c is P =. 1 MVUtt € "V" d^. The probability of finding y is U'm3 [I'-.rl+f']'' ^^ = m^^' ^ - '^iW dv \ l+a J \1 I o/ The probability of finding r and y combined is ( '' -.rV P P.. - T.L^ c " ^^^"^ d,v. dv. dv. ' y ' fiin2it r will be obtained for all the values of .»•. Therefore + 00 — QO This value of this integral is 1 v« V'/<-' (1-f apmV3« e atmn-i-a-'+m'] ^y^ . h and llie necessity, he annual iability at lot depend ill a.s com- from year .•y rapidly, lade. Wo i upon the rage of all !re d is the what man- tries of the ^'idnal and latiou I all values ; be, accord- 1 vaviation will there- )■' ih\ THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1551 By ob.servation we find the variability at the period fj— that is, that of r— equals Therefore /'■ As (I must bf a small value, the positive root only is available, and we have «=A/"'l~"'ii:'— 1- ^ /'^ It follows from this equation that as long as //, is considerably larger than //, a is positive; when /<^ is smaller than /t, it is always negative. As during the early years /i increases with age, among young children the small ones are in a period of retarded growth, while the tall ones are in a period of accelerated growth, while among older children when /i begins to decrease again the tall ones cease growing, while the smaller ones grow rapidly. The values given on page 1.")1'.J for the amount of growth of short and tall children may be considered as eiiualiag -30 (l + a.v) 1 ■-'VI It is therefore possible to calculate a from the data contained in the table on page l.")li). The two series of value.-i show a fairly close agreement, considering the small number of repeated measurements. Values of a. For boys by the formula— For girls by tho formula— Ages. a-h'^-r-i 6 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.10 0.08 -0.03 —0.'£i 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.04 0.13 0.09 -0.18 -0.17 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.07 -0.11 -0.17 -0.17 004 06 8 o'oi oS 10 0.07 11 —0.01 13 —0. 11 l.T -0.18 U —0.20 15 It must also bo borne in mind that tho formula Annual amount of growth -::; d -f- «•»'' is a very rough approximation to actual conditions, and that, partic- larly during tho period preceding puberty, the dislributiou of annual increase will differ con- siderably from this law. Dr. H. P. BowditcV 'n a paper published in the Twenty-second Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, assumes that the growth of chil- dren is such that they always remain in the same percentile grade — that is to say, if tlie variability at the period tis/i, and at the period /j is//,, then the average cliiid which has at tho period t the measurement A-\-.v-~A + ^-jti will have at tho pe- riod /, the measurement .1, -f- "' /'i- Its growth during the intervening period will therefore be »» Vi. -.1- /i=-A,- ■A+f'-^-Jia.'. 1552 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. 4 f ill The assumption is therefore narrower than the one made above, as a, which we tried to determine by means of the various data, is here given the arbitrary value fliHJ^. It will be noticed that for a will assume the value ^a^Z£. The data'given on pages 1546 and 1547 show that M m is so large that it can not be neglected. Therefore the assumption a can not be true, and we conclude that the average percentile grade of growing individuals is constantly changing. The average individual of the measurement A + x at the period t will be at the period f, A-\-x-^d-\-ax^=A-\-d-\-x{\-\-a) X ■A^d-\-'^Vn ■VI' —A+d+x v-s M M,. (1) If the individual remained on the same percentile grade, his measurement would be A + d + ■^//,. (2) It will be soen that the deviation (1) is smaller than (2). It follows, therefore, that the average of all growing individuals who in one year have a certain per- centile grade will be nearer the general average the following year. This agrees with the results found by Dr. Henr;y G. Beyer. ' These facts and considerations have an important bearing upon the theory of the statistics of growth.'-' When we consider children of a certain age, we find that they are not all in the same stage of development. Some liave reached a point just corresponding to their age, while others are a little behind, and still others a little in advance, of their age. Consequently the values of their measure- ments will not exactly correspond to those of their age. We may assume that the difference between their stage of development and that belonging to their exact age is due to accidental causes, so that the number less developed than the average of a particular age will be the same as the number of those more devel- oped; or there will be as many children in a stage of development corresponding to that of tiieir age i)lus a certain length of time as in a stage corresponding to that of their age minus a certain length of time. The number of children who have a certain amount of deviation may be assumed to be arranged according to the laws of probability, so that tlie average of all the children will be exactly in the stage of development belonging to their age. Observations have shown that growth during childhood is (juite regular, and that it decreases rapidly during the period of adolescence. At this period, when the rate of growth is decreasing, those children whose growth is retarded will be more remote from the value belonging to their agc^ than those whose growth is accelerated. As the numbers above and below tlie average are etiual, those >vith retarded growth will hav(> a greater influence upon the average than tlmse whose growth is accelerated; therefoi'o the average of all values of the measurement of all the children of a certain age will be too low when the rate of gro^vth is decreas- ing and too high when it is increasi rig. These (considerations may be expressed in mathematical form as follows: In the adult the relative freiiuoucy of the variation x from the average value of the measurement « will generally be expressed by the formula ^+^^;^y2;r" ■2mi dx, (1) whore //, is the measure oF the variability of the series. '"Tho Growth of Unitod Status Naval Cadets" (Proc. U.S. Naval Instituto, Vol. XXI, No. 2, wholi) No. 74). "Tho following theory was first published in "Science," Vol. XIX, IHIK}, Moy tl, p. iiMl; May 2(), p. SHI. THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1553 9 a, which we bitrary value 547 show that on a- )« le of growing will be at the The value of the measurement belonging to the average of all those individuals who will finally reach the value .s is, at any given period, a function of that period, and may be called s,. The value of the measurement at the period t of all those individuals who will finally reach the stature s-\-x is a function of s, and x, and may be expressed by f (.s,; .»). The individuals constituting the adult series will not develop (luite regularly, but some will be in advance of others. We assume that at any given time these variations in period will be distributed according to the law of probabilities. The relative frequency of the variation y from the period under consideration, t, will be Pt+u = H^V^Tt dy. (2) (1) rement would (2) iws, therefore, a certain per- . This agrees the theory of 1 age, we find ave reached a xind, and still their mt'asure- y assume that iging to their oped than the le more devel- corresponding responding to ay be assumed ra^e of all the leir age. regular, and period, when tarded will be ose growth is al, those Avith 11 those whose oasuroiiient of tvih is decreaa- bllows: orago value of ,0, Vol. XXI, No. t», p. aW; May 2(), The probability, therefore, of finding an individual who will finally have the stature .s + .>•, standing at the period of development t-\-y, and whose measure- ment is therefore / («< + !/ ; >v) is equal to P, + j- . P( + „: or. l^/KBi + y ; a-): 1 2^i' a 2u.,!i '>"■' div.dy. (3) The individuals who will finally have the measurement s + .r, will have at a period t -f- v/, the same measurement that other individuals who will finally be s + .>•„ have at the period t -\- y^. Consequently there will be an infinitely large number of combinations of x and y, which will result in the same value .s- J- v. This will be the case whenever f is, + ,,; x) = s, + v y = 0, 3 3. 3 0.9 0,3 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 l;.'3-]34.9<)... 13.">-13() 99 0.1 \ 137-13H 99 0,3 0.1 0.3 139-i:i0.99 0.3 0.4 0.8 131-133.99... 9.2 0.3 ;i.5 2.0 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 ; 13. 7 9. 13.3 13,0 10, 5 13, 5 7.6 11.0 .5.0 ; 10.4 3.1 ' 8.0 1.8 .5.3 0.7 3.3 0. 4 3. 1 0.3 1.3 0.1 or i:j:> 134.99 .. 0.1 i:r)-i:)0 9!t 1.3 i 0.3 3.5 1 0.0 3.0 1.5 1 f; O t .> o 5,0 ; 3.3 8.0 1 3.8 9.1 , 4.2 10.0 0.1 S ■> i 7 .o 137- 13S il!) ::;:;; 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 3.3 ;j.8 3.7 4.9 5.8 '■" 8.4 10. 5 10.1 10.3 10.5 8,0 4, 5 3,0 3,7 1,3 0, 5 0.1 0.1 0.3 i:J9-140.99 . t 1 141-143. m» 14;! 144.99 .'.'.'.'.. .'.'.'.'.'. 14.5-11(5.99... 147-14S.i>9. . 149-1.50.99. . . 151-153 !I9 0.3 0.3 0.3 7 ■■ o.'i II A. \'i\ 154 !H) 1 .3 5 3 i 8 8 1 7 a 111 on 1.55-15li.99 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.0 : 8.3 3.1 i 0.2 1.7 5.7 1 1.1 ' 4.7 0. 7 ' 3. 7 0.4 : 3.4 0.3 ' 1,5 0.3 1.4 0.1 0.9 7.8 8.3 8.0 8.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 4.7 3.3 3,0 1.1 O.fl 0,4 0,1 1 1 3 2 157-158 9!t 1' 1 18 159-100.99 5.4 2 101-103.99. 1 i 5.8 8.0 3 9 KKMtil.'.Hl 9t 105-lt;0 99 114' 9 3 107-l(i3.9!t 10 3 ' 10 5 109- 170, 09... 10.5 10, » 171-173.99... 1 ! 9.0 1 13 5 173 174 99 1 1 0.5 0,3 3 9 ;i ' 9 175-171) <,K( 1 j 7 •> i « "1 177-17.H.!«t 5.1 4.3 3.3 5 2 179-180.99 1 ; 0.1 4 8 181-1.-*;J,99 .. IV 1 1h;j-1h4.99... .... ...... :".:::: :::::: 0:5 ....:: 18.5-18(1.99... 0.5 1 187-!,':5.;.»3 .1.5.00 5,03;) 133.0(1 i4.;« 15.5;} 133.04 15.53 .i5.;» 1 .5,5;ii 1.30. H9 , 4. 50 L5.00 l-Jl.Ol l;5.0(l . 5, 48 5, 151 i:)1.75 U.78 !,5.90 131,78 1.5, IK) 1.5,74 1, 759 i;tO. 17 l4.07 i(i.;i3 i:)0.3o !().;i3' '.0.30 4,305 140.08 ' 5. a-) .).0.70 140.74 1-0.80 i-0,03 ;),573 145.88 1 0.01 '-7. 00 140.00 • 7.71 1:7.64 1 3,518 1,)3. 14 j.o.as ls.os 153,39 J: 8. 00 .1:8.40 1,481 1,59.48 '7.31 1.8.03 159. 73 1.8.87 ±8,01 753 104. 08 10.15 ' 7. 77 104.00 ,17.75 ±7.o;i 439 10;!, ,81 1 5. 78 • 7.35 liW.Ol i 7.3;t i.7.16 230 170.01 ' 5. 45 0. 70 171.07 ..0.74 I 1556 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Frequenciss of statures of Ainorican girls, in percentages. Height in centi- Ages, in years. meters. 5.611 6. 545 7. 513 8.501 9.497 10.49511.494'l3.490 1 13.479 14.471 15.406 10.473 17.466 87- 88.09 0.1 89- (HI, 99 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.5 3.6 91- 03.99 0.1 0.9 » •) 4! 6 9.4 13.3 17.1 16.8 13.9 11,1 6.0 3.0 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.2 93- 94.99 95- 9ti.99 97- 98. IK) . 99-100.99 ... n .T 0.1 1 ■ 101-103.99 . 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.3 2.8 4.7 7.9 11.0 13.3 14.3 14.0 11.1 7.9 4.7 3.0 1.7 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 103-104. 99 0.7 1 1.3 1 0.1 105-106.99 .. 10.3 ' 2.5 13.9 1 4.3 17.1 1 8.3 14.8 1 11 A 0.3 0.6 3.0 3.8 6.0 9.3 11.8 14.4 14.3 13.5 9.9 6.9 4.2 3.1 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.1 1 107-10'*. 99 o.i 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.1 3.4 4.3 0.3 9.5 11.3 13.3 13 11.7 9.3 0.7 4.4 3.8 1.7 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.1 i 109-110.99 --.-.- 111-113.99 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.3 1.9 3.3 5.4 7.9 10.1 11.7 11.7 10.4 10.4 8.3 0.0 4.3 3 6 3.1 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 ■"o.T 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.4 2.6 3.9 5.6 7.5 9.1 10.4 11.4 10.3 9.0 7.3 0.3 4.8 3.4 3.4 1.6 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 U.l — 113-114.99 11.3 9.1 6.0 3.7 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 13.0 1.5.4 13.3 13.0 9.0 4.5 3.8 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 115-116.99 117-118.99 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.3 3.6 4.4 .5.0 6.5 7.8 10.8 9.3 11.3 10. 5 8.4 7.6 4.9 8.4 3.0 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 119-130.99 131-133.99 13:}-134.!)9 . 135-136.99 ^__ 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.7 3.6 .3.5 5.6 7.0 10.2 12.4 13.8 13.4 9.3 7.4 5.1 3.0 1.9 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.3 137-138.99 139-130. 99 131-133.5(9 133- l;U. SHI ia5-13H. 99 137-i;J8.St9 . 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.5 2.0 3.8 7.8 10.2 13.1 15.3 11.8 11.2 8.0 5.9 3.5 3.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.3 139-140. !>9 0.3 0.3 0.8 2.0 3.6 5.4 8.3 11.0 13.9 13.7 13.8 11.3 7.3 5.8 2.9 1.4 1.3 0.8 " o.'i" 141-143. Oil 143-144.99 14.5- IK). 99 0.1 0.3 1.0 147-148.99. . 2.4 149-150.99 4.4 151-153.99 0.7 153-154.99 155- 15(). 99 8.4 10.8 1.57-158. 9;( 0.1 10.1 159-160. 9iJ 13,6 101-163.99... , 13.8 163-161. 99 7.1 16.")-lti6.99. . 7.1 167-108. 99 3.5 109-170.09 3.4 171-173.09 1.1 173-174. 9i) 1 0.6 175-176. (N) 0.8 177-178. im 179-180. 90 Cases Average hoipht . . . Average variation. Mean variation Corrocted average Mean variation corrected Mean variation at half year 1,3(K1 105. 45 J. 3. 74 i4.C9 104.88 ±4.04 3,618 110.33 1:3.98 + 5.09 110,08 ±6.07 1-4.78 4,913 116.16 + 4.«{ ^5.3i) 110. 08 ±6.35 ±5.01 5.289 131.21 ±4.45 ±5.58 131.31 ±5.58 ±5.46 5, 13,3 133. 13 + 4.51 ±5.73 130.14 ±6.73 ±6.64 4,837 131.24 + 4.91 ±0.18 131. 37 ±0.18 ±0.00 4,507 liXl. 58 ±5.45 ±6.8;i 136.02 ±0.83 ±6.03 4,187 14,3.46 ±.5.98 ±7. .57 143. ,53 ±7.67 J 7.41 3, 411 148.58 ±5.89 f 7. !»8 148.09 ±7.37 + 7.20 3,537 1.53. 41 ±5.18 + 0.71 153.60 ±0.09 ±6.57 1,(560 156.45 ±4.68 16.90 150.50 ±5.00 ±5.88 1,171 168.00 ±4.04 ±6.79 168.03 ±5.70 ±6.05 790 159. 11 ±4.43 ±6.75 159. 14 ±6.76 From the preceding facts and considerations we conclude that the averages and variabilities of growing children must not be considered more than indices of the typical conditions characteristic of a certain age. In order to determine these accurately, the asymmetry of the distributions munt be taken into account. This, however, can not be done, e.xcept by the expenditure of a vast amount of labor, until a sufficient series of observations, taken according to the iudividualiziug method, is available. (tltOWTH AS DETERMINED BY THE TOTAL SERIES OF TORONTO CHILDREN. I give first of all a table of statures grouped in periods of quarter years. In this tabulation all those Individuals who did not expressly dtate that their age was so ■ 1.466 10.473 17.466 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.5 3.6 3.8 7.8 10.3 13.1 1.5.3 11.8 11.3 8.9 5.0 3.5 3.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 3.0 3.6 5.4 11.0 13.9 13.7 13.8 11.3 7.3 5.8 3.9 1.4 1.3 0.3 l,(i56 11156.45 h' i-4.08 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.0 3.4 4.4 6.7 8.4 10.8 16.1 13.5 13,8 7.1 7.1 3.5 3.4 1.1 0.5 0.8 1,171 \\ 1. 5. 0(i ±5.79+5.75 id 156. 50 !9|±6.06 PY11:5.88 158. aj ±5.70 700 158.00159.11 150. 14 ±5.75 fihe averages and an indices of the determine these account. This, mount of labor, individualizing O CHILDREN. )r years. In this their age was so THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1557 and so many years and no months were omitted, because there is a considerable prob- ability that in many cases of this sort the number of months was not recorded. For this reason the number of children corresponding to the full years and no months is too small. It might have been better to group the material as follows: 11, 0, 1 months; 3, 3, 4 months; 5, 6, 7 months; 8, 9, 10 months; but I did not do so, in order to preserve the comparability with other series which extend over the whole year. The records of ages show that in order to obtain accurate results the question ought not to be simply for years and months, but we should ask for the age at the last birthday, age at the coming birthday, and the date of the birthdav. When we simply ask for years and months, the person answering the question will often first give the age at the nearest birthday, particularly when the approaching birthday is not far distant, and then add the number of months passed since the last birthday, thus introducing an error of a whole year. This was noticed to occur in the Worcester measurements that were repeated after the lapse of a year, Accuracy can be attained only by the three questions ^iven before. The following are the tables of statures: Statures of Toronto boys, groiiped in quarter-year periods. Number of boys of the following ages. Height in centimeters. 5 years and— r 6 years and— ~ years and— Oto3 mos. 3 to 5 mos. 8 to 8 mos. 9 to 11 mos. OtoS mos. 3 to 5 mos. OtoS mos. Otoll mos. 0to3 mos. 3 to 5 mos. 0to8 mos. Otoll mos. 01 1 1 93 93 94 1 05 1 96 *> 4 1 •> 2 i! 6 6 8 6 8 5 3 11 4 1 1 2 1 1 ....... 97 . i 3 3 4 3 6 5 1! i 4 5 11 5 9 13 4 1 3 3 o 4 3 5 5 1 8 13 11 10 14 8 3 3 4 4 1 3 1 i' 98 2 »> 4 1 5 3 5 4 3 1 o i o 99 100 1 101 1 1 5 3 i 13 11 9 9 8 5 3 4 5 1 1 1 ] 3 5 6 8 6 5 13 17 19 14 11 8 13 5 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 9 9 !) 11 13 ir 14 15 9 10 16 8 4 5 1 '> '> 1 103 ...... 103 5 4 5 8 10 13 10 15 17 14 11 10 9 5 1 1 1 1 i" 6 I 9 16 17 15 16 13 36 14 14 10 10 5 O M 3 1 104 105 3 3 3 4 t 13 33 13 18 35 20 14 10 13 9 9 10 5 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 4 2 5 8 13 1 17 13 14 30 31 31 35 13 13 ( 11 4 3 4 1 1 1 106 1 107 108 2 109 1 110 5 HI 113 4 8 6 11 113 ... 1 114 17 115 1 10 116 11 117 15 IIH 1 16 119 18 130 1 13 131 7 133 1 1 16 13;i 7 134 7 135 1 >> T 1 5 136 1 137 4 138 1 7 139 2 liJO 1 2 131 i;«3 i:m 2 1 134 i;» 136 137 1 Cases A V r a ff e height Moan varia- tion 43 103.0 ±4.44 83 104.5 ±4.70 103 107.3 ±5.07 131 108.1 ±4.00 103 109.7 ±4.59 155 110.8 ±4.48 173 111.1 ±4.30 183 113.1 ±5.26 101 114.9 ±4.17 335 115.6 ±4.07 343 117.7 ±4.8:1 188 118.3 ±6.40 k-,)'1Tl!i ilM ; : 1558 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Statiwes of Toronto hoys, gro^iped in quarter-year perioas—CowiinweiX. Num1»er of 1 wj-s of the following ages. ni>ii,'ht in coutimeters. 8 years and— 9 year.' and— 10 year s and— to 2 mos. 3 to 5 mos. etc 8 mos. 9 to 11 mos. to 2 mos. 3 to 5 mos. (i to 8 ipos. 9 to 11 mos. to 2 mos. 3 to 5 mos. Cto8 mos. 9 to 11 mos. 105 1 1 «> 1 3 3 3' 4 8 6 17 14 21 13 25 10 17 13 14 13 8 11 11 4 8 5 3 2 3 o 1 1 10») 1 1 ::::::.... 107 1 108 . .. •> 1 1 109 i 1 4 3 5 10 4 13 14 12 30 20 22 15 Zi 21 12 11 9 5 4 2 3 O M 3 1 110 3 3 4 8 5 IB 15 8 17 10 19 18 13 9 12 8 4 3 3 I 1 1 1 1 1 2 6" 8 9 t 11 17 15 18 18 10 21 19 8 10 5 12 9 i 4 6 111 1 1 3 2 4 11 11 14 16 1» 20 19 14 10 12 11 18 10 2 5 7 1 1 1 i' 1 3 4 11 5 7 19 8 12 19 18 Ki 11 11 7 12 10 t) 5 2 3 i' 1 1 1 c 3 5 4 9 9 9 8 14 OO 11 20 20 15 21 13 14 11 9 3 4 4 2 1 1 1 112 1 113 lU 1 3 115...... . 1 1 1 110 117... . 5 3 3 8 13 15 13 9 20 11 12 13 IG 13 16 13 10 4 1 4 1 •> *> i 1 1 1 3 4 o' 7 5 9 11 8 10 14 9 13 10 9 7 10 9 i 1 4 3 1 8 3 11 11 7 17 14 14 21 17 11 13 11 13 8 11 5 4 « 4 4 i 1 2 5 3 7 6 3 8 8 9 13 16 12 18 20 9 21) 12 7 7 10 7 4 4 O 2 1 118 119 i 120 3 131 122 2 1 123 3 124 .. 125 7 9 120 6 127 128 6 11 129 10 130 18 131 11 132 16 13;$ 10 134 ia» 1 14 14 130 13 137 9 138.. . 1... i O 7 139... 1 g 140 .. 9 141.. L_ i 13 142 1 1 " 1 r 2 143 i-- 1 i 3 14t 1 3 145 1 1 140 1 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 147 148 1 1 i 1 140 1 1 2 150 1 \ 1 1 1 1 " 1 Cases 198 119.7 1:5.08 251 121.3 ±0.01 200 122.2 t5.31 329 123.5 ±5.13 194 125.1 ±4.47 241 125.0 ±5.4;i 243 127.0 ±5.51 238 137.9 ±5.99 187 129.9 ±0,00 ;.'28 130.2 ±5.97 133.3 ±0.01 223 Average height Mean varia- . tlon 133.9 ±0.09 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1559 tinned. Stahircs of Toronto boys, gvouped in quarter-year per iods — Continued. irs and— 3 G to 8 toll . mos. , mos. 1 I":::: " 1. 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 4 i 3 3 3 1 5 3 8 3 1 3 7 3 11 « 7 9 7 8 6 14 U 14 13 10 18 11 11 18 16 16 11 14 13 20 14 8 13 13 11 7 9 4 10 8 9 4 4 13 3 *> 3 2 a 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 223 iO.2 1 132.2 132.9 ).!»" iO.Ol :4«.09 Number of boys of the following ages. Height in centimeters. 11 years and — 13 year.s and— 0to3'3to5 0to8 Otoll mos. 1 mos. mos. mos. 1 i 13 years and— to 3 3 to 5 mos. , mos. Gto8 mos. 9 to 11 mos. 0to2 mos. 3 to 5 mos. to 8 9 toll mos. mos 117 1 118 i 11!) 1 1 12() 1 1 1 ' 121 »> ■ ' 123 1 1 i *> 1 3 4 ff 5 8 3 7 (1 11 13 13 5 14 6 10 10 i 2 3 3 2 3 3 7 5 8 9 13 11 10 12 10 1 1 12;j 5 4 1 i' 1 1 121 1 3 4 5 I 12 10 i 8 15 10 10 13 15 10 !) t 11 3 O T 1 i 12.5 8 3 4 5 11 5 4 3 6 9 1 120 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 7 1 127 I 1 4 7 4 1 1 ]2H 1 >> 1 120 5 5 o M 1 4 5 11 9 9 i;j() 131 . .- 14 19 10 ; 12 10 12 17 7 14 : 24 11 9 13 15 12 n 13 11 14 15 12 18 4 12 10 7 5 10 2 4 1 3 » 1 •> 4 8 7 10 4 1 i 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 i;i2 . . V.ii 3 134 . ... 9 I 7 8 7 18 8 8 15 : 14 9 ; 13 7 ' 13 8 12 , 13 10 8 10 ; 7 1 1 8 3 3 o 5 n 2 la") 3 130 4 137 3 ; 6 4 ! 3 8 I 3 14 j 3 7 13 8 10 8 ■'> 5 i;is 3 13!) 4 140 10 4 14 3 14 10 10 7 18 ' 8 7 141 4 142 7 7 8 4 143 u 144 5 4 3 3 6 3 1 8 3 3 8 8 3 1 3 1 1 7 14 10 9 5 13 11 4 6 3 10 4 11 5 5 9 3 5 O 3 3 3 5 1 O *) 1 1 5 14r> 7 3 3 1 2 5 2 1 11 8 7 6 4 9 3 'i 1 3 i () 9 3 3 5 3 3 3 4 1 5 o' i" 13 1J| .. . 5 5 3 4 1 1 1 1 O 1 5 10 8 3 i O 1 1 ] a 147 5 148 15 14!» 1 150 ... . 1 n 151 i 1 1 2 152 1 1 1 r, 153 . . 1 i :i 154 G 7 5 3 l.-)5 J5I) 1 157 15« 1 3 159 _ 1 i' 1 KV) 1 1 3 101 ^ 1 102 1 103 ■ " " 1 2 104 i .. 1 3 105 ... 1 100 ■■ 167 >> 168 ■" 169 1 1 170 1 Caaoa Average height Mean varia- tion 188 1.35.3 ±5.00 215 i;m.o ±6.00 23'J 130.5 i6.28 175 137.1 ±0.30 170 138.0 ±0.03 107 13!). 4 ±0..53 189 140. 1 ±0.J3 314 141.0 ±0.97 134 143.8 ±7.38 170 14.5.3 ±7.31 149 145.5 ±8.30 147 147.1 ±7.54 i I ill 1560 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Statures of Toronto boys, grouped in quarter-year periods — Concluded. Number of boys of the following ages. HeiRbt in centimeters. 14 years and— 15 years and— 0to2 mos. 3 to 5 mos. 6 to 8 mos. 9 toll mos. 0to5 mos. OtoU mos. 122 1 13:3 124 1 1 125 1 1 lat} 127 . 128 1 12!) 130 1 131 133 1 2 I3:j v.u . . . 1:15 1 3' 1 3 1 4 1 1 8 2 8 9 2 9 6" 6 7 3 4 2 i' 1 1 2 1 4 ! 3 11 *v 6 5 4 5 6 5 2 7 2 2 5 3 4 • 1 1 2 2 1 13*i 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 137 3 1 1 1 4 3 6 5 C r* 1 1 5 2 6 5 8 3 3 1 i;i8 139 1 3 2 1 140 1 141 1 143 . 1 1 2 3 1 2 7 5 2 4 2 3 6 2 5 1 5 1 2' 1 2 1 1 4' 1 3 4 2 3 3 6 6 5 3 2 9 7 5 4 2 2 1 4 2 2 3 1 145 2 3 147 . . 1 2 140 150 . 3 152 153 4 154 2 4 150 3 157 3 15« 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 4 2 i' 1 1 2 8 6 3 4 IBl 2 8 IC'J 1 8 105 3 8 107 8 3 100 1 2 1 1 170 3 171 173 2 3 173 1 1 174 1 1 175 176 1 1 177 178 170 180 1 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 1 Cases 105 149.4 ±7.04 103 150.5 ±9.20 108 157.4 ±8.21 71 1.56.9 ±7.56 103 15tJ.l ±9.07 67 Average height 168.2 Average variation ±8.75 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1561 Statures of Toronto girls, grouped in quarter-year periods. 15 years and— Ctoli mos. 4 1 I 3 i 2 3 3 6 5 3 2 9 7 5 4 2 2 1 4 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 4 2 3 6 2 4 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 I 8 2 3 1 1 1 1 ... '..'. i n 103 .9 15t».l B6 ±9.07 67 158.2 ±8.75 Nu4^->lH!r of girls of the following ages. Height in poTit imp tors 5 years and— j 6 years and— 7 years and— Oto2 mos. 3 to 5 mos. 0to8 mos. 9tr.ll 0to2 uios. ! mos. 3 to 5 mos. 6 to 8 mos. 9toll mos. 0to2 mos. 3 to 5 mos. 6 to 8 mos. 9 to 11 mos. 85 8(5 87 . .. . 1 88 [ SO ! 90 91 92 9;} 1 94 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 10 9 12 5 6 7 5 3 3 1 1 1 :.;:.:::::::: 95 1 1 9« 6 1 97 1 6 2 3 3 3 3 6 2 5 2 2 1 8 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 98 3 3 10 9 7 8 12 13 8 6 5 8 7 4 •) i 1 1 2 i I 5 8 10 8 6 13 9 6 7 9 5 4 i" •l>9 . , 1(H) 2 2 5 1 8 9 9 12 12 13 !J 16 15 13 7 8 I 3 3 101 4 4 5 •> 5 9 13 10 7 7 9 10 2 2 3 5 6 8 11 14 10 11 7 13 7 4 t 3 3 1 1 1 4 4 9 5 5 6 8 10 17 14 13 11 11 16 9 13 6 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 4 2 4 9 4 9 5 1.0 16 13 16 20 23 17 16 16 8 9 t 3 3 » 1 102 lo;} i" 2 3 4 3 14 9 13 9 8 9 6 10 8 7 5 7 3 2 1 1 3 1 4 6 13 13 8 10 13 17 19 17 13 8 9 11 I 1 1 3 104 2 105 3 KNj 5 107 1 108 1 lOO 5 110 4 Ill 13 iia 10 ]i:t 9 9 11 iu o 3 2 6 t 13 115 15 lit) 16 117 13 118 8 2 14 119 10 1»1 16 I:.'! 1 19 l*i 3 1 9 V£i 6 124 1 1 i 7 125 12 • 2 lOS I 4 4 U 9 9 U 13 10 14 15 17 11 12 11 8 4 5 1 O »> M 1 4 8 1 3 10 15 10 15 10 23 •M 21 15 18 10 9 13 8 »> 1^ 5 1 3 •> 1^ 1 3 2 5 8 4 16 13 15 14 18 17 12 16 13 14 3 3 8 1 5 1 i 109 1 1 110 1 1 Ill 1 1 1 1 4 3 12 3 13 10 14 13 17 13 15 13 13 7 10 8 113 1 O 8 O M 5 15 10 9 19 11 20 17 18 18 25 8 10 8 3 3 1 4 3 I 1 •> 3 1 4 5 9 14 7 17 18 23 10 20 11 10 13 18 7 3 4 3 1 1 1 113 1 1 114 1 (L 115 3 3 7 ." t 8 6 10 13 17 15 14 21 18 8 19 8 3 I 7 1 i" 3 3 5 9 4 15 8 10 8 13 15 18 s 9 4 4 O 5 o 116 1 3' 3 3 4 t 5 18 11 13 8 11 19 8 8 15 6 14 5 9 3 4 3 1 1 1 117 IIH Ill) 120 1 3 8 17 5 8 9 13 10 14 11 14 15 15 11 10 12 5 8 1 3 3 »> 3 m 123 3 4 12;{ 124 3 7 125 10 12(i 8 127 9 128 9 129 11 130 14 131 30 132 1 17 133 18 134 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 la^ 11 130 1 7 137 g i;i« ... 8 139 5 140 1 1 G ill 1 u.: ' """""" ■ 1 4 143 1 1 4 144. 1 145 2 14(i 1 1 3 147 1 1 •> 1 14« 3 149 150 1 1 151 :::::::::: 152 1 ... 1 * 1 Cases ISC 118.9 + 5.23 207 119.7 ±5.00 238 121.3 ±5.08 203 122.4 ±,5.40 192 13=3.55 ±4.95 230 124.98 + 4.97 231 125.7? ±5.28 130.47 ±.'..50 IhO 129.11 ±5.59 199 129.75 + 5.70 339 131.81 ±0.15 213 Average height Mean varia- tion 132.17 + 0.13 ! ill HI ■) otoa otoii I. I mos. i mo3. 8 13 10 14 11 14 15 15 11 1(5 12 "i .1 2 4 3 7 10 8 9 9 11 14 ao 17 18 13 11 7 9 8 6 1 1 *> 1 2 3 1 •> 1 3 1 1 1 ■"""1 199 2»'9 .75 131.81 .70 i:6.15 313 132.17 4:0.13 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1563 Statures of Toronto girls, grouped in quarter-ijcarjicriods—Continvied. Number of girls of the following age.s. Hoiffhtin ceutimetors. 11 years and— Oto2 mos. 12 year 3 to 5 mos. sand— Oto2 mos. 13 years and— 3 to 5 otoy mos. ^ mos. 0to2 mos. 3 to 5 mo.3. fito8 mos. 9 toll 1110s. to 8 9 to 11 mo.s. mos. 9 toll mo.s. 11.-, ]l(i 1 117 US 1 119 ! 1 i' i :i 3 6 8 9 17 15 11 14 11 15 15 20 1? 17 9 3 3 3 7 3 3 3 M i 120 . . 2 1 4 5 8 4 9 12 9 8 11 10 10 10 10 12 9 11 10 1; 4 4 4 1 •> 4" 2 »> 4 5 (5 7 11 i 11 5 11 14 10 17 14 13 13 5 9 13 5 5 5 • I 4 1 1 121 1 1 1 <> 7 3 10 9 7 13 13 12 10 18 14 10 10 18 i 7 8 11 4 3 3 7 6 i' i i 122 ' 12:5 124 2 1 i I 8 ll 11 15 9 16 1^ 12 9 12 5 7 3 1 »> ;:::::::::: ]2i") 1 5 4 8' 5 9 8 5 14 1; 13 11 12 14 9 14 8 10 9 9 9 3 3 i 3 •> 3 1 120 ..."■ 127 1 1 ;5 4 1 (5 4 12 10 11 9 11 7 14 14 18 15 12 5 9 M 4 4 1 2 4 M 1 4 ;5 3 3 l/) (.. 1 10 13 11 13 11 8 12 8 9 8 5 4 1 3 i 1 1 12H 129 1 ino 1 131 '*» 4 9 3 ;5 5 3 10 13 13 10 i « 10 3 4 ;5 3 4 3 3 1 1 1 3 ;V 4 5 10 2 1 10 10 i> 10 8 11 5 11 9 7 1 7 3 3 3 2 3 3 3" 1 1 i;52 1:5:5 134 ::::::: 4 2 3 1 5 •J " 8 4 9 5 ■i 14 11 4 18 10 9 5 'I 1 6 1 4 2 1 3 i' 1 ia5 13*5 137 1 i:58 3 139 3 140 1 141 4 142 3 14:5 144 4 4 145 7 14(5 3 3 ,5 147 11 148 5 119 1 1 10 150 11 151 152 11 15:5 1 g 154 1 6 155 1 1 A 15(5 L. . - *> 5 157 4 158 ... 1 1 3 1 G 159 1 1 1 1 4 IfiO ,5 161 1 162 2 163 1 IW 1 3 4 166 IM 167 168 169 170 171 1 211 141.0 ±7.10 Cases 195 133.98 J;0.50 233 135.50 J:C.02 221 13(5. 49 J, 0.50 228 137. 70 ±0.45 193 140.2 iO.48 230 141.3 ±7.02 190 114.0 ±7.00 151 110.7 ±0.57 181 14.5.0 ±7.33 181 148.5 ±0.90 143 Average heiglit Mean varia- tion 1.50. 4 i 57 i 1564 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. StaUires of Toronto girls, grouped in qiiarter-year periods — Concluded. Number of girls of the following ages. Height in centi- 14 years and— 15 years and— 10 years and— 0to3 mos. 3 to 5 mos. 6 to 8 mos. 9 to 11 mos. Oto3 mos. 3 to 5 mos. 6 to 8 mos. 9 to 11 mos. 0to5 mos. etou mos. 127 1 138 129 13() j ISl 1 133 1 13ii 134 1 ia5 1 136 1 3 137 1 13.S " 139 3 2 1 3 •> »> 3 o 9 7 13 8 M 1 14 i 13 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 141) 1 i 141 2 1 1 2 143 4 1 4 4 3 4 6 « 8 5 3 10 11 9 5 10 3 4 1 1 1 3 . _ 143 1 8 o •> i" 1 144 5 3 1 3' 5 U 10 4 9 5 13 2 7 3 5 4 2 1 1 o 1 >> 1 1 1 1 2 •J 1 1 3 3 1 2 4 i t 1 8 4 1 4 2 3 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 4' •> 3 3 3 8 4 4 4 13 4 1 i 1 145 1 .... 1 1 2 2 6 4 5 4 8 4 •> 8 4 7 3 1 1 t> 1 3" [ 3 i' 1 4 I 5 1 1 i" 1 1 4 1 \W) 147 148 1 149 3 15() 151 8 5 5 7 5 * 8 4 10 4 B I 2 1 1 4 3 3 1 5 2 1 2 4 3 O 1 4 3 1 1 1 153 3 153 2 154 3 155 6 15(i 2 157 1 IW 2 159 4 16(1 3 161 3 163 5 IW 164 1 1 1 165 8 Kit) 167 1 1 1 . . _. 1 1 KiH 169 170 . . 171 1 173 1 1 Cases Average hoiKht... Mean variation... 114 153. 4 ±0.44 i;io 151.3 ±6.31 KXI Vii. 9 ±0.44 93 154.9 ±5.44 55 1.54.5 ±0.26 73 155. 4 ±0.17 79 15(1, 5 ±5.11 41 15(1. 7 ±5.40 75 1.50, 19 ±4.90 48 15<»,90 ±0,37 lijl _^ led. ears and- 5 3. 6 to 11 mos. ... ... 1 i" 1 o i l' •> *v 3 o 3 8 4 6 4 4 6 13 4 1 3 3 1 1 1 i a 1 1 3 3 ft 3 1 3 4 3 3 6 1 1 8 1 1 i 75 .10 .00 48 m\.m ±•(.37 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. Statures of Toronto boys, grouped in one-year periods. 1565 Heiglit in cen- timeters. Number of boys measured if the age of— 4 years 5 j years. years. years. 8 years. years. 10 years. 11 years 13 years. 13 years. 14 1 years.; 15 years. 00 1 01 i" 1 !« 03 04 4 5 3 3 5 5 8 12 13 b 4 i 1 1 1 c" I 15 13 10 21 27 2tJ 28 10 20 28 24 22 10 10 4 5 i 1 3 05 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 ft Iti 17 2(1 22 2(i 30 44 02 51 40 30 47 48 31 23 18 14 8 8 3 06 07 08 00 100 101 102 103 3 1 4 7 13 11 17 ,30 44 57 45 68 00 71 0.3 00 56 57 m 40 22 2ti 15 ^■ t 7 12 3 4 1 104 105 »> 3 O •V 3 4 1 5 13 18 20 38 43 4(i 03 55 0(1 64 72 56 m ,50 40 37 41 31 17 13 14 10 8 4 4 106 1 2 107- 1 108 iOO 110 1 3 3 3 o 17 27 21 31 52 4.3 50 04 67 03 03 63 4;$ 65 41 48 .3i-) 27 10 16 Ill 4 1 113 1 113 114 1 1 5 115 110 117 4 3 8 13 8 18 30 20 33 33 30 44 61 04 5;j 55 58 41 57 43 31 o» 84 23 26 11 5 1 5 2 3 1 1 o 8 3 6 t 17 13 16 27 31 53 36 30 38 (!4 43 57 41 6,3 46 40 80 85 27 18 17 10 10 3 4 •> 3 3 1 118 110 1 120 1 121 123 1 f, 4 5 i 10 11 IH 16 33 21 37 ,30 48 38 64 43 48 38 4.5 34 43 38 ») 27 12 81 8 6 3 3 i" i" 1 3 1 12;J 124 1 2 1 125 1 •> i 1 '20 127 128 i 1 120 180 5 7 5 14 24 31 10 10 88 25 33 20 2)1 40 25 27 31 23 ;w 18 20 18 I 131 ... 133 1 2 IS) 3 134 185 3 4 5 8 13 6 10 20 15 16 27 13 20 12 2;) 10 86 130 187 1 1 5 1 138 1 1 3 o 3 1 1 lUQ 1 J40 4 Ul... 8 148 1 1 m 1 144 i 1 3 lis 2 146 7 147 .. . 3 148 .. 1 5 140 4 160 1 5 161 8 153 a 163 . 10 154 8 * 1566 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Statures of Toronto hoys, grouped in one-year periods — Concluclecl. I Height in cen- timoters. Number of boys measured of the ago of— 1 years 5 years. years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. 10 11 12 8 12 10 10 5 5 5 4 15 years. ir)5 7 8 »> t^ 1 *> o 19 9 7 12 4 <> M 3 3 1 \'*S t 5 15" 5 15S 15 159 .. .. 8 100 11 101 7 Wi 1(53 3 lot 4 165 4 100 6 lor 2 4 lOS 6 100 1 8 170 8 171 . . .- 17;i 5 173 •" - 1 1 m I 1 175 ! 170 "" 1 1 1 177 1 1 178 1 1 170 1 1 1 180 1 181 182 183 181 .^ 185... 180 . 187 i; r:"-- 1 188 ..:::::i __..::i 189 1 1 740 12.483 110.05 1O.8O 140.1 Cases 00 4.51;i 317 5. 558 100.51 iS.ia 100. S 013 0.517 111.23 :t4.b2 111.1 810 !i;u 905 0.175 120. 55 i.5.50 120. 7 839 10. 483 131.39 i.0.15 131.6 817 11.1.58 LTi. 70 J. 0,15 135.0 5(H1 13.475 145.30 i.7.79 145, 4 387 14,425 151,00 .'.8.55 151.5 170 Averagoayo... Avoi'iiBO beight Mean variation Corroctcd nv- orago for half year 7. 108 110.03 ±5.08 110.8 8.175 121.7:) .1:5.58 121.8 15.408 157.00 tO.CO 157.6 I t I 15 rs. yeara. 5 n 15 8 11 7 6 3 4 5 4 3 t> M 4 4 6 4 5 8 2 i 5 i 1 1 — 1 1 ;w7 435 .00 .55 )1.5 170 15.408 157.00 L'J.OO 157.6 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. StatiiJ'es of Toronto girls, grouped in one-}jear pcriodn 1567 4 years. Niimljer of girls moasurod of tlio aa of- Hcislit in centi- meters. i t I I- S ! % *^ o u O >> a) I-H i CO r-t I— 1 I I CD 87 1 ! 1 8.H . i 1 , 8'J 1 i fiO 1 91 1 93 i 93 5 •> M o 4 9 I 13 9 8 3 9 3 3 O i 1 1 o I 11 10 34 31 38 30 37 35 33 34 15 31 31 14 8 13 4 4 4 1 91 1 05 1 9(1 .. . . 97 3 o 8 15 13 34 35 31 43 44 40 5(5 43 51 43 34 37 30 34 13 7 i) o 4 1 . 98 911 ( 100 i 101 ,. 1 lit.' 3 3 r* 1 13 10 9 10 18 40 39 to 40 4(i 57 58 53 43 48 43 31 ' 18 17 10 13 7 3 O 3 o IV 1 ... ^ 103 104 105 •> 1 1 4 9 10 13 31 19 37 39 51 m 54 47 78 (JO (!1 48 5t 47 38 35 31 13 18 4 11 H 1 3 1 1 1 100 107 108 1 1 1 1 i> 5 4 13 15 18 30 40 43 4;} 54 58 m 70 (10 73 (!0 39 53 41 37 13 13 13 13 10 4 t| 1 109 1 1 , . 110 i ...... 111 1 1 1 113 1 1 113 114 1 1 3 5 (! 3 10 14 35 ;.•() 38 00 33 37 43 13 03 57 5i 55 43 40 37 38 38 1(! 30 II 8 4 5 3 4 O i 115 *> i lie, 117 118 ;> 119 1 3 5 3 7 7 Vl 18 17 30 31 47 30 40 43 51 51 51 (17 45 57 50 38 33 3(1 19 3il 15 14 13 130 121 1 1 5 133 133 . . 134 i) M 3 3 5 10 9 11 7 31 14 33 37 ■x\ 41 47 40 5;i 47 48 53 43 43 37 38 ^M) 33 12;") l!i0 137 ... . 1 1 O 1 3 3 3 7 8 8 13 30 10 19 33 31 at 31 48 4;i 35 J.I) 39 1 138 139. 130 131 133 i ];si 1 iw 1 1 1 3 186 18B 187 188 180 ... 7 o IV 4 9 4 13 10 8 7 30 14 1 1 140 1 1 141 142 1 3 1 4 4 5 4 4 143 1 144 1 145 3 14(1 8 147 I 148. I 141) if • ' i { 1568 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. > i ■' Statures of Toronto girls, grouped in one-j/ear pen'ods— Concluded. Nnmbor of girls measui •ed of the age of — Height in centi- metcis. i I i CO i i IB SO 4) >> O r- 1 o5 t >> l-H rH i 1-t i to in >> 1,50 2 15 2 T 1 27 12 11 10 10 8 14 3 3 1 2 3 1 43 36 28 17 29 15 13 18 17 13 11 4 7 4 8 1 32 31 %\ 28 31 30 33 19 29 12 26 10 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 12 10 13 14 24 17 9 16 13 10 11 11 8 8 5 5 1 3 1,51. 4 1,52 1 4 153 . . . 6 \U 11 1:55 10 150 i 8 1.57 1 5 1.58 ::::;::::::: 6 159 1 10 100 14 101 ::::::i:::::: 7 102 1 6 1()3 1 4 ItU 1 1 4 1(5,5 4 lot) . .. . 1 107 1 1(^ 109 ... 1 170 o in [ 1 172 1 173 174 Cases 8S 303 597 0. 508 110.4 ±4.80 110.4 759 7. .508 110.0 ±5.30 110.0 834 8. 475 120. ±5.5;? 120. 7 875 9. 475 135.3 ±5.32 125.3 S;?^ 1 870 10.4S'ni.475 i;i(i.8 i:io.o ±0.2() ±15.52 130.9 mi.i 824 13.4,5.« 141.7 ±0.90 141.9 6a5 13. 458 147. 7 i7.17 148.0 443 14.442 i,5;i.o ±0.35 1.5:}. 3 247 15. 4:i3 155. 8 ±5.80 15»J.O 133 Avoraire aire 10. a58 Average height xMoan variation Corrected average . 100. 1 ±4.20 io5.2 ±4.8(t 150.5 ±5.a5 150.7 i Tho following table e.Khibits the dtatures of Toronto children as compared with American children in general: STATURES OF BOYS, IN CENTIMETERS. Ago in year.s. 5.5. 1 0.5. 1 7.5. 8.5. 9.5. 10.5. 11.5. 12.5. 13.5. 14.5. 15.5. 10.5. Toronto American — 100.2 105.0 lll.l 111.6 110.8 110.8 121. 8 132.0 13(i.: 131.5 120.9 131.8 136.9 i;w.2 140.1 140. 7 145.4 1,51.5 140.0 152.4 1.57. 6 1.59. 7 STATURES OP GIRLS> IN CENTIMETERS. Toronto American 1 105.2 ' 110.4 104.9 110.1 j 110.0 i;io.7 110.1 121 3 125.3 130.9 126.1 131.3 130.1 141.9 130.0 143.5 148,0 153,3 148.7 153.5 150.0 156.5 156. 7 158.0 VARIABILITY OF BOYS' STATURES. Toronto .... t 5. 13 i4.82 ±5.08 ±4.93 i t5.22 1 1-5.58 '±5.59 to. 15 !±0.15 '±0.80 ±5.53 j±5.U0 1 ±5.90 ±0.;J3 ±0.80 ±7.70 ±7.71 ±8.56 ±8.00 ±9.00 ±8.87 American ±4.80 ±7.76 <■ VARIABILITY OF GIRLS' STATURES. Toronto Aineriran ±4.80 ±4.80 ±5.80 ±6.68 ±4.«4 ±6.07 ±6.36 ±6.68 ±6.iB ±0,20 ±0,63 ±5,7!) ±0,18 ±0.83 1 ±0.90 ±7.67 ±7.17 ±7.87 ±6.86 ±0.00 ±6.80 ±6.00 ±5.86 ±5.70 13 E i t» s > >, rr to ■" rH 11 3 12 4 10 4 12 5 14 11 84 10 17 8 5 10 G 13 10 10 14 11 11 8 8 5 5 1 1 247 133 ).5. 10.5. 7.0 0.7 0.0 i0.5 150. 7 158.0 1.00 (.87 " ±7."76 5.80 5.00 ±5.85 i5.79 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1569 It appears from these tables tliat on the whole the Toronto children are not as favorably developed as are American children, their statures being slightly sliorter. The variability of the Toronto series does not differ so much from the general series as might he expected. The causes that modify the growth of children in a single city appear to be so great that the decrease in general variability is very slight indeed. The variabilities given in the preceding tables are those for the whole year. When the variabilities for each year are calculated from the averages of the tri- montmy periods given on pages 1 558-1. ■■)()4, a considerable reduction in the values takes place. BOYS. Variability for- Ago in years. The whole year +5.13 Quarterly periods .-. +4.70 :6.5. ±4.83 + 4.05 7.5. ±5.08 ±4.77 8.5. 9.5. + 5.58 :±5.59 ±.5.38 ±5.35 10.5. ±0.15 ±6.15 +6.03 11.5. 12.5. 13.5. 14.5. 15.5. 16.5. ±6. +6.80 ±7.79 +8.55 bO.OO ±0.61 ±7.63 +8.23 a±8.91 '. I ■ ' I GIRLS. The whole I year |±4.80 Quarterly periods ...'±4.03 ±4.80 ±4.73 ±5.30 i±5.5;{ ±5.32 ±6.20 ±5.21 ±5.34 ±5.18 i±.5.80 ±6.52 ±6.38 ±0.06 I ±7. 17 ±0.35 ±0.90 ±6.85 ±0.13 ±5.8(5 ±5. 73 ±5.;« + 5.63 (I Six-monthly period. THE GROWTH OF FIRST-BORN CHILDREN. I have shown (Science, 1895, April 12) that the first-born children in Oakland, Cal., exceed in height later-born children. The data which wen* then available gave the following results. The columns headed "Differences" contain the amount to be added to the average statures and weights in order to obtain the measurements of first-born and later-born children. The figures in parentheses desigi tte the number of individuals measured. STATURES OP OAKLAND BOYS, IN MILLIMETERS. Average stature. Differences between average stature iiiul stature of--- Ago in years. First-born children. Second- born chil- dren. Third-born children. -13 (25) + 13 (31) - I (32) 1- 5 (38) -18 (41) + 10 (32) - 4 (!t8) + 10 (28) + 4 (27) -18 (33) +21 (18) Fourth- born chil- dren. - '.: (10) + (24; -18 (25) + 5 (2:1) -i.-> (;i5) -13 (27) - 5 (30) -31 (20) ! (25) -11 (15) -20 (13) Lb or- born children. 6.5 1137 (145) 1180 (107) 1240 (3:H) 1283 (220) i:m (24^1) 1370 (208) 1420 (2;f(i) 1482 (184) 1550 (l(i3) 1032 (118) 1(!08 (110) + 7 (30) +11 (49) — 3 (57) + 2 (57) ± (00) - 1 (58) H2() (00) 1 10 (54) 1-11 (40) + (35) -10 (20) -t- 7 (30) - 4 (42) - 7 (.54) - 3 (47) +i« (40) + 1 30) - 1 (47) +10 (43) -10 (40) + 8 (20) 1-17 (30) — 5 (33) 7.5 8.5 -10 (46) -21 (61) 0.5 + 1 (40) - 8 (47) — 1 ^45) 10.5 11.5 12.5 - Ill (41) 13.5 14.6 -25 (30) + 8 (24) 15.5 •t- 4 (17) 16.5 + (25) Avorago differ- enoes ... +4.6 +4.0 + 1.0 -7.0 —0.9 ED 97- -U'J ii 1570 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. STATURES OF OAKLAND GIRLS, IN MILLIMETERS. Average stature. Differences between average stature and stature of — Ag'.; in yoar.s. First-horn children. Sooond- Ijorn chil- dren, ± (38) -1 (40) -11 (40) - y (57) - 3 (40) 1-10 (41) +14 (.50) + 9 (48) ± (68) + 11 (36) -;58 (,38) -21 (19) -5 (30) Third-l)om children. Fourth- Ijorn chil- dren. -1ft (10) - 4 (34) + 13 (19) -17 (31) - (30) -t- 3 (34) + 7 (40) 1- (39) -17 (23) - 1 (19) - 1 (14) ± (15) -10 (9) Later-ljorn children. 0.5 1135 1175 l;>30 1.377 l.-iC) 1:J89 14.'iO 151(i 1560 1577 l.")97 1,597 1(503 (113) (199) (331) (3.53) (3,34) (330) (,3s;j) (:*33) (341) (170) (137) (99) (83) +11 (33) + 8 (49) + 14 (53) — 4 (05) 4- 7 (.59) + 13 (53) -r 3 (05) — 3 (ti3) i- 9 (01) — 3 (43) + 15 (\W) -rW (30) +13 (37) - 9 (15) + 3 (44) - 9 (4;]) + 14 (47) ■1-15 CZS) -3 (33) - 1 (5^)) -19 (as) -8 (38) - 6 (33) - 3 (3!$) - 8 (19) -.35 (10) - 1 'm 7.5 -xi (42) 8.5 9.5 10.5 - 4 (61) + 5 (.50) —11 (59) 11.5 -14 (61) 13 5 -(- 8 (07) 13.5 14.5 + 9 (45) — 1 (49) 15.5 10.5. -5 (41) —18 (33) 17.5 +14 (16) 18 and older -I (16^ Average differ- ences +7.1 -3.8 -4.5 -3.3 —3.3 WEIGHTS OF OAKLAND BOYS, IN POUNDS. Ago in years. Average weight. Differences between average weight and weights of— First-born children. Second- born chil- dren. Third -born children. Fourth - born chil- dren. Later- born children. 6.5. 7.5 8.5 0.5 J 47.7 (147) -i .51.7 (191) .i .57.3 (339) . 03.3 (315) 10.5 69.0 (3;tt) 11.5 74.8 (30(!» 12.5 81. C. (334) 13.5 89.1 (185) 14.5 105.1 (100) -0.3 (38) + 1.1 (48) -0.3 (.58) -0.4 (.57) —1.6 (M) t-l.O (58) i3.1 ((54) :-3.0 (,t()» 4l.« (47) 15.5 119.5(110 -1-3.0(33) ■f-0.7 (38) —0.6 (43) 10.3 (53) +0.1 (4,5) -5.4 (47) -4). 9 (;«) +1,3 (46) (3,3 (46) -0.7 (38) -1.7 (37) +0.1 (20) -t-0.1 (33) +0.5 (33) -0,3 (36) -2.1 + L3 -0.4 +4.1 -0.3 (30) (;J3) (37) (38) (36) -0.1 (18) -1.0 (31) 1-0.7 CM) -0.3 ri2/ -1.4 m) -0.9 (27) -3.6 (.34) -8.9 (.33) -1.4 (23) Average onces . differ- +0.83 +0.00 +0.32 -1..5rt WEIGHTS OF OAKLAND GIRLS, IN POUNDS. 6.5 45.7 (133) 7.5 49. (i (186) 8.5 55.7 (217) 0.5 [ 60.0 (343) 10,5 i 011.8 (2;.'l) 11.5 74.3 (i:;.';.') 12.5 84.2 (28(1) 13,5 94.2 (220) U.5 ' 10;-).8 (2!)5) 15.5 ! 110.7 (165) 10.5, 17.5 18 and older . Average differ- ences 116.5 (124) 117.4 («t) 118.3 (82) + 0.0 (31) -<).l (4i'>) 1-0.6 (50) -1.5 (64) fO,4 (.57) |3. 1 (50) +1.3 (07) —0.9 (03) +0.4 (60) +9.1 (41) 1-7.9 Cflt) + 1.9 OO) 1-3.4 (37) I +1.1S "' ' +0.0 (30) t-0.0 (37) +0.3 (45) +0.3 (57) -0.8 (45) -1.3 (41) +3.6 (.50) +3.9 (47) + 1.3 (64) +0.1 (33) -1.5 (37) -0,5 (18) +0.4 (30) +0.48 -1.0 (15) -0,1 (43) -1. 1 (43) 1-3,1 (48) -1,8 (38) i-0,4 (31) -^J,3 (.54) -3,0 Cff) -4,3 (:»>) -3,5 (13) -3.9 r.i-i) -3.3 (10) -0.1 (10) -1.3 (10) -0.5 (Z\) + 0.8 (21) -3.1 (iiU) +2.5 (35) + 0.7 (33) -0.4 (39) +0.3 (29) -1.4 (35) +3.4 (19) -7.5 (14) +4.1 (15) -0.0 (9) -1.71 -0.5 (35) 40.0 (44) —0,6 (57) -\).l (43) -0.1 (44) -0.3 (44) —1.8 (41) -3.5 (33) +0.5 (25) +0.1 (31) ' +0.8 (1.5) +1.8 (17) -0.44 +0.4 (!J2) (O.l (:«t) :tO,0 (50) + 1,0 (46) -1.0 (60) -1.3 (6,3) —0.3 (64) —1.2 (45) +1.7 (49) + 1.2(40) -0,1 CW) —1,2 (10) -1,1 (18) -0,13 ;atiire of — Lftter-Lorn I cMldrou. > - 1 C38) — ii (42) ) - 4 (61) ) + 5 (•50) ) -11 (59) —14 (61) -1- 8 (67) + 9 (45) - 1 (49) — 5 (41) -18 (33) +14 (16) — 1 (16> —3.3 eights of- Later- born children. —0.5 (;») ±0.0 (44) —0.6 (57) -0.1 (43) -0.1 (44) -0.3 (44) —1.8 (41) —3.5 (32) +0. 5 CS) +1.8 (17) -0. 44 1 0) i) +0. 4 (32) +0.1 (39) ±0.0 (59) + 1.0 (46) 5) 3) 9) 9) 5) -1.0 (fiO) -1.2 (62) —0.2 (61) -1.2 (4.5) + 1.7 (49) ?! 5) 9) + 1.3(40) -0.1 CW) -1.3 (16) -1. 1 (16) -0.13 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1571 I) The following tables contain the detailed results of the measurements obtained in Toronto: Statures of Toronto hoys. Age, .^ yeor.s, Stature in centi- Order of hirth. meters. Ist. 2d. 1 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 14th. 88 ! 1 ij ! i 1 1 1 ««) ! 1 1 1 i ' 91 1 1 \ ' 92 1 1 ; 93 1 1 \ 94 1 1 1 1 ♦> 3 1 1 ■ I 95 1 \ 1 i; 96 ' I Jt7 1 1 1 98 2 »> 1 3 4 1 *> 1 O »> 3 4 2 3 1 3 1 i 1 1 1 99 100 1 1 I 3" 101 ! KG 1 1 1 103 [ 104 105 . . . . 3 1 1 1 3 1 IOC) *> 3 •■ 107 1 1 1 1 108 i " 109 110 ... ' Ill 3 1 1 113 . . 1 113 114 1 . . .. ■ Cases 17 7.0 104.8 101.4 26 6.5 100.5 15 0.3 101.3 7 7 5 3 1 1 Average age (months over 4 vears) Average stature. - II i 1572 i EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. StaUwes of Toronto boys. Age, 5 years. stature in centi- Order of birth. meters. 1st. 2d. I 3d. 4th. 5th. : Gth. ! 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. nth. 12th. 13th. i 14th. 1 (to 91 1 H3 93 94 1 95 96 ... 1 1 2 1 ....„ 1 2 ...... •> 1 2 2 1 O 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 ""■i 2 ...... 1 2 1 07 1 98 4 2 5 3 5 6 6 9 6 8 1 2 3 3 7 4 4 8 8 3 7 4 5 5 6 1 99 1 2 1 1 2 5 2 7 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 8 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 5 ...... 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100 101 1 1 102 4 5 6 5 3 3 2 ItfJ 1 104 1 105 3 2 1 1 100 107 I 108 2 1 109 6 IS ,. 1 110 8 5 4 3 2 4 4 3 3 Ill 112 1 1 1 113 lU 1 1 115 1 3 1 ...... 1 1 2 2 110 1 117 118 2 1 119 120 1 121 1 122 123 124 125 1 126 127 128 1 129 i "■ 1 ] Cases 50 7.2 107.4 100.8 86 6.7 74 0.9 49 6.8 107.2 106.8 36 0.7 106.7 106.4 20 6.4 104.8 104.6 17 6.(» 104.8 104.8 14 ti. 5 8 3| 1 2 1 Average age (months over 5 years) Average stature . . 106.5 106.3 106.2 105.0 W>. 1 Corrected aver- ago at 5 years months 104.9 1 1 1 JL ath.juth. — 1 1 i 1 1 1 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. Statures of Toronto boys. Age, 6 years. 1573 stature in centi- Order of birth. meters. 1st. 2d. ,3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th.;13th. 14th. m 1 sa 1 1 97 1 1 1 98 99 2 1 1 100 1 101 1 ""2 3 4 5 3 1 5 6 5 9 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 i 2 1 1 1 103 3 1 1 3 3 3 4 3 13 6 6 9 6 4 4 6 2 3 1 3 . ... 103 4 3 4 4 4 9 14 10 13 n 5 9 13 6 3 4 4 \ 3 1 3 8 9 5 10 7 11 14 9 11 a 13 15 8 6 4 4 1 3 3 7 4 7 13 7 14 11 6 8 5 5 6 4 3 3 1 104 1 3 2 } 1 1 2 3 ...... 2 ...... ...... 2 1 ...... 1 1 4 1 1 1 105 1 106 107 ...... 3 8 4 f 1 3 2 5 3 ...... 3 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 ..... 1 108 109 1 110 Ill 1 3 1 113 1 113 lU 1 1 ; 115 116 1 1 117 1 1 118 ...... 1 3 1 1 1 119 1 130 i 121 1 1 1 ' 123 1 1 123 1 131 .-.-.' 125 1 1 136 1 137 1 128 129 1 CancB 128 6.5 112.0 111.8 147 6.2 110.9 110.8 108 6.3 110.8 110. 7 85 5.0 111.3 111.3 67 5.7 111.1 111.2 36 6.0 110.7 110.7 31 6.0 109.8 109. 8 ti.3 109.6 109.5 18 7.1 111.3 110.7 9 7 2 3 1 Average age (months over years Average stature- Corrected aver- age at 6 years months :;:::i::::: 1 1 « ■I 1574 EDUCATION REPORT, 189G-97. Statures of Toronto hoys. Age, 7 years. I stature in Order of birth. centimeters. l8t. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 0th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 1 10th. 1 nth. j 12th 13th. 14th. 1(10 1 1 104 1 1 ...... ...... 4 4 7 3 6 6 11 10 9 7 6 5 6 1 2 1 ...... 1 U)') i 1 1 1 5 3 11 10 10 12 14 10 13 13 10 12 8 7 t i 2 2 2 ...... O M 4 5 7 5 12 6 8 6 7 6 13 6 5 5 4 8 1 1 •> IV 1 1 ' 1 KXl .. 1 4 9 8 13 .5 23 14 l(i 16 16 10 13 10 4 5 2 1 3 1 1 3 3 6 4 3 5 9 4 4 6 1 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 107 1 2 1 lOS 1 O 10!) 1 110 ....„ 7 4 3 5 2 4 4 4 6 3 4 1 3 1 1 1 4 ...... 2 3 1 5 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 I 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 4 2 2 1 111 1 1 112 1 1 3 2 1 I 3 113 ...... 1 3 3 1 1 1 lU 115 116 117 1 lia 119 1 120 1 121 >>> 123 123 1 1 .. 1 124 12.5 3 12« 127 1 1 128 8 2 •> 120 1 130 1 1 1 131 132 133 2 1 13-t ];i5 13(5 137 1 Cases Average age (months over 7 years) Average Stat nro Corrected average at 7 years 6 months 201 5.9 117.1 117.1 1112 5.6 116.8 117.0 119 5.8 116.6 116.8 94 5.4 110.5 116.8 64 5.1 115.9 116.3 58 6.0 117.0 117.0 37 5.1 116.5 116,9 23 5.3 115.9 116.2 17 5.4 115.2 115. 5 9 5.0 116.1 116.3 4 3.5 110.5 3 7.3 116.0 3 2.3 116.3 3 5.7 117.7 THE GROWTH OF TOKONTO CHILDREN. 1575 Staiures of Toronto boys. Age, 6' years. l- I3th. I4th. 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i ... 1 1 7.3 0.0 J. 3 116.3 6.7 117.7 Stature in conti- Order of l)irth. anetcrs. 1st. 2a. 3d. 5th. Cth. 1 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. nth. 12th. 1 1 3th.|l4th. 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 04 101 1 1 1 105 i 1 1 1 1 1 100 1 1 1 1 1 107 1 1 1 1 i 108 1 1 II,- 1 109 •> 1 i 1 8 8 9 10 14 16 21 14 14 14 8 12 8 11 9 4 ? 1 1 o" •> 7 * 11 15 18 15 11 15 14 17 10 3 4 1 1 1 3 6 3 6 6 8 10 8 14 9 14 10 11 8 t 3 9 3 ■■ 1 1 : ! 110 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 9 3 4 3 5 4 10 4 3 3 1 1 1 i 1 ! 111 1 1 1 1 1 112 113 1 3 1 5 5 n 8 5 8 10 9 5 9 3 1 ■"■3" 4 a I 5 4 7 5 9 1 5 1 4 5 1 1 3 ...... j I ' 1 1 ... 1 ■ i 114 1 ....' 1 ! 115 3 4 I 1 8 1 3 3 4 •J •> 3 1 2 i 1 i 1 110 1 3 3 4 4 1 2 4 1 3 1 1 I i 117 1 1 1 118 1 1 119 1 1 \ 1 1 120 1 - 5 : 3 1 ; 1 3 : 1 1 1 2 ■ 121 122 123 ::;:: ! 124 3 i 1 1 125 ' i "1 41 1 i 120 ; 127 128 12U •' 3 ' ....". 1 :":: 1 1 1 ! 130 1 5 1 •> 2 i 3 4 ; 3 1 1 2 1 ! 131 1 ' : 1 : 1 132 1 •> 1 " 1 1 '■■ 133 3 2 134 1 2 i ' 1 1 ' 135 . ' 1 . ' i i 1 ! 1 130 1 i 3 , 1 1 137 1 1 i;j,s 1 139 .... 1 1 140 i 1 1 1 ' ! ^ 1 ! i 141 i - -, ' I \ ; ■ . 1 1 i 112 143 1 1 1 : 1 ; 1 1 1 1 144 1 1 i , 1 145 I 1 i ""*■ Cases A V r a B a (? o (months over 8 yoar.s) Avernuo stature.. Corroctod aver- age! lit 8 years months 210 5.^ 121.8 122. f ; 188 5.( 12:J.C 133.2 159 O.fl 121.6 121.(1 Ill .5.7 131.7 131.8 i 79 i 5.8 130,7 j 130.8 01 i 5.4 131. H 131.8 01 5.0 131.0 i 131.0 35 31 1 5. 9 4. ( ; 1^ 5 , 6 1 1 131.3110.4121.0 1 i 121.3,119.9 122.0 1 1 - i !■ ) i 1576 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Statures of Toronto hoys. Aae, 9 yearn. Stature in centi- meters. Order of birth. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th. 6th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 0th. 10th. nth. 12th. ' 13th. 1 Ji:i 1 m 1 105 ](Hi 1 107 . 108 1 1 1 lOi) 110 1 Ill iia 1 1 1 1 113 "'i' 1 1 1 n 3 6 9 g 11 12 10 15 13 16 6 11 8 9 4 8 5 4 ...... •3 1 114 1 115 1 2 3 2 i 4 5 6 3 5 4 6 2 6 5 7 2 3 4 2 1 llfi 2 5 4 5 17 6 11 19 13 15 22 19 10 21 10 13 9 8 5 5 3 4 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 « 1 117 3 3 4 2 i 6 7 10 6 4 4 1 3 5 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 5 4 3 3 5 3 2 2 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 118 1 1 2 3 119 120 1 1 121 9 5 8 12 14 10 10 8 6 4 11 2 1 3 1 3 6 7 9 7 13 5 6 7 4 7 4 5 3 6 2 1 1 122 4 1 1 123 1 1 4 2 2 1 2 3 4 2 124 125 1 126 1 3 127 1 1 128 . .. i 2; 1 1 129 1 130 6 4 O 1 1 1 2 131 . 132 2 133 134 1 . . 135 .- . l;«i 1 137 1 1 138 i 139 1 140 1 i 141 1 1 1 ::::':i:::::: 142 143 1 144 1 14,5 1 1 1 140 1 1 1 147 1 148 1 1 149 1...::: 150 1 1 1 1 1 Cases 240 j 180 5.8 0.2 127.0 120.1 127.1 lain 137 5.6 128.5 12<1.7 113 5.7 126.0 126.7 87 71 4« 6.0 125.7 125. 7 36 5.3 126.7 127.0 25 6.4 126.6 125. 4 15 5.5 125.4 125.0 6 2 2 Average age (months over 9 years) Average stature . . . Corrected average for 9 years, 6 months 0.1 125.4 125. 4 5.6 125.4 125. i 1 i.'lSth. 1 ... .... 1 .... 1 1 1 1 i '[.'.'.'.'.'. 1 .... 1 1 2 3 1 1 THE GROVV^TH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. Statures of Toronto boys. Aye, Jo years. 1577 stature in centi- Order of birth. meters. Ist. 3d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. nth. ISth.j 13th. 1.5th. 107 1 114 1 3 115 1 1 1 116 117 1 ...... 1 ....„ 2 6 5 7 11 10 9 11 9 7 8 8 9 3 « 3 1 5 6 1 1 1 1 2 o 7 1 6 4 6 2 ll 7 7 9 13 14 7 7 5 7 ."> 1 3 1 ...... 1 3 3 2 3 9 I 1 4 10 4 5 13 7 4 6 ...... 5 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 4 3 4 8 13 7 1 4 7 3 3 2 T o 3 1 1 118 1 1 3 3 7 7 6 10 8 11 8 13 19 10 18 12 14 1.5 6 7 2 6 5 .5 119 3 O 1 120 1 1 1 131 123 ...... 3 3 3 3 3 6 7 3 7 6 5 3 1 2 1 3 3 3 3 O 1 3 3 3 »v •> .3 1 4 3 3 123 3 3 2 1 124 1 1 1 125 1 126 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 127 128 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 129 1;K) ..... 2 1 131 2 133 1 133 1 1 134 1 9 1 1,35. .... .... ..... 1 2 1 13(i 1,{7 i;w 139 3 1 140 1 1 1 1 141 1 143 1 143 3 3 144 4 1 1 1 2 i 145 146 3 1 1 1 1 1 147 148 .. . 1 ' 149 1 1 Ca.ses 313 5.9 131.2 131.2 • 145 5.8 131.9 132.0 140 5.8 131.3 131.4 113 5.6 130.8 130.9 83 fi.n 130.7 130.7 75 5.6 131.8 131.9 44 5.8 130.7 130.8 34 .").2 129.5 129.8 19 1 10 .5.7| 6.8 13().0ll20.7 1 1 1 131.0:i2».4 t 3 2 2 Average m^a (months over 10 years) Averaf>fe stature . . Corrected average for 10 years, 6 months 1 1 1 1) , 1578 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. StatiD'cs of Toronto hoys. Aye, 11 years. i li Wtuturo in coiiti- Order of birth. motors. 1st. 2d. Sd. 4tli.! 1 5th. 6th. 7th. j 8th. 9th.' 10th. 1 nth. 12th. 13th.j 14th. 17th. 115 i 1 i 1 11« ' 1 111' 1 117 1 1 !"""' I'""' l"'" 1"" ' i 118 i 1 ll'J 1 . 1 ' ' . 1 12<) 1 2 1 1 5 4 f 'I 1 8 10 11 9 13 11 8 8 r. 1 « 1 3 W 5 » 3 1 1 1 ' 1 1 i 1 1 1:J1 ...... 1 4 4 5 6 10 6 3 12 10 8 r* 10 5 12 9 8 4 5 1 1 ..... 3 3 3 3 "0" 8 5 7 11 9 4 4 11 5 1" 1 i 4 3 3 3 1 3 1 I ■ J 1 laa i i i i . . '. I * ia3 3 1 *> 5 4 5 8 3 3 5 9 7 13 3 7 4 8 6 3 1 3 4 1 1 . .. . 124 1 1 . ... 1 105 1 1 1 VM 3 127 1 5 3 7 1 6 5 3 10 3 5 5 3 8 5 5 » 3 1 ■ "■ ISH 3 s s I 3 1 3 2 1 1 4 6 1 I 1 1 129 130 1 3 1 3 3 1:{1 1 3 1 1 1 133 1 i;}3.. 134 ■'"3" ' 135 1 1 ' 1 13(1 3 i 1 3 3 3 •2 1 1 1 3 1 3 ..... 1 137 liJ8 4 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 8 3 ..... llfj :... 1 1 140 1 1 1 141 1 ..... 1 14:! m 144 1 1 1 --- 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 145 i 140 3 1 1 147 1 1 1 1 1 148 ' 1 149 1 1 150 1 1 1 1 i 1 151 1 : ' . 1 . ..'.. . 152 1 ! ' 1 15:j •> 1 1 154 1 1 1 _ __ 155 1 1 15)1 1 t 1 157 ' LW 1 t 1«4 1 1 1 " 38 5.4 13.5.2 135.4 10 5.1 131.1 134.4 11 4.4 i;J5.1l 13i!. 5 1 CaHos it i 5. (1 m.o lltt.8 150 »., 130.1 130.2 135 5.0 la-). 5 I.T.. 7 109 5.5 1IM.9 1*). 1 80 5.0 i:J5.6 135. 7 71 39 i n.o' 4.8 LV). 1130.0 1!15. 1 i:jo. ft • 4 3 1 1 A V r a K a K fi (months over 11 yciirH) Avoi'nKo statnro. . . Corrected uvorago for 11 years, (1 niontliM 1 3th J 1 i 4th. 1 7th. 1 1 1 i ' i 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 .... "1 3 1 1 1 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. Statures of Toronto boys. Age, 12 years. 1579 stature in centi- Order of birth. metera. 1st. 3d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 0th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 13th. 14th. lor 1 1 1 119 1 1 1 130 1 1 121 1 1 133 1 1 1 3 1 »> 3 4 3 3 5 ft t t 4 4 15 12 11 10 9 7 7 4 7 9 3 3 8 123 1 1 124 1 ...... 1 ...... 3 1 3 4 3 5 8 3 9 i« 11 9 11 9 13 r. 1 8 1 1 » 3 1 1 "1 3 4 5 5 7 3 8 I 6 10 t 5 9 4 9 5 3 2 5 1 125 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 120 ...... 1 3 1 5 2 4 4 6 11 7 1 3 O 5 4 4 5 1 3 1 1 1 ' 1 127 •> M 4 1 1 128 •> i 1 i 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 129 130 131 ...... 1 1 3 3 1 ""d *> 132 3 1;J3 ^1 1 134 1 3 4 3 4 1 3 3 5 3 1 1 '"'3' *> M 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 6 3 7 4 1 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 i 1 5 5 a 5 4 i 5 3 3 i 3 1 1 1 " "i" ia"i 1 136 137 ....„ 3 1 1 3 1 1 138 139 1 140 1 141 1 1 3 142 143 144 3 145 140 147 148 •> 1 0' 1 1 149 150.... 151 ".'.'.'.'. 152 15;i o 1 O M 1 1 1 151 1 1 1 • > 1 3 1 155 M 1 1 150 1 1 157 1 158 .. . 1 1 159 1 1 1 1 160 1 1 1 ...... ^.•.... ----.. Ca.so3 173 139.9 139.9 Ml 0. 7 141.1 111.2 129 5.8 140.3 140.3 89 5.3 139.3 139.6 48 0.4 140.0 140.4 64 0.0 li».7 139.7 54 o.a 139.1 139.0 32 4.7 137.9 138.5 19 5. 4 liiU.O IIW.O 10 4.8 IJ.O.O 111.1 6 5 1 A V c r iv g a (? (months over J.'i AvornK<'HtHturo... Correcrod avorago for 12 years, (1 __ I 1' li 1580 ill EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Statures of Toronto hoys. Age, 13 years. stature in centi- Order of birth. meters. 1st. 3d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8tb. 9th. 10th. nth. 12th. 13th. 14th. 78 1 135 3:>0 1 1^7 V>J& 1 1 1 1 129 IIJO 1 4 1 1 O 3 131 1 1 1:13 3 ....„ 3 5 3 1 6 8 3 4 5 6 9 4 4 6 3 6 8 6 6 1 1 3 1 t 1 1 1 ....„ 5 3 4 1 3 7 3 4 2 t> 9 3 6 6 4 3 1 ...... 1 3 1 ...... 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 3 4 8 3 1 3 7 6 4 4 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 i;}3 1 O 1 9 5 3 1 15 6 15 r* 1 9 6 9 10 4 5 3 4 8 3 1 1 3 i;u 1 1:35 3 1 1 3 4 3 f 3 3 4 1 "i" 1 4 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 6 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 6 i:jG 1 3 137 ...... 1 1 4 ...... 2 1 138 1 1 139 1 1 1 3 140 1 1 1 1 1 141 143 1 1 1 1 143 144 145 3 1 1 i 146 1 1 147 3 148 3 1 1 1 1 1 149 1 150 151 1 1 1 153 1 1 1 3 1 ...... 3 3 1 1 " 153 1 154 155 1 156 157 2 1 158 3 1 1 159 1 1 KiO 1 1 161 . 1 1 1 163 1 1 1 1 163 1 1 1 164 3 165 106 167 1 1 168 169 1 170 3 Cases Average ago (months over 13 years) Average stature.. Corrected avoi-- Bge for 13 years 6 months 158 5. J 146.0 146.1 130 5.7 14<1.3 14*1.5 84 5.1) 144.0 144.1 80 5.7 145.1 146.3 45 5.5 146.3 145.6 49 5.4 1 W. 7 144.0 25 6.3 143.3 143.1 3:) 5. 3 1441.8 147.3 13 4.8 145. 7 9 4 3 2 1 1 146.3 1 latiii tth. 1 1 1 1 i :::::i . 1 i 1 :: - 3 a 1 -- THE GROWTH OP TORONTO CHILDREN. Statures of Toronto hoys. Age, 14 years. 1581 1 stature in centimeters. 1 Order of birth. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 0th. 7th. 8th. j 9th. 10th. 11th. 130 131 1 133 1 1 13!} .. . 1 124 ' 1 135.... 1 1 13fi 1 137 . .. 138 . . 130 .. . .. . la)..,. ... . 1 131 1 1 i:j3 1 1 i 1*} 1 1 134 135 .... 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 13(5 .. ...... 1 1 1 8 3 3 2 5 4 3 2 7 4 4 4 6 5 3 3 3 1 ....„ 1 1 1 1 1 ...... 3 1 13" .. 1 1 1 1!)8 1 ...... 3 2 4 4 4 2 1 7 1 6 8 4 2 1 4 1 8 2 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 139 1 140 1 7 141 1 1 ._.. , 143 1 143 1 1 5 3 3 7 2 7 8 6 8 8 5 2 1 2 8 4 8 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 ...... 3 1 2 2 2 3 5 5 4 3 1 1 2 ...... 1 1 1 2 1 144 ...... 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 145 1 14« 1 147 U8 " 149 1 1 \m 151 1 3 1 162 168 1 4 1 4 ...... 1 ....„ ...... 2 1 2 8 1 ...... 2 1 2 164 8 1 "" "V 1 1 2 165 1 1 166 1 167 168 1 ISO 8 1 2 ...... 2 1 1 1 1 I leo 1 Ml ifla I 1 1 188 1 1 ... 164 105 ' m\ 1 1 1(!7 1 ' 11(8 1 109 3 1 1 170 1 1 171 1 178 1 173 1 1 1 ::::::i'":"" 1 174 1 175 170 1 1 177 178 1 1 179.:.:::.::::....:.: :::::::. :::i:::::: 1 Cases 60 5.8 151.0 152.0 70 4.7 150.8 151.0 70 4.5 151.1 162.0 44 4.0 150.8 151.7 62 5.3 140.4 150. 1 28 0.1 150. 4 160.3 18 7.0 151.0 160.0 13 3.H 149. 7 151.0 2 2 Avoriiue ago (months over 14 yeiirs) A VGriiflPo Htjittirii 1 --■■"■■| ■ Corrected average for 14 years mouths 1 1 m 1582 EDUCATION REPORT, 189G-07. Statures of Toronto hoys. Aye, lo years. Statiiro in ccntinjeters. Ordei- of birth. 1st. 1 2d. 3d. 4th. 1 5th. Cth. 7th. 8th. ] 9th. 10th. 11th. 13th. 134 1 ];i7 1 1 1 1 139 , 1 140 1 1 j 141 •^ llli 1 14,j i 1 . 144 1 1 145 1 1 1 14(1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 :::::: i 14" 1 1 14H 1 1 " 1 149 ■>. . .. :. 1 1 150 1 3 1 1 1 1 151 . o IJ 3 1 o (^ o i 15:i ""2 1 ...... 1 1 •> .V •> .V 1 1 ...... 1 1 »> O 1 15:1 • > 3 *> 3 1 1 1 151 ■ 155 1 o 15<1 1 15" i 3 3 15H 3 1 3 1 1 1 159 im 1 1 ...... 1 101 KW 1 *> »> M 1 1 1 ]«{ 104 ;} 3 3 ;j 1 1 i Ifi5 1 1 urn 1 iii" 1 1 KiH i 1 1 ' 1 161) 1 170 1 in . .... 173 3 1 1 1 1 17;l 174 1 1 175.. 1 1 17(( 1 1 1 i 177 : 1 1 178 ...1 ! _ _ 1 1 179 1 1 180 1 1 187 1 1 1 I Cftsofl 53 5.0 157.1 157.6 33 4.4 \m. 8 157. 5 34 5.0 38 5.1 30 5.8 157.7 157.8 9 7 3 •> 3 1 Avoriigo iigo (months over 1 5 yonrs) Avonigo Htaturo 154.0 1.50.4 15.4. 4 1.50.8 1 Corrected avcrnKO iov 15 vi'iu'H (1 months 100. 101. 103 io:t. 104. 105 lOlt. 107 lOH. 109. 110. 111. 113. 113. 114. Ith.jllith. 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 i 1... 1 1 1 ' ! t a 1 J 1 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREX. 1583 statures of Toronto hoys. Age , IG years. stature in centimeters. Order of hirth. l.st. 3d. M. 4th. 5th. Oth. 7th. 1 8th. 10th. 11th. 13th. 138 1 13(> . 1 1 1 141 1 1 1 1 150 . . ..1 1 1 1 151 ...' 1 1 l,-)3 1 1 i 1 1 1 15:! i 1 \ 1 15t 1 1 "'"I 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 IM 1 1.57 i 1 158 1 1 i 1 \ 150 1 .J 1 ; i liiO . 3 1 1 Ifll i "r" " 1 l(!;j 1 1 1 1 1 ms 1 ... . 1 1 1 ItU 1 1 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 i l(J»i . ... 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 l(ii( ... 1 1 lOil 1 1 1 : 1 1 170 ! j 1 iL_..., 1 1 171 1 1 1 ..... ...... ...... 1 173 1 1 17!) 1 174 1 175 1 1 17« 1 ■■ " i 1 177 1 1 1 178 i 1 1 179 1 i 1 , 1 1 . Cases 8 5.6 157.6 157.7 10 6.2 158.5 158.8 8 3 o »> 4 3 1 1 1 Average age (mouths over 10 years) . . Average stature . ... 1 i . .. Corrected average for 16 years 6 months ■ 1 1 _ 1 Stuttirtt-^f Toronto girls. Age, .'^ years. ! Stature in centimeters. \ ^~ Order of birth. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. Oth. 7th. 8th. Oth. m 1 01 ::::::::!.. ..' 1 1 113 1 oa 1 3 1 1 1 1 lU 3 ■""""I I,"" !C, t 3 1 i" 1 3 3 1 IMI ' 3 3 1 117 1 « 1 3 1 1 3 1 iiH 3 Itll 2 1 1 3 i 100 o 3 3 1 3 3 3' •J 3 1 1 1 1 1 101 103 5 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 103 1 1 101 105 1 1 1 lOll tl 1 1 107 1 1 10H 1 1 101) 1 1 1 110 . .1 111... 1 1 1 118 113... 114 5 7 CllHl>S 33 ■" 10 13 « 1584 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 5 years. stature, in centi- Order of birth. metfirs. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. Cth. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. ilth. 12th. 13th. 19th. K"> 80 87 1 88 . . 89 00 91 1 92 93 1 91 05 1 " "l 1 2 3 3 9 6 8 7 2 2 4 4 1 1 96 1 ...... 3 3 2 4 6 4 3 1 5 4 3 2 ...... *> ...... 3 1 3 2 2 2 1 97 98 1 1 5 6 2 8 4 5 9 3 4 5 7 2 4 5 3 3 3 3 4 10 4 12 7 6 3 5 6 3 7 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 ....„ 2 1 99 100 ...... 2 1 1 1 2 101 102 2 1 103 2 2 1 1 " " "" * 104 2 2 1 3 ...... 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 ... 1 ia5 106 2 1 ...... 107 1 108 109 1 ! 1 110 Ill i 1 1 112 1 ■ 1 113 1 114 ....1 .. . 115 ...... 1 2 1 1 1 110 117 1 118 1 1 119 120 121 1 Cases Avorago ago (months over 5 years) 74 0.1 ir»fl,5 100.5 86 7.0 105.8 105.4 77 0.5 104.2 lOt.O 54 6.3 104.7 104.6 35 5.8 104. 1 1(W.2 32 6.2 io;j.4 103.3 13 7.3 105.(1 ia5.o 10 5.7 103.0 103.1 10 7.1 104.4 103.9 5 2 1 1 1 Average stature . Corrected aver- ago for 5 years months 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 126. ■| 1 'I h.!i LOth. -- .... . ... 1 ... 1 j..... 1 I " r * THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 6 years. 1585 stature, in centimeters. Order of birth. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. nth. 13th. j)5 1 96 97 1 1 ("M 1 ""2 1 1 99 100 1 1 3 6 3 9 6 9 13 11 8 11 ? 8 5 7 1 1 1 1 101 ...... 3 6 5 6 8 4 6 13 5 9 15 9 12 5 3 5 3 2 3 5 3 3 4 3 3 12 4 6 8 7 7 5 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 ...... 6 3 6 4 3 6 4 7 3 4 3 3 3 4 2 2 1 102 ...... 1 1 3 6 6 3 7 6 8 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 6 3 "T 1 3 2 3 103 1 1 ...... 3 1 104 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 ..... ...... 3 1 i 1 1 1 1 2 1 105 106 1 107 108 109 110 111 ""2" 1 1 1 ...... 113 1 1 113 114 115 1 116 1 1 117 1 1 1 1 118 . . . 119 1 120 121 1 1 123 1 ...... 1 1 1 123 124 4 125 1 Cases 125 6.4 110.9 110.7 130 6.2 111.2 111.1 87 5.5 109.7 109.9 67 6.0 110.1 110.1 53 6.4 110.1 109.9 31 6.2 110.6 110.5 31 5.6 108.9 109.1 17 6.0 110.5 110.5 12 6.7 108.7 108.4 10 6.6 110.3 109.9 3 4.7 110.3 110.9 1 Average age (months overU years) Average stature Corrected average for 6 years 6 months ED 97 100 T 1586 M EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 7 years. Stature, in centi- Order of birth. meters. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th.jl4th. 16th. 100 101 loa 1 1 103 3 1 101 3 4 1 3 4 1 9 6 12 7 11 14 12 17 9 10 9 5 3 3 5 2 3 1 3 1 2 4 7 2 ii 7 4 5 7 14 9 12 8 5 4 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 ia5 1 1 1 3 I 8 15 7 15 9 15 13 8 10 7 12 It 7 5 4 1 3 1 4 1 1 100 1 107 . . 1 1 7 3 5 5 7 6 9 7 4 10 4 7 4 (> 3 1 2 1 1 108 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 109 4 1 5 3 •> 6 10 3 "3" 3 4 4 3 1 ..... 1 2 ..... 5 3 3 "4 3 3 (> »V *> 1 I I 1 3 1 110 3 1 Ill 2 ..... 1 1 1 1 1 iia 113 4 4 1 1 8 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 .. .. 1 1 1 3 lU 115 1 ..... llti 1 '" i 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 117 118 " 1 119 1 120 121 122 123 124 125 1 1 126 127 128 1 129 1 1 130 1 1 1 131 1 132 133 1 134 Cases 189 0.0 116.3 110.3 156 fl.O 115.7 115.7 117 5.9 115.9 115.9 95 C.4 116.5 116.3 59 6.4 115.7 115.5 38 0.4 115.9 115.7 39 r.2 116.2 115.7 21 5.3 110.4 110.7 10 4.1 117.9 118.7 11 5 6 9 9 3 8.5 123.5 122.5 1 0.0 116.0 1 4.0 111.0 1 Av orago ago (months over 7 years)... 6.0 Average stature Corrected average for 7 years months 114.3 114.5 111.7 111,3 118.0 : W^' k T ] .... 1 .... 1 4.0 11.0 1 6.0 118.0 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 8 years. 1587 stature in conti- Order of birth. meters. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4tli. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. nth. 13th. I3th. Uth. 102 1 t 103 1 104 105 1 1 lOtt 1 107 1 1 108 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 ...... 5 3 6 13 8 8 9 16 9 15 7 7 t 4 7 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 8 10 1 5 a 13 8 4 7 6 9 4 4 3 109 1 ....„ 3 5 6 6 4 8 7 10 9 8 6 4 4 4 6 4 1 1 1 3 1 5 3 3 7 3 4 5 3 6 7 5 4 5 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 110 111 1 2 2 3 1 4 9 4 3 3 4 3 ....„ 1 3 1 ' 113 ...... 3 3 3 4 4 3 1 3 4 113 114 8 5 5 5 6 10 23 11 9 13 15 10 15 (') 7 o M 7 O 4 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 »> 1 115 ..... 1 3 116 117 i 118 *> 110 1 •> 4 1 1 1 1 120 3 3 5 1 i 1 3 ""3" 3 •V 3 "3' 4 3 1 121 ! 122 , 1^ .. 1 124 125 1 126 127 1 128 1 129 1 1 1 130 131 132 1 ...... 1 133 1 134 1 1 1 1 135 136 1 137 1 1 138 139 140 1 1 Cases 177 5.8 I2:i. 1 123.1 141 5.9 130.2 120.2 135 5.7 l;i0.8 130.9 101 6.0 120.5 120.5 77 5.2 119.8 120.1 40 4.8 119.9 130.4 47 5.2 i;ju. 7 131.0 5.8 120. S 120.(1 5.3 119.5 119.8 17 C.2 120.4 130.3 5 3.0 115.2 1 3.0 119.0 1 4.0 114.0 1 Average ago (months over 8 years) 7.0 Average stature . . Corrected average for 8 years 6 117.0 ^1 m r .1 1588 ■I ' m EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. . Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 9 years. stature in centi- Order of hirth. meters. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. 95 1 Ktt 1 108 107 108 1 109 i 110 1 Ill 1 112 1 1 1 1 11.3 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 9 4 4 8 11 7 6 4 13 11 3 8 10 4 ...... 1 ...... 2 1 1 ...... 4 2 5 7 4 9 4 5 7 10 8 6 3 4 5 3 1 3 1 1 2 114 1 1 1 3 2 5 4 5 4 5 6 9 4 4 11 1 5 2 3 3 1 115 6 1 2 6 3 13 10 11 13 16 22 16 IS 11 16 16 10 9 i 4 6 2 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 8 7 12 12 13 15 5 10 10 8 3 3 2 4 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 ""3 1 1 2 5 4 5 2 7 4 4 6 2 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 ...... 3 4 4 1 llfi 1 117 1 2 4 o ...... "■■3" 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 118 1 1 119 3 120 1 1 lai 1 1 4 4 3 1 5 3 J02 1 1 133 1 1 134 135 1 128 ...... 1 3 127 2 128 129 130 ...... 1 131 133 1 1 ' 1 133 134 1 135 1 2 1 1 1 136 1 137 138 139 140 148 Cases.. 232 5.8 125.9 126.0 147 5.8 125.6 125.7 119 6.1 125.6 125.6 98 5.1 124.9 126.3 82 5.7 124.7 124.8 58 5.7 124.6 124.6 48 5.1 133.3 133.6 27 6.5 124.5 134.3 35 5.3 134.8 135.1 9 4.9 124.2 9 6.8 135.3 6 6.2 2 Average age (months over 9 years) 9.5 Average stature. . . Corrected average for 9 years months f II V h. 13th. >•• 1 "i" 1 1 2 1 5 6.2 3 0.5 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 10 years. 1589 1 stature in ceTiti Order of birth. meters. 1st. 2(1. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 1 nth. 12th. 13th. 109 1 no 1 ! 114 1 11.1 llfi 3 1 1 3 3 1 8 1 2 7 5 5 8 8 13 7 9 5 4 9 8 3 7 2 5 3 1 1 117 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 7 7 4 8 14 11 8 11 5 9 4 10 7 4 3 1 ...... 1 1 1 :.: 1 118 i 3 2 5 6 6 17 5 9 10 5 15 18 10 12 10 12 5 6 i i 4 2 2 i 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 119 190 2 ...... 5 1 4 ""2 3 4 5 2 1 4 1 M ...... 5 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 1 T>1 1 6 ...... 4 7 3 7 6 5 8 8 9 8 7 1 5 2 1 3 3 ...... 3 2 3 3 3 1 4 3 9 6 4 6 4 2 ...... 1 1 1 1*2 1 1 1')Q I'll 1 2 135 6 2 2 "I' ...... 5 1 2 1 1 1 i'y> 127 3 ...... 1 3 2 1 1 ...... 1 1 i'>ft lao 130 1 1 1 2 131 132 1 % 133 3 1 1^ 5 1 2 ...... 1 1 1 1 2 ^'V\ 1^ 1 1 1 VA7 iQfl 2 1^ 1 1 1 140 1 141 119 i ...... 1 3 1 1 1 liA 1 111 1 1 1 ^** 14fi 1 14ft 3 1 11? 1 1 .1.... 148 1 IIQ ^K{\ 1 IM 152 1 Cases 185 6.1 131.0 131.0 141 6.0 130.8 130.8 130 5.9 130.6 130.6 97 5.3 130.8 131.3 60 5.9 131.8 131.8 58 6.0 131.8 131.8 36 5.3 130.2 130.5 25 5.0 129.8 130.3 15 7.2 133.0 132.5 15 7.0 129,4 128.9 10 5.5 128.6 7 5.4 130.1 1 Average age (montha over 10 years) Average stature... Corrected average for 10 years 6 2.0 125.0 T 1590 III EDUCATION REPORT, 18CJ-97. Statures of Toronto girls. Aye, 11 years. Staturo in contlmotors. Order of birth. 10th. 1st. 2(1. •M. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. nth. 115 1 1 1 IK! 117 118 IIU 1 120 O »v 1 1 1 O 1 3 3 3 U 8 4 15 10 17 10 15 19 7 ItJ 15 5 I 4 3 4 3 1 1 l^il 1 ...... 3 3 1 7 4 8 6 4 7 11 8 8 4 8 3 5 'T 3 5 1 3 1 !•» 1 IS} a 1 3 4 4 3 9 5 8 7 ti 5 8 14 14 13 9 9 4 O 4 4 4 ""i" •> .• ii >. . *> 1 3 4 U 10 3 U 4 10 10 9 8 7 (! 5 2 9 .> *> 3 4 1 l^>t 1 2 5 T 5 4 5 4 3 5 U 5 :» 3 (> t'l 3 li 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 125 '" i' "";V 4 4 T 3 5 3 4 4 (i 4 1 5 3 1 3 3 1 ...... 1 ...... 1 ** M 5 2 1 3 •> 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 ...... ...... 1 O M 1 3 1 ....„ T 1 1 120 127 3 128 . 12U 1 1 2 3 ...... 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 130 1 1 132 i;« 1 1 3 131 ia5 2 137 1 2 139 1 140 141 143 143 144 1 145 1 1 1 146 147 1 1 149 3 5 1 3 1 1 150 1 1 1 152 1 1 1 153 154 155 150 157 158 159 1 Cases years) 203 5.4 136.4 130.7 158 5.2 136.0 136.4 135 5.4 134.8 135. 1 114 5.5 135.3 135.5 91 5.1 136.1 136.5 03 5.7 136.2 130.3 40 5.7 136.2 130.3 23 0.0 136.9 136.9 24 4.5 135.9 i;«5.« 1.-) 0.1 136.0 m.o 133.0 Corrected average for 11 years mouths 'It !. i 1 1 i 1 3 •> 1 a 11th. . . . . .a i 1 ... 1.-) (j.i tt.fl 6.0 6 i;s.o THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. Statures of Toronto girls. Age, n years. 1591 stature in centi- Order of Mrth. meters. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 0th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. nth. 13th. 13th. I4th.l5th. 130 131 1 133 1 *> 1 1 V£\ 124 1 o i 1 1 3 3 2 1 "tV 4 4 4 8 9 3 8 8 10 11 8 8 11 4 8 4 1 3 4 3 3 3 1 135 1 13f) .... _ 137 I I 1 3 •I >V 5 3 5 5 5 8 3 i 11 5 4 9 1 7 14 4 Ti :{ *> ii •> ' i 1 I 1 12H 3 3 3 2 4 3 7 1 5 4 14 4 i 7 13 13 10 11 4 5 *> O M '"";V 1 t 3 3 i 4 8 10 3 9 i 4 1 4 t> w 3 *> 1 1 "i 1 "i *> M •> 3 7 5 »> 4 9 3 5 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 O "i 1 1 129 130 1 1 1 131 1 (> M 2 1 i 4 133 ..... 1 2 5 4 1 4 2 3 4 1 1 1 4 jj 1 »> *t I 1 1 a 3 1 1 3 5 . ... T o 1 1 1 5 1 O 4 •> 5 ..... I 1 .. .. 1 133 134 1 la") VM 1 1 1 •» M 137 1 13H 139 140 1 4 Itl 1 I »l 1 143 ..... 1 1 143 144 145 1 14G 1 "";V I 1 ■ ■ 1 147 1 1 1 14H 149 IM 15] 153 1 153 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 154 1 3 O 1 I 1 155 15(1 1 1 2 2 1 1 157 158 1 159 100 ..... 1 1 101 102 103 104 1 Cases Average age (months over 13 years) Average stature Corrected average for 12 years months 157 5.3 143. 1 143.5 IGU 5.6 141.0 141.8 143 .").5 143.0 143.3 107 5.7 m.o 141 8 73 5.3 140.5 140 n 51 5.9 44 r. 37 0.0 140.5 140 5 33 5.2 139.4 189.8 11 0.2 143.0 14'^ 5 8 0.1 141.6 4 1 1 I 141.4:143.0 141.6142.5 - . . - . w 1592 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 13 years. stature in centl- Order of birth. motera. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 0th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th.[l3th.'lith. 125 12(5 127 1 128 1 .... lr»9 1 1 130 I 131 1 132 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 6 2 5 6 7 14 5 5 7 8 8 7 6 5 6 1 2 2 4 4 ...... 3 1 4 2 1 133 134 1 •) 2 3 2 3 2 4 9 5 4 H !) 3 8, 6 10 9 9 4 4 5 3 4 6 4 2 135 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 i. 3 2 4 4 1 6 6 5 3 6 3 4 ...... 1 2 6 1 1 136 137 1 2 1 l" 4 1 7 4 5 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 ....„ 1 1 ..... 1 i;w 2 4 2 2 4 4 7 8 4 6 5 5 6 6 3 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 3 3 4 (1 4 6 ...... 3 6 4 3 5 1 3 3 4 2 5 1 \m 140 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 . . . . „ 1 141 1 1 1 142 143 2 144 1 1 2 145 1 1 ....„ 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 14« 147 2 1 148 1 1 149 1 150 1 ..... 2 ..... 151 1 2 2 1 1 152 1 1 15:} 154 155 1 la« 1 1 ...... I 157 158 159 1 1 1 1 160 ...... 1 1 161 162 4 1 i 1 1 163 ...... 1 1 1 1 1 164 2 1 165 1 166 .... 167 168 109 170 171 1 Cases 139 6.1 148.5 148.0 130 5.7 147.2 147.8 99 5.6 147.8 148.0 8W 0.0 148.7 148.7 78 6.6 147.3 147.5 45 6.6 148.6 148.8 29 5.6 147.9 148.1 22 0.6 149.0 148.8 19 6.1 149.8 149.8 16 4.9 149.1 149.6 7 4 1 1 Average age (montns over 13 years ) Average stature.. Corrected average for 13 years 6 months THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1593 h.' Ith. -- ... ..... 1 ... 1 1 Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 14 years. stature in centi- Order of birth. meters. 1st. 3a. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. mh. 118 1 i3r 1 130 131 133 1 133 131 1 135 1 136 137 1 1 1 ...... 1 1 1 1 13» 139 1 1 1 2 14J 1 1 HI 1 2 2 4 1 1 143 3 2 1 3 1 ...... 2 2 4 3 4 8 6 6 8 6 3 5 5 7 3 4 1 1 •> 1 1 1 2 1.43 141 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 4 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 • 115 1 116 2 W ... 2 7 3 6 3 6 5 7 4 8 4 6 3 148 2 1 7 4 6 10 7 6 3 4 2 5 1 1 3 1 3 2 3 4 1 2 3 5 3 3 1 »> 2 1 1 2 2 7 2 3 4 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 4 3 1 149 1 150 151 2 3 153 1 1 153 1 154 3 ...... 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 155 1 156 1 157 158 1 159 160 . ... *> 1 161 163 1 2 163 164 1 1 165 1 1 166 1 1 1 1 1 1 167 1 1 168 169 170 2 Cases 04 5.1 153.6 153.7 93 5.4 153.3 152.4 5.0 162.8 153.0 40 6.7 154.0 154.1 49 5.0 151.6 151.8 35 5.1 151.9 152.1 32 5.3 153.6 153.8 13 6.0 156.6 156.6 U 0.1 153.1 162.1 4 4 ! 2 3 Average age (montns over 11 years^ Average stature . . . Corrected average for U years 6 1" 1 1594 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 15 years. stature in conti- Order of Ijirth. metors. 1st. 3d. 3d. 4th. 5th. eth. ' 7th. 1 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 13th. 13th. I5th. 135 i;!(i 137 1 i;j8 13'J 1 1 1 ■ 140 . ... 141 1 143 1 143 1 1 1 1 1 1 144 1 1 1 145 1 140 1 ""'i 3 1 3 1 4 *> 4 ^ 1 4 3 3 1 ...... 1 ...... 3 3 147 I I 148 3 1 3 4 4 3 3 10 4 1 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 1 140 1 ...... 1 4 4 l.tjO 3 3 1 1 4 ....„ 4 1 1 2 1 1 3 I 151 1 1 1 3 1 153 153 ....„ 3 3 1 » 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 4 1 4 3 I I 1 4 3 3 3 1 154 155 1 1 1 1 150 1 1 1 1 157 3 1 158 150.. IfiO 1 ...... 1 101 1 1 1 103 1 103 1 1 104 1 1 105 1 1 100 1 107 1 3 1 108 1 169 Cases 03 5.1 155.1 155.2 45 5.2 155.6 155.0 34 .5.5 150.4 150.5 39 4.0 155.8 15;'.. n 38 ,5.3 150.8 150.0 10 .5.0 153.0 153.0 11 5.4 9 5 3 1 *> 1 1 Average ago (months over 15 years) Average stature.. 150.6 150.0 . Corrected average for 15 years 6 months 140. 141. 143. 143. 144. 145. 14»i. 147. 148. 149. 1.50. 151. 153. 1.53. 154. 160. 1.57. 158. 150. 170... 171... 173... 173... 174.. 5.5 0.5 7.6 8.5 0.6 10.6 11.5 12.5 13.5 14. A 15.5 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1595 Statures of Toronto girls. Age, 16 years. stature in centimeters. Order of birtli. 1st. 3(1. W. 4tli. 5th. 0th. 7th. 8th. 9th. j 10th. 1 1 11th. 140 1 1 141 .. . 143 . . 143 1 144 1 145 1 1 1 14«l 147 1 14H 1 3 149 1 2 1 1 o 150 .... 1 151 .... . .. .> 3 1 3 5 1 3 ...... 4 1 ...... 1 1 15a i 153 *> 5 I 1 ...... 3 ...... 3 1 154 O O 3 3 i *> 1P5 1 1 1 • 160 1 3 157 158 1 4 4 •) »v 4 1 1 1 1 159 . 2 1 1 160 II 1 1 101 1 162 1 IftJ 1 104 1 1 o 1 105 ItMl 107 1 168 169 170 171 173 1 173 .. 174 Cases 35 4.4 150.0 157. 1 38 4.0 1.^.. 8 l.5.').0 15 4.5 157.9 l.")8.() 18 4.0 1.55.0 155. 1 3 10 3.0 I.5.S. 1 1 1 1 Average ago (montbs over 10 years) Average stature Corrected average for 10 years mouths 1,58. 3 In summarizing these tables I have rorroctecl the statures so that they corre- spond exactly to the half-year period. In this manner the error duo to the differ- ence of period is eliminated. Statures of Toronto hoys, in millimeters, a Age in years, 6,6.. 6,5.. 7.5.. 8.6.. 9.5.. 10.6. 11.5. 18.6. 13.6. 14.6.. 10.6.. Average statures. 1,002 1.111 1,168 1,218 1,207 1,315 1,359 1,401 1,454 1,515 1,676 (iM7) (013) (840) (l»34) (905) (839) i817) (740) (5!HI) (387) (170) Difference between average statures and statures of— First- born. ■10 -f-7 ■t-8 +a +4 -Jl -1 -3 ■17 1? (59) (138 m) (216) (240) (313) (177) (173) (m (80) (62) Second- born. ': (80) - 3(147) 2(102) 4(188) 7(180) 5(145) 3(150) 1(141) 1-11(120) I- 1 (70) -1 (83) Third- born. - 3 (74) - 4(108) t 0(119) - 2(150) 4: 0(137) - 1(140) - 3(135) I- 3(130) -13 (84) + 5 70) -33 (24) Fourth born. ■t-ft +2 ±0 iO iO -6 -8 -a -1 -f-2 -8 (40) (85) (04) (llli (112) (112) (100) (89) (80) (44) (38) Fifth- born. -t- 1 - 5 -10 -13 - 8 i> - *j I 3 I- 8 -14 ■I- 2 (30) (07) («4) 79) (87) («a) (80) (48) (45) (53) (80) Sixth- born. -10 - 4 ■f 2 1- -11 I 6 -8 -4 -14 -13 (30) (iW) (58) (04) (71) (75) (71) ((14) 49) (38) Seventh born. -14 -13 I- 1 - 8 -10 -5 + -11 -31 -15 (17) (31) iSi fJSi (i») (54) (35) (18) Eighth- Ninth- born, born. -13 (14) -10 (2;i) - (28) - (35) )■ 3 (ikl) -15 (34) - 5 (38) -10 (32) (-18 (3;i) - 5 (13) - 4 (18) -13 (17) -19 (21) -13 (25) ■I (19 -15 (16) a (10) 12) 9 (i;i uTho figures in parentheses nro the number of cases. 1596 EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. Differences {in millimeters) between average statures of boys and statures of boys of various orders of birth, and their mean errors (as deduced from the Toronto observations). Age in years. First- 1 Second- born, born. Third- born. Fourth- Fifth- born. 1 born. Sixth- born. Seventh-I Eighth- born, j born. Ninth- born. 5.5 6.5 7?5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 11.5 -f6± 7.2 + Oj. 6.1 -F7± 4.7- 3+ 4.4 +3jr 4.0+ 2,. 4.4 +2i 4.2+ 4± 4.5 +4i 4.1- 7± 4.6 -;j± 4.7+ 5 J: 5.5 -1± 5.0+ 3 ; 5.4 -3± 5.7,+ 1± 0.3 +7± 6.3+11+ 7.8 +5 ±10. 2+ 1 fclO.8 -1±14.2- 1+20.0 -3h 6.6 - 4± ,5.0 + 0± 5.0 - 2± 4.8 ± 0+ 5.1 - 1± 5.6 - 2+ 5.0 + 3± 0.5 -13 ± 9.1 + 5 + 11.1 -32 + 20.6 -rO+ 7.8- 2+ 9.0 4 2± 5.6,+ li 6.2 ±0+ 5.5- 5± 6.6 ±0+ 5.6-10+ 0.6 +0+ 5.6-13+ 0.3 -6+ 6.2- 8± 7.1 -8± 6.3- 2± 6.9 -6+ 7.9+ 3±10.1 ■-1± 9.3+ 2 + 12.1 +2±13.6-14±12.7 — 8 + 18.4'-^ 2 + 21.3 -10 + 11.8!-]4:fcl2.7 -4+ 8.31-13+ 8.9 + 2+ 0.9,+ 1+ 8.5 ± 0+ 7.3- 8+ 7.2 -11 ± 0.9-10+ 8.3 + 0+ 7.4- 5+ 9.5 -8± 7.6+ 6 + 10.1 -4± 8.1-11± 9.0 -14±11.6,-3U15.9 -12 ±16. 8 -15 ±20. 6 -13 + 14.0 -16 ±10. 2 - 6± 9.8 - 6+ 9.0 + 3+ 9.5 -15 ±10. 8 - 5±11.8 -10 + 12.2 +18 ±16. 6 - 5±34.1 -4 + ii'6 -13 ±12. 4 -19 ±13. 3 -13+11.3 + 6±14.3 -15 + 15.5 - 2±1.5.8 + 9+22.6 15. 5 Averago . +2.3 + 1.6+0.8 + 1.7 It appears, therefore, that the result is not quite certain, since the error is great as compared to the average difference. Since for later-born children the errors of the average are very great, 1 have not carried out the calculation. For first-bom girls I obtain the following results: Statures of Toronto girls, in millimeters. Age in years 0.5 ., 7.5.. 8.5.. 9.5 .. 10.5 .. 11.5.. 12.5.. 13.5.. 14.5. 15.5.. 16.5., Averago statures. 1,104 1,100 1,207 1,2(53 1,300 i,;m 1,410 1,480 1,533 1.5t«) 1,507 (597) (759) (834) (875) (822) (870) (834) (665) (44.3) (347) (13;}) Differences between average staturo and stature of- First- j Second born. born. -I- 3 (125) + 3 (109) +14 (177) + 7 (223) + 1 (185) + 6 (203) + 6 (157) + 9 (139) + 4 (94) - 8 (02) + 4 (:35) +7 (120) -3 (1.50) -5 (141) +4 (147) -1 (141) +3 (158) -1 (160) -7 (130) —9 (93) -4 (45) -8 (28) Third- [ Fourth- Fifth- born, boru. born. - 5 (87) - 1(117) + 2(136) + 3(119) - 3(130) -10(135) + 4(143) ± (99) -3 (82) + 5 (34) + 13 (15) - 3 07) ,+ 3 (05) !- 2(101) ± (08) '+ 6(114) |- 1(107) '+ 7 (88) + 8 40) - 1 39) -10 (18) Sixth- Seventh Eighth- born, born. born. + 1 + 7 - 1 -10 - 7 + 8 -14 + 3 +32 (17) (31) (22) (27) (25) (33) (37) (32) (12) Ninth- born. -30 (12) +13 (10) - (23) - 3 (25) 1-16 (1.5) 1- 5 (31) -31 (33) 1-18 (19) -13 (14) I have calculated the mean errors of the differences for first-born children only. Differences {in millimeters) between the average statures of girls and the statiires of first-born girls, and their meayi errors. Age. 0.5 7.5 8.5 0.6 10.6 11.5 13.6 Differ- Mean ence. error. + 3 ±4.7 + 3 ±4.6 +14 ±4.6 + 7 ±4.6 + 1 ±6.1 + ±5.1 ■f 6 ±0.1 Ago. 13.5 14.6 15.6 16.5 AveraRO Differ- ence. + 9 + 4 — 8 + 4 +5.3 t Mean error. ±6.7 ± 7.8 ± 8.3 ±10.3 TTo This result is much more certain than tha*- obtained bv means of the measure- ments of boys. When we combine both we tiud that the difference of stature between the average of all the children and the average of the first-born children la in favor of the latter. The amount is 8.6 mm., with a mean error of -tl-S mm. It is therefore certain that first-born children are somewhat taller than later-born children, but the amount of the difference is not definitely known. It is of interest to investigate the constitution of families. I have done so by recording for each age the number of children, according to the order of their birth. THE GROWTH OP TORONTO CHILDREN. 1597 Classification of Toronto boys according to age and order of birth. Again Order of birth. years. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. nth. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. 17th. 4.5 17 59 128 301 316 340 213 177 173 158 86 53 8 23 86 147 163 188 180 145 1.56 141 120 76 23 10 26 74 108 119 159 137 140 125 129 84 ro 34 8 15 49 85 94 111 113 113 109 89 80 44 38 3 7 36 67 64 79 87 83 86 48 45 53 20 2 7 20 36 58 64 71 75 71 64 49 38 6 3 1? 31 37 64 48 44 39 54 35 18 9 4 3 14 33 28 35 36 34 28 33 23 13 7 3 1 8 18 17 21 25 19 16 19 12 9 3 168 2.2 1 1 1 3 1 5.5 3 9 9 19 15 10 11 19 9 2 2 1 1 7 4 5 6 7 6 6 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 6 3 3 4 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 t> 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.6 . 10.5 11.5 ..... 1 1 ..... 13.5 13.5 14.5 15.5 1 16.5 1 Casas Per cent of the whole number .. 1,728 22.7 1,456 19.1 l,2ft3 15.8 931 12.2 675 8.9 551 7.3 395 5.3 279 8.7 109 1.4 51 0.7 31 0.4 18 0.3 10 0.1 2 1 Total number of cases, 7,008. Classification of Toronto girls according to age and order of birth. Order of birth. Age hi years. S t i 9 54 67 95 101 98 97 )14 107 88 40 30 18 i i 63 59 77 82 60 01 73 78 49 28 6 i 5 22 31 88 40 58 68 62 61 46 36 10 3 i i A ^ i i 1 2 i i 5 I- 4.5 22 74 125 169 177 222 185 20? 157 139 94 62 35 19 86 120 156 141 147 141 158 160 130 93 45 28 19 77 87 117 125 119 130 135 143 09 82 34 15 7 12 81 30 47 48 86 49 44 20 32 11 10 6 10 17 21 22 27 26 23 37 22 12 1 2 10 13 10 22 25 16 24 33 19 14 6 1 ! 5.5 6 10 11 17 9 16 15 11 10 4 3 1 2 3 9 6 9 10 6 8 7 4 1 1 1 1 1 6.5 1 7.5 1 1 2 1 .... 1 8.5 0.5 10 5 11.5 12.5 4 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 13.5 14,5 15.5 .... 1 16 5 Cases Per cent of the whole 1,664 22.5 1,424 10.2 1,182 16.0 927 12.5 693 9.4 470 6.3 305 6.3 233 3.1 192 2.6 117 1.6 66 0.9 29 0.4 11 0.1 0.1 3 1 1 Total number of cases, 7,411. Total number of children examined, arranged according to order of birth. Cases Per cent of the whole numbrr .. Mean ejr'i-. Order of birth. ■8 3,302 22.6 10.3 s 2,880 S 10.2 ±0.3 3,3861,868 15.01 12.4 ±0.3|±0.3 1,368 9.1 ±0.2 Xi 1,031 6.8 ±0.2 n 700 5.8 ±0,2 i 611 3.4 ±0.1 i 360 2.4 ±0.1 226 1.6 ±0.1 116 0.8 ±0.1 60 0.4 29 0.2 14 0.1 Number of boys examined 7,608 Number of girls examined - 7,411 Total 16,010 From these data we can obtain an insight Into the constitution of families in Toronto. The difference between the number of first and second born children shows the number of mothers having one child only; the difference between the second and third born children gives the number of mothers who have two ohil- 1598 III '; si si U'l I'' i EDUCATION REPORT, 1896-97. dren, etc. In this manner the following table has been obtained, showing the per cent of mothers having one child, two children, etc. Num1x;r c* .aiidroii. Per cent of mothers. Mean error. Number of children. Per cent of mothers. Mean error. 1 l.j. 1 14.0 15.5 14.5 10.3 0.8 8.2 4.5 3.9 iO.C ± .6 ± .0 + .0 + .5 ± .5 t .5 + .4 1 .3 10 3.3 1.7 .9 .4 .3 .1 .1 .0 ±0.S 3 11 -t- .3 3 12 1- .3 4 13 ± .1 5 14 6.. . 15 7. 10 8 .. 17. 9 It is of interest to compare the number of children according to the order of their birth in various cities. I have tabulated for this purpose a number of chil- dren in Oakland, Cal., according to the order of their birth, and found the fol- lowing result: Per cent of first-born children Per cent of second-born children Percent of third-born children Per cent of fourth-born children Per cent of fifth and later born children Toronto. ^""^^^^^^ 33.6 36.4 19.3 33.3 15.9 17.0 13.4 13.3 30.0 83.0 ' It appears from this table that families in Toronto are much larger than those In Oakland, Cal. There are 20.4 per cent of first-born children in Oakland as com- pared to 22.0 per cent of first-born children in Toronto, while fifth and later born children form only 22 per cent of the total population in Oakland, and in Toronto they form 30 per cent. This indicates that the size of the families is considerably smaller in Oakland than in Toronto. It is difficult to judge what the social causes of this phenomenon may be. The general conditions of life and the nationalities composing the population certainly have a great influence upon the size of families. In order to investigate this question, I have tabulated the Toronto girls according to their order of birth and nationality. The results of this tabulation are given in the following table: I Nationality (in per cent) of grandparents of Toronto girls. Order of birth. First-born Second-born Third-born Four th- born Fifth-born Sixth-born Seventh-born JEighth-born Nintli-born Tenth-born Eleventh-born Twelfth and later born Euglbh. 3,638 2,411 1,993 1,664 1,334 870 814 453 384 '.ua 137 137 (39.0^) (41. W) (40.8;«) (43.0^) (46.3^) (44. 0;^) t48.3^) (4».0iS) (48.4;<) (45.4^) (43.2^) Scotch. 1,113 888 815 079 474 34ii 3.56 149 133 60 48 51 (ir,.i%) (16.7^) (17.5^) (16.0^) (17.5^) (15.7^) (15.9^) (17.0^) (13.9^) (17.l5f) (17.4;<) Irish. 1,614 1,307 1,145 892 694 476 :t34 351 1.54 139 57 (33. 9^) (Si.S%) (33. 1^) (34.3^) (24.3^) (20. m (»». 8^) (19. 7K) (36.0^) (25.7.«) (10.4JE) Canadian. fm (12. 4;^) 670 (11. 43!) 510 (10.5^) 8.0,0 «.3,<) 5.3;<) 5.8:«) io ( 3.7:«) 43 ( 5. 4^) 18 ( 3.6;<) 6 ( 3.1^) 'M ( 9. OK) 311 180 lot 93 Order of birth. First-born Socond-born Third-born Fourth-born Fifth-born Sixth-born Seventh-born Elffbth-born Ninth-born Tenth-born Elovonth-bor n Twelfth and later born American. 234 104 144 128 63 57 54 24 27 15 9 6 (3.3!<) 9.0%) 3.2«) 3. m 2.6)() 3.4i< 9.m )12%) (i.rx) Qerman. 46 (2. 8i) 5 (0.6K) 3.2K 1.6K 1.4^) (8.7;<) 17 8 4 8 French. 30 (0.4^) 33 {O.m 18 (0.0i() 0.6^) 0.4:<) 0.3^) :o.4;«) 18 13 5 2 {o.m 3 (0. 4X) 3 (0.7X) 4 (1.4jt) Miscellane- ous. 1.57 (3.3;«) 143 (3.4*) IKJ (2.5:< 100 (3. 6*) 6i} (3.3i<) 55 (3. m 31 (3. OX 21 (3.2X 24 (3. IXJ 15 (3. OX) 13 (4. 3X) 13 (4. 4X) Total. 6,753 5,878 4,883 3,868 2,860 1,004 i,(m WIS 788 406 280 204 THE GROWTH OF TORONTO CHILDREN. 1599 When we group these results so as to equalize the niimber of cases approxi- mately, treating the three first-bom children separately, forming the fourth group by combining the fourth and fifth bom children, and including all the later- born children in one group, we find the following results: Nationality {in per cent) of yrandpa rents of Toronto girls. Order of birth. ^l \ ^-tch. I-h. 1 & Ameri- can. 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.0 Ger- man. French. ^Miscoliii- nooiis. Cases. Firstborn. 30.0 41.0 40.8 44.4 47.3 1(5.5 15.1 lti.7 17.1 10.4 23.0 33.8 33.5 33.0 33.0 13.4 11.4 10.5 7.3 5.1 2.0 3.4 3.8 3.0 2.1 0.4 I). (') 0.9 0.4 (1.3 3.3 3.4 3.5 3. 4 3.7 6,753 Second born 5, 878 Third born 4. )!>S3 Fourth and Ufth born. Sixth and later born . . (5,738 G, 3f 8 Total 4^.5 i iri.4 3;}.0 it. 3 i 3.1 2.3 0.5 2.5 30,030 That is to say, the percentage of Scotch, Irish, American, German, French, and miscellaneous grandparents remains the same for all the children, no matter what the order of their birth may be. There is, however, a fundamental difference in the distribution of English and Canadian children. Among the first-born chil- dren, 39 per cent of the grandparents are of English birth. Among the later-born children, 47 per cent are of English birth. Tin's indicates that in families whose grandparents are of English birth we find a greater number of children than among the other nationalities. The reverse is the case among the Canadians. There is among the later-born children a decided decrease in the number of grandparents of Canadian birth. This indicates that the families of Canadian descent are small. It is very peculiar that these differences are found only among the English and Canadians, and that there are no differences in distribution among all the other nationalities. This table is of importance also as showing that the difference in stature between first-born children and later-born children can not bo ascribed to the influence of differences in nationality. The change of proportion of English and Canadian blood in the grand total is so slight that wo can not possibly assume that it will materially modify the average stature of the people. We may therefore safely say that the difference in stature between first-born and later-born children is not influenced by complications resulting from the influence of nationality.