y. 
 
 
 a: 
 
 ;5 
 
rrEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 G. M. DAWSON, C.M.G., f.L.D., F.R.S., Director 
 
 THE 
 
 MINE UA i . RKSOU RCES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK 
 
 BY 
 
 L. W. I5ATLEY. Ph.D., LL.T)., F.R.S.C. 
 
 C^3.^^^' 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 PRINTED BY S. K. DAWSON, I'RINTKR T0:THE (QUEEN'S MOST 
 
 EXCELLENT MAJESTY 
 
 1S98 
 
 No. 661. 
 
To 
 
 Dr. Geo. M. Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S., 
 
 Director Geological Survey of Canada. 
 
 Sir, — I have the honour to submit the followinj^ Report upon the 
 Mineral Resources of New Brunswick, made in compliance with your 
 instructions received Mav 26th. 1897. 
 
 ERRATA-PART M. 
 
 Page 13, line 23~" north-east " read " north-west." 
 14, " 17—" were " read " the furnace was." 
 " 17, " 29— " south " read "east." 
 
 19, " 14— "Borestown" read ''Boipstown." 
 
 27, " 27 — "showing" read "ciiuweti."' 
 
 28, " 32 — "east" read " north." 
 
 " 55, " 5— "north-east" read "west." 
 
 " 115, " 12—" Tattagouche " read " Tete a Gauche." 
 
 pyrrliotite deposits of St. Stephen, Charlotte county ; and to Prof. W. 
 F. Ganong, of Smith Colletre, Northampton, ZMass., for facts relating 
 to peat-bogs and siliceous deposits in different parts of the province. 
 
 I have the honour to be. Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 March, 1898. L. W. BAILEY. 
 
 Note. — Some further data, obtained during the .summer of 1898, have 
 been added by Professor Bailey to his Report as presented in March 
 of that year. 
 1 
 
To 
 
 Dr. Geo. M. Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S., 
 
 Director Geological Survey of Canada. 
 
 Sir, — I have the honour to submit the followin;» Report upon the 
 Mineral Resources of New Brunswick, made in compliance with your 
 instructions received May 26th, 1897. 
 
 The data upon which the report is based hav3 been derivevl in part 
 from the published reports of members of the Survey stall and others, 
 from information furnished by persons engaged or interested in mining 
 operations, and finally from observations made by myself during the 
 past season with a view to obtain the latest facts bearing upon the 
 subjects discussed. 
 
 I would desire here to return my thanks to the many persons by 
 whom aid has been rendered, more particularly to Hon. A. T. Dunn, 
 Surveyor General of New Brunswick, and the officials of the Crown 
 Lands and Mining Departments at Fredericton, for lists of mining 
 licenses issued, and other information; to C. J. Osman, Esq., M.P.P., 
 manager of the Albert Manufacturing Co., for an historical and des- 
 criptive sketch of the extensive operations in the manufacture of 
 gypsum at Hillsborough, Albert county ; to Major Alfred Markham, for 
 valuable information relative to the mining of manganese ; to Messrs. 
 Milne, Coutts & Co., St. Gtnrge, for information relative to the growth 
 and conditions of the red granite industry; to Mr. R. P. Hoyt, of 
 Hillsborough, for particulais of the deposits of bog-manganese recently 
 opened at Daw^son Settlement, Albert county, and the conversion of 
 this material into briquettes for use in steel manufacture ; to Mr. C. E. 
 Fish, of Newcastle, Northumberland county, for data regarding 
 the manufacture of building-stone, grindstones, etc.; to Rt>bt. McMahon, 
 of Grand Lake, for information respecting the working of the coal 
 mines of Queens county ; to Mr. Charles Boardman, of Calais, Maine, for 
 data and other assistance in connection with the nickeliferous 
 pyrrhotite deposits of St. Stephen, Charlotte county; and to Prof. W. 
 F. Ganong, of Smith College, Northampton, Mass., for facts relating 
 to peat-bogs and siliceous deposits in ditterent parts of the province. 
 
 I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 March, 1898. L. W. BAILEY. 
 
 Note. — Some further data, obtained during the summer of 1898, have 
 been added by Professor Bailey to his Report as presented in March 
 of that year. 
 1 
 
Note. Unless ofherivise stated, the bearings in this report are all 
 
 referred to the true meridian. 
 
THE 
 
 )1I';EI{AL resources of the province of new BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 If the past history of mineral production in New Brunswick be N'w 15runs- 
 alone considered, this province certainly can not be claimed with truth end la-oducei! 
 to be a country of great mineral wealth. Indeed, if we except build- 
 ing stones and other materials applicable to construction, such as 
 gypsum, limestone, brick-clays, etc., there are but four substances 
 that, in tiie whole history of the prc/vince, have been the basis of 
 anything like extended or successful mining operations, viz., coal, 
 iron, manganese and albertite, and of these one only, namely, coal, is 
 at the present time actually being worked. 
 
 Is the conclusion, then, to be drawn that New Brunswick is with- 
 out useful minerals, or that, its limited supply being already exhausted, 
 there is no reason to hupe for anything further in this direction in the 
 future .' 
 
 The question would under any circumstances be an important one, The iuiiKJi- 
 but is specially so in view of the fact that, while the products of the subject. 
 forest, upon which the province in its earlier history depended so 
 largely for support, are rapidly becoming reduced in quantity and 
 value, the tracts which are being deforested are to a large extent un- 
 suited for agriculture, and hence, unless something can be found 
 beneath the surface to replace the deficiency, the revenues of the 
 province nmst suffer considerably. 
 
 In endeavouring to answer the (|uestion proposed, everything 
 which either directly or indirectly bears upon it, is deserving of 
 consideration ; and viewed thus comprehensively, a number of facts Favourable 
 are brought to light which go far to give a much more favourable view ''*'^**' 
 of the situation than would at first seem possible. Among these the 
 following are the most important : — 
 
 1. The variety of use/id products acttially observed in Neiv BriiyiH- XwTwty oi 
 loick. — These include : — among metallic ores ; iron, in the forms of "('["nd* * 
 
6 M 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 hii'matite, limonite and magnetite, besides pyrite and pyrrhotite 
 manganese, as pyrolusite, maugantite and wad ; copper, as native 
 copper, and various sulphides ; lead, as galena, usually with 
 a small percentage of silver ; zinc, as blende : antimony, as 
 native antimony and stibnite ; nickel sulphide, in pyrrhotite and ser- 
 pentine ; bismuth as a sulphide ; and gold. To these must be added, 
 among sul)Stances affording coinVjustible products, bituminous coal, 
 anthiacite, bituminous shale, cannelite, albertite, petroleum and peat; 
 among materials for construction, granite (gray, lilack and red) free- 
 stone, slate, limestone and n^arble, gypsum, clays and sands ; besides 
 graphite, salt, infusorial earth, silica, fire-clay, mir:oral water, etc. It 
 is true that many of these substances, especially in the case of metallic 
 ores, are not known to occur in other than small amounts : but the 
 fact of their occurrence at all is important, in rendering it at least 
 possible thai any one of the substances enumerated may hereafter be 
 found in profitable quantities. 
 
 Variety of 
 
 i,'ioioglC;U 
 formations. 
 
 ~. The number ajid character of the geological forinntions renrenented 
 ill the province. — These include all the subdivisions of the geological 
 scale, from the earliest Archavm to the Trias ; while those foimations, 
 such as the Laurentian, Huronian and Cambrian, which elsewhere are 
 usually most productive uf metallic orfs, and the Carboniferous formation 
 yielding coal and related products, are among those which occupy the 
 I>isturbanc»s. largest areas. As regards the former, it is also important to notice 
 that the beds representing them have very generally been subjected to 
 profound disturbance with its accompanying metamorphism : or, in other 
 words, to the conditions most favourable to the occurrence in them 
 of useful minerals and ore-bodies. The general resemblance and 
 probable equivalency of s<!me of the most important of these groups of 
 strata to those of the bordering provinces uf Quebec and Nova Scotia, 
 as well as the state of Maine, all of which have proved more or 
 less productive, is not without significance in the same direction. 
 
 Di^triluitii n ^- The distrihution nf iisr/iil proititcts. — The occurrence of many of 
 the mineral products above enunierated, not at one or two points only, 
 but over large areas, is worthy ur notice. Thus tlie iron ores of Wood- 
 stock extend through the greater part of Carleton county , copper ores 
 characterize the Arclneiin rocks of the southern coast aloni; the whole- 
 length of the Bay of Fundy ; bituminous shales, with more or less of 
 albertite, extend from Apohaqui, Kings county, almost to Dorchester, 
 Westmorland county ; the coal of the Newcastle basin. Queens county, 
 though thin, covers an area of about 100 square miles, and outcrops, 
 which may represent the same seam, are found over almost all parts of 
 
•AllEV 
 
 ] MINERAL RESOURCES. 7 M 
 
 ^y.-tcinatic 
 li- is|iectitig. 
 
 the Carboniferous area, or a tract equal to one-third the entire super- 
 ficies of the province ; manganese is found at not less than six widely 
 separated paints, and antimony in at least two localities quite remote 
 from each other. 
 
 Jf. The possible conceabnent of economic tninerals by soil and forests _ Conc« aliiient 
 together icith the absence oj sy.stematic prospectiny. — While the facts " 
 above enumeraied are, as statfd, distinctly favourable to the existence 
 within the province of useful minerals, the circumstances here alluded 
 to go far to explain why such possible existence has not, except in a 
 few cases, been defmitely confirmed or disproved. It is only necessary 
 to examine a good map of the province to see tliat lai'ge portions of iis 
 extent, including just those districts whosf> geological age and charac- 
 ter would p lint them out as most likely to be productive of useful 
 minerals, are still covered with unbroken forest, and hence are rarely 
 visited except by those whose training and occupations would be little 
 likely to make th'-m close observers in this direction. These tract-- aUsouc- of 
 have, indeed, been traversed by the members of the Geological Survey 
 staff in various directions, and attention has been continually gi\ en by 
 these gentlemen to the possible occurrence of useful products along 
 such lines of traver.^e : but the main work of the explorers has been 
 the determination of the age and character of the formations lepre- 
 sented and the delimitation of their boundaries, rather than that of 
 systematic prospecting, for which they have only paved the way. Ii 
 is still true that very little of such prospecting has been done, and in 
 its absence it would be wrong to assume too hastily that nothing 
 worthy of discovery exists because so little has yet been found. The 
 probabilities point strongly to an opposite conclusion, and one of the 
 main oljje-jts of this report will be to suggest methods and directions 
 through which, it is hoped, the present uncertainty may be removed, 
 and the province m:iy attain, to a much greater exiei.t than at present, 
 the jKjsition of a mineral producing country. 
 
 The considerations above given aflTord a basis for the method of SubdiTision of 
 treatment adoj)ted in the Report. A short account will first be given report. 
 of the general geological structure of the province, and of the aieas 
 likely to be productive respectively of metallic ores, of carbonaceous 
 materials, of granites, of freestones, of limestone, salt and gypsum. 
 In a second division of the Report, full details will be given of the ex- 
 tent and mode of occurrence of all useful products so far observed, 
 with particulars a- to the history, development and output of all such 
 as have been or are now being profitably worked ; and in a third 
 division some suggestions will be made, which, it is hoped, may help to 
 
8 M NEW BULXSWICK. 
 
 awaken new interest in the subject on trie prart both of the government 
 and the people of the province, and possibly lead to results of which 
 the outcome cannot now be anticipated. 
 
 Economic Cteolo(;v of Xkw Buunswkk. 
 
 The following is a summary of the geological formations represented 
 in New Brunswick, with a brief statement of their distinctive features, 
 their distribution and the minerals which they afford :* — 
 
 1 . Laurentian. — The rocks referred to in this system are, so far as 
 system. known, confined to the area of tlie southern counties, where they form 
 
 a belt of land intersected by the St. John Paver between Fairville and 
 the Kings county line, stretching thence westward to Musijuash 
 Harbour and Lepreaux, and eastwardly along the southern side of 
 the Kennebecasis lliver, and near the line of the Intercolonial Rail- 
 way, to and a little beyond the mouth of the Hammond River. 
 
 The rocks included under this svstem aie ail hia;hly crystalline, 
 the lower portion, of unknown thickness, consisting c.hiell}' of coarse 
 gneiss and granite, while the upper, estimated as having a thickness of 
 over 1000 feet, exhibits a succession of ijuartzites, slates, limestones 
 and dolomites. These beds are greatly folded and faulted. 
 
 The economic products afforded by the Laurentian rocks include 
 
 iircKluct.-'^ granite, limestone (extensively quarried and calcined), graphite and 
 
 magnetite. Serpentine occurs, and in places carries small \eins of 
 
 asbestus. There are also veins of argentiferous galena, apparently 
 
 small, but which have not yet been fully proven. 
 
 J. Ifnroniau. — The rocks distinctly referable to this system are also 
 confined to southern New Brunswick, where they occupy extensive 
 areas in the counties of St. John, Kings, Queens, Albert and Charlotte. 
 With the exception, indeed, of tiie small Laurentian tract already 
 noticed, and belts of intrusive granite such as constitute the axis of 
 the Nerepis Hills, all the prominent ridges of the counties named are 
 Distribution composed of Huronian rocks. In the northern part of the province, 
 about the head-waters of the Tobique, Miramichi and Nipisiguit rivers, 
 are other considerable areas which are almost certaiidy Archaean, and 
 probably Huronian, but of which the age has notyet'een indisputably 
 fixed. 
 
 *Ne\v Brunswick lia« been a:eologically liiaj.'iied on a scale of four miles to one 
 incii. The areas covered l>y tile respective sli.ets is shown on the index map accoui- 
 panyinp thiKlieiwrt. The surface tiiolugy and extent of forest are shown on a second 
 series of sheets, of wiiich tin have ;i!reafly been issued. Tiiese an- also indieated on 
 the index v\n\>. The \>v'\vv nf tlie above tna|>-sheet< is tiii rents eaeh. 
 
«*IIEV. 
 
 ] ECONOMIC <;eologv. ''f M 
 
 The HuroQi'an rocks of tlie southern counties consist very largely of ( i,ai-.u>ui. 
 volcanic materials, in the form of amygdaloid, felsite, ash-rocks and 
 breccir.s, variously mingled with aqueous sedimt-nts such as conglome- 
 rates, sanilstunes, slates and some limestones, all metamorphic, and all 
 showing evidence of profound disturbance. The thikness of the for- 
 mation is very variable, but at its maximum cannot fall far short of 
 10,000 feet. In the northern counties, the lithological aspects are 
 somewhat siaiilar, but the strata embrace a larger proportion of schists 
 and felsites, with less of the moie obviously volcanic materials. 
 
 The rocks of the Huronian system, are here, as elsewhere, very gene- '<Ji'it'ial.<. 
 rally characterized Ijy the presence t)f '""ful minerals, ^'eins of mag- 
 netic iron are a common feature in cert i'. members of the system, 
 V. hilein others are found considerable ileposits of specular ore, litema- 
 tite and siderite. Ttie nickel-bearing pyrrli'itilcs of St. .Stephen are in 
 rocks which are probalily of this age. To the same system also belong 
 the numerous veins of cupper ore fountl ,:t various points along the 
 north shore of the Iliy of Fundy a-- well as in the interior, the Huro 
 nian being in fact the copper-bearing series of New Brunswick, recall- 
 ing in this, as in many other respects, the copper- bearing ro<'ks of the 
 "Eastern Townships" of Quebec. 
 
 J. Cambrian and Canibro-.Sihiri'iii. — For the purposes of this Report 
 the rocks of these two systems may wil! he considered together, for 
 although in southern New Brunswick the existoiice of both lias been 
 clearly shown upon the evitlt-nce of fossils, the aieas known to be 
 occupied by the Cambro-Silurian rocks are quite insignificant : while in 
 the northern part of the province, though the districts referred to this 
 latter system in the reports and maps of the Survey are large,distiiiCtive 
 fossils have been found at a few points only, and it is now thougiit 
 probable, tliat the larger part of the region so referred is in reality 
 Cambrian. In subsequent references therefoie the latter term alone 
 will be used. 
 
 The Cambrian rocks of southern New liiuuswick, tu-cupy relativelv i,: „;i ,„; „ 
 but a small area, being confined essentially to three parallel troughs, of '" scmtlifm 
 which the first crosses St. John harbour, and thence extends eastward iiinn-wiok. 
 by Coldbrook and Loch Lomoral to the Hanimond River in Uphani, 
 the second is represented in isolated p itchc'^ in the valley of the Ken- 
 nebecasis, and the third is confined to the valley of the JiOng Reach, 
 chiefly along its northern side. The strata are mainly dark-coloured 
 slates and sandstones, witii some coarse reil sediments beneath, but as 
 far as known, contain no minerals or I'ocks of economic importance. 
 
10 M KEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 pL-tributidu The supposed Cambrian (possibly Cambro-Silurian) rocks of the n-.-r 
 
 Xpw thern counties, have a much wider distribution, being found in two 
 
 nrunswii k. princip:il belts which, upon either side of an extensive granitic axis, 
 stretch completely across the province from the M'line frontier to the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. The width of these belts, as fully indicated 'n 
 the published maps of the Survey, is sul>ject to considerable variation 
 (ranging from three to twelve miles) but the nature of the strata is 
 much more uniform, the rocks of the syste.'ii consisting, as in the 
 southern counties, mainly of slates and hard sandstones or quartzites 
 which are very much alike wherever found, except that in approaching 
 the granite they become mure highly metamoiphic, taking the charac- 
 ter of fine gneisses and mica-schists, in tliis as in other resp>^cts ijcar- 
 ing a very close resemblance to the rocks of the gold-bearing system of 
 Nova Hootia, which are in like manni-r doubtfully referre^l to a Cam- 
 brian horizon. 
 
 From an economic point of view, tlie strata in <juestion are among 
 the most important to be found in the province. Long since compared 
 by Sir \Vm. Logan with the rocks of his Quebec group (now known to 
 contain both Cambrian and Cambro Silurian strata), they are, likt that 
 group, largely nittalliferous, and constitute areas that, already to 
 sonit' e.xtent productive, are thoirC in which future developments of im- 
 Kconuiiiic portance are chietiy to be looked for. In these rocks are included ores 
 of iron, copper, manganese and lead, in Ghjucester county ; of copprr 
 in Carloton county, and of antimony in York county: while it is 
 also in the area which they occupy that many of the reported diacov- 
 eiies of gold have been made. The rocks u-e throughout highly dis- 
 turbed and in places abound in quartz veins, many of which contain 
 mispickel or other metallic sulphide.s. 
 
 Sihirian. — The rocks of this system have a wide distril)Ution in 
 New J'runswick, but are relatively unimportant fnmi an economic 
 standpoint. 
 
 Diatribuiioii In the s<mth<Tn part of the province they are found skirting the 
 
 in soiulierii borders of Pa.ssamaquoddy Bay and portions of the valley of the St. 
 Urun^wiik. Croix Kiver, whence they extend ea.stward in two main belts, one on 
 either side of the Ntw'epis granite range, to the St. John lliver. The 
 strata are chietiy slates and sandstones, largely associated with volcanic 
 products, but with the exception of some rocks available for construc- 
 tion or for decorative purposes (slates and porphyries) afford few if ariy 
 materials of a useful cha\ acter. 
 
 Distriinition ^^ northern New Brunswick the Silurian rocks are widely spread, 
 
 in nortluTii 
 
 Xfw 
 
 liiunswick. 
 
 in nortliiTii covering most of the area included in the counties of Victoria. Maihi- 
 
 'i-> 
 
•*«*•) ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 11 M 
 
 waska and Kestigouche, with portions of York and Gloucester, and 
 determining a district of remarkaljle fertility and valuable f'.'reat 
 growth. They are interesting economically chiefly as containing the 
 iron ores of Carl^ton county. Small veins of j^alena are occasionally 
 met with, as well as beds of limestone, and drift gold hc-is been report- 
 ed from localities within the district. 
 
 Devonian. — The Devonian rorks are confined to small areas in 8t- Dtvmiian 
 John county, such as the Mispeck valley and Lepreau basin, and 
 (probably) to a somewhat larger tract lying just south of the central 
 coal-fields in <^ueens and Charlotte counties. The impure anthracites 
 of Leproau, together with slates and flags in the county last named, 
 are the only mineral substances of interest. 
 
 Lower (.'arhoniferoiis. — Though geologically but a subdivision of the 
 Carboniferous system, tiie foiiiiation designated as Lower Car- 
 boniferous is in New llninswick, as in Nova Scotia, strongly difieren- 
 tiated from the proper Carlx.nilei-ous or Coal Pleasure rocks, l)y dis- 
 simdarity of character and origin. In' ditlerence of fossils, and by at 
 least a partial unconformity. The contrast as regards econondc miner- 
 als is equally marked and important. 
 
 In the .southern counties, the Lower Carboniferous rocks, usually Di.striiuuiun. 
 readily recognized as consisting of coarse red sediments, which are 
 more or less calcareous and contain marine fossils, occupy large areas 
 in Kings, Albert and Westmorland counties, with smaller areas in 
 Charlotte. In central New Brunswick they are mostly concealed from 
 view by overlying Coal Measures, Uut appear as a rim or margin to the 
 latter around almost the entire extent of the large triangular tract 
 which the.se Coal Measures cover, beside occasionally protruding through 
 them. In northern New Urunswick they cover a considerable tract 
 in the valley of the Tobique River, with smaller areas on the Beccagui- 
 mec River in Carleton county, and oa the shores of Bay of Chaleurs. 
 
 The useful minerals of this formation are numerous and important, Useful 
 including bituminous shah, cannelite and ali)ertite, with some '"' 
 petroleum, in Albert county ; the e.xtensive gypsum (plaster) deposits 
 ot" the same county and of Kings, with assficiated bitunnnous limestone ; 
 the manganese deposits of Markhamville and Jordan mountain, (Kings 
 county) ; Shepody Mountain, (Albert county), and Quaco, (St. John 
 county) ; the salt and other mineral springs of Kings county ; the 
 gypsum deposits of the Tobique River in Victoria county. 
 
 Carhoni/rroHii. — The rocks of the Coal Measures cover nearly one Distritmtion. 
 third of the entire area of the province, but owing to tlieir generally 
 
ii: JI . XKW HRUNSWICK. 
 
 horizontal attitude have, with hirge surface extent, apparently but 
 little thickness and but little coal. The pjincipal tract is- in th-' centre 
 of the province, in the form of a trian<,'le, of which the apex is at 
 Oromocto Lake, and the base along the so-called " North Shore," 
 between Batliurst and Cape Tormentine, thei'e beconiing continuous 
 witii the coal format iou of Nova Scotia. Smaller areas occur in Kings, 
 Albert and Westmorland counties, as wel! as along tiie shore of the 
 Bay uf Fundy in St. John county. In the last named instances the 
 beds are, as a rule, more highly disturbed, but still usually without 
 evidence of much thickness or of workable coal-beds. 
 
 The sul)ject of the occurrence of coal will bt^ more tuUy considered 
 later in this report. 
 
 Kciiii.iinic Besides bituminous cual, the Carboniferous rocks atibrd \aluable 
 
 plOllllCt^. IT 11-1 
 
 building materials, such as freestones of gray, purple and olive colours, 
 also grindstones, stones for pulp-mills, tire-clays, etc. 
 
 Triassic. — The rocks of this age, in the form of soft, red, friable 
 sandstones, as occurring on the mainland of New Brunswick, are con- 
 fined to small tracts along the Bay of Fundy shore, chieily in the 
 vicinity of Quaco. They are without economic interest. 
 
 On the island of Grand Manan, the volcanic beds of the same system 
 are largely displayed, and may in the fu- ure become useful for road- 
 making : but, with the exception of nodules of native copper, too small 
 and infrequent to admit of prolitable removal, they contain no min- 
 erals of value. 
 
 (iraiiiti'. Graui/f. — Very large areas in New Brunswick are occupied by this 
 
 rock. Two main belts niav be distinguished, of which the more 
 northerly and larger crosses the central part of the province fiom the 
 St. Croix River, north of Vanceboro, to the Nipisiguit i liver, but with 
 much irivgularify in detail, while the second, or southern belt, also 
 somewhat irregular in outline, forms the axis of the Nerepis Hills, and 
 extends from the St. Croix liiver, below St. Stephen, to the St. John 
 River, at Spoon Island. Smaller areas are met witii in tiie (,|uaco Hills 
 in eastern St. .John and All>ert counties. 
 
 These gr\nites present luuch variety of colour and texture, the red 
 granite of Si. (jeoige l»einii especially noteworthy. They do not carry 
 ores of any kind. 
 
 Surface Pl/'istocw. — Uiuler this name are comprised the supcrlicial dt-posits 
 
 de[K)sits of sand, grave! and clay distributed over the preceding formations as the 
 
 result of glacial, marine or sub-aerial action in post-Tertiarv and recent 
 
 times In the same connection occur deposits of so called infusorial 
 
•AltEY.] IRON. 13 M 
 
 e<irth or " tripolite", deposits ot silica, not of organic origin,and beds of 
 peat. The clays are available for the manufacture of bricks and pottery, 
 the silica and trifxjlite as abrasive material and in the manufacture of 
 dynamite, the peat for use as fuel and the manufacture of moss-litter. 
 The materials employed in the macadamizing of streets and highways 
 are also largely drawn from this source. 
 
 Iron. 
 The ores of iron found in New Brunswick include tho Inimatites and iron, 
 limonites of Carleton county : hninatites and specular ores of Black 
 River and West Beach, St, John county ; magnetites found in western 
 St. John and Charlotte counties ; with deposits of bog iron from 
 various localities. 
 
 Ores of Carleton eounty. — As the.se have been very fully described, 
 in previous reports of the Survey, only a brief summarj- of the facts, 
 with references, will be given hero. 
 
 What are commonly known as the W(»odstock htematite beds, were Wixidstock 
 first brought to public notice in the year 18.'j(), by Dr. C. T. Jackson, "''*'* 
 of Boston, in connection with a geological survey of portions of the 
 State of Maine, then being made by him. Subse<{uent explorations, 
 made by th<^ otiicers of the Canadian (Geological Survey and others, 
 showed that these beds, probably in mure than one belt, extend across 
 the principal part of the county of Carleton,* but have their greatest Distrilmtiou 
 thickness and are most readily accessiVjle in .Jacksontown, about three 
 miles north-east of the town of Woodstock. They !>re here, as else- 
 where, associated with a series of slates, usually bluish or grayish in 
 colour and highly calcareous, but, when in connection with the iron 
 oi'es. commonly becoming more or le^s reddish or greenish. At various 
 points, though not at Jacksontown, the slates are associated with l)eds 
 of limestone, and in both are contained ff)ssils showijig them to be 
 members of the Silurian system. Their exact horizon has not yet been Ago. 
 certainly fixed, but it is probable that they are of abiut the same age 
 as that of many of the iron-bearing beds of Nova Scotia, /. e. near the 
 summit of the Silurian. 
 
 As seen at Jacksontown and vicinity, the ore-bfds are quite numer- Nature of 
 ous, having a thickness ranging from one foot to sixteen feet, and are "'^''" "'''"■ 
 conformable to the inclosing slates which usually di|' north-westerly at 
 an angle of 85 , although in places much contorted. Individual Ixds, 
 however, when followed, are found to exhibit notable variation in 
 width. In places they contain considerable quantities of manganese, 
 
 •Annual R*|K)rt, <;«hi1. Surv. Can., vol. I, (X.S.), ISH.'i, p. 2<> 
 
Pri eduction. 
 
 14 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 which also often gives a black colour to the slates, while occasionally 
 green stainings indicate the presence of copper. Slickensided surfaces, 
 indicative of .^hearing and vertical displacements, are not 'ncomraon. 
 The ores also vary in composition, usually yielding water when heated, 
 and consisting of admixtures of limonite and hieniatite. The average 
 of six analyses* (if ore from Iron Ore Hill, made by Mr. John Mitchell, 
 of London, and quoted by Dr. Ells gavef : — 
 
 Analynis. Metallic iron 35 • 593 % 
 
 Sulphuric acid . . • 723 
 
 Phosphoric acid 1 ■ 298 
 
 The first attempts to utilize the Jacksontown ores were made in 
 1848, when a bla-st-furnace was erected by the Woodstock Charcoal 
 Iron Company upon the bank of the St. Ji,ln\ Ki^er, a short distance 
 above Upper Woodstock, and about two miles and a half from the ore- 
 beds. Ore was obtained by the ordinary proce.ss of quarrying, and^ 
 according to information supplied to the writer by the manager, Mr 
 Norris Best, were charged as follows : — 
 
 Ore 1,350 lbs. 
 
 Limestone 70 " 
 
 Charcoal 20 bush. 
 
 .\coording to .statements (juoted l)y Dr. Harrington,} 3 33 tons of 
 ore and 120 bushels of charcoal were required to make a ton of pig-iron, 
 the charcoal (in 1865) costing 7 cents a bushel. "There were 10 
 charcoal kilns, having an average capacity of 75 cords of wood and a 
 production of 2800 to 3200 bushels of coal. The quantity of oie 
 used was, on an average, thre^ tons to the ton of pig, and the cost at 
 ihe furnace, .$1.20 per ton." The cost of pig produced was .'?20 to 
 $22 per ton. 
 ,, .. .„ The first furnace, erected in 1848, was 39 feet high, 33 feet .square 
 
 at the base and 9| .?et at th'3 boshes, with three tuyere arches and a 
 capacity of about seven tons a day ; while a later and smaller one 
 built in 18G3, was inclosed in boiler-plate, had a circumference of 40 
 feet, and a capacity of 5J tons per day.g Roth were lined with Stour- 
 bridge bricks, a sandstone from the Gulquac, one of the tributaries of 
 the Tobique, being used as a hearth. The "hot blast" was used, the 
 steam necessary for the purpose being obtained from suitable boilers, 
 
 *Th'^ numerous .issays, analyses, t'tc, of orr-s and niint-ials qut)ted throughout 
 tliis R«'iK)rt, are given on the authority of the authors only, except in the case of ex- 
 aminations made in the laboratory of the Survey. 
 
 tReport of Progress, Oeol. Surv. Can., 1874-7r), p. 104. 
 
 :J:Hei>ort of Progress, (Jeol. Surv. Can.. 1873-74, p. 2.52. 
 
 §R, VV. Ells. 
 
•Alii*- J IRON. 15 M 
 
 which were in turn heated by combustion of waste gas from the 
 furnace head. The average duration of en?h crucible and hearth was 
 about 24 weeks, during which time an average production of 50 tons 
 per week was attained. The limestone employed as a flux, was 
 obtained from the Beccaguimec River, seven miles distant from the 
 furnacps. The operations were subject to nur jrous interruptions, 
 made necessary for repairs, and it is stated that tiie whole time during 
 which the principal furnace was in blast was only about eight years.* 
 
 Iron smelting at Woodstock is now, however, a thing of the past. Pos-siblp 
 Is it possible to look forward to a resumption of operations ? 
 
 In attempting to answer this question many considerations arise, 
 the main one being, of course, the cost of manufacture and transporta- 
 tion to market. The figures as to the former, already given, are ba^ed 
 upon the conditions at the time of working, or about thirty years ago. 
 Since then a much larger proportion of Carleton county has been 
 denuded of forf^st, especially in the vicinity of Jacksontown, and the 
 cost of fut;l has been considerably increased. It is not, however, Co^•t of fuel. 
 probable that this alone would prevent the ores l)eing worked, more 
 especially as their position, on the bank of the St. John River, is in 
 every way favourable to the easy and cheap removal of the product. 
 A more serious ditficulty is to be found in the nature of the product 
 itself, which owing to the high percentage of phosphorus, was often I'resencf "i 
 found to be brittle or ccld-short to a degree which detracted very P'"»*P'i"'""^- 
 materially from its value. On the other hand, it is difficult to reconcile 
 this deficiency with the statements given as tr experiments made in 
 England with armour-plates constructetl of Woodstock iron, which, 
 according to a paper liy Mr. Wm. Fairbairn, F.R.S., published 
 in the Artizan. had a resistance in excess of that of any other plates Tensil.- 
 then tested, or a tensile strength in tons per square inch of 2 1'80. It " "^"^"^ 
 is also to be observed tiial the presence of phosphorus is not now the 
 serious objection to the use of iron ores that it formerly was, the 
 introduction of the basic process of Thomas and Gilchrist, making it 
 possible to reduce such ores effectively. It is also not impos.sible that 
 processes may bt^ introtiuced whereby the extensive deposits of nickel- 
 iferous pyrrhotite occurring near St. Stephen, may be used in connection 
 with the Woodstock ores, the combination, after the removal of sulphur, 
 affording an iron suited for the mahufacture of armour-plate. 
 
 While, then, it is doubtful whether, in the present condition of the 
 iron industry and in the face of adverse tariffs, the Woodstock ores 
 
 Dr. P. .T. Harrinprton. 
 
IG M 
 
 NEW BRUNilWU K. 
 
 could be worked with profit, they iDust still l)p looked upon as valuable 
 assets, which changfd methods of treatment and changed commercial 
 conditions may at any time bring again into prominence. 
 
 The following lists of publications referring in various ways to the 
 Woodstock ores, may be of service to those seeking further information 
 upon the subject ; — 
 
 Bibliogniphy. Abraham Gesner. Geological Report, 1842. This author asserts that 
 the ore had been sent abroid and examined as eai-ly as li:'"20. 
 
 Chas. T. Jackson. I'eports on the Geology of Maine, 1836. 
 
 Geo. L. Goodale. S('\enth Annual Report Maine Board of Agri- 
 culture. 
 
 Win. Fairbairn. London Arlhaii. This paper gives accounts of 
 experiments illustrating the tensile strength of aiiuour-plates in the 
 making of which Woodstock ore was used. This tensile strength is 
 quoted in tons per s(iuare inch as 24-80. 
 
 L. W. Dailey. Report on Mines and Minerals of New Brunswick, 
 Fredericton, 1864, pp. 55-59. 
 
 H. Y. Hind. Preliminary Report on Geology of New Brunswick, 
 
 1864. 
 
 B. J. Harrington. Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Can- 
 ada, 1873-74. p. 251. 
 
 R. W. Ells. Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Canada. 
 1874-75. 
 
 West B.aL!i West Beach. — This locality is twelve miles east of the city of St. 
 
 luMii:itit. . John, and not far from the shore of the Bay of Fiindy. The ore is 
 mainly a dark reddish-biown hieuiatitc, contained in the upper part of 
 a large bed of coarse reddish gray conglomerate, but associated with 
 quartz veins containing more or l<^s^ micaceous or specular iron. The 
 deposit is probably of jire-Cambi ian (Huronian) age. Only a small 
 ([uantity of this ore has been n-nioved, and that many years ago. 
 
 Black Riv.r Black River. — The ore-l.eds at this point, which is two or three miles 
 
 eastward of those of West Beach, are somewhat similarly situated, and 
 probably mark the same geologi al horizon, but yet differ both in their 
 character and association-;. The fire is chiefly the specular variety, 
 and is contained in beds of trap-ash and hydromica schists, attaining 
 in one instance a thickness of twenty feet. Though known for many 
 years, and frequently made the subject of examination, no serious 
 attempts have been made to carry on mining operations. 
 
•AflEY. 
 
 ] IRON. 17 M 
 
 Magnetite. — -Magnetic oxide of iron, in the form of scattered crystals, 
 is a very common mineral '\n connection with the probably intrusive 
 rocks of the pre-Cambrian systems, and in oneot these, the Huronian, 
 is also often found in the form of beds or vein?, though none of great 
 thickness have yet been observed. 
 
 Among localities at which such veins have been found, one of the I-epreau 
 
 ,,,.., ... » , .,, , T , magnetites, 
 
 most notable is m the vicinity ot the village ot Lepreau, near the 
 
 boundary between the counties of St. John and Charlotte. About two 
 
 miles west of the village, and a ijuarter of a mile north of the post-road 
 
 to St. George, on the farm of John A.Wright, a series of dark hornblen- 
 
 dic schists, representing that portion of the Huronian system which 
 
 hai locally been designated as the " Kingston group,"' contains a 
 
 number of these veins, varying from a quarter of an inch to eight 
 
 inches in thickness. Though termed veins, the deposits are strictly 
 
 conformable to the inclosing schists, and may be traced with little 
 
 variation for considerable distances, the dip being at a very high angle 
 
 and the strike quite regular. Ore from these deposits was analysed by 
 
 Dr. Hoffmann (Dfc. .5th, 1895) with the following results : 
 
 Metallic iron 66*71 per cent. 
 
 Insoluble matter 4-36 " " 
 
 Nickel and cobalt Traces 
 
 Titanic acid None. 
 
 The beds are massive, granular and generally very free from admix- 
 tures of any kind, but owing to the large proportion of very hard rock 
 to be removed to get the ore, cannot, unless thicker beds are found, be 
 mined with profit. As yet nothing has been done beyond a small 
 amount of exploratory work. 
 
 Veins similar to the above have been observed at New River, on the D<ei- Island, 
 south shore of Deer Island, (from 2 to 3 feet thick) and at other 
 points. They may indeed be looked for in almost any part of the 
 Kingston group ; and, as much of the country occupied by the rocks 
 of this group is still uncleared and has been only imperfectly explored, 
 it is quite possible that beds laige enough to be mined may exist. 
 
 In addition to such occuri-ences in the rocks of the Kingston group, 
 
 that portion of the Huronian which in the reports of the Survey 
 
 has been designated the " Coastal group " also contains ores of iron , , , 
 
 o o I <, ran berry 
 
 to some extent. One locality of this kind was visited in 1897 neai' Htaci si>ecul;u- 
 
 li t*!! Hit 1 tP 
 
 Cranbeiry Head, on the coast of Charlotte county, on the farm oi 
 one Murray, now owned by Hon. A. T. Dunn, Surveyor General of 
 New Brunswick. The ore is a specular haematite, and occurs in veins 
 
 
 
18 M 
 
 NEW IIKUX.SWICK. 
 
 in silico-felspathic rocks, often exhibiting a purple tint, but usually 
 white-weatherinir, and varyini,' in texture from slates to conglomerates. 
 Tlie veins are somewhat numerous, but rarely exceed two inclies in 
 width, besides being very irregularly distributed. Several pits have 
 been oj)ened, but at the time of examination these were all tilled with 
 water. No well-defined bed or vein was seen. 
 
 BoR-iron. Bog-iron Ovm. — These have been noticed in many parts of the 
 
 province and by various observers, but in the presence of better anil 
 
 more available ores are of little present importance. In the reports 
 
 of Dr. A. Gesner, reference is made to their occurrence in Sussex Vale 
 
 and Bull Moose Hill, Kings county ; at Liverpool, Kent county, and 
 
 in the Tobitjue valley, Victoria county : but few details are given. 
 
 Similar deposits have been observed in connection witii the work of 
 
 the Geological Survey on the Tracadie lliver, North-west .Miraiiiichi ; 
 
 Queensbury, York county ; Beaver-dam settlement, York county ; 
 
 at Mau^erville and Burton, Sunbury county ; but the two latter 
 Bo'jf I irt's (It , , ..11 .1 1 ^1 , ■ 1 
 
 Burton, ^re the only ones which liave as yet been usetl tor practical purposes. 
 
 Sunliuiy 'j'j^jg (lei)osit at Maufjerville is thus described by Mr. llobert Chalmers :* 
 
 County. ? . 
 
 " The ore-bed consists of a mixture of loamy and boggy or peaty 
 
 materials of the depth of from one to three feet below the surface, 
 
 underneath which is a cla\'ey hard-pan. The ore is found in the form 
 
 of cake-;, or loose flattened aggregaUons, few of them more than six to 
 
 twelve inches in diameter, although sometimes two to three feet. An 
 
 interviile or alluvial terrace of considerable extent occurs here at a 
 
 height of about ten to twelve feet abo\e the level of the St. John 
 
 River, and the ore-bed occupies a longitudinal belt in it. parallel to th'^ 
 
 river, about .50 yards in width and three to four miles in length." 
 
 During the latter years of the operations at Woodstock, bog-ores 
 from Sunbury county were carried to that place to be used in con- 
 nection with the hiematite.s and limonites of Jacksontown. 
 
 Some of these bog-iron ores might, no doubt, be employed as pig- 
 ments, either as raw ochres or after grinding and calcination. 
 
 ^•j^j.^^jj, A blue phosphate of iron (vivianite) has been observed upon the 
 
 bank of the St. John River, four miles above Grand River, in the parish 
 of Madawa'jka, associated with or contained in heavy beds of clay. 
 The quantity, however, is not large. 
 
 To the above observations on the occuri'ence of iron, the following 
 notes may be added as bearing some degree of interest, though in no 
 case, probably, of economic importance : — 
 
 'Reiiort of Progress*, Geol. Surv, Can., 1882-84, p. 40 go. 
 
•AILEV. 
 
 ] COPPKR. 19 M 
 
 Veins in the granite about St. George and Lake Utopia in Charlotte (Uiuniiifi-si^t 
 county are in some instances tilled with scales of micaceous specular '"' ""'''"• 
 iron. 
 
 On Coal Creek, in Queens county, where a series of slates protrude 
 through the Carboniferous strata, nodules of lui'matite, several inches 
 in diameter, are frequently met with. 
 
 At Spraggs Cove, on the island of Grand Manan, veins of 
 siderite, (iron carbonate) have been ol)served in connection with 
 rocks of presumably iJuronian age. Rocks of similar age on the 
 Nerepis River, in Kings county, also hold veins of like composition. 
 
 Beds of bog-iron, as indicated by specimens in the museum of the 
 University of New Brunswick, occur on tlie South-west Miramichi 
 River, one mile below the Clearwater Stream, and nineteen miles 
 above Borestown. 
 
 On the Clarendon load, in Queens county, and at a point aljout six 
 milf s west of Gaspereau stati(jn, small veins of magnetite have been 
 observed in connection with massive dark-gray quartzites, and dark 
 argillites, associated with dioritic and hornblendic beds, of uncei'tain 
 age. As exposed in a pit, about twenty feet deep, dug here, the vein 
 has a width of about eighteen inches, but is much mixed with (juartz 
 and rock. It does not, invite furth.er expenditure. 
 
 On the western side of Oak Mountain, about a mile distant from the 
 line of the New Brunswick railway, and three miles distant from 
 Benton, beds of liiematite have been observed in roiks. probably of 
 Cambi'o-Silurian age, but have not been sufficiently Liirl bare to make 
 evident their extent or value. 
 
 On the Peabody farm, two miles south of Woodstock, and in a 
 position coi-responding geologically to th&,t of Oak Mountain, loose 
 blocks of hiematite are scattered over the land, but whether derived 
 from beds in .situ near by, or driftage from the Jacksontown beds to 
 the north, has not yet been ascertained. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 This metal has l)een found in the province in the forms of native 0'ii]Hr. 
 copper, oxide of copper (cuprite), sulphides of copper (copper- 
 pyrites, erubescite or bornite), and the carbonates of copper (mala- 
 chite and azurite.) 
 
 Native Copper. — In the Triassic traps of the Island of Grand Native copper 
 Manan, scattered nodules or irregular strings or bunches of pure 
 
20 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 copper liHve been fre(|uently met witii, especially in the vicinity of the 
 South-west Head. They are, however, of small size, have none of the 
 characteristics of true veins, and even fail to show any tendency to 
 concentration at particular points. From an economic point of view, 
 therefore, they are wholly without interest. The red sandstones of 
 the same formation which may be seen, but only at very low tides, to 
 underlie the traps at various points between South-west Head and Dark 
 Harbour, are also said to hold the same mineral. 
 
 Cuprite. Oxide of Copper or Cuprite is said to have been found in connection 
 
 with the sulphides of the metal during the course of mining opera- 
 tions on the Albert county coast, to be presently noticed, but not in 
 (juantities requiring special mention. 
 
 .Stilphide.-. SnJj)}iideii of Cop]vr. — These have been reported from many differ- 
 
 ent localities, and from rocks of various ages. 
 
 CopiHT rues of The rocks of the Coastal group, (Huronian?) are specially character- 
 '*""*^''''" "'"'**' ized by the occurrence of copper sulphides. These rocks, though not 
 confined to the southern seaboard, are there very prominently develop- 
 ed, including a large part of the coast of Charlotte county, much of 
 that of St. John, and portions of that of Albert. They embrace 
 granitoid gneisses, talcose or hydromica schists, chloritic schists, gray 
 and purple slates and conglomerates, felsites, etc., with numerous 
 masses of diorite, all highly tilted and folded. To the west of the St. 
 John River they have an average width of four miles, forming a country 
 which, though rugged, is of moderate elevation ; but, eastward of the 
 same stream, they rise into much greater prominence, having in 
 eastern St. John county a breadth of at least ten miles, and an 
 elevation of six hundred feet or more. 
 
 Coinpari.-'on This series has been compared lithologicalh" to the rocks of the 
 
 hearing rocks " Eastern Townships " of Quebec (formerly known as the Quebec 
 of (Quebec. group), and like the latter, is generally cupriferous. The ores, which 
 are usually the sulphides, especially erubescite or bornite (gray and 
 peacock ores), have been observed at a great many points, but (as is 
 also the case in Quebec), are rarely suiHciently concentrated to offer 
 any attractions to the miner. Still, attempts have in several instances 
 been made to develop them, of which the most important are the 
 following : — 
 
 Ada^a!< and Siinpson hlands. — These are small islands lying to the 
 east of Deer Island, on the Charlotte county coast, and not far from 
 the entrance of La Tete Passage. Attention was first drawn to them 
 through the occurrence upon the shore of Simpson Island of a quantity 
 
»*"«>•] COPI'EK. 21 M 
 
 of ji.ile-grcen powdery malachite, in which, upon examination, were Discovery of 
 
 found numerous nodules or irregular lumps of black or daik-gray "'l'I>**r- 
 
 copper sulphide, the malachite being evidently a secondary protluot 
 
 resulting from the action of the sea on the original and solid ore. 
 
 Some sixty or seventy barrels of this green caibonate were removed by 
 
 a local company (Messrs. Lord and Dakin) about the year 1863, but. D' vdopment. 
 
 owing to the influx of water, the underlying vein could not be worked. 
 
 An attempt was then made to strike the latter farther from the shore 
 
 and upon higher ground, but owing probably to some displacement, 
 
 the effort was witliout success. Other veins, however, (Nos. 2 and 3) 
 
 were thus discovered, leading to more or less prospecting, but for a 
 
 time to no further underground work. Work of all kinds was then 
 
 dropped for a period of about twenty years, when (about the year 
 
 1890) Messrs. Crow and Welter, associated with James Lord, of Lords 
 
 Cove, Deer Island, sunk a shaft on vein No. 2 to a depth of 52 feet' 
 
 finding a vein of about two inches of copper glance, inclosed in a 
 
 veinstone, chiefly of quartz, with a thickness of eight inches. Another 
 
 vein (No. 4) was also prospected, while on No. 3 a shaft was sunk to 
 
 a depth of 110 feet, showing strings and veins, of which the largest 
 
 was about five inches. A cross cut having been made from this for a 
 
 short distance, a further descent of 26 feet was made, but without 
 
 result. Since then no further operations have been undertaken. The 
 
 vein on the beach (No. 1) showed four feet wide of the green carbonate^ 
 
 with a core of about eight inches of copper glance. It is said to have 
 
 yielded, upon analysis, 27 per cent of copper, and nearly four ounces 
 
 of silver to the ton. 
 
 Adams Island is separated from Simpson Island by a narrow ^.i^,,^ Island 
 channel only, and their position is such as to show tliat the rock form- 
 ations and veins of the one are a direct continuation of those of the 
 other. Upon Adams Island two companies have worked at different 
 times, and several shafts have been sunk, the results being, however, 
 unsatisfactory. An examination made during the summer of 1897, of a 
 pile of ore, lying near one of these openings, showed this to consist 
 almost entirely of a dark-graj' felspathie ash-rock, through which were 
 scattered irregularly large numbers of blebs, consisting chiefly of 
 erubescite (peacock copper), but sometimes of quartz or of mixtures of 
 both minerals. No appearance of a well-defined lode was observed. 
 This shaft was sunk to a depth of 80 feet. 
 
 At about the same time that mining operations were first in pro-,. ,„. 
 gress on Adams and Simpson islands, work of a similar character was Pa.-sage. 
 being undertaken upon the mainland on the eastern side of La Tete 
 
22 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 « 
 
 Passage and Passamaquoddy Bay (Mascarene Peninsula). The rocks 
 here, however, belong to a somewhat different geological horizon from 
 that of the localities first named, while the character of the ores is 
 also not the same. 
 
 Wheal One of tlie points upon the peninsula referred to at which a consid- 
 
 erable amount of work was done was that known as the Wheal 
 
 mine. 
 
 Louisiana mine, opened by the Messrs. Johnson, of Liverpool, under 
 direction of Mr. J. B. Key. This is about ten miles from the town of 
 St. George, and not far north of the promontory known as La Tcte, 
 the rock being chloritic and talcose slates of Huronian age. The ore 
 was mostly copper-pyrites, but with this were large quantities 
 of pyrite and pyrrhotite, the latter forming a large proportion of the 
 material raised. This pyrriiotite is now known to be, like that of St. 
 Stephen, nickeliferous. A shaft was sunk to a depth of nearly one 
 hundred feet, but the returns were not commensurate with the cost, 
 and the mine was soon abandoned. 
 
 l.;i IVte mine. One mile north or north-west of the Wheal Louisiana mine was the 
 La Tt'te copper mine, consisting of a shaft sunk about 100 feet on a 
 lode of mixed quartz and calcspar included between clay-slates and 
 trap. Several other sliafts were also sunk, but, as in the case of the 
 Wheal Louisiana mine, the ore obtained bore but an inconsiderable 
 proportion to the associated rock, and operations were soon suspr^nded. 
 
 Const of eastern St. Jolra and Albert coinitie>i. This is another 
 region in which attempts at copper mining have been repeatedly undei-- 
 taken, but so far with but little success. 
 
 The rocks of this district, consisting of gray and purple micaceous 
 slates and conglomerates, with granitoid or gneissic beds and much 
 intrusive diorite, are essentially the same as those of the Charlotte 
 county coast, and the ores are also similar. 
 
 A%^rnou uiiiv. The principal works undertaken were those of the so-called Yernon 
 mine, situated directly upon the coast about two miles east of the 
 mouth of Goose Creek, in St. John county, where for a time (about 
 LSG5) not less than forty men were employed, and a consideiable 
 quantity of ore was extracted. The hatte'" consisted essentially of cop- 
 per glance or bornite. but copper-pyrites was also met with, and as a 
 secondary product more or less malachite — the \eins being of (|uartz, 
 with some calcspai" and clilorite. Several veins were traced, two of 
 them being described as H\e feet and one as twelve feet in width, but 
 the relative proportion of ore and of veinstone is not now known. 
 
 Assays. Assays of samples sent to Boston and to Swansea gave returns vary 
 
wii-i'-] COPPER. 23 M 
 
 ing from 18 to 25 per cent of copper, bur hovv far these were represen- 
 tative of the general average is only matter of conjecture. 
 
 Apart from the quality of the ore, the situation of this mine was rnfavomable 
 also such as to make its development a doubtful venture: for this {,1^j,p_" ' " 
 part of the coast is not only high (-500 to 600 ft.) but rises from the 
 waters of the bay with great abruptness, making it impossible to 
 secure safe wharfage, while communication by any other means than 
 water is both long and difficult. At the time of the visit by the 
 writer to these mines (in 186-3) the boarding-house of the workmen 
 was actually supported against the side of the clitf by being let into 
 the nearly vertical face of the rock, while much of the ore previously 
 mined and piled at the foot of the cliff for shipment had been washed 
 away by a storm. It is now many yeais since the works were 
 abandoned. 
 
 At about the same time that work was being undertaken at tho >Vii!j,uii-i 
 Vernon mine, several other openings, known as the Alma, Gordon and ■i"'"- 
 Williams mines, were made a few miles farthei- east, in the n^igiUjour- 
 hood of Upper Salmon Ri\er in Albert county. From one of these, 
 the Williams mine, about 100 tons is said to have been taken, yield- 
 ing according to the prospectus of the company from 28 to 30 per cent 
 of copper, Vjut in a recent visit to the locality no iudic itions of any- 
 thing like a distinct vein could be found, while such specimen - of ore 
 as were still to be got in the vicinity certainly did not seem to hold 
 out much inducement for the expenditure of capital. 
 
 For further particulars regarding the copper mines of Charlotte, 
 St. John and Albert counties, reference may be miide to a report on ot'mr [.laces. 
 the Mines and Minerals of New Brunswick by the writer, published 
 by the legislature of the province in 1863. 
 
 WextynorJand County. — About three miles and a half north-east of j),,iciiesU'r 
 the town of Dorchester, in this county, are some !)edsof copper- bearing "»''>'^- 
 rock which, a few years since, attracted attention, and upon which a 
 considerable expenditure was made, but of wliiih the real interest is 
 rather soientitic than economic. 
 
 Tlie rocks in question are gray sandstones and conijlomerates, 
 belonjiinsr to the base of the Millstone Grit division of the Carbon- 
 iferous system, and resting unconformalily upon red marly shales of 
 Lower Carboniferous age. In the .sandstones are contained numerous 
 stems of plants, and about these were found deposits of copper i;lance 
 mingled with more or less of the green carbonate. The remainder of 
 the rock, though showing no visible ore, was stated by the manager of 
 
24 M NEW BUUNSWICK. 
 
 the property to carry fiom four to five per cent of copper glance. 
 Indications of ore were found at intervals foi- a distance of a mile and 
 a half. For the purpose of developing the property, commodious 
 buildings were erected and ininitig and hoistin^; machinery was in- 
 troduced. A shaft was also sunk to a depth of 100 feet, reaching the 
 underlying red beds, but no considerable body of ore was discovered ; 
 and little I'eturn being found for the heavy e.\pendituie ra.ide, the 
 works were after some months" trial, finally abandoned. 
 
 List of The following list of localities in the southern counties, at which 
 
 ioMth ''^^ \ V ^'^''^'^ "^ copper ore, of greater or less size, have been observed, is re- 
 
 Biun^wick. produced from the Kei)ort of Progress of the Geological .Survey for 
 
 1870-71 (p. '225), as indicating' the wide distribution of such ores, and 
 
 as possibly affording aid towai.is further exploration : — 
 
 Charlotte Countv, 
 
 Seely Cove. — Quailz veins holding small (juantities of copper- 
 pyrites in a chlorito-felspathic rock. 
 
 Seely Head (on lite shore a-est of). — -Copj)er- pyrites in small 
 quantities in red syenite. 
 
 Seely Creek. — Copper-pyrites in a quartz vein intersecting 
 felspathic rocks. 
 
 Shore H-estof Cro>r Harbour Jslattd. — Copper-pyrites and copper 
 glance in a (juartz vein about - feet wide, running through 
 greenish gray chlorito-felspathic rocks. 
 
 Cove q/ Red Head. — Copper pyrites and iron-pyrites dissemi- 
 nated through schistose talco-micaceous rocks. No distinct 
 lode was seen. 
 
 McLean's Mills on Locker Brook near Xeic Jiirer.—CopTpev- 
 pyrites in quartz veins. Quantity small. 
 
 Kegro Harbour. — Copper-pyrites. 
 
 Beaver Harbour. — Copper-pyrites in quartz veins and dissemi- 
 nated in schistose diorite of Kingston group : also with 
 galena, in a quartz lode (.3 feet and a hilf wide) in chlorito- 
 felspathic rocks of Coastal grouj). 
 
 Clark J'oiut, Mascarene shore. — Native copper and grav 
 copper ore in strings and pockets, in trap associated witii 
 red argillites of Silurian age. 
 
 Wheal Louisiana Mine. La Tele. — Described above. 
 
 Woodivard's Mine. Mascareyie .shore, do do 
 
 Hardu'ood Island. Hay of Fiindy. do do 
 
 Adams L'iluud. do do do do 
 
•Aiuv.j COPPER. 20 M 
 
 Simpson Islaitil. Bay of Fandy. — Described above. 
 Campob)'f/o Inland. do do do do 
 
 Grand Manrin. do do do do 
 
 St. John County. 
 
 Black River S>'ttlement. — Copper-pyrites and malachite in hard 
 
 clay-shite, containing remains of plants ; also copper glance 
 
 in limestone. 
 Little Salmon liivr (war month). — Copper-pyrites, in small 
 
 (jiiantity, with much iron-pyrites, in slate.s. 
 Martin Head. — Erubescite, in rocks of Coastal group. 
 iioose Creek (Vernon Mine). — Described above. 
 
 Alhekt County. 
 
 Point Wolf. do do 
 
 Upper Salmon River. do do 
 
 Blacknood Block, [X. E. angle, Alma parish).- — Malachite. 
 
 Westmorl.\ni> County. 
 
 Beech Hill. — Copper glance in veins of quartz, with fluorite. 
 
 Kings County. 
 
 Quispamsis. — Copper-pyrites with galena and blende in gray 
 
 ohloritic Laurentian gneiss. 
 Xorlon. — On north side of Dickie M<juntain, copper glance 
 encrusting gray ijuartzite of Kingston group, and overlain 
 by Lowei- Caiboiiiferous limestone ^^ith galena. 
 Springfield. — In St.(jtcli .Settlement, north oi' I'ull Moose Hill, 
 copper-pyrites and copper glance in gray aigillites ; aiso on 
 southern slope of Kierstead Mountain. 
 London Settlement, pariili «f Kart^. — Copper-pyrites in rusty- 
 weathering lelspathic sjindstones. 
 Xerepix xtatioii, />arish of Wesffield. — Copper-pyrites, with 
 galena and iion pyrites, in purple slates of Coastal group. 
 In northern New llruiiswick copper ores have been observed in the ^;<"t*Hiii 
 vicinity of Woodstock, Carleton county, and Bathurst, Gloucester riiniii-ui. i 
 county. 
 
 (ft). Woodstock. — .Vbout three mili-s below this town, the .*^t. John 
 
 ■n- ■ ••111 11-1 1 I. 11 H'lll Citil 
 
 liiver receives, on its nglit hank, a small tributary known as Inul 
 Creek. At the point of junction and for some distance up the creek, 
 the rocks consist of coarse gray syenite, in whieli are contained veins 
 of (piartz carrying sulphides of iion and copper. The latter is mostly 
 in the form of coppei-pyritos, ami is in sufficient (juantity to have led. 
 
26 \1 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 on more than one occasion, to the formation of a company to work it 
 but without remunerative results. 
 
 In the town of Wood-^tock itself, the underlying rocks appear to be 
 metalliferous. In digging a sewer, about the year 1890. a ijuantity of 
 ore, embracing several metallic sulphides, including copper sulphide 
 and galena, was obtained to the amount, it is said, of 500 or (500 lbs. 
 The exact composition of the ore, however, and its extent, have not 
 been ascertained. 
 
 Il.itliurst (h). llatliunst. — At the falls of the Ti-te a (Jiuche River, eight miles 
 
 (.oj>inr imiii. from this town, the nietamorphic slates of this region. descril)ed as 
 manganiferous, carry also certain (quantities of copper. This is in the 
 form of the yellow sulphide, associated with iron-pyrites, and is con- 
 tained in well defined lodes, of which not less than seven occur within 
 a space of sixty feet, and have in some instances a width of five or six 
 feet. A number of openings were made on these latter about the year 
 18.j9 or 18(i0, the product, in connection with that of the manganese 
 beds near by, being shipped to England, but soon aftei' all further 
 operations were abandoned and have not since been renewed. Accord- 
 ing to analysis made by the late Dr. James Kobb, the copper ore, 
 when dressed, would l)e worth about £;?•") per ton. 
 
 At the mouth of the Nipisiguit River, about three miles from Bath- 
 • urst and about ten miles from the locality on the Tete a Gauche last 
 described, the strata which form the basal beds of the Carbon ifer(,>u3 
 formation, consisting of conglomerate, sandstone and shnle, hold >mall 
 irregular seams of bituminous coal, intimately mixed with which occur 
 irregular masses and veins of sulphide of copper and malachite. They 
 thus re.semblt-' the copper-bearing strata near Dorciicstir, in Westmor- 
 Luid county, described above, and like them have been supposed to 
 afford indications of sulHcient promise to justify expenditure for their 
 extraction. It is stated that about the year 1859 some 20 or oO tons of 
 ore was shipped from these deposits. The anticipations, however, as 
 to their proiluctivtness were not realized, and work thereon was soon 
 abandoned. At present, like tiie beds at Dorchester, they are only 
 interesting as helping to indicate the metalliferous character of the 
 underlying systems from which these conglomerates and ores were 
 derived, and as illustrating one of the niethotls — that of the reduction 
 by vegetable matter of soluble metallic salts and their coiisecjuent 
 conversion into sulphides, — by which this class of ores may have l)een 
 formed. 
 
e«iLEY.] NICKEL. 27 M 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 In the Report of Progress of tlie (Jeological Survey of Canadii for 
 tlie years 1870-71, an account is given oi the geology of Charlotte 
 county, in connection with which reference is made to a group of dio- 
 ritic rocks, presumably of Huronian age, as occurring a short distance Original 
 to the eastward of the town of St. Stephen. These same rocks are fur- ' '~'"^*'' • 
 ther described as being traversed by tine veins of dark-^ieen serpen- 
 tine, which, as shown by an analysis of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, carried a 
 certain percentage of chromic oxide and of nickel. This was the tirst 
 intimation of the existence of nickel in New Brunswick. 
 
 A few years later, in consequence probably of the disco\erios then 
 being made at Sudbury. Ontario, attention began to be directed to the 
 e.xistence, in connection with the St. Stephen rocks, of considerable de- 
 posits of pyrrhotite, some of which, upon analysis, also showed a small 
 percentage of nickel. The tirst deposit of this mineral was observed 
 on the bank of the St. Croix River at the Union mills, about 100 yards 
 below the bridge at that point. A second deposit was struck soon af- 
 ter in sinking a well on the property of Mr. Stephen Hitchings about 
 half way between the Union mills and cotton mills in Milltown. The 
 Union mills dejiosit was, as exposed on the bank of the river, 
 al)out .'50 feet wide, and was at first pronounced to be an arsenical 
 iron of no value. A later analysis showed it to contain J of 1 per Analysis, 
 cent of nickel. In 1880 a similar deposit was found on the Dasswooc' 
 Ridge road, on the property of Mr. Ed. Hall, and was also considered 
 of no value. Mineral rights were, however, leased from Mr. Hall by 
 Messrs. Gilbert Ganong and James Bixby, and subsequently by Mr. 
 •ferry Carrell, while about the same tiii'e the examination of the sur 
 roundinu countiv having been made bv Mr. C A. Boardman, showini; 
 a wide distribution of the pyrrhotite. The last-named gentleman and 
 Mr. W. F. Todd, both of St. Stephen, secured mineral rights on a 
 number of other lots, and steps were at once taken to determine 
 their value. On a lot known as the Rogers lot, a cut of 175 feet was Expl-iitatiim. 
 made throuirh the mineral without any indication of a break in the 
 ore. In 1 803, ;•. dozen holes were made, over an extent of ci luntry about 
 two miles sijuare, and ore w.as found in most of them. In the fall of 
 18!16, ^Ir. Jerry Carroll sunk a shaft about 20 feet deep on the Hall lot, Curull 
 ;ind in ISl'l a shaft was sunk to about the same depth on the Rogers l""I'*'''*>- 
 lot. The ore on the surface assayed only about eight-tenths of 1 per 
 cent, Vjut further down was found to be better, running from 1 '25 to 
 3 10 per cent of nickel. Most of the analyses ranged from 1 75 to 2 
 per cent, but some ore fr<)ni the Carroll shaft had no nickel in it, and 
 
'2S M \K\\ HRlXSWIfK. 
 
 some on one lot ^IiowimI over 4 poi' (.ent. Tlio ores tontaiu .>mall 
 portions of coppei' as well as nickel, ami in several ot" thf^ni small per- 
 centages ot' gold and >ilver are suiil to liave Lcen found. 
 
 Conclusions. From the ai>ove data, for the ujost part kindly furnished by Mr. C. 
 
 A. B lardman, two conclusions may he drawn, tirst, that the ore is 
 spread over a hirge area and in considerable (juantity, and, .second, 
 that the nickel contents are subject to considerable variation. The 
 first of these conclusion.; has been fully contirined by the personal ob- 
 servations of the writer. During the summer of 1897, a visit was made 
 to the district in question, and a somewhat careful e.\amination made 
 
 -)bse'rv.itinii> "^ ^'^^ more important of th^ localities referred to above. 'J'he expo- 
 sures on the Rog<'rs lot were p;irticularly noticeable, the trench of 175 
 feet showing for the greatei- part of this distance a nearly solid bed of 
 pure pyrrholite. Towaict.s the southern enil, however, is a mass of 
 dark diorite, into which the pyrrhntite seems to graduat" and which 
 itself contains considerable (juantities of the latter ; while resting on 
 both, and forming a lajiping of indefinite e.Ktent on either side, is a 
 mass of ferruginous conglomerate, <loubtless of comparatively recent 
 origin, and resulting from the oxidation of the pyrrholite through ex- 
 posure to air and water. Particle-^ of copper-pyrites could be seen here 
 and there through the mass of rook. A shaft sunk to the depth of 17 
 feet failed to pass through the pyrrhotite, though irregular masses of 
 diorite were found to be contained in it. In the fields around, low 
 ledges of similar rock outcrop at no great distance from the trench, 
 and are distinctly but not coarsely crystalline, and without evident 
 stratification. At tlie Carroll mines on tha Hall farm, alxiut 
 a fuilong east from the last, t!ie beds expo.setl are, as l)efore, nearly all 
 pyrrhotite. and have been penetrated to a depth of 22 feet. 
 
 < )!,stivatioiis In the year 1890, an e.xamination of the nickel deposits about .St. 
 
 ('.niniill Stephen was made by .Mr. 11. P. Brumell, with results essentially the 
 
 same as those above given.* In addition to the localities described 
 above, reference is made to beds at Moore Lake, eight miles east of 
 St. Stephen, where a shaft has been sunk on one of two parallel veins, 
 respectively 12 and 7 inches wide, and only a few inches apart. In 
 this'shaft, at the depth of about 1-") feet, the two small veins were 
 found to come together and to show a strong and highly mineralized 
 ore-body. An assay of this ore by \V. French Smith, of Boston, 
 gave : — 
 
 Copper, to the ton . . . . 8 00 lbs. 
 
 Nickel do 12 40 do 
 
 *.\ninia! l!<-|H)it. Ceil. Sm-\. ('aii.. vol. V. (N..S.). ISlKtit], |.. llL'ss. 
 
■AllEV, 
 
 ] NICKEL. 29 M 
 
 Coinpareil with the well known deposits of .Sudbury, Ontario, the 
 nickel-bearing rocks of St. Stephen show many features of clo;-e res- 
 emblance. 
 
 1. The St. Stephen beds, like those of Sudbury, consist of basic in- Comparison 
 trusive rocks, such as diorite and diabase, with probably gabbro ",,',^' " '""^^ 
 and norite, associated with heavy beds of quarUite. 
 
 "2. As at Sudbury, the pyrrhotite would seem to be a normal con- 
 stituent of the dioritic rock and not an intrusion in the latter. The 
 rock has not yet been subjected to petrographical examination, but it 
 is highly probable that on the one hand the felspars and iron-magnesian 
 silicates of which the rocks consist and the nickel-bearing pyrrhotites 
 on the other, represent successive separations by cooling from the same 
 fluid or- semi-fluid magma, thus accounting for the graduations between 
 them and their intimate interblending. 
 
 The association of the St. Stephen nickel ores with serpentine, 
 diallage, bronzite, actinolite and picrolite is also interesting, such asso- 
 ciation having been observed not only at Sudbury but in New Cale- 
 donia, Oregon, the Urals, North Carolina and Silesia. 
 
 ■». The St. Stephen rocks, like those of Sudljury, are referable to 
 the Huronian system, and were probabh'^ formed under like conditions. 
 
 4. The heavy capping of go.ssan covering the St. Stephen pyrrhotites 
 has its counterpart at Sudbury, and is in each case indicative of the 
 large bodies of mineral below. 
 
 On the other hand. 
 
 "). While portions of the St. Stephen ore show little more than a trace 
 of nickel and the maximum so far attained does not exceed 4 per cent, 
 the pyrrhotite of Sudbury rarely carries less than 2^ per cent, and 
 frequently averages 4 per cent. 
 
 From the above it would appear that while the general similarity of Possible 
 the St. Stephen and Sudbury deposits in geological age, lithological '"t">"f 
 characteristics, mineral associations and [irobable origin, favour the 
 belief tiiat the ftirmer, like the latter, may be a prnhtHblc source of 
 nickel-supply, the relatively lusv percentage of this metal as found at 
 St. Stephen is adverse to this conclusion. But the variability of the 
 nickel-contents of pyrrhotite deposits, not only at the localities named, 
 but at others from which considerable (juantities of this metal are 
 derived, make it at least possible that portions of the deposit maj' be 
 much richer than any yet recognized. Considering the laige extent 
 and thickness of the deposit this is quite possible, and could probably 
 
 re. 
 
30 M \Krt HKUXSWICK. 
 
 be determined at no ;:;reat cost by the selection and analysis of samples 
 from many different parts of the field. As a contribution in this 
 direction a number of such samples ha\e been collected by the writer, 
 but have not yet Ijeen submitted to analysis. A series of b<)rinf:;s with 
 the diamond drill now under the control of the Provincial (iovern- 
 ment, would doubtless also give much valuable information in the 
 same direction. 
 
 It may be mentioned in this connection that dutini,' the working 
 of the so-called Woodward Mine at La Tete. tls(>wliere described in 
 this Report, large (luantities of pyrrhotite were removed in connection 
 with chalcopyrite, and it has been stated that these oies, like those at 
 St. Stephen, are nickeliferous, but to wl-.at extent the writer has not 
 been informed. 
 
 Antimoxy. 
 
 1'ii-t Prince WUlinni, York <onnty. — The existence of ores of this metal 
 
 in New Brunswick was first made known al)out the year lcSG."i, through 
 the discovery of a deposit of stibnite, or sulphid"' of antimony, in th.e 
 })arisl! of Prince William. Y(jrk county. Tiie locality is aliout twj-nty- 
 tive miles from the city of Fredericton and ainrnt three ni'les from the 
 St. John Iliver, being very iit-ar the .'^ummit of a somewhat elev.Ued 
 tract overl<x)king Lake (ieorge and the valley of the Pokiok River. 
 
 (i.-..l"<,'ii:,! The rooks exposed in the vicinity consist of alternating beds of 
 
 slate and iiuartzite, beuig part ot a wiile> belt or such rocks travets- 
 ing the central counties, and suj'posed to lie of ei or Cambrian or 
 Cambro-Silurian age, though, so tar as at present known, without 
 recognizable fossils. The beds are very highly disturbed, and show 
 abundant evidence of metamorpliism, connected, no doubt, with the 
 close Jissociation of tlie strata with masses of intrusive granite, which 
 may be seen in sit" within a mile of tlu' | lincipal deposits <>i ore. 
 The.se latter occur in connection with veins of milky <|uart/, some of 
 which appear to be coincident with the bedding, though more com- 
 
 . r monlv intersecting this at various an i,'le.-. The total area over which 
 
 autimoiiv lodes bearing antimony were found was about ;?50 acres, the (juartz 
 
 veins varying from a few inches to six feet, in which those of stibnite 
 occurred partly in a netwoik of fine veinlets and partly in more consider- 
 able masses, sometimes attaining a thickness of twelve or fifteen inches. 
 
 Xiitivt' 1» some parts of the workings very fine specimens of native antimony 
 
 DevflopiiR'nt. The first company to undertake active operations at Prince William 
 was the Lake (Ieorge Mining and Smelting Company, their location 
 
«AlltV 
 
 ] ANTIMONY. 31 M 
 
 being that of the old '' Hibhaid property," adjoining the road to Lake 
 George, and at>out three miles from Piince William. At thi.s place a 
 considerable (juantity of ore was raised, followed by the erection of a 
 somewhat extensive plant including crusher-*, rolls, jiggs, etc., and^ 
 somewhat later, wnrks for desulphurization and smelting. When in 
 full operation these works yielded tit'teen tons of metal every si.x weeks, 
 the charges (of 500 cwt. ) affording from 4") to 55 per cent of regulus. 
 The product was partly exported in cubes or ingots to the United 
 States, and was partly en)])ioyed on the ground in the manufacture of .M.innfcicjir. 
 b.abbit metal, by admixture with lead, copper and tin. The value of ',|'|,.,'V ' ' 
 the regulus was ijuoted on the ground at 12 to 14 cts. per pound : that 
 of the babbit metal, according to quality, from 20 to 50 cts. per pound. 
 
 The nia!iufactuie of the al;ove products was continued for several 
 years, but a continue 1 decrease in the demand for the metal, with 
 increased protective duties imposed by tlie go\ernment of the United 
 States, soon mailc it ditlicult to carry on the work with jirotit. At Dii+i'iilti'--. 
 the same time, discoveries having been made of antimony lodes upon 
 adjacent properties, the coni[>etitiou of rival companies, with more or 
 less litigation arising out of disputed claims, tended still further to 
 hinder progress. Tt Mas then determined to export the o:e in the raw- 
 state, this l>oir!g hiinlid l'> ^daga^uadavic station oil the Canadian 
 Pacific liailway for shipment. At the same time an entire change in (' .an^'t- of 
 the destination and use of the matfiiai was made, almost the whole ■''''''"'' ""'' 
 product being sent to tiie town of .Medford, Mass., and there used in 
 connection with pi()cesses for the vulcanization of rubber. To supj)ly 
 this demand, about eighty men were, in the year 188."i, employed in the 
 P)runswick mines, and during five nT<jnths of that year about 29 tons 
 of ore was exported, a shaft being sunk to the depth of about .SOO 
 feet. This business alsoa])pears ro have been shortdived, as about the 
 year 1S',)0 all work was suspended. The property of the Brunswick 
 company, originally known as the Hibbard property is now in the 
 hands of trustees, resident in Haverhill, Mass. The other properties 
 are a portion of the Lawrence estate owned in St. John, N.B. 
 
 As to the (juantity oniuality of the antimony ores of Prince William tjn.intity 
 there can be but little (juesti(m. The distance from the Hibbard shafts " "^''' 
 to those opened later l)y the Messrs. Lawrence, is nearly half a mile, 
 and at many points in the interval, as well as about each of these 
 centres, which apparently occupy different -^sides of an anticlinal fold. 
 quartz veins are numerous and generally metalliferous. There was 
 also no sign of diminution in the quantity of the ore as followed in 
 depth, but on the contrary, a tendency to greater concentration, with 
 
32 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 a ro[>]iiceinent to some extent of stibnite by native antimony. The 
 question of the future woikiii;,' of the deposits is therefore mainly one 
 of deniiind. 
 
 IVmaii'l. Fioiii statements contained in The J/ hieral Industry, it appears that 
 
 the domestic production of antimony ore in the United States in 
 1897 amounted to TjOO short tons, averaging 4o per cent of antimony. 
 The pioductiou of the metal, amounting to 750 tons was, therefore 
 chiefly derived from imported ore. A great part of the antimony 
 employed there is, however, imported in the refined state. There 
 should, therefore, be a good market for antimony in the United States, 
 but the prices are lower than those ruling some years ago. 
 
 i'ro[HP«(i It has been recently stated in the pulilic press that the mines at 
 
 reHuiiiption ,rf Prince William are to be reopened by a company, and that preparations 
 
 for that purpose are now in progress, under direction of Messrs. 
 
 Hammond and Adriance. 
 
 Analyse. The following are analyses of the Prince AVilliam ores : — 
 
 1. .Sample sent to Engliind. 
 
 .Sulphide of antimony 50 70 per cent. 
 
 ii m 1-87 
 
 Silica 47 43 
 
 100 00 
 
 2. Sample analysed hy Dr. A. A. Hayes, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Antimony IjK ■ 00 jht cent. 
 
 Sulphur and rock 41 '00 " 
 
 3. Sample an.alysed by Dr. Hayes (Silliman's .Tourn. Jan., l,S(i:?). 
 
 Sulphide ot antiiuony 3G0O per cent. 
 
 Tliis sample contained some silver. 
 
 4. Analysis liy .Tanu's K. Chilton & Co.. New York. 
 
 Antimony Hfl' 00 per cent 
 
 Iron GO 
 
 Sulphur 23-40 
 
 Silica 1000 
 
 5. Three analvses liy W. W. Haili \-. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 I><'I- O-sSt. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per 
 
 cent 
 
 Antiuionv 
 
 (IS ■ ;n 
 
 70- 1 
 
 
 C,'.)W 
 
 Sulphur .... 
 
 2"> KC, 
 
 28 4 
 
 
 27 -28 
 
 Iron 
 
 ■ S.") 
 
 
 
 
 ■S.T 
 
 Uangue 
 
 SI 
 
 1-5 
 
 
 1-50 
 
 !)!» 50 100 ()0 !)S()3 
 
 Sjiringfielcl, Kings comity : — " Small (juantities of stibnite or sulphide 
 of antimony have been found in connection with dioritic rocks which 
 are either intrusive or of Laurentian age near Sunnyside Lake in the 
 
e*i"v.] LEAD AND SILVER. 33 M 
 
 Scotch Settlement, parish of Springfield, Kings county. A small Antimony 
 portion only of the vein has been discloseil by the removal of the soil, st'ttUnitnt, 
 and little is known of its extent or value.' Kings county. 
 
 The al}Ove extract is from the Report of Progress for 1870-71. No 
 further developments in the locality, so far as known to the writer, 
 have since been made. 
 
 Tiir. 
 
 A specimen of oxide of tin, labelled " Pokiok,'" was some years ago Discovery, 
 noticed as occurring in a collection of New Brunswick minerals made 
 by Dr. Abraham Gesner, in connection with his geological explorations 
 of the province in 1839 and subsequent years. The specimen, which 
 is quite small, is now in possession of the writer. 
 
 Though the locality given above is very indefinite, the more Doubts re- 
 so as there are several Pokiok rivers and settlements in the province, {."^fji^itv"^ 
 there would seem to be little doubt that the place from which the 
 specimen came was in the vicinity of the Pokiok River in York county ; 
 for this is the best known of the localities bearing that appellation, 
 while the geological age and structure of the region are such as to 
 rende!' the occurrence of this metal there very probable. The river 
 refernd to traverses a district partly occupied by metaraorphic slates 
 and sandstones and partly by granites, for portions of its length 
 running along the line of contact of the two. It is in just such situa- 
 tions that the tin of Cornwall and other countries is found to occur. 
 It is also to be noticed that it is in this same district that antimony, 
 a mineral often associated with tin, is abundantly met with, as at the 
 Prince William mines. Finally, at the town of Waterville, Maine, in 
 rocks which app(\ir to be the equivalents, if not the direct extension of 
 those of Prince William, in New Brunswick, small quantities of tin 
 have been found. 
 
 There is, therefore, some possibility that this important ore ma}-^ yet 
 be found in available quantities. Unfortunately the aspect of the ore, 
 when not crystallized, is of mch a character as to attract little atten- 
 tion from the ordinary observer, and hence it may readily be over- 
 looked. So far ail search for the precise locality from which Dr. 
 Gesner's specimen was derived has proved fruitless. 
 
 Lead and Silver. 
 
 No pure or native silver is known to occur in New Brunswick, but Occurrence of 
 
 veins of galena or sulphide of lead, met with at various points, usually ^'"'"^^ "i 
 
 ' r I J argentiferous 
 
 3 galena. 
 
34 M NKW KUUXSWICK. 
 
 carry a certain percentage of silver, making it necessary tliat tlie two 
 nietald should be considered together. 
 
 (leologica. 'jjip geological formations in which ''alena has been ol)sorved, include 
 
 formations. op o > 
 
 the Laurentian, the Huroniau, the Cambrian and Cambro-tSilurian, the 
 Silurian and the Lower Carboniferous. In most instances the amount 
 is small. In the following descriptions the localities are taken by 
 counties. 
 
 CiiAiiLOTTE County. 
 
 Fryt- Islaiul Fryft Inland. — The geology of this islanfl, also known as L'Etang 
 
 Island, and situated near the mouth of L'Etang Harbour, is com- 
 plicated, and is fully described in the Geological Survey Report 
 for 1^70-71 (p. 8t)). Of the rocks met with, the most important in the 
 present connection is a .series of limestones, in part dolcmitic, and 
 associated with quartzites, that form the shore of that portion of the 
 island which overlooks the " Back Bay." They are quite similar to 
 rocks to be pre.senth' noticed both on the mainland of Charlotte ct)uuty 
 and in St. John county, and, with the latter, have been referred to the 
 Liurentian system. Intersecting these limestoties, which also carry 
 more or less serpentine, are a number of well-defined lodes consisting 
 mainly of quartz, but containing also considerable quantities of barite 
 Character and ^^^ fluor-spar, be.-^ides veins of galena. One of these lodes, when 
 as.sociatit)ns. stripped, showed a width of from six to eight feet, with a course about 
 east-north-east, while two other lodes, each about six feet, and approxi- 
 mately parallel, approached the tirst with a course about north-east 
 or nearly that of the inclosing strata. Portions of these lodes contain 
 numerous small veins of galena, sometimes associated with blende or 
 pyrite, but no considerable body of ore was visible. Beyond stripping 
 the lodes and the firing of a few blasts, no attempt has been made to 
 mine the ore. 
 
 Campobello. — At several points on this island, veins of galena, 
 usually in association with sphalerite or zinc blende have been observ- 
 ed, but at one point only have they been found large enough to lead 
 to any expenditure of capital. This point is near the eastern extremity 
 Wtilchpool. o^ ^^'6 harbour of Welciipool, not far from the former residence of 
 Admiral Owen, where, nearly forty years ago, a quantity of the above 
 ores, chiefly galena, was found to occur in connection with a series 
 of chloritic and hoi-nblendic strata, probably of Huronian age. A 
 level being opened in the bank, not far above high-water mark, several 
 tons of very good ore were extracted, but while the vein, as first ex- 
 posed, was several feet wide, consisting of galena with associated barite 
 
BAILIV. 
 
 J LEAD A.NU SILVER. 35 M 
 
 and pyrite, at the distance of twenty feet or so it dwindled down 
 to a tliickness of only a couple of inches. It was tJen abandoned. 
 
 In this connection, it is of some importance to notice that ores of L^'ad ores uf 
 lead have been observed at a number of localities in the neighbouring 
 district of Washington county, Maine, some of which, as near Lubec, 
 have at times been the basis of more or less extended mining 
 operations. 
 
 On the Magaguadavic River, half a mile below the village of St. 
 George, is a small island upon which, it is said, a vein of galena occurs, 
 yielding masses of pure ore as large as a barrel. 
 
 8t. John County. 
 
 Frenchman Creek, Parish of Lancaster. — The rocks of this locality Lancaster. 
 bear much resemblance to those of Frye Island, Charlotte county> 
 and are almost certainly of Laurcntian age. The principal rock is a 
 whitish or cream-coloured, more or less siliceous limestone, becoming 
 in parts dolomitic : but with this are dark-gray to black rubbly 
 slates, while a little to the north, and co\ ering a space of many acresi 
 are very heavy beds of dark -gray fjuartzite. In visiting the locality in 
 ls97, a trench was found to be in process of eycavation ou a bed of 
 dolomite, disclosing a series of small veins, from one to three inches in 
 width, in which, besides quartz, was contained a quantity of galena 
 associated with honey-yellow sphalerite or zinc blende and some tetra- 
 hediite. Stainings of green and blue copper carbonates were also 
 noticeable. 
 
 The locality is on the farm of Mr. Jno. Burchell, and was being pros- 
 pected by Mr. C. J. AV'eldon, of St. John. The amount of work, how- 
 ever, so far done, has been too small to afford any data for an estimate 
 of its value. Samples having been sent for analysis to the office of the 
 SurM y, and there, freed from all gangue, the metallic sulphides were 
 found by Dr. Hofifmann to contain no gold, but to carry silver to the 
 extent of 25 'OS ounces to the ton of 2000 lbs. 
 
 MusquasJt Harbour, West side. — The Laurentian syenites which occur Musquash 
 here, carry ^eins of white quartz holding sulphides of copper and lead. ^' "'^' 
 A specimen of the pure galena, assayed by Dr. B. J. Harrington, in 
 the laboratory of the Geological Survey, yielded 14-219 ounces to the 
 ton.* The extreme hardness of the country-rock, as compared with 
 that of Frenchman Creek, is against its profitable working. 
 
 *ReiX)rt of Progress, Geol. Surv. Can., 1877-78, p. 52 g. 
 
 3i 
 
36 M 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Norton. 
 
 Hammond 
 River. 
 
 Nigadoo 
 River. 
 
 Klm-tree 
 mine. 
 
 Kings County. 
 
 The following localities are quoted in the reports of the Geological 
 Survey as showing small veins of galena : — 
 
 Norton. — The veins are in Lower Carboniferous limestone resting 
 upon the Huronion rocks of Dickie Mountain. They were observed 
 as early as 1863, but have not been considered sufficiently important 
 to warrant exploration. 
 
 Hammond Rivei\ near Wanamake's Inn, parish of Upham. Galena , 
 with copper-pyrites, in quartz veins penetrating dioritic and petro- 
 siliceous rocks of Huronian age. The veins are small but carry a little 
 silver. An assay by Dr. F. D. Adams gave, silver 3*099 ounces to 
 the ton. 
 
 Quisjmmsis. — Galena with pyrites and blende, in Laurentian gneiss. 
 Gloucester County. 
 
 The localities in this county at which ores of lead have been 
 observed are three in number, viz., the Nigadoo River, the north 
 branch of Elm-tree River and Rocky Brook, a tributary of the Nipisi- 
 guit. All are within moderate distance of the town of Bathurst, and 
 not far from the line of the Intercolonial Railway, but in tracts which 
 are still wooded, nnd somewhat difficult of access. 
 
 At each of the localities named, some little work, chietly of a pros- 
 pecting character, has been done, but at the time of the visit of the 
 writer to the vicinity this had been suspended, the trenches and shafts 
 were tilled with w;iter, and nothing could be learned by peisonal 
 inspection. The locality upon the Xigadoo Rivei', howi ver, was 
 visited by Dr. Ells in 1879, and again in 1881, after mining opera- 
 tions had been commenced, and the ore was described by him as being 
 of good quality.* That of Rocky Brook was similarly examined l)y 
 the late Edward Jack, C.E., of Fredericton, on behalf of the Provin- 
 cial Government, and was desciibed as showing a vein of quaitz 
 carrying more or less galena and pyrite, witli a total width of twenty 
 feet. An assay of the ore by Prot. II. O. Hotibian, of the Massa- 
 chusetts Institute of Technology, is also quoted, as yielding 1 1 ounces of 
 silver and^ 0'24 ounces of gold to the ton. Another analysis (by Piof. 
 Ricketts, of New York) yielded 14 '20 ounces of silver ptr 2000 pounds 
 of the ore, as submitted. 
 
 In the printed''prospectus of the Elm-tree Silver Mining Com- 
 pany, it is stated that about 800 pounds of ore were taken out from a 
 
 Re|K>rt i)f_Priigress, Geol. Surv. Can.,;187(l-80,;j). 45 1>. 
 
•AiLEv] GOLD. 37 M 
 
 six-foot lode upon their property, an assay of which (by J. D. Marsh, 
 iS'ew York), gave silver to the value of -Sli^'^ to the ton, lead §72 and 
 a trace of gold. Another assay (by Frank L. Bartlett, State Assayer 
 of Maine) gave silver 9 ounces, gold 2 penny-weights, lead 73 per cent. 
 
 The prospectus of the Nigadoo Silver Mining Company quotes the Asseys of 
 following analyses of ore from their property : — " '^'"'' "^ '^^'^''' 
 
 Sac'KVILLE, June 22nd, IS81. 
 As.iaii of it'dh iKi. 
 
 (]). Lead (Jl.S ll)s. to tun i.f 2.<Xhi lbs. 
 Silver 31 o7.. to ton of lead. 
 (Jold, slight traces. 
 
 (Signed), J. BiinvAsn. 
 
 August 8th, 1881. 
 
 (2). Lead 71 i>er cent or 1.420 Hw. to ton. 
 Silver 3ti'3 (1/.. troy to ton of ore. 
 Nfurly .")0 oz. to ton of lead. 
 Value about ^W.^ [."er ton. 
 
 (Signed), John Blhwash. 
 
 (3). Met.allic contents i)er ton of 2,000 lbs. 
 
 (Jold, atjjresent value U. S. cy S 0'51 
 
 Silver in troy oz 72 07 SlS'.t 
 
 Leail per cent (10 ^o 60 75 
 
 Total assay value ??142'6."> 
 
 (Signed and sealed), F. L. Baktlktt 
 
 State Assai/cr. 
 Portland. Maine, Aug. 1.5tli, 1881. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 The consideration of the occurrence of this metal in New Brunswick |>^..^„,te,i 
 must, with our present information, be rather a discussion of probabi- discoveries, 
 lities than a .statement of facts. It is true that numerous reports of 
 its discovery have from time to time appeared in the public prints, but 
 in the very few instances in which it has been possible to trace them 
 back to authentic sources, they have proved to be the product of allu- 
 vial washings, and of very small amount. Assays of ores from differ- 
 ent parts of the province have also shown traces of gold, but these 
 again go but a little way towards establishing the auriferous character 
 of the rock formations represented. On the other hand, it is easy to 
 adduce many considerations which favour the belief — fully entertained 
 by tlie writer — that New Brunswick will yet be found to yield gold in 
 economic quantities. 
 
38 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Among these reasons are the following : — 
 
 Reasons T. The occurrence in the pro%-incc, over extensive tracts, of rocks in 
 
 Wief'in^" all probabilit}' of the same geological age as those o* regions elsewhere 
 
 ^^ecunence of generally auriferous. These rocks are mainly the slates and quartzites, 
 
 with their metamorphic equivalents, which traverse New Brunswick a 
 
 little north of its centre, on either side of the great band of intrusive 
 
 granite extending from the Chiputneticook lakes, on the western 
 
 frontier, to the neighbourhood of Bathurst. Though holding at one 
 
 point (Rocky Brook upon the Nashwaak J'iver,) fossils referai)le to 
 
 the base of the Devonian, the larger portion is non-fossiliferous, and 
 
 in the case of the northern belt this is umiuestionably cverlapped, 
 
 unconformably by rocks of Silurian age. Both belts have accordingly 
 
 been coloured in the Survey n.aps as Cambro-Silurian (the Rocky 
 
 Brook beds leing regarded as an infolded outlier of more recent strata), 
 
 PiohabU' but it is quite as probable that tliey include Cambrian strata also, being 
 
 w^'i^'^''''"^'*' thus brought into parallelism with tlH> gold bearin.g belt of the south 
 
 i)e,irin'.x strata coast of Nova Scotia, about the geological age of which a similar doubt 
 of Nova Scotia g^jg^g_ 
 
 It may also be added that a third Ijelt of similar strata, like that of 
 Nova Scotia auriferous, exists in the Chaudien? region of (Quebec, 
 coming up on the northern side from beneath the same basin of Silurian 
 slates as that which directly (j\erlaps the supposed Cambriun rocks 
 of central New Brunswick. Sir William Logan long since expressed 
 the belief that the rocks of the Quebec group as understood by him, 
 (and now known to include in that province both Cambrian and Cam- 
 bro-Silurian strata), were repeati'd in New Brunswick on either side of 
 the granite axis referred to above, and finally, by another anticlinal 
 undulation on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia*. It seems, therefore 
 liut reasonable, in view of the auriferous chara-ter of the rocks of the 
 Chaudiere district and of Nova Scotia, that the probably equivalent 
 rocks of New Brunswick should be alike productive of the precious 
 metal. 
 Coini>arisi.iinf II. The lithological characters of the supposed Cambi'ian or Cam- 
 clKiractt'r.' bro-Silurian rocks of New Brunswick, though not identical with, bear 
 much resemblance to those of (lu; Nova Scotia gold series, tlie likeness 
 being seen not only in tlio system as a whole and in individual members, 
 but also in the order of succession, and the results of metamorphism. In 
 both, the lower and greater portit>n of the series consists of fine-grained 
 sandstones or quartzites (in New Brunswick usually felspathic) alter- 
 
 *St'f li'tttT to I'rof. H. V. Hind in I'reliminaiy Iti'iioi t on t ;■ olojfy of Xtw I'.iuns 
 wiok.— H. Y. Hinil. Kr>(l< rictoi,, ISi'.."). ).. 15. 
 
•AaEY.J GOLD. "i'J M 
 
 nating with gray argiilites, while above there are simple argillites, 
 mostly (lark-cu^aured, but .--ometimes green or red. iii both, these rocks 
 are more or les.s invaded by granite, in apjiroaching which they assume, 
 to some extent, the charaL-ter of tine gneisses and mica-schists, moie or 
 less charged with sucli minerals as gamut, stautolite, tourm dine, etc. 
 In both places the Idgher rocks or argillites are markedly pyritit'erous 
 and with tite pyrite other metaliic sulphides, as those of antimony, arse- 
 nic, lead and zinc occui-. In the New Brunswick rocks horn!)lendic 
 strata, closely similar to those of Yarmouth, N. 8., are met with. 
 
 III. A considerable proportion of all tlie reported '* linds " of alluvial Record of 
 gold ha\e been from districts in or closely adjacent to the belts, which, " "' 
 on other grounds, would seem to afford the most favourable indications 
 of the presence of this metal. Among tiiem may be especially men- 
 tioned the tributaries of the Tobi<iue and Little ^^outhwest .Aliramichi 
 rivers. I'rof. H. Y. Hind, in conntction wiiii a survey for the 
 Provincial (ioverument in iSli."), reported alluvial gold from both of 
 these streams, and e.xhibitcd specimens at the Provincial Exhibition of 
 the same year, wliich are now in the cabinet of the University ot New 
 Brunswick. Other observers report like results, and upon the strength 
 of these, or possibly indejiendent observation.s, certain parties have gone 
 so far as to erect on the Serpentine Rivei-, a branch of the Tolii(]ue, 
 at a point at least Hfteen miles fi'om the nearest settlement, a 
 small stamp-mill wiiereby to test inoie thsproughly the nature of the 
 ground. Under instructions of the Director of the Survey, this point 
 was visited by the writer during the summer of 1897, with results 
 which, though negative as regi-.ids the actual finding of gold, neverthe- 
 less go far, in his opinion, to conlirm the views already e.x pressed as to 
 its probalile future discovery. 
 
 The S.'rpentinn liivrr joins the L'ampi)ell Piiver, or Bight Hand .Sn|,|„j^,.(i 
 
 branch of the Tobioui-, about eight miles above the Forks of the 'xtuiidicf on 
 
 . , . , .s.rip.iitim" 
 
 Tobiijue, anil, according to the published map of the Survev, very Uiv.i. 
 
 nearly in the middle of a band of suppo.sed Cambro-Silurian rocks, 
 
 extending ti.once south westerly to the head waters of the Gul- 
 
 (juac, and north-easterly nearly to Sagamook Mountain at the head 
 
 of the Nictor or Little Tobitpie. About four miles above the mouth 
 
 of Serpentine River, the Caml)ro Silurian rocks, according to the 
 
 map refened to, give place to an extensive tract regarded as pre- 
 
 Cambrian, within which the remainder of this stream lies, together 
 
 with the lakes at its head. The ground for such a separation upon |{,,(.i<s(,f 
 
 the Serpentine, whatever may be the case elsewhere, does not seem to ^•^T'-ntim- 
 
 Kiver. 
 be verv o!)viou>s. and the writer would rither be disposed to regard all 
 
40 M 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Frequency of 
 quart/, veins. 
 
 the -Strata between the lower and the upper fall as being of .similar 
 age, and that age probably Cambrian. Excepting a band of crystalline 
 felsite, which, like the granite of the main fall, is probably intrusive, 
 all the other rocks are quartzites and slat«s ; and except that those 
 nearer the granite are more glossy and tnctuous, it is difficult to see 
 wherein the\' differ from those below. It is, iiowever, in these more 
 glossy slates oi' schists that (juartz veins especially abound, and it 
 Stamp-mill, is here that the stamp-mill to which reference has b';en made, lias been 
 placed. Immediately beneath the latter is a vein of milky quartz, 
 from six to twel\ e inches in width, much stained with iron and holding 
 irregular masses of dark-sreen chlorite, while numerous similar veins 
 are exposed in the banks of the stream for several miles above and 
 below. A considerable quantity of broken cjuartz was lying about, 
 and from this samples were selected for analysis. The slate was in 
 aspect very similar to the auriferous schists of North Carolina, and the 
 appearance alike of the veins and the country-rock, appeared favour- 
 able to the occurrence of gold. The occasional occurrence of mispickel 
 or ursenopyrite was another favourable indication. Several veins 
 examined were found to be, like many of those in Nova Scotia, con 
 formable to the bedding, and in some instances to be lenticulai". 
 Boulders of white or of ferruginous quartz are common in the bed of 
 the stream for a mile or more below the mill. 
 
 No work was in progress at the time of our visit, nor were we sub- 
 secjuently able to obtain any definite information as to the reason for 
 the erection of the mill or the returns therefrom. We were ourselves 
 unabiu lo find any gold, and heard that the parties operating the mill 
 had also failed to obtain any, except by washing in a neighbouring 
 brook ; but of this we are unable to speak with certainty. We can only 
 add that the assays referred to above, made in the laboratory of the 
 Result of Geological Survey, also failed to give satisfactoiy results. Samples from 
 analysis. various veins found at and near the mill, and aggregating twelve pounds 
 
 and a hall in weight, were submitted to trial, but were found to con- 
 tain neither gold nor silver. 
 
 If the information as to the Tobique is indefinite, that relating to 
 the Miramichi a,nd its tributaries is even more so. Positive statements 
 as to the occurrence of gold have indeed been made, and by apparently 
 reliable persons, but until the discoveries are followed up by appli- 
 cations for mining licenses, they can hardly be regarded as worthy of 
 serious attention. 
 
 Altsence of ^^' ^^® regions most likely to be gold producing have been very 
 
 e.xuloration. imperfectly explored. It is true tliat all iiave be-^ n examined, more or 
 
•*n.w] GOLD. 41 M 
 
 loss, by the members of the Survey staff and by others, but the pur- 
 pose of these explorations was mainly the determination of the age, 
 character and limits of the formations represented, not that of syste- 
 matic prospecting. This has yet to be done. It is to l>e remembered 
 also, that the larger part of the districts in question is still uiis^'ttled 
 and for the most part densely covered with forest, and such observa- 
 tions as have been made have been chiefly confined to the larger 
 streams or such as are navigable by canoes. Even in countries which, 
 like Nova Scotia, are known to be auriferous, and where the conditions 
 of the occurrence of gold are now well understood, the discovery of 
 new veins is to a great degree a matter of chance, and a similar chance 
 may at any time alter the view now generally entertained as to the 
 non-productive character of the New Brunswick rocks. 
 
 In addition to the two great belts to which the above I'emarks main- Possil)le gold 
 ly apply, some other districts also deserve notice as possible gold (''"i'larlottt- 
 pi'oducers. One of these is the tract lying to the north antl north- county, 
 east of the town of St. Stephen, in Charlotte county. Here again the 
 rocks may, both in character and succession, be closely paralleled with 
 those of the Nova Scotia gold series, and their age also is in all proba- 
 bility the same. A series of massive gray <iuai'tzites is overlain by 
 black pyritous argillitos, and both are invaded by masses of granite, 
 becoming thereby altered, the one into imperfect gneisses and the 
 other into micaceous, garnetiferous and liornblendie schists. Quartz 
 veins also abound, in some instances of very large size, and some of 
 these, u{.)on tlie authority of Prof. C. H. Hitchcock,* formerly State 
 Geologist of Maine, yielded, at moi'e than one locality, small quantities 
 of gold. On the other hand, assays made by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, of 
 samples obtained from one of these localities (that of the Bolton 
 property) failed to show any gold, while a similar negative result has 
 been obtained in the case of specimens since collected from other 
 points by the writer and submitted to assay in the laboratory of the 
 >>urvey. These were partly from Bailey Settlement and partly from 
 th<; Grimmer farm, between Basswood Ridge road and Getchell Settle- 
 ment road. 
 
 In view of this conflicting testimony the question in this instance, 
 must be regarded as being still an open one, to be decided by further 
 exploration. 
 
 The last region to which reference may be made, is that of the hilly \]i,t.rt countv 
 country comprising the eastern part of St. John county with the ad- 
 joining portions of Kings and Albeit. Small quantities of drift gold 
 were found by the writer, as early as 1S64, in the hills south of the 
 
 " Report on Milie.s and .Minerals of Xeu- 15nin8wick. Bailey. lS(i4. 
 
42 M NKW UUUNSWKK. 
 
 Coverdalo Hiver : iind Prut". H. Y. Hind speaks of the comitiy between 
 Hopewell iind (iuldeii Mountain, examined by liiui, as lieing also 
 slightly auriferous. The existence of small percentages of gold in the 
 copper ores of the soutliern coast of Albert county has also been 
 noticed i»y Prof. Hind. 
 
 The following are other localities in which alluvial gold has been 
 reported : — 
 
 1. Upsalijuitch Lake. Reported by Prof. Hind as slightly auriferou.s. 
 
 2. Nipisigui^ Hivt-r. near the Grand Falls. Hind. 
 
 3. Right-hand Pranch Toljicjue Hiver and Pung I.«ike. Hind. 
 i. Blue Mountain Brook. Hind. 
 
 .'». Springfield, seven miles north-west of Norton station. Hind. 
 
 6. Dutch N'alley road. Traces of gold in py rite. Hind. 
 
 7. Muiiiac Hive!-, Carleton countv. 
 
 8. Nashwaak Puvor, York county. 
 
 9. Frye Island, Charioit.' county, llcported by Dr. A. A. Hayes, 
 of Pioston, as oecurriii;; i:i i|uarl/.ites to the extent of -"rlO to the ton. 
 
 M.\M.ANKrti;. 
 
 Deposus uf The deposits of manganese found in New Prunswick occur in three 
 
 iiuinganesf. diderent formations, of widely ditiering character. 
 
 The deposits which are the oldest geologically, as they were also the 
 first to attract notice, are found in tlie county of Gloucester, in the 
 Tete .=\ t ;aiKh'> vicinity of the falls of the Tete a Gauche River, about eight miles from 
 '^'''" Bathurst. Veins of copper-pyrites having beea found in the same 
 
 neighbourhood, a company was forme<i about the year 18G0 for their 
 development, and a small stamp-mill was erected, but the results 
 proving unsatisfactory, operations were soon suspended and have not 
 since been renewed. 
 
 Recent During the summer of 1897, a visit to this vicinity was made by 
 
 obstrvation-. (jjg author of this report, with the result of showing that the 
 manganese veins of the region are, in all probability, much more 
 numerous than had previously been supjjoscd, and that the metal 
 may possibly occur in quantities which will admit of profitable 
 working. Thus, at points nearly a (juarier of a mile from the place of 
 theii' first discovery at the Falls, the red slates of the district, 
 (probably of Cambrian age), were found to cnrry numerous small veins 
 
 I'ri'liiiiinary ^{('llll^^ uii (IiMilogy <>{ Xiw I'.ruHswii k, Fi'dfiiutdu, ls(i.' 
 
•*>i-E» 1 MAX<;.\XElsE. 43 M 
 
 J 
 
 of pyrolusite : while I was assured by resident farmers that, in road 
 making, they had exposed similar veins, attaining in some instances a 
 width of eight inches. Masses of pure ore, usually highly crystalline, 
 are also found scattered over the neighbouring fields. Unfortunately, 
 the whole district, whicli is nearly flat, is covered deeply with a clayey 
 soil, that completely conceals the underlying rocks, and with them 
 any ores they may contain: but in consideration of wh.at has been 
 stated above, and the further fact that indications of manganese are 
 found in the same belt of rocks in their extension to the Nepisitjuit 
 River, it would certainly seem that the district is worthy of closer 
 investigation than it iias as yet received. As the veins observed are of 
 the nature of "stringers" rather than well characterized lodes, a 
 tracing of them to tiieir points of origin might, reveal deposits of con- 
 siderable extent antl value. 
 
 The second class of manganese ores iu New Brunswick, is that found 
 in connection with tiie rocks of the Lower Carboniferous formation ; 
 and includes the deposits of Markhamville, Jordan Mountain and 
 uther points in Kings county : those of ^Siiepodj' Mountain, in Albert 
 county and those of (.,)uaco, in St. John county. 
 
 MarkliajiiviUi'. — The deposits at tliis place are by fai- the most in- Markhamville 
 teresting wliich have been yet found in New I>runswick, whether they * 
 be regarded from a scientific or from an economic standpoint. Thus 
 not only did they fur years form the basis of an extensive and protit- 
 ai)le industry, but in the course of their development they afforded 
 admirable illustrations of the conditions under which most of the 
 manganese dei>osits of the Maritime Provinces are found. A review 
 of the operations undertaken at tliis point and of the facts then 
 revealed, will theret'ore be of value with reference to any future under- 
 takings of a like character. 
 
 The Markhamville mines are situated near the head of the Ham- Situation. 
 mond River, at a point about forty mUes north-east of the city of iSt. 
 John, and about eight miles south of SusseK station on the Une of the 
 Intercolonial Railway. The district in which tliey occur is an elevated 
 one, and though the ore-beds are found on the sides and towards the 
 bottom <tf a considerable valley, drained by the river, the necessity of 
 surmounting the high ridges which border the latter, in order to reach, 
 within re;isonal)le distance, a suitable place of shipnunt, was, during 
 the operation of the mines, at all times a serious dithculty. The more 
 recent construction of the St. .Martins and Upham (now Central of 
 New Brunswick) Railway, would, weretiie mines at any time reopened, 
 iifford a mvicli more easy and less expensive outlet. 
 
44 M NEW HKUN'SWICK. 
 
 AsMociattHl ""^^ described iu tlie report of the (Geological Survey for 1870-71, 
 
 rwk-*. the rocko which on either side border the valley of ilaiiimond Hiver, 
 
 at Markhaiuville, are of Huroiiian ai,'e, consistiuj,' of dark-gray to 
 Ijlack dioiites and fel>itic beds, that in places are more or less 
 brecciated, an(i are probably of volcanic origin. Tlu>y are themselves 
 to some extent manganifertjus, and aie probably the source from which 
 the more considerable deposits have been derived, but these are wliully 
 confined to beds of m<^re recent age, viz., to Lower Carboniferous lime- 
 stones and associated strata resting upon the lluronian beds, and to 
 dej^KJsits of clay and gravel connected tlierewith. A deep covering of 
 drift makes it impossible to determine with accuracy the order of suc- 
 cession of the Lower Carboniferous sediments, but from what data are 
 available, it is probable that the limestones represent tiu- base of the 
 Carboniferous system at this point, the higher beds being represented 
 by red conglomerates and sandstones. 
 
 First The eailiest discoveries of mangane>-e in this vicinity are said to 
 
 have been made by .Mr. C. F. Matthew, the property being sub- 
 sequently leaseil by Mr. Wni. Davidson, of St. John. The first 
 systematic (tperations, for the e.xtiactiun of the ore, were, however, 
 undertaken by Culonel Alfred Markham, on behalf of the Victoria 
 Manganos'"' Company, about tuti year l.S^i4. and to his energy and 
 perseverance is to Ije credited the large development which they sub- 
 se(iuently underwent. 
 
 DtvfloiDiifit. The deposits first lemoved were superficial ones, consisting of ore 
 inclosed, in the manner of pockets, in beds of clay, mingled more or 
 less with gravel, and holding boulders of limestone. These deposits 
 had a depth of twelve feet or more. Somewhat later, operations were 
 extended to t'le underlying limestones, l)Ut in these also the distribu- 
 
 Ineguliirityof tion of the ore was found to be most irregular, thus leading to great 
 nuctuations in the output of successive years, as well as in the profits 
 derived therefrom. In more than one instance an entire season would 
 be occupied in profitless search, and operations would be upon the 
 point of abandonment, when new and possibly richer deposits would 
 be struck, thus prolonging, for a greiter or less time, the life of the 
 
 StopiKigf. mine. Such linds, however, eventually became too rare to admit of 
 continued ex})ensive search, and about the year 1S!)3 the mines were 
 finally closed, tliough the extensive plant used in connection there- 
 
 Outinit. with has never been removed. Tlie output, during the first twenty- 
 
 three years of operation, varied fi-om 500 to 1500 tons per year, and 
 the value, as delivered at Sussex, from •'rfl5 to 850 per ton The total 
 output appears to have exceeded alxnit i.'JjOOO tons. 
 
■AllEV. 
 
 ■1 
 
 MAN'fJAXESE, 
 
 45 M 
 
 During the period of their greatest activity, the deposits at Mark- ohsf^r vat ions 
 hamville were visited and very carefully examined by Dr. U. A. F. "• *"• *''"^*' 
 Penrose, in connection with a similar examination then being made 
 bv him of .all known deposits of this metal in North America, and the 
 results of his observation? were published in a volume wholly devoted 
 to this subject, forming a part of the Annual Report of the Geological 
 Survey of Arkansas for 1890. As, (jwing to the closing of the mines, 
 such observations are not now possible, and those referred to, the 
 work of a recognized authority, are not only a remarkably full and 
 clear account of these mines, but of their probable origin and their 
 relations to manganese mines elsewhere, it has Vieen thought well to 
 reproduce here, from the volume referred to, some of the more impor- 
 tant statements. — 
 
 " The ore occurs either as crystalline pyrolusite and raanganite, or Xaturt- of ore. 
 in a compact, massive, nodular or bedded form, sometimes coutaining 
 psilomelane. 
 
 " The ore-bearing limestone is generally of a gray colour, but at Mode of 
 times is pink or buff, and is associated with shaly strata. It contains ^^ ''■''fnce. 
 veins of crystalline calcite, in which masses of pyrolusite are frequently 
 found, but the principal ore-deposits are lenticular l)odies interstrati- 
 fied with the limestone. These occur either as irregular pockets, or as 
 rtat layers, more or less continuous for considei-able distances, and 
 
 Sc.\r,K S fpet to 1 inch. 
 Fii:. 1. Skctioxs in Oi>kntm;s at the M.ihkii.\mvili.k Mi.ne, Nkw Dkinswick, 
 
 ShoWINC THK MODKOK OCCIRKKNIE OK THK M A.\(i.\XKSK < »RK. 
 
 A. Limestone. 
 
 B. Manganese ore. 
 
iCi M XKW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 becoming thin and thick at intervals. In some place.s such deposits 
 widen out into pockets from which several hundred tons of fire have 
 been taken, and in one opening 3000 tons are said to have been 
 mined. Though in places the pockets do not always adiiere strictly to 
 the bedding of the rock, yet in a general way they follow it. Some- 
 times veins and pockets cut directly across the bedding, but the.se are 
 generally smaller than the others and are probably due to a secondary 
 chemical action by which they have been derived from the bedded 
 ores. 
 
 Expliuuitioii " The two sections [Fig. 11 represent exposures of ore in openings on 
 u sectiuns. j^jjg property, and illustrate on a small scale the characteristic modes of 
 occurrence, though very much larger bodies of ore than those here 
 shown have been worked. The smaller sectio.n shows an interstrati- 
 fied lenticular la\'er of ore through the centre and an irregular, 
 isolated pocket lying in another plane of stratitic.iticjn aljove. The 
 larger section shows two lenticular pockets following the same line of 
 stratification in the limestone, but separated by a barren area. 
 
 Decomiiosi- " The surface of the limestone has often been decomposed and a red 
 
 tiou of liiiit- residual clay, frequently nii.xed with surface gravel, has collected in 
 considerable quantities. The ore that was originally in the part of the 
 limestone which has decayed, is now found buried in the clay ; and 
 therefore deposits of ore-bearing clay or gravel, overlying the partly 
 decomposed surface of the limestone, are of frequent occurrence. 
 Such deposits are rarely more than from eight to twenty feet in thick- 
 ness, but the ore in them is cheaply worked, and they have supplied a 
 large part of the output of the Markhamville mine. Frequently the 
 decomposition of the limestone has spread downward more rapidly 
 along the outcrop of a body of ore than elsewhere, causing somewhat 
 abrupt hollows tilled with residual clay and mangJine^e '>re, and con- 
 taining in the bottom, the outcrop of the ore in situ in the rock. 
 
 " ^Jot oidy has decomposition taken place on the surface, but it has 
 also gone on to a considerable extent underground, frequently causing 
 subterranean cavities and passages. When these have intersected 
 bodies of manganese the floors are covered with loose fragments of 
 ore, brought there in the same way as tha'. in the residual clay on the 
 surface. Kidney-shaped masses of glossy, black limonite are fre- 
 quently found with the cave deposits, and these also ha\e doubtless 
 come from the limestone. 
 
 " The figure [Fig. 2] represents a section exposed in a suiface pit. It 
 shows the decayed surface of the limestone and the overlying residual 
 
HAN(iANESE. 
 
 47 M 
 
 material, with fragments of ore that have weathered out of the rock. Surface i>it. 
 It will be observed that the body of ore in the limestone has been partly 
 freed from the rock by decay, and that the fragments have become en- 
 veloped in the overlying clay. It will also be noticed that the decay 
 (if the rock has reached deeper where there is ore than where there is 
 ntjne. 
 
 S(Al.ElOf,.,-t to 1 incli. 
 Fii;. 2. Se(Ti<in .\T THK Mai'.kma.mvii.i.k mi.nk. Nkw UurNswicK. .■<howini; the i>k- 
 
 CAY OF THE <11tE-HEAllI.N(; I.I.MESTUNE AND THE F(>KM.\TION" OK KESIDIAI. OKE- 
 BEAIilNi; CLAY. 
 
 A. Limestone. 
 
 B. ^liiiigiinese I ire. 
 
 C. Manjjane^e-lx'iiriiig clay. 
 
 " Though a large amount of manganese has l)een taken from the sur- Wdrkingrs. 
 face clay beds and the caves, yet the deposits of ore in the limestone 
 have also been extensively worked, and in many places the rock is 
 honeycombed with a network of shafts and drifts, following the erra- 
 tic courses of the ore-bodies in all their intricacies. 
 
 " The thickness of the limestone varies considerably; in one of the The limestone, 
 pits a depth of twelve feet was found, and a diamond drill boring 
 in another part of the property showed a thickness of fifty live feet. 
 Probabl}' a great^sr thickness will be found elsewhere. The bed is 
 much disturbed and is folded into small anticlines and synclines, 
 but at Markhamville it has a general dip to the nurth-west and a strike 
 of north-east and south-west. In many places it contains fossils, and 
 sometimes the carbonate of lime of these has been partly replaced by 
 manganese, which has subsequently been oxydized, and now exists as a 
 black, more or less calcareous, mass." 
 
48 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Annual The following table affords more exact information of the annual 
 
 output. 
 
 of OJV. 
 
 out[)ut of manganese in New Brunswick between the years 1868 and 
 1894, almost the whole of which was furnished by the Markharaville 
 mines. 
 
 Exports of Manganese ores from Xeir Brnnswick, 186S-189.'t : — 
 
 1868. 
 18(i9. 
 1870. 
 1871. 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 187o 
 
 1871! 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 2,liH) 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 18S3 
 
 18S4 
 
 18S5 
 
 188(5 
 
 1887 
 
 188S 
 
 18S<t 
 
 18!tO 
 
 18itl 
 
 18!)2 , 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 Tot^il 23,024 40!t,203 
 
 In the year 1S94, the ex])ort jiractically ceased. The mines at 
 Markhamville yielded over one half of the whole Canadian product up 
 to the time at which woik was su-jiendcd. 
 Hifjh srivli' As indicated by tlio pi-ecoding table, the manganese ores of Mark- 
 
 hamville are largely high-grade ores, and derive their value not so 
 much from their manganese contents as from their being in a condi- 
 tion to readily part with their oxygen, and hence to be of service in 
 such chemical processes as demand the free uae of the latter. Among 
 these are the manufacture of chlorine, the decolorization of glass and 
 the making of varnishes and cements, and for these purposes the Mark- 
 hamville product was chiefly used. Other uses to which they are 
 adapted are the construction of Leclanche batteries, the manufacture 
 of disinfectants, such as manganate and permanganate of potash, as 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 K(il 
 
 .>=< 19,019 
 
 332 
 
 <i,174 
 
 146 
 
 .3. .580 
 
 054 
 
 X,18(> 
 
 1.07.-) 
 
 24,495 
 
 1,031 
 
 20,192 
 
 77« 
 
 I(;,9(;i 
 
 194 
 
 5.314 
 
 391 
 
 7,310 
 
 785 
 
 12,210 
 
 ,520 
 
 5.971 
 
 1,732 
 
 20,01 () 
 
 2,llH) 
 
 31.707 
 
 i,r)04 
 
 22.532 
 
 771 
 
 14.227 
 
 i,<'i;: 
 
 l(i,70S 
 
 4(19 
 
 «».(:35 
 
 1,007 
 
 29.595 
 
 1,377 
 
 27,484 
 
 839 
 
 20,572 
 
 1,094 
 
 1C..073 
 
 1.377 
 
 2G,.320 
 
 1,729 
 
 34,248 
 
 233 
 
 (M ; 1 
 
 59 
 
 2.025 
 
 10 
 
 112 
 
 45 
 
 2,400 
 
B*ILtV>1 
 
 man<;ank8g. 
 
 49 M 
 
 colouiiiig niatefials in the printing of calicoes, the staining of glass, .\|>|)lici>tiona. 
 potteiy, brick, etc., and the making of paints. For the manufacture 
 of spiegeleisen and ferro-nianganese, alloys of the metal u.sed in the 
 manufacture of steel, the " available oxygen '" has no importance, and 
 much cheaper ores may be employed. But little of the Markhamville 
 ore wa>, accordingly, used for this purpose. 
 
 In preparation for market, the better class of ores, known locally as 
 high-class ores, were tirst crushed, then washed and finally sized in 
 screens, to be afterwards loaded in old petroleum barrels, containing 
 something over 1000 pounds each. These were usually estimated by Kstimation 
 their appearance, but sometimes by analysis, the very best ranging as "^ v.ilues. 
 high as ninety-six per cent of pure manganese ore, worth about tive 
 cents per pound. The lower grades, under the name of " furnace ore " 
 or '' metallic ore " were shipped without special treatment, the price 
 being based upon analysis, fifty per cent of manganese being employed 
 as the standard. In the year 1888, the price in England of this latter 
 ore was 815 per ton. 
 
 The Markhamville mine is said to have produced some of the high- 
 e.5t grade manganese found in the world. 
 
 The following are three analyses of high-class ore from Mark- Analyses, 
 hamville, taken from The Mineral Resources of the United States, 
 
 1888 :- 
 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 Manganese binoxide 
 
 Manganese peroxide 
 
 Silica 
 
 Iron - 
 
 Iron peroxide ... 
 
 98 70 
 
 ■ •55' 
 75 
 
 
 
 97-25 
 
 96 62 
 
 
 
 •85 
 
 •95" 
 Trace. 
 95 
 
 •78 
 
 ■ ^85 ■ 
 Trace. 
 1 75 
 
 Barium 
 
 Barvta and Silica 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Water 
 
 
 Loss 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 100 00 
 
 10000 
 
 10000 
 
 An analysis of furnace ore (No. 3) as quoted in The Mineial 
 Resources of the United States, 1885, gave : — 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Peroxide of iron 
 
 Peroxide of manganese . 
 
 Carlwnate of linie 
 
 Silica 
 
 Siil|i!ir,r 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 9 
 
 ■75 
 •74 
 40 
 •50 
 ■02 
 
50 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Glebi mini'. Glebe Mine. — This mine was situated three miles north-east of 
 
 Markhamville, and about seven miles from the I. C. R. at Sussex. 
 
 According to Dr. Penrose, the ore was fc>und in a limestone 
 re.sembling that at Markhamville, though much less disturbed than at 
 that place, and dipping gently to the west. The ore occurs in the 
 limestone in nodules and thin layers, frequently associated with calcite, 
 and following the general direction of the stratification. Several shafts 
 and tunnels were opened, the deepest being eighty-five feet. 
 
 Operations at this point were carried on for a short time only, and 
 no particulars are iiow available. 
 
 .roitl;in Jordan Monntnin. — This mine, discovered in 1882, is situated on the 
 
 . lounr:un south-eastern side of Jordan Mountain, and near the head of a brook 
 forming one of the trioutaries of Smith Creek, itself a branch of the 
 Kennebecasis River. It is distant about seven miles from Sussex 
 station on the Intercolonial Railway, and about seventeen miles from 
 Markhamville, oeing connected with the former (with the exception 
 of about a mile near the mine) by a well l)uilt and easily travelled 
 thorouf^hfare. 
 
 (Jiulogical The general geological relations at Jordan Mountain are similar to 
 
 cuiulituin. those of MarkhamvilU', l. <■. the ores are sinularly found in Lowfr 
 Carboniferou-^ strata near the contact of tlie latter with older meta- 
 Tiiorphic I'Mcks (gneisses, felsites, etc.) presumably of prci-Ca.iibi ian age. 
 But instead of oceuning, as at the locaiily last iiam^'d, chietly in lime- 
 stones, or in clayey deposit-- wliieli have been t<irmfd l)y the d>'com- 
 position of the limestone, they are here found in coiinivtion with shales 
 and slialy conglonieratfs. made up largely of fragments of the older 
 rocks on which they rest, which art- distant from the mine only al)oiit 
 200 yards. The mine, so called, is merely a trencli. which at the time 
 of examination, several years ago, was found to be about seventy feet in 
 length, with a depth of from ten to twel ve feet. The sides of this trench 
 show the slialy conglomerates dipping in each case to the south-east at 
 an angle of 70", while the base of the tfv^nch was chietly occupied by 
 the deposit of manganese, extending for a distance of alxiut sixty-tive 
 feet, with an average thi'kne-s of .lixuit six feet. 
 
 Qi,^^ Tn ajiproaching the ends of the cuttiuii', the ore deposit was fcund to 
 
 thin out rapidly and to alternate with the conglomerates ; l)ut the 
 trench had not been opened sutficiently far to enable one to form a 
 very accurate idea, either as to its extent or character. Its appear- 
 ance was that of a lenticular mass conformable to the bedding rather 
 than that of a vein, but such mode of occurrence has alreadv Ix en 
 
EALEY. j MANGANESE. 51 M 
 
 referred to as common in manganese deposits, and has little bearing 
 
 upm the total quantity of ore which the beds inav contain. About lf''"ii>v;il of 
 
 250 tons are said to have been removed. 
 
 In addition to the main vein, small veins and stringers of manganese 
 oxide were observed penetrating the surrounding rocks for a distance 
 of twenty or thirty feet, while in some instances angular fragments of 
 conglomerate were apparently cemented by the ore into a sort of 
 breccia. 
 
 This brecciated character of tlie Jordan Mountain deposits, in con- I'.ivcciation of 
 tnist with those of Markhamville, is interesting, as being, according to il,'.''j""'"" ""^ 
 Dr. Penrose, a common feature in connection with manganese ore-beds 
 both in Canad I and the United States. Thus at Tenny Cape, in Nova 
 Scotia, this feature is very conspicuously seen, as it is also in the great 
 deposits of tlie Batesville region in Arkansas. In discussing its pro- 
 baljle v^iigin, the author referred to, points out that the brecciation is 
 coiitined to the mantjanese-bearing strata, and therefore can hardly be 
 tlie result of folding, especially as the associated beds are of a charac- 
 ter which would make them equally susceptible to the effects of 
 shearing ; and is inclined to ascribe the result to chemical action, this 
 action being possibly connected, in some instances at least, with the 
 association of gypsum beds. None of the latter, however, have as yet 
 been observed in immediate proximity to the Jordan Mountain 
 deposits. 
 
 The ore of the main vein at Jordan Mountain is mostly a fine-grained Ciiar.icter 
 pyrolusite, of a massive character and iron-black or steel-gray colour 
 and dull lustre, but exhibiting also crystalline veins and masses. 
 Probably with the j)yrolusite is more or less manganite and other 
 oxides. The rocks in the vicinity are everywhere stained brown from 
 the presence of the same ores, and trial-pits oj)ened upon t)ther portions 
 of the same property at considerable distances from, but on the same 
 general line as that oi the vein already opened, have bern found to 
 contain manganese in greater or less abundance. Of specimens collect 
 ed at random, some were found to be quite pure, while others contained 
 a considerable admixture of quartz. Limonite, hiematite, barite and 
 calcite, all of which occur at Markhamville, were not observed at 
 Jordan Mountain. The absence of clay deposits here is probably con- 
 nected with the absence of limestones. 
 
 The following are several analyses of the Jordan Mountain ore : — 
 
:yj. M 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Aiwlv-eB. 
 
 v^'iiaco mines 
 
 >uuHti<m. 
 
 Natui'.- of ( 
 
 Asisofiati'd 
 rocks. 
 
 1. Analysis by Prof. P. B. Wilson, Baltimore, Md., Nov. 7, 1887 : 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 -Manganese binoxide 8(5 08 
 
 (Equal to iiietnlljc niaiifranese 54 oT). 
 
 Iron oxide 087 
 
 Silica 2 8li 
 
 2. Analysis by Dr. Olto Wirtii, Pittsburgh, Pa., Nov. 22, 1887: 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 Metallic manganese o2'88 
 
 Iron IIH 
 
 Silica !»■?» 
 
 l*hosi)lK>rus 014 
 
 •3. Anal3'sis by Pennsylvania Steel Company, Dec. 12, 1^87 : 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Manganese 57 ' 3^ 
 
 Silica 0-2;( 
 
 Phosphorus • OU 
 
 Sulphur Otil 
 
 Quaco Head Mine. - This mini' was also examined by Dr. Penrose, 
 whose description of its features could not well be improved. It is as 
 follows: "The Quaco Head mine is situated on Quaco Head, on the 
 north shore of the Bay of Fundy, one mile south of the town of St. 
 Martins, about thirty miles east of St. John, and twenty-four miles 
 south of Markhamville. Tt forms a bold headland protrudinjj into 
 the bay for almost a mile and forming the southern barrier of Quaco 
 Harlx)ur. A branch railway connects St. Martins with Hampton, on 
 the Intercolonial Railway, which runs thence to St. John, making the 
 total distance from Quaco Head to St. John, by rail, fifty-one miles. 
 The mine has been worked at several different times, and up to 
 April, 1889, several hundred tt)ns of ore are said to have been taken 
 out. The property was acijuired in 1889 by the Brunswick Manganese 
 Company. 
 
 " The manganese is sometimes crystalline, representing pyrolusite 
 and possibly also manganite, while at other times it is hard and 
 massive, possibly representing psilomelane, and still again it is in 
 porous, honeycombed form. These ores are found in Lower Carbonifer- 
 ous shales and limestones, associated with a large conglomerate bed. 
 
 " The rocks are greatly disturbed and have been much shattered and 
 broken by igneous intrusions. They now stand at steep angles, 
 sometime? almost vertically, exposing, in different parts of the head- 
 land, areas of limestone, shale and coarse conglomerate. Masse.s of 
 igneous mateiial protrude into these beds at different points, ami 
 
] 
 
 JIANT.ANESE. 
 
 5:5 M 
 
 on either side of tiie headland are bedf> of Triassic sandstone and 
 fine conglomerate lying unconformably on tlie upturned edges of the 
 older rocks. 
 
 "The general section [here reproduced] shows the relation of the Gcolof<ieal 
 dilferent rocks. It will be seen that the conglomerate forms the *'^'^""' 
 highest part of the lieadland, that to the nortii-east of it are successively 
 the shale, limestone and an igneous intrusion, and that the Triassic 
 caml-tone occupies both sides of the headland. 
 
 S.w, 
 
 
 ' '•/'. ' •■. •■■/•'•.••'• :'''') 
 
 I ^ y •••• .■••••■ •■.-./>'■/ 
 
 /. '■^ .... ••....•■■' /- ,. 
 
 ' • c 'r- " " V " " -^ "■=" — r 
 
 HiinzontHl sc.ilt' <>t'iO fc.'t til 1 inch. Vfrtieal scale 10<)f<'t't to 1 incli. 
 
 Fli.. :i. SkiIKIN (iN '^(.\<(> UkAI". \KW IjlUNsSVilK. 
 
 A. Liniestoiu'. 
 
 11. Sliiile. 
 
 C'. Ctiiigloinciate. 
 
 I >. Tiias.sic saiKlstoiu . 
 
 '■ The maii;j;anese occurs as nodules and irregular, discontinuous veins, MoHf nf 
 in both the siiale and the limestone, though the larger quantities are '^'""'^'"'''*- 
 in the former. The nodules vary from the fraction of an inch to sev- 
 eral inches in diameter, and the thickness of the veins is equally vari- 
 able. The disturbed character of the rocks renders it somewhat 
 ditheult to dftermine the thickness of the main ore-bearing bed, but it is 
 probably not over thirty feet, though smallei- (juantities of manganese 
 are found in the rocks on either side. The ore is scattered through this 
 thickness in very variable <juantities. The amount of conunercially 
 available ore at Quaco Head is small. 
 
 "The igneous rock is a hard, light-gray, close-grained material of a 
 texture sumewiiat like trap. The limestone is like that of .M;irk!iam- 
 ville. though it is much reddened at the contact with the igneous r<»ck. 
 The conglomerate bed is composed of coarse pebbles of metamorphic 
 rocks. It dips steeply to the .south, and forms a bold bluH', on which 
 the lightiiouse of <^u ico Head i.s situated. The sandstones and con 
 glomerates at e.ich end of the section ire of a Ijriek-red colour, and 
 vaiy from oarse sau'lstone to a line conglomerate, with pebbles from 
 a ijuarter of an inch to one inch in diameter, both sand and pebbles 
 !»eing composed of white (]uartz stained by a ferruginous cement. 
 
54 H 
 
 NEW liKUNSWlCK. 
 
 Analyses. 
 
 Sometimes these beds contain small irregular seams or nodules of man- 
 ganese ore, which, however, are in very limited quantity, and have 
 doubtless been derived, during the deposition of the beds, from the ero- 
 sion of the Lower Carboniferous rocks/' 
 
 The accompanying analyses by Dr. A. M. Comey, show the compo- 
 sition of the better grades of ore from Quaco Head, 
 
 Analyses of Manganese ore from Quaco Head, New Biunswick. 
 
 Cunstitufiits. 
 
 Mangilnl'^f■ ]>tnp\iilc 
 
 Ferric o\i<lt' 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 Sulphur . . 
 
 Insoluble silicates. . . 
 
 |Cuiniiact varii'ty.' Ponms variety. 
 
 Manpanese . 
 Iron 
 
 71 r)4 
 2- 111 
 
 trace. 
 02 
 0(1 
 
 ,s:-i7 
 
 58-20 
 1 3.S 
 
 (!;•) 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 ■75 
 
 tr; 
 
 ice. 
 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 (HI 
 
 i; 
 
 m 
 
 57 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 2:^ 
 
 " The ore-bearing rocks can be traced back on the promontory at in- 
 tervals for almost a mile, to a place where an opening has been made 
 on the farm of Mr. ^lohisUey. On the north side of the Head, small 
 scattered nodules of manganese ore are found in the gravel diift that 
 lines that part of Quaco Harbour and extends inland over tlie Lower 
 Carboniferous rocks. They have doubtless been derived from the lat- 
 ter rocks duiing depositi(-n of the gravel, in the .same way that the led 
 sandstone just mentioned obtained its manganese contents at an ear- 
 lier date.' 
 
 lisbury Hay On the east side of Salisbury Bay, in Albert ccninty, a small deposit 
 of manganese oie occurs near a contact of Lowei Carboniferous and 
 Triassic sandstones, but is not of economic importance. 
 
 In the vicinity of Elgin, in the same county, large pieces of gooci ore 
 are scattered over the surface, but when seen (1878) their source iiad 
 not been ascertained.* 
 
 ShepiKly 
 Mountain 
 
 Shepody Mountain. — This eminence, one of tlie higl)l■^l in .southern 
 New Brunswick, having an elevation of about 1000 feet, has a com- 
 posite structure, its lower half being composed of chlorilic hydiouiiia- 
 
 'RejKjrt of Progress, (Jeol. Sur\ . Can., 1S7S 7"-'. |i. IS n. 
 
""-'^J MANGANESE. 55 M 
 
 schists and related rocks, forming a portion ot' a long ridge of sucli 
 sediments extending ulong the ISt. John and Albert county coasts ; 
 while the upper half consists of Lower Carboniferous strata, including 
 the usual association of gray, more or less bituminous limestones, red 
 conglomerates, red and gray sandstones and shales. On the north-east 
 side of the mountain, near the road leading from Hopewell Corner to 
 the Albert mines, the contact ot the two sets of rocks may be seen, 
 and in the limest'>nes occurring here are the old excavations of the 
 Hopewell Manganese Mines. 
 
 These mines were opened about the yeai- 1860, by Mr. Steadman, of History. 
 Hopewell, an adit being driven horizontally into the limestones for a 
 distatice of about five hundred feet. From the latter a considerable 
 ijuantity, at least 500 tons, was removed and siiipped partly to Eng- 
 land and partly to the United States, bringing, it is :;aid, about 850 
 per ton, though exact returns of the product are not now avai.able. 
 The ore was a compact black oxide, less crystallized than the ores of Nature ni . nc. 
 Markharavil'.e, but said to be of very high grade. It was found to 
 occur both in veins and beds, of which the latter attained in places a 
 thickness of five feet. Owing to various causes, however, of which 
 little is now known, work was abandoned many years ago, and the 
 works have long been in ruins. It is thcmght l)y many that the 
 deposits of manganese are by no means exhausted. 
 
 The third class of manganese ores to whicii reference has been made 
 are the superficial, impure and more or less earthy ores, commonly 
 known as wad or bog manganese. These are found in beds of greater 
 or less extent, and with varying pioportions of manganese oxide, in 
 many parts of the province, but with one e.vception have been con- 
 sidered a-i Innng without value. This exception will now be inure 
 particularly noticed. 
 
 Jiiig Manganese or ]V<id <ij Datrson Stltl''int'nt, AUtert fonuly. — iJawsmi 
 This very remarkable deposit is located about five miles and a half i"|'ew,'Ji'tl"' 
 from the town of Hillsborougli, on the slope of a hill inclining north- 
 easterly at a low angle towards a small brook, (lowing thence to the 
 Petitcodiac River, and whose opposite slope is occupietl by the settle- 
 ment above named. The upper part of the first ridge is wooiled, but 
 between the edge of the latter and the brook the ground is cleared, 
 and upon I'emoval of a thin coating of vegetable matter, usually not 
 mure than two inches in depth, is found to be everywhere covered 
 with a very fine black powdery deposit, con.sisting essentially uf man- 
 ganese oxide. 
 
56 M VKW imUNSWICK. 
 
 Kvtciit The {iropprty. as leased, embraces an area of about 1.10 acrt-s. and 
 
 upon .about eighteen or twenty acies, or as far as searched for, the ore 
 has l)een found, the deposit varyin;^ in depth fioni a lew inclies to 
 thirty feet. In a survey recently made by a Crown i.aiul surveyor. 
 seventy-three borings were made, in scjuares of one liundred feet, over 
 a space of seventeen acres, showing an average depth of six feet 
 seven and three-cjuarter inches, equal to 1900 pounds to the cubic 
 yard. There is, accordingly, already in sight and available for use : — 
 
 Ti.i..-. 
 
 Ill situ i>n liillsidc, 17 iicrc-i I7:i.l7t> 
 
 in iliviii;,'li'iUM' and <hf(ls 40n 
 
 Tc >tal 173,57<! 
 
 Ij.l.t , According to the stat-ments of the manager of tli(> property. Mr. 
 
 J{. P. Hoyt, to whom I am imlebted foi- assistance and \aluable infor- 
 mation, the iron rods used in the above borings, in many of the deepest 
 ]>iaces. failed to go down over twentytive or thirty feet, and then 
 struck what was apparently hard manganese ore, s(» that the abo-.e 
 results indicate the minimum ([uanlity. The general aspect of the 
 ground is shown ii, an accompanying photograph, representing one of 
 the numerous livnches dui: in the C(.)urse of development. 
 
 .\nal.\>i~. Twe]\e analyses of the ore ha\e been made by competent chemists, 
 
 including Prof. E. P. Duiiniiigton. f'niversity of Virginia, William 
 White, jr.. Pittsburgh, Pa., tlu; chemists of the Cambria Iron Works, 
 .lohnstown. Pa., the Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsbui'gh, Pa., and the 
 Illinois .Steel Co., Chicago, 111., the average of these giving ;— 
 
 I'll- (•cur. 
 
 Metallic inaiifraiifsi' 4.') HI 
 
 Metalli.' iron !l !l.". 
 
 S.ilplmr m 
 
 I'llllSpllOlUS. 0') 
 
 Silica .5S<> 
 
 r-e'. These ores are thus, in comparison with tho>e of Markhamville. low- 
 
 itrade ores, and would i)e oi little or no vaUie for the uses to which the 
 latter are chiefly put. Nor in their natural condition would they 
 have commercial value of any kind. It is, however, proposed to sub- 
 ject them to a bricquetting process whereby the pulverulent and absorb- 
 ent mass shall be leiulered solid, non-absorbent and capable of easv 
 handling, in which condition it may l)e advantageously u.sed in the 
 
 PruiHiMii manufacture of spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese. I'or this purpose 
 
 applioatinii t'l an extensive plant, embracing drying furnaces, compressors, brictiuet- 
 iiianrifaotiirf . . i i ' i i i i . . 
 
 of si>iep<]t'is.ii tnig machines, etc., lias lieen erected close by tlie manganese de[>osits, 
 

 y. 
 
 r. 
 
 ■7. 
 
 r. 
 
 y. 
 
 y. 
 
"*i'-Ei'- 1 MANGANKSE. 57 M 
 
 and also neat' to the truck of a hranch railway, one mile and a half in 
 
 lensTth, built bv the company, and connecting with the Harvey and 
 
 Salisbury llailway at a point eleven miles from !Salisl)ury, whence, over 
 
 the Intercolonial Railway the product may be readily shipped to all Snijii.in!;. 
 
 Canadian and United States points, the freight rate being on a basis 
 
 of about >^o.'2() jier ton to Chicago. The shipping point Ijy sea is five 
 
 miles and a half by rail from the mine to Hillsborougii, with direct 
 
 landing at wharf for vessels of 800 to 1000 Ums capacity. The rail 
 
 rate to Hillsborough is about twenty-tive cents per ton, the vessel rate 
 
 to Atlantic ports of the United States, and others at a greater distance, 
 
 is about •'r'l.OO per ton. 
 
 On Sawmill Creek, which traverses a valley along the western base o.i,,., 
 of Shepody Mountain, manganese ore has been observed, and is now '' >;''|'|'^- 
 'icing e.xploited by Mr. H. P. Hovt, of Hillsborough. 
 
 The following additional localities of bog manganese are indicated 
 by specimens in the ^luseum oi the University of New Brunswick, 
 l»ut of which particulars are not now available; — Kichibuctti, (Kent 
 county) : Bull Moose Hill, (Kings county) : Queensbury, (York 
 • ounty) ; Elgin, (Albert county) : Moores Mills, (Charlotte county) ; 
 and the vicinity of Woodstock, /Carleton county;. One of the 
 Frrdericton cemeterio, just above the old Goveriimt'nt House in 
 Fredericton. is underlain by a bed of impure wad. 
 
 According to the scale of \aluation in use among consumers of man- Wilnation. 
 ganese ores (multiplying the percentage of manganese by the price per 
 unit, and forty-tive per cent ores being worth twenty-eight cents a unit), 
 \\f Dawson Settlement ore would have, alh-wing sixty cents for iron 
 value, a total average value of §l-'> to 814, though portions (jf it 
 would range much higher than this. At present it is the intention of 
 the company to use the material solely in the manufacture of steel, 
 and with that object in view it has bought the plant of the Pictou 
 Charcoal Iron Company, at Bridgeville, X. S., to which the ore is t(t 
 be sent. In tiie latti'r place the company is in possession of 4000 
 acres of w^oodland and twenty-two charcoal kilns, while the plant at 
 i >awson Settlement, with railway, has an estimated value of about 
 •-=30,000. The company is known as the Mineral Products Com- 
 pany, the head quarters being in New York, with Mr. Kussel P. Hoyt, 
 of Hillsboi'ough, as general manager. 
 
 The proce-ss of manufacture now in opiration at Dawson Settlement ]'i,,c(.-..s o 
 may be brietly summarized as follows : — nunnfattiiif. 
 
 The ore is brought in tram-cars from the deposits near by, and on 
 reaching the work- i- dumped on a platform on a le\e! with the feed- 
 
58 M NKW UUUNSWRK. 
 
 hopper r»f !i large revolving "drier,"' the latter beins,' a cylinder of 
 half-inoli iron, five feet in diameter, and twenty-eight feet long, 
 inclosed in a brick chamber 10 x 44 feet, and thirty feet high, liy 
 the revolution of the drier, which is heated by wood or coal fires 
 beneath, the material now deprived of a large part of its water, is 
 carried to the end of tiie brick chamber, and there dropped into a 
 special conveyor, bv which it is carried to the foot of a bucket elevator, 
 and by this to the top of the building. Here it is made to pass 
 through a revolving scieen with the effect that the finer part passes 
 into and is retained by the " dry ore bin, ' while the coarser part is 
 carried oil' l<> be subjected to the action of a grinder, after which it 
 also comes back to be again passed through the revuKing screen as 
 before. A^jove the drier is a dust chaml>er with a N'-shaped bottom, 
 and provided with a spiral conveyor. By this any fine ore which 
 may be p;issing along with the steam or gases from the drier is made 
 to settle, and thence passes to the foot of the elevator to be carried to 
 the revolving screen and dry ore bin. 
 
 r.iic<iii.ttinf,'. From the "dry ore bin "" the material is removed to a mixer, there 
 to be mixed with a suitable '• binder," the nature of which is not made 
 public. The mixed material is then ready for the bricquetting machine, 
 into which it enters at the top, issuing from below in the form of very 
 compact cylinders, each about three inches in diameter, and about 
 two and a half inches long. These are at once transferred, on the 
 same level, to cars for removal. 
 
 I'rolialilr ^\n interesting question, in connection with these deposits, is that 
 
 jimiiRaii.se of their prol)able origin. Upon this point the locality throws very 
 little light, there being absolutely no exposures of rocks anywhere in 
 the \icinity, or any visible source from which the manganese may 
 have come. The nearest rocks are indeed those of the Millstone Orit, 
 though these are doubtles.. underlain, as at Hillsborough and about the 
 Albert mines, by Lower Cai'boniferous rocks including limestones. 
 None of these, however, are markedly manganiferous. It is also a 
 little singular that the deposit should have such a decided slope, 
 instead of being, as usual with bog-oies, nearly horizontal. Finally, 
 the abruptne-s with which the deposit ends along the line of the brook 
 referred to above, towards which it inclines, while no such material is 
 to be found on the opposite slope, is also remarkable and seems to 
 suggest that the ores are the result of deposition from springs origina- 
 ting on the one slope but wanting en the other, while the brook has 
 carried ofi" the excess of the solvent water. In support of this view 
 it may be observed that the hillside on whicli tlie ore-beds rest is 
 
 <l<J|M)Slt>. 
 
a*"^^^- ] BITUMINOUS COAL. 59 U 
 
 reinaikable fur the number of springs which issue from its surface, 
 in the waters of which botli iron and manganese may be readily 
 detected. 
 
 In connection with tlie subject of the origin of the bog-ores of 
 Dawson Settlement, a few words relative to the formation of the older 
 rind purer manganese deposits, such as those of Markhamville, Jordan 
 Mountain, Quaco, etc., may not Ije out of place. 
 
 It has been suggested by Sir J. Wm. Dawson that the manganese orin-i views as 
 deposits in the maiine Lower Carboniferous limestones of Nova Scotia '"""^'"i- 
 may have been derived from the decomposition of trappean debris, not 
 unfreijuently associated with these limestones and of contemporaneous 
 origin ; and a like view is taken by Mr. E. Gilpin, Deputy Commis- 
 sioner of Mines for Nova Scotia, except that he regards the older 
 strata bordering the Carboniferous tracts as being also a possible 
 source from which the metal may have been originally derived. Both 
 explanations would be eijually applicable to the deposits of New 
 Brunswick, for igneous ejections, in the form of dolerite, diabase, etc., 
 are, as at Quaco, a common accompaniment of the Lower Carbonifer- 
 ous limestones ; while in the rocks of the Huronian system, such as 
 underlie the manganese-bearing strata at ^larkhamville and Jordan 
 Mountain, are also contained much material of volcanic or semi- 
 volcanic origin, these in the latter instances having been found to be 
 actual carriers of this metal. On the other hand, the observations 
 made by various exploring e.\;j:editions, and especially that of H. M. S. 
 Chalbnujer, have made it certain that manganese deposits, much like 
 those under discus-ion, may be in process of formation over many 
 portions of the sea-Hoor. 
 
 Bituminous Coal. 
 
 There can be but little doubt that among the minerals of New |-j,.xt 
 Brunswick, bituminous coal was one of the first to attract attention, 'ii^''»^ «'•■"*''• 
 its mode of t)ccurrence, ready recognition and obvious utility alike 
 contributing to that result. It is probable that the first disco\ei'ies 
 were made at Grand Lake, and from the beds in that vicinity, coal 
 would appear to have been obtained in small quantities as early as 
 1782 ;* but it was not until near)}' sixty years later, through the 
 explorations of Dr. Abraham Gesner, tiiat the full extent of the areas 
 occupied by coai-bearmg locks was made known, between the years ct l>r. (Jesner. 
 1S."?9 and 1841, Dr. Gesner, in addition to tiie recognition of limited 
 areas of such rocks near the coast, styled by him the " Chignecto Bay 
 
 *Rev. W. O. Km villi >ih1, in a ly.xyi-v ri'.ul before the Hir-torical Society i>f St. 
 .Tuliii. T)eo, lSil7. 
 
, 60 M VKW HHINSWICK. 
 
 C )al furiuatioii HiKi the ''Westmorland Coal-Held" ascertained that 
 a larjje j>arfc of the central counties, including the whole of JSunhury 
 and Kent, with h\v<;'^ portions of Queens, York, Northuniberland and 
 < iloucfslei- were underlain In rocks of the same af,'e. These {general 
 conclusions were subsecjuentlv fully veritied, especially by the work of 
 the (ieolo^ical .Survey,* with the recognition, however, of the fact that, 
 with a large superficies, owiii^ to the approximate horizontality of the 
 beds, the formation had in all jirobability but little thickness, and, in 
 K\;iL".'<i..t.M direct eontr.ist to the extravagant views of Dr. (iesner, coal-seams of 
 ^'®""*- inconsiderable amount. As the facts bearing upon this (juestion have 
 
 been largeh' derived from explorations in the (iraiul Lake region, a 
 brief history of the operations there will be of int^vest. 
 
 iliaml I.al« The coal mines of (Jrand Lake are situated on its northern side and 
 
 about its eastern extremity, mainly in the vicinity of the Newcastle 
 lliver. on the Salmon lliver. in Chipman, and about the lower part of 
 I'oal Creek, the entire extent of the Newcastle basin being estimated 
 at about 100 sijuare miles. The country has an average elevation of not 
 more than fifty feet above the lake, while the surface of the latter is not 
 far from sea-level. The country, except where cut by v.ater-coi.rses, is 
 also nearly tlat, with a drift covering varying from a few in hes to 
 Mean- of thirty or forty feet. The lake is navigated by steamlniacs and 
 access small sailing ves.sels, the distance from Newcastle to St. John by water 
 
 being forty-five miles, and fiom Chipman to the same port abo it fifty 
 two miles. Chipman is now connected by the Central Railway with 
 the Litercolonial Railway at Norton, a distance of forty-four miles, 
 and it has been proposed that this line be extended, a distance of 
 thirty-five miles, to Fredericton. The means foi- removal of tlie product 
 of the mines to market are therefore ample 
 
 Develoimii nt The development of the mines has been vei-y slow. Indeed, through , 
 
 their entire history there has been almost a total lack of combined 
 
 and persistent efl'ort. For many years the removal of coal was efl'ected 
 
 in a most desultoi-y way, each farmer upon whose land the seam was 
 
 exposed devoting a portion of his winter's leisure to getting out what 
 
 was needed for his own use, or occasionally hauling a load on sleds to 
 
 Fredericton. A c<msideraljle (ju^'ntity was also sent to the same place 
 
 or to St. John, mostly the former, by wood boats, obtaining a ready 
 
 sale. Little or no care was, however, taken in the handling of the 
 Careless . . ° 
 
 working. coal. Screening, if undertaken at all. was very imperfectly done, and 
 
 no attempt whatever was made in the direction of system or economy. 
 To a considerable extent the same state oi things stiil prevail;-, 
 *ReiK)rt of Progress, Geol. Siir\ . Can.. lS7-_'-7;i. 
 
•*■>•*»• J lUTLMlNOrs COAF.. CI M 
 
 all tending to give the coul ii reputation considerably helow its real 
 value. There being only one seam of coal, but twenty-two inches in 
 thickness, antl this occurring often so near the surface as to be 
 obtained by the simple process of stripping and quarrying, tlv. coal 
 was lialile to considerable deterioration from exposure, dirt, etc., 
 detracting still further from its value. Even at the present time, so 
 slight is the attention paid to preserving the quality of the coal, that it 
 is often loaded and unloaded several times in surmounting the low 
 swells of the surface which intervene between the pits and the wharf, 
 while at the latter it is not even dumped upon a platform, but thrown 
 up:)n the ground, to be further mixed >vith earth or crushed by the 
 wheels of passing vehicles. 
 
 It has been said that practically only one seam of coal, tweniy-twu Tliiokn»-.ss of 
 inches in thickness, e.xists at Grand Lake. The idea that other and ~'''""- 
 thicker seams might be found at greater depths was long entertained, 
 and was favoui-ed by what was known of cotil-development in N'ov;i 
 Scotia. Accordingly, in l(S37. a company was formed to test this point 
 by boring. As a result, at a point about two miles above the mouth ,, ^ , , 
 of Salmon River, a bore-hole was sunk to a depth of a little over 400 l)..^iIl^'-iiIlls.^; 
 feet, the return of the borings embracing, at a depth of about 250 feet^ 
 "eight feet of shale and coal. ' The relative amount of each was not 
 stated, and prominence is given to the shale ; still the result was 
 regarded as affording some encouragement towards more systematic 
 and extensive mining. Nothing, however, beyond the continual 
 removal of the "surface seam "' was actually done, and it was not until 
 1866 that further borings were undertaken, in this case at Coal Creek. i',„.j|,,,., l.st^; 
 A depth of ninety -si.x feet was attained, but showed no coal. In 1S70 
 still anothe*^^ boring, but equally without result, was made on Salmon 
 River to a depth of 217 feet. 
 
 Of the above borings the first was certainly unreliable and incon Utsults. 
 elusive, while the two last were decidedly unfavourable. Still the 
 impression continued to prevail that the question had not been finally 
 settled, and with a view to its determination, the assistance of the 
 Geological Survey was invoked for the purpose of making a more 
 thorough and systematic investigation of the whole subject, the sum of 
 Si, 000 being at the same time appropriated by the local legislature 
 for the purpose of assisting the investigation through the use of a 
 diamond drill. In pursuance of these undertakings, the whole field 
 was very thoroughly examined, the position and nature of all outcrops 
 determined, and the geological structure carefully studied ; the general 
 conclusion being that the area of the Grand Lake coal-fiel I proper, 
 
62 M NEW BnUNSWICK. 
 
 enibracinij abdut 112 square miles, svas evirleiitly that of a shallow 
 basin, with a inaximun depth not exceeding 600 feet, and of this fully 
 
 Borhigs 187.!. 200 feet belonging to the lower or barren measures. This conclusion 
 was in a measure confirmed by the results of the borings, which at a 
 depth of 217 feet were found to have passed entirely thr()U,',h the coal 
 formation, bringing up characteristic cores from underlying and older 
 rocks, and showing no trace of any beds other than those near the 
 surface. Notwithstanding, however, the removal, which would thus 
 seem to be conclusive, of any reason for belief in deeply seated beds, 
 the same observations sutHced to show that the surface seam, if, as is 
 probable, tiie latter underlies the entire area, must contain a large 
 quantity of coal, and that this, from the ease with which it is worked 
 
 Kstiiiiiit..'cl must possess a considerable aggregate value. Taking only the 
 
 <^i!>,icity (It Newi-astle area proper into account, the estimated amount of coal 
 
 coal-tifli!-. contained therein is 22,1.'}.1,449 tons, or, if the associated areas of 
 Salmon liiver and Coal Creek be included, (about which the infor- 
 mation is less conclusive,) the total will be nearly l-")5 million tons. 
 Of this it is pr ibable that from 100,090 to 12o,000 tons have already 
 been removed. 
 
 Annual Tiie output of the Grand Lake coal mines in 1863 was about 3000 
 
 chaldron^, and since that time has averaged about 4000 chaldrons an- 
 nually, the chaldron being about one and a half tons or 3200 lbs. Of 
 this about 1000 chaldrons go t.) Fredericton, where the coal is used in 
 the electric light works and water-works, as well as in factories, mostly 
 
 ^fj^,,|.^j.^ for steaminaking purposes. Its selling price in Fiedcricton is now 
 
 about S3.-")0 per chaldron, though in soine cases as high as $4. It is 
 sent by water, at a cost of eighty cents per chaldron. From Newcastle 
 all the coal now goes by water, either to Fredericton or St. John, the 
 price being about the same. bVoni Cliipmin none has been shipped 
 by water either to Fred<M-icton or St. Joh'i, but what is here raised 
 (the amount beiuLj small,) is uses! on the Central Railway. 
 
 Miiiiufaetmc In 1891 an attempt was made to manufacture coke ; and again, two 
 ' ' years later, by Messrs. Geo. King and Silas McMahon, but the work 
 
 was not pushed beyond a test. The coke was pronounced good, but 
 for some reason not ascertained the work was abandoned. 
 
 IMctliDcls of The average work of one man at the mines is about one chaldron 
 
 niunnir. 
 
 'o 
 
 per day, of good coal, at a cost of Sl.oO. With a thicker seam coal 
 could lie readily extracted at a cost of lifty cents. 
 
 The soil covering varies from three feet to thirty feet. If not more 
 than seven or eight feet in depth tiie soil is "stripped." Beyond that 
 depth it is usual to go under. The .seam lies nearly at the level of 
 
•AlttVi 
 
 ] HITUMIXOLS COAL. 63 M 
 
 the lake, and much ditHculty is experienced in cotineetiini with drain- 
 age. Xo pumps have been used, except in one instance, by Mr. Mac- 
 Farhme, of Fredericton, the small size of the seam not making the 
 inducement sufficient for the introduction of steam pumps. 
 
 In the Geological Survey Report for 1873, full descriptions are given i;»cviu 
 of all the openings made up to that time. During the visit of the wri. ' 
 ter in 1897, an interesting opening had just been male on the farm of 
 li(jl)t. Cox, now leased to the Central Railway on the Emigrant Settle- 
 ment road, about four miles from Newcastle Landing. It is fairly 
 representative of all. A stripping has been here made showing a sur- 
 face of coal for about Hfty feet in length by ten feet in width, and 
 having a gentle slope west-northwest of about one foot in twenty. 
 The soil covering, which at one end is abjut five feet deep, increases to 
 about ten feet at the other, and is largely clayey, with many imbedded 
 blocks f>f sandstone and shale. The following is a section of the 
 exposiin^ : — 
 
 Soil .5 ti. 10 feet 
 
 Good coal 22 iiicln-.*. 
 
 Shale and clay (i '• 
 
 Coal 11 '• 
 
 Fire-i'lay, at least 4 feet deej), but of which tiu- 
 bottom has not bfen reaclud. 
 
 The coal is firmer and can be mined in larger lumps here than at nianv 
 of tlie openings in the vicinity. Thcseam is doubtless the same asatother 
 localities in the Newc istle Held, diifering only in the fact that the clay 
 and shale parting fouml here between the upper and losver part of the 
 seatn, is elsewhere usually shale only, locally known as "bene". The 
 low(;r coals are usually not removed, as affording a good .solid foundation 
 on which to work, in preferer<^e to tlie soft clay lieneath. 
 
 It may here be noted that a v.ramway down the vallev of Newcastle Ti:iii^|i..rt. 
 Riv(>r would pass near most of the important openings, and by doing 
 away with the lo:i<ling, dumping and reloading already alluded to, 
 (which tends to reduce the coal to very small fragments, if not to dust), 
 would serve to bring the coal to market in a much more satisfactory 
 condition. 
 
 As to other parts of the New Brunswick coal-field, it would be out ot ler aiva>. 
 of place to describe here in detail all the localities at which outcrops 
 of coal have been observed. In most instances the seams art; small 
 and of no economic value; but as bearing upon the general question 
 
 *Ro|H.rtof l'ropre.ss, (!eol. Surv. Can.. 187S-75I, j). 20 n. 
 
64 M NEW imUX8\VICK. 
 
 of the chiiractec of the Held iind its possible supply, it may be well to 
 enumerate tlieiu brietly.* They are as follows :— 
 
 Queens County. 
 
 <'<ial Clones S-ttleiiienL— According to explorations made here by Dr. C 
 
 F. Matthew, there are two seams, with thicknesses respectively of one 
 and two feet. The quality of the coal is good, and some attempts to 
 work it were made in 1872, but the situation of the mine being un- 
 favourable, these were soon abandoned.* 
 
 Otnaboy aiid Alerserean Brooks. Report of Progress, 1872 73, 
 p. 219. 
 
 .SuNiitKY County. 
 
 Near Traccy. 
 
 Xorfh-ii-€.it Oromocto, below mouth of Hard wou'i Creek. — Seam of 
 tive inches. 
 
 Three-tree Creek. Borings made here reached a depth of 600 
 feet, but failed to show seams of coai. 
 
 XnrtJi-H-est Branch of Oromocto River, one and a half miles above 
 the mouth of the Yoho stream. Coal «.eams four and five 
 inches. 
 
 YOHK COCNTV. 
 
 .Vai<hiraaks{/i lliver. 
 Taxii River. 
 Cork Scttfciwuf. 
 Prince Wi//iaiii. 
 
 Kk.nt Colnty. 
 CocU Creek. 
 
 Gloucestkk Countv. 
 
 Xetr Bandon or Stoifhaoen. — The stone quarries opened at this 
 localit}', as well as at Clifton, near Ijy, upon the southern shore of the 
 Bny Chaleuis. Bay Chaleurs, besides affording a tine exposure of Carboniferous strata, 
 lying probably near the base of the system, show also a seam of coal 
 about eight inches in thickness, while other seams are said to show at 
 low water, one of them with a thickness of eighteen inches. The strata 
 
 "KeiKjit uf rioK're^-^, (ieol. Sniv. Tun., lH"2-7;<, p. 2iy. 
 
s*'^Ev. 1 BITUMINOUS COAL. 11.") M 
 
 exposeil in the nearly i-tical bluffs which form the shore for several 
 miles, consist below of massive sandstones, often of pale-greenish 
 colour, witii thin intercalated beds of shale (the latter often replete 
 with fossil ferns admirably jn'eserved), and aVjove of gray, green .and 
 red crumbling shale, the wh(»le series showing a very gradual south- 
 east dip. As representati\ e of the probable structure of a large part 
 of the coal field in this county, this coast-section is very instructive. 
 The total thickness of exposed beds is about seventy-five feet. 
 
 KlNT.S CocxTV. 
 
 r)i'!i-!}iane. — At this locality, which is a few ndles east of Sussex liunsiimne, 
 and close to the track of the Tntercohmiil Railway, a seam of bitu- "^ '";-"< <-a>"'ty' 
 mi nous coal occurs, with a thickness of about twenty inches, the 
 associated rocks being gray sandstones wit'i blue, gray and reddish 
 shales. ]n the latter are typical C u-bnniferous plants. A number of 
 excavations have been made, in one instance to a depth of sixty feet, 
 but without further result than that stated. 
 
 During the year 1897, boring operations weie undertaken with the 
 di-ill belonging to the provincial government, and •^l depth <if nearly 
 1300 feet has since been reached. All the rocks passed through are 
 ■^uch as belong to the coal formation, most of them being line ijluish- 
 gray --andstones, as.sociated with grit and fine conglomerates, but with- 
 out red rocks. The unexpected thickness of the Coal Measures at this 
 ]K)int is very remarkable, and must have an important bearing upon 
 tlif possible thickni'ss elsewhere. 
 
 Longs ('ri'P.k, [lu'ar niuut/i.) — Seam ten to twelve inches, but very im Longs Creek. 
 
 ' county. 
 
 In regard to the ipiestion of the probable productive capacity of 
 t!ie New Brunswick coal-field, the facts afibrded b}' the Newcastle or 
 (irand Lake basin are of the utmost importance. Considering the Discus.sioi! un 
 results of the careful surveys of this district (fully detailed in the'"'"* snpj'\. 
 (Geological Survey Repoit for lJ<73), togethe!' with the results of 
 borings and mining ojierations, no reasonable doubt nan be entertained 
 that, in this particular basin, the coal formation is very shallow (prob- 
 ably not e.xceeding nOOfeet), and that the twenty-four inch .seam which 
 has there been so long woiked is practically the only one present. 
 The structure of the district at the same time shows that this seam, 
 occupving a low position in the Carboniferous formation, rests upon a 
 Moor of oldei- rocks, including red sediments and trappean overh.;Ws of 
 the Ii<iwer Carboniferous formation, in such a way as to clearly indicate 
 not only uncmfoi'mity but also extensive erosion between the two. It 
 
60 M 
 
 NEW liKLNSWK'K. 
 
 Thicker M.ims ig therefore, possible tliat wliile tlie Coal Measure rocks over certain 
 l)Ossible. * 
 
 tracts, as over proniinent lidges of the underlying beds, may be very 
 
 thin, (f>i', as at Newcastle Forks and Coal Creek, may allow these to 
 
 protrude through then.), at other points, wliere underlying preexisting 
 
 valleys or depressions exist, they may have a thickness corresponding 
 
 to these depressicms. In these latter cases it is also possible that, 
 
 with greater bulk of stiata, they may include more seams of coal. 
 
 This condition of things is really typical of the entire central coal- 
 Held of the province. The strata are (everywhere in an attitude 
 varying but little fron) hori/.ontality ; the seams of coal approximate 
 in thickness to that of Grand Lake ; the associated fossil plants 
 indicate about the same hori/on ; and the thickness of beds exposed 
 in river-sections are too inconsideraljle to admit i>f any conclusion being 
 drawn as to what the total thickness is, or tht^ extent to which it may 
 vary. Thf^ f»idy })OSsible way, therefore, by which to test its produc- 
 tive capaeiry, is that of instituting systematic borings, ."dong several 
 parallel Htics, at su("h intervals as may clearly indicate the varying 
 thickness of the formation, and reveal the presence of additional se.uns 
 of coal, if any such exist. Even should the results be negative, the 
 information obtained would be of value as substituting certainty for 
 conjecture, and thereby tending to save the useless expenditure of 
 jnoney. 
 
 Thn-f tr<«' In atldilion to the borings at Newcastle, Salmon lliver and Coal 
 
 countv lsi»7 Creek. pre\ iously referred to, borings have already been made at several 
 
 other jKiints with negative results. One of these was at Three-tree 
 
 Creek, near Fredericton Junction, where, in the year 1873, a diamond 
 
 drill penetrated to a depth of (100 feet, but fnund no coal. 
 
 Borings at 
 
 Moiictoii, 
 
 ISW. 
 
 .Vnother locality is the vicinity of .Nfoncton, where during the sum- 
 mer of 1897, with a diamond drill leased from the local government, 
 a number of bore-holes were mswle, in some instances to consider- 
 able depths. A visit to one of thes^e was made by the author of this 
 report, the locality being the farm of Peter Wilson, about nine miles 
 north-west of .Moncton and near the base of the southern slope of 
 Lutes Mountain. This latter is a ridge of coarse red conglomerate, of 
 Lower Cari)oniferous age, associated with reddish felsites, boulders of 
 which strew its sides. The bore-hole is close to Wilson's house, and 
 less than a furlong from the conglomerate ridge. At the time a depth 
 of 120 feet had been reached, about two-thirds of this being in a very 
 line rather dark-gray sandstone, while the l)eds below were generally 
 i-eddish, though less markedly so than is usually the case with Lower 
 Carboniferous strata. No beds of coal were passed through and this 
 
BAIlfYi 
 
 j ANTHRACITE COAL 67 M 
 
 notwithstanding the fact that an eighteen inch seam was said to liave 
 been exposed, some fourteen years ago, within a few feet of where the 
 jiresent lioring has been made. No rock is visible at the surface, the 
 beds being covered with about eighteen feet of clay, in which some 
 small fragments of coal were seen. Two miles west of the above, 
 another boring obtained a depth (jf 737 feet. It is proposed that the 
 cores obtained from these several borings, togi'ther with those derived 
 from the operations at Dunsinanc, shall be sent to Fredericton for 
 critical examination. The results there obtained, with additional 
 data derived during the past summer (18118) from examinations over 
 various parts of the coal-field, will be embodied in another report now 
 in course of preparation. 
 
 Anthkacitk. 
 
 The occurrence of anthracite coal, in limited quantities, in the !■"''■<>; 
 Devonian rocks of St. .J ohn county, was farst brought to notice by the 
 observations of Dr. A. Gesner,* in the year 1839, small seams of such 
 coal having been noticed V)v him in the neighbourhood of the Lepreau 
 River, and subsequently, in the form of trunks of trees converted into 
 anthracitic matter, in the \ icinity ot Little River, east of the city of 
 .St. John. Later observations showed that such coal was not of 
 uncommon occurrence in the rocks referred to, but at two points • 
 
 only, both in the Ijepreau basin, and not far apart, did the quantity of 
 coal appear to be such as to warrant any attempt to work it. 
 
 The locality in which mining operations was first undertaken, I-xcation ,it 
 in 18/7, was that ot Lepreau nasin, a sliort distance west of liasin. 
 the line between St. John and Charlotte counties, on the land of 
 Mr. G. K. Hanson. t Se.eral shafts were here sunk, one of them 
 reaching a depth of 140 feet, the strata penetrate<l consisting largely 
 of gray sandstone, but with alternating beils of shale, both of which 
 carry, somewhat abundantly, characteristic Devonian plants. At a 
 depth of 125 feet a seam of mixed co;d and shale was found, having a i,(*^,ri",'n^ " 
 total thickness of fifteen feet ; but the shale was irregularly distributi'd "i»r:iti(i,~. 
 through the coal, of which not over four feet could be found at any 
 one point, and this much mixed with earthy matter. An analysis of 
 samples from the outcrop, made by Dr. B. J. Harrington, gave 36 88 
 [)er cent of ash ; though two other analyses, of selected samples from 
 lower levels, reduced the proportion of impurities to twenty-one and 
 fourteen per cent respectively. When tested on a large scale for steam 
 
 * First Rcpcrt on (Jedloffv of New IJrunswick, pj). .M-53. 
 + K"IK)rt of Pninrcss, (leul. Surv. Can., lS7ti 77, ]>. Mo. 
 
68 M 
 
 XKW IIKCNSWR'K. 
 
 prfxluciiijL; purposes, the coal is said to have iirnited readily, and to 
 have had good lieating capacity, hut, as might be expected, burned 
 Develoimient . imperfectly, leaving a considerable ijuantity ot' L-linker. Woik 
 was carried on at this locality, mote or less continuously, for four or 
 tive years and th; n abandoned. Considering the nature and age of 
 the associated rocks, the impuiity of the larger part of the product 
 and the dithcultifs attendant upon its removal, it does not seem 
 probable that mining operations of a profitable character are ever 
 likely to be prosecuted here. 
 
 ALiiEirriTK. 
 
 (It-Illogical 
 horizon. 
 
 Physical 
 charactHi'. 
 
 Probahli. 
 origin. 
 
 No mineral found in New Brunswick has awakened more interest 
 than this. None is so peculiar in its nature and associations, none has 
 been the subject of greater contr<>\ersy, bothscienlitic and legal : upon 
 none has more capital been expended, and from none has a larger re- 
 turn been obtained. 
 
 The mineral is essentially confined to the Lower Carboniferous fcirin- 
 ation, though in very limited ([uantities it has also been observed in 
 underlying metamoiphic slates and in overlying Coal Measures. By 
 far the larger part is confined to heavy beds of very fine-grained dark- 
 gray to black bituminous shales which occur near, if not a' , the base 
 of the rx)wer Carboniferous, penetrating these shales in the form of 
 veins. 
 
 Albertite is soft and brittle, jet black, brilliantly lustrous and l)teaks 
 with a marked conchoidal fracture. In its physical characters it 
 bears much resemblance to asphaltura, but is less friable, is difl'erently 
 affected l)y -solvents and has a different chemical constitution. Th(mgh 
 for a long time i-egarded as uniipie, it is now thought to i.e identical or 
 nearly so with the mineral gilsonite, found in sijiall (juantities in Utah 
 as well as with the grahainite of Westein Virginia. Its hardness 
 is 3, nearly, of Moh's scale, its specific gravity being from I'OS to 
 ll'l. It may be readily ignited in the flame of a spirit lamp, and 
 may be melted, though less readily tlian asphalt. It is of uniform 
 quality, and under the microscoiie reveals no trace of structure. The 
 conditions of its occurrence and its characteiistics, both piiysical and 
 ciiemical, favour the idea that it is an oxidi/ed hydrocarbon, related 
 to peti'oleum. and originally in a condition of partial or complete 
 fluiditv.* 
 
 *.\llM'itite tiiiMbeen rccfntly fouml in smal' <|iiantitii'> fuiniins veins anil int'((ii- 
 lar niassHs in the |nirc wliitf un'l i<tratitie(l}.^yiisnni of tin- ItilKlHUniifrh <niarri('-<. Xo 
 stronger e\ idence of its elKUaet'T .is injetted liydrocarlxm < ouM he il>sireil. 
 
B*"-"'] AlAiKHTVlK. 60 M 
 
 A full description of the history of . le Albert mines, involving .i 
 
 protracted dispute as to the nature of the deposit and its consequent 
 
 ownership, would be too len^u'thy for the present Report, and reference 
 
 may therefore be made to the Keitort of Progress of the (Geological KctCnnce to 
 ,, „ 1 ,_,. -_ , o-i i/M • 1-11 1 • • -11 Rk'i""'t^ "f th-» 
 
 survey tor Ibtb-i i (|>p. .)-j1-4U1) in which the subject is very tully (jedlofrical 
 
 treated, and which is accompanied by a map showing the geographical ' "'""'■>'• 
 
 distribution of the a]bertite-l)earing shales. A brief suminaiy of the 
 
 moie important facts is all that can l)e gi\en here. 
 
 The vein was originally discovered in the year 1^40, on Frederick Disn'viMv. 
 Brook, about fuur miles soutli-west from tlie town of Hillsb<jrough, and 
 showed at the surface a thickness of sixteen feet. The title to the 
 property having been determined, on the supposition that the 
 albertite was a variety' of coal, and therefore reserved to the 
 Crown, a company was at once formed fur iLs development, and opera- D(\il<)i)nipnt. 
 tions actively enteied upon. These were continued for a period of 
 fourteen years, the greatest output being in the years ISG-l and 186G, 
 in each of which tlie shipments were 20,500 tons, while the total from 
 18G3 to 1874 was l")l,800 tons. The royalty paid to the Government 
 up to January, 18G6, was 88,089.29. The exportation was {irincipal- 
 iy to the United .States, where the mineral was partly employed 
 as an enrichei' in the manufacture of coal gas and partly in the 
 making of oil. The yield of the latter was said to be about 100 
 gallons to the ton, while the gas-prtxluct was 14,500 cubic feet per 
 ton, of a superior illuminating power. The price at which it sold va- Valn.-. 
 ried at diffietent peiiods from 81"» to >'20 per ton on the wharf 
 at Hi]lsV)orough, but its present value, owing to the competition of 
 jjetroleum, would be greatly reduced. In the course of the operations, it 
 was found to occupy an irregular and nearly vertical fissure, to have a Mode nf 
 thickness varying from one inch to seventeen feet, to have numerous o'tonenct-. 
 branch veins, in places cementing innumerable fragments of the shatter- 
 ed strata and even crystals of selenite into a sort of breccia, and tinally 
 to show, through much of its extent, complete discordance with the 
 associated strata. The depth attained was over 1 100 feet. The width 
 of the vein in the lower workings was greatly diminished, and as a con- 
 sequence gave a greatly lessened output. Between 1 869 and 1870 there 
 was a falling off from 17,000 tons to 6000 tons, and from this time 
 little was done beyond exploratory work and the i-emoval <>f reserves. 
 These having finally become exhausted and all efforts to find new veins 
 or enlargements of old ones having been ineffectual, the works were 
 
 closed down. 
 
 LatiT 
 
 lioth before and since the stoppage of the Albert mines, many '^**''"''''"* '" 
 
 , . . . . OlscnvPi- 
 
 attempts have been made to discover deposits of a similar nature at simihir 
 
 ei«)sit>. 
 
70 M 
 
 NKW UKUN'SWK K. 
 
 Geological 
 rangt". 
 
 diiferent points in Albert and Westniorhmd counties, wliere the occur- 
 rence of the characteristic bituminous sliale seemed to render its 
 presence possible. Jn several instances these attempts led to the dis- 
 covery of veins of albertite, but in no case of such a size us to wairant 
 the expenditure of capital in working them. 
 
 The facts relating to the jjossible occurrence of workable deposits of 
 albertite are fully detailed in the report to which reference has 
 alreaily V)een made. The circumstanie that the mineral has been 
 found at points so distant as Norton station in Kings county and 
 Beliveau in Westmorland county, the one fifty miles west and the 
 other ten miles east of the Albert mines, is interesting as indicating 
 the extent of the ana over which the conditions resulting in the for- 
 mation of albertite must have pievailed : but a])ait from the mine 
 referred to, no facts at present known warrant a belief in its occurrence 
 in other than small veins. At Heliveau, a shaft was sunk to a 
 depth of 500 feet, and large sums of money were spent in exploratory 
 work, but without favourable results. 
 
 BlTUMIXUlS ?511AI,KS. 
 
 Geological 
 jjosition. 
 
 Exptwiires 
 ■Baltimore. 
 AlbfTt 
 county. 
 
 at 
 
 The only development of these shales which is of economic impor- 
 tance, is that already refened to as being, in Kings, Albert and 
 Westmorland counties, holding veins of albertite. Apart, how- 
 e\er, from this fact, these shales are capable of yielding products 
 which, even if not immediately available, are likely in the future to 
 become of considerable value. 
 
 The position of the shales, geographically and geologically, has already 
 been referred to. Lying for the most part along the northern side 
 of the ridge of pre-Cambrian metamorphic rocks that occupy the 
 larger part of Ht. John and Kings counties, they occur at intervals all 
 the way from Norton station on the west to the vicinity of Dorchester 
 on the east ; while their stratigraphical relations and contained fossils 
 indicate that they occupy a position near or at the Imse of the Low-er 
 Carboniferous formation. Full particulars as to both of these p<jints 
 are given in a special report contained, with accompanying map, in the 
 Report of Progress of the Geological Survey for liS7(')-77. 
 
 The best exhibition of these rocks, viewed front an economic stand- 
 ]^oint, is to be seen in the settlement of Baltimore. Albert county, at 
 which point operations for tlieii- working.' and treatment weie under 
 taken about the year 18Gl\ As seen at this point they consist, for the 
 most part, of heavy beds of a very dense, tough and fine-grained charac- 
 
•*»■«*• j PETROLEUM. 71 M 
 
 ter, from dark-gray to black in colour, effervescing rearlily up«in tlie 
 addition of an acid, and when rubbed emitting a strongly bituminous 
 odour. Subjected to heat in furnaces erected for tlie purpjse, tlie shales 
 readily yielded oil to the amount, in the case of the best bed, known 
 as the "black band," of si.xty-three gallons to tlie ton ; while the gas- 
 yielding capacity per ton was 7500 cubic feet. In fact, the rock of 
 this band may fairly be regarded as a true cannelite, closely resembling 
 some varieties of the latter in specific gravity, colour and lustre, and 
 like this mineral readily igniting and burning, lilocks. cut from 
 the mass, ai e jet-black in colour and on polished suifaces much resemble 
 jet. 
 
 During the course of operations at this locality, openings were made .Vmo mt 
 upon six different strata, the available beds varying from a few inches 
 to four feet. In all about 1000 tons were extracted, anil tlie operations 
 would, no doubt, lia\e been a source of profit, had it not been that the 
 discovery, about this time, of the flowing petroleum wells of Penn- 
 sylvania brought the latter inco active competition, making the further 
 manuf:icture of the oil at I'altimore iin])ossible. A few years later 
 (in 1865) about 2000 tons of similar marerial. but less rich than at 
 Baltimore, were removed from Taylors illo. on the Men.ramcook River, 
 in Westmorland county, and exported to the I'nited States, selling 
 there at the rate of s6 per ton. 
 
 Petroij-.i-ji. 
 
 It has already been stateil that the Albert shales, as seen at Balti- Ocrurnncf of 
 more and Memramcook, have been matle the basis of the manufacture ','|'i,'^.s',.tr'^ 
 of oil, as also that the mineral alberfcite is in all probability ai\ oxidized 
 mineral oil derived from tiiese same shales. It is now to be added 
 that these are in places so saturated with petroleum as to result in a 
 direct, though small, natural flow of the latter. This fact was well 
 shown during tlie course of the operations in the Albert mines, when 
 buckets placed in certain positions were found, after periods more or 
 less prolonged, to be filled with oil. The gray sandstones associated 
 with tlie shales, and for tiie most part above them, were found to be 
 even more prolific than the shales themselves, and from these sand- 
 stones petroleum lias been obtained, not only at the Albert mine.-, Ijut 
 in Upper Hillsborough, lieliveauaiul Memramcook. In the rear nf St. 
 Joseph College, in the last-named village, is a well from which small 
 quantities of petroleum have been obtained, while at Dover, in the 
 same county, a similar flow of oil lias, by oxidation at the surface. 
 
 given rise to deposits of maltha. Jets of inflammable gas are occa- |„(liiiimiiiblp 
 
 gns. 
 
1-^ M 
 
 NEW UULNSWICK. 
 
 Results 
 borings. 
 
 .sionally met with in connection with springs unci strvauis in the same 
 district. 
 
 Several attempts have been made by boring, in one instance to a 
 depth of 2000 feet, to discover such oils in available quantities, but 
 so far the How has, in every case, been found to be too small to admit 
 of profitable collection. It is possible that, with a more careful 
 selection of locations, and witli greater regard to the principles of 
 geological structure, future efforts in this direction may be more 
 successful. The facts relating to the albertite deposits seem to point 
 to the former existence, in this region, of enormous quantities of oil. and 
 unless this has been wholly oxidized into the condition of that mineral, 
 (a view at least partly negatived by the occurrence of petmlcuni) 
 it is difficult to assign a reason why it should not be still available. 
 
 Beds at 
 
 Suspension 
 Bridge. 
 St. John. 
 
 Difficultit*. 
 
 Graphite. 
 
 f^ Strata containing more or less disseminated graphite oi- plumbago, 
 occur in connection with rooks of varied age and character in the 
 province, but are e.spccially distinctive of the upper portion of the 
 Laurentian .system as found in St. John county. They here consist 
 largely of limestones, and in places carry sufficient bodies of graphite 
 to admit of being worked. 
 
 The only point at which operations have been undertaken, is in close 
 proximity to the Su.spension Bridge, near the mouth of the St. -lohn 
 River, on the eastern side.* The first opening was made here some 
 twenty-five years ago, close to the waters edge, and a quantitj' was 
 shipped to the United States. Somewhat later, work was resumed by 
 Mr. S. S. Mayer, of Carleton, from a point on the land of Messrs. 
 Hazen and Botsford, some tiOO yards from the river : a few hundred 
 tons being removed, which was also sold in the United States. These 
 works having also been abandoned, Mr. W. F. Best and others united 
 in an effort to revive the industry by sinking a shaft in what was 
 regarded as a position more favourably situated for working. This 
 was 200 feet north-east from Mayer's workings, and four feet from the 
 face of the limestone clifi. At fifteen feet below the surface the 
 deposit was reached. The top was found to be in the form of the sharp 
 edge of a wedge, which widened out rapidly, until, at a depth of thirty 
 feet, it was eight or ten feet wide. Great difficulty being experienced 
 on account of water (from the old workings) which penetrated the 
 loose limestone, making it necessary that a pump should be constantly 
 
 * For information relative to the.se deposits T am indebted to \V. F. Best, analytical 
 cheniiBt. St. .rolin. 
 
'•»"•"• j fiKAPUITK. 7"> M 
 
 employed, it was decided to start a level at thedepth abuve uieritiuned. 
 A drift from the shaft to the north-ea.st resulted in showiii;,' a continuous 
 mass of the material between layers of limestone and trap, which here 
 come together and present an unbroken fact; as far as work was con- 
 tinued. 
 
 The <|uality of the i.'raphite at thirty feet, was foumi to be far better i^i.ility. 
 than that of the first samples from the ap;'.\- of the wedge, and could the 
 deposit be tested with a diamond drill it is not iinj>robablp that at a 
 lower level a still further improvement might be met with. 
 
 When this shaft was tirst open^id, tiie results were fairly satisfactory, 
 ibout 81,200 worth of the mineial being sold in two or three months. 
 The workings were, however, expensive, chiefly on account of water, 
 md a " . ombine "' among the manufacturers of foundrv facings having 
 '•aused sales to fall off, it finally became necessary to again suspend 
 operations. 
 
 The first shipments were made to Chicago, Cleveland, and other Markets, 
 western points, the average price oljtained being S7 per ton delivered on 
 the railway at Fairville, St. John county. After the closing of the 
 works, inquiries weie made for several lots of ten car-loads each, but 
 tiiese orders could not then be tilled. Somewhat later, the mine was 
 • ■pened by the Canada Paint Company, which uses graphite in connection 
 vvith the maiiufacture of certain kinds of paint, but we are without 
 information as to tlH> results of their expei'ience. 
 
 In the case of a specimen of •uiisseminated graphite ' from the old Analv.-is. 
 Split-rock plumbago mine, near the St. John River falls, collected 
 by Mr. Wallace Broad and examined by Dr. llotimann in the 
 laboratory of the Geological Survey, the associated earthy matter, 
 amounting to about six per cent, having been excluded, the residue 
 gave* : — 
 
 (iraiiliitic cailHiii 48 775 
 
 K(x;k matter 500.58 
 
 Hygroscdiiic waUr 1 ' l<i7 
 
 1(X) 
 A quantity of the graphite having been extracted, and its com- practical 
 parative freedom from foreign mattei- having been assured, samples ^''^^*' 
 were sent to England foi- the purpose of having them practically 
 tested. The result is thus stated by Dr. Hoffmann : — 
 
 ■' In the one case -that examination has shown the graphite to be of 
 fair quality and adapted to the manufacture of the commoner kinds of 
 
 * Rt>i>ort of Progress, (Ifol. Siirv. Can.. 1878-70. p. •^ i\. 
 
74 M NEW llRU.VSWirK. 
 
 lead pencils; although its '([uality and nature' does not eijual, asfar as 
 suitability for pencil niakini,' is concerned, the graphite obtainable in 
 lioheiiiia and some other places. 
 
 K. >ult.>. '• III the other — and as regards its employment in electrotyping — the 
 
 trial did not give a very good result ; it was not considered so good as 
 that which they were in the habit of using for tiiis purpose." 
 
 This failure to meet tiic higher requirements of tiie application ot 
 graphite, notwithstanding its purity, was thought liy Dr. Hoffmann to 
 result from its .>,tate of physical aggregation, as implied in the terms 
 '•(juality anfl nature (juoted above. 
 
 Pi:at. 
 
 ( Ilim,, K MCf. Peatbogs are of common occurrence in New Brutiswiok and in several 
 
 places cover large areas. Tlie regions in which they are especially 
 noticeable are the siiuthern part of CharJutte county, the adjoining 
 portions of St. John county, and the district bordering the Gulf of 
 St. La^vrence. They have been made a subject of survey and study 
 by Mr. R. Chalmers* and Prof. W. F. Ganong, and from an article by 
 tiie last-named gentleman relating thereto, published in the transac" 
 tions of the Royal Society of Canada, 1898, the following extracts 
 bearing on their economic applications are taken : — 
 
 " Fintilly, the economics of the raised bogs merit some attention. 
 Jn Europe the moss fiom them has long been used, and in great quan- 
 tities, as a bedding for horses and for various sauitai'y purposes, for 
 which its antiseptic Mualities and gj-eat absorptive pow^r make it 
 especially adapted. It can absorb some twenty times its own dry 
 weight of \\atei-, and in sta])les, by aV)sorbing all liquid matters and 
 allowing the watei- to evaporate, it retains the nitrogenous matter and 
 becomes a valuable fertilizer. Considera);le quantities are imported 
 into New York fiom (lerraany for stable use, but Jio attempt to utilize 
 our own bogs for this purpose aj'pears to have been made until a few 
 years ago, when a couqiam', attracted by the great purity of the Spruce 
 Lake liog (western St. John county), attempted to work it. Tt was 
 soon found that natural methods of drying the ukjss as practised in 
 I'iUrope are not here practicable, partly on account of the cost of 
 OiMi.iti.jiiMif labour, partly on account of the foggy weather. Five years ago the 
 
 'iVMl.^ ■ ^' '^°o ^"'""^ ^"'° ^^^^ '^'*"'^*^ *^^ '^^''- ^^- '^^- ■^*^'''^' ^^ ^^- Stephen, N.B., 
 who attempted to make steain and machinery supplant hand labour 
 
 *Annual KciHirt (ieol. Surv. Can., vol. 11I,(X.S.),1SS7-S8. )i|i. liL'-2."». K. P^i'l., vol. 
 IV. (X.S.), ISSSWt. ],. 70 N., p. Hit N., au.l Ji. 1'7 s. ii,i,l., vol. Nil. (X.S.), ISiM, pp. 
 T21-14t;M. 
 
"'E». j PEAT. lO M 
 
 and artificially replare natural heat. Aftei' loni,' experimenting, an 
 ingenious system of macyiinery was constructed hy which moss was 
 dug from the bog, passed through presses and hot air chambers and 
 over hot air cylinders, and pressed into Ijales ready for shipment, all 
 within three hours from the time it was in the bog, and without being 
 touched by a workman from start to finish. The German process re- 
 (juires weeks of time and many handlings. The product of the new Ht-sults. 
 jjrocess is a spongy, finely divided substance, which is considered by 
 good judges to be greatly superior to the imported material. In th" 
 autumn of 1S9;") the Ijuildings were burned and have not been rebuilt. 
 The supply is exhaustless, and if the many new uses occasionally reported 
 for the fibre prove to be extensive, or if its preparation for stable pui- 
 poses can be made profitable, it will be the basis here of a large 
 industry."' 
 
 To the information given above. Prof. Ganong now adds: — 
 " Another very fine bog owned by Mr. Todd is at Seely Cove, and 
 another owned by Mr. Oscar Hansen at Little Lepreau. These three Han-tn's 
 are the best, but there are some twenty-four of f;iir size scattered from 
 Beaver Harbour to Spruce Lake. 
 
 " The chief ditficulty to be overcome in working these bogs, next to Ditticulti.-s of 
 the foggy weather, is the freight rates, which are high tu New York "■ 
 
 by rail ; but if the material can be worked in large enough quantities, 
 it could be ea.si]y sent from any of these bogs by schooner. 
 
 '■The nurss is coming to be much used in hospitals in Europe, and Uses, 
 the moss powder is said on good authority to be germicidal. It has 
 also been found that the fil)rous part can be woven, anil is said to have 
 l)een made into a pulp fioin wliich boxes and ornaments of a rich dark- 
 brown colour have been m.ide." 
 
 A considerable quantity of the moss from the Spruce Lake bog was 
 sold ill the province and is reported to have given satisf;u-tion. 
 
 [t has also been suggested as a material adapted for packing perish- 
 able goods, Mild a consequent substitute for cold storage. It was 
 recommended for this purpose by the late Edward Jack, C.H, and it 
 is stated that the result of an experiment in the sliipping of fruit to 
 England, packed in this way, was entirely successful. 
 
 The area of the Spruce Lake bog is from 350 to 400 acres, while Area i.f 
 the depth is sometimes more than tw enty-four feet. In sounding with 1,^","'""' '' *" 
 a rod. Prof. Ganong was unable, at several places, to find the bottom 
 
 '*}{e;)()rt cii ilir l)^■|l.■u•tlll^■;lt "i A^nicr.l^uiv. !>'.);>. 
 
76 M N'KW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 at a (iepLli of sixteen feet, and Mr. Todd met with the same result 
 at a deptli of twenty-four feet. 
 
 foT'" '"'''^ *^^ Spruce Lake, according to Prof. CJanonj,', practically the entire 
 deposit, except for two feet on tlie bottom, is adapted to the same uses. 
 It is a pure sphagnous moss, with stems of sedges and some small roots 
 of the dwarfed Moody perennials, tlie latter not being in any way 
 troublesome. Some parts are drier than others, but do not differ 
 materially in composition. The proportion of sphagnum to sedge 
 stems, etc., is far greater in these bogs than in specimens seen from 
 
 True |i«-Mt. Welland, Ont. The true pi'at forms a layer on the bottom, two to 
 three feet tliick, anil no thicker, wherever trenches have l)een dug- 
 Above that layer all of the moss is utilizable tor bedding, etc., thus 
 giving twelve feet or morf» in the places where the trenches have been 
 dug. A micro nc exaiuinalion made by Prof. Ganong of samples 
 from different depths, shows that the conversion into peat does not 
 even begin until a depth of seven or eight feet is reached, and it proceeds 
 veiy slowly at lower levels. Mr. Todd's work shows that the moss 
 makes good litter down to within two feet of the bottou) or to depths 
 of about fourteen feet. How it is in greater depth is unknown. There 
 is also a fringe of lieat around the margin over wliicii the moss at a 
 latei' pei'ind grows. 
 
 L>ijivau:m.l The area of the Lepreaii Umx is from oOO to :>50 acres, and the 
 Ixigs. known ilepth, as souitded by Mr. Hansen, from sixteen Ui twentv-three 
 
 feet, in each case without l)ottom being reached. 
 
 The area of the Heely Cove bog is about 250 acres, and the depth 
 unknown. 
 
 Tiie true peat, as far a-- ascei-tained, has not been i>racticallv em- 
 ployed as a fuel. 
 
 Bo!<.- ill X. K. The following notes on peat bogs in north-eastern New l!'unswi(.k, 
 wicl;. ' "^ are ijuoted from the reports of Mr. }{. Clialmers : — 
 
 Ghmcestirr eoinity : — 
 
 .MisLou Islan.l 1. A large peat-l>og O'curs on Miscou Island, covering fully half 
 the entire island. " It occupies a shallow basin in the Middle Carbon- 
 iferous rooks, portions of the rim of which are being eroded bv 
 the sea. 'J'lie surface of the bog is ten to twenty-h\e feet ab.'ve hi"h- 
 tide level in the centre, while the bottom, which is full of the roots of 
 shrubs and small trees m siin, seems to lie below that of the lowest 
 tides, anil wherever visible appears to rest on gravel and sand. The 
 bog as already mentioned, is dotted all over with poniis, A-hioh form 
 
e*"-^* J PKAT. 77 V 
 
 favourite resting places for the wild geese and Ijraut in their passage 
 over the region every spring and fall. Ci.anberries abound on it. 
 
 2. '• A peat-bog about three miles long and a mile and a half wide, ij'lj'Piit'gaii 
 was seen on the east side of Hhippegan Island, which also rests on a 
 hard-pan of gravel and clay. The surface is ten to fifteen feet above 
 the sea and is likewise destitute of trees. Numerous ponds were 
 observed on it. In the Ijank the peat is ten feet thick, the bottom 
 lying below high-tide level. 
 
 ;'). " Thi- neck of land between St. '^'mon Inlet and Pokemouche St. Siiimii 
 Harbour, is furmed of peat. Similarly to the two bogs just described, 
 it is considei-ably higher in the centi-al part than at the margin, but is 
 nowhere moif than ten to fifteen feet above high-tide level. Immense 
 (|uantities of cranl)i-'rrit'S grow upon it." 
 
 yorthmnb'- rland •ounfy : — 
 
 4. " South of Tracadie River, near Point Barreau, a peat-bog borders {'«'"t 
 
 ■^ '^ Barreaii. 
 
 a lake, both being surrounded by a tamarac swamp. 
 
 5. " An extensive boi;- utcurs on the west side of the mouth of ,/•'"■*'"*•"- 
 
 , . Iiiver. 
 
 Tabusintac River, length about three miies, width two miles. Its 
 general features are the same as those desciibed. It is also a favourite 
 resort for wild geese, brant, eti., every spring and autumn. 
 
 (>. '• On the east side ()t^ Point Clieval a bog was also seen which Point C"lit\;il 
 thins out on the norther., margin over an old sand beach.' A section 
 of this bog is given on [>age 24 x. of the report cited. 
 
 7. " A larye and interesting neat-bog was observed ai Point I'^scu- I'l'int 
 
 * • -1 T. ■ u- 1 I--cui„i.m,-. 
 
 minac eovenng an area or six or seven s(juare nules. It is higii- 
 
 est in the middle and also doited over with numerous small ponds. , . 
 
 .... Mr. Phillips, lighthouse keeper at Point Escuminac, informed me 
 
 that he found it twenty-four feet deep in one i)lace. Like those 
 
 alreadv described it is almost treeless, l)ut is partly covered witli healh 
 
 plants. '" A sectioti of this bog is also given on the page above referred 
 
 to.* 
 
 Kent co)i Illy : — 
 
 ''^. " An extensive peat-bog li'.s nn the north side of Kouchibouiruac KoucluU.n. 
 Harbour. '^ ""'"^^• 
 
 *.). •' Another occurs on the coast about a mile south of the mouth 
 of Kouchibouguacis River facing the sea. 
 
 *'riit' iilioviMjii<it;i;i()ii> iir- iruiii Vniuial Ri^port, (Jeol. Siirv. Can., vol. III. (X. 
 
 S.I. pp. ---"i N. 
 
78 M 
 
 NEW IIRUNSVVK K. 
 
 Aldouane. 
 
 Near Kings- 
 ton. 
 
 10. " A tliinl occupies {)art of the peninsula between the estuary of 
 Aldouane and the coast of Northumberlanil Strait. This bog is large 
 and raised in the centre and merges into the salt-marsh on the shore- 
 ward side. 
 
 11. " Two large bogs occur along the Kent Northern Railway, situ- 
 ated from one to five miles above the village of Kingston." * 
 
 A number of other peat-bogs are enumerated in the reports cited, 
 and although no u.se has vet been made of peat in north-eastern New 
 Brunswick, Mr. Chalmers states that should it ever be required for 
 fuel, or for any other purpose, there is here an almost inexhaustible 
 supply. 
 
 Limestones. 
 
 (ti-dlo^icul 
 liorizons 
 
 DistributiiiTi 
 in St. .Fohii 
 couiitv. 
 
 l-sf<l by 
 Hrotiillon 
 in 1701. 
 
 Limestones are met with in the province of New Brunswick in not 
 less than .six distinct geological formations, and therefore with much 
 diversity of as.sociation and character. As will appear below, their 
 value as a source of lime appears to be nearly in direct proportion to 
 their <xge. 
 
 A. Laurentian' Limestones. — These include all the heavy beds of this 
 rock expo.sed on either side of St. John River from Grand Bay to the 
 Suspension Bridge, together with their extensions westward to Mus- 
 quash and Lepreau, and eastward along either side of the Intercolonial 
 Railway to Hampton. They are distributed ui several parallel belts, 
 disposed with reference to a general anticlinal structure, but severally 
 exhibiting great diversity of attitude, as also of colour and texture. 
 Certain beds .sometimes attain a thickness of 350 ieet, bu", usually al- 
 ternate in thinner beds with line-grained siliceous and dioritic rocks or 
 with (juartzites. Diorite dykes of all dimensions also cut the beds, 
 the latter frequently exhibiting, for some distance on either side 
 of the intrusive mass, a marked alteration as the result of the higli 
 temperature accompanying the intrusion of the diorite. The best lime- 
 stones are dark-gray in colour from disseminated giaphite, which, 
 however, is wholly lost in calcination. 
 
 It would appear that the limestones of the St. John River narrows, 
 which still form a striking feature in the scenery, were seen and 
 described by Champlain and his associates not less than three hundred 
 years ago. It is also asserted that from them came the lime used by 
 Brouillon in rebuilding the fort at Port Royal in the year 1701. 
 
 *The jilKive IxijtH ill Kent county, are descriliwl in Annual RefMirt, (ieol. Surv. 
 Can., vol. VII. (N.S.K ]<[>. 117-122 m. 
 
BAii-Ey. 1 UMESTONKS. 79 M 
 
 .Somewhat Iat(M', Ijut liefore the huiding ot' the Loyalists, St. John 
 Hme was exported, in small sloops, to Newbutyport and other New 
 England ports, having even then a high reputation. It has at all 
 times been preferred to other limes for use in the Maritime provinces, 
 but as an article of export has only actjuired importance in recent 
 years. 
 
 The following figures of exports, (all to the United States), taken Later .■\|Mjit.'*. 
 from the Trade and Navigation Returns of Canada, will serve to give 
 some idea of the extent of the industry, as well as the variations in 
 the amount of the product exported, between the years l."*81 (when the 
 trade practically began) and 1897 :* 
 
 1881,. 
 
 3,644 
 
 brls, . 
 
 . Value, 
 
 s l,S22 
 
 1882, . 
 
 6,804 
 
 
 a 
 
 3,102 
 
 1883,. 
 
 . 10,488 
 
 
 (C 
 
 5,244 
 
 1884,. 
 
 6,840 
 
 
 u 
 
 3.420 
 
 1885, . 
 
 9,850 
 
 
 
 4,925 
 
 188t;, . 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 1887, . 
 
 . 76,858 
 
 
 ti 
 
 38,429 
 
 1888, . 
 
 . 183,680 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ••1,840 
 
 1889, 
 
 . 232,710 
 
 
 .( 
 
 116,355 
 
 1890,. 
 
 . 286,584 
 
 
 (( 
 
 143,292 
 
 1891,. 
 
 . 203,668 
 
 
 (; 
 
 101,834 
 
 1892,. 
 
 120,350 
 
 
 u 
 
 60.175 
 
 1893, . 
 
 
 
 kL 
 
 61,017 
 
 1894,. 
 
 
 
 t( 
 
 25,598 
 
 189.-),. 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 35,709 
 
 1896,. 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 22,035 
 
 1897.. 
 
 
 
 (. 
 
 15,634 
 
 There are about twenty-foui' diaw-kilns in tiic vicinity of 8t. John, 
 the most important <|uarries being the following : — 
 
 /. and F. Arinstroinj'fi iiuarnj. — Green Head. — This ijuarry was AniLstniiiK'^ 
 opened about the year 1825 or 1828, but foi- several years with an <l"'"''y- 
 output not exceeding 800 casks per year. About 1837, this amount, 
 under a diti'erent ownership, was increased to 1100 casks, and in 1839 
 to about 1500 casks. In 1866 the output liad increased to aVjout 
 10,000 barrels, and since that time has not varied greatly from this 
 amount. 
 
 The width of the bed iit this (juarry is about 300 yards, with an 
 exposed face of nearly 100 ft>et. The faci''ties for shipment are excel- 
 huit, and the lime has always held a high reputation. 
 
 •Fifical year ending June .SOtli. 
 
Hak<-r"» 
 
 <|u;ilfy. 
 
 SO M NKU iJliCNSWK K. 
 
 Miller and Woodinnii s tj\iarry. — Narrows of St. .lolin River. — 
 The rock here, .as at Green Heiul, is a daik, somewhat graphitic lime- 
 stone, the worked face being about forty feet. 
 
 Riiiulvilpli and Randolph and Bakrr's <i>iarrtj. — -Narrows of .St. John Ui\er — There 
 are here two kilns, each with a capacity of 12() to 140 barrels of lime 
 per day, and therefore, foi- the nine months durini; wliich they are kej.t 
 running (Muroh to December), yielding from 2-"),(J00 to 30,000 barrels 
 of linie.^^ " They are built of brick, faced with stone, aljout thirty feet 
 in height : iiopper-shaped inside for the uppei- third of the height, then 
 with a straight funnel for the next third to the level of the tire, and 
 again widening out to the lower floor, from which the lime is drawn. 
 
 ♦ 'oiisti-Hrtinii The iimesione is put in at the re;ir of the kiln above, and the burnt 
 lime drawn out from the front of the Iciln below, while llie fuel is fed 
 in at the side, at the height of a few feet al)ove the lloor from which 
 th« burnt lime is drawn. The two kihis are inclosed in a large gi.ivel- 
 roofed sheil, which extend.s to the edge of the wharf, so that the lime 
 is protected from the weather even when being shipi>ed."" 
 
 An analysis of limestone from the quirry made l>y Mr. A. M Mac- 
 Intyre, showed it to consist of '.•7'3S per cent of carbonate of lime 
 with a little le.ss than 2 per cent of magnesia. 
 
 The ipiarries aie distant fron^. the l^ilns about one-eighth of a mile, 
 and have an exposed face of forty or fifty feet in height, with a width 
 Renuuiil of limestone of some sixty or seventy feet. The rock is removed by 
 
 from quarvN. the use of a steam drill and dynamite, and has been already pene- 
 trated to a distance of oOO or 400 feet. The rock is fed to tiie kiln 
 as fast as ir can l)e brought by team during a working day of nine 
 hours, and the burnt lime withdrawn fi'om below every six hours. 
 
 Iinix)it;iiKr. "Every article used in the manufacture of a barrel of lime is made 
 
 on tiie ]>remises, excepting hoops, which cost 84.50 to 8.9.00 per thou- 
 sand, or about three cents for each barrel. Everything else represents 
 labour emjiloyed at the mill and lime-kilns. Hence the great import- 
 ance and value of the lime industry : for 8100,000 worth of lime 
 exported mt-ans 891,000 expended in labour." Uf the 30,000 barrels 
 of lime manufactured at this point during the year 1898, only 2000 
 were exp<>rted to the United States. This shows that the present 
 tariff is almost prohibitory. 
 
 Stftxon's ijitarrif. — Indiantown, St. John City. 
 
 ' For tht'MP .and some "tlwr iiarticultir-' relatiiiir to tlic limt' iiiiliisiry at St. 
 .Iiiliii. I am inil''l>tpcl to a \crv iiitt'rt'stiup iiiticli' ii|"in tlie' ^uliit-ct piililiBlnMl in the 
 St. .Inliii Nm-f. M:iv l:!. ^X'X^. 
 
»*"-*i"] LI.MKSTONES. 81 M 
 
 ir. D. Morroir^ quarry. — Narrows of St. John River. — One kiln 
 Protluct about 3000 casks per year (in 1886). 
 
 .Sti'VUK (luarrij. — 8outh Bay. 
 
 Win. Lmiior d: Sons. — Urookville. — Operations have been carried 
 on here foi' many years, the market being restricted to the city of St. 
 John. The product in 187G was from 8000 to 10,000 barrels. 
 
 The character of the St. John limestones is further indicated by the 
 subjoined analyses, made in tlie laboratory of the Survey. Previous to 
 analysis the specimens were dried at 100' C. the hygroscopic water 
 thus abstracted being as follows, respectively : — No. 1, 009 per cent, 
 No. 2, 04 per cent, No. 3, 0-05 prr cent : — 
 
 Xo. 1 . No. 1. No. ;',. 
 
 f'ailhJtiatr of liint- 9500 !l!l O,'. !)8-30 
 
 iiiitRiiesia 044 0S8 O'Tl 
 
 iron in Oo 05 
 
 .Mumina Oil, old, o O:?', 
 
 .■Silica, solubl.' OK) I , .,_ (• 0',» I ^,,. 004 | ,,,,, 
 
 !nsolul)le mineral matter :< .")4 j' "' 14j' " 8-_' |' ^ '" 
 
 Orc'iuiic matter 40 ' oMrjj Oiuj 
 
 100 4 4 100l>4 100 ;!4 
 
 The specimens were supjilied by ilr. E. T. P. Shewen, of the E)epait- 
 ment of Public Woiks. No. 1 is from Messrs. Armstrongs (juarry, 
 Green Mead; No. 2, from Stetson's ([uarry, Indiantown : and No. 3, 
 from W. Lawlor i\: Sons quarry at Brookville.^ 
 
 ■K- 
 
 As in the case "->f .so many other mineral products, the lime imiustry l-:tt', -ts ..f 
 lias suffered greatly from the effects of the adverse taritl' imposed iiy ■"'^'■''''^' ^^^^^^"• 
 the L'nited States. This is well seen in connection with the table of 
 e.Kports already given. Thus, prior to the passage of the '' McKinley 
 bill,' the total pr(i(h(Ci ion of lime, fiom about twenty t'oiir kilns, was 
 not less than 350,000 barrels!" per annum, employing al out .'iOO men: but 
 this was subsequently reduced to about 175,000 or 200,000 bbls., with 
 a proportionate decrease of kilns and men empioyeii. Ij\ the .A] ulvinley 
 tariff a duty of six cents per 100 lbs., including tin- weight of the 
 barrel, was imposed, which was equal to L"!; cents a barn^l, or about 
 twenty per cent on the value as delivered in United States maikets. 
 Hence, in 1892, a decline in the export of lime to about forty-two per 
 cent of what it had been in 1890. 
 
 '.\iiiiual k. wdir, (if-.il. Siirv. Can., vo!. \lll. (N.S.). l.SiC), |,|). 15-1(5 is. In the 
 K'liort (itfil No. ;< is, aL'c'onlintJ to Prof. Bailey, a.ssijjnt'il in cTror to " Laulors LakH."' 
 \X liarr'-l li'ildinu: al)oiit '-'IS jiounds of liuic. 
 
82 M m;\v uhunswick, 
 
 Cnmiietitiiiii In addition to the deterrent effect of liigh duties, the St. John lime- 
 Koekland.Mc. l>urners are directly affected by the competition of the i>reat lime quai- 
 t ios at Rockland, Maine, in the interests of which, chiefly, tliose duties 
 have been imposed. According to the authority above referred to, 
 there were at Rockland, in 1893, 100 kilns in operation, with a very 
 large output, showing that but for the adverse tariff the industry at 
 St. John might assume great importance. In several respects St. 
 John has great natural advantages, making the competition more equal, 
 one of these l)eing the situation of the quarries and the facilities for 
 shipment (the (juarries at Rockland being distant two miles and a-half 
 from the kilns) ; and another, the cheapness of fuel, the latter consist- 
 ing largely of the refuse from lumber mills. In several instances, 
 indeed, as at Randolph and Baker's, the saw-mills and the limekilns 
 are run by the ^.ame owners, and side by side. The cost of Rockland 
 limestone, placed in the kilns, is twenty cents a barrel, as against ten 
 cents a barrel at St. John. The cost of kiln- wood at Rockland is !^3 
 for the small cord, as against $2 at St. John. Cord-wood burned in a 
 kiln at St. Jt)hn costs ten cents for each barrel of lime, while at Rock- 
 land it is fifteen cents. The Rockland people estimate that their 
 lime costs, ready for shipment seventy-two cents per barrel, while the 
 freight to Boston is thirteen cents and the price eighty-five cents, leav- 
 ing no profit. The following figures show the corresponding cost at 
 St. John. 
 
 Cents. 
 
 (.'ii>r (if St, Stiiiicat liilii 10 
 
 .Ii'lm liiiii-. Horin;,' (1;il"'Ur) . 5 
 
 ('(inlwiiod 10 
 
 Hanvl I(i| 
 
 TritiiHiinp hani'l 1 ', 
 
 Fnl-i'IlUlU ,1 
 
 Hi-pairs I, 
 
 ll'.tcrest (III iiivcstliieiit '^ 
 
 Duty 14 
 
 Freiirlit IH 
 
 f "ousiilur certiticat.f ,', 
 
 1 1 
 
 Fivitrlit Tlie tt(MMlu liv rail to Itoston would lie twenty cents, ai.d the tost, 
 
 laid down th<>re, about eighty cents. 
 
 Ii; addition to the localities in the vicinity of St. John, two other 
 districts deserve notice as containinir limestones of simihar aee and 
 character, so situ ited as to lie iiijiable of easy working' and shipment. 
 
 Tlie first of these- is in the vicinity of .Musquash Harbour, upon both 
 sides of which are large exposures of limestone. Some of these are 
 
^iLEY. J LIMESTONES. «3 M 
 
 (lolomitie and otliers contain more or less serpentine, but beds free 
 from magnesian cojupounds and suitable for burning, also occur. On 
 the eastern side these limestones form a well defined band extending 
 from near Frenchmans Creek to Pisarinco Cove ; and on the western 
 side, though less exposed to view, probalily extend continuously to 
 Lejireau IJasin. Some quarries were at one time opened upon the 
 Musquash Kiver, but they have been long since abandoned. 
 
 A second district exposing lar^e deposits of Laurentian limestone is ^' l"'tanpr 
 . , . . <l<]>(i>it.-. 
 
 the harbour of I^ Elang in Charlotte county. The rock here is Cliurlott*- 
 
 a bluish-gray, w-el! stratified limestone, with a marked rhomboidal '^""'"^>- 
 
 cleavage, covering an area of at least 100 acres and admirably situated 
 
 for calcination and shipment. As at St. John, the limestones are 
 
 intersected liy dykes of intrusive rock. Quarries liave been opened 
 
 here, but liave now been idle for many years. Similar beds occur 
 
 upon Frye Island, near by. 
 
 /A lIcKONiAN Limestones. — The rocks referred to the Huronian Huioniiui 
 .system include limestones at a number of points in the -southern ""'f^t^ >"••■"• 
 counties, l)ut the beds are of much smaller dimensions than those of 
 the Laurentian system, and no attempt, except perhaps locally and in 
 a very small way, has been made to work them, ^imong localities of 
 this character may be mentioned the mouth of the Nerepis River, in 
 Kings county ; the village of Lancaster, in western St. John county : 
 Lepreau Basin, in eastern Charlotte county, the head of Dijtper 
 Harbour, in the same county, and in Albert county. The latter may 
 possibly become of service in connection with the treatment of the 
 bog-manganese ores of Dawson Settlement. Impure limestones also 
 occur on Kent Island, off the south coast of (irand Manan. 
 
 C. C.A.MBR0-S1LURIAN Limestones. — These are of rare occurrence, but Ciiniin.- 
 neverthcless are found at one or two points, chiefly in the northern ii,,,,. ..tones. 
 part of York ciiunty, in tlie district lying noith of tlie central granite 
 
 range between Eel l(i\er settlement on the St, John River and Canter- 
 bury station. They have been utilized to a limited extent, but are 
 (luite impure, and have been used only for local consumption. 
 
 D. SiLUiUAN Limestones. — A large part of the counties of Carleton, 01 
 
 '^ ' _ _ ' Siliinaii 
 
 A'ictoria, ^ladawaska and Gloucester are undeilain by slates which limestone.-. 
 
 are highly calcareous, and in places these become pure enough to be 
 
 entitled to che designation of limestones. They are, however, greatly ' 
 
 inferior to t!ie Laurentian lime-tones of St. John as a source of lime, 
 
 and such operations as hav(> been uitilertaken in connection with them 
 
 have been mostly with reference to use in the neighbourhood of the 
 
84 >I NEW BRrXSWICK. 
 
 localities where the beds occur. Of these, perhaj.s the most important 
 is the Beccaguiuiic valley and its vicinity, where, in the a;,fi,a-ef;ate, a 
 considerable (juantity of rock has been burned. The writer has not 
 visited this rej;ion since 1885, but at that time the product at Turner's, 
 in the Beccaguiuiic valley, was stated to be about 500 casks or 2000 
 bushels per annum. 
 
 About the year 1874, (juarries were opened at Henderson Corner, 
 in the parish of Brighton, and work carried on by the Henderson.s 
 until 1886, two kilns being kept in operation, yielding 450 casks for 
 the two, each cask weighing about 350 pounds, and selling at Wood- 
 stock for .^1.50, or at the price of St. .John lime. About 1S85 other 
 ([uarries weie opened in the Be^caguimic valley, at Tuiuer's, with an 
 annual product of about 500 casks, or 'JOOO bushels. In the same 
 vicinity the Belyea Btos. are now burning lime at about the rate 
 last stated, the product being used locally and in Hartland, and being 
 well spoken of. hut owing to want of capital and facilities fo; making 
 casks, necessitating sales by the bushel, the business is less exten- 
 sive than it might otherwise be. 
 
 '''u.-^unt's.'^"'* E. Lower Carboxifeuous Limestones. — These rocks, though abun- 
 dant and widely distributed, are couip 1 1 atively unimportant as a source 
 of lime, the material which they yield being unable to coiujiete with the 
 highly esteemed product of the St. John quarries. Tliey have, how- 
 ever, at times Ijeen the basis of somewhat extended operations, more 
 especially in the vicinity of Demoiselle Creek, Albert county, where at 
 one time lime burning was largely carried, on for severa,l years. 
 
 Other localities of Lower Carboniferous limestones, some of which 
 have been worked locally, are Rush Hill and ^Merritt Landing (Long 
 Island), in Queens county ; Butternut Bidge, in Kings county : the 
 vicinity of Hillsborough, in Albert county. 
 
 Gypsum. 
 
 ilnjiu^rical The occurrence of extensive deposits of gypsum is a notable feature 
 
 u-yp»i!ii. ill the rocks of the Lower Carboniferous formation in New Brunswick 
 
 as it is also in Nova Scotia. These deposits, as fully described in the 
 reports of the Geological Survey, usually occupy a po'^ition at or near 
 the summit of the group, and are generally lii close connection with 
 • beds of limestone, from which, in part at least, they may have been 
 
 derived by alteration. Among them the bf>ds found in the vicinity of 
 Hillsborough, Albert county, are at once the most extensive, the 
 purest, and the basis of the largest operations. They will, therefore. 
 
a*"-^*- ] GYPSUM. S5 M 
 
 he describefl in .<oiiie detail, other deposits l)eing subsequently noticed 
 chieriy as affording points of contrast. 
 
 For the following suniniar)- of faits relating to the development and Hill>li.>i:.im'li 
 pre.sent condition of the Hillsborough deposits, I am indebted to Mr. "'l"'""^"- 
 C. J. Osman, INI. P.P., at present managei- of the Albert Manufactur- 
 ing Company. 
 
 Giipaxihi deposifii in Jlilhboroiiyh, Albert county, Te/r Bninmrick. 
 
 The picturesque little village of Hillsborough is situated at the 
 head ot the Bay of Fundy, on the west side of the Petitcodiac River, 
 about five miles from its mouth. Owing to the great rise and fall 
 of the tides of this bay, ve.ssels of any draught can sail up to this 
 point, and take in cargo, if of suthciently strong build to permit 
 of grounding and carrying loads when not water-borne. 
 
 There are no authentic records of the first discovery and opening of Fii -t 
 the large deposits of gypsum, which are now being somewhat exten- '^^"^'"'•^ 
 sively worked at Hillsborough, but there are some evidences of very 
 early work, in the shape of small deposits of waste, and signs of exca- 
 vations at ditierent points in this formation. For accurate information 
 regarding the early shipments, and extent of the same, it. would be 
 necessary to refer to the Custom-house records. It is, however, <|uite Eaily 
 certain that the shipment of gypsum from Hillsborough was a very ' ^*^*''"'""*^'' 
 limited business previous to tiie year 18")4, though for many years 
 earlier than this, the farmers living in the vicinity, who owned lands 
 that included portions of the gypsum deposit, (quarried and hauled to 
 the river on sleds during the winter small cargoes of "plaster rock." 
 taken from points in the deposit which were exposed, and where this 
 work could be done with the least amount of labour in stripping- 
 These cargoes were purchased from the farmers during the season of - 
 navigation, by masters of small coasting vessels, and carried to ports 
 on the I'niied States seaboard, where "plaster" mills were in operation, 
 the principal market being Lubec, in the state of Maine, at which 
 place mills were operated by Messrs. Fowler Brotliers : but some few 
 cargoes were shipped as far south as New York ; the principal source 
 of supply of crude material for the New \ork manufacturers being, 
 however, Windsor and other points in Hants county. Nova Scotia. 
 
 Previous to the year 1854, Messrs. Fowler Brotliers, of Lubec, 
 Maine, acquired rights to a portion of the gypsum deposits of Hills- 
 borough, and constructed a plank-road from the quarry, afterwards 
 known as the Fowler quarry, to the Petitcodiac River, distant about 
 
aG M NKW ISHLNSWICK. 
 
 three and one halt' miles. The i.'ypsiun was luuiled out in waj^ons 
 during the summer months, and on sleds during the winter. During 
 the period of their ownership, shipments did not exceed from two 
 to three thousand tons per annum. 
 
 The superior quality of plaster of Paris made from Hillsborough 
 
 gypsum, had by this time become well known to other manufacturers 
 
 of plaster and building materials in the United States, and, about 1854, 
 
 Clian^'t- of y^j. Qalvin Tomkins, a manufacturer of cement and lime, whf) carried 
 • )\viierslii]>. ' 
 
 on an extensive business on the Hudson IJiver, c-iine to Hillsborough 
 and accjuired the properties then owned by the Fowler Brothers, and 
 other gypsum properties adjoining, which included nearly all the 
 available and valuable portions of this deposit. At this time the 
 duty upon manufactured plaster entering the United States, was very 
 low, and a large market was open for the product of a mill on the 
 Favouiuiile Canadian side of the line. These favourable conditions led to the 
 """ '""""'• formation, by Mr. Tomkins, of a company under provincial Act of 
 incorporation, undei' the name of the Albert Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, for the purpose of carrying on the business of (juari-yiiig and 
 mining gypsum, and erecting mills for the purpose of manufacturing 
 it, carrying on the business of grinding grain, sawing lumber, con- 
 structing railways and operating the same, and all other work in 
 connection with the operation of the quarries and shipment of the 
 product. Subseijuently a large milling establishment was erected, rail- 
 ways were built to two oi' three points in the gypsum belt and 
 extended to the river, where wharf and timber beds for the accom- 
 modation of vessels were also constructed. A plaster mill was also 
 built by Mr. Tomkins, at Newark, New Jersey, and the business of 
 making plaster of Paris in Hillsborough, as well as that of sliipping 
 Diiiwliaclis. the crude rock to Newark, prosecuted with energy. Later the with- 
 drawal of the reciprocal trade relations between the provinces and the 
 United States occurred, and the favourable conditions under which a 
 lai'ge trade in the manufactured article promised, was seriously inter- 
 fered with, and only a very Umited business was obtainable, and had it 
 not been for the very superior ijuality of the plaster made from Hills- 
 borough rock, profitable business \\ith the rnited States would not 
 have been possible. 
 
 V ,„ ■ „ f The Canadian market was not at that time avr.ilable for the Hills- 
 
 Canadian borough mills, as plaster was extensively manufactured in ^lontreal, 
 
 carried from Antigonish in Nova Scotia by vessels at a very much 
 
 lower rate of freight than rock or manufactured plaster could be 
 
 freighted from Hillsborough to the same point. Tlie western Cana- 
 
•A'"*** ] fiYPSUM. 87 M 
 
 diau market vv;is also largely supplied witii p'astei* manufactured at 
 Gratid Rapids, in the State of Michigan, which place is conveniently 
 situated almost on the shore of Lake Michigan, and therefore has 
 the advantage of cheap water communication with all the important 
 cities of Canada. At that time a \ery low rate of duty was collected 
 upon manufactured plaster imported into Canada, and the most impor- 
 tant portion of the Canadian market was thus open to the manufacturers 
 in the United States. For the finer grades of calcined plaster, required 
 for casting and dental purpoNf-s, New York plaster was used, which, as 
 already stated, was manufactuied fiom rock plaster supplied to New 
 Yoik, either from Hillsborough or Windsor, neither the ^lichigan 
 plaster or l>la^iter made in ^lontreal being ecjual in (juality for fine 
 work, to what was then kiiown as New York plaster. 
 
 i>y the cuustructioii of the lnterc(jk)uial Railway, thi^ market was Ftfect, ..f 
 made more available for the Hilisbt^rough mills, and in 1870 active |. r. u". 
 eflForts were made to secure a share of the Canadian business, and with 
 considerable success, f(jr as soon as this plaster was phiced on the 
 market at competitiw price><, dealeis and consumers recognized that 
 they were being ofiered plaster equal in all respects to the best New 
 York plaster. Still the competition from Montreal and Michigan in a 
 lower graile. made it dilKcult for Hillsborough to supply the 
 demand for which an inferior grade was good enough, <uid not 
 until the era of the Canadian iirotectivo tariff was it pos Intlunie." of 
 sible for the general demaiid in Canada to be supplied from t.-uiif. 
 Hillsborough. The increase in duty soon excluded ^[ichigan plaster 
 and the chief competition then came front Montreal, which, of course, 
 enjoyed equal advantages with Hillsborough under protection, and 
 frei<;ht at about half the rate paid by Intercolonial Railway : but iti 
 spite of this disadvantage, in a ft'w years, the great superiority of 
 Hillsborough [ilaster was s<j tirndy established that the Montreal 
 manufactui'ers retired from bu.siness. This left the Canadian market 
 entirely open for Hillsborough plaster, with exception of the output 
 oi a small mill nn the (irand River, near Hamilton, Ontario, and a 
 more limited output from a factory at Paris, Ontario. 
 
 The following figures will illustrate the development of this market inarkft. 
 between the years 1877 and 1S97. In 1877, the totJil sales in Canada 
 were about 8000 barrels. In 18!,I7, the total sales in Canada were 
 about O'^.OOO barrels from Hillsborough. In the interim a plaster mill 
 had been established at Windsoi', Nova Scotia, and limited shipments 
 made from that point. Paradoxical as it may seem, the increase in the 
 rate of duty and the suri'ender of the Canadian market to Canadian 
 manufacturing estal)lishment«. have not perceptibly increased the cost 
 
88 M 
 
 NKW CUINSWICK. 
 
 Ex|x>rtsfroii 
 Hillslxji-ouffli. 
 
 to the consumer, for while the duty in 1897 was about twenty cents 
 per barrel in excess of the duty in 1877, the average price to dealers 
 throughout Canada is between twenty cents and twenty-five cents per 
 barrel less in 1897 than it was in 1877, the price at mill in 1877 
 being !?1.05 per barrel and in 1897 not averaging over eighty cents per 
 barrel. 
 
 The development in the business of shipping crude rock to the 
 United fState* shows also a larse increase : — 
 
 Shipments of rrnd'' gypnum from HUhhoroiigJi to l.hn Un't>id .Stall's. 
 
 Effects (if 
 ecent I'. S. 
 legislation. 
 
 1877. . . 
 
 ."^IKK) ton.s. 
 
 187t<, . . 
 
 .. 5,:{80 .. 
 
 lH7i), . . 
 
 .. 5,641 .. 
 
 1880, .. 
 
 .. 8,575 ■. 
 
 1881, .. 
 
 7,.540 ., 
 
 1882, .. 
 
 . . 14,095 .. 
 
 IHW, ., 
 
 . 1,5,702 .. 
 
 1884, . . 
 
 .21,132 .. 
 
 18.S5, . . 
 
 ..i4,:m .. 
 
 188(i. .. 
 
 . . 22,60(1 .. 
 
 1857, . 
 
 . . 18,797 .. 
 
 18S8 26,784 ton^ 
 
 1880 25,672 ■■ 
 
 ISOO, . . 
 
 . . 24.126 
 
 1891, . . 
 
 . . 21,125 
 
 1892, , . 
 
 . . 24,.5S,s 
 
 1893, . . 
 
 . . 23,764 
 
 1894, . . 
 
 . . 37,170 
 
 1895, . 
 
 . . ,50,12S 
 
 18!«i, . . 
 
 . 59.266 
 
 1897, . . 
 
 . 50,334 
 
 Shipmonts of manufactured plaster to the United States have avei- 
 aireil fi>r thi^ la><l \i\\ or fifteen years about 20,000 barrels per year. 
 Under the " Wilson bill," a lnw t-irifT measure passed during President 
 Cltneland's adniinistratiun. it was hoped a laigfr bu^^iness could be 
 secured in the United States, aiid some gain was made : but owing 
 to the large increase in rat" of duty under the more I'ccent "l>ingley 
 bill," new business then obtained has since been lust, and it is with 
 difficulty and only at e.xti'cmely low pi'ices for the manufacturer, 
 that any foot-hold can l)e retained in that market. indeed, 
 under the preseiit rate of duty of .'?2.2.") per tofi, it is quite 
 impossible for a (..'anadian manufacturer to i.umpele \\ itii manufac- 
 turers in the United States, although under the " Diui^ley bill ' a duty 
 of fifty cents per ton upon the crude material is imposed. 'rh<» difference 
 in duty of .^l.?-') per ton between the crude and manufactured article 
 very much more than covers tiie increased cost of manufacture in the 
 United States as compared with cost of manufacture in Canada. 
 Only the superiority of the Hillsboiough plaster and its well established 
 reputation, make sales possible in the United States at figures wliich 
 would even cover the cost of manufacture. 'I'here i.■^ veiy keen c(.m- 
 peLition between the manufacturers in the United States, consequently 
 prices are exceedingly low. 
 
E*»-E'. J (JYPSfM. 8'J M 
 
 The duty upon the niw material levied under the " Dingley bill was Imtv. 
 inserted in the tariff to meet the wishes of the manufacturers of 
 vlaster in the Western .States, who at first iusked for a duty of ■"?2 per 
 ton. This would have enabled the western manufacturers to supply 
 tlie whole of the eastern market with pla^^ter suitable foi -11 ordinary 
 jnii'poscs, althouiih it would have been necessary to mtet a demand for 
 a limited quantity of plaster suitable for line casting and dental work, 
 which would ha\e to V)e made from Nova Scotia or New Brunswick 
 iiic-k, the western rmk nut being suitable for these purposes. This 
 condition of things brought about strong oi>position from the eastern 
 manufacturers, who had a great deal of capital invested in their 
 manufacturing plivnts. There was also a very strong opposition move- 
 ment on the part of owners of l'. S. coa.sting vessels, who were 
 largely interested in thi^^ matter, from tiie fact that of the total ship- 
 ments at that time, amounting to about 220.000 tons per annum, a 
 large proportion was carried in these vessels, which were engaged 
 in carrying coal frt^n New Yurk and points south as far a? New- 
 port News to New Knglanrl ports. When these cargoes were dis- 
 charged, they would tun up the Bay of Fundy light, take in 
 cargoes of gy])sum, and return with them to New York, Phila- 
 delphia. Baltimore and otlier coaling points south ; therefore, the busi- 
 ness of carrying gypsum was essential tf> thcae Aessels as a means 
 of making a run bade to the coal ports protitable, there being no other 
 return freight upon wiiich they couki depend. In response to these }>,■,. xnt 
 protests, an agreement wa^ arrived at undei' which a duty of fifty coiiihtinn- 
 cents })er ton on crude rock was imposed, and, to satisfj- the demands 
 of eastern manufacturer^, the duty on manufactured plaster was 
 increased fron» ■'^1. ■_'•"> per ton to .•-•■2.2") per ton. A very considerable 
 H'.iantity of the 220,000 tons of eiude material, shipped to the 
 I'nited States, as V)efore stated, is used in the manufacture of fertiliz- 
 <-rs. a great deal entering into the manufacture of high-gi-ade fertilizers, 
 and more being simply crushed and tinely ground and put upon the 
 market under the name of ground gypsum or " land plaster." This 
 bu.siness is done in regular mills esta'>lished for tlie purpose, as well 
 as in small mills that are u.sed for grinding corn, etc. 
 
 ChnriK'tt')- and Mode of Occurrence of the (iypsunt Deposits 
 of IIi//sliiiroiii//i. 
 
 The gypsum deposits of Hillsborough are e.vceeditigly varied in 
 character, and in their mode of occurrence pre.sent many features of 
 geological interest. Tliese will be more readily understood by refer- 
 
90 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 ence to the accompanying diagram, and Ity the descriptions whicli 
 follow. 
 
 V riniH< ■'^^ several points on the northern edge of the outcrop, consider- 
 
 able quantities of gypsum are found, being snow-white in colour and 
 varying in molecular structure, some of it being of exceedingly fine 
 grain and some (juite coarse and sutHciently soft to ])e crushed 
 between the fingers, with intermediate grades of fineness, but all 
 grades equal in purity and colour. This part of the deposit is in 
 masses and not any in regular seams. With the pure, white stone are 
 intermixed irregular veinr of discoloured gypsum, of all shades of red, 
 gray, and blue-gray, Most of these discoloured masses contain more or 
 less "grit," which when subjected to 'i/drochloric acid effervesces 
 and show evidence of the presence of caruonate of lime. Occasionally 
 seams of red marl-like stoue fill the spaces between the seams and 
 fissures in the gypsum. These are rarely in iiorizontal positions, 
 but as a rule cut the face at varying angles and occasionally are 
 nearly perpendicular. This m.irl-like substance also contains car- 
 bonate of lime. Underlying the beds of pure white and mixed stone, 
 < iccurrHii"! »f '*''^ 'ibove described, masses of anhydrite are found ; sometimes in thin 
 itiihyilnte. hiyers only and at other times in beds of such thickness that attempts 
 to penetrate them have been given up as unprofitable and work has been 
 pursued elsewhere. Immediately under the white stoiiC, and running 
 into it witlumL any jierceptible break, are generally foum' beds of 
 "* pure anhydrite, which at this time has no commercial value, although 
 
 some of it has l)een ground and exported to the United States as terra 
 alba f(.r paper tilling and other purposes ; but for use as a paper filler, 
 it is not as acceptable to manufacturers as the product of the 
 pure white hydrated gypsum. The d»'Uiand for white soft stone is 
 limited, and it is used entirely as a paper filler : the process of manu- 
 facturing it for tliis purpose being to grind and bolt it through very 
 fine silk bolts, after which it is calcined, mixed witii water, and the 
 setting properties destroyed by continuous stirring ; when it is found 
 to be more suitable as a filler for the higher grades of paper than china- 
 clay, and is coming into nn)re general us(! for this purpose every year. 
 
 Indications of pure, white stone, of this character, are visible at many 
 points along the northern edge of the gypsum deposit, ftir a distance of 
 about three quarters of a mile. The suiface indications of this gypsum 
 r.-lati.in. belt extend in width for about half a mile, the I elt running in a north- 
 
 easterly and south-westerly couise, the southern edge rising sonu'what 
 abrul.)tly against a very steep hillside, which is Mqiposcd to con-ist 
 
; RED; SANDSfONE ETC... '. : . 
 
 Petircodiac " Hirer 
 
 RED COMGLOM: 
 
 n "] LIMESTONE Hi" 
 
 Drift-covered hills 
 underlaid by red con - 
 ylomerate and sandstone 
 
 ^^^. 
 
 Sketch-map Showing GKOi.CKiicAi, Kklations of tiik (i vi's(.-.m_ I'l iositn 
 
 OF HlLLSHOKOLfilJ, AlUERT Co., N. B. 
 
 >( AI-K 
 
 •")(• cl;Hir>- to I inch 
 
r.miiK 
 
 92 M ' NEW liKlNsWH'K. 
 
 largely of a reddish conglomerate that apparently forms the south wall 
 against which the gypsum rests. Still higher up on the hillside, and 
 on the summit, freestone boulders are seen, and a short distance below 
 the summit a clean break and opening exposing the freestone, is quite 
 conspicuous. At this point several natural trenches, parallel to each 
 other, with walls of freestone, and about twenty or thirty feet apart, 
 are exposed for a distance of several hundred yards, stiongly suggest- 
 ing the existence of a serits of faults or downthrows. Thus the 
 gypsum area would s( em to be bounded on two sides by marked dis- 
 locations conversrin" westwaiil at an angle of about 4') . Between the 
 northerly and southerly edges of the gypsum formation are several 
 small valleys, evidently the work of brooks v/hich have cut their way 
 through the gypsum, and have created at some points small bays or 
 openings that have Cixught and retained alluvial deposits, producing 
 meadows or intervales, which are exceedingly fertile. At many points 
 the gypsurn has entirely disappeared, leaving only the anhydrite 
 exposed. The main brook on the northerly side, rises apparently at 
 tlie west end of the gypsum deposit and Hows in an easterly direction, 
 until it falls over a limestone bed, with a descent of about eight feet, 
 anil at this point the conglomerate rock upon which tlie limestone 
 rests is exposed, dipping towards the north-west at an angle of about 
 twenty degrees, and rising rapidly to the south until it reaches the top 
 of a hill about three-quarters of a mile distant, at an elevation of about 
 150 feet. At this point the limestone is exposed and plainly seen on 
 the .surface. It then dips slightly to the south and again underlies a 
 gypsum formation of from fifty to sixty feet in height. The con- 
 glomerate rock is also to be seen a little further to the eastward on 
 the slope of the hill as it descends towards the river. This exposed 
 body of gypsum is very much broken and discoloured and of so little 
 vaiue that, though much nearer a convenient point for shipment 
 than the main quarries now in operation, it is not at present worked 
 and is not considered a profitable held from which to diaw supply. 
 Following the main brook, already .'eferred to, in a westerly direction, 
 the wall of anhydrite extends the whole length of the gypsum deposit, 
 though not uni)roken. 
 
 Relation,..! Several ([Uarries have been opened .it poirits where the soft gyjisum 
 
 ^y|isiiin ai'.l h^d been left untouched bv the action of the brook and much 
 aiiindntc, " 
 
 pure, white stone, as well as good giay merchantable gypsum, iui\e 
 
 been taken therefrom, and there are still large quantities which have 
 
 not yet been opened or worked : but in all operations extending in a 
 
 southerly direction along the course of this brook, the anhydrite has 
 
 made its presence evident, and consists of dark -gray and white 
 
E*"*i'j <.\pstM. 93 M 
 
 stone, or of white stone containintr blood-red streaks or veins : the white 
 anhydrite generally underlying the formation, and the wall being 
 formed by the darker stone. This wall, however, is not uniform in 
 hardness, there being many points wliere small brooks and springs 
 have cut their way through, probably at pbiccs where seams of soft 
 gypsum have broken the uniformity of the harder rock. In some 
 instances the action of the water has created subterranean patsa<res 
 into which the i)rooks disappear, reappearing lower down the valley 
 and joining the main brook. 
 
 Tlie most extensive plaster (juarrj now in operation is at the base Miim i|"iinu!< 
 of the higli hill forming the ^southern wall of the deposit, and was first 
 opened with the intent of making a permanent working aljout forty 
 years ago. After going to a great deal of expense, work was abandoned 
 at this point on account of the very large quantity of anhydrite 
 encountered. This anhydrous gypsum is dark-giay in colour and very 
 hard. After lying idle for a number cf years, work was again under- 
 taken at this place and the hand of hard stone was broken through, 
 when a very litip quality of <.'ypsum, slightly gray in colour, was expos- 
 ed, and since that time this <ju.inT has been in constant operation, and 
 still yields a large output of very tine close-grained stone, from which 
 the best quality of calcined jilaster is made. There is, however, 
 considerable variation in the character of the rock, though nearly ali of 
 it will make plaster of Paris of good cjuality. 8ome of it, however, 
 immediately underlying the clay, is coarse in grain and more or less 
 intermixed with selenite crystals or consisting entirely of gray seleuite. 
 This character of stone will not make good plaster of Paris, and after 
 calcination, if mixed with water and allowed to set, will yield and 
 become more or less soft and non-coherent. The presence of a very 
 small quantity of this stone will seriously impair the (juality of a large 
 (juantity of plaster in process of manufacture. In extending this 
 quariy the underlying beds of anhydrite have been followed, and repre- 
 sent to-day the lloor of the (juarry. Operations at a lower level have, 
 however, established the fact that soft gypsum underlies the ]v,u\\ 
 formation at a depth of thirty feet, but these operations have not l)een 
 of suthcient extent to prove whether this is present in large bodies or 
 not. White stone, both hydrous and anhydrou.s, has also been found 
 at a lower level in this working. 
 
 The working face of the quarry varies in height from thirty feet to Wo king face. 
 one hundred feet, and at this time has from twenty to thirty feet of 
 exceedingly tougli clay overlying it. At several points there are veins, 
 bands, or masses of anhydrite running through and across the face. 
 
94 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 not always connected with the main body of anhydrite, but sometimes 
 in thin veins running out to a point and gradually Jissimilating with 
 the softer stone ; at other times, in small kernels, and often in large 
 .Mu<lt-.)f masses having no connection with the main underlying V)ody. These 
 
 masses of hard stone are removed by drilling and blasting, if not in too 
 great quantities ; if too large to be profit.'ibly removed, they are left 
 and gradually worked around, the soft stone generalU' making its 
 appearance at the back of the hard, sooner or later. The soft stone 
 can all be bored with a common pod auger, although it is found more 
 economical to use hand-power augers especially constiucted for this 
 purpose. The hard stone when struck witli a pick will emit spjvrks. 
 
 .stiatifieatioii. The formation is irregular, being at the west end very much strati- 
 tied, and lying in horizontal beds w hich show a great variety in char- 
 ncter, being in layers of varying thickness, purity and colour, from 
 white to light-gray and dark-gray. 
 
 In.iMilaiitifs ^^^ ^^^^^ point there is no overlying eaitl» and the surface is very 
 irregular and full of depressions and holes that extend many feet 
 down towards the base. Invariably, where there is no protecting 
 earth-surface, the gypsum is very much broken up and can be removed 
 with pick and bar with very little lilasting, but is too much shattered 
 to be of commercial value. The face of the main quarry at the eastern 
 end, contains many seams and evidences of slips, continuous '• face 
 marks " being liroken and signs of unequal settlement quite apparent, 
 wliich may indicate the presence of a soft base of insufficient strength 
 to sustain the whole overlying mass intact. The general character of 
 the beds indicates an original horizontal formation, (see plan), but 
 owing to settlement, subsidence, or upheaval, they have become very 
 irregular and represent a wave-like formation. During the operations 
 some few years ago, a dome-like formation was disclosed, very perfect 
 and sloping towards the floor of the quarry, and from the summit an 
 etjua. dip towards the back, which at this time was represented by a 
 deep depression in the surface, towards which the face of the quarry 
 was leading. This was worked through and the gypsum was found on 
 the other side, but under a greater depth of clay than had l)efore been 
 noted. There has been very little vaiiation in the excellent tju.dity 
 of this stone from the opening of the (juarry until the present time. 
 
 Covti. It promises to yield indetinitely, but there is every evidence that the 
 
 depth of clay is increasing as the face of the quarry is pushed into the 
 hillside. When it becomes unprofital)le to move the clay, it will be 
 necessary to tunnel. From this point to the western end of the 
 gypsum outcrop, where the white r<jck is found, is about three-quarters 
 
•*•"'•] GYPSCM. 95 
 
 of ii mile, aiul the outcrop of gypsum between the>e two points is 
 continuous. 
 
 Two other quarries have been opened at inteiraediate points near j^,' ,|,*,!jp^ 
 this main working, and gypsum of excellent ([Uality has been disclosed. 
 The character of the stone is laminated, lying in almost horizontal 
 beds with occasional waves and a slight general trend of dip to the 
 south-west, but with surface indications of a counteracting rise in the 
 formation as the hill is ascended. Very little selenite is found here, 
 but occasional particles occur through all the stone and occasionally 
 very narrow seams of fibrous gypsum are also found, generally slighth' 
 pink in colour. Beyond this point to the west end of the belt, no 
 work has been done, and the surface indications show gypsum both hard 
 and soft of different grades, but no pure, white stone. The high ridge 
 that forms the backing of the main working of the Hillsborough 
 quarry, apparently cuts off' the gypsum, but after crossing this ridge 
 and descending into the next valley, kn.*wnas the vallev of Demoiselle 
 Creek, the gy{)sum outcrop is again apparent, and some soft rock of 0( eurreiuf- in 
 good (juality is now obtained, and limited shipments made, fro:n a i),,„7^,j",,]i^. 
 quarry recently opened. The water of Demoiselle Creek is highly Cr.ck. 
 impregnated with lime and gypsum, and is known to run immediately 
 over the gypsum formation at several points. No gypsum shows itself 
 on the surface from this point until the lower end of the valley is 
 re:uhed, when there is a small outcrop at a little lake, and it is known 
 to exist towards the main river in an easterly direction, on the other 
 side of the ridge forming the east wall of this valley, and c-rops out on 
 the opposite side of Shepody Bay, in the county of Westmorland : 
 here it is very dark in colour and is not suitable for making plaster of 
 Paris. 
 
 Following the shore-line of Albert county, the next outcrop is at ||'.'''*"*" 
 Hopewell Hill, about sixteen miles from Hillsborough, and back from 
 the shore about two miles, and a half at an intermediate point 
 l)etween this deposit and the shore and then next at a point on the 
 marsh near by, where it is some eight or ten feet ijelow the surface, 
 but no surface outcrop occurs. No more surface indications are 
 visible until New Hortoii is reached, about twenty-eight miles from 
 Hillsborough, and no further outcrop nearer than Martin Head, situ- 
 ated at the liead of the Bay of I'^undy, distant about fifty-three miles 
 from Hillsborough. Here the gypsum is of nooi- quality and the 
 deposit not worked. Inland from Hillsborough, the nearest outcrop of 
 gypsum is at Petitcodiac in AVestmorland county, about forty miles 
 distant, where it is very much broken, selenitic in character, and 
 not valuable for conniiercial purposes. 
 
\Va>?c' 
 
 90 M NKW HUINSWK K. 
 
 M. t!io(i> (if The methcKl of (|UiHTying gypsum is by boring Imlos of varying dejitli 
 
 'I'"""- '"-• and blasting out with ordinary blasting powder. The hard rock is 
 removed by drilling by hand and steam drills, and, when necessary to 
 dislodge in large (juantities, dynaniitf> is found to l-e more economical 
 than powder. The gypsum for shipment is carried to the river over a 
 horse-railway in cars containing about three and one-third gross tons, 
 each horse hauling three cars, making thrt;e trips per day. or an average 
 output per day of thirty tons to a horse and driver, the distance from 
 (juarry to river being about three miles and a half. Average rale 
 of wages paid to quarryman, •'?I per day. Until witliin two or thret; 
 years, common pod-augers were used for boring, but a special hand- 
 power drill has been put upon the market by the Howells .Mining 
 Drill Co. of Plymouth, Pa., U.S.A., which is found to be especially 
 suited for tlus work and character of stone, a short hole being tirst 
 l)ored into the face, into which an arm is placed and upon which the 
 drill is clamped, being then adjustable, so that holes can be bored in 
 any direction or at any angle, either up or down. 
 
 J'ro"s,i of Manufactii liny 1*1 aster of Paris. 
 
 .Mainifji'tnrf- The old process of inaimfacturing plaster of Paris from gypsum was 
 'l';u'i<'"^ " ' ^*^ Imrn the stone iti kiln<, in the same manner as limestone is burned, 
 and this method is still followed to some considerable extent in Eng- 
 land and the Ccmtinent of Eui-ope, but in the United States and 
 Canada it is found that more uniform results are oVjtained by fiist 
 grinding afid afterwards subjecting the ground material to a pi'ocess 
 of calcination, which can be regulated in duiation and temperature. 
 The method fobowed at Hillsborough is to pile the newly (]uariied 
 stone in sheds until it is sufficiently dry to grind easily without clogii- 
 ing tlie mill-stones, after wliich it is passed through crushers in which 
 the stone is broken into fragments about the size of a hazel nut and 
 then delivered to ordinary granite mill-stones, when it is ground to 
 whatever lineness of grade may be required. Thence it is conveyed to 
 bins, under which are placed large iron kettles furnished with -stirring, 
 arms, so that the material ma)' lie kept in constant motion. These 
 kettles are set in brick and have grates and large tire-boxes below them. 
 The fuel used is soft wood in four-foot lengths. In the United States, 
 the fuel used for calcining plaster is anthracite coal, which produces a 
 much hotter tire, and the work of calcination is very nmch more rapid. 
 Each kettle has a capacity of about sixty barrels of oOO pounds, of cal- 
 cined plaster. By this process, the water contained in the gypsum in a 
 state of combination is driven off as steam through openings in the top 
 
EAIIEV. 
 
 ] GYPSUM. 97 >I 
 
 of the kettles constructed for that purpose. These openings discharge 
 into a dust-loft that collects large quantities of the finer particles of 
 the ground gypsum, carried off in steam from the kettles ; a 
 considerable portion of which can be returned to the kettles when next 
 filled, but not all, as too large a proportion would seriously interfere 
 with the setting properties of the product. Thermometers are used, and 
 when a temperature of 285 degrees Fahrenheit is reached, the kettles 
 ara at once emptied into bins, and the plaster is then elevated to rev^olv- 
 ing bolts and thence delivered to bins from which it is packed into 
 paper-lined barrels, for market. A branch line of railway connects 
 the mill with the Salisbury and Harvey Railway, and car-load ship- 
 ments are made to all important points in Canada, to some points in 
 tiie western United States, and to the Pacific seaboard without 
 transhipment. 
 
 Crude gypsum will not stand exposure to the weather, but is speedily Recnt uses of 
 affected by moisture. A method has, however, been recently dis- 8M'm"i>- 
 covered under which, by chemical treatment, it can be both hardened 
 and toughened, and when so treated will take a very perfect polish. 
 In this state gypsum may be employed instead of the more expensive 
 marbles. 
 
 The price obtainable for crude gypsum delivered to vessels in the f'rit>-. 
 Petitcodiac Kiver, ranges from 60 cents to 82.50 per ton of 2240 lbs., 
 the lower grades of rock and discoloured stone, suitable only for the 
 manufacture of land-plaster, being sold at CO cents per ton ; that of 
 a quality suitable for the manufacture of calcined plaster, at from 81.00 
 to 61-20 per ton, and the selected pure, white stone at 82.50 per ton. 
 
 The total number of hands employed in quarrying, conveying to Liibr.ur 
 point of shipment, milling and otherwise in this work, in the year ''■"t"">'^' • 
 1897, was about 225, including i)oys. 
 
 The follov.inij is an analysis of a sample of gypsum from Hills- Aiialy^it?. 
 borough, by A. A. Breneman, of New York : — 
 
 I'tT cent. 
 
 Lime , 3245 
 
 Sulphuric acid, (SO.) 46-38 
 
 Water 2105 
 
 Silica 0'25 
 
 Iron Trace 
 
 Magnesia " 
 
 The analysis indicates an almoit absolutely pure gypsum, 99 88 per 
 cent of the whole consisting of that mineral. 
 
 7 
 
98 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Orijriiiof An examination of tlie Hillsborough deposits, as indiiated in the 
 
 foregoing description, suggests many interesting ([uestions as to their 
 origin. A lengthy discussion of these would be out of place here ; but 
 a few general conclusions may be referred to as highly probable. 
 
 (1.) A large part of the deposit, by its markedly stratified character, 
 points clearly to a sedimentary origin, whatever may have been the 
 original nature of the sediment. 
 
 (2.) As it is well known that anhydrite, on exposure t<.) percolating 
 waters, can abs irb moisture and thus beome converted into gypsum, 
 and as the first-named mineral forms the general floor upon which the 
 workable gypsums rest, as well as occurring irregularly intermixed 
 with the latter, it is highly probable that the present condition is the 
 result of such alteration. In this case the conversion may have begun 
 at any time since the formation of the original anhydrite beds and 
 may still be in progress. 
 
 (3.) The conversion of anhydrite into gypsum, the latter containing 
 20-9 of water, of which the former is wholly destitute, involves a great 
 expansion in bulk of the original rock, amounting, according to Geikie, 
 to about thirty-three per cent ; and the anhydrite, if confined on either 
 side by unyielding rod-, must as the result of this expansion be thrown 
 into undulations, with accompanying breaks and dislocations. The re- 
 moval of the rock by the solvent action of water, clearly indicated by the 
 numerous and large sink-holes surrounding the gypsum beds, may 
 further tend, by undermining, to determine such displacements. 
 
 Ceulo/ical (4) The Conditions under which aqueous deposits of anhydrite may 
 
 conditions. have been originally laid down are not understood. Sir J. Wm. Dawson 
 has suggested that they may have been formed from beds of calcium 
 carbonate in situ, acted upon by vapour or heated solutions of sul- 
 phuric acid, the latter resulting from springs or streams issuing from 
 volcanic rocks. In the present instance the plaster beds have been 
 described as resting on limestone ; but no deposits of a volcanic nature 
 are found in near proximity. 
 
 We may now proceed to notice briefly some of the other localities in 
 which gypsum occurs. 
 
 Albert Albert County. 
 
 fonnty. 
 
 Demoiselle Creek. — This locality has been referred to above. The 
 
 beds here are, apparently, quite limited in extent, forming a narrow 
 
 ridge between the valley of the creek and a small tributary of the 
 
 latter, the western side of which shows a diflferent rock. The ridge is 
 
•AlllV, 
 
 ] OYPSUM. 99 M 
 
 about I.jO feet high, and shows some good white plaster, but also a 
 large proportion of anhydrite. Similar rock also forms cliffs east of 
 Demoiselle Creek, but these are mostly on the land of the Albert 
 Manufacturing Coiupuny. 
 
 The Demoiselle Creek deposits are being worked by the Hillsborough 
 Plaster Company, under the direction of Messrs. C. H. Diraock & Co., 
 of Windso: , Nova Scotia. About 600 tons were shipped from this 
 this locality in the year 1892 to the New York market. At present 
 the product is said to be largely used in the manufacture of " cold 
 water paint." Only about five or six men are employed. In connec- 
 tion with these gypsum deposits there is a remarkable subterranean lake. 
 
 Hopn'i-ell Ililh — Two miles and a hair from the shore, and at inter- 
 mediate points. No surface outcrop. 
 
 New Hortov. — Surface indications. 
 St. John Couxtv. St. .lohn 
 
 county. 
 Martins Head. — Deposit small and of pDor quality. 
 
 Westmokl.vxd County. Wt-^cuior 
 
 l.m 1 county. 
 Petitcodiac. — At Fawcetts Brook, about two miles and a half north- 
 west of Petitcodiac station, is a deposit of gypsum, about forty rods in 
 breadth and about a mile in length, mostly of the fibrous variety. It 
 is traversed for the whole distance by a vein of coarse selenite, about 
 eight feet wide. The material is unsuited for the manufacture of plaster 
 of Paris, but being easily crushed is well adapted for a fertilizer and 
 at one time was somewhat extensively employed for that purpose. 
 
 Kings County. 
 
 iv-inifs county. 
 Considerable beds of gypsum occur in the vicinity of Sussex and in 
 the parish of Upham, near the road connecting Sussex and Quaco : 
 but they are less pure than those of Hillsborough, and have never been 
 turned to useful account, unless, it may be, locally and to a very 
 limited amount. 
 
 VicTORi.v County. Vi(U)tia 
 
 county. 
 The succession of the Lower Carboniferous strata of the Tobique 
 
 valley is as follows, in ascending order : — 
 
 Red conglomerates and sandstones, the former with pebblen of 
 Silurian slates. 
 
 White, red and variegated calcareous sandstones and arrits. 
 
 n 
 
100 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Red, gray and green s}ialy and marly beds, with thin beds of tine- 
 grained gray, red or mottled limestone. Thickness, 140 feet. 
 
 Heavy beds of impure gypsum, of pale-green and reddish colours, 
 mostly fibrous but sometimes compact, alternating with thin beds of 
 red shale. Thickness, about 350 feet. Trappean beds, consisting of 
 gray amygdaloidal dolerite. 
 
 Extent of It is therefore a succession corresponding in the main features to 
 
 that of Hillsborough, in Albert county. The total breadth of the 
 Carboniferous area is about twelve and the total length, from Red 
 Rapids to Blue Mountain, about twenty-seven milev\ What propor- 
 tion of this area is unde'-laiii by gypsum beds has not yet been 
 definitely ascertained, but from observations made on different out- 
 crops it is certain that the extent of the deposits is large. 
 
 . Where the area described is intersected by the Tobifjue River, the 
 
 presence of gypsum lieds is conspicuously marked by the occurren :et of 
 
 high bluffs (130 feet) known as the " Piaster cliffs," which are largely 
 
 Cinupariscii composed of this mineral. In contrast with the beds of Hillsborough 
 
 H'lH)on'."l ^hich are so largely compact, amorphous and of snowy whiteness, 
 
 i:y[..<um. these are coarsely granular, often looking like a rough sandstone, for 
 
 the most part deeply stained a reddish colour, or mottled with ted 
 
 and green. Thinner layers, however, of pure, white gypsum, as well 
 
 as fibrous selenite, also occur. 
 
 l^^se as a The impurity of the Tobiijue gypsum, as indicated both by its 
 
 tertuiz<r. colour and texture, render it unfit for the uses for which the Hills- 
 
 borough gypsum is emjiloyed. It is, liowever, admirably adapted for 
 use as a mineral fertilizer, and for many years considerable (juuntities 
 of it were annually removed on sleds during the winter season, to find 
 a market in the valley of the St. John River or in Aroostook county, 
 Maine, under the name of "land plaster." So highly valued was it, 
 indeed, fur this use that, for the purpose of facilitating its lemovul, 
 a railway, now known as the Tobique Valley Railway, was constructed 
 from Perth, opposite Andover on the St. John River, to the Plaster 
 Rock, a distance of twenty-eight miles. Tliis has recently become a 
 branch of the northern division of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 
 New liriinswick. 
 
 The Tobique Valley Gypsum Mining and Manufacturing Company, 
 (Limited), incorporated in 1893, erected machinery for crushing and 
 grinding gypsum at this place, the plant being very conveniently situ- 
 ated on the railway. A (juaiitity of the material was ground and 
 shipped for " land plaster-," meeting with a very favourable reception. 
 
BAItEV. 
 
 ] GKANITES, DIORITES, ETC. 101 M 
 
 but difficulties arose in connection with railway facilities and rates, 
 In 1897 the property passed into new hands and it is supposed that 
 operations will shortly be resumed. 
 
 Granites, Diorites, etc. 
 
 The areas covered by granites and similar crystalline rocks in New Distribution 
 Brunswick are very large, and the supply, including many varieties, is 
 practically inexhaustible. It will be necessary to consider here only 
 those which, either from their advantageous position or from peculiar 
 features of textui e or colour, ac(iuire special economic importance. 
 
 llani}. ' :ad, Qwens County. — These granites, from their position on 
 the right bank of the St. John River, near the foot of Spoon Island, 
 (and hence often known as Spoon Island granites), attracted early no- 
 tice, and, though never the seat of a very extensive industry, have, in 
 the aggregate, yielded a large supplj"^ of rock, well suited to the pur- 
 poses to which it has been applied. 
 
 Though geologically related, in age and position, to the granites of Hainiistt;td 
 the Nerepis range, the Hampstead rocks are not actually continuous ^'^"' ' '^' 
 with the latter, besides lacking some of the features usually character- 
 izing the rocks of those hills. Thus the rock at Spoon Island is uni- 
 foi inly gray, without any admixture of red, and though somewhat 
 porphyritic, usually less markedly so, and at the same time of a finer 
 grain, than much jf the Nerepis granite. A conspicuous feature in 
 the quarries is the existence of divisional planes, sometimes horizontal 
 and sometimes inclined 6' or 8", by which the mass of the rock is sep- 
 arated into bed-like layers from four to ten feet in thickness, which 
 greitly facilitate quarrying. Vertical joints are also common, but 
 unlike those in the rock at St. George, to be presently noticed, are said 
 to have no detrimental eflFect upon the quality of the stone. A more 
 objectionable feature is the occurrence in the gray rock of nodules or 
 irregular masses of a darker colour, looking like imbedded pebbles ; 
 but these are important only where the stone is to be used for monu- 
 mental purposes, and are neither common nor large. 
 
 The Hampstead granites are especially suited for foundations, and Snittd for 
 have been thus used in the construction of the Parliament Building ''"'•''!"? 
 at Fredericton, the piers of the Fredericton bridge, and the cotton 
 mill at Marysville, besides many buildings, both public and private, 
 in the city of St. John. At present much of the rock is sent to the 
 works at St. George to be polished. Columns of any desired size may 
 be readily obtained, but the larger part of the output is employed in 
 
102 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 the construction of monuments. Shipment is easy, the quarries being 
 upon the face of a hill and connected with a wharf at a distance of 
 about a furlong, by tramways. At the date of our visit (1897) work 
 was slack, only ten men being engaged, but at times as many as one 
 hundred and fifty men have been employed. 
 
 Serepis Valley. — This transverse depression across the Nerepis range 
 of hills, through whicli passes the main line of tiie Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, has, in its high and precipitous sides, been at several points 
 the basis of quarrying operations. At the time of the construction of 
 the railway, most of the rock required in the nuiking of culverts was 
 obtained from a series of bluffs known as Eagle Rock, about two miles 
 Welsfurd below Welsford station, and subseciuently other quarries were opened 
 
 qu.irri.>. ^^^. general purposes, a little above the same station. In these locali- 
 
 ties the rock is rather a syenite than a granite, the mica being more or 
 less replaced by hornblende, and the colour either a tawny yellow or 
 pale red. The rock is easily quarried, splits readily into blocks of con- 
 venient size, and owing to the proximity of the railway, may easily be 
 carried away. It is an excellent and durable building material. Full 
 particulars as to these and other granites of the Nerepis range will be 
 found in the Report of the (leological Survey for 1870-71, (pp. 184- 
 185). 
 
 St. (Muige .S'^ George. — -The granite range of the Xerepis Hills, in its extension 
 
 >inarr,f>. westward, crosses the Magaguadavic River a few miles above the town 
 
 of St. George, and is there very noticeable for the bright-red colour 
 
 which distinguishes it, and its consequent adaptability to monumental 
 
 and ornamental purposes. 
 
 l-'irst The e.xistence of these red granites and their suitability for t!ie uses 
 
 mentioned, were noticed by the writer and his associates as early as the 
 year 18G9, during the course of a geological examination of southern New 
 Brunswick then in progress, and in the report relating thereto they 
 compared the rock with the well-known red granites of Aberdeen in 
 Scotland. Several years, however, elapsed before this e\ident similar- 
 ity attracted the investment of capital with the consequent under- 
 taking of systematic operations for the <juarrying and finishing of the 
 stone. For information as to the subsequent development and present 
 status of the granite industry, I am indebted to .Mr. ^lilne, of the firm 
 of Milne, Coutts iV: Co., of the Ray of I'undy Red (Jranite Works at 
 St. George. Mr. Milne writes : — 
 
 Fii>t " Regarding the granite business at St. George, we might say that it 
 
 I fN*- "pill. II . ^..^g started in 1S72 by a company of New York eajiitalists and 
 
 practical granite men, who jiuichased some 2000 acres of granite 
 
•*"■«!'• ] IIRAXITES, DIORITES, ETC. 103 M 
 
 mountains and built and e(iuipped the best manufacturing plant in 
 America, their buildings and machinery costing over 875,000. They 
 employed about 150 men, and did a large business for a few years, but 
 the dull times during; the years 1875 and 187G drove theia to the wall. 
 iSeveial different firms tried to handle the business after they closed 
 down, but failed to make a success. In the j'car 1881, Milne, Coutts 
 «« Co. rented the property, and in 1883 bought the land and plantj 
 and have since succeeded in buiH.ing up a good trade in the Dominion. 
 Three other firms have since sprung up, and are doing a fair business. 
 The outjjut is valued at between •■:r80,000 and •■:?90,000 per year, and 
 ab jut 300 men are employed. 
 
 "Our chief competition is with Aberdeen, where they not only Couipt-titi.in 
 manufacture tlieir own granites, but import stone froTi Norway aid 
 Sweden. Tlie low rate of wages in those countries enables them to lay 
 down these granites in Aberdeen at about the cost of (juarrying their 
 own. The wages for stone cutters in Aberdeen ai'e between four and 
 live shillings per day. The wages in St. George are from $2 to 
 *2.50 per day. (Jur close pro.xirnity to the United States granite 
 centres keeps the wages at their rates, as our men, who are well-known 
 and ffimed as good workmen, and a much steadier class of men than 
 the general run of journeymen, are always welcome in the neighbour- 
 i ng republic ; consecjuently we have to pay the wages to keep them. 
 
 "The freight rates from Aberdeen to Ontario are about the same or 
 a little less than from St. George. The duty on foreign granite has 
 been 30 per cent for some years. On a fine class of work that reijuiretl 
 a goo<l deal of labour this did not make up the difference in the wages. 
 Consequently a great deal of the better work has come from Scotland. 
 
 "Thei'e is quite a demand in Canada for Quincy, Westerley, Barrel Comitftitiipii 
 and other American gray sp'anites. St. George firms import the rougii !r,.;i,,it,.s. ' 
 stone and compete favourably with American firms for this work. In 
 large jobs the American firms send the rough granite to Scotland, have 
 
 it maimfactured there and shipped to Caiiiida The St. George 
 
 granite is well and favourably known throughout Canada and the 
 United States, and is extensively usrd both in monumental and build- 
 ing work. The Museum of Natural History in New York is in part 
 built of it, and a great many jmblic and private buildings are trimmed 
 with it in the form of polished columns, pilastres, etc. Its crushing 
 test is 13,000 lbs. to the cubic inch. ' 
 
 The following are the names of the companies now working granite ('nniiianies 
 in the vicinity of St. George, with their output for the year 18i)3 ; — " ^'"'^'^ " 
 
Works ;it 
 Carleti )n. 
 
 Dutit'S. 
 
 Situation 
 St. (Jcorg' 
 quariiis. 
 
 ..f 
 
 104 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Tons. ^'aIllt•. 
 
 Milne, Coutts it Co., Bay of Fundy 
 
 Red Granite Co 400 s;V2,000 
 
 Tayte, Meeting & Co 300 24,000 
 
 Epps, Dodds it Co 300 24,000 
 
 Victoria Red Grantite Co 
 
 Returns received by the Geological Survey for 1897, show a produc- 
 tion of granite in New Brunswick valued at 887,300, the industry 
 giving employment to 170 men during eight or nine months. Of the 
 total output, about seventy-five per cent is to be credited to the 
 vicinity of St. George. 
 
 For several years Messrs. Taylor Bros, did a considerable business, 
 their output for each of the years 1892 and 1893 being 300 tons, worth, 
 at 880 per ton, 824,000. The Messrs. Burpee were also at one time 
 largely engaged in the business, the rough stone being shipped to 
 Carleton (St. John), where an extensive manufacturing plant was for 
 several years in active operation ; butditticulties having arisen in con- 
 nection with the export of the product to the United States, their 
 works were abandoned, and the raw stone was shipped from St. George 
 by the Grand Southern Railway' to Calais, Maine, where the industry is 
 now carried on. 
 
 The duty on niaimfactuied gi-anite sent to the United States was, 
 under the ''Wilson "' tariflF, thirty per cent : but thesubsccine'tt increase 
 to forty per cent is well nigh prohibitive. The St. George product is 
 now almost wholly marketed in Canada, being ;sent west even to 
 Manitoba and British Columbia. 
 
 The St. George (juarries a'-e .situated on the southern slope of a 
 range of granite hills about two miles and a half liistant from the 
 town of St. George, and not far from the so called " canal ' or 
 " thoroughfare " connecting Lake Eutopia with the Magaguadavic 
 River. Openings have been made at many different points upon the 
 sides and summits of the hills, the rock exhibiting considerai)le variety 
 of colour and texture in passing fioiu one to another. The rock is 
 also intersected by numerous large and smooth-faced joint-planes, 
 while in places it is irregularly seamed or even shattered. No ditliculty 
 is experienced in getting out good blocks cf any desired dimensions, 
 but columns from eight to ten feet are about the largest ever made. A 
 curious feature is the covering of the surfaces of some of the joint- 
 planes by a pale-green soft mineral resembling serpentine, mixed with 
 scattered grains of graphite. At some points the rock is highly 
 charged with scales of specular iron. 
 
•*'itY. j GRANITES, DIORITES, ETC. 105 H 
 
 At the bise of the main ridge of red granite, may be seen some 
 ledges of so-called "black granite " somewhat similar to tliose described 
 below. It takes a good polish and is not without beauty, but is apt 
 to be streaky and is not regarded by the proprietors as a gootl or 
 durable stone. 
 
 The possibility of successful operations at St. George Ili due aot only 
 to the fine (juality of the stone, but also to the facilities afforded by 
 the great water-power of the Magaguadavic River. Detween the hills 
 and the town, the stream traverses meadow land and is sufficiently deep 
 and broad to allow of the easy carriage of blocks in scows, if desired ; 
 but then, changing its character, it descends tor alxjut a quarter of a 
 mile in a deep narrow gorge and is broken into a series of tumultuous 
 falls, ihe whole descent from the upper to the lower basin being 
 probably forty or fifty feet. The granite works are situated on the 
 edge of tlie ravine, and from the stream all needed power is directly 
 drawn. To avoid the re-handling involved in shipping by scows, the 
 rock is hauled directly from the quarries to the works. 
 
 The following description of the works at tit. George is taken from 
 a report of Dr. G. F. Matthew : * 
 
 "The [Bay of Fundy Red Granite] company have their works in Dcscni.tiMn 
 this village [St. George] on the branch or the Magaguadavic, just 
 below the falls. The river here connects with tide-water in a narrow 
 gorge in which the water-power machinery is placed, by which the 
 works are driven. The po.ver is taken from a five feet Leftel wheel (of 
 160 horse-power), with twenty-four feet of water, to a line of shafting 
 passing into the buildings. The buildings of the company occupy three 
 sides of an oblouj.; space, about 300 feet long and 175 wide, extending 
 to the nearest street. In the enclosed yard is a travelling crane, for 
 lifting and carrying the stone to all parts of the buildings ; it has a 
 hoist of twenty feet, and is capable of lifting eight tons. On the south 
 side is the grinding and polishing shop, and unthe west and north the 
 cutting shed. The olfices of the company are also on the north side, 
 at the entrance to the yard. The buildings are so constructed that 
 the work can be carried on without hinil ranee from storm and winter 
 cold. The grinding and polishing shed is .'!00 feet long, and contains 
 four large rotary c;irriage machines or vertical rubbers, capable of 
 polishing seventj' or eighty superticial feet at once ; also four hand 
 rotary, vertical polishers, six pendulum machines, two of which are 
 double, and thirteen lathes. This machinery is driven by a long line 
 of four-inch shafting connected with the water-wheel under the falls. 
 
 'Report of Progress, (Icol. .Surv.Can., 187»)-77, p. 347. 
 
106 M NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 There is an additional line of shafting at the west end of the polishing 
 shop, for driving the lathes. These lathes are of various sizes, the 
 largest being capable of turning columns twenty-eight feet long and 
 three feet in diameter. The large carriage machines have carriage- 
 Ijeds four feet by ten feet, and the motion is taken to the vertical 
 rotary polishers which work upon them by cog-wheel movements ; on 
 the tables of these machines the stones are bedded to a unifonu le\e\ 
 with plaster of Paris. The four small rotary polishers are moved in a 
 similar way. and have universal joints, to enable the workmen to move 
 them at will to any part of their work. 
 
 Pn>c;.s.s (> "The rough sttme is first taken into the cutting shed, which is 
 
 cutting.' and , ,-/,<. .^ r , ... i ■ i i ■ i i • i 
 
 l)uli>!iiii<,'. about :.';)U leet long, where it is dressed with chisels to the required 
 
 form. It is next transferred to the grinding and polishing shop, where 
 
 the rough grinding is done with saud ami water. When the stone is 
 
 sufficiently smooth the sand is cleaned off, and emery applied to the 
 
 amount of one pound to twosuperliciil feet of surface ; this is kept upon 
 
 the stone till it {the emery) is ground to an impalpable powder, or 
 
 '• sludge,'" free from grit. The emery is then thoroughly cleaned off, 
 
 and moist putty powder (oxide of tin) applied, to polish the stone and 
 
 give it a brilliant surface. 
 
 "An ordinary spire, six fei-t high, can be cut and sliaped in tour 
 days by one workman, and when transferred to the polishing simp, 
 about four days more are consumrt.:! in grinding and polishing the 
 .several sides of it. The expense connected with the preparation of 
 the stone for market is, therefore, considerable ; but its colour ami 
 • luality is such as to make it well worthy of the expenditure of time, 
 labour and capital, and ic is highly prized wherever it is known." 
 
 Kvi-tiiitr -^t tJie present time (1898) the grinding and polishing machinery 
 
 apl'liniii;..'-. consists of one granite lalhe or column cutter, six Jenny Liud polish- 
 ing niiichines, six vertical polishing machines, two sets pendulu.:i 
 polishing machines, seven polishing lathes, suul uther necessary 
 appliances. About ."^3500 worth of finished work is turned out 
 monthly, anrl about sixty men are employed for eleven months of the 
 year, but the facilities are much in excess of this output. 
 
 The granites of the northern, or York county belt, are too remote 
 from shipping ports to make them a profitable source of supply on an 
 extended scah- : they have, however, been employed to a limited 
 extent. Then on the St. John River, just opposite the mouth of the 
 Sheugomoc are the works of the !S(juthampton Marble and (iianite 
 Company (Oldham Bros.) which extracts in the vicinity and uses each 
 year from 400 to .'>00 tons, chiefly for the manufacture of monumantal 
 
•*"-tv. J GRANITES, DIORITES, ETC. 107 M 
 
 bases, but sometimes for entire monuments. A considerable quantity 
 of rock was also removed from that neighl)ourhood to be used as 
 foundations in the construction of publi-j buildings in Fredericton. 
 
 " Blwk <jranites" or Mica-diorites. 
 
 At various po' its in connection with the great mass of granitoid Black gnir't'^ 
 rocks constituting the Nerepis Hills, rocks containing moro or less 
 hornblende, and often of a highly basic charactei', as well as of a dark 
 colour, are met with, some of which have been quarried to a limited 
 extent and brought to market under the above designation. 
 
 One such locality is that of Bocabec, bordering the north side of Boc-ilx^'. 
 Passamaquoddy Bay, in Charlotte county, where a quarry has been 
 opened by Sheriff Htuart and others, in a rock consisting of a granular 
 admixture of Ljibrador felspar and hornblende, with grains of mag- 
 netic iron. It is a handsome stone and susceptible of a good polish, 
 but tougher and harder to work than ordinary granites, and said to 
 refjuire, as compared with that of St. George, about 20 per cent more 
 labour for its tinishing. 
 
 A rock of somewhat similar aspect, but carrying a ctM tain percent- Fiyti loai. 
 age of (juartz, and at the same time somewhat lighter in colour, occurs 
 on the Frye road, a little west of Bocabec, and not far from the line 
 of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Limeburner Lake. It is the prop- 
 erty of Angus Kennedy, of St. Andiews, by whom a ipiarry has been 
 opened and a considerable (juantity of lock taken out, but not 
 removed. The stone is of even texture, firm and ilurable, besitles 
 being susceptible of a good polish. Its position is favoural)le to ship- 
 ment. 
 
 Kocks of a iiighly basic chai-acter and dark colour like that of nol'm- I.ak". 
 Bocabec, also occur at Dolins Lake, near St. John, and Bull Moose Hill. L,,uutv. 
 Kings county, as well as at many other points, but as yet have not 
 been worked. 
 
 During the summer of 1897, a company known as the Dominion 
 Granite Company, of Bridgewater, N.S., have opened quarries and 
 erected wi>rks at Welsford (Queens county, N. B.) for the manufac- 
 ture of so-called "black granite. ' The rock is in reality a niica-diorite, 
 and is described as forming a miss about one mile long and half a mile 
 wide. It is situated about a mile from the line of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway, and about twenty-two miles from the city of St. John. 
 It takes a good polish and is being worked for monumental purposes. 
 
108 M NKW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Ornamental Stones. 
 
 Oriiaintiit:*! Tlie materials found in New Brunswick which are capable of being 
 
 employed for ornamental or decorative purposes, besides granite, 
 include certain varieties of marble, serpentine and porphyry, with, pos- 
 .sibly, the minerals quart/., garnet, tourmaline and fluorite. 
 
 M;irbles. J/ai'blny. -These are almost wholly confined to the rocks of the 
 
 Laurentian system, in which they occur in considerable beds, and 
 ot many ditl'erent varieties. In tint they vary from pura white to 
 cream-colour, reddish, grayish or greenish, the latter tint due to 
 associated pale-green serpentine, constituting verdc antif/ue. In texture 
 they similarly graduate from kinds which are almost cr3'ptociystalline 
 to others which are coarsely saccharoidal, Many of them are not 
 without beauty, and are susceptible of a fine polish, but they are apt 
 to be much shattered by the shearing strains to which they have been 
 subjected, and this has greatly interfered with their being turned to 
 useful account. Small quarries have at times been opened, but no 
 extensive or continuous work has yet been undertaken. 
 
 S. I'li^iitiiii >. Serpentines.- — As stated above, pale-green serpentine is at various 
 points (St. John, Pisarinco, Mussquash, Fry Island) associated with 
 Laurentian limestones, forming a variety of verde antiijne marble. 
 Hand specimens are often quite handsome, but large ))locks, free from 
 tracks, are not easily obtained. 
 
 Porpliviy. Porphyry. — In the hills around Passamaquoddy Bay, the upper 
 
 portion of the Silui'ian system is marked by the occurrence of extensive 
 .sheets of tine-grained rock, consisting to a large extent uf felspar, with 
 porphyritic crystals of the same mineral, but having associated with 
 thi' felspars more or less of finely disseminated ([uartz. It is probable 
 th;ifc among tliese rocks, all of which are ancient volcanic overflows, 
 quartz-porphyries and rhyolites are included. In many instances the 
 beds are of very fine texture, and readily take a high polish, while their 
 colour, varying fiom a pale salmon-red to a deep bi'ownish-red, 
 diversified by the occurrence of numerous small felspar crystals dis 
 seminated through the mass, is such as to make them ver}' attractive. 
 In some instances, in addition to minute crystals, the rock is further 
 characterized by what would appear to have been lines of flow, pro- 
 ducing a delicately banded and wavy structure, suggestive of some 
 varieties of polished wootl. 
 
 „. Some of these beds are very favourably situated for (luarryins 
 
 Situation _ . ■' •' \ J ■a 
 
 fiivourablp for and shipment, being (as at Chamcook Lake) directly on a branch 
 
 vorking. 
 
t^»*y. ] FREESTONES, MILLSTONES, GRINDSTONES. 109 M 
 
 line of the Canadian Pacidc Railway, or (as at xMacMaster Island) 
 close to navi;j;able waters. That they have not, up to this time, been 
 regarded as worthy ot" attention, seems to be largely due to the fact 
 that, as seen near the surface, they are freely intersected by divisional 
 planes, and blocks of suitable size are not easily obtainable ; but the 
 interior of tlu^se blocks is often of a very firm texture, and it is not at 
 all improbable that, were excavations made sufficiently deep to get 
 beyond the reach of the frost, the objection referred to might be 
 greatly if not wholly removed. At all events there would seem to be 
 no good reason why small blocks of the rock should not be used, in the 
 form of tablets, etc., in connection with the red granites of St.tJeorge, 
 with the colour of which they would completely harmonize. 
 
 Freestones, Millstones, Grindstones. 
 
 With the rocks of the Carboniferous system, including the Millstone CjirlH.'iifmms 
 Grit formation, occupying so large a portion of its surface, it is not to '■tJfl<- 
 be wondei'cd at that rocks of the character indicated bv the above titlt^ 
 should be abundant in New Brunswick. As a matter of fact they 
 can be obtained, more or less readily, over almost all parts of the 
 areji thus occupied. Their extraction has been chiefly determined i'V 
 demand, and by taeir greater or less accessibility and proximity t » 
 means of transport. 
 
 Foi- many years, the chief centre of the freestone industry was to be Ha\ of I'umlv 
 found at the head of the Bay of Fandy, along portions of the Albert 'i"'"'"'"^- 
 county coast, upon that of Westmorland county and some of tlie 
 adjacent islands. r)ne of these latter, viz.. Grindstone Island, emphas- 
 sises in its name the nature of the materials of which it is composed, as 
 it was also one of the earlii'st localities at which grindstones were made. 
 (Jn Mary Point, on the mainland near by, similar beds occur, and about 
 forty yf'ars ago considerable quantities of stone were ijuarried and 
 remo%ed from both places. It is said that, in ISol, as many as 58,9li) 
 grindstones were made, mostly from the Bay of Fundy beds. In 185*), 
 more considerable <|uarries, known as the Budreau ([uarrie-, were Hi„]r,.aM 
 opened on the left bank of the Petitcodiac Biver. in Westmorland 'I'larries. 
 county, and in 18G4 the Caledonia (juarries at Rockland in the same 
 county. Still later, a quarry known as the Westmorland Union Free- 
 stone ({uarry, was opened near Cumberland Basin, with others in the 
 valley of Demoiselle Creek, in Albert county. 
 
 At all the above localities, the rocks lie at or near the base of i! e Kcoloffical 
 Millstone (Jrif, and may often be seen to rest upon and to graduate *"'""' "^"''' 
 
110 M NKW HKUNSWICK. 
 
 into the j-ed rocks of the unfleilying Lower Caihoniferous formation. 
 The former are usually gvny or olive in colour, but shade on the one 
 hand into chocolate-hrown, f)r on the other into a bluish-gray. 
 At Mary Point a portion of the Ijeds were of a pale purplish-gray 
 colour. The oli\e-gray was generally prefened, and of this very 
 massive beds, from two to six feet in thickness, were readily olitained, 
 yielding in the case of the Hudreau cjuarries. blocks of any desired 
 size up to a length of thirty feet, and a weight of twenty tons. The 
 fine, even texture of these rocks, the facility with which tliey could 
 be worked, their durability, combined with their pleasing colour, sofjn 
 led to their being held in high estimation, and the so-called " brown 
 stone fronts '" of .some cities of the United States, as well as many 
 public buildings lx)th in the United Stntes and in the Maritime 
 Provinces, illustrate the extent to wliich they were at one time em- 
 C.>.«:itiipn iif ployed. All this, however, is now changed, tiierc being at the present 
 time, so far as known to the writ«r, not a single <]uarry in either 
 Albert or Westmorland county, at which work is being prosecuted. 
 The explanation of this is mainly, if not wholly, to be found in the 
 operation of the adverse tarift" imposed by the L'nited States. 
 
 While the working of freestones and grindstones in the south-eastern 
 counties is thus for the time being dormant, somewhat extensive 
 operations have, for a number of years, been in more or less continu- 
 ous progress along the so-called north shore of the province, more 
 especially near Newcastle, in Northumberland county, and on the 
 sliore of the Bay Chaleurs at New Baiidon or Stonehaven, in (Jlouces- 
 ter county, 
 
 Fr> nc!i Fort The French Fort (juairy, near Newcastle, was opened in the year 
 
 'AvwILtl'.r ^'^^^' ^y ^^^- ^- ^- ^^^^' ^^ ^^^'^ ^^'^^^^ ^^ inquiries then made for 
 sandstone in connection with the construction of the large depart- 
 mental building at Ottawa, now known as the I^angevin block. For 
 this building some -50,000 cubic feet of stone were quarried and shipped. 
 Since that time the output has varied considerably, but the work has 
 been continuously carried on, with an average, for the full seven 
 months in each year, of between 3000 and 4000 tons, an amount 
 which might easily have been incre ised by the employm'ent of a larger 
 plant and by additional effort to secure a market. The average 
 number of men employed is about thirty, with wages at alx)ut $9 
 per week. 
 
 Situation. The ijuariy is situated almost un the line of the Interco- 
 
 lonial Railway, and three-quarters of a mile from tlie Mira- 
 michi River; with both of which it is connected by tramways for ship 
 
•*"••*•] FREESTONES, MILLSTONES, <;RINDSTONES. Ill M 
 
 ping. The upper thirty feet of stone is olive ;;''ay in ct)lour, becoming 
 somotiiiies greenish-olive, beneath which, to the level of the river, the 
 rocks are gray. The greenish-olive or olive stone i3 most pleasing to 
 the eye, whether with a natural or rock face, or dressed in various 
 vk-ays. It retains its colour well. 
 
 The best grades of the stone are almost entirely free from defects, Varioiu 
 and are generally quarried from the same level. The stone is so easily ^'^■" '* 
 wrought that it can be cut and carved very elaborately and at a small 
 cost. Tt also makes a most desirable stone for trimming brick build- 
 ing.s. Other grades are admirably suited for tiie manufacture of 
 stones, for wood pulp grinding and for all classes of foundation 
 work. The natural oulcroppings, structures nearly one hundred j'ears 
 old, the nun)erous bridge-piers, culverts, abutments etc., for which it 
 has been employed, both in salt and fresh water ; its exposure to rough 
 wear from the lashing of the ficean or swift running water, as well as 
 to the grating of ice-t!oes and tht knocking of drift timber, all tend to 
 show the great durability of th(f stone and its fitness for every class of Dunil>ility. 
 work, there being no evidence of weakness or decay under any of these 
 circumstances. The stone needs to be (juarried long enough before using 
 to become thoroughly dried. The finer grades however, are much 
 affected by the frost, while the coarser grades, do not seem to be 
 affected in any way. Its power of resistance to shearing and crushing 
 forces has not as yet been definitely determined. 
 
 The thickness of the beds in the (juarry runs from six inches to nine Tliikmsi 
 feet, the thickest being always the lowest. Tiiey contain seams, called "^ '''•'l^- 
 by the quarrymen ".sand-beds," '■ mica-bed.s," " mud bed.s," "iron- 
 beds," and "coal-ljeds," according to th.eir predominant .:haracteristics, 
 and also hold spots and nodules of slate, as well as of a soft brownish- 
 black material, probably manganese, occurring in " pockets." Iron is 
 more abundant in some localities than in others. In some quarries 
 it is found very largely in the best grade= of stone, and in others it 
 occurs chiefly in the less valuable sheets. Joint-planes occur through- 
 out the c|uarry. some of them very long and deep while 'others are 
 much shorter, branching off from the former in different directions. 
 The width of the beds between these joint-planes is from 4 to 30 feet, 
 and the actual joints are in some places <|uite close, while in others 
 a little more open — about three-fourths of an inch — and then usually 
 full of a very tough clay. Concretions are of common occurrence in (Nnnntiim*. 
 the larger sheets of stone. They are usually round and consist of a 
 brownish-black .soft material on the outside, similar to that of the 
 " pockets'" referred to above, while the interior is of a fine, hard. 
 
112 M NEW URUXSWICK. 
 
 gray iiiateriiil. Much larger deposits of a like naiiiie and termed 
 " bull " by the quarrymen, are occasionally met with. They are 
 sometimes three feet in diameter and six to ten feet in length. The 
 stone surrounding concretions is always of poor quality. 
 
 Wiistr. In the quarrying operations there is generally a gornl deal of waste, 
 
 consisting of "earth,' "shelly rock " and "had rock,"' all of which 
 has t J be handled and got out of the way in producing the best 
 grades of stone. This of course makes it a little expensive, but not 
 more so than in the case of similar giades elsewhere at the quarries. 
 The consequence is that very little of the rock is used in the Maritime 
 Provinces, architects and their clients i:)eing th ;re satisfied with the 
 second grade of stone. Whether this is due to a lack of knowledge of 
 the qualify on the part of the buildeis, or to the aim of tlie architect 
 to give a stone building at a small cost, is not known. Probably both 
 these reasons come into play. It would, however, certainly be much 
 better, in the case of our public buildings at least, if more definite 
 instructions wsre given to the architects, properly specifying the 
 quality of stone. Any class of stone can be produced at these quarries 
 and as cheaply as elsewhere. The outcrops extend in distance for 
 over three miles. 
 
 Alark.-t^. The cost of transportation to our own m;irkets very seriously 
 
 injures the expansion of the stone industry at Newcastle. The dis- 
 tance to our larger cities and more prosperous towns entails a freight 
 charge that cripples these works very much in competition with 
 nearer (juarries situated in tlie United States, as these can deliver 
 stone, freight and duty included, at a Je^s rate than the freight alone 
 from Newcastle. 
 
 Kffpcts of ^'"^ change in tariff lately made, allows building stone and grind- 
 
 tariff.s. stones to come into Canada at a much less rate of duty than that im- 
 
 posed by the United States. This practically gives to Ohio and the 
 West, our Ontario and Quebec market, while we are shut out from the 
 New England mar ket. Ontario takes no grindstones from the ^laritime 
 Provinces," and what is produced by them has been and is marketed in 
 the New England states at a very great disadvantage, in competition 
 with the quarries in the United States. 
 
 C<iir. petition Another very serious hindrance in the development of this industry, 
 from abroad, js the very large quantity of foreign stone that is brought to this 
 country in vessels coming for return cargoes. These boats often carry 
 it as ballast, at very small cost, and while the quarries in Great Britain 
 actually get more for the same grade of stone than the Newcastle 
 quarries, the latter are at a disadvantage. 
 
••»«».] KKEKSTONKS. MII.LhTONKS, (.RINOSTONEH, KTO. 1I-5 M 
 
 111 lf^\)i the I'nited States duty was as follows : — 
 
 <iriiulst<in«'s tiiii-'ln-il and mitini^he'l Hi jier c«'nt. 
 
 Building' stoni-. itc, in ri)iigh . . 7c. i)er cubic fin it. 
 
 (1.1 div-i-f(l M) ]H-r cpnt 
 
 In 1897 the I'nited States duty is as follows : — 
 
 < Jrindxtones Hiiislied and imtiiii-ihed *1.7o iht tmi. 
 
 Building stuiif. ftc, in rougli 12c. per cubic foot. 
 
 ill) dii-^Kt-il 50 per cent. 
 
 In addition to the Langevin lolock in Ottawa, yewc;istle stone has 
 beL'n used in the construction of the city hall, Hamilton, ( )nt.ariu ; 
 T*>skine and St. James churches. Uirks building and various private 
 residences in .Montreal : the post-otiices of Rimouski, Fraserville, 
 Richmr>nd. (^hathuni and Newcastle in (-Quebec and New Brunswick, 
 and in St. Dunstan cathedral in Charh>ttPtown. P.E.I. Ft has also 
 been employed extensively as trimmings for brick structures. 
 
 i'he iJiy Chaleiirs stone c|uarries are, ;.'eologically, probably a little 
 lower than those of Newcastle in the Carboniferous system, but do not 
 differ essentiallj' in their ciiai-acter. 
 
 They are two in number, the principal one being that of Stonehaven 8iouehaT<»n 
 (formerly New Bandon) and the other at Clifton, tlie two being about ' 
 two miles apart. Both are situatefl directly upon the shore, whicii 
 here presents, for several miles, a series of nearly vertical blutls of rock, 
 the admirably exposed strata having a very light south-east dip. 
 At Stonehaven, the rocks are all gray in colour, including massive beds 
 from sixteen to twenty feet in thickness, while at Clifton, only the ba- 
 sal beds are gray, the greater part of the fifty feet of rock that here 
 constitutes the bluii' being composed of gray, green and red crumbling 
 shales. Layers of the latter are replete with fossil ferns, remarkaljle 
 alike for their variety and the perfection of their preservation. At 
 one point (Knowles' quarry) may be seen several beds of bituminous 
 coal, the thickest being about eight inches. Other seams are said to 
 show at veiy low water, one of them with a thickness of eighteen 
 inches. 
 
 The freestone of Stonehaven, according to its proprietor, Mr. .loliii 
 W. Love, is not well suited foi- building, being subject to too rapid 
 decay. The post-office at Bathusst has, however, been built of it. 
 By far the larger part of the rfK-k is used in the manufacture of grind- Manufactur* 
 stones, with pulp-stones, scythe-stones etc., as subordinate products "'^"'"^'' ""^^ 
 About fifty or sixty men aie emplox'ed, and the yearly product is from 
 1000 to 1200 tons. The grindstones vary from four inches to seven 
 feet in diameter, and their value is estimated at ^ a cent per pound or 
 8 
 
in M m;\\ ,;i;r.\s\\ ICK. 
 
 Marki t. olO to s ! Ij to liic ton. At on*- tiinc a^ many a.s ."lOK nifii won- »'m- 
 
 ployed, but (lie jhocIik;; ion of stono in tin- uest and llir inipfj.^itiun of 
 high duties hy thf I'niicil Sian'> havi- ^i-patly i<'(Ilk-i';1 tlic force 
 enirni'd. At present the juoiini-t is whnlly umm! i.\ nni' tiini in'iir 
 llarlford. Cr,., U.S., (CoUins Co., manufacturers of eilyt d tools). 
 
 Freijfht charges from Stonehaven to New Haven, are about #^5 per 
 ton, the vluty on large stone unde: the old tariff being Si' a ton. 
 
 Ilistoiv. Quarrying was Hrst begun at .'^toneliaven about \f<Ai. the tir^t 
 
 workers l»eing Me.ssrs. Sprague, of Bo-ston. The present proprietor com 
 nienced operations about bSoi'. 'I'he tpiarries are worked for about 
 five months each year, the wagt.s paid being 81. !0 to •■-=l..~)0 per day. 
 The taeilities for sliipment by wate- arc all that can lie (h-sired, while 
 the lini^ oi th(: Cara<juet liratieh of tin- 1. C. W. is jcs- tiian .i mile 
 distant. 
 
 Home eight or nini' years ago, a small (piarry was opened in Sfotch 
 Settlenient, at the JKiad of the Shediae liiver, under tlic name of 
 MoSweeny's ijuarry. The stons^ thf ref roni was us.-d in tie- building 
 of the Jiosnan Catholic chapel in MoJieton. l)iitsificf tliat timi- notliing 
 further his ben done. 
 
 At Cocagne Dridgi;, on the Cocagne J»iv. r. in Kt-nt county, where 
 tliirf stream is crossed by the Moncton and IJiictnucii • railway, 
 eighteen miles from th(; citv of .Moni'ton, i|uirii'ifs ha. e bi-,':i opened 
 and ;i;'(- no.v being worked, but on a small si-aie only, by Mr. John 
 Dobsoa. The rock is paitly gray and partly ]>;iiple, .md can be readily 
 removed eitlier l)y rail or water. Tlie building of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association in Moncton is constructed of rock from these 
 (piarrics and presents an attractive aspect. 
 
 iNo other quarries of importance are at present inking worked in the 
 province. 8tone for local consumption li.is, h<jw(ver, at different times 
 been obt;iined from other localities, especially along the line i>f the 
 
 l^uiirrit- iif.i: Fredericton Branch of the C. P. il. From (marries opened there was 
 obtained tiie stone used in the construction of tlie iMedencton city 
 hall as well as the large departmental Ijuilding of th'- I'l-ovincial 
 (joxernment. liesides a gray stone, these quarries yield a rather dark- 
 purple r<ick. When used together, as in the llist of Uie buildings 
 named, the eliiect is phrasing t(» the eye : t)nl when r-niployed alone, a.-, 
 in the second, is so dark' as to i)e som';:what scjmbre. 
 
 Slatk-s, Fl,.\<iS, KTC. 
 
 No siate quarries have as yet been opened in New Brunswick, but 
 probably rather because of the very limited demand for th<' niiitcrial 
 
•*»-EV- j CLAVS. 11") M 
 
 than troiu tlio inability ot" tho province to produce it. iSlate is in 
 fact a veiy coniinon rock in New Ijiiinswick, and though nothing 
 has been done in tiie way of testing its (juality, it can hardly be 
 doubted tliat localities could l)e found in whi(;h it would satisfy all 
 requirements. 
 
 .Vniung tlie districts which may be especially referred to as likely to Slate 
 furnish good slates, is tiiat of northern Charlotte county, in the '" "'^ ' 
 parishes of St. James and Dumbarton : the s(juthern part of Quet-ns, 
 in Petersville and Hampstead : the Tobique valley, in Victoria ; and 
 portions of Mad^iwaska, Gloucester and Restigouche counties. It is 
 stated that the court honst- at Hathurst is roofed with slate from the 
 Tattagouche Hi\ei\ 
 
 Flagx. — Materials suitaiile, foi- tlaggi:ig are also not uncommon. In 
 northein C-harlotte county, the countrv is strewed with large tabular 
 blocks ot' sandy and micaceous argillite.s, showing the natural tendency 
 of the rocks there met with to itreak in this form. Portions of the 
 Cambri^m system east of St. .lohn would also furnish good (lags. 
 
 J/iarfJi sfoif's. Duiing 'he ojieraticjn of the blast-furnaces at Wood- !ti?;irtli 
 stock, sandstones derixed fr^.m the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the 
 Tobique and Beccaguimic valleys were to some extent used in the 
 malciiiu' of the hoartiis of these furnaces and were stated to give good 
 results. 
 
 IIonfi-sfoiK'-s. — It is stated by .Mr. M. 11. Perley, in his Handbook lioii.> st.mi ■ 
 for Eini^r'ants to \ew oi unswick (London, 18r)7), that fine oil-stone, 
 equal to Turkish, is found at Cameron Cove, near the nortlu.'rn 
 head of (J rand .Manan, whence it has been taken in (juantity. He also 
 states that excellent blue whetstone has been worked to some extent 
 near the Sevoglc, a tributary of the North-west Miramichi, and again 
 from Moose-liorri Hr. ok, in Kings county. 'J'he present writer has no 
 personal knowledge of either of these localities. 
 
 A I rvo;k[)ort,, on tiie shores of (!und)erlai)d Piay, Westmorland 
 county, a small (piarry opened by Capt. S. Cole, includes i)eds which 
 appear to be well littcd foi' the inanufai^ture of scytlie-'^toni's and 
 siniiliii" ai'tieles. 
 
 Clays. 
 
 Clays suitable foi the maruifacture of br'ioks occur in many parts of Orijfin. 
 Nevv 15i unswick, Ixnng a common feature among the deposits of 
 Pleistocene age, especially along riv<>r valleys and upon the seaboard. 
 Some are doubtless of estuaiim^ or marine origin : others are probably 
 
lit) M NKW HHUNSWICK. 
 
 t«» be iisciiljHcl to the (lejH>sitioii, either in lakes or livei-s, ot' the mud 
 of meltini,' gUiciers. The former usually contain fossils and are. in 
 conseijuenee, more or less ealcareour! : the latter are usually destitute 
 of such remains, and are more purely argillaceous, except where 
 derived frrun calcareous rocks. in connection nith the Coal Measuics. 
 ••specially at (irand Lake, are found thick deposits of under-day, 
 occurrin;.; heneath coal seams, and stated to be adapted for the manu- 
 facture of Hrc biicks. 
 
 The manufactuie of Uiieks has been carrit^Mi on at so many ditierenl 
 points and with so mucli ii regularity that, with few exceptions, no 
 verv tlefinit'- statements can l)e made regarding it. Onlv the most 
 
 In 
 
 important works will be liere }^articularly mtticed. 
 
 /. H'ii7'k>i -y' .(/'-.-.N/'s. ,/n/iii Lft ((• ('')., I.iftlf tiiff'r. Si iiiiiiiiL<, St. John 
 Count ij. 
 
 These works ait- l)y far the; most important in New Brunswick. 
 The following information regarding them has been kindly furnished 
 
 by the proprietors : — 
 
 bee Br()tlitr> John Lee. abo it IS Mi, bought a tract of latiil two miles from the 
 <nc y.»ri . city of .St. John, containing a bed of biick-clay, and -tarted brick- 
 making bv the hand-moulding process. On this site he continufil to 
 make Itrick until his death in ISGO. In iSiil, James and John Lee. 
 under the name of Lee brothers, eidarged the works by I'-asiig an 
 adjoining brickyard from Mr. Thomas Davidson, and increased the 
 output to one million bricks per year. Half of the.se were foi- iive 
 years sold to the fniperial (Jovernment to build the foititications at 
 Halifax, havint; been selected by the engineers for stiengtli ami 
 durability in jirefereni-e to any other bricks oliered. 
 
 I>, V. l..|.tii.-nt. In L'^'U, the brick-yard of .Mr. James Sullivan, situated at Littlt- 
 Kiver, was bouglil. With increased facilities the three yards were 
 kept iunning, five million being the outj)Ui for 1877 and 1878, after 
 the St. John Hrc. In 1880 the name of the hiin was changed to John 
 Lee and <'o,. and operations !ia\f since been continued with inci'ea>ed 
 capital and improved machinery. 
 
 "tialit\ ..t The excellence of tiie product of these works is so well known to 
 
 I"'"''""'- the buildi.'ig trade that " T..ec\s bricks'" ha\ebei'n used in nearly every 
 
 buildinii of note erected in Xew Hiunswiik foi the pfist twenty years. 
 
 }*ressed-brick making was made a spet ialty in \^H\ with an average 
 annual oiit|>ut of 150,000. Drain-tiles ha\<' Ikh'u made since 186.'?, 
 varying in size from one and a half to six inches in the lioie. The 
 
•*"^''« J CLAVS. 1 17 X 
 
 annua] eonsiuiiption of tlicni lias been alxuit .S'^OOO. ihf <^liief markets 
 licin^ in Nova Scotia tUKi New Biiinswicl;. 
 
 To Lee ih-otliers Ix'lonijs tin' oreJit ut" introduciri;.' tlie niariuta(.>ture 
 of bricic Ijy steam inaehineiy m New lirunswiek in 1870. i'or tlie 
 jrist tbirtys.-vcn years the averai^e annual output of pressed ami i-mn- 
 inon hiiek iia> been on-' and a ball niillioiis, with an annual averajjje 
 ooii.sunip(i'iii for fuel of 7UU cords of wt)od. The oiitpu; for 1S!)7 was Ourpnt. 
 1,7U0,00U uf coMiuion :in(l pressed i»ricks, and JU.OOO drain tiles. I'iie 
 number of men employeil. thirty-live : the average wa^'es paid, "jl.."}."). 
 The piice of lai)ouf amounted to StJ.UOO ; the wood consinned, >00 
 cordv. c istinij- •"?■_'. 40U : the cost of haaiini.', •'^'j.OOU ; the price of the 
 products delivered in St. Joiin, •'«ll',()UO. The brick ioakini; >-ea.son 
 last-^ froMi April to N')\c;nber. atui the workinix dav is idiic hours. 
 
 Aithoii;^!! St. -foiiii is The chii'f marki't for 'li'-S'- produi ts, oin-third .Vhnk.t. 
 of the outjiut eai-h Vi ar bus been -^olii in thr- sniToundin^ \iilai:;es and 
 citie^ of Nf'W l>Tuiis\viik and Xova Scotia. IjoIs of '^niali .md larsre 
 "puinrities are from time to lim*' s,old in I'rin.'i' IMwird fviand, New- 
 foundland, the VVe.-.t Indies and the .State of M line. 
 
 The n-i 'niues. ••tlicis ,ind iirick-work-. are located at [..ittle River, I'ijuit. 
 two miles from St. .lohn. on the sea-short i>f (Jourlney l^ay, the 
 jiusiii'^n beinj,' favouralylf for the laii<linu of wood and ship::rent of 
 brick. b,-ides l)eiT\;; within easv liaulini: flistiuice of r.ulways. The 
 plant (■■•nsist.s of two semi -tilfiimd wire cuttmi; machines, of th<-ir 
 own invention, oin' Maitin soft-mud m.ichin''. with a capacity of 
 .")(I,UI)0 i)ii'-ks pel- d:iy, one dndn-tile machini^ and six brick prv'sses, 
 the w ho'e driv ii b\- two twcntv hoi'se-pow if s'eau! enyines. The 
 company s property cover- lOO acri-s. tb.irty of wliich are of brick day, 
 V('v\ Strom,', and .ixirauin!.' nine feet in liepth. I'lie stock on hind on 
 the first of .lanuiry, bSD.s, was 1.7t»U,000 stock bricks, 1()0,<I(H) pressed 
 brici<s and 4().(.M)0 drain tiie>. 
 
 .\c>oii)iiii; to .Ml. I;. ( 'b.iim<'r>'''. t)ricks have been o|- aie licini; 
 nrniuf I'liired from matine clays at C'ampbeltton, licstigouche. Hath- 
 lu'st. Ne'.vi-astl.' ami .Moncton : whih- clays of apparently tluviatile 
 origin have liet-n similarly employed at i-'redei-icton, .Marysviile. Wood 
 sto'l;. Shiketehawk and el^c.vhcre on the St. John IJiver. 
 
 rill' biirk-vard at Newcastle is on thr mnn line oi the Inter- v- »i 
 
 coLnial Kulw IV, about half a mile east of tin; station, anrl formerly ••riok-yaH. 
 jiroduccl aiiout "JOCUOU bricks per year. It has not been worked for 
 aliout thi--e years. The material is said to be of superior nuality. 
 
 ■ ViucKil l!.'i«irt. <;rnl, Sur\ . <":in,. \n\. I. i\.S.). ISHfi. p. ,^S cc. 
 
118 M N'KW BliUNSWK K. 
 
 The plinil is still upon the .ijruuml. and an aluindani >upply i)t wooci is 
 within Ciusy iea<.h. 
 
 Krt)derietoii At Frpderit'to'i, ilic brick yards of Mi. M. Ky.in ar>' siniatcd at tlie 
 
 north-west outskirts nt' tin* city, anil within a ffw inds ot' thf liiiiik ut' 
 the St. .rolin llivei-. 'ihc thickness of the rlay is unknown. Tiie 
 works litMo were li.-^iin in the spring of 1S7l', and havesin'e tiiat time 
 yielded an annual output of from l.OOO.OOO to 1,")OU,UUO I. ricks, and 
 from i50,000 to t)0,U()0 drain tiles, '.iie latter ranufinj; in size from two 
 to si.K inches. Mr. Kyan f-nploys on an average t\\ enty men. the 
 average wage paid being .■:^1.50 per day. Tiie clay i^ removed to a 
 deptn of twenty-live feet, and has i)een tesi.ei! to a deiith of fifty feet, 
 without reaching stone. It is idue in c >lou!-. iiuite fiee from surface 
 stones or loam, and is very easily tempered, nccasionaily fragiueiits 
 of land plants are met wiiii, and in one insranie a very perfectly 
 preserved fossil ti--h was found in the clay, but wiiei iif-r of marine or 
 fre.sh-water origin is not yet Known. The brii-ks from this yard lind 
 a market in vari^ais parts of York, Carleton, .Madawaska and Suid)ury 
 counties, but espi'ci.iil / in the <-ity ot' Kn-derictwii. IMor to ilu- open- 
 ing of thesi! yards oiii' is Ii.mJ been in operation, but upon i sinalliM- 
 scale, at dirteront points in tiiis vicinitv, whleh is iiro' al'iy »\er_\ where 
 und^■rl lin by similar elay ileposit>. 
 
 At MarysvilJe, on the Na-;!iwaak lUver. tline uiile,-, tf mi li-ederic- 
 ton, are ti-ds of 'otiek e!iy from which were obtained tiie brii-ks used 
 in the building of t;ie large c .tt-n mills of .Mr. .Vie.x. (iib^jii, b. -idc- 
 many residence-; in the same vown. The works aic n<»t. iio\vf\i'i-. i-ar- 
 ried on continuously, or to;- otht-r than :oc;il consuiiij.'ioi . 
 
 ^4. .niton. The .Monct'in bi iik-\ar<l is that of Mr. W. H. ''uiiinrng-. and is 
 
 distant frjiii the city about two milfs, leit oniv a i[uartt'i' •>f a mile 
 from the track of tie- Intercolonial raihvav, and I-ss t'l m this fiom 
 the rai;s of tiic Moi'-toii and Uiiitoui'lie railwa\'. Tlic , uii.ua! piroiUit 
 i.s from .")00, 000 to l.OOO.OOO bii.ks, sometim.s a little more. The 
 market f >r the ou'put is foioid chielly in .Moncton, AnuK'rsi and 
 Saekvilie. About thirty men are eiuployeil, at al>onl .sL.'jU per ihiy, 
 t'le cost of Wood being al)oui --^loO per coi.'. No tiie> are made here. 
 Two (piiiljties of biii-k?: are inanubtitt ured, the one for itisidc and lin- 
 oth<-r f ir outsidi' work. Pressed bii'ks are also mad«' it • 'tiered. The 
 work- have been in operation ie-re for forty years or more. .\t first 
 the bricks were made bv huid. but now -team is employed in connec- 
 tion wiLli a dry-housf' jmd fiins. Tlie dry-house is capable of holding 
 t>r),000 bricks at a temperature of loO . Tiie Aberdeen s.-hool, 
 reeentlv const rected in Motieton. was mai|e o! bricks fr..m the-e w orks. 
 
•*"^"- j SIM. \. INFUSORIAL KAIfTll. KIC. 110 M 
 
 Sll,|(A, iNKlSOIflAI. EaKTU, EtC. 
 
 Infusorial E<irtli. — As far as known to the wiitei', deposits <.i this 
 material have heen t'uund in nuantiiy at but two places in New Bruns- 
 wick. thi>Uij:h it is hii,'lilv pi'ohahle that eat('t'nl sean-h uoukl rc\"eal 
 its presence at many other points as well. 
 
 The first of the localities referred to is iluu <if I'ollet River Lake. I'.ill.i Kiv.i. 
 Mechanic Settlement, Kini;s county. As described in tlieiepoit <>l I>r. 
 Hotlinauii (Report ot Proi,'ress. lJS7!S-71* 4 ii) from data atVordcd by 
 \iv. Iv. \V. EIN. The deposit is of cousi-lerable extent, hiivin;.;' a i:<-pih of 
 aliont four tVet over Aw floor of the lake, t'n)m which ir, could Im' removed 
 eitlier by dridudng or draining. Ananalysis showed a iiirleover eighty 
 p<':' cent of .-.ilicii. a iittie o\ei- thiec p< r cent of alumina, and ;;bout 
 thirteen per cent of water anfl organic matter, with ww small <|U€an- 
 tities of ferric oxide. iin;e, magn<'sia hva\ carboiii'- .irid. 
 
 A- regards the economic \alueof the niateiial J'r. Honnianii >ays :- 
 •• It may be said to I'onstitute an excellent polishini; material : and 
 altiiougii no e>;pcriinentN liavt- been made to determine its absorbent 
 power, it may reasonably be expected to ptinc well adapted tor the 
 preparation of ilynamite. ,\^aiii. the e-xtrenie facility with xshich it 
 is dissohed iiy causti- alkalies (potash or soda), •.^oiilf! suL'i;est it^ 
 aii\atita^teous eiiiMloymenr for the manufacture oi' wiiui i< coiihiii>u1\ 
 known as wali-r L'lass or soluble glass, a prepaiali'in wiiich iiicei> with 
 many important apfilications in the arts, as for iii^'anee, as a. remeiii 
 for the manutictnre i>f artificial stone : for the hardenini; aitd pre>,erv~ 
 in;j of buildiiiu, stones ; Im llxin<^ fresco colours bv the process of si,>reo- 
 chroaiv ; as an addition to soap in tli.' prepai'ation of the >,i-ca!led 
 sili. ated soaps." 
 
 .\ second i.icality in which itifusoiial earth lias bei-u fcinnd. is thai 
 of Fit/Gerald Lake in St. .John county, se\en or eiuht miles frmn Si. 
 John city. i'rouLdit to notice in draiidiiLi' the lake by the St. .John 
 Water Company. Tiie chanicter ot the nuiterial is es.sen'ialU the 
 same as that of Pollet Lake. 
 
 SHi,',i. Deposits I if this mateiial, whicli are entirely ^t'dimeniaiy 
 ami not. of organic oiigin like those ,ibo\i- notefl...c( ur in several piirts 
 of Charlotte county. '!"he most lem.nkable is one found near I'dacks 
 HarlH)ur, regaidin^ which the following jjarticulars have been kindly 
 furnished by Prof. W. F. Gaiion^ and Mr. C. K. Iionrdman. 
 
 The deposit occupies a flat ]>lain. of which the ext»'nt is between one 
 hundred and t wo hundred acres, bait iiovvhere with a greater d-ptli 
 tlian ten irn-hes. Though referred to ;i«>iUca it is by no meiiisjiurely 
 
 'iK t 
 
 
 Mlica. 
 
1'2U M NKW BRlNSWIi'K. 
 
 siliciou.s, thougli in some .saniplu.> the -i!it;i iia> In-tn Uxnul tu be uver 
 ninety per cent. A darker coloured material ot the same nature 
 underlies that just referred to and has, in ^ome jiiaoes ;i depth of at 
 least twenty feel. Iloth materials may he described as tine sih:^, 
 
 ^■al>-i-. An analysis by the Ledoux Cheinical I.aboi-atfirv of Ni'w Yoik 
 
 gave — 
 
 Silica 7l' t3"i 
 
 Alumina 17 It.! 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron "i7 
 
 with small quantities of linu' ami magnesia and -onie roiiibineii water. 
 
 Considerable quantities of the inaterii! haM- i)e«n taken away to be 
 tested for various uses, amoni; which are : polishiiig powder, filling of 
 wood prepaiatory t-> varnishing, tiliinii for tiie wails i>f safes, and the 
 making oi se iiriiig sosips ; but in none of thest has it proved .superior 
 or tMjual to infu.-iorial earth. 
 
 Ir has also Ijeen proposed to u>e it for the inakinu '"f •■special kinds 
 of l)ricks, but the negotiations in this direction have not Ijeeii succes.s- 
 >KJw lieiiDr' ^^'- -^^ present nothing i.s beinu dune with it. Tiic pioperty is now 
 wi.vk.d. ownetl by Nf)'. (>. VV. (Janoiig and others of St. .■sriphen. 
 
 .MlNKI.Al. I'.MNTS. 
 
 (Jlays containing suthcient admi.xtujes of ferric o.xidc or of man- 
 ganese, to make them available for this use have iieen oliserved in various 
 parts of the piovince, but ha\e ne\er i)een utilized except locally and 
 on a \ery small scale. One f>f the best known to the writer-, is repre- 
 sented by a specimen collected by the late .Iame> Itcbi) in the vicinitv 
 of ?]dgett Landing, near Ff illsborough, Albert county. Tt i", a brown 
 ish-red ochre, which, after burning, gives a tine deep r(^d powder, well 
 adapted for the iiianufacture of .some varieties of jiaini. 
 
 (.tn the North west Miraniichi River, in Northumberland county, 
 and about one mile and a lialf above C'haplins fslaml. th" slates of the 
 district are found to hold veins and masses of brownish-red ochre 
 which has a local repr-'ation a> a mineral paint, but the (juantity 
 appears to be small. 
 
 At Lyudfield, Charlotte county, in the excavation of a well, a 
 quantity of dark-brown, almost black earth, was found Ijcneath a mass 
 of traji rock, and was penetrated without change to a depth of eighteen 
 feet. An analysis of a .><ample made by Dr. }lotl'mann. showed it to 
 
] MINERAL Sl'lilM.S. 1-1 M 
 
 consist essentially of bog uii.ngunest ami (jxitlf <»i iioii. ii would 
 cequire M.ine tieatiuent to fit it fi)r ii-i^ as a mineral paint. 
 
 Another oecurrenc-e of ochre h;is ueen notMl 1m' Mi. <.'liiilii»er> un 
 the North-west Miramichi River, luar Cliaplm Island.* 
 
 It is also probable that >oiiie nf tin- Uo^-irun (res elsewiicri- iin-n- 
 tionefl (j). 18) might be advaiitageoci-ly fiiiployed ..s ochres. 
 
 .Mi.\i;i;ai. >Spi;iN<.-. 
 
 Springs more oi' less charged with iiriiieial matters na\e been 
 observed in various parts of the province, but only in a few instances 
 have >o far been enij)loyfd. 
 
 S>di>Ke.-<. — The rocks oi the Lower Cm Itotiifeious forinatioa are in 
 several placea the sources of suh springs, a.^ in tlie vicinity of Sussex 
 in Kings county, at Salt-spring Brook, pat-is!; of I'phain. in the sairu- 
 county, and on the Tobi<juc- Ri\er, in X'ictoiia county, t f tlie^e the 
 Sussex springs an- the most important. 
 
 As nearly as can be ascertained, the first o{)e!"itions for the rn.tnu- Sair « ii-l<~ :ii 
 facture of salt near Sussex were itegun fuli_\ one hundred years ago, '^"^'•'■^• 
 the (juantity manufactunid beint.'. however, but small, vei y variable in 
 amount, and enaployed wholly for local coiisunijition A simil.ir fles- 
 cription would to a large extent, apply to more i.-eent undertaking's 
 in the same direction. The present proprietor (Mr. (ieo. N. Hen- 
 (h'icks) commenced work in lfS87, since wliieli time, on ;ui average. 
 about l-">0 baitels of salt per year have been made, each barit'l holding 
 four bushels. During the year 1S".)7. I 10 Itiriejs were m.ide, at ;i cost 
 of about H^ll jier barrel. The salt is sojd tor •^■? per iKiriel. iii)i\ is 
 especially esteemed fi)r table and dairy '.i<e 
 
 The salt is made by evaporation, two iurnaces being emuloyed, side .\|, Kic.it 
 by si<le, .and having over them one pan made of boiler-plate, holding "i''i"f:»<'""- 
 2000 ;;.Jlons and one holding 400 gallons. Then* are aKo two kettles 
 liolding JOO gallons each, and four holding; l-")0 gallons each. Tiiese 
 latter kettles, weighing 1000 lbs. and costing .^-'jO each, are f luud Ut be 
 Aery liable to crack, and sometimes lat-t only a sitiu'le season, tlius 
 increasing; materially the cost of proflucrion, as well as giving uncer- 
 tainty to the amount <jf product Wood, in four foot length^, is bui lit 
 in one end of each furnace, and the fire is continued from M<inday morn- 
 ing until Saturday lught. (^tdy two men are employed, one for the 
 day ami the other for the night, and great care is taken to secure a 
 
 * AllliU.'i lel-ilT. tleol. Sili\. <':iti.. \i>\. 111. iN S. j. | .. X'.N. 
 
< >Utpl!t. 
 
 Results iif 
 l*>rings. 
 
 Sus.stx 
 niin<'rnl \v 
 
 It. T 
 
 \2'2 M m;\v iiKiNswK k. 
 
 |iru(!uct \v hieh is jiuro ;iii(l cliifiii. Work is tai'rif^d I'li in «'niii \v<';itlinr 
 only. iUiriiijr the tiint tlic works were running in ls*J7, they turned 
 ou! a little over- iwenty-one hands jut wefjk : i)ut tiieie is plenty of 
 brine to run a much lu-^er [)lant, while it", by borinu', :i brine of greater 
 strenu'iii wcie rivicheu uui nif)re e<'ononueal methods df t cneentration 
 weie employed, the yield cuukl, no doubt, be \ery lar^'-iy inci eased. 
 Tliere would be no ditiicuily in selling a larger i|uantify. 1 he strength 
 ot the lirine at present i- twi:iiy p-T cent. Salt made a; this place is 
 hild in high repute for tlie curing ot meat. 
 
 About ten or tweUe veais ago, a Itoring was mad" to a depth of 150 
 feet, solid ruck bcinj struck at a depth of twenty six feet iiom the 
 surface. The water ol)t.iined at the depth of l-")() fct showed an 
 increase in .strength of al>out four degrees in the salinometer. There are 
 half a ilo/.en springs wiiiiiu a ra<lius of a ([uarter of a mile, all about six 
 miles from .S.l^s^•.\ station, laii less i ban a mile from the linn of the Inter- 
 colonial UaiUvay. No .attempt ha.s been made to manufacture salt 
 ifi ot'lier localitins in the ])ro\iiice. 
 
 Urine springs also oi cur at Saliiia. on Salt-spring C'tei k. Ivin-s 
 county, about thirty miles south of Sus.-i-x. This locality was visited 
 by Mr. 11. Chalmers, of th" (ieoiogical Survev, in l!<95. wiu-n a l;oring 
 in the highly inclined Lower C u-l)oniferous rocks had b< en made to a 
 depth of 3r,(l feet. A spceimen of the brine was colieite'J and sub- 
 jecteti to analysis i:*. the laboratory of the Sur\e\ with the following 
 residt. expressed in ;j!ains to the imperinl gallon, and rematkable be 
 cause of the large pr. ■portion of potassium""' : — 
 
 l'i)t.iH>iiiiii uiilui'ii!.- Hi !m;;{ 
 
 S.niiuiii. • lL'!*3tU,s 
 
 Majrni'sii'in ■• L'2 C^l."! 
 
 S\i]iili.>r(' ot linif- "Jiis-jli' 
 
 iiiagtiesia 11 :•!;{(■, 
 
 Uil5-474 
 t/iii'm' H'd./pr.i. — A spring of minei-al water founil on the property 
 of Mr. S. H. White, L'OO feet south of Sussex station, in connection 
 with rocks of Lower drboniferous age. has within the last two years 
 become the basis of s.'inewhat extensi-. e opera tio is. The flow, which 
 is the result of an artevi.ni boring, i^ at pr( sent that of a four-itu'li 
 pipe, without pi-essure, iait if conlined, is sutlicient to throw a jet to a 
 height of fifty feet. It is, however, subject to considerable variation, 
 apparently uncrmnected with the variations in rainfall, the ihtw even 
 in a single day \aiying from live to twenty-tive barrei.s. 
 
 * AuniKil l!"|"irt. *••'•!]. Suiv. (\iii.. \"]. \'ll. iX.S.l. p. .V) i:. 
 
•AILiV. 
 
 ] HOAI) MATKKIAI.. \'2^ M 
 
 An aii.-ily.sis of this water, inafle by Mr. F. (i. Wiit, under direction Anaiyxis. 
 of Dr. (i. C. Hoffm inn. in the laboratory of the Survey, gives the 
 following results. ex{)resse(l in grains to the imperial gallon* : — 
 
 l'otiisniuui chliiritle i> 2! 
 
 Sodinai chloride L' 10 
 
 Sofliuiii carlKmiitf 2.");i"> 
 
 ( ';iri)Onat»' of lime 1 1" 
 
 .Silica 1 !».■> 
 
 ('arlxmic acid in >'\c.<-s of tli;it iwiuirt^d to form tlu- mono iMilMniati-. lii't •,'!-. 
 
 Fn c >vnuienting on tiiis analysis Dr. Hofi'iiiaiin lemarks that '• the 
 amount of water at the disposal of the analyst was far from adotjuate 
 to allow the detection of any of the mote rately occurrino' cunstiiuents 
 met with in waters. TJie analysis cannot be said to l)e an exliaustive 
 one. It is. however, sufficiently so to sfiow the general character f)f 
 Th(^ water, which would be regaided as an alkaline water. If used 
 dietetitally it would be r-l,iss(Hl as a t.able water and mii,dit be lirunk 
 ii'l lihitHin. 
 
 No traco of i yihogen saij)li:de was found in the water at tiie tiiiio 
 of analysis, ii iving undoubtedly decomposed in tl-.e ii;terval after 
 bottling. The presence of this gas is. ho\se\er, very olixiou^ at tlie 
 well, lK)th to ta.ste and smell. 
 
 The waters^ described above, are now the piopcrt}' of the Su.sse.\ ()„tp„t 
 Minend Sprin-.; Company, and are used by them ;is the basis of the 
 manufacture of v.iiioiis beverages, tlie water being carbunated and 
 variously iiiivoured. Tho company is now putting' uji aljout -SOOO 
 Ijottles a day, and during tin- yejir 1 S*!7 the t<>tai product was xtme 
 :?00,000 bottles. 
 
 fn the p trish of Ha\e!ock, al.so in Kinirs county, are other minoial Hav.lofk 
 waters which are b(>ing extensively used in iho manufaitiu" "f \vater. 
 beverages, but the writer has been unable, after repeated inl|uir.^'s, to 
 get particulars. 
 
 KoAi) .Mmkimai.. 
 
 The subject of the Iwttef construction o; highuiiys is out' w iiioh lias iniportiuice of 
 
 of late l)een attractinjj a <rood deal of attention in New lirunswirk. as "^'"f? letter 
 
 " '- lo.ul ii'itterial. 
 
 illu.strated !)y the formati^m of a (iotKl-lloads Association and the 
 
 making to the latter, by tlt(> Provincial (jovernmeiu, a legislative 
 
 grant. 
 
 " .A.iiiiu«! IJi'ii irr, <o'il. Sii\ . f'iui.. vol. VTI. (X.S.i, p. .V) k. 
 
IJl M NIW HUCNSWUK. 
 
 Tilt' lM'ti<T collet rufti.m I't' mad-s mcessarily invuhes, a.s a iiui.st 
 important lattur, the consideration of the materials most suitable for 
 their cMU.structiuu : and as the (luestioii has elsewhere, and especially 
 in Massachusetts, been made tlie subjecl of extensive and elaborate 
 in\ estimations, it only remains to >ee in what position New Brunswick 
 stands with reference to the supply of those kinds of material which 
 the investiiiatiojis referred to show to he be>t auapteil for the purpose. 
 
 (.'oiisidering the sparsely settled character of ii large f.art of New 
 IJrunswick and the great cost invfilved in the transportati(»n of 
 ipiantities of stone such as would be recpiired for macadamizing pur. 
 poses, it is not to be expected that, for many yeais at lea-t, the mater- 
 ials used for the ]mrpose of (ordinary road construction will be other 
 than those to bi^ found in the vicinity of the roads themselves. Tlie 
 conditions, of the principal towns, are, however, such that puitions at 
 lea.-^t of ihcir .streets should be ^o made as to enable them to endure a 
 considerable amount of wear. As examples it mtiy be suthcient to 
 consider here the two cases of St. Joini and Fredericton. 
 
 K<jad ituitf vial In the city of St. John, where rockm iterial has been employed as 
 .*<t .l'>hn " " '-'^*' ^'i^i*' *^'^ road or street construction, the mateiial u^ed has been 
 largely derived from the beds of crystalline liiiH'-:tone, of pre-Cambrian 
 age, which occur a'oundantly in tiiat, vicinity. It can hardly i)e -aid 
 that the re>nlt has been satisfactory : for the same .softness which 
 admits of the rock being readily broken at com pa; at ively --li^ht cost, 
 lead^ als(/ to its r;ij>id comminution and to th • consei|ueiit necessity of 
 frequi-nt renewal, while the dust whicli results from its puKerizatiou 
 i.-< ot ;.ii I. specially tine and irritating character. 
 
 The sl.ites ami quattzites formerly removed in large i|Uantities iti 
 the gf.iding or the .streets and itt excavating for cellars, have l>een 
 largely employed for a like purpose, btit never gave satisfactory results. 
 This supply having alscj now failed, the city authorities have resorted 
 to the felsitcs ;ind ash-rocks of the Hurotiian system, found just 
 behind the city. Jn each case convenience and present cost have been 
 t!ie main guiding motives in the choice. 
 
 Fredericton ^" Fredericton the case has been still worse, the material here used 
 
 iiaving, until quite recently, been obtained solely from the Ix^ds of 
 sandstone, belonging to the Coal Measures, which outcrop at various 
 points in the \icinity of the city. This rock, at the best, has little 
 durability, but when, as was often the cnse. materiid from near the 
 surface which had long been exposed to the action of the air was 
 chosen, a single season sutKceil to reduce it tt) )>owder, forming masses 
 of muii wheji wet or clouds of dust when drv. It was also nnIkjUv de- 
 
•*•»«»• I MiMt i;|.|. WKOI .> MlNKIi.M.S. TJo M 
 
 ficient ill liiiidinc: pnuer. At last, luiwev^-i-, liettt'i" rtniii>i'N }i.i\t' y\c 
 vailfH^l, iiul by ailvice of tin- aiiilioi- of this Kp|ii)tt. i<»«)rt iia- li'tii liad 
 to the (loposits ot' dialiasc ajul r«ihiLe<l rocks wliioli are fotiinl imt tar 
 from ih'- ■■ity. arui especially ahout C'utiics .Mountain in I'tmneotiiMi uith 
 the Lower C'aiixiiiit'eiou.s t'ui matini. As yet Ijut little ot' tiie niateiia! 
 has hien used, Imt so tai as employed it has given perfect satisf action. 
 .\> this typi' of rock is that whicii, :•."■"» 're.xhau.stive . oiiipati-oii». has 
 't>een |)ronounoed hy Prof. Shalei' and the mem her.-- of the .Ma>saeluisetls 
 lload t'ominission lo Ik? the hest suited for the put|iosf. jt i- of 
 interest to know that it may he ai-undantly aiitl cheaply oWiained iu 
 almo->t i\ci\' part ot ilie |>ro\ iiiee. 
 
 -M !s(KI.I,A\EOUS. 
 
 The following substances, thougii either from lack of (juaiitity or 
 deticient <piality are of little present economic interest, aie deserviiiij; 
 of mention, if only as indicative of possible future discoveries. 
 
 J'nrylps. Thi< mineial is formed in veins traversini> Laurentian l'>iuyt.>. 
 limestones on Frye Island, Charlotte county, ami ainjut the Northern 
 Head of Grand Manan. 
 
 In the settlement of Gouldvi lie. one mi!f and a half east of. Mem- 
 ramcook. in Westmorland county, barytes has been found in cotitiec- 
 tion with a series of dark-red rubbly sandstones and shales, capped by 
 gray rocks of the .Millstone Grit formation. It is therefon- nea;- the 
 summit of the Ijower Carbotiiferous systiMn. It is not now po-^sible to 
 see the vein, but sever.al pits were at one time sunK upon it. and a 
 considerable quantity of the niineral was removed and shipped. It 
 proved, however, to be too impure to be of much vaUn'. ft carries 
 small (juantities of galena. 
 
 Fl iiiir.—Voxxnd associated with the barytes of Frye Island, Char- Hm,,i >pnr. 
 lotte county ; also in connection with semi-volcanic rocks of the Lower 
 Carboniferous system near Harvey station and lasters Mills, York 
 county. 
 
 Iceland Spar. — Veins of this mineral, sutticiently clear for optical h.hni'l >|i.ir. 
 purposes, are now of considerable vahu;. Specimens suitable for such 
 use were formerly found at Belledune, in Gloucester county, but the 
 locality is now exhausted. 
 
 Ashesfun. — Veins of this mineral are found associated with .serpen \>i..-iu». 
 tine, in the limestones of the Laurentian system of St. John county. 
 They are of the variety chrysolite, but are too thin, so far a-; ol)ser\ed, 
 to yield workable fibre. 
 
I'Jt) M XKW ItHUNMWICK. 
 
 (Jein-stdiies. (fcni-stones. — (Tarnets are somewhat abundantly distributed through 
 
 the luica-slates of the re<»i()n al)out Mooies Mills, in Ciiarlotte county, 
 and less coiiinionly in the siniilar beds of Canterbury, York county, 
 but none large enough to be of value have is yet bt-en observed. 
 
 Crystals of black tournoaline, well ciystallized and of considerable 
 size, have been found near Moores Mills, but are very rare. 
 
 Aniethysts of some beauty have been found o!i (irand Manan, but 
 are not common. 
 
 K.^RE MliTALS. 
 
 MiilvWt'iiitf. Mof ijhd''nilf.. Occurs in granular duartz-rock in Pennlield, Charlotte 
 county, two miles north of the post-ioad on Trout IJrook. It is in scat- 
 tered grains and .sc.iles, .some of the latter being as large as the thumb- 
 nail. The (juantity is said to be considerable. It has also been 
 observed in granite rocks near 8t. Stephen, on the Nipisiguit liiver, 
 near Bathurst, .'-ml elsewhei-e in ro:;ks of like i-liaracter. 
 
 Co.N'fLLSIONS. 
 
 Having now given, as fully as the data available for the purpose 
 will permit, the facts i-ehi'.ing to the distribution and characters of the 
 economic minerals of New Brunswick, it oni\ remains Lo offer a few 
 suggestions of a practii-al character, which may help in the extension 
 of our present knowledge, asid pr)s>ibly lead to discoveries of imjiort 
 ance. 
 
 MHtciiiiU As regards materials used for purjtuses of (;(>n>truc*ion. such as 
 
 ;il)nii(iiinil.v rrranite and freestone, alre;',dv the basis of nroHtable industries, it 
 ii'prisi ntfil. •" • ' 
 
 is not nece.ssary to say anything further. The same i-emark will also 
 apply to deposits of gypsum, limestone, clay, sand, and probably to 
 those of bog manganese. There is no dearth of any of thest- m iterials, 
 their working depenfling .solely upon thf-ir more or le-^s favourable 
 location and the obtaining of protitablc markets. 
 
 The question of the occurrence of coal has already been fully dis- 
 cussed, and will be made the subject of furtlier consideration in a 
 special report now in course of preparation. To set at re.st any doubts 
 which may still exist regarding its possible existencf along the e;istern 
 .seaboard, a line of systematic borings should be made parallel to this 
 seaboard, from the vicinity of the Lutz Mountain ridge in Westmor- 
 land county to Bathurst in Gloucester county, with, possibly, another 
 parallel line some thirty miles further west. This would fnlly settle 
 
 Coal. 
 
•«"■"•] (ON'-Lt.SIOMS. l'J7 >1 
 
 th(! qu«>tion.s upon \. Iiich donbt still exists, and even it' yielding only 
 negati\e results, w ;i!fl he <it' \fihu' as temlint; to save useless expendi- 
 ture in jilxjitive exj.!o^iltil)r^ 
 
 As regjird^ Albert ite, tlie large >unis of 'n(jL!ey alieady -pent in Albertit.-. 
 the fruitless search for furtln-r deposits of this mineral, together with 
 its greatly diminished value, make it undesirable that there should be 
 any further considerable expenditurt; in that direction. 
 
 The extent and ch;iracter of the Bituminous diales of Albert ar.d 
 Westmorland counties are fully known. Nothing more is needed in 
 this direction : liut a possibly profitable field for experiment is to be 
 found in thi- methods of their use. Apart from their character as 
 sourres of oil, they posse.ss qualities of texture and composition which 
 seem to lUiigest their possible emj'loyment in the manufacture of 
 cements, pavements, etc. Ft is now proposed t « make practical tests 
 in this direction. 
 
 ArnoriLC iuetallic miner ils, it is certain tli,;tg'>ld is that around the Hold, 
 existence of whi».'ii the gi-eatest amount of interest at present centres. 
 From wiiat lias l)een already stated, it will l)e evident that the existence 
 of the mi:tal in profitable <juan?ities in New Brunswick remains to be 
 proven, and that that proof is only to be liad by a proloiiged and 
 .systematic pro-^pecting of the are.is in which it is likely, if anywhere, 
 to be found. Thc^e areas are large, and at the same time, for the 
 most part, ditficult of access. They are not, therefore, likely to obtain 
 anything like thoi'ough exploiatiou thioiigli the ifibrts of private 
 parties : and. if left to the chance discoveries of tho.se who 0!-casionally 
 traver.se them in tlie interr^sts of sport or the lumber in^lustry, may for 
 an indefinite period remain, from a mineral p jint of view, the t^rra 
 incognita which they are at present. Tf, however, the local go\ern- .sugxc.^twl .M 
 ment were to offer reasonable wages to competent prospectors for a 'i,'.,^,'"'p{^),*l"^ 
 limited period, with the ]irovi<ion that, in ca.se of discovery of valuable 
 ores, the finders should have the first claim thereto on returning to 
 the government the previous cost of exploration, it is probable that 
 the ofier would be readily taken up and might lead to important 
 results. Should this plan l)e thought desirable, sniall maps, such as 
 could be easily prepared, and whicii sh(iuld clearly designate the region 
 to be prospected, might be furnished lo intending prospectors, and 
 the whole subject made public by advertisement in the daily papers as 
 well as in the mining journals of Canada, It mi<:ht at the same time 
 be made the duty of such prospectors to collect samples of .juartz leads 
 and of such other minerals as they miglit meet and to .send these to the 
 Crown Lands oflice for examination. 
 
128 M Ni;\v muNswK K. 
 
 As re<:ard^ minerals utlier than f<old, a similar plan might be 
 adopted. 
 
 Miniiij la\v>. It, is ail iiu}Mi!iant question, in this connection, whether the mining 
 laws of New Brunswick, imported witli but slight alteration from the 
 statute-l)Ook of Xova iScotia, sutriciently recognize the very difl'erent 
 situation of a piovince rich in mineral wealth, with an organized mining 
 bureau, and iiiiiKvs of many kinds yielding handsome returns, and 
 that of one witii l>ut little known resources of this character, with no 
 distinct mining liuieau, and with mines yielding but little if any j>io- 
 tit. 'Ill the lattt'c case, not only should every inducement be held out 
 to stiiiiuiate t'xploiation, but the methods of ac([uiriiig proprietory 
 rights si;f>ul(l be ;\\ (lUce simple and such as would tend to secure to 
 tiie discoverer the fiiiits of his discovery. At present m.iny a farmer, 
 stumbling upon what may or may not be of value, hesitates to make 
 any imjuiiies as to its character, feaiing lest some one else more shrewd 
 than he, or better actiuainted with the requirements of the law, may 
 step in and reap the profits of his oV)servations : whereas if he were 
 assured that his claim would liave priority, he would make no delay in 
 proving its value, and thus perhaps liecome the means of making 
 kneiwn fi'.cts which would be of great and general importance. 
 
 Iiiforniatioii The appointment of a local officer, whose duty it should be to 
 
 tors!"^' ^ ' " *^ spend the summer months in visiting regions likely to become the 
 seat of mineral discoveries, to pronounce, without elaborate assays, 
 ufion the pirobable value, or the reverse, of specimens l)rotight in 
 for examination, to tlirect the operations of the diamond drills and to 
 be prepared to answer reasonable inijuiries as to promising districts 
 for exploitation and the mode of occurrence of useful minerals, would 
 probably also be a step which would be justified by its results. The 
 submission by such an officer of an annual report to the provincial 
 legislature, would Ije the means of keeping tlie latter, as well as the 
 public at large, accurately informed as to the condition of the mineral 
 industries of the province for each successive year, would supply im- 
 portant information to those seeking an investment for capital in this 
 direction, and would enable the government to make from time to 
 time such legislation or such grants as would tend to originate or to 
 stimulate new enterprises. 
 
A]>J)ENM>UM. 
 
 On page 110 M, the statement is made that no freestone was Freestone 
 being worked in the Albert or Westmoreland quarries. This is 
 still essentially true as regards the county first named, but not as 
 regards the second. Through inforniatic»a since received it would 
 appear that there are two brown-stone quarries at Wood Point, in the 
 p<rish of Sackvillc, osvned and operated by Mr. H. C. Read. They 
 are fully equipped lo handle rock up to the extent of 3000 tons each 
 per year, of the best grade, and more of lower grades. These quarries 
 have been in operation for several years, and have furnished stone for 
 some prominent buildings, among others the city hall in Toi'onto 
 (in 1806), and the new armoury in Halifax (1897). 
 
 In addition to the above Mr. Chas. Pickard is opening a quarr)', said 
 to be a very excellent one, in Sackville; while the Hon. A. I). Richard, 
 with (.thers, has been working succe.ssfully a quarry near the old 
 Boudreau quarry, opposite Dorchester. G. P. .Sherwood 6i Co., also 
 have a (juarry at li.mdreau village, and expect soon to ship stone 
 therefrom for the construction of the . new government building 
 at Liverpool, N.S. 
 
 While the freestones about the head of the Bay of Fundy are 
 abundant in quantity, excellent in (juality and usually well situated 
 for shipment, their actual working is of a very irregular and inter- 
 mittent character, and dependent on the vai-ying demand. 
 
tohuufiil ^unif u nf (i:imiu\i 
 
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