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X()TE8 ON DAWSONITE, 
 
 A NEW CARBONATE. 
 
 7F7f 
 
 -v5^ 
 
 Bv B. J. HARRINGTON, B.A., Ph.D. 
 
 Ch'inist and Mtinrclo^isi lo the GcoU\^kuI Siiv: cy of Canada. 
 
 •::\ 
 
 , . • . • • • 
 
 . . ♦ • •,' 
 
 Fnmi thu Canadian Natukalisi, \ oI. vii. Nd. '■>, 
 August. 1ST4. 
 
Sm 
 
 
 • •• 
 
 • • • 
 
 
 • '. . •.• 
 
 ■ • • • 
 • • • • • . 
 
 
^ 
 
 NOTl^:S ON DAWSONITE, A NEW CARBONATE. 
 
 By r.. J. HAKKiNfiTON, B.A., rii. U. 
 
 Chemist nnd Mineralosi.'^t tn tliu (JedldKiciil Survey of Ciiniid:i 
 
 In the piescut papor I wish to describe a uew mineral, which 
 on account cf its peculiar composition seems to be of more than 
 ordinary interest. 
 
 In 1802 Messrs. J. H. and G. Gladstone described, under the 
 name of Hovite, a mineral which they sugtrcsted might be re- 
 garded as a double carbonate of nhnnwa and lime.-f^ On the 
 ground, however, of a carbonate in which alumin;i or sesquioxide 
 of iron enters being unknown to ciiemistry, and from the fact 
 that the so-called Hovite occurs mixed with Collyrite, a hydrous 
 silicate of alumina, Dana regards the alumina as belonging wholly 
 to the admixed material, and considers the lime to be present in 
 the state of hiatrboiKitc. With regard to it he says : •' Although 
 the bicarbonate referred to is known only in solution, the most 
 likely condition for finding it in the mineral kingdom is in one 
 of the hydrous silicates of alumina, like collyrite, in which there 
 is present much water, loosely held ; the mineral therefore is 
 most probably a carbonate of the formula above given (^CaO + 
 i-HO) CO 2 + ii<l ; especially since a carbonate in which AlgO^ 
 or FcgO;^ enters is, as the authors (the Messrs. Gladstone) 
 admit, yet unknown to chemistry." 
 
 Now although the formation in the laboratory of a carbonate 
 
 •Phil. Mag., IV. .\xiii. 462, 18(52. 
 t Mincrnlogy, nth cd. p. 709. 
 
of alumina has beeu denied by some chemists, we find Fro-L-niua 
 stating that '■'" " carbonates of the alkalies 'hrow down from solu- 
 tions of alumina basic carbonate of alumina." Watts in his Dic- 
 tionary of Chemistry writes carbonate of alumina with a query 
 after it, and Valentin, of the Royal College of Chemistry, says 
 that carbonate of soda, or carbonate of ammonia, precipitates 
 from solutions of alumina " basic carbonate of uncertain compo- 
 sition."t Langlois, Wallace, and Muspratt have all regarded the 
 precipitate formed by alkaline carbonates as consi.':*ing of hydrated 
 carbonate of alumina, but each of them has assigned to it a 
 different formula. H. Rose, on the other hand, states that the 
 precipitate formed by carbonate of ammonia is a compound of 
 trihydratc of alumina with cirbonate of ammonia.| We cannot 
 then, I think, confidently assert that a carbonate into which 
 alumina enters is unknown to chemistry, but simply that it is 
 one of those points upon which "doctors differ." I refer to it 
 here, because it has a certain bearing upon the mineral which is 
 the subject of this paper. 
 
 This mineral is a carbonate, the principal bases in which are 
 aluDiina, lime, and soda ; the carbonic acid being considerably in 
 excess of the amount required to form neutral carbonates with 
 the bases other than alumina. It occurs in i.he joints of a 
 trachytic dyke near the western end of McGill College, and 
 having been first collected by Principal Dawson, has, in honour 
 of him, been called Dawsonite. 
 
 The rock constituting the dyke was examined by Dr. Hunt 
 some years ago ; but no special analysis of the Dawsonite was 
 made, as sufficient material could not then be obtained. As the 
 composition of the dyke is of interest in connection with that of 
 the material filling its joints, I give Dr. Hunt's description and 
 analyses. He says § : " The rock is divided by joints into 
 irregular fragments, whose surfaces are often coated with thin 
 bladed crystals of an aluminous mineral, apparently zeolitic. 
 Small brilliant crystals of cubic iron pyrites, often highly modi- 
 fied, are disseminated through the mass. The rock has the 
 hardness of feldspar, and a specific gravity of from 2.6» / to 
 
 ^ 
 
 I" 
 
 •Man. (^liil. Clu'in. Anal. vd. by S. W. JolinKon, M.A., p in. 
 New York, 18(39. 
 
 fToxt Book of Practical Chemistry. London, 1871. p. 175. 
 t Watt's Diet. ofC'iiem. vol, T, p. 770. 
 g Geology of Canada, 1863, pp. 659, G60. 
 
>M 
 
 ( 
 
 1 I 
 
 5 
 
 2.C32. It has a feebly shiuiut,' lustre, and is sii-htly translucent 
 on the edges, with i> compact or finely granular texture, and an 
 uneven sub-conchoidal fracture. Before the blow-pipc it fuses, 
 with intumescence, into a white enamel. The rock in powder is 
 attacked even by acetic acid, which removes 0.8 j.or cent, of 
 carbonate of lime, besides 1.5 per cent, of alumina and oxyd of 
 iron; the latter apparently derived from a cjrbonote. Nitric 
 acid dissolves a little more lime, oxydises the pyrites, and takes 
 up, besides alumina and alkalies, a considerable portion of man- 
 ganese. This apparently exists in the form of .sulphuret, since, 
 while it i.s soluble in dilute nitric acid, the white portiou.-j of tlie 
 rock afford no trace of manganese before the blow-pipe ; although 
 minute dark-colored grains, associated with the pyrites, we"re 
 found to give an intense manganese reaction. From the residue 
 after the action of the nitric acid, a solution of carbonate of soda 
 removed a portion of silica ; and the remainder, dried at .-iOO^F. 
 was free from iron and from mangane.«e." 
 
 No. I. is Dr. Hunt's analysis of the portion insoluble in nitric 
 acid ; No. II. that of the matters dissolved by nitric acid from 
 100 parts of the rock:— 
 
 I. U. 
 
 Silica (53.25 ..,, ] ^.^ 
 
 Alumina 22.1 2 .... ■/ 4 j 
 
 Poroxyd of iron , . , ^ 2.4(» 
 
 Kod oxyd of manganese .... 131 
 
 Lime 0.5(3 .... o.go 
 
 ^^ota>ih 5,92 .... 0.4O 
 
 So«-'''l i].2<J .... 0.98 
 
 Volatile 93 
 
 99.07 
 
 The bladed, aluminous mineral alluded to by Dr. Hunt is the 
 Dawsouite of this paper, and will now be described. 
 
 Physical Characters. — Hardness 3. Specific gravity 2.40. 
 Lustre vitreous. Colour white. Tran.sparent— tran.slucent. 
 
 As mentioned above, it is bladed, but the blades show a ,^onie- 
 wiiat fibrous structure, which is best .seen when fr.igments are 
 examined under the microscope. With polarized light it exhibits 
 beautiful bands of brilliant colours. As regards its crystalline 
 form I am uncertain, though it is probably monoclinic, with the 
 inclination of the principal axis about 75°. 
 
 HISIWSWWBBHIW 
 
C/nmlvd/ 'Uhl Blmrp'qn Chni'dctfrs. — Bofbie the blo'.v{ii|io 
 colours the rtame iiitcnsoly yellow, bjcomos opuiue, ;ind often 
 exfoliates or swells up into CiiuliHower-like forms. After ignition 
 in the forceps, or in the closed tube, gives a strong alkiliue 
 reaction. Fragments »vhieli h.ivc not beun ignited, when plticed 
 upon a piece of moistened turmeric paper, shew no alkaline 
 reaction ; but if the finely pulverised mineral is treated with 
 water, the water is rendered slightly alkaline. In the closed 
 tube gives off water and carbonic acid. With nitrate of cobalt 
 gives a fine blue colour (alumina.) With hydrochloric or nitric 
 acid dissolves in the cold completely, with evolution of carbonic 
 acid ; and this even when the mineral is in fragments and the 
 acid exceedingly dilute. Addition of ammonia to the solution 
 gives a copious precipitate of .dumini. Acetic acid decomposes 
 it, but does not ap])ear to dissolve it comitlctely ; the .soluti(>n, 
 however, gives an abundant preci[)itate of alumina with ammonia. 
 
 Through the kindness of Dr. Dawson T have been enabled to 
 obtain sufficient material for two analyst's. The tir-;t was made 
 some months ago, but so straime did the results appear, tirat I 
 wa> unwilling to publish them Ijjfore m ikinu' a second aiKilysis, 
 in order to ascertain wiiether the mineral w is at all cii!i>t-int in 
 composition. 
 
 The first analysis uave me the fuUowini:- results : 
 
 I. 
 
 ( 'arbonie aeid 2li.8s 
 
 Aliiniina* SJ.si 
 
 I.illlr ;")'.'.") 
 
 .Ma,uii-sin trat cs. 
 
 Si.da 2'i.20 
 
 l'i:ta>li 0.:^s 
 
 \\'atii' 11. Ill 
 
 ^iiii ;i (I 40 
 
 101. no 
 The carbonic acid Vva.^ dLtermineJ with ;in (.rrliiiary single 
 li-sk apparatus, and the water with a small chloride of calcium 
 tube. Together they e()ual 41.7i> per cent. Direct iguiiion •, 
 a separate portion of the mineral in a covered crucible uave a 
 loss of 41.U) per cent. 
 
 For the secor.d analysis, the material was obtained from at 
 least twenty different .'specimens, and considering that the timount 
 employed was small, the results are sufficiently close to those of 
 
 * With traces of pero.xklf of iroii. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
No. I. to wan-out tllo eouclusioii th if the uiiuLT.il is custant iu 
 coiijpasitioa. Thoy arc a.s tbllow.s ; 
 
 II. 
 
 C'iiilionitj acid 30.72 
 
 Alumina witli tiaiL-H ol' F,'^ O.j .^j.ij-j 
 
 f'"""' .'... ,v.;.-, 
 
 .'\I;ii,nii'8ia j- 
 
 ^"''•■'' 20.17 
 
 ^^'"^^■'' [10.32] 
 
 I'l'i (III 
 In thi.s aualy.sLs tho total alkaliiu; chlorides are calculated as 
 suJi, thciuuoant of potash not havin;; been determined. 
 
 In No. 1 the cxco.^.s of cirhonic acid above that required to 
 form neutral carbonates with the bise.s other than alumina is 
 lO.GO; while in II. it is 11. IG. Tliis excess must either be 
 in combination with the alumina, or el.se must go towards forin- 
 ing bicarbonites with a portion i^f the protoxide bases. If the 
 alumina is not present as carbonate, we might then .suppose if to 
 exist as hydrate. There is, hov c.>ver, not sufficient water to 
 form trihydrate, the compound known in nature as Gibb.sitc, and 
 too much to form the monoliydrate or diaspore. Native tri- 
 hydrate, moreover, is only soluble in • "^ -liffienlfy, and 
 diaspore is insoluble, unless after ignitl , 
 
 The amount of water is about that be reipiired 
 
 to form diliydraie,— a hydrate which, a. the labora- 
 
 tory, is soluble in acetic acid, though in.s. . ,c stronger 
 
 acids, l^uf hydi-ochlorio, or nitric aeid, readily u.. ,lves all the 
 alumina in the Daw.-^ouite. 
 
 The crystalline cliaracter of the mineral, and the uniformity 
 of its optical and chemicai characters, ibrbid its being regarded 
 as ;. mechanical mixture ; and, for the present, we can only say 
 that it may be a hydrous carbonate of alumina, lime and "soda, 
 or perhaps a compound consisting of a hydrate of alumina com- 
 bined with carbonates of lime and ,soda.=>= 
 
 If we adopt the former view, aid consider that alumina may 
 exist iu combination with carbonic acid, we need no longer con- 
 sider Hovite as a bicarbonate of lime, but m ly ado],r fhv <;!,'gos- 
 tiou of the Messrs. Gladstone, that it is a double crbeuit: of 
 alumina and lime. 
 
 • There is nearly enough earliouic acid to form wcutial carbonate 
 with the lime, and bicarbonate with the soda. 
 
 ■V'm»».iuia'Mmm^ms^mimmkiS&.w»:mi af<aimi >insii 
 
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