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Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^OVA SCOTJ4 PROVINCE HOUSE ,"> <■ » [Extracttd from the GlOLOOiCAL Maoa:un«, Ifatsiti l^^} V'Atf^ Trubner & Co., 57 and 59, I^udgate HiH, ^«edoa. .-.-*■ ^lii' .■^ V 77f "71 ^/^A'i- Hy [Extracted from Iho r.ForoGir.u, Magazine 1 '■ No. ;i, p. Ill, March, 1883. Decale II. Vol. X. ] Canadian Pleistocene. By J. W. Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S., etc., etc. REFERENCE is sometimes made, in the course of the active discussion of the Glacial ago in the Geological Magazine, to the Pleistocene of Canada, a country which, perhaps, as much aj any other, in its great extent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from latitude 45° to the Arctic Sea, affords opportunities for the study of the deposits of this period It has occurred to me. m connexion with this, that it might be use ul to yo»^/f J«J^^^ present to them a short summary of Canadian facts, as I think . have established them in publications on this subject, which are, perhaps, better known in this country than in England. In the St. Lawrence Valley, which may be regarded as a typual region, these deposits may be tabulated as follows, m ascendmg order : ' — I \ T. ,.iv l.o,U imilpr Bouldcr-elav. \ Those represent land surfaces and sea ' } Wr' SaS :S: ti gavels and ooa.t Las immediately antenor to rSvrt.n^i'in denosits of Matthew). ) the Boulder-clay. . ^.^ 1 on .h r lav or Till • hard clav, or^ The Lower St. Lawrence region hold.. ^ Utra ited Ivnd w ih boulders, 'local a few marine shells of Arotic spec.es -rSf and stones often -^^ted J ^ther .njar^ is r^^^s.^^ an po is e . ^ ^ laarine deposit. 1^ Tower Teda clav fine clav, often ^ llo\d.i Leda [Portlandia) arctua, mi ^ InCited aniwith^a few large t;avelk.d sometimes TeUina groenlandica; and loX probSy eq^^ to Erie seems to have been deposited in very „i„v"nt^X^, districts cold and ice-laden water. . M fepe- S'cJiv aid probablv San-1 Holds in Eastern Canada a marine "•een clay ^ of inland districts ; clay and sandy clay, in the Lower St. Lawrence, with numerous marine shells. fauna identical with that of the northern -part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence at present ; and locally affords remains ot a boreal flora. Shallow-water fauna of boreal ctia- Boulder deposit), probably the same and its varieties. Bones of Whales, etc. gravels, I'eaty deposits. Lake bottoms, modern fresh-water shells. etc. ' ' The Lower Boulder-clay (c) is often a true and/f'T .^^f ''^ Ti^J' restin- on intensely glaciated rock-surfaces, and filled with stones Tnd bouklers. Where very thick, it can be seen to have a rude stratification. Even when destitute of marine fossils, it shows its 1 Supplement to Acadian Geology, 1878. Notes on Post-Pliocene pj Canada, CanaS Naturalist, vol. vi. 1871. " Geology of Canada, 1863. ]|o 7);-. ,7. jr. Dnicson — Canadian PkMocene. Bubtnariue accumulation by the unoxidized and unweathered con- dition of its materials. The striae beneath it, and the direction of transport of its boulders, show a general movement from N.ti. to S W or 111) the St. Lawrence Valley from the Atlantic. Connected with" it, and apparently of the same age, are evidences of local O.eLL^ Klaciers deciding into the valley from the Lawreutian highlands. ^'^ The lioulder-clay of the basins of the great lakes, and of the western plains, and of the Missouri Coteau and its northern exten- sions seems to be of similar character. The basins of the lakes are parts' of old Pliocene valleys dammed up with Pleistocene debris. The Missouri Coteau and its extensions, probably the greatest moraine in the world, and the "terminal moraine" of the great continental clacier/ of sonic Americiin geologists, appears to be the deposit at The margin of a sea laden with vast fields of floatmg ice.- The Lower Leda Clav yd) seems in all respects similar to the deposits now forming un'der the ice in Baffin's Bay and the fepitz- ber-en Sea. The Upper Leda Clay represents a considerable amelio- ration of climate, its fauna being so similar to that ot the Gult ot St. Lawrence at present.that I have dredged in a hying state nearly all the species it contains, off the coasts on which it occurs. Land plants found in the beds holding these marine shells are of species still living on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, and show that there were in certain portions of this period considerable land sur- faces clothed with "vegetation. The Upper Leda Clay is probably contemporaneous with' the so-called inter-glacial deposits holding plants and insects discovered by Hinde on the shores of Lake Ontario.^^ On the Ottawa it contains land plants of modern Canadian species insects and leathers of birds, intermixed with skeletons ot of Capelin and shells living in the Uulf of St. Lawrence. The channnrt on -i')tli I'urallcl, <'t. >1. Dawson. . 3 KocSlin.^: Canadian Institute. 1877. Dr. Uinde in t^'^r?«[ J^^'^t ? Btate tluft th A. da Clay belongs to the "close ot the ^^f '^^ .j;-^^^../^?;it boulder driit is uot found above it. In truth, as Admiral ^i*)*!*^'.**' .^'V,,,, In^ Kell and tho writer have shown, bouldtr-drlft is still in prog^e^ lu the Cult and R ver St LavreTie J thou,'!, in a more limited area than in the 1'ost-rho.ene penod bu any con:idcrable subsidence of the land ^„ht enable it to resurne ite former extension. Canadian Naturalist, vol. i. JNo. 7. I ^ 1 l)r. J. ly. Danson —Canadian Pleistocene. 113 the relative levels of sea and laml mu.st bo takon into account in explaininj^ tlio distribution of marine clays and sands, boulder deposits, etc., which are often regarded with reference to the present levels of the country, or as contemporaneous deposits without regard to their elevation, a method certain to l(\ad to inaccurate conclusions. The Saxicava Saml (/) indicates shaHow-watt-r conditions with much driftage of boulders, and probably glaciers on the mountains. It constihites in many districts a second boulder formation, and iius- fiibly implies a soniewliat n\oro severe or at least more extreme climate tlian that of the Upper Leda Clay. Terraces along the coast mark the successive stages of elevation of the land in and after tliis period. There is also evidence of a greater elevation of the land succeeding the time of the Saxicava Sand, and preceding the modern era.' It is well known that very diverse theoretical views exist among geologists as to the origin of the deposits above referred to. Tlie conclusions which have been forced upon the writer by detailed studies extending over the last forty years, are that in Canada the condition of most extreme glaciation was one of partial submergence, in which the valleys were occupied by a sea laden with heavy field ice continuing throughout the summer, while the hills remaining above water wore occupied with glaciers, and that these conditions varied in their distribution with the varying levels of the land, giving rise to great local diversities, as well as to changes of climate. There seems to be within the limits of Canada no good evidence of a general covering of the land with a thick mantle of ice, though tiiere must at certain periods have been very extensive glaciers on the Laurentian axis and in the mountainous regions of the west.* It does not, indeed, seem possible that, under any conceivable meteor- ological conditicms, an area so extensive as that of Canada, if exist- ing as a land surface, should receive, except on its oceanic margins, a sufBcieut amount of precipitation to produce a continental glacier. Details on some of the above-mentioned formations will be found in my " Notes on the Post-Pliocene of Canada," and a large amount of recent information exists m the lieports of the Geological Surveys of Canada, and in papers published in the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. • Supplement to Acadian Geology, 3rd edition, pp. 14, et seq. n • • u ' G. M. Dawson, Reports on British Columbia, and Superficial Geology of Bntish Columbia, Journal Geol. Suiety, 1878. BILPULN Al.Sll> AMj I.O.NS, IKIMI.HS, ULKltOKb. w» I ?^^RI w^^