m^- 
 
 A^ 
 
 ^.^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /. 
 
 4. 
 
 j£p 
 
 '^° 'C^x 
 
 
 r/. 
 
 
 !.0 lif 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 M 
 
 ■63 
 
 It 1^ 
 
 iiiiii 
 
 M 
 1.8 
 
 U IIIIII.6 
 
 VQ 
 
 <^^/ A- 
 
 %'*" 
 
 •>,■ 
 
 /.< 
 
 V 
 
 /r 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sdences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 
 
 & 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/iCMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
 1 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographicaliy unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 n 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couieur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 n 
 
 Couverture endommag6e 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaur6e et/ou pellicul6e 
 
 I I Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 I I Coloured maps/ 
 
 D 
 
 Cartes g6ographiques en couieur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couieur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 
 
 D 
 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couieur 
 
 Boui.d with other material/ 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge intdrieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been emitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, loijque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6t6 film6es. 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemriiaire 
 qu'il lui a <§t6 possible de se procurer. Us details 
 de cei exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographiqua, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la methods normale de filmage 
 sont indiquds ci-dessous. 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couieur 
 
 □ Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxei 
 Pages d6color6es, tachet^es ou piqudes 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages d^tachdes 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of prir 
 
 Quality indgaie de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary materii 
 Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 r'ZX Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 
 I I Pages detached/ 
 
 r~~} Showthrough/ 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 I I Includes supplementary material/ 
 
 I — I Only edition available/ 
 
 D 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de fapon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 
 
 Ac'dUional comments:/ 
 
 Coh' mentaires suppl^mentaires; 
 
 Irregular pagination : [i]- xii, 11 -359, [1]-8, [1]- 8 p. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous 
 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 
 
 
 26X 
 
 
 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
ails 
 
 du 
 
 tdifier 
 
 une 
 
 nage 
 
 The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 National Library of Canada 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 L'exemplaire it\m6 fut reproduit grSce d la 
 gdndrosit6 de: 
 
 Bibkiothdque nationals du Canada 
 
 Las images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en 
 ronformit6 avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last pcge with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimde sont filmds en commengant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le seconr' 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la 
 premidre page qui comportd une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustra'ion et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui coriporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol ^^> (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END "). 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole — ^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbole y signifie "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left iiand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre 
 fiimds d dns taux de reduction diffdrents. 
 Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour itre 
 reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir 
 de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la m^thode. 
 
 rrata 
 o 
 
 )elure. 
 
 3 
 
 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
'^p. 
 
f 
 
 ^^/-.<-'^^. ■ ■'<'^f'^iak-3i.^.i^mmi%if^:23B!^-:^'mf' ''■i'^ ;'5*%ip5-f"vv^«ji< .<, 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
ip« 
 
 ^ 
 
 "'"//' I'luiin 
 
 
 I'. Miirini, 
 
 {'■'■'"H, 
 
•//, 
 
 'V'v, 
 
 '// 
 
 /H'.'-' 
 
 
 / 
 
 ./)V? 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 Sil 
 
 f 
 
 X 
 
 cc 
 
 .>> <<, 
 
 -^^^ 'ti ^ t -<4^ 
 
 1 ^ * ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ■\ 
 
 >,, 
 
 ■-V 
 
 .te. 
 
 HO" 
 
 .■>" 
 
 [I'llllcl,;, H 
 
 ^/'. Milriili,, , 
 
 'V... 
 
 ■''4 
 
 
 '^''-.... 
 
 =55-, 
 
■?• 
 
 m 
 
 «o» 
 
 -p~ 
 
 / 
 
 .....\ ^ 
 
 Y^' ..'/■'''.ii "'""'' 
 
 't* 
 
 :& 
 
 
 
 
 
 s- 
 
 ■•<^ 
 
 4^1 
 
 -Hftfn^ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 <v 
 
 l'^ r\^ 
 
 ■'■i 
 
 ao" 
 
 i,<^ 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 '■^^^ 
 
 
 :>^-' 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
I 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 l> 
 
 i-i 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■» 
 .v 
 
 
 >'. 
 
 
 < .N 
 
 
 -> ^ 
 
 
 <§>/ 
 
 «»'\ 
 
 y'''" 
 / 
 
 ^'' 
 
 .N^' 
 
 
 3. 
 
 
 V 
 
 -. 
 
 f ■ 
 
 If- ;■; 
 
 i / 
 
 
 OysJ i 
 
 
 x.S- 
 
 J5 
 
 
 
 
 
 VX'^^S^ 
 
 ''t. 
 
 '■'■■■:.. 
 
 ■r. ■ 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 •M <• I I .1 
 
 I il II 
 
 o ( 
 
 <: I 
 
 nT- 
 
 
 
 
 .*v 
 
 .•\ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Kv^ ""^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 
 **%■ 
 
 S: 
 
 *^* 
 
 . .-■ ."^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i^- 5: 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' ^" 
 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 .? ,^v /^ / • 
 
 ■>" V 
 
 
 ><• 
 
'"'* 
 
 ■"."/' /, 
 
 '/* 
 
 fiu 
 
 
 
 """">X„iy Ch.nli 
 
 
 '"'',. 
 
 
 /'/ 
 
 
 ''M 
 ■« 
 
 „■ /''"T' 
 
 ^<^ ...Air" 
 
n 
 
 '<^^\K * 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^.. 
 
 /.. 
 
 
 (*■'" .•i^,,,..' 
 
 *,' i<' 
 
 
 \'.A^ 
 
 / frrrswilIH 
 
 •^'•<. 
 
 
 C t 
 
 •'«?/< 
 
 Hot 4- 
 
 9,1 
 
 //-• r, ... < 
 
 
 NP"***? 
 
 ^•1 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,-.a;-/;././// V 
 
 ,;, < ^ ISLANDS 
 
 ■/■""'■' ' \ J r Li M 
 
 IT X^.'.'.vl.l.sil"''** 
 
 HAHrKH X HKOTJIKWS NKW YOllK 
 
— :r 
 
 II'' . "/ -J" ^•.■c'-l 
 
 ■"•>^) i.i;'" .1. *~^^ . ^_ 
 
 
 
 
 , :":;::^y ..■•'■;v:;i-'::;;::.^^^ 
 
 ^ ;? ■ r'K!";2S?;:^--:;r:^,....;;;;.^i.- 
 
 
 
 «i ...OU«^ IS LAN I, / 
 
 
 
 '%. 
 
 '-., 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ i? ,'v K N 1 N' s r I. •''^ N. ,■ /'.V''"" 
 
 lyiii''}' '^^^x-r 
 
 ^/ 
 
 
 SVii/iiiy,' /'/i ^pi»* 
 
 
 /<.ii- ■" 
 
 rwiir " ^ii'i'wwn, "^^■' 
 
 JMT West 
 
 llAUrKK \ nHOTIIKKS NFAVYOUK 
 
 ,.'. Bri'i??" 
 
N. 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 H ^ 
 
 .^' »•' 
 
 ^}^^ 
 
 
 »■ ^\^'V»',.<^ ,,-»' 
 
 ^VV ..(\- 
 
 
 I'" 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 /'.inis /'■'"'''' 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 o.^-";^^ '^^^ ^J'^/' >' 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 jVnvv 
 
 ,^H. 
 
 IMMI 
 
www 
 
i ( I 
 
 n 
 
 n436 
 
•|<> IIIK 
 
 <ifki(i;ks. si;aaii;.\. and aiaiiimjs, 
 
 \MIO KOU SKVKIlAt, Vi:,Uts IIAVi; i,ki:n- KMI'K.VM. UN 
 
 VOYAGES TO THE ARCTIC REGIONS, 
 
 I-OU Tift: SEAUilI OF A NnUTin\K>|- passai;!; FKo.M ■ii|[.; 
 A'J'LANTIC To TJJE l'A( IFIC, 
 
 AN-D KOU T-IK ADVAN-Ci^M KN r ny s,,':i:NVE ANU OEuviKAi'lI v. 
 
 AMI WHO, 
 
 RV TiiKIR l.KVOTKI. ZKAI., .OIKA,.,:, \M, l.-nilTITII.i;, Hash 
 .SL'J-I'(tl;||;|) TIIK lUiill IHAKACTKU Of 
 
 THIS KKCOKO C<F T::E.'li VALUAHr.E .SKUVICE;-! 
 
 IS, WITH OUtAT UK(;a1!I) AM) A DM 1 II ATID.V, 
 I.N.SCKIIIKH, 
 nv THKllt MM tut Wtl.L-VVISllKH, 
 
 •lUll.N J'.AinfUW. 
 
J 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Ir, by brin^^ing forward the present volume, 
 J shall have succeeded in allbrdinir irratilication 
 to those who are mainly the objects ol" it, my 
 princijial aim will be accomplished : in the com- 
 pilation of it, I was influenced by the consider- 
 ation that such an epitome was due to those 
 whose persevering and adventurous exertions 
 for the extension and improvement of science 
 and geography have conferred a public benefit; 
 but it did not escape mc that something of this 
 kind was also wanting, and migiit be 'acceptu- 
 ble, to suj.ply the j.Iace of the oOicial quarto vol- 
 umes, whose costly size and decorations pre- 
 clude them from the general and ordinary class 
 of readers. By the copious details they em- 
 brace, in every branch of astronomical and nau- 
 tical science, of geography, metcorologv, and 
 other physical researches— the charts and prints 
 by which they are illustrated— they are made 
 highly valuable to the man of science and taste, 
 and well adapted for public libraries, or those 
 generally found in the mansions of the wealthy ; 
 but they arc not exactly suited for general cir- 
 culation. 
 
 J 
 
VI 
 
 I'll E FACE. 
 
 It was pretty munh on the same grounds that, 
 some years ago, when the renewal of the search 
 for a Northwest Passage was set on foot, I was 
 in(hice(l to bring out a sniall volume descrijttive 
 of the discoveries and exploits of our old '' ma- 
 rine worthies" in the Arctic regions, commen- 
 cing in tlie days of the Cabotas : the originals 
 of which being confined, in like .'uanncr, to the 
 Iiuge folios of the old chroniclers, were very lit- 
 tle known to the })ublic at large. The object 
 \vhich I then had in view was to show brielly 
 what had been accomplished by the former race 
 of British naval officers and their hardy sea- 
 men, and, at the same time, to make their deeds 
 more familiarly known to the existing race 
 about to be employed on similar pursuits, and in 
 the same regions of the globe. 
 
 A like view of setting forth to public notice 
 the arduous services of our recent Arctic voy- 
 agers by sea and land — of endeavoring to ap- 
 preciate their several characters and conduct, 
 so uniformly displayed in their unflinching per- 
 severance in dillicultics of no ordinary descrip- 
 tion — their jiatient endurance of extreme suiler- 
 ing, borne without murmuring, and with an 
 ctiuanimiLy and fortitude of mind under the most 
 ap))alling distress, rarely if ever equalled, and 
 such as could only be supported by a superior 
 dnnri-po of moral rourniro and resifrnation to the 
 
f 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 Divine will-— of clisp]ayin<? virtues like these of 
 no ordinary cast, and such as will not fail to ex- 
 cite the sympathy and challenge the adniiratioa 
 of every right-^jclin- reader— has been the 
 pleasing yet anxious object of the ; resent vol- 
 nnie. 
 
 Officers such as arc herein mentioned are sure 
 to create corresponding good seamen— by the 
 establishment of regular discipline and good or- 
 der—by judicious employment to prevent idle- 
 ness and discontent— by allowing amusement 
 and mirthful Iiilarity to divert the mind from 
 des])ondency— and, above all, by attention to 
 their wants and to their comforts— these are the 
 means to inspire confidence and obtain obedi- 
 ence ; and seamen so commanded and treated 
 will never receive, because they will never re- 
 quire, any kind of corporal punishment. 
 
 The perilous incidents and adventures to 
 which many, both officers and men, were nec- 
 essarily exposed— the hopes and fears by which 
 they were alternately excited— arc so well and 
 lorcibly described in the several Journals of the 
 former, that I have endeavored to preserve, as 
 far as it could be done, their own respective 
 statements in their own words, singly, or inter- 
 woven into the text of the present narrative. 
 
 The physical power of the navy of England 
 has long been duly appreciated at homer also 
 
VlJl 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 by most foreign nations, and is matter of public 
 record ; its moral inllucnce, though less the ob- 
 ject of publicity, reciuires only to be more ex- 
 tensively known to bo equally felt and esteem- 
 ed ; and nothing can be more conducive to this 
 end than the results to be derived from voy- 
 ages of discovery such as those under consid- 
 eration, whose great aim has been the acquisi- 
 tion of knowledge, not for England alone, but 
 for the general benefit of mankind. 
 
 It may be noticed that the present epitome is 
 meant to convey the substance of six or seven 
 large quarto volumes, with two or three small- 
 er ones, containing together from three to four 
 thousand pages, exclusive of four or five other 
 volumes, consisting entirely of subjects in natu- 
 ral history, which on the present occasio;i do 
 not fall within my province. 
 
 I can not but feel it a most gratifying reflec- 
 tion th^at, in so great a number of persons who 
 have been employed and passed several winters 
 in one of the most Cold, dark, and desolate re- 
 gions of the globe, so few lives, in some of the 
 ships none, have been lost. It is equally grat- 
 ifying to have the opportunity of recording, 
 which I have not omitted to do, that most of 
 those who survived the trial have received ad- 
 vancement in their professional career, or some 
 distinction of honor, in reward of their services ; 
 
PREFACE. j^ 
 
 and that there are few of those in tlie hiferior 
 rauKs wlio have not improved their condition in 
 hie, ,n eonsc.,uence of their good con.h.ct on 
 very trying occasions. 
 
 I have used tlie liberty of making a fe«- brief 
 occasional remarks on some of the vova.es 
 wh.ch 1 am sure the gallant conductors ol"ti;m' 
 vv.ll take m good part, knowing, as they well do. 
 l.e great interest I have felt in their success, 
 from their commencement down to the e.isti,,,. 
 expedition under the command of the .allan't 
 veteran Sir John Franklin, whom, whh hi! 
 biavo oOicers and men, may God preserve * 
 
 Jhr KREnrs. 
 .'-•ir Jdlin hniiiklin, ("(i,)t;,in 
 •I'lin. H FitzJHines, Coinmau.lrr. 
 '■raliiiin (ion 
 
 '■raliiiin (ion-, \ 
 
 il'n.'J'. I). I,,,\V.«rontn ( ^''•'"• 
 .'■■IS. \V„i. Fairhohii,. ' (tL'iimfa. 
 <'li;irlr,s F. !),..s \„ux' ) 
 
 jtolMTt O. .Sai-rnt, '(.Mate 
 1'. 'ouch, ( 
 
 W I,' f'..ll._- r, .■>.. 
 
 TKnnon. 
 I>U'har(l Ci-uziri, Captain. 
 
 Kil. Littir, ^ 
 
 ','',"• !'■ "•"''■'•-on, U,i,.ut,-nant.s. 
 
 Fi-filrrir Udi-niiv, ) ., 
 JuihiTt Tlioiiia-' I Mates, 
 'nunnas lilatik.v, I,v .Master 
 ''.A. .Maeh.aii, .S'etind .Master 
 i';'"' ■"■, •' , Hu.-e„„. 
 
 Alex.M-.„nal,l,A,..-ist.S,u-.^eon. 
 •'■ "• ••I'liniiMii, Clrrk in Charire. 
 
 U AVarraiit ami I'eftv ()llicef.s 
 •>7_fcoanien and Muriiies. 
 (id Total. 
 
 H. 1'. Collins. Second Mn-ter. 
 ^tejihen S. Stanley, Suruvi.n. 
 ^1. n. (.uodsir. Assistant .^iirL'eon. 
 _JMiiiea Read, Jcc Master. 
 
 1^ Warrant and J'etty Otlicerg. 
 oH_>eiuijiu and Marines. 
 70 Total. 
 
 In rocordin.^ the nam.s of the above menti.me.l officer, thoso 
 
^ I'REFACE, 
 
 .li.sposition, he has made hhnsdf a universal favorite i„ the naw 
 an.l I a,u iuost haj.py to a.M that, in his ah.sonce, the lioard of 
 A. m.ra ty have promoted hi,„ to the rank of Caj.tain. Lieutc^l- 
 ant (,rahan. Gore served in the last fearful voyage of the Ter^o • 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface . . . I'as" 
 V 
 
 CHArTER I. 
 ''Z.nuJ^tI::PZA:' ^^^'--^^^""N^rthwest Passage Irorn tho 
 
 CIJAPTKR If. 
 
 COMMANDER JOHN ROSS 
 
 «wO 
 
 CHAPTER IIJ. 
 
 CAPTAIN DAVID DUCIIAN 
 
 41) 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 riEUTEVANT PARRV'S FIRST VOYAGE 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 CLAVERING AND SABINE, 
 
 tojuni the Llhpucity ol the EartJi, by Hwind,,,^ tLc Pendulum . "j4 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 COMMANDER PARHY's SECOND VOYAGE 
 
 u^^ Ji;;;ii':;ui iS;;;.;^:!':''':"""' "^' ':"'^ ':"'^":'^'? '"■"'T"ri07 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CAPTAIN GEORGE LYON, 
 
 fn tho Gripor— Procordcl up Hudson's Strait Fox's rinnjicl tl.o \V«i 
 '"m.-t-nabl.,- to reach Kqn.l.. Pay-R^turu!.,! ' ' ''." Mr^ 
 
xu 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 f'TTAI'TKll Vni. 
 
 CAPTAIN rAllRYS TIIIUD VOYAGE, 
 
 In thn 'llrc\n nnd Fury — rrorcodnl up Davie'H Stniit nnd TUiUin's I'.ny 
 into Liiiiciisti r Sound luid I'rince liff;fnt'd Inlet, wlicre tlic I'ury wim 
 wri'i'kL'iJ, and ho rctuna'ii I'ago l(i(J 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 CAPTAIN PAIUIV'S FOrRTH VOYAGE, 
 
 In tlip TIpcIji — Aa i'lir as SjiitzhiTircn — Tlicnco in tlii^ Ronts townrd tlio 
 Nortli I'olii — llciK.'licd niMirly tliu ti'M d('i,Tt'o of liitituilf, and rr- 
 tunied l'J7 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 FllANKLIN AND RICUAnDSOV. 
 
 Joumny through North Anirrica to th(! Polar Sen, and along the const 
 I'roui Copper Mine River to Point Tuni-iiguin SW.) 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 FRANKLIN AND RICHARDSON. 
 
 Second .Tourney to the I'olar >^i'n, to the Mackenzie River, thence west- 
 ward to tiie Ui'turn CUtl', and eastward to the Copper Mine Jiiver 5i7'J 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 back's JOURNEY 
 
 Thnnicli Nortli America — Down a ISiver not before naviunted hy Euro- 
 pcanH to itri J'lstuai'y on tlu; I'olar .Sea — lioth now known hy the name 
 
 of Back ;u;{ 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 back's voyage 
 
 Townrd Repulse Rny — Shut up in the Ice, and floated on the Ice in the 
 midst of the Ocean off the east coast of Southampton Island nearly n 
 whole your fiiiU 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 1. Cnpt. .Tohn ]{oss'g Second Voyage, in a Merchant Vessel. 
 
 2. Select ('omniittef- of th(> H()US(> of (Commons on that Voyaffe. 
 
 'J. Discoveries on the South (Joast of the Polar Sea. Hy Mr. Thoma.s 
 Simpson LfM 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR PLAC1N3 TIIE MAPS. 
 
 Chart of Simpson's Strait, t(j fact; paijc '358, 
 
 tieneral Polur Cliart and the Arctic Reijions, at the end. 
 
f 
 
 .;^ 
 
— »- 
 
 ARUTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 
 <i 
 
 
 *>* 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 ^" 
 
 « 
 
 r 
 
 < 
 
 - i'; 
 
 W 
 
 Sir 
 
 u 
 
 T. 
 
 S^.* .> 
 
 CHAPTKIl I. 
 IiNTRODLCTIUN. 
 
 So niiich lias lu-cii siiid on tlio subject nf a norlliwivsf 
 piissa;j,o tVom tlin Atliiiitic to tlio Pacific, aixl so many 
 ciTontMiu.s notions Imvo been afloat concerninf^ it, that I 
 (IfciM it projx'i-, hy way of introdtictioii, to account for 
 tlio recent revival of the iifteinpts to discover if. 
 
 "Ainoiii; the chanjies ami vicissitudes to which the 
 jiiiysical constitution of our ^lobo is pjM'petually subject, 
 out? of the most extraonlinary, and fnun whidi the most 
 iiitei stiiii^ and important results may be aiiticiputcMl, ap- 
 j)eais to hav(f taken place in the coursci of the lust two 
 or three years, and is still in proi,'ressiv(< operation. Tlie 
 convulsion of an eurtli(piake, and the eruption of ii volca- 
 no, forci* themselves into notice by the tlismay and dev- 
 astation with which, in a greater or less (l»'i;ree, they are 
 almost always attended ; but the ('veiit to which we al- 
 Iiidt^ has biM'ii so (juietly accomplished, that it inii,dit have 
 remained unknown but t'or an extra(»rdinary chiin,i;e which 
 a few intelligent nuvijL^ators remarkcsd in the stato of tli<5 
 Arctic ice, and the rcjptnts of the unusual quantities of this 
 ice observed in tht^ Atlantic." 
 
 The extract here quoted must, 1 beliovo, bo laid at my 
 door. Tim ovent alludcul to was the disappearance of 
 the whole, or f^reatcM' j)art, of th(^ vast barrier of ice 
 which for a lonjf j)eriod of tinus perhaps for centuries, 
 was supposed to have maintained its lirm-rooted position 
 on the eastern coast of Old (iretMiIand ; and its reappear- 
 ance in a mor(? southei-nly latitude, where it was met 
 with, as was attested by various persons worthy of credit, 
 in the years 1H1.')-1() and 17 ; liy ships comin^f from tJie 
 Kiisi Indies and America; by others jjoiiiii to Halifax 
 and Xevvfuimdhmd ; and in dilferetit parts of" the Atlantic, 
 us far down as the lOtli i)ar<illel of latitude. 8(jme of 
 
 B 
 
 I 
 
J 1 
 
 I.NTUOULXTIU.V. 
 
 \\\*-Mi (Irfucliod Tiijissrs woi'i- ul" iiti iiiiiisiial iiiiiyiiilude 
 niirl cxtt'iit, miioiiiitirii; in soiiii' iiistn net's to wliolf ishiiuls 
 of ice, ol" sue 1 1 vast dinitMisions tluit slii|)s wim(* iiiipcdt-d Ity 
 tliciii tor iiiiiiiy diiys in their voyiiL'»'s ; otlicrs wi-rr di-lMcli- 
 «'d icrlx'rtfs, troni ii hniidrrd to ii Innidrcd and thirty Irt-t 
 nhovo thp Nurfiico of tho Aviit«'r, iind s('V»m'uI niiirs in cii'- 
 cnndt'it'iict'. 'I'he Jlidifax packet i"e|)(irte(| that ^. he had 
 piisst-d a niutnitain of i<:(^ neaiiy two hini(h'e(| feet hiuh, 
 and at least two miles in circninierence. A ship, helonuini^ 
 to the Old (Ireenland Missions, was tdeven days heset on 
 the const of Lid)rador in Ijoes of ice mixeil with iceherus, 
 many of wliich iiad liu^e rocks upon them, j^ravel, soil, 
 tiiid j)ieces of wood : in short, every account from vari- 
 ous parts of North America agreed in statini^ that lar)j;er 
 and more nnnuM'ons fields and herj^s (d' ice had lieen 
 seen at y;reater distiinces from their usual places, in the 
 years abov(^ mentioned, than had at any time hefore heeii 
 witnessed hy tint oldt-st naviyiitors. 'The fact, thei'etore, 
 miL,dit he considered as too well authenticateil to admit of 
 ti donht. 
 
 It was at onco ronchided from whence tin? j^reater 
 ])art of these imnuMis(( (juantities of ice were derive(l. 
 In a letttn* from Mi-. Scorcshy tju^ youn^(M', an intelli- 
 gent laiviuator of th(5 (ireenland seas, to .Sir Joseph 
 Hanks, 1mi says, " I ohstu'ved on my lust voyage (If^lT) 
 aliout two tliousand s(|uart* leagues (eighteen tlionsiuni 
 s(juare miles) of tho surface of the (Jreenlaud seas, in- 
 cludod la^twuiMi the paralkds 71 and h'U', perfectly void 
 of ice, all of which had disappeared within tlu^ last two 
 years." And he farther states, that, although, on former 
 voyii^(^s, he had very rartdy heiMi able to janietrato the 
 ice, l)etw«HMi the latitudes of 70^ and t^U^, so far to tho 
 west as the meridian of (Jroonwich, on liis last voyage 
 he twici^ reached the lonj^itude of iO^ west ; tluit in tho 
 parallel of 74^ ho approached tho coast of Old (Jroen- 
 iand ; that there was little ico near the land; and ho 
 added, ''that there could he no doubt that ho mii,dit 
 luiv(; reaclu'd the shore had he, but a justiliable motive 
 for navigating an unknown sea at so late u season of tho 
 year." This account was fully conHrnuul by intelligenco 
 received at ('(tpeiihagen irom Iceland in thi^ year Jr^l'!, 
 that tiie ice had broken lo(»so from the opposite (;oust (*f 
 
li\TKul*l CTUjN. 
 
 15 
 
 'iii- 
 •pli 
 sl7j 
 
 ISiltlll 
 
 , iii- 
 vuid 
 t wo 
 iticr 
 thn 
 tho 
 
 tiio 
 't'li- 
 
 ho 
 
 tivo 
 tho 
 uca 
 
 (Jift'iiliitnl, and lloatod awny to tlio soiitliwiinl. jiricr sm- 
 niiiiKliriu tlio s)ior(>.s ot' iccltinil, and tillini; all tlio bayfl 
 and n'(M-ks of that island ; and that this atlhrtini; vi>itation 
 \vas repeated in I^IT — <;ircnnistanfes liitherto unknown 
 to the oldest inhaiiitant. 
 
 .\lM)Ut tho saitu) tiino, tho whalo sliips that tVf'(|nented 
 the tisherv in J)avis's Straits, and the I ludson's l»ay trad- 
 ers, experienced an unnsnul tnunljer of icel»er;;s ami 
 JariTo lloes of ico driftiiii,' to tin' southward down tho 
 straits atid alons^ thn roast of Lahrador, and past New- 
 foundland ; yot as to a rertaiti extent those nuisses of 
 ice w»!re of fre(|uent occuirenco in these (juartei's, and 
 occasioindly met with in tin; Atlantic, it was those from 
 the eastward tiiat attracted particular notice. 
 
 Whatever tlu' cause niny have heen for the disruption 
 of this iniMU'iise harrier of ice from the eastern c()ast of 
 (li'eeiiland, whether by its own w«.'ii;lit after centuries 
 of accumulation, or tVom the partial disi-up'.on of the 
 coast itstdf, tiu! fact is mupn-stionahle ; and iln5 notorit!- 
 ty of it iiivon in tlio several journals of Kiirope, and moro 
 especially in tiioso of England, corroborated by various 
 ])rivate communications, was anion;:; tiie circumstaiu-es 
 which, combined with others. j;ave rise to tlie revival (»f 
 thos(5 voyages of discovery for attemptinj^ a ))asMai;<f roiuid 
 the northern coast of America to the I'acilic Ocean, and 
 also to another attempt to reacli the North Pole, by j)ro- 
 ceediui; betweoJi the east coast of (irei<idand, now freed 
 from ice, and the west coast of ►S|)itz!)erf^en, jjenorally 
 not nnich liampered with ice. A naval otlicer, the nar- 
 rator of one of the very tinst of the niocUsrn expeditions, 
 which the change in tlie ico of tlie nortliern seas mainly 
 occasioned, opens his account of it as follows • 
 
 " It most opportiniclv oicnrred, in tlie ve;ir IB17, that ac- 
 counts of a cliaai:e in the Polar ice particularly I'uvonible ti> 
 the inidertakiuir were l)r()ut.dit to llnt^'land by oiu* whale sliips; 
 and as it has jzeiu'rally bajipetu-d in this couiitiy that sonio 
 inilividaal, more saii^'uiiie tlian the rest of the coiiiimuiity, 
 has, by his sui)erior knowledue, ^'reater exi'rtidiis, or more 
 (•(iMstaiit [terseveiaiici', succcfMlcd in briiii/ini,' a project to bear, 
 wliicli, ill less vigdroiis or pertinacious hands, wdiild have 
 been siift'ered to die away, this t'a\(irablr <-lianL'e was turned 
 to so iiDud an aci-ount by an intliicntial ineriiber of the l'<"V- 
 '■nimcnt, and whu.Sv? uuiiio is inseparable from northern dis- 
 
Hi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 c'overy, that, in the lollowijij:; year, hi.s MajoHty Georpo IV., 
 then I'riucc! Ki'L'fJil, was pli-ant'd to ((jiiuiiaiKl lliat atteiiiptrt 
 bhoiilil be mado to n-acli the J'acilic, huth hy the westei-a 
 route through Bafliu's Bay, and by a northern ujurbe acrosn 
 the J'ole."* 
 
 It would ho ridiculously scjueaniisl) to allect ignorauro 
 to wliom tlio couipJiiiHMit in tlio nhovo j)a.s.sajfo is meant 
 to iipply, and llii'. more so as, on the vvliole, it is truu. 
 J am fully prepared lo admit that part which relates to 
 thk', " Hauf^uini^ individual"' who succc^eded hy " exer- 
 ticnis" and " persmeraiiee" in hrinifiui;; tin^ project to 
 bear — u project which, like most oth«;rs tlnit are lunv and 
 not well understood, could not, and thereloro did not, 
 .<uil to l)i"ini; witli it eensoj'ions rt-marks, and ill-nati red 
 but ij^norant criticisms I'rom one pnrty, with a modicum 
 ot" prais'» and aj)pro!)ation from another — as usual, lauda- 
 tiir ah Itl^, ci/lpdlur iih ilUs. l*reviously, however, to 
 oi'iiiinatinjf any projjosals lor the voyajii^s herein tre.ited 
 ol", no pains wert^ spared in collectini^ whatever inl'orma- 
 tion could i)e gatliert^d irom the expi'ditions ot" our old 
 travelei's, the traders in the service ol' the Hudson's IJay 
 uiid the rSorthwest ("omjjanies, I'l-om scattered ri'inarks 
 ol" whale tisln rs and casual travelers, such as liearno 
 and .Ma(;k(Uizie : arid the iid"u'"mation thus jiained was 
 Hul)mitted to the puhlic at the time the fust ot" the recent 
 expedilioiis was in proifi'ess.f 
 
 i did not, liowever, stand alone, haviny; Imd tb(> ^ood 
 fortune to meet with every encoura^enu-nt from an ahio 
 coadjutor, one ever I'eady to hold out a helpiuti hand 
 wluui the promotion oi' scienc*^ and jfeneriil knowledgo 
 was the object. This patron was .Sir Joseph JJaid^s. 
 15ei'ore. thereibro, 1 submitted any proposal to Ijord 
 31elville, which I knew would bo referred to tlu! Presi- 
 dent and Council of tiie Jloyal Society, as a'ivoyajfes ot* 
 discovery connecttul with science were, I tliouiiht it 
 riiiht to take tln^ |)r(^sident's opinion as to tin; effei't of 
 the changes rt>|)orte(l to have occurred in the northern 
 reiiions, in whicli I was awarc> he tctok a particular inter- 
 est, havinjj; himself, in early life, visited Iceland and 
 climbed to the top of Mount Hechi ; uud as he knew 
 
 ■^ Bi'(>c!i«\v's Voynt'o toward tho North I'olf. 
 
 t CLu'uuuioijiciil History ol' VujUg'ea uilo tho Arctic liegiuu3, iVc. 
 
INTUODUCTIOX. 
 
 17 
 
 lorpo IV., 
 . ulleiMiitrt 
 
 3 VVUrtUTU 
 
 guonuH-o 
 is nieaiil 
 it is tiiio. 
 rt-lates to 
 y " oxcr- 
 |)r()j«H;t t(i 
 
 [) Ill'W U«»<1 
 
 J (lid not, 
 ill-iiiiUVed 
 , iiiodit Hill 
 liil, iauda- 
 >\vt'v» r, lo 
 •in Irotittul 
 r iiil'i)naii- 
 ot' our old 
 dsou's Uiiy 
 'd riMiiiiiks 
 us H«'iiriio 
 itiiiu'd wiis 
 th«-' recent 
 
 llic trood 
 till an al)to 
 lll)iiiii luind 
 ll^llo\vlo(lJ;t^ 
 pli IJanUs. 
 Ill to Lord 
 tho Prt'si- 
 voya^es of 
 thouiilit it 
 |o ollect ol' 
 It"! iiortlioni 
 ular intcr- 
 ct'land and 
 Is \w know 
 
 liuus, A;c. 
 
 tliat i liad also, in rarly lif«\ i)aid a visit to tlio Spit/.lu'r- 
 i;('ii sciLS. as lii^di as llakluyt's llcnidiand, near tli»^ HOtli 
 piirallt'l, I was sure of encauinji; liis atttMition on the snl)- 
 jcct, and was not (lisapj)oint<'d, \\f cntirriy a|)prov«Ml 
 ot'tlic ronrwal ot"att«Mnpts to acconi])lisli a }irand object 
 wliicli tor tliroo centuries had, at dilterent times, occu- 
 pied the attention of our soven'iuns, pliiiosopliers, men 
 of '^^(•ieiice, and merdiatits ; and ho |)roiiiis(>d to look over 
 and jj;ive ine any int'ormation that his own correspondcnco 
 niij^lit furnisli : " 1 may he able," he said, " to niimo 
 those from whom you may receive, and btxtks from 
 which you may derive thc^ information you are in <piest 
 of. l)Mt lor scieiKM^ I must reler- you to my council."* 
 
 .\c<'ordinj,dy, I submitted a plan to Ijoi-(I Melville, then 
 |''irst Jjord of tlnj Admiralty, a nobleman at all times 
 ready to attend to ny suyyestion that had for its object 
 iln« improvement of science or the interests of navicjation 
 anil commerce. Jt was sent, as usual, to tln^ President 
 and Council of tlie I\(»yal Society, returned with their 
 approval, and submitted to Lord Liverpool, then J*rim«i 
 Minister, for liis sanction: and this b«'in^ obtained, or- 
 d.ers wore forthwith issued by tlie iJoard of Admiralty 
 for the preparation of four ships to be appropriatcul to 
 the service in question — two tor the search of a passage 
 tVoiii the Atlantic to the Pacific, and two to j)rocoed from 
 \\w sea of Spitzberijen toward tlie N()rth Pole. 
 
 It may be observed, that nont^ of our old navigators 
 were able to penetrato any |)art of tht; Polar Sea: all 
 tiieir discoveries were contined to the stniits. and inlets, 
 and islands on the eastern coast of America, and tho 
 laii^e straits of Davis and liallhi on the western coast of 
 (ireenland. Had J^allin entered Lancaster Souiui from 
 liis own strait, he would at once have discovered the sea 
 wliich communicates with the Pacific, and th«Mi there is 
 no saying what this able old navigator and his contem- 
 poraries might not liave elfected. IndtHMl, at tho com- 
 niencomentof tlio late Arctic voyages, nothing was known 
 
 ■ (in^nt IJritnin has seltlom nrirlrcti'rl to pny n frihiitt' to tlm nirrnory 
 nt" iiii'ii wild hiivo ilistingnii^htMl tlicinsclvcs l)y tlnir z<'!il tor the promo- 
 tion of .sciciict; niul till' (irtH ; to which fvA ."^ir Joseph Hanks liiis l.-irijfly 
 fontrihutrd, piTSDiiiilly Hntl hy his piir.«t> ; yet not rvia \\ hioLTiiijliical 
 i-ki'trh tliiit I know of hiiH htyii putiUshi-d. I.ci Sir lldwitrd Kniitchbull 
 tmd tho person to whom hi- gave tho mulcrialri look io this. 
 
18 
 
 I.VTKODULTIUN. 
 
 of liny iMilnuico iitlo tlio Polnr Scu from this side of 
 Amoricii. All tliiit ^\as known on tlio lir.st uftcinpt, 
 ^\ liicli liiir<il\ (jcsj'ivos llio naino, wus. lliiif ii Polar Sou 
 did exist, that tlio shi|)s (»t" Cajitain ("ook had looked al 
 it thi'onyli l>ohiini;'s Strait, and that llcarno and .Mao 
 kon/ir, two North Aniei'ican travrlors, had arrived at, 
 llie northeiii shore of North America, at ditrerenf |)(»ints 
 and at dili'eien; times, and rei)orted, sonunvhat donbting, 
 that they liad se«Mi the sea. 
 
 Krom these circumstanci's, and, more pailiculai'iy, 
 from the undoidded anthorities I luid sncceeded in col- 
 lectinii, it was (|nile clear that a current was constantly 
 I'onnd setting <lown Davis's Strait, and thi' Strait of Und- 
 son's Hay, and also aknig tln^ shore of Spit/.hergen, all 
 to the soutliward ; no donbt, theixd'oro, could renniin on 
 my mind, tliat there must he a wattM' conuMunication he- 
 twe»Mi tiio st>i!s ((f the i'acil.c and the northei'n Atlantic; 
 that the water bu|)|)lied through the Stiait of Hehring (a 
 Avell-established fact) into tli(> Polar Sea was dischai'ged, 
 J»y sv'tne ((pening oi* other yet to he discovered, into tlui 
 Atlantic. The " Kdinhurgli Kciview." however, tnivned 
 into ridicuk^ the idea of a Polar Hasin : and otluM's en- 
 deavored to show t!iat, if these currents existed, they 
 must he very temporary or occasional, as they would 
 othorwis(> drain tiiis Polar IJasin of its water. 
 
 It may be wortli the whiltN now that tlie shoics of 
 lliis Polar Sea liave been visited and surveyed, one part 
 of tliem by our own navigator's, and tlio Asiatic })art by 
 the indel"atigai)le Haron Wrangel and others, to show 
 to these would-be-wise gentlemen wiiat that sea really 
 is — what are its inpourings, its outpourings, and its di- 
 mensions. In thi^ lirst place, it is an imnu'iise basin of 
 water, included by th(> shores of Asia, of Kurope, and of 
 Aim^vica. Of Asia, from Nova Zembla, in .'}U° K, long"., 
 to Kast Cape in iUdiring's Strait, in 170" A\''. long". ; 
 tliat is. 111) extent of coast. In Europe, from Nova 
 Zembla, in .')0 ^ K.. to JJaditi's l>ay, about 7U^ W., an 
 extent of coast etpial to I'JO ' ; and in America, from the 
 last point, 70^ W., to Cape Prince of Wales, Ifib'^ W., 
 in Behriiig's Strait, an extent of coast equal to 100°. 
 '^riiese, including the o])ening of IJehring's Strait ajid 
 that between (Jroenlaiid and t^pitzbergen, comprise tho 
 
I.V'I'KOIJLH I'loN. 
 
 10 
 
 in HUU' of 
 
 t attempt, 
 INiIiir Scii 
 looked lit 
 and Miio 
 iirrived at 
 rent points 
 ; doubting, 
 
 irticiiliirly, 
 led ill eol- 
 coiisiiiiitly 
 lit of llnd- 
 heriieii, all 
 reintiiii on 
 liratioii lie- 
 w Atlantic ; 
 nelirini; (a 
 liscliar^ed, 
 mI, into tlio 
 vov, turned 
 otlicM's en- 
 listed, tliey 
 ley would 
 
 slioi'es of 
 one j)art 
 
 ic part l<y 
 to show 
 
 sea really 
 and its di- 
 lasiii of 
 
 pe, and of 
 K. long"., 
 \V. long". ; 
 0111 Nova 
 ^ W., an 
 from the 
 
 l(i8^ W., 
 to 100^. 
 
 Strait and 
 
 uprisu tlio 
 
 whole circle of .'i(!0", an extent of coast which no other 
 detached sea in tlu! worlil can hoast ol. It is a circle of 
 two thousand tour hiindied geographical miles in diaiii- 
 eier. and seven thousand twi hundred miles in circuin- 
 fereiic(\ considering the latitude of 711" to he the aver- 
 a :e iMiiindarv line, which it in-arly is, by taking the in- 
 lets ot" the land to balance the outlets of the sea. And, 
 ill order to satisfy tlu^ malcontents regarding the curientH 
 exhausting its waters, it may. perhaps, bo sullicient to 
 state what are its supplies. They consist of the con- 
 stant iiitlux of a stre iiii through I'xdiring's Strait, of live 
 or six i^ieal rivers troni Asia -the ( )bi, the .ieiiisci, the 
 Lena, the Indigiika. and the Kolima. iMiropo supplies 
 the waters of the Dwina, with numerous streams lidiii 
 the coasts of .No'"way and Lapland, and tli(^ eastern coasts 
 ot" ( ireeiiland, and western citasi of Ijallin's iJay ; and 
 America, pours in several copious streams from the 
 Kocky .Mountains, with the Macken/.ie, the ilearne. or 
 the ('opper Aline, the Uack, and several other minor 
 stHNims. To talk, tlic^reioro, of its being exhausted by 
 the soiithernly currents appears to be alisolute iionsenso. 
 
 The main object inttMided to be attained by tlu? tirst 
 of the recent expeditions was to disc(»ver an entry from 
 th(^ eastern side of America into the I'olar Sea. lint it 
 was not done by the tirst, as it ought to have been done; 
 and, as the second most rc^adily accomplished it, and, 
 moreover, iiavigateil one half of tliat sea to tin? westward, 
 why, then, it may be asked, have future attempts failed 
 to navigate \\ui oth(>r lialf .' The answer is easy ene:;^rli — . 
 they failed by des(M"ting thi^ direct path, tiiat gave them 
 half the passage toward J}»diring's Strait, and tried vii- 
 rioiis new ways in search of openings intotln^ l*olarSea, 
 and found but one other on the whole eastern coast of 
 America, and that one not navigable. Tim old routt; of 
 Parry through Lancaster Sound and Barrow's Strait, 
 as far as to the last land on its southern shore, and tlnuice, 
 ill a direct line, to IJehring's Strait, is tlio routo ordered 
 to be pursued by Franklin. 
 
 Hut it may also be asked, as it lias been asked by some 
 of that class known by the name of Utilitarians, rui hmio 
 are those northern voyages undtMtaken ? If tliey w«Me 
 nieroly to bo prosecuted for tlio sake of inakiiiLj, a passago 
 
20 
 
 IN'TIIODUCTIOX. 
 
 from Engliuid to C'liiiia, and for no otlier purpose, their 
 utility Jiiiylit fjiirly ha (jiu'stioned. JJut when the actjui- 
 sitioii ot knowlediio is the ^roiiiidwork of all tin; iustnio 
 tioiiH uiidtM" wliich tlioy lire soiit forth: when iho coiii- 
 maiidiiiii offu'er is dinicfed to cause constant obsei'vatioiis 
 to 1)0 niado ior the adviMiceiiient ot" every branch ot" sci- 
 (!nce — astronomy, navijj;ation, hydrography, meteoi-(jlo- 
 'fiy, including electricity and mafinetism, and to make col- 
 lections of subjects in natural history — in short, to lose 
 no opportunity of ac(|uiriny new and important informa- 
 tion and discovery ; and when it is considered that these 
 voyajr(^s give employment to olficfM's and men in time 
 uf pejice, and product; officers and men not to be sur- 
 j:;issed, |)erhaps not equalled, in any other branch of iho 
 tcrvice, the question nd buno is (easily answered in the 
 ^■. ords of the minister of Queen Elizabeth, " Knowledc;o 
 IS Power," tluj truth of wliich was practically demon- 
 strated to the grumblers cif that day by the fdlowing re- 
 sults. 
 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in consequence of his grant of 
 the Island of Newfoundland, made a voyage; thither, on 
 his return from which he nobly perished ; but his knowl- 
 edge did not perish with him: it laid tin? foundation of 
 that valuat)le cod-fishery which still exists. Davis, by 
 the discovery of the strait tiifit bears his nanus opivied 
 the way to tin; whah;-tisheiy, which still continues to 
 f^-,x nsh ; and Frobisher pointed oui the strait which con- 
 ducted Hudson to the bay that bears his name, and which 
 gave rise to the establishment of a company of mer- 
 chants, whose concerns are of such an extensive nature 
 as to bo earned on across the whole continent of Amer- 
 ica, and to the very shores of the Polar Sea ; and al- 
 ready, in our time, the opening of Lancaster Sound by 
 Parry has extended vhe whale-fishery into that sound. 
 
 But the knowledge that has resulted from these later 
 voyages is not loss valuable, less durable, or more evan- 
 escent, nor can it be too highly appreciated. Let any 
 one cast an eye only over the best charts of the north- 
 ern regions, previous to the recent Arctic expeditions, 
 und compare them wiiii what they now are. Let him 
 inquire what was then known or described of that Po- 
 lar sea, or indeed of tho whole northern shore of the 
 
INTRODUCTIOIV. 
 
 21 
 
 )sp, their 
 K* a('(jui- 
 > iii.struo 
 tlie com- 
 (irvatioiis 
 :li of sci- 
 otcorolo- 
 iiako col- 
 t, to lose 
 iiitoniiii- 
 ;iiit tlie.so 
 I in time 
 I) be sur- 
 ch of tlio 
 ed in tlio 
 lowlediio 
 y^ (li'inoii- 
 jwing ro- 
 
 s jjrunt of 
 iiithcr, oil 
 lis knowl- 
 liitioii of 
 Davis, by 
 ', opened 
 tiiivies to 
 liicli ron- 
 id wliich 
 of nier- 
 o nature 
 f Anier- 
 und al- 
 ound by 
 sound. 
 lese later 
 re evan- 
 Let any 
 e north- 
 ditions, 
 et hiui 
 hut Po- 
 of the 
 
 Americiiii confinont, and the answer will be, a blank; 
 wliich, howj'ver, \w will now tiiid tilled up. lift liim 
 ask what was the value or amount of the peogiaphiral 
 and physical knowlcnlfio then possessed of the rejiions of 
 the filobe within the Arctic circle, and the reply would 
 be, little or nothina;; wlu-reas the objects of Nature 
 which the late voyages have furnished to the JJritish 
 iMuseuin and other depositories are numerous and nov- 
 el. Let any one turn over that extraordinary collection 
 of eniiraviiiffs and descriptions of subjects in every de- 
 ])artment of natural history, iilling up no less than four 
 large quarto volumes, whose general titles are as under: 
 
 1. The Fdinui Borcali-Aincricana. — Quadrupeds; 
 
 2. Thf Fduna lioretili-Amcricand. — liinls; 
 
 3. The Fftuna lioreali-Anwricdna. — Fishes; 
 
 4. The Fauna Boreali- Americana. — Insects; 
 
 containing from three to five hundred jiages each, and 
 all brought forw^ard by, and under the superintendenco 
 of, J)r. Kichardson, the fellow -traveler of Sir John 
 Franklin, and the man to whose energy, courage, and 
 skill Sir John has declared that he and the whole ])arty 
 owe their safety and their lives. Let these accession.^ 
 to general knowledge have only their due weight, unci 
 they will then bo duly appreciated. 
 
 '^riie value of the scijuitific observations and discover- 
 ies niadc^ in these Arctic voyages, independent of all nu- 
 tiotial and selfish considerations, is duly appreciated on 
 the continent of Europe and in Am(>rica. It is, perhaps, 
 not generally known that the late voyage toward tho 
 South Pole, under the command of Captain (now Sir 
 James) Ross, had no other object but the advRn<'e- 
 meiit of science and general information regarding the 
 Antarctic regions of tlie globe ; and that among the first 
 .subjects to be attended to was that of making a series of 
 observations on terrestrial magnetism, a subject which 
 has of late years assumed so important a character, by 
 its inlluence on the globe, that tlie government of Great 
 Britain, ever ready to take the lead in matters connected 
 with science, has been induced to establisli magnetic ob- 
 servatories in several of its colonies, distant from each 
 orher ; and, by influence and example, has prevailed on 
 other powers to do tlie same, the object being to conduct 
 
'}»> 
 
 IXTUODUCTION. 
 
 siiTinltiMK'Dns (thscrviilioiis. nl i^iviMi stiiU'd tiiii('><, in nil (if 
 tlifiti. Tliosc ot (Irt'iit I'nlaiii !ii"t« sent to lii»'iit«'ii!iiil- 
 cnloiit'l Siil)liu'. who liiis UiMilly nmlcrliiUcii to rc<lii(M^ 
 tliciM syst t' 11111 ticiilly. * W'lini KninUliii's cxprditioii w iis 
 (li'citlril on, ('olonol Sal)iii(< wiis jisUimI wlirthri- iiiiiiiiiot- 
 ic ol)s«'iviitioiis ma<lo on tlio Polar Sou, and rt'iilsttMcd 
 in tilt' saiiio niantu'r as in tlui rolonial oliscrvatorics, would 
 not he ol' >;orvico .' Mis rc|)ly was, "• That ho has no hos- 
 itation in sayinu that tlio iitt«Mii|)t to inaUc tho iiorthwost, 
 jiassaiio would rondor tho most important service that, 
 now remains to he perlonned toward the conipletion of 
 the niaanelic snrv(\v ol" the ylohe." I shall only add her«> 
 that tht^ President and ( 'ouncil of the Ivoyal Society, 
 Sir Kdward I'arry. and Captain Heanl'ort siroiiiily ap- 
 ])rov»< of the! (»\istiiiu. and perhaps the last, attem|)t t(» 
 maUe the passaiic fhroiiiih tho Polar Sea into the Pa- 
 eitie. IJiil what says Sir John Ih'isclud, when speak- 
 iiiij of the atmospheric pressun? in cold climates .' '* 'I'his, 
 with the niai:iu>li(" survey ottlu^ Arctic seas, and tin* not, 
 iniproliahle solution ot" the jxreat f;eoi;raphical prohh'iii 
 w Inch t'oniis the chief ohject of the expedition, will fur- 
 nish a sufficiiMit answer to those, if any tli<'r(» ho, who n^- 
 puil such voyaut's as useless. Jjot us hope and pray 
 that it may please Providence to shield him (Kranklin) 
 and his l»rav(» companions from tho many danuers of their 
 enterprise, and restore them in healtii and honor to 
 their country."' 
 
 To those who are disposed to donht tho expediency, 
 "if any ther»» be." of tho jjresent voyage under Sir John 
 l-'ranUlin. I shall stale onc! additional motive for Imviiii; 
 adopted it. which is this: that t;) have ahundoutMl any 
 farther attempt to fulfill an object which has iievi'r ceased 
 to occupy the uttontion of tho liritish govornment since 
 the days of our Kli/.abeth, and more especially, at this 
 particular time, to have let"t it to be completed by a for- 
 t'iiiii navy, at'ter tho doors of tho two extremities of tho 
 passage had been thrown open by tho ships of our own, 
 would have been little short of an act of national suicide* ; 
 or, to say tin* least of it. an ci^reiiiiuis \nvvo of national 
 folly. In personal courage the British navy has long held 
 
 * 'l"hc (iliHt'vviitidiis iii!i(t(' nt Tornnto liiwo already l)orn n^hiccil unj 
 piintiil \\i\h im HiliiiiiJ.uK ami wrllwrittcn pri'l'iiCL' by the (.'oloiu'l. 
 
IVTUODI'CTIOX. 
 
 O.T 
 
 i, in nil of 
 
 Mll»'ll!lllt- 
 
 I) rrdiict* 
 lition WHS 
 • miiyiH't- 
 c^istcrcd 
 
 I'S. Wdlllll 
 
 IS Il(» lics- 
 Kirtliwcst 
 [•vicr I hilt, 
 )l('ti»tii ot 
 11(1(1 lien) 
 Society. 
 Dii^ly iip- 
 tt('iii|)t t(» 
 > tlic I'll- 
 I'li spciik- 
 f -Tliis, 
 
 1(1 the not 
 
 I proliltMii 
 
 , will tiir- 
 
 », wilt) rc- 
 
 HM(1 pray 
 
 ''raiiUliii) 
 
 s ot" thoir 
 
 honor to 
 
 '(liciicy. 
 Sir John 
 tinviiii; 
 lied any 
 r coasod 
 ■nt sinco 
 , at tliis 
 )y a tor- 
 's ot" iho 
 iiir own, 
 suicide ; 
 national 
 oni^ held 
 
 ■ilnci'il and 
 
 loiU'l. 
 
 n iiroiid pre (Mninertce in time of war, and nnnihers of 
 lier iillicers have no less distiiiynished themselves, in 
 tniies of" peace, tor moral courage and mental t"i»rtitnde. 
 It would, thei-eti>re, have lieen an nnpardonaltle omission 
 f I have snlleriMl any paltry tlnancial considerations t<» 
 li;i\e iiilerl'ere(l with the employment ot" a conple ot" 
 Miiall harks tor the attainment ot' an ohjecM of snch im- 
 portance. 
 
 Let those, then, who may he disposed to (|U»rrel with 
 the existini; expeilitioii on tln^ score of expense, he as- 
 sm'(<il that, in putting; it tortli, it was not overlooked that, 
 at the moment, then' wer«i two foreign tieets in the Pa- 
 «ilic, heloniiinji to the only two inival powers likely to 
 ell^a^e in the enterpi'is(^ nnder consideration, and to ei- 
 ther (tt" whom it W(Hild all'ord a moral ti-inm])li to ar- 
 compli.sh what w(> had hoij;nn hut shrnnk from complot- 
 iiii;. This is no chimera. M^lnt shortest passant? foi* 
 any of the iKMnewai-d-honnd ships of these two powers 
 now in tli»' I'acilic is thron^h tim Polar Scmi. 
 
 I'ranklin is now on his v()yat!;e, and wliothor lio snc- 
 <'eeds in nntkinu ijood the pHssajji;e or not, nothing, I inn 
 most oei'tain, will l)e wantiiii; on his part, or on that of 
 his gallant oonn'ades, to accom|)lisli all that human means 
 and human intellect can connmmd. In the sentiments 
 with which this hrave, veteran seannm closes the luu'ra- 
 live ot" his second Polar voyai;*^ 1 most cordially concur, 
 ;is I am inclined to think most of those who read it will 
 likewise^ do : 
 
 •• Arctic (iiscovciy has hcca fostered |)rii)cipally hy Hreat 
 Uiit.iiii; iiiiti it is :i siilijcct of just pride that it has heen pros- 
 ecuted hv her from motives as disinterested as tliey are en- 
 hL'htened ; not from any prospect of inunediate Iteiielif to 
 lierselt, hilt from a steady view to tlie ac(|(iirenieiit of iisehil 
 Iviiowlcdi,'!'. and the extension ot" tlu? hounds of science. 
 I'.acli succeeding' attenipt has added a stej) toward the com- 
 pletinn of niu'tiu.'ni i,'eo^'raphy ; and tiie c<aitril>iitions to nat- 
 ural histoi-\- and science have excited a i.'eneral interest 
 thr()Ui:lioii1 the civili/.i'd world. It is, moreover, plea.-itii]^ tu 
 I'cilcct that the loss ol life wiiich has ociurred in tlie prose- 
 cution of thes(> discM)veries does not excee<i the averai:e num- 
 her <)t' deaths in tlie same j)opii]ation at home under circum- 
 stances the most l"avoraltle. And it in sincerely to l)e hoped tliat 
 Oreat Britiiin will not relax her efforts luitil the ipiestiou of 
 
24 
 
 INTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 a nfd'lhwest passage has Im-cii sati.sfiictorily set nt rest, or, at 
 least, until llicise jxa-tions of tlie iKirtlicni .shdrrs of Aiiioricii 
 which are yet unknown l)e laid down in our maps , and 
 wiiich, with the exrt'])tion of a small space oji the Asiatic 
 continent eastward of Shela1skf)i Noss, anj the only iiittTvaU 
 wanting to complete the outline of Europe, Asia, and Ameri- 
 ca."— 1'. '6VJ. 
 
 And I can not hut feel a proud gi'atification, which 1 
 atn sure is sliared hy every true Enfflishniaii of wharev- 
 or rank in society, in the perusal ot" the foljowinfj honest 
 and nuinly sentiments with which Captain Sir Edward 
 Parry closes the narrative of his third voyage into tho 
 Arctic seas : 
 
 " Happy as I should have considered myself in solving this 
 interesting rpiestion, instead of still leaving it a matter of 
 speculation and conjecture ; hajipy shall I also be if any la- 
 bors of mine, in the humble, though it would seem necessary 
 office of pioneer, should ultimately contribute to tho success 
 of some more fortunate individual ; but inost happy should I 
 again be to ])e selected as that individual. May it still fall 
 to England's lot to accomplish this undertaking ; and may she 
 ever continue to take the lead in enterprises intended to con- 
 tribute to tho advancement of science, and to j)romcjte, with 
 lier own, the welfare of mankind at Large ! Such enterprises, 
 BO disinterested as well as useful in their object, do honor to 
 the countiy which undertakes them, even when they fail : 
 they can not but excite the admiration and re.spect of eveiy 
 liberal and cultivated mind ; and the ]>age of future history 
 will undoubtedly record them as eveiy way worthy of a 
 |X)werful, a virtuous, and an enlightened nation." — V. 186. 
 
f 
 
 COMMANDER JOHN ROSS 
 
 ii5 
 
 t vent, or, fit 
 of Aiiicric'i 
 iiiMjis, and 
 tlit> Asiatic 
 ily iiitrrvals 
 and AiiK.'ri- 
 
 n, wliich 1 
 A' whfitev- 
 in^' honest 
 r Edward 
 ;o into tlio 
 
 solving this 
 
 matter of 
 
 2 if any la- 
 
 1 neccssaiy 
 
 lliO KUCCl'H.S 
 
 ^y should I 
 It still fall 
 id may sho 
 led to con- 
 note, with 
 nterpritics, 
 o honor to 
 they fail: 
 t of evpiy 
 re histoiy 
 )rthv of H 
 -P/18G\ 
 
 CIIAPTKR II. 
 C03IMAADER JOHN ROSS. 
 
 1818. 
 
 A Voyncrc of Discovery in his Majrsfy's ships Isahdla and 
 A/exonJerjor the purpose of exploring Buffin's Bay and 
 mqninng into the probability of a Northwest Passage 
 By John Ro.«h, K.S., Commander. 
 
 Tmk t'vo ships appropriated to this service were the 
 Isal)ella, [\H'„ tons, and tlio Aiexanch'r, -Jo-j tons, coin- 
 jnanded, officered, and manned as under : 
 
 ISABKLLA. 
 
 Joliii I?(),s.a, ("oiiiinanrlcr, com 
 
 niaiidinsr the Expedition. 
 Willitim JJobcrtsoii, Lifnik'iiant. 
 VVilliaiii Tlioiii, Pur.siT. 
 .lohn Ildwards, .Suriicon. 
 C J. Ui.'verlcy, Aaaist. Surceon. 
 J. M. Skene, Adm. MidF}ii])aian. 
 J. C. Ros.-, do. do. 
 
 J. Riishnun, Midshipman and 
 
 Clerk. 
 Bcnj. Lewis, Master and Green 
 
 land Pilot. 
 ThoH. Wilcox, Mate and Green- 
 limd I'ilot. 
 
 10 Officers. 
 
 Ale.vaxder. 
 W. E. Parry, Lieutenant com- 
 
 mandin:.'. 
 H. V. floppner. Lieutenant. 
 >> . IL lloojier, Punier. 
 Alexander Fisher, Assistant Fur- 
 
 ireon. 
 Ph. liiKson, Adm. Midshipman 
 John Nia.s, do. do. 
 
 John Allison, (Jreenland Mast«T. 
 Joseph Phillij)?, do. Mate 
 _Jume8lIulse, Clerk, 
 i) Officers. 
 
 3 Carpenter, Cook, Suilmaker. 
 3 Leading Men. 
 17 Abl(! Seamen. 
 5 Murines, 
 
 37 Whole complement 
 
 3 Carpenter, Sailmaker, Cook. 
 
 4 Leading; Men. 
 31 Able Seamen. 
 
 6 Marines. 
 
 M Whole complement. 
 
 Siipern umeror/es. 
 1 Captain .Sabine, Royal Artillery. 
 1 .'^erseant. do. 
 
 1 Esquimaux, Saccheous, or Sack- 
 house, 
 
 57 Total on board. 
 
 AVhen looking out for proper persons to coinmand tlie 
 intended expedition. Sir George Hope, wlio had been 
 tlag-captain to Sir James Saumarez, and tiien a Lord of 
 the Admiralty, recommended Commander Ross nn an ac- 
 tive and zealous officer, and well practised in the ortlitm- 
 
 J 
 
so 
 
 arctk; voyage.-^. 
 
 ry (liitM's ol tlic st'iniian s prou'ssioti 
 
 )r(>IV 
 
 Til 
 
 H' onliimrv tlii- 
 
 tii'M of 11 i^dod sciitiiiiii arc well known ; tlisit Im- cnii liaml, 
 rrt't", >tt'('r, Jiiid liciivi! tin- Irud, keep tli<' tlciid it'ckuiiini;, 
 and tiikr and work an olisrrvation lor the liilitudc; liow 
 iinicli l(»'Vond this Sir (Icor^*' docs not appeal- to have 
 plcdjffd hiiiisclt'. Indcc(l, Hoss states sotncwliat mod- 
 estly, ill Ills introdnrtuin, '* My nautical ctlucation has 
 tan<;lit nic to act, and not to (jucstion ; to olicy orders as 
 tar as possible, not to iliscuss probabilities, or cxainino 
 philosophical or unphilosophical s|)(>culations. I havo 
 here attempted nothing beyond tiie journal ot" a seaman ; 
 it" 1 had done Mior>', I mij;ht have done worse.*' 
 
 Now sr)methin}; beyond tho g(Mmi'''i 'diaractor ^^iven 
 by Sir (Jeoi'trc! JJope was re(ju:rcd tVo.ii an otTicer who 
 ventured to accept the conmiand ot" an expedition tor tho 
 pui'poses of enlar^inj; tiie wide field of science and dis- 
 covery, Jind inor<'over for that of a pecidiar discovery ; 
 one that had baftlpd tho skill of tlio most able and j)erse- 
 verin<j; naviirators for a period at intervals of more than 
 tiiroo hundred years. It has been truly observed, tliat 
 " this is a service for wliicli all oflicers, liowever bravo 
 and intellig(Mit they may b<;, are not equally qualified ; it 
 requires a peculiar tact, an inquisitivts and persevering 
 {)urauit after details of fact, not always interestinji, a 
 contemp*^ of <lancer, and an enthusiasm not to be damped 
 by ordina.v difficulties." 
 
 In fact, Commander Ross's sei'vices, previous to this 
 voya<re, were only adapted — as Sir (Jeorjife Hope, and, 
 indeed, he himself has stated them — to (pialify for tho 
 ordinaiy duties of a ^ood seaman ; but least of all, as 
 will 1)0 seen, for conductini; a voyage of discovery. 
 "In the year IT.'^ti,"" ho says, "1 entered tho I'oyal 
 navy ; continu(?d in it for four years ; was in the mer- 
 chant st!iTic(5 till 17i)4 ; in the Kast India Company's 
 service till 17!)lt ; then returned to tho navy ; acting 
 lieutenant of the AVeascd, of the Clyde, cVc. Went 
 with Lord do Saumarez as midshipman, often acting 
 lientenant, but ranked only as midshipman ; confirmed 
 as lieutenant in 180") ; sened as first lieutenant in threo 
 dill'erent ships ; ])romoted conunander in Idlti, and 
 commanded threo different sijips."* He might havo 
 
 * Ilis cxnininntif))! boforo a Sclpct Cointnittoe of tho Hoiiso of Coiu- 
 niDiis (III tlu' Arctir ,So!i JlNiifiiitidii, 
 
1 
 
 COMM.WDF.U .I.>n\ RHjiii. 
 
 •J7 
 
 niiniiry dii- 
 t' cnii liaml, 
 
 tilde ; how 
 ■ar to ImvM 
 
 iVhllt IIKi.'i- 
 ICMtioil llllS 
 
 V (trdcrs as 
 
 »r examine 
 
 i liavo 
 
 u st'uinuii ; 
 
 •I 
 
 icfor j,Mv«'n 
 nicer n lio 
 ion for tlio 
 •e and dis- 
 discovery ; 
 mid perse- 
 ttioro than 
 ■rved, tiiat 
 'vor bravo 
 laliliod ; it 
 
 Mvsevering 
 resfiiiir, a 
 
 daniped 
 
 lis to this 
 
 >po, and, 
 
 y tor tiio 
 
 of all, as 
 
 iscovei'v. 
 
 ho i-oyal 
 
 tlie nier- 
 
 iiipany's 
 
 ; acting 
 
 Went 
 
 n acting 
 
 anfii-nu'd 
 
 ill tlireo 
 
 1 ~, and 
 
 ;ht havo 
 
 n of Com. 
 
 added, iu'vor siM'ved out of the lialtic ami the White 
 Sni. except (Mice, (ill the Mu>-»h c(»H><t nf Scotland. 
 
 Now it iiiav Itroadly he staled that ( "oniniander Koss, 
 1)\ his own showini:. did not at all answer the descrip- 
 tion ot' an officer fitted lor the present service ; and his 
 acts and his lio(»k prove it. I lis patron who recoin- 
 ineiided him was himself a thoi°ou4:h-l)red seaman, ati 
 honest, straiuhl-forward, and downriixht* officer, and 
 siiiceioly heliovod, iio douht, tliat the person Im named 
 was an active and zealous officer '• in the ordinary duties 
 of his profession;" hut ihert^ is reason to Ixdieve that, in 
 offeriiiii him tlio command of a \ Oyaju; of Discovery, 
 he had not {fiveii dun consideration to the (jualilicalions 
 that such a command recjuired. 
 
 liiKiTKN ANT I*,\u!iv, wlio commanded tlio Alexan- 
 der, served several years on the coast of North America, 
 where h(^ was distiiiiiiiislied as an e\c<dl«'iit navigator, 
 theoretical as well as piactical. lie drew up a little 
 treatise, especially for the; usc! of tlie young officers of 
 tiie fleet, on nautical astronomy, containing directions 
 for finding the ])rincipal fixed stars visihio in the northern 
 lieinisphere. A copy of this, with the necessary draw- 
 ings, heing sent to his father, I)r. Parry, of liath, Jjo 
 had it printed. AV^hile employed in Anierica, h'd hy a 
 spirit of enterprise, he volunteered for, and was ajipoint- 
 ed to, the Congo expedition under Captain '^Pnckey, hut 
 foitunatedy could not join in time. Still, however, his 
 attention was drawn toward African disrovery, and 
 alioiit the close of 1S17 he wrote; to a friend, detailing 
 his views on tho subject; and just as he had finished his 
 letter, a jiaragraph in a newspaper, alluding to the at- 
 tempt ahout to he made for the discovery of a northwest 
 passa<;e, caught his eye, and h<» added a postscript, re- 
 ferring to this, and said " he was ready for hot or for 
 cold" — Africa or the Polar regions. His friend tf)ok this 
 letter to the Secretary of the Arlmiralty.f which Parry 
 says he had reason to bcdievo was tho immefliato cause 
 
 ' Thr wfjrd reminds one of avory HiirnificMiit sohrhjurt (in Admiral Sir 
 J:iiiu's Haiimarcz, l'laLr-(';i|>taiii Sir C'ii'ori:r l!i'|i(-, mid \\w ."^hipV (.'aptarn 
 l)imiare.-(| — tlic three dcsiiniati^d as iip-riuht, lUiiniriirht. ajid iicrer-rieht. 
 
 t Mr. I'lanvnv, who was .-o much iili-a.^cd hy the letter, and the littlo 
 tn atise which accomjianied it, tliat he at once (iuliinitted to Lord MelvLlIo 
 lii-' (t]/inlon, tlidt hv was jii^t the nnm tor such an ajipointmcnt, 
 
 J 
 
',>S 
 
 Ml» lit 
 
 |\ \»;r^. 
 
 or Ini itp)<iMnt inxnl to t)\i)l <<\|«>ili|i<<ii. iImm) |m )<|imi .tif litr 
 ll\«' liiiii'i ol'U'rt . 
 
 I ii<iiti<nin\t Pint\, it nun >-ii)i'lv Im* miiti, titil nnl ili 
 nPptMnt l)l«> i>\pi>rllll litlCJ li lllito' \\l\\s t I'l niMIMiMlili'il 
 
 Inni ; Init l\o x\ im Imimui'H i'idmuh^Ix iIi •ii|t|«)iMliMl m (lii« 
 iniini\ri \\\ \\\\\> \\ I lit' < i>\ if <• m <|nt''il imi w w^ • otnlni li<il. 
 in\il til ilii> IiMmI \\ MIX lit till ilitiO' rM\)'M tm rnlli'ii iii)' '^mli 
 n I'OiK !<♦ I'li-i'M iiliiMi- on iiiiimiM Niiliit'i |m nt '<i iiMil itic 
 iiiijliiM , <>t i;i>ivtM ii|i)tii III niliMiiiMt mil. innl, nlnni' nil. ill 
 lli«' riinOi'sM lunniu'i ni >\ Imli i\i'i\ iillcin|i(. m . iiHlin. 
 M mil nl ntti<iii)>t, \> II < >^liiiii>i| nM'i In liilhll llii< nmtiiir 
 1ii>im i>( j^ii\ (>i niiit'iil 0\\ III)' lit lln'<. imHimhI nl Immiijj 
 nMi<. on lliiMi iiMiini lo I niliiiiil. In |<iiiilui i< iin> i)>mmI|'i 
 «iMlli\ nl t!\i» lil>iMiilil\ \>\lli wliirli llii< i>\|ii'i|il mil liMil 
 l>«'on titloil out. thcii' \\>\i not iin odii m in nllii'i n|ii|» 
 ihnt iIkI not o\)>io><^ nim titiiiilion innl ili>Mi|i|ioint nioni 
 
 I ,n I » I N v N I l\ oiii II I 'lO \\ iiM in I 111 In o mill inlrlli 
 t<^nt olhi (M . II i'.ooil oI>mm*oi mill -iniixm ; mul l.iir 
 ri-v\Nv niMTNiu, -on ol till' mli'.l. mi i>m cllonl 
 iln»nii'<''-iii;in t hio nl llin niiil'^lii|>iniMi. .1 t" Kn-.j. n 
 > onnu innn nl tho inosi sulnn miil willni!'. ili'<|inmtiun. 
 \\n-* siihsi«nniMitl_\ Ix'iMl nni|iln\nil m n\ni\ Victic n\|io 
 liitiiMi. I'oininnnili'ii iho lonont Vntmrlu' \n\iii'n ol llnno 
 V<Mn">*. mill 1-^ nnw t ii|M!nn Sn .Iniiii". ('IniUo Ko^^i. mm 
 MOil, mill oninv in.i: llm tinit ol 1ii>j miIiihIiIo ninl Iid'IiIv 
 pvm-Hi'w 01 lli\ lulinis Ills nmrn will lini|nniill\ nrriii. 
 
 t ' \r V M N S \ m \ I . nl llm Kn\ nl \ 1 1 illnr\ . \\ nil Uno\\ ' 
 Inv lux s,ii>nlilir iii'i|nn nnmnls. ;niil Ini llm Uiiow ImliM 
 nml u-*!* ol niiUhoiniiliiiil mul ii^li nnnniii nl in-iniinniils, 
 hiMUi: ilosirou>* ol tlio o|>porliinil\ ol |miIIiii!^ liis >.l,ill inin 
 pnuMuiil j'xpniinni-o. \>:i>^ rni|nn.|nil In )nin llio nxpnili 
 1i»>n !is ;i \olnuloor. mul. liUo tlin lost. Iiml hnt too iniicli 
 «'iui<<» to Im» ili^mipoinlfil mill luu^rnnod. \n jicconnt ol 
 lus sul^s»»tpnMit mill mi1\i:iI'Io IjiI'ov^. linwnxnr. will linro 
 iitlov tiuil !i |>l;h~i' in llu> pic-^onl nmriilnn. 
 
 \\ woulii li!n<> biNMi nioit> Mcrnonliln. 111 flio ont^ot nl" 
 tlu^ ]M<»s<Mit vnlumo, to liiivo |i;i'-'<o.l ovnr tins liixt \oy 
 .Mi:i' ol ilisi-o\(M\ in iho \ri'1u' i <>;;ion^. tlimi to Iw oI>1i;mmI 
 In notirc it uuilor :i loolim; ot liisMUpnmlnuMit. wliuh llio 
 ptM'u>«:»l ot 1I sn nnu\ i<iiliihl\ mid so |irovoUini:Iv nronlns ; 
 but !i!» It I iinstituli's thn lirsi ImU in tlii> rhmn ol" llio 
 ii)!iM-ostiii^ jnililioatioiis \\\ iiuosiion. it roujil not with 
 
I I • M \l \ Milll li 111 \ IIIIO-4, 
 
 w 
 
 |''«<|»(|i:m,. Ctr 
 
 I. 'Il'l Mill ill 
 
 •'• "imnrii,!,.,! 
 'OMili-il ,11 il,,, 
 
 •■^ • Ktnliii Icil. 
 •IIi'iImI)' >^Mi II 
 
 "• •'• H'lilHic 
 iili.Mc nil „| 
 
 '*. "I . iMlliri. 
 
 ill!' IM'jIi Ml' • 
 Mill III |i,i|||,, 
 
 iin\ ii«'4||||m 
 |"''lllinii htiij 
 
 •'"lIliM .j|,,|, 
 OlMl MliMll 
 
 'HI. I iMlrlJi. 
 
 IHIil l,|||<. 
 
 I' ''Vri'llflil 
 * lill'J'J, II 
 
 'Il •'ll<lvllll,,ll. 
 '•'Ill' <'\ll,l . 
 
 >'.'' <»r iiiti'ii 
 
 IvK^^J, llltil 
 
 "iiil liirhlv 
 ll\ ix ( in, 
 vrl! Knuwp 
 I. now l(>i|,., 
 
 •fl IIIIICIIJM, 
 
 • "^ '<lull mill 
 H> r\|)i<i|i 
 
 !">•• Iiiiicli 
 H'l'iMint III' 
 
 "ill lllMO 
 
 t>iiNi<( ,,r 
 
 liisl \iiv - 
 
 l>l' i)li|l;','-,| 
 
 »vliicli Iho 
 
 i'ri>!iti>s ; 
 
 ill <•!' llii> 
 
 not will, 
 
 |i|ii|ini't\ liiHi' lii'i'ii niiiil It'll. lliiHii'li il I Mil iiMiiiil IiIiIm 
 |i|i'il4nii' III I'll PI ii'ii'iiiti- \\lii'li' (lli'li- M i'\i'i\ ili>-i|li' III 
 piiiiii' III liilllli'l '4 III liiil, liiiw i'< i>i . |il,i< ||||. iiir I'lii 
 
 llli' tinlll Mill il III' ' |inl.i'M . Mini ll ll|il\ III- li|ii|ii>| Mini 
 
 i«iil\ ijiii' jiiiliii" III 'iliili- fil mill- lliiil MM liliiiMi' I nil 1,1,,, 
 
 .||l|\ MMIIiIi III llll\ ll|l|l\ nllllll III |lll> h\|l mI|||II III) ,|,,y 
 
 iiiH iliili'iiii'iil-j. iiiM'lii'i'iii I', III hill, III mini iiiiitiiiii ^^ liii II 
 niii\ nil III III llii< niMiiiiil imii i iil i \ i ' , llml nil ii|i|it'in In 
 IllHi' iii'i-n imMiilM 111 rdii 1 \\ liiiliM I'l I iHllil lii> III < 1,111 
 
 jiliJii'il III iiii'i'l ||ii> \ii.\\.i III )>■•( i>i iiiiii<iit , III Ini I,,, ll,,, 
 li'W ii|i|iiii I imilii' 1 ('iM'ii III lliiiii wiiiilil iilliiw \l lliK 
 
 .111111' Imil', ll M |IIH1|ll|l' llllll MIIIIIK III llll' IIIIII'MIIIII ,' ItlllV 
 
 liiiM' liii|i|iriii<il liimi II nil II mil I |iiiiiii ul w Iml \\ i|,| n, 
 i|mri'il III llii< I iMnmimili'i , iiml limn llii' inni lly nl llii< 
 'I'Mii''. m till' niilnii' innl |ii'i nlim iIiiIiki ul s\ Im h In, 
 llllll iiiiw iilniiiiii|\ Ini tliK hiMl liniK I II i'ii|iiiiii-i| , mimI 
 
 II iM »<ii liii ilni' III linn In iiilimt, liiillmi. llml llii< ii|i|iniiil 
 mini wii'i nnl III III) nwii Mi'i'ltinji. Iml wn'i vnlnnlinily 
 
 iilliMl'il III Inin li\ iilli' V\ lln, ll Wnlilil IPIMII, VVII-! IM lllllli 
 
 iiri|miiiili'il Willi llm |ii>i nliiii mimii. im u im Mi Itn.^ 
 Iimi'^i'll , 
 
 < 'll III" I' III "I \|'hI llm m|ii|ii Ii-Ii ||,|. mvim, mmivkiI 
 
 III 1,1'IUirlv III! llln KHll, mill nil llm I il n| .Iniif wmn 
 Mimi'wlii'ro nil llm iMHii'i II siiln III Miivm'm Simile; nin 
 I' I 'I'll I'll sinw ly Iml W I'i'ii I III' II I < Mini till' wi'sln 11 ■:!;nii. nj 
 
 I il I'l'iilimil, jiiMsini- II iininiii't n| wlmln 'iln|i Immlv fin 
 |>lii\i'il, mill III! llii' I ,||i III .Inim jnil mlit W'livjrnt Simil, 
 m wliirli Will' Inily Inn wliiili'm i|i>liiini<i| iiy ihi. ,, |, 
 Tins sliiiil M riii'inoil lii'lwnmi lln< 'ilmm o| < Ji mnlimil 
 llllll llm I'^linnl nl hiHiu. nn u Im li |.i n hmiiMli mllln 
 nmiil. Ill lliiM imi^liliinlmnil, iinmnj', llm jinmt'i nl liiml, 
 llm slmiih. llllll isliinil-i llml nlinnml, llm 'iliipM vvnn* m» 
 liiini|M«rnl willi irn. llml il w im nnl iniil flm :u\ „\ .Inly 
 limy ri'iirlmd llm Wmni'irH Islnnih. 
 
 'I'lmir iloK'iilmii, Imwi'vnr, ilid nnl Im U iiinimnnmnl. 
 Tim liiiir niHin HiiiiM mill iliiiii'|i|ni '^ nl I )inmM innl limiid 
 mim\ iliiimi'il Scnii li imh on ||h> ,|,,,.|; ,,( (|,„ |m,|„.||,^ 
 with llm smlniM ; nml Knss hiis\s : 
 
 •• Siii'MiiiiiMi'''* mil III llllll jiiv I'M i'r,l.-il iill liMiiiiih, niiil willi 
 /•iiiiil-iiiimiiii'il iilli.iniiKiirHM III' |ii'rl..rmi'i| ||,,. nUi,',. ,,l miM- 
 liTiil llii' < rii'iniMiii'M. \ii i;ii|iiiiii;iiix miinl.T III ll,,. r.-r,.,,,!,. 
 """< In (1 llllll UN llm ili'ili III III.; mii|.'4iv''4 sliin-i m l||.. i, y 
 
 ( • 
 
 J 
 
:k) 
 
 AR( rit. \ (>v.\ (;!;:■'. 
 
 S( 
 
 US (if (irpf'iil;\ii(l w.'is nri 
 
 .11 
 
 ICC 
 
 soiiirw 
 
 li;it new. hut NfLsli 
 
 liiiiiscit ('i)ul(l iKit li.iM- (iiil'oiMH'il liis limitidii-' ill a niiimirr 
 
 iiioif ii|>|)rii|in.itr 
 
 It liiil not Ix'loii:,' t'M'ii to Na>li liiiiisi'll' 
 
 1() «'(iiiil>iiif ill liisdwti |ii'is()ii, lil\t' ,lii(l\, the tliscoitlaiit (|u;il- 
 ilicatiitis (it scaiiiati. iiitcriirclci'. (iiaiiu'li'siiiaii, and iiiastrr ul" 
 
 ('(•rciiionifs lo a liall. vsitli lliosc nl 
 
 •ti\t' lislicr (if seals 
 
 iiid a liiiiitcr of wliitc hears 
 
 ■I' 
 
 ").")-(;. 
 
 '^riiis iiitelliirent iiiid iiminl)l»> Ksruiiinaux, .Itick Siic- 
 (•htM)Hs (or SiicUhouse). altoi'ds a stfoiiy t'XiiinpI*! ol 
 what ii littlt^ kiiidiM'ss iiiid iittciitioii will eU'ect on liiiiiiiiii 
 lieiiii;s, j'veii in tli(> lowt'st scidc of existence. Of tli(< 
 history of tliis yoiinu nntn there will he occiision to speak 
 
 lereatter 
 
 On th(» fittitiii out of the present expedition. Captain 
 liasil Hall, lindinii that Sacelieous liad ii wish to join it, 
 made his desire known at the Adniirnlty, and he was 
 iiccordinaly appointed interpieter, in whit h capacity lio 
 proved exceedin<:ly useliil in the very limited opportu- 
 nity tliat occurred of lioldinii any commmiit-ation with 
 his iiatixe comitryn.en. Amon^ the mirthfid <^rouj) he- 
 forci mentioned, Koss ells us : 
 
 " A dau;,']iter of the Danish n>,-ideiit, ahoiit eighteen years 
 of age, and hy fjir the hesl looking of tije group, was the oh- 
 ject of .lack's partictilar attentions; which being ohser\t'd hv 
 one of oin- otlic-'r... he gave lilin a lady's sliawl, ornamented 
 Avith sj)aiigles, as an otVering for her acceptance. He present- 
 ed it in a most respectful and not ungraceful maimer to the 
 tlainscl. who hashfully took a ])cwtcr ring from her lingt^r 
 and presented it to him in relnni ; rewarding him, al the same 
 time, with an ehxpieut smile, which could leave no possible 
 doubt on our Ks(piiinau.\'s mind that he had made an impres- 
 sion on her heart." — 1'. f)!). 
 
 After some d«diiy the wind chancod, nnd the ico be- 
 gan to separate, leaving; an opening along the coast ; but 
 Jack, who Inul gone on shore with his country men, )nid 
 not returned. A boat was tiuMefore sent to bring liini 
 •ill"; but the jioor fellow was fomid in one of the huts 
 with his collar-bone broken, having, und»u* tJio idea, as 
 (expressed by himself, of " /'h nli/ /loicdt r, plctiti/ kill,'''' 
 Dverloaded his gun, and the violence of the recoil hud 
 caused the accident. 
 
 Ju proceeding norlhernly, the expeditiuu came up witli 
 
( U.M.MAM)I:R .lUlIN KOrfri. 
 
 m 
 
 > ill !l llllllllllT 
 
 Na.^li liiiii.si'll" 
 iscindiiiit (|ii;il- 
 ;ni(l iiiiistcr of 
 lislirr of Wills 
 
 X, .lack Sjic- 
 
 cxiiiriplt! ()| 
 
 ct on liiiiiiHii 
 
 ICC. Of lll(5 
 
 sion to spciik 
 
 rioii, Ciiptiiiii 
 sh to join it, 
 and ho was 
 capacily lio 
 trd oppoHu- 
 lit-ation witli 
 111 group bc- 
 
 i;,'lit('cii yoars 
 [, was flj(« ol). 
 
 ol)S«'l-\T(l !)V 
 
 oniainiMitt'd 
 
 11«' pivsciit,- 
 
 inner to tlio 
 
 II lifi' fui^uir 
 , al tile saino 
 no jiossililo 
 
 e an iinpic.^- 
 
 tiio ice he- 
 oojist ; hut 
 •ynicn, liail 
 hriny him 
 if th«> hnts 
 lo idoa, as 
 lr/lf>/ kilt:' 
 
 recoil had 
 tnc up witli 
 
 several ui'onps of wlialers tliat had passed thronuii tho 
 tines ot' ice, ill one ot" wliich it was also shortly after 
 heset, in latitude 7')^ 'Xy' , "tho Dexterity whaler now 
 alone continniiiii in sii,dit." ^'et, in tho same pa;i;e, Ixoss 
 savs, *• We arc^ now arrived at a point betwcM'ii wlii(!h 
 and Cape Dudley Dijiges land had not been seon by for- 
 mer navigators ;" as if whale-tishers were* excluded from 
 the class of navigators, llo then goes on to say, that 
 •'between latitude 7")-' 1"J' and HP tho shonj foi-nuMl ii 
 capacious bay, in the midst of which rose u ronuirkablo 
 s|)iral rock; this I nauuMl Melvillo's Momiment, in grate- 
 ful renieuibranci^ of liui lato viscount, from whom 1 
 received my first commission. '^Po tins bay its(df I gavo 
 the name ot" Mehille's Hay, from r<'!sp»'ct to tlu? pr»>sent 
 Kirst Lord of tho Admii'alty. It is situated botweiMi 
 7') I-'' and 7()^, and abounds with wiiales, many of 
 which wore taken by the ships that were persevering 
 iMiough to follow us,'' 
 
 And no doid)t niMubers of whalcirs, for ages before 
 this, liad persevered in their search of whales far be- 
 yond the latitude of 7(i'^ ; but the t^xpedition being one 
 for the purpose of discovery, sometiiing new, it would 
 seem, was to be struck out at this early period, whil(» 
 on the (rrpj'idand side of IJafthrs iiay — a coast which 
 could afford nothing connected with tln^ Polar Soa or 
 witii the northwest passage. In point of fact, Ivoss, on 
 the outset of the voyagts even in the title-page, mis- 
 srat«'s (he coidd not mistake) the objc^ct of his instruc- 
 tions. II(^ says tht^ voyage was made ''for the purpose 
 of exploring liaffm's JJay.*' Now there is not a woi'd 
 in the instructions about exploring liaffm's May; In^ 
 was to stand well to the northward before crossing over 
 to the westwai'd, but not to sto}) on either coast : " »he 
 first and most important object of tliis voyage is to be 
 the discovery of a passage through Jhiris's Slr<ii/s, 
 along the northern coast of Amerita." On the western 
 coast there coidd be no passages int( tiie I'olar Sea, nor 
 toward the coast of America. 
 
 Opportunely, however, nn event occurred which af- 
 forded him un occasion, if not an excus«\ for delay. On 
 the lOtii of August eight sledges, diawn by native Ks- 
 •luiiiuiux, wore observed udvaucing toward tho pluco 
 
'^2 
 
 AKt I'll' v<t\ .\i;i;.s. 
 
 >vlnM'o lln» slii|)s wcrt' 111 iinclior, mid ^iicrlu'oiis wiisdis- 
 piilidird Willi a whili^ lliii; mid scmih* pi'i'smls lo liold a 
 piirii'V willi llu'in, iIh'V ln'iini pliif<'d at nii«* sidr <»!' u cii- 
 
 iial or rhasiii in Iho in', and lit* on llio other sidi^ 
 
 All 
 
 (T 
 
 loud shouts, Avords, mid iit'stun's, Sarclu'oiis soon per- 
 coivi'd tliat tlioir laiimmno was tlni sunii' as his, hut ol" a 
 ditlcrtMil dialoct. and, holdinj; up his prt's»Mits, ho callod 
 out, "('oint> on;" hut tlio I'oply was, " No, no; f;o 
 away." And ono of thcni, approiichinii tin* rdiio of \\ui 
 canal, ropoatiMl. " (Jo away ; I can kill you," holding; up 
 
 iiiitt 
 
 Sacclu'oiis throw over an Kniilish Unito, siiv- 
 
 MIU, 
 
 Take that. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ilhJ f/i> 
 
 lis they picked up, shouted, and 
 
 •h 
 
 It 
 
 j)iiiii(f lUtir nofcs. .>accueous, in return, called oi 
 J {< ii^li-i/ttir .' puliiuix his nose \\\*\\ the same iiestiire. 
 
 This jjulliiiii of noses, which is re|)reseiited to he tlieir 
 mode of a iViendly salutation, is a ti'ite matter of litthi 
 moment, and would not ht^ mentioned here hut tor the 
 sinmilar circumstance, which has heeii told hy sevtM'aJ of 
 the ollicers, and in jiriiit, that they never saw nor heard 
 of it till it was meiitione(l hy Commander Koss, for the 
 first time, at Shetland, on their return hitme. It is scarc(^- 
 ly possihl(» that such a foolish ci'remony, if tVeijuently 
 and solemnly repeattMJ, could have escaped the notice 
 t)f all the ollicers »>\cept that of tho commaiKh'r; yet 
 tliere luiisl he somethinjj; in it, for JJack, in his Arctic. 
 journey, mentions rubbing; of noses as an Ksijuimaux 
 .salutation. 
 
 The following!; is somewhat curious, consid(>riim; the 
 numher anil frecpiency of whalers visitinji tliis part of 
 the coast, ere no doiiht much intercourse, must have 
 taken phu < 'jetAveiMi them and the innocent nativ«vs : 
 Koss says uiey soon hecmne more familiar, and, point- 
 iiiii to the ships, eafjeriy asked, " What yreat creatures 
 these were 1 Do they come fromtlio snnor the moon ? 
 do they give ns liyht hy niulitor hy day .'" repeating tho 
 (piestion, " What were they .'" to wliich Saccheous re- 
 plied, " They were houses mad(> of wood." They re- 
 .«;ponded " No : they are alive ; we have seen them movo 
 their wings." M ore enlisihtened than tliese Arctic iligli- 
 hmders (for so Ixoss calls them) did the messengers of 
 INlontezuma, on the ani»alof the ships of Cortez, in like 
 nuumer eagerly imiuire, 
 
(•oMM.wnrri joiin ro^js. 
 
 :]3 
 
 IS Wiisdis- 
 ■■ to llold H 
 lie otu ca- 
 l«*. Alicr 
 soon por- 
 s, hut tif a 
 , 111' culled 
 <), no : }r{) 
 dye of lli(^ 
 
 loldill^r )||) 
 
 viiil't', Miy- 
 iiitt'd, and 
 culled ont 
 [esturc. 
 (> !)(> tlioir 
 M- of little, 
 lit for tlio 
 s»>ver;d of 
 nor heard 
 •*s, {'{)]• the 
 is sraree- 
 Ve(|nently 
 ihe notice 
 
 er; yet 
 
 Arcri«-. 
 
 uiinaux 
 
 •injj; the 
 
 part of 
 
 ust have 
 
 latives : 
 
 point- 
 
 eatures 
 
 moon ? 
 
 iting tho 
 
 ous re- 
 
 H>y re- 
 
 M move 
 
 c High- 
 
 i^ers of 
 
 , in like 
 
 " Wlwit (liviiif iiii)ir-tir-i. oli yi- l'<iiI-<, mi- llnsr, 
 'I'lial lloiit ill iiir, iiml lly ii|iiiii tlir mi'.ih ! 
 ('iiMii' thiy iilivc (ir (lr;i(l ii|r()ti till' "liiiri' t"* \ r, 
 
 S'lC'licous, it seems. siictMfrded at i;ist. " liy many ar- 
 l^nineiits, to peisnaiie them that he was llcsji and hlood ;" 
 ;iimI the niDsl (•oiiia^i-ons •■ venlined to tonch Ins hand, 
 then pnllinn liiniself l)y the nose, set npa '-hont, in \vlii<'li 
 lie was jnnied hy Siicclieons and three olhei-s." TmiI 
 eniMiLih (it this, which runs throniiii eighteen or twenty 
 pii^es. t'ollowed liy a whole chapter of twenty more, 
 >vhich. cdiisidrrcd under all circn nistinires, wonM he 
 aimisiiii; <'n<niL;ii. did it not pi-ep;n*e the rciirler lor snspi-- 
 cion as to its accuracy, as well iis ot' many other state- 
 ments sniisecjiiently recordeij in the ItooU. 'i"he titles of 
 ihis extraordiniwy chapter are : "77/' Snuntini) tif llir 
 Ardii- I l/a^hlii/ii/s — \iiliin of tin ('mni/ri/ l^roilnci nf 
 tin ('iiiiii/n/ — Li/ii u i/i/ii( iij lilt jlniii- 11/ uIiIi/ik/i r.s — 
 OriLini of til' Arrin' H / uliliiin/i rs- - Dn.ss Di srr'i jitinn, 
 — Siilijirl (if li<hu.iii>' — M<iili iif Ijirnii^, dnd ('iisloins — 
 lliiliils iiiid (\isliiiiis."' Koss, indeed, suspects that this 
 a(C(Hmt "may appear in some points to he defective;" 
 he iniiy salely satisfy himsell that it will not only (i]>- 
 jiiiir, in sonn' points, to he ih'ficlivi,, hut will he so |)ro- 
 noiuiced in all : in |)oint of fact, he lu'ver set his foot lai 
 shore, and could not. liy any possihijitv, liiive Uiiown any 
 thiiii: ol' the stnll' he has set down, which is of that kind 
 el inaniiliictnre not worth the paper (ai which it is print- 
 ed. .Most readei's will a^ree with the writer in a pop- 
 iiliM' journal, who calls it "a hill of lai-e like that of the 
 liuidlord in the play —all th.' ^ood things are stnlfed into 
 the hill, while nothini; is foimd in the lariler." 
 
 Koss may certainly |)lciid examples without numher, 
 in the hooks of modern trnv elers. wherein ini!ii:inalioii 
 lias vej-y niiiterially assisted in supply iiii: the details ; hut, 
 somethiiiii ap|)roachiny; to /^/c/ is expected in a voyage 
 like the present, as any de\iation, even in a triMinj; siih- 
 ject. is apt to throw a doiiht on those of greater moment. 
 iSo doiiht, how'ver, can he eutertaine(| of the discovery 
 of a physic;il oiiject (not new, however) t'ound on the 
 diifs ot' this part ol" the coast of I»iit1in"s Hay, not far 
 iVoin Capo Dudley Diimes. '» W'e now discovered,"' 
 
 ;5 
 
 * ]):"yil<'n'ti Ilinjicror of Mexico, 
 
 -1 
 
;> t 
 
 MM M< V ' ' \ \<; I ►<. 
 
 en \ - 1 \ i» 1 li'il ( 1 1.' '.unw 1 Ml ) 111- liii f 111 I 111 ' I lill I |>l r 
 
 '.iiili'.l ;1ll t'l'l'i 'H'lm !• I'iMIi tiiM iI nitil mil li' (nii' In iim 
 )i)i| "ii 1 nl I \ I :i mill I'l i . m n ■ 1 1 I ' \ ■ .mm. • ■ \ 1 1 1 I 'im i • \\ In. Ii 
 }VM 1' I' '\ il. I'p I \ mi . 'M 1 . ill >l I 111 ■ llnw 111' llilil , 
 
 ' ■ \\ 1 )>i 111 1 1 :»l I'll ii 1 n .lii\\ M 1 1> I 111 ' 1 111 l> . Ill ni'in \ pliii i"! 
 1 ii •! it.'fil li nt 1 1'M iii I \\ I'll (• I , '1 '1 li\ t 111' I nlm mil 1111)1 1 I 1 
 Ml liliii ii\ ll.-\\iMili\.i|iimi.iil,(||.|llliiiii|, 
 
 mm. iii:iI|im1'iiiI wli'il itlil'i\.liii''lli'l jiiin'liilli'liiii|i> 
 lliim rin mill i>i tw.i li.iii-'illi llii' niliiii' nl tlii' iinw 
 
 \ I ■ I n \ I . m ) I ' I ( I n I > : , 111 1 1 M 11 1 ■ > \ 1 M 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I ' 1 1 1 
 ywy .111' I !ii 1 1" I >l ■ ii linn nil 'in ii | '| >i mi in i. n . I ml 1 1 1 1 i 
 •i'tX'. n \\n: 'U mill" ili'ii'iiimu'.l ii imiM nul In' lln- 
 iluiii 1 >< 1mi .1 . " vi\ liiM :i li:i t \ rmii III 'inn Im \| i 1 1 i !tnili« 
 lliii I li.mn I in wli.mi n \\ ■» : tii jI iiliimlli.l nn llm in 
 1 1ll i\ iil I 111' n\ ni iln i.m . ( m I lli ' | <ii| pn i • nl I'm ii " mi :il \ ml, 
 lltlViMi ilnli'i 111! Ill ii ill 1.1, |Miii'niini n.l il 'il nlii n In Im 
 llir i-\rliMUi~iU nl ImiiI I t >\ I . llm ..m. i;il ii|iiiiiii|i nl 
 
 llm iiiiii iM'<, \\ li.i I' \ inmii'.l il Willi llm iim i .> . npn, 1 1 ml 
 It imti-l l»n > I'.-.'l iMn , ;ln.l in llii-; iipilllnn I *i \\ nlltl^ilnu 
 ronnn Vi'il. Mtini :i ninmin n\:»nimiil mn I'nili l'\ llm mi 
 i'vo<.( i>)>o !\n.l I Immii :il t n^l ■< \ nl '■< i'\ nn liMil In : liniilil j 
 Mi Im nw n, llm , .-InKi il n.l I'lH ;»iii ,( . i nni . d n i ni 1 il nm 111 
 1-n 1 iiM i< ivl I riMt\ >..Mnn nl i Im nl> r, iimiI i 'i \ n. ni 1 1 1 iimll n 
 I /',>>>..',' .■>,,•?'.' ^ . llm mm n |Mnl':ililn. n ■; llm i nnl •- nl 
 llm nii'>>.'; y\ '^y>'i m^ nl /*..),/',■. >i'\. i nmninii nn llin^n 
 rli(i->. :ii n ilnnp s, mini ilnnjv niiln.'.l, nm I llm\ lin In 
 •SMiiiM iMi llm nnMiionnti -1\ n\;»i'ini .iin.l )m ml nl llm n i inn 
 siMi rl.iK. Hi. «n!n\"n.i m llm > ninmn I'lmi n I'J nnlliim' 
 
 nn\\ . ImNx I'x iM, m llm iii>.<n\ ni \ nl inil snnw l'lm\ jniil 
 
 olluM >x vifnrs i>l lu'. luni» iwniiunn ii . Smi-'-mn Inuuil il 
 m >!Uu^ii>. P'lvii^ iM llm Vlp'^ . ^Iiiilm Inuuil ii m .'^|iii 
 l^,M•^;■^■>n. ;>u,l \m I'nulM i1 n^ (n bn nml \\ u h m nin.l ;il|inm 
 
 V Imlo i.n-lliov (Ml. ihn slup"; >v«mo ^i^^ilnil li\ llnni» 
 OlIuM )'" •>(^\"inn;ui\. Irnni >\ Imin intovmtiliou >\ m- ininnml 
 llim llio iron ]Vir1 nl tlmu Knn ."- \> iw fnnnil nn ;i mminl 
 Sin m s:^■«v^1 in!»vK,><. nn.i i]\:il n \> ;>< ;« |vnl nl thn nmnnl- 
 Rin : ihnl m oiliov pin. n-J il \> m-- rnnn.l m snli.i pmi-"'. i<ii 
 ihr vr.ri'n.w :iii.1 lh:U -.Imv ii;t )f ntV wuli h:iiil -.tnnn. 
 )^,^v«^ ' ,^\xtMr". iMul.i ;int Mj.Tnn.l ni olMitmin:; :\\\\ nl' 
 l)u' nvi^^-t^*. . !mi1 a •»n>;»il puN <\ IvMn,'". o\;»nnnnil ni I'm;'. 
 l!V,-!.'., \x '^v iniui/. 5.> roni.nri lh«» iisu;il prnpni lion ot nulvol 
 
• ' I M \l V W Ml II li HI M IK I !vi 
 
 :m 
 
 It" I lill 1 |i| ,< 
 
 I ■ :| Mli' . Iii'illll 
 I'llli f \\ llli ll 
 
 l\ .'• I.. ,..|,| . 
 ni!Hl\ |<llll CM 
 
 Mill' I M 1 M I I I " 
 
 Ihfil (III • . m|^ 
 
 lli'l 1 111 I' Mlitl I' 
 
 (111' III 1 \\ 
 
 Vll < |>I|( I I II 
 "> ; I'll! Ii n-,'.| 
 n.'l I'.' til,. 
 
 Ml Id. III. I,. 
 
 i| lUI ( ll,. I ,. 
 II" llll!l|\ •■I'll, 
 I ..II, ,. (,, I,,. 
 
 ll iipiin.in ,i| 
 "■^1 i'|"\ llmi 
 \\ I'llii-M.iii 
 
 I l'\ ll|i> nil 
 
 I In . il.Mil.i j 
 1 1'. I It nil. Ill 
 
 IM 1 1 illli'll f 
 
 llii' I ...ll ■, nl 
 
 Ml oil (h,.,,, 
 
 lli.\ I..' t.> 
 
 I 111' l< I lull 
 
 ' I-' iiKiliinc 
 
 I'llMV Mill! 
 Ill' 1,11111,1 ll 
 
 n III Spit 
 in"-1 ;il|»nn« 
 
 '.I In (111 .'!» 
 
 .1^ I I'l iM\ i>,| 
 
 '11 ;i in. Mint 
 llii' in.iiini - 
 i I'll'. .', ,>n 
 h;ir.t -.tiMii'. 
 iM:; ;niv of 
 1^1 Ml l'n,.< 
 i'u nt m. ImI 
 
 I I 'IV mo iiin\ |iii ■imI I Mill. I III, II, •, I Im,m(.i). u Im- Ii |; ,,..'c( 
 
 ' ' '■' '"' •' •'■'\ ""•' ''• '•'■ ' MMll,:,, .,,,1 ,,l ll,,. . , I, Mil, ,11, 
 
 111 v\Ih' ll liMlIni Imi hiiil ll ,|,M-, 11, \\ I.I :ti.Mli..|ini. Mini'l 
 
 I Mini. Ill ll.lll III I III. Ill.l Ihw ,|MJ ; .,M,|, „., ^V(. Wl'l I. .;(,.,., 
 
 Ml I,. I ll IV llll ,1 lilM. 1,1,...,,.. ,mmI ll,,. ,.„ „h,,,„,| , ,, ,,, ,,| 
 
 }• >• w <• ;'it\<' n|» nil III, !i <.| • iiiiiniiiiiii .,|,,,„ ^^ ,(|, ij,,, /^ ,,,,, 
 "' ''■ ' ■'" '/" ''!■'>'■/' ' ■ 111.- Iii,|..-. ,,| „i;,nhn,i, d,,, 
 I"'""' "'l' ' ' "• III' ' nil I |i,i ,. „.,,,. lunv I, ,,...,., I I,, .,,,1 I, 
 
 " I" '"lit 'I ■ I" "I'll " (I'lll. W 111, I, VV'l ! , Mil. nil ,,.i| , ,, ,|, 
 ""''''" '"'• " '"^^ '""" ■ I" I'lll-. Ill, .,I.|. 1 I 1,1 ,|,, , ,,, 
 
 '''""'■"' ' '• '"' ■■ ii"l' ' -I, '(iiili. I,, III. ll, ||,n,| ,,| ll,,, 
 " !■"""' "I'r " '." iniil I.. .111. I.I I,,,,, I ||,„| .: ..,,, ,|,,.,,,„|,|,, 
 
 """' ''"• ''""' "• " III! "11. III.' ImI... ,,| I,.,,,,,,,,,,,,, I),,. 
 \ . 'M liiM nil. inlnnii i.i| |,. i|,i. | . ||, ,,| \ ,,,,,, , ,,,,,| ,,^^ ,, ^^^ 
 
 '"'I'" '•" I"" Iinlli.l ihImmh , ,| ||,,,i, (,, ll,,, v^.,. I, Ml 
 
 '"" ' "' '•"""I I '"1 VN ll" I. , Mil t I,., ,„, ,„,. ,|.,|,,.^ , ,,,,,,, 
 
 " I'll' 'I."" I"" l"'in.| ,; ,.||,,,,,i ,,, I, ,i\v. •<..,, ll,,,,, 
 
 •'"■ """"\ ' '"II'Im , V\ llll 1, I'.MlIni „l I,.,., „(|i,,,|,>i| 
 
 " • ^^'•"''1. "" 'l""li(, liini. |„ ,.,, ,|,.,,,„|,|,. , ^, „ ,,,^ ,,||^ 
 ;l III < i, ,.i 11 liiip I 
 
 "'• '■"= '" •''" \^'"' '"I .':..nM.I UM... .nn.|,|..h- 
 
 '^ '■'"•' '"' "I- ^^"l I I inis |,ni|, ,; ,|,,,. ,,, |,,^ 
 
 "^^"' '"'"■ ' ' l'">'" I'li'^.'-I ll ..I ll,,.,|,.| ,,,,1 (,„,y 
 
 ""'"•'"' ''■"-■' • ■'•'" I." ll" 'MN^i, '■ .,,.„.", I I., |„. 
 
 '"""" '" '^\""'S I" ^ M, ,1, ,ii|, ;•• I ,( ,,, ,,^. ,,,_, 
 
 '"'" '" '"' •""••' '"'^ II III- li-.l I ,1 ||,,„,„|, 
 
 ''"" '"" " I'"" '"'" '•"". ll... .|,,|. „| |.„,, „ |,,,„,|,,.,| 
 
 ""'•'^ • '"' '""' l""^ "I\ |'l"|.l I ll,.. ,, ,„|,., : (,„ 
 
 •' '"""■ ■■'•"'"• I'l'*'"." II "IIIIMJ ll,,.,,, ||,„,_ ,,, ,1,,^,, ^^^ 1^^ 
 
 V""'""'- '''"' '"' •'"'Mllil.' (..^rn I |,„ .,„ unn.r.M.o 
 
 """""•"'• •""'• •' • """ " "" ImIM ,,M|.,„, ,,|i.,.| ,|,„, 
 
 III" I-.un, nl M.iiin u,,, ..Mi.,„|,m| |„.v.„„| ,,nn ln„,.l,,,| 
 
 "'"'""^ ""'"^'" "'• " ■ I '''1111.1,.. ..,.v...W,.|„„,„| 
 
 ""; """ '" ""^ '"'-•■■ 0\'"M.'i.li.:ln..., nlnn l-Miy 
 
 ""'•;^ ""^ " '""' •'"• .' "ll l"i I ii|.|..'.,nM,<",,| ih„ 
 
 '•■""';""''' M'-.i..|\ u.'ll vMll, III" , I, ..,.,,,„,„„ „„„„ 
 
 "' " ''.^ ''■■ '•" ^l<''i..'.'r iMinn.-li, „ iniKi |„. , ,,|,|, ■^„,,| 
 
 '■''"""''•""■'"' ^"' " ^^<'HMl.'.,nnn^ vrrvt-,,.,,, .,,„„(; 
 •;' "•llli'l'Mi.-" In Imlirvn ||,„l nilV jiiill .,l I '. „| | n.'-; I.n,.| 
 
 '';';''"i"""> '""M '"> .M-i. Ill ii.m I ,, ,h,,„,„,. -,,,,, 
 
 "'"".'""■'1'" '" '^ ""^^'•" '^ "" I'll.-niUMl. llMVIII- M„ 
 
 '''"'"' '" "' "'^•'- "imKii.,", Inn.M.iniiM..-:. (n.vui- nmny 
 
 A 
 
:u\ 
 
 AllcriC XiiVAMS. 
 
 iiiNM'^ or siniilliT '^(lllnll'< williin it, mid i'^ ii lil plin'i' lur 
 tln< Ivilliii;: III \N li;ilt'->." 
 
 Twn liiMIl-. illlci- pil'-MII;', \\ nl .Iclliiolllic. I Ili'V <!IIMO 
 n|>|i(i'.il !• \\ li;ili' Soiiiul. Jiinl |'ii^s(<(| il ill II ^rciilcr ills- 
 (Miicf lliiiii lli(< toiiiKM' : l>ill lli<*\ riiiilil iii>| :i|i|ii njirli it, 
 III ;i I lire I I Inn- nil :i( rniliit ol t lii> lir. 'I'lir s:iiiii< i-M'ii 
 III:; it !•> >l;it«i| lli;it, iit-iii ( ',in'\ 's Isliimls. "tlii-'-i'ii \\ ;is 
 1 IcaiiM ol tliM'^ iinti Idu^c ICC tliiiii \\ r liiiil r\iT seen it. " 
 'I'lii'v li;i(l ;iil\iiin«'(l mIhiiiI iniiliiiutil <'l tin- l!itli to the 
 iioillii'iii (tuiicr ut r.jitiiirs r.jiy. wlinr Sir riiniiiiis 
 Sinilir-> Siiiiiid opens (Mil, and w Inch llti'.s sii\ s " \\ ih 
 ill-.! nil 1 1\ siMMi," and lie iiaiiicd llii> two capi-s turiiillii; 
 It-- cntiaiicc iil'tiM tli<> two sliip^. Isaludla and \ IcxaiidtT. 
 • ' I coilshiiMt'd," sji\ s K OSS. '• llio hoUnni (it tills sound lu 
 lu» alioiit ciLililccii lca:Mii's distant, liiit its ciitiaiicc was 
 coiiipIclcU i'lockcd lip l>v ICC." lie rori^cls that. I>\ hi.s 
 t'wn show nu:, lii> was ih-mt lienor than m\I\ I'.iii^lisli 
 nnlcs troni iho (nfr<iiu-i ot it. \ii :ili|o and honest tcs- 
 tinion\ on this point is <'onlaiiicd in a small tract piih- 
 lisjicd |i\ Mr. l"ish(<r. the assistant siir;:ooii ol' the \lc\- 
 aiidor. an inlrlliL^ont and acino otiK'rr. who sa\s that, 
 Ikmih; iiiiich inl'.Mcstcd m asccrtaiinnu whether (Ireeii- 
 laiid and the west land joined, he kepi the t\i'{U all ihiN ; 
 .•ind llioiii^h the wealher was i(>iiiarkali|\ clear and line 
 lill niidniL;h', he coiiM not see an\ such jiinelioii. '* II. 
 »s pidliahle.'" he adds. " that iheehasin or open -..pare to 
 the iioithw ard, \\ liere not any land could he traced In/ 
 71) I , miulil he ihal which r>alhn calU Sir 'riioiiias Siiiltirs 
 Sound, -lid ^\llll■h he desciihes ;is ihc deepest and lar- 
 i:e-.i soniiil III all this hay : and it is not likely,"" sa\ s l'"lsh- 
 er, •' that we should Iia\e seen the hoitoni ot it at such 
 ••) dist;ince, ;is we estimale that we are twciilN leagues 
 iVoiu the northern extreme of the west land visihle." 
 
 .\s (his sound is slated i>\ rdilliii to he the laiiiesl of 
 Jill lh<' sounds he discovered, iiiid coiisiderini: its positinii 
 :Mid Its niai:nil iide. it appears hy no jiieans iinprohahle 
 that it i> a w iiie sirait di\ idini: (ireenland Ironi Americii, 
 i>r the west land as Mr. I'isher calls it. thus \erit\iiiij; 
 the dii'tiiiii uivcn hy I'Mirlei^h more than two eeiitiiries 
 ;ii:o. Anions; the papers ot'this extraordiniiry inaii in 
 jlii^ i)rilisli Museum is oiu' on the siihject ol' a iiorth- 
 Vt'cui ji.Ls^iiii^e ti) C"iithuia, in his loid!«hip"s own Imiui- 
 
(iMM \Mil K .r< i||\ Un.-^.i. 
 
 •ly 
 
 :i 
 
 il |'liici> Inr 
 
 lln'V nimo 
 
 i|i|ii i>ii< Il il 
 ■.iinii" <'\ rii ■ 
 lir -.('il \\ ;r-i 
 fv ^rcii II . " 
 
 I 'illi III lli(> 
 ^ir 'riiniiias 
 
 >-il\ s •• WilS 
 
 |H>s 1(111111111; 
 \ IcMiiitlcr. 
 
 Ills Sllllllll III 
 
 iliiiiirr \\ ii^ 
 
 1 1 1)1 1. Ii\ Ins 
 
 \l\ l'',iii:lisii 
 
 llOllCsl It'S- 
 
 Iriiil |ml»- 
 I' llir \lr\- 
 I sil\ s lIlJll. 
 
 Iirr (irrni- 
 rr\\ iill iliiy ; 
 
 ir Mini lini' 
 el iitii. '* Il 
 irii ■-|iiirr to 
 Iriimi III/ 
 \\:\^ Smitli's 
 
 •>^l iiiiil liir- 
 
 sil\ S i''lsll - 
 t' it Ml such 
 
 it\ IrMiiiics 
 |\ i--il>lr."' 
 huiii'sl III 
 
 lis |nisilinii 
 
 llll|ll'llilMi)Ii^ 
 
 11 AiiuTicii, 
 s \rril\ iiii; 
 ) criitiirirs 
 |iiy iiiMii in 
 li M norlh- 
 twii Imuil- 
 
 wnlmu. wliiili lii'iiiiis lliii4 : " ( 'mi .hIi riii" ( tni\ iifliinili' 
 
 H W I'll KlIoVV II !•• Ill' III! I 'Im|I<Ii>. Mll'l lIlMl ll 1. Iliil l'(i|l 
 |,i\ iiimI III Vnii'lliM III IIIIN |iMll. IMIil lll.ll llli'ir 1'^ lli> 
 ( ;iii.r III iliiulili- lull lluil ll|iiill llir IHHlll III liMrrilllKis 
 till' s(';is Mil- ii|irii " ■ A 1. 
 
 r>iil jl.illiii's m riiiiiil III Sir rimiiiMs Siiiilli'-; SihiihI, 
 liiii'l ;is ll is, iiii^'IiI III liMvi' iinlnrril llii^. In luiik iiilu il ; 
 iiiiiir r.{ii'i'iMll\ IIS lie \ i ilillll M l ll \ MIIIIdiiim rs |||r i'\|ir 
 illtliill In 111' •■ |n| llic |(lll |ln,i' ii| i • \ | l|n| 1 1|;; r.ildlll's \',:{\ ." 
 riMllill iilil\ sM\s. •• ll riiiiiirlll III till' linilll III / - , Mini 
 I-, M.ltiill mIiIi' III nlH' li'--|ii'rl , Imtmiisc III ll IS llii' :.;irMli' I 
 \;ili;illiill III llli' cnllllUlssr ul' llliy |ilirl III till' Klinwii 
 Wnllil: Inr li\ lIlMTs ^iiilij I ilisi 'IS M I Kills I Inllll'l ll In lir 
 mIhi\ I' U\^' 1 11 Ml I Is, I u I'll ty SI \ (Ic'^rrrs, \ MIH'il In I lir Wr -I 
 WMlil." IhiI IIm' s| |(i|lL'r-.| ICMsiMI llllll slimilil llJIM- n|l 
 il.lli'l nil lln-.". Illlinl W II . llic |ins .iliilil y ul lllis snllinl 
 Imiiil; ',[ \\ nil' •llllll, opriiiii^ (lirrrlly iiitii llir ruliii' Sc;i. 
 ami ;iIIi>I(Iiiil; llir slimlfsl |)M-.sM^^• I liimiiili il In {'.rliniii^'M 
 
 "sliiiil ;i illsciiM'iy lIlMl Wlllllll llMM' III 11 III III illl/,rl I llllll. 
 
 Ill' WMs III lull lilii'ity In use Ins ilisri cl mil. S|ti'Mkiiii; 
 i\\' Ihivis's SliMit, Ins iiisl nicl ions say : 
 
 "III till' |ili' .rill stair nl lliirrltaillts' Willi ir;M|i| In llic 
 
 iiin\ riiu'iils 111 till' ill', aiiil Willi llir \i'i\ i iii| in |i 'il Kimwl- 
 <(l::i' wr lia\i' nl' llii-, strait, and still ninic sn nj llif sea lir- 
 
 \nllil ll. lin -lirrilic I ll >.l rilcl |i il l-< i.'lll 111' :.'r>i'l| Inr \nlir I'IIkI- 
 
 aai 1' : till' liini' ami iiiaiiin'r nl |irnri'i'(l ihl; In In Mil I llir iiltrri 
 1 If nii|i'i t III \ iiiir ili'--l I iia t mil, in |ilai r -i w lir i c iiii|iri| nnrnN 
 
 llia\ nrciir. Illll^l lir Irll rllt'ri'ls In \nlir 1 1 i -irr I Inn, in llir r\- 
 rii i-r 111 wlili ll \\r rrl\ nil \nlir /ral ami skill in yniir |i|n- 
 |r-,i(iii Inr ihr ari'ii|ll|ilis|iiiiriil, a> lar im il ran 111- arcniii- 
 |ill-liri|. nl ihr srr\lir nil wlllill \ni| arr r III | iln\ i ■( I . "t 
 
 < Ml i(iiiii(liiii; llin imrllii'rn Mini t niniii^ iluwii t lir wrsl- 
 rrii riiMst, iillcr pMssiiii; llm nil i'miici' nl' Sir 'rimniMs 
 Siiiiili's ."^ninnl. Mr. l-'islicr iisscrls, mihI M|t|)raU In tlm 
 ln^ 111 till' \ lc\MI|i|«>r In |irii\r il, lIlMl " im |;iiii| was srrii 
 In tlir imrliiwMiil ill thai ilii rctinii."' ( )iit' nl' the nKirns 
 ilrclai'i's ihiif hi' saw the sun at inii|iiit;hl lhrnu;^h lln- 
 (i|ii'iiiii^ nl" the sniiiiil in (|U('s| ion, just skiniiniii^ mImho 
 till' hnri/nii. 'riirsi- iiri' iinwi'ilnl lirmiiiils I'lir Imlirviiii; 
 thai I'liirli'iuli iliij imt iiuikr ihr ;i-si'rtinii at raiiilmn, 
 " that ( irrrnliniil was wi-ll Ivimwii tn he mii isliiml." 
 
 * I.;!a''.li)\vii>. ( 'ullii'tiiin. 
 
 I) 
 
 I .\iliiiira!ty Iiiitnictiorn 
 
 i 
 
:rs 
 
 A lie lie \(iv,\(;r,s. 
 
 ( >r llit> rriii.'iiniii^ sniirnl ol l>;iHiii, wliirli lii> iimdic^ 
 \Mriiiiiiii .loiics's SuiiikI. nil wr Iciiiii liinii K uss is, 
 t liill "It ;ilis\\ i<i I'll In I lir ilt<sri'i|)l mil (i| AJilft'lllii li .loiirs's 
 Suuiiil i;i\tMi liy I 'mHiii. u iii> iliscov imimI il ." "W'rwrm 
 Ill-Mr the riiliiiiM'c ol .lniirv's Stiimd," S!i\ s ( '!i|iliilll Sii- 
 Ihih'. " lull iidl s(» iiciir ;h ItMHiii. who s(>iil liis JHint mi 
 sliinc." So llli^llt ( 'oiiiiii;iii(|i>r lvns'4 liiivc (luiic. who 
 rrmiiiiirtl llicrc 110111 tlio 'Jlsl to llio t.'.'.d. wln-ii, " to- 
 w .nil t'Nciiiii^." lie s;i\ s. "wo sii(fi"-^i\ oly iiiiiilo out tlio 
 north iiiiil soiitli |ioiiils ol' till' laiiil iici'oss tlio Itnthuii ot 
 \\\\^ liny or inlet ; iit iiiitliiiulil n ri'li:*' of vory hii^li 
 iiiiiiiiil.iiii'^ Wii-^ '-COM to oxtoiiil iiojirly .'icross <h(< liotloiii 
 ot it. Mini loimiii: iiiiothor iVoiii iho south ; on llio ■jlth 
 \\ o liail n slill liottor \io\v ol' iho ImihI Mhoiit .Ioiics'm 
 Stniiid :"' lull still no boat was son! on shoii^ (tn any ol" 
 llii'so lour i\;\\ s. 
 
 It has liotMi thon^hl iii;ht to nolico the total want ol' 
 nvy int'onnat ion, in aildition to that olitaincd hy llallin, 
 rospottiii!; liis discoM'iy of thoso so vo 111 1 sounds, as 1 10 has 
 rallod them ;* and the nioro so. alh-f roatliini the follow 
 iiii: oxtrMordiiiary parai;rai)h in ( "omniiindof Koss's Intro- 
 diu'lion. whi<li ran only h,i\o lioon |)oiint<d from want of 
 kiiowlodiio ol' tlio suiijocl : " lit lodiscovoriiuj; Jiallui'M 
 r>ay. I liMVo d(>n\od i^rcat additional ploasuro Ironi tlio 
 roljoclioii that I ha\o placed in a fair liiiht hct'orc tins 
 j>uMic the merits oi' u worthy and ahle navii:;Mtor, whoso 
 tMti'. like that of many others, it lias not only hccii to 
 liM\c lost, by a coinliinatioii ttf untoward circumsianccs, 
 the opportunity of accpiirim; dui'iiii; his lifetime the faiiH> 
 lie dcscr\ed. hut, could ln< liavi> livcil |o this period, to 
 lia\e sctMi his discoveries e\|)uimed troni the records of 
 ueocraphy. and the hay with which his name is so 
 fairly associated treated as a phantom of the ima;;iiia- 
 1 1011." 
 
 l-".\i'ry person al all acijUMinti^l with voyages of dis- 
 covery knows thai liallin was not only a skilfull iiaviua- 
 tor, hut so well \ersed in nautical astronomy as to he 
 ahle to deduce the loiiiiitude from lunar ohsei'vatioiis. 
 Whether, as pilot lUily to IJoherl Uylot.tliis last voya^o 
 was iiel »>\aclly to his mind, and was therelore more 
 >ai;iiely and unsatisfactorily recorded than any id' hi.s 
 i'rul>alily iViiii t!i;'ir i'.tlorilai;: i-iiuii,liP;;-< I'ur sliijw tci aiicliur in. 
 
toMMAMiKK .M)|l\ KOS.i. 
 
 :vj 
 
 II Knss IS, 
 mil .luiirs's 
 ' We wrio 
 ";i|)liiiii Su- 
 ns lllllll Mil 
 
 (lollf, \vli(» 
 \ In-ii. " to- 
 iilt' out tllM 
 • hnlltilil III 
 
 vt'iv lni:h 
 (Iii> liiitliiiii 
 HI llir -Jllli 
 lilt .hitirs'M 
 
 (til iinv ol" 
 
 l;il \V!iiit ol" 
 I hy liiiniii, 
 Is. (IS lie lias 
 
 tilt' ItllldW- 
 
 oss's liitro- 
 
 llll Willll 1)1 
 
 \Uii I'.iillin's 
 
 iVoill lln'« 
 
 »('ttirt« tlio 
 lor, wliosis 
 V hooii to 
 iinsiauccs, 
 tin- ruiiio 
 
 |)(Mio(l. to 
 
 it'conls ol 
 aiiir is so 
 iiiiaiiiiia- 
 
 i^cs of »lis- 
 iill iiaviya- 
 \,- as lo ho 
 isorvatioiis. 
 ast voyaiio 
 ■t'oro iiioro 
 any of liis 
 
 alirho!' in 
 
 otlh'i's, liH iircoiint III' it is nii(li)iilitcill_\ iinliKo tlio pio- 
 (lMllll^ iMiii ill i\ t's (il liis Miyiii^cs. rmHin is •>() iiniill 
 iiwaic "I tins, lliat. in liis h'tlrr to \]y. .Iulm \\'o!->ti'ii- 
 Iiii|ini>, ho ohsiTMs. '• S(iiii»> may iphjrci nml iisKr why 
 \\r '-iiii:;h( that (•oa--l no ln-tlt'r !" In wliuli lie iijlc'^c-, m 
 an ■^w or. I III' liailnrss n| I lii« woat hor, I ho loss nl anchnrs, 
 llir wcaUiioss nl' llio rrou, aiiil tllo (iilviincod st-iisoii of 
 till- \tar. r>nl as to tlio oxpnnijini:, liis discovoiioM I'lniii 
 iho locoiils III' i;o()i:ia|»liy, llio liioiiinlloss iissoi'lioii is 
 iIni'Ii no iiiuro than "a |)hantoni ol llio illumination." 
 rnirhas rvcnsos Iniiiscir t'ur not pnlilislnii^ his chiii't, 
 :iiiil lalilos on acfinint of iho oxpoiisc ; lait i rjuni <' i n !<; 
 Ins ilisciiv orios is a disitinni ol' ( 'oMimandrr Moss, anil 
 ijii'ir III il I'oniain.'' 
 
 1 1 illiorto Koss hail laiot'nlly avoiili'd a|i|>i <i.i< hint; any 
 nl' ilir^o soiiiiils williiii t'oily. lilty, or sixty niilos, ami 
 riMisi'ijiionl ly roiilil nol.oi' ilid nut, soml a hoat to luiiU 
 into liny ol' tlioiii. ami yot lio Imasls ol r\|)|iinii^ ami 
 )ia\inu lodisrovoiod l>ariin's |!iiy. Ilowovor, in )im- 
 rorilin;; down tlio wosloni coasl, and tlio woatlior honi'^ 
 louiZN . ho lonnd liiiiisoll' nnawaios noari-r to iho slioio 
 than was .siipposod, and |)orlia|»s wished; in I'lni. ho 
 was jnsi at tlio iiioiitli ol' ihn nnly roniainiiiL:. ami hy 
 I'lir llio laii:ost and niosi roiimrUalilo, as well as, iVoiii its 
 |iosilioii, tli(4 most im|iorlaiit sound or o|ionin^ of any 
 llial had liooii soon on oithor coast : this was what, 
 r>aHiii has called Sir James I jancastor's Sound. Thoro 
 was liore. at least, no ice to (diolxo it up; mmo in tlio 
 \icinily ol' it : the sonndiin;s willionl il are miiked JOiK) 
 lallionis ; Avithin il, fiiin to (i? I I'alhonis : no a|)pe!iranco 
 III' any hdllnm was hero pretended to lia\o lieeii seen, 
 and alto<;etliei' it was nllerly iiiipossihie, on any pretence, 
 to a\oid enteriny it ; and the ships tlKM'et'urt' stood in. 
 
 As this sound or hay has aH'ordod the means of pretty 
 well settling ( 'onniiandei' Koss's repiitalioii as a discuv- 
 erer or explorer, il is lair to ,i;ivo liim the I'nII heiielit nl' 
 liis own account of il : 
 
 " DmiiiL' this ihiv (^iOthef \ii'.'iisl) ncicli iiilerest w;is r.v- 
 « itril nil hnjird i)v the ap[)r;iraiice nl this strait; the Lieiii'ral 
 
 ' I'llluiiLitdii li.id till' iiii|Mrliiiriii'i' til ('nil Hatriii .'ui iiiipii>tiir, but nil thut 
 wiis I'Vrr known ainl {iiitilisiirtl ol I'l.itlin'M iii-i-i)ViTit.'.-j Irnvr liren \>Vo- 
 
 I I 
 
\0 
 
 Mil lit \ it\ \<.r 
 
 opinion. lioWiVi I WM tliit it w .1 . ii|il\ 111) mil I < .i|il;iiii 
 
 S,.l 
 
 II no \\ 111' |M .<! I 111 1 1 
 
 I H idiii - riiii'Miil. w ;i ' ol i'|Mliiiiii lliit 
 \\ o woli' oil I :illi.l-lol SiniUil. ;HIiI lllll llli II' V\i lo no l|ii|« -i 
 ol ;i |vi-<-;|':o iinlil wo •lioiilil :iiii\o il t niiil hi I im I Sli iil . In 
 U'O 111'- ow n \\ oiiU, lllll 1' w ,1 1 ' no mil ii ition ol ;• |> i .■.;i>',o.' ' nn 
 
 (l>l>o;n :mi 
 
 MM 
 
 ,1 1 III 1 1 III . no il iill \\ oi'd . ;mi| 'no liw o 
 
 Ironi llio noi iliw . i 
 
 r 1,1 
 
 I n llio 111 '.I |'l;ii o. il in;i\ lio oli'.oi \ Oil. I li;il I tiillm no\ of 
 
 I'lllOIO.l l.lllh ;is|01 Souilil. Illhl. ll IIIMV llli'lololo lio |i|o 
 
 suiuoil, iio\o) !'.;n o ;in\ m oouiil ol il . I'ho ii'.i nin^i l>o 
 iiltoi^ollioi . mill I !1M iiol |io ollioiwi.o lliiiii !i iiii'-'>l ;ilo 
 lUiMit. <"!>|M:nn Siihiiio innilil oli'-ono, iiioi(>l\ w^ m ImiI. 
 tli;\i no nil UMil oi .lull \\ ooil ;i|i|io;ii oil. \\ In. Ii Ko.'-. Ii\ 
 :\ '•tiMUiio misiiiKo. t;iiii icil lio >\ !i ; i;,;r ,., In i-osmli 
 for. Miiil coH'-lMnlU Ki'pt liilUiiU', :il'oiil ; Iml llio-.o \\ Im 
 Know t'liplMin S;il>iiu>. iiinl mo in (|ii;iinIoil willt Iii-j I'loiit 
 liilonls. In-- lo\o loi --1 iiMit o. mill tin- , o;il ni |iiii'-iMt o( il. 
 will ho slow to lu'liox' mi\ tliiii", ol ilio Kiiiil In Iiiim* 
 proo(>otlo.l Iroiu limi. Iliil o\oii woio il possililo ln> 
 slioul.l limo ,'ii\(Mi ulloimtro lo mi opinnni loi wlmli lio 
 h;i.i no );iouii(is. us no liuiumi Immii;; ol ;iii\ ciniiilrN. 
 iUit'ionl or moi|<Mi\. is Unown I'xoi lo linxo oniiMoil tliiJ 
 soiiuil, is ll nol sin prising tliiit ;iii olli. or ol llio ii;ix\. 
 inlnisii'.i with lln> » oiiinimiil ol mi ovpoilil ion nl ili^^rnv 
 
 «M \ . sllOUlil (|UOlo. Ms ll \\ (>rO. Ill ills own jllslltlCilllOll. 
 
 mill bo i^niiioil l'\ llio opinion ol nn mlillorv nlliooi. w Im 
 porli;ips w;is at soa lor lln> liisi iniio ' W liiil. in liict. 
 ronlil (":»piam Sabnio llion Know ol oitlior Lancasior 
 Soiiiiil or ( "unibiMiaiul Slrail. oxi'opl, as In lli(> latloi. 
 lliMt iI w Ms w oil Uiiow n lo loaii niil\ tn a parool ol islaiiils. 
 aihi thai l'"o\'s ("hamu'l. Sinilliaiii|iloii IsI.hkI. llio \\ ol 
 oonu\ all iiiusi 1m' pass(<(i liolnro liio roast nl \moiio!i 
 roiilil ho ajipioat lioii l'\ that roiilo .' \ ImioI aoconnl 
 ot llit» o\pt>tiit ion. b\ an oliioor (Mi!;auoil in it. was pnli 
 lisiioii in a luonlhlx innrnal. ami is pi nnniiiiooil h\ ( 'ap 
 lain Salnno li> bo "a well wiiltoii ami. wiiicli is iiinrn 
 iiup(>rlanl. a taillilul acttnmt ol' llio prncooiliii;;s nl" lii(> 
 «^\pi>ihliou." In tins aoiounl. so praismi. il is slaltMl, 
 ainonc i^iIum" iiiatU'is folalim: 1<' l-anoasWM- Soiiml, tlial. 
 "«wt>r_\ otihor ami man. on llio instant, as it wtMc. nia(l«» 
 \i]'> lus miml that ,''/..< ?'. .'/.v,' />< fhr iii<r;li}r< st /),.'.v.m/.vw." 
 Aiui i; isi aJik^i. " 1 tinnlv bolicxo tliat o\or\ noaluro 
 
< "M M \ N Ml li h i|l% III 1 , 1. 
 
 II 
 
 "1' ' < '.ilMiiii, 
 
 I "|MI|lM|| ll,;,) 
 
 •in. I Siiiil . Ill 
 I |vri'j:|.;,.,' ' 11,1 
 Mil ■ n,. ,.^^,■\\ 
 
 I'fidin itiMci- 
 
 'It'll- Im> |I| (. 
 I <'-t IMII ^1 l(i> 
 
 <'l nil'>'.|;||i> 
 'l\ IH !| 1,1, (. 
 
 nil IJit'.«. Ii\ 
 
 ' to '•I'ill I ll 
 lhn-.i> \\ In, 
 
 III) Ills I'.ri'iif 
 
 MIIMIlt III |(. 
 "Ill III hiiM. 
 
 |>IISS||||(. ll,, 
 
 " W III* ll |||> 
 
 "> riuiiil r\ . 
 
 ■lltlMl'.l tliM 
 
 I III.- Iliiw. 
 
 II <>t ilivii ii\ 
 ll^llllr.llliili. 
 
 'I>i<i'r. who 
 ml. Ill liit'l. 
 
 I jMllClslci- 
 
 llu' l;il((«i. 
 
 I 111 I'^liiinls. 
 . Ilii< \\(<|- 
 'I Viiicririi 
 • '! iirriMiiil 
 . \\ .'i'-^ |iiili 
 'I l>y ( '.'ij)- 
 
 II i-^i iiinii* 
 liys III' |||i< 
 
 is siiilt>il, 
 "iiiiil. iliiil. 
 
 "Ml', lll.'lilj^ 
 
 k Clout iiro 
 
 "11 I'.'MI.I Mlllh l|i,ll,.,| ll,,. |.|,. ,,,,,.,• Ml vv lill.i- III) i.mmIimiiI 
 
 '•'•I""' '' '" '•'' llH'Mih. rllhri |,,.ni I I .1,.,,! ,,| u,.^) 
 
 I'l II sihii r J III llii< I'm ill, " 
 
 •'"I' '" I'ini n 1,1 ( mmmmihmI.'I |;,i..^'.4 niiiitilivi. : 
 
 "''^""" ■'"'■' nilJln. Ill ll„. V, Ml, I I HI In ..I, ,11 , I ih, ,,,,(,„,, 
 
 "'^"'" •'" '^"l' ^""' I'" •!'■• \l'v M„l. , ..„,.,„I,.,„|,U „ ,. ,„ 
 
 ^' •■' ''"'" '"'""• '"'" "''I'"!' V M >l" li.nl VMM.,,.,, .,, ,|„. 
 
 ''■'"•••" "' •'"• "'I-'' '-^ ' <'"■ ' "■• 111.' vv:ilil.; I. Ml In I,.,,. | 
 
 ""' "I '"'*■ ^' 'I" ' 'I ' "' ^. M ll.-M.,.^ ..I ll ,„ 
 
 I'Ms. U,H .'I... mill l.s ||„. |,„. II,., |„,„, ^^,,,,1, , ,1^^^^ ^^^^^^_ 
 
 "•'" " '"■''' '"'' '■ "' •M"mHM'... I'M. •mini.. .In, . ,U n, i,..., ||„. 
 
 '""""" "< ""• ;"l-' Mlln.M I, M ,,.,...,.„ ,„ Him ,1,,.,, 
 
 = 'l'l""';'' ''"I"'-'. I U.'l' .l.li.M.MM.ll , 1,1, ,. K ,„ ., I 
 
 "•;'^ ','"• ^^";'";^''■ '^'^"|^ mm.i ,i„.,,. ;, „„ 
 
 ^" ' ""'"""'''I. I I I ^V ImHhIm.I ;,,„| .,.,,.,„s I 
 
 """""^- """■ ''■■''■ ll">^"V. '. Ml. Ml \|, ,,|, ,,|| 
 
 ''"I" ' """'r'^';" n,.. ,.v,.M liv ll I..,,,,..,,,,,,.,,!,,, „ ,,,,.. 
 
 =.:.'.-MMl-.l .•mil ll... VM.„||,.-, i,,ni, I ,|,„K. I ,1,,, ;„. ,1 
 
 '" "•■""• '"'I'"' -1,1. M. Ill , , , I,,,, I ,,, ,1^^^^^^ 
 
 ';V '"• ''"■ I'"'!"'" "I •',:,! ,„:,, „.„ .,!.„,,,,,, , 
 
 ^' • "'"■• ""• M"V.''II'I'. In M,.. ,„ 1,1, ,,„, ,,| .,,,|,, ,,, ,,„, 
 
 .•■•.■'lu.nil u.. I„M.. I., I,,, |,;,|, ,,,„ , „, ,,,, ,^_ 
 
 '"'"• ""I •■" ''^'" l''''^' '. Ih' In,,,,. ,, ,,| ,,',,,■ 
 
 '";'','"' "-•/^'■";:m-" m,.i|...,„,| I ,„„,„|,,| ,,,,,,,,, .^,,„,,,, 
 
 *'"' ''"","■' '•"'' llllrix;,!, 1,1,1 I |..„,„| ,|„, .,,„,|„ :,., ,„.,| ,,. . 
 
 •" ' ' 7; "■■-'I. -"I ' lull U..IS., ,,,:„, ,1,,, „ ,:,, 
 
 mi|'i:l' In ,ilii,., r I ; ' I , I 
 
 I'! .IMlj 
 
 '" I'K'lll.'- III! run V's |>IHIl(|. |llll||,;,| ll 
 
 '"'■',' " " ^ '• ''"• '"HI iiiu r.i. , 1.1,1, „,... (iin.r; ■; ^,.,'„',',' 
 
 M.n(lnM..||,,„.),,,|„|,.,„„„„„,,,„^,„^„,, ,,„,,,„„,,„^,,, 
 
 ' I' ...i|H.vs,i,ii. ll, ,.,|,|„,K ,i,„ ,,i,, I, „.„„„... ,,„i ; 
 
 ''•"''"'- " '"'1'' lI'Ml ll m,n, 1.1. r,„....,| 1,^ ,|„,. ,„|„, |.„,„„ 
 " i;"'^''"!^'" """'I ...;, Ill llii. un.luiinl 1,1 ,!.•• \ I,,,,,,,:' 
 
 ••''"' """;"^'' '"'I"" iii"i.uiiii„,iurivi. ,1 i,„ |v„,. i;,„| 
 
 "'" ^ ll'Hiiii,.. In n.i,|,/,,.. |:„| ,,. ,.,„„|„„„ I,,,,,,,,. 
 
 fMiii.'ls liiiiii Kiis^ ,,ii (1||,. ,„|,| ,,| ,1,,, ^,,^.| 
 
 M ii:.ll |'.'.<1 lu.iCtl-l \„..-,Ml,, u|„.„ I ,,,,„, ,,„ ,1,,,, „. 
 ""Urr, Il,i.,i. u,.,.. s,.,,,.. I,,.,.,.. .,, ,,.,1,.,,,,,,, ,,„, , |,|,',„ 
 
 "■'V" '"','^'""'' "" ''"■ .■'|'I"''H-.IM... ,,| I,,,,. I ,„ „„ ;,|„ „| 
 
 ' ""■';'• ";• "'""■■■'■"I 'I- -.I..I,, ul„. v,;m ,..|„.,,,.,| ,„ ,,„ 
 ':Til ' l'-^'<.''-|'M.-'l...nl,M ..,„.„. I,,.,. :,|„„ 
 
 ;•;,";'■" ";'^'^ ;:.|.i'-Mn.MM.i,i„,,i, ,„ „„. i.,.,„.„; 
 
 1^ 
 
 ( : 
 
 i 
 
1 
 
 .) 
 
 n' I Ml > i • \ \ I »•» 
 
 nl\lM it i.'n()'l.<.U il.'ll.il )ii| '(IliU (.11 tllUlMt, . Mllll I ili.l 
 
 t">. (U <M till' luiil 1 iiiiil til. J.i.tt.iin ,1 ill I,,, t, It iiititii n 
 
 < . > M 1 1 1 I t I . I I 1 1 I I 1 1 'I 1 1 1 .' 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 Kill) ill... I I I I I I 1 1 I . < 1 1 1 1 1 I , , I 
 
 II '. n till 111 n ill (iiil . Ill |i 'i|. \ 1 till 111. 111. Ill I .|l 111 
 
 ii\i i.iil.ninH .'(i,. It'll. ,|iliii.,i( .iiiiiiiil. r^ 
 
 1. n.lin. til 111 I'll, -iilf >'\ til. I.n t.. ill.. ..ill. I I., till . II til,. 
 ^1. II . I I ip, 1.1 til. ii.'i til »i III. I| I II nil. ,( ill I '' II •;...),.,. 
 ^\ 1 I . M,i, I in. 4 ill |t III til.' ...■Ill 1 1 u 111. li HI' II ml. .1 iOm) 
 ^ , >iiii I 1 ll. I . I • li III. iii.iiiiii nil \> 111. Ii . . . .|i... .1 ill,. 
 
 I , •• ii 1 I M ■» II. 'I 1 ll 'III. I 1 ml 1 1 ll 1 1 1 . 1i. .11 II . 1 I nun. .1 I i , .|. . i u 
 
 iM .111 1111 . 'it'll I til, S, . I (I'll 1 1. . til,' \ .Inn I ill I I III mil 
 
 \\ , 1 , -I n. I n 1 HI ll t. '1 III. .1 1 I ' n I. '11 I ■ i v i . 'iii| I, 1 . 1 1 i 
 
 1. , ,i In . , Ml 11 ,111, .) I' ni.'ii 1 |l .1 III. I I I. iiM.I, ,1 ,,|| 
 111, .,.iii)i In I 1)1, ■ ( I i). ivr ll (inil mi til. n.'iili In t 'iiin 
 ti 1 nn.iii.i \\ In, ii 1 ■! ll. 1.1 • ni.l I li ll |i' ni. i ' ' n i In ii il (i . .in 
 til, 111' ll ! in.i ill ilin 1 f nil 1 111.' n.'i ' ll . ."I ii. i n Im li n i! 
 
 ll.. 1 1 ..I I 111 I i in 1 1 i,' .'lit \i 1 I ,1, , II III', t 1 11, 1 '1' It 111 n , I I'll 
 r\ I' i|\ In llii' 1 ititii,!,' , .1 . n In )' illm . ( | ni. i I. i 'niiinl 
 \ 1. !>,' 11,1 i),iiilil tliu it \^ 1 ill. nn ni,l , 'H nli i it 'i iiinif 
 
 ^•i n. II K ililn ni^i nil >■ ii( i li. ii i in -i. \ ..( 1 1. ii il il. ■ ini i i. .itm 
 
 r ; I 1 •< 
 
 )l >x •»<; iiii|i-i>.l n tnii'.t 1 ninn 1, il'ln in tuiiin n) in ill 
 \-i, \ in Iviliin. >\ .III \\ I 'in Iin n \ |i|.«iniil niih 1>» 'ill j i| in '11111 
 \\>u\ ti' li:U 1' t>i-iMi 1 il'i nil I'\ V 1 1 t II \ < iiiii I i mm 1 111 Hill ml 
 :)i ,1 iiTix mill's, NxnliiMit >> Ini 1\ In- himim i niilil limn vn) 
 
 '■li.ll iM l\i''-'-\ \ ' »" ", (liMll ill.' •;i'l Inl III' III li'l 
 
 i'\nii' Ml")! r\ iM| 1 111' ' . ■ ■ , I't I , 'i"i M-^l i"> '> nil 111! I III' I n 
 1','nir ■ sr(> >. \ht<. 11I1I nilil !lMl> 1l!l\ ll lint ' ' !l li'ilnn ii( ll |i 
 l'rt\Xi-i-n 1I10 <.|i,>ni Mil,! \;». ■■ Ml llin: 11 ilnplni ilMn 
 
 ^Mll^U!_'^. rtMii 1I ni:i\ l-i' 1 iiii--ii1iM n.l m iml x^niili llin 
 >>'iilr 1.' .",>> nil l.nii'.i ,iii tills |<!»I1 ii( llii» mil 1 It H i<. ni In 
 Vi'ir.-n ■ t1i.> ru invi1ii x in>\ nl Hniiin -^ \^\\ iin.) llin 
 «.]\v !'i' 1 ln»r1 ii( l^-n I'inil" lln' )Minn\i> nl-nui llin 'liip. 
 fi >,s'«. I ,',1 )-\ :\ wliiln tislii'i. ilm .mi1\ mlii m nn iliil, 
 llir volo ^i^iS'i 'iiiM ^ nt •i-'Kim's ^I nnni miiis ;in,| ilmiiMt 
 Nsn;i''. iiJ tri\ v,-,'n oniv l-x \]\ \ nw i- nuil liiinns llni.', 
 lb(' livi.lm.i.: ni.'in. wliilo nil llii' imIiim imIiiims \>i'in mi 
 ;.'N iMs. ilu'ii liinniM . wwA u'."iM;tMi ol \\ l\;ii \\ m-w .v.i''ni', nn, 
 »ln. 1, IV nol llir li-^ntil 1 usIimu in .1 in:>n nl \\ 11 \\ linii 
 ll;.^ v'iup IV s^iViM).; !»Nn\ii 
 
 r.1.1 t.ii,i ii> v_,-i ni;i ,\i \ 'inirv-iiM "-^iiiiiiil. " ll ln'i !iiui> 
 p.Ntv«^*i\' v)\ V |\.ivs. • i.> v.miil iMii nl 1I11S il.'iin'.iM niM 
 1-i',^' , w ' , \\ ,' \\ ,' ■,- r;-iilii\ nJ, I'l'Mn- \> illnii it mI'iM •» 
 
• ' I'M ■>» \ • ' nt (• M ii» 'f I I 
 
 ' ' M I") til III M 11 
 '•' I' •" tl mJ,.,| 
 
 >n,.in. I.I I ,1 .,, 
 
 ' ' 'I III! I. , , 
 
 I't I 'I . , II Him 
 
 t ''m « ;. ..i ,.,. 
 
 ' nun. .1 iH..| 
 "I . Mp.. .1 tll.< 
 MM. ,1 ( I ..I. , , ,, 
 I I., . .,,,,1, 
 "I '' '' '* .'. . II 
 
 I II. 1.1. ,1 MM 
 
 ■ I ill I,, t ,,l,,, 
 ' ' " >l . I It . .Ill 
 
 ' l< 1.1. Il u I! 
 
 ' '1 .11 ... I . ,1 
 ' 1 I. 1 >.l||l|.| 
 
 ..ll t II .) Ill, I. if 
 1.' II'M I/. •(till 
 
 II r ii| III I'll 
 l'\ 'Jtllipil •Mil. 
 I'M.' Ill) M.ll I'.l 
 
 nl.| Inn r . ..i 
 I. 'I 111' n.M It 
 
 'Mil. I I lli'l ,. 
 
 I. 'I I >( ll i< 
 
 I . Ii'i il.ii III. 1. 1 
 
 >> .'I I ll ill,- 
 
 I ilM IV .VI In 
 
 !IM.| til,. 
 
 III til,. In|i_ 
 i>n ll.'. I, 
 
 in, I ill,. I .i.,.( 
 iini,''< I li»i.'. 
 "J \\ I'l i< I'll 
 i>i L'.i'inj^ lilt. 
 W III W lirii 
 
 I I 1',', :lllli> 
 
 ■ ImiI''i'I iillvi 
 
 liMI It ;il>,M )< 
 
 Ul 
 
 , / .. '. '1/ "nil ■; " I 'll|it'llli I' '.I I ■, till I > '.|.)f|ilt ' '•idiM" lid) |» 
 "in /'m I / 1/ nnl I ' ' III! I I l|. |i, I ii.'l 1,1 I III ' .1 ,1 II II , , ,,ii'i 
 
 • ■ill lii'iltfi IHH t(.iil I .1 ll i I .11 I , |iii( |( • 1 1 III 1 1 Imim ( IMic I, 
 .1 li'i I.. I It I I llc'l iihiiU'iII , I,-, ll lie I i|, \v I' If 1 1| I ' I ilii' i i 
 
 •III I \\ itlliilll (lliiji 'till lull Im Ml" I' '• 'i'l I , f'l • 1 liMii . \\ 
 
 li.l'l llli' •.illliD'i' I 'III it I." <iill>'l lii'il'iil »'ii|f.|l'(' ' 
 
 III till 1 1 ii.mr \ I .1 1 •! Ill I I'l ' .. I . I I III . 1 1 Ml I |l. I' I (.'.( Ill f| 
 111. . I ill. I II.. I l.( llll. lilll ll I. Ill .ll (III , , I,, II I I .\ ,, 
 I I 11 I ll p.. ll iiln'il I .1 . iiiM I i.|i I .. . i . II III I M I III' ll llll I 
 
 III Ml I I I I III' llll I I . 1 I ll ll| 1 .|l ill' III ,1 I III I I ,,| I ' , IM.fil , 
 
 I nil I , mill M ll ll (,i I'll I'll ii. i|, II 1 1' I flidn nil , I'll, / |.,..|,.(( 
 III .'I'll III.. I.'i. I 1 1. I 111. 'I III ' :,iiii|,|, iiirt I IT I I I,. I" I' I' I 
 
 I I I 1 I 111 III- I 1 1 1 I I . I I I I 1 Ml llll' ,1 ll I, I, , , , .11 I 1,1 , I ) I y , , 
 
 H li'ili I llll' \ II \ I'll III II III I 'llll I III ' III' 1 1 1 1', mil I. I 'iifi 
 
 n III 1. 1. I 
 
 I I" '". 'll. I 1. till \ iit.iiiiti'i ill ■• III, ll I,, I,., I, .(,,.. I ,,,,f 
 
 "I 11 ' I 'III' 'I 111'! ''iiiiti'l III,. I t.in |,', I ll,, \ I, ,. 
 
 "Ill' I. n illi'iiil ill. I. I I , ..iiiiiMii.ii 'ili'iii |l|| I ,ir nil mini 
 l''iiM ■I'liii' I'l I.'I . .li'i II li'ini hiiM .) ill. Ill, I,. '1,1 ,,| 
 •I'Mi.lliin lli'il ll. |.i '.li'ilil , 11,11, II ).i| I', I,,. ,, |i, III,,,, 
 I ll .11 . .| III I n I II i.i 1 1 III.. • • 
 
 ^ I In '• • I . II 'I f.'.i I" .il',. il.'iil ,,| ll,, 1,.,^- ,,, ,,,),( 
 
 " ll" ll " I ' ' ■•■ I'l H In "Mil ,,| \ I, '.,1 'I,,, I 1 1,, |,,f 
 
 "' '■ I'll Mill' I, ll. ill' ' 'I" 'III I'l' I IM, . "iiiini'i'l, ■'ii't •(., 
 
 lIl'li' Mill ll' I. ...I., I .11 ill.. |,, , , , ,|,,,,, ,,.,.,, , ,,,,,,,., ,,| I),,. 
 
 MM 'I lil"M 'll I "I III- I ■ '. . I.r|. I," I, , ,,. ,:,,(,|,|,, ,| 
 
 ■II"' '' ' I' ''" I' . 'll" 1'1|'Im , '.( tin ■.'ll,,',.,|l :, ),,,„, 
 
 ''" "11" "ll 'I I' ll" ll "I'l" I'.'l.., ,| Ml 1,1 . I,\h,, ,,t, 
 
 '' 'I 'll "• III' ' ll'l' 'I Mill I I" ,,.,.,,, (,,, ,,,,. ,,,,,, 
 
 ' l|>lllllll'' III'- I'l. I ■ ' III' ll I I,-. , . ill, -,,!,. .,|.,l,.,|^ .,._ (,_, ,,. 
 
 ' I I" I I" 'ill' Mil. ,1. .1 ,1 ,,,, ,,| ^ I),,..,, . ,11 I,,. .,.,,, 
 
 ''\ 111 |., . I|.,ll l!.|l ,1 ,,,.,., ,,,,1 I,,, .,,,,,.,. I,, |,,,,,,| ,,,,1 ,||,, 
 
 I'll'' IM Ml', l.lli. "ll Ml- I,. I,,, I, .,,, ,,,,,,(,,) I,, ,1,,. |„, 
 
 ■ " I" "I ll"- " ■■' I- . •• 111' I. '11 I 'MM llll' ' ', 'I h, f, , / (, ,,l,/ ,, 
 
 ' " iH. nil,,,, I,, ll,, , ,,,,, ,,,,. ,,,,,| ,., I,, ,,,,,,1, ,( 1,^ ,,,, ,^^ , ^^^,| 
 
 ■'' " '" ''" fll ' •-' ll" ll I' ' Ml. 11. I 11,'- (,, I', '.I- ),,, II,,. ,,,,, Ij, 
 
 •''•■'I"""'"' V Mill I' -1, ,11 , I I,., |, ill, I,.,, ll, .. ,-^t |,,',.M. 
 
 '• ■'■ l' ' 'III' "•'. ' Ml-, ,' ',,,,! ,1, ,.,,,. ,,| |.,l,|,,,|,. \^ ,1 ,.^„^ 
 
 '""^ I ' ■! 'Ill' I M " 111 , V |. I, ,1 M, ll,l I nil- I, '//I,,/ i, ,.,.,. 
 
 •'■"' Pl-I "^|il""'L "I I" llll' ii'iill. - ,,.| ,,l ,1^ ,1 ,,',(.,,:,|i / (,,| 
 
 '"^^"' 'I'l' I I I'l I I'l I Ml, ' II -',11 1,1 tl,,. „',,.>, 
 
 ^^ '"I "' 'll" ■ Ml" Ml. ". ill' I, I, ,, I I,, ,,,.:,, ,-,,,(■,,), .,l|.^ „^., ,„ ,1 
 
 '" •">! ■' I III I', llll I' I"" . ll'l : 11,1' I • 1 ,,',' 'I,,- pi ,,,. I,, 
 
 I'l'l " S'li' IM I'lli IM / .1 |i , :m;" , l,,|| ||,.,l II,. ,,, •,,.,., fi -,</,', U, 
 
 i 
 
44 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 (•X|)rct it woiilil lie t'liuiiil liiiMliiT south. Mv (inliTs. ' to st;nul 
 well to till' iiorlli," li;i(l alifjidv hern liilly obrycd. .iiul no 
 ciinfiit liiiil licni loiiiiil ; ami it ' a cuiTcnt ot' -(iiiii' lorcf' did 
 «'.\i>t, as iVoiii tlif ' l»c>t aiitlioiiiir^' we liad reason to Ixlii'vc 
 was tlif tiict, it could in- mosnIu'ic Imt to llic soiitliward of 
 till- lalitiidt'. \s, ill iiiv iii>1ni(lioiis, I am also dirrctrd 'to 
 l<'a\<' the ict' alioiit tlic l.dli or -Jdili of So|)tfiiil)ci'. or. at lat- 
 ot. tilt' 1st oi' ( ((toiler, " 1 had oiilv one inoiith left 'or in\- op- 
 er.'tion-. in which inoiidi the niu'lits are Ioult, and. accordiiiLT 
 to a fair caliiilatioii. not more than two days' clear wealher 
 ont ol'.-e'-eii could lie expected. It mav, therefore, with pio- 
 jirielN he staled that I had onlv eiuht da\s reinainiiiu' to ex- 
 plore the remainder of I'-atlin's liax . a distance of aliove four 
 linndred miles. Of this sjiace iiearlv two hniidred miles had 
 ne\ei- I n examined ; a rani:e inchidiiiL.' the >iipposed place 
 
 • if the di-coiitinnitv of the coiitiiient. and that lo which my 
 attention had lieen particularly called, and where the iniairi- 
 jiars' current, which was to he my Lrnide. was to he expell- 
 ed. It is, pi'ihaps, uiiiieces>ary to add thai, under these cir- 
 
 • •iimslaiues. i was anxious to proceed lo the spot where it. 
 mii>t he e\i(h'iit I had the lii'>| chance of >ucce-s. \i'\ niv 
 nnxietv. on thi.' other hand, t<i lea\<' no part of the coa>l un- 
 explored, even alter all lio|ies of a jiassaue were uiveii up, 
 delerniined me to pei>evere a> I did. notwithstanding' there 
 was no ciirreiit. a material de-r('a>e in the temperalure ot 
 the sea. and no drill-wnod, or oilier indic.alion of ji pas-n-,., 
 iiMtil 1 actiiallv s,iw the harrier of liii;h mounlains, ;ii;d the 
 coiitiiiuilv of ice, which put the (jue>!ion at re>l. 'i'hat ! did 
 so per>e\ere hecaiiie atlerwaiij a xmrce of i.'reat >ati>ta(iioii, 
 as I w as tlirlunat*' eiioiiLdi to succeed also in explorim: e\crv 
 part of the c(i;ist to llie xiiithward lo which ni\ alleniioii was 
 to he directed. :tnA where I was li'd to expect thai the cur- 
 rent was to he iiiiind. This was a much more es>eiilial part 
 <il mv diilv than the making' <»l' mai:nelical oli.<ei\ations, 
 which was the only inducement still remaining; to limjer in 
 ih.at daiiL'eroU'^ hay, w here much lime iniuht ha\e heen \sa -1- 
 ed in atleni|ilinL' to land. perhap> w ilhoiil Micie>s. or, al anv 
 nle. wiihoiil altainiiii.' anv adeipiale n-^ulls. .\I\ opinions 
 were mentioned to several ot' the ollicers after I had ,leler- 
 uiined to proceed to the >outliward, and al>;i to Captain Sa- 
 liine. who repeated on e\erv occasion that there was no /n- 
 fiirt//in„ i)\' n pas^aje."" — !'. i;iv)-lii]. 
 
 Tliis can only lir lookeij upon as ii jiitiiihle cxciist' lor 
 )'iniiiiiii; iiway liitine. and is a iimsf cluiiisy pcrvci'- 
 sinii ot" liis ilistl'Uctiolis. tlie ohviuiis iiieaiiiDif ot" wliicll 
 hv liiis not only iiiiscoiiceiveil. hul misiiuoled. A spe- 
 
f 
 
 ■r.^. ' In >l;iiul 
 \i'<l. ;iii(l no 
 ic tofcc' <|l(l 
 111 to hclii'NC 
 lUtll\Sill«l of 
 
 (lirt'cli'tl * lo 
 :'r, ol". ill l;it- 
 I't 'or my <<\\- 
 il. iiccordiii:^ 
 r:ir wfiillioc 
 IC. with |iro- 
 liiiiiiLT to ex- 
 it' iiliov f tour 
 m1 inilfs liiiii 
 
 )|)OSI'(l |)1,U(! 
 
 o wlilcli my 
 ■(' tlif imiiL'i- 
 t lie t'X|>('it- 
 ry llit'so cir- 
 lot wiicrc it 
 -<. \('t mv 
 lit' coast U!i- 
 
 •(• L'ivfll l|[). 
 
 iiidiii:.' llif|-(^ 
 
 l|ICI'llllll'C ol 
 
 t' a |pa--ii:^c, 
 
 lis, aiiil till! 
 
 'I'hat ! ilu\ 
 
 sati.-laclioii, 
 
 oriiiu' r\crv 
 
 ti'iilimi \\ as 
 
 lat till' ciii'- 
 
 -M'lilial |iait 
 
 li-fivat ions, 
 
 to liiiL:!'!' ill 
 
 liccii \sa-t- 
 
 s. or, at any 
 
 s ojiinioiis 
 
 liail ,lrlrr- 
 
 aptaiii Sa- 
 
 was no ni- 
 
 'xciisc lor 
 
 y i»rrv('f- 
 
 {)[' which 
 
 . A spc- 
 
 COMMANDKR JOHN Ho.-S. 
 
 J-) 
 
 rics of iiit'iitiiatinii. with regard to ciiiTt'tifs. njipciirs to 
 hiivt" st'i/.('(i oil hi*; miml : ho is t'orcvcr hniitiiii: foi-. luit 
 never <:ets scent ol", a current. The liords of the Ad- 
 niiralt\- liad iiiertlv siiii^'csted tliat if he should ineet 
 with a ciirfeiit. which. •• t'roiii the l)e>.t intoriiiiitioir" (not 
 i! ufl/cri/ii >^. iis he (juotes) •• we lia\e lieen iihje to oli- 
 tiiiii. runs tVoni the northward toward the npijer part ot" 
 ()avis's Strait." And a'^aiii. •• In passin-j tip the strait" 
 
 ("f' /)(/,■•/>). "it" slirll 1/ riirriiif shnlllil 1)1 i//sriiri ri i/, it 
 
 will lie ot' the i;reatesi iin|)ortaiice to yon, as leadiiii: yoii 
 direct to the opening hy which it may he supposed to 
 pa^s frotri the Arctic Sea into I>a\is's Strait." .\i:ain, 
 >• ir it shoiihl come tfom the northwest or west, it will 
 prove tilt' Ix'st i^niile yon can follow to lead yon to tin' 
 di-co\ery of which you are in search."' His failure in 
 the discovery of tlii-^ mn/ hi 'ui ri/ rurrrnf is so far a re- 
 tlectioii on his sagacity, as e\ery naviiiator. hotli hefort^ 
 and alter his time, who has enlereil |)avis"s Strait luis 
 expciielK'ed ;i cui'rtMit ot" coiisiderahle force vetting do\\ n 
 that >trait : and it is now known that the water of the 
 Polar Sea |)asses throimh several channels, and down 
 the Sea <»f Spit/liei'::en into the Atlantic. 
 
 (Ml takiim leave of Lancaster Sound on the .".Nt of 
 Aiii:n-1, and procetMliiiq; liomcwiird alone the same coast, 
 the following <lay IJoss seiit a hoat on >hore, in a >nial[ 
 liav near ("ape IJyani Martin, with orders "to take pos- 
 Ncs^-ioii of the ciMintry. in the name and on hehalf of" 
 his liritannic majesty." with the nsiial silly ceremonv 
 — tilt' more silly when the oliject is worthless, as in the 
 present case — a harren. nninhaiiited country, covereil 
 Avith ice and snow, ihe only suhjects of his inaje<t\. in 
 this portion of his iie\\ ly-ac(piire(| (hnninions. consistiiuf 
 ol lialf-star\ed hears, dee|-. t"o\es. white hares, and sncll 
 other creatures as arc commonly met with in thesn 
 regions ot' the ulohe. Lieutenant I'arry ha<l command 
 of the shore party, and ohtamed what are said to ho 
 "some \ ainaltle >|)eciinens. and the officers of hoi h ships 
 were e(|iially acti\e ami /eiilon«.." The whole of this 
 coast, that is to >ay . from latit iide T,".' :!T ' to latitude (l-J ' 
 .')] . down to ( ■|iiiilierland Strait, is peopled ahuiidaiitiv 
 oil tho chart with ^reat hut iiiiproliiic names, chieily 
 ■ Ailiuiniltv Iiir'truitiuii- 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
u\ 
 
 Al!« lit \ 0\ \».I,S. 
 
 iVoin ,' '.'(iIImiuI ; mill, iinioii!^ lln> rr^l. tln' Icinlni v i*^ <li 
 \iili'il ml. I 1) ( (Ui|i|(> III Send li rniiiilicM. I'IimI In- iIhI 
 liol nlil.iiil " ;i |)i'llcrl ;',ci i^i Jiphn ;i| '.|||\<'\ nl tlil'-i < nil .1 
 \\;is " (if. lie ^ax ■•) " nl tlic It-'.-^ iiiipiti I iiih r. Iioiii lis iint 
 hciiiv. lln' in:im nhici I o| lhi< i'\|ti>ilit inii." \ Imai. linu 
 <'\rr. \\ iis iMu i> 111. Ill' siMil Iti talvi- |ti>'. .(". inn nl n Miiall 
 i^laml. \\ III. li was nanii'.l \i;iins"> Mniniiiiciil ; Mini :i 
 lail^c iiclii'ii; lii'ini; seen almnl |li(< ili-lainn nl srvnii 
 Ira^iU's liiuii tln> said island, I .ii'iilnnaiil raii\. Mi. 
 K OS s. a I 111 Ml. r>irdinaii. \\ il li a pai I \ . w m <> dis|)al< lii'd 
 In iiialvt' nli'-iMx at iniis nl il and ii|inii it. Ila\in.'; landnd 
 ^il il nia\ !>(> so < allnd) \\ Il li sniiin dillii nil \ , I lii'\ asi nnl 
 «'d lliis iccImtc Iniind till' ln|i llal. and a lai^n wliiln 
 I'l ai 111 5|innl |ins-,(>ss|nll. \\ lin. nnl d. Minns In I'lli^^ll^c 
 llin in\ad('l>J. i|iii<'ll\ \\ alUi'd nli In |li<- n|i|)nsili> sidn. 
 mid j;a\ I' II I'IiiiIjM- inln llm sn:i n\ i r a inci i|M( n tills tret 
 lll;:h. I'ailN '.('liiMti'd that lir Iniiiid this iinlinii; In lie 
 tniii tliniisand lUU' liiiiidifd and si\l\ nine \ aids IniiL',. 
 tlin't' llinusaii.i (■ii;lil liimdrcd and si\|\ mnn \aids 
 lil'nad. and lillx mii' li'ft lii;di. a:;rniiiid in sinI\ niin 
 tatlinins, and llial it had iiinn niii<(|iial snlrs. 
 
 « >n I hi- ! vt nl Oct ohm. w linii in latilndi' (I .' ' .M '. iin 
 land to till' wrsiward hniiiL; m si^lii. ( 'niiiiiiandrr IJnss 
 lia.l nn dnnitt that tin' npi'iiiiii; was ( 'iimhcrliind Sliail 
 that sliail \\ hii II almir. nl all nlliri > nn this inast, allnnl 
 (>d lii>|>rs nl a pa'-'-aui'. " IliiwrMM." tlii' cnuiiiiaiidiM 
 sax s. "We I iii'^s,-.! thi" «Mit raiin' nl ( 'iniihni land St i ail, 
 mid sIi'tMfd snlilli snutlmilst ;" llial Is. wn I 111 lli'd mil 
 hai !\s upmi It. Irll it iiiiinnli'>l ml, and stni'ind diinrt Im 
 l-.n^land : and ( apt.iii! Sahmn ^a\i' nn s|^||. no mdira 
 linn iihmit mirinnts and diitt wond. ttiid sw idl Irnm the 
 Ui'i tliw .ird ;* l)i:t l\.>ss dm-s .jxc a masnii. and a siilli- 
 <'imil mil', had hi> nnl spmlml it h\ a tntal luisi unsi rm - 
 tion. as usual, nl Ins instinct inns, jlc s;i\s. " Vs the 1 si, 
 (^t C ><l«>l>i'r \\ as till' Latest |»fiind w hu h. h\ iii\ iiisIiik 
 tioiis, I \N as nllnw I'll to coutniiio on this service. I ua.s 
 not ;mllioii/.ed to |)roceed up this slr.ait to e\|i|o|-e it." 
 riu' leal ilril't. intention, and meaning' ol" the insiriic- 
 
 .' \\ iilunil ;:'.\ .JU '1 .iirci't rmilra.lii'ti.'n t.> ("oiniiiMiiiIt r luiss'-i f-tiitr- 
 nii'tit ri CMr.i.ii.; r.ii'tiiii SiSaio's i>iinii.iii iM' I.ui. :i--li'r Suiiml. it w ;h 
 tl'.Michl l>rtt)T to l.-.iM- ihiit t.i ('..iit.uii S.iS.au' \\\u\-*f li, In dcisl w itll u.s lui 
 
 I)r,,;ii1 Itiillk I'l-ci'.'V. 
 
(oMM W'lUlI Ktiiv llM 1-1. 
 
 17 
 
 iiildi V \< ill 
 riuit ho iImI 
 
 <>l tlii'^ < (iii'.i 
 li oni Its Mill 
 
 \ liiilll, IliiW 
 
 in III II Miiall 
 niMil ; Mini ;i 
 III' ol sr\ (Ml 
 
 I'llMV. Ml 
 
 t' lll>l>lll( lll-ll 
 l;i\ in;; Inii'li'il 
 llii'N ;isi I'lnl 
 
 liiim' \\ lull' 
 1^ In I'li^iiM' 
 |»|iii'^i1(' sjili', 
 lit 1' tlllN tr<( 
 ici'lii'i ^ In Im< 
 ' \ ;inU lniii_'. 
 
 liilin \ iinl-i 
 111 M\l_\ oiii< 
 
 > (i'.' " .M . Mil 
 IIMMilcr IJnss 
 
 liiMil Si liiit 
 
 i'n:|s;|, allni il 
 (-nuiiniiniliM 
 
 'iliiml SliMit, 
 tiiiiiril mil 
 i| liiift t Im 
 
 I, Ml) IImIk !( 
 
 I'll linni lli(« 
 anil a siilli- 
 niscoii'^l iiH- 
 •' \s iln> Ui, 
 ni\ iiisiriK 
 
 l\ ICC. I w JIS 
 
 c\|)|nrc il.*' 
 
 till' lllsllllc 
 
 i( I !;..•.-.•< ..ti.f.'- 
 
 SlUIMci. it W.H 
 
 ilr.il With iia lio 
 
 t(i)M-« inc. lliiit, iillcr i'.i^Hi;', n|i nil imtlicf ■^cai-cli fur ii 
 
 lllM•^:l^c, IC< lie llll'l niiW iliini>. lie W ICi llMt In trnilllM III 
 Unix's >'//(/// '-n liinu II' In lie r illli'lll in il;-' Ire, iiIkI 
 
 nlillL^cil In UIMlei' nil llll\ |ia(t n| the ci^tciil culisl iil 
 \mciica ni I he w c4lciM cmimI III (»|i| < 1 1 cen'anil, Iml In 
 
 j,,H,. till' ICC nil the 'Hill n| Sc| il ell lh. I nl the Nl ii| 
 
 ( t, ll.l.CI .' 
 
 \\ llllnlll CIlliMIII", inlii llll\ ilelail 111 M iclllllli (ili^civa- 
 tliilM inailc nil lIlM \n\li:',e, llllil ciijlci linii'i |ii| a<lilin." In 
 llic iiallllill hislniy nl ;',e Aiclic icinmiM, |||4< ^csciiil 
 ll|i|icMi||CCS, ailinlllll lie In ii|iu'ill<l nl nlie hllll'lic<| niiil 
 |nll\ |l:ii'.c~4. will llllnlll llll lll<< I lllnl 1 1 Ml I |i HI •'iillicil, iiMi| 
 \\lllrh, tllnllull MMiiMiT CMnll;'ll, cnl l^li |e I I IIL', the Very 
 
 liiMilcii ami i'c-.|i iclcil iiicaim allnnlcil h\ hmiN Inr the 
 iillaiiiiiiciil nl il, ili'-iilax s a cniisiilciiilile '■■haie (it Inlciil, 
 IlllClllinii. liMii ili(hlMliy hy the '.cvciiil ic-.|iccli\e ulliccix 
 nl linlll shl|t-:, wlln have i;ivcll lull |»rnn| Imw IIIlK h Mini e 
 Wmilil have hceil liccnm|ilishc(| liml ninie Iici|||cmI n|»- 
 |ini I Miiilics liecM allnnlcil tn ihcMi. The mnni s nl itiili 
 \|i|lial eli^cl \ cl'< ailil cnllcctiil'i ate lllwilN'^ ;.'IVC|| h\ ihe 
 cniiiiMaiiiliiii; nllicci- nl c\|icililinii4 nl IIiih liatnic ; ihiil 
 nl Kns-^ Inriic^ an cxcc|i| inti. 
 
 ( niiiiMaiMlci' .Inhii Hn>s was |ii°niiinl c(| In llie rank nl 
 ( ii|itaiii III I )cceiMhci-, I "^ I H, nil |iiiyiiiL; nil I he ships ; and, 
 Niic^iilar ciiniiL^h, tin nihcr nlliccr ii|i|icars to have Ihcii 
 )i|nlMntci|, Mill even I'ari'V, wlln cniMMiail'Icil the scciitid 
 nIii|i. ami w hn was tint niily siillcrcil tn rcMiaiii a lieii- 
 Icnaiil. hill was sciil mil the rnllnwini; year, with twn 
 sliijis iiMilcr his cniiiiiiami, mi a siiiiilar c\|icilil imi, stijl 
 as licMtcMaiil. Willi iiist riiclimis a<l<he-'~c(| tn '• IjicMtcii- 
 aiif William I'.iluanI Tarry , cmniMamliML'."' 
 
 .\tlinM'4 the little irrc'_;il||i ill ics nl' ( 'nliiliia inlei' IJnss, 
 it can tint escape iintice that he aildrcsscs all his letti-rs 
 iiml nrilcrs issiicil (|llrlll^ the \(»\a::e, iiinl iiiiiiecessai ily 
 prilllcij ill his linn|>, as Irnin .Inhli l!nss, nijihnn nl' the 
 Uiilicllii. Ills prniiintinii tnthat raiiU mi Iih return was 
 easily an|liircil. heiiit; nhlailicil li\- a lew liinnths' vnv- 
 fi^c nl' picasiirc rniMiil ihe shores nl" Mavis's Strait ami 
 Ualliii's Hay, which had hecii pcrrnriHcd i eiitiirics iiL-n, 
 and sniiicwhal lielicr, in liltle ships nl' thirty In litly 
 tni)s. jr IS II vnya^e which any two nfllin \(i(;lil ( '|u!i 
 ■ A.liniinHv lii,«tiiMtiiiii-' 
 
 \\ 
 
 ■r 
 
 J 
 
■iH 
 
 AIUTIC VOYAfii:;<. 
 
 (•lull, iiciitlt'iiicii siidiciciitly liiiili-spinttMl t(i iMiucrtakc! 
 to solvr tliiit iiiiti(»ii!il (|ii('stiuii, Jiiid |)r(i\(' the jiccmucv 
 of (lid IJiirlriiili, sind llliis rciiiovc n /i/n! iVdiii tlir i:cntr|-;i- 
 ])hy (it .Ndrtlicni Kiirdpc, liir ii pint (if tluit divisidii ol" 
 the iiliilic ( i rci'iilitiid is now iisriTtiiiiicd to lie. 'riicctf 
 is niithiiii: to Ix- npprcliciidcd tVorn the severity of the 
 tcniperiil lire. Diiriiiu the th^e^^ or tone iiioiiths that 
 the ships ot'the |)resent voviu^e weie in the Aictic sens, 
 the tliernionieter never fell iielow 'Jii', ': the iicneraj 
 iivei'ai:*' \V!is l)et\ve«Mi .'i')" and .'57 : no deaths took pla('( , 
 and scarcely a day's illne-.s. I*arry. Iiy anticipation, 
 donlits not that a ship, provided nitli sufficient food, 
 \\arni clothinir. iitid fuel. •• niiirht winter in the hiiihesf 
 liititiideswe hav(> heeti in without snlferin^ niaterially 
 eilUi-r from cold or disease."' He very soon proved it, 
 lo lie so. 
 
 In faUiiiu leave of IJo-;s, it may he stated that the oli- 
 ser\atioMs uaide on his sti'aniie conduct have relation 
 only to his untitness for c(indnctinij the voyii<^fe of dis- 
 coverv. wluMC science and acciu'acy were indispeiisahh*. 
 In practical seamanship it is understood and admitted 
 that he is sufficiently W(dl skilled, as may lie infern'd 
 from Sir (ieori;e 1 lope's recomuu-ndation, as well as 
 from th(> natui'(» of his early and various services in 
 ships ol' war in the IJaltic. in merchant sliips, an(.l in 
 ships traditic to tlie Mast lndi(>s. 
 
11(1 (luring tlint 
 Hiiiiiis Smitii's 
 Mwisc, (,t" Old 
 I'llx'i-s (»f that 
 
 f<> iiiHlcrtfikc! 
 
 tlic iicciiiucv 
 III tlir ir('(»;rra- 
 !it division of 
 " !>('. Tlicro 
 !'Vority of fla^ 
 ■ iiionflis tliar, 
 (' Aictic sens, 
 : tlici general 
 tlis took placf , 
 ' »iifici|)ation, 
 ifficioMf food, 
 n the highest 
 iiig I liar e rial ly 
 t)(Hi proved it, 
 
 1 tliaf the of»- 
 have relation 
 )yage of dis- 
 ii'iispensahle. 
 find admitted 
 ' Ix' inferred 
 i< ii^ well as 
 •* servic(>s in 
 ■<liij>s. and in 
 
 CAPTAIN' DAVID ni'CIIAV. 
 
 CllArTKIl ill. 
 TMPTAIN DAVID BICJIAN. 
 
 JHIH. 
 
 49 
 
 A V, 
 
 [,•'/, tor oj Ihsrnrrrii fnirfir,] fh,: North Poir, prrformr,! in 
 /as Maj,sfii\s ships Dnrntkra ami Tnnf, itmlrr Ihr f\„n- 
 n,>ia,l of Cpfain David Jir. has. ];il;;. y,, „./,„./, ,., „,/,/. 
 '•'/ „ Sinnm,ir;i o( ull thr cnrln ,ill,mpls to rrarh thr P„r,/ir 
 I'll <ra,, of the Pol,. I\,, Captam V. W . Bkkchkv, o,n'',>f 
 t/ir Lni/fi'/it/ii/s of thr K.rprditioii . 
 
 'Vnv. two ships appropriated to this service were tlio 
 J)<»iothea and tlie 'rr.Mit, commanded, oflicered, and 
 manned as undei- : 
 
 lldlUnilKA. 
 
 It.A ill I'.iichiiii, ( 'iiptain. 
 
 Artiiiir .Moi-rll, Lirutriiimr. 
 
 .Idiiii |)iikr, Sur_"'iiii. 
 
 John JmiiMiii, Purser. 
 
 (ii ur^c l'i>lii'r, A.'lruiKiiui'r. 
 
 ('li:irlrs I'aliiicr. A(liiiir;iltv Miitr. 
 
 Will. .1. Di'mIv, (Ii). ■ ,i,,. 
 
 Will. (i. iiorliuiii, A.-.-i.<t. Siir^'. 
 
 Cyrus Wakfliiiiii. Cl.rk. 
 
 IVt.r lirucr, (Ji-r. ul,u)(l Mii.stir. 
 
 (ii(ir,'c Crawl,, rd, .in. .Mi,I.'. 
 
 'I'lioiua.-i tJcliruti, CarpcuttT. 
 I-^' Olli.rr.--. 
 4'l .■^raiiirij an.l >ririnr.s. 
 
 5.» 'I'otal coiiijiliiui rit. 
 
 TnKNT. 
 •lolii; Franklin, l.ir'Utcnaiit nil, I 
 
 ( 'oiiliiiauili r. 
 I'li'ilcrii' lii ccliry. I.ii'Ut.iiailt. 
 William IJarntt. riirstr. 
 AiiJnw li,i,|, Admiralty Mat.'. 
 <ir,.r-,' lia.-k, ,lu. do. 
 
 ■\\>\. (Jiliili.in, .\s-ir-t. Surir. 
 \N'iiliam ('a.-tcll, Cl.rk. 
 
 (icor-r Fitr, (MTclllanil Ma.'lfT. 
 
 I 'iror..:!' Kiriiy, d.,. .Mate 
 
 .lamr.< liijwdrn. Carin ntrr. 
 10 OtHi-.rs. 
 
 *JH Sfaiinii aiiil MariiK;.-!. 
 '■it* 'i'otal fuiiij]!riiii'nt. 
 
 (, Ai'TAiN David J!i( m.vn was an active and enternri- 
 .sing olticer. who for .several years had heen accustomed 
 to the naviirafion of the icy seas in the neighhorhood of 
 i>ewloiin,ilaii.i. and r..ceived his promotion to tlie rank 
 ol coininaniler in 1,-1(1, for hi.s /.eal and g.md conduct on 
 that station. ll,> also made a land journey over ice and 
 snow iiearly across the island, in order to procure tm in- 
 terview with tiie native island.'rs, lu^ I.eing the lirst Eu- 
 r«P''<ui that ever ventured to ixo among them. ( )ji ids 
 return Iroin the present .>xp..,litio„, 1„. was appointe.j in 
 I--0 fo tJie (,ras. hopper, in which ship he refuriK-d to 
 .Ni'U|.Min,|la:i.l.iind. served on that station till : -';: xvheu 
 h • ^^;l> p-wniMled to th,' rank of captain. In .■omm.r 
 1 |.; '-> 
 
 Ii 
 
no 
 
 .\l;t III \ M\ \(;i;s. 
 
 IVom liiiliii III' \v;i-. Ids! Ill the rplitn ('a^llc. ii ship fli;it 
 \v;is iM'Vcc I It •nil I ul ;iriiT I In* -ill ot I )rrc nil iri', I ^•.l-'. 
 
 I ill r II >i \ N I' l'"u\Nl\i.l\ cMlrrcil llic iiiiv v m r.iilv 
 till- IIS miil->lii|>iiinii uT I III- l'(ii|Mii->('. iiiii' rt I III- sliips nil 
 |>Io\im1 Ii\ ( ';i|il;nii I'limlcis mi llir s|||-\(«\ nl' llic rniis|si 
 ul \ nsiriiliji. Mini \Mis wiccUcd III liiT. \r\l iiillit' I'oj 
 y|t|iriiiiis lis iiiiiUlii|)iii:iii Mini inaslrr's iiiiilr, iVimi I -Hi 
 l.t lS(l~;, iiiiil \\ iis III till' llcfl Willi Nelson III llir luiltlo 
 of ( '(>|HMiliM^(Mi. Ilt> WMs ncNl ji|i|)<)inl<'il jiitnii: linili n 
 Mnl III tilt' iM-illnnl : iiml wms iiiMitriiMiit nl' liir r><-llrii) 
 plinii in tlu> IimIIIc ot Tnirnl^iir in I mi.'), nini iiUu in tlii> 
 r>tMllniil III .:,i' iilIiicU un New ( >iI<';iiin in |s|.'>. \\ll(•l■(^ 
 lie rtMinn;iii(li'il in llir ImimIs, \\ ms WiMiiuli'ii. ^M/,('IIt"(l, mikI 
 lin:lil\ spnlxiMi nl. 1 Ic WMS prniiiiilt'd tii llic imiiU nl' inp 
 luin III l'-".''.'. on riMiirnuiLl I'mni Ins lir^l ImihI Aiclif r\pc- 
 ililKMi. Ill" was cnnsitlfri'd a iiniMJ nantical siirvrvor. 
 well MMsfil III lln' ii^e nl insi ninifiils, ami a llinnin^li 
 stMinun. In l"-.'! lie was iniiilc cniiiinaiKli'i". 
 
 Lii I iTN \Nr Mmm i.i. was pioniotcd in the ranlv nl' 
 (•(innnaniliT ni l.'^J>, and Mppnintrd ctniiinandfi' nt" lln- 
 'rnriniNt' inrt>-slnp al A'-criisinn in 1-^1 I, wlitTf lu> 
 now is. 
 
 LniTiNWT I'l; 1 ni r.ir I'ikimiv. i1u> son of l',> 
 • •nniiiMit ailisl. wciil llii(Mii:h Ins pinliatinn in tlit> naval 
 scr\ii"(> Willi i^rt'al crrdit. In ISOd. at Ini years nT ai:*'. 
 lie (MiIiMt'd Lord Si. \ iiifiMit's lla^ ship, and served in 
 \aiions ^hips ; was en^a^ed as mate in several actions; 
 and was m the N'cn^eiir. ami employed in the lioats at 
 the at I at k nl New t Mieaiis in 1-1 ."). and inadt' lienteiianl 
 in that \ car. As iiiiuht he expected, he was skillt'iil as 
 a draiiuliNman. wliic h he practiced on the present voy- 
 age with i;reat sncce--s. as the prints in his hook testit'v. 
 We next tind him as lietiteiiant ot the llecla.in I'arrv's 
 tirst voyage, in w liicli he w as t'lilly (Miiployeil as dranj^hts- 
 niiMi and >nr\eyoi-: also in assistim: in all lh«' I'ecpiisitt^ 
 ohs(>rvatioii>. lu-iiii: "t Ji/i active and eiiterpri>>inLl mind, 
 lie was next eniplo\ ed. in th(> years 1 -'.M and !>'JJ. to 
 snr\ey and examine, m company with his hrother. the 
 ii(>rth (-oast ot" Atiica. I'rom Tripoli eastwaid. (itmpre- 
 liiMidiiii: the (ireater Syrtisand ("yrenaica and the an- 
 cient citie-^ com posit m th(> I'entapo'is. In .1 aiiraiy. I -•.'•">. 
 he WMs aiM'omted commander ot' the InMNsom. d.'st.ncd 
 
( M-r \i\ n.w II) i!i • ii.\ \. 
 
 r.i 
 
 « 
 
 '". II slii|i lli;il 
 iilicr. I r'.IH, 
 iiMvy III ('.irly 
 
 I 111' sllips fill 
 
 III llir ciiiisN 
 \l ill llir Tiil- 
 ti', rnnii I -(i| 
 lit llii> liiiltin 
 iitiiii: In-iilrii 
 llir l>rllriii- 
 lil illsn ill tilr 
 
 I HI .">. will MM 
 i;il/,rltri|. miiiI 
 
 r liililv dl nip 
 A ictic t'\|)«'- 
 r;il siirvi'VMr, 
 il !i llmiiiii^h 
 ri". 
 
 » flic riiii!\ 111 
 liiiiilcr <>r I III' 
 I, wlirii- lir 
 
 ^' SUM uf ll ,' 
 
 ill tilt' ii:i\,'il 
 
 \ rsirs (tl niii'. 
 
 11(1 scrvt'ii III 
 
 i'I'm! actions ; 
 
 the liiiiits III 
 
 Ir liciitciiiilil 
 
 k ;is sivillt'ul as 
 
 picscnl \i>y- 
 
 liiiiik IfslilV. 
 
 I. in l'ai-|-y"s 
 
 as (lrai!i;lits- 
 
 lic n'(|iiisitt> 
 
 risiiio iiiiiid. 
 
 I I III I>-JJ. t(» 
 irotliiT. the 
 
 III. ( (UlljMi" 
 
 a:ii! the an- 
 :! ai \-. 1 >"J."i. 
 
 !M. (l,'st'.!l,"i 
 
 III!- a \(i\aL;r to tin- l*arilir ami UrIiiiiiLi's Strait, with iii- 
 siiiirtKHi-^, aiimin; ntliri' lliiiii:-;, In en ii[»ciali' with llm 
 I'lilai lainl rxin'ihliiiii-^ ; In k«'i'|t the r»|iissiiiii. Imiwcv rr, 
 III ip|irii waliT, and nut tu i i d\ her lirini: hcsrl in tin- nc. 
 I'liiiliii^: ill Kiit/.rhiii' Siiiiiid till' M-a clear id nc, nil 
 IimimU Mil liuaid were inn->| aii\iciiis tu lr\ inra imrt Iicii>,t 
 |iii-^ ;i"t'. iint Ins instruct mi is did nut adiii't nl' it. I le did 
 nil lie cunld. which was, to sniil Ins masirr, I'dsdii, m 
 the decked laiicli, ill which he pmceede^^ aluiii; tlio 
 cDii-l III Ainerica. nnlil iin|)edeil liy a neck nl himl inn- 
 nni:: to the nint liward. and eiiciiinliei ed wilh ice. In 
 1 ■-•.'? r>eecliey was made captain, \vhile mi this service, 
 111 which he reniaineil tu the year l-'.'~, anil pnhlished n 
 \ery clevei- hunk nli the sliures and i->laiids nl' the I'ii- 
 cilic. lie lias since In 'en enipluynl in variniis siir\ e\ iii^ 
 lintie--, in winch he has :;reatly ili-.tiiiL:inshed hiin-eH, 
 and has heeii tnr '^nnie \ears |iii>t. and •<till is. eiiipln\ei| 
 III cniidiiclini: the survey nl' the cuiists ut' I lelaiid. and tlut 
 west luasl and islands id Scntlaiid. 
 
 (iiMii.is rvi.MKK and \\'..l. l)i \i,v, then iictinj;- 
 liiatcs. were prniiinled In jieiiteiiaiils in l-'jl, and re- 
 main still ill the same rank. 
 
 A MHii.w Iv I.I i> was pru Hinted at the same time ; went 
 w ilh I'arry mi his lirst and secniid vnyaizes, and still i»'- 
 mains mi the list uf lieiiteiiants. 
 
 (iiniuJi; I) \( K inllnwed lip the service rrniii his lirst 
 entry, liiit lias heeii mtistly employed mi land expeditiniis, 
 and has highly distiniiiiished liimseH' hy his active, /eal- 
 nus. and \iwurniis cuiidiict. on \aiinns occasiuns ot' i:reat. 
 dill lenity and |)eril. haviiii; coiitrihiited mainly, and at the. 
 risk nl his own hie. to savi^ those of his I'ellow-f liivelers, 
 (•'lankliii and Kichardson. h'or these ami other services, 
 vhiidi will he pointed out. he was advanced to the rank 
 ol' captain, ami received the honor oi' kiiii: lit hood. ( "nm- 
 jiare the prniiress thus made, hy adh(M'iiiii In the service, 
 with the statimiury position of his superior cmiii'ade in 
 this present vnyai;e, and llie coiudnsimi to he drawn is 
 i'\ ideiit. 
 
 (iioniii; I'isiii.it was employerj on Parry's second 
 MiyaLie as chajilaiii and astronomer, and proved himself 
 a \alii,ili!e and Useful ol'licer : he is now chaplain and 
 head iiia-ter of the (!reciiwieli Hospital .\a\al Schools. 
 
 11 
 
 
 
»/'^ 
 
 
 Auciu vnv \<;r,M. 
 
 Tin' iKiniitivi" (if flii-i Miyiii:'' •■•••IK"' Iki'IIi iiiiilrr |)i'imi- 
 liiii' I'li'i-iiiiivlniirf--. mill \\ lis mil jiiili||s||)>i| mil il I lie \ imt 
 I • I.!. I \\ ("111 \ li\i' \ ciil s iillrr II \\ IIS |M'rlniiiiiMl rolilrlii 
 |iiii :iiiciiiis|\ \\ Il II I li.'il iiikIci' ( 'iiiiilii!iii(lri' 1 1 1 isn, \\ liu |>i i>- 
 fiM'ilcil to llic iiuilliwfsl. wliilr lllf (lr-.|iiiiil mil nt lliis 
 
 >\ lis III I lie lldllltCIIsl. 
 
 lis |MiMiriil mil. lis iilrciiil\ sluicd. ciiiiir oiil iiihIci' iIiI- 
 
 tiMlMll <-|| I'lllllsllllll'I's lllHII llllll III Itliss. ( 'lltllMlilllillT 
 
 (•iicliiiii. iVoiii ill liriillli It is siiiil, (irrliiKMl In lining mil 
 iiiiN iirriiiiiil iif till' Mi\ii::i> iiillici' iVniii iiiiiiiim lull <■ iiml 
 lii'l i\ 1' i'in|>lii\ iiiriit. Il 1 1 III \ lie siis|icr|i'i| ; I in I I liri r \\ lis 
 iiimllirr iciisnn. ns we li'iiiii liuiii ( 'ii|iliiiii rn-i'dirx . 
 " ( 'iijil ;iiii i'liirliiiii iilisliiiiifil rroiii |iiililis|iiii^ Ills own 
 iiHiriiiil. 1111111 II t'l-i'lini: tliiit tilt' iiiiitl*'!' Il I'lHiliiiiiril wiis 
 iml 111 siiiliiiiMil inli'ii'sl Id ^'ll^ll^l• lli«' iilli-iilmii nt' tln« 
 tii'tirriil ii'imIit ;" iiiul I iitcIicn liirllifr siiys. " j ichicI 
 iiUii llllll iii\ iiiiiiii'iliiili' (-iiiiiiiiiiinli'i'. Sir .liiliii I'l'iinlvliii, 
 liiis mil llllll ii'isiirc to mIIi'ihI tu llii' |iiililii'iitiiiii nl' n vii\- 
 ii^c HI wliicli lie liiHc so (•iiiis|ii('miiis a piiil." ///. too, 
 il IIIIIV III" MisjU'cli'il. ilccliiifil t'niiii II li'i'lili^ nl' ilrllf!l(\ . 
 sn Imiil; IIS till' fiiiiiimiiiili'r ul tlii' r\|it'ilili(iii \mis living, 
 nihl llll^hl ciuisiilcr llif liiiu' i.',iim' liy iillrr liis ilrii!',. 
 Lit'iilt'iiiiiil lii'i'dii'v lia\ iii^ |)n's(«rvt'il iiiali'rials t'nr ar- 
 iiiiiiliin: iiiln lilt' sli!i|u' til' a joiirmil ill st»iiu> I'litiirc tiiiif, 
 ami liiniiii: piil tliriii in tuilfi'. suluiiiltfil it Id ('aptaiii 
 |{iii'haii. wliii rt'liinii'il il willi tlii'< iiltst'r\atii)ii : Tlial 
 "all till' iiitisl |iii)iniiit'iit tt'iiliiii's dt' lllf fxpi'dilmii well* 
 lirniifjil tniwiinl ill pt'ilffl at't'itrilaiii'i' w illi his vit-ws :*' 
 llllll lit" luliis. " .My tiiily I'f^rt't in iinl liasini; |Mil»lis|it>c| 
 the |iriici't'iliiii:s (irmir iitifiiipi lo rt-iifli tlif I'nlt'. is tlif 
 ]Mi\iilii)n til' niiiUiiii: llif pnlilif aft|iiiiiiiliMl wiili my t'li- 
 liii' ii|i|ii"iil>iit inn ol lilt' I'omliift nt' llit« iinirci's ami scu- 
 iiii'ii I liiid till' liniinr li> fnnmiaml." 
 
 What ilt'liiN I'll tilt' iippt'araiift' til' tlii> iianativf ol' ii 
 vn\ nm' iiiaili' in 1 -^ 1 " to tlif y fiii" 1 >!.'?. ( 'iipfaiii lif frhf \ 
 (lot's not say : it conlil not l»f ililViilf iicf ol' his talfiit I'm 
 Nvi'itiiii:. as hf hail loiiu hf ton' pnhlishfil a voyaiif m lh«' 
 I'lii'itic ami to r>flirini:'s Strait, a w t'll-wiittf n volmiif 
 ot'TitO paiifs. It appi'iirs. imlffil. that thf |)nl>lic wmiM 
 not liavf liail thf jiifsf nt worU at all hut lor thf pfrsiia- 
 sioii ot' a trit'iid. who casnally saw and rt^ad the iiianii- 
 script whfii taUin;i a littUt tri|> in the vfssfl hf com- 
 
iiikIci' |ircil- 
 iit il I lir \ t'lM' 
 IIimI I'liiiti'lii 
 
 ISM, \\ III) |l| II- 
 llll Kill III \\\\H 
 
 lit lltlillT llll' 
 
 ( 'iiliiiiiMinlri' 
 III liniii: Hill 
 MlKMliiilr ami 
 III lliiir \\ as 
 nil I'liTi lir\ . 
 lilt: Ills own 
 luilaiiiril was 
 ■litliMi III tlir 
 s. " I riM.|r| 
 •llll riaiikliii, 
 mil ul" a vii\ 
 
 //'. Ion. 
 
 l: III' ilrlliaiN , 
 
 III \\ as luiiii:, 
 
 i'V his lira*',. 
 
 • •rials I'lir ar 
 
 riituiT liiin>. 
 
 t to ( 'a|itaiii 
 
 atioM : That 
 
 I '(lit mil wciH 
 
 lis views :"' 
 
 lU |hi1)Iis||(mI 
 
 r.ili-, is tllr 
 
 with my I'li- 
 
 rs and sca- 
 
 inativc ot' a 
 am rirriht'N 
 lis tali'iit I'lir 
 lyaiit' 111 llie 
 It I'll viilimii' 
 iiililic Nvuiilil 
 the piTsiia- 
 tlir iiiaim- 
 
 M'l llt> I'OMl- 
 
 ( MT.MN |).\\ IK IMCII \\. 
 
 ,').'< 
 
 piillliiril III ill'- lll-ll < haillirl. Tills lllrllil' IoMIkI it tii 
 lir lllli'l I'sl llli;, ailii. as lllc InmllK i- ul a \ii\,|;.'r set lullll 
 
 |i\ '^lAi'iiiiiiiiil. Ill- aiKisnl him, ami ali-<iliili'l\ rniii- 
 ni'lli'il liim. as it wrn-. In |lllil||-^ll it. ami \i>v that |iiii' 
 
 pll-i' tiMiJv It Willi tinil In Lnmliill. ll IS a Wril WIltli'M 
 
 ami Hill Ti'-t iiiLi iiaiialiM', ilisriicimilififil ul ihr lrf(|iiciil, 
 jTcmi ••MCI- III naiilKal ii'iiiaiks ami uIi-^itv at mii ., ulmh 
 HIT ii'ii alwa\s iimltMsluuil im- filishnl l>\ tin- umirnil 
 ii )i.|cr ; ami it runiaiiis Ii\r|\ drsiiijil mns ui llir maii- 
 iii'i- ami InliiK ul llu- \ariiiiis living errat ilii > thai, 
 iiliniiml llll ill.' shuirs 111' S|>il/,lirim'ii, lis sra^, ami i-l 
 jiMils III' III' ; ami tlii'\ air ^ivrii iii sii rlrar ami Incnl a 
 liiaiiiirr, Wilhiiill till' Irrlmiralltii'S prcillia ll y i'lii|ilu\ ml 
 III llll' ili'-ri'i|it lull III iiliji'i'ts dl' iialiiral hi~^lui'\, that lli<- 
 liiiuk Is Miiti'il \iu' all rla->s('s, ami may lir ircuiiiim'inli'i| 
 as a iiiuilil lur tntmi'" \ ly a^jris. 
 
 'riiuiii.'li this r\|ii'iii, ;iiii, likr that ul' fills'^, was a fail 
 nil' 111 lis main uhji'd, \cl, iiiilikr lliu othi'i', il was imt 
 uwini,' tu any waul ul rxcitiun, /.ral, ur iiililli;:i'iici' in 
 llir I \\ u cuinmamli'is ur uliici'is ; un thr cuufiaiv, thn 
 twu -lii|is wi'if sii|i|)|ii'il with siiiiii' ul' thusr w llll, in 
 liitiirt' \uv:iiii's, su ^rratl\ (li-tin;:nislirfl tln'in-^rhi's as 
 tu iilitaiii till' lii^hcst sii'ps ul |irumulinn, iiiiil tu I'ci'ciM* 
 Imimrarv irwanls. .Nrcd tin' nuiiirs ul l''raiiklin ami 
 I'lark III' mriitiuiiml .' 
 
 riir inslnirl lulls ilin'ctrd that thi-y wnr tu maki' thu 
 hi'st uj' thi'ir wav ilitu I lii> Spit/.liri^i'ii seas, w hcii' tliry 
 slmiild t'lidfaviir tu pa-s tu the nuiihward, lirlwci'ii 
 Spil/.lii'i'i;t'ii mid ( iiffiilaml, wilhunt stuppiiii; un rithiM' 
 ol tlirir cuasts, and nsn thrir hrst niduavui's lu rrarh 
 till' North Pull'", with a siii.'i:""^tiuii, thai wdirrr llir sou 
 Is di't'pc-.: and least (■uimecled with the land, it will Ik> 
 luiiml mu'^t "lear ul' ice. Their instnicl mns un uhjecis 
 III sriciit llir impiiry nn the \ii\ai:e. and jiait ieiilarlv un 
 tliiisi' tu lie iiuticed un and ahuiil the i'ule. are caieriillv 
 drawn up and in ;:ieat detiiil, the latter pari ul' w huh 
 were nnlurl niiately imt called intu practice. The utlier 
 piiiliuiis ul" ;i i^eiieral iiatiiie appear tu ha\(' ln-en care- 
 tuily attended tu anil well descrihed liv I .ieiiteiiaiit. 
 l>ei'( hey, w llll i lit rud lie es his reader intu the ( Ireeiiland 
 ►S«'ii ill unlii'iny tjie inierest taken hy ihusi- wliu. lin" tho 
 
 ' Mr. .Iiiliii llidMjw, 
 
 J'. -2 
 
 « 
 
 ;{ 
 
 ?»., I 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
51 
 
 ARCTIC VOVA(;Eri. 
 
 fir-t time, wlliicssnl llir sliip wdiKiiiL' its uiiy iimniii; 
 lluiitiiii: iiiii>si's of i<-(<. iiml wild NicWfd the linulit sun 
 <l;M'liliu lis MlilKint' I'liN > iiiMuii^ tliriii ;it iiii<llii^lll. coii- 
 M'ymi: t" llii- rye, jissislcd li_\ the iiii;i;;iii;iti(tii. mid Ity 
 tllf lllillts illid ^li!iiln\\>. tilt' !i|»|)c;irillicr ol" *' nrcllitcct II- 
 rid cditiccs. ;.M"Mttucs, ;iiid ciiMx, \\^^\•{'■ and tlirit' i:lillrr- 
 iii^ !is ilwitli |)ifciuiis iiictids;" so tliiit, lie Miys. "it 
 >Viis iiMiiil to dcviiitf t'roiii ii;inti('id |)lii-iis(M»|oj:y, iiiid 
 sli;i|)t' ii coiirx' lor ji cliurcli. a tower, or liridi;i', or soiiif 
 Miiiilar strin'tiiif. in the liiiiips ol' ice.'' 
 
 So ciirly IIS the •,'ltii ol" May tlif cNix'diticni liinl 
 rcarlifd (lii'i'ic Island, in latitude 7 1 '.'>'■'>', so callrd liy 
 Stcplim Ui'MiH'I. in Idd.l. on ov near wliicli lli<' wal- 
 iiiscs wen- so iiiiincions. that not trwcr than niiif hiiii- 
 drt'd or a tlnMisand of tho^c jarm- aiiiinals wrrr captiirrd, 
 in till' slioi't s|tact' orst'Vfii hours, hy the crew ol" a sin- 
 ;:lo M'ssrl. ( )r the liahits and charadrr ot" the walrus, 
 Lieutenant rx'echey ^ives. alter iVeijiient inlercoiirse 
 Avith them, a very inteiestiiii; iiccoiint. Their alTeclion 
 tor their yoniiir, and tlieir iiiiirinchiii;j: courage in de- 
 Jeiidiiiii them, are I'emarUahle ; lait more so tlieir eom- 
 passioiiiite condiirt Inward a vvoiimled eiaiipaninii. whom 
 they will ne\er leave till carried oil to a place of satety ; 
 :ind even the yoimi: ones on sindi occasi(uis will turn 
 fiercely iiiiaiiisl llie hoals of the pursuers. Althouiih 
 one ol' tlie>e animals was hroiiuht ali\t' to Mnirlaiid in 
 Hill-, as we learn fi-om i'liiclias. yei it was hut the 
 other day tliat the Tiritish Aliiseiim could hoast even ol" 
 a stlllied speciineil. W'llv should liol the Zooloi^ical 
 Society offer a price for a living one to keep the while 
 hear company .' They coiilil i'asily yet one. A single 
 instance will suffice to show the cai'ts and alfectioii hi'- 
 slowed on their yoiiii^. 
 
 •' WC were L'reatly amused hy the siii:,'iilar and atVectioriate 
 fnii(hic1 of a walrus toward it-- yoaiii:. In the va>l sheet uf 
 ice that siirroiniiled the >liips lliere were ocra-innallv iiiaiiv 
 pools; and when tia' wcatliei' \Na-> clear and warm, aiiinials 
 ol'\;n'ious liiinU would licipu'iitK' ri>e and sport aliout in 
 ihi'in. ol' ci-a ,\ 1 I'i'oiij till 'lice i!|»ou tin' ice to liM-k in llie w ai'iiilh 
 of the sun. \ walrus re,-e in uni' of thoe |>oo!s ckoe to the 
 hill p. and. IliKlini,' everv tli!n_r <]niet. dived down and hrou;'lil 
 up its \oiiiiL.'. \slii<h it liehj l»\ its li!-c;i>t liv |>ri's-iiiL,' it with 
 its jlijijirr, la tin- miiin:/:' it movinl ulioiit llje j)oul, keejiin:; 
 
l.U'iAl.N b.WlU IJLCII.W. 
 
 .>•> 
 
 s wiiy Jiinuii:; 
 ic liriiilit sun 
 liiliii^lit. coii- 
 iitioii, tiiid liv 
 •' iiicliifi'cl II- 
 tlii'ic i:litt»'r- 
 lic sfiys. *' if 
 isrold^y, iilni 
 "iil^c, oi- .SltlllC 
 
 |)iMlitii)li )i;ii| 
 s(i ciillnl liy 
 icll till' Will- 
 ill! liilK- lillli- 
 ere ciilitlirt'd, 
 rcw ut' ii sill- 
 r llic Wiilnis, 
 
 ' inlcl'cniiisf 
 
 lirir iilicctiini 
 iirii;:(' ill (Ic- 
 ■ n tlirii- coiii- 
 liiiiiiiii, wlmiii 
 (••' of siit'fty ; 
 lUis will turn 
 (. Altliuiii:li 
 I Kii;:liiii(l III 
 Wiis lint tin- 
 (liist »'\rii ol' 
 ' Zodld^icjil 
 
 [) till" wliitr 
 
 t'. A single 
 ill'ccfion 1)1'- 
 
 (I iit]'t'(t!()llil!l' 
 
 \;i>l .-hrct nt' 
 
 iniiiilly iiiaiiv 
 
 ;ii'iii, .niiiii.'ils 
 
 xirt iil)i)Ut in 
 
 n llii' \\ ;ii-iiitli 
 
 - cImx' to till- 
 
 illlil l)l'()il''llt 
 
 --itiL' it with 
 
 )oul, kcrjiiii:: 
 
 ill i<ii I'lri t |t<i-'ini', iiiiii iilwiiy-* tlirt'(iiii_' ilir t ni' ut tiin 
 
 Millli:.' tiiW.inl lllf M'>.«t'l. ()|1 till' ^li_llll■^| |IJm\ t ■|||i 'lit ll!t 
 
 li/i.n-.l, till' DiMilirr rfltM»'(l Ini' tli|i|n'r :iiiil jiii>iiiMl tlir ynllll^ 
 nil'' iiinliT uiilcr; Imi. ulnii (•\fi-y lliiiii: was iii.'Jiiii i|int't, 
 Iti'iiii^lii il ii|) ;i> lii'liii'i', ;niil till' It li'iiL;tli nt tiiii*- i'iiiitiiiii*-il to 
 JililV ,il»i)i|l ill llir |Mii)l, to lilt' ^'I'ciil illiill.>i'lili'lll lit' lilt' st'il- 
 iiifii. \\lii» l:im' lii'i' I'lt'ilil I'lir iiiiilitics ill tiiitimi wliirli. 
 iIiii'IlIi |in>>r>>iil III iciii^itli'r.il>li' s.iijitcitv, >lii' li.ii'dlv iiii ril- 
 
 til."— r. :;(», ;;i. 
 
 ( >n the '.'-til of Miiy, the Wciitlifi' Iti'iii^ l'iii:i:y iiinl 
 M'Vfn'. with lifiivy tiills ol" simw. the ships srpiinitt'il, 
 niiil tilt' 'I'n'iit vtiHiii tn till' nurthwiinl tnwiinl .Minidii- 
 Ifiiii I'iiy, tin- pIiK f III' rmdr/Anus. iiluni; the cdi,'*' ot' iho 
 iiiiiin liDily (if ice : th-y nut here, iind serine it impns- 
 silili' ti) pcnrtiMti' thr iniiruiniil lint' nt' tlir ic**, and tlit^ 
 sfii-<i>ii bfiii^ \fiy liirly. tin- fiinmiiindfr dt'ttTniiiicd nii 
 j),i^>iiiU il tr\v ilii\^ ill th.il hiiy. in which tiit-y iiiichni-cd 
 (111 lilt' .';d nt. Illlil'. 'I'lit' iff wiis in tlh' ciuf iilid upper 
 jiiiit nt" i)n' hiiilinr. lull Wiis ill il rii|»idly dcciiyini; stiitc, 
 iiiid. nn ri'\isitiii^ their iinclinriii;e here in tlie lie^innin^ 
 «>(" Aiiiiiist. it hiid entirely disiippciire 1. .^lilu:dlllenil liny 
 i- rendered coiispicuniis hy lijiir i:liiciers, the sniiillesl 
 twn hundred I'eet iiliitvi' the sen, nn the sinpe ol" >l 
 jiKiiiiiliiiii. Il is ciilled the niuliiiliL' leelieri:. ill'd seems, 
 Ml IJeechey siiys, iis il" ji very slight iniitter would de- 
 t.'ii'h it rroiM the ntoiiiitiiiii liiid precipiliite it into the son. 
 The liir^jest ot" the four extends two or three miles in- 
 liiiid : owiii^ to tlie :j:re;if rents in the snrfi.ce. ii hiis lieeii 
 niiined the W'ii^uii-Wiiy . fmiii the reseinliliince of th»! 
 ti-.>iirr> tn riit>; iiiiide liy wheels. Sevei'id ^liicievs sim- 
 lliir to tliii^e were oliser\ ed lieiir Dime's ( iiit, the liir^est 
 nliiMit ten ihoiisitnd feel in len::th hy two or three luin- 
 tlred feet in |)eipendiculiir liei<:ht. In tln^ vicinity of 
 jhe>e i.'eherus it strict iiliM'rvii nee of >ilence is necessiii'v ; 
 the explosion of ii ^1111 sciircely ever fails to lirin^ down 
 «)iii' III these mii>ses. Ali-. Heeclu'V siivs that on two 
 iM lii-iniis thev wiinessed avaliiiiches on tho must iiui;:- 
 liilici'iil scale. 
 
 " 'I'lie first "vv.'is (iccii^inned liv the discharire of ?i musket at 
 .^ll■|||t liiilt' 11 mill's di.-^t.iiiti- t'lmu the i:l;icier. lniiiicdi;itf|y 
 nttrr till' iipml nt the '_'iiii. ;i iini-e reseiiililiiiL' tiiniidcr was 
 licard ill Uk' dirt-'clinu uf liic icchtr^ (^Ldacicr}, uud in a few 
 
,0(> 
 
 AiicTir \ nv.\(;r..-<. 
 
 M'cniids iiincc Mil iiiMiiciis)" pircc lini^c :i\v:iy, iiliil li-ll Iii'.id- 
 liill_' illtn till' >t;i. 'I'lir rirw nl'tlH' l.illcll, »ii|)|h i-Iml.' llifiii- 
 M'l\c> Im'VuikI llif l<';n li (if il> iiilluiiifr. (|l|iitlv luuki'il il|iM|i 
 llir scriif, wlii'ii |iii'-i'iilK a M'ii iini".!' atiil rollfd towanl ilic 
 hlinn- witli SIM li ra|>iililv, lliaf lln- nrw liail iini timi- to takf 
 niiy priMaiiti'iii"*, ami llir Imal wa- in (•(iii>.i'(|iiiii( c ua^litd 
 ll|i(iii till' ImmcIi, ami cnmiilctrly fillcil liy tin- .>ii<'(i'r(liii^r 
 wave. As SMuii as tlii-ir a<fniii-.||iiii'iii liail >uli>iilcil, tliry cx- 
 a 111 inn I tin- I ma I, ami liiuml Iht mi Kadly >tii\ c that it iK-caiiir 
 iircr.ssary to rr|iair Iht in mdrr tu nlnni fn tlif ^lli|l. 'I'lirv 
 iiad al.'it tlir ciiriiKily In iiii'a>iiic tlic dislaiicf tlir lioat liad 
 lifcn carried liv tin- \va\c, and I'liind it In In- ninrlv— ix Irrt." 
 — I*. I.).-.. I. "id." 
 
 [ii virwiii^ tlic •^a'lic ::la(irr iVnin a Imal at a di'^tiincc, 
 II sccfiiid avalaii(ln' ! mk pliirc. which aUnrdt'd thciii the 
 j:ratilicMtiMii ut" w itiicNsiiiu the cinitioii. as it wcir. nl" ;i 
 sea icrhciir. an n|ip(titiiiiily which has dcciin-cd to lew, 
 thniiuh it is ^rin-rally iiiidci'stnud that ^llcll iiioiisttTs can 
 (uily l)»^ mMH'fiiti'd (III shdic. 
 
 '• This (icciiiTi'd (111 a rcmaiUalily line day. wlicii tlw (|iilct- 
 lics> di' the hay was lii'>l iiitciii||it('(l hy the noise nl' llie tiill- 
 iiii.' hoily. I.iriitenaiit Krankliii and nivselt' had aiipniaclied 
 «tiie of these stn|ieiid< ms walls df ice. and were eiideaNorin:; 
 1(1 search iiitn the inneriiKist rece>s ot a (leep cavein that was 
 Hear the i\u)t ol' the irlacier. when we heard a re|i(a-t as il 
 (»t'a can 111 HI. and, turning' to tlie (jnarter \\ hence it | >ii mi •cded. 
 we perceived :in iniinen-e piece ot the trout ot the her;,' >lid- 
 iiii: down Iroiii the hei'_'ht ol' two linndred teet at lea.-t into 
 the sea. and dlsper.-iiii: the water in evers direi tioii. accoiii- 
 ]>aiiied hv ;i loud, ;.'iindiim iioi>e. and liillowcd hv a (|iiantity 
 ol water, which, heiliLr pre\ioii-|y Iodised in llic llssiires, now 
 made its cscaiie in niiniherlos >iiiall lataracts over the tmnt 
 of the L'lai'ier." — I'. !.")(;. 1,')7. 
 
 .MU'f (l«'sciil)iiiii tlic distiirlmiuc (leeasioiied hv the 
 phiiiiio ofthis «'iuMiiu>iis tViiLLiiieiit, and tin- rollers which 
 swept ()v«>r the sni-facc of the iiay, and ohliued tlie Dur- 
 (ithea. th«Mi careeniiiL; at the distance ol" lour iiiiU's, tu 
 ariiilit, hy releasing th(< tacUK's, h(» thus proceeds: 
 
 "The piece that had heeii d isenL'aL'ed at lit>t wholly dis- 
 a])peared under w.iter, and iiothin;: was seen hut a violent 
 lioilin;,' of the se;i. and a shoolini.' up of clouds of sprav. lilst* 
 that which occurs at ilje foot of ;i trn-at cataract. Alter a 
 shiiit lime it reappeared, r.iisiiii: its head fnll a linndred feet 
 ub'JV(.' the smface, with water poiuiii^ iluwn Irum all [lurts of 
 
CAPTAIN I>AVM) IJLCIIAN. 
 
 57 
 
 • ikI t.'ll li.'.'i.l- 
 
 >|MI>iM_' llll'lll- 
 
 ' liiitUi-il ii|iiiii 
 
 (I filWill'tl fllf 
 
 liriK' til tJtUt' 
 
 (• >iiC(('r(liiiL; 
 (ll'<l, iIh'V I'\- 
 lllll t lirciMH- 
 
 • .-lii)>. 'I'lii-y 
 till' lii>;it li:iil 
 ii-ty-six H-it." 
 
 \t a ilistiKicc, 
 
 • mI tlictli tlir 
 t wcir. of" !i 
 ni'il to lew. 
 liii>ii>trl"s Ciin 
 
 nil tin- i|iiii't- 
 sr (»!' I lie 111 li- 
 lt ,'i|i|i|°n.'ii'lii'il 
 
 • niilrav nriiiic 
 
 IMTM tint \V!IS 
 
 icpiirt ;is it 
 |il'iirrci|i'il , 
 I' liiTu,' -liiU 
 ;il li'a>t iiitii 
 lioii, acciim- 
 V a i|iiaiitity 
 issiii'i'^. now 
 vrr till- trout 
 
 III 
 
 rd hy tlio 
 illt'is which 
 
 il thi' l)(ir- 
 iir iiiilfs, ti» 
 ('('(Is : 
 
 wlmlly (iis- 
 iiit a vinli'iit 
 it s|iniv, lilsH 
 nl. Al'trr ;i 
 luiiilifil I'ct't 
 u all |iai-tsot" 
 
 if; ami tlii'ii lal'iirin.' II-. it'tliiiilill'iil uliiih way it .hIhmiIiI fall, 
 it nilloi (iMT, ami. altiT tut k mil; almiit mhih' iniiiiiti's, at l<'tii.'tli 
 iici ariD' «t'tlli il . 
 
 '• We li'iw a|i|>niarlii'il il, ami iMiiml it m ally a ijiiarti'i' <>l";i 
 mill- in rirciimti'ri'lii !■. anil -i\ty Int mit ut thr ualrr. Kimw - 
 in»' il> >|i<'< ill'' L'lavity, ami maUiiiu' .1 lair allnuanri' Inr its 
 im i|nalitir">. uf r"iii|iiili'il it- wriL^lif at Jjl.tiiiO fmis. A 
 hfi'iarii i>r >alt \\:i!it \\a-> -till |iiiuiiiil' iIhwm it-* sii|i'<. anil 
 tliiTi' wa'^ M cniitimial 1 lackiiiL' imi'i'. a* Imiil a- that ul'a «art- 
 \\ l|i|i. Ill I a-i" nil 'I I, I r.|||i|pn->r. liS tlir r-i a | n ' i>! Ii\i'il ( ri >|i til it'll ) 
 nil." — I'. I"i~. I'l'!. 
 
 >Ir. IIi'I'cIm'j- (•iiiilinii-i wlinf ha-. t"i('i|iiriii|y hrt'ti I'lniiiil 
 nipl iiiiliri'ij - the Mii|ilin'«.«< ni' tin- triii|icratiin' on tlio 
 w»'>t»'rn coiioi of S|iit/,lM'ri:('ii, tlu'i*' ln-in:: liltlf or no 
 srnsafioti of coM. tlioiii:li t In- iht'itiioiiii'ti'i' iiiii:ht Im- only 
 a Irw il»'L:it'i'< aliiiM' tin- triM'/iii:_' |iiiiiit. The Inilliant 
 and livfly t'lfnt ot a cli-ar ila\ , wIhmi tlif -iiiii shinrs fiulli. 
 with a |init' sky. wlmsi' a/iiic hiii' is so iiifnisi' as to 
 tiii'l till paialli'l t'\('M ill ihc Imastcil Italian sky. alfonls, 
 ill Ml". Iift'chcy's o|iiiiioii. a lull (•iiiii|i('iisatiiiii lor tint 
 rlmiily nnd misty weathrr, wlini tlir hills an- clnthrd 
 with iH'W-lalli'ii snow, and all a|i|irais iln-aiy and ilrso- 
 latr. Tho I'lnliatioii of the sun. he olKorscs. in soiiio 
 shi'lti'ri'd >itiiatioii, is so |iow('it"iil during' two hours on 
 nthrf side of nooti, that tliry t"r('f|iii'iit ly olisfM'Vcd the 
 ihrriniiiiu'ti'r ii|)iiii till' icr in tim olhii;; at .")-i .(;•,> . 1:7 ; 
 and once at innl n'l ahl it rose to 7.'. , altlioi|i;h ill the 
 sliaili' at till- sMiiir tiiiii- it was only .Ki . Ilcncc an- 
 found varii'tics of Al|iiiii' olaiits, i;rassi's. imd lii'hcns. such 
 as in the iiioit sonthi'in a-pccts tloiirisli in i;i»'at Inxiiri- 
 aiici' : they arc line tmind ascciidiiii: to a con-idcralilo 
 lii'ii:ht. "so that," says I'ccchcy. "wc liavc l"r»'(|iu'ntly 
 .seen the reindeer lirow>ini: at an ele\ation of lil'teen hnn- 
 dl-ed feet." 
 
 ( >n accrnnit of the mildness of the tem|ieratiire. the 
 shores ot" S|iit/.lieii.'eii lire l're(|iieiil ed liy multitudes of 
 animals of \aiiiiii«; descriptifnis. •• rrom nn earl\- hour 
 in the moniinj until tlie iieriud of rest returned the 
 shores around ii-> leveilu'iated with the merr\' crv ot 
 the little auk. willock^. di\ers. cormorants, yiills, Miid oth- 
 er agnatic hirds ; and wherever we w eiit. L'foiips of wal- 
 rnsses, l.askiiiL' in tiie sun. minified their playful roar with 
 tlio husky iiark of llu; seal."' Tho little auks or retue^i 
 
 
 \ t 
 
-2K1SJ»ES>;.: 
 
 58 
 
 AIICTIC ViA'AGErf. 
 
 (lllf Aid' irlli) iirc Miltcil to he so liilliHToils. tllilt "WO 
 liiivt« lVc(|ii('iilly •'I'cii uii iiiilijlfnii|>l('(| line o|' iIkmii »'\- 
 tt'iiiliiiu lull liair Wiiy n\cr llii' liiiy. n|- to ;i distance of 
 more tllllli !lll"et' miles, iinil so clove tooetliec tllilt lllilty 
 lliiNe t'iilleii 111 one .shot. Tiiis livin;^ c()|uiiiii iiii::lit he 
 alioiit six yiirds Itroad and as many deep: so lliat.allow- 
 iii{^ sixteen l)irds to a cnliic yani, tlieie would lie four 
 millioiis ol tliesi- cicatiires on the wiiii; at, one time." — 
 
 This nimiher, lie adds. a|i|)ears very Iai';:e ; yet, when 
 it is told that the little roti:('s risn in siadi multitudes as 
 lo darken the air. and that their chorii-> is distinctly aii- 
 dil'le at a di^-tance of t'oiir miles, the estimate will not u\>- 
 ])ear to he exnuiU'rateil. In I'act, their niimhers dwiinilo 
 into a small figure when com pa led with A i id nhon's piiss- 
 «'iii;er-pi;;eoii. on the hanUs of the ( )hio. which, estimii- 
 te(l oil the Willi: "' »•"(' time, he makes 1 , 1 l.'j.fldli.dUO 
 :ind upward. Too much coiilidence on^ht not to ho 
 ])lac"d oil ciilculali(»iis such a> these. 
 
 At \'oi:el Sa.iu and ('|o\eii ( 'lil'f. hetweeii which is 
 I'^iir Haven, wherein the ships aii(iiorei|. the surroimd- 
 iiiil islands are descrihed as clothed with lichees and otli- 
 rr ri( h pasturaije for reindeer, which creat nres are hero 
 so al)undaiit (upon N'o^el Siiiiij; in particular), that this 
 i.siaiid alone supplied the expedition with forty carcasses 
 ill lii^li condition, the fat on the loins heinu from tour to 
 isix iiadies thick, and a carcass prepared for dressiuj^ 
 >veiuliiiii; two liiuidred and eii:hly-live pounds. Tlieso 
 fine creatures showed e\ ideiit marks of ali'ection for each 
 other, " They were at this time in pairs, and when 
 one was shot the other would liiui^ o\er it. and occa- 
 sionally lick It, apparently hemoanini: its fate; and. if not, 
 immediately killed, wtdild stand three or four shots rath- 
 er than desert its I'lillen companion.'" "This compas- 
 sioiiati"! condiut." continues l>ee( hey, " it is needless to 
 say, doiihled our ( liance of success, thoiiuli I must c(ai- 
 fess it was ohtained in violation ol' our hetler feeliu;Ls." 
 These animals aiw said to take to the water freely, and 
 swim from one island to another. Tin- hoats of tho 
 Trent took four, wlfadi they wished to retain alive; hut 
 tliev were so wild that thev hroke their slender liiuhs, 
 and intlicted other .-erious wounds, so that ii liccame ne- 
 rcssury to put an cud to llieir sulleiin^s hy Ki'iiiiL iheui. 
 
CM'TAIV DWIl) r.r( IIW. 
 
 59 
 
 s, lliat " wo 
 dt" tlicrli «'X- 
 dislaiicc (»!" 
 r tlial thirty 
 III iiiii:lit l)(> 
 tllilt. ullitw- 
 )lll(l l)(> I'dUl' 
 
 lie tiiiif." — 
 
 : yet. wln'ii 
 iiiltitiiiirs as 
 istiiictly aii- 
 • will not a|t- 
 tcrs <i\\ imllt) 
 iihun's pass- 
 licli, cstiiiia- 
 
 1 l.'j.lllHI.ODll 
 it llt»t to 1)1) 
 
 (Ml ^vlli(•ll is 
 ic snn'oiiiHl- 
 ci's and otli- 
 r«'s arc licie 
 I-), lliat this 
 •ty (•at■(•a^s('.s 
 fro 11 1 lour to 
 tor <li('s>iii<; 
 ids. Tht'so 
 lion loi' cai li 
 ', and wlii'ii 
 t , am! occa- 
 : and. if not 
 r sliots I'atli- 
 is (diiipas- 
 ni'cdio>s to 
 
 I must con- 
 r tt'cJiiitis." 
 
 iVfrly, and 
 imhIs ot tlio 
 
 II alive ; Imt 
 ndiT linilis, 
 In canif nt'- 
 
 \i'!iKi: tht'iu. 
 
 At uiir ol' tin- i^lrts iirar \'oi;td Saiii: Wfrt- also tim 
 Kinu liidcr duck-;, in >i!cli niiiiilifi-s that il wa^ ini|ios>i- 
 lilc. aliiio-t. to walk without trfadiiiu on 1 1 n-ir iii'-«t-'. which 
 thi'V dct'i'iidcd w ith di'trfiiiiiu'd i-t'>o|utioM. Jl'diivfii oil' 
 li\ l'n\cv or other larue aiiiiiial-.. tlioy ha'<til\ dni'.s the 
 ijnw II ol the iic<;t o\ cr tlu) t'::'_'^ and ::liii' it with a yellow 
 ihiid. not only to |tiesrr\e tlii' warmth ot' the ei:::-^. hiiT 
 that. Iieiiii: of >o (ilTensiv (• ;i imtiire. the lo\es would liof 
 tipiicli the ('u:i:s tainted with il. I''o\es and hears are 
 e\ervwhere loiind on the shiH'e and on the ice ; and tin* 
 >e;i aliiiiit .'>|)il/.lier:^en i-> as much alive a> the lainl. Iroiii 
 the III il lilt III le (il'liiii ::er me ->ler-.. stroll t jauL""''- nialmoiik--, 
 kiiliwake^. and the re>-t of the i^iil! Irili' , while the ain- 
 jihifiiiiiis ;iiiiiii;i|s and the ll-h eiili\en hmli the ice and the 
 w aler. Iron I the liiiije w hale to 'lie minute i lio on w liicli 
 il t'reds. swallowing |»erha|)-> a million at a meiithl'iil. In 
 tiii> re--|iecl ot'animal hie. the Arctic regions oi'the i:lolpe 
 e>seiiliall\ ditler timn those within the .\ntar<tic ('ircle, 
 where all apiiear^ to iie >lillnes-. silence, and xilitiide. 
 
 < Ml the 7th of .lime the ships lel't Alaudaleiia Hay, 
 and were ham|)eied with rraL'meiits of ice. Usually call- 
 ed lii-ii.^li-iri , whi(di. as they proceeded, hecami» thicker 
 and inure solid, and. indeed, impeiietrahle : hut a hr^e/.e 
 opeiii'd and dispers'-d it. id ( ai'rie*! the shi|)s into clear 
 \\aler. In ^joinir wc'-terly they tell in with several 
 Aviiale ships, hy which they learned that the ice in that, 
 ((iiarter was cpiite compac!. and that til'teeii vessels wern 
 liesct III it. IJnchaii, therefore, stood t«» the northward. 
 'I'hi'V passed ( loveii ('Mil' — a remarkiihle. isolateil rock, 
 whuli marks the iioi lliwestern iiuiindary ol' Spit/.lier^'eii 
 -—and also Ked Ihiy. when they were stepped hy the ice 
 clo^iii:: the channel hetVNeeii it and the shore, and he- 
 caiiie lirmly li\ed. Hy :;rcat exertions. howe\i'r. they 
 'j.i>l into the lloe ot' ice. where they remained thirteen 
 da\ s. w hen the lield he^aii to separate, and to set to iIk^ 
 southward, at the rati' of three miles sm hour, and the 
 ships Pill into an open Sea. where, however. lhe\ wero 
 not loim perimtled to remain, and took shflter iii Tair 
 J laveii. 
 
 I'iiidiiiL'. from the \iew' afforded hy thi- hills, that the 
 ice w as driving,' to tlie iiorihw aid. they a::aiii put to sea on 
 the 'Jth of July, uijil sailed a^ I'ur us cU lo' M., wliero 
 
 1^ 
 
60 
 
 AKCTIC \ ()V.\(;i:.-:. 
 
 tlic siiMH' iiripciictriiMc li;:ri-ii!' rihvtruclrd ilicir .iiitlicr 
 proirrrss. < )n the I'mHowiiil; (Ii_\. Iiu\vr\ ••!•. sn i;i|ii(| liinl 
 hi'cii tlif iiKitiiiii (iT llic ice (iiinii'j: llif iii^lit. lli;it clinii- 
 lifls it[ water wrn- dlKt-rvcd in (•\ri_\ (|iiarlcr. iiiid the 
 wind Wiis f"a\()i!dilc I'.ir ixncc'djiii; idniiL' <iiu' of tlio 
 open cliiiniM'Is. ('aptaiii iiiiclian lost not a iiioiiioiit in 
 piisliiii^r Ills sliip into our ol" tlicvo opmini/s, sprradin^ 
 «'\fiT sail liis nia>ts wonld hear, and was ciioci-ruily lol- 
 ](»wrd hy liis rntri'prisini: <'onsoit. to the ifrciit joy ol" all 
 on hoai'd. In ilio fvrninu. liow fvor. tin- (diMiituds Ix'j^ini 
 to dost' ai^ain. and tiio vessels wt •(• soon hesef and press- 
 ed close liy the paeKed ice. This was the end t>[ their 
 V(»yai:e northward, and the latitude Liainerj was so .'!r 
 IS. In sain they lahored two days in dra'^udii!,' the ves- 
 sels with ropi's and iee-Jiiichors ; I'or, thoni:h they liad left 
 the ice hehind them, the cnrrenf had carried them hack 
 to the sonthwanl three miles, and it was clear that all 
 iiltenipis to uet one nnle farther to the northward wonld 
 be \ain. 
 
 ('a|)tain Uncliini heiiiii nt»w satisfied that he hud i^iven 
 the ice a fair Jrial in the viciifity ol Spit/heriien, resolved 
 on standing: (»ver toward the coast of (Jreenland. Ilav- 
 ini: sncceeded in uettinii the ships to the ed^e ot' the 
 ])!icl\, and sailiiiii aloiiij; it. a violent uale ot" wind came on 
 so suddenly tliat they wer(> at once redncetl to stoi'm- 
 staysails. 'I'ho ice was setting fast npon them, and the 
 .l)orotliea heiiii:; nearest to it, in order to escape innne- 
 (hate shi|)wrecl\. it was deemed necessiiry to take retniio 
 jmniiiii it. The Trent follow ed her example, and dashed 
 into the •• nnhroken line (d fniious hreakei's. in wliicli 
 innnense |)ieces ot' ice wer<' heavini; and sMltsidinii with 
 the waves, and dashiiiy: toiretlier wit h a violence which 
 jiotlmni. a|)parently. lait a solid body cnnid with^-tand. 
 occasioninii siicli ii noise that u was with the ;:reatest 
 dilficnlty we <-oiild miike onr orders lieanl hy the crew." 
 " No laiiynai;*',"' he says. •• I am convinced, can convev 
 an adeipiate idea of the teriitic iii'inidenr ot llie elfect, 
 now piodiiced hy the collision of the ice and the ten.pest- 
 Uous ocean." 
 
 Iiiit when tile mrtmenr arrived tliat the streni,fth o( 
 the little hark was io he placed in competition with that 
 (if thfi ^reat icy continent, and donhls miyht rea^onahly 
 liiive arisen of iicr siir\iviiiir (h,. iint'(|,ii.il conlhct. iho 
 
IM'T.\I\ 1)A\ lit IJUCII AN. 
 
 ()1 
 
 l!ii'ii- .iiirlin- 
 . sii Ciiidd IiikI 
 ht. th.'it rliaii- 
 iitf'C. iiiid the 
 
 L! <>||(> ot' fl|(> 
 !l IMUIIICIlt ill 
 
 \!is. s|)i'c!i(liii(i; 
 ■lif't'rt'iilly tul- 
 ifiit jny of iill 
 iMiirit'ls hc^iin 
 set ;iii(i prcss- 
 ' fiid i»f their 
 
 I \v;is Kd ;;r 
 
 [ilh\ii tlif vrs- 
 I tlu'v hfid left 
 I'd them li;iclv 
 clciir thiit all 
 liward would 
 
 he iiad ;;iv('ii 
 "iii'ii. rcsctKed 
 iiliiiid. Ila\- 
 
 cilil*^ <>l tin- 
 viiid ciimc (»ii 
 
 0(1 t(» stoi'in- 
 
 Ik'III. Mild tllM 
 
 s(!t|H' iiniiif- 
 
 I) take r<'l'ii^e 
 
 1'. and dashed 
 
 'IS. ill which 
 
 ilisiditii; with 
 
 tieiicc which 
 
 d with^taiid, 
 
 the !:i'eatest 
 
 V the crew." 
 
 , call coiivev 
 
 )i the eHei'l, 
 
 the teii.|>est- 
 
 stionutli of 
 
 >ii with that 
 
 If reasonnhly 
 
 cotidiet. U'O 
 
 rrew |ire>ei-veil the iireatest calmness and res(»hiti()n. 
 ( 'a|tlam IJeechey says : 
 
 •• ll'rMT the liiililiide et .-eaiiii'ii w a > DiiiU tried, it was as- 
 >iuic(ll\ iini |i'«s Ml mi Miis ncca>iiiii ; and I will iint ((iiicral 
 till' niiil"' I ti'lt ill w iliies>iiii.' llie hold and dr(i>i\e tunc in 
 vslncli the orders were i»ued hy llie coiMiiiander 't diir little 
 M--el \ i'raiiklin >. and the iiroiii|ititiide and >Ie,idiiie.-.s willi 
 wiliih tllev were exerilled iiv tile (lew. jlacll |ier.".o|l iii- 
 slimiively ^-'ciired hi> nwii hold, and, with his eye> lixr I 
 iijiMii the III i>ts. awaited in l)realhle.~> anxiety the nioiiii'iil, 
 ot' ( niicii^sioii. It M.dii :in-i\cd ; the liriir. cutting,' lier way 
 iliriMiL'h the lii:lit i( e. caiiie in violent contact wilii the main 
 l)ni|\-. In an ■ii-tant we all ln>t our titutini:. the iiia>ts heni; 
 with the ini|ietns, and the crackin.' tinihers trom helow |i •- 
 s|tnke a pre^-nre which was cali'ulated to awaken onr senon.s 
 a|)|.relieii>ion.>."— I'. )-':{. l-.'l. 
 
 ''aptaiii IJeeihey jiroceeds to f;ive a most formidaldn 
 account ot'the state ot" the ship, accompanied hy a ter- 
 rilic and w fli-execnted print, descriptive of" her situation, 
 'ller motion." he says, "was so i:reat that \\io, ship's 
 hell, which in (he heaviest uale ot" wind had never struik 
 ol' itse't". now tolled so eonliimally that it was ordered to 
 hi' mnllleil lor the purpose of escaping the iinpleasani, 
 a^siiciation it was calcidated to produce," Alter a lew 
 hours the yale ceased, and the pack hroke up siiHicientlv' 
 to release the ships, wliicli were so disahled that the. 
 |)oriitliea was in a roiinderin^ condition. They mad(i 
 the hesi lit' their Wiiy to Kair lla\eti in a r^inkini; state, 
 \vliere they repaii'eil their damages as woll as they 
 could ; it was ol)vioii>, however, there was an end to 
 any !"artlier attempt as re^ai'ded the main ohject ol" ili<^ 
 expedition. The Trent heini,^ the less damaued id" the 
 two. [iieiilenaiit l''riiiikliii reipiested that he mii;ht la^ 
 alliiweij to proceed alone in the execution of the service. 
 This coiilil not he acceded to, as, in the event wliieli had 
 occurred, ('aptaiii r.iichan was directed hy his insti'iie- 
 tioiis to take (■onimand of the Trent, provided her (;oii- 
 sort was itMido-ed imserviceahle : had he done so, \\l^^ 
 Dorothea, unaccompanied in her way home. miLdit have 
 risked the lives of her crew in a ship so shattered and 
 misafe. It was therefore decided that hotli shoiilil re- 
 turn home; and on the .".Ofh (d".\iii:nst tliey put to seu, 
 tuid on the ',»-.'d of Uctoher arrived at Depiford. 
 
 J'" 
 
 I 
 
02 
 
 ARCTIC VOYACLS. 
 
 ('llAFTf'.fl IV. 
 
 PARRY'S FIRST VIIVAIiE. 
 
 Jim rnnl iif It I'oi/i/'ji: for //n' P/sruriri/ nf n S'^rlhirrxf Piix.s~ 
 !/•!!• fnnii thr Alliinlic l<> tlir I'lirifir. /{>/ W . I'.. i'-Vnuv, 
 (Jiiiilliiilni/i' r iij Ikr J\.r jnilil mn . 
 
 'Vnv. two ships jippoiiitiM! for tins sf-rvirc wprc tlin 
 IFfclii. ii liiiiiil) ()l '.',','> tons, and tlic (irip«'r. a larizo ynti- 
 \)r\\l of l-'O tons, raised npo;i ; and tlicy wf.'rc comiuand- 
 »'d, oKiccrcd, and manned as under : 
 
 Tin: llKd.A. 
 
 A\'iii. VAw. I';irry, l.iiiit. CoimiK 
 I'Mjit. I',. Hiiliiiic. A^n'uiioiiirr. 
 ]•■. W. licccliiy, l.iciitcnaiit. 
 •loliii llihv.ird.-, ."^iir_'( nil. 
 W. II. Hn(i|)('!', I'lir-rr. 
 
 .AlcMiiKJrr I'l.-hci-, .\ssi.-rt, r^m-j. 
 .J(iM |ih .Niii-. 
 Win. .1. Krilv, 
 riKirli'.- I'.il.ii.T, 
 .liis. Cliirkr i;c» 
 
 .iiiiiii r>ii>iiii'iii. 
 
 .liiiiifH llul.-^i', rirrk 
 
 'I'm: rjRiPFR. 
 .M;ittlii\v I. id. 1(111, r.j.iif. r'nitiiii". 
 II. i'lrkyii.'' liM|)|)Mir. l.i»Miti'iiiiiit. 
 t 'liji.-^. ,lii.-<. Iliv- lit y, A^r-i.-it. ^nm. 
 .Aii.iiN'w i;. id, "),.,,,■ 
 A. .M'. Sk.n... rM>'l>lHp- 
 
 \V. Nrl^(,ii(inmtli^. i ""■"• 
 t Cyru.H W'iikttliitiii, ('l^■rk. 
 
 ' I'J .Mill' .•^(•iiini'n. 
 t'l Mariiii'jj. 
 
 it) Tutal on board. 
 
 v-1 otriciT.". 
 
 (iuiiiicr, liiiatswain, ( 'arpi ntrr, 
 
 ( Jn iiiliiiid Ma.-ti r, ( iriciJiilid 
 
 .^^ltl', Cook, t I.cadiiiir .Mi-ii, 
 ](I I Hirii-ti'f .MasttT, (iiiniH r'.-i Miifr, 
 
 llnaL^Wajn'.-i Miiti', ( 'ai|i('litt'r'.-i 
 
 .Nlatc, .\riiiiirrr'.- Mati', .-^ai''iiak'- 
 
 rr. 
 !.'•,' .A'lU' .'Si'a'iiiii. 
 H Mariiii's, iiicltidiiu "-' ."^1 rji'aiit.-:. 
 
 08 'i'otal oil iiuald. 
 
 The most remarkable teatnre in this ex|)editioii is, 
 that LfKi rKNANr I'aiuiv. havitiij; heen selected to the 
 eonnnand of it tor the |)nrpose of carryini:; into elieet tiie 
 instructions whicli Koss. from misiipprehension. in(htler- 
 (Mice. or incapacity, had tailed to do, shonid have heen 
 sent out as a lieutenant only, in wiiic h )ank he contin- 
 ued lor iieafly two years h.-fore lie obtained ihat of 
 
I'Aiiiu rf rius'i- V()Y \(.i:. 
 
 ()3 
 
 \ 
 
 E. 
 
 'ttr/h/rrsf P^/.s-s'- 
 \V. i:. I'auuv, 
 
 ico WfVP tlio 
 ■n"! c(»iiiiuaii(l- 
 
 II. 1.1' i|f. ColliMl • 
 
 ipriir. Lifutfiiiiiit. 
 rltv, A.->ist. ."^urL'. 
 
 litl.s.il ""•" 
 
 m, (lirk. 
 otty OffirerH. 
 
 '\|)('(litl(>H W, 
 fctod to lllti 
 lit(» ctrt'ct tliH 
 si(»ii. iiidiHt'i- 
 
 |l| llMVC l»)'fll 
 
 ik lit' cuiitiii- 
 iK'il that of 
 
 (•(iiiiiiKiiiiIrr: \vliil»; flu" latl«>r, fen* nn iiii|)rnfitiil)lf vdVMiiM 
 n|' >r\rti »iiiiiirit'r liKHitlis. Wiis Milvaiict'd at (Hicr In tlio 
 IMlik nl'ca|ilaili wliy, is hrst kiiiiwii tu tliusf \vli(i cidi- 
 Irri (I It. ALiiiiti: l/initi'iiaiit I'any pniciwdnl mi tlii.s 
 srciiiid Mivanf utdixcuvcry witli tin- laiiU or I'llc (inly ol" 
 /if III/ iifiiit rn/iiiiii/)i(//iia\ i\U(\ (\\i\ not (ilitaii'Mlir next strp 
 till tlic Hfh dt" NmvciiiIm'I'. 1 Jii. hcinu tlicii alistMit. On 
 tlic same day, and wliilf in the service <it' the ('xpcdiliur), 
 Lii'iitfiiatit Liddmi. lii-^ xfcoiid in ciinimand, \va«< also 
 inadi' rniiiiiiandfr, in \vlii(di rank lit- ^till rcnriins on tlio 
 list i>\' naval ul'licfis. 
 
 Liii iKv wr i»K.i:rni:v"s sr/vicrs liav«» idiN-ady hpon 
 i.iii'iitidiH'd : and llni'i'Mii continnrd to srrvc as lirn- 
 tt'iiant in tin- llrcla on I'arry's srcdnd vnyatii'. and nn 
 the lliiid was appoiiitt'd (•niiiniandci- nl'tlu' sccnnd ship, 
 the I"' my. 
 
 NiAsand |{ iin wrrc prn;nnt«'d tn thf rank nl" lit'iitt-n- 
 aiits nn tht^ second vnya^f. and scrvnl in I'iiny's ship. 
 
 Skt'iM'. Knss, and tinslinan were in the tirst vnyauf, 
 and so were Alrxaiidcr I'isiicr, iissistant sni^cnii, and! 
 Jaint's I Inlsn, clerk. 
 
 'I'liere (;aii lie luit nlie npiliimi as to the view in wlii(di 
 the report nrc'ajjtaiii Koss was cnii>idered liy the iinanl 
 ot' Admiralty, were it tn he inl'eireil nnly t'roni the in- 
 sfrnciions ^isentoliis snccessor, Lieut. \Villiain lidward 
 J'arry. in which the examination oi' the ^reat and open 
 hav. Sir .iaines Lancaster's Somid, was ordered tn he 
 considered a-; the fi rsl and iiios/ jxirliciihi r oliji ft ol' his 
 voyam* : and. moreover, not sncceedinu in that direction, 
 to examine Aldernian .lones's Scniiid and that ol" Sir 
 Thomas .Smith, neither of wITadi had been exam ned, 
 nor ev»'n entered, 'ly the coimnaiider ol" the lat»; expti- 
 dition. 
 
 The two ships or<lere(| to he I'ltted out ioi" this expe- 
 «li'tion- -^the I h'cla, a liomh ol" ;w .") t<»ns. and the (iriper. a 
 ynn-hriii- were taken into dock tor ri'pairs and streii::th- 
 eiiin^f, and the ( Jripi'r Nt t*e raised as early as the midilirt 
 of" i)eceiii)..'r ; and on the |(ith of .lamiarv, 1 ^I !». Lien- 
 tenant i'ioKy was appmnted to the command of the for- 
 mer and ot' the expediti(»n. and Lieutenant Liddon to tho 
 latter. The suliordinate lientenaiits of the two ships 
 were. !•'. W. Tx-echey to the llerhi. and II. I'. I(npi). 
 
 U 
 
 1^ 
 
 I, 
 
61 
 
 ARCTIC VOVAOErf. 
 
 nor to tlio (iripcv, hntli liiiNiny scrvj'd on tlu^ Into ox|)(>- 
 (litiuii: live iiii(l>ln|)i)ifii to ilic lijiiiior sliip, Niiis, Doaly, 
 I'liliin'f, ( hiikc Kuss. IJiisliiiHii : iiiid to llic liilttr, iJircf, 
 Kfid, Ski'iio. iiml .\olsoii (irillillis. ('iiptiiiii Siibiiu;, ol' 
 tlio l\()\ ill Aitillcrv. joiiiod tlio oxpj'ditioii as u><tn)ii(»iii«'r, 
 and to have cliai'uo dt' tin* inaLriiftical olisorvatiuns to In* 
 iiiadr (»ii the vnya'ic. 'J'lio lli'cla liad a siiriiooii. an 
 fi.Nsistant siirucon, and u pursor ; tlic (Jripcr an assi>tanl 
 surutMMi !,iiid a clt'ik. Tilt' uarrali\t' «»l this voyuL;*' lius 
 supijliod, lor the interests ol" science and i:ettiiiapliy, 
 ninnerons and iinpoitant liicls and oliservatiuns, and, 
 ul)o\e all, has opened the door to the discovoiy ol the 
 main ohject, the Northwest Passable. "In this work,'' 
 it has been said. •• we lind no display ot' self-iinpoi'tance. 
 no attempt to deceive, or to throw dnst in the eyes (»!' 
 the |)nlilic ; no niiir\ clous sKtries to dis^nst or conlound. 
 and make tlio iiiiioi-aiit stare ; no liunies set down al 
 I'andom ; no chart-lines drawn (/</ l/h/finii : no repiv- 
 senlations of ohjects the more l"anci«'s ol' the brain ; Siit, 
 on tb.e contrary, a plain stateniont of tacts and occnr- 
 I't'iices, and a detail of scient ilic observations, maile With 
 iininipeachable accuracy, and recorded in tho cleari'?(L 
 and most sinipb' and unallect<'(l lanunauo." 
 
 ( )n th«' 11th of Alay the ships left tho river, and (tn the 
 'J-^lli ol'.lnnewere abont the middle of the entrance into 
 |)avis"s Strait, proceeding to tho northward aloiiii the 
 v(\'j.r of tln"> ice, and between it and tho WJ'storn coast 
 of (Ireenland, and on tins M of July crossed tho Arctic. 
 ( "ir( le, ha\ inii; on that day passed at least lifty iceberizs of 
 lariio dimensions; and on the follow i nil day ii more ex- 
 tended chain of a lai'iiei" size, auninst whi(di a lioavv 
 southerly swell was violently agitated, •'dashinu; the 
 lo{»se ice Willi tremendous force, s(»MU>tiines I'aised ;i 
 \\ hito spray over tlioiii to tlit^ lieinht of more tiian one 
 liundred feet, mid, bein:; accompanied with a loud noise 
 exactly resemblinii the roar of distant thunder, presenle(l 
 a scene at once sublime and terrilii'." Uotwoeii one ol 
 these iceber:;s and a detached (loo. ilriftiiiij; witii a south- 
 erly curiHMit, the llecla had nearly, as the whalers call 
 it, been '• nipped," that is to say, s(piee/,e(| llat. The 
 heru was about one hundreil and forty feet hiidi. mid 
 iiiironnd in oiu^ hundred and twenty I'athonis, so that its 
 whole hei'Jlt prob.iblv (\t ceded el, lit hundred tool. 
 
(» Into «'X|)()- 
 
 Niiis. I)»'iily, 
 liitttr, tJiiTf, 
 ti Siil)iiit\ (it' 
 
 (isti'onoiiu'i', 
 viitioiis to lio 
 
 sur^roii, ail 
 ' an assist nut 
 s voyaut! lias 
 i^ciim apliy, 
 nations, and. 
 ovny (»r tlif 
 this work,'' 
 -iinportaiic*'. 
 
 tht' ryos ot 
 
 iir conrouiKl, 
 st't down al 
 I, : no re I )!•«■- 
 L? i)rain ; '<iit, 
 ^ and occur- 
 s. niadd with 
 
 tlu' cIcari'sL 
 
 T. and on tho 
 (Mitfaiic*' into 
 I'd aloiii; tlio 
 rC'stfi'ii coast 
 (1 thf Arctic, 
 icflx'i'iis ol 
 a more cx- 
 i( li a heavy 
 idashinu; thti 
 lies raised a 
 hre tiian oiio 
 |a loud iMtisn 
 'r. |>rcs('nled 
 kv»M>n one ol 
 jvitii a south 
 Iwhalers call 
 Hat. 'I'll.- 
 •t hiidi, and 
 ;. so that its 
 iiidrcd teel. 
 
 PARRY .S riR.-T VoYAi.i:. 
 
 05 
 
 On the ,'lst tlie land calltMl, hy Davis. '• Hope Sander- 
 fsdii." and also the "Woman's rslaiiil," were seen; and 
 '•we I'oiind oin-s«dves," says I'arry, "in the midst of a 
 vfiiit MiMiilier ol' very liiiih iceheriis. (tf which I coiintetl, 
 t'liiiii the crow's ne>t, ei,i;hty-»Mi;ht, besides many smaller 
 
 <»lie«>." 
 
 pfiieiice ol IMC lormer voya'j^e niuiiceo mm lo iieiie\«) 
 lie <lioiild find on the opposite coast ; it tooU liim, liow- 
 I'ser. seven days' sailiiij^;. trackiiii: and war|)in:i occasiiui- 
 all\. to iiet into o|)en water, the width ot" the harrier 
 lii'iim not less than eiuhty miles : hut the iiaviiiatioii 
 .-iiiioiiL' lielrls and tloes ot' this kind is more teilioiis thiiii 
 ^laiiL'croiis. Ha\iiii: ijot into the open stream, the water 
 here was I'oiind to ha\e rlci'pened so much that no hot- 
 tiiin was ohtaiiied with three Imndred and ten fathoms 
 
 tiiin was ohtaiiied with three Imndred and ten lathoms 
 nt' line, no ice in any direction, and the temperature of 
 the water had risen iVom :\] to .'17 . \\'liales, too, 
 Avere ahimdaiit. no less than eii;hty-two lari^e ones heing 
 coiiiili'd in till" course ot'tii. day. 
 
 I'an\ observes, that '• if any j)roof wore wantiiiix of 
 tlie value of liwal knowledi:e in the naviij;ation of tJie l*o- 
 Jar Seas, it would he amply furnished by th> fact of our 
 having: now reached the entrance of Sir .fames Laiicns- 
 ter's Sound just one month earlier than we had done in 
 I - 1 -. altlioiiL:h we had then sailed above a fm'tniuht soon- 
 er, with the same iieiieral object in view, namely, to peii- 
 etiate to the western coast of IhitTni's Ihiy. where alone 
 the northwest passaize was now siipjiosed to be sought, 
 liir and liuiiid." He omits, however, one impoi-tant, 
 ( aii-e of his «'aily a|)])roach to i.ancaster Sound — that of 
 taking the shortest I'oiile. instead of cii"climHavii;atilii; 
 Jiallin's lliiy. ( >n the .''.1st a pai1y landed at tlie spot 
 they lia<l visited the precediiiij year, when Iwaiicaster 
 ."^(imiil was abandoned. The llau-stalf was still standing; 
 the i.'i(]iiiid free from ice or snow : tin* marks of their 
 shoes as fresh as if imprinted but a few davs beforo — a 
 circiiiiistiiitce which led I'airy to conclmle that liltl« or 
 i;o bleet or ,>.iiow had I'allen since Ids foi-mer visit. 
 
 \ 
 
 II . 
 
 
 ll: 
 
60 
 
 ARC'jrC VOVAfiKd. 
 
 Oil tin- 1st (if AiiLMist lli(> sliips ciitrrcd upon tlinf por- 
 tion of llic vuviit:)' which Wiis to (Ictrriniiic thi' success 
 or liiilinf of the cxpfdilioii - thiil iim^iiilict'iit piece ot 
 ^\ilt^'|• culled Sir .lumes ljiuiciist«'r's SoiiikI. An cjisterly 
 hree/e iiii<l a crowd ol' suil canied the ships rapidiv to 
 the wcstwiinl. ( >ii the iiioniiiii; ot' Uk' Jd. it heiiii; caliii. 
 soiiiidiii;;s were tiiUeii with th»» dei-p sea ('iaiiis, and one 
 thousand and lillv I'aliionis liy the lin«i w»Te lound ; hut 
 the diilt heiii^ considerahle oil account ot* the swell, I'ai- 
 ry helieves that the depth ot" water did not exceed eii.dit 
 or nine hundred latluuns. The sea was open heloic 
 them, iVee I'roiii ice and land. Lieutenant I'arry says, 
 
 " It is iiKire easy tn iiii!e,'iiie lliaii to de-crihe the almost 
 hit'iillile<s anxiety which was now \i>ihle in eve|-\' couiitf- 
 liaiice, while, a.«. the hree/f^ increased to a tresh trale, we nm 
 »|uicklv lip tile >oiiiid, 'I'he mast lic.-ids were crowded hv 
 till' iil1iri'i'> and iiii'ii iliiriiiL' the whole atteriiooii ; and an 
 iiiicom I rin'd oli~ei\er, it ;iiiy ciiiild li,i\e heeii luicoiK'eriinl 
 on .-•iich iiii octMsion, would li;i\e hern amii>t'd hv the eaL'ef- 
 Hess w itii \\ liich till- v;iriiiiis leports from the crow "s nest wen' 
 meived, all however liillnTto tavorahle to our ino>t sanuu- 
 
 ilir l|o|ieS." — I'. :i I . 
 
 They were soon relieved I'roin their tinxiety rospect- 
 iiiy tlu' supposed continuity of land, which had heen stal- 
 ed in the most peremptory manner to extend across tlir 
 hoMoiii ol'this mai:nilii-ent inlet in which they were sail- 
 in li ; liavinii reached the longitude ot" .'-^.'! 1"J', tlu^ twn 
 shores here, the north and south, were still thirteen 
 leaL;ues apart, willnnit tlie slightest appearance of aiiv 
 land to the wi'stward ot" them. They had now advanced 
 to what I'ariy has calleil Harrow's Strait, previous In 
 which, how»'\er, he had named a lari:e o|)eniini <"' the 
 northern shore ( 'roUer's Inlet, *• l.'einy anxious to seize. " 
 says a wauuisli critic, •• as it wcudd seem, the earliest op- 
 portunity ot' makiiiii some (•(Miipensation ti)r liavini: tniiis- 
 ioriiieil, as with a touch ot I larleipiin's waiid, the nia_'- 
 nilicent and insiiperahle raim(> ot" mountains which a t"oi- 
 liier expedition had assiiiiied to one .'^"ecretary ot" tlie Ad- 
 niiralty. into a hroad and uninterrupted passage, heaiiiii; 
 liie name ot" the other Secretaiv." ' We now heijan to 
 /latter (Mirselves," says I'arry . ••that we had fairly en- 
 tt'fod the l*i»lai" Sea, and .so/no ot" the tnost .sanuuiiiv 
 
'1 
 
 iipnii flint |»f)r- 
 Ih' till' silccrssi 
 lic«'lil piece (»r 
 1. An ciisterly 
 hips riipidly Ik 
 I. it heilii: ciillri, 
 (-laiiis. ami niic 
 ■re toiiiid ; lint 
 the swell, Tiir- 
 »t exceed eiulit 
 IS open hettiif 
 It l*any says, 
 
 rilte till- Jilniii-t 
 II evci-\- cnuiiti'. 
 'sii i;;ile, we ran 
 •re ctdwdi'd liv 
 'riinitii ; :iiid au 
 I'M iiiicoMi enicd 
 •d l»y the eai.'er- 
 row's liesl were 
 iiur niiKst s;iiiuu- 
 
 ixi«'ty res|)e(l- 
 
 had heeii stat- 
 
 eiid iicruss the 
 
 hey were sail- 
 
 i-J'. the two 
 
 ' still thirteen 
 
 araiice nl" iiiiv 
 
 now advanced 
 
 it, previous t(i 
 
 ipeiiini: on the 
 
 ions to sei/.e. " 
 
 he earliest np- 
 
 r having tratis- 
 
 and, the nia'4- 
 
 is which a |or- 
 
 ary of" tin' Ad- 
 
 issai^e, heaiiii:,' 
 
 now hei^an tn 
 
 lad laii'ly eii- 
 
 II lost sanguiii'J 
 
 I'AUIIV S riKST VOVAt.i:. 
 
 67 
 
 ainiiiiL' ii-' liad even calculated the 'learin:: ""id distamo 
 nt lev < 'ape. as a matter ot no \t'\\ diiticiiit or iniproba- 
 l»lo ac(oinpli>hiiient." 
 
 |»ut in an icy sea, and iiaue especially in narrow passa- 
 f:es interrupted hy inlands, ureal uncertainty must al- 
 WJivs |)re\ail. ilasinu pas>ed liaridw's Strait, a small 
 island occurrt'd, hetweeii which and the shore to the 
 noithward a tloe of ice was t'ound to extend. As this 
 line hlocUed up the passa;^,. to the wi-stward, and they 
 here notice(| a lar::e opening' that appeared on the south- 
 ern coa>t. I'arrv thoui:lit 11 hetter to proceed to the ex- 
 amination of It tliaii to remain lor an indeli:iile period idl<) 
 III the western pa>>ai;e. It wa> Imnid to he ten leagues 
 wide at the iiioulh, and no land M>iiile in the line ol its 
 southern <hrectioii. lie stood down an open channel of 
 water on the eastern side alon<; the e(|'_'e ol" ice that oc- 
 cupieil the miildle of the siiail. and hopes were eiiter- 
 taineil that it mi^ht lead them nearer to the coast of 
 America than Harrow's Strait, and if so, to a lower tle- 
 ;;iee of latitude, in which it iiii::lil lie advaiitaueous to 
 make theii' pa>-->ai;e to IJidirinu's Strait. And as the in- 
 let increased in width as they proceeded to the south- 
 ward, it was calculated to raise their hopes uii this score ; 
 liiit. to their i:reat disappointment, the disappearance of 
 land to the southwest, and its place supplied Iin' a harrier 
 of ice lieyond which no water was in si^ht, delerniiiied 
 Tarry to return to Harrow's Strait. To the inlet he left 
 he i:a\t' the name ot" I'liiice Ke^ent, haviiiu entered it 
 on his royal hi^ihiiess's hirthday, the I'Jth of Anirnst. 
 To a liay on its eastern shore he i:a\e the name of Port 
 ihtweii. The latitude of the soulhernniost jioint lo which 
 he had |)roceeiled was 71 .').';' ."Id", lon^'itude, I'd O.'i' 
 1') . and the distance ironi its entrance about TJI) miles. 
 It had lieen observed that, from tli(> moment tliev eiiter- 
 eil liancaster Sound, the motion of the coiiipass-needb^ 
 was very slu;,f;:ish, and both this and its deviation incrtvis- 
 rd as they |)idceeded to the westward, and continued to 
 do so in descciidiiiir this inlet. llaviiiLi; i-eacdied latitii<li> 
 7.'i .•• they witnessed t"or the lirst time the curious phe- 
 nonienon ot" the directive power of the nee(l!e becoiiiiii;.; 
 So weals as to be coiii|)Ietely overcome by the attraction of 
 the ship, so that the needli* iiii>:lit now bu said to puijit 
 to the imrtli jioje of the shij)." 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 ■I 
 
 ! > 
 
 ■1 
 
 \ 
 
OS 
 
 Aiurn; vi.v\(;r-!. 
 
 It WHS tlic I'ttli ul" .\iii;iist lii'lur'c flu'V ir.'iiin rciiclicil 
 tlir iinitlii'iii slinic nl' I >iii row's Sliiiit. ainl tumid the ici- 
 still iciiiiiinin.; iiriMiinl Lcnpnirs UIhihIs. yrt iml iiiipiissa- 
 l)lc ; liiit Mil tliiil iiml llic tolNiwiiiu diiy the wciitlicr \V!i> 
 tliick. jiimI iiiiirli siiow had jnlli'ii. TlifV imw. nn the 
 lilst. had tlic salisliictinii ol' tiiKhiii' iiothiir^ tu inti'mipl 
 thric prn^ifss tu the wotw aid. Thi- msi was cntiifK 
 rice tiniii Hc. and "so pcrtrrt Iv rlcar, that it was al 
 iiKtst iiMpiis'^ihli' to hdifvc it tn In- tlir saiiii- part mI' the 
 st-a winch. Idit a day or two Im'Iiiit. had Imtii cninplcti'- 
 |\ CDVcrrd with (lues to tilt' lltliiost cslfiit ol'oiir Njcw." 
 Oil the cvrniii^ ot' tin- '^Jil. after pa->-<iiii.' scvrral liavs 
 :iiid headlands on the northern shore, they came lieloie 
 the month ol a chaiiind ol more than ei::hl lea^nes m 
 u'idlh. looUiii^ np w'nieh. on a heantilnl clear e\enin::. 
 neither land ii(n' ice could he seen Iroiii the mast heail. 
 '• To tins iiolile chantiel."" says |'ari\ , •• I ::a\e the naiiir 
 ol' W'elliniiton, alter Ins yrace, the inajiter-;;eiieral ot the 
 nrdnance." 
 
 '■ 'I'lie anl\ ;il ol]' this i.'r;nid (i|M'iiiii_' w ;i> an e\iiil tiir \\ hi( li 
 we liiid Ion:.' Iiirii Iciiikiii^' with iinich aii\iet\- and iinpi- 
 tieiiie; lor llie ( mil iiiuits o|' l.iiid to the iioriliw a I'd had al- 
 \\a\> lieeii a xmrce of inieaMiie>- to n». priiicipallv Irom IIh' 
 jio>slhilitv llial it iniu'lit lake a turn In the suiitliuard, ami 
 unite with the r oa^t nt Vnieiica. 'i"he appearance of tlii^ 
 hriiad opeiiiiiL'. tree Iroin ice. and ot the land on each >idc el 
 it. nmic e^pecialK thai on the ue>t, lea\ iic_; -carcclv a dmilii 
 on oin minds ot llie lalter hciiiL.' an inland rclie\'ed us liom 
 all anxieiv on liial -core; and c\ei\ one lilt that we \\cii' 
 iio\% tiiialK di-ciitaiii.'led t)'(nn the land wliich fuiiii- the \se-i- 
 rru side of liallin'.-- I^ay ; and that, in fict. we had actnallv 
 «'iilcrcd tlie I'ulai- Sea. I'nllv impi'e--ed with llii> idea. I 
 \eiilnieil to (li.■^tinu'ni-ll tiie niau'iiiliceiit opening', ihron.Ji 
 \\hli h onr pas^ajo Ji'id hi-en cllected fioin 'lalliii's Ha\ In 
 \VeHinL'ton ('haniiol, hy the name ot' lliirrow'^ Strait, alter 
 my friend .\lr. Harrow , secretarv of llie \diniiahv, holii a.> a 
 private testininiiy ol my esteem for that ijenllenian and a-- a 
 jmhlic acknowledu'ineiil dm- to iiini for Id.-, zeal and e.\ertioii> 
 in the promotion of norllnrn d:--t o\ er\ ." — 1'. ."» I , .V.'. 
 
 lie then ptiys the c(mipliiiieiit of assii;nin'_f to the 
 rajies. inlets, and uron|)s ot" islands the names of I iotham. 
 iiarluw, and ( 'oi nwallis ; and u'tcs mi l(» say : 
 
 " TljeiiL'h two thinl-s vt' thi' inonlli of Auu'i;-! had now elnpv- 
 
i 
 
 lUiiiii rciirlicil 
 
 I'tdiiul till- ici! 
 
 t IHll illlllil'-SU- 
 
 WCIlllltT NV1I> 
 
 IIMNV. (til tilt- 
 
 .; lo llit«'nil|)t 
 
 , WHS nitin'ly 
 
 lilt it \\!IS lll- 
 
 if piirt (it till' 
 
 'CM ii»lll|-l<'tr- 
 
 nl" uiir \ it'W." 
 
 [ scvt'iiil liiiys 
 
 ^ CIIIIK' Ih'IiiIi- 
 
 lilt iciimit's III 
 
 clciir i'Ncninu. 
 lie iii;i>l lifiiil. 
 >s,[\{- tin' iiiiiiii' 
 
 ■ lirili'lill nt tilt' 
 
 rvrlil I'lir U lli< ll 
 ii'tv mill impi- 
 ihwunl Ii;hI :iI- 
 
 ■i|»;illv tVtilll till' 
 
 Miulliuiird, itiiil 
 r;ii:iliir "i| tlli^ 
 nil clicll >ul<' >'l 
 .(■;n(fK ;i (liHilii 
 
 ■(•ricNrcl ll-< tl'ilii 
 t|i;il \\ (■ SMT.- 
 nin- tin- \m'-I- 
 
 r lill.l lli'tllMlly 
 
 til llii> i<l«'ii. I 
 III ML.', tliniii.:li 
 liilliii's Hiiy In 
 ■> Siniit. fit'ltr 
 ■iillv, l)nlli ;i> I 
 ( 111:111 ;illil il- :i 
 mil rxcrt'mii^ 
 
 iiiiiiiit: to tln> 
 >s of i lothiiiii. 
 
 ;iy : 
 i;id now t'liii»- 
 
 I' \\IU\ rf FIRST VOVACF. 
 
 (59 
 
 (■(I. 1 liftil cvtrN ifMxiii I" Ik ■'.'iti^liid with tin' iumlti'— . \\«« 
 l|;iil hitiiiTlii lliiiil''. I <illinl:il''il il|">li till- -< ;i lii'ilii; -.Iill liiiv- 
 ij.ililr liir >i\ Nsi'ilx" I" <i>iin', mill |>riili.il>l\ iii<ii<'. it llir -i.iic 
 
 111 IJH' ire wmiiil |><'lllill Mr. tii riLc ilVN;iS In lln' -i ml li W :inl III 
 
 mil |iiii_'ii'» v\r>i«'ii\ : I'lir |iri»|iri N. iiiilfiil. wiir iniK ix- 
 Ihl.if.itiii:: ; Mil- >lii|i> li.nl Mitli'ii'il iiii iiijuix ; ur liiiil |il« nty 
 III' iHiiv ioimi- ; ( ri'u ■< in IiIl'Ii IiciIiIi aini >|iiiit-<; a x-.i. it imt. 
 • <|ii'ii. Mt 1i"i>t ii:i\ i.;ilili' ; iiinl ;i /•'.'iliiii> .'iinl iiiiiiiiiiii)>ii> ili'tci-- 
 iiiiiiiit: III in liiitli iillii IT- iinil iinii In in<niiipli-li, liy ;ill ims- 
 mMi- iinims, tin- LTiiinl nliiict im wliicli \\r li;iil llii' liiippi- 
 
 III'--, tn lir i'lli|i|n\ rcl " 1'. .»•.'. 
 
 It is (li'll'.'llltill to (Iwfll ll|i()M siM'li inyful hopes, |)ros- 
 prets. iiliil -ill iNliict inn iis iiin f\ p?f>^t'(| in tilt' Icilllx nl 
 till- piiNxau'". !iliil III tin' ciiiiix' o| il \n\!iL;t' ol so iiovrl, 
 M) pt'i'ilniis. anil '«o pii'rai'ions a iiatiirt' as this. It ix a 
 pi»t ami wi'll-(li'-i-i-\t'il ('niiipliiiii'iit pa:)l liy a wiiliT in 11 
 pfi'ioilical jniii'iiiil, who says that, " alter ii most atteii- 
 liM' pi'ni>al. we ran roiilidenf ly say. that ti'W lionUs siiiee 
 the rniiiiiienreiiient ol° oni° lahoi'N Ii!i\e allnnleil ns iiioit^ 
 tn praise nf less to eeiisiiie. ami that imt one has iii- 
 -piieil lis With liiol'e respect for the ehaiaeter of its au- 
 thnr." 
 
 The e\pei|itioil coiitililied to proceed Westerh', hilt 
 made only s|nw |)id'_'ress on iiccoimt ol" the detached 
 lines III lie and lni:i:y Weather. To the nort h\\ aid. as 
 lar a» could he seen. llie land was appaieiilK coniposrd 
 ol' cl I liters ol' islands. To the West \\ aid the sea, I'or the 
 mn-^t pari. wascn\ered With a compact hod\' of ice, \ el 
 a channel was npen Inr the shi|)s hetWeeii it and tim 
 shore, Hn leachin;: Sir ilyaiii Martin's Island, thn 
 nearest to .N|el\il|e Island, ( "aptaiii Saluiie and Mr. 
 .lames lloss, acciimpaiiied hy Messrs. Kdwards ami 
 l''isher. were di-|)al(lii'il on shore tu iiiaUe the neces- 
 siiry ohseiA ill ions, and It examine and cnlleii specimens 
 ol' the natural prndiictioiis ol" the coimtr\'. Tliese oili- 
 cers repnrted. on their return, that they landed nn n 
 sandy heach near the east point ol' the island, which 
 they loimd to iie more prodiictise and alto;:etlier morn 
 interesting than any other part of the shori's of the I'olar 
 ie:.'ioiis that had yet heeii \ isited. Kemaiiis id' l"".s(|ui- 
 miinx haliitalioiis were rniind in t'mir diHerriit places ; 
 smile ol them consisted ot' stones riidel\ planned in 11 
 circular lorm, and were from seven to ten feet in diaiu- 
 
 il 
 
 .1 
 
1 
 
 ^aj 
 
 ..* 
 
 ^% 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 4is 
 
 
 _> A^ % M 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^i*^ 
 
 & 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 fM IIIIIM 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 I ^ IS 
 I itf IIIIIM 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 vQ 
 
 
 c^l 
 
 °% '> 
 
 c% 
 
 
 .'>/' 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sdences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WESr MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
4!j 
 
 
 i^.. 
 
70 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGErf. 
 
 eter; trncfs of rcliidt'er and nmsk-nxon wero soen in 
 ii.fiiiy sitiiiitioiis ; tlio raviiics wcvc: covered wilh liixu- 
 I'lfiiit moss imd otlior voiictiitioii, flio cliiirfictcr ot" which 
 dilffi-od very little iVoiii that at the hottoiii ot" I*osso.ssioii 
 JJay- MMie basis of tlie isliiiid consisted chiefly of sand- 
 stone, Ix'sides Nvhich were souk^ rich granite and red 
 feldspar. Tlio latitude of tin; place of observation was 
 7o" 09' 23 ", and tlie lon<;itnd(5 HJ'.P 44' 'iT"; thi; dip of 
 tii(> HiaiitKjtic needle Hri '^o ori" ; and the variation was 
 now lonnd to have chanifed I'roni l'2fi^ o8' IV., in tlio 
 longitude: of iJi^ 4H' (wIku'o the last oi)hen'ntions on 
 shore had been made?), to 1()5 ' ot)' 09" E., at their 
 ])resent station; "so that W(5 iiad," says Pany, "in 
 sailing ovm* the space iiu;lu(ted btftween those two me- 
 ridians, crossed innnediately to the northward of. tho 
 Magnetic; J*ole, and had undoubtedly passed over out; of 
 tiiose spots upon tlu; ^dobe where the needle would have 
 l)eon found to vary IHO^, or, in other words, where tho 
 Noilh Pole would have pointetd to the south." In point 
 of fact, though from the weakness and slugyish jierform- 
 nnc(! of the nee(lles observations that, re(|uired great 
 nicety could not be deixiiided on, yet Parry thinks that 
 one of tlujse spots he alludes to would at that time havo 
 been somewiierc^ not far iVom tlu^ meridian of 100' \V. 
 of (ireenwi(di. The "spot alluded to"' was, of course, 
 the Magnetic Pole, discovered eleven years afttM- this by 
 Commander .Tames Koss, and which is only about two 
 or three degrees "from the meridian of 100^ W. of 
 Gi'eenwich." 
 
 "It would undoubtedly have been extroniely inti^'-estinir 
 to obtain such an oljserviition, and in any other tliau the veiy 
 ])recMrious uiivi<.ratiou in which we were now euiraged, I 
 KliDuld liave felt it niy duty to di'vote a certain time to this 
 particiilav purpose; but, under pri'sent circumstances, it was 
 impossible for nie to rci^ret the cause which alone had pn;- 
 veiited iv, (vspeciiilly as the ini]iortance to science of this ol)- 
 servatiou was not sutlicieiit to conipeusjito the delay which 
 the search after such a spot would necessarily have occasioned, 
 and which could hardly be justilied at a moment wIkmi wo 
 were n;akinir, and lor two or three days continued to make, 
 a rapid and unobstructed pro^M'css toward the acconij>lisli- 
 ment of our princijial object." — I', (iv!. 
 
 It may now be said it was well ho did not, as the spot, 
 
ero seen in 
 
 Willi lllMl- 
 
 w of which 
 f I'osscssioii 
 'dy of saiid- 
 \U' and red 
 ■rviition wiis 
 ; th(! dip of 
 ariiiti(Jii was 
 ir., in tiio 
 I'rv'itJons on 
 E., at their 
 Parry, " in 
 ISO two nie- 
 Aiird of tlio 
 over one, of 
 ', wonld havo 
 ■!, where; tlio 
 I." In point 
 ;isli jierforin- 
 (juiri'd great 
 y thinks lliat 
 |at time havo 
 of lOU^ \V. 
 , of course, 
 ifter this l)y 
 V about two 
 100^ W. of 
 
 inlo'-estinp; 
 than the veiy 
 a- eiiL'iiircd, I 
 11 time to this 
 
 UlCCS, it Willi 
 
 lint' h:id pre- 
 
 i> of this oh- 
 
 (h'liiy which 
 
 vc occasioned, 
 
 lent when wo 
 
 led to uiiikc, 
 
 e acconii»hsli- 
 
 , as the spot, 
 
 PARRY ri FIRST VOYAGE. 
 
 71 
 
 since discovered hy ConiniaiKhM" llos?, was then, as it 
 i)nil)al)iy still is, iiiiapproacliai)le hy such ships as thoso 
 
 (it 
 
 anv 
 
 On the 1st of Septeniher I'airy inseits in his naira- 
 tive a tal)le showiiii: a daily abstract of tliC! monthly 
 meteoi-olo^ical jonriials. c(tiisistiiiii of cohmuis indicatini; 
 tin' tcnipcratnre of the air and the sea, state of the 
 liiiidnietcr. pi'evi'iliiiiz winds, and jirevailini^ weather; 
 and in this form ;i talnilar series is repeated on the lirst 
 1)1' «'veiy month. Krom the one in (piestion. it appeal's 
 that the mean teni])eratni'e in An^nist was. in the shade, 
 :>;; liT' ; on sea water, -'ll ' H.r. It wonld be desii-ai)!o 
 that such u fonn should be kept uid made imperiiti\ e, 
 iif all times and in all places, on board every ship of war. 
 Tiie e\pediti(Mi continued its conrse westerly, anionj; 
 patches (if ice and in a ioiiuy atmosphere, {giving names 
 to sniiill islands, bays, and headlands as they occurred ; 
 and on the Itli of September. I*arry ol)serv(>s : 
 
 '• We li;id tlie s;iti.--racti()ir oi' K"-(is.-.inL' the nieridi,iu of J 10^ 
 W. trnni (ii'eeiiwicli. in the latitude (ifr l- M "JO '. bv uliich 
 liis iiiiiiestv's >liiiis inidec inv orders beciinie entitled tn tli(t 
 siiMi of live tbnusand pninids, beini.' llie reward ollered by 
 the kiiii:'s order ia (.'(iini<il. ".M'oanded on a late .-ict of Vur- 
 liaineut, to >\n\i of his ni;iie>ly's sniijects as ini:,dit Micceed in 
 ]ii'iien'atini.' thus liir to the westward ^vithill the Arctic Cir- 
 cle."—!'. 70. 
 
 To tilt? blnff liead. where the observation was mach', 
 the men <:ave the name of lioimf!/ Capi, a very appro- 
 priate name, aftm* the iiallant eomma.ider had annonnced 
 to them ofl';<'ially that their exertions had so far been 
 crowned with success as to entitle them to this reward. 
 
 ( )n the otli of September, after haviiiii worked their 
 wiiy aloiii: the southern coast (d'tlu! largest island of tlu^ 
 ^loup they had recently passed, the boats landed, for 
 the second time, in a bay wlfudi, for its solllldill^s and 
 shelter, appeared the most safe and convenient that had 
 occurred to aiKdan" in: and. aecordinuly. the Jhiy (d'tlu^ 
 Uirhi and (I'r/jxr. so nam.d by Parry, becaiia* the first 
 spot where the expediiion had dropped aiadior since 
 leaving the coast of Xorliilk. ( "onsiderinij; the advanced 
 jterioil ot' the year, it occurred to tlii^ commander that 
 this place ajipeared to mark, ui a vciy d(>cided manner, 
 
 j 
 i 
 I 
 
 I*' 
 i 
 
12 
 
 ARCTIC V0VAf;i;3. 
 
 tlic coinplftioii of one stuiic of thcii" voyfmo. '• Tlio on- 
 siuiis and pt'iidiiuts wrir iioistcd, and it crcalcd iti .js 
 no oi'diiiary foclinus of plcasun' to sco tlii^ Uritisli lla^ 
 suviiii;, for till' first tiiiic, in those rciiions wliudi had 
 Jiithci'to hfCM considcrt'd Ix'vond tlic fnnits of \\\i-. hal)i- 
 tahic world." I'ariy uavo to this lai'^i' island the nana? 
 oiWIdrillr, being thai of tho I'irst Lord of the Adini- 
 laltv. 
 
 Parry d(^torinined, lu)W('V(>r, to extend tiieir opera- 
 tions lor pi'osecutinu discoveiy in thes(^ rcviiions, tlionjili 
 it heeanie necessaiy to secure the shi|)s every niu;lit from 
 ten till two o'clock, when it was too dark to keej) under 
 Avay, more especially as no trust whale\»'r could ho 
 j)laced in the com|)asses. Jiut his hopes were damped 
 Avhen. from the crow's nest, he perceived a compact 
 body of ice exti'ndin<f completely ii: to the shore, n(>ar 
 the point whicii formed tiu" western extreme of the isl- 
 and : the ship^ ran, liowever, sutliciently cIos<> to be as- 
 sured that no passai;(' to the westwaid could then be 
 eflected, the tloes being literally uj)cai the beach, and 
 not a di'op of clear water visible beyond them. Tho 
 sliori^ was covered neaily with large masses of ico 
 aground in four or live fatlioms of wat<'r, of which they 
 would liave (h'awn at least ten if sot alloat ; tlu>se masses 
 the people wovo in the liabit of calling ljer<>\s, but they 
 wei'<» vei'v dil'fei'ent to those met with in IJaflin's J>ay, 
 none of whicli kind weri' seen to the westward of Har- 
 row's Strait. 'J^he hMigth of the night, when dai-kness 
 prevailed in seas such as this, was little suited foi- j)ros- 
 ecuting discoveries; yet as September is considiM'f i •) 
 most valuable month in the year, on account of tl.i a 
 being then more free from ice than at any othei- time, 
 r*arry states his strong conviction that tlu^ ultimate ac- 
 complishment of the object must depend, in a gieat 
 measure, on the farther progress to be made this sea- 
 son, and tlierefore he determined to extend their oj)era- 
 tions to the latest possible pcM'iod. 
 
 He soon, liowever, j)ei'ceived that the season was at 
 an end. On the 9tli of September tlie does of ice were 
 o!)serve(l to be sensibly aj)i)r()aching the shore, and mat- 
 ters grew worsen till the x'Jth, wIkmi the ships were uc- 
 tuuUy beset and in a perilous situation. Tlieie was no 
 
PARRV rf FIR:>T VOYAGR. 
 
 73 
 
 " Tlio on- 
 
 rcalcd iti iis 
 I' Uritisli (liiL^ 
 IS wliuli liiid 
 ; ol' llic! lialii- 
 111(1 the luMiio 
 i)t' till! Admi- 
 
 fiicir «)[)Ciu- 
 
 liioiis, thoii^li 
 
 rv iiiyht t'ntiii 
 
 () kct'p iiiid(M' 
 
 KT could l)H 
 
 ivi'i't' diimpcti 
 
 •d a coiiipai't 
 
 ' sliorc, near 
 
 lie of the isl- 
 
 los»> to he as- 
 
 ould tluMi l)o 
 
 (' l)cacli, and 
 
 them. The 
 
 lasscs of ice 
 
 f which they 
 
 these masses 
 
 us, hut they 
 
 Jaffiii'M i?ay, 
 
 ^vard of liar- 
 
 u'u dai'kuess 
 
 ted for j)ros- 
 
 )nsideiv i ') 
 
 it of tl.i . a 
 
 othiT time, 
 
 ultiiiiati' ac- 
 
 iii a yreat 
 
 jde this sea- 
 
 their opera- 
 
 ason was at 
 ■1 of ict^ were 
 ri', and mat- 
 ij)s were uc- 
 lere was no 
 
 pns 
 
 ^Mhility of moviii- liitNU ; a party, tluTefore, was .«;eut 
 (111 shiH'^-' to collect coal, which had heeu discovered iiol 
 far nlf. 
 
 Anotliei- partv. rousistin^ of .Mr. File, ( u-eeiilaud mate, 
 and >i\ men of the (iriper, havinu heeu sent on shoi-e. a 
 hravv snow-storm came on, in wiiiidi they lost their 
 wav ; not ap|)earin^ when iiiiiht approache(l, other par- 
 ties were sent out ill search ol'theii! — no less than four; 
 and it was not till three cold days and more severe 
 niuhts had passed away that tln-y all ijot on hoard, most 
 of them exhaiistei hv cold and fatigue, and severely 
 t'rost-bitteii in tlieii )es and liuiiers. A tempestuous 
 iiiulit ol six or sev(>ii hours of darUness, acc(»mpanie(l 
 with stormy weather, without any shelter on tlu^ shore, 
 iiiade it e\|)edient for tiuMii to (Mideavor to retrace their 
 steps t-) the eastward. Other parties were sent out, 
 and several days were passed in jJjreat anxiety heforo 
 tlie whole of tln-m r(^turned. 
 
 About tliis time, the; 1 Ith of Septemher, tlio chanij;(< 
 ill the teinpei-ature was a very striUinji one, thc^ mercury 
 iiaviii:: descended as low as to !)- ; and from tliis day tho 
 coinnienceinent of winter mii^ht fairly he dated. Tlie 
 iHth was a day of seviM'o trial for the ships. Knd(!avor- 
 iiis: to return aloiiii th(^ land, tho hay ice iiad hcicome so 
 thickened that, witli tiie pressure of tho Hoes without, 
 the ships were arrested in their proi^ress, and unahk; t(J 
 move a single foot ahead, and there was hut too mucli 
 reason to appr(diend that they would Ix; (h'iven on shore, 
 or forced by the lloes against the lieavy ice on the beach. 
 From tliis time! till the "JOth of the month the perilous 
 situation of th(5 ships is minutely (h'scrilxid, when on 
 that day a larii(3 (lo(^ forced the (irip(^r (Ui shore, wlnn'o 
 silt! lay aground on the IxNieh. At this tiiiK^ Lieut(m- 
 uiit Liiidon, who had nu-eiitly recovered from a rheu- 
 matic complaint, caused by the harassiiii; circumstances 
 of the last fortnight and the iiicreas«id cold, which n^- 
 diiced thi^ mercury down to lo', was hroujfht to a very 
 debilitated state. Parry, therefore, proposed to liini to 
 allow liiins(>lf to la^ removed to the llecla till the (iriper 
 Avas aiiain alloat. To this proposal he would by no 
 means listen, saying; he should be tlie last man, instead 
 of the lirst, to leave the (Tri[)(>r; and resolute in his 
 
 G 
 
 i;' 
 
 M 
 
74 
 
 AUCTIG VOYAdES. 
 
 ])nr|)i)sp, like a trno l»iitisli siiilor. Im^ r«Mii!iiii(Ml sojifcd 
 iiUMiiist llui i('('-si(l»i of tlio (It'cU, jj;i\iii|L; tlm iiccossaiy 
 (iidi'fs. 
 
 'IMin tiiiio wiis now moro fluin iirrivod Avlioti flio sliips, 
 if possiMr, should Itt* i^ot into wiiitcf (|iiartors. A liiir- 
 l)or lu'iiiii pitclitMl u|)oii, mikI, on tlio •jllli, tlio (Jripcr 
 liaviiii:; ^ol afloat and ioiiiod. tlio two ships wcro socurcd 
 ill tlio |)ro|)or position lor roimiionciiii; opiM'ations. A 
 sailor is iicncr iit a loss lor contriviiii:; and cxccntin^i tlm 
 moans of ovcM'comiiii:; siudi dinicultios as low landsiiini 
 would voiitiir(i to (Miconntor. ( )ii flio |)rosonf occasion 
 tlioy cut a c;inal thi'oiiiih tlio solid ic(> of tlio avonim) 
 thiclviioss of seven inches, and coiii|)letod if in tliitM* 
 days, llu^ whole length of which is stated to have heeii 
 four thousand and oijilify-two yards, or two miles and 
 one third nearly. In the afternoon of the '.Mith the ships 
 were hauled into iheir wiiil(>r cpiiirters, with threo loud 
 and hearty tdieers from both ships' compaiiii^s. 
 
 '' l!:iviiiir now reiudied the station wli(>re, ia ;ill proh;il)ili- 
 ty, W(^ were destined to rem;iiii for at. !; ;ist ei^'lit or iiiiii) 
 nioiillis, diiriiii,' llii-(H' of whicli we wen» not to see the fiicn 
 of the SUM, my ntleiitioii was iriini(>diatelv and imperiously 
 called to vaiioas and important duties, maiiv of tlieni of a 
 siiiuMilar iia1un\ such as had for the first, time devolved on any 
 oHic(>r ill his majesty's navy, and lui^lit, indeed, he consid- 
 ered of rare occnrrenci' in the whole liistory of iiavi^'aliini. 
 Tlie security of tli(> ships and the pri'servation of llie various 
 st(M"(>s were ohjccts of iimnediale concern. A regular system 
 to he adopted for the maintenance of jjood order and cleanli- 
 ness, as most conducive to tli(> health of the <a'e\vs, (hiring 
 the loiiLT, dark, and dreary winter, e(pially iloiiiandcd my ut- 
 lention/'— I'. 101. 
 
 The housiiitj; ovor the ships was one of the first coii- 
 sideratioiis, heiiio; calculafed to coiitrihuto to th(^ comfort 
 of the otVicers and men, as well as to tlie preservation of 
 tliat exti'aordiiiary doizivi^ of health wlfadi had hitherto 
 been oiijoyed in both ships. Warmth and (hyiiess of 
 the berths and l)t^d-])lac(>s wore the next important mat- 
 ters to be secured, the thermometer havinjf now fallen 
 h(dow zero. An ii'oii box, or air-vessel, with threo 
 tubes of two iiudies dianuMer communieatiiiii from be- 
 low with the extei'tial air, and unitiiifi abov(^ with a met- 
 al box, was so contrived us to convey tlie heated air to 
 
^ 
 
 I'ARiiv H riKsT vov.\(;i:. 
 
 75 
 
 uniiiiiod soat«'(l 
 tlin iiccrssMiy 
 
 vluM) tlio sliips, 
 liters. A liiir- 
 Ith, tlio (Jrii)cr 
 s were scciiiimI 
 n|)«M'iiti(His. \ 
 I cxcculini: fill* 
 low laiiilsMicii 
 resent ((cciisioii 
 of tlie nveriiij;n 
 led it ill tliici! 
 il to liiiv(* heen 
 two miles ami 
 ;' 'JiJtli tli(^ shi|N 
 ^vith three loud 
 lauies. 
 
 , ia all |irol)aliill- 
 
 ist ei^dit or iiiin) 
 
 »t to SIM' the (iire 
 
 and iniiterioMsly 
 
 ^liV ol' them of ;i 
 
 devolved on niiy 
 
 deed, he eonsiil- 
 
 ry of iiMvi^atiiia. 
 
 OH of the vai'ieiis 
 
 \ regular system 
 
 nler and cleanli- 
 
 le crews, dui'iiii:; 
 
 emanded my at- 
 
 if the first con- 
 to th(^ eoiiifort 
 pi't^serviition nf 
 ■h had hitherto 
 
 and dryness of 
 important mat- 
 
 iviiiii "ow talliMi 
 qd, with three 
 ■atiiiif from hi;- 
 
 i»v(^ witli a met- 
 10 heated air to 
 
 the inen''^ hertlis ; and this apparatus, I'iirry says, witli 
 ;i inndeiate lire, prodiie •(! a enrreiil of air of the teiiiper- 
 jitiiie of -7 at the distance of s<'venteeii feet from tho 
 liie-place. The (piantity and ipialily ol" provisions weio 
 ti> lie l■e^ulated, havin;; re;iaiil to the preserviition of 
 licjillli. An anii-x'orhntic heor had heen issiiiMJ in lieu 
 of a proportion of spirits ; hnt; wlieii the weathe, heraino 
 e\tieni(dv seven;, the heer would not ferment so as to 
 make it palatidile. 10 very attention was paid to the is- 
 suing of fnej, to the article of proper clothini:, and to tho 
 iiiilure ol" the |)rovisions and little Inxnries to he distrihn- 
 lid. In shiirl, the ahle and carefid manner in which ev- 
 eiv article of sliijis" stores appears to have heen dealt out 
 to the men. and while jndicions in (pialily, ahmidant in 
 (inaiitilv. and, at the same time, ecicioniically administer- 
 ed, i:a\e satisfaction to all. I'oth men and ollicers wern 
 fidiv aware ol" the neces-^ity there was to serni'e a sup- 
 plv \'n\- the winter, and tor the tollowini: season. I>nt 
 Parrv, with ri^lif feidiiii; and judiiiiient, and, it may ho 
 iiddeil. with a knowledge of liimian nature, in order to 
 iil)\iate any approaidi to mnrnmrinii; or despondency, 
 adnpled a measure admiraldy (alculaled lor |)reveiitm<f 
 them. 
 
 '• I'lider circumstances of leisure and Inactivity, such as wo 
 ^\^|•(■ !ii)\v pliiicd ill, and with e\i ly jirospect of its contiiiu- 
 iinc' liir ;i vei-v i;iri.'e piirtiun of the ye;n', 1 was desirous of 
 iiriiliii^ some iuiiuseiiient \nv the men diiriui,' this Ioul' iind te- 
 diiiiis interval. I proposed, tli'-refnre. to tlie ollicers to ^'et 
 up a play occasiitujilly on hoiird the Urdu, as tiie rijadie.st 
 iiicaiis 111 pri'serviiiir .•imoiii,' our crews tljat cheeriiilness miiiI 
 iripiid liuiuor vvliich had liitlircto suhsisted. In this pro[)osal 
 J was leadilv sccniided hy the ollicers of hnth slii[>s; and 
 hliMitcMaiif i^ecciiev haviiii,' heen duly elected as sfaLfe-mail- 
 nui'V. our first jirrtormaiice was fixed tiu' the "ith of .Nuvern- 
 hci', to the ^'reat deliirht of the siiiiis' conipaiiies. In these 
 aiaiHi'iiiciits I L';.'idlv took a ]iai"t luvself, consideriiu.' that an 
 exai!i|ile of cheerfulness, hy trivim,' a, direct couuteiiauct! to 
 eveiy ihint.' that could couliihiite to it, was not the least es- 
 sential ])art of my duty, under the peculiar circuiuslances ia 
 which we were |i]aced. 
 
 ■• In order still farther to pnuiiote irood humor anion:: our- 
 selves, as well as to fni-iiish amusini: occupation, duriiu,' tho 
 liours of constant darkness, we set on foot a weeklv iiewspa- 
 pei-, which was to he called the Sortk Ucvr<jia Gazette and 
 
 
 
70 
 
 A IK TIC \<>VA(:KH. 
 
 ]]'infrr ('hr,)inrh\ ••iinl ul' uliicli ('ii|>l.'i'm SiiltiiM" nmliMMonK 
 1(1 lie tllc cdllcH, llllili'i llic |)ii>lili^i' lllilt il w.H III Ih" -III! 
 |iiirliil \\\ ii|i:;iii;il fi Mil I : I nit h Mi-, lidiii llic i )llii c 'is 1 1| llic I \\ , i 
 sliiji.s: mill tJii>ii;;li snrm" iilijccl inp iiiii\ , |M'iiiii|is. lie iJii^iil 
 ii'.'.'iiiiNl ;i I'.ipcr nf lliis l^iiul Iti'JiL' ;:i'iii'i;ill\ n-sdilcd In m 
 sllijis ol \\:\\\ I \v.l> liid well ;iri|i|.iillli'i| Willi 1 1 |i' 1 1 1 ^ci'i 'I K IM, 
 ;i'> well M-^ llir ("Mi'llcill (I ls|iii-ili(iii III iiu (illirri-*, tu ;i|>|iii - 
 liciici ;iii\ iiii|>li';i^;iiil (•(iii<c'(|iii'iiir> Iniin .1 iiM'.'i'^iin' <>| tln-i 
 kind; iii^tf.icl (it Wliicli I ciiii N.ili'lv s;i\ lli;il llii' w crUlv ci'ii- 
 IriliMlinii'^ li.'iil till' li:i|)|i\ t'llcci ti| ciiiiiliiN III:; lln' Insiirt" liiMii-j 
 nl lliiiM' will) t'iii'ni>lii'i| tlii'iii. jiikI III iIim'I'Iiiil: iIi<> iiiiihI Ii'ihii 
 llir l:Iiii'III\ |tnw]irrl wliuli wniilil m iiiicl lllirs nlil luilr iImII 
 
 (HI llic siiiiiliv>i liMii." — r. Kiii. Id/-. 
 
 N(»thm^ iiiorc Wiis w ;lIltin^ I liiiii siicli ili'\ ices ;is (lu'^;i', 
 n'siirltMl to ill ;i iiioint'iit nl |i<m'iiIi;ii- iiml i>\tr;ioi'iiiiiiii°\ 
 (lillicuity, to csliihlisji llic ( liiiriictcr ot' I'liny lor rcmly 
 ami luippy t'xpcdicnts, ncconipMiiicd hy 11 sound jiid.; 
 incut. \\ liicli tinis Ucpl idnc tlic ;ictl\o powers oi" llic 
 iini'd, ;nid p' -vented it iVoni r;illii'i^ into m liiihil ol' mac 
 tivity iind lisllessness, ;nid troin sinking into lliiit worst, 
 of !ill conditions, 11 stiilc ol" niorliid toi'pt»r. I lis pkin was, 
 as it could not well he otlieiw'sc, coniplcttdy sncccsslnl. 
 
 Kcsides liis editorship. ( 'iipiaiii Saliine had ahnndancc 
 of employ ineiit ol" a very di''/:cnlt and more iiiiportaiit 
 kind, the rt>sults ot" which are i:ivcn in detail in the Ap- 
 pendix, under lht> head ol" Mtiaiiilir ( )lisi rriiliniis. \\\- 
 p»'rini(Mits on the Pi in/ uhnii, and in llio description of 
 (thjects ol' Natural llislory. His lirst atlcnlion, on the 
 ari'ival ot" the ships in theii" winter (|iiartci-s. was the 
 selection ol a proper place tor thi' ohstM'valory, which 
 was (M'c'chHl on a convenitMit spot for (•oiMiinmicalioii witli 
 the ships, and also with a house built on the beach (or 
 ihc rt>ception ot' the clocks and other inst •unients. Tlie 
 walls ot" this wert> ol" double plank, with moss between, 
 so thai a hiyh tenipeialuri' could be kept up in it with- 
 out ditlicnlly by a single stove. 
 
 Unulinu parlies occasionally went out and procureil a 
 few reindecM' : but a iniuratioii of these animals took 
 place bet'oi't* the close ol" ()ctob(M'. leaviui:; behind them 
 only wolvivs and l"o\es to keep the party c()in])any duriii:::; 
 the lon^ winter months. Kven th(> l^olar hare, so com- 
 inen in tlu> Ai'ctic rci'jioiis, n»'\ei- once showed itself 
 on Melville Island in the course of the winter. The 
 
TARRY rf I'lUH'l' VOYAcr!. 
 
 77 
 
 lillic' lllnlrrlc>iiU 
 W.H III III" .-'U|i- 
 
 irriH <>t I 111" I sv II 
 
 Ii;i|i-, III' r.li'iil 
 ^ It 'SI I I'll 'I I In III 
 I tlif (lis( rcliiiii, 
 lliii'1-4. til ;i|'|>ii- 
 iiini'-inr III lliM 
 llir wci'lvK rmi- 
 llir leisure liiiur-4 
 ■J, llir llllllil linin 
 'H tildiiiili' ilM'll 
 
 cvici's its ll\('><t<, 
 
 I (<\tl!l()lllill!lfV 
 
 *;ii'iy Inr rt'uily 
 il sduinl jikI'^- 
 puWtTS ul tlic 
 1 liiiltit <il" iii;ic- 
 iiiltt lliat worst, 
 I lis pliiii Wiis, 
 'trl\ sncccsstiil. 
 liMil iiliiiiiilaiici^ 
 iioiT iiii|iiirt:int 
 I'tiiil ill tilt" Ap- 
 .( rriiiiiDis, \\\- 
 ilcscriptioii 111 
 [t'litioii. oil tilt' 
 irtcrs. Wits flif 
 •viitorv, wliicli 
 iiiiiiciitioii with 
 the Ix'iicli till" 
 
 •UllUMltS. Till' 
 
 moss lii't wccii, 
 up in it witli- 
 
 aiiil pi-ocurcd a 
 t' atiiiiials toolv 
 n; lirhiiid tliciii 
 ompaiiy during 
 y liafc, so coiii- 
 sliowt'd itsi'H" 
 winter. The 
 
 iiiii>k o\ ( /)'"s' )nn\rlHiliis), iiho very coiiimoii, (hiring its 
 iii'iipi't' si'iisoii, iirrivi'd on Melville Island in the middle 
 111' \|a\ , liv crossiii^ the ice IVotii the sunt liw jii'd. and 
 (MiiMfd it li\ the same way on its retiiin toward the end 
 III Sepli'iiilier. < Ml the l.'itli the lii-t io>cy ol' ptarmi- 
 i_Mii \s aN met with; and on the same day were seen lit- 
 tt'iMi ileer, all lyiii'j down, except oik lari:*' one, proha- 
 |il\ a sta'^; ihr-. alter the ri>iiiii of the rest, seemed to 
 • Miard the animals in their (]ii:lit. lVe(|neiitly uoiiiL' n jiid 
 the herd, sometimes strikinu them with Ins imrns to 
 make them iio on, which they appeared not much in- 
 clincil 111 do. I'!ven seals were not loimd in this neii/li- 
 liiirhood ; hut whaler ot' dillereiit Kinds were commonly 
 met With: ;:iilK and diicUs, however, so iinmeroiis in 
 havis's Strait and the (ieoruiaii Islands, con lescended 
 Mill to M-it .\I(d\ille Island, hilt '■ t wo or three specimens 
 ol' a caicrpillar were ohtained, ftiM' ol" \\ hicli was hroi;:^ht, 
 til M 1 1 l; land"- (if course as an Arctic curiosity. One Iari:<i 
 \\ III! e l>eai', ha \ in^ pursued ( 'apt a in Sa hi lie's servant to tin' 
 ship, was shot at and womide<l, hiit made his esca|)e ; it 
 \vas the only one met with diirini.'' the stay oi" the party, 
 hilt de^crihed as heinij; more purely white than any they 
 had hefore seen. \ leehie willow, a saxifrage, lichens, 
 and stniiled grasses constitute jiretty nearly \\\vjhir(i. ot" 
 Mehille Island. 
 
 This desolate and iiiiserahle island was destined to ho 
 till- al'ode ot onr cmmtrymen lor nine to ten dreary wiii- 
 Icr months, diirinii thr<'e of wiradi. as they had heeti ahh* 
 to ant icipate, the siiii did not shed on them so imi(di as 
 one lieiii:.Mi ray. No wonder, then, that not a sinj^le hu- 
 man heiiiij; was toiiiid to iiiliahit so repulsive \\ spot ; ami 
 it reqnireil no little consideration, on t he part orthecom- 
 niaiider ol' the <'\pedition. to find employment lor tlu; 
 |)i'iiple under his c(mimand and protection, to preser\o 
 their health, and to ward oil" despondency I'or so l(»ni.r a 
 |M>riod. The method hit upon hy (iienteiiant I'arry liarl 
 ])induce(l, to a ^reat decree, an admirai)le el'lect. \'et 
 sniiielhiiiL; more was still reipiired than the actin<: of 
 ))lays and the writing and readiuii ol" i:a/('ttes. l>oth 
 Miiiid and Itody deiii'inded ex«n'cise, as the only means 
 dl' protection aizainsf disease, wiiich a larjr*' share ol" leis- 
 ure and a coiitiiiiicd state of mental inacti\ity wcio hut 
 
 i 
 
 I'i 
 
 .i 
 
 I 
 
78 
 
 auctk; vuva(;eh. 
 
 too sniu' to inddiicc. 'I'lic totiil privaf ioti of cmiiio ofimy 
 kind iiliordtvl tew fMiiisiuiis for' tlif soiiicr of cxcicimi 
 niid iiiniisfinriil wliicli lniiitiii<: is Uiiowii to coiitrr. i'ai'- 
 tics. Iiowfvrr, liiid occasiotiiilly Item sent out shortly ul- 
 t«'r tlif takiiii; up oi" tlirii- w inter (|iiiirt('rs. < hir of I lit 's,. 
 did not ri'turn on hoard hi fore sunset, as strictly ordered, 
 and the eoiisivjueiice is stated to lia\e heen as follows : 
 
 ".lolni reiusdii, u iiiiiiMne helonu'iiii,' to the (iri[ier. wIid 
 was the last that I'elanied on hoai'd. had his hands seven-iv 
 fVosI-hitlen. havini,' iiii|)nideiidy L'one away without mitten^, 
 and witli a iniiskel in his hand. A party of our people niii.>t 
 pni\ identiiilly loiind hiiii, allhniiuh llu" ni^dit was \ery dark. 
 Just as he had tiillen down a haidi of siiow. and was he^in- 
 Jiini,' to li-el that de^iree (if torpor and di'ow«iiiiess which, il 
 indid::ed. inevitahlv |>ro\es lata!. \\'heii he was hnnii^ht on 
 l>oard his linirers were (|iiite stitV, and hent int(» the shape o| 
 that part of the ninsUet which he had hecii carrvini,' ; and tln' 
 fro>l h.id so l;ir deslrovcd the animation in his timbers nn one 
 hand that it was necessary to anipntat*- ihti-e of them a shon 
 time alter. notwilhstandiiiL' all the care and attention paid tn 
 hini hy the medical j^enllenien. The etlect wliii'h e.vposiuc 
 to -I'vere tiosi has in hennmhim; the mental as well as the 
 «(>rpo:eal (acnllies was very sti'ikinL; in this m;in. as well ;is 
 in I\\ o of the youn^; ^'entlemen, w ho retin-ned niter dark, aini 
 ot ".'. hom we \\ ere anxions to make iiajnirii-s I'espiM'tin;.' I'e.ir. 
 Poll. When 1 sent liir them iiit< Tiiy cai):n they looked wild, 
 ^poki' thick and indistincllv, ;ind it was im|)ossil»le to draw 
 from lliein a rational answer to any of our (pieslions. Mii r 
 hi'iiiu' on hoard t(>r a short time the meiit.al faculties a|)|)eared 
 praduallv to return with the retiirnim,' circulation ; and il w.is 
 not till then iIkiI il looker-on could easily |)ersiiadt! hiiiisei'' 
 that they had uol been ilrinkin;,' too freely."' — 1'. 1U!J. 
 
 This wns fully stdlicietit fitr the alfeutive and kiiid- 
 liearted eomuiauder to tidopt olleclivc measures against 
 n r(!('urivii(!e of so pifinful a nvsult. So early as the •JlMli 
 of ( )ctol)erthe tlieniionu'ter was down to 12 I helovy zero. 
 It Avas MOW distressiiiii, to toiicli luiy nuMiillic suhstancc 
 Avilh the naked hand in tho ojien air; it prothiced a feelinu 
 of intense heat, luid took olf tho skin. Jf tlie (»ye|)i»H'o 
 of a tolescojie touched tli(> liK'(>, it occasione'd an intense 
 bin-nin;: pain; tlie remedy was to covei' tliem and otlier 
 instruments with soft leather. T\u^ ollicers, notwilh- 
 8tandin<x. induli:ed themselves in walkinu for tin hour or 
 two ill the middle of the day, in the depth of ^Yiutev, 
 
J'ARKV ri riKST vuv.\(.i:. 
 
 79 
 
 I (if i:aiM(* ((faiiy 
 ircc (»l ('\fr»i>«) 
 tt» roiilcr. I'm - 
 It out sliurtlv lit- 
 
 \. ( >11C (i| tlli'sr 
 
 sliictly ordrifil, 
 •fii ii-i lollows : 
 
 ilic (iri[M'c. wlio 
 
 is li;iii(ls srvri'i'lv 
 
 willniiil miltrii^, 
 
 I" (1M|- |M'n|i|c |||n>t 
 lit \\;iH scry ilai k, 
 ,, Mild wiis liCL'iii- 
 w-iiitrss which, it 
 c \v;vs l)nMiL;ht nn 
 into the shiipc nt 
 ■iUTvinu ; aiul tlic 
 his fiicjcrs on one 
 •V of ihciii ii slidrt. 
 1 attention piiid to 
 t whlcli c\|i(PMirf 
 tal as well as the 
 s man, as well as 
 ed alter ilarU, ami 
 s i'(>s|)(M'tiiii.' I'ear- 
 thev looked wil(1. 
 ii|)ossil(le to di'aw 
 (|nestioiis. Atl< r 
 "acuities appeared 
 lation ; and it \\a>i 
 persiiadt! hinisci'' 
 
 "— r. io;{. 
 
 Mitive aiul kind- 
 iKMisures asaiiist 
 (Miiy as the-JiUh 
 ) L' 4 below zero, 
 etallic siihstanoo 
 roduced a teelini,' 
 It" tho <'yepi»H(t 
 ioiH'd ail iuttMise 
 tlioiii and otlier 
 niccrs, iioUvith- 
 (; l"or un hour or 
 iepth of \YUUev, 
 
 f\cri wlien tlie theniioriiefer was down to 10" or even 
 .■)(i helow /eio, without ex perieiicihi; iii.jdi iiicotive- 
 niciice iVoMi this intense dej;n.'e of cold, provided always 
 that there was no wind; hut the least l>ree/,e made tlie 
 exposure to it intolerahle when the mercury was even 
 several dei;rees ahove zero. The I'ollowitiy passable is 
 so naturally and so wcdl expressed, that th<! desire to ex- 
 tract it is irresistihie. Speaking of tlieir sliort walks otk 
 .shore. Tarry says : 
 
 "It niav well he iniai'ined tliat nf this pr-riod there was 
 hut little to he niei with ill our walks on slior'e which could 
 eiilicr ainiise or interest us. 'I'he necessity ot not e.\cee«hn^ 
 tlic liniiled distance ot' one or two miles, lest a snow-dril't, 
 which otten )"i>es very suddenly, siioiild prevent our leturii, 
 added cniisiderahly to tin- dull and tedious nKuiotoiiy wliicli 
 day alter day |ii'eseiited itself. 'I'u the southward was the 
 NM, covered with one unhrokeii surlace of ice, iinilnrm in its 
 da//lin;f whiteness, except that, in some parts, a few honi- 
 iimcs were seen thrown up poinewhat ahove the ^'eneral 
 level. .Nor did the land offer much ;:reater viiriety, hein;^ 
 aliiinst entirely covered with snow, except iiere and there a 
 hniwn patch of liare ^'roiind, in Home «'xposed situations, 
 where the wind had not alktvveil tin; snow to remain. \\ hen 
 viewed Ironi the summit ol the neij^hhorin;,' hills, on one of 
 tliiisc cahn i.iiil clear chiys which not unfre(|uently occurred 
 diiriiii,' the winter, the scene was such as to induce contein- 
 j)]atiniis which had, perhaps, more of melancholy than of any 
 other feehii::. -Not an ohject was to h(> seen on which tiio 
 eye could loim rest with pli-asiire, unless when directed to 
 tli(> spot where the shi|is lay, and wlierf; our little colonv was 
 planted. The smoke which there issued trom tin; .several 
 tires, iitl'ordinu: a certain indication of the j)resenc(; of man, 
 ^'av(! a partial cheerfulne.ss to this part of the prospect; anil 
 the sound of voices, which, during the cold weather, could 
 lie heard at a much greater ilistance than usual, served now 
 and tlien to hreak the silence whidi reigned around us — a 
 silence far ditVerent from that peaceahle cianposure which 
 chancteri/.es the landscape of a cultivated couiitrv; it was 
 the deathlike stillness ol' the most dreary desr)latioii, and the 
 tot.'d aliseiice of animated «\xis1'MK:c.'. yiich, indeed, was the 
 want of ohjects to atloril reli«d' to the eye or aniu.sement to 
 the mind, tliat a stoiu> of more than usual size api>earin" 
 ahove the snow, in the direction to which we wt-re iroiiiu, 
 immediately became a mark, on which our eyes were im- 
 cuasciously lixcd, and toward which wc mechauically ad- 
 vanced. 
 
 I .( 
 
 ["• 
 
 m' 
 
 til 
 
 ft 
 
80 
 
 AIM TIC voYA(;i:^». 
 
 " hrtMcv ii'^ snrli ;i s<'i'in' iiiii''t iii'ci'ss.iiily l»t', it ffiuiil cut, 
 liiiwcMi. Ill- >,ii(l til In- wlmllv u. lilt in;: in iiilrrrsl. cspi'ci.illv 
 wlii'ii :i~siii'i:ili'il ill till' iniiiil willi llir |)ci'iiH!ii'its mI iiiii' Mt. 
 n.'itiiiii. llir uliji'i'i w hull liiiil lii'diiplit us liilhcr', :iii(l llii- liii|ii'. 
 \s Ini li llii- liii^t sinL.'Miiic iKiiitii'.' IIS HMiiifliiiics iMiti-r'tainnl i>i 
 ^|•^ll(llll:,• a |iai t ul tiiir iir\l \\ inter in I lie nmi'c ^'fuial cliniiitr 
 III llic Siiiiiii-Sra l>laii(U. I'l'iliajis lud. tlj(iiii;li inmf nt ii- 
 tinii \ ciiliiicil III ciPiilc-N it, niir tli(>u:.'lit.s would sniiictiinc - 
 iii\ iiliiiit;inlv waiiili'f lidini'wanl, ami in-^lltiitr a nimiiaii^iiii 
 lii'Iw ('I'll till' iiiL'i-'i'il tiici' tif' natiirr in tlii-* <|r^nla-lf iil'Iuh 
 ami till' iivrlicr a>|ii'('t n^ the lia|i|iv laml wliicji we liatl Icli 
 lifliiiid IIS."— I'. IJI, IJ.'i. 
 
 Notliiui: could 1)1' iiioff judicious than tli(> arfaii;;!'- 
 iiii'Uts made t'oi' the (Mii|)lnyiiicnl ol' the men each dnv 
 in the week: and till Sundays disiiie sefvice was iii\a- 
 rialily |ieri"oiiiied. and a sefinoii fead. on hoard hoth shi|is. 
 '• 'The atleiitiou," says i'arry, " |)aid hy the men to llir 
 (ihser\aiice of their feliuicnis (hilies was sn<'li as to ic- 
 llect U|>oii tlieni the hiuhest credit, lllid it teiuh'd in im 
 small de::ree to llie |)reser\alion ol" that regularity and 
 i:ood ciiiahict lor ahich, with \eiy lew except ions, they 
 were iii\arialily disfiiiiiuished." 'Tlu' iidnor arranye- 
 iin'iits made hy I'arry to liiid employnn'rit, ttnd to vary 
 the occupations of hoth men and otiicers, diiriiii;; the 
 Ion::. mihroUeii niiiht of tlnve months, appear t(» liave 
 heeii very judicious, 'j'he t'ornu'r, alter atteiidinji divis- 
 ions nnirninu and evening, cleared up the decks, attend- 
 ed tin' ollicers round the shi|)s, examined tluMr hertlis 
 iind hed-places. and in the eveiun*; went to llieir su|)per. 
 wliile the ott'u'ers took their tea. After this the meti 
 were permitted to aimise themselves as they pleased, 
 and iiauu's ot' various kinds, jis well as dain;ini: mid siii:;- 
 ini:. occasionally went on upon the; lower deck till nine 
 o'clock, wlien thev retired to rest, and their liiihts were 
 t'\tini:uished. '• it is .sciircoly necessaiy to add." l*ariy 
 ohserves. "that th(» eveliiny: occupations of the (dlicers 
 were of ii mcnc I'ational kind than those which eiiijayed 
 the attention of the men-. Of the former, reading and 
 writing were the principal empIoymiMits. to which were 
 occasionidly added a uiimo of chess, or a time on the 
 (lute or violin, till lialf j)ast ten, about which time We all 
 retii ed to rest." 
 
 On Chris^tmas-day, which hud now arrived, the Nveath- 
 
rvRiiv rf FiHHT vov.\(;n. 
 
 81 
 
 he 
 •It 
 i;if 
 I", ; 
 s r 
 (• J. 
 
 "r 
 (III 
 
 Ic 
 
 <l< 
 
 111 
 
 it cniilil i:(it. 
 
 t, r>*|)i'ri;ill\ 
 its ol' our Mt- 
 mil ill)' liii|i)'^ 
 
 llll'ltililHMl 111' 
 
 .'fiiiiil iliiii;ili' 
 li innii" III iH 
 111 sitmi'tiiii'> 
 ;i cninpariMiii 
 •Milirtr frL'inh 
 li \vr liiiil l.ll 
 
 M tli(« iirriiii'.:i'- 
 nii'M racli ilay 
 rvici' Wiis iii\a- 
 iiiiid l)i»tli sln|is. 
 the iiifii til till' 
 surll il"* tn ir- 
 it tfiiili'il ill iiii 
 regularity mul 
 xccptiiMis, lliry 
 miiinr iiiriiti^f- 
 •iit, iitiil to viiry 
 rs. ilurini: tln' 
 iippriii" to hiivi' 
 iittnidinii <li\is- 
 (IccUs. attciid- 
 f(l th(>ii- licrtlis 
 II thoii" suppiT. 
 tliis the iiirti 
 tlicy i)lt'as('(i. 
 iiciiiii and siiit:- 
 • deck till niiH^ 
 I'ir liu;htH were 
 to add," I'iiny 
 
 of tlic olTlClTS 
 which (Mii!:a'^r(l 
 r. rcadiiiii and 
 to which wt'ir 
 a tniu> on tlin 
 ch tiiut; wo all 
 
 led, iho weuth- 
 
 «>r wiis rnw nnd coif,, witli snow : Imt to niai-lv t1ii> day in 
 the Ih".I niiHUicr tliiit rii( iiiii'^taiirr,; w mild pniiill, di- 
 MiM- -civin' was prrloniird on l»oiii(i tlir twi ships; 
 •■iind I diici'lcd a smn'l ituTcasf in the iiirn's tiMiiil pro- 
 piii'tiiiii ot'tii'sh niriit. as a ('Inislnias dinin'r. as well as 
 an addilioiiiil iillowniicc! of uroi:. to drink the hrnllli of 
 tlicir iViiMids in Kniiland. Tlii' odicrrs also irrt at a so- 
 «'iiil and frii-ndly dinner, and llie day pasx-d with niinh 
 ot' till' ^aiiii" kind of Icslivity l»y whi(di it is usually ds- 
 tinjiii^lii'd at lionii' ; and." he adds, "to the cfedit of 
 jli,. irien l»e it spoken, without aii\ of that diMuder hy 
 which i' is ttio often ohsrrseil hy scaiiieii." 
 
 The iiDod order. rcLinlaiity. and discipline of the two 
 sliip<. in this most trying ol" situations, is a hove all praisr ; 
 wliollv depiiverl as they were ottlie si;;ht oftliesini tor 
 ei 'htv-foiir da\s. \\hi(di nia\' he reckoned, as it reallv 
 was. one ciiiitinned ni^lit. lighted np only, and that par- 
 fialU. \t\ the moon, and occasionally hy tin; lleeiint; An- 
 idia lliiiealis. Their extraordinary ^ooij conduct, uii- 
 di'i" such circnnistances, iniisf, in a iireat decree, he as- 
 ciihcd to the example set them hy their excellent conj- 
 niaiider, cordially seconded hy Ijieiifenant liiddoii and 
 the other offi(;ers. It is wtdl understood in the navy 
 that iihcdieiit and uood conduct on the piirt of seamen, 
 ami a hi^h state of discipline in u man-of-war, are tlio 
 sine lesiilts of ahle and intelliireiit oflicers, kind and Jit- 
 tetitive to those under their command, yet, at the saiim 
 time, strictly reipiiriiiij; from them a ready and willing 
 ohedienco to the orders of their superiors, and to iho 
 lilies and reiiulatioiis of tho service. Such were tho 
 men. and such tin; commanders, on tiie present service ; 
 and the coiisc(|uence was, that every man (witli the ex- 
 ception of one |)oor fellow, who carried out with him an 
 incurable disease) was hrouyht home in as hi^^h a stale 
 ot health as that in whicli lie left iMifiland. 
 
 OiK^ case of scurvy was reportetf on tlio 2d of .Tami- 
 nry. Mr. Scallon, ^unncM* of tlie llecla, complained of 
 ))aiiis in liis le^s, and the appearance of his ^Mims left no 
 doiiht of the symptoms hein<j; scorhiitic, which Mr. Md- 
 wards. the surgeon, ascrihed to th(^ deposit of moisture 
 in his bed-i)lace. The commander, ever anxious for tho 
 preset vation of health iu his ship, put in requisition ul) 
 
 h 
 
 I i ' 
 
 N: 
 
 J 
 
82 
 
 ARCTIC ViA'AGK.-^. 
 
 tlitiir aiiti-scoihulics I'or his recovery, consisliii^ of pro- 
 served vei;(!tal)l(! soups, lemon- juic(i and siiiiar, piclsles, 
 preserved eurrants and frooseberries, and spi'iicii beer. 
 Ho also i-aised in Lis cahin a (piantity of mustard and 
 cress, of which, even in tln^ sev(>rity of the winter, ho 
 C(juld <reii(a-aliy ensure a crop at tlie end of the sixtli or 
 se\(ii(tli day. So clllectual wore tlieso remedies in 
 Scailon's case, tliat, (<n the nintli evcininu from the attack, 
 •le was ihle to walk about on tlu^ lower deck, and " lie 
 assured me," says Tarry, " that ho could then run a 
 lace." 
 
 Tlnaxlay, the ?,d of Febri^ary, was a day not to be 
 forgotten. At twenty minutes l)eibre ap|)arent noon the 
 sun was scon from the Hecla's main-toj) (at the height 
 of tifty-one fe(!t above tln^ sea), being the iirst time that 
 this luminary had be(.Mi visible to them since the 11th of 
 November — a period, as already said, of eighty-four days, 
 that is, tAvelve days less than the time of its remaining 
 actually beneatli the iDrizon, independently of the ef- 
 iects of atmosi)herical refraction. Throughout Febru- 
 ary, liowi'.jr, tlui mtensity of the coid. instead of being 
 somewhat mitigati'd by the rays of the sun, I'eeble as 
 ihey were, was increased. On the ~*4tli a fire brokt) 
 out in the shore-liouse, and, in the exertions to save the 
 valuable insti'uments. not fi'wer tliaii sixteen men incur- 
 red fiost-bites, the tiiei'mometer during the day being 
 from — 13" to — 14^. 
 
 " Ainoni,' tlicse llicre wen^ four or five ca.'^es whicli ke])t 
 ibe palieiils coaliued l()r several weeks; Iml .lohu Smidi, of 
 tlie artillery, who was ('!i|ttriiii Sabine's servant, and who, to- 
 getbcr with Sergeant .Martin, bap[)ene(l to be in the house at 
 the time tb'" lii'e broke out, were unfortunate' enough to suf- 
 fer niucli more seven ly. In ibeir anxiety T(» save the diji- 
 jiiuLT-needle, wliicb was .standing close to the stove, and of 
 wbicli they knew the \alue, they inunediately ran out vvilh 
 i! ; and Smith, not having time to ])ut on his gloves, had his 
 iim:ers in half an hour so benumbed, and the animation so 
 ( lUipleti'lv suspended, that, on his 'oeing taketi on hoard bv 
 ' ir. Milwards, and having his hands ])hui^'ed iiUo a basin ot' 
 cold vvatei', thi' siu'liice of the water was inunediately i'ro/eii 
 by the intense cold thus .suddenly conununicated to it; and, 
 notwithstanding the mos' iiumane ;uiil inn-emitting attt-utinn 
 paid to hiiu by the metlical gtMitlenien, it was fou)id necessa- 
 
"^ 
 
 r.AUUV ri FIRST vuva(;e. 
 
 83 
 
 'U 
 
 islin;i of pro- 
 iiiiiiir, picUlcs, 
 
 spruce l)t't'r. 
 
 mustiird uiid 
 lie winter, lio 
 it" the sixtli or 
 
 renu'dios in 
 oin the attiick, 
 leek, iiml " lie 
 d then run u 
 
 day not to 'no 
 neiit noon the 
 (iit t.lie liei,i;ht 
 lirst time that 
 ce the ntli of 
 :hty-fonrdiiys, 
 
 its reniiiinini; 
 itly of the ef- 
 i^ihont Fel)ru- 
 isleiid of hein^ 
 
 sun, feeble iis 
 }i a tire hi-oKo 
 
 lis to save liie 
 11 men incur- 
 
 the day beini; 
 
 >ei5 wliicli kept 
 IdIui Sir.idi, of 
 it, siiid who, to- 
 ill the house at 
 
 enough to suf- 
 o save the dip- 
 stove, Jind tif 
 V r;in r)ut vvitli 
 
 gl(»\('s, ]i;mI \i\'i 
 le iinimiitioii so 
 
 Ml on IxtJird by 
 
 into a biisiii nt' 
 icdiately I'l'dzcii 
 ati'd to it ; iiml. 
 littiiiu atteiitinu 
 
 i'liuud ueces.>a- 
 
 rv, snine time ath-r. to resort to llie aiiiputatiou of a part of 
 \'n\ir lluirers on one liuad anil three on the utinT." — I'. 1 l;;, 
 
 Jl;i. 
 
 " The appearance," snys Parry, " wliich our faces pr<^- 
 seiited at tbe lire was it curious one, almost every nosn 
 and clieek havini: become (piite white with fiost-bites in 
 fivi' minutes after beiim exposed to the weather, so 
 that it was deemed necessary for the medical iientleineii, 
 tu::ether with some others appointed to a- sist them, to 
 fro constantly lound while tlio men wen; workin<iat tho 
 lire, and to rub with snow the parts atlected, in order to 
 rotore animiition." 
 
 ( )ii tlie Kith day of Febi-uary the gi'Ciitest degree of 
 cold was (>x|)eri»!iiced, the thermometer liavinji descend- 
 ed to — ."jo"^, and I'emained for fifteen lioui's at — 51 , tho 
 li'>«i to have iieeii expected as the old year had closed 
 Avith mild weather. On the followiui:; day Parry snys, 
 '• Notwithstandiiiii tlu^ low temperatiu'e ol the- external 
 atmosphere, the oificers contrived to act, as visual, tho 
 |i|ay announced for this evening; but it must be con- 
 i'rs>ed that it was almost too cokl for either the actors 
 or the audieiic" to enjoy it, especially those of the loi-- 
 nierv.dio undertook to ap[)ear in female dresses."' It is 
 some consolation, however, to be told that tiiere was no 
 wiii'I. and the severest cold lias been stated to be foler- 
 alile in a cidm. in March the snow b«»<:an tv, melt, witii 
 a tem|)erature of LM) \o :5(P in the sun, but with — 'J'J ^ 
 to — 'J.V in the shade. Luminous arches, i)arhelia, and 
 tlie Aurora wei'e fre(pient, but not particularly remark- 
 a!ile. Toward tho end of A])ril tluj thermometer con- 
 tinued abov(> tho freezing j)oint in the shade for tho 
 greater part of two days, and about tlie middle of May 
 the --hiiis w(M'e once again afloat, the operation of cut- 
 ting the ice round them being completed. 
 
 I'arry, however, observes that it was sufficiently dis- 
 cenniging to his hopes of a fartlier progress to the west- 
 ward, to ))erceive tluit, on the last day of May, " tho 
 sea still })resented tt;e same unbroken and continuous 
 surface of solid and im[)enetrable ice, and ice that could 
 not Ik* less than from six to seven feet in thickness, as 
 we ktii'w it to be al»out the shij)s. When to this cir- 
 cumstance was added the consideration that scarcely 
 
 ilj 
 
 1[^ 
 
 if 
 
 I:' 
 
r 
 
 84 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAOKS. 
 
 tlio slii^lifosf syniptonis of lluiwiiii: lind y<'t ii|)|)C!H'(mI, 
 and flint in tlircr wccUs tVom tliis ixM'iod the sun wjuld 
 ntiain l)r«i;in to (l('clin(> to tlic sontliwiiid. it must \w coii- 
 Irsscd tliat the Mn)st sauiruino and (Mitliusiaslic ani(»n^ us 
 liad sonic reason to Ix' staiXijci'cd 'n the ('X])crtatioii tlicy 
 liati loniicd oi" tlio compltMt' acconiplisluiiont of our cu- 
 torpriso." 
 
 It may licro bo remarked that tlio wliole of tlio navi- 
 j;atioii hitherto perfornuMl had been from the 1st of 
 Aiiiiiist. wlien IjancastcM' Sound was enltMed, to tlie 'Jdth 
 of Sept(Miiber, wlien the ships were antdioi'ed on the 
 coast of Midvillc Island. fjiciitcnaiit I'arry lias else- 
 \vliei-(^ observed that the month of Septcmbci' is one of 
 the most favoiable for navijiation amoiiiSi masses of ice, 
 hut the slu)r(^s of Melville Island, at least, appear to \w 
 an exception — to be, in fact, the I'ecipitMits of the ^real- 
 est part of the ice driven to the eastward by the west- 
 orly winds about that j)arallel, this island beiiifi; the out- 
 ermost of the (Jeoruian chain, and considered by Parry 
 ns by far the worst he evt'r met with. 
 
 Previous, li()w<ner, to their d(>parturo from this 
 (li'oary. dismal, and detestable^ aboile, Parry determiiitMl 
 to make a journ(\y across Mcdville Island to tlu^ north- 
 ward, and to return by a ditferenl route. lie was ac- 
 companied by Captain Sabine, Messrs. Fisher, Nias, and 
 Keid, a s(>ri;eaiit of marines, and a serijeant of artillery, 
 together with thi'(Hi stamen and two marines, makiii;:, 
 in the wlu)le, u party of twelve. They took with thciu 
 tents, ])rovisions, and a cookinji apparatus. It was found 
 tliat those parts of the island whi(di were clear of snow 
 produced the dwarf willow, sorrel, and poppy, and that 
 the moss was very luxuriant. On the s(>cond day they 
 saw a pair of ducks (yl;/^/,s sjjcctahiiin), and killed seven 
 ]itarmii;an : sorrel and saxifrajie were abundant. They 
 iound pieces of coal embedded in sandstone ; passed a 
 very extensivi, dreary, and uninteresting level i)laiii 
 covered with snow ; and tliis kind of ground, '.vith occa- 
 sional ravines and fogey weather, continued for threo 
 days, during which they saw not a living animal, except 
 one or two llocks of geese {Anas hernlcla). 
 
 PaiTy, being desirous of obtaining a view of the sea 
 on the northern shore, took with him the two midship- 
 
yd iippcarnl, 
 tlu' sun wjuld 
 t must l)i> cou- 
 iistic nnioui; us 
 ipcrtiition tlwy 
 leut of our cii- 
 
 )lo of tlio navi- 
 )m tli«^ 1st of 
 red. to tlM' '2C>\\i 
 icliort'd oil tilt' 
 •any lias elsp- 
 •inhtT is one of 
 ; masses of ice, 
 ■;t, appeal- to Im 
 its of the jireiit- 
 nl l)y tlie wesl- 
 l iKMiifi; the out- 
 ilered l)y Puny 
 
 ture from this 
 iriy determined 
 id to the nortli- 
 Ile Avas ao- 
 isher, Nias, and 
 ant of artillery, 
 liarines, makiiiLN 
 took with them 
 Is. It was found 
 ■e clear of snow 
 poppy, and that 
 I'cond day they 
 uid kilhul seven 
 Imndant. They 
 touo ; passed a 
 Itiiig level i)laiii 
 und, '.v'ith oecu- 
 nued for three 
 animal, except 
 a). 
 
 iew of tho sen 
 le two niidship- 
 
 r-VKRY ri FIRST VOYAGE. 
 
 85 
 
 men Xiiis and Keid, with a (piarf er-masler of th*^ (Jriper. 
 Alii'i' II l<»"^ '""' disai:reea!>ie march tlu^v cana^ to what 
 tliev consiiiered to ho tho soa. Anxious, howovei', to 
 leave nothinii lua'ortain, they walkeil a few hundred 
 yards u|)on the ice, and endeavored, hy means of a 
 l)()ai(liu;i-|tike and their knives, to makc^ a hole through 
 il ni order to taste the water; hut alter tw(j hours' la- 
 lior they only sncceeiled in ffettiiiir through two fo<'t 
 of verv hard, brittle, and transpart^it ice, morir so than 
 that of salt water usually is. This did not satisfy I'urry, 
 who returned to the party left behind and carried thiMii 
 back with him to llu^ spot. The (Iocs was penetrated, 
 anil proved to bo fourteen foot and four inches in thi<dv- 
 liess ; the water (lowed u() within tifo'iMi inches of th() 
 surface of the icis and was found to bo "not v»My salt;" 
 sutliciently so, however, tt) conviiico thoiu all that it was 
 the sea on which they were standing. 
 
 < )n the lUh of .1 unt* tluy' set out on their return, kill- 
 ed three ptarmigans, and saw a pair of ducks, and, two 
 (lavs after, a ureat number of brent f;(!es«'. some ptarmi- 
 f^aii. ami many siH)W-l)untiniis ; tho constant and checu'- 
 fid note td'th(( latter reminded th(>m of a better country 
 — a worse, perhaps, it would be diflicidt to tind ; it re- 
 minded them of home, this darling littbi bird be in<f con- 
 sidered the robin redbi't'ast of the siiowy regions.* Ar- 
 ii\t'd at ijushnan's (Jove, in Liddon's (Julf, on the west- 
 ern side ot' .Mcdville Island, tlu^ party found " ono of tho 
 plea>aiitest and most habitable spots we had yet si^en in 
 the Vrctic reyions, the vegetation bein^ more abundant 
 and forward than in any other place, and the situation 
 sludlered and favorable for f^ame." 'I'hey found liei'o a 
 lioiid deal of moss, ijrass, dwarf-willow, and saxifrage, 
 and Captain Sabine met with a ranunculus in full llower. 
 Tims we see that even in this, the most desolate region 
 ol" the earth, the superiority of tlie wi^storn coast pre- 
 dominates. Tlui hunters saw and lired at a nuisk-ox, 
 but did not kill him ; they saw tilso several golden plov- 
 ers, and one or two boatswains {Lcalris). ( )u tho 1.0th 
 they reached the ships, and were complimented by tlu^ir 
 shipmates on their };oo(l looks, and as appearing in inurti 
 j'obiist healtli than when liiey departed. 
 
 * ."ffo Cuptiiin Lyon'rf \'()vuij.j ri':,'!iriUng tliia bird. 
 
 li 
 
 
 ;,f' 
 
 \n\ 
 
 ;|V 
 
 A 
 
. :mm "^■■•w-i 
 
 8G 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 Townrfl tlio pihI f)f h\no. 'A\o ic(> n(\:;iin to iiinvp in tlio 
 orfiiij:, witli ii loud, firiiidiiii; noise, and on llio 5th of .In- 
 ly the tlicnuonM'tcr rostj tVoni ';0 to o'J , iind on the tAVo 
 iollowiiifi; tliiys to oo^. The ic(^ in tlio Iruhor mIso Ijc- 
 ^iin to dissolve, and was there covci'cmI with pools ot' 
 water. On the ITtli the teiM))eratnre i'ose to (JO^, the 
 liit,diest point it ever reached at Meivilhi Islanih On 
 tlie 'J4th every thini^ was complete for proc(MMhn,; to sea; 
 " tlu^ sails wert^ bent in readiness for stai'tini: at a mo- 
 ment's notice, thouj^h it must he confessed that the mo- 
 tive tor doinif so was to make some show of n.oving, rath- 
 er than any expectation J dared to entei'tain of soon os- 
 rapinij; tVom our lonj^ and tedious continement ; lor it Avas 
 impossibh^ to conceal from tlm men the painful fact, that 
 in eiiiht or nine weeks from this period the naviyahk; 
 season must \mavoidal)ly conm to a conclusion.'' Anoth- 
 er paintul fact was, that, hefort^ the expiiation of July, 
 the appr(»acli of winter ainiounced itself in tin? (hminu- 
 tion of temperature, wiiicli seldom i-eached 4(P by day, 
 and also by the falls of sleet and snow, us well as by the 
 })(jols of water frozen over in th«> night. 
 
 On the last day of July the whole body of the ice in 
 the liarbor was perceived to be slowly moving out, break- 
 ing away for thi^ first time at the points which form the 
 entrance of the harbor. 
 
 The latitude and longitude of Winter Harbor is thus 
 stated : 
 
 LMliliid(> hy 3f) ineridiiui ahitudes . 7P 47' 19" N. 
 Loiiizitutle by (iit-J sets of observations, 
 
 C(msisting'of ()!j()x! liuiar disUiuces . 110^ 48' 29" IT'. 
 
 Dip of niaguetic needle . . , 81)^4:}' 
 
 VariatitMi "^ 127^ 47' 50" i?. 
 
 On the 1st of August, the day on whicli Lancaster 
 Sound had been ent«'red, the two ships stood out of 
 Winter liarbor, after liaving passed ten whob; months 
 and a part of Septembei- and August in that dreary plac(3 
 of imprisomnent. They stood along the shore of Mel- 
 ville Island to the westward, occasionally running in near 
 to the beach to avoid the masses of ice in motion; in 
 one place, the Ifecla being within twenty yards of the 
 beach, a })oint of land, which was liiied all round with 
 lurge huiamucs of ico, rendered it a most dangerous sit- 
 
^ 
 
 V<! 
 
 TARRY HI FIRST VOYAGC. 
 
 87 
 
 I) inf)V(' ill llio 
 tlio oth of .lu- 
 iii(i oil tlic Xwo 
 •iilior iilso bc- 
 ^vitli pools ot" 
 s(3 to <iU^, \]](^ 
 ! Isliiiul. On 
 (•(Mlin,:; to sea; 
 'Uuii. iit a nio- 
 1 tluit the ino- 
 ■ ir-oviiii;, ratli- 
 .iii of soon es- 
 'tit ; for it \V!is 
 iiiful fact, tliat 
 tho naviiialjlo 
 ion." Aiiotli- 
 ation of July, 
 n tli(! (limiim- 
 !(1 4(»^ by (liiy, 
 well as by tho 
 
 f of tho ico ill 
 
 •iiig out, brcak- 
 
 liicli form tho 
 
 Harbor is thus 
 
 47' 10" N. 
 
 P 4n' 20" JV. 
 
 ■" 47' 50" E. 
 icli Lancaster 
 
 stood out (jf 
 whole; months 
 itdroiiry ])Ia('(i 
 shore of Mel- 
 unnini; in near 
 
 in niolion : in 
 
 V yards of tho 
 
 ill round with 
 
 dangerous sit- 
 
 vr.uion; and tli<> moro so as tho body of tho ico romiii;; 
 in from the westward, beim:; distant from the ship less 
 tliiin half a mile, was composed of lloes infinitely mor(> 
 heavy than any they iiafi (dsewliero met with diirinu tho 
 \(i\;i\:e. Lieutenant Liddon sent word that the (iriper 
 Wiis also in a situation exactly similar to that of tho I lec- 
 la. where " nipping" nppeiired unavoidable if the (Iocs 
 sliiMilil come in. Parry desired Liddon not to join him, 
 as there wa-< not room for two ships. " and the chance^^ 
 of siuiii;; oik' of them from the catastrophe^ we had reas- 
 on to apprehend were greater by their lieiiiii; separate." 
 
 J>y chance, and it wms by diaiico entirely, they os- 
 c!i|)ed; but had the apparent catastro|)lm taken place, 
 which they had reason to a])pr(dieiid, not a single beiiii; 
 could have survived the melancholy fate that must inev- 
 itiilily have awjiited them; all must liavc^ jierished from 
 fiiinnie tind the intense cold of tho^approaching winter. 
 This state of things, and, indeed, every circuiiistaiico 
 cniiiiected with this abmniiiablo island, must servo as !i 
 lieacdii to warn ol'f any future navigator from coming even 
 within siiilit of it, but to avoid it as the ancients did Scyl- 
 la or ('harybdis. It is to be hoped, and tluM'c^ is reason 
 to l)elieve. that Sir .lohn Fnmklin's attention has been 
 ])aificulaily drawn to this part of Sir Edward Parry's 
 nai'iative. 
 
 The ships remained, however, at or near tlio sniiio 
 place, and a mass of abo it an acre in extent drove in and 
 gave the Hecia a considei-able "nip," and then 'rra/ed 
 p.ast her to the westward. 'J'he following day another doo 
 came in, "and gave tho ship a heavy rub." I'arry, howev- 
 e;-. still peist>vered in creejiing along the .'■hore of Alelvilb 
 isJaiHl. the shi])s sustaining such tretp'.ent .uid " severo 
 rubs" thfit nothing short of tlio stoutest timber, the most 
 sound and dexible iron, and tho most judicious construc- 
 tion of the fabrics, could possibly have withstood these 
 ire(|nent rubs to wliich they were exposed. P(!rsever- 
 iiig. liowe\er. in this beach-sailing, generally within lialf 
 a mile of it, till they arrived very nearly to the western- 
 uiost ])()int of the island, tli«» commander, believing thero 
 was little hope of making farther progress to the west- 
 ward, and having experienced during tho first half of tho 
 Jjuvigublo season such a continued series of vexations, 
 
 ll 
 
 I !. 
 
 iH 
 
 ii 
 
 f «• 
 
 kI''' 
 
 /, 
 

 88 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 rlisa])p<»'mtinonts, and delays, acroinpaniiMl by f^ucli a con- 
 vlaiit statti ol tliiiiu'T to llif sliips, tell it ii<fv ti» l)0 no 
 loiifi*'!' justilial)li; to pcrscvcif in u iVuillcss attempt to get 
 Im t he wotward. 
 
 On consultinii the oHirefs of hoth ships, tliey agreed 
 ^vitll him that any I'artlier attempt t(» piocetMl to th(5 
 ^vest\va^d in that parallel would het alto<fether iVuitless ; 
 tliey also a,::i'eed in the |)lan he proposed of innninj; iiack 
 to the eastwai'd alonj^ thv ed^e ot" the; ieo, to look out tor 
 any opetiini; that ini«iht lead them to the AnuM'iean con- 
 tinent, and, tailing to lind any such, to return to Kn^land. 
 On the -Jiith ol" August, theret'or(% they turiuMl tin; ships' 
 heads to tlie eastward, and on the morninj^ ot" the -JTth 
 hud passed tlie eastern end ot" ALdville Island, in an open 
 channel not less than ten miles wide, all hands heartily 
 rejoicing to take leav(.i loiever ol" this island. W'l? are 
 told, however, in a note, that the island, during their 
 stay ol" nearly twelvj months, had alilorded them the fol- 
 lowing (pianiity of game: thi'ej; musk-oxen, twenty-four 
 deer, sixty-eight hari's, lit'ty-three geese, fit"ty-nine ducks, 
 and (jiie hundred and l"orty-l"our i'*^armigaus, amounting 
 in w«'ight to three tho\isand sevcMi liundrtMl and sixty- 
 six poinids of meat ; that is to say, it atl"orde(l to each of 
 ninety-four men threes i)ounds ami a half of meat per 
 month! the products of an island which is staled to ex- 
 ceed liv'j thousand s(pnire miles. 
 
 ( )n the ;!lst of August they repassed Lancaster Sound, 
 and on the 1st of Septemher bore up and ran along tho 
 land, taking their dejjarture from tin; llag-stalf in l*os- 
 session JJay, on tlie southeastern point of the said sound. 
 As the whole ol" this coast was run down in l.^^lr', and 
 partially examined, it is not necessary to follow the pres- 
 ent expedition in uny renuirks upon it; but before the 
 ground be quitted on which no less than twelve months 
 ^ver^^ passed, from September, L"^li), to August, Ij^JO, 
 the temperature c,l the air in the shade nuiy bo noticed : 
 
 Maxiniuui (iO-, Miuiniinn 50\ Range 110°. 
 
 The mean of the twelve mouths -|-1 --li:"}. 
 
 'J'iie liiwest t(Mu|)eratiir(' rej^istei'ed on tlit.' ice was — 7uP \ 
 it (lid not rise al)ove .VI - fur seveiileeu liours ou the lltli and 
 loth (if February, lu'JO. 
 
 On the whole of this eastern coast of Baffin's and Du- 
 
^ 
 
 ich a con- 
 to Ik; iki 
 iipt to get 
 
 vy n<;r(MMl 
 f(l to tlio 
 
 iVuitU'ss ; 
 iiiiiiu:; i)iick 
 jok out tor 
 ■riciiii coii- 
 » Kniilaiid. 
 tlie ships' 
 f the ~>7th 
 ill Jill open 
 (Is lu'iirlily 
 \Vc II ni 
 iritm tlieii' 
 I'll! llir I'ol- 
 weiity-t'oiir 
 niiu' (lucks, 
 
 iiiiiouiitiiij:; 
 
 and sixty- 
 [1 to each uf 
 f meat ptu' 
 
 led to ex- 
 
 tcr Sound, 
 iiloiiii iho 
 
 air in l^).'^- 
 
 said sound. 
 Ir^lH, and 
 
 \v tlie pres- 
 helore the 
 ve months 
 
 ^ust, 1^-JO, 
 )o noticed : 
 
 \v;is — ')'P ; 
 the 11th and 
 
 in's and Da- 
 
 r.VRRV ri riRriT VOYAGE. 
 
 89 
 
 vis's Strait tliey called only at one pla<"e. Clyde's River, 
 ill latitude 70 ">!■-''. Here they rccrivcd visits iVoiii u 
 tribe of Ksquiinaux, whose appearance and conduct 
 pli'iise(l them all very much — lively, j;ood natured, and 
 clie.'rt'ul. with a preat inclination to jump uhout when 
 iniicli pleased, '• reiideriiif; it," says I'airy, " a penalty 
 of no tridinj; natui'o for them to sit still for half an hour 
 t(im'th(!r." They were decently clothtMl, male and fe- 
 male, and their children e(pially so, in well-dressed and 
 neatly-sewn seal skins. Tiiey were, in fact, in all re- 
 spects, iiitinittdy superior to Ross's Arctic lliiililaiiders, 
 who pulled or ruhhed noses jls a siilutation. and asked if 
 ships were not living creatures. lUit Parry sluill hiinselt" 
 jiiark th(^ contrast : 
 
 '• r|i(iii the wlinle, these people may lie considered in pos- 
 si'>si(iii of e\ery necessary ot lite, as well as nt' most of tlie 
 (■niiili)rts and CDUveniences which can he .•iijoyed in so nido 
 a r-tale of society. In the situation ioid < ircumstaiiccs ia 
 wliicii \\n'. I'.stpiimaux of N. (ireeiilaiid [Ross's lli^dilaiideis] 
 are pliicrd, there is much to excite compas>ion li'"" the low 
 state to wiiich hniiian nature appears to be there reduced — a 
 st.itr in few respects superi(»r to that of the hear or the seal, 
 which they kill i()r tlieir suhsisti'uce. ]iut with these il was 
 iii)|)iissil)le rot to experience a f«'eliiicj ol' a more [ileasiiii^ 
 kind: th<M'e was a respintiiil decency in tlieir freiienil be- 
 havior, wliicli at once struck us as very ditfereul lidin tliul of 
 the other untutored l",s(|uimaux ; and in their persons thero 
 was less of that intolerabh- lilth by which these people aro 
 so generally distiiii,Miislie(l. But the superiority for which 
 they are ninst reniarkabl<> is, tlio j)erfect lioiiestv which clirtr- 
 acterized all their dealings with us. During the two hours 
 tliaf the men were on board, and f.>r four or live hours that 
 wo were sul)se(|uenlly anioiiir them on .xhore, on both which 
 occasions the temptation to steal trom us was, perliaps, stron- 
 ge;' t!i;iii wc cuii well imagine, and the opportiinitv of doing 
 fo l)y no means wantiiiiz, not a single instance occui'rcd, to my 
 knowledge, of their piiferiiiL: tlu; most triiliim artich'. It is 
 j)leasing to record a fact no less singular in itself than honor- 
 able to those simple people." — 1'. "J157. 
 
 Xotliing material occurred in their way across tlio 
 Atlantic, till the afternoon of the "Jtlth <tf ()ctober, when 
 they struck soundings in seventy tiithoins in latitude .39° 
 o")'. Oil the "J-^th they wert^ between Fair Island and 
 the Orkneys; on the xi'Jth made liuclianess, and on lli« 
 
 11 ;i 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 i ^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 n 
 
 I! 
 
 ■ft 
 
 \> 
 
 !■ 
 
 r!, 
 
 »! ( 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 l^^i 
 
 4m 
 
 ,'j 
 
 ' il 
 
 ! ,' 'I 
 
 H 
 
 «i 
 
 /' 
 
 
»t^ «'• .*. 
 
 90 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGE.^. 
 
 fullowJiiji; (liiy lh(i coiniiiandcr landtMl at Pctorlicad, ac- 
 compiiiiiod liy Cii|)tiiiii Siibiiic and Mr. Hoopci', who pro- 
 ceodcfl without dcliiy to London, wlicni they arrived uu 
 the luorniiig ot'tho ',k\ of Sowmlnn; Id'JU. 
 
 "Such wiis the cxcclk'nt state of ht'iilth wliich wo at thi;< 
 tiuK.' coatiuuod to enjoy on hoard thi' Ilfcla, tliut (hiring iho 
 whoh; Heasou of our l.itc navigation from \V'inI<?r Harhor to 
 th(! coast of Scotland, heiui,' a |)eriod of thirtrvn weeks, not 
 a sinf,'lo case liad ht^en (nitered (»n our sick-hst, except from 
 one or two accidents of a trithnir natiux' ; and 1 had tlie hap- 
 piness <jf seeing eveiy otlic(.'r and man on i)oard hoth sliips 
 (willi oniy one exception out of ninety-tijur persons) return 
 to tin'ir native countiy in as rohust heahh as wlien tiiey left 
 it, after an ahsenci,' ot nearly eii.'liteeu mouths, during winch 
 time wo had heen living entirely on oiu" own resources." — 
 
 It is not intended h(?ro to enter into any detail of tho 
 ohservations made, dnriiii:; tli<^ voya<:;(', nor of the scien- 
 titic operations carried on whenevei' an opportunity oc- 
 cnrred. Nothing was onutted whicli highly inti-Uigent 
 officers and tho hest instruments could supply. An ap- 
 j)endix, di'awn up on a clear and well-arrang(;d principle, 
 contains such ohservations and rennirks as were deemed 
 of most importance. The volume itself exhihits tho 
 conduct and the character of hoth ofticiM's and men in 
 the most praiseworthy point of vi«'W ; and with regard 
 to tlio enlightened comm.iuder hy whom it was written, 
 it iH'ed only he repeat«'d here, what has heen said (dse- 
 where : " No oiu^ can rise from the pei'usal of this work 
 without hoing impressed with the fulh*'--: conviction that 
 his merits as an officer and scientific navigator aie of tho 
 higltest order ; that his talents are not confined to his 
 j)rofessi()nal duties ; hut that tho resources of his mind 
 are eqmd to the most .u'duous situations, and fertile in 
 expedients under every circumstance, however difificult, 
 dangei'ous, or unexpected." In addition to all this. Par- 
 ry nniy he said to i)ossess the true character and spirit 
 of a Ih'itisli sailor — open, straightforward, and upiight ; 
 his education was such as to inspire hina with a love of 
 the j)rofession, having entered the service in IfrOo, ho.on 
 made a lieutenant in 1.^1 0, and continued to servt? in 
 that rank on the coast of America till ldl7, when ho 
 was selected, as has heen related in the jn-eceding voy- 
 cge, to conifnand the Aiexuudc]-, as second to Koss. 
 
^ 
 
 n'ad, ac- 
 vlio pro- 
 •livod ou 
 
 vc at tlli:4 
 
 tu'iiii: tlio 
 llail)!)!- Ifi 
 ,ffks, not 
 ccpt from 
 I the ha})- 
 )((lh sliii)S 
 us) iL'lunx 
 1 they Iftt 
 •ing whitli 
 oiiireri." — 
 
 tail of tlio 
 tlic scicn- 
 1 unity oc- 
 iiitt'Uigoiit 
 . An ap- 
 1 principle, 
 ce deemed 
 thibits tho 
 id men in 
 ith re<;;ai(l 
 \s written, 
 said (>lse- 
 tliis work 
 iction that 
 ai-e of tho 
 lied to his 
 his mind 
 fertile in 
 er ditilicult, 
 this, Par- 
 and spirit 
 id uprii^ht ; 
 I a love of 
 iei)3, been 
 to serve in 
 r, when he 
 eding voy- 
 o Koss. 
 
 PARRY d FIRST VOVAGn. 
 
 ni 
 
 Oil the present voyaLje lie was most rlioerfiilly and 
 riieri^^eticiilly obeyed ami assisted by all liis orCicers in 
 hdtli slii[)s; and, in addition to the ordinary services 
 which navii^ation and nautical astronomy reciuire, he li;id 
 till' beiielit otCaptain S.ibiiK.-'s valuable and cordial co-op- 
 eration in carryini:; out a series of experiments in a branch 
 of science unconnected with any that rei^ards navigation — 
 the swiii^iiii^ a pendulum for ascertainiiiL'the eilipticify of 
 the eai'tli. Captain Sabine, beiiijj; a comu'ctifUi ot" Mr. 
 Jleiiry IJrowne, of Portland l*lace, liad unrestricted ac- 
 cess to that jLjentleman's observatory and valuable collec- 
 tion of astronomical instruiiKMits, some of which wero 
 supplied to the |)resent expedition ; and the practical uso 
 (it'tliein was well known to Captain Sabine. In the i.p- 
 pciidix to Commander Parry's narrative we find the cap- 
 tain joined with other officers in makiiiir oi)servations on 
 tbo dip, the variation and declinaticjii of the niiiynetio 
 needle; in ascertainiiii; the latitudes and loiiifitmU^s by 
 thermomoters jointly with Parry, Ueechcy, and Hoop- 
 er; and lunar ol)S(U'vations taken at Winter Harbor and 
 at sea with Parry, IJeecher, H()o|)er, and Ross, amount- 
 in}^ to the extraordinary number of six thousand eight 
 hundred and sixty-two. 
 
 Sabine, in addition to all those, describes (in tho ap- 
 pendix) tho subjects of natural history collected in tho 
 three classes of mammalia, birds, and fishes. Jiut th(3 
 most important will probably la; considered that of No. 
 ^', " An accourt, of the expcu'iments to determine tho 
 accehu'ation of the pendulum in din'erent latitudes," 
 which would appear to have been the joint labor of 
 Parry and Sabiiu^ " Tlui acciihuital discovery," it is 
 said, "that a pendulum, t)n being removed from Paris 
 to the neighborhood of the equator, incrtuised its tiino 
 ot" vibration, gavc^ tlu! first step to our present knowledgo 
 that the polar axis of the globe is loss than thi^ e(piat()- 
 rial, and that the force of gravity at the surfac(! of tho 
 earth increases progressively from tin) ecpnitor toward 
 the polos." In the j)resent instance two clocks wero 
 used in these exp(u-iments, being the ])roperty of the 
 Royal Society, and the smne which accompanied Ca[)- 
 tain Cook round the world ; and the result is stated to 
 bo, that tJio mean daily acceleration of tho two clocks 
 
 I.! 
 
 jv; 
 
 It: 
 
 { 
 
 * <\ 
 
 
 ll 
 
 li 
 
 r 
 
 ;,vi 
 
 i 
 
 'it 
 
 '0 
 
 I 
 
,rr 
 
 02 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 was scviMity-foiir tliousaml seven liiiiidred and tliirty- 
 fonr vihiiitions, wliieli is cnnsidei-ed us tluj true iicceluiu- 
 tiDii of u penduinni between the liitiliides ol ' .'Jl' llrt ' 
 (r.onddii) and 7 1 17' 1 J" {.Melville Uland) ; and the 
 dediution, wliicli was obtained iVoni the result of the 
 arcidoration Ixjlween London and Moivillo island, ^uves 
 the iliniinuliou of ^^ravity from the polt^ to the eipiator 
 to ho -OOOo-Jort ; and this decimal gives for the cllipticity 
 of tlio earth, ^j-pTTTr- 
 
 J{ut as Captain Sal)in(! in the year 18'21 (the next fol- 
 lowinjr that of his arrival in Kn;:land) eiul)arked on a 
 most ar(lu(»us undertaUinjf to investiyatt; the last-nuMi- 
 lioned subject in hijih latitudes, an account of his voya- 
 ges and operations will l)e j-esumed hereaft»M*. 
 
 it may perhaps Ins deemed presmnptuous in a lands- 
 man viMituring to differ iVom so expert and complete u 
 seaman as Connuander l*arry ; hut it is undei- a C(»n- 
 viction that he will not l>e displeased at, but take in good 
 part, a few desultory remarks, though not I'xactly cor- 
 res|)ondent with his own opinion. "Our experience," 
 he says, •• 1 think has clearly siiown that the navigation 
 of the l*oIar seas can never las perfornu>d with any de- 
 gree of certainty, without a continuity of land. It was 
 only by watcdiing tins occasioiud openings betwjM'U tin* 
 ice and the shoris that our late pi-ogi-ess to the west waid 
 was ell'ectcMl ; and had tins land continued in tins desired 
 direction, tln-re can be no (piestion that we shoidd have 
 continued to advance, however slowly, toward the com- 
 pletion of our (Miterprise."' 'Vlw ol)jection about to be 
 olfered is not to the ''slow advance,'' l)Ut to the chance 
 of no advani ts at all, and to the extreme ha/.ard of tins 
 loss of the ship and crew, which liad lusarly happened 
 in the present instance, and did actually liappen to tlie 
 ship on a future occasion, by a nip, or rub, or i)ressuro 
 between the ice and the shore ; to say nothing of the 
 constant appr(shension, the anxiety, and incessant threat- 
 ening of momentaiy destruction, which occurred along 
 the whole coast of Melville Island, and tins fre(|ueiit 
 " rubs" and " nips" which both ships experienced be- 
 tween the sea ice and the shorts ice, when nothing but 
 extreme watchtulness and good management could p s- 
 sibly luivo saved them from being crusiied. Instead, 
 
1 
 
 PARRY rf FIRST VOYAGE. 
 
 93 
 
 11(1 tliirly- 
 ' ucct'luru- 
 L ' 'Al' 06" 
 : and tlio 
 lilt of tlm 
 liiiid, f;ivt's 
 in (■(|ii!it(ir 
 >. e Hi pt icily 
 
 If! next fol- 
 
 i-k(Ml oil il 
 
 liisr-inoii- 
 
 ' his voyii- 
 
 in a lunds- 
 
 •oiiiplt'tn il 
 
 iUt il coii- 
 ikr in iiood 
 xiictly cor- 
 
 LIXM-it'lH'C," 
 
 niivi^atiou 
 itli any (h;- 
 d. It was 
 
 'tWJM'll tllP 
 
 • westward 
 K^ dosirt'd 
 )uld have 
 tho com- 
 )0".lt to l)o 
 al (diaiico 
 rd ot" tlio 
 lia[)i)(MUMl 
 )t'ii to tho 
 pressuro 
 111; ot" tho 
 ant threat- 
 iToil aloiit; 
 c tr('(|ueiit 
 (•need 1)0- 
 thiiii; l)iit 
 ould |J H- 
 Instead, 
 
 flioi'eforo, of ImviriL' fo " watrli the orrasioinl nponinp;^ 
 liriweeii the ice and tlie slntre." wonlil it not lie nioi-(^ 
 (lesirahlt! to avoid iilacini; thi' ship het'veeii the ice and 
 the shore ! to keep iis far as possible iVoni the shore, 
 ami trust to an open sea, free from land of any kind, 
 even with th(^ usual (piantity of loose ice, lioininocs, (»r 
 llocs ? A ship, it is pr«'sniiHMJ, may always make her 
 wav thi'oiiyh such a sea with little or no danjier. as is 
 well known to tiie wliale-lishiiij; ships, whicli carefully 
 avoid coininu near an ice-bound coast. 
 
 Ayainst winterinti; in tlu; ice tliere are iinnierons ob- 
 jections, thonjih tile detention can not always be avoich'd. 
 ( )iie of them, but ix'thaps the least serious, is the ;,':".'at, 
 inconvenience and discomfort which the officers and 
 crew imist unavoidably be subject to, without any chanco 
 of coinpeiisatioii by carryinj; out the objects of the expe- 
 ditinn — without hope of thereby advancins; (Hscovery or 
 i^eof^raphical knowledge. And althoufj;h tiio liardships 
 of winterini; in the ice have been shown, on the present 
 occasion, to admit of mitigation, when thc^y hapjxMi uu- 
 (li-r so able and discreet an officer as Commander I'ar- 
 ry, whose resources are inexhaustible, it may fall to tho 
 lot of another, whose mind is l<>ss fertih; in ex|)(Mlierits 
 to soften them. Auotlier objection may, perhaps, bo 
 raised against the danger that is likely to be incurred ; 
 but this by caution and attention may generally be pro- 
 vided ajjauist. A third, and one of the first import- 
 ance in most cases, is tho utter inutility of wintering in 
 the Arctic seas; for no harbors are known that are 
 not filled with ice for eight or nine months in the year. 
 and the ship must be secui-ed in ice that is already 
 thick and firm by the close of the season, generally mak- 
 ing it necessary to cut a canal, at an immense labor, 
 so as to be floated to a place of safety ; and it is most 
 likely to happen that, before she can be got out again, 
 the following season is so far expired, that all the ser- 
 vic(> she can then undertake is to get home, with tho 
 loss of a year. 
 
 After all, it is but a choice of evils, to winter or return 
 when the first obstruction commences. In tliat pcn'tion 
 of the globe in question, a short passage home is next to 
 certain, whether beset in the ice or in an open sea, as the 
 
 I .1 
 i 
 
 V t 
 
 I 
 
 ill 
 
 ly 
 
 ;'i; 
 
 't • 
 
 I 
 
 tV 
 
 
 11 
 
01 
 
 ARCTIC VOVAfiLS. 
 
 Aviiid is gt'iicDilIy fuvonililc for n sontlicni voyn^»\ nml llm 
 current almost nlwiiys so; l)iif it may liiipix-ii that nn 
 rhoirr is Id't, and tlicii to winter lias liecoim' a matter of 
 necessity; and Parry lias laid down an admiraltle rod(i 
 ol instructions for any oik! reduced to tliat emeri^ency. 
 
 C II AFTER V. 
 tfl)DI\\DER CLAVERIM; AND CAPTAIN SABINE, R.A. 
 
 lH0-2-lfi23. 
 
 1. Jniirnnl of a Voyose to l^pifzhrrsfn fJnd the Kasf Const 
 of Gri'i'iihinil, in IHx Majrsfijs Ship Cirijur, I). C. C'r.A- 
 vr.iuNCi, Ks(|., ('(niiiiiaiiilcr. 
 
 2. An Arrotiiit of ll.riirrinu'nls fo (hfrrminr. the Fipvre of the 
 Karlh III! mcdiis of thi' I'lnihil inn rihrtitixi! srromfs in lif- 
 frrrnf hitilndra ; an veil ax on sonic olhrr siilijvrfx of Phil- 
 oso/ihirril Iiii/iiiri/. J5y Kuwakd .Saium;, Cai)tiiiu in tlio 
 Uoyal Artillfiy. 
 
 It was considered oxjiedient to introduce n, brief no- 
 tice^ of tliis voyage aiiioiiii; those? sj)ecially sent into tla^ 
 Arctic reu;ions for tlio purpose of discovery, and for 
 two reasons: fust, that ('oinmander Claverinir was to 
 he oi'der«Ml to proceed to Spit/,l)er}j;en, and thence to the 
 oast coast of (Ireeiiland. and tlnit on the latter In; suc- 
 ceeded in reachins:; a higher deo;ree of latitude than any 
 former or suhsetpient naviifator had elfected ; and, sec- 
 ondly, that he cai'ried out, lii-st in the Pheasant, and 
 tli(>n in the Giij)er, Captain (now Lieutenant-colonel) 
 Sabine, who, very shortly after his return from the 
 first voyage of Parry to the Arctic Sea, recommenced 
 that series of observations on the leniith of the seconds' 
 pendulum which were made in the Ileda. 
 
 Captain Sabixk, impelled by tlie zeal and lovo of 
 science for which he is distina;uished, hastened to pro- 
 ceed, in the first instance, to Sierra Leone, in the Iphi- 
 jienia, on the 21.M of February, 18'22, and completed his 
 ])en(lulum exj)erinients theio in April. Sir Kobcu-t 
 blends there assigned the Pheasant to convey him to 
 
1 
 
 v 
 
 CI.AVKUING AMJ riAUIM;. 
 
 05 
 
 ;o, nml tho 
 
 •II tliiit no 
 
 lllllltl'l' of 
 
 nililr <'(m1(< 
 
 IINE, R.A. 
 
 K,/sf Coast 
 I). (.'. Cl.A- 
 
 ''iij^iirr (if the 
 'oiiils ill ilif- 
 rrfs of Phil- 
 [)tiiiu in tho 
 
 a brirf no- 
 
 iMit into tlii^ 
 
 y, niul tor 
 
 'mil ^vas to 
 
 (Mico to tho 
 
 or li(! siu'- 
 
 Ic! thuii any 
 
 ; and, scc- 
 
 3asant, and 
 
 int-('f>1onol) 
 
 IVoni tho 
 
 •oninioiicod 
 
 10 soconds' 
 
 nd love of 
 led to pro- 
 
 11 the ]|)lii- 
 nplotod his 
 >ir Kobort 
 vey hiiu to 
 
 lli(^ several Atlantic, stations whoro in- was dosirous to 
 swiiiu liis prndulnin. mostly in tho W'rsI Indies and to 
 tlh> .sdiiliiwnrd ol'tho lim', as far as Ax-onsiciii. 
 
 ('oMMWPKii ('i,.\VKuiN(i, of tho IMioasant. was an 
 (tlVicer well vrrsed in the scicntilic dntio.s of a navigator, 
 Hiid a iViondship was sprodily formed hi-tweeii the two 
 nlficers that ceased only with tln^ death of tho snijor, 
 wliich iia|)peiied. when, in the year 1H-J7, he (•(amnand- 
 ed tlie Kedwin;:, whicli ship sailed from the c(, 'st of 
 Atrica. and. Iteinii never after heard <»!", is snpposed to 
 have fonndereil, and all on hoard to have perished. It 
 is >tiited hy Mr. .lames Smith, the editcn* of the voyain', 
 that such was the aide and zealons matnier in which 
 ('onanaiider ('laverin;^ co-opei"ite(l with ("aptain Sa- 
 l)ine, that the latter was n(»t only enahied t(» make tlio 
 ohservations at eveiy station in the most satisfactory 
 iiiMniicr, hilt without tlie sliijhtest accident ever havinu; 
 tiikeii placid in movin|irtli(; niinuM'oiis and delicate instrii- 
 iiieiils to and from tlu^ sliip. The observations beiiij; 
 c.piiipleted at Sierra Leone, the places next to b«' visited 
 were tlu! Island of St. 'J'homa.s, Ascension, Haliia, 
 iMaraiiham, Trinidad, .lamaica, and N»'W York ; to 
 all of whi(d> i)laces Captain Sabino whs conveyed in 
 Miccession by tlie Pheasant, and made his |)enduliim 
 ohservalions at each of them in a manner satist'actory to 
 liiinself ; and those observatioiis were published by tho 
 Hoard of Longitude, and will briefly be noticed hero. 
 The two officers, it is said, executed a valnabk; and ex- 
 tensive series of observations on the direction and force 
 of the (Mpiatorial current. 
 
 Iininediately alter the arrival of the Pheasant in Kni;- 
 lund, on the 5th of t'ebriiary, 1.-<"J."5, Captain Sal)ine 
 su^irestod, through Sir lliimphrey Davy, that the ex- 
 tension of similar experimcMits would be desirable if 
 carried on in high latitudes, iiiid that lu^ was ready (as 
 lie ever is when the calls of science recpiii-(; it) to under- 
 tak(! this service. The (iriper, fjun-brig, was appropri- 
 ated forthwith for that purpose, and on the 'Jfitli of Feb- 
 ruary Clavering was ap|)ointed to command her. Tho 
 plan of tho voyaye proposed by Captain Sahine was, to 
 proceed in the first instance to llammerfest, near the 
 North Capo of Norway, about the 70lii tlegree of lati- 
 
 1.* 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 If 
 
 ',' 
 
 
 if I 
 
 Vi 
 
 ii 
 
 i 
 
9G 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 tilde : tliPiicc to a scroiid stntioii, in or iicnr the POth 
 ])iinillel, on the iioitlu'in const of Spit/boijicii ; al'ter- 
 •\Viir(i to iiiiikc! tlie ojj.st cftiist of ( Jrcciilio:;!, in as hifjli n 
 latitude as tlie hari'icr of ice, whicli lenders tliat coast 
 difficult of access, v>-onld periiiit, and havinji j^ut within 
 the barrier, to ascend the c(»ast to the northward as far 
 as niif^ht be compatible the same year, in order to ob- 
 tain a third pendulum station for Captain Sabine's expcM- 
 iments at the highest degree of latitude that might be 
 there attained. 
 
 He was then to return to the southward, and if Ca])- 
 tani Siibine should wish for a fourth station on the coa.st 
 of FceliUid, he was to use his discretion, accoi'ding to tlie 
 states of tlie weather and th(^ time of the 3('ar, to stop at 
 that island ; if not, a fourth station might be sought else- 
 where, in or about the same parallel, and after that to 
 return to England. The equipment of the (Jriper being 
 conij)leted, and the magnetical pendulmn, with the va- 
 rious instniments for astronomical and other scientific 
 puiposes, being embarked by the second week in May, 
 she sailed from the Nore on tlie 11th of that month for 
 lliimmeifest, where she arrived on the 4th of .June. 
 
 This place, built on a small island named Qualoen, or 
 "Whale Island, is said to consist of about a dozen iiouses. 
 The bay is small, but tlie anchorage good and safe ; the 
 only provisions to be got liere were reindeer, which 
 were dieap ; the trade is entirely in fish and oil. The 
 iii'.tives are described as kind and hospitable, and were 
 pleased at the idea of a visit from even such a smnll 
 man-ofwar as the (i riper. The women are fair and 
 pretty, and dress much like our own ; remote from the 
 civilized world, tlu>y are untainted bv either its vices or 
 its wants. Morality and religi* strictly predomi'.ite, 
 and deviations from either are rare. Mr. Crowe, an 
 English merchant, wlio acts as consul, resides here, and 
 paid the visitors much attention. The latitude, 70° 40' ; 
 the dip of the needle, 77° 40'. 
 
 On the 123d of .Tune, Captain Sabine having finished 
 his observations, the Griper pui to sea the same even- 
 ing ; on the 27th, fell in with the first ice off Cheiry 
 Island, in latitude 75° 5'. a gale of wind then blowing ; 
 saw Spitzbergen in the evening, and fell in with a great 
 
T' 
 
 ir the Pnth 
 ij(Mi ; }il"t(! I'- 
 ll as lii^li ii 
 that coHsi 
 ; jjot witliiii 
 w.ird MS far 
 ii'dci" to ol)- 
 iiif's ex|)(M- 
 iit might bo 
 
 nnd if Cap- 
 in the const 
 rditifi; to tlie 
 r, to stoj) at 
 ■^ou<;lit elsc- 
 ifter that In 
 iiiper beiiii; 
 \itli the va- 
 er scientific. 
 3ek in May, 
 It month for 
 of .Iniie. 
 Qual(H'n, or 
 /,en houses. 
 1(1 safe ; tlic 
 leer, wliicli 
 d oil. The 
 ', and were 
 iich a small 
 e fair and 
 »te from the 
 its vices or 
 edomi'.ite, 
 Crowe, an 
 s here, and 
 e, 70° 40' ; 
 
 ing finished 
 ame even- 
 off Cheny 
 n blowing ; 
 vith a great 
 
 CLAVERIXG AND SABINK. 
 
 07 
 
 nmiihcr of walruses. On the .']Oth rounded 1 laUluyt'.s 
 JIfadlaiid, anchored aoreast of a small island, one of the 
 inner Nuiweys, and the same on which ('a|)taiii I'liipps 
 iii;i(ic his observations in 177.'!; dist'iiibarkcd the tiN.ts 
 .-Mid iiistiniiicnts, and sent jiartics on shore to erect theiii. 
 Two icindci.'r and a walrus were killed on the iieigh- 
 boilnu' island of \'og(d iSung. l''rom hence Commander 
 Cliivfiiiii: determined to push as far to the northward as 
 lie tould, while Captain .Sabiiu^ was carrying on his 
 pciidiibim observations, leaving jicre tor his assistance a. 
 party of six men under the command of Mr. J"'oster 
 Mild .Mr. Ho'.vland, assistant siii'geoii, together with his 
 la;i(li. and six months' provisions and fuel, to carry them 
 to llainmerfest, should any accident hap|)eii \o tlie C»ri- 
 pcr ill her abstuice. lie sailed (in the .")th of July, and 
 lau diKi north twenty-live miles from ('loveii (.'lilf; 
 joiiiid himself embayed amoiiij; the ice ; and on the (ith 
 the ship struck against something, whi(di turned out to 
 be ice. This was discovered on the tog disptu'siiig, 
 when a (ield of pfu'ked ice jirescnted its(df to view, ex- 
 tending east and west as far as the eye could reach; the 
 latitiuie observed was HO^ -JO', wliicli was the most north- 
 ern obtained, for, iiaving skirted the margin in a line 
 jiearly west for al>out sixty miles, and finding it trending 
 Jo the southward, and (Mcrywlierc^ closely packed, and 
 perceiving no ajipearance of an opening or of clear water, 
 it was deemed us(dess to proceed farther, and the (iri- 
 jier retnrned to the station, whi( h she rea(died on tiie 
 ilth of .Inly. 
 
 Captain Sabint^ having completed his operations — a 
 parly having killed about fifty reindeer, as a supply of 
 fresh provisions, and every thing b(Mng re-(!nibarked on 
 the -^-^d of .J Illy — on the "JJth they put to sea. and ste(M'ed 
 .■^.W. for tin* eastern coast of (ireenlaiid, a course that 
 would bring them to (ia<d ilainkes' I Jay. in about the 
 Lititiide of 74^, this being considered as the highest 
 ptiiiif known lo the north on that coast. After many 
 iinpe(liin('iits from fi(dds of ice. they reaclie(l. on the "^th 
 of AiiLMist, a tol(M-ably open chaiiii(d b(,'tweeii the ice 
 and the coast, and sent a boat on shore at a point which. 
 was named Cape I'orlase Warren; "than which,'' 
 (.'Javering says, "never was there u more desolate ^pot 
 7 ^ ' I 
 
 
 1V 
 
 fi 
 
 ';l 
 
 !'• 
 
 •j . , 
 
 'It 
 
 If. 
 
98 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 seen ; Spify^hcrjicii was, on \\\(' wl'olo. a pnradiso to 
 this place.'' I'locccdiiiif akmi; the coast, iiinoiii; (Iocs 
 of ice, they discovered two islaiids, to which tliey gave 
 the naiiie ot' the J*eiidiilum Islands. 
 
 (,'lavei'iiiif passed th<!iri, and stood on to tlie northward 
 till stopped by ic(^ ; and ho had now readied what he con- 
 sidered to he the N.E. point of (ireenland, formed by 
 an ishnid, in lat. 7 ')° 1'^', from the heights of which could 
 ])lirndy be seen higli land, due noith. at least as far as hit. 
 7(i^. Il<^ named the island Slumnon island, and tlu; 
 ►S.E. extremity Cape Philip IJroke. " from the shi]) it 
 was my good fortnne to serve in, and under her gallant 
 commander hero named." 
 
 (jetting under way, the Gripcn* retiu-ned to the south- 
 ward in a narrow channel close to the shore, on which 
 shi'i grounded in '2}j tathoms ; was got off by lightening 
 lu'r : anchored in a shelttsred hay between one of the 
 ]*endulum Islands; lanih'd Captain Sabine, the observa- 
 tory, tents, and instruments ; and j)iepare(l the yawl and 
 wherry for a distant excui'sion, while Sabine was em- 
 ])loye(l in his peinhdum experiments. On the Kith of 
 August lie set out, taking with him tlu'ee officers and 
 sixteen men. They landed on Cape Horlase Warren. 
 al)out eighteen miles to the southward, with each a boit- 
 cloak and a blanket; sle])t in them, a)id found no incon- 
 venience from tlu' cold ; and this was continued for 
 twelve nights, tlu^ temperatiu'e not lower than 12.T. 
 Here they found traces of natives, and several graves. 
 Proceeding up an arm of tlu; bay, wliicdi runs iidand. a 
 tent of s(^al skins was foimd on tlu^ beach, and two nii- 
 tives appeared on the heights. They W(M'(^ at liist I'atti- 
 er shy, but, by degrees, acquired contidence. They ap- 
 peariMl not to differ in any respect from the connnoii 
 race of Esquimaux : the whole ti-ibe amounted but to 
 twelve. Their surprise was roused only by witnessing 
 some of the crew tiring at a mark with nuiskets. A ])is- 
 tol was given to one of the natives, who fired into the 
 water ; the recoil startled liiiu so much that he immedi- 
 ately slunk away into his tent. The following morniiii:, 
 being tin* tliird. it was found tliey had all departed, leav- 
 ing every thing behind them ; their sudden retreat being 
 no doubt occasioned by their alarm at the liring. 
 
1 
 
 pnrafliso to 
 iiMioiijj; (Iocs 
 ;h thi^y giivo 
 
 le northwanl 
 wliat liecoii- 
 1, Ibrnied by 
 which could 
 as far as lat. 
 1111(1, and tlin 
 II tho ship it 
 !r her gallani 
 
 to the south- 
 ire, on whicli 
 by lighteniiii: 
 !U one of tilt' 
 , th(; obsorva- 
 the yawl and 
 »ine was om- 
 1 the Kith (if 
 ^ officers and 
 lase \Varr(Mi, 
 1 each a l)()-it- 
 lud no incoii- 
 r-ontimied for 
 er than 2.T. 
 neral graves. 
 runs iidand. a 
 and two na- 
 » at lii'st ]-atli- 
 . Tliey ap- 
 th(^ conunoii 
 )nnted t)ut to 
 )y WMtnessiui; 
 <ets. A i)is- 
 ired into the 
 t he imniedi- 
 ing mornini:. 
 •|)arted, leav- 
 retreat being 
 iring. 
 
 CLAVERING A\D SABINE. 
 
 99 
 
 Tbe party had now advanced to an extensive bay. or, 
 rathei*, an inland basin, wliose circninference could not 
 1)1' less tlian fifty miles. It was ])ei'fectly i'vrt' of ice, 
 not one piece being visibk^ in this innnenso she(>t of wa- 
 ti'i'. (Mavering thiid\S it the same which was discovei-ed 
 1)V (ia(d Hamkes in 1(!.")4, an . which benrs his nanu'. 
 Ill an inlet from this bay, tin monntains oji botli sides 
 wei'e of a great height, ending in immense glacier.., at 
 Ifjist .')()(M) feet high. ( )ii the -Jiith of August they reach- 
 etl the slii|)s, after a fatiguing absenct^ of thii'teen days. 
 ( »ii the tollowing day ('ai)lain Sabine concluded liis ob- 
 servations, the tents and instrnnuMits wei-e re-embarUed, 
 and on the ;Ust of August the (iriper got under way. 
 The latitude of the observatoiy on Pendulum ' -iland is 
 71- .".-J' lf»" N., longitude L- '■ .',()' \V. 
 
 The shores to th(> southward contimu'd about .TOOO 
 feet high, along wliicdi the shij) ))roceeded in a chamiel 
 of clear water, the ice being live or six miles from the 
 shore. Aijoiit Cape Pai'ry, howcn'er, latitude 7'2t,^, in 
 a nai'row lane of water, two lloes suddenly closed to- 
 gether, and th.- tongues projecting beneath (calns they 
 are usually called), pressed the ('i-ipei- between them 
 and lifted h«M* abaft considerably out of the water. She 
 got clear without much damage : !)ut the ice was hang- 
 ini: about Cape Pai'ry so close to the shoie. that the 
 commander wisely stood out to sea. and (»n tlie l.'Uh of 
 Se|)teml)er the- (Jripei' (ina.lly quitted the const of (Ireen- 
 liuid. th(> whole lin<? along whiidi th(\v had sailed biding 
 from ','000 to ;5()()() feet in height, with moiuitains in the 
 int(M'ior ptM'haps doid)l(> that height. A violent gale came 
 on. and the shij) was secured to a mass of ice ; received 
 seveial severe shocks ; the hawsei's and sti'cani cables 
 giive way : alsf) two chain cablt>s and two large hawsers; 
 the gale increased; largo nnisses continually rolled in; 
 the pressure becanie so violent that the whole of them 
 ])art('d before daylight. '• ( )ui- situaticm." says the com- 
 mander, "was now a most anxious one: the gale cou- 
 tiiiiied with unabnted violem e. and the ship di'ove to 'he 
 .-iiiithwai'd among loose ice and heavy lloes, whic-h, fnuu 
 till' darkness ol' t'..> night, we coidd neither sec; nor 
 avoid." 'j'he admirable manner, he says, in wlfich tho 
 I'll lie (Iriper hud been streugtlieued, uUuwed her to beiu" 
 
 
 if! 
 
 •X 
 
 ' 'I < 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 I 
 
 'I 
 
 i 
 
 y. 'j « ■/ 
 
f I -» 
 
 100 
 
 ARCTIC VOVAGKS. 
 
 tliP Rpvcro slidcks without l)t'iii2; iiijunMl; tlici licnviost 
 shocks sho r«!C(!i'('(l oiiist have knocked ii ( iri'i'iiliiii(hiiiiti 
 to pieces. 
 
 '^i'h(! <:iil(^ coiitimi'iiif, (h'ove tliem to tlu' soiitliward, 
 niid on the "Jiid of SroteiulxT tliey niiide the coiist of 
 Norway in latitii(h' (i:V^ hW. On th(^ Ist of ()ctol)er tlie 
 (ij'iper struck hard on a sunken rock, inid f^ot off undiun- 
 niied : on the Itii entered J)ronth(>iui J-'iord, and on the 
 (ith an(dioi-ed in the harl)or ; and "we were I'eceived,'' 
 sfivs ('lavei'iiiii;, " witli the greatest kindness and hospi- 
 taiitv." Captain Sid)in«^ having completed liis experi- 
 ments here, tlie (Jriper procee(h'd down the tiord on the 
 l.'>th of October, was detciinecl iti the naj'iows till the 
 l!>th, and uiiain windl)ound till the l)d of Deceiuher, wlien 
 she Wiis lihernted. and reacdu-d Dejjtford on the llUh of 
 fliat month, l&2'.\. 
 
 Wf now prarciuj to ^/re a britf account of Ctipta'ui, 
 ^(ihinc's h/hors. 
 
 The volume of Ciiptain Sabine, from whicdi the follow- 
 iiii: notii'e is taken, idfords an extraoidinary instance of 
 personal and nieiitfd Jipplication on distant voyayes and 
 VMrions clinuites within the H^'opics and tlu; Arctic re- 
 iiions. and (»f inttdlectual exertion and inchistry not eiisiiy 
 to be paralleled. It consists of uu)re than li\e luuKh'ed 
 ])ai:es of o!)serv;iti(>ns, carefully arriuiyed under various 
 heads, made with tiimsit instruments, chronoirieters. 
 clocks, and jXMididums; containinti, besides, numerous 
 experiuuMits at the several stiitions touched iit by Com- 
 luander (.'laveriuij;. iisidi-eiidy noticed, auKumtiuij to eiiiht 
 in inimber on the two sides of tlu; Athmtic, at each ot' 
 which the (diief authorities manifestiid the utmost reiid- 
 iness to nll'ord every assistanc(\ both in our own colonies 
 and It places beloniiinjj; to foi'ei<iii |)o\veis. 
 
 Any iittempt her(^ to explain them would t^ive but lit- 
 tle notion of the labors successfully iicconiplished by 
 ( 'aj'tain Sal)ine ; the tables detailiuij; the several kinds of 
 obsei'Viitions must be sf( a in oi'der duly to appi'eciiite 
 their impcu'tnnce. to siiy uothitii: of the calculations nec- 
 essary to ari'ive at the deductions and conclusions w Inch 
 have resulted iVom them. '^Phe observations nwiy bo 
 6t;ited to cuinurise a series of six in lumiber at each stu- 
 
 i 
 
. ilil 
 
 CLAVERING A\D SABINE. 
 
 101 
 
 e henviost 
 I'Mliiudiniiii 
 
 southward, 
 
 ic COilSt ol 
 h'tolu'V the, 
 oil" lllldillH- 
 
 aiiil on lilt'. 
 
 rcci'ivcd,'' 
 
 iiiul hospi- 
 
 liis cxpcri- 
 
 lionl on the 
 
 nvs till tlu! 
 
 iiibor, AVIUMI 
 
 the I'.Uh of 
 
 ( (if Capfolit, 
 
 U the follow- 
 ,• itistimci* of 
 voViim's iiinl 
 H! Arctic rc- 
 ry not ciisily 
 li\t> hnndfiMl 
 lulcr viirions 
 irononicVcrs, 
 ;, imnu'vous 
 iit !)>■ C'oni- 
 itinsi to ciiilit 
 •, iit each of 
 utmost r(>ii(l- 
 own colonics 
 
 iiivc bnt lit- 
 liuplislu'd !)>' 
 Jvcrul kinds of 
 |to uppvcc'iate 
 
 •ulations ncc- 
 lUisions wliicli 
 lions may I't) 
 
 Ir at each sta- 
 
 tion: So. 1. Times nf transit of stars, to nsrortain the 
 )'atc of the cl.tck ; No. 'J. Adjiisimcnt of tclcx'oix' to tlm 
 same vertical plane; No. '.]. J)aily ratt^ of chronometers 
 tioiii precedini; transits ; No. 4. ( "omparison of cliroiiom- 
 t'lei'and clock at exact intervals; Nos.o and (i compiise an 
 acninnt ol the coincidences in the donMe series of each 
 priidulnm. Kacli table, of course, occupied sev(>ral days. 
 
 Tlir^ Pheasant left Sierra 1 .eone early in April, and 
 nirived at New Vork o!i the Kith of Decemlx'i'; com- 
 niniced ohserviitions on tiie "J'Jd, and coiichid<'(l on tho 
 •M of Jan., \t^-2'A, in tin's last two of which Sal)in(' had ii 
 co-()|)efator. 'I^he ohsei'vations were carried on at Co- 
 liiiiiliia ( 'olleije ; and Captain Sabine says. "• 1 nmst ever 
 ilccm myself to have been most hiiihiy foilmiate in tlu^ 
 a<-ii){'iation whicli it procui'e(l m«» of the I'rolessoi- of 
 Natnial and KxperiuuMital Philosophy and of (,'hemisti-y, 
 .\lr. .lames lienwick, whose interest in tin; exi)eriin<'nts 
 \v!is so stronuly excited as to induce^ him o t^ivc! me his 
 iHni'iiiittinfi co-ope)*ation, a circumstance! peculiaily (h^- 
 siniMe and satisfactory on an occasion in which the re- 
 sults may liere^after come in question, in the; compai'ison 
 (it tlie standai'd measurements of the two countries." 
 
 Oil the otli of Febi'uary, IH-J.*}, the Pheasant ari'ived 
 !it j'ortsmouth, and Captain Sabine liad tlie saiisfactiou 
 nt' tiiidiiii; that a letter whicii he had written to Sir Hum- 
 phrey J)avy from Maranham, proposinji; tiie extension of 
 thf e\p(M"iments to the liiyh latitudes, had met the ap- 
 |)r()l)ation of the Commissioners of Ijoiiiiituch; ; that J jord 
 Melville's consent had been obtained for the employment 
 nf one of his majesty's ships in its prosecution ; and 
 that the (xripei" sloo|) of war, which had been en<raiied 
 ill the expedition of IHIO-'JO, would ioilhwith be coui- 
 niissioned by Commanch'r Claverinji. '^I'lu^ interval, how- 
 ever, (tf the (iri])v r's eepiipment was occui)ied by Cap- 
 tain SabiiK! in repeatinij the trial of the pendulums in 
 Porlland Place, to ascertain that they had midei'yone no 
 alteration in the course and by the events of the preced- 
 ini: voyage?. 
 
 Tlie process of these exjXM'iments, the preparation 
 of an apparatus for the clo('k and pendulum, and pi'ovid- 
 'i\]'Z cover and protection for the instruments, which ex- 
 l)erie)ico in the Northern expedition, and particularly at 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 \M I 
 
 iji; 
 
 'i; 
 
 >■■ t 
 
 i 
 
 "J > 
 
 .ili 
 
 f 
 
 I" 
 
 ' u 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 ■ I 
 ( 
 
 I I 
 
 i J 
 

 102 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 ?«r(Mvil](^ Tsliuid, hiul tiniiil:t C'irj)tuin Siil'ino to ho noros- 
 anvy, Wfic Hiiiiiiltjincoiisly coiiiplcti'd \\\[\\ \\\i\ ('(mip- 
 iiMMit of tli(! (iripcr. Tlifil vi'sscl left tlui Nor(! on tlio 
 11 til ot" Mfiy, 1111(1 aiTiv(Ml jit lliuiiincrfcst, tlio placo dcs- 
 iflMiitcil l)y him jih liis first station, on tiio 4tli of .lune. 
 A spot was sclcctcMl for tlu; oliscrvalioiis at Fiif^Uiiu'ss, 
 wlioro Mr. Crowe, u ^enth-nian at tho head of a lari^o 
 coniinercial establislinioiit, resides, and who ju;avo every 
 j)ossil)lo assisluiico and attention to tlie jiaily. Hero 
 Captain Sabine rejieated th(5 same routine of observa- 
 tions — \\w transits of the sun and stars — tlie determiiia- 
 lion of the rate of clironometers by zenith (hstauces — 
 tlie coincidences observed with two pt'iidukmis. These 
 were all completed by the 23d of June : the iiistniments 
 embarked, and the (J riper arrived at I'air Haven, on 
 the coast of Spitzberfjen, on tlu^ 1st of July. 
 
 The (i riper anchored at one of the; Norw'eys, wliicli 
 forms, with the coast of SpitzberyiMi, the harbor of 
 Fair ITaven. Here the experiments proceeded without 
 interruption, beiiiij; tho same series as that practiced at 
 Hammcrfest, and were concluded on the 19th of July. 
 From hence Captain Sabine, beinjf desirous of preserv- 
 ing unbroken the continuity of the account of the pendu- 
 lum experiments, proposed that no tinu; should be lost 
 in proceeding to a ])roper station on the east coast of 
 Greenland, which the (jriper successfully accomjjlishcd 
 in a higher latitude than is recorded to have been pre- 
 viously traversed, namely, between tlu; 74th and 7")th 
 degrees, in the second week of August. Being stopped, 
 however, soon after he had passed the 75th parallel, and 
 tho season fidvancing, he returned along the coast to a 
 harbor of safe anchorage in latitude 74° 30', Avhich ho 
 had noticed in passing to tho northward. Hero tho 
 (J riper was anchored, and became the station for con- 
 ducting the pendulum experiments. 
 
 This harbor is formed by the channel which separates 
 the main land from an island, on which the experiments 
 vere made, and which is secured from tlie access of 
 heavy ice from the ocean by a smaller island in the mid- 
 channel of the entrance. The group, of which these 
 islands form a part, consists of two nearly of the same 
 size, and two others much smaller, being rather rocks 
 
1 
 
 
 CLAVEUING AND SAIJINK. 
 
 103 
 
 M 11 
 
 ) 1)(3 IKiCOS- 
 
 tlio «'(|uii)- 
 Joro oil tlio 
 ^ place (1«'S- 
 th of June. 
 
 Fuffloiiess, 
 I of a larj;© 
 
 iTfivc every 
 Lity. Ueio 
 
 of oljservu- 
 1 (letenniiiii- 
 
 (listances — 
 lus. These 
 
 instnmients 
 • Haven, on 
 
 ►vey^ 
 
 , which 
 e harbor of 
 3(leil without 
 
 practiced at 
 9th of July. 
 s of preserv- 
 >f llie penchi- 
 liould be lost 
 ;ast coast of 
 acc()ni])lished 
 ve been pre- 
 4th and 7;')th 
 eing stopped, 
 1 parallel, and 
 
 le coast to a 
 50', which he 
 Here the 
 itiou for con- 
 
 lich separates 
 } experiments 
 the access ot 
 id in tlie iiiid- 
 which these 
 of the same 
 r rather rocUg 
 
 tliaii islands : they exttMid from llu; latitud*? of 7 1^ OO' to 
 that nf 7 4 •!•,*', and were distiiiiiuished hy the ollictM-s and 
 .sfiUiK'H of t!u! (tri|)er by the appellation of the Pendulum 
 UIiukIs. If had been the intention of ('a|)taiii Subine to 
 iiiake l\eikiavik, in Iceland, the concludiiii!; station of the 
 pciidiilum »^x|)eriments in tlie iiiu;h bititudi's; but when 
 the 17tli of September liad arrived, before they found 
 tJH'Mist'lves tiiially disen<iaii<'(l fj-oin the (ireenlaiid ice — 
 till' season of navigation drawing to a close* — the autum- 
 nal gales alreiidy commenced, and tin; nights above six- 
 teen hours long — it was deemed not pruch'iit to risk the 
 iippi'oach to the coast of Iceland. It was, therefore, 
 tlioiight prefi'rable to recross the Northern Ocean, and 
 to seek a pendulum station on the coast of \(jrway, 
 iirurly in the same latitude as Ktiikiavik ; and Jhcmtheim 
 apprariiig to be the most eligible? for the [jurpose, tiio 
 (iiiper arrived tliere on the Hth of Octoljer. 
 
 Captain Sabine says, "It had been the good fortune 
 (ifCiiptain Clavering and mys^'lf to have experienced at 
 each of the inhabited stations which we had visited the 
 most marked hospitality and kindness, but at none were 
 our ohligations in these respctcts greater than at Dron- 
 tlieiin." vVmong others, Im mentions th<^ govei'uor 
 (Count Trampe), Mv. Schnitler, the Uritish consul, and 
 .Mr. Knutson and his amiable family, from whom every 
 Kiiglishman tliat visits this part of Norway is sure to 
 meet with a kind reception. Kvery assistance was iif- 
 I'unled toward the accomplishment of this hist series of 
 t'xpei'iments, and they were enabled to weigh aindior at 
 Droiitheim on the l.'Uh of November; but, owing to vi- 
 olent gules of wind aiid very bad weather, the (i riper (hd 
 not arrive at Deptford till tiie l!)th of December, 18"3.'3. 
 Captain Sabine says, the boisterous weather they had 
 was accom|)anied by very vivid lightning, which is par- 
 ticularly unusual in liigh latitu(h's in winttn-, and by the 
 fre(|iient appearance and continuance, for several minutes 
 at a time, of balls of lire at tin^ extremitii^s of the yard 
 arms and mast In'ads; of these not less than eight w(n-o 
 counted at one time. 
 
 All the experiments were carefully gone over in Lon- 
 don, and examined by tluj Council of the Royal Society 
 and Board of Longitude, with other individuals most 
 
 1 
 
 S« 
 
 m 
 
 , V 
 
 \Y 
 
 I' 
 
 I I'V; 
 
 P. 
 
 I'll 
 
101 
 
 ARCTIC vovAf:::.s. 
 
 rniiV(M'siiiit ill llit'si* (ihsiivations, willi rlic ralcnlatidns 
 lor (IcUTKnuiiiu tlu" \uriiiliniis in the Iciiutli of llu' sco 
 oiids' |)tMiiliiiiiiH, iVoiii wiinicc the tollowiiiy p;tMirriil ilr- 
 (liK'tioii is (Iriiwii lor indiratiiii^ tlir cUipticity of the 
 farlli. wliicli is all that can !»»' uivuii licVf, the various ral- 
 ciilatioiis and the rxprrinii'iits occiipyiii!: a hwii*' volmnt". 
 The result tlu^i is : .".D-Ol.VJd inches is the leii;,Mli (»f the 
 e(|uutorial peiidulnin ; 0"jn-J 1,'), the increase of irravilatioii 
 hef\ve«'U the Kcjiiator and l*ole ; and the elliplicity ., /v.-j^. 
 That deihiced from tlie increase of «j;ravitatii>n between 
 London and Melville Island was .{,'.,.,• 
 
 Thus, says Captain Saliine, "the attempt to deter- 
 mine the lij^ure of the earth, by the variations of ^ravit}- 
 at its surface, lias heeii carried into full execution on an 
 arc oftlie meriilian of the greatest accessible extent, and 
 tlii^ results which it has prodnccMl arc* seen to be con- 
 sistent with each other, in coml»iiiatioiis too vai'ied to ad- 
 mit a pi'obability of the correspondence Ixmiij; accidental." 
 '^riiey arcs in fact, the combinations ctf C.'a|)taiu Sabine's 
 1.'5 stations; of the I''rcMich savaiis' H stations: of the 
 JJritish survey, 7 stations : makiiifi. in all. 'J;^ stations. 
 
 This rcssult, however, of tlie ellii)ticity " ditfers,' says 
 Sabine, " more considerably than couid have been ex- 
 pected from ., .! _-- wliich liad been ])i-eviously received 
 on the authority of the most eminent iieometrician of 
 the ajie, as the concurrcMit indication of tlie measure- 
 ments of terrestrial deirrees. of peiuhilum experiments, 
 and of the lunar inetiualities de})endent on the oblateness 
 of the earth." 
 
 The success that lias attended the experiment of in- 
 vestigatinii the tii;urc> of the earth by means of thc» pcMi- 
 dulum, encourages, as C"a[)tain Sabine^ thinks, the Ijelief 
 that an ecjually satisfactory conclusion, and one highly 
 interesting in thi> comparison, might be obtained by tin* 
 measiu'ement of terrestrial degrees ; that is to say. by 
 an actual measurement of a degree of the meridian. 
 This has, in fact, been donc^ in various j)arts of the 
 \vorld, l)ut centuries ago, when the instruments were 
 inferior, and the mode of their most advantageous em- 
 l)l()yraent less understood than at present. In India an 
 arc has recently been measured, and one of an old date 
 at the Cape of Good Hope remeasured ; but Captain 
 
]\ 
 
 calciiliitioiis 
 of tlu' sco 
 
 fJi'lU'lill llt'- 
 
 I'ity (»t" the 
 viuioiis rul- 
 v'^i' volmiif. 
 
 •liiitll of tllP 
 
 firiHvitutittn 
 
 )1icity v,|-;y. 
 
 DM l)t>t\V(M'U 
 
 )t lo (Ictcr- 
 is of ^I'liviry 
 tiitioM oil ail 
 
 t'Xtoiit, iiiid 
 
 to !)(' coii- 
 iii'umI to ad- 
 accidi'iitiil." 
 liii Saliiiio's 
 ons : of tlio 
 ■> stations, 
 lillors,' says 
 vo Ikmmi ox- 
 sly locL'ivi'd 
 
 lotrician of 
 nu'iisuro- 
 
 HiorinuMits, 
 oblatoiH'ss 
 
 iHMit of in- 
 )f \\w ptMi- 
 
 tho liofiff 
 Olio hiijlily 
 lU'd l)y tlio 
 s to say. l)y 
 
 nioriiliati. 
 irts of tilt' 
 icnts woro 
 li^t'ous eiii- 
 lii India an 
 au old dato 
 jut Captain 
 
 CLAVERIXG AND SAIUNE. 
 
 lOi 
 
 ;j 
 
 Siihino ])oints out S|)it/.l)('ri:tMi. hniiiix near to the Polar 
 cxtrt'inity ot" the iiioiidiiiii. *' as tlif hiiid of most (•(n;vi'ii- 
 u'lit accrss in j'ithcr lH'niis|»l>«'ro."' He says : 
 
 '• 'I'lic iiccrsH to :ill iiiirls of the iiitri-i<ir is ^'I'tMllv ficilitatcd 
 1)V the fxtfusivc lidnf-;, mid juiih of tlir m-ii, liv wliicli tin? 
 find is iiitcrst'cled in so ri'iiKii'kalilc a iiiaiiiior; tlicsc, wlictli- 
 rr tVozi'ii ovor, as in tlu* «'aily part of iIr- srasou. or opt'ii to 
 na\ iL'atinii, ms in llio later iMoiitlis. form roiitrs of rommuiiica- 
 tidii suited to tlie ^^ale roiiveyaiu'c ot iiisti iimeiits, eiliier in 
 .slciiues or boats: the fiord, in particular, which separates tlio 
 western and casti-rn divisions of Spil/.l)er;:eii, would he of 
 '.';•> al a\ail : it extends in a due north and >oiiih direction flir 
 ;ihipvt> 1-JO inih's, with a hreatllh vai yiiiL' from 10 to :{() miles, 
 and communicates at its northern extrendly, l»v a short pa^s- 
 ;!:,'(■ aciiis> the land, with tin- head of another iiord, proceed- 
 iiii,' to meet it from tlie northern shores of the i>Iaiid. and af- 
 finliiii,' similar tiicilities tiir cai'ryini,' on eilher a li'iaiiu'ula- 
 tinn. Ill- a direct measuri-ment on tin- suiliice of the ice iit tho 
 le\rl of the ocean." — 1'. 3(r-.\ 
 
 lie adds, what is \ov\ tnio. tliat tlio iiicasiiriMiiont of 
 II lunlion of tho moridian is one of the many oxperiiiient- 
 al iiKjuiries bt-yond tho roach of individual iiioans to 
 accomplish. 
 
 This officer, iiidcfatiiiahlo in tlio pursuit of practical 
 science, writes, in Fohniary. Is^'Jli, lo Mr. Davios (lil- 
 ht'i't on tho suhjoct, onforcinji tho plan hy additional 
 proofs of its practicability, and olforiiiij; his services : 
 '•Should th(> (.'ouncil of tho Koyal Society tiiiiik that I 
 could he advanta|L;eously imiployed in conduct iiiii such an 
 i!i\estij^ation, my services, us you vvtdl know, are at 
 tlieir command." 
 
 He lias, however, been reserved for a more laborious 
 and not a less important task. The iieoiiraphical deter- 
 mination of the direction and intensity of the magnetic 
 forces at dilferent points of the earth's surface has been 
 reiiarded as an object wortiiy of especial reseai(di. To 
 cNamine, in (hlferent parts of the iilobe, the declination, 
 inclination, and intensity of the maiinetic torce. and 
 their pei'iodical tuid secular variations, and mu*^iial rida- 
 tioiis and dependencies, could only be duly \w Ui^ated 
 in lixed mai^netical ohservatori<'s. ( )n the ( oiitinent 
 some such observatoi'ies were eslablished, to wliicdi. in 
 the year It^oCi, tlie uttentiun of JJhtish philosophers was 
 
 iili 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 v.* 
 
 hi 
 
 '^fe 
 
f 
 
 1 
 
 lOG 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 Bpf'cifically (Irnwn by ii lott(M' from tho Baron voii Iltiiii- 
 holdt to tlio Duk«5 of SusHi'X, then I'rc.suhMit of tlio 
 Koyal Society. In consccjucnrc! tlicn'of, ohscrvatorics 
 for this special purpose} wero established at (ireeiiwich, 
 Diiltliti, Canada, llobart Town, St. Helena, Cape of 
 (Jood IIop(\ and other jilaces. Th(< observations niado 
 at Toi'onto have been leceived, examined, and jirinted, 
 under tho supcM'intendence of Jjientenant-colonel Sabino 
 — a work of extraordinary car«^ and labor.* He has 
 uniitMtaken, besidi^s, to examine and arran^je tlio I'est as 
 they come in, wiiicli it is expected will be in the course 
 of tlm present year, 1H15. The volume now printed is 
 inti'oduc<'d by an able and well-written preface by Col- 
 onel Sabine. 
 
 * See note in Introduction, p. 17. 
 
1 
 
 CAPTAIN rAURv'd SECOND VOYAGE. 107 
 
 von IIuiii- 
 It'llt of tlio 
 )s('rviif()ric3 
 ireiMiwicli, 
 a, Cape of 
 itioiis nimlo 
 lul ))i'iiito(|, 
 DiH'l Sal)iiio 
 * I Jo hius 
 tlio rest as 
 t\ui ronrso 
 V printed is 
 ICO by Col- 
 
 CIIAPTER VT. 
 CAPTAIN PARRY'S SECOND VOYAGE. 
 
 18-J 1-32-23. 
 
 Joiirnrtl of a ficrond Voyage for the Disron'rj/ of a Norfk- 
 ,rrsfJ>(jssa>r,'^fro,n the AtlniUic to the Pacific, la hu< Ma}. 
 csfi/ n ships Fury and Ihrla. 
 
 '\\\Y. nvo vpsscls np|)()iiirn(l for this voyago wore stnm.r 
 nnd wcil-l)iiilr Ijomhs: the V\\y\, of .-r?? tons, juifl tlio 
 JI.'clii. ;57o tons; ooninuindcd, olHciTud, and niannrd as 
 iiiidcr : 
 
 F'-UY. 
 
 \y. Kdwiini 1 .rry, romninndcr. 
 Cii'or-'c I''i,-li('r, (/hapluin aiul A.-^- 
 
 troiioniiT. 
 Joscjili N'iiiH, ) T • ^ 
 AiKiivu- i.,,i,|. ^^T.ioutonant.^. 
 
 .Iciiiii K(hvai-(ls, SurijiMiii. 
 W. Harviy Hooix-r. I'lirsfr. 
 Jimirs Skc(jch, Asriist. .Surircun. 
 .Iiiliii llt'iiilci-.soii, J 
 I'r. li. M. Cnizicr, > Midshiijinrn. 
 .1,1-. Clarke Jioss, > 
 Jdlin llii.-liiian, Assistant 
 vryor ajiil Miiisliijiiiiali. 
 Jaiiifs IJulsL', Cl(.rk. 
 
 hJ ( )llicfTS, 
 5 Warrant Otlicrrs. 
 ]1 i'rtty Ollii-.'rs. 
 x!4 Alilr Seamen. 
 
 _t< .Marines (including 1 Sergeant). 
 tJO Tutal on board. 
 
 Hkcla. 
 
 Geo. Francis I, yon, Comninndor. 
 
 Jlen. I'erkyns Uoppner, \, . , 
 
 Cliaries I'almer, J Licuts. 
 
 Alexander Fisher, Surijeon. 
 
 •lolin .lennain, I'nrser. 
 
 Allan M'l.aren, Assist. .Sun^i.'OU. 
 
 Joseph ."^lierer, 1 
 
 (.'harles Jtichard,'), [ Midship- 
 
 W. Nelson (H-Uliths, f nien 
 
 Fldward liird, J 
 
 I William Mou:,', Clerk. 
 
 ^"■',11 (Jflicers. 
 
 Josej)h Macklin, Cunner. 
 
 .losej.h Lilly, Ji'oatswain. 
 
 (Miarles I'nrl'nr, Car])enter. 
 
 (Jeorire Fife, (Jnvnland .^[aster. 
 _ Al(>xan(ler Flder, do. Muto. 
 .") Warrant Ollicers. 
 11 I'etty Ollicer-'. 
 24 Atile St.'ameu 
 i 7 Marines. 
 
 iiJc! Total ou hoiird, 
 
 George Francis Lyo.v was a smart, clever lieuten- 
 imt, at first ajipointed as actinji in the Berwick hy Sir 
 K.lward 1 ellew; ho was wounded in an attack niado on 
 that ship s boats, and liad his coninii.ssion coniinned to 
 Jior HI 1814. He was then appointed to the Albion, 
 und was ni the battle of Alijiers in 181(5. liein- „f an 
 adventurous turn, while he was servinj; in the sfniadron 
 under fen- Charles Penrose, he asked and obtained per- 
 
 K'\ 
 
 wi 
 
 i>#4 If 
 
f 
 
 lOH 
 
 AUC'I'IC VOYACKr?. 
 
 inissiuii iViiiii Sir (liiiilrs In join Mr. Kitcliic, ti i;i'iillr 
 iiiaii ;i|)|)ii|iil<'il nil ii iiiisshmi to 'I'l'lpoli. .Moiir/nllU, ami 
 oilier parts ^)\' Norlli Mrira, \\li«» was must (U'siroiis dl' 
 liaviii;: a nasal nlliriM* to ac('niii|iaiiy him. Kitrliit- ilioij 
 short I \ alter, ami I i\ on siueeeileil hnii ; who rone 1 1 a lei I, 
 rea>onalily enough, that aiiioni; the Aral) trihes tiie /// n- 
 h iKinf nnillit adsantaiieonsiy take upon him the title n|' 
 captain a rank which, it appears, he iKaninally carrieil 
 into the present voyage of discovery. < hi his appoint- 
 ment to the llecia he receiveii the rank of commamler. 
 ami on the ret urn ol ilie ships in 1 -*•.'.'! was raised to that 
 ot captain. 
 
 .Many otthe ollicers \vlio had sersed on the (irsi voy- 
 Hije wer»' employed on this: i loi>i'.\ i:u, as lieutenant ol 
 the llecia; K i»\v \ki>s, as sm'i;eon ; M idshipiuan I'm.m- 
 i.ii, as lieutenant of the llecia. The midshipmen NiAS 
 and Kkiii were promoted as lieutenants ol' the I'ury, 
 and Koss, I'xishnan, and (irillith^ remained to serve lis 
 midshipmen. Hooper, the |)urser, and lliilse, the clerk, 
 each conliniied. as did Allison and ( 'rawl'ord, the (Jreen- 
 liml master and mate, in the service, and ahoard the 
 I'liry. She had also tour midshipmen : two new ones, 
 ■loiiN I li.Mii'.KSoN and v. K. .M. ( 'iio/,ii:K, hesides Itoss 
 and l> rsii N \N, who had served in the pri'ceiliiifi voya^ie. 
 ('ommander INirry ohservini; on the late expedition ii 
 liii'Ut' inlet, not less than ten leagues wide at its mouth, 
 tfpeiiiiii: •'"' «"i 'li«' soiithei'ii coast ol' ihurow's Strait, 
 a:id extending southernly, with an iiuruiation to the 
 westward, ran the ships into it, and continued to the. 
 southward ahout one hundred and twenty miles. I'lie 
 soundings were foimd to he two hundred tatlioms and 
 upward. The closeness (»!' the ice. however, to tlie 
 southwest induced him to i-eturn to th(> northward ; luil 
 liis impres>ioii was, that this strait miulit lead to the 
 coast ol' America, iiud that the east and west lands 
 whicli I'liclose it were jjrohahly islands ; and he says, 
 '•l)n an insp»'ction ot" tiie charts, I think it will also a|)- 
 pear pi-oiiable that a commuiiicatioii will one day lie 
 i'ound to exist between this inlet and lludson's Uay, 
 «'ither thi'ou<:h the broad and unex|)lored channel called 
 Sir Thomas Koe's Welcome, or tln'oiii:h Ilepulst^ Hay, 
 whicli has not yot been salisi'aclorily examined. It is 
 
< vl 
 
 /iiiiU. mill 
 
 •>iltilis ot' 
 
 tcliic (lifil 
 (iiiclinli'il, 
 i tiir //' // • 
 W lillr nl' 
 lly ciinitMl 
 >> iippuilil- 
 iiiiiiiiii(lfi', 
 -it'd to tliiit 
 
 • first V(iy- 
 iitfiiatit 111' 
 
 lilll I' \I,M- 
 
 iiiit-n NiAs 
 till' I'liiy, 
 () srr\»' in 
 , tlw clfiU. 
 ihf ( irmi- 
 aliiiai'il the 
 
 IH'W (»Ut'S, 
 
 sides Koss 
 iiij^ voyiiiif. 
 \|)c(litioii 11 
 
 its IMOIltll, 
 
 w's Strait , 
 til to tlio 
 .•(1 to tlio 
 
 .•s. 'riic 
 
 I01IIS aiitl 
 \\ to tilt' 
 
 wai'd ; liiit 
 ad to tilt' 
 
 wi'st lands 
 I lu' says, 
 ill idso ap- 
 lo day III' 
 son's r»ay. 
 iiiii'l rallt'd 
 lulso Hay, 
 it'd. It is 
 
 rATTAIN' TAUKY ri .SKCOM) VOVAiil'. 
 
 lOJ) 
 
 iilxii priil)nl)1i< tliat n cliMiiiirl will lio rnntiil to exist ho- 
 twirii tlio wt'stcrii laud and the norllirrn vmisi ot' 
 Ainrrica." 
 
 Ill ilir passii'jo mIiovi) (pioti'd a roiiiidatioii appears to 
 |i;i\f lieeii laid lor a voya::e. il not two, in tintlier seaiili 
 (i| !i nurtliwesi passage. That searcli was not liUely lo 
 III* tilitiiidoned when so e\perieiii'ed and talented a man 
 111 ( 'onnnander I'ar'i'y pointed ont what appeared to lie 
 a i-liaiinel liy wliieh a passa^e nni;hl ho jonnd through 
 ihe wesirrii land to the northern eoast of Ann-rira. 
 At ' iM'dinnly, in a lew inonths alter his retnrn iVoiii ihn 
 lii-^l soya^e, on the .'IHih ol" Meeeniher. IHJO, a eoinniis- 
 >iiiti was si;j^ned appointing him eommander of the I'nry, 
 and (III the llli ol° January liieiilenant Lyon was ap- 
 piiinted rouMuander of the llerla. 
 
 Mis majesty having, on the representation of Lord 
 Mi'lMJje, ordeieil another attempt to lie made to diM'owr 
 a passage hy sea lielweeii the Allantie and Tacilic 
 ( h'tMiis, and to ascertain the ^eo^raphy of the northern 
 liiiiuidaries of the Auu'rican rontinent, Parry's in>tru(- 
 tmiis were to proceed toward or into lluilson's Strait. 
 I Ic was tlien to |)enetrate to the westw urd throui:h thill; 
 sliait mitil he should reach, either in Kepiilse ISay or 
 on SI line other part of the shore of 1 1 ndson's Hay, to tho 
 iiiiilh of Wauer Kiver, some portion of the coiist which 
 lie slioidd feed convinced to he a portion of the continent. 
 Ill' America, l-'ailiny of this, he was then to keej) alon^ 
 the line of this coast to the northward, always examiniiii; 
 e\i'iy liend or inlet wdiicdi should appear likely to afford 
 a piiicticalile passau*' 'o H"' westward, in which diieo 
 tidii il was the principal ohject of the voyage to endeavor 
 Id find a way from the Atlantic to the I'acilic.' Theso 
 instructions were sufficiently explicit, and accorded with 
 the view taken hy ("ommandtM' Parry in his iiarralivo 
 of the former voya<;i'. 
 
 On the i-<th df Mi;v, l.-i-,>l, the Fury and Ilecia, ac- 
 roinpiuiied by the Niutilus transport (treij^hted with 
 stores and pi'ovisiiins to he transhipped on arriving at the 
 ice), sailed fiom the \ore, aiid, owiiiir to Imd wcalher, 
 it was not till the 11th of .June that they tniuid them- 
 st'lvi's iij latitude (iO 4s', and saw the tii'st iceberg. At 
 * AilJiii.'Mltv lii-trucliuiis 
 
 K 
 
 »{1 
 
 '1 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 
 :(i 
 
 /' 
 
 ■J 
 
I 
 
 no 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 tlic (It'ptli oT t(i(l rntlioiiis lli<> fcinptTUliirf^ of flio st^a 
 >vii>( 10 , that ol" tilt' smiiicc, lO',' i Jiiwl lliiit ol" tli(^ Jiir. 
 •II', . ( )ii ilic "Jij ot' .Inly lli(\v were cldst* to Kcsolniidii 
 Islinni. the viilU'vs of whicli were lillrd with snow, and, 
 with the io^ that linn<2; over it, " rmiU'i-ed tln^ scctii* 
 hflurc ns itidcscrihahly dreary and disaurccahlc" " It 
 r(M|uir«'s," says ( 'omniandcr I'iMry, "a lew days to he 
 ])ass d amid scenes ol" this natnre to erase, in a certain 
 desiree, the impressions left hy nior(< aiiiniatj'd land- 
 scapes; and not till then, perhaps, does the eye lieconie 
 I'aniiliari/ed, and the mind i-econciled, to pi-ospects ol' 
 utter l)arrenness and desolation such as these rn<:^t d 
 shoi'es present." The numerous icehei-^s, ol" which 
 ( 'onimander Ijyon counted tirty-loui' in si^dit at one 
 time, some of them not less than two hundrecl feel 
 above the sea, were not calculated to enliven th(~ scene 
 
 < )n th(> *Jd the ships wei'(> closcdy beset, though drilt- 
 ini; I'apidjy aliout by tlm tides dui'iiii:; tlu* niiiht. 'I'he ice 
 consisted ol" loose masses of bntken lloes, auiony; which 
 tlie ships continned to b(> driven, sometimes in one di- 
 rection and tlien in an opposite oiie ; and amouif these 
 masses wei'e counted thirty icelieri.'s in sii:ht at a time, 
 many oltlnMU whirleil about by tl:<' tides with ixreat ra- 
 |)idity. Sev(U"il ot" these immense boiTu^s were from tit- 
 ty tt) ninety I'eet above the suri"ac<> ot" th<- sea, each piob- 
 ai)ly almost as many fathoms below it. The connnand- 
 «'r, how(>ver, statt>s that the ber^s which thus driv<5 about 
 are less dansierous to appi-oach than those aiironnd, 
 aiiaiiist which a ship is liablt> to bo carried witii the 
 whole force ol' the tide. 
 
 On tiio Sth they wei'e still drilVmc; about aujotii; the 
 ice, close to Kesoliition Island, without knowii'ij, durin;; 
 the nii^ht. in wluit direction they wer(> carried ; rint when 
 it clear(Ml up. they were surprised to find the Ifecia v\v.\- 
 iMi or twelve miles to \\ivi westward, thoui!;h still beset in 
 iiw ice. ( )n the IHh tho ice closed round them, and they 
 remaine(l immoval)ly beset for a week, though carried 
 by It daily from one to t'our miles. This is precisely 
 whiit was alluded to at the conclusion of tht> last expe- 
 dition ; anil it ap|)ears that the two .ships wtue in loss 
 danger (in t"act. there was non(>) tlian those on the sho?'e 
 of Melville Isliiuil. They were still, however, in the eu- 
 
)!' iIk^ son 
 »»r tlic an-. 
 Kcsoliitiiiii 
 ^iiuw, mill. 
 
 I>1.'." " It 
 liiys to l>i' 
 II a certain 
 ati'il lainl- 
 vr Ix'coiiu' 
 osprcts (it 
 'St' niiii^t il 
 , of Nvliicli 
 <:lit lit one 
 iiidrod It't'l 
 \\\v scout' 
 u)\\is}i (Irit't- 
 t. 'IMlo \rr 
 iioiiii wliich 
 s in Olio (11- 
 moiijj; tliosc 
 t at a tiiiio. 
 th yroal rn- 
 To from lif- 
 , each prol)- 
 > roniiuaiid- 
 i (lriv(^ al)(H)t 
 ;t> aurtHimi, 
 h1 Avith the. 
 
 miotiii till' 
 
 vii'ii, (luviii;; 
 
 out when 
 
 llocia oUn- 
 still l)Osot ill 
 
 n, and tlicy 
 wilh can-i.-d 
 
 is |)rocis»'!y 
 
 last ox|>''- 
 
 voit' in loss 
 
 )n tli(» shon; 
 
 r, iM tho oii- 
 
 CAPTAIN TARRY S SECOND VOVAGK. 
 
 Ill 
 
 fraiict; only of llndson's Sti'ait, whitli, ladnif exposed to 
 till' swell oftlie main ocean, iind completely open to tlit^ 
 innncnce of llio whole Atlantic, lias always heen consid- 
 end. \>y tlie ships of the lln'lson's l>ay Company, a 
 most daiiiierous and difficult position: three of these 
 were seen here in a similar predicament with tiie discov- 
 eiy ships, in |)r()ceedin^ up tho strait, several Kstpii- 
 inaiix canoes, or laijuks, made tlieir appearance, oller- 
 iiiir seal and whalt; oil, spears, skins of th»^ seal, hear, 
 fox, \'c., for salt*. After them came a lar^e onin'utk, or 
 woinaii's hoat ; their tilthy customs, lir):vever, disgusted 
 the seamen who i!;ave tluMii no sort of encouragement. 
 
 "()ii till* whole," says l*ai'ry, "it was impossible toi* 
 us not to receive a very unfavorable impression of tho 
 yeiieial behavior and nion ' character of tlui natives ol" 
 this pait of llndson's Strait, who seem to liuve ac(|uired, 
 by an annuaJ intercourse with our ships for nearly a hun- 
 dred years, many of the vices wlfudi unhappily attend a 
 lirst intercourse witli the civilized world, without having 
 imbibed any of tlici virtues or reliiuunents wliich a(l(»rii 
 and render it happy." 
 
 Ilaviiiir I'caclied Soutliampton Island, near its nortliern 
 extremity, whert* tlu* continuity oftlie land appeared to 
 be dissolved, l*arry concluded they were not far from 
 the eastern entrance! of tlu^ Frozrn S/raif, which had 
 occasioned so much unij;ry discussion, a huiiihed years 
 iii;o, as to wh(*tli(jr any sucli strait existed, or whether 
 it was not a chimera hiveiittMJ by ("aptain Middleton. 
 As this f^e()^ra])hical point had iievtu* been (h'cith'd, Par- 
 ry liad some difticulty in determininj: thc! (|iiestioii of 
 tryiiij; it or not, as, in iiis jiresent position with I'e^ard to 
 .Kepulso Bay, which he was ordered to examine, the 
 distance was not more by jiassiuii; that strait tlian fifty 
 leagues, whereas, if compidled to pursue a routt* round 
 llie south end of Southani|)ton Island, it would make the 
 distance from om^ hundred and seventy to two Imndreii 
 leamu^s. " After thtunost anxious consideration, I caiiio 
 ti» the resolution of attempting tln^ direct passage of the 
 J'rozen Strait, thouyh, I contess, not without some ap- 
 ])reh(!nsion of the risk I was incurriiiii;, and of the seri- 
 ous loss of time wliich — in case of failure eittier from 
 the non-oxisteiice of the strait, or from the iiisuperublo 
 
 V 1 
 
 I! 
 
 ; , '« 
 
 I.) 
 
 I; 
 
 II 
 
! 
 
 112 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGKt*. 
 
 ()l)sfa('l('>4 wliicli its iijiiiu^ implies — would llnis be iiu'vi- 
 taldy occiisidiu'd to the (>\|»('(liti()ii." 
 
 Ills decision wiis rii;lil ; mid, tlioiii!;li uiucli liiim])(M('(l 
 ')y does, and homniocs, and packs of ice, lie was still 
 less ^o than in tln^ nci^lihorliood of Kcsohitioii Islaml ; 
 and lie was rewai'iled l)V the discovery, not tar from its 
 entrance, of what lie calls "a maiiniticent hay," which 
 the otlicers honored with tlu* name of tht^ " Duke of 
 ^ Ork's IJay," havinij; heeu tii'st entei-ed on Jiis hirthday. 
 It is situated on the iiortheasrerp extremity of South- 
 am|)lon Island. 'J'he hay, however, on the western sidn 
 was shut in hy a low shore, whicdi it was concluded could 
 he no other than " the low, shini^ly heacli, liko l)un<:;en- 
 ess," ot" .Middleton. 
 
 He found it necessary, therefor(\ to r<>ti'ace his stops, 
 and to encounter -nice more the Frozen Strait, with its 
 rocks and islets, its irreuulnr tides and honuiu)cs of lloat- 
 iuii ice ; and what was, perhaps, worse than all, dark, 
 foiliry weal her, w ith compasses that had almost lost their 
 action, lie soon, however, i^ot into water neaily tre(^ 
 iVom ice. which allowed him to proceed west(M-|y, hut 
 entiridy by the lead for live or six houis, when, on the 
 weatluM- cleariui; up, he iound himself almost entirely 
 surrounded by laud, " havinji uncons(;iously entered Ke- 
 j)ulse Hay. in wlfudi not a jiit c(> of ice was to be seen 
 that could ohsti'uct us in its thorough exanfniatiou." 
 
 This full examination was certainly liiven to it: and 
 whatever doubts uii<;ht liitherto have been entertained 
 I'espectiiiii its coiuuumication with th(» Polar Sea, ( 'om- 
 niander l*arry and his party, by their complete^ investi- 
 jjation of the whole of its slu)res, have set that (piestion 
 entirely at rest. The boats entered evei-y little creek 
 and corner, " and thus Avas the (piestion settltMl as to the 
 continuity of knid round Hepulse l>ay, and ti'.e doubts 
 aud coujectures wlfudi had so loiii; been eiittu'taiued re- 
 spectiiiii it set at I'est forever." Parry takes the oppor- 
 tunity, luoi'eover, of doiiiix ample justice to that injm-ed 
 and persecuted navigator. Captain .Middleton. "The 
 whole account. ■■ he says, " that he has ijiven of this bay, 
 with the ex(!eptioii of its ijeoirraphical position, is in jien- 
 eral very accurate, particularly in the appearance of tin* 
 hiinU, tlu'ir relative situation, mid in the nature and depth 
 
1 
 
 CAPTAIN PAKRV S SF.CONn VOYAcn. 
 
 lir? 
 
 i 1)0 iiicvi- 
 
 liimn)(M<Ml 
 ' Wiis still 
 in Islaml; 
 ir tVoiii its 
 y," wliicli 
 ' Ddko ttt' 
 ; hirthdiiy. 
 ot' Soutli- 
 'sterii sido 
 idt'd could 
 3 Duniieu- 
 
 > his steps, 
 it, with its 
 cs of" lldiU- 
 1 all, diiiU, 
 t lost their 
 icai'ly tVtM^ 
 ■storiy, iMit 
 It'll, on tlio 
 [st '.Mitir«'ly 
 itci-t'd Kc- 
 1)0 seen 
 ion." 
 to it : anil 
 ntcrtaiiu'd 
 M'a. (*oni- 
 lo iiivosti- 
 it (jnostion 
 ttlo crook 
 as to tho 
 i.o doubts 
 •taiiiod ro- 
 tho opjior- 
 lat iiijurod 
 n. ''Tho 
 )t" this hay, 
 . is in jzon- 
 nco ot" tho 
 and doptli 
 
 nf tho soundincs." And with rospect to tho l-'rozon 
 StiMir. tlit'i'c can 1)0 liltlo doulit, ho ^ays, that tho accoiiut 
 winch .Middlotoii has iiivoii of its appraranco. as soon 
 troin Capo h'rii^id, is in tho main a taitht'ul oiio : "• \l)ov(^ 
 all. tho accuracy ot" Captain Aliddlotoii is iiianit'ost upon 
 tho point most stroniioiisly ariiuod against him l>y Sh-. 
 ])(tl)lis; for oui' sui)so(pioiii oxpoi-iouco has not loft the 
 siiiiillost (loul)t ()t"l\opnlso liay. and tho northoni part of 
 tJic Wolcoiiio. hoiiif; fdlod with a rapid tide, (lowiiii; into 
 it from tho eastward, tliroiiidi tho l-'ro/on Sti-ait." 
 
 Tho appoaranco of tho snores of |Jopuls(> Bay was 
 far from uninviting. '• 'J'ho sm'roiindiiiu land rose from 
 six or sovon hmidrod to a thousand foot, and there was 
 no want of vouotatioii usually found in tiiis part ol" the 
 Arctic roL'ions, and in many jiarts it was oxtreiiMdy lux- 
 uriant." Koindoor and hares \V(!ro pUuitiful ; so were 
 (lucks, dovokios, and siioAy - l)mitiim;s. Several Mack 
 A\ hides also wore ohsorved in the huV. In one s|)ot the 
 remains ol" no less than sixty Mscpiimaux hahilatious were 
 found, consisting; of stomas laici oiu^ over the other, in 
 very rounlar circles, ( i^ht or nine feet in diameter; be- 
 sides about a hundred artificial strn(;^turos, liroplaci's, 
 storo-hous(^s, and other walk'd enclosures tour or tive 
 feet high, used for keopiiij; their skin canoes from being 
 i:i)ii\vod by the doi;s. jii various parts ot" the shore wore 
 found numbers of circles of stones, wliicli wore suppos(>d 
 to have been biiryinu-places, a human skull boiui: t()und 
 near one of them. Among tlu!S(^ stones the Hudson 
 mouse was very abundant. '* I do not know," says I'ar- 
 rv. "whether tho seals' flesh romaiuiiiij; on som<» of liio 
 bones was any attraction to these creatures, but it is cor- 
 tiiin that, when two of them were put togetlier into a 
 Cairo, the larjier killed tho other, and ate a part of it." 
 
 Commander J*arry having now satisfactorily dotor- 
 iniiied the iion-exist(Mioe of a passage to the westward 
 tliroii^li JU'pulse Hay, he was next, in compliance with 
 bis iii;>li ..inioiis, "to keep along tln^ line of this coast to 
 the iiorthwaril, always examining every bend or inlet 
 which might appear likely toal"t"or(l a practicable passage 
 to IJio westward;" and he congratulates himstdf on hav- 
 ing reacdied this point so early, and ♦■spiu;ially ''at hav- 
 nv^ passed, uliuost without impediiiiont, the strait to 
 8 Jv -J 
 
 
 III, 
 
 ; I 
 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 I'- 
 ll 
 
114 
 
 AKCTIC \OYAGE.-?. 
 
 wliicli, on noai-ly the smiio day sfvotity-niiiP years ho- 
 fi)i'o, so rorbiddiiif^ a name had been applied." 
 
 lie had not yet, liowever, got rid of that forniidahic 
 strait, witli its obnoxious name. In coasting down the 
 nortiiern shore ot" Repulse JJay, it was necessary again 
 to cross tlie nortli«>rn part ot" the Frozen Strait, and pass 
 througli llurd's Channel, which was nearly blocked up 
 by Bushnan Island, leaving only a narrow passage; at 
 each exti'emity to get to the eastward ; and, when pass- 
 ed, otlier islands and narrow channels occur, among 
 Avhirh were found such j-apid tides, hurling large masses 
 of ice about, as to carry tlui sliips every moment into 
 innninent danger. And when they Inid in some meas- 
 ure got through this labyrinth, after loiiir, anxious, ami 
 toilsonu; labor, a frcvsh gale from the northward, on tlic 
 3(1 of September, di'ifted the large Hoe of ice to whi'li 
 the ships wcM'e attached to a greater distance than '• I 
 ever remcml)er," says l*arry, " to liave hapjiened before 
 m the same time under any circumstances." JJut the 
 most mortifying f)f all was the discoveiy tliat, .ifter all 
 their toil, they had been driven back ])ast l)af(ni Island 
 toward the two )"enjarkal)le hills on Southampton Island, 
 from which they were at noon not more than seven or 
 eight leagues distant. " IMnas," says Pariy, " after a 
 Viborious investigation, which occpied one month, we 
 hii'i, by a concurrence oi unavoidable circumstances, re- 
 turned to nearly the same spot ns that on which we hail 
 been on the Gth of August. This untowani event may 
 serve to show the value of ever the snrallest geographi- 
 cal information, in seas where not an hour must be 
 thrown away or ur profitably employed." 
 
 The wliole of tli.s voyage, froM the first entrance of 
 Hudson's Strait to the point now reached, has proved 
 so harassing, so unproductive, and so dangerous withal, 
 as to have required from him who liad the conducting 
 of it a more than ordinary share of patience, persever- 
 ance, and equanimity, possessing a t(;mper not easily 
 to bo ruflled : and such an ofticer was Parry. His 
 great object, when in extrenn? difficulty, he tells us. 
 was to cheer up the s})irits of his people, and to k(>ep 
 them constantly on the alert and moving whenever such 
 diiriculty occuired, even when there was no prosj)ect of 
 
It 
 
 V. years bo- 
 
 I forinidahlc 
 ig down tilt' 
 3ssary i\<j;n'u\ 
 air, and pass 
 r blocked up 
 ' pjissnijc! at 
 , when pass- 
 ?cur, among 
 larj^e masses 
 moment intn 
 some mciis- 
 anxions, and 
 kvard, on the 
 ice to wIikIi 
 nee than " I 
 jiened before 
 i." JJut tll(^ 
 that, alter Jill 
 Baffin Island 
 npton island, 
 han seven or 
 •ly, " after a 
 c month, we 
 nstances, re- 
 hich we had 
 (i event may 
 t fjeo^raphi- 
 3ur must l)e 
 
 entrance of 
 
 has proved 
 
 erous withal, 
 
 e condiicting 
 
 :e, pei'sever- 
 
 r not easily 
 
 Parry. His 
 
 lu! tells lis, 
 
 and to keep 
 
 lenever such 
 
 ) pi-os})ect of 
 
 CATTAIX PARRY 3 SECOND VOVAGn. 
 
 115 
 
 tlie ships' stirring;'; to keep, in sliort, both their bodies 
 iiiid minds in a stiito of activity. Thus he says on the 
 j)i('sent disheartening; occasion, "In the afternoon an 
 attempt was made to move, for the mere sake, it must 
 l)c confessed, of movin<f and keepinij thci peoi)le on the 
 alert, rather than with the slightest prospect of gaining 
 any ground." 
 
 Indei'd, throughout the whole of his Arctic voyages 
 of discovery, the resources of his own mind never failed 
 to supply the means of conveying a ha])py state of con- 
 tentment into the nnnds of those who weie serving 
 under liim, and of gaitung their confidence. The pres- 
 ent was a trying moment. The 5th of .September had 
 arrived, the luivigable season had neai'ly expired, and 
 they were only at the commencement of their discov- 
 eries. J>y the loth of .Sej)tember, how«ner. they had 
 exainined numerous inlets and openings on the Ameri- 
 can coast, and among others, a very extensiv(» and deep 
 one, to which Parry gave the name of Lyon's Tnlet- 
 A'arious creeks and coves were also examined by the 
 boats ; but tlie continuity of the land was <>very where 
 determined, and no passage found to tlii' westward. 
 Tliey fell in with a small tribe of Esquimaux, whosn 
 habitations were visited, and the inmates found to be 
 " a good-humored and decent sort of j)eople." One 
 lad, in particular, is described as " uncommonly quick 
 and clever in comprehending our meaning, and seemed 
 to possess a degree^ of good-humor and docility whi( h, 
 on our short acquaintance, made him a great favoiito 
 
 among us. 
 
 In some of the bays and inlets the ice reiuained fixed 
 and unbroken, and, as far as could be seen, grounded 
 along the coast. Still they proceeded, passing by no 
 creek or inlet without landing or boating to examine it 
 thoroughly. On the 1st of October some rain fell, 
 which, immediately freezing, made the decks and ropes 
 as smooth and slippery as glass. For several da^'s be- 
 fore, the thermometer had permanently fallen below the 
 freezing point ; and the rapid formation of young ice 
 near the shores gave pretty evident notice of the ap- 
 jjroach of winter. On the Gth of October, Pariy says, 
 " There beuig now only an hour's daylight remaining, 
 
 \"h 
 
 \\ 
 
 n 
 
 ! 
 
 
 ) ^' 
 
 V i 
 
 m It 
 
 
 'I, 
 
 I i 
 
 i, 
 
 ! 'I' 
 
 itl( I: 
 
 1 
 
 :!'. 
 
 .J* t 
 
IIG 
 
 AUCTIC voya(;es 
 
 \]\o younji ico fiisl 'mrvpiisiii};, and n strong tide riimiiii<;; 
 ill tlic olfiliii. I ^viis (»h|in;('(l to rcliiKiiiisli the idcii of 
 iiioviiii; till tilt' iiioniiiii:;."' ( )ii the J^tli the tlirniioiiic- 
 tt'f \vas down to /.cro, iiiid th(^ scii was covcnMl with 
 yoiiiiii ico, of which wo hnMt th(! I'olhjwiiii; description : 
 
 " 'riic rfiniiiilioii (it'voiiui: ice npnii tlir siirliicc ol" the water 
 is the ciiTu: "Stance wliicli iiiest (lecidediy l)ei:iiis to ])iit a stop 
 to the iiavii.'atioii of these seas, and warns the seaman that his 
 season of active o])erations is nearly at an end. It is indeed 
 scarcely possible to cdiKM'ive the degree of liinderance occa- 
 sioned by this iiiipediiiieiit, trilhug as it always ap|)ears be- 
 fore it is (Miconntered. When the sheet has ac(|uired a thick- 
 ness of abont half an inch, and is of coiisideralde extent, a 
 ship is liable to i)e stopjji'd bv it nnless fiivored i)y a stron;^ 
 and fr»>e wind ; and I'veii when still retainiiii: her way throni.'h 
 the water, at the rat«^ of a mile an hour, lier conrse is not 
 always under the control of the helmsman. tlioiiLdi assisted 
 l)y the nicest attention to the action of the sails, but depends 
 npoii some accidental iiicri'ase or decrease in the thickness of 
 the sheet of ice, with which oiio how or the other comes in 
 contact. Nor is it |)ossible in this situation titr llie boats to 
 ri'nder their usual assistance, by runniiii; out lines or other- 
 wise ; for, havinir once entered the yoniiL' ice, they can only 
 he ])roj)elled slowly through it by digging the oars and boat- 
 hooks hito it, at the same time breaking it across the bows, 
 and bv rolling the boat from side to side. Alter continuing 
 this laborious work for some time with little good etVect. and 
 considerable damage to the planks and oars, a boat is often 
 obliged to return the same way that she (Nime, backing out: 
 in the canal thus formed to no |)urpose. A ship in this hel[t- 
 less state, her sails hi vaiu ex])auded to a favorable breeze, 
 her ordinary resources failing, and suddenly arrested in her 
 course u[)on the I'lement through which slie has been accus- 
 tomed to move without restraint, has often remindt'd me of 
 (lulliver tied down bv the f(>ebl(> hands of Lilliputians; nor 
 are the strug^rles she makes to etfect a release, and the apj)a- 
 rtMit insignihcance of the means by which her etforts are op- 
 posed, tliv^ least just or the least vexatious part of the re.s(uii- 
 blance."— r. lit!, 117. 
 
 The expediency of fixin2; upon some eligible place for 
 the security of the shij)s for the winter could no Ioniser 
 be douhtetl nor delayed. A small island lyiny o(f the 
 northern point of tiie enti-iuice into Lj^on's Inlet was 
 n^'eed upon by the two commanders, beino; found to 
 all'ord good anchoi'age on its southern coast. '' Wo 
 
'. ^' 
 
 \ I'liiiiuiiij; 
 idt'Si nl' 
 cniioiiit'- 
 Tcd with 
 icr'iptioii : 
 ■the \v;i1<'r 
 put a stop 
 :iii that. Ills 
 ; is incUM'd 
 •aiK'L' (ici-a- 
 ppeai"s hc- 
 •cd a thick- 
 • I'xtcnt, a 
 ly a sti-oii,^^ 
 ay tliniULdi 
 iiisr is 111 it 
 i:h assisted 
 lit dcpriids 
 hicUiii'ss of 
 •V coiiu's in 
 lie hoatri to 
 .'S or otlii'f- 
 •y ran only 
 •s and hoat- 
 s the hows, 
 continuing 
 ctVcrt, and 
 oat is often 
 )ackinL.' out 
 n this lii'lp- 
 )k' hrct •/.(', 
 sti'd in her 
 )een accus- 
 i(h>d me ot 
 lUtians; nor 
 I the a]ipa- 
 )rts are op- 
 the reseni- 
 
 plfico for 
 no louijer 
 
 \\ir Olf rho 
 
 inh't was 
 found to 
 It. '^ Wo 
 
 CAPTAIN TARRY d SECOND VOYAGE. 
 
 117 
 
 now." s!>ys Pany, "for the first time inilkx] on hoard 
 tiie >hips., and before nii^ht we had thtMu niovtMl into 
 their p''ir -s Uy sawin;,' a canal for tW(( or thi'ec hundred 
 yards tin'ouiih \\\v ice." Jle adds: 
 
 " ill reviewing' the events of this our fii'st season of na\ ii.';i- 
 tiidi, unit considering: what proirress we had made towan 
 ' (■ attainment ot'our main ohject, it was iin|io»il»le, iiowcver 
 
 •.i: . .1... :. I.. ...'. 1 1 . 
 
 I 
 
 nil' aiiaimiK 111 <'i oui iiiimi i>i(|ii i, u >>■!> jiii|>i i^miih , iiw\\i-\i-i- 
 tiililiiu' lli'tt progress miuiit appear upon the I'liart, not to ex- 
 1)1 rieiice considerahle siiti>laction. Small as oiU' actual ad- 
 \,iiiri' h;id heen toward Uehriim's Strait, the extent of coast 
 iiewlv discovered and minutely ex|>!ored in |>m'suit of our 
 [ihjrcts, in the course of the last eiirhl weeks, amounted to 
 iiiiiie than "-ItX) leagues, nearly half of which heloni^cd to tlio 
 iniilinent of North America. This sei\ ice, not^vithstanilitu: 
 
 ...L< . 11 >l i^Im It t <. V I tf k^l I I'.l lil till. 1M^lr.i \\-llti>ll II I t IMJ "I t > t ^-{....il •klt.l 
 
 I 
 
 ini 
 
 iMir CI 
 iiiikiM 
 
 instant exposure to the risks which intricate, shoal, and 
 
 )\vn channels, a sea loaded with ice, and a rapid tide 
 I ;.. .......,....;..,, I.... I ,,...-.;. L.I, ii.. 11.. i. ...... ..(V........i 
 
 \ II l^ilfliiui:!.^, fl .'^Itl lllilllllt \>llll M<. .111 
 
 (iinciirrcd in pre.seiitiiiLr, had providentially 
 
 witlmiit injury to the shi|)s, or sutfei imr to the olliccrs and 
 iiirii ; and we had now once more met with toleral)le securitv 
 till' the ensiiinj,' wintei-, when ohli^'ed to relimpiisli farther 
 iiperations for the season. Above all, however, 1 derived the 
 iiiMst sincere satisfaction tioni a, conviction of havitiLT h't't no 
 l>;irt of the coast from Repulse P)ay »>astward in a stale of 
 t as lo its connection with the conlineiit. * ■■ ' ■ ■ * 
 
 loiihi as lo lis connection wnii iiie coiniiienr. And as the 
 iiaiii-laiid, now in siirhl from tin' hills, extended no iiirther to 
 III' eastward than about a N..N.I;. beariiiir, we ventured to 
 iiiiliiL'e a saiiiruine liopi- of our bein:: very near tli<> north- 
 eastern boundary of .Vmerica, and that the early part of the 
 next sea.son would Wnd us em|)loyinir our bt.'st etVorts in push- 
 '■■■,' alon;: it.s northern shores." — 1'. 1 1!{. 
 
 reiiiir now llxed in their winter quarters, it is .scarccdy 
 
 necessary to say tliat tlie first and earliest attention of 
 
 tiie ])ro\i(h.Mit commander was ilireel(Ml to tlie security 
 ..,' .1... .1.:... *i , ,.., r I... .: V 
 
 I — "^ ^ ; • .\ 
 
 111 tlie slfips, the arranijjenuMits for tlu^ preservation of 
 
 rleanliness, lioalth, and cmufort duriiiii a lon;j; prospect- 
 ive winter, as widi as t"oi' tlie economical e.xpenditure of 
 |)ii)visioiis, fiud, and all otiu^r stores. At first, anil for 
 some time, apprehension was entertain<Ml n>spectin^ tlio 
 security of the .ships in tm open I'uadstead facini; tho 
 smith, !is th(^ ji^romided masses on tlu; sliores of the hay 
 lii'uan to sliow syin|)toiiis of instability, oiu? or two hav- 
 iiiu fallen over, and others turned round, so that, instead 
 iif heiiiti a protection, these masses iiii^ht lj(! looked iipua 
 lather as dangerous neighbors ; other circumstaucua 
 
 \'\ 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 \ 
 
 V. 
 
 m 
 
 ' '!i"'" 
 
 I'l 
 
 /i 
 
lis 
 
 AKCTIO VOYACF,!^. 
 
 >vt'i«» calculiiltMl to fxcilc !i|)|)i rlit'iisiotis of (l;mLjt'r, l)iif. 
 ii;i|t|)ily. tlicy (••<r:ijii'(l tliciii nil ; niid tin* slii|ts. oiicn 
 iVo/cii ill mill ln'sfi !i\ sdliil !(•(>. iTiiKiiiird liiiii ii'^ rcicUs. 
 It iiiiiy Im' (jiiilc ciM'tiiiii tliiit iidtliiiiL: \\!i^ dimttrd liy 
 I'iirry that cnuld IimkI to the licallh iiiul citmroi"! ul' Ills 
 <'i«'\v. iis line alt»Milioii lo I'lcaiiliiicss, superior wanulli, 
 (Iryiiiii; ol" clollirs, airiiiij, tli(» hoddiii^. and slccpiiiu: in 
 IniiniMocs, l)\ whitli \t>ntiIatioii is nial»Miallv nioniolrd. 
 lie sa\ s : 
 
 '• \\ lull' cure w:i-< tlius tiiUcii to adnpt all plivsical nn>;ni^ 
 widiiii our rcacli liir the niaiiilciianco nf inaldi and coinloii 
 anioii:^ llic crews, recourse \\;is also liad to some t>\ a moral 
 nature, wliicli experieni'c lias .sjidwii lo lie nsclul auxiliaries 
 ill till' promotion ot these desirable uhjects. It would, per- 
 haps, indeed lie dilliciill to iniai:iiie a situation in wliicli clieer- 
 fuliiess is iuor<> to lie desired, or less likelv to lie inaiiitailied. 
 tliui) anion,' a set ol persons (^and those persons seanii'ii toiO 
 hecliided lor an uncertain and indefinite period t'roni the rest 
 of the world; lia\ in^ little or no eiiiplovment Imt that which 
 is in a inannei- created to prevent idleness, and suliject to a 
 decree of tedious inonotony ill accordin:: w illi their usual 
 liahits. It was not, liowevt>r, simply as a irinieral principle. 
 Jipjilicalile in a ureatt-r or less deL'reo to all situations and 
 societies, that the preservation of cheerfulness and i,'oiid hu- 
 mor was in our cas(> ]>articularlv desirable, hut as iiiinie- 
 «liatelv connected with the preventieii of that disease to w liicli 
 «Mir irews w en^ must liable, and w hich indeed, in all hnniaii 
 jirobabilitv, we had aloin^ any cause to dread. The astonish- 
 im,' eHcts piddiu'i'd bv the p.assions of the mind, ill induciiiu' 
 or renio\ liii: scorbutic svmptoms, are too well known to need 
 eontirmation or to admit of doubt ; those calculated to ex<ite 
 liope ;iu(! to impart a sensation of pl(\asi're ti> the mind haviii:,' 
 lieeii invariably found to aid in a surprising,' manner the cure 
 «)f this extraordinary disease, and those of an opposite nature 
 to a^irravate its fatal maliL'iiity. As a source, tliin-efore, nt 
 rational amusemiMit to the men, 1 proposed to ("oinmauder 
 l.\-oii and the otHcers of both ships once more to set on Hiot a 
 .•-eriesi of theatrical entertainments, from xvliicli so much bene- 
 fit in this way had on a fin-mer occasion betni (l(>rived. This 
 proposal was immediately and unanimously aci[uiesced in. 
 Lyon obliLMiiL'ly undertook to b.« dur mana:,'er, and some 
 pre]>araliou liavin^ been math' for tliis |)urpose ])r<>\iou.s to 
 leaviiiii V'.n^lind, every fhiiiii was soon arrani:ed liir ]ierforiii- i 
 ini: a I'lay on board the Fuiy once a fortnii:ht. In this, as in 
 jjjure imiiortuut matters, our fLirmei experience gave many 
 
' r 
 
 npT, ImiI, 
 lips, (»ii('i> 
 \ !is rticKs. 
 uiiillffl liy 
 loll i>r Ills 
 r wiinnlli, 
 iltM'|)inu ill 
 
 pittlUOti'll. 
 
 SICMI nif:)iir4 
 liul cniiitorl 
 (if ;i tiiiinil 
 I iiiixili.irir-* 
 would, piM- 
 Aliiili cliriM- 
 iii;iiiit;iinctl. 
 SCIIIlU'll toiO 
 
 Vom llii' ''t">t 
 t thai wliith 
 sul)i<'«M It' :i 
 I tlii'ir usual 
 r.il |iriiici|>li'. 
 itUMliniis iiiul 
 11(1 ^odil Im- 
 it as iinini'- 
 Msc to wliifli 
 II all lumiiui 
 'lie astonish- 
 in intlui-inu' 
 
 KWIl to Ut-l'll 
 
 led to ox<it<' 
 niinil haviii:,' 
 nor the cnii' 
 xisitc natiiri' 
 llKM-floir, ot 
 ('oiMiuaiiiliT 
 sot, on Itit't a 
 nuuh l)(MH>- 
 M-ivcd. This 
 •([uiosct'd 111. 
 ■ 1-. and suini' 
 jiroxious to 
 I'oi- porii>iiii- 
 lii this, as In 
 •'ave niaiiv 
 
 rATTAIN TAURY tA SKCOXn Vt)VA(;K. 
 
 110 
 
 n>iofiil liints. Our llioa1(>r was now l.iid out on a lafiror amf 
 iiKirc coniinodions scale ; its do(i>r;itiiiiiH iiMuli ini|irovc(l ; 
 .111(1. what was nioi'o o>->riili.il Itnlli tn actors and aiidirnco, ii 
 iiinrc olliciont plan ad(i|ilcd liir w.irniini,' it. l>v wliicli u(» 
 .>iii cccdod in Ucr|iiiiu' iIk" Icmpoiatiiro .several dei.'rees .'iIidvo 
 ;,/,/ III! each nif^ht ol' jx-i roiniance thron^Jioiil the winter." — 
 I'. !•.'■:. ]■-':!- 
 And ln' iidd.s, in ii iiohs 
 
 •• I can not omit, to .neiition tliat., jiist lieforo we left llni;- 
 1:111(1, a lai'LT'" and iiandsoiiie /ifninfasmdi^onn, or inai^ic laii- 
 tcni, li id Iteeii presented to me, tiw the nse ot the e\|)editioii, 
 li\ a lad\, who persisted in Ueepiiij,' her name a secret iVoiu 
 tJiiiNC whiiin she was .!nis servini,'. This ap|)araliis, whicli 
 x\;is excellent ot' its kind, was tVe(|iientlv resorted to diirini^ 
 TJii- and the succeeding,' winter; and 1 am iiappv to avail 
 nivscirof this mode — the imly oii(> in mv powci' — ol" thankini^ 
 our lieiiet;ictress. .and assiirinir her that iier present aHin-ded a 
 tiiiid (iramnsemenl, i'ully answering' tier kind intentions." 
 
 No iiiaii ^v)ls hcttcf !ic(piaiiilt'd with tlii' clinraclcr mid 
 Iccliiiiis ol" scamt'ii lliaii l*aiTv. Ho kiirw lliut mirlli, 
 ;inil oilier oxcitt'iiuMits to (•liocrridiicss, if too often ro- 
 p(iited with little or IK) vaii;iti(Mi, ar(> iipt lo lose their 
 ell'iMt. I''ull_v aware of this, tiiul with a view to hii;her 
 olijiM'ts, it (VkI not escape his rellectioii that, (hirini; tho 
 1(111^ winter ni^ht.s, when for ii certaiii period the whohi 
 day was in fact a ni^lit, an oi)portiinity miiiht he iilford- 
 >'il for iiistnictini; the men of hoth ships in at letist tlui 
 ."It'ineiitary parts of education. To this end he says, 
 
 "To furnish rational and useful orcn|)atioii to the men on 
 ilic other eveiiiiiiis, a .school was also estai)lislied. nndei- the 
 vdlmitarv sn|ii rinteiidenco of Mr. Iliilse, for the instruction 
 of such of th(> men as were willinir to take advantage of this 
 (i|>|>(irtiiiiitv of leainin^ to read and write, oi- of iniprovini,' in 
 lliDse actpiirenients. The same |)laii was a(h>pted on lioard 
 the Hecla, Henjamin White, one of the .seamen, wlio had he(Mi 
 C(liu'ati>d at ("hrisl-chnrch school, volnnteerin^r to olViciate as 
 N(li(Milmaster. 'I'.ahles were set np fir the jinipose in the 
 fiiitlsliip part of the lower deck; some of the men, already 
 tliiis(|u;ditied, nndertook the task of a.ssistinir in the iiistrnctioii 
 'it' their .shipmates; and thus were alioiil twenty individuals 
 hcjiitiijini,' to each .slii|) occupied (>very evenitiir, froni si.x t<» 
 eiulit o'clock. 1 made a point of visitimr the school occasion- 
 ally during the winter, hy wav of eiiconrai^ing the men in 
 tLis pruLst'wortby occupation., and 1 can safely say that I liavo 
 
 
 \i 
 
 V . 
 
 
 
 ' I. 
 
\ 
 
 I'JO 
 
 AIUTU' VOYAC.r.H. 
 
 Hrldtun r\|i(>i'ii'H(C(l j'rcliims of liiulirr ^irnlilK almii tliaii on 
 tins I'iMc .'iiiii iiil.K .-liii- M-hl." — 1'. l-j:t. I-JI. 
 
 Ami well iiiii:lil Ik' he ^nitilinl ; lnr we ill'«< ilsHiirt'iI li\ 
 liini. on llir rcliini nrilic ships to I'lii^liiiid, tliiit "cNcrv 
 in:iii oil l)(i;inl cuiilil ri'iid Ins liililc." 
 
 •Nor writ" the iiitcrrsis {\'( sciriii't' iic^lcctrd \vlrili' 
 ttit'sf dtimi'slic iiniiiii;ciiitMits wcri' in prouicss. A poit 
 lihlc (iliscrviitoiT \v;is citcUmI lor iiiii^iictinil olistTvu 
 t ions. Mild II I MM ISO I II I ill lor the rocoprMin oT tlit> r(<(|iiisiio 
 iiistinnuMits lor M-iroiioiniciil oliscrMilions, mi id lor \m nous 
 cNpcriiiioiits rccoiiiiiKMidod hy \\ cimiiii ' 'o oI'iIic I\o\ - 
 nl Sociotv. Ill short, nothing w ms iic^jrclcd or oinillcd 
 thill could contrihiili' to tho riillilliiionl of the iiistriutioiis 
 rort'i\»'d li_v tlit> j'oiniiiMiidrr of tho oxpoditioii titiiii tho 
 Lords of the Adiiiiriiliy . 
 
 Am ol)S('r\Mli(tii of Pnirv shows thiit tlio Arctic cli- 
 liiMtt'. ('(pKilly with our own. is intlin'iicoil hy a chaiim- 
 of the wind. 'Vhiis. on the 'JiUli of ( )ctol)('r, when tin- 
 ■wind WMS N.N.W'.. tlio thcrinoiiiclcr It'll to —10'; hui 
 Vl'('rill^ to till' S.M. on the -jith mikI ■,'')th. it rose lo 
 -f'J.'>'. " I iiKiy |)ossil)ly," lie says. " incur tho ch;ir;:c 
 <»r allt'ct itioii ill slMtiiiii tluit this ti'inpcrMtiirc wms iiiik h 
 too liiiih •(• l)o iiurot'Miilo to us: liiit it is. novorthclcss. 
 tlic ImcI. ihiit o\orv liodv toll and coiiiplMinod of llic 
 clianiii'. This is explained hy their «'lothiin:. hcddiii;:. 
 tiros, and other precautious aiiainst the sevi'rily ol" the 
 cliiiiMte. haviiii; Ihmmi once adapted to a low deiiree ot" 
 cold, an increase of teni|»eratiire lenders them ojipress- 
 i\ (' and inconv(Miieut." Another circumstance is iiumi- 
 tioiied. which may st'rve to contirm a conjecture which 
 has loiiii heen maintained hy soiii»>. that an open sea. 
 l'ret> ol" ice, exists iit or lUNir tlu' Pole. " On tlie 'Jd ol" 
 Noveiiiliei' " says Parry, "the wind, rresheued up to a 
 jial»' trom N. hy W'., lowered tlu> ihermoiueter ln'Tore 
 iMithiiiihr to — ;") , whei-(>as a rise ol" wind at Melvilh* 
 Island was iicuerally aceouipanitMl hy a sinuiltiineous riso 
 ill the thetuionuMer at low tein[)eratur«>s. May not 
 this," he aslvs. "\\\> occasioiu^d hy the wind hlowiiiy; over 
 an open st>a in tht> (piarter rrom which the wind hlows. 
 and ttMids to conlirm the opinion tliat at or near tiie Pole 
 an ojien sea I'riu* ot' ice exists .'"' If the ice wlTudi a siii- 
 jile niiiht ('^'^ six miMiths" continuous (hiralioii must pro- 
 duce were not d;spi>rsod hy tho current tliut is kiiowu 
 
1 
 
 inn iIkiii nil 
 
 IlSSlll-t'll |l\ 
 lint " CMM \ 
 
 clfd while 
 ;s. A poit- 
 •nl (»lis('r\ii 
 
 !(• l"l'(|llisitl' 
 I ['{)]• Mll'ioil'^ 
 
 III" llic K(t\ - 
 I or oiiiillcil 
 iiislriutitiiis 
 
 111 ti'dlll llio 
 
 ' Arctic I'li- 
 
 tv ii «liiiiim' 
 
 r, wlii'ii tlic 
 
 — 10 ; lull 
 
 I. it rose Id 
 
 • the cliaru'' 
 
 I' \v;is iniK li 
 
 (>\ (M'tlirlc^^. 
 
 illi'tl tit' tile 
 
 li<i. iM'ddiiii:, 
 
 rity ot" till' 
 
 tU'uriM> dt" 
 
 111 (ipprt'ss- 
 
 ICC is IlKMl- 
 
 tiirc which 
 
 I open sc;i, 
 
 II tilt' 'Jtl dt" 
 
 iit'd up td !l 
 
 c\rv l)t'itin< 
 
 at Melville 
 
 taiU'Diis list) 
 May iidl 
 Idwinii ttvcr 
 wiiitl liidw-;. 
 
 ar tlid Ttilc 
 wliitdi a siii- 
 1 must pi'd- 
 
 l is kUdWU 
 
 CAPTAIN TAUKY H SKCOM) VOVACJH. 
 
 1^1 
 
 to exist, mill which the I'tile iisell" nmy pnilnilily Ih> iht< 
 taiise til" prtiihiciiii:, the iiditli w ii id. Mislead til lieiii<j cdjil 
 iiiid liiiislertiils, wtiiild he iiulti. The aiiituii imd Imlties 
 riiiiiitl the sun ami iiitMin were tit" rret|iit'iit appeaiaiic**, 
 jnit iidiie (tltheni very reiiiarlvahle. 'Ilie iiiai'.netic ne(^- 
 (ile. atteiiti\ely watched, was iinl ItiniMl tti he at ail al- 
 It'cted hy any nt" these |iheniuneiia. 
 
 The shtMtest tliiy passeil witliiml any interest heinj^ 
 iitlat hed Id it . " ( hi a Idrnier dccasitm. nttv elly ami tlm 
 pcciiiiaiity III" (tiir sit mil inn ^av(> it iiiipditaiice. Nnw 
 the case was \i'\\ tliil'ereiil ; their wintering wjls no 
 Iniiuei" an e\periiiieiit ; their ctiinltirts were greatly iii- 
 citiisetl. and the |iriispect til" an early I'clease as lavdr- 
 iilile as cdiild he ilesireil." ( )n ( "liristinas-diiy divin(> 
 service was pertdriiieil on Imard tlie l''nry.iiml attemled 
 liy the (illicers niiil crews til" htith shifts; an ailditional 
 alldwance ol' prdvisiiuis was issued, "and the day was 
 iiiarKed hy the nitist cheerliil hilarity, acctnnpanieil hy 
 the utiudst i»'i:ularity and ^timl di'tler." Aiiioiii:; the lii\- 
 iiiies was a juint dl" ^ddtl Miij^lish roast lieet", preserved 
 liy the diitsitle heinp; iiilihetl w ith salt. The last diiv til' 
 llie year lirdii<;ht with it tlic hii;h liiatilicatioii of ohserv- 
 iiii;lhe excellent health and spirits enjoyed hy aliiitisf 
 c\cry titlicer and iiiaii in Itotli ships. The diie iii\aliti 
 was so much imprdved that sanguine liupes were enter- 
 tained of his continiietl aniemlment. 
 
 Ilavini; pittvided t'tir the emplttymeiit ami recreation 
 (lithe men. Parry still seemed to think that it iniij,lit ho 
 iiiia<iiii(>d. as, iiideetl. had Ixmmi anticipated, that want dl' 
 iid\elty was a disadvantage likely to render the cdiiliiie- 
 iiit'iit ol'tho ol'licers more tedious than he ("ore at .Melvillo 
 Isliiiul ; hut this, he says, was nt»t the case ; the nieu hail 
 always eiuploymcnt i'liou^li to prevent their hciiiff idle, 
 thtiUjiih iitit, perhaps, sutlicient to prevent unpleasant 
 tlitiuiihts tVdm dccasitinally ohti'iidinj; themselves ; luit the 
 (itlicers alsd had mostly resources within themselves. 
 \Vi\\\ rej^ard to tliem, he ohserves, that " what with 
 reading;, writiiiix. makiiiii and calculating (ihservalituis. tih- 
 scrxiiiii the varitius natural pheiidiiieiia, and takiiijLj tln^ 
 exercise necessaiv to |)reserve our health, uohndy, I he- 
 lieve, ever t"ell any symptoms of (iiniii duriuif our coil- 
 tiiiuKiico in winter <iiiarlers."' iU\ adds : 
 
 Li 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i i» it 
 il 
 
 
 ( 
 
 I i 
 
 it, 
 
 ! i 
 
 t k 
 
■f 
 
 1 o»> 
 
 1 V w 
 
 AlU TIC Vov.^^J^'^^ 
 
 " \min):; llic it'criviliniis \n lii< !■ ilVunli'd lln- lii-lic-if irniild- 
 (Vllioti lo srvi'Kil .'IIIMMI;; W*. I IIIMV iiici liuii tlii> iiiii'^ii ;il p.nlKM 
 we wiM'r i'ii.'ili|)<(l to liiilstiT, tliid ului li ii?«srinlil(><l. nil Mliilni 
 f\ciiiiiL.'s tlii'iMii^liniit till' \\iiit<'i, iillcni'itclv Ml ( 'iiiiiiii:iiiilir 
 I, Mill's t-.iliiii :iMil III iii\ nwii. ,Miii'i> sUilltiil iiiii;il<'iirs III iiiiisjc- 
 inifillt VM'II li;iM> sinili'il iit llii-si', our liiiiiil>li< rniiiTrls ; Iml it 
 will not iiii liiii< tliciii to think I ox ot I lie xinu-o llicv aiiiniio 
 to he ,i>siin'il ijiiit, 111 ttifsc iciiiotc jiiiil di'soliilo regions of llio 
 fjlolto. it li.is ol'ti'ii riirni-hcd iH \\ itii till' iiio-it |>Ii':isiii ;il)lo sciisii- 
 lioiis wlucli oiil' sitii.itHMi w.is r;n>;il(lc of iilVoidiii;; ; lor. iiido- 
 piMidoutiv ortlic iniMT ninlilicMlion iilllirdod to tlio i-.iiltv ttiiHic, 
 till ri« i«i, n(<rli;ip>». si'Mrci-iy ii person in tlio world. ri>!illv Hmd 
 of It, in \vliosi> niiiid its sound is not more or loss ronnrilid 
 witli 'his liir-ilist.ini Innni'.' 'rhorc .iro .ilwiivs Honio roiiioin- 
 Immiu'os \vliulir<Mi(icr thi'in insi'p.ir.ihli". .•iiid llioso ;issoci,ilioiH 
 nro not to lio di's|iis«'d \\ huh. \\ In';!- wo ;irc oni;;iL;od in tho 
 jici tonn;in«'o ot our duty, f.in still ofciisioiiiillv transport iis 
 into tho sotiiil tiiflo ol' onr Irionds at liomo. in spile ol" the 
 txe.ans that roll Iietween ns. 
 
 " \\ ilh onr time thus ocenpied, oiir coinlorls so al>niidant. 
 and the prospect to seaward so enli\ eiiiii;:, it wonid indeed 
 hive Iteeii onr own tiinlts had w (< t'elt anv tliiiu; Imt eiijoN inent 
 in our present st.ite, and the most lively ho|tes and e\peita- 
 tions lor tlie I'ntiire."' — l'. 1 t;'.. 
 
 Tlio liist (lay ol'llie new yt<nr is (leseiil)e(l as l>oiii>; ji 
 viM'V seviMc owi" it) till" o|i(Mi air, tli«> tlieiiinniKMef down 
 to — 00 ■. and the wind hlowiiii:; sfronj; tVoni tln> N.W'., 
 on winch it mtiy he obstM'ViMl. tliaf the eHect of n slfon^ 
 
 M>*>\.t-7il i\1\ tlllk tilMMtllVC <«\'Jtt1 111 f i1 II 1l\l 11'M f «\ clllimfitiJ I.J 
 
 tiT ol an hour Avillioiit iiicotivtMii(Mic(> : wliilo. with ii 
 iVi'sli bri'e/.i\ and tho tluMMiioinotof tioaiiy jis Itij^h as 
 •/t>ro. I'twv people »'aii k»'ep their hands exposed so h»ii;; 
 willunit coiisideiahlt* pain." Hv nu>ans ol' Svlvi'ster's 
 stove. how'evt>r. mid ii jiuheious iirfanuenieiit of the lines, 
 no inconvenience was tell in the siiips. even at the teiii- 
 
 ll.Wlt 111-il .>♦' \<l ^ 
 
 jieratiire ot" — .">;> \ 
 
 pel ainre oi — .>:' . 
 
 Oniiii;; th<" eold month of .lunimrv tVcM^iuMit oppoilii- 
 nities occnvfoil o{' luaUinu a variety ot" ineteofoloiiieal 
 obstM'vations on th(> Aurora l'(»rt>alis. on parludia, and 
 ]i;iniselena\ and. at the same time, Mr. I'isluM- wtis l"ully 
 
i * 
 
 CMTAIN r.MtKV H JT.roMl \i»VA(;i;. 
 
 l^:\ 
 
 t ' •. 
 
 :;lnwf lynilin. 
 
 lsi( .ll |1,||||<W 
 •tl, oil si. -I I I'll 
 
 ( 'oiiitiiMiiilir 
 
 MIIS III lllllNlf 
 
 • I'lls ; lull ii 
 llirv :iiliiiiri< 
 I'i^iniis III' ||ii« 
 liiilili" siMisi- 
 ;; ; tiir. imlf- 
 '.irliv iiiii'^if, 
 . ii'.illy lliiiil 
 IS roiiiu'cli'd 
 
 • nil' li'Ilirili- 
 ' a.Hsoci.iliuiis 
 .iLii'tl ill llii< 
 li-,iii-|)iirl lis 
 spill- of llio 
 
 .iImiiiiImmI. 
 oiilil iiiilci'il 
 
 1 ciijoymi'iit 
 11(1 «-x|)r(t;i- 
 
 as IxMMU: !l 
 lolcr down 
 
 tlu' N'.W., 
 of n stroi)!; 
 •liiiiJitcs. IS 
 IK'S |)irniriil 
 •ry. " with 
 irrinj;. tlu^ 
 or !i (iKiir- 
 lo. with ii 
 us liioh MS 
 I'd so lony; 
 >ylv('stt'r's 
 t' the lines, 
 
 1 lll(> tlMU- 
 
 it ojipovtii- 
 coroloixical 
 rlicliii, mid 
 r was fuHv 
 
 oinployiMl ill ohsrrviii^ tlio dip, viiriiilioii, and iiiiliiwitiiiM 
 
 nrilif iiia.Mirlic li Ho. Tlio olcit I oiiiolor wiis iVoipioiil- 
 
 |\ iip|iliod to till' mast lioiid cliaiti. and llio miiiuiii-Iio 
 iiii'ilif roiistaiill_\ VMilcliod dining all llio appoiiniiicri 
 
 oi llic \iiioiii; lint iioillici' of t lioso was on liny on • 
 
 1 ;i-niM siMisilily alloctrd. I'laiiKlin, it may lio olisoivt'd, 
 nil llii' slioros of llio I'olar Soa, loiiiid it olliorw iso. 
 
 I III llio Is! ol I'olniiarN a now sonioo ol' noM-Jty miil 
 iiiiiiisfiiionl most mioNpoctodly pio.oiitod ifsolf m tlio 
 iinpi'oiii'li oT somo si ran^o poopio toward llio ships. lint, 
 j'liirv imisl dosciilio tlic inlciviow. 
 
 •• I III llio iiioiiiiii^ ol'llio I si of I 't'hiii.irv it \\ ;is ropoili d to 
 111,' ih.il ii iiiiiiihor III sIi;iiil:o poopio woro sorn lo llio \sosl- 
 wMiil. rniiiiiii; lowiird llio >liip-. o\oi- llio iio. ( )ii diitcliiii; 
 ;i ^liiss lowiiid llioni wo liMiiiil llioiii III ho l'.sipiini;iii\, iiiiil 
 ;il>ii ili.-rovoiod soiiio iippo;ir;iiiio ol huts on slioio iil llio <lis- 
 l:iiii I- of two iiiilos iVoiii llio .ships. III llio >;iiiio il iioci ion. | 
 iiiiiiii'iiiiili'jv sol mil. III roiiip.'llliod h\ ( 'oiiiiii:iiii' I' l,\oii, iiii 
 ollircr Iroiii o;i( h ship, ;ind two ol llio inoii. to moot iho iia- 
 liM'-. w lio, III I III- iHinihor of liv o-;inil-l w only , woro duiw ii up 
 ill ,1 liiir ;ihio;isl, ,'iiid still ;iil\ aiiioil slowly toward lis. \.h 
 \\c appioai'liod iioaror lliov sloml slill, loiiiainiii;,' as holoro, 
 ill il naiipaci lino, Irom wliicli llioy did no! nio\o liir soino 
 tiiiio aflor wr ro.iiliod llioin. iNolliiiiL; coiild oxcood ihoir 
 (iiiii'l iiiid oidorlv holiavioioii this occasion, which pn -oiiloil 
 a MTV sliikiii^ coiilrasi with the noisy donioaiior of tho nalivos 
 of lliulsoii's Strait. Tlioy ap|ioaroil at :i disliinco to Imvo 
 iiniiws ill tlioir hands, hut what wc had lakon for hows or 
 s|icais proNod to ho only a low hl.ados of whalohoiio, which 
 llic\ had hioiiL;lil oillior as a poaco-olVoriiiL: or for h.iitoi. and 
 which w(> ininicdialoly |)iircliMsod lor a low small nails and 
 heads. Soiiio of the woiiion, of whom tlioi • woro ihroo or 
 fiiii-. ,is woll as two childron, in this party, having' haiidsoino 
 (lollies on, which attractod our attoiilion. llioy ho:;aii, to our 
 iillcr astoiiishmoiil and constcrn.ition, to strip, ihoiiLdi tho 
 liiciiiiomotor stood at ".'i holow /oro. Wo soon found, how- 
 ever, tli.it lliero w.is nolhiiii,' so droadhil in this as wo at lirsf 
 iiuauiiied, ovorv iiuliv idiial amom; them haviiii,' on a coniploto 
 (louhlc suit. The wliolo woro of (h-or skin, and looked Imlli 
 clean and conilhrtalilo."— I'. 1.^!). 
 
 Tliis party ('(nKhictod ihomsidvc.'* with jj;i'»Mif dororum, 
 and witlioiit any appichonsioii visihio on thiMr coiint**- 
 nancos or iiiannor ; thcrolore, as soon as all tliat thoy hud 
 lu sell luul been purcliased, ii >Yisii nyiis expressed by 
 
 ' »a 
 
 1.: 
 
 'il 
 'I ■ 
 
 
r 
 
 ■^ 
 
 124 
 
 ARCTIC VOYA'JES. 
 
 sisiiis to a. fompaiiy tliciii to their liuts. The description 
 wliicli I'oilow s is ciirioiis and idiiMcstiiiy : 
 
 "When it is irmcmhcri'd thiit tlirsc liahitatioiis were tullv 
 ^vililill siylit (il the >hi|).>. iiiid liinv iiiaiiy eves were cniitiiiUMliy 
 ou tlu' look-out uiiioiiic lis liir any thing thai iMtiild atllnd variety 
 or intcn'st in our present sitnation, <»ur snrpi-isc may in sonn' 
 dei:i'ee Ije iniai.'ined at llndini: an estahli>hnient ot" live iiiils, 
 with canoes, sleiL'es. (hti,'s, and aixAc sixty men, women, and 
 <'hii(h'en, as rej^nlariy, and to aU a|)pearance as j)ei'manentlv 
 lixed, as if they liad occupied the same spot ila- ihe whole 
 waiter. 11 tlie first view of tiie exterior of lliis htlh' villas."' 
 was such as to creiite astoni.->hment. tliat teehiii.' was in no 
 BinaU deu'ree heiirhtent'd on acce|)linu' the invit; tion sodu 
 jriveu ns to enter thi-se extraoichnary hnuses. iii llic construc- 
 tion of which we observi-d diat notasinu'le material was nsed 
 but snow and ice. After cree])iiii: thiini_di two lo>v u i. sai:<'s. 
 liavini/ each it.s arched (htor-\Na\', we came to a sniaU circular 
 apartment, of wliich the roof was a perfect arched tlDine. 
 Fi'oiii tlii.s thn'e door-ways, al:;o arched and of lari^er diitieii- 
 siiins than the outer ones, led into as man\ idiahited apar!- 
 nients, one on I'acli side, and the otiii'r facin:: ns as we en- 
 tered, 'i'he interior of diese presenteil a scene no less novid 
 than interesting. 'Ihe women wi-re seated on the l»eds at. 
 the sides of the huts, each liaving her little tireplace, or lamp, 
 with all lier (h)mesti(t utensils ahout her; the children ci'ept 
 behind tiieir motliers, and the dogs, except the female ones, 
 which were induli:ed with a part of the beds, slunk out past. 
 ns ill dismay. Tiie construction of this inhabited part ot the 
 huts was similar to that of the outei- apartment, being a dome 
 lormed by sepaiati- blocks of s^now, laid with great regularity 
 iiiid net small art, each iieing cut into the slia|)e re(|uisite to 
 form a .substantial arch, from seven to eight feet lii^di in tin; 
 eenter. and having no support whatever but what this princi- 
 ])le of i)uilding supi'lied. I shall not here farther describe 
 the peculiarities of tla'se viirious edilices, remarkini: only that 
 a cheerful and sutVicieiit light was admitted to them by a cii- 
 ciilar wimlow of ice, neatly titled into the roof of each apart- 
 ment." — 1'. 1()(). 
 
 When we itdlect bow niaiiv volmiies have been writ- 
 ten. Innv inneh discussion has taken place, b(nv mncdi 
 learned coiijcM'tni'e on ibe iiivetition and oriirii) of tlie 
 jircli, even in this liiter ag«'. wlial merit are we prepared 
 to bestow on one of the most imh'. the most simple. hikI 
 most isolute<'i lace ot' Immaii beings that exist .' Nature, 
 assisted perhaps by observation, has taught this people 
 tlie Irne priuci[)lo iind con.structiun ot"tli».< lu'eli. 
 
escriptiuii 
 
 were I'lillv 
 ■niitiiiiiiilly 
 11(1 vuriitv 
 ly ill sdiiii' 
 
 live liiu>. 
 nincii. ;m(i 
 riiiiiin'iitlv 
 tilt' whole 
 llr vill;i-c 
 ^viis ill ii(( 
 
 tidii soon 
 • (•(itl>tiur- 
 
 Wiis used 
 ■ n I ■>;i::('s. 
 11 circular 
 (■(1 (liiiiir. 
 cr (liiiicii- 
 tcd apar!- 
 
 !|S \\C Cll- 
 
 Icss novel 
 <• Iteds nt 
 ', or lam|i, 
 !i"eii crept 
 iiale ones, 
 k ciiit [la.-t 
 irt ot the 
 :.' a dome 
 .Milarity 
 uisite to 
 h in llio 
 [irinci- 
 descriho 
 only that 
 liy a ('it- 
 ch apai't- 
 
 Mi wrif- 
 imiclx 
 
 of tlio 
 irt'pari'd 
 i|)lt\ Hiid 
 N)if lire, 
 
 poopio 
 
 CAPTAIN rAIlRY ri SECOND VOYAGE. 
 
 li>5 
 
 '•Wo foniid," siiys Pni-i-v, "our new nccpiaiiitiinre ns 
 dfsiro.is ot" pli'iisiiii: lis as nc wci-o rciidy to he ph-ascd," 
 A faviirahlc impression was iiiado on the tlrst inti'rvitMV, 
 which was not (liiiiinishcd diiriiiii a constant iiitt>rcoiii'so 
 t\\ three (»r tour inoiitlis. 'I'liese poor creatui'es, wlu), 
 wifli all tlieir iintortutiate iwe, have heen thrown by 
 late into tlie least iiahitahle portions (tf the ijl(»be, amid 
 cteiiiiil ice iiiid snow, possess many valuable aixi amiahh; 
 (liiidilies. aniontf some others that are less so. and are 
 (■(iinnioii to all savage or uneducated people. Those of 
 the tribe here mi't with are desci-ibed in tlieir behavior 
 as heiiiii in the iiiyhest de'^n't^ respectful, orderly, and 
 "(ind humored. 'J'hev i^nvc the vovayers every reas- 
 (III to believe that they j)ossesse(l, in no ordiiia»'y de- 
 ::ree. the quality of honesty — !i (piality not usually 
 timiid amouij; an uncivilized jxMiple ; "but !i (piality," 
 I'aiiy observes, "the more desirable to us, as we had 
 1)11 shore, besides the linuse and observatory, all our 
 lioats and other arti(des, which, had they Iieen disposed 
 Id pilfer, it would have recpiired all our viijilance to 
 jxiiaid. If we (h'op])ed a ylove or a handUendiief witli- 
 (iiit knowing it, they would immediately direct (»ur att<Mi- 
 tidii to it by pointiiijii: and if the owner had left the liiit 
 tii'tore they discovered it, they would run out after him 
 to ictiu'ii it. Nay, more, if any tiling lia|)peii(M| to bo 
 Ifl't at the huts, they would travel down to the ships to 
 rf'tiirii it to tlie owner. A pair of tluMr doj;s was pur- 
 chased for the lleclii, whicli broke loos(! and disappear- 
 ed ; but next day two were found chained up on board 
 till! Fury, \yhich, on incpiiiy. proved to be the animals 
 ill (piestion, and wiiich had thus been faithfully restored 
 to their rightful owners." Many other instances satis- 
 tied th(> voyajz^M's that dishonesty is not a i)romineiit vice 
 aiiioiig tliese poor people. 
 
 .Iiidiling from the sample wlio visited ihe ships at 
 Winter Island, they exhibit none of those traits of stu- 
 pidity by which they liave generally been distinguished, 
 liiit v,ould rather appear to be lively and cheerful than 
 to show any signs of dullness, (^iiiet and ordHily, how- 
 ever, ns they were disposed to be on their tirst visit, 
 they betrayed n strong inclination to merriment : for 
 I'arry observes, thai on Cumnmiider Lvon's oiderinj^ 
 
 J. J 
 
 '' ■( 
 
 i Kt i 
 
 V ! 
 
(^ 
 
 l'^>0 
 
 AliCTlC VOYAGE; 
 
 liis ruliilfV to t'xliihit upon the llccln's dccU, llioy (liinrt'd 
 ^vith tlii^ sciiUKMi I'or iin hour, aiiil llicii rtMtiriM'il in liin|i 
 j;lt'i' iiiul iiO(»il liimior to thcii' Imls. Aiiotln'r paily took 
 yrrat (IfHiilil in rLshMiinji to tlio oriiini, and to any tliin;; 
 in the sliapt' of nnisic, sini^int:;, or dancing, of all which 
 they appoari'd to ho iiMnaiUahly fond. 
 
 ^rh(> sanio party woro asked It) <;o through the ])ro- 
 oess of huiidinii a snow-hiit for tlu* anuiscMnont and in- 
 formation of the Kni'opeans. " l-'rom thci (jnicknoss," 
 says Parry, " with which thcv C()ni|)l«'t(nl this, our sur- 
 prise at tlu* sudden appearance of the villaye ceased, iis 
 Ave now saw that two or thive hours would he more 
 than sulticient to have cornph>t»'d the whoh^ estahlisli- 
 nient just as we at first found it." 'Vhv followiiiij; diiy 
 a luimher of natives came on hoard, accordiiiii to pi»»ni- 
 ist>, to rehuild the hut in a more substantial maimer, and 
 to put a plate of ice in the roof as a window, which they 
 did with jireat (piickness as well as care, several of tlm 
 women ciieerfullv assistini; in Uie lahor. The men 
 sjMMued to take no small pride in sliowing in how expe- 
 ditious and workmanliki' a manner tlu'y cordd perform 
 this ; and the hut, with its v)uter passaue, was soon coni- 
 l)li^teil. JJut they extiMid tlie us«i of this transparent 
 material, applyinu that of iVo/.en honimocs to other 
 ])urposes. A shMl^e was ivquired to carry u youth lo 
 some distance, and none at hantl : 
 
 " We touii'' however, that a num. wlioni we had (»l)sen'c(l 
 for sonie tii at work jin'.oni: the lioinniocs of ice n]>oii tin- 
 heacli, liad .-a eniployi'tl in cuttin;,' out of that ahundiiat 
 niiiterial a ncnt and servici'al)le little slcdjze, hoUowetl like a 
 howl or tray oat of a solid hlock, and smciothlv roumli-d iit 
 the bottom. Tlu> thouir to which the doi:.s wore attachi-d was 
 secured lo a i.noov(> cut round its upper edge; and the youMi: 
 s(\d-catclier. sented in this siunile vfliicle. w;is drairtjed aloiii: 
 
 • 1'.. ro O 
 
 wuh greiit convenuMU'c ;nid conilort.' — 1*. -JOf). 
 
 (^iptain Parry heiuix desirous of tryini:; liow far they 
 iniiiht he disposed to j)arl with their chiklren, ])roposed 
 to luiy !i fine lad. named I'oolooak, for the valuable con- 
 sideration of a liandsome butcher's knife. His fathei-. 
 appaiently understandiuii the meaninii, joyfully accepted 
 tlie knife, and tin' boy set off in hi^h spirits, and at lirst 
 iUssisled hi drawing a sledge ; but beginiihig, by some 
 
oy (Imiccd 
 
 «mI ill hi;;li 
 
 pally took 
 
 any tiling 
 
 all which 
 
 1 tlio i)ro- 
 Mit aiul iii- 
 juic'Unoss,"' 
 s, our sur- 
 ceased, as 
 1 ho. uioro 
 I <»stal)lish- 
 lowinii (liiy 
 ii to |)r(»ni- 
 lainuM', ami 
 vvliuh they 
 (•ml of tlio 
 'riu^ uit'ii 
 liow j'xpc- 
 ild jxM'lorm 
 1 soon coni- 
 transpart'iit 
 ■s to otht-r 
 u youth to 
 
 ad obsrn'cd 
 
 ICO ni>oii tlic 
 
 at ahuiidiint 
 
 )wcil like a 
 
 roundfd iit 
 
 ttailuMl w;is 
 
 tlic youiu' 
 
 1.1,'yod along 
 
 \v 
 
 fur thoy 
 
 ])ropos«Hl 
 
 uahle co!i- 
 
 lis liitiuT. 
 
 y accepted 
 
 und at first 
 
 H, by some 
 
 cAi'TAiv I'ARUv ri sr:co\D VOVACi:. 
 
 127 
 
 aililiiioiial simis, moic ( iearly to e(»nipreheiid the tnui 
 iiieaniiiij; of iiis situation, took the opportunit} to slink 
 oil ainoiij: some homniocs of ice, so that, when iho 
 party arrived on lioaid, '^Tooltmak was missing. 
 
 'ItKtiooak, liowever, was a constant visitor to I*arry, 
 and considered himself fully j)rivileffed to find his way 
 into the cahin. " lie sat with me," says I'ariy, "one 
 day lor u oouph^ of hours, (piietly diawinj; liices and 
 animals, an occu|)atiou to which he took a j^real fancy , 
 and we often wen* reminded liy this circumstance of u 
 similar propensity displayed hy his amiahle countryman, 
 our lamented IricMid, John Sackhoust?."' Ih* ^oes on 
 to s.iv : " We soon loiind that 'l\»o!ooak possessed ii 
 cajiacity etpial to any lliin<j; hi* chose to take an interest 
 ill l.'arniiiii ; and could he, at his present aye. have heeii 
 volinitarily removed from his companions, and iiis atten- 
 tion directed to the ac(|uii(Miient of hiiilu^r hraiiches of 
 knowledge than that of catchin<i s(<als, lu* would amply 
 have re|)aid any [)uins bestowed upon his education." 
 
 An overture made by I'urry to this ellecf, and of ro- 
 iiiovinji him, broui^ht forwaid, as it was intended, a fino 
 trail of feeliiii!; and character in this youth, and proI)ably 
 not luiconunou in this too umcii despised people. Parry 
 adds : 
 
 '• I had always entertained a ^rreal objection to lakiii;,' away 
 ativ such individiiid trom his liomc, on ibe doubtful cliaiice of 
 bfiicfitiiif: himself, or of bis doiii^ any service to the public 
 as an interjiroU-r. My scruples on this bead bad bitbci-to 
 licin confined to the cousiib-ration diw to the individual liiin- 
 M'lr. and to llie relatives be leaves behind. In our present 
 casi', however, not the smallest public advantai:e could Im; div 
 rivrd from it; tor it batl loii^ airo become evident that wo 
 sliould soon know more of the Ks(|uimanx lanf,'uage than any 
 of tliem were likely to learn of Knirlisb, in any reasonabU' j)(> 
 riud of time: 1 was, therefore, llu' fioni desirinii to receive 
 from Toolo(tak an answer in the afVirmative, when 1 to-day 
 plainly put the (juestioii to bim, wlu-tber be would 1:0 with 
 nil' to KdhlooiKt Xitonn (Kuropi'an couiitiy) ? Never was a 
 more decisivt^ ne^rative uiveii ibaii Toolooak -.'avc' to ibis ])ro- 
 l)osal. He eairertv repeated the word, Na-o (No), half a d(»/- 
 eii limi's. and then toM ine that ii" be went away bis fiitber 
 would crv. This simple but irresistible appeal to pati-riial af- 
 fi'cfion. bis dt>cisive manner of making' it, and the f(;('!iiii:s by 
 which his reply was evidently dictated, were ju.>l whul could 
 
 ) 1 
 
 I Hi' 
 
 v! 
 
 t 
 
 
 1,1 
 
 i'l 
 
 ' fl 
 
 fy\ 
 
 /' 
 
■ m i » i M Wi*. - 
 
 128 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAOKS. 
 
 h:\\r l)i>rii wlslicd. No ninr(> cmilil Ix' iiccr-isiirv to coMvinct' 
 those who wiliir-scd it tli.it thc^o |ii'o|iK' iiiav jiisiK l;iv (>(|iiiil 
 «'l;iim. with oursclvos. t.o ihrso <oiiiimoii rci'nii:,'s oldur iiiitiin" ; 
 iind having' uiu c f>;iti>li('il iii\ sell" ot" this. I ih'liTiiiiiitMl iicmt 
 ii^'iiiii to rxcit<> ill Tooiooiik's iiiiiid .'iiiotlicr dis.'iu'ivi'Mlilc sni- 
 Kjitioii l)v tidkiui; to liiiii on lliis snhject."" — I'. 17:5, 17 I. 
 
 Oil ail early visit to \\\o liuts, which was mado hy 
 I'arrv, ho I'ouiid mily womumi and cliildreii. tlio iiicii 
 haviiii: iioiie on a scalinij cxcMrsioii ; mi»» of the totiiier. 
 iiained Ih^liuK, ihe iiiothtM- ot" the lad ToolooaK. favored 
 liim with 11 soui:. nhiidi. he says, i^ave prool's ot" her 
 " haviiit:, a reinaiUaltly sott voice, an <>\celleiit ear, and 
 n <:reat toiidness t'or siimiiii:. We had, on tlieir tiisf 
 visit to tho ships, remarked this ti-ait in Miuiink's dispo- 
 sition when slit» was hsteniiii:, t"or llie tirst time, to the 
 sound ot" tht' oruan. ot' wliich she seemed never to liave 
 tMiouuli, and ahnost every (hiy sh(> now l)e<;an to display 
 some symptom ot" that superiority ot" understandiiii:; tor 
 whi(di sho was so remarkahly distin2;nisht>d." 
 
 MMiis Ksiptimanx t'emalc* was indeed a most i-xtraor- 
 dinary (■reatiir(\ and oin^ thiit would have distinunisheii 
 lierselt' in any soci«'ty, not meiudy hy her musical cra- 
 viiiiis. tor her whole soul appears to have heeii music, 
 hilt more hy lier unlaniilit intellectual jiowers. In her 
 exhihition ot" the former (piulity, on various occasions. 
 slu« is charijeahle only witii one of the two vice's wliich 
 lloraco hriiiiis against the whole tribe of siii<iers in his 
 i\i\\—<mui}hns cdii/orihus — so tar Irom reipiirinj; to he 
 coaxed, slio was always most ready to siiiij; : but I'arrv 
 say s, " thcr«' was scarctdy any stoppinji her when she had 
 oiico heiinn," A party of her counlrywomen were one 
 day on boiird. wIumi. to aimise tliem, the litth^ band ot' 
 llntos and violins was struck u|), and also some son^s, 
 with which tii»\v were all deli<;hle(i. " I t'eared," Parry 
 siiys, "that soint> of tlu'iii, cspeoisilly lliiilink, would 
 lia\e ijone into tits with rapture wlten we introduced 
 iuTo our sonii soiiu> of their names miiiiiled with our 
 own." It was enouij;h. wo arc told, l"or this intorostiiii; 
 creature just to make tlu' motion of tiuMiiiii: the handlt^ 
 of the orjian. wliich, couveyiny to her mind the itiea of 
 music, was always sure to put her iminediutely into 
 high spirits. 
 
 Ifr 
 
Ill ('Olivine** 
 y l;iy f(|tiii| 
 )iii" iitilmi" ; 
 
 illl'll IH'MT 
 
 I'c'ililr fii'ii- 
 17 I. 
 
 iiindc l)y 
 the men 
 i(> loniitT. 
 U, r!ivui-('(l 
 >l"s ol" her 
 t our. Mild 
 tlit'ir lirst 
 il\'s (lis|)()- 
 
 IIC. t(» tll(> 
 IT to llMVC 
 
 to flisplMV 
 iiiidiiii: lor 
 
 t oxtnior- 
 liiimiislicd 
 isical (Tfi- 
 t'li music. 
 
 1. Ill lltT 
 
 occiisioiis, 
 ITS wliirli 
 [crs in his 
 •inj; to 1)0 
 l)nt Piinv 
 '11 she had 
 
 wtTo one 
 ;i himd of 
 no soii^s, 
 d," Pan y 
 ik, would 
 iitro(hicod 
 
 with our 
 uterj'stiiii; 
 lio haiidlo 
 10 idoa of 
 utoly into 
 
 CAI'TAIV I'AKKV S SKCOM) VoVAiJC. I2i) 
 
 \ trait oftho superior characlor and proud loidin:: ">!' 
 tins riMiiaiUalilo Inn. do iiiain»';-slod ilsoH' at an emlv |)i'- 
 11(1(1. wliadi. ainoni!, many othors. ajipoars to lie (nulo 
 siiHicicnt to provo that such persons as lli^liuk. her son 
 
 'rodlooak. and .loliu Sackhoiise, re(piire hut i jerale 
 
 (!, Uioc ol" ediicalioii to ^i\e them u i\[if place in civiji/.ed 
 .'(-ciely. I'arry says : 
 
 ••( III ilic -JIMli (.r l'cl.rii;n-\. l )k<it<i(i:- (ilie 1iii-.I.;iim1 ol' ili-li- 
 iik). Willi liis wile, came on lioard. wh^ii .-m nccinit'iicc \n,<U 
 jiLicc, \s liicli. as ll sIkiw s the (li>p.is;ii,,|i iit'ijic r.-(|niin;iii \ . ami 
 
 r.|i(( i;illy el el I'tla> |ili)>l ill!. '1 1 i-eill .111(1 illU T. ■>! in;,' iimnMl^ 
 
 lliciii, I may here relale. Seme lime lieliuc. Il-linik. \\\\n, 
 
 lldlll tlli< sliperier licalness ;iii(l cleaillillc-s uilll uliicli >||,> 
 
 jMrtiilllied her werk, \\;i-; liy llii-, tiinc in L,'|-c;it |-c.|nc--t ;is a 
 
 MMiii-lies^. had pi(Pini«.ed lo coxcr liir me a lilile n.Hidel ol a. 
 
 < lii'ie. and had in liict sent it to me hy the >er-emil i<\' mariiie<. 
 
 'li"'i-h I had not riuhlly iiiider>l(i()d li-.);ii ihe lallcr li-i.m 
 
 which ol' the \V(aMea il came. r>elle\im; thai she had Tailed 
 
 ill her |)romis(>. 1 now (;i\ed her w illi it. when >lie immedi- 
 
 .•ilcl\ deleialcd herx'll' with c( )i i>i( lera I lie warmth and seri- 
 
 el-iie», IpIII WiHloill makill- me comMI-elieild her llieailillLr. 
 
 1 lailinu that she was wasliiiL: lier word-. n|i(in me. she >,ii(| 
 
 'I'l niei-e till an hoar aherward. when the sei-ireaiit accideiit- 
 
 .■i!i\ ci.mini: into the ( aiiin, she, with the iitmo>t c(anpo>ni'e. 
 
 l>al with a deci>ioii of nianner peciili;ir Im liersclf, took Imid 
 
 I't li:s man to eicM-e liis alleiili.ai. and then lodkiii- him >te,id- 
 
 /:i>llv in tlie lace, accir-ed him <<( not ha\iii- raithliiHv execii- 
 
 'ill hia- conimi»ioii to me. The mistake was thus instaiitlv 
 
 e\|il;iiiied, and I tlianked Hi-liiik tin' her caaoe ; hut ii i> ini- 
 
 P'i>-ihle lor me to (h-M rilie the (|iiie|, \et proud sati>racti(ai 
 
 ili-|il:iye(l in her comit.aiaiice at havini: llins cleared herself 
 
 tiiiiii liie imi)iitati(>n of a hrcach ol' premi-M'." — P. 171), pio. 
 
 Hut the superim- intelligence of this oxtram-dinarv 
 AVoman was. perhaps, most ap|);,reiil in th(« readines:-; 
 AMili whi(di she was made to coinprcdiend the mode of 
 cimiiniinieiitiiii: a kiiowdedi:(' of the uoomaphic a! outline 
 el' the sea-coast of the country, and of the islands that 
 Avere near it. The lirst attempt of tliis kind was hy 
 jilacim: several sheets (d" paper heUn-i" Hi-liiik. and draw"- 
 iiiU roimhiy on a larui' scale an ontliiio of the laud ahoiit 
 Kcpiilso Ihiy and liyon Inlet, and (•(nitinnin^ it ikumIi- 
 «'rly lo the present winter stalimi ol" the ships. The 
 scale heiiii: lariic it was necessary, when she came to 
 ihc eiid (d' one piece of p.aper, to tjick on iniotlier, till ;;t 
 
 !H, 
 
 * " 
 
 'ill i 
 
 *>*: , 
 
mo 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 Iciiutli ^hi' lia<l lillfd ten or twrlvc slicrls, jiiiil liiid cuiu- 
 ])lrl<-Iy U»i sijlit (if W liilcr l>!iiii(l at liic oilier end ot" 
 llic tiililf. 'Insd cliiiits, (tiic iiiiide l»v lli}:liuk I'or ( '(im- 
 iiijiiidcr Lyon, uru i:i\fii (in tlir voliiiiic) on a rciliiccd 
 scale ; and very extraordinary tln'V aic. containinL'. 
 tlioniili with nincl'. eiror, a general correct view ol' tlic 
 const, and ol" its coiiinnniication with thu western coa>l 
 ottlie I'olar Sea. I'arry says : 
 
 '■ I'eliit: extrenielv de.-iioiis of (iI)taiiiinL' more cei'taiii inliir- 
 matioii (III this pai't n\' tlic >iil)je(t. it occuired to nie to alteiii[»l 
 the lliiiiL.' witii lliudiiik OH a sniallei- >cale, Mich as iiiiLdit eii:i- 
 lile lifi' to keep ill \ie\\, at the ^iiiiie time, e\t'iv part ot till' 
 coa>t to lie delineated. 'I'liis attempt was also much iiivored 
 li\ oiir lia\iiii: lalelv oltlaiiied the llscjiiiniaiix wni'ds tlir tin' 
 iiiiir cardinal poiiiis of the iioi i/.on. which were, theiTliiii'. 
 ])rev;ou.>lv laid down liy line-, on the chart, llavin^r, in addi- 
 tion to lhi>, delineated the n.-uiil pni-iimi of the coast, and 
 ina(h' ]|i:_dink ' liox tiie coin|ias>' repeatedly, mi as to render 
 her ipiite familiar witii the exact relative po^itilm of the land> 
 We had laid down, we doired her to complete the re>t, and 
 to do it iiiihhir (>mall), w hen, w ith a coinilenance of the niost 
 ^'ia\e attention and |ie( uliar intellii.'ence, she (h'ew the coa-t 
 ot the continent lie\ oiid her own country, as 1\ ini: nearly iioiili 
 I'roni Winter l>laiid. 'J'he mo>t ini[iortaiit ]iart still remained. 
 and it would ha\e amused an nncoiiceriied |ooker-on to haxe 
 oli>erved the an\iet\ and >uspeii,-e depicted on the couiile- 
 liances of (/rr part of the uroiip till tli;> was acconipli>lied, 
 lor i[e\er were the tiacini:- ol a pencil watihed with more 
 eai'er solicitude. ( )iir sur|irise and .-ali.-factiou mav theretiire. 
 in some deu'ree. he imauiiied when, without takini: it fioni 
 the paper, lli^link lir<tUL.dit the continental coast short round 
 to the we.-tward, and afterward to the .'<..'>. \V., sn as to cenie 
 within three or foin* days' joii rue v ol l{epul>e l'>av. 'I' he coun- 
 try thus situated upon the chores of the \\ C.-.tern or I'olar S< a 
 is called J/,/,-nt//i'i% and is inhiiliited li\' numerous |]s(|iiiniaux ; 
 and iialf way lielwceii tliat coast and lii"[iulso i5av lli;dink 
 dirw a lake of coii-ideralile .-i/e, havini.' smaU streams rii::- 
 uiiiL: from it to llie mm on each >'n\v. To 'his lake lier coiiii- 
 tryinen are annually in the liahi. of resortiiiir duriuir the >iini- 
 iiier, and catch there hirire iish of tlie salmon kind, w hile en 
 the iianks ai'e tiiiind .li'undaiice of ri^iinh'cr. To the westwaiti 
 of Akkoolee. as tiir as they can see from the hills, w liicli .-he 
 de-( rihed as hi^di ones, nothim,' can he di>tini:ni>lied hut one 
 w ide-extended sea. iieiiiLT de>iinus of seeiim \s hetlier IliLd'- 
 Ilk would interfere willi \\ aj-'er Kiver^ us we know it lu e\i-l, 
 
liiid ('(tiii- 
 i'V cud ol' 
 
 I'or ( "oiM- 
 ii rcfliiccd 
 [•oiitiiiiiiii;:. 
 cw oi" till' 
 stern coa.->l 
 
 •riaiii iiif'nr- 
 
 ■ to ;itt<'iii|)l 
 
 iniLdit cn.i- 
 
 ]);ii't III' llii' 
 
 Ucll iilVOITll 
 
 ii'ds tiif till' 
 
 ■, llirri'lniv, 
 
 iui:, ill iidili- 
 
 CllJISt, Mild 
 
 IS ti) ri'iidcr 
 
 ul' llic liiiuU 
 
 he rot, iiiid 
 
 • of lllf Uio-I 
 
 \v llir collet 
 
 iii'iirly iiorili 
 
 i-('iii;iiiii'd. 
 
 r-oii to h;iM: 
 
 die coiilltf- 
 
 ■(iiii|ili.-lii'd, 
 
 \\ idi inori' 
 
 ■ llicrcrnic, 
 iiLf it I'miii 
 hurt roiiuil 
 ;is to cniiii' 
 
 'Jilt' c'oiiii- 
 1- I'dhir Si'.i 
 
 s(|iiiiii;iii.\ ; 
 tav lli:diii!v 
 trciiiis nii:- 
 
 ■ her cnllli- 
 
 iir till" >iiiii- 
 I, \\liilo on 
 ' westward 
 
 wITk ll >\\r 
 H'd llllt one 
 
 (Mlifi- Uii:!'" 
 V it lu rNi-l, 
 
 CAPTI.W TAURV's SKCOM) V()VA(;K. l.'H 
 
 i ■(|llcstrd. her to colli illUi' die coiHt-lilic to tlic xilldiw ai il oi' 
 Akkooli'c, wlirli >lir iliiliic'dialcly dro|i[ird llir |iiU(i|, and .-aid 
 bhr kin'W no muro alioiit il." — 1'. i:»r, 1!);;. 
 
 W'ril inii;lit I'liny cniisidcr tliis new inrnniiiition, tints 
 li!i('\|)('ctt'i||y (ipciioil Id liiin. as a sal isliictory |»io-<|){'ct, 
 (if liis soon rounding the iioitlirastorii point of Aiiiri'ica, 
 wlfuli, ill point (d' I'act. lie s(il)st'(|iifntly di-covciTd to he. 
 </.s, and irlit /■( , rcprfscntrd hy this intoHiLiont woman. 
 To lici" aloiii'. tlitTiddit'. i> the merit due ol' the disrov- 
 ('i'\ ol' the extreme iiorthein lioimdiiiy ol Amei'iea. ^ir. 
 wlfu 11 is the same tliiiiir. the iioitheastern extremity of 
 that continent, whiidi Captain I'arry is told, in his iii- 
 sli'iictioiis. to he the ohject next to the fiiidiii^ a passage 
 til nil the Atlantic to the l*ac;lie. It is true t hai he miuht, 
 i>i his progress aloiiy the coast on whi(di he was ahoiit to 
 proceed, liave made the discovery, hut the coiilidence he 
 placed in the indication he had acijuired from the |-',s(pii- 
 iiiaiix lady was snllicient to induce a more than common 
 alleiition to the spot where it received I'ull coiilirmatioii. 
 
 Nor were the powers of mind in this superior woman 
 ci 111 fined to the love of music, or draw inu. or needle -work ; 
 evel'V thilii; she nh.>erved the |)eople of the ships to he 
 employed U|)oii canuin her attention. ( )iie day, accom- 
 paiiiefl hy lier Imshaiid and son, they paid a visit to the 
 shi|)s, and the season for departure approaching, hciiii;' 
 desirous, says I'arry, of entertainiii^ them widl, alter 
 providin^i aliinidance to eat, we showed them every lliin;^ 
 aliout the slii[) that w f thoii::lit likely to amuse them : 
 
 "Of all the wonders tliev had ever witncs-ed on hoard, 
 llicic was notliiii;.^ that seenicd io impress tliciii so stroiiLdv 
 witli a M-iise of oiir superiority as the foiLre, and the work 
 wlrrli the armorer pei-tiirimil with it. 'I'Ih' wcldiiiLr ot' iwo 
 jiii'crs of iron es|iecially excited their admiration, and I mvcr 
 .-:i\v Uiulink expre>s so imich a-toni-hmeiit at any ihiiiLr lie. 
 i'lrc l'.\en in this her snpia'ior l'oo'I scn-e was oli-ei'\;ili|e, 
 till" it was evident that the ulilit\' of what she >aw uoIiilt on 
 was what forced itselt' upon her inind ; and she wa1<hed ev- 
 crv stroke ot' the hanmier, and each hiast ot the he i low-, w iih 
 extreme eau'i'ri less, w Idle nnm hers of other I iscpiimanx looked 
 I'upidlv on, without expressim: the smalle-t ( iirio>iiy or Jn- 
 !cre-l ill the opcialioll. except 1)\ de-iraiu' to iiave some .-pear 
 l"'ad> t;i.-hi<inei| mit hv this ine.nis."" — I'. 'J I U. 
 
 ilor allention to her hushuiid, who was tiikea ill, ^^a.a 
 
 •4: f 
 
 » 
 I 
 
 r- 
 
 l'' 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 -^ 
 
 '(■, 
 
 .V I 
 
 . 
 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
1 'A2 
 
 ARCTfC vovAcr.s. 
 
 vciT striking:. llilVlllL^ tnirctlicr \vitli liiiii. Ikmmi tlin-c 
 llMiil's oil ;i ^It'il'jc. Mv. l)Us!ili!ili. wild \v;is iirtlic |)iirly, 
 t(t!(l I'lii'iy lli;it irniliii'A lull sriircfly tiiivcii licr ryes iill' 
 111')- Inisl'iiiirrs t'iiri' llic wlldlc tillir, liil'l M'riiicij !illii(i>| 
 worn out witli liitiuiic iiiid iiiixirty. licr liii>l»;iii(i took 
 }\ (lose of physic loi- the first time in his life, iiml not 
 Avitlioiit iiiciit (JrciMl ; •* hcfoi'c he put the cii|) to his lips 
 with one lisind. lie held on hy his wife with the otiicr. 
 jnid she by him with hoth hers, iis thoiii.di llicy expcctcij 
 ill! explosion. Hii:liiik li;id one s:de of her hair loose iiml 
 jiow loosened the o'hei" iilso. I'inicyiiii: ( )kotook to he 
 Averse: for even in this scipicstcrcd corner ot' the iilolic 
 dishevidcd locks liespcnk mouniiii!.:."' Hers. Ii()we\('r. 
 I'lirry s:iys. was not the mere senihlance ot' uricf. for siic 
 was really niiich distressed throiiidieiit the <lay. 
 
 It is pleasing to dwell on tlie>e amialile traits of cliar- 
 Jictcr in one whom the W(»rld at larm' would set down. 
 Iieiiii'^ an Ksipiimanx. as little, if it all. removed from the 
 oi'dinaiy race ofsa\ai:('s; a'ld it rs only trom such a man 
 }is l*ai'r\ and his a^^ociates lliat her virtues, and her im- 
 iiccoi lilt ill lie st re ! I t:th and clearness of iinderstandin'i. could 
 liave heeii hroimht out and duly appreciated. Would 
 that, by makiii'i pnlilicly known to the woiid this (U-- 
 s|)ised and persecuted race (for nothiiiij: short of pcr- 
 secnlioii coiiid have driven them to take up tlieii' abode 
 in these extreme parts of the iilobe. amid ice and ^iiow. 
 >vhere worse than ('immerian dtu'kness dwells for hall 
 the year) — would that they iiiii:ht be looked upon more 
 <i('iierally than they are as rational beings, ami treateij 
 accordiiiLily . Theirs, it must be confessed, is a ino-i 
 crind and wi'etched lot. lor whom any permanent I'elirf 
 nppears to be hopeless, siirrouiideil as they are in evei'y 
 ])ait of the coast-land boundiuL: tlie dreary Polar Sea— 
 iii Asia, Kurope. and America — and driven as lliey an' 
 into by-creeks and corners, or what is still worse, by the 
 savaue Indians of the northern parts of America, to the 
 very shores of that sea — the lll'iniii Tliuh of all civili- 
 '/ation — what liope. then, is there that any chauire oi- 
 any ex<'rtioii ot' humane and well-disposed communitie-. 
 can alfonl them relict" from a slate of pei'ptMnal oj)prc - 
 ,sioii. misery, and star\ation .' 
 
 At the r^ume tiiue tliat rarry dwells with {)lea.sure eu 
 
'Oil tlirrc 
 lie parly. 
 
 ■ i'\('S oil 
 I'll iillllo-1 
 
 hand took 
 ', and iiiit 
 til his rip-- 
 lie otlit-r. 
 cxpcfttMl 
 lodsc. and 
 ook tn III' 
 ' the ulnli'' 
 linwfvcr. 
 icl'. tofslic 
 y. 
 
 Is (}[' cliar- 
 st't down. 
 
 I tVolll till' 
 
 n(di a man 
 \u\ lu'f iin- 
 diii'i, ('((uld 
 1. Would 
 d this (\r- 
 )Vt of por- 
 'loir al)od(' 
 
 nid ^llo^v. 
 
 s t'oi- half 
 
 ipoll innic 
 
 id troatt'd 
 is a uiosi 
 rut i-olict" 
 (• in every 
 )lar Sea -- 
 s they ai'c 
 rse, l)y the 
 ica. to llie 
 f all civili- 
 (dianire III' 
 luniunilie-; 
 ial o|)pi'e - 
 
 )leasure I'U 
 
 I I 
 
 cAi'T.\i\ rAiiRvs sr.roM) \fiv\(;[:. l;];{ 
 
 llie virlnes and tlie superior understanding: of Hi-liuk. he 
 i> not lilind to hei- ladings, tlie rhiel" of w hieh appears 
 ]n he vanity (to \vhi(di he lias himself not a lillle conli'ih- 
 lited). sidlishiM'ss, iiiid in^'ratitiide. •• I am eonipidled to 
 ;iikiio\vledi';e.'" lie says, "that in proportion as the sn- 
 pevior uiider.>taiidini: ol'tiiis e\i ra ordinary \s oin iii hecana^ 
 more and moi'e de\eloped. her head {\'i>y what female 
 liciiil is inditi'ereiit 1(» praiso ?) lieL;aii to he turned with 
 ihc ::eneial iitteiition and niiiiiheriess presents ^||.• re- 
 ceived." Slie I'td'llsed. it seems, on the e\c ol" partiiii:. 
 ( 'oniniaiider Lyon's reipiest to lier to make for him n 
 lew little models of their (dothiiiL: : " whitdi." I'arry oh- 
 serves. " shows in a stroiii: li^ht that deep-rooted se lish- 
 nexs tlijit, ill liiimherless instances, detiacted from tlio 
 aniiahiiity of her disposition." 
 
 It is not (piite clear, from wliat occurred on the ila\' 
 that ( )kotook and llii;liuk came on hoard to pay their la-- 1 
 visit, that I'arry did not unintentionally olteiid the pride 
 of the latter. I le says :" As t lie.se ^ood j'olks foimd ihein- 
 sehes perlectly at home in my cahin. I was ii>ually in 
 the hahit of conlinuini: my occupations when they wer(f 
 there without feint: distmhed hy them. I'eini: tiow eii- 
 i;a::ed in ^vritilu, my attention was unexpectedly direct- 
 ed toward them hy l!i'.:liuk's suddenly startin;: I'rom her 
 seat, iiioviiii: (piickly toward the door, and, without sav- 
 in:: a W(jrd eitliev to me or any ot" the ollicers present, 
 liasieiiiii<: directly on deck. ()kotook. indeed, as lie tol- 
 lowed her out id" the cahin, turned round and said ' (xood- 
 hy ;" and. without i:ivin'_: us time .o return the compli- 
 ineiit. tliey hoth hurried out of the ship, leaviiii: us in 
 some astoiiishmeiil at this siii<:ular leave-taking." It is 
 not iiniiatiiral to suppose tliat. afler so lon^^ and friendly 
 an intercourse, tiiey should, on this particular visit, feel 
 tliemseKcs somewlmt iie::lected; it could hardly he ex- 
 pected tliat they should not feed, on siadi an occasion, an 
 ajipareiit indill'erence so contrary to the uiiilorm atten- 
 tion and kindness tiiey liad receiveih Hut l*arry foiiiid 
 i! change liad taken jilace in lli::rutk's comluct, and e\- 
 ))laiiis the causes which yave rise to it. 
 
 •• I am, however, conii>elled 1o ackiiowled'jfc that the siipe- 
 rioi' dercncv" and even modrst\ ot her heliavioi- li:id cum- 
 biiiej, with her intellectual (jnalities, to rai>e her in our e.-li- 
 
 31 
 
 I . 
 
 V) 
 
 i 
 
 ! i 
 
 11 : 
 
 I ' ' 
 
 I'rv 
 
 iU^ i 
 
i:u 
 
 ARCTIC VOVA<;i:<:. 
 
 Ilfltioil I'll' ;i1iipVi> licr rnin|i:nil<i|is ; ;iiiil I (iflrll Ihmi'iI ntl;i TM 
 
 • •\|iiT>s. \\ li.il I cniilil Mill liiit ic'iri' ill. lliiil till- liiL;liill\ ;ilii;ic'. 
 Ill ;i|l llic I ;>(|l|ilii:il|\ NSdlllcil. lli;il killil <il r('.-|H(t wmild In- 
 
 • Milcrl.imrd whiili |iin(|r>lv ill il tilll.'llr lirvcr lulls In (•(Hii- 
 )ii;iiiil ill our -.I'V. 'i'liiis ri'L.iiilrd. ^-Iic IkmI ;iI\\;i\s Imtu Iitc- 
 Iv iiiliiiitlrd iiilci llii- >lii|i-. ;lif i|ii;irtrr-m.i>ti'is :il llic :;;iil i.'\\ ,■lV 
 llt■\l•|■ lliiiiUiliu 111 II ^ll-ill^ tilt i;i 111 r til llir ' \\ i>i' WnK^ail,' IH 
 llicv ("illi'd lirr. \\ iii'iii'v cr ;iiiv cxiil.iiiHlinii \\;is iic(('>>;ny 
 lictw fi'ii llir r>i|niiii;ni\ iiiid lis. liiLiliiilx w.is sent tin-. i|iilii> 
 ;is ;iii iiiti'rprflcr ; iiiriwtii;iliiiii w.is cliirlly nlitiiiiicd tliiniiJi 
 lici". iiiid >\\<' tliiis rniiiid liriM'it' risiiii,' iiitn ;i d»':.'rt'(' lA fou-i'- 
 (|ili'iicc III \\lii(li. Iiiil tiir lis. >|ic ciiuld iirvif li:i\c iiltiiiiHil. 
 It iii.iv iml, tlirii'tdi'f. lie \\ lUidt'rcd ill if slir litTiiinc u'iddv 
 w illi iicr cMillMlitiii. ;i>>iimiii^' iiirs w liicli, iIuhil-Ii iiiHiiilcIv d'- 
 \( r>iii(d ill llirir ii|icr.itiHii, ;ni mdiii^' to <iniimsl;iiicfs. prr- 
 li;iji> i!lii\ ci'Milly iillciid :i tmi Mlildcii il((r»iii|i (ifj^imd |i>i- 
 lUlu' ill t'MTV ( Ilild 111' AiLllll tVdlll till' r.(|li;iliir to liic I'nlr--. 
 'rill' riiii>i'i|iii'iirr \\;is. Ili-liuk \\ .is miihi >|iiiili'd; ciHL^idrii d 
 lu'i" iiiliiii->iiiii iiilii till- ships, iiiid iimst nt' llu' raliiiis, im Inii- 
 i:iM' as ail iiidiil::rnrr. imt a riulit ; n'asrd tn rrliini lln' >li;,li;- 
 rst ac'UiiiiwiciL'iiiriit liir imy kiiidiir>s nr |)i'r.>i'iits ; iiriMum 
 listless and iii;i1triiti\i' in iiiira\ rliiii: llir inraiiiiiu' nlniir ijiii- 
 lidns. and can-li'ss whrllirr lirr answrrs riiii\r\i'd tin' inlin- 
 iiiatioii \vi' di'>iri'il. In >inii't. Ili;:liuk in r'riniiary and Mi- 
 i;liuk in April wi-ri' ciiiitr>M'illy vrry dilli'ii-nt |)cisiiiis ; and it. 
 was at last ainn>ini,' In rrcnllrrt, tliiiiii:li mil vrry ra>\ tn prr- 
 Miaili' line's M'lt". liiat tin- wuinan who nnw sat drnnircK in a 
 «liair. Ml runlidi'iilU rxpci'tiiiLr llir nnliri' iil'tlinsi' arniiiid lirr. 
 and sill' will) had at lli>t. with raLirr and wild drliuht. av-.i>t- 
 I'd in cnttin;,' snnw lor lln- luiildiiiu' of a lint, and with tlio 
 liopo of' ohtaininL: a siin^lr noodli', wrio aitiuilly one and tlu^ 
 sanii- indlvidnal."— r. -Jilt. -J-JO. 
 
 Iliuliiik was uiKpu'stiuiialily iiltrfcd and sjioilcd. and to 
 Captain I'aiTV and liis associatos was owiin; llif iiirta- 
 iiiorpliosis : liiit it was a iiatiii'al ('(tiiscipiciicc. and ciitild 
 not 1)1' otlu'fwisi' ; nor docs tlu> (diaiiu.' in lici- ('(Midiirt 
 detract in any dcLircc t'loiii tliiit (|ni('t, ofdiMJy. and (dicci-- 
 liil heliasior wliii'li prevailed almost niiivcrsally aiiioiii^ 
 tJie trihe to wliicli she heloiiiicd. 
 
 ( )l'llie ])eculiar liahils. the dis|)ositioii. the i;«Mi(>ral char- 
 iU'tcr. the resources and einployineiits. and the state ot" 
 .<;ociety iuiioiii: lliese poor creatures, doonied to consiiiiKi 
 llieir lives in this coiintry. tlie most dreary and disniai, 
 IMTJiiips. in tlie whole world. Tarry has j^iveii a tull ac- 
 count in hi.'^ coni'linling chaph'r. Here, huwevor, the 
 
ii'il uti.i |•^ 
 ink :ilii;ii'. 
 w mild 111- 
 
 •i 111 cnlil- 
 lircll llti'- 
 
 j^;inj;\\ iiy 
 ii|;^;ili.' ;n 
 lic(f»;iiy 
 liii'. i|iiilt> 
 I tlinniJi 
 
 III' COIIsi'. 
 
 iill;iiui'il. 
 iiif L;iil(lv 
 iiiilcly il- 
 
 IICO, |M1- 
 
 ;^uii(l liii- 
 lli.- r.il.'^. 
 nli-^ulrii il 
 l<. Mil li'll- 
 ihr >li:,li:- 
 ; lirciiiiii' 
 
 dill' (|I1C:.- 
 
 llll' illtill-- 
 V 1111(1 Mi- 
 lls ; iiiiii it, 
 
 s\- til |irl'- 
 
 ircU ill 11 
 
 iiiiiul licr, 
 
 lit. ;i^>;^t- 
 
 willi the 
 
 (' Mini till' 
 
 (I. illli! to 
 W liirta- 
 11(1 ('(iiilil 
 foiiiliict 
 ill clicrr- 
 V iUMoiig 
 
 fill c'laf- 
 
 StiltC lit" 
 •OIISlllllO 
 
 I disniiil, 
 I tiill ac- 
 'ver, the 
 
 (MTAiv rAuiiv'rf sixoM) \()V.\(;i:. 1,*{5 
 
 iMciifrriuN'^ only will Itc iiiciilioiinl. As it, i^ciicrjil (iiio, 
 It iiiav III' si a I I'll I lial. iliiiliiu I lit' iiioiillis nf Manli, ,\|»iil, 
 mill ,N|a_\, wlii'ii llii'V tli'priiil niii->lly mi lli.' caiitiiii' of 
 till' M'al anil tin- wiilnis. wliic li is iillfiiilcd with tli«> ;:iTat- 
 csl (lillinilly and w alchriilncss on tlif ice, ihc wlmlo 
 tnlii' may lie said In lir literally in a sti»ic n\' slar\ali(>ii. 
 
 Mail llicy not. iiidrrd, on many occasiuiis, I n Mipiilird 
 
 rrnin till' ships, iiumlicrs uj' tlicm miisi midoiihtrdlv 
 liavi' pciishi'd nl" limi::<'r. Ml llif lncad diisl was »•(»!- 
 Ii'clfd and pifsci'vcd lor tlioir use; yet, in thr li('ii.dit of 
 tlit'ir dislfcss. they iippcaird iicnci' to Itc deprived of that 
 liajipy and cheerriil tempei- of mind, and thai <:ood hii- 
 iiiiir whieli ihey iialiifally possessed, aiid preserved, eveu 
 wlieii severely pinched hy liiiic:er and cold, and wholly 
 deprived, loi' days louelher. ol' jood, and liL;ht, and I'liel, 
 prnatioiis to which they were constantly lirihle. liiil ixi 
 calamity of this kind, iVeipienlly as it occurs, lias lim::lit, 
 tlicm to he |)rovideiit. 'Ihey live hiit tVom day l(» diiN' : 
 vvilli them it is always a i'east or a lamine ; ihey will eat. 
 Ml any period of the day when \icliials are to he had, 
 fiiiiii live to eii^lil pounds of animid tood. l'"rom .May to 
 ( »(lolier. wlieii the minatory animals have arrived from 
 till- southward— llie miisk-o\, the reindeer, the hares, 
 I lie N\vaii<, and vr ions other lit wis and (piadriipeds ihey 
 ;!fe alile to procure a ^ooil supply of fitud ; and those fcYV 
 who add friiualily lo their industry, <'oiitrive to pound 
 till' llesh with the fat of the animal, and make a little of 
 what they call jk niiii'nuni, for preservation a compoiinil 
 well known lo (tnr Arctic voyaiiers. In the earl\' part 
 lit' April, some of the Irilic that freipieiited the XViiiter 
 Isla'id he^ati to miiirate from the seashore to the west- 
 Avaid ill (piesf of food ; and the (diaii^ie of scene in their 
 oiice happy village, and more especially in their clean 
 and comfortahle snow huts while new, is thus descrilied : 
 
 ■• ( III L'liliu: out lo the vIlliiL'c, we Iniiiiil one li;ilt ol tlie pco- 
 ]i|" liiid i|iiined llicir late liaiiitatimis, takiiiL' willi tliem ev- 
 ( TV article of their piit|ici'tv. and had iioiie over the ice, wo 
 l;!ii'\v nut where, in ipic-l of niore ahiiiidaiit food. 'I'hcj 
 wii'trlieil appearance which the interior of the lints now pre- 
 ~i'ii1ed hatlles all description. In each i\{ the laru'er ones 
 Miiiic (if ilic ;i|)ariiiiciit> were either w holly or in jtart de-ert- 
 cd. the very .--uow wiiich cunipo.sed tlie hods and tirephicea 
 
 .1 ■'! 
 
 I I 
 
 :li 
 
 , I 
 
 « » 
 
 M ( 
 
 :'* 1 
 
/ • .-- i^ 
 
 ino 
 
 ARCTIC VOYA(; ?:.■=«. 
 
 liiiviiii: l)f<M fiiniftl u;i, that iki aiticlc lul^lit !»• l<'t'i lifhiml. 
 I^vcii tin- Itaii- Willis, wliiisc nriL'iiial cdlnr was .-.cairfly pcr- 
 ('(■|itilili> titi- laiii|il(la('U, MdihI, ami ntlifi' lillli, wen* unt left 
 |it riccl, iiiiL'i' liolfs liaviiiL' Immmi iiiadf in the biili-s ami nmls 
 ilii" till' cmiviMiiciicr lit liauiliiiu' "nt tin- ^.mmhIs and cliatttj-. 
 Tilt' siulit fit' a (Ifscilfil lialiitaliini is at all tiiin's calriilalrtl 
 lo rxiitc ill tlir iiiiml a snisatinii ol (lirariiirss ami »lt's<ilatinii, 
 <'s|ic(iallv when wr have lati'ly >riMi it tilled with tliccrtid 
 iiilialiitaiits ; liiit the Ifcliii;.' is even lit'i;,'lilrm'd latlirr than 
 (iiiiiiiiisli(Ml wlicii a small |i)ii'tiiiii dl iIicm' iiilialiitauls I'l'inuin 
 hrliiiid tu ciidiiri' llif wiftclirdmv-s wliicli siicli a scfiir ex- 
 liil)its. 'I'liis was now tin- ca^i' at tin- village, wlicit', iIhmiliIi 
 tlic iTiiiaiiiiiii.' tenants tit cai'li lint had cninliiiicd to oci njiy 
 (iiir lit' till- apartinriils, a iircat |iait nl' tin- lird-jilacis wrn* 
 still liari', and tin- wind and diltl lilnwinu' in thrnnLih tlii' 
 hull's which thry had imt yrt laUi'ii llir tiimMi' to stup n|(. 
 Till' iild man 11 iUUi'iira and his w iti- nccniiii'd a lint 1> . tinnn- 
 hi'lvrs, w ilhiiiil an\ laiii|> iir a sinL'Ii' uniiri' nt iiU'at lirlniiL'iiii; 
 to tla'iii ; wirilr tlnri' small skin>, mi wliirh tin- tin'mrr was 
 lyiiii:, wiTc all that tliry |iii»('ssrd in ihr way ut' lilanki'ts. 
 I jinii till' wlidlr, I nr\rr liclirld a liiiiri' misfl'alilr ^ prclailc, 
 and it st'i'iiird a I'liarity \n hupi' that a viulriit and riiii.--tant, 
 <'iiiit.di with wliiili till' old man was atHIrtrd wimld spmlily 
 coiiihinr with his a^'i' and inliiiuitirs tu irlrasi- him rnnii his 
 jtii'sciit siiU'i'rinirs. Yrt in tlir midst of all this hr was I'vrii 
 cliriM't'iil, iKir was thi'i'i- a t;liH>mv ciinntriiam.'i' to lie smi at 
 Ihr village."— 1*. -JOi, '^U:}." 
 
 TlifM-0 is soiMctliiiiji very oxtraordinaiy, as it would 
 appear, in tlu) j)liysi(iil ('(iiistitiitioii otthese jjt'ople. At 
 tliis inomeiit, wlicii in vvaiit ot" every kiiid of siiljsisteuce, 
 and kept alivi' by tlu! distrihntion of liread-tliist. on a 
 liiiit t'loni till! conunaiider that in; wished the females 
 to let liinMvitnoss some of their jiames, the proposal was 
 scarcely mado hefoi'e I'very female that was h-ft in tho 
 villai^e. not exceptiiiij; even the oldest of them, joined in 
 the perfoi-mance of siliiiinu and in never-ceasiiiii ni'-rri- 
 nieiit and lain,diter. " Neithei- the want of foo(i and fu- 
 el, nor the inicertain |)r()spect of ohtainiiii; any tliat iiii.dit. 
 were sufficient to deprive tliese ])oor creatures of that 
 clieerfulness tind jrood Imnior which it scmmiis at all times 
 their j)(>cnliar happiness to enjoy." 'I'lieir hilarity was 
 not disturbed tliis niulit. for |)ositi\e intellii:ence arrived 
 irom the ice that two walruses had been taken. " If,'' 
 says Pariy, " the women were only cheerful Ijofore, 
 they were now ubselut*;Iy frantic.'' 
 
•t'l lu'liiutj, 
 iici'ly |Mr- 
 VI' iiul Itft 
 > iinii I'iMil's 
 
 I cllJlltfls. 
 C.-lll'lilKll'il 
 
 li'siiliitiuii, 
 \i clircit'iil 
 tlhiT tliiiii 
 Ills n-iiiiiiu 
 
 , SCt'llf I'X- 
 
 rv, tlii)iij.'U 
 
 to UC(I1|I\' 
 llCfS S\<|r 
 
 foriu'li the 
 (I stop lljl. 
 it 1> ,• tllt'Ml- 
 
 llf|Olll.'illL,' 
 
 if.'iirr was 
 lilimki'ts. 
 
 ^ Itfi'tacic, 
 (I collslJIIlt, 
 
 I s| let '(lily 
 
 II iVniM Ins 
 • was even 
 !)(> scf'ii at 
 
 it wouM 
 
 iiple. At 
 
 isistt'iii'c, 
 
 1st, on ii 
 
 t'l'iiialt's 
 
 )osill WilS 
 
 ft ill tlio 
 joined ill 
 lii iii'Tri- 
 1 and t'li- 
 iiit iiiiilit, 
 s ot" tllilt 
 all tinu's 
 rity was 
 
 aiiivinl 
 " IIV 
 
 liolore, 
 
 CAI'TAIN I'AIlUv'd SJiCU.VU V()VA(;i:. I.*i7 
 
 Till" otid of May liavinii ai'iivcd. and tlir Ms(|niiManX 
 liriii^ ready to dep.irt to the nttit li\\ ai d. tin' connnaniler 
 liiaile tiieni w liat they considered a llHist \alind)le pres- 
 ent, wliieli prodined in liie women sneli innnoderate fits 
 nl' Ian jliter as to anionnt almost to hysterics, w Inch w ero 
 MIfceeded Ity a llood of tears. The men seemed tliank- 
 I'ld. tlioiiiih less noisy in their ii(knowled:;nM'nts. •• ( »n 
 1;il\iiiii their departnre," says j'arry, "these ^ood-lin- 
 liiori'd and e\ er-cheerlid people ^|-eete(l lis with threo 
 cheers in tin* true Kahloona (ilniilish) style." 
 
 Little (leservin<r ot" notice occnrre(| till the middle of 
 .lime, when the expedition also was preparing to depart 
 to the norlhwanl. hy cnttiliL' out the <^.'.\\.a from the 
 ice. takiiiii down the tents and the oi(ser\ atorv, and em- 
 liaikiii'j; the instrnments; hiit, liefore leavinu Winter 
 Ulaiid. alter a residence of niin- months, ('ominaiider 
 I'arry states, '• it becomes my painful duty to turn t'roin 
 these hiisy occupations, wlieie animation, (diceifnliiess, 
 ami hope prevailed, to the sad iind solenm sc(;iies of 
 sickness and of deatil, for witil Ixttll ol these did it please 
 ilie Almiiihty to visit us at this i)eriod." Two seamen, 
 ."siiiiter and lleid. in Parry's ship, died: and (tue, Priii- 
 ^'Ic. in Lyon's. They were hiirieil in the same ::rave; 
 the t'ormer willi a handsome tomb of stone and natrtar 
 o\er it. and a slab of tln^ same kind, with a suitable in- 
 .scription, over the latter. 
 
 It was not till the "Jd of .) uly that the sliips wero 
 inoved (»ut ot" their winli-r's dock, and they put to sea on 
 the rtli with no very tiivorable auspices ot" what was to 
 licliill them in their proi^ress to the lutrthwarck aloiiii thi'- 
 e, Intern coast of N(a"th America. The dangers that 
 threatened them at stiirtin^ will bo seen from Command- 
 er Lyon's re|)ort : 
 
 ■■ The llodd tide cnniiMi:: down loaded with a more than or- 
 (liiiiiry tiuautity of ice, pressed the ship very niiicii Itetween 
 six and seven A.M.. and rendereil it necessary to nni out the 
 stri'MMi cable, in additi(»n to the hawsers wliicli were liist to 
 the land ice. 'fliis was scarcely ai'coni])li>lied when a viMV 
 lieavvand extensive tloe took the sliip on her hroa(l>iile. and, 
 lii'iu;,' backed bv another larire body of ice. gradually lil'led 
 her .-lern as if by the action (»fa wedLre. The weiirht, every 
 inoment increasini:, oblii:<'d us to veer on the liaw>ers. w hn.-o 
 fricliuju wud no threat as nearly to cul ihruui^di the blu-heud.s, 
 
 U 2 
 
 \\\ 
 
 
 n! ) 
 
 
 <l . 
 
 i 
 
 ' .y! I' 
 
 : i;l 
 
 '■ , ll 
 
 ' 1 
 
 f ' 
 
 * k 
 
VAH 
 
 AHCTIC vova(;k-. 
 
 nil 
 fur 
 
 (1 llltillKltrlv '•t^f lln'ir 
 
 1 (HI lire 
 
 It 1li;it il lifciiiiic i"<-i|ii!>iti 
 
 I "'"I 
 
 lit' t<i iiltciid witii l)ii(l\<'ts (if water. The uic-mii 
 
 IIS ill Iriiu'lli 1ii(» |i!i\\ (1 1'lil lid- rcsisliiiicc. ami llif ^tci-.iii 
 
 1 'li- 
 
 bit', witli twi) six iiiid line ti\ (• iiicli liiiu .-crs, went at llic mhiim 
 Jiiniiiciit. 'I'lii't'c (itliri's .-(11)11 t'dlluw I'll. TIk" sea Was too fiijl 
 of ice Ik allow tlic >lii|) to (li'i\(', and tin' mily uay liy w.ii'l. 
 she (Kid i xicld t(t till' (•iiMiiiiniis wc'iLilit wliicli (iiiproscd lirr 
 was Itv lea II ill LT (ivrr tlir land -ice, wliilc licr .-tciii. at the >aiiii' 
 lime, w.ts ciitiif'lv lilted nunc than live I'eet (inl ol' tlie watir. 
 'I'lie Ikwi'I' deck lieains iimw ci piii|>lained very iiiMcli, and tl .• 
 wlmle t'raine ol'tlie sii:|) underwent a trial wliicli wmdd lia\e 
 jiroM'd fatal tn aiiv less streiiLMlieiied vessel. At tliis in<iiii''iit: 
 llie rudder was nnliuiiL.' with a sudden jeri^. which liiMke ii|t 
 t'le rndder ca-e and sti'nck the driver linimi with ^'i'eat ii>rce. 
 Ill this state 1 made kiiuwii our sitiiatinii l>y telei:ra|>li, as f 
 elearlv s;ivv that, in the event iif ainither tine liackini: the one 
 \viii( h lifted us, the .-hiii inn.-t inev iialilv turn over, or part in 
 7iii([-lii|i>. '1 lie ]>r('ssiire which had heeii mi daiiLrerons at 
 leiiL'th proved oiir I'l ieiid. for hv its increa-iiiLf weight the lloe 
 on which we were Ikm-iic liiir>t upward, iiiiahle to resi>t its 
 force. The ship ri;dited, and. a .-mall slack opeiiiiiL' in the 
 water, di ov (• several miles to the southward he fore she con Id 
 lie a.'aiii si^ciired to i:('t the rndder liniiL' ; (•ircnmslances 
 niiicli to lie rcLMctted at the moment, as oiir |ieople had lieeii 
 einploved with Itnl little intermission for three davs and 
 iii_'l:l-. atleiidini; to the .-al'etv of the slii[» in this daiiL'erons 
 
 tideway." — r. ■::>:). 
 
 Tile l-'iirv liad almost as iinrfow an (\sea])(' as tlie 
 llecla. The iie\t day the I'' iiry tof an hour nr two was 
 cDiitiiiiially L;ra/,eil. and sometimes heeled over, hv a de- 
 cree of pre-siire wliicli. under other (.•ilX'iliii.stalices, 
 ^\<nll(l not have heen n nioileiate one. 
 
 " A little liel'oi'e l|oir,|. a lieavy tine, Millie miles ill li'liL'th, 
 lieiiiL' proliahly a p.irt ot'that lately detached "rom the .-hore. 
 <'aine drivliiL.'' down tii-t toward ns. Lriviiii,' ns serious reason 
 III ap|irelii'nil some more fatal cata-trophe thiiii aiiv we had 
 yet encountered. In a few miniites it c.inie in contact, at th(» 
 rate of a mile and a halt an hour, with a point of the land-i(e 
 |elt the precedini: iii::lit liy its own separation, hreakiiii: if np 
 w ilh a irenieiidoiis cra.-li. and forcimr immlierless imnieii-" 
 iiias>es. peiliap- many tons in weii;lit. to the liei-ht ot' lit'tv or 
 ."-ixtv teet. Iroiii whence tliev aL'iiii rolled down on the inner 
 or land side, and were ipiicklv -in'ceeded liv a fre-li snpplv. 
 While we were ohlii^ed to lie (piiel spectators of this i^raiid 
 hut teiTilic sii;ht, beiiiir williiu live or .si.\ huudrt.'tl yards of 
 
'y%'^ 
 
 li 
 
 ' l'CI|ll!^l1i' 
 
 • |)ic~-iiri' 
 .-ti'c.iMi ' :i 
 
 t llic >aiJiM 
 I MS tin I lull 
 liv \\ .li'!, 
 rc>scil lii'i- 
 t tin- saiiH' 
 llir wain-. 
 Ii. aii.l tL- 
 ■ nulil lia\i' 
 i> iDMiiiiiit 
 
 I I>i-.ik<- ii|) 
 li'cal 1(1 ire. 
 
 rrapli, as f 
 
 111,' tlir iilir 
 
 , or pai't ill 
 
 llt.'CI'()!IS Ml, 
 
 'lit thftliH- 
 
 II resist its 
 liiii; ill the 
 
 ' >llC COIlIll 
 
 •iiiiistaiicfs 
 
 • liad hfcii 
 (lays and 
 
 (laiiL'f'niiH 
 
 (' as tli<^ 
 two was 
 liy ii <lt'- 
 
 iistaiiccs, 
 
 ni Iciiu'tli, 
 
 IK.' >I|01C, 
 
 lis reason 
 
 we iiad 
 
 ict. at tlio 
 
 laiid-i(t> 
 
 \IIil: it ii|t 
 
 iimiH'ii-'^ 
 
 111' I'lj'tv or 
 
 llir iiiiiiT 
 
 1 sii|)|ily. 
 
 lis L'raiid 
 
 \ ards (jf 
 
 CAl'TAIX TAIIRV rf SECOXD VOYA(.n. 
 
 131) 
 
 iir' |in'ut. tlic danirrr to oju'm'Ivi's was twniiilil ; llist. Ir-t tlio 
 tl.H' ^liiiiild iinw suiii:: ill. and .-ri'vi- iis murli ia tin- .>a'iii) 
 iiiMiiiH'r; and. si'ciiiidly. Ii>t its |iri-s>iiri; slimild drtarli l!io 
 ] iMil-ii'i' to \\ liicli wi' wi'i'i' srciii'i'd, and thus M't us adritt to 
 l!lf nirrcv ut'tln' tidrs. Ila|i[iil\. Imwrx rr. Ilritiirr nl t!|i'-i) 
 i.-carird, tin- tine iTiiiainiiiL,' st.itinnarv liir tlii' rest nt' t!io 
 1 'le. and sftliiiLT oll'uitli the ebb which math- soon alter." — 
 
 r. •j<iit. 
 
 Ill addition to tlio ilaiiu'f'f wliicli t]iro!itrm'(l to criisii 
 ;ihil o\t'r\\ li<diii the ships anions these trfiiieiidoits mass- 
 r- nt" ice tliiis thrown into violent coinmotion, was iho 
 rh Hire of heiii:: beset ill the liiidsf of" tllo (Iocs, aiul iti 
 th:it helpless state swept MWay with the (lood tide and 
 (iirreiit to the southward, and drit"led batds a^ain to 
 SiHithaiiipton Island, as liad liapiiened to them bel'ore, 
 ;ii:d thus aiiaiii would the labor ol' weeks be inevitably 
 liNt. 15y the l"Jtli of. I Illy, liowever, after loiij; iiiid uii- 
 r<iiiittiiiu perseverance, mid by takiiri advanfai'c of every 
 ii|)eiiiii^ and breeze of wind to move the ships to th(» 
 iiHillivvard. tlli-v had reached the latitude of (iT 1 ■''. op- 
 |)ns;te to a considerable openini; in th(^ land, out of wlfadi 
 ,1 stroll;,' current was observed to set into the sea. It 
 had not the least ap])earance of a Jiassauc : but as it of- 
 fiTcd a seen 'ity iiuaiiist any ice cnmin^ in. Parry deter- 
 iiiiiicd to anclior as near it as pos-^|b|e, and to examii.o 
 what he justly supposed to be a iVesh-water river; and 
 a Ircsh-water river, as may be supposed, was too ureat 
 a hiMiry, as wi II as novidty, in a rciiion id ice and snow, 
 til he sli^^htlv passed over. The boats of both sliips wero 
 tlierefiiic employed ill l<lndin^ parties to partake of this 
 iiasis in the desert. 
 
 " l,andiii.r on the smidi vhnn' anil liauliir.' tiie liuat> up 
 ;iliiiM' hiu'li-w ater iiiaik'. we lanibled np llie bank.- ot the 
 ^iieaiii. which are juw next the water, but rise alinii>t iiii- 
 iiii'ilialelv to the iiei_'ht nt' abniit Iwii hundred feet. A- Wil 
 pi'iii'eiileil we i:radiiall\ lieaiil the iiiii.-.e of a tall nf water; 
 and bciii'.,' prc-eiilly nbrii:ei[ tn >trikc niore inland. a» the 
 hank became ni'ire |ireiipiliius, >;iiiiii nbiaineil a tVe-h sievv 
 III the stream, rimniic: mi ;i inmli iii:.'iier le\el than belnre, 
 Mid ila.-hinur wiili L'reat impetii'i.Mty down two ^inall cata- 
 rnt.-". ,lii>i below thi.>. hnwever, where the ii\er turns al- 
 lii'i.-T at a riuilit aii_le, we perceived a iiiifcli LUeater >[iiav, 
 a.T. well iLS a limilcr sound ; and iui\ lii^' walked a short di:*- 
 
 ^ \ 
 
 % 
 
 i I 
 
 ill 
 
 i 
 
 "(I! 
 
 |: 
 
 .'); 
 
 ( !' 
 
 Ii. 
 
 (I 
 
 4- 
 
 I i 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 IV 
 
 V ■ 
 
 I I 
 
 • / •* 
 
 U ' 
 

 110 
 
 ARCTIC vovA(;i;s. 
 
 1;il)cc down liir 1 );i lik , -llildi'iiK ("iiiu' U|iiiu llir [il'iiiri |i;il l.ili. 
 (tt \\llii>c iiiaL;liirui'lli'i' I .1111 III a ln.-s In ^; i \ ( llll\ ;ii li'i |ii;ii,> 
 (l('.^ci"i|iticin. Vl till' Iliad nl'llic fail, or wlirii- it coiiiiiiciir, ~ 
 il> prilirijial di'xrut, till- iImt is cnliliarli'il tn aliiiiil mn' 
 liiiiidrrd and lill\ Iri't ill lircadtii. tlir tlianiii'l liriii^ iiul- 
 luwi'd mil tlin)iiL:li a snlid I'lifU nt i;iir;-->. VIliT talliM_' 
 aliMiit tit I mi li'i't. at an air^lf ol' :!() w idi a \ iTlual linr. tli.' 
 widlli lit till- ^Irraiii is still uaiTiiwi'd tu alunit tiirty vanU. 
 and tlii'ii. a> it niii>li'i'iim its wlmli' tiin r |)i'i'\ inns in its tiiip 
 di'sc-'iit, i.> |i.''''!i|>itali'd in mii' \;isl cnnlinnniis >lii'i't nt' walir 
 aliiiiisl |iri|)rndicnlaily tnr ninety tn-t inmr. Sn m-arlv. in- 
 di'i'd, i> llic inck |)i'i|)iMidiciilai', that wi- wrir riiaMrd tn In 
 dnwn a sniindiii.' Irad and liiu' liir tlir |iiir|in.-r nt nii'a>nrin_' 
 it> actual li('i:jlit. wliili' a man drxi'iidnl li'nin rra_' tn i r.i.; 
 witli a M'cniid linr atlarlii'd to Inin. tn .-I'r wIhmi the l"Mii 
 liiiiclird till' walrr lirjnw. Tin' da-liiiiLr n|' tlir wali'i' trni;, 
 snrji a lii'iL;lit jirndnrrd till' ii~iial arinni|ianiiiii'nt nt a rimi I 
 nt' >]n"a\', lirnad rnliiinn^ nt whicli wn'r rnn^iaiilK' tnrn'd ii[i. 
 liki' till' MUii'>sivt' in^lii's nt' siimki' timn a \a-t lurnai'n, and 
 on this, nrai' tin' tn|i. a \i\id iris nr rainlmw was (»(ra-ini|- 
 allv I'nnni'd liv tlir hriulit ra\>nt'a!i iiinlniiilrd sun. ' 'I'hr 
 rnaiiiiu' III till" nmnntaiii-cataiait.' \\liirli cniistitiilrs a [ii'in- 
 cipal Iralnir nt tlir >iilprniir in Mrnri\' nt thi> niauiiillrriit 
 natiii'r, was linr ahnn.-i dralrnin,' ; and as \\ r wrrr alilr in 
 apprnarli thr lirad nt' tlir tall cM-ii sn clnM- as a >iiiL;lr \ rii. 
 till' vr|-\ rnck ^rrninl tn -nll'rr a <'nni'n~--inn lllldrr nilf tn :. 
 Thr liasin that rriri\rs thr watrr at thr j'nnt nt' thr t.dl i- 
 nraiiv III' a rircnlai' Inrni, and almiit tnnr Imndi'rd safds m 
 dianirtrr, liriiiu' rathri' widri- than thr ri\rr ininird ialr|\ 
 hrlnw it. 'i'hr la H is alimit tlirrr i|naitrrs nt' a iiiilr aini\' 
 (Mir land iiiL'-plarr, nr 1 \\ n inilrs and a i|uailrr Irmii thr iii 
 leaner nl thr ri\ri-. Altrr rrniainuiL: nraiiv an hniir. li,\ri| 
 us it wrrr. In ihr >|inl li\ tin' nnvrllv ami in:: jnilirrnrr nt llh 
 sii'iir lirliiir lis, wr cnmiiiiird niir walk n|i\\ard alnii_^ \\i< 
 hanks, and. altrr passin:: thr two sin illrr ralaracts. tiniiid ;h' 
 rivrr aijain inrrra^rd mi width tn alin\r iwn hiindrrd \aiil- 
 wiiidiiii,' in thr iiin>t iniiiantic iiiannrr iinauiiiaiilr aiiinn_' liii 
 liill>. and |Ui'--rr\ in:: a siimnlli and iinriillird snit'arr tnr a d'- 
 taiirr nt' ihl'rr nr tiiur inilrs that wr tl'arrd it tn ihr >niitli\\ ol 
 alin\r IJir lldl. What addrd rMrniirU In thr hrailtS' nt'lh- 
 ]ru'tiirrs(|iir ri'> rr. whiiii ( 'nniniandri' L\ nil and inv.-rir iianird 
 at'lrr niir inntnal t'liriid, Mr. Iiarinw. snrrtarv In thr \diir- 
 I'alty, was thr riiiinr^s nl' thr \ri:rtatinii nn its hanks, thr la- 
 livriiiiiu' hrilliaiirv nt ,i rlnii llrss skv. ami thr aniniatinii _'r> 
 r\i tn thr -irnr liv .-rvrral iriiidrrr that were gra/iiiL.' l»r>idr 
 llie .stivau).." — 1'. -Jfj i. -..Mj.j. 
 
iiiri|Ml I. ill. 
 
 S ,'lili'i|ll;iti- 
 
 ■IPIIIIIli'lK'i - 
 
 almilt ii||,' 
 
 liciiii: liul- 
 I'li-r iiilliiiLr 
 
 III lilir. lllr' 
 
 iii'tv yaiiU. 
 ; 1(1 il> liii.il 
 ct III' water 
 
 ui-arK. iii- 
 llilfil tn In 
 
 iinMsiiiiiii; 
 raiC t(t era:: 
 ii the h'ad 
 \\ all']- tniiii 
 
 III' a I'liiiiij 
 • lipi-ci'd ii|). 
 ii-nacc, all. I 
 IS ncca^iii'i- 
 <llll. * I'lir 
 lies a |i|-ili- 
 iiiauiiiliri'iit 
 
 (M'c alilr !'• 
 ^iiiL;li' \ ir.l. 
 cf <illf \ri-: . 
 
 f 111.' fill i^ 
 
 il \ar(l- ill 
 niM'(liaIi'l\ 
 mill- llltn\.' 
 III! till" III- 
 
 mill". li.\<'i|. 
 
 CIICC ( it llll' 
 
 iliiii_' llh' 
 --, tiiiiinl ;li'' 
 Irrd \ ai'il-. 
 
 iiniiiu' ill'- 
 ■r till' a (!:-- 
 
 >MUtll\\r-t 
 nilv lit th'' 
 M'lt' iiaiiii'ii 
 
 \\\i' \iliii'- 
 iiks. till- I'li- 
 iiiatiiiii -'i\- 
 /.iiil: l)i'>i.li' 
 
 CAPTAIV PAURV'.S SP.COVD VOYAJiK. Ml 
 
 K I'tiirtiiiis: on lioard. tliry foiiiid n sti-oni: soiitlierly 
 liirr/i' to lliivf dl'ivrii tlir ICC ottlViiiii tlic sliurc. ati'ord- 
 ill.; all i)|)cM clnimud licfwccii tlic ice and the liiiid c imt 
 |i v^ than nine miles in width. l'|) tliis tiiey |n-nceede(|, 
 iiiid pii'-sed seveiid headlands, ti) ca(di of whicdi they 
 ■.;;i\e a n;iiiie. Such \va< the adviiiitii'ic <»l" ii tiiir wind 
 and (ipeii wiiter. thiil, lis I'an says. •• we had lieeii lU- 
 Miicd with iiii iiiiiihstrncled run of lilty miles; an event 
 iif III) trilling ini|)oi't!iiice in this tedimis and uncertain 
 n:i\i'.:iition.'' '^I'he ;;reat increa>e in the nnniher tif sea- 
 liiij-ses conliniied the iiiiviiiators in the litdiet" tlnit they 
 were now approiKdiint: Aniitioke. the coiintiy of MiLirnik, 
 III the iiei^hhorhoiid of which slie and her companions 
 had I'leipieiitly represcnled them as ahiindant. As they 
 prnc'cdcd. these walruses hecame more iind more ini- 
 nicrons every hour, lyiii^; in Jai'Lie herds upon the loose 
 pieces ot' drift-ice. iiiiddled close |o anil lyiuLT upon eacli 
 ntlier. in sepanite dro\es of I'rom twehc to thirty, the 
 ulmlc niimher near llie boats heinii proh.ihly iilioiit two 
 iiiliidi'ed. 
 
 (Ill the Kith il iireat deal of liii:h land was hroimht in 
 sl'jht to tli(> northward and eastward, which, on the lirst 
 inspection of the Ksipiimiinx (diarts. was decided to he 
 tti;i! hir^'o portion lietween wlii(di iiiid the continent lay 
 till' promised strait, that was to lead the ships to the 
 wi'-twaid into the i'olar Sea. So liir all was satisiac- 
 tiiiv : "hilt, iilter sailing a few miles farther, it isimpos- 
 siMe to descril)e oiir disappoint iiieiit and mortitii ation on 
 ))crceivini!; an iinhroUeii sheet of ice e\tendin;; coinplete- 
 l\ across the siip|)iised |>as^ai:e. troiii one land to the 
 nllier." Here they Were joined by several Ivstpiinia ii\. 
 lint none of their old t'riends, who had not yet arri\ei| at 
 any of their stations. 'I'liey uhtaiiied Irom the new ones, 
 lii'Wever. one very inlei'estiiiu piece ot' iiitormation. name- 
 Is. that it was lirlooliU on which they were now almiit 
 to land, and whi<di they knew t'roni their Winter-Island 
 tiii'iids. Iliiiliiik in particular, was near to the strait thai 
 was to conduct them into the l*olarSea. in this iieiyh- 
 liiii'hood were iiiimeroiis l-lsi|irminii\ of the same frieiid- 
 h and cheerful (diameter as iliic>e ot' Winter Uland, Init 
 apparently somewhat less intellectual. I*a;ry now . how- 
 cM)'. ha'l I.Mit one j.M'e;il ohjeci at heart. \\liic|i was to ;it- 
 
 i, ( 
 
 I 
 
 »'.Vi 
 
— ^ ., 
 
 'I 
 
 llilV 
 
 Ct 
 
 Accoidmiily, on tlic J itli ot Aiic'ist lio set our. on tlio 
 Mil cro^scil the iJoiivt'rit! Isliiiids. and (»n the lullowiii;: 
 ly iirrivcd ul n pcnnisniii. which hf oxinnnitMl, and |)ri(- 
 't'dt'tl to its cxtrrnio iiorthfin point, wliich was tound 
 overlook tl.i' niiiTowcst pai't ot" the dfsired strait, ot' 
 liicli ho iiivos tho Ibllowin^n hriot" acconnt : 
 " 'l"iif strait lay innuodialL-ly lu-low us, in alMiiit an ra>t ami 
 M'fsl diici'lioii. Iiciiitr two inili'> in widdi, a|>|iamitlv very 
 (li'cp. .•111(1 w itli a tide or CMn'ciit of at li'a>t two knots, scttiiiu' 
 tlic joosi' ici> thrniiL:li to tin' ca-tward. iJcyond us, to tin- 
 Wi'st. the shores airaiii separated to the distaiiee ot' sevei;il 
 leaLMU's, !ind I'oi' more than three ))oints otthe coinpa.-s iu thai 
 dlrectioa no land conld he seen to tlie utmost limits of a ch'ar 
 hori/oii. except one i>land six or se\cu miles distant. (Jvcr 
 tiiis we could enterliiin no denht oi' li;ivim: discovered tin 
 i'olai' Sea; and, loaded as il was with ice, we ali'eadv tell a- 
 if we were on the point ot' tia'cinu' our way throiii.h it aloui' 
 the northern shiM'es ot' America. 
 
 •' After di>pa1<'hin^ one of oiii' partv to the foot ot' iht^ point 
 fo»' some of tlie sea water, which was liiund extrenn-lv salt to 
 the ta>le, wi> hailed tin' iuterestiiiL' I'veut of thi' moiaiiuLT hy 
 thi'ee heai'tv cheers, and liy a small extra allowiince of iri'o:. 
 to our people, to drink a >afe and >peedv pa>saL'e lin"oui!li thw 
 tlianui-'l Just eiiscovered, whicli 1 ventured to name, by tuitu; 
 
iiiadc siM- 
 itniiict', ii|i 
 olil ice lint 
 liaviiiii ar- 
 ud as to its 
 
 lur's delay 
 and "stdp- 
 •ry tlirc'sli- 
 iiir wt't'ls.s. 
 Wfstwaid. 
 CSS paint'ii! 
 
 LTlilul't' dl'- 
 
 itward, ni- 
 iiiii ill tli;il 
 r, at li'iii;ih 
 It IKtt, prr- 
 aiid " tliii>. 
 10 rt".i|)i'(:t- 
 
 oilt. (Ill tile 
 (• t'ulldwill^' 
 d, and ))ri»- 
 was I'miiid 
 A strait, ot" 
 
 ;iii ('a>t and 
 
 •I'lilly vciy 
 
 (Kits, ^fltiiiL; 
 
 u-i, In till' 
 
 ot' srvrriil 
 
 i|)a.-s in tliiit 
 
 Is lit' a cli'ar 
 
 laiit. Unit 
 
 ■ovrrcd tin 
 
 •ady I'rit -d- 
 
 Ji it ainiii; 
 
 nt' the piiiiit 
 iiifly salt til 
 iniirniiii: liy 
 
 lirr (if lll'iii; 
 
 liiniuirli thir 
 II ■, Itv aiitii; 
 
 CATTAIX PARRY'ri SI-COND VOYAiJE. 1 !,*{ 
 
 i[)ili(iii, /hi' Si mil of the Fun/ nii'l Hrrln. Ifiiviiiu Iiuilt a. 
 iiilf (it >t(iii»'s (111 tlic |>r(iiii(iiitury. \\lii(|i, ("nuii ii> >iiii;irntii 
 \ iili n'-pi'cf 1(1 the (•(iiitiiiciil dt' America. 1 ciilU'd (',ij„ Sor'h- 
 i-iist. we walked liiick to our tent and luL'U'aL'e. tlicM' li.i\ iiiu'. 
 I'or the sake (if" ^n-eater exjieilitimi. lt(<eti left two miles lieliind, 
 and. ;it'tei- restim: a tew Imurs. set out at W I'.M. on our re- 
 inrn.-— I'. :{|-J. 
 
 'I'iiis little journey ))rove(l safisfacfory n^ far as it 
 Weill: it iiave to I'arry a personal view ol" the strait, 
 tiiiil satisfied liiiii that its water was tliat ol" the >ea. Tuit 
 lis the northeast point tVoiii wliieii he saw it tdriiis the 
 Oiistern entrance only from the south side ot" tlie strait, 
 niid he deenKMl it e.\pe(lit'iit that soiiiethiii:^ more of it 
 sliiiiild l)e known, he took measures accorihnuly. In the 
 (•nurse of a week following', a lii^ht iiorthea>terly liree/c 
 allowed the ships to he steti'ed under all possihle sail up 
 the strait. I>y keepinij; on the soiilh or coiitiiu'iital shore, 
 ;iii(l pa-<siiiir aloni: hy ( "ape Nort heast within fw(» or three 
 liiiiidied yards of the rocks, they siicceede(|. with the 
 iissistaiice of the hoats ahead, in yettiiiij; throiii,di the nar- 
 row channel. The leii^'th of this narrowest part of thei 
 sti'iiit is said to extend ahoiit three miles in the direction 
 of west hy north : it is here two miles across, and keeps 
 its width the whole way through this narrow part. Two 
 (diisiderahle islands almost shut up the said part, named 
 l>y I'arry ( )rmoiid and Liddoii lslan('>; the soulheiii 
 point on the i'oi'mer of whicdi, heiiiii; directly opposite to 
 (*;ipe Northeast, forms the iiortiiern point of the iiiirrow 
 etitriince. to whicdi i'ari'y assiijMed the name ol" (ape 
 ( >N-.oiy. The ships, howe\er, Wei'e soon stopped hy 
 iipparently permanent ice diimin::: to the shores (»f the 
 iiiiove-meiitioned islands and of' the contiiieiil ; •• and 
 tinis." says I'arry. "after a vexations delay tdsix weeks 
 111 till' eastern eiitrariee of the strait, and at a time when 
 we held every reason to hope that Nature, though hith- 
 erto tardy in her animal disruption of the ice, had at: 
 leiiL'lh made an effort to complete it. did we lind our pro:^'- 
 ress once more opposed hy a harrier of tile same coii- 
 limious. inipeiiet ralile, and hopeless nature as at >ir>t.'' 
 
 Hopeless ;is it was that iiMK h more could lie done, as 
 coiiceiiied the movements of the expedition, now tliit 
 the month ot" Aiii^ust was just e\|)iriiii:. Parry \{'y\ pmp- 
 crK determined that all donhts should he sati-'fii-'h a-j 
 
 f 111 
 
 ^M 
 
 ''it i, 
 '1 
 
 s 
 
 f 
 
Ml 
 
 ARCTIC V0YA(;K;<. 
 
 Avcll !is tliiit every iiilnnii;it ion slieiiM he trniiied. !is fo the 
 leii;.'th of the sliMit. ;iii(l the extent el" the fixed ice theii-- 
 in. l-'or this purpose, thi'ee ex|)!oriin: parties were seiit 
 out ill (liH'ei-eiit direetioiis : that tor deciiliii^ the point in 
 (|nestion consisted of \] r. JJnshnan with three men. nn- 
 (h-r the orders o|" I/ieiiteiiant Keid. who was instrncfed 
 to |)r(iceeil aloiii: the nortliern coast ol the strait to th ■ 
 \vest\\ard. to i^ain as niiKdi inlorniation as possilile le- 
 s|)e(tin^ the terinination of the strait, and to I'etnrn td 
 the ships in tone days. |5y liis i-eport it appears tlial, 
 hy an ol)servat i(»n on the secoml (hiy ot' liis jonrney, llic 
 latitude he I'eacdied was 7(1 dH' i>") . and that from thi^ 
 point he conid percei\f that tlie opposite or main-lainl 
 (that is, the south shore ol' the strait) i;ra(hially Ireiideil 
 to the s(»iithward. lea', iiii: a hrnad entrance into the we>t- 
 ern sea. lie says: The weather hein^f clear, ali()r(lei| 
 us an extensive |)rospect to the westward, and we conld 
 now perceive that a hliilf near the iioilh shore, wliich 
 had hefoi'e iippear<'(| insular, foriiieil. in reality, the north- 
 ern point of the ent ranee, and I named it ('ajx Ihtlli'ir. 
 W/. on! ol" respect to \ ice admiral Sir ISenjamin 1 1 a How- 
 ell." To a line hay on the ( "ockhiirn- Island shore (the 
 Moi'tii) he i:a\(' the naiiH' of Antrid::e. and t(» an inlet in 
 the same land that of White ; and he concludes tiiis pari 
 of his report hy saying that "the o|)eniny, of the strait 
 into the I'olar ."^^ea was now s(t decided, that I c(»nsider- 
 ed the principal ohject ol" my journey accomplished." 
 It would have been more satisfactory if Mr. Keid had 
 lieeii a little more circiiinstaiitial in his oliservatioii on tlir 
 tW(» west(M'ii points of the strait; that wliicdi is named 
 MiiLllerield on the (diart. hut hy whose authority doe- 
 not appear, is not mentioned as a cape, iii'adually trend- 
 ing to the southward, and leaviiii: a hroad entrance iiitn 
 the Western Sea. It may hardly he necessary to oli- 
 ser\(' that a |)oiiit (d'laiid seen ohlKpiely l"rom a distance 
 of twenty or thirty miles must he \ery unsatisfactorily 
 laiil down on paper. The \\ idtli hetweeii the two shore-> 
 opeiiinu into the sen appears to ht ahoitt six or seven 
 Hides. whi(di. compared with its length of sixty miles, 
 can >^carcidy he called a •• tuaLiiiiliceiit passage."" Its ca- 
 pacity, however, not withstandiiii: the ohstructiiiii islaiid>^, 
 iii!iy he ainply suflicieiit tt; admit u passage into the i\>- 
 
1, IIS to tile 
 ifC tlnTc- 
 WflC SCIil 
 M* |)«)ltlt III 
 ' lllt'll. Ull- 
 
 iiislniclf(i 
 I'iiit to ill ■ 
 ossil)lt' I'r- 
 ) return tn 
 )fiirs tliiit. 
 iinit-y, tin- 
 1 iVoiii tliis 
 Miiiiii-liinil 
 lly liTinlfil 
 » the wt'st- 
 ii\ iitloi'dt'il 
 il we coiilil 
 ore, wliicli 
 , tilt' Mortli- 
 
 jli llitllnir- 
 
 liii I ImIIow- 
 .-liorc (ilii- 
 I ill! inlet III 
 es this jiail 
 the striiit 
 considei'- 
 plislied." 
 Kei.l h;id 
 ion on the 
 is niiniiMl 
 iiity iluiH 
 illy trenil- 
 I'lince intu 
 iry to oli- 
 .1 distiince 
 tisfiietocily 
 wo slloi'r> 
 x or se\ ell 
 \ty niile^. 
 
 ■■ " Its Cli- 
 
 iiii island-, 
 to tlie i'u- 
 
 iini 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 ,1' 
 
 II 
 
 
 f V 
 
 CAPTAIN rAIlllV ri SECOND VuVArJE. 
 
 115 
 
 l;ir Sell ioi- sliips ot u nioderiite si/e. tlioiirh it is pretty 
 (irtiiin tiiiit no ship w ill e\er iiltempt it. not ineicly on 
 iiccoiint ot" the iee willi which it iippenr.s to he periiiji- 
 iieiilly l)lo(d\ed up. hut iilso ol'tlje perpetiliil cuneiit ■^et- 
 tiiiL' down it. oee!isionin<: sueli ii tiiinull iioiis sxsell mid 
 distnih.iiice ir.fioiiii the ice lis must render ,\ still more 
 daiiuei'ous lor sliijis to ancdior in iiiiy j)!irt neiir the eust- 
 eiii inoiith ot' the striiit. 
 
 The •Jtth of Septemher haviiii; now mrived. Parry 
 ceiisidereil it no Ioniser siit'e to venture the ships to re- 
 main in this sen. their situiition heini; one otiiliiiost coii- 
 stiiiit iiiid miiivoidahle danm'r. lie (h'termined. tliere- 
 toie.to run over to luloolik in search ol' winter 'piarters, 
 w liii h was accomplished, though not wiliiont imminent 
 daii::('r to hoth sliips. 'Pile situation was not very lavoi-- 
 ahle lor |)assini: the winter in, hut, iiy cuttinif ii canal in 
 the ice as usual, tliey were placed in security. TIm^ 
 whole leni;tli of" tliis canal was l.il.'J teet : the thickness 
 lit' the ice in tlie level and reiriilar parts from I J to It 
 inches, hut ill many places where a separation had (te- 
 nured it amounled to several feet. •' I can not," says 
 I'arry, '* surticiently do justice to the <dieerl"iil alaciily 
 with whi(di the men continueil this lahorions work diir- 
 iiiii tiiirteeii davs, the tliermometer beiiii: t'reiiiientlv al 
 :'/■", and once as low as — !)- in that interval. 
 
 Iteiiif: now estahlished in wiiitei' (piarters tor the sec- 
 ond time in the present voyiiiic. Parry's thoiiiilits were 
 naturally employed in considering what fartiier steps 
 >lioiild h(» pursued, and what e\|)edieiit iu' should hav(^ 
 recourse to on their liberation rr(an the ice some ten or 
 eleven months hence. His resolute and enterprisiufj 
 charactei" was not likely to he satislie(l witli the litth! 
 progress tliat had heeii made in the discovery of a noi'tli- 
 west passage, wlii(di was tlie main oiiject of the voyafjc!. 
 The measure in^ (•oiiteiii[)iate(l appeals to have been u 
 IhiM one, and one whi(di, situated as the siiips wer«*, 
 could not possibly liave been attended with any advim- 
 tiii;e to that object, and would, to a certainty, have been 
 productive of fatal I'esiilts to himself and tlu^ whole crew ; 
 but let iiim speak for hims«df : 
 
 •■ FlatteriiiLT as our prospects apjieareil at the connneiice- 
 meut (if the past summer, our etfurls had certainly net been 
 
 
 'J' 1 
 
 r:* 
 
 !f, 
 
 , 
 
 1' t 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 .# 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 I • 
 
 /I 
 
MG 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGE:?. 
 
 i . 
 
 
 ;itlfii(lt'(l with :i ])i'o|)(iiliiin;itc il('_r!T(> orsiicccss. innl litlln mii- 
 isi'actioil I'dlClilird tn ils ;it tlic cIom- nt tlir M';i>i>ll hill the cnii- 
 N'ioiisiios (if liiiviiiu' Icl'l 11(1 iiH'iiiis williiii iMir ic;icli iiiiti-iril 
 lliiit ciiiild ill iiiiy \v,iv pi'oiiKitc iiiir (ilijcct. It ic<|iiiiril. in- 
 (Ircd. l)iit 11 ."inu'lc i:liiiicf ;it lli<- cliitrt to |ii'rcrivi> tlial \vli;il- 
 fvcr llic h>I >iiiiiiiicr"s iiavi^iUinii liad addi'd In mif i.'i'oi:ra|ih- 
 ical kiinw IcdiTc nt' tlic rasti'i'ii cua^t ol America and its adil- 
 ccat lands, very littif liad in reality l)eeii ellected in fiirtiier- 
 Jince i)t' the Nmlliwest I'assaLre. liven tlie actual discovery 
 (it'tlie desired njii-iiinu into tile I'olar Sea had heeu ol'iio prac- 
 tical henelit in the |ir(isecuti(iii ol" onr en1er|irise ; llir we had 
 only discovered this channel to liiid it iiiiiiassal»l(>. and to srr 
 the harriers of" nature ini|>eiieti'ahly closed a;.'ainst us, to tln" 
 iitiiiost limit (if the nayiirahle season. 
 
 " Viewin;,' the matter in this liirlit. it appeared to I'esolv 
 itself into the siijL'le (|ue>tion, hy what nwaiis the resoiirc 
 of the expedition could possihly he extended heyoiid the pc- 
 liod to which they were at present calculated to last, namely, 
 the close of the year \'.V2\. Only one expedient siiuu'ested 
 itself hy which that ohject could he attained, and this 1 deter- 
 mined to adopt, should no iinfoieseeii occin're'.ice ai'ise to |>re- 
 veiit it. It was, to send the llecia to lliiirlund in the follow- 
 inu' season, takiiii: from her a 1welvemoiith"s provisions ninl 
 fuel to complete the Kiuy's resoiil'c<'s to llie i'lid of the vea|- 
 lIl'J.'), and then continnin;,'' onr etlorts in that ship singly a^ 
 loiiir MS ;i reasonahle hope remained of oui" ultimate Miccess. 
 One or two collateral advanlaues occurred to me as likely to 
 he derived from this plan, the iir>t of which was the o|)pi)r- 
 tniiity thus atVoi-diul of tran^miitiiiLr to the Lords Commission- 
 ers of the A(lmir:ilty a full account of our past procee<liiii;> 
 and present situation and intentions, wherehy, ])erlia|)s, mucli 
 iieedltvss anxiety on our account iniLfht he preventeil. Ii 
 ^vould also, as 1 hoped, allow their lordships the option ol 
 luakiii!,' any alteration which they miLrht now deem re(piisitc 
 in the arraiiLTtMuents pointed out in my instructions i-espectiii.' 
 the ship to he sent to meet us near Uelirinir's Strait, for wliidi 
 tlie orders miLrht not, perhaps, leave Kuizland heliu'e the airi- 
 val of the llecia tln^re in the autumn of l"-j:]. These were. 
 lioweviM", minor and less important considerations; inv prin- 
 cipal oh)(>ct and determination heim,' to persevere, to the ut- 
 most extent of our rt\sources, in the prosecution of the <Miter- 
 prise with which I had the honor to I)e chartr«'d. Having' 
 piiiiLrested this ex|)edient to Ca|)taiu Lyon, I had much satis- 
 faction in tindiiiij: his o[)inion I'litirely coinc'kle with my own, 
 and without at pn'sent mentioning it to the tither individuals 
 heloni^Miii,' to the expedition, we continiK^l U) consult toLcetluT 
 from time to tiino during the wiuter cuuceruiug tlio urruuge- 
 

 CAPTAIV TARRY rf SECOND VOVAGH. 
 
 117 
 
 1(1 lilll" >:il- 
 
 llli till' rnn- 
 icll llllllli'il 
 
 iM|iiii-('(l. iii- 
 
 tllMt Wllil'- 
 
 i- (.'cuirrii I ill- 
 Ill I its iidiri- 
 iii I'lirtliiT- 
 
 il tlix'dVi'lA 
 
 I di' 11(1 |)i';i( - 
 
 I'ur \vi' li.iil 
 
 . mill tit M-f 
 
 .t IH, to till- 
 
 I to r»'solv(> 
 i(> rt'soiircrs 
 (•ml till." Ill- 
 list, iiaiiirly, 
 
 t SllL'U'i'>li'il 
 
 this 1 (Iclrr- 
 ;irisr to |iri'- 
 l till" t'nlliiw- 
 )visiiiiis innl 
 of llic yr:ii' 
 lip siiiLily !i- 
 i;il«' silfccss. 
 IS likely l'> 
 -. till- i)|i|Mir- 
 iiuiiiiissinn- 
 riicrr(liiii:~ 
 laps, iinicli 
 
 VCIltlMJ. Il 
 
 option ot 
 
 11 |-('(|llis!t(' 
 
 ri'spt'cliii.' 
 t. liir wiiicli 
 n-c till' iini- 
 'lu'so were. 
 ; my jirin- 
 , to the iil- 
 tlic (Mitri'- 
 l. Hiiviiii: 
 luuch siitis- 
 lli my own, 
 indivitlnals 
 Viilt loi,'otlii'r 
 lio arraugo- 
 
 niriits it woiilil 111' r('i|iiI^Ito to mako for coinmciiciiiLr tlio rv- 
 niilii'ii of our plan in tin- roiirsc of the fnllowini.' .-priiiir."— • 
 r. :C-J-:t7 1. 
 
 ( )iio ol'tii(> first (ipcrntioif was to hiiild m wall ofsiiow 
 iwt'ho li'ct liiyh round tlic Kiiiy, iiiid at tlio distaiicr of 
 twenty yards from lior. " t"oriiiiii«^ u jarye sipiaro. like 
 that ot' a liirin-yard," liy wiiifli not oiily was tlio snow- 
 drill kept out. Imt ii jjood slicltcrcd walk was ail'ordod 
 ii!;aiiist every wind. Tlie l-'iiry and the llecla Aero 
 si'pafiited oil iiccoiint of the lari:e hoiniiioes ot" ice. 
 
 " Till' di-tance hetween the two >li!p~i, thouL'li iiit such as 
 )ii [ircveiil constant intercourse, was iii'\ citheless too ^.o'eat tn 
 ;illiiw of our continiiini: the theatrical eiitertaiiimeiits. hv 
 which our liiriiier winters liac lieeii considrrahly enlivened. 
 This was, however, the less re(|ni>ite, and. indeed, eiitirelv 
 
 iiiiiieces.-ary, on account of our iieiuhhorh I to the ilsijui- 
 
 iiiau.x. whose daily visits to the >liips throiii,'lioiit the winter 
 iitlipideil holli to ollicers and men a fund of nnistant variety 
 .iiiil never-liiiliiiLr aiiiiiseiiieiit, which no resoin'i'cs of our own 
 niiiM |)i)ssil)ly have furnished. Our people were, however, 
 tiMi well aware of the advantaLre they derived from the 
 scliDols not to he desirous of their re-estaiilishment, which ac- 
 ciirdiiiizlv took |>lace soon after our arrival at iLrloolik, and 
 tlii'v were j,dad to continue this as their cM-niiiL,' occupation 
 iliiriiii.' tho six siicceediim months." — 1'. :!?7-:!7;;. 
 
 In llio mention of tiie l-'s(|uimanx. some of whom, it 
 appears, htid come from Amitioke, and amon<.' whom 
 were many of the old Mc(ptiiintiiiiees ol" Winter Island, it 
 ini^ht liavo heeii expected that iliiilink would liave heeii 
 iiinoiii; tlic lirst and foreni<)-.t : hut, strange' ii>* if may 
 appcNir. the iia.'ie even of this extraordinary person, 
 from whom .so ii.nch valuahh^ tmd correct information 
 had l)0(Mi received, is only oiico mentioned, and then 
 rather rc^proaclifidly, iis ii name in tlie iienertd account 
 ot thes(> peoi)le ; tm iiccoiint that extends tf) iit least ii 
 liuiidred pajies, descriptiv** ot" tlieir character, manniM's, 
 and customs, and detiiiliiiiii; the various transactions that 
 took place duriuii the coidinemeiit of the sliips, .Xmotii^ 
 the visitors from Amitiokt' was that distinuuished youth 
 Toolooak, th(> son of Hiiiliuk, who is repeatedly nieii- 
 tioiicd aiul eomineiided. " I counted to-day." says Parry, 
 ' on a ijirdie worn round the waist liy Toolooak's mother, 
 twenty-nine deer's ears, ))ro(;ured hy tliis youtig man'a 
 
 i 
 
 •J ' I 
 
 II" 
 
 i 
 
 ill- -0 
 '(Ii 
 
 
 ii 
 
f 
 
 118 
 
 ARCTIC VOYACi: 
 
 own rxcrtiDiis : ;i i;ir(ll«' which shf cuiistiiiilly wnirs, n-; 
 M pntiid trn|t|.y nt her m»I|'s r\|i|nl|s : iiiiil,"" hi' !lil(l>. 
 '• thci'f lire lew iiiuthcrs. imlcnl, who iniiiht not K.' 
 ])ron(| of sui'h ii son its Toolooiik. \\ ho, on lon;:('i' in 
 <|n;untiinct>, ([uilo niiiiula'nHMl his I'oi-nirr fhiii'iu-tci-. ol 
 posscssini; ncniy fxrcllfnl (jii.ilitifs hoih ol hr;i(| nml 
 hfjirt." I'ooc lli::liiilvl it n;inic iippciirin^ to lie no Ion- 
 izer rcnii-nilirri'il hut iis 'I'onlooiiU's niotlicr; hut I'.iiiy 
 MO (lonl)l MUini! to siiy thut Tooloonk wore the ^ndlf, 
 '• whiili \V!is worn [usiuiUij) round the waist of his 
 inoihiT." J)Ut t'lioniih l"or llio present ol" iho Ms(|ni- 
 
 lllilllX. 
 
 The !ippt';ii'iinc(' ot'scui'vy in sonit' slight l)nl un('(|iii\- 
 (Miil symptoms cDnld scarcely he a snliject ot wonder. 
 eon>iderinu the length of" time the ships' crews had no 
 other dependence than upon their own I'esoinces, mias- 
 ^.sted a'; tliey had lieen hy any supply of fn sh anti- 
 xiirlmtic plants or other ve^etahles. a case nnpai'al- 
 lejed in the annals ol" nasiualion. 'Die month of An;zii-«l 
 liad commenced, when, as I'arry ohserves, " incredilile 
 ii.s it may appear, the ships were as securely ciaiiineil 
 in the ice as in the middle ot' winter, except that a poel 
 of watei' ahotii twice tlieii' own length in diameter \va> 
 Jiow open around them. I deteiniined. thei-efore," he 
 ndds, •• not willistatidin;^ the apparent hopelessness ot" 
 Nawinu our way throui;h l"our or live miles of ict\ to lie- 
 iiin that lahorions pr(»cess." Jly tlu^ (ith of Auiiust 
 ulioiit toiu' hundred yards ot' ice were sawn tlii'oujj,h and 
 floated out. leaving now a hroad caiiid elescn Imndred 
 yards in len<:lh. 'i'hrouiih this, and hy the disruption 
 of the (h)e, the l''urv was liherated and Moated into open 
 Avater on tlie Htli of Auyust, and on the rjtli was fol- 
 lowed hy the IltM'la. Parry, now that the ships were 
 once uKtre alloat, hei;au to itdlect on what ho had pro- 
 j)osed to do on tlio return of summer. 
 
 " ^Vll(•n the latiMie.-.s of the season to which the ships had 
 now heeii detaiai'd in the ice is considered, with I'et'ereiice to 
 the piohahility of thf Fuiy's etVectini,' any ihini: <>f iniportanoc 
 diUMMi,' the short remainder of tlie picseat surnniei'. it will nut 
 |)e woiidercMl at that, coii|)linu this coMsideration with that nt 
 tilt health ot iiiy olhcers and men, I liei:ini to entertain doahf.s 
 whether it would still be priulenl to adopt the intended nieais- 
 
'' .V 
 
 » \ 
 
 wciirs, ii-i 
 
 he iiild-, 
 
 lit not l>.' 
 
 loii^ci" lit 
 
 iiiiclrr. (il 
 
 lifiid iiml 
 
 In- no Inii- 
 
 liiit I'aiiv 
 
 [lie iiirdlt'. 
 
 list ot" lii^ 
 
 \u' l'-s(|ni- 
 
 il un('(|ni\- 
 i)t' woiitlcr. 
 \\ s liiid iiii 
 
 |C»>S, llllll-- 
 
 I'n sh Hiili- 
 i' uiiparid- 
 
 • iiicn-dilili' 
 
 Iv iMililillt'd 
 
 tiiat a |)<)i>l 
 
 Illt'tlT Wil- 
 
 rctoi'c," lif 
 
 t'ssiios 111 
 
 H'^\ to lif- 
 
 ol" Aiii;u>t 
 
 roii^li aiiil 
 
 iiiiiidi'i'd 
 
 ilisi-uptmu 
 
 into open 
 
 1 was I'ol- 
 
 lii|)s wcio 
 
 e hud pi'o- 
 
 sliips li.iil 
 
 I'l'tl'fCIll'l' t<> 
 
 iiii|)or1;nicv' 
 it will not 
 vitli thai lit 
 itaiii dniiiit-i 
 
 iidi'il UR':i>- 
 
 cAiTAiv parry's SKCOVD VOVAHE. 1 ID 
 
 uiv of rt'MiaialiiL' out in tin- I'lirv as a siiiL'Ir >lii|i; wlicllirr. 
 ill -liort. iiiiil'T <'\i-.iiii\: (■iifiuM>l.iaci'-t, llic |iiiili.ili|i' f\il did 
 lint till" iiiitwiiuli liii- piissildf L'oiid. Ill indiT to a>-i-t my 
 iiw n jiid-nii'iit (Ml till-' o< ra.^ioii ii|iiiii <iii)> (i| ilii- mu^l inati'iiid 
 liiiiils, I n'i|iu'>t«'d llic ini'diral ulliicr-; ot iIh' l'ar\ lo liirni^h 
 iiic wiili tlit'if (ipiiiidMs lis to tin- |)nili;il)lc ill't'cf tliat a lliiid 
 
 ulllirr [la^^rd ill llirx' rcL'iolis Uuilld pmducr on lllr llriiltU 
 
 III' the nlliciTs. sf.iiiirii. and inarinfx of iliiit -"hip, lakinir into 
 rniisidcnitioii I'vrvy circnm^taiici- cfinnfclfd with dur >itiia- 
 II..II."— I'. 17(1. 
 
 Tho r('|)ly ot" Mr. Mdwards. tlic sin't:('on, \va^. as niiirlit 
 111- fxpcctcd, dccisivt'. I ndt'i' any circinMstancos. im 
 staiod that an incrca^o ol' u'onrral dchilitN'. with a fia' 
 I't'spuiidniL; d("4rt't' of sicknrss. mi^hi he cxpt'cItMl ; ImiI, 
 i:i»iisi(h'i'iii^ tlif inattoi' as in a sini:lo ship, it assnnir> u 
 iiiiiidi nioio important sha|i('. In that view, the incrraso 
 (if lahor and o\posii|-c. fruiii the separation ol"lht« vessels, 
 the privation of many salntary oeeiipaticais, mental iiml 
 nirporeal. attending their ntiion, inid, at this late perioil 
 nt' the season, the hepelessiiess of the snceess of tho 
 rusniiiii navii;ation, wonid he swell as to e\cite feelini^s 
 Mittieiently lively to counteract tlios(< depressiiiii causes. 
 The siihstaiice of the answer heini; sent lo ( 'oiiimatider 
 L\on. after noticing the ^reat (lianiic he had oh^erved 
 in llie eoiislitlitioii of the uflicers and men of the lleel;i 
 tVdiii the eoiitiimanre of one |)artieiilar diet. aliiio>I tola! 
 ilepi'ivalion of fresh animal and ve^etalile food fur ahoxn 
 two ; I'ars. and tin* necessary and close eonfniemenl ti.r 
 sr\erid months o|' eacli severe winter. " I conceive." ho 
 sa\ s. ••that a continued esposnie to the same depriva- 
 tions and conliiieinents. tin* solitude of a simple ship, and 
 iiie painful moiiotiaiy of a third winter to men wlioso 
 lirallh is precarious, would in all |)rol)al'ility he attended 
 willi verv serittns c(aise(piences."' 
 
 lint ho uoes tarther. and notices the inutility (d' the 
 ineasnre. l''rom the circumstance of heiiii,' detaineil in 
 the ice until tin* present time, tho Idlli id" Aminst. •• I 
 ;iin (d" opinion," he says, "that the season in which it is 
 ]ios>il)le to navii:ate has now so far parsed tliid nothin'.-; 
 material can Ix* (dfecti'd either hy one or huih >.liips. 
 We UiKiw. from the experienct* ot" last year, that it is 
 not litd"ore the end cd" .\n::ust or the heiiinniici ot" S>'[)- 
 toinlier that the ice hreak-^ nj) in tin* Strait <d' the Knry 
 
 
 ]> 
 
 f 
 
 u 
 
 •^** i 
 
I 
 
 I f,l 
 
 l.'iO 
 
 AUCTKJ \()V.\(;i; 
 
 liii'l I Ici'lii. liiid tliiit it is lint iMilil tliitt pci'ioil lliiit \(m 
 
 Wil 
 
 tf riialiifil tu it'-f\imiiiir lis wrslcrii I'liti iiiicc 
 
 Ami lie \\i>t'l\ (•(iiiclinli's liy iidvisinu tli.it the Kiiiy iiiiil 
 lli'clii iTtiini lit l!ti^liiiiil In^t'tlicr. wliitli I'iiiiy jis 
 
 \viNrly llr(r|it>. 
 
 I inlcr siicll riifiiiii>liiiic('«;, lie siivs, 
 I III! loiiui'i' •'••iisidtTi'd it |iniil('iil or iii<.tirnili|f, iijiun 
 tll»' slciiili-r cliiilici! Ill' r\('iitiiiil siii'Ci'>s iKiw Im'Ioit h>. 
 tit I'islv tlif Milfty iA' lilt' ((Hici'is iiiid Micii cuiiiiniltnil 
 ti) mv (diiii;;!'. iiiid wlmiii it was now iiiv lirst wish tu 
 iv'CdiidiK't ill ^nud IumIiIi tu tlirir cDiintiT and tlicir 
 lririid>."' 
 
 Il;uiii:_^ (■(iiiH' ti) tlii-i dt'cisioii. and lia\iii^ rxtl'icatfd 
 tilt' ships litHii tlit'ir conrnH'iiit'iil, nil tin- 1 Jlh ol' Aiijiist 
 it'V stiMid t»iit t(» lilt' I'iistward, iiiid li'i!ill\ tnnk their 
 
 t) 
 
 dt'|)iirt lire tuiiii liiltiiilil 
 
 lit^ ciiirciil rapidly hiinit'd 
 
 tht'iii In the stdithward, llii'ir drill lifini:; twi'iily-nii 
 mill's ill |\\ ciity-rdiir hours, ihoiiuh cloNfly i)t ..ct, and 
 >Mtlioiit a sinult' po(»l ol watt'r in siiilil thf wholf liiiif. 
 At niic place lilt' ships wt-if whiili'd idiiiid ti headland 
 at tilt' rate ol" two or ilin'c knots an lioiii 
 
 A lit 
 
 r pa.> 
 
 inu tilt' harrow Kivt-r. they wi-it' ilriltfd out nine or 
 t<'ii miles Iroiii the land, llit^ iiilhieiife ttt' this ii\er liaviii,; 
 prtilialih thus set them out. ( )ii the .'jdtli tliev wi'it> 
 fliise to Winter Island. 
 
 "'i'liiis had we." says Parry, "in n most sinirnlar maiiiier, 
 oine iiinre ari'i'. rd at mir old winter (|iiailers, w iiii scarcrlv a 
 siii^ile >iiiie»rid exertion nil our jmits toward I'lrectiiii.' that 
 iihject. 'I lie di-itaiice rroiiH )ni;rn to oiir pie>riit station was 
 aliniit line Imniheil and >i.\ty luiles aliniu' the coast. Ot" this 
 v.e had i)e\ ei- si/i/r,/ aimve t'liily, the rest of the distanco 
 haviii:: heeii accoinpli-hed, while we were iiniiio\ahlv he.-ct. 
 hv iiiere dritliuL'. The interval thus einplo\rtl having' heeii 
 haieiy eiLdil days. i:\\f< an aveiai:e drift to the suuthward ol' 
 jdiove fillei 11 niiles per day." — 1'. 171!. 
 
 Jit'iii<; set last in the ice in proceeding: to tlu» soiitli- 
 >vard. a slrony westerly hree/e on the 17th of Septem- 
 l;fr allowed iheni to sliapt* their course for the Trinilv 
 Islands in a perfectly open sea. From hence they ran 
 down lliidsoii's Strait without luet'tini^ with any oh- 
 -.1 ruction, and on tlie 1 oth of ( )ctoher entered the liarhor 
 ol'J'ressay Sound in Lerwick, where they ('ii)oyi'(l tho 
 " lirsl tract' t.if civilized man that tliev iunl seen lor 
 
I 
 
 ir\ WiTo 
 
 r.M'TAlN I'AUUV.S SKCOND VOYAtiE. l.'il 
 
 s('vrri-iiii<l-f\\t'iity iiKdillis," Tin' l\iinlii('>i«i wliicli tlicy 
 )')'rri\<'(| I'liMii llir^c jiuor lull li(i>|»ilalilf j)(.'nj»li' i.s llms 
 Iri'liimly (li'M rihi'fl : 
 
 •• i li r| ll iitliily iiii|iii.«»ilili' !i(l('i|ii;iti'Iv to cxinos tin- kliid- 
 III-—. .'Hill llllflllinii we ifri'iM'il liii' till' lllli'c or linil" (lil\> liiut 
 
 \\i' ui'ii' (li'tiiiiird ill llrt'fisay Soiiiul Ity u toiitiiiiiiiinf ttt nu- 
 t.iMijiililf uiiiils. ( )ii tin- I'iiM iiilliiMi;itinii (if (Hir jiriiviil tin* 
 IiriU ril' LiTuirk writ" M'f riiiuiii^', tlic iiiliiiliiiaiits llnckfd 
 finiii rvriv piilt i»t tin' ('(lUlitry to r.\|ir»'>s llirir jov lit our llll- 
 r\|M I'tt'il irliii II, !iinl llif tow II \v;i.s iit iiL'lit illuiiiiriMlfil. as if 
 t' I'll iiidiv iilniil liiiil :i lirutlirr or m .-mm iiiimiiil' ih. On llit) 
 Ijtli, liriiiu' Siiiiil;iv, tli'* oII'k cis iiiid im-ii ul Imlli slji|is nt- 
 t' iiili'd diviiif M'r\ ill' oil slioir, wlirii llic wiiimIiv iiiiiii.-.lfr, 
 till' Ki'M'Irlld Mr. Mrll/ii'S. who \s;i> Itrtiilf Wt'll klluWIl to 
 
 iiriiiv .•iiiiiiiiL' a-', oiri'ird II 1 1, ill till- iiiii^I Mill Ml II and iiii|irr-vi\ o 
 iii.iiiix'r, a lliJiiiksL'is iiiL.' I'lr (jur >iiri' iftinn, ;il tlir >aiiii' tiino 
 cilliiii.' ii|iiiii n>, willi iii'i'iit raiii''.>tiir^s. iirvcr to liir-i't uliiit 
 wi' iiuril to lliiii wild liiid liirii 'iilioiit oiir piitli mid alioiit 
 <■ u' lii'il. iiiid who >|ilrlli out all oiir wiivs.' Th" |if( iili.irily 
 of tin- <ir(iiiii->t;iii(i's niidcr which wi- li.id joiiinl ihr ciuii.'if. 
 ;.';itIoii. till- WMiiiitii of li'rliiiLT r.Nhiliiti'd liy every |H'rsoii ns- 
 Maiilil-i'd within tin- sacii'd w;dN, toirclliir with tin" atli-ction- 
 ati' riii'r::\' of the prriicht'r. < oiiiliiacd to |iroda(<' an rtltcf (tf 
 which wiads ciiii convey Iml linlc idi'.'i, hut which will not 
 (;a>ily he clJiiccd fioni the minds of iho.si' who swiv piocut 
 na this Jilli.'ctini,' occasion." — I'. UK!. 
 
 ( )ii the 1-tli Captain Parry arrived at tlin Admiralty, 
 iL'id tile ships were paid oil' on tlie Kltli of Noveiiiher. 
 
 ( >ii lookinsj hack al the liorrihle iiaviiration iVoiii tlio 
 etitianr-e of lliidsiui's Strait to Wintfr Islaiai, tliroiiyh 
 Middlelun's l''ro/eii Strait, akaiij; the coast of the land 
 which separates I'rince l\e;:eiit's Inkt from l''o\'s ( 'lian- 
 iiel. and the same villanons kind of navigation alony tla* 
 -iiiiie coast from Winter Island to l^loolik. near tho 
 month ol" tile l''mv and llecia Strait, there does not 
 appear to he the Hli^htest enconraueiiient ever to s(MI(1 
 Miiother ship to that (pnirter, even had the navigation of 
 that strait heeii always open, sate, and conxenient, for in 
 thai case it conld Jiot a(li)rd any advantage. It opens 
 uito a strait, anions,' islands of" the I'olar Sea, callefl 
 I'rince lve,'_'enrs Inlet, otthe lower part of which mith- 
 iiiil was at this lime knoNvn heyiaid Uitiliiik's infoi-ination 
 (correct in all other parts), that it terminates at Akk(»o- 
 if.'o, nearly (<j)j)o.sile tu Jlepnlse JJay. But, liad it e.t- 
 
 '■if ■! 
 
 t'1 
 
 II ) 
 
 ii 
 
 i.'i 
 
 h 
 
 ♦ ( 1 
 
 I; 
 
 'I: 
 
 lilt r 
 
 Mil' ' 
 
 < I 
 
 h 
 
 .1 ' 
 
 '1. 
 
 ,!i I 
 1^. 
 
 ll' 
 
^r-^ 
 
 i( 
 
 152 
 
 ARCTIC V0VA(;KS. 
 
 I'' 
 
 Iriidt'd to till' r.)ns\ ot" Aincrica. tli»! isliiii(l> in that ror- 
 lUM' air so clustered ;in.l crowded til^ellle|• as to a'I'inii 
 ot' no |)i'(ili;il)ilil y o|' a iiavii;ali|e pas^au*' tlirrc lor hirt;o 
 hlnps to the west wai'tl, and no man in his senses wonid 
 take that hne (»l route to <j.r\ int(» Lancaster Soinid when 
 he conid ;;o tliere direct in hall" tin* lime, and without 
 any of tln^ danuer whi(di h'ox'^) ('haniiid and the Tiiry 
 and llecia Strait winild occasion. 
 
 Toward the conclusion of his narralive, Captain Parry 
 repeats Ins opiinoii of the ad\antaues it[' ((ui/iiiiinits hinJ. 
 in the navij;ali{»n of the i'olar Seas, and that the priiad- 
 pl(^ of coaslinij; the nortln'in shore of Ameri'-a must still 
 lie caret'nily kept in view; and he adds, '•there is no 
 l.iiiiirii opeiiiiiii which seems to present itsell so lavora- 
 hly lor this purpose as I'rince Ke^eiit's Inlet." This 
 opinion, thus pnhlicly ;^iven. is ohviously an indicarion ot" 
 the expedition which ; ncceeded this, and which may 
 possilily hav(^ made somi' chaiiiie in ("a|)taiii i'arr^'s sen- 
 timents on this heJid. Ample prool has since heeii i;i\ mi 
 hy tin* r(>ports ot" KranUrni, Kichardson. Uack. and siili- 
 se(|iienlly hy Simpson, that the coast of North America, 
 which is tli(^ southern shore olllie INilar Sea. is navi^a- 
 hle thronjihont hut hy canoes oi" hoats only, and tint, 
 larue ships (Mmid not attempl it nnless at a very cons'd- 
 erahle distance from the shore on flu* sea. and outside 
 the mimerons (diaiiis of small islands that, on iIk* eastern 
 ])ui'tio!i in particular, nm parallel to the coast. 
 
CATTAIV G. F. LYON. 
 
 153 
 
 niltsiilo 
 
 (MIAI'TKIl VII. 
 (;APTA1\ liKOKllE F. LV(L\. 
 
 18:24. 
 
 K'liT/ifirr of <i Vni/itirr tn W'litsrr Uin r, or /irfiii/sr Tiojf, t'n 
 his Mnjrs/i/'s s/i>/i (iri/n r, (iml //n wr to the Volttr L'odst 
 I'l Siirth Ami'rirn urcr In ikI . 
 
 Vwv. ( ii'iprr was (•i»iiiiiiaii(lt'(l, otl'iccifil. mid iiiiiiiiUMl us 
 
 iiiMit'f : 
 
 GcoriTf F. [.V'lii, r;i|ifiiil. 
 
 I'l'tiT Miii.ifu, / , , , 
 
 ;. ■ II r I l.iiiitcnniit-*. 
 
 Mr. Kiiiiliil, As-ir-tiiiit Hiirvc yur. 
 'I'liiiriiii-- Mviiii?!. I'lirscr. 
 John 'r<iiii, Miil-lii|irn:ili. 
 Williiim l.cy-iiii, .\--l-t:iiit Snr.'«'<<ii 
 
 1 Oltirrf. 
 
 1 (iiiiiinr. 
 
 7 l'« ify (UliciTr^. 
 
 I ( 'iirporal III' Murine-'. 
 
 iJ."> .Mill' .<('.iiiiiii. 
 
 41 'I'lital oil liOHI'iI. 
 
 This 'mr()m|)lt'((' vi»\ iiizr lias fnily an imliiTrf iclafiori 
 III the discovery ot' a iiu|-tli\Vf»l |)a>'s;i^i>. it-< -.oIi- dhjccl, 
 liMMii^ IxMMi t(» comiilt'lt' tilt' land survey nl" flie casierit 
 pdilioii o|' tile iiurtli co'ist di" .North .\iiierica, iVimi iho 
 western shore of .^lelvllle I'eiiiiisiila as tar as to ("a|)(» 
 Tiirii-aiiain, where ('aplaiii Kraiikrin's late join'tiey ter- 
 iiiiiiated. IJeiiii;. tlieret'ore. (•oiiiiect<'(| with Aretie dis- 
 ('ii\ery, and under the orders ol an olli- "r who ((uii- 
 iiiaiided the second ship in Parry's second voyaiie. and 
 ilirectiMl to )»roce»'d to the same ixalion ot the Arctic 
 Seas where he had already heen with i'arry. it is deeni- 
 cl riirht and projier to i^ive to this expedition a place in 
 till' |iresent narrative: and the more so, ii> it riiriii>lies 
 a lieaiitil'iil and striking example ot'ihat ohedieni'e to or- 
 ilcrs. that calm and nncomplainini: siihinissioii. incoiii- 
 piiiiied with pious •esiyiiation to the I )iviiie will in iLo 
 lioiir ot' extreme dandier, and wlieti the Jiwliil iiMimnit; 
 01 death i.s approaching, \Niiu.'li, ull i^o cuiispicueus Ht thu 
 
 n t 
 
 h 
 
 1 ^ 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 I 
 
: / 
 
 5 
 
 ' I 
 
 IT)! ARCTIC VOYAGE:^. 
 
 cliiiiactrr of JJiitisli sciiiiit'ii. arc fXt'inplifH'Ll in this voy- 
 
 Ill ol'dt'l' to cnect tlic nhjcct in view, it Wiis dfcidcil, 
 as hriiii: ^A^^' i'rail;('>^l and most siniplo mode ol iiidccfd- 
 inii, to sriid a small vrssri to \\'au<'i" lii\t'r or Ivrpiilso 
 J5a\ . Milder tin' orders of an iiittdlii:riit olficcr. who. willi 
 a small party, should he instrnctt'd [•> cross the Mrlvillo 
 I'ciiiiisiila from one or oilier ol' the a. ove - mentioned 
 places, and traverse, hy land, the wotein shore ol thai 
 peninsula, and the norihern shore of North Amei'ica, to 
 I'oint 'I'nrn-au'ain. ('aptisin Lyon, having lieeii promot- 
 ed lor his services, was selected hy liord ISatlmrst for 
 this duty; and the liords ( 'oinmissioners oi' the Ailiiii- 
 I'alty iia\ i Hi: appointed the ( Jriper. a !iiin-hrii,' of 1 >(» tons, 
 to rt'ceive liim, L'uve him directions to leave the ship, 
 dniini; his land journey, in charge of llie senior lieuten- 
 ant. 
 
 Iiii:rTr\.\NT Fkanc is lT\Ki»iN(i, after pnyint: oflilio 
 ( I riper, serveil three years as lieutenant of the Ivspoir, 
 then ill the Ile(la, and was made coinmandei' in Ir-.'IH; 
 he served in that rank in scni-ral ships till the year I -.■;!». 
 and was |)romot«!d lo thi> rank of captain in the general 
 promotion of 1 -H . 
 
 I*KTKK M.\M« <» was made lieutenant in 1-11, seived 
 in the jireseiit voyage, and is still on the list of lieiiteii- 
 aints. 
 
 .loiiN 'Pom was promoted lo the rank of lieutenant ui 
 1^'Jli. where he still lemaiiis. 
 
 The (iriper was considered a very useful vessel of 
 lier class ; her strength was pro\ed helween the ice and 
 the sina'e of .Melville Island, and ( 'apliiin ( 'lave ring hail 
 hut arrived in Knuland in her, at the ^'iu\ of the preceil- 
 ing year. iVom a voyaue to Spit/heryen and (Ireeiiland. 
 She was now, for Inr present \oyage, examineii and 
 wtdl titreiiiithened ; lint, on heiiig stored and amply pro- 
 visioned, was I'ound to he too deeply laden to cross the 
 Atlantic almie. and thfiefore Ins maieslv's sui'veving 
 vessel the Snap, commanded liy Lieutenant llullock, 
 was ordered to receive a piatioii of them, and to accoiii- 
 |iaii> the (iriper uulil -he irutlu'd the ice, or lUTiveil olf 
 Lap"' < hidley, 
 
 Thoy suilt'il iVoiii iunijoiitli KuuUs on llu' luili ff 
 
Ins vny- 
 
 Iccidt'il, 
 irnccfd- 
 Kr|)lll>n 
 ll(t, Nvitll 
 
 M.'Uillo 
 rlitliMifd 
 
 • of tliai 
 icricii. 1o 
 
 liroiiml - 
 lurst ttu' 
 V Atlmi- 
 
 1 ,-() lOIIS, 
 
 lln' ship. 
 
 • lu'lltlMI- 
 
 Ml nfV \\\>i 
 o Kspnii-. 
 ill lr:;(i; 
 vav 1 -••;''. 
 iC gt'iu'ial 
 
 1. scrvcil 
 t" lit'iittn- 
 
 itnmiit in 
 
 Vt'SScI tit 
 
 (• icf mill 
 riii;i liiiil 
 
 ■ j)l-t'C»'ll- 
 I't't'lllilinl. 
 
 liiii'd iitnl 
 ii|)ly pi"- 
 
 (TOSS till' 
 
 siirvcvini; 
 r.iili.MK, 
 111 jircdiu- 
 iirri\nl 'I'l 
 
 iJlll I'l' 
 
 V'\'' 
 
 CAI'TAIX (i. r. LVO\. 
 
 l.-.n 
 
 )0 
 
 .liiiit'. ami arrivcil jit StroiiiiH'ss on tlif .".Utli. '• ( )n tlio 
 ;',i\ nt .Inly." ( 'aplain Lyon s;iys, •• wf lioistcil in two 
 \('ry piiwcii'iil lilllr ponies, procnrrd at Ivirkwiill. the 
 (iiily two on the island, and \vhi(di had hren sent iVoiii 
 Slii'lland to an ( Mknoy laiid ; oim> was I'oily inches, tin* 
 utlier lhirty-ei::lil in iiei;:lil." They also leceived ii I'iil; 
 ( uw and eiiilit sheep I'oi" the ciew. The poor cow, it; 
 ".reins, refused to eat. and was therefore killed for pres- 
 ent use; hn! the ponies pro\ed hotter sailors, walked 
 alidut the ship as familiarly as lame do^s, and improved 
 la their appearanct* daily. ( )n e\aiiiiniiiii the bays of 
 |n'iiiniicaii, to their i^reat inorlificaiion i^ was foniid 'lat 
 liic ■ I had melted, and that the water-proof rum/tc/ionc 
 \\a< ;Mi;';inu; in a clannny state throiiLih the canvas. 
 
 The Worst ot'all was, that the slii:;;;ish (iriper re<piir- 
 I :| to he loweil liy the Snap, till a strong; hree/e and ii 
 licMvy swell tor two days' continnancc* obliued the for- 
 iiicr to cast oil", when she shipped so many tremendous 
 s.'as that it hecame necessary to hriiiL' her to under storm 
 Niav-sails, which was the more mortil'viiii: on tthserviii'' 
 licr companion to he perfectly hy. In short, ihroii^h- 
 iiiit t'.e whoU^ passime across the Atlantic the (Jripcr 
 WIS ohliifeil to he toAVed hy the Snap every second or 
 ililrd day, without which she could not lia\(' made any 
 |iro^ress. ()ii the .'id of A n!_Mi>t, however, the two ships 
 made the ice. coiisistinii of her^s ainoiii; the tloes ; when, 
 accdrdin^ to the instructions, they heiian to remove tht> 
 St lies and provisions out of the ."^iiap. by wlfudi the decks 
 III the (iriper were completely crowded. L\oii says 
 tile Lianiiw a \s. forecastle, and ahaf't the mi//en-ma>l wern 
 lillcd with casks, hawsers, whaledines, and streain-ca- 
 lili's : the lower deck crowded with casks and other 
 xinr: s; not a place jell \acant except the mess-ialiles of 
 llie men. Thus Ininf 'red and hron^hl down deep, her 
 sailing ipialities. had enonuh lu'foie, were now expectpj 
 to lie mnch worse. ll was foniid. al>o, hy ohseixatiojj, 
 that lor two da\s they had been e\i)ose(l to tin- unittul 
 in'ce of the strony currents from |)a\is"s and J I ndsou'H 
 Miaits. toward ihe latter of wliich they were approacll- 
 iMi:. ( hi the Itli of An::n!*t tin* Snap parted comjiany, l»» 
 pincMi'd in the tarther e\eriitioii of h'T seinices. 
 
 On ihc Utli thu Lini>c"r Imd i4ii»ioucliod Kfsulntiua 
 
 li'r 
 
 \i 
 
iH 
 
 ir)0 
 
 ARCTfC V0YAGn?5. 
 
 ; 'i 
 
 fsliiml. tlif son rovcnMl with lodsc liciivv ice. I)ii1 tlif d;iy 
 (Ifscnhcd as Invt-ly, and llic skv l>ii!li;iiil : yer tli" iii'ill- 
 iaticy iiiid lov rliiicss wliirli siirnmiidrd ( 'aplain Ly(»ii 
 wcic not siirCicifrit tti ixrvnit hiiJi lV<»iii *• y irldiiiii tu a 
 sfiisalKtli of l(»iM'liiM'>«s lit' liad iicvfi' »'\|)«'nfii<'('d on ill 
 
 loiiiicr V(t\ nijc 
 
 I Idt most torcil !% ." lit* sa\ s. '• tli 
 
 want ot" an ai'fom|iany niu sliip. il' not to lii'l|) us. at li'ast 
 
 to liii-ak till' doatli-likt' stilJiH'ss of tlio sfon 
 
 \ 
 
 o Woil- 
 
 (liT at tins tffrini:, wIuti all tlio lircuiiisluiKcs ol" liis po- 
 sii ion arc foiisiil«'rc<l. 
 
 It Miiist indcod l»i' owned that tlit^rc was a niori' timii 
 iisnal want of pnidoncc in siMidiii!: sudi a small and sliiy- 
 yisli ship alono. through a iia\ i^ation which had luww 
 pi'ovfd and condemned as one ol" the most diliicult ainl 
 daiiiieroiis t»t" tile many iliKicidt tines that occur in tlin 
 part of" the Arctic Seas. The old \nyat;t'is, it is true, 
 proceedetl in ships much interior in si/e and streiiiith \n 
 the (Iriper; yet they lartdv naviuated t'lW»s<i seas alone, 
 and not nnrretjiieiitly with iliree or Itmr in compan\ . 
 ( 'aptiiin liyon says, however, that he wjis ampiv coiii- 
 peiisHted for want ot" a more extensive -ociety, '• l»y lia\- 
 iiii: the happiness ol" knowing that I hail fil'licers aiitl men 
 wilh wlitiin I was coiirnleni til' coiitinniii;: on the iiio>-; 
 friendly terms." Twti days after lliis the ship slriHK 
 on a rock, and the heavy and continued shocks herji I 
 her so mncli that the commander •* im!ii:iiied she was 
 turning ovt-r."' She mii:ht hint' ^iiiie down, in which 
 case Lyoirs "ample compen^alitin"' wonkl have heen ei 
 little use in this miiiihabited and tlesolate part id" ili 
 ijflnlie. 
 
 The cfiiistant >-hippinL: of sens and the continued \s > ' 
 wcfirher had rendered every ihini: within the slii|) •• veiv 
 (lani|i." The two |»onies. therefore, with the ducks, 
 jji'ese. find fowls, were handed out upon the ice. where, 
 the ijiplaiii say.s, •• they presontcd a mo>t novel appeiir- 
 nnce.'' To eiilivni ihe scenf. alioiit sixtv l!stjiiimaii\. 
 men HM(1 women, in kayaks «nd uomiaks. \isited tlM> 
 stnumers. matle ii lond, screamini; noise, and hronjlit 
 with them some tridiii'j articled of l.arfer. chiedv weap- 
 oti<» find skin clol Ih'S ; and our captain s.ivs. ■• I hlnsli 
 vlnlfi r reliiti' if. t\\r)ut t*i.> I'u • se\ actiiallv liispoM'il ot' 
 
 lh«'ir nether i,iu'meiits — ii j»ioco oi tmloiMjmm 1 hud ii" ■ 
 
tlif (lav 
 I.-- l.nli- 
 III Lynn 
 liii^ til ;i 
 (i nil llii> 
 vs. " tlif 
 . at li-asl 
 No Wnll- 
 
 it' his ji'i 
 
 lOl'l' lllllll 
 
 ;in(l sIiil: 
 had Im'i'ii 
 ririilr aii'l 
 iir in tliH 
 It is rnu", 
 n-iij:tli 1" 
 
 'US llliilll', 
 
 iMiinpaiiN . 
 iply ciiiii- 
 
 •• liy liii\ - 
 s and iiK'ii 
 
 tlu' ni<»^; 
 
 lip Sl fill K 
 
 ^ hr.'l.-t 
 >\w VVII-. 
 II VvliU'l' 
 llCfll I't 
 
 1 of till- 
 
 III 
 
 km] \Sct 
 
 |) •• very 
 (• diicKs, 
 , wllfir. 
 
 iippi'iir- 
 |iiiiiiaii\. 
 ilcd t.ln> 
 
 Itl'niiullt 
 
 K' wciip- 
 I Mii^h 
 
 >pti^('il ivt 
 
 hud II'" - 
 
 C.M'TAIN C. r. I.Vo.V. 
 
 157 
 
 ( r lit'loif witiu'sx'd." TIh'it was no iici'd. iKtwcviT. (if 
 l)lii->liiiiU. :.ti" ill ill"' same iii'i'^hltorhuod I'any was uHit- 
 ri| ilir same thin:;, hiii his lilii>hes were >piiied on liiirl- 
 iiii: tlial the lady Wore a dniilile set. I^yuii must havt* 
 liii'ii present when I'arry's l!|iishe> were spared. 
 
 Net withstainhiiu the (Jriper's ihili saihn;:. they cnii- 
 tii\ed ti» jiet her past ("harles's Islamh l)ii:m's's Island, 
 a:Ml ("ape Wolsleiiheim hy the 'JOtli of ,\ii^nst. aiii. two 
 di\s alter saw the hi;:ii land ol' Si>'ii!;ampti>n Isiaml, 
 <»H ('iipe I'eliihroKe their eoliipasses Were I'liUlid to lie 
 (jiiile useless with the ship's liead to the soiithw ard. and 
 Ml powerless that the north point stood wherever it \v;is 
 I'liii-ed liy the linuer, hiit with the ship's head to the noith- 
 w.iid they all tiiuersed a^aiii. This has heeii always a 
 ((instant eoiiiplaint within the .\r( tic ( 'ir( le. and paiticn- 
 liiiiy near to and lietween the two northern iiia;:nelie 
 pules. It is a snhject oi" such ixreat importance, and has 
 excited so much interest, and lor the last live years has 
 lirt'ii so extensively iiKjuirecl into experimentally, that 
 flii're i- every reason to hope the principles ol'ierrestri- 
 :il iiiauiietism will receive a satislacterN elucidation, as- 
 sisted hy the oliserv atioiis conducted under the direction 
 ol' Captain Sir .lames Uoss in the southern aiitaK tic 
 scMs, Hiid also hy those; which Sir .lohn l-'ranUlin haa 
 lii'cii instrui'ted lo maUe on his |.>r<'sent voyage. 
 
 Ciiptnin Lyon siij:^ests whether this wildiiess in tho 
 ciiinpiisses m;iy not In- caused hy the nhsi ini ol'tlie snr) 
 or tlu' presence of" the aurora. .Mr. Kendall, li<' say>), 
 oliserved tliat, diiriiit; the prevalence ot' a lirilliant miroru, 
 the liirlioard liiniiacle (•(inipa--s w oiild remain stationary' 
 at no particular |)oint. w hile the siarlioard one, hy ;i heur- 
 iii:: ot" tho polo star, hail Jesseiicd its usual ej ror two 
 points. 
 
 As Taptain \,yr>r\ wn«i takin/ his \v«ll\s on sIioib, ho 
 fill III with a little incKJeiit which ^ave expression to a 
 ^cn'inii'iit of' thiii Uiiidly feelinii he was known to po«- 
 sc--. Hiid which \\\< own words will he^f <'onvey, T?h 
 ^Vll•, crossiiiii an l-isipiimaiix biiniil place : 
 
 *■ Neiir ihi hn'irr' t.'rave \va8 a third pil" of iifniirn, covoviug 
 till' hoilv of a cliild. wliicli w:is coiled up in (lie canic Miiiuiicr 
 [ I- the utile rj. .\ ■<iiM\\ -liiuiliiiL' li.iil foiniil i's w.iv liii<>i|^h 
 Uic l()0«e stom s whit it fou»|'oi*c»i ihid \\\.\\' loiui), and it.s luivv 
 
 I .i, \ 
 111 
 
 i; 
 
 i 
 
l.-.H 
 
 ARCTIC VoVA«;i;S'. 
 
 fc>r>;ikcii. tit"'ntK--liuili nc^t w.is tiniuii |il.ic('il on llu^ wik nl 
 llii' cliilil. \> llir >.iic'\\ -liiiutiiii,' li:i>* ,'ill till- ili>tni-.lic \iilii<'. 
 Ill iiuf I'.iiu'lili ri'illir(',i--t, il li.is ,ilv\;ivs Ihtii nin^idcml 1(\ in 
 ;i-i till- rcilnii nt tlii'sc (lir;ir\ \\ iliU. miiiI its li\t'l\ cliiip .iiul 
 ti'iii li'-,>, cinitiili'iHi' li;i\r ii'iiili'|-('c| il ii'-|ii'(ii'(l li\- llir iii(i-.t 
 limiu'iA s|)iirl>iii:iii. I « itiilil iml, on this occ'isiiui, \ icw il> 
 lilllr iii'st. |)l;i(C(l nil llii> IdiMsl (if iiit;iuiv, witliiiiit \\ i-liliii,' 
 t!i;it I |iiwsf>^ril till- |iii\\fr (it |iiicll(:ills cxinf^iiiL,' tlir Iccl- 
 
 inu- it fxclif.l."' — I'. t;;;-(;'i. 
 
 Tln' liiitlii'i' tlicv |tr(i('iM'(lt'(l to tlic ii(»rlh\v;ii"(l ii|i tin- 
 Wt'lcKiiit'. tile iimiT slii^^isli iiiid irr»'milMf llu> coiiipiiss- 
 rs :;(»| ; iimi Lyon (jiiolfs ,-i piissjiiic nut ot Kills, in In-, 
 nccoiiiit of |)ol»l)s"s t'\|nMlitiitii ill til" vciir 1 7 I'i, to sluiw 
 lii!il tlifv wore tlio sMiMc ;il that tiiiic. A tliicU I'o^ iind 
 a lii'avy sea. ami no Iniiil to hi- scfii nor iiiiy ttaist to In- 
 plact'd in llio coiiipasst's, ami wiliial tlit* waltT siiiillow- 
 iiiii ; llic ship not al»li> to lace the sea or Ut-cp stftTauf 
 way on hiM'. ('aiMain Lyon says: "I most rohictantly 
 lironuht lnM- up with tiirfo howcrs ami a siroani anchor 
 in succession, luil not hcloro \vc had sliojiicd to live and 
 a hall" lalhonis, the sliip |iitcliin^ l)o\\s under, and a Ire- 
 iiieiidiMis sea ruiiniiii:." In this perilous condition, i^- 
 iioi;'nt in what direction and liow distant the land iniulit 
 he. and nmler the dread, moreover, that the railing tide 
 (I'roin twehe to litteeii I'eet) would most prohahly occa- 
 sion the total d"struction ol" the >hip in order to pro- 
 \ide fur such an unl'ortunate event, the loni;l)oat was 
 ])r«*|iared to he hoisted out witli tiie tour small ones, jiiid 
 ordered to he stored with arms, ammunition, and pro- 
 visions ; the ol'licers drew lots lor tlleir respective ho;its. 
 
 * Oil ri'Miliiu' tlii'< (i;i>.-;i;:c Id nil aci'diiiiili-lud Imly, r-lw t<:iicl Au- till .i 
 i1i'>;ri' f(i try wint s'u- (•(HiM dd witli sci intin •^till-: m sutvjrct in tlii' \\:iy 
 WinliivJ lur liy ('ii'Iiiili Lvdii. aiiil iiruilucrd tlic liillowiiiu liiic-i ; 
 
 TO Tin; SNOW lUMINC. 
 
 " 5»'.-i f Iiirii 1 the I'Ti'iist ot" iniiocriu'o 
 ll;ilil lailili'-s charilis tor line ; 
 Altliniull till' ^|li^iI loiu lliis lied, 
 
 And lit'i'li'-is clay it lie : 
 
 llion dr.'iiili'st not to dw.ll with .(o.itli, 
 
 Sociiro t'loMi liariii or ill, 
 Vvr on all intaiit'.s In art tliy nost 
 
 U wroiu'lit witli r(iU'lf''.< !ik\\\. 
 
 And. like our o\\ n I'nniiliar liir.l 
 'J'hai si'i'k-i tl;r hum m tVand. 
 Tti"n <-\>r, r'-t III.' \» 111(1. riij -rritiv.n'< dh.M-r^tfl 
 
 Witii buuie, lua luiii luul i tic)."~-Ci£ujioiA>A. 
 
(' ii"('k <il 
 tie sirtii'- 
 •rrtl li\ iH 
 ('liir|i aiiil 
 • llir IIIM-I 
 . \ irw il- 
 it \vi>liiii^ 
 - till' I'cfl- 
 
 rd \l|> till- 
 (■iiiii|t;i--< 
 \\\<; 111 111-- 
 I. to show 
 •k I'o;: mill 
 ni>t In 111' 
 
 !• sllilllllW- 
 > stt't'lM'."' 
 
 fluct;itill\ 
 III) ;ini'lii)i' 
 (t live iiiiil 
 and it t II'- 
 iditinn. iii- 
 Miid luiulit 
 I'idlinu tidi- 
 Illy uccii- 
 
 '|- lo jlflt- 
 
 )ii;it was 
 (iiii'<. and 
 
 and l»i'i>- 
 iv(> lmal>. 
 
 ill till' \\,iy 
 
 ( \n\i\ «;. r. i,\()n. 
 
 1.')}) 
 
 mid till' •'hip's ciMMpaiiy nci'f stafiniicd tn tlinii. '* Kv- 
 f\\ idlicfr and man." says llic caiitain. "drew his lot 
 with tin- i^iralfst (•(»in|)osiir»'. allhoiiL:li two of ihr lioals 
 would ''.ivr Iti'i'ii s\\ain|M'd llio inslanl tlirs wrro |o\v- 
 cird." Ill tho iiioaii tiiiio. iho heavy soiis roiit iinird to 
 s\vi'i'|t oviM* till' ciowdcd ili'ckN. ( )ii the wcallirr cli-ar- 
 iiil: a litllf, a low licarli was d;sco\ci od all I'onnd astrni 
 nl' till' ship, on wiiirh the Mill was niniiiiiL:, to an awful 
 liri::ht. and ** it appcaird hnt too )>\iilfiit that no jinniaii 
 |ioufi' could savt- lis if diivoii upon it." At this inonii-nt 
 till' sihp. hciii'^ liflfd liy a ticiiiriidoiis sea, struck with 
 '^rcat violence the whole ieiii^th ol' her keel. This was 
 iiatnially conceived to he the I'oreriiniier of her total 
 wreck. The decl^s \s ere coiiliniially and ileeply llood- 
 cd . for IweniN tour hours, it is slated, most of the men 
 had iici left these decks, and the ( aplaiii had not heeii m 
 lied for three ni::hts. 
 
 In siudi a hopeless case, ('aptaiii Lyon did that which 
 ;: riuhl-minded liiitisli naval olficer never fails to do on 
 the a|>par«>nl approach ot' the ^isi extremity. Iiiit it is 
 due to him and his hrave seamen to descrihe their sitiifi- 
 tioii and conduct on this trying occasion in his own 
 words : 
 
 ■• \llhiiiii,di fi'w or iiitiir nf 111 liad aiiv idi'a that wi- siiiiiild 
 survive the L'ale. we did imt tiiiiik llial oiii" <'niMti)rl^ slinuld 
 111' elltiri'ly lieulected, :illd :in eider vva> llnietliif Lliveii Id 
 the men to |iiit lai their hest and warnie'^t cluihiiiL'. tn eii.ili|i> 
 iIk'Iii to siipperl life as Inji:' a-- piis>ilt|c. l',vei-\ man, tin re- 
 tine, liroiiL'hl his liaL; on deck, and ilre-M'd him>ell'; and in 
 
 the liiii' athletic Ihrnis which si I e\|>iised het'die me, I did 
 
 net s >iii' mnxle t|ni\er, inir tlii' sji-litest sii'ii ot alaiin. 
 
 rile ulVicers each secnred >iime ii<etiil instnimeiit aiioiil tliciii 
 titr the ]iiir|)osi's el" (il>si'|-\ atinii, allliiiu_'li it w as aekiidW leiLjcd, 
 hv all that not til' sliL'lile>i liii|ie ii'iiiaiiied. \nd imw tl;at 
 evcrv tliiim ill iiiir |)ci\ver ha<l lieen ddiic, j called all liaiiil.-» 
 iilt. and to a mei'cilnl (iod tillered pravers ter our prr-erva- 
 linii. I thanked r\('i'\ niic tiir thrir t'\<f'||rnt ciiiidinl. ami 
 cautioned them, as we should, in all piolialiilitv, mmhi appe.tr 
 bi'jiire our .Maker, to eiilei- his |)ri"sciice a-« jmn ie>i_;nii| to 
 llieir fate. We then all sat dewii in ^iiiii|i>. and. sl.rliri eil 
 frem the wrish of the ».e i li\- whilevi-i- we cnuld liiiil, manv 
 til iH eiideavered to ohlaiii JV liltle Hlei'[>. N-Aer^ peih ips, 
 V as witnessed a IhnT scene than «m tin* deck f>t mv liltle f>lii|i, 
 wiicii all hope ol hi- had lett iis. Nubie iw tin- tharucier of 
 
 'i: 
 
 ': -i 
 
 1/ 
 
Ill 
 
 100 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGKH. 
 
 tiic I5riti<h siiilin' i> ;il\\;i\s uiluuni to Im- in cjim'^ ut (l;iii:;fr. 
 yi'I I ilid mil litlicvf it til l»r |iits>ilil«' tliiit. iiiiiniiL; lnrly-uiir 
 
 |iCI>(lll>. IKit line li|HllillU' NVciIll >lniul(l ll.lVf lircll lltl.tlCil. 
 
 'I'Ijc ollicfi's s.it Jiliiiiil w licrcM-r liii'\ iniihl iind .^lullcf Iroiu 
 ll' -c.i. .'iiiil liic ini'ii la\ (Idwii ciiiiN t'r>iim willi fiich otln r 
 \villi llic iiiii,-t |irrli(t ciiliiim^s. r,,i(li \v;i.> iit |ir,irr w itli li:^ 
 ii''ij|||)iii- iiiui all the Will Id ; and I am liiiidy |iiT>uad('d that 
 llir irr<if.'ii!itii)ii wliicli was llini slmwii tn tlio will (if tlic .\1- 
 iiiiurlitv was the iiirans dl' ulitairiiiiL.' [lis Jiicrcv. (ittd irn.i 
 iiirrcitiil ti) us; and tliu tide, aliuusl iiiii'a('uliiii>lv, Icll an 
 
 Dwcr, 
 
 !), ;;u. 
 
 '^i'lit'V wi'i'o .savrd: iiinI tlic pliico of tlicif cxlfciiit' 
 diiiiiicr was, jis spcfdily as |)(issil)l«\ tist'citaiiu'd hy oh- 
 scrvatioii to he in lat. (i:{ :{.')' IH", Ioiilj. H(i- .'}•,»' U'", and 
 it was very pioporly named tlio Jiiii/ of doil's J\fi ra/. 
 On the t'(»u clcaiin^ away it was loniid to he iinnu'diatcly 
 in tlio ctMiter of thf AV'rIcnnic. Tln'v now discovert d 
 that their iVesh water, on the 1th of Septeniher, was sn 
 jLjreiitly rethuod, thai, in tlieir present condition and the 
 situation of tin- sliip, \u)\u' coidd he alfnrded for the piior 
 little ponies which had snrvi\ed the storm; they were 
 ihereforo ol)li:;(Ml to he sacrificed ; their hay, besides, hud 
 been all thrown overlioard in the storm. 
 
 ( )n till' IJth of Sepleinlier, when they had arrived 
 opposite till! month of the Wa^er Kiver, and between 
 it and Southampton Island, a iiale of wind arose, ami 
 Avith it also the sea; the diilMIriper now made no pro_'- 
 ress, but " remained actually pit(drini: forecastle under, 
 with scarc(dy steerajie way." C)ne alternalive alone re- 
 mained, HU(\ that was to briny tlie ship np. " We found 
 thai the unchors held, altlioui;h the ship was dipping: 
 bovNsprir and forecastle under, and taUiiiy >,fi'eeii seas over 
 nil. Thick-fallinii sleet covtM'ed tiie decks to some inches 
 in depth, and, withal, tho spray froze us it ftdl." To 
 iidd to their aii\i(!ty, two or three; streams of ice, with 
 <1eep. solid pieces Hinoiiii them, wore seen in tho eveii- 
 iiiij to bo driviiiii down upon the ship. '^Fhe nitiht was 
 piercinyly cold, tlm sea washed the; decks fore Hiid afi, 
 constant snow lell, the lower decdv was alloat. the men'.-' 
 liammocs tliorongiily soaked, and the poor fellows could 
 g«'t no I'est. 
 
 ** Stiver sliall I fiir^'i't tbf> diof\rine*3 uf ihia Umy-t eiiTinu.'i 
 niglit. Our ship piiched dt sutli u rute tliul it Wiie nut iju.-ci- 
 
 ir 
 till 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 if 
 
 titl 
 
i' il;iiii;fr. 
 
 t'nl 1 V-tilir 
 I UlUTCll. 
 ■llcr iVnlil 
 
 ;i(li (illn r 
 !• with li> 
 lllih'd tli:it 
 of tli«> Al- 
 (i()(l ir'is 
 ly, IfU 11" 
 
 cxtrfiiit' 
 (>(! l)y t)l)- 
 ■j' ', and 
 '•,s Ml rrii. 
 iiii«'»liiitcly 
 Jlscovcird 
 cr, NViis s(i 
 i)U nml till' 
 ir the ixtdf 
 tlicy wcif 
 I'sidos, hint 
 
 liid iirrivi'd 
 \ bctwccii 
 iii'ttsf, itiid 
 (' no proii- 
 silc uiidfv. 
 • ult'iit' rc- 
 \\'(> rouiul 
 !is dipjtiii:! 
 
 II St'ilS tlVt'T 
 
 OIUC ilicllf:* 
 
 tVll." T" 
 
 f ict', with 
 I till? rvcii- 
 » iiiiilit AViis 
 f Hiid fill, 
 tlic tiit'ir.-' 
 loNVs cuuld 
 
 jdsf Biixiiins 
 at nut ^>i)^ci- 
 
 r\PT.\i\ (J. F. 7. vox. 
 
 1(11 
 
 Me 111 stnnd rvrii Itcluw, wliili^ nil dfck wc wcro im;dilt> to 
 
 Ili.i\»' withullt llii|(hlli: 1>\' rii|ii-s. whirh Wflr ^llrtchrd lioiil 
 s|./'i' tu .-Idr. I lie (hill-.-iiM\\ tlcw ill >ii<h >iiiii'|>, hi'iivs ll.iUfs 
 lii.il \M- ( iiiild Mill \nit\i til wiiidwioil, :ind it liu/r mi ih rk Ut 
 .•i',Mi\r :i jii'it ill di'l'lh. The si'.i iiiiidi' iiici'>>;iiit liirachcs 
 (| I'll' I'lii'i- Jiiid .ill till" -hill, iiiid thi' triii|iiii-;iry \\ aiinlh it L,'a\ i- 
 wliilr it wa-hril over ii^ was iiin^t |iiiii!iilly ihrckt'd liv it.-* 
 al|ii'i>t imiiirdialclv IV<'<'/iir_' on (iiir clntlir*. To tlif^r dis- 
 iiiiiiliii'ts WfTc added tin- hurrililf micn-taiiitv a> to wlirtlicr 
 till' cahlrs wuidd hold iiMtil diivli^'lit. and th<' convictidii also 
 iiiit il thi'V tailed us we sliniild iii-<laiill\ lie da.'>lied tii pieees, 
 liii' wind Idowiiiu' (iiii'i lU t'l the {|iiailei' in w hii li we knew 
 )i;e >lii)re liiu^t lie. AiiailJ. >llinld tln'y eiMlliime to Imld lis, 
 we leared. \>\ t.he >l/i|>"> (•iiiii|»laiiiiiiu' mi iiim Ii rurwai'd. that 
 the hit-- Wfiiild lie tiM'ii n|i, nr that ^lie \SM,ild settle down at 
 l;i r anchors, ii\ iT|iiiw eicd hv -ome nl the Ireiiieiiduij,-. seas 
 wllicll liMI-st nver.'"— I'. Illl), IDI. 
 
 The liiifi'icjiiio foiitimiiii::. it I'Jiii hctter he iiiiiii:iiM'd 
 tliaii told wliiit kind ot" ni'^lit lliey were dduiiied to pa^-^. 
 '•I never htdield." says ( "ii plain Lyon, ••a ilaiker lli^llt."' 
 \t dciwii on the l.ltli the liest huwer iinehor purted, iind 
 llie '^iilc hlew with siieil terrilii- vidleiiee as to leave littln 
 rea-«oii to expect tliiit the otiicr iitudiors woiild hold lon^:. 
 Ill short, tho prospect w;is now most perilous and pit- 
 
 lal.le. 
 
 •• \1 (i \..M. all tinliier duiilii^ mi this p ii liciilaf pdlnr \\('ro 
 III an end. Inr. haviiiL' ri'ceiveil twd d\ eiw lielniin:: seas. Iidtli 
 Illl' III her cii lies we I t at the same itidnieiit. and we w ere left 
 li'l|ili'ss, willidiji am hiirs dr ;my iiieaii> nl' ■~a\in_' mi7>r|\es, 
 >!i iilld the >lii)ie. as we had e\i'rv I'ea-mi ti> expecr. he cldso 
 ..'>'eni. \lld hei'e aLrniil 1 IkhI the liapp;iie-> nf w itne^-^iiijT 
 lii • same i/eiieral t ram |M ill its a^ w a> -h'lwn mi the Is' nf Sep. 
 tiiiihei'. Tln-re was nn diitcrv thai llie (•aliIi-> Wi're ^/mie; 
 hit mv (Viend Mr. .Maniro, witli .Mr. (';irr. the L'tiiine?*. (•;iiiie 
 ,l!l as -iimi a'- thev renivered their 1 'L's. and in the lowest 
 'v.ii'-pcr intdfiiii'd ine that the cahli's had all pai'led. Tlii'! 
 ^il:|l. ill trendiiiLT to the wind. Ia\ (juile duwii dii her iiiu;iil- 
 -i'l:': and as it iI.m'h Iiecaine e\iilen1 ilia! nnlliiii'j lieli] her, 
 .11! 1 lliat .'•he was(|ii!le h.'lple.-s, einii man iit-tin(ti\ i'l\ tmik 
 ii - -1 ill. 111. while the .-ramen at til" h'a.l-, havid:; -enned 
 t!iriii-el\i's a< well i>. w.is in their puwer. repealed their 
 s 1 -.rl 'liL."*. ei| wli'il dip' pi'e-;i'iTat;mi di'peliileil. willl aS 
 M nil (•<i!lind--iire a^ if n\ •• hid heeii eniM'i'i:! a ll'elidK puft 
 lT''!-i' a'.'a'ii lliat Mmi^litv juiwi r. wli rli liarl jp. Inri' «■> iiirr- 
 Ciiujly nie>fn«'(l I i.~, ff ranted n- Ins protection."— i*. 10,'. I0:{. 
 
 ■ a U2 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 '\ « 
 
 I 
 
 >.H 
 
 I 
 
 Nl 
 
 
 h 
 
 T' 
 
 i ,1 
 
 I 
 
 .; 
 
 ' 
 
 '/ 
 

 Kl'i 
 
 AKCTIC VOVACJKH. 
 
 Tlu'V Wi'Vf slill, liuwrNtT, ill II \<'|-y iiH'IfilM'linly run- 
 lliliMli, rxiircliii'^ r\ r|-\ iiiniiiciil I o -.1 rikf. Iitnl nut liitviiij 
 tlir It'iist iilnt wlicn- lIli'N liml iiliclii'ird (i|' wliric tlif\ 
 imw wriT ; r\riy inpi' win iiiciilslnl witli a thick ciimi 
 illi: nt icr. llic ilt'cks so (Ircply coNcml witll iVn/.rii sihpw 
 
 ami tVcr/.iii^ i'l'ii watt'ia^ to iiiiikf il Nciircrly piosililc Im 
 sIiiikI: ami nil liiimU hi-in^ wi-t and liiiH' tVu/rii, withuii' 
 Iiiiuiil; liii'l liny n-lii >liiiM«iit luc si» many liuiirs, "uiii 
 hitiiatinii." >iiy> tlir caiitaiii, " was ihiiiIciimI iiiisi'iiildc m 
 llic «'\tit'iin'." 
 
 •• III tlif at'tiTinKiM. liaviiiLT well wciLrlirtl in mv niiiid n'i 
 till' (•ircuiii'laiiir'i 1)1' Mill- di-ilri'»rd -iliialinii. | liinii'd t||. 
 hands ii|), and inioi-nird iliriii diat, ha\ini.' imw liwt all hi 
 hiiwrr aiM'hnrs ami <liaiii>, and hrniL.', in ruiis('i|iirrMf. aii.ili i 
 t'l hiln:,' n|i in anv pai't ul' dii' Wricfanc ; hriii;,' cxjinscd i" 
 llir -it.- fit a iiiinnidiiit- tidi'\\a\ ;ind cnnslant ht'iivy LiaJi-, 
 <aif III' which wa> now ia|pidlv >\M'i|iiiii.' ii- hack In tlir mhi" 
 ward, and hrin:.' yrt ahnM" rlulity iniirs tinin Ifi'iml-i' I'.iv 
 w ilh till- -hnrc- IradliiL' tn w hiili \m' wcit iinac<|naintrd ; n .■ 
 riiiii|)i--t n-i'li'--. ami it hciiiL' ini|>i>ssihli' tn nintinm' niul^ i 
 fiail with aii\ dc'jirr nf -ali'ty in ihrsr dark twclvc-hniir iulIi'-. 
 with the tun iil'li-ll r \ |ii'rii lici'd <i ■iMaiiitv tliat the >llip cnllM 
 Tin' heat nlV a |ri'--llnrf even ill iniiili i-dfr Wi'lltlirr, I ll.n! 
 ilrtcriniiii'd. in inaUiiiL' .-niithim.'. tn clear tin- iiarrnwM nf tin 
 
 \\ I Icniuc, alicr V\ llicjl I -hnllld dicidr nil .-iiliif plan Inlnn 
 luTUl'' npiM alinn-." — 1'. iD'i. 
 
 7'ln'ir >itiiatinn. imlml. was u liopclt's.tt diic : withmi! 
 Jlhthnis. and with 'i rripplnl ship— (•oiiipasscs which, m 
 stfiid uf i^iiidiiij. niily tMi'-liMl tlimii- wiiat plan cniild li • 
 di'^i-id tn piir-iii- ? 'I'n apprnacli the slinii- was tli> 
 lirst -ifp !n till' (ii'>lriictinii nl'ihr ship, ami in thai f\i'ii'. 
 to land ill a >iinw-('n\ri'i'd. ll'n/iMi, and drsnlatf cnihit i \ . 
 pindiiciii]^ iinlhiiiu i)[ Iniid I'm- man, and di'stitiili' nl hu 
 itiitii hciii'^s, wtiiild hi- fipially and iii)>\itahlv drstnaliofi 
 tn rvi'iy li\inu crfaturn that nii'^ht ha\(' cscaiird I'lncj 
 tin* ship. Twn attcniati\«'s. thnffrnrr. nliK wrrr Idi : 
 t^ithrr tn <Midi'a\nr tn k't the slli[) llna! witll tlU' sniitliri- 
 ly ciii'fniit. with what sail Aw cmild carry, tn lliid-nn's 
 Ihiy, nr tn cniitinin' a direct cniirsn fnr l".iiL:!aiid. In 
 
 Cniisldtilli: his nriicri''- what thry cniivadcrrd lir>I tn Im 
 
 ifniu', they indi\ idiiall} aii>wt'i'c(l that, deprived us Im' 
 ship wa> III" amluus and miicii nf her slnie-, with lli' 
 litlU^ rt'liitiico tu b(5 ijliico(l(«iithe(i)iii|nthses, liu'V iliou^l'i 
 
\1 
 
 Y 
 
 1 \" 
 I 
 
 
 
 CAl'T.MN' <i. I". lAOS. 
 
 ]i\;i 
 
 \\ 
 
 lidly ntii- 
 inl IdIMIi^ 
 llflC tllt'\ 
 lllcU <'ii:i' 
 l/.l'll >lll A', 
 
 |l(l>sill|l' t" 
 
 II, witliinit 
 (IMS. " (iiir 
 
 IsiTuldi' III 
 
 IV iiiiiiil ;<" 
 
 tlll-IM'll til' 
 |u-l illl nip 
 licr, llliiili I 
 i'X|Kisril Im 
 IfilVV Llitli- 
 11 1 1 If XillH. 
 l'|ll|ls(' I'lilV 
 
 iiiiiilrii ; mil 
 tiiiiH- mill' I 
 -liiMir iiL'li'-, 
 
 • -liii) (iMilil 
 ithrr. I lii'l 
 
 lows (it till 
 
 ail tof (iiii 
 
 \VI 
 
 tllMllI 
 
 wliicli. in- 
 iti cdiild li'- 
 
 I- WilS till' 
 tllill CM'll'. 
 If Cdlhltl V . 
 
 Ililti: nf liii- 
 
 Itlcslriifliixi 
 
 ajifil iVniu 
 
 \\f Vf It'll : 
 
 f SDiitlir 
 lliliU 'I 
 
 ■ iL^tilllM 
 
 hot 1(1 li'- 
 |\f(l iis 111" 
 
 with ill'- 
 
 tlif l>t'<t fit Im' (Idiic \\(»ii!(l Im> t(» n'tnrii to I'lirjliiiid witli- 
 (iiii liuilicr r|i'lii\ : ;i ((iiii^f \mi> sliiipfti iiccfd (liii;:l\ . 
 
 'I'Ih' VdVirjc Mldiiu this rii-tcni citjist ot Ndrlli Aiiicii- 
 r;i li<is lifcii trifil iiiiiiiy tiiiif . tiiid iilunys tniiiiil nidir 
 (ir Ifss ilisiislrdiis. It IS II I'diitr iittfrly Vdid dt' iiitcn st 
 III tlif lifst dt' sliips. in tlif lifst d| Wfatlirr. and in tlii< 
 
 Ih'nI n-irl dt tlif sfiisdii. 
 
 I 
 
 iirr\ . w itli Ills twu w ( 
 
 II fill 
 
 |UI| 
 
 iiit- 
 
 prtl slii|i>. WHS teased mid haiii|)eied with ilif tidafiii^ 
 III', the Id^'s, mid the ciineiits. which the state dt' his 
 (■■piii|iiissf s :ilsii iiiiide siill iinn'e f inhaniissiiii^. |!iit dt 
 tills liiinissiiii; iiuvi^iit idii, ill the presfnt iiistanre. nulhiii^ 
 iiiMjf need he said, as iidtirnii: tail her dccnrred en the 
 return passa.e that re(|iiires any iidtiee. iinlfss it hf ihi* 
 iiitercMurse they lanl in the lower part dt the \\ flcdnio 
 V. itli a party el l']s(|iiiiiiiiii\. whosf rharaeter. so dillir- 
 f lit t'ldiii that L'eiieially dt" this milil and (|met race, is no 
 iliMihl truly esplaiiied. 
 
 •• I cdidd lint hut cuiii|iaie t!if hni-,|riiiiis. iiiii->v.lat till'iw(4 
 \sliM were almiLrsidf , in f X'fllfiit caiiuf-., willi Wf ll-lunii.-liiil 
 ii'iii-lii-ailfd Wfapiiii> and liaiiilMHii'' < lutliliii;. vsilli the [mhiV 
 |)r(p|ilf Wf had -ffii at Siiiitliaiii|it"M l-laiid; llif lattii wi»h 
 ilaii' spf ar-lif ad-, ainisss. and f\fii kiii\fs nl clnpiifd thiit, 
 williniit caiiiif-i. wiMPil. or irnii. and with llnir tfiit-< ami 
 c 'I'llii'S tnll ft' lid|f». \ f t dt' mild maiitifr-. (|iiii'l in >|iifi fi^ 
 ami a< L'ratfl'nl tur kiiiiinf-'< a- thfV Wfif an.xinus tn ifluni 
 it. while lhd<e nnw almiL'sidf had. pfihaps, s(;n. dy ;i viiiiu' 
 }'li, iiw iiiL' td tlif idjufi-y thfv liaii Ifanifd liniii tlif ir aniiii.il 
 Vi-il.s to the liiiilMin"s l'.a\ .-liiii-. \ii air ir| .saucy iiidi')'»'Mit- 
 iiiie, a iiidsl clanidriiii-. dfinand l"r pifsf nts, and sivfial at- 
 tfinpt.s at tliftt. siiiiif dt w ha li wiVc .-iiccf -slul. wcif llnir 
 !•• nliii:: cliai ai'tf li-tir-i. \ rt | -aw nut wli\ I -lidiild rmi-t iliHe 
 lii\ -fit' thf (fii-dr lit tlif-f pddf sav aLTfs ; and diir liai tf r wu.s 
 •»» runlinirlv cdiidiictfd in siuli a inaiiiif r u.- Id miiili tlicm 
 \rry ,.,,iiMdfrahlv."— I'. I-.'.'I. I-J:i. 
 
 NdtwithstandiliL' the indill'eretit '•Iiaiactff )ierf jii\t'!i 
 fn this trihe. ( 'ajitaiii Lyon allows them cred.t lur cun- 
 s'.di'rahle iii:;eiiiiit\ . ''Ndthiiei new,"' he sa\s. -'wa-s 
 Sffii iit this \isit. it' i e\cept a nidsi in^ienidiis pieco of 
 carviiiir, I'rdiii the i^rinder ef ji walrus : this was a vtTV 
 .M'iritod iinU-' iiunre nt' a do:: U ini; down hjkI uiuiwitm u 
 
 hli 
 
 n . 
 
 U I 
 
 1 1 
 
i^' 
 
 
 o . 'v<^.> 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET {MT-3) 
 
 /. 
 
 
 // 
 
 ii^. 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 -^A 
 
 K 
 ^ 
 
 7a 
 
 ' 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 !;:itt IIM 
 
 I ^i Ilia 
 
 u 
 
 U iill.6 
 
 '^^ 
 0%^^ \ 
 
 
 ^W 
 
 '/ 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
i^ 
 
 
 C^r 
 
./: 
 
 lot 
 
 ARCTIC vov.\(;i:s. 
 
 hiMic ; ;iii(l ii!l]i()iiuli nut iiincli iilmvc ail iiicii in IciiL'ld. 
 til:- aiiiiniil"-- ui'IicimI cxprc-'^iiin \va> ailninalilr."" ■ Mr 
 atlds lliat liicy pi'uiiircd a I'l-w IimIi- //•'//•'/ ixdrs wril {^\- 
 rciitc'l. 
 
 '\"\\r |)a>;sa'^c to llnulaml |)r(i(iiHT(| niittiiiiLl n'lnai'ka- 
 It'c : the (iiipci' arnvcd at I'drtsiiKuitli on the Intli oi' 
 Nov fiiibcr. I'»'i- crew nincli •'viiaustcd liytln' sc\ cnt y ol' 
 the \\<'ai li('i- aiul wa^li of tlw sea oxer the slii|): and 
 tlircc wi'i't' sent to the h(),s|)ital. ('a|)tani liyon tlin^ 
 r.oncduflfs his narrative : 
 
 •• 'I'llll- riKi- till' jiiurnal of our lIll^iK'crS'.ild rxprdilinn, 
 I'lclnri' I t;iki' li':i\i' cil' iiiv ri':idi'r>. I lio|ii' I iiiaN lie ;i||ii\\ cd 
 tip iiKd\c a li'\v' iil)-ri'\ a'ioM- rc-iiccliiiL' niv ^lli|Mllat(•s, -imiiumi 
 a> widl ii- nliim-.-.. wliu^c condact on all occoidiis wa- mkii 
 a^ to t'lnilli- ihciii to the \\ai'ii.c'>t |irai>i' I can lll•^to\\. I 
 Jii;i\ will] tnilli a--r|-t llml tliiTc iirMT wa- a lia|i|)!i'r linii' 
 coajiiiiniilN tliau that a--i'mlil''d on hoai'd llio (li'i|iri'. \'.;\v\\ 
 
 Slice liiiLT (lav. and cich escape I'l-oni ilidicuitie-, seenieil to 
 
 liiiid n- nmre .-li-iaiL'lv 1o::edier; ;ind 1 am prond to ,-.;i\ , tliii 
 diirin.: the wlnli' mI' mo' \o\-ai:e iieillier imin-liinent. enni- 
 filaiie, inir e\eji a di-pnte ol'ans' kind ocenrred aiiioni: ii.-."' — 
 r. 111. 
 
 Tlic narrative id' this imsiicccssru! voya::(' disphiys a 
 line rxaiiiplf of iiiaiilv rcsohitioii under the inost d;>- 
 fressma diKiciiltit's, and ot' pious resiiinatioi: to the l)i- 
 viiie will, on the ])art (d lioth oMicers and ineii. at a time 
 ■when a fatal crisis appeareil to lie incv itahlc. It is one 
 of the many c ises in whiidi the devoutly ndiL'ions cdiar- 
 aclcr ol" our I'ritish seamen is eiiiinently conspiciKMiv. 
 and wliich ne\('r fails to unard them against despmiden- 
 v\ , ihoiii^h snrroiindeil with dangers and dd'hcnities sncii 
 ;is. to men imacensloiiicd to them, would he apt to cre- 
 ate de-pair. W'lielher. in t he present instance, the cril- 
 iciil ey(» of a thoroiiLihdjrcd scamaM miulil <»f iiiiulit not 
 discover something:; approacdiin^i to indiscretion in con- 
 dnctiiiL: lli*' navii^ation of the slii|) dnriiiL: a dense to::, 
 with comjiasses inactive, or actinu only to deceive, nii- 
 knowini: in what direction the land lay; wliether it was 
 judicious to let u'<» Jill tlie am hors at once — -these are 
 j)oiiits that are to lie decided only l»y nautical men and 
 
 * 'rill- spirilnl oi-ijiiiil <it' t!ii> l.llli' ("unirr w;is urr-i'tii'ii !>y ( '.iiit'iiii 
 J. Villi Id till' writ T III tlii- iiMiTiitivi'. iiiid is truly an iii.'riiidiis |iii'ci' I'l 
 i'ar\ iiJ^'. tliuiii;li tlic vvouil (.'iij,Tiiviii^ i.-- I'ar iVuiii iluin:: il ju.-rticL', 
 
-^ llr 
 well t.'\- 
 
 (•niiii'k;i- 
 Idtli III' 
 ■vcnty nl 
 :u|) : :iiiil 
 villi lliii> 
 
 <])r(l'itiii||. 
 (• ;illnwti| 
 •S, -rallli'll 
 u;i> >urll 
 lr^t^\V. I 
 i|)irl- lin'if 
 
 „•!■. r,:i<-ii 
 
 SCi'lin'll tn 
 
 It ,-il\ . lllll 
 
 li'lll. cnlil- 
 
 (Vispliiys ii 
 
 ItlllSl <!! — 
 
 (» the !>i- 
 . ill ii t liiii' 
 
 It is dlH' 
 
 i(tiis c'liai'- 
 
 ;|)i('U(>l|v. 
 «j)()llllt'!i- 
 
 tu's siirii 
 
 )t to crr- 
 tlir ci'il- 
 mi^lil iiiH 
 111 ill c'oii- 
 
 I'llSC toLi. 
 
 •rive. Uli- 
 lluT it \v;i< 
 
 tht'si^ ill'' 
 iiifii ainl 
 
 ,1 !,y ('i.!it:.:tl 
 loils (liccr I'l 
 
 -tirc, 
 
 CAi'TAlV C. r. LVOV. 
 
 1(5 
 
 )0 
 
 1)V !i (lirt'cf Uiin\vlc(li.'c ot' all ilic circMiiii'-tiiiifos existing 
 III the tiiiit". 'riiiit which is licrt' to l;c iii>-ci'\cil ii|ii(ii, 
 r>|)fcially hy a l;iii(Uiiiaii. i'^ tin' ciidI. tin- uiilliiirhiii::, 
 llir (tlii'dn'iit (Ifiuraiior ot" tlic iiicii. ami ihc >It'a(ly. iiii- 
 (ll-Illl licil <'nli(llict ut' the nliiccis : tlirx' aiT the .s||l)|r( Is 
 iiiiilci' (•uiisi(i(.'i'ati(»n, and wliicli aii' (Icscrv iiiu ol' tlir 
 'lii^hfst (lt'L;ifc oi aihiiinit imi anil |»raisc. 'The iliawm^ 
 III lii!> !(>r the chiiicc (if boats. '• two nl" which must iii- 
 culiilily havo swamped tht moment tlirv wcic Icl diiwii 
 into the sea." and thi' cool and orderly manner in wliidi 
 every mail l)roiiL,dit up liis hai; and dressed hiniselt" in his 
 iiest clothes, to take leave ot" this world, are traits prcii- 
 liar in the (diaracter ot J>ritisli seamen, not to he i'oimd in 
 any other class ot" men. and are worthy ot" all admiration. 
 The shi|) is con I mend ei I hy the cajitain lor lierslreiiL;lli, 
 Init condemned tor lier sliii:i,'isli and had sailing.' ipiaiities. 
 She appears, indeeil. to have been utterly unlit to cnii- 
 teiid with this worst ot" aH pnssihle iia\ illations. tlmiiLih 
 she had on imtre than one occasion to contend with the 
 ny seas of the Ai'ctic roiiions, both in the Polar and the 
 Spit/,beri:en seas. But however tit a ship may be to 
 encounter those seas, it certainly is not tittiir.:, when 
 employed oil |)eculiar service, tlnit any ship si oiild b{^ 
 sent into them alone. The smallness ot' her size Is no 
 iibjection. ( )iir old navii^atois were content wi'li barks 
 1)1 tell, lit'teeii, up to titty tons' burden; but then, as be- 
 liire stated, they wore rai'.'dy, it" ever, sent alone; two 
 or three, and t're(|uently iiiore. t'oniied their e\|)editioiis 
 ii'.' discovery, and the reason is oi)\ioiis ; a sinMJc >hip 
 wrecked in those seas, whose coasts are tiniulaibited bv 
 liiimaii beiiii^s, must entail certain destruction onthelitc! 
 ol' ev( ry creature on board. There yet remains to be 
 Inlil, in the course ot'this narrative, another instance ol" 
 the miraculous escajie ot" a single sliip. sent nearly into 
 the same (p.arter. and tor a similar piirjiose — an over- 
 si::lit wliicli, it is to be earnestly Imped, may ne\e'" 
 ai:aiii be repeaied. The people (»t' Mnnland know the. 
 value ol" their seamen, and never ;L',rud;:e the expeiiso 
 vvhiidi is tiiirly and honestly iiestowcd on her navy, tin; 
 soul of whiidi IS Ih'I" seamen, whose lives, were it only 
 oiii of mere policy, onulit not lieedlessly, or i'rom u inis- 
 takea I'ruuiiliiv, to be endan::ered. 
 
 t I 
 
 mT: 
 
 I I 
 
 ' I 
 
 T 
 
J: 
 
 IGG 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAfJES. 
 
 f 
 
 ! I. 
 
 I'ntv. 
 H. P. rrii]iiitiir, ("(iiiiiiiaiiilir. 
 
 Jlor.'l'lios. Au^tlll. t 
 
 I.ifUti.naiit.-'. 
 
 ClfAPTHIl viir. 
 PARRY'S THIRD VOYAGE, 
 
 for /hi' T)i<:rorrni of n Xor/li ii-fsf J'</ssa<rr from fhr Alhmfic 
 to Ihr l'(ir/Jir, in II. M. s/ii/JS llvrlu dinl I'lirij. 
 
 Tin; two ships ii])i)()iiit(Ml lor this scrvirc wcmv tho 
 
 siimc ;is oil the tonnoi' voviiiM'. Imt Piirry ihiw took 
 
 (•oiiiiiiMtiil ol' the llfclii. and I loppnor of the l-'iiry. 
 
 TlicN' ^v('|•<^ coiiiniiiiiiu'd, oliiccri'il, iiiid iiiiihikmI as 
 
 'jiidor : 
 
 Tin; iri-.cLA. I 
 
 Wil!i-im tiilwiird I'iirry, Ciiptauil 
 
 aliil ( 'i/iiiMianili'i'. i 
 
 J. I, and Wyiiii, y I 
 
 Ill urv I'o.-tir, ) 
 
 Saiiuirl Ni'ill, M.l).. .■^ur!,'coii. i 
 
 \V. II. llodiMT. i'urscr. I 
 
 Willi.iiii Itowhiud. Assist, .^urir. i 
 
 1'. li. .M. ('ro/i,r, 1 Mid.-liii)- 
 Cliarlrs Kicliards. I uicii. 
 ilor. Ntl-oii IJcad, J 
 
 n Olliccr.s. 
 
 .laiiit's Ilarri-oii, Clrrk. 
 
 .1. HfotlKT.s, ( iillllnr. 
 
 W'illiiiin ."^iMitli, iloatsuaiu. 
 (icurirc l''id(liH. ('iir|ifiiii'r. 
 .loliii .Mlisoii, (iri'riilaiid ^rastf^r. 
 (ico. (.'liainpiDli, ( Jnciilalid Milti.'. "j^ Warrant Otticf-rs 
 () Wiirraiit Olticrrs. '-l-") Srainrn and Marine.". 
 
 4.T_ Srani, 11 and Marine.^. ■ j,;,, '|-„t.,i „n i„„„.,i, 
 
 (i'J Total (HI liiiar.l. | 
 
 Any tiling approacliiiiij; tlio shapo of an apolo^ry ffoin 
 Captain I'iirry hiinscU' will bt; dconicd, as it ou^ht to 
 bf. siipcrduoiis ; nor will it be thouiiht necessary that, 
 on the introihictioii of his narrative, he should be calh'd 
 upon lor any explanation, lie says : 
 
 " i have ,(»nsldcr('d it ('X|irilic]it to avoid all iiiiiiiitc and 
 te(']iiii( a' dt'scriptloii of our first season's o|i( rations, which, 
 \vlia1r» cr vexation they inav liave cost oursrlvcs, would 
 pniljahly liave atlorded Uttle interest or auiusemeut to the 
 
 .Ta.s ClarivcUos.s, 3 
 A. .M'l.arin. .-^nr:.'i()n. 
 
 Janus lllllsr. I'lirsiT. 
 
 'i'liomas }!ill. .V.-sistant .'^nn.'cDii. 
 
 ( has. ( riiinii \\ ailii, ,. ' 
 
 ,. , I w J C linn. 
 
 J-.duard I'.ird, ) 
 
 "D" Oilier rs. 
 
 William .Md-i:, Clrrk. 
 .Tames .Nliiiire, (iunner. 
 AVilliaiu W'liilwdrtli. JSoatswain. 
 Charles rnri'ur, C.'U'penter. 
 (li'or::e CravNl'ord, (ireenlaint 
 
 Master 
 Thomas 1 ■ Msoii, Creelilauil 
 
 Mate. 
 
Ihr Alldvfic 
 W(MV tllCi 
 
 now took 
 the I"' HIT. 
 
 iiiiiH('(l as 
 
 iiiiiiaiiilir. 
 I.ifuti.iiaiit.-'. 
 
 )n. 
 
 rr. 
 
 C null. 
 
 rk. 
 
 iicr. 
 
 til. ])()Mtswai)i. 
 
 jpiiitti-. 
 
 1, (ilTciilaliil 
 
 111, (Jrccllliiud 
 
 e.", 
 
 )()I()^y from 
 it oufilit to 
 'ssiirv that. 
 Id he cullcil 
 
 iiiliiutc and 
 ions, Nvliich, 
 h'cs, woiilil 
 lut'iit to the 
 
 PARRY S TJIIRD VOVAGC. 
 
 1G7 
 
 piihhc. ]ntli,« crninista.uvs attrn.him ,„„• srcnml «.a<on'^ 
 navi.-atioM. a.i.l ,,arti.M,l;,rly tlin.... ,vlal,n..' tu il,.. |n>s of ih,'. 
 i u.v I hav .I.tummI it riirl,, j„ ,.„„., „„„.,. j^^,^^ ^^ _ 
 
 '■"".■^"''■',■'"7."". ""■ """• I'.Hi.h that 111,. |n..> u\ on.. ,.t Ins 
 aia.lr.tv > .^ilips IS oi rvrnt too .MM-inus tn I„. |i:..h!lv ,liM,o„..l 
 "'■ "'"' ••" .""; ""'"■'•• 'i>'" I '■-Mill 11, „. alon,. ,l,;i„.t',o to 
 
 li- ''"^^•••^-no,! /,.,,|,, ,1,1 oxi.rtinn. of (■:,,,, ,1,1 [(•,,,;, niaiHlrr] 
 ""I'l"'"''- "".'■. "thrrt-s an! i„r„, on i|,;,t o,ra>i,,„. "_/„/,,/. 
 ihirl/mi, [), .\iii. 
 
 ('oMMANOKK If p. ir.„.PN,:R sorvo,] as liontot.atit 
 with 1^ rrv n. tho Ah-xatHh't-. a,„| al^o as li.Mit.-.ia.it in 
 I ari-y > vo prcc.Mlnii: voya-os. i,, ;i|| of which lio was 
 roiisaloivd an ahhs artivo. and /oaloiis niXwov. 1 1,, had 
 liH-ndoro workr.l his way to iho rank of .■o.n.nandrr 
 '• lo ( oninian(h-r Hoppnor. wlio,*' savs |>ar''v -has 
 ■"•'•n my constant companion from the u-rv connncnc<«- 
 ""■nt(.t those cntcrprisos. | t\-cl .-v.-rv pos-.ihl.> ohfi-a- 
 """ <or his steady and pcrsovorin- zeal in this s,>rvicc 
 "I'd 1(M- Ins a.Kico and assi.stanco on ov.-rv occasion." ' 
 Ln:rTi;,v.\.NT Fostkk is lii^rhly spok.ni of hv Captain 
 I 'in-y - tor th.> various and multiplied hianches of use- 
 In! .sci.'iice to whi.di his attention was at all times di- 
 n'ctvd:" and h,. adds, -our oI)servations upon atmos- 
 Pli'-nc ndractions m liioji latitudes, and on the diurnal 
 variation, and cliani:e of intensitv of tlie ma-Mietic needle 
 iH-ether with Lientenant roster's experiuients with a,! 
 mvarm,,),, prudnliim. have |„.,m communicated t.. and 
 '■''■"I '"•'•."•e the Koyal So,-iety. ||,> was als., lirst lieu- 
 ''■"''"1 "» tlH" ll.-cla. which carried I'arry to Spit/hei-en 
 ;•:; '"^ '<"<"'. q.t to reach the |>ole. Ife accompained 
 luvernii: an.l .Sahinc; in the (Iriper to Spit/I,,., -en and 
 .■'•'•enland in ]s>;;. ,md proved a most useful ami intel- 
 liiicnt assistant in the p.nidiilum ohservations. Hi^ |„.t 
 service was tiiat (.f co-operatiiur with .Mr. IJovd in lev- 
 •■liii- across the Isthmus of Panama, when he wa. 1111- 
 l"rtuniit(dy (h-owned in the Piver ("lia-res. P,v his 
 'l'':ith the service wiis deprived of one of its most .rs.'fiil, 
 ii''i''. itnd scMMitific naviirafors. and his loss was felt and 
 d*'.-ply lamented l,y all who had the pleasure of his ac- 
 'l"""itance. His (diaracler. in fact, was estal.lished as 
 iinioiii; the first sci(Mitilic ofticers of his time. 
 
 Ln:rTi:v\NT .Iamks ('i,\iiM: Poss.— To,, m„,.|i can 
 not be said 111 prai.se of this youii- olficer, who worked 
 
 1 ' 
 
 i 
 
 d ■■ 
 
 1 \ 
 
 
 * 
 
 Nil 
 
 < 
 
 if 
 
 I !< i 
 
 I I 
 
 (ImI 
 
 4 
 
 lf 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
108 
 
 AliCTIC VOVAGE.'J. 
 
 liiiiisrlt'. ciitii-cly liv his own fxrrtioiis. I(» the rriiik of 
 lit'iitciiiiiit. ;iiiil l»y Ills own sclt-limirlit iic(|iiii'(Miit'iits, 
 wliicli rxtriiilfd lo t'vcry (icpiirtmciit iil sciciici', lic^ 
 !iiTi\('(l !it lilt- liii^lit'sl s1c|) ill tlic service (short ut' tlie 
 (liii:) : hilt iiiiirr 1)1' hull hciTJirirr. 
 
 Lir.rii;\.\.\i' IIokaiio T. Aistin. iifter (listiimui<h- 
 iiiL: irimscll' us Mil iihlc uHiciT. iiiid hiiviii^ luitch ^nod uiul 
 iict:\(' service, received liis proinet ion lis captain in l.~:i--, 
 und is now captiiin of the Williiini and Mary yaclit. 
 
 liJKi 'ri'.v ANi' .losi;i'ii Siir.i{i.ii. Iiy his iiood service, 
 raised liiniselt' to tlie rank ol' captain in 1-41, and re- 
 ctjived tlie honor ol" l\. I i. 
 
 lie |)nii 
 
 lie,- r 
 
 arrv savs. 
 
 are vei'V hi^hlv indehted 
 
 to Dii. S.wn i: I, Ni:n,i.. who. in addition to his profes- 
 sional (hities. <'nlirely snperinte'ided the piihfic coHec- 
 iioii of specimens ot' iiatinal liistoi-y. and has furnished 
 a variety of iinportant ^eolo^ical n(»tices;'" and lie I'l-- 
 fers to tli(^ ZooloLiical Appendix hy Lieutenant Koss as 
 '' i nrnishini: ample evidence of the attention paid hy 
 that m'ntleman (Neill) to this department of science, in 
 addition to the iminediale duties ot' his station."" 
 
 I"'. Iv. M. ( "!{o'/,ii; li, midslii;)nian. a most /.ealoiis yoiin^ 
 ctflicMT, who, hy his talents, attention, and eneriiv, has 
 sncceeded in workiii:: liimself up to the top of tlu^ ser- 
 vice, lie was lieutenant otthe Ilecla in I'arry's Polar 
 voyage, and volunteered with ("aptaiii .lames |{(tss to j:o 
 ill the midst ol" winter into tiie Arctic Seas tor the reliel" 
 of the missiiiiiwhale ships; was made captain in i •* 11 , 
 and commanded the second ship in ( 'aptain .lames Ross's 
 Antarctic Kxpeditioii, and is now second in commaiid 
 witli Captain Sir .loliii Franklin. 
 
 John Uk; vroN, the colleamie of ("ro/ier in this vov- 
 aii<\ arrived at no hiiiher step than that ot" lieiiteiianl, 
 and is now serviiii: as such in the ('oast (itiard. 
 
 (". I\i( HAKiis and lloK.viio Xklson Ukak, iiiidslii|)- 
 iiien, do not appear on the list of naval ollicers. 
 
 l>KKKi.i:v Wi:s'iHopF, midsliipmaii, was iiiado a li«Mi- 
 tcnaiit in 1 ^'^ •,'•'), and rtill continues so, liaviiii; let't tho 
 navy lor a civil employment in the Humane Society. 
 
 Kowvao Jlian appears on tlu^ list as a captain of 
 1H4I}, but ho is nut to bo i'uuiiJ uiuuiig tho Arctic voy- 
 agers. 
 
PAKRV ri TlllUlJ \()VA(;i:. 
 
 ll'.i) 
 
 rnnU of 
 rciiiciitN, 
 
 I'IKH', lit.' 
 
 •t t)i' ihi- 
 
 tinuui-ii- 
 ^iMid iiiid 
 ' ill 1-:;-, 
 aclit. 
 st'ivicc. 
 
 , .111(1 I'C- 
 
 iii(lt>l)tt'(l 
 s prtilrs- 
 k; collfc- 
 t'liniislKMl 
 (1 he rc- 
 t lvt»SS lis 
 
 paid liy 
 ['iciict', ill 
 
 »us v(jiiiiir 
 
 [Tiiy, liiis 
 
 the scr- 
 
 v's I'ohir 
 
 (»ss to fio 
 
 lie fclirl' 
 
 ill x-ll, 
 
 ■s lvoss"s 
 
 :oiiuiiaiid 
 
 this voy- 
 utciiaiit, 
 
 inidshi|)- 
 
 Ic a licu- 
 Ict't tho 
 (cit'ly. 
 iptaiii i»l" 
 •die voy- 
 
 Ai,t,A.\ .M'Lakkn was a|)i)(tiiilt'il Mii-gfon ol" a >liii) ul" 
 
 lilC lilU!. 
 
 W'iM-iAM HviivKV llt»()i'i.K, purser, was the iViciid 
 iiiid a>s()ciatf ()t'('aptaiii I'ari'y, iiiid st'r\('d with iiiiii in 
 till- Alexander in Knss's voyaL^e. and in all tlie three ot' 
 I'liiry. ii iiKist I'aitht'iil and t rii>t Wdil liy tillicer. lie was 
 rewar(hMl tor liis services liy a civil iippointiiieiit in 
 (iiceiiwicli Hospital, where he died, and his widow is 
 now matron oi the ( i reeiiwitdi S(diools. 
 
 The ships sailed I'roin the Nore on the llMli of May, 
 l^-.'l. the William Harris. ti'an>|)oit. acconipanyiiii^ 
 them. 'Their instiMictions were to make the he^i ol" 
 llieir way to Davis's Strait and cio^s over to Lancaster 
 Sound, and. proceedini; throuuh iJarrow's Siiait. eii- 
 deiuor to maUe, throiiiih Pi'ince Keneiit's Inlei. a pass- 
 ;i::e into the sea wliicdi hounds the continent (of America) 
 (111 its northern coa>t. and thence westward to the I'a- 
 cific. The i-eason assiiined tor this route in the inslriic- 
 ti(jiis is, '• 'j'lie str(»iiji opinion whi(di yon liiive conveNed 
 to IIS in favor ol' the attempt thi'oiii:li Prince Kei:eiit's 
 Inlet ; the conlident liojte which yoii I'xpress that the 
 ice. which, at the period of the year when yon visited 
 die inlet, ohstructed your pas>ai;e. was likely to he re- 
 moved hy circumstances ol' sea>oii and weather within 
 the iiaviiiablc! ])art of the year:" and. it is added, "the 
 CdulideiuM^ whi(di wo are jiistilied in placiiii,^ in your 
 iiiduMneiit and experience (h'termine us to anth(jri/,o 
 and direct you to piirsiu' tlu; coiiise wliii'h yon considi-r 
 the imj.st promising, iiamelv , thronuh J'riiice Keiicnt's 
 Inlet." 
 
 < )n the IHth of . I line, having reacheil the latit'ide ot" 
 (ill',' , they saw the first iceheru, and I'rcnii that ti r' fell 
 ill with those bodies of ii'e almost daily. At a i)anish 
 hctMement in l)avis'> Strait, calleil l/ievely. they t'oiind 
 LieuttMiant (Iraat, wiio liad been I'lnployed on a survey 
 of the (Ireeiiluiid coast, and reci-ived much civility from 
 him and otlier gentlemen ladonging to the settlement. 
 As soon as the stores and provisions were transhipped, 
 the W^illiam Harris was release(| imd ordertMl to return 
 lionie. (hi leaving tht> harbor the llecia struck on a 
 sunken roc!;. ( )n tho 17th of .Inly tin' ice be^an to 
 close ruuiid the ships. " From this time," I'uny says, 
 
 •> I 
 
 !' I ' 
 
 ! * i 
 
 I , 
 
 ,< I 
 
 I 
 
 t.i. 
 
 i 1 
 
 ill 
 
 i H 
 
 .11 '! 
 
 ■lili'l 
 
 I 
 
 I r 
 
170 
 
 ARCi'IC VOYA(;^;^^. 
 
 " ilic <tl)sfnu'li()ns iVnui tlic ()iiiiiitity, iiiiiiinitudis ninl 
 cliKfiH'ss u|' the ice wcic Mich ;is to kcrp (iiir |H'ii|i|r 
 ;ilinnst coiistiiiil ly rmpldyt'il in lifjiviii::. war-piii^. or 
 wiwiiin lliroiii:li it. ill. (I yet ^\itli ^o liltlr siiccfss. lliiit, 
 :it tin- clo^^c or,liil\-. wo linil only pniot nitod sovontv 
 nolo-; lo tlio wostw iiril." Iloro. on the 1st of Au- 
 ;^ii^l. Iii'iii'j closi'ly hosot, ;i yiilo of wind pi'i'ssiiiii tlio 
 ice toucilior, ;ind ovoihiyinu nm-^s upon nuiss, •• llio 
 llt'clii rtTcivcd s('\or;il \ory JiwUwiiid •nips.' and w;is 
 oiico I'liirly laid on licr liroadsido liy a strain wliicli nni-.! 
 iin'viti'ilx" liavo naislicd a vcsstd ol' ordinai'V stfi'iit;tli." 
 
 Til 
 
 r mil ol' Soptrnihrr had arrisod •• hotoro wo siic- 
 
 cocdod III rolcasiii^ oiiisclvos li'oin Hit* ninro than oi'ili- 
 nary hairior of ico in tlir middle ol" r)airnrs Day." 
 
 'I'lioy had coiitiniiod thrir cH'oiMs lo piisli to the 
 noi-lh\sard. hut it was not till tho -.".Hh of Anuii'-t thai 
 Iho; roaidicil tlio ialitiido of 7M 1.'). longitude (kI 10. 
 inwhioh situation. tVom tho oxpcrionco ol" 1>11I. tlioy 
 had roasoii to rxprcl thoro would scafcolv liavo liocii 
 aii\ ico at this season. 'I'he ohstnictions. however, con- 
 tiiined till tlx' -ill ot" Sepleiiiher. then in latitude 7 1 ' 
 7 and lonuiliule (ill .'> I . iieiiii; ahont ill) miles to tlu^ 
 N.N.W. ot' the situation in whi(di they cleared the 
 *' |iack" in the year l-l!i. I'^orty miles I'rom hence 
 they pa-seij tliron::li the harrier ol' ice. al'ler an unwea- 
 ried r\erlioii ot' eiL;lit tedious weeks hy the ollicers and 
 men to o\ ercoiiie it . 
 
 The oMiaordiiiary weallier wdiicli accompanied tlio 
 low tempeiature of Anuiisl is noticed as somethini; re- 
 mai-kal)|e. Il is staled hy I'arry that, of the thirty-one 
 days in that monlh. there was i. ■lually hut one in which 
 they had not a (h'|)osit of snow, sleet, rain, oi" t'oij, diirini:; 
 sinne part of the t weiity-t'oiir ('oiisecutiv(> hours: and 
 the northerly wind. wlTudi is the usual harhinuer ol" a 
 clear, di'y. wholt^some atmosphere. Avas just as thick as 
 any other. And he adds. " tor ttMi weeks in .Inly. Au- 
 gust, and SephMiiher. tlionuh we were constantly walcdi- 
 inu for an opportunity ot' airini; the ships" comi)anies' 
 he(ldiiii; on dei'k. we could only ventui'e to do so once." 
 
 In their sini^iile throuiih the ice (tt' Davis's Strait and 
 l>artin"s Uay. I'arry latticed the set ot" the cui'rents hy 
 Nvliicdi tJie whole ijodv ot' the ice miuht be actuated. 
 
\' \ 
 
 r ARitv s THiKi) \(iv.\(;i:. 
 
 171 
 
 w 
 
 Itlldc, Mini 
 
 iiir priiplr 
 iirpiiiii. (<v 
 cess, lliiit, 
 (i seventy 
 st nt' \li- 
 I'ssiltti I he 
 iiss, " tlie. 
 iiiid \v;i> 
 llicli lilllst 
 streiiiilli." 
 ' we > 1 1 (• - 
 tliMii iinli- 
 liiy." 
 
 sli t(t the 
 iiuiist tllllt 
 
 le (;:; to . 
 
 |sl|). they 
 hiivt* heeii 
 ^■('Ver. ('Mti- 
 tituih' 7 1 
 iles to tht^ 
 eiired th(> 
 oin heti('(> 
 an miweu- 
 tl'ieei's iiiid 
 
 Jiiiied the 
 ■thiiiii; re- 
 
 hliMy-eiie 
 ill whirh 
 \)iZ dtii'iii^ 
 Diirs ; and 
 iiii:ci' (il ii 
 IS thick as 
 .Inly. Au- 
 tly \val(di- 
 'oinpaiiies' 
 
 SI) Diice."' 
 Strait and 
 irreiits l)y 
 
 actuutt-'d. 
 
 •• It was niisidiis." he says. " that a dally set tn the sdntli- 
 wai'd iihtaliieij when the wind was noil hei l\ . ditiiTiii^ 
 liniii two or three to ei^ht or ten inili-s per day. accord- 
 iai: to the sti'enuth ol' the hree/e ; hut a northerly eiir- 
 reiit was e(pially apparent when the wind hiew lioni 
 ilie southward." IhiI he ohser\es, as a reiiiarkahle cir- 
 (■iiiii>tance, that a ir( sii rl // set was rre(piently apparent, 
 even against a iVesli hree/(^ hlowinj; iVoiii 'hat (piarter. 
 
 ( )li tile Idth ol Septeiiiher they e'lteifd that ■' iiia'j- 
 iiiliceiit inlet." Sir .lames Laiicaster's Sound. ;ind timiid 
 ll entirely . as nsiial, tree I'roiii ice, except here and tlierts 
 ;i lieri:. " lloiltln^ alioiit in that solitary uiaiideiir," ot' 
 which these eiioriiions masses are said tocoiivev so siih- 
 liiiie an idea. I'roceedin'i " vexat ioiisly slow" on tlin 
 l.;tli. they had tin' iiiortilication to perceive the sea alieail 
 cDM'ied with yoiinij ice, on entering which r(!coiiise was 
 had to ''sallying." hreakiiii; it with ho;its ahead, and \a- 
 ridiis other eNpe(lieiits. all alike iiielt'ectiial, without ii 
 tVesh and tree hree/.e liirnishiiiL; a constant impetus; 
 ••so that, alter seven or eij^ht hours ot" unsnccessliil la- 
 li(ir in this way, we were oldii^ed to remain as we were, 
 I'airlv and iiiiiiK) ahlv la-set." Thiis tor three da\s they 
 (■iiiitinned stniuiilitiii with the yoiiii<^ ice to little or in* 
 purpose, now and then ^ainiiiii halt" a mile ot' j;ro;iiid to 
 windward in a little "hole" ot" open water, and alter all 
 rathi-r losing izroiind than otherwise, w hile the youni'; ic(5 
 was every iioiir iiicreasinu in tliicUness. 
 
 ( )n the 17ih tliey t'oiind themselves driven hack to the 
 c.istward of Admiralty Inlet, the yoniii: ici' ^liH increas- 
 ing in thickness. This was certainly fi most severe trial 
 (if the patience and jierseveraiice ot"('aptaiii i*arry, of ;i 
 (lilt'ereiit kind, hut ('(pially annnyiii'j, as that of •• l'"o\'s 
 ( 'lianiud" and the •• I'ro/.eii Strait." It (Uice occurred to 
 him that as, in crossinii Datlin's j>ay, lie had expended 
 unexpectedly nearly the wliole of tlu^ seas(»ii, and as, 
 under particular circnmstanc'. s, his iiist rnctioiis antlior- 
 1/i'd him to return to Knuland. it was lii^li time to matve 
 lip his mind, wliich was to him a point speedily decided. 
 •• I could not," he says, '• have a moment's hesitation as 
 to the propriety ot" jmshin^i on as tiir as the jireseiit sea- 
 son would permit, and then yiviiii^ a t'air ti'ial, dnriiii; tho 
 whole of next suuinier, to tho route 1 was directed hy 
 
 t I 
 
 f, I 
 
 11 
 
 "I!! 
 
 '■iii< 
 
 i; ! 
 
• / 1, 
 ) 
 
 ' \ 
 
 T 
 
 1T2 
 
 akci'k; \(n \t.i;s. 
 
 1 1 
 
 my iiistnirliuiis tu |miisiu'; iiihI in tliis\ii'\v ( 'niiiiiiiiinlii' 
 I lii|t|iiit'r I 'III I rely cniiciiri't'il. 'Tlir l;ifl i-^. lliiit the sum- 
 
 Ilirr nr scilsnii \\ lis i|||ril<ls ex |il'inlri| lu'ldlc llicy i:nt lliln 
 llif iiilcl. iiiiii iiii'jilt |iiiil);ili|y. ;il-(i. lie csiicihIimI hi tl 
 Inllow iiii: \ I'iir lii'lnjo It ^||ll|||l| lie I'lililiil |)l iicl iciiMc I 
 Lift iillt (il lllcif \\ ililcr (|llilllcrs. liiilc-s. iiiilrrd. lis \\ ;|| 
 slmi 1 1\ ;i|)|i('!ir. tlicsc ( |i Iillt fis wt'ir sii l;i\(i| ;iiil\ cirrii in 
 .sliiiicrd lis til iiilliiit (if ill) t'liily (Iriiailiirc iViim lliciii. 
 
 Il \V(Mllil lie useless In eiitt'l' ilitti !l ilctnil nl' llic In.'ils 
 (»r f('m[it*r .•Mill piilii'licf tliey wcic (•iitii|iclleil In liliileri:ii 
 ;it'r|- tins (lecisinli. niie cil' wliicli. Iiu\ve\ei'. limy l»i' ^l;il 
 eil. Ill ;i slruiii:, cilliTiit setlliiL; tn the ejistWiini lit tlie 
 i;ite nl'twu iiiijesiiii liiiill'. Wlthniit ;i cliiilice ut' steiiiiiiiii_; 
 It. aiiil lieset jis tlie\ weri' in \ iinin: ice. (liiriiiL; ;iii iiiiii 
 MiiilK iliiiU iiiutil '•! iniif (ir tni lioiiis' (liiiiilion. with ii 
 ht'iivy t'iill di' snow, tlicy luiiiiil lhriii«.el\ es iitteil\ in a 
 liriplcss state. '• 'Thi' eniisei|iieiice was, that when we 
 Miiiilc the land nii thr iiii'inini; nl' the 'Ji'.d, we had heen 
 driricd the iiici'i'tlihle dislanri- nl' »'ii;lil of niiir Iratines 
 diiiini; th<' niLiht. liiidiim niiiseKcs nil' the W'nllastnn |s| 
 niids. at till' eiitiaiice nl' .Na\\ I'lnard Inlet." Still they 
 peix'vt'ind, and thr help nl' an casleily liree/r uliicli 
 spraiiu up (III thr ".Mlth. and ;:iadiially rrrshiMU'd. piinii- 
 i■^t•|| ill eafiicst to talxi- ihniii. as at la^t it did. iiitn I'ciiK e 
 Ivt'ut'iil's Inlet nil the •-'7th; and hy heating; ii|). tlie\ 
 caiiic In llic entrance nl' I'nrt Unweii. '•when'." sa\s 
 I'aiiy. " Inr two nr thrrc days past. I hail dt'trnniiied 
 In iiiakf nni' wintciiiiLi place, il", as there was lint lillle 
 I'ea^nii In expect, we shniild l»c sn rnrtiinate as In |)iish Inn 
 ships thus i'ar." 'Jdic nid prncess nt' ciittini: <i cJiiial in 
 till' ice I'nr the I'eceptinii nl' the ships was resnrted tn. 
 and. as i'arry states, •* nii the evening nl' the ] st nl' ( >ctn 
 her wi' had !iccniii|)lished eiinii^h I'nr niir piiipnse. and 
 llie ships were warped into their winter slatiniis. whicli 
 we had the satislact inn In ihinU Wfie extreiiudy t'avnra- 
 h!e tor an early release in the s|)rini;." 
 
 Nnlhiii^ reiiiarkali!e was nhserved in the |)as>aLie 
 lhrnni:li Lancaster Sound. A hnat was sent nii slinre in 
 a hay near ('ape W arreiider. I)r. Neill reports, '• The 
 heacli was ci \ereil with iVaunients of tlesh-colnred I'eld- 
 spar, closely studded with red uarnets, i'roin the si/e nt' 
 a pea to Uiii; of a Nvalnut ; the rocU was of gneiss forma- 
 
' ii 
 
 r \i;kv ri TiiiiM) V(jva(;i:. 
 
 17.7 
 
 tpiii. iIm' U'rciifiT |);irl 111" It coiiilMisru of l!ii'i:(> |iliitr-i lliick- 
 I;, set with '^iiflifl-.. 'riic -.iiirucr u|' llic ::iuiitli| Wiisjil- 
 llinsl clltlirly (iiM'lfil c'ltlliT Willi sllOW. nr. Ill Illisriiri' 
 nl il. Willi liixiinaiil iciiMlm- iiinss. 'Tlic |);irt\ ^iicrcril- 
 nl III klllllii: lllli'c rcilKJr.'r oill nt" il >lii,i|| licid. Ill^lr 
 I I ii|i ill"' >liiiil 1)11 Ihf si,!,. (ii'ii liilj. III ihirc in- 'Mill liiiit- 
 ill"i| I'lTl ;ih(.\c llir lr\.'| (if ihr vr;i. Lirii I ciiaiil K'n^s 
 |..iiii'l srvrriil |»i('ci'- <.r ciial. wliicii IhiiikmI with ;i clear, 
 h.i-lil llaiiic ; III- saw Iwn liaivs. aiirl killrd uiic i,\' llinii ; 
 a'".! a |ii\, il jiiiir oi liunis. sonir \viii'^li">s ducks, imd s(.\ - 
 ci.il sMciw lniiiliiins. I'ai-iy >ays tlicy uKscivrd a iiiiin- 
 Imt ((I' wliiili s III cNcry |>iiil nj' Lanca-lcr Sound, 'riicy 
 M ivrrvcd. iilso, ti ^icai mauy iiaiw li;i!s and ji Icvv wal- 
 iii-rs III jSanow's Sirail. and thinks they iiiii;|it lia\r seen 
 I'Miiy iiHiif uT I Mil 1 1 I lilt Inr the colli II ma I |)rcs,.ncr of the 
 
 N nllM^ ice. 
 
 This hciir; \]\i' f.uir/h winter which I'any was dooni- 
 I'll Ml pass III the I'ld/eii re-ions of the North, he knows 
 imi. he siiys. how he can do heller than iiursiie a nielli- 
 irl similar to lliiil hfiTtofore praciici'd. hy coiiliiiin^ liim- 
 ■^I'll riilher lo ihr |ioiniiii:; out i>\' nwy (/i/i't n m-i ohservcd 
 iMiw iiiid foriiieily. than hy enlerin^ on ii fresh descrip- 
 liiiM <i| the iici iial phciionifnii. 
 
 •• To tlm>e w lio lead, a- well a- to those who (h-<(i-l!ie. the 
 :mcoiiiiI of a w inter passi'd In i|,ese reLdniis can no loiiL"-r he 
 
 i\iiecte(l to all'.ird the iijIiM-Csl uj' lio\eltv il once Jlos, cs^ed, 
 
 Mhiiv e>|.ecially ill a station ahvadv dejinealed with tojeralile 
 Li'i;:i-;i|)|iic;i| jnecisioii on oiir niaps, and thus, as it \scre, 
 
 lyoimh! l|e;n' to (Mil- fn-esiiles ill home, lllile|ii>ndellll\ . ill- 
 
 i\rfi\, ol till, circunisiaiice, it is ||;o-d to conceixe aiiv one 
 !liiii_' mure like aiioiher than two winters passed in the lii_'h- 
 cr latitudes of the I'liiar re-ions. e\cep| when \ariets- |i;i|,. 
 \^<'w^ lo hi' atl'oi-ded hv iiiterconrs,. uiii, s.niie oiher liraiich of 
 • !lie whole faniils- of man." Winter alter winter, nature 
 liciv assumes an ;ispect, so much Jilike. that ciirsorv ('hserva- 
 l".u ('an scarcely delect ;i .sin-le feature of variety. ' The u iu- 
 ii r i.t more lempei.iie I'liniati's. and even in soinr of no sli-ht 
 ^.•^.•ril\ , is occasion.illy di\ersilied hy a thaw, which at once 
 -i\es \anety and comparative cheerliilness to tjie prospect, 
 r.al here, w hen once the earth is covered. ;dl is drearv ino- 
 iinlonc.us whiteiii'ss — not lliiuely I'or daVs or weeks, hut for 
 lUMiv than half a year to-cther." WhiclieN er way the eve is 
 '"'■'I'''', i' meets a picture «'alculated \n impress iijion the 
 ' an ideji of inanimate stilhies.-. ,jf tlmt inntioiiless tonioi.- 
 
 1' -l ^ 
 
 > f 
 
 t 
 
 I i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 
 '1 
 
 ''!i i 1 
 
 )'i 
 
-»wr-™^^ 
 
 171 
 
 Ancrn; voY.\(;r.3. 
 
 
 with wliicli iiiir rcdiiiirrt linvr iiutliiiii.' cnnL'f'iiiiil — nl' iiiiy tliiii:/. 
 ill sliMit, liiit lilf. Ill llii- very Mh'iicf tlicjc i.-. :i (li'iidiu'-. 
 willi wliirli a liuiiiiiM spcctiitur a|i|irai> mif of In i i/iiia. 'I'li. 
 |iic>rii«'<' ot' man sfciiis an inlnisinu on iIh- tln-arv hnlitmlr nl 
 this wiiili'iy ilrscit, which cvrii its niitivi; aiiiiiials liavf litia 
 uhil.' Iur.,a"krii. '•—!•. 1(1, 11. 
 
 Anion:,' tlir winter nrfimiif incuts, ( 'iiptain I'lii'i'y spciiks 
 ill the lii;;h('st trniis of S \ l\ ester's •• wariiiiti^ iippaiii- 
 tiis," to wliicli he uscrilius the coiiiroiMs iinil conveiiien- 
 (•«»s, ami witii them the i:«!neriil heiillh (if tlie seainen. 
 ■whieh exceeded those of any fonner experii'iice : "a 
 <'i)iitri\inice." he says, " ol" \sliich I scarcely know llow 
 to express my a(hnii'ation in ade(|Uiite terms." 
 
 " 'I'lie aheralinii adopted on this voyai.'e. of placlliir this 
 sto\e ill the verv hotlom nl' the iiold, produced not only th'' 
 etl'cct iiatnrallv to lie rxpcctrd tVom it. ot' iiicreasiiiLr the r;i- 
 pidity ot' the curii lit of warm air, and thus carryiiiir it to all 
 the olVicers' < ahins with less loss nf heat in its passai/e, hut 
 was al>o ai-conipanied hy an advaiifaire scarcely less import- 
 ant. w hi<li had not heeii anticipated. This was the perft cl 
 and nnlforni warmth niain'aiiied diirini: the winter in hntli 
 ttir ( alile-tiers. which, ^^llen cleared of all the stores, iravc 
 lis another hahitahle de<'k, on which more than one third of 
 the men's hamniocs were herthed, thus atfordiiii; to the 
 ship>' coiii|);iiiies, during' seven er eiirlit months of the year. 
 the iiiih'scrihahle conif ii't of nearly twice the space fir their 
 heds, and twice the volume ol' air to lireathe in. It \\vr{[ 
 hcarci'lv lie added how coiiduci\e to whol 'some ventilation, 
 and to the prevention of moi>ture lielow, such an arraimc- 
 iiiciit proved ; suilice it to say that we have never hefore hecn 
 so \\-i't' from moisture, and that 1 can not Imt chielly iittrilmti: 
 to this apparatus the uii|)recedeiited ^'ood state of health wo 
 enjoved during this winter." — V. 11, 1.".*. 
 
 It is iireatly to he lamented tliat tliis testimony of the 
 irood effeets of ji vorv simple contrivance' had not licci- 
 iittendetl to hefore tlu' inetlicienf, tronhlesome, and e\- 
 petisive (piiK'kerv tipfMirtUus liad been permitted in cer- 
 tiiiii of liei' majesty's ships. 
 
 'I'lie prepai'atioiis and iirectuitioniiry iiioasnres ncccs- 
 siiry for seciiriiiif the sliijis occupied ail hands for some 
 time, Jind tliey were not linally settled till ahont the mid- 
 dlo of ( )ctoher. Parry omits no opportnnity of rccoru- 
 iii^Li whiitever may iippcai* to he condiicivo to tlio beiielil 
 of tfctdo or navigation. Thus he slates : 
 
mm 
 
 I'AUUY ri THIRD VOYAUK. 
 
 115 
 
 fiiiy tliMi.', 
 
 I ll<';i(||ir-. 
 
 'lili:- 'i in 
 Mllltlldf ci| 
 llIlVC tnr ,, 
 
 n-y speak 
 l^ iippaiii 
 •((iivrnini- 
 ' Srailicti, 
 
 (Mice : •• a 
 \IIO\V luiw 
 
 'laciliL' lli:- 
 tt (inly iIp 
 in;.' ihr ra- 
 in,:/ it to all 
 iissiiL'r, Iml 
 I'ss iiii|inrt. 
 the pcili ( • 
 trr in linii 
 tofcs, L'avi 
 nt" tliird (i! 
 \uii to tla- 
 r tlir \ cat . 
 
 •(' liif ttirll 
 I. It nrrd 
 vfiitilatiiiii 
 in aiTaiiL,!'- 
 )el(ti'(' \)vr\\ 
 ly attriliiiti 
 ' health \M' 
 
 liny of the 
 1 not heel. 
 H, and ex- 
 cel in cei- 
 
 I'es iiofcs- 
 -; for souit! 
 It the iiiid- 
 of recoiii- 
 thc heiielii 
 
 •• Latenswi liail thi.'^year heen in reachiiiLT Sir.Tanies J,an- 
 
 (•;istel'',"» Sili;a(|, lliele umilil sliU have hern tinif inV a "-hill 
 enL'aL'ed in the whair li«hei-\ to have reapiil a tnlrialili' hai-- 
 ^eHt. as we iru't with a nunihir nt' u halc^ in every part nt it. 
 iiiid even MS tar- as thi' entiance nt' I'nrt Hnwen. The ninii- 
 h'r re;,'i>tered alln^'ethfr in nnr /inni'iials is hetween Iwi'iilv 
 and tliirty, hut 1 liave no dnuht tlial nianv nmie than lh>'>e 
 were M'eii, and that a ship <'.\|ires>ly on the |noU-ont tor them 
 would have I'niind tull ncrnpalion lor \trv hoats. Several 
 \\hi( h catue near n-. v.ere ot larire and • pavaide' dinnn- 
 r;oii>."— r. :i(i. AT. 
 
 'I'hd ()c(Mipati()ii iiiid diversit n of the seamen's minds. 
 as well lis till' i-emilariiV of their hodily exercise, were 
 not liUely to he itiiatteiided to hy so prudent and e\[M'- 
 lieiiced ii eommaialec as ("aplaiii I'an-y; hut he was 
 (•(.jiially iitteiilivc to what had heeii done on I'oniier voy- 
 ai;es ; iind us tlie same oriieers iind men were anion;; 
 the present ones, n little variety, therefore, was ihoiiuhl 
 to he (lesirahle. '• ( )iir former umiisenieiits."" he su\s. 
 •• heinii; almost worn tlireadl)are. it ri'(|iiired some iii<.'e- 
 iniity to devise any plan that siionld possess the clianii 
 of novelty to recommend it."' '^rii;s purpose was ('(mii- 
 pletely iinswered, however, hy a proposal of ( 'oiiimand- 
 er lloppner to attemjit a vi<i.si/iif radt , in which ollicers 
 and men slioiiM alike take a part ; hut which, wiihi'iit 
 iinposini; any I'estraint wiiiitever, should leave everv (uie 
 to thnir own clioice. either to join in this diversion or 
 not. Parry was delighted with it. 
 
 ■' It is inipossihle that any idea could have proved nmi-e 
 liap|)y (M- more exactly .-uited to our situation. Admirahly 
 dressed ('haraclers of vai'ious desci-iptious readily toik tlii'iV 
 jiarts, and many of these were sujiported u ilh a de^'ire nt' 
 .-j>irit and i,'eiiuine humor which would not have disLrraced 
 a more retiiied assenihly ; while the latter iniL'ht not have 
 disdained, and wotdd not have ht>en disu'iaeed Ity, copviii^ 
 the ^ood order, decorum, and inotl'ensive cheei-l'ulne» whicjj 
 our hinnhle nias(|uera(les presented. It does e>pecial cirdit 
 to the dispositions and u'oikI sense of our iwn. that, tlio iL'h 
 all the nnicers entered fully into the s|)irit of tlic>(> aniiiM'- 
 luetits, which took ])laco once a month, alternately en iioard 
 eai'h ship, no instai'.ci> occurred of any thiiiL,' that could in- 
 tertere with the rt.'uMilar discipline, or at all weaken the re- 
 spect ot th(> men toward their .-iiperinrs. Ours were luas- 
 <|uera<les without liceuti(.)usuess — curuivals witiiout exc'es^i.*" 
 --J'. 1!). 00. 
 
 I< 
 
 I 
 
 » . 
 
 !f 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 'I 
 
,1 
 
 ) ' 
 
 17G 
 
 ARCTIC VOVACrS. 
 
 1)iit ;iii nor,n])iiti()ii of less iiiiniscnuMit. ]KM'li;ips. hut 
 not Ifss iiss;i|ii()ii>ly |)iirsiic(|. mikI ot" iiititiitclv morn 
 t'vciitiiiii liciirtit, was tiirnislicd l)y the I't'-fstiiblisliiiiciit 
 
 ot Scljools, lllldl'l- till' \()llilltill_> .SII|)t'iMI)t»Ml(l('ll(M' ot' Mr. 
 
 Jlooprr ill till- llrclii, iiiid ol'.NIr. Mo^u in tlii^ i''iiy. 
 
 '• i'>y till' jiidicioiis /.cil nt' All-. lloo|>cr. tiic Ili-clii's scIkioI 
 u.i> iiiJidc siilis ■rvifiii, iKit iiicrciv lo llic iiiiprovt-mi'iil of tlic 
 nii'ii Ml ic,idiii_' iiiid wriliiii.' (in wiiicli. Ikiwcv cr, tlu'ir |in)_'- 
 ri'ss \\a^ siir|)risjiiL:ly izrratj. Iiat also to ijic rulli\atioii oftlmt 
 iTliu'ioiis ti'i'liiiL' wliicli Mifsx'iitially iiiij troves tin- cliiii-arlcnir 
 a M'aiirin, liy liirni>liiiii: the iiiirlic>t I'lotivcs tor increased ;ii- 
 ti'ii'io'; to ex i-ry otiicr duly. .Nor was tin- i)t'iiclit ( oiitiiicd to 
 till' ciL'lil.'i'ii or t wciily individuals wlioM' want of ^(•||olar-lli|l 
 liriMiL'lit llioni to tlio >rli(iol-lali|('. Imi cxlriidcd ilM'lf to tiic 
 rot ol tijc >lii|i"> coiiipany, niakiiiLr the wliolo lowrr {{nk 
 >H(li a xriii' ot c|n!cl rational oc('n|iation as I nc\cr lict'oi-i- 
 wilno-rd oil hoard a .-lii|i. \nd I do not spoak li^litlv wlirn 
 I cxpros my tlioroiiLrli prrsnasion that to the moral clVfcis 
 tiiii- |irodii(('d iii> Ml the minds of tiic ni.'ii were owin^', in 
 a \rr\ liii:li di'L.'ri ', lln' nuistanl, vet sohrr (■iirciiiilnc.-s. iIm- 
 
 nniii' Ti'iipird l; I order, iind oven, in xuiii' im'a>ar(', the i'.\- 
 
 Iraoidoiary .-talr ol hcaltli \\li:i-|i prf\ail(.'d anion:,' u.-> (hiring 
 tli!.> \s iiili'r." — 1'. ."ill. :>\ . 
 
 TIk^ several ol'liceis had full cmployiucnt diiniio; their 
 winter coiilineiinMit in the \arioiis ohservations to which 
 their attention was to he directed. .^I;,iilletisnl was one 
 of the earliest snhjects alter the erection iind inTani:('- 
 nieiit of the ohsei'viitory oil shore. 'Vht' iiitt!resriii;j; (act. 
 was disco\-ered ol" an iiici'eiise in the variation ot" the 
 iiiairnetic needle, since their Ion lie r visit in 1^1!), Miiioiiiit- 
 in^ to ahoiit niiK' dcLrrees. iianieh-. t'roin 111 ' to I'J.'P'. 
 .V regular series of hourly e\periiiieiits on the inaunetic. 
 intensity was insritiited. hy which was I'oiind a diurnal 
 clianiic of inteiisiiy. exhihitiiii; a rei;nlav inereas(» iVoin 
 the niornin.: to the alteriiooii. and as rejiiilar a decfetise 
 I'roin the al'lernoon to the nKnnin;^:. '• it also iippoafed," 
 says I'any. •■ that the* sun. and, as we had I'eason to h(>- 
 he\(^ the relati\t^ position id" the sun and moon with ref- 
 erence to the magnetic sjihere, had a eonsiderahle in- 
 (hieiice both on the intensity and diurnal variation, al- 
 ihoii'^di the exact laws ((l'lhi> influence may still remain 
 to he d.scuvered." It is to he hoped that tlie result of 
 the ohsei'Mitions that have heeii earryiiiii on for tliree 
 5''iirs \t\ J-^iiyland and its colonies, and uls:' i;i \:i-ioii:. 
 
o, : 
 
 t ''i 
 
 liips. hut 
 'ly morn 
 
 )||.stllllClit 
 
 r ..f Mr. 
 i'liry. 
 
 il's sciidol 
 rut (pf tlic 
 
 li'ir |M'i);,'- 
 
 iiii (it'tli.it 
 ;ii';ir1ci-i)|' 
 rented ;il- 
 Hitiiii'd M 
 ■|Mil;ir.-iii|i 
 
 I'll' In tlic 
 AiT (Irciv 
 IT li('tM|-i' 
 Itiv wllcu 
 •ill .-tlrcls 
 
 )\viim, iu 
 
 lllC.-S, til'' 
 
 v. the ex- 
 US iluriu'' 
 
 iii(r tlu'ir 
 () which 
 
 was ()!!(> 
 Ufl'UlliiC- 
 
 Uiii;j; (act. 
 I of thn 
 aiiioiiiit- 
 to l-J.T'. 
 uaiiiu'lic 
 I (hiiniiil 
 ISC tVnui 
 It'cri'iisc 
 [)oarc(l," 
 m to l)(v 
 vitli rcf- 
 •al)li' iu- 
 itioii. al- 
 I rciiiaui 
 ■(■suit of 
 II' three 
 \ a'";oi,:-, 
 
 PARRY S THIRD VOVACi:. 
 
 177 
 
 ii,iri> ot l*;uro]M' Mu<i in Auici-'ica. iu ohs('r\ atones espe- 
 ciiilly recfeil tor ohserx ations and experiuii'Uls ui all lluit 
 rei:ards terrestrial inaLUietisiu, will tlu-ow uiuch li;:lit ou 
 tins luterestin::. aud. it may he said, mysterioiis suhject. 
 The retVartKUi of tlu^ atmospliere is fully eotisidfred, 
 and llie method of ohtaiiiiu^ it iu low teuiperaliires is 
 i:iveii ill a paper hy .Mr. Fisher. The (.liserved retrae- 
 liniis of stars at low altitudes and temperatures, the so- 
 lar and terrestrial r»d'ractioiis \,\ ohservatious ol'tlie scv- 
 eial o(fic(M's. an; carefully rei,nsterei| iu tlii^ Appendix, 
 i he vai-ioii« metedrolonical ohservaiio'.'s employed ;: ciui- 
 siderahle |)ortiou of their time ; hut this winter. Tarrv 
 -ays. afforded hut lew hrilliaut displays of the aurora. 
 'hie of them, liowever. is uoti((>d as somethiii"^ remark- 
 able. 
 
 "\Vhlle Lieiiteiiaiits Slierer. Ifoss. and invself were ;id- 
 nill'n.u' the extreme lieinity n\' this plieiH.lnelinn frnlil Ihe ol). 
 ^^'r\atoi-v, we jdl simnll:nie(,ii>ly uttered ;ui e\c|,iiii,-uinn (.(' 
 vii-|ii-i>e at >e<-iiii.' a Id-iudit ray nt' the aiinira sliool suddenly 
 (iiuMiward from the i.'enerai mass i>[ U'jli], t/n,/ /jc/ir,> „ us aii,l 
 'iir ////'-/. w-hi(h wa> ihere di>lant only three tlioii.suid vards. 
 !i;nl i \\;tiie»ed lhi> pheiiunienon \)y invselt', 1 .-hould ha\<- 
 l"'|'il di>p()>ed t(» receive with cailtioii the exidenee e\eli uf 
 (ay own seti>e> a< to this la-t fact : lint the appearance cmi- 
 \cyiii_r pi-eci.-ely 'lie same idea to three nid i\ idiiaU at once, 
 ■ iN int(Mitly en;,'aLred in looUiiiLT toward the -put. I have no 
 doiii.t that the ray of li^dit actnallv pa>M-d witliin that dis- 
 I:ilice of us.'' — P. (i-J. 
 
 It is uauecessary to euuiiHM-ate tlie nuuii)er of lunar 
 oI)S(.rvatioiis for the huiuitude. and those i'(n- the latitmh! 
 hy the sun and various stars, hy all the olfieers ; the ae- 
 'oiiiit of the rates of the chroiioiiK^lers. all of which arn 
 ui\en iu the A ppeiidix, with an account of the IJorealiati 
 ^hiadrupeds and l?irds hy Dr. Kichardsoii. of Hotauy hy 
 I'rolessor Hooker, and of Zoo|)hytes hy Dr. l''l<Nuiiiii. 
 \ii'l it is hut jiistict^ to all the officers to say lliat tlu'y 
 most williiii^lv and cordially followed tlie cxaiiiple (d" their 
 '■Ncellent, intelligent, and iiidefatii:ah!e coimiiHuder iu 
 'heir regularity and iitleutiou retpiisite for making the 
 \aiious ohservatious.* 
 
 • An lUTOUPt will Ijp irivc!i at the closo of tliis chuiit.T ef the several 
 li.hTt.s cuutiuucd iutho AppciKiix, and of th.- (.tticn-s nnitl'Ae,! ^^u,^n 
 
 'Mi I.I 
 
 Ml 
 '.ll'.lll 
 
 ii 
 
 ( i 
 
 ■ ^ Ii 
 
 V I 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 ] 
 
 ' 1 
 1 ' 
 
 I 
 
 
 )'■ 
 
 I \ 
 
 i'h t 
 
 
 ,n 
 
 I I 
 
 12 
 
in 
 
 'iap 
 
 178 
 
 AUCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 It will rciidily 1m> iiiiiiuiiKMl with wli;it nn\it*(y, iti tli(^ 
 oiirly part nt'llu* year, the iTiipprarancf (li'tlii.' sun wji 
 
 i(Hils»'(l ti>r, 
 
 Mtiiic. I)V ascfiu'.iiiuu hiuli lull. v.o\ a ^Imip'-i 
 
 dl' him oil the 'Jd nl' l''('l)ni!iiy : on the i.'jtli he was vi 
 il)!t> at the ohsrrvatory. and at tin? ships on tlio -.'-Jd. ••af- 
 Irr an al)s('ii'M' of out- hiindri'd and t wciity-onc^ days." 
 I'mt it is a loni; timi- allfr tlif sun's rcappt-araiict' thai 
 llic fli'crl ot" ins i-ays, as ti) waniilh. hccniiu's pncepti- 
 hlc ; wfJ'U utter week passes over witli scarcely any rise 
 in the thernioiiieler, except for iin liour or two dnrui^ 
 
 the (1 
 
 av 
 
 111 this vj'ar I'arry says 
 
 the tl 
 
 leniiomele, did 
 
 not rise al)i)V(^ 
 
 till the 1 Itli oT A|)ril, havinji; remained 
 htdow that point ol'the scale for oiii' hundred and thirty- 
 sive (lavs; but he mentions this us the only 
 
 one. succes 
 
 instance oftlu^ Uind he had ever known. 
 
 J' 
 
 arlies wt 
 
 re sent from Port Ihtweii to travel hv land 
 
 on the. sea-coast on each sidi' of the p(»rt. 
 
 T\ 
 
 le lirst, 
 
 liowever, was directed to proceed inland to the eastward 
 under Commander lloi)pner. 'i'liis party returned 
 
 ni- 
 
 ter a very fatii;iiiii.u; journey, having with diliiculty trav- 
 eled a deirree and three (piartc 's eastei'ly, in the lat. 7.'! 
 l!)'; hut no appearance ol' sea was ohservcMl in that di- 
 rection: th(^ country consisted of ravines, many of them 
 four or live hundred feet deep, and very i)recipitons. 
 j)urinij; the whole fortniiiiit's excursion scu-i-cidy u patch 
 of vegetation could he seen; u few snow-huntiiiiis and 
 some ivory nulls were all tlu' animals tlu'y met with to 
 enliven this most l)arren and desolate couiitiy. 
 
 Hares, loxi's, and hears werc^ siJiiriuyly met with; and 
 lh(^ last unimal is not disposed to have any alVection fur 
 mankind. Instances, however, did occur to show th; 
 
 matt'rnal alfection is not wantniii m this am 
 
 nial. 
 
 II 
 
 hut wa.s 
 
 us uppureiit in it as in thai of llio walrus described by 
 
 IJeeclu 
 
 A sin -\)v;n\ killed in tlu> open water, on our first arrival 
 
 It I'ort J^oweu, 
 
 itf 
 
 iiilfd a strikmi,' instance oi niatern;i[ atli'c- 
 
 tioii in her an.viely to save her two cubs. Siie niiiibt lierM'lt' 
 iped the bniit, but, would not tbr.-ake her 
 
 liave easily 
 
 vouiii:. w 
 
 bicli 
 
 he wa- 
 
 tiiallv ' towiim' olf, bv ailowiui,' llirni 
 
 to lest on liiM 
 
 liack, wlien the boat came nenr them. 
 
 sec- 
 
 ond similar inslance occiirri'il in the spriiiir, wiicn two cuh> 
 lia\ iiiLT i-'o1 down into a laiu'e crack in the ice. their inollici 
 
 Uacei 
 
 I lier>elf before them, so as to secure them from the at- 
 
\ . 
 
 ': \ 
 
 y, it) lli(^ 
 
 sun wiis 
 
 a ^liiiip~.(' 
 
 was vis- 
 
 ■-'•J(l. -af- 
 
 w days." 
 
 met' tliai 
 
 I)ric<'|)li- 
 
 ,■ any ns(( 
 
 •() (liirni^ 
 
 «u'l«', dill 
 
 remained 
 
 id tliiity- 
 
 lliL' only 
 
 •1 1)V land 
 riu' liisl, 
 oast wan I 
 iirncd at- 
 tdty Irav- 
 
 o laf. ?;; 
 
 II that di- 
 y of tliciii 
 L'('i|)it(>us. 
 y ii patch 
 itiniis and 
 t with to 
 
 vitli; and 
 .'{•tioii till' 
 iliow thai 
 I, iiiit wa.s 
 L;riln*(l hy 
 
 ii-st arrival 
 •rn;tl atVcc- 
 Ldit hiM-M'lt' 
 )i'.>ak<' iii'i' 
 wiiii,' thi'iii 
 u. A scc- 
 i two cuh^ 
 'ii- nidllicr 
 tini thf at- 
 
 PAIiRV rf TIIIIM) v<)VA(;f:. 
 
 179 
 
 1;i(ks nf(.ur ]...,,,, I,., which ^.lic i„i:.rht cnsilv have avuid.'d 
 
 iicr.-rir; —I'. 7:». 
 
 Thn two other pai-ties, consisting; of lour men each, 
 nnih'rjhe resjiective cnnimands of Lientenants Sherer 
 a!id Koss. were directi^l i(, travtd. tlie former 1(» the 
 siMithwai'(L and the latter to the northwarth aloni,r tho 
 coast of Prince K.v-ent's Inlet, for thi^ purpose ot'sur- 
 \eynii: it accurattdy. Parry was anxious, also, to as- 
 certain tii(^ stale ol" lh(^ ice to the northward, to .>nal)lo 
 him to form somo jnd'j;iiu>nt as to the prohahle lime of 
 their liheration. 'I'hese parties found the trav.din^ 
 aionu^ sln)re so uood as to enahle them to extend their 
 journeys far heyond tin; points intendi'd. Lieutenant 
 Koss l)i-i)M^dit the wtdcome intelli::ence of ihe sea lieiu"- 
 jHM-feclly open and free; tVom ice at ihe distanceoti wen- 
 ty-two nnles to the northwani of Port P.owep. •• 1)^ 
 whl(di," says I'arry, '• I cttncluded -^ what, naleed, ha'd 
 I'm^ Ixdore heen a matt(u- of prohahle conjeciurt — that. 
 Harrow's Strait was n(»t permanently fro/.eii durini,^ tho 
 winter." I'^rom tin; tops of tho hills ahout Cape York, 
 lieyond whitdi promontory Lieutenant Koss travided, nd 
 iip|)earance of ice could he distinuuished. 
 
 Lieutenanl Sherer returned to the ships ahout tho 
 sauHi time, havinij; performed a rapid journev as far as 
 7 J J \ and maUin;^ an accurate surv(>y of the whoK' coast 
 til that distance; and Parry re^rets'that he was not fur- 
 nished with more provisions and a laruer party, to havf? 
 cnahled him to travel round Cape Kater, which is proh- 
 :ilily not far distant from oik; of the nortlKM'u Ls(|uimaux 
 stations, meiitionod in his journal of tin? preccdm-; voy- 
 age. 
 
 On the PJth of July tlio ico he^an to break up in tho 
 iieiiihhoi-hood, and ahout tho same time the ice whiidi 
 crossed th(» mouth of the harbor detacluMl its(df at an 
 olfl crack, and drifted olf, hjavinir oidy about one mile 
 and a quarter between the ships and the sea. The 
 www w^ere now employed, with the, ^n-eatest (dieerful- 
 ness and alacrity, from seven in tiie morninn till seven in 
 the eveninjr, daily, wluui, on the l!)th, a very wtdcomo 
 slo|) was put to their o|)erations by the entire" separation 
 ol' the (lo(' across the harbor. P>y a renewal of their 
 l:ibor the whole night they succeeded in iM'tting tho 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' W 
 
 I 
 
 \\\\ 
 
 ?H 
 
 11 * 
 
 'AM 
 
 
I 
 
 II 
 
 ISO 
 
 ARCTIC VOVA(;r,.'^. 
 
 ships clri)!', jiiiil iilso. '11 two lioiil's" lowitii:, out to sr;i. 
 jillcr iiii iiiiprisoiiiiiciit of liclnccn iiiiH' mid ten iiioutlis. 
 
 " ( )ii st;iiiiliiii: 1»» >^«'!i. ^vc siiilfil," siiys I'lirry, "witli 
 .•I li::lit soiitlicily \v!ii(l. towiird tlu' western slioic o|' 
 I'riiice Ke^tMit's Inlet, wliicli it w;is my lirst wish to 
 ^Jiiii, on jiceoiinl of the evident iidviintJiue to be (|(M'i\<'d 
 iVoni coiistinu the sonthecri piii't of that |)ortion of liind 
 I'alied in the eliart ' N'oi-tli Soinei-set.' as t'ai- as it niiuht 
 lead to the ^\estwal■d; wITudi, iVoni our tornier Uiiowl- 
 I'd^e we iiad I'eason to suppose it would do. as tar. al 
 least, as tiie longitude of !•.'> . in ahout tin* |)arallel of 
 7'J,' , that is. !it ('ape (Jarty."' Hut on his lirst voyage 
 he had been below 7<> (('ape Kater). on tlu^ east eoa>t. 
 :i;id the two shores were nearly parallel to each other: 
 ;nid there the crossitiij; uiiuht not have been ditlicult ; be- 
 sides the eertaintv ol' iieiuii down an eastern coast, in 
 eoniparisoii of takiuii a western on(\ accordinti to ('ap- 
 lain Parry's own showiuir. makes it the more i-emarka- 
 iile he did not (dioose the formei'. It uiiiiht also hiivc 
 heen sup|)oscd that a desire t(» extend the knowledge o|' 
 the easlorn coast uhuht have been a stroui: inducement, 
 even if only to examine the openinij; ot" the Kui-y and 
 liecda Strait into the IJeuenl's Inlet, which Mi'. I\eid's 
 rejxu'l leaves in ratliei' an unsatislactory state, and also 
 to have looked into the (iulf ot' Akkoole(\ whicdi is de- 
 scribed by the hlscpiimaiix lady. 
 
 i'arry, however, had d(»ubtless jTood I'casoiis Tor his 
 idioice. oiu' of which was the appai'ent lendencv to the 
 Avestward of the shore ot" Xoi'th Somerset. M'hat he 
 had W(dl wei<;lied the case appears by his own showini:: 
 
 •• 1 shall liist mention (be ,-ays) ;i cirtunislinicc wlilcb li:.-- 
 ]iarlicularlv forced itself upon mv iii>tice ni llie course ot oni- 
 various allenipts to pcMieli'ate thmuLdi die ice in these reLjion^, 
 which is, lliat the eastern coast ot any portion of land. nv. 
 what is the same tliiuL:, the western sides ot seas oi' inlets, 
 haviuir a tcndeiicv at all a|ipi'o;icliiiiLr to north and south, are, 
 at a L'iMMi season of the vear, i^cnerally more enciunhered 
 with ice than the shores with an opposite asjiect. The lour 
 followini: instances (be continues) niav he adduced in illus- 
 Iratiiin of this fact, and can nut hut appear soniew hat strikliiir 
 when considered in viewiui: a :uap wliicii exhibits the rela- 
 tive position ol the shores in lj;;..•^^tinn." — V. 17l). 
 
 The four instances he <rives tiro iienerallv Uiiown, .'iiiil 
 
V 
 
 ^ *in 
 
 t to s<';i. 
 
 inniitlis. 
 \', " witli 
 slmn- III' 
 
 wish to 
 ' (ltM'i\<'.l 
 
 II of liillil 
 
 it miulit 
 V Uiiuwl- 
 !is t";ir. iit 
 iriillfl dj' 
 ;t voyage 
 
 ilSt COMst, 
 
 li other : 
 
 cult : hr- 
 
 coiist. ill 
 
 to ( "!l|)- 
 
 i-('tiiiirkii- 
 ilso hiivc 
 \lf(lm' dj' 
 
 IICCIlK'llt, 
 •'Ul'\ illlil 
 
 r. Hi'uW 
 
 iiiid also 
 
 icli is (ic- 
 
 s tor his 
 
 I'V to thi' 
 
 '"rhat Ih- 
 
 sliowiti!: : 
 
 sllich li:.-- 
 I>r (it (Mir 
 ■I- li'i,M<ill>. 
 :' l;iii(l, (11', 
 
 or inlets, 
 siiiilli, arc, 
 I'Uinliereil 
 
 '{"lie liiur 
 (I ill illiis- 
 at striking' 
 - the rela- 
 
 OWIl, Miul 
 
 r.Miiiv rf TUii!!) \()VA(;i:. 
 
 181 
 
 ailiiiitteil to he as he says. |'"iist. in th,. .Vorih.-Mi Sea, 
 tl"l'i hit. Cil to ,-(! . hiiliiMled on thr ravt hv LaplaiKl 
 iimi S|»it/,hfr,ueii, and on the west hy ( i rre'iiland. the, 
 whole of the latter coast is hloekcd iij) hy i,-,- tliio'iiufi- 
 (iiit the siiniiner. so as to make it at least a matter uHio 
 easy enterprise to approach it. wiiile tiie navigation of 
 the eastern portion of that sea is aiiniialK and without 
 (lilticulty performed hy whalers and others. 
 
 The second instance is eijiially w ell known in tin- nav- 
 igation of Davis's Strait, whicdi, tr.,iu ahoiit Kesolution 
 Maud in (il,] , to the parallel of 7u , is inaccessihl,. as 
 late as the month of Aui:iist, while the sea is op,.|i im 
 the eastern side of the strait (the //v.v/, /•// ciast of (iiccii- 
 laiid) many weeks lielnre that time. 
 
 'I"h<' third he mentions is his own case, when coustiiK. 
 llie east.'ru shore of .Mtdville Peninsula, on his lii'si vo\" 
 ii;:e. so loaded with ice as to make tho naviizatiun dilficult 
 and datiiicroiis. 
 
 'I'he toiirtli instance mentioned hv Parrv is the easf- 
 eiii side of l-'nx's ( 'liaiinel. where. tVoin thiif navii;at«\r*s 
 acc.Miiit in l(i:;i, and that of r.allin in Kii:,. •• us linni our 
 own ohscrvation," tht>re is little or no ice diiriim the sum- 
 mer season ; hut he miiilit also have added tlnn the east- 
 • •rn coast ot' Southamptoi. Uhmd appears to he alwavs 
 choked with ice. 
 
 'i'he foiirt!) and last instance of the same kind. •• wliich." 
 says I'arry, "I sjiull mention, is that of I'rince Keo,.,,t\s 
 Inler. and of which the events of this and a former voy- 
 ;i::e fui'nish too striking a proof, the ice appearinj; alwavs 
 to cliiiii to the western shore in a wyy remarkahle man- 
 ner, wliile the opposite coast is '•oiiip natively f.vo tVoiu 
 it."' 
 
 And a iiftli, on account of tlie accumuhitiou of ico, 
 may he ad(h'd t.) the Hst, hy mentioiiiiiu the southeril 
 imd eastern coast of Mtdville Island, whose sliores ap- 
 J''-arto he the receptacle of all tlu" ice tlint is di'iven east- 
 ward from the western sea. of which it is supposed to 
 iic tlie outermost harrier island ; at least Sir.lohn I'lank- 
 lin. from tlie view h,. hud on the southern coast, thinks 
 it to he so. 
 
 ( 'aptain I'any is not a man to act hastily or indiscreet- 
 ly, and it would appear that the prefereii"ce iiiven to tliu 
 
 r: 
 
 :' i 
 
 'I' 
 
 > I 
 
 t 
 
 ■ ',* 
 
 'h 
 
 !1 
 
 i ^ 
 

 ^rmi 
 
 ill 
 
 182 
 
 AUf'TIC VOYAGK:^. 
 
 w«>st('ni roiist WHS iiillii('iicc(l. piirily iit 'cfist. hy ati nv- 
 fl(Mit dt'sift' nt' iicijirriiiu iui Jicccssioti 1(» the t(t'(»iii-ii|)lii- 
 c;il l\ii(»\vlc(|'_M' of ;i sirait or iiiirt wliicli lii' liiid rrasoii to 
 l»('lic\«' woiilil ciMKliict him into tiic I'olar Sra, tliroimli 
 whicli liti coiiccivcil till- soiii:lit-l'oi' piissjiuf to tilt' Pacif- 
 ic, coiiM best !)(' iiiailc : for lie says: " It was tli;- m-n- 
 «iral ffcliini !i' tl'i^ |)('ri(Ml (-JHli of July) aiuoii':; lis, that; 
 the voyaiio had hut now coiMiiHMKM'd. Tho lahors ol' a 
 had siimiiici', and the ti'(hiiin ot' a Ioii<r winter, were for- 
 gotten in a iiionient, when we found ourselves upon 
 jjround fifif h'llhrrto < .riilnrf d, and with i'\('vy a|)pai'ent, 
 j)rospec.t l)efor(^ us of inakinij; as rapid ii proijress as tho 
 nature of this iiavii,Mtion will permit toward the fnial ac- 
 coniplishmeut of our object." The ti'endiiiii; of the west- 
 ern shoi'e to the westward mi^lit also have contriixited 
 to the (dioice (»f that side ; th(^ only surprise; is, that af- 
 ter the cases he has yivcMi, all of tliem advcM'st; to it, ho 
 should have; resolved to adopt it. 
 
 TIk; ships continucMl to proceevl soutluM'ly closo in with 
 tlie westein shore, liavinii a'/vrnati-ly open water and 
 lloatiui: ice, to which they had ( ccasionally to inaU(; fast. 
 (hi the- "J^^tli the; ice was observed to be in ra])id motion 
 towai'd the; shore. The Jlocia was innnediately beset, 
 in spite of every exertion; and after l)reakin<; two of the 
 lar;:;est ic(;-anchors in endeavoriui^; to lieave in to the 
 shore, was obli<:(Ml to drift with the ire. On the 'JlMli 
 the ships wer»* so (d(»s(; in with the shore, that, after 
 shiftiiiij; the Ut'cla into "• ^/ /r.s.s uisernre hcrfh,'''' Parry 
 says " he walked to a broad valley farin<rth(; sea near us." 
 'IMie rliffs next thi^ sea, four or five hun(h"ed feet in per- 
 pendicular heiiilit, w«M"(; continually breakinij down ; juid 
 '" the ships lay so close to the shori' as to be almost with- 
 in the I'an^e of some of theses tum!)linii masses, then; bo 
 ing at hiiili water scarc(dy beach enouidi for ii person to 
 walk alon,2; the shore." 
 
 On the :;nth of .Inly the ITecla's berth was shifted to 
 a greater distance from tlu^ shore, by which Parry says 
 '•the security of th(; ship was much altered for tlie 
 W(trse ;'' the Fmy remained where sjie was, "there 
 heinu' no seconil berth (»ven Sv) ^ood as tin; bad one where 
 niie was jiow lyinii." On the .'Hst it blew a hard irale, 
 ■which brought the ico closer and closer, till it pressed 
 
/ i 
 
 ;. 
 
 rARiiY a TiiinD voyage. 
 
 183 
 
 villi vory c;)iisi(l(M*fil)lt' violence on hntli slii|):^, '• llioiicli 
 the iiinst uixtii tlic l''iii-y, wiiicli I.'iy in ii vt'ry cxposcil 
 siliiiilioii." 'PIio liccla liii'l only two or tlirco liMWscrs 
 liiiikfii. M;iiiy tlir next moniinu: (tlio .".Isf) ( 'oiimi;iii(l- 
 cr I loppucr sent: to inroi'iii Ciiptiiiii I'iiriy tliiit tlio l''iiry 
 li;i(| lit'cii tbrccd on tli<! yi-oniid. wiiiiro slio still liiy. hnt 
 tiiiit slu' would prol);il)ly he, \uno oil" without nnich difli- 
 r.illy at liigli water, ])ro\ idcd tlu; external icj did not pre- 
 vent it. 
 
 A broad rluuinel of water appearing at a, little distance, 
 iiiid a fresh hi-ee/e spi'iniiin.u; up, the shi|)s were cast, and 
 fiieir heads the ri<.dit way, to reach tliis channel, when 
 file ic(^ came bodily in upon tin? ships, which were al- 
 ni'ist instantly beset, and in such a maimer "as to ho lit- 
 erally helpless and nnmanaiieabh^'" (Japtain Parry ob- 
 serves that, in such cases, " tlui ex"rtions nnide by heav- 
 inir at hawsers, or othei'wise, are of little more scrvico 
 lliiui in the occupation they furnish to the men's nfnids 
 uiidei" circumstances of difficulty ; for when tlie ic(; is 
 fairly acting against tlu; ship, \rn times tlic strenj^th and 
 ilim'nuity could in i-(!ality avail nothinif." 
 
 The body of ice setting to tin; southward, the two 
 shi|)s ',ero carried with it to some short distatice, wiiert 
 tlie [Tecia, after thus driviuij; about a mile, quite close to 
 the shore, struck tin* ground forcibly scneral tinu's, and 
 being brought up by it, reinaincMl immovable. The Fury, 
 cniitinuing to drive, "was now in-esistibl}' carried past 
 us, and we escaped, only by a few feet, the damage in- 
 variably occasioned by sliips coming in contact undei* 
 such circumstances." She drove about three hundred 
 yards, the ice pn^ssing Imr on as well as along the shore, 
 wIkmi she received a severe shock fi-oni a largo lloe- 
 piece, forcing her directly against a gi-oundod mass of 
 i( (> upon the beach. The llecla and Fury continued 
 both aground, the latter, by lloppner's report, so severe- 
 ly " nii)ped" and strained as to leak a good deal, and "^hat 
 she was heavily pressed l)oth upon the ground and against: 
 t(i(! huge mass of ice. IJoth ships, however, got otf at 
 high water: but on the night of the second of August 
 }h(! ice once more forced the Fury on shore, and the 
 iiecia Jiarrowly escaped. 
 
 "1 rowed on board tho Fury," says Parry, "and 
 
 
 !'/i 
 
 . :| 
 
 t ' 
 
 'i;- • 1 
 
IN I 
 
 AK( Tii; \nYA(;r:r^. 
 
 fiiiiml I'diii' |miiii|is cnii^laiilly L'liir^ tn lscc|i llic sli |) t'l Cf', 
 icid ( 'uiiiiiiiiiiilci' I l(ip|MiiT. lii> (illicci^ iiiiii iiirii, iiliiiKs;, 
 rxliiiiisliMl with the iiici ssinil liilmi' of llic hisl ciiilll-iiiiil- 
 Incly Ikmii's." 'I'lir two coiniiiiiiKlris set oiil in a Itoa; tn 
 siii'\cy till' slioir to tlic soul liw ai'd, in x'iiicl) ol' a place 
 ^^ll»•|•(' lilt' l-'iiiy, nnal)!t' to iirocfcd an_\' tai'tlicr witlioht 
 rt'|)airs. inij^lit lie hove down, iiiinons as sncli a nrccsslty 
 most l»('. At aliont a mile rarllin- down tlicy IcMUid a 
 place wliri'c tlnco ^roiimlril masses ol' ice liail thlt'c to 
 loin" latlionis \\ ati'i' \\ itliin tlicni. and wliicli, \\ it li the as- 
 sistance (daft, niiulit aliord soinetliinu like >hellei'. (hi 
 I'nlurniii^. the ice had closed in, so as not only to pi-eveiit 
 tlii'ir moving, hut that the smallest external pre>snre nnisf, 
 ine\ital)ly lofce them a>liore. neither ship having moro 
 than two teet ol" water to s|)ai'e. They wcic, howi'ver, 
 soon relieved, and lioth slii|)s enabled to proceed to tho 
 place o|"th(> three her^s. where the tormation ot a hasin 
 was commenced, and completed hy the Idth ol' Aii^nsl ; 
 all the l'"nry"s stores. pro\isions, and other articles were 
 landed, and she was ho\c down on the l^th. A uale of 
 A\ ind, Ine.sever. destroyed the lieriis. and made it necf -- 
 sary lor hoth ships to he towed out into the sea, tir. ralli- 
 t<r. the ice. 'The l-"my was r«doaded, Imt on tlie •Jl>l, 
 this mdortiniate ship was auain <h"iven on shore. 
 
 As every larther attempt to pnt her into a state ot" 
 repair was now hopeless. I'arry, after visiting her for 
 the last time, say.^, " every endeavor of onis to net he:* 
 oil", or, if iiot oil", to lloat her to any known |)la('e ol 
 safety, wonld he at laice ntterly hopeless in itself, and 
 j)rodnctive ol" extrenu^ risk to onr remaining, shi|)." A 
 survey, therefore, was held upon her: and ('(Miimander 
 lloppner. with the other officers, were ot opinion "that 
 an absolute lU'cessity existed for iihandoiiinij, llu' l-'iu'v :"' 
 " my (>^vu opiiiion." says i*arry, •• l)ein<i thus eontirmed 
 as to the utter hopelessiu'ss of saving her, and feeliiu; 
 more stronj^ly than evi'r the I'esponsihility which at- 
 taclu'd to mo of prest>r\in!j, tht< IJecIa mduirt, it was 
 Avitli exti'i'ine pain and regret that I made the siiiiial for 
 the Kury's ol'ficers and men to he sent for their clothes, 
 most ol" which ha I i)een put on slatre with the stores." 
 
 The incessiMit la'tor. the constant state of anxiety, 
 and tin; tVe(|uent luid imminent danger into wlu'jli tin.; 
 
rAUItV ri THIRD V()VAi;i: 
 
 183 
 
 lit 
 
 11 
 
 >]\.\} t"i('f?, 
 
 II, itlniiivL 
 i.:iil-;ii:(l- 
 a Itiiiii III 
 il' a |i!;ii'(' 
 !• \\ itliui.t 
 lirct'ss.!y 
 ,' tiiuiid a 
 I tlirt'c 111 
 h till- iis- 
 
 ll.T. Oil 
 
 I) |)i('vc;it 
 <\\rv iiiKst, 
 
 lllU IlKH'O 
 
 liowt'vrr, 
 
 ni to tl:u 
 «it" a liasin 
 
 Aiiiiusl ; 
 cU's well' 
 A uiiN' lit" 
 
 it in'cfs- 
 1, or. ratli- 
 
 iiic -n-^i 
 
 slate ot" 
 lirr till- 
 m't 1h'!- 
 )!aci' ol 
 -it'll', and 
 lip."' A 
 iiiiaiidcr 
 )ii •• tlia! 
 l-'iirv :"' 
 (iitiniitMl 
 1 tVcliii;; 
 liicli Jil- 
 r, it was 
 siiiiial i'or 
 clotlics, 
 Nlt)r('s."" 
 anxiety, 
 iii'jli tti<.; 
 
 siii'viviiiii sliip was tlu'own. in tli.' atteiiipts to save lier 
 (iiiiiraile, wliicii wert^ coiil iiiiied l'ui- li\e-aiid-t went y 
 (la\s, dotroyeil every reasoliaMe e\|iectalloii liitlieilo 
 clierislied (if the iilliiiiate aecoiiiplislniieiit ol'tliis olijeet. 
 '• I was tlieiHlore,"' says I'arry, " fednced to tlie only 
 reiiiaiiniiu conclusion that il was my iliity, under all the 
 ciicnnistances of the ciise, to return to i'lniiland, in com- 
 pliance with the plain tenor of my instructions. A.-t 
 siMiii as tile lioats were hoi>led up, therelore. and the 
 iiiichor stowed, the ship's iiead was put to the norlh- 
 ca>t\vard, with ii liyht aii' oil' the IhikI, in order to <:iiin 
 an olliiiii lielore the ice should a^aiii set iii-shore." 
 
 A hree/e spriiijiinu U|) on llit^ •J7th I'ldiii the north- 
 ward, imiiieiliate advantai^e was taken o'' il to stretch 
 (i\er to the eastern siiore ol' I'l'ince Kei^eiil's Inlet, 
 \sliich was done with scarcely any oll^tl■llctioll from ice, 
 iilid the lle(da eiiti'red Neill's llai'lior (a little to the 
 sniitliward ol' Port l>owen) in order to prepare lier 
 (iiiiiplelely lor crossiiiii; the Athntic. Ilerif one man, 
 .liihn I'aiies, seaman of th(! l''iiry, departed this life, 
 liavinu heeii for several months affected with a scrotu- 
 liiiis disorder, tiie only case wiiich proved fatal in either 
 slii|). 
 
 All heiii^^ I'eady. and the water clear of ice, the ( fechi 
 weiuhed, and stood out to sea on the last day ol' Aiii:nst. 
 On the first of Sejitemher she entered Harrow's Strait, 
 tiie sea tln-re perfectly open, hy which they wt-re ena- 
 bled to hear away t(» iIk.' eastward. In crossini: Liin- 
 caster Sound they ohserved a iintre than usual rpiantily 
 (if icebergs, heiiij:; in pro|)orlion of at least four to one 
 lliat they liad ever before observe<l there. 'I''hev en- 
 tered iJaflin's ihiy, still in an open sea. ( )u the 7th of 
 September lliey had reached the latitude of 7"-' ."Jd', 
 liavinii, in the course of eiulity miles, only madt^ a sin- 
 gle tack, when they came to tlie martiin of the ice, and 
 i:ot into an open sea on its easrerii side. At tliis time 
 there were thirty-nine berils in sij^lil, •• and Mime of 
 them cei'tainl\ not less than 'Jdil feet in liei::ht." ( )n 
 tJie Kith of ( )ctober th(>y mad(> Mould I lead, near tlio 
 northwest end of the ( )rkiiey l>!aiids. ("aptaiii I'arry 
 landed at Peterhead on the I'Jth. jind arriveil at the 
 Admir.dtv on the Kith ; the lietda a.t Sheerness (Mi the 
 
 /^ 
 
 \ t 
 
 I i> 
 
 ' ! ! 
 
 
II 
 
 18G 
 
 AIK.'TrC VOYA(.r,??. 
 
 *00lli <»r OctoIxT. iiml WHS paid oil" ill A\'nnl\vic1i on tin, 
 iJl >I ol* Novciiilicr. 
 
 'I'liis |ii>t iitlrmitl lor llic (lix'dv cry ol" n iioi tliwcsi 
 ])nssj|^o, it miisl he ;i(lMiitIt'il. is llio Iciist siicccssriil dj' 
 tlio tlii'oo thai ('aptaiii I'any has now iiiadr, not inoirlv 
 ns !(» any inlorniiition iTuardinij; tlio passam', Imt as to 
 liiiy rxtcnsion of <^t'o^iaplii( a! kiiowlrduf or ol" natnral 
 
 hist 
 
 oiv 
 
 ()rall iho Arctic conntrics visited hy hiin. tl 
 
 lo 
 
 two shores ot" Princt' l\c<;cnt's Irdct are the most naked 
 nnd liarren, tlie most dreary and desolate, that ha\if 
 heeti seen, n(»t excepting even iMelville Island — not: 
 merely desolat(^ ot" human hj'in^s, hnt almost de|>rive(l, 
 also, of all animal and venetahle life: a ulouniv, sad, and 
 
 niidancholv land. 
 
 We have scarcelv 
 
 saNs 
 
 r 
 
 arrv 
 
 " ever visited a coast on whi(di so littlt* of animal lite 
 <»ccnrs. I'oi" days touether only one or two seals, a sin- 
 gle sea-ln)rse, and now and then ii llock of ducks, vvero 
 seeti." An exception, however, occm'red in the nnin- 
 herless KittiwuKes tlyiiiii ahont, and some hiindieds of 
 Avliiie whales sporting ahont the |)lac(^ where the Fnry 
 >\ as aliandoiied. 
 
 The transient view which was taken of Prince lle- 
 i:ent\s sh(»res on the tirst voyaije was f'avorahle l^noniiil 
 to im|)ress on the mind of I'arry, on the failnre of liis 
 s(>cond voyage, that to get lairly into the Polar Sea, 
 " tln-ro is no knoioi openinii whiidi seems te ])resent 
 itself so tavorahly t"or this jinrpose as I'rince Ke^ent's 
 
 Jidet. 
 
 And ho I'l'ix'ats, in. the voyage now under con- 
 
 si(hMiitioii, ''to that point, therefore, I can, in the pre 
 ont slate of our kno\vl(Mlge, have no hesitation in si ill 
 n'conimending that any fntni'e attempt should he di- 
 ri'ctiMJ." His advic(> was followed, and a second ship 
 was hd't hehind. A third, it is to he hoped, will never 
 again attempt this vile inlet, even althougli it has ; >\:-r) 
 heen ascertained, trom another (piart(M", that its waters 
 do communicjite with the western portion of the i'olar 
 Sea ; su(di communication, however, gives no encour- 
 ftgement for ships of any si/.e to make tlie trial of a 
 ])assai:e into tlii> Polar Sea hy this route ; hut more of 
 this lu'reat'ter. 
 
 An in(htt"ereut jierson, who has hut cartdessiv alnticed 
 ovor the tlireo ex[)cditioiis, or unuther who has s;iidi<'d 
 
rAUiiv s riiiRn voyack. 
 
 187 
 
 v^ ^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 i:' 
 
 (iml tiilscii tin iiifriTst ill ilir siilijt'ct. wiiild iiiiKt |)nil)ii- 
 My niliir toil (liKciciit u|)iiiin)i JVoiii ('iiptiiiii I 'iiiTV. aiiif 
 111' (ii>|)(is('(| In think tliiit. ill iiiiy I'iirtlicr scuicli fur ji 
 miltliwcst l:H>*siim', tlio Slniit ol' the l''liry iind llrr|;i 
 iiiiil till- I'liiMr Kt'i^cnt's Inlet slidiild rijuiilly In' iivftidcd. 
 Inc. Iciidiii:,' into oiic anutlier, tliry iiiii>' In- (■(nisidcrcrl 
 n> (iiic mill till' siiinc tiling, and aliUi^ uiitiivonildc fu sain 
 ii;i\ i^'iitiiin. 'Tin' addiliunal rncoiirauniirnf wliicli Puny 
 siiys lias hct'ii airordcd liy tln^ liivoralilc a|)|)i'Hiaiicrs ol" 
 ;i iui\ iLiahli' sea iicai' the soiitliwi'sttTii cxlrcniitv of 
 rniicr l\CL,'riit's Inlet, ii' it had any existence he. oiiil 
 ;i|i|)eari!nces, iiiiiilif ceilainly lead to the coiicliisio;! that 
 tile iiorthein coast of America could he approached hy 
 thiit route ; but neither l*ariy at this time, nor indeed 
 iiiiy one, heini; at all a\vare ol" what the \meri;;an coast 
 cnii.sisted ol", with its sea encumltered with ice and isi- 
 iimls, ami navigable only hy hoats or canoes, could havo 
 liieii of )i Very dilfereiit opinion. l-'ianUrin and Kich- 
 iijiison, Dease and Simpson, liiive now fully aci|iiainte(l 
 ii< with llie nature* of tliiit const. It is true it is ii cu/i- 
 tniudi/s coast from tlie bottom of IJ event's Inlet, and 
 llierefore falls ill with the settled opinion of ('a|)laiii 
 i'arry, who says "lie. is \nnn) than ever impr(>ssed with 
 the belief that tin* only way in whi(di n ship can, with 
 tdlerable certuiiify, succeed in peiietrutinj; any coiisider- 
 ;ilile distance, is by watching the o|)eiiin^s occasionally 
 piiidiiced by winds and tides between a body of ico 
 when detaclied and movable, and somo land rotilluuo'is 
 ill th{^ same direction." 
 
 This passage was writton on tlie second voyaue, and 
 remains, lii> says, wholly imaltei-ed in the present, which 
 is the more remarUabbs after the constant and imminent 
 dimmer lo the two ships, and the total loss of oik* of 
 tluiin, w'hilo struizi^liiiii; to make way iilon.y; continuous 
 land, b(*twcon which and masses of ic(\ always in mo- 
 tion, they woro to makt* their pro<;ress. It is din'icult 
 lo iina^ine liow* ii ship at aii'.dior, or loos(.s j)lacod neai' 
 the shore on which lur.uo masses of ico aro thrown, ca- 
 pi'iciously it may be said, for it is never known to what 
 point they may bo directt.'d, can ))ossib|y escape destruc- 
 tion, especially anioii,:jj straits and narrow i)assai;es be- 
 tween isluuds. Supposu u person of ordinary ii tcllcct 
 
 ' I 
 
 
 ! 
 
 H 
 
 W 
 
 
 ■.•II 
 
 ';?'■ 
 
 I 
 
, I 
 
 1 MS 
 
 AlUJ'p' vov.\(;i:h. 
 
 sliMiild III' tdlil, MS ( '.'iptiiiti I'.-in-v will It'll liiiii, tli;it (liiiii!. 
 tilt' tiiiir his .s|ii|)> wfi't' iiiiuli' \n>\ till tin' il iiiL:t'ii>.-, 
 cmist >vlii(;li liiis licni spoken ol. "llir icf was M'itiii_ 
 tn ill)' MMi'hwui'd, iiiiil sdiiirtiiiit's at it nipid I'Utc, lull 
 hrvfii (lays iiiit (il every ten," Wctiild ii(»t siicli )l |)er>.iii 
 iiatinallv ask, why \\a> ail\iintaL;e not taken ol snch an 
 jinxilimy wln-n uoin^ in the n^ht dnection .' < 'u|)taiii 
 Tany has replied to siirh a (pn'stion. 
 
 " On MlllMd'ollS nccil^jnns llie >lli|)S Mlil'llt ei|<ily liave lircu 
 
 iilaicd anioMu' the ice, ;iiid lel't to drill u illi it, in e()ni|>in iiti\i , 
 it nut ahsolule .-.ecin'il'.', uhrie ll;e liuldin,' tlii-ni on ii;i- iici'n 
 prelericd, tlionL'li attendi'd with iioin'l\ imd innninrnt penl. 
 'I'llis was |HC(i>elv llie tii>e on the |iir>enl oi cii-ii ill ; tlic 
 hliips ini^'lit certainly iiasr hfi'n |Hi-lifd inin llie i<i' ii d;i\ m 
 two or even a wrek helmrlunid, and lUu- |iic-ri\rd tioni ail 
 ri>k of heiim' forcrd on >lioie; but \shcir tliey wmtld lia\i 
 l)een drifted, and wlim- tlicv wonid have lieni ;i:.'ain di^iMi 
 j.':iL.'cd from the ice, or at liherty to liiko iidvantaL'o of die nc 
 «'a>ion;il o|ir!iiiiL.'s in-shoi-c (l>v which alone the naviu'ation u\ 
 tllcM' se;is is to l»e |ierl'olliicd with anv deirrer of certainty), 
 J helieve il ini|to.»il)le lor aiis one to Imiiii the nio.>t di>t;iM'. 
 i(le:i. '•—!'. I i:;. 
 
 It will, perhaps, he eonsid"red indisei-eet in a land>- 
 man to cpiestion the opinion of tnie of such ureal nauti- 
 cal skill, and so well e\|)erieneeil in the navigation of 
 seas hampered with iee. whose e\ei'|i(»ns have heen so 
 honorahle to himself and sali>i"ar'tory to his emploxers; 
 hnt he is of too liheral a nature to take amiss, on a mai- 
 ler of fact, what is well na'aiit. however it. may ddli'r 
 iVom his own opinion. I'idly persuaded tliat lutne can 
 rise from the perusal (d' his "Northern \'oyai:<'s" with- 
 onl heiny impressed with u decided eonviftion that his 
 merits as an ollicer ami scientific iiaviuator are of the 
 highest onUn- ; that his talents ai'e not eoiilined to his 
 ))rofessi(nial duties, hnt that the I'esoiirces of his mind 
 are e(pial to the most ardiKUis situations, and fertile in 
 I'xpedieiits under every cireuiiistaiice. however dillienlt, 
 (laiiiieroiis, or unexpected — sindi a man may safely ven- 
 ture, not merely to t(»lerale. hut even to iii\ ite ci-itieism, 
 when candidly, ll.ule^tly. and faithl'iilly ol'fered. Tai' 
 ry"s lieart still continues to clin^ to the aeeonii)lishiiieiit 
 of a northwest passage, ami most nnd(>uhtedly would put 
 in practice smdi measures as, in his opiifuni and expert- 
 
a 
 
 I'M'.uv ri Tiiiitn vovacf;. 
 
 ISO 
 
 •f. Mm 
 
 , iii'i<. lit' cotisiili-rs iiiMst likely to iiftiiiii tliiif uli|<'c 
 >;i\ ■> : 
 
 •• I I. I I (1 mill lent thill liir iiiiilci tukiiiL'. if it lir ilrrinril ad- 
 •,,«,il.lc at aiiv tiitinf tiiiir In |iiir>iir it, uill iiiif day or ntlicr 
 !„■ ariniiiiili-iii'd ; |li|-. M-tliiiu: a>idr tin- aci'ldciit- to uliicli. 
 tiniii tlifir \rrv iiatiirc, >inli altcmpN iiiii<t In- liahjc. a- \m'11 
 .,, nilicr iiidavdialdf circimi^taiHr.-. wliii li liniiiaii rHn>ii.'lit 
 ,111 iirsfi' i.'nai'il ajaiiist imr liiiiiiaii |Mi\vfi- cnii, nil, I can Mnt 
 li ii l)clif\<' it III In- ail fiit<'r|>i-iM' well williiii tin' icasdiiahltf 
 mii> III' |)ra( licaiiility. It may lir tried oltni. and dltcii liiil, 
 \,<y ■.I'scial laviiraltlf and jiiriiiiiatr (■irciiiii>Iaiu'cs iiiiist In- 
 ( iiiiiiiiiM'd liii' its a(coiii|tli>lniii'iil : Imt 1 Uriirvf. iir\ crtlic- 
 ,. -.. llial it ;r^// iiltimali'ly Wr ai((iiii|ili-lH'd." — I'. I:! I. Ili."). 
 
 Ill' tjiics nil t(» siiy. " I titii tiiiicli inistiiUt'ii iiidrcd it' 
 till' Hurt llW ••>l |)a>>iiut' rvcf licroiiio tlie lillsillcsH ui il 
 >iiij:lf ^mllllll■|•: iiuy. I ladirvc that iiiitlniiu Imt si cuiiciii-- 
 M'liei' III" \('|-y t'ii\ofiil)|r ciffiliiistaiici'S is liUrly r\('\\ to 
 iiiakr II siiiulf ivi'ihr in tlif icf siit'licifiit for its accoiii- 
 |,ri-|iiiiciil. lint this is no iifiiMiiifiit aL'iiiiist the possi- 
 'i,lit\ of liiiiil siicccns ; loi- we now know ihnt ii wiiitcf in 
 ill.' KM' iii;iv lit' |iu>st'd not only in sal'i'ty, Imt in hfiiltli 
 ;iiid coinfoft." This is \ry\ tnif, iit loiist in his own 
 pailicnliif ciist'. who liiid so many rt'soiifccs at his coni- 
 iiiaiid : iiiid lit) iilijcction liiii lit' niist'tl cm the fitliritioniil 
 '■S|i('iisi' in woar and tcai'. in |)ro\i-.ioiis and stttrcs. iiiid 
 in tilt' doulilt' pay ttf tillict'fs uiid iiii'ii, cxft'iit hy that 
 jiaiticniiif '-'ass ot" pcfstms known hy tlif iianic ofiitilita- 
 nniis; the lilx'iiil-niitidcd would not considci-tht' inn-eased 
 expense thrown away when the honor of the iiatit)ii. tlit^ 
 interests of seienee. the impro\ t'lneiit of niivii;atioii, iind 
 till' eiii|)loyiiient of tmr rising otlieers and liest seamen, 
 are the objects eont empliited. 
 
 While on this point, it is too reiiifirkiilile ti circiiinsttmee 
 to lie omitteil, that none tif onr early iiiiviiiators in the 
 I'olar re<iions ever passed a winter there, and rarely lost 
 one of their small and fra;:;ile harks i)l' ■")•>, 10, .".o. ;mil 
 down to l')tons. Parry lakes ticctisioii to liestow a well- 
 di'sei'ved teslimoiiy to the valiiiihle, iierseverinjj;, and ex- 
 traordinary laliors of these men. 
 
 •• I >liniilil lie diilliLT liilt illljifiti'ct justice to the IllellMrv of 
 tlir-e e.xtra nidi nary men, as well as to my own seii>e ot their 
 merits, if I pei-iiiitted llie present o[i[iortuiiity to pass witlioiiL 
 
 , 
 
 I I 
 
 M 
 
■ # 
 
 Ml 
 
 lliO 
 
 MICTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 ofTcriii!! a still more oxplicit niul decided t(^stiiiinny to tlic vul- 
 lie (it their lalxirs. 'I'lie ;ic;((iiiut.-> iit il iuImiii. ISalliii, and Di- 
 vis (and lif>t of all, I' r()l)i>|jer) ai'c llic jirodiictidus (irmni nf 
 liM coiiiiiinii stamp, 'i'liev evidently relate lliiiiL's jii-it as they 
 haw llieni. dv.fllin;; on such iia'itical and liydi-nLriapliieal nn- 
 tices •,\:., even at tliis dav. aie valuable to any seaman i/ninir 
 over the same •rrniind, and deseribinir every appeai'ance nt 
 nature, whether ou the land, the sea, or tlii' ice, with a t\i-- 
 ^Mce ot iiiilhruhiess which run alone, pcrlia[»s, lie didy apjiif- 
 cialed hy those who succeed them in the same re;,Moiis and 
 under similar circum>tances. The ^'eneral outline of the 
 lands they discovered was laid down l)y themselves with sue li 
 •'xti'aordinary ]irecisioii, even in lon;,'itude, as scarcely to n-- 
 <)uire correction in modern times; of winch jiict the olde>l 
 maps now extant of liatlin's J5ay and the Straits of JIudsna 
 and Davis, constructed from the ori:,'inal materials, will alliird 
 .siitlicient ])ro(»f. The same accuracy is observable in their 
 accctunts of the tides, sonndinirs, antl bearintrs, phenomena in 
 which the la[)se of "JOU years can have \vi-ou:;ht but little 
 fhaiiue. It is, indeed, impossible for any one personally ac- 
 (|nainted with the plienoiuenii of the icy seas lo penise the 
 l)lain and impretendin^ narratives of Uiese navigators 'Aitli- 
 »)Ut recoL'iiizinu in almost every event they relate some cir- 
 cumstance familiar to liisown recollt.'clionand experience, and 
 ineelin:,' widi jnnnl»erless remarks which bear most nnecpiiv- 
 ocally aI)out them the im])ress of truth. 
 
 " \\'hile thus doimr justice to the faithfulness and accuracy 
 with which they recorded their discovi'ries, one can not le^s 
 admire the intre|>id!ty, perseveraiu . , and skill with which. 
 inade(|uately furnished as they \ver(>, those discoveries w.'re 
 ellected, and every dilHcidty anil dani,a'r braved, 'i'hat any 
 man, in a single frail vess(d of live-and-twenty tons, ill iimiid 
 in mitst respeets, and wholly improvided for wintering, hav- 
 ing to contend with a thousand real diUlcullies, as well as 
 with inimberless imaginary ones, which the superstitions 
 then existing among sailor woidd not fail to (cajure u|i — 
 that anv man, mider such i ircmnstances, .should, two hun- 
 dred years ago, iiave ])ersevere<l in accomplishing wh;it our 
 old navigators did accompli.-h, is, I confess, sutlicient to cre- 
 ate in mv mind a feeliin,' of the highest pride on the ono 
 liaiid. and almost appi'oaching to humiliation on the otliei'; of 
 ])ride. in remembering that it was aiir countrvmen who per- 
 I'ormed these exploits; of humiliation, when 1 consider how 
 little, wiih all our advantages, irc have succeeded in going 
 lieyond them. 
 
 " Indeed, tile longer our experience has been in the navi- 
 jiition of the i( v sea-, and the more intimate our uccjuaint- 
 
 ''. ,1 
 
^ 1 
 
 PARRY d TIIIUD VOYAGE. 
 
 191 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 ly In llio viil- 
 liii, iiiiil 1)1- 
 
 IS ot'llirii lit' 
 vi'lSt, ilS llii.y 
 
 Illllilll J.'()iljir 
 
 iraniiicf (jt 
 , will] ;i il,.. 
 (Inly Jippiv- 
 I'l'Lrioiis ;n;(l 
 lint.' (if til,. 
 •S Wilh siirli 
 
 ii'ci'ly to n- 
 : llic ()!(!(■>[ 
 of iliidxiu 
 , will ;iImm(1 
 )li' ill tlicir 
 I'lioiiiciia ill 
 t ])Ht littli; 
 
 rsonally ac- 
 jiiTU.-r tlir 
 
 :ator.s wiih- 
 ' sonic cir- 
 ■rifucc, and 
 st iinc(|iiiv- 
 
 1(1 acciiracv 
 'aii not Ic-^s 
 .itli wliicli, 
 
 ■('(•il\S \\,T(J 
 
 'J'liat any 
 IS, ill t()iiiiil 
 (•rin,u% Iia\- 
 as Well as 
 ij)('rsti!iiii!s 
 ajurt! up — 
 , two hiiii- 
 ,' what our 
 out 1(J cic- 
 )U llie Olio 
 3 other; of 
 
 I who ])cr- 
 isidcr how 
 
 II ill goiii^' 
 
 [ the navi- 
 • Ht(juaiiit- 
 
 ancp witli all its diHicnllifs nnd all its ]iivrario!isnf'>s, tlio 
 lii:.';irr lia\t> oiir adniii-atiou and rcspoct liccii raised for those 
 who wi'iil hrfiii-f us in IIh'sc ciitcriiriscs. rcrsov oriiiL: ill 
 (i'tlicultv, iinappallcd by daimi-r, and palicnt undci- ili>tri'ss, 
 tiii'V scaicclv ever u.-o "the laiii_'iiai:i' of coniiilainl, much Irs.s 
 tliai of despair; and sonietinn-s. when all human hope seems 
 at its lowe.-t elil), they furni.-h ihe iiio>t lieaulihd examples 
 of that ilrm reliaiic(' on a merciful and superintendinir I'rovi- 
 (Icneo wiiich is the only rational source of true fortitude in 
 man. (Jl'teii. with tlieii- narratives impressed upon my mind, 
 and surrounded hy the very diilicultii's which they in their 
 frail and inellici(Mit biirks undauntedly encountered and over- 
 came, have I been tempted to exclaim, with all the enthusi- 
 asm of I'urchas, *IIow shall I admin* your heroicke couraire, 
 ve niai-ine worthies, beyond names of worthinessl' " — 1'. ll'A, 
 
 This is tho thifd and hist attcniiit of Cuiitiiin Parry to 
 discover a iiorthwivst passage from th(^ Atlautie to tho 
 I'acific, but it is by no means his last attempt at I'olar 
 discovery; it has, in fart, been f()llo\ve(l up with an en- 
 terprise not mort^ novel than perilous — an attempt to ap- 
 proiich the? North Pole, in which ho will atraiu appear, 
 in the jiresent narrative, in that bold and fearless charac- 
 ter, whi(;ii, if 't fail -A' coniplet(^ success, will at least 
 most luiquestionably have deserved it. 
 
 it may not be iiniiss, in closini^ thv, narrative of this 
 voyaue, to insert a few desultory remarks cliielly lVoi'» 
 tlie Appendix. Duriiiij; tlie winter months inwhiclitho 
 ships wen^ shut up in JJowen's Harbor, tlio respectivo 
 ollicers employed tluMiiselves in collecting and arraiiiiing 
 the oliservatioiis that were made in tiie com-se of tho 
 voyaue,* down to thi^ period of ' their release, a very 
 hriid" extract from which must hero serve. It is almost 
 luuiecessary to say that al] astronomical ohsorvatioiis 
 connected with naviiiiition were strictly attended to by 
 the comieander of the expedition and his colleaiziie Ilopj)- 
 iier, by Lier tenants Foster, Sherer, Rnss. and by Mr. 
 Hooper, as observations for determining the longitnde: 
 
 l')y occultations of fixed stars. 
 
 iVy lixed stars o.nd the Moon — Fester. 
 
 * Then' i.^ mi A]ipPTi(li\' in tlm HiH'oml VciyM^c : tlio f'(>i',.('ti(iiH of nat- 
 unil hi^■tury, laid ccrlaiu ul' Ihc ub.-crvatiuui, iirc included in the jirus.. iit 
 
 ' I 
 
 'I 
 
 ' n 
 
 ! 
 
 
 i 
 
i-:rrm 
 
 ill 
 
 102 
 
 /.UCTIC VOYAGErJ. 
 
 n ,; 
 
 Tiy transit (iftlic Mrio,) — I'osfcr. 
 i^v .hi|iitri-'s siitcllitcs — l'"(i>tci-. 
 M;iLrncli(' (lip oriiccdli — l';irry um] Kostor. 
 \ ni'iiilioii — I 'iii'iy 1111(1 vnrioiis (illiccrs. 
 
 'V\\r IJoanl of Loiiiiitiidc luiviiiif siiiii^t'stcd tliii! oik- 
 (if lii(' objects ot" the present voyiiiii^ siioiild he tlie d,'- 
 teriiiiiiiitioii of tht^ liuure of tlie'eiirlh, by nieaiis of th(! 
 vibration of a peiidiibiiii, the apparatus of Captain Hen- 
 ry Katei'"s ooiistrnetion was sn|)plie(l to the e\pe(hrion, 
 and placed in char<;(' of lieutenant IJenry Foster. As 
 it was necessary tliat tin' nunil)er of vilirations of tl.(; 
 sanu! pendiiluin should be known at dilfei'ent ))laces. .Mr. 
 I'ond, the Astronomer iloyal, allowed the trial to Im- 
 )na(le at (Jreenwich. Tln^ results of the experiments, 
 as stated by Jiieiitenant Fostei", ^i\o brielly — 
 
 N'luiibcr ei' vibrations at (treenwicli . . lU\,\'i9,4:il 
 
 Ditto at i'orl iiowea . . !;()VJ:30,-J 1-J 
 
 lAMi^'tli of seconds' i)en(lulnni in the 
 
 latitude (if (irecnwich .... :]n-]:5f»l 1 inches. 
 
 I>ilt() at Tort J'xiweii :].'*-2();! }(>!! do. 
 
 WhiMic(% Mr. Foster says, the fraction ex})ressini^ the 
 diminution of gravity from the pole to tlio eciuator is 
 ()05n.j'>, and 
 
 The eliinticily of tli(^ "arlli, ' 
 
 'i'liat of the Frencli i:e(ini(,'tri('jaiis, — L__, 
 Sal)in(> from tiie north. L_. 
 
 LM It-l 
 
 8abnie, .^h•lville Island. ' 
 
 From Lieut(>nant .fames Clai'ke T\oss the Apponchx 
 eontiiins a l)rief account of the (piadi'iipeds, birds, tishes, 
 and insects, and invertebrate animals. There is also an 
 Hccoiuit by Sir William Hooker of the plants found in 
 th(f course of this voyaue. Tliese maybe bi-itMly stated 
 !is inider, embracing both east and west coast of this j)or- 
 tion of America. 
 
 Q>i'rJru;>r,/s.—T\ii' Polar P,car— Arctic Fox— Lennnin" 
 — Tolar 1 1 an — Reindeer— Uou-h Seal— Black Wliah — Nur. 
 wiial. 
 
 ^ li/n/s. — Iceland Falcon— Snowy Owl — RavcMi— Lapland 
 Finch— Snow-IJuntinf:—l'tannij.'an— Rock (Iroiis*^ — Willow 
 Fartrid-e— Cioklcu J'kjver— FhakiroiMs 'J species— Gulls. H 
 
 > 
 
 I ' 1 
 
PARRY ri THIRD VOYAGE. 
 
 193 
 
 s)v-rirs — Kidcr Ducks, nml vjtrions oflnM-s — Liftlo Aiik, and 2 
 
 ..lIliTS. 
 
 fishrs. — ()|)lii(liiitn. i sjxH'it's — Cnttiis, 'J spiM'ios — riciiro- 
 lii'ctrs, iKil vt'i-y uiiiiicrnus. 
 
 Iiisrrfs. — 1-J s|)f(ifs, .J of tln'iu Spiders, 1 Bci', 1 Ant, I 
 (liiat. 1 Piutlci-lly; llif other fi'.ir ;ire ISiiuuliiiin, Clendphone, 
 J'xiiiiliiis, Mild Boinhvx. 
 
 Tln^ litvi rlrhrnlr iinim. Is, whicli juv iniiiuM'ous, iuid 
 not of very fiimiliiirized iiinin>s in fjiitiii, iiiiiy 1h; imssod 
 over. 
 
 Tlip ]5ot}iny of tho last two voyao;os, hy Sir William 
 Iloolxcr, «Mni)nirps •,>! famiru's u\ tlic iialural order, hut, 
 as he ohsorves, "a siiiall mmilx'r of s])(>eit's, owiiifj; tu the. 
 fiw opportunities that were afforded I'oi- the ofticers to 
 CO on shore, as w<dl as to llie exti'eme [ verty of tho 
 soil in those pliices that wer(^ visited.'' 
 
 Of tlu^ notes on the ^reoloyy of the countries visited, 
 in the second and the prt>sent voyage, hy Professor 
 Jaineson. who also ^ives a i'ew^ concludinij remarks on 
 the iieoloixy of the i'our Arctic Expeditions, a brief ah- 
 .xtiact is as follows : 
 
 1. ''I'hat the regions explored ahomid in primitive, 
 transition, and secondary rocKs ; partial alluvial deposits; 
 iii'Jern volcanic rocks not met with ; f(>w traces of ter- 
 tiary strata. 
 
 •J. That primitive and transition islands at one time 
 ])rol)al)ly connected, and formeil a mass with the conti- 
 nent of America, in the ))lains and hollows of wlfudi wei(; 
 'ieposited tin? secondary limestones, sandstones. <i;vpsum, 
 and coal: on these, aixain, the tertiary i-ocks. 
 
 .■;. 4. .). l*urely si)eculative. 
 
 (i. The bowlders or rolled blocks afford evidence of tlic 
 passafje of water across the places whei(^ found. 
 
 7. \o traces oJ' thr aiiency of modern volcanoes any 
 ^vhe|•e except in .Ian Mayen's Island. 
 
 ^\ No intimations of older volcanic action, except in 
 the presence of secondary trap rocks. su(di as basidt, 
 iiieenstone, trap tufa, a. id ainyirdaloid. 
 
 II. That black bituminous coal (t'le oldest formation) 
 louiid in MelvMi' island and in ()!d (ireeiiland. forms an 
 interest in<: feature in tlie i;eo,i;uustical constitution of Arc- 
 tic counti'ies. 
 
 i;i R 
 
 i,(i 
 
 '1^ 
 
 
JlM'' 
 
 > ■• 
 
 ■11191 
 
 194 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 i 
 I 
 : t 
 
 ]0. Tlnit llio rod sjuiflstono of Possossior. V>\.\, cVc. 
 r('ii(l(n'.s il prchahic tluil rock salt may occur iii tluit (jUiir- 
 ter. 
 
 1 1. That \\u rc^Noiis explored by f'aptain I*arry liavc 
 un'orded varioib: iiiterestiii<; and lli,^ldy ustd'ul ores, siicli 
 as octahedral, or Mia<iiietic iron oris rhoinhoidal, or rnl 
 ii'OM ore; |)risiiiatic, or hrowii iron oi'o ; and cln'oniiitc 
 ot" iron ; also thi! conniion or«? ot" copper, or copper j)y- 
 I'ites, and snlphuret of niolylxhcna ; ore ot" titanium, aiifl 
 tliat valuable mineral, ;^raphite, or blacU-lead. 
 
 I'i. That ^ems are not wanting in thc^ Arctic reuious 
 is proved by the abiuidance of tlie {)recious fiarnet, which. 
 on moi'e particular examination of the primitives idcks. 
 will no doubt be I'ound to ])i'eseut all the beautiful coIoin 
 and elefz;ant forms for which that stone is so nnudi aii- 
 mired. Rock crystal, bei-yl, and zircon have also been 
 met with. 
 
 !;>. ^J'hat tlu'se countries exhibit the same fieneral i;c- 
 oiiuostical ari'anuements as occur in other countries c\- 
 jiuiined l)y tht^ naturalist; "a fact," says the jjrofessor, 
 " which streuiithens that opinion, which maintains tliat 
 the <2;reat featirres of nature in the miiUM'al kin<r(lom iiit- 
 every where similar, and consequently tluit tin; same 
 jieiKM'al agencic^s must have ))revailed ii;eiu*rally during 
 the formation of {\\v. solid mass of the .-arth." 
 
 14. And Professor Jameson concludes his remarks in 
 the 1 1th ])araij:rap)i with a ijeneral observation, so bciui- 
 lifully express(;d in lauiiua^e, and so true in substance, 
 that it would bc^ well worth the attention of the modern 
 ])liysiologist, with his mic creations ^)Y'm[i\\\)i out ol' Ji i rij 
 vt/s/s, to leave his unsul)stantial visions, and imitate the 
 professor's creed, 
 
 " 'I'hat the ap[)areut irre^nilarities wliicli at first si^lit 
 present themselves to our attention in the i,M-aiid nrnnii.'i'- 
 iiKMils in the iniiici-al kinirdoiii arc the otVs|)rini,' of oni' own 
 feel)!).' powers ol' obscrvalioii, and tUsnppcar when the phe- 
 liouieua, are examined in ;ill their relations. Il is then, in- 
 tleed, that llie iniud obtains tliose endnriiig and sul)liine 
 views of llie power of the Deity, wiiieli, in ixeoloiry, rewiir;! 
 llie patient (ibserver, raise oii(> of tlie most beautiful and in- 
 terestiiiif departments of natural science to its true rank, and 
 prove tliat its relations connect, as it were, in the scale of 
 itiairnitude, the phenomena of the earlli witli those more e.v- 
 
t 1 
 
 \ , 
 
 hH 
 
 TARRY S THIRD VOYAGE. 
 
 195 
 
 V,vy, cVc. 
 
 1 tllilt (jUill- 
 
 Parrv Innc 
 I oi'cs, .such 
 idiil, or ltd 
 chroiiiiitf 
 copper j)v- 
 uiiiuiM. aiifl 
 
 •tic rcii'iDUs 
 net, Avhicli. 
 ili\(^ rocks, 
 itit'itl colors 
 iiiucli aii- 
 .', tilso been 
 
 ^eiKM'iil ;:('- 
 untrics c\- 
 ' j)rotVss()r. 
 iiitii'ms tliat 
 iii^doni iiic 
 ; tluj Scuiic 
 •ally duriiii; 
 
 rcinai'ks in 
 n, so Ix'iiu- 
 suhstaiicc, 
 li(^ modern 
 out oi'Jii /■'/ 
 iniitato the 
 
 t first sii,'!it 
 lid iirraiii:!'- 
 
 of oui' own 
 cii the [ilii'- 
 
 is tlieii, la- 
 nd suhlinie 
 i)>:y, reward 
 itit'ul and iii- 
 le rank, and 
 he scale of 
 se more e\- 
 
 f('n>ive arraiiircnicnts presented to oar iiitcljiircncc in tla^ 
 pliaetary >ysteiM. and in the grand I'raiueuork nt the universu 
 it-ilt." — App., [). 101. 
 
 ('a()taiii l*any, in ohservinj; on tlie extreme facility 
 with which sounds are heard at considerahle distances in 
 severely cold weather, relates a circumstance that occnr- 
 rnl at Port Uowen in conlirniation of the tiu-t. '• Ideu- 
 ti'nant Koster hiivin<; occasion to send a niiui from tlus 
 ahservatory to the opposite; shore of the harbor, a meas- 
 invd (listanc<^ of (WIlHi teet (about a mile and two tenths), 
 in order to lix a nu-ridian mai-k, had placed a second per- 
 i^nn iialf way between, to repeat his directions; but ho 
 t'unnd, (»n trial, that this jirecaution was unnecessary, as 
 he coidd without dilficully keep up a conversation with 
 tliemanut the distant station, 'j'he tli(!rnH)nieter at the 
 tinu" waslH^; tlu^ barometer, ;j()-14 inches; weather 
 (aim, clear, and sei-one." 
 
 The Aurora is stated to liave app -ared forty-seven 
 nitdits from October to March, fifteen times in .lanuarv, 
 five in March, and two in October. Xothiuii particular 
 is said of its appearance, and no oiu^ ever iieard any 
 soiuid produced. 'JMie Aurora had no elfect on the va- 
 riation needles, which were susptiuled (not supporUd) 
 ill th(3 mo.st delicate manner. 
 
 The atmosj)here durin-i the winter montlis is stated to 
 liave been fivorable to the excitement of (dectricity ; but 
 none could be made apparent, though I'arrv says the 
 electrometer with ^mld Icuf w;,s applied to "the 'clmin, 
 which was attached to the; mast head by irlass rods, the 
 upper link, abov*; the mast head, beiiiy 11"; feet al)ov(3 
 the level of the sea ; but it was without the slightest 
 jierceptible effect. 
 
 A word on the difference of temperature, and of tho 
 different quantities of ice on the east and west shores of 
 continents, islands, or straits : a well-known fact, but 
 wlpch does not appear to have been satisfactorily ex- 
 jiliiined— why tiie Avestern coasts of (continents an'd isl- 
 ands, of straits and inlets, should be l-ss subject to bo 
 liainpered Avith ice than the eastern ones ? The fact is 
 decidedly so, as many instances, in ad(htion to th<»so 
 mentioned by Captain Parry, miyht be given. If tho 
 cii^terly winds wero tho must pruvulent and powerful, 
 
 ^ I'! 
 
 rv 
 
 I t 
 
 
 I 1 
 
!^ 
 
 mm. 
 
 mm 
 
 \l 
 
 190 
 
 aucth; voyages. 
 
 ■ I 
 
 '\ 
 
 the fl()»'s iiiid iii;i>^s('s ol" ic(! wouM no dotilit lie driven hv 
 tlicni to till" ca-iciiy const ; Ijnl it would riitlioi" iipprin- 
 llint witliiii tlio Arctic ( 'ii'clc tlio nortlicrly iiiid wrstciiv 
 \viiids mostly pifvnil. Tlic sjiiiic; tliinjj; ohtiiins with rc- 
 .ijiird to t(!iii|)('i!iliirc. whether on the coasts ol" continents 
 or islands, or even in the hroad streets ol" towns, lyiny in a 
 north and south diriiction. 'i'luis, on the western coa>t of 
 AuM-rica, up as lar as ( "ook's l\iv»'r. between the latitude 
 of .')■') and (id , the little certhias an(] the huniMiiii;.'-i)ir(ls 
 are, said tf> Ik^ (diir|)inif and suiuinL\ when t'roiii New- 
 loundland in aO , down to I'hiladclpliiii in 10 ', t'lost and 
 snow cover the wat(!r and th«i liround. At home, the 
 dil'lerencei ot" temperature hetwcHii tlio wosteni coast or 
 islands ot" Scotland and tiie eastern coast is so {^reat, that 
 the !at(^ Lady llute found tile Isle (»1 JJute more coll^e- 
 nial with her constitution tlian even Kniihnid. 'I'he coast, 
 of J )evonshire is ot' a nnudi milder temj)erattu'e than ihe 
 coast of Norfolk. ( )n the same j)rmciple, the east sidr 
 of Iveiient-street, faciiii: the west, will always he found 
 more dry and Wrc from moisture than the o])posite side, 
 facing the east: and so will the east side of lleiicnt's 
 Park he moi'e (h'v, <nid the houses more free from moist- 
 ure, than on the western side. 
 
 From what ciiiise does this proceed .' May it not lie 
 explained hy the tact that, at o)' a little hefore sunri-e. 
 the temperatiu'e of the atmosjdiere is much lower than 
 at or a little aftei- sunset, and tliat, from tlie foi-mer pe- 
 riod to the nu-ridian, the inllueiice of the snn is consid- 
 erahly less than i'vnin the meridian to tlie latter: in otli- 
 C'l- W(»rds, that the power of the sun dui'inii the first h.tlf 
 of tlie day, when liis ravs iiass over the eastern land, is 
 liuudi less than when he is pourin;::; his heams on the 
 ^veste|•n land for the second half" of the day ? If it h(! 
 conceded that the settiiii: smi sluMldinii its riiys on a west- 
 o,vi\ coast crj'ates a more warm or mild temperature than 
 is felt hy the more oljlicjue liiys at tlic^ same tinu^ shed 
 on the eastern land, perhaps it may assist to solve the 
 problem: but lh(> di()'erenc(> is not so fjreat as to explain 
 the cause of the |.erm!inently-lixed ice, f"or instance, on 
 the east coast of ( ir<'enland, or of Suutliamjiton Jslaiid, 
 Oijd iiiiuiy other coasts running; north and south. 
 
 " Tlie5?o facts, when tiikeu together," I'arry snys. 
 
I'ARRV ■< roLAu vov.\(;r.. 
 
 107 
 
 -liavc Ion;; ii^o iinprfss.'d inc with an idra that tlirro 
 iiiii>t exist ill tilt- Polar region soiiir ;;t'iicijil motion of 
 t!:i' scfi toward the west, cansinu tlic ice to set in tiiat 
 ilirt'ction when not inipt'llnl \)y conti'ary winds, or local 
 liiid occasional currents, nntil it hntts a^a'inst those shores 
 which are actiiallv found to he most encnmhered hv it;"' 
 and he ^Mves instances ot" ships heini: set to the westViird 
 111 ojiposition to a stronj^wind hlowinu tVom that (piarter; 
 and, liiivin^ stated the tacts, he coiicindi'S hy su^iiotin^, 
 I'lir tlie considei'atioii of othei's, whether siiidi a tenden- 
 cy (it tile sea as that noticed may not have some con- 
 nection with tlu? motion of the earth on its axis. Such 
 an idea, it is appndiended, is not tenahle. as it is <,a'iier- 
 aliy understood that tlie motion of the earth carries witii 
 il liotii tlie sea and the atinosj)lu're. 
 
 •I 
 
 1 1 
 
 ' )\ 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 PARRY'S rOLAR VOYAliE. 
 
 1^*•J7. 
 
 /hr } 
 
 ( (ir 
 
 N'irra'/rr of aji Aflvmpf tn rrarh fhr X,>rfh I>„h' in 
 ]!i-,'7. l',y Captain W . K. rAuuv. 
 WuKN it is considered th,d Captain Parry, since tiio 
 yeiir islS, has made four voyages into the Ai-ciic Seas, 
 iind lias passed four winters in tlu^ ice, and that we now 
 liiid hmi airam comiti<: forwai-tl in the year 1S-J7 (haviier 
 l.ut Just returned from his last voya^v), and proposini^ 
 In liord .\J(dville a |)lan of an attempt to reach the Noith 
 I'nle by means of traveliim with sled-,,.|„„i,^ over the 
 in;.- or throui-h any spaces of wat(>r that miuht occur, 
 tins darui-r attempt hriims back to our recollection the 
 .xtreme sullenti^s of Franklin and Richardson on their 
 lirst j.)urney to the shores of the l>o]ar Sea, which dul 
 not deter them from immediat(dy settin- out a scc(.n(l 
 tune— wlien it is farther considered tliat ri'ankliii is 
 now on a voyage in search of u northwest passage, and 
 
 / llj; adds in h ii«r,>. "This plan. ,i.« (,ridu:illv i)roiK.srd Iv ('.i.tun 
 
 (i -2 
 
 \ : 
 
 I ! i 
 
mm 
 
 \ f 
 
 IM 
 
 mm 
 
 IDS 
 
 ARCTIC vov.vcr.s. 
 
 • I 
 
 11(1(1 to tJH'sc tlic iii(lffiiti'iiili!(' liihors of Sic .Tiiiucs f'liii'ko 
 Koss, Ntlio liiis passed seven or eiiilit Winters of liis lifo 
 in the ice, li.ivin^ recently iclnrned from u three years' 
 ijxpedition into the Anlarctic ( )cean — when these se\er- 
 id cases are |irominently l)rouj:ht before ns, the only con- 
 clusion to he arrived at is tiiis, tliat tluMlesire for disliiic- 
 tioii, and the confident liopn of nieritiiiii it hy sonu' new 
 discovery, overpower (3very apprehension of danger or 
 difliculty, licini^ satislied tluit they possess resources 
 within themselves, and u sidlicient stock of moral cour- 
 iiii(^ to strnii;«,d(! aiiiiinst and to coiKpier both dilticnlty and 
 danger. 'I'her(* is also something inviting to u si'aman's 
 mind in exphjrin^ new countries, which is not the less 
 I'elished by tiie access to them beiii^ beset ^vith obsiu- 
 cles which to overcouK! must sometimes re(jniro e.\- 
 trem(> sutferinii, and even the sacritice of life. 
 
 The enterpris(^ about to be described had plenty of 
 iiovidty, dilticnlty, and danger to recommend it ; but 
 I'arry was not a man to rush lieadlonu into a novel ami 
 perilous scheme without makiuii incpiiry into its nature. 
 ( )n consultinu I'hipps's voyaij,(; of 177:5, Im finds Cap- 
 tain liUtwidiie describing thi! ice for ten oi" tw(dv(. leagues 
 as "■ one continued j)lain of smooth, unbroken ice, bouml- 
 ed only by the lujrizoii." Mi'. Scoresby's account w;n 
 stron:L!,('r still. " I onc(> saw," he says, '* u field that was 
 so free from either fissure or liommoc, that 1 imai^ine, 
 liad it been fi'ee from snow, a coach mij^ht iiave been 
 driven nnuiy l(!ai;ues over it in a direct line, without oli- 
 st ruction or dan;.u'r." tireat encouram'mi'nt these ic- 
 ports cei'tainly affoi'ded for the {)ro<fress of a sledue- 
 borne boat. Captain Parry, however, adds a farther 
 stimulus — that his lio{)es of" success were i)rinci])al!y 
 founded on the pi'o})()sition that had been made by iiis 
 friend and l)rothei--officer, Ca))taiii Franklin, who laid 
 himself volunteered to cordnct it. 
 
 Two boats were speciidly constructed for this piu'- 
 pose, twenty feet loni; and seven broad, llat-floored, and 
 built as stout as wood and iron could make them, and so 
 fitted as to contain nautical iind otluM' instruments, l)a;:s 
 of l)iscuit, pen\inican, spare clothing, and a variety of 
 smaller stores, chiefly provisions. "A bamboo niasL 
 nineteen feet long, a tarred duck sail, answering also thu 
 
 .. I 
 
)!' liis lifo 
 rt'c yt 'ills' 
 
 L'SC SCVfl'- 
 
 oiily coii- 
 nv (lisliiic- 
 'OMlc new 
 diiiim'f i>r 
 resources 
 Drill fdiir- 
 iiMilly iiiiil 
 
 Sl'lllllilll's 
 t the less 
 itll ohstii- 
 (jiiirc cx- 
 
 pltMity (if 
 1 it ; hut 
 novel iUid 
 ts iiiiturc. 
 
 luls ('llj)- 
 vt Ieii;i;iics 
 ■e, hoiiml- 
 couut \v;h 
 
 1 tllilt WilS 
 
 iniii^uie, 
 
 liive liecii 
 
 illiout oli- 
 
 the.se re- 
 
 ii sledne- 
 
 a lartlu'r 
 
 )i'iiu'i]);il!y 
 
 idc \)\ ills 
 
 wliu iiiid 
 
 tliis pur- 
 Dored, iiud 
 mil, and so 
 leiils, l);iij;s 
 viiriely of 
 uboi) niiisL 
 :ig also ihu 
 
 PARRY ri POLAR VOVA(iE. 
 
 199 
 
 p nposo of an iiwninjj;, a spreiit, one hoat-liooU, fonileeti 
 pi. (lilies, and a stecM'-oiir, completed each hoat's conijile- 
 iiiciit.'' Two officers and twelve men (ten of them seii- 
 iiifti and two niiirines) wcre^ selecleil for ciich hoiit's 
 ( ifw. Kach hoiit, wit'i all her furnitiu-e, tools, insii-u- 
 iiieiits, cl(»tliin^. imd provisions of cNcry kind, weiuhecl 
 iw').'! j)ounds, hein;: -Jli-^ pounds in wjiii^ht foi- eiK-h mim, 
 exclusive! of lour sledges, weiyhiiiii "Jfi pounds each. 
 
 ".My own iinpiirtial conviction." says I'iirry, "at tho 
 time of setting out on this enterprise, coincided (with u 
 siiiuie exce|)lion) with tin; opinion expres>;e(l hy tho 
 (.'ommissioners of LonifitucU^ in their memorial to tho 
 kiiij:, that "the jiroyrivss (tf discovery had not iirri\ed 
 northward, ac(,'or(Hnij; to any W(dl-iiutheiiticiited accounts, 
 so far iis ^^1 of north latitude."' The exception lu; iil- 
 liides t(j is in favor of Mi". Scoreshy, who states liis liav- 
 iiii:, in the year ISiKi, j-eached tlm latitude of HI 1 -J' 
 ■IJ ' l)V actual observation, iind HI .'io' hv dejid ivckon- 
 iiiii. "1 therefor(> consider." saj's Parry, "the hitter 
 piu-iillel as, in all probiihility, the highest which hjid ever 
 been iittained jjrior to the uttiMiipt recoided in tii<! fol- 
 lowing piiizes." 
 
 When iill was ready, ('ajitiiin Piirry was a])pointed 
 to tlie commiiud of il.M. slooj) IJocIa, with inslrnctioiKi 
 to proc(^ed in lier to Spitzbereeii, to place her in somo 
 sate harbor or cove, and, leiivinu; lier in cliiirire of Lieu- 
 tetiiinl Kost<M", to pi'oceed with the boiits dii-ectly to \\io 
 iiortliwiird, nsitii;; his best (mdeavors to reach tin? North 
 Pole! : to be careful to I'eturn to Spit/.berueii before lh(» 
 wintei' sets in, .md early enough in the autumn to insuro 
 tile I lecla not beiiii: fro/en up and oi)li<:ed to winter there, 
 lie wiis to direct Ijieuteimnt Fos.ter to survc^y tlie north- 
 ern iiiid eiist(>rn coiists of S|)it/,beri,M'n in liis absenco. 
 Tlie officers iittiiched to the liechi were Lieutenants 
 J'ostei- and Cio/iei', the former ii most distiui^uished sci- 
 entific niivi'rator, who, iis alroiidy siiid, lost his life on the 
 Isthmus of I'iuiiimii; the hitter now (-iiptiiin of the '^Fer- 
 I'or, on the existing!; voyage ol" Sir .lolni F' inklin, liaving 
 been tlit> second in coimiiand to ("iiptain nies Koss in 
 the South Pole Kxpedition. Lieutetifint .lames lioss, 
 on the present voyii^e, commanded tlie second boiit. 
 
 Ou tlio 4th of AjH-ii, ld:-'7, thu lleclu weighed anchor 
 
 ( , 
 
 ' ( 
 
 K 
 
 ' ' I < 
 
 /i ! 
 
 i i 
 
■n^^ 
 
 200 
 
 AKCTIC VOVAfiLrf. 
 
 » 
 
 1111(1 iiifidt' siiil Irimi the Noro, and on tlu; IDtli iinivcfl nt 
 Hiiiiiiiit'itt'sl. wlitii- tlicy wciT tn I'cci'ivc on Itoiiid ci^lit 
 r('iii<lf»M', witliii sii|)|)l_\ uT nmss {( 'i imm i/ci run uij' mm) 
 lor tln'ir piovmdfr. llei't^ I'lirry i;U'!iiu'd sonio instruc- 
 tions tor tiu' niiinii^«'in«'nt ottlio deer. 
 
 " NutliioL' call 1)1' iimir hcaiilitiil than tin* tmiiiinir of the 
 l^aplaiid rrijidcci'. \\ illi it miii|)1c nilliir of sUiii roiind his 
 neck, ii siiiirh' truer ot'thr saiiic iiiati-rial iittHchcd to the |»iillv 
 or sh'(li.'r, and |ia.>siai.' hrtwrcn his h-^'s, and nm- rein ta.-»trncil 
 liki' a lialtci' inniid his iii-ck, thi> intt-lhu'i'nt and docile aninnd 
 is perfectly nu(hT conunand n|' an experienced driser, ;ind 
 jiei'|iii-nis a>tiinisliinix jnnrneys (>\er tiie Mii'le>t simw . \\ hi-n 
 the rein is thrown n\er on the ntr->id" of tiie animal, lie im- 
 mediately s<'ts ofl" al tiill ti'ot, and >t<ips sliort the instant it is 
 thruwn liack to tlie near siih'. Shakini,' the rein over his Irirk 
 is the only \vhi|) that is reipiired." — I', (i. 
 
 '^i'lic ipiiintity of eh tin moss, per day, for cacii dcci', 
 is stiitod to bo I'onr ponnds, hut tlioy iio live or six days 
 >vitiiout provender, and witlioni snllerinii materially. 
 Snow is to tlieni the host kind ol" Wiiter, and iec a c im- 
 fortahlo hed. It mny well he imagined how vahiahio 
 MH'li iniimals were likely to he to file party ; iind I'lirry 
 observes, that *'the more we became iicciistonied, and, 
 I may say, attached to them, the more paint'nl becanm 
 the idea of the net'essity which was likely to exist, ot" 
 ultimately havin;;; recoiirsi' to tlieni as provisions for om- 
 solves," 
 
 On the 1 Ith of .May tin; I lecla rounded llakliiyt's 
 1 leadland, and met with such n feiiieiidous j^ale of wiml 
 iuu\ ^nsts from the hiuli land as almost to lay the ship on 
 her beam ends, and oblige tln-m to i'e(hice the canvas 
 to tho main-topsail ami stormsails, and let her drive to 
 ItM'ward. I'arry suuucsts it miulit liave been such a 
 storm as this that i;a\t' the name ot" this lu-adland. in an 
 old Dutch cliart. the Dui/nl's Jlot/r. l-'rom this tinni 
 till till' embarcatioii in boats, which did not take place till 
 cilter "a close and tedious • besetinent" of twenty-tour 
 duys,'" that is, from tlie 1 1th of May till tlie .-^ih of June, 
 niJiy be looked (»n as so much lost time. Indeed, after 
 l)einjL!; rtdeased, it riMpiireil a loni^, anxious, and tedious 
 Boarcli fur a properly secure harbor in which to leave tho 
 Hecla, where <ho iniyht cuiiveiiiently bo I'uuml on tlio 
 
 v 1. i 
 
PAIIUV H rOLAU VOYAtiE. 
 
 201 
 
 ilTiVcd lit 
 iU'd flLillt 
 
 :.'//' n lilt ) 
 5 iiistruc- 
 
 W'Ji oC tin- 
 
 riiiuid Ills 
 I llir |)illk 
 
 ilr iiliiiiial 
 •i\fi', ;iii(l 
 ,. Wh.ii 
 III, lir iiri- 
 i>t;iiit it is 
 r liis Inrlv 
 
 icll (Iccf, 
 six (lays 
 
 utcriiilly. 
 
 t' ii t: iiii- 
 v:ilii!ilil)i 
 
 llfi I'illTV 
 
 mmI, ami, 
 I hfciuriii 
 
 exist, u'i 
 ■i lof oiir- 
 
 liikliiyt's 
 of wind 
 
 slii|) oil 
 ' canvas 
 di'ivt' to 
 
 such a 
 id. in an 
 lis tiini'i 
 |)laci' till 
 iity-t'oiir 
 ol" .Iniif, 
 cd, after 
 
 tedious 
 ea\i^ tlio 
 I on tlio 
 
 retiu'ii of tli(^ boats fidiii the northward. Sii(di a spot 
 was at i('n;:th disco\ered. 
 
 " ( )ii the e\e!iinir <•! the 1-th of .liuie. \vhile standin<; 
 PI for the liiuh land to the eastward ot' \ orle:;eii lloek, 
 which, with due attention to the land, may he approach- 
 ed with salety, we perceivi-d from the crow's-nest what 
 iiupeared a low point. |)o>silily aljordaii; some sludter for 
 liie ship, and which seemed to an>wer to an iiith'iitatioit 
 I'f the coast laid down in an old |)n<ch chart, and there 
 called Tn iin iilmrn lin ij ;" and a line sheltered hay they 
 tnnnd it: they warped in the llecia with the iireatest, 
 ;ilacrity, ami dropped ancdior in Uii-h/ Cnri in thirteen 
 f;ilhoins. 
 
 The neii.dil)orliood of this hay. like most of tlie nortli- 
 cin chores- ot' Spit/heruen, appeared to have been miadi 
 M>ited hy tlu! I)iit(di at a very early period, ol' w hieh cir- 
 (■ istiince records were furnished at almost (nery spot, 
 whei'e the i)artv landed, hv the numerous iiraves they 
 met with. Thirty of the>e were fiaiml on a p(»int of 
 liiid on the north side of the hay. The hotlies had been 
 umerally (leposite(l in oblonu wooden cot'l'iiis. not burii-il, 
 lint merely covered with larye stones; a board near the 
 bead records the name of the deceased, the ship, her 
 inmniander. and her date ; one was so far hack as l(i!n). 
 I'arry is riuht in supposing: the name of the bay to \ni 
 fidin In iir( II, to lanu-nt, on ai'count of tlie mortality that 
 liiis occuri'ed there. 
 
 llavinj; now made liis linal arrantiements, and jiiven 
 proper dii'ections to Lieutenants Koster and Cro/.ier, 
 ( 'aptain I'arry Itd't tlie ship with his two boats, whicdi he 
 liiimed the Knterprisi^ and the Kndeavor. Mi". ISeverley 
 bein;^ attached to his own. and liieiitenaiit Koss. accom- 
 panie(| by Mr. IJird. in the other. As the season had so 
 far advaiKM'd. lie took only seventy-one days' j)rovisions ; 
 :iiiil as it appeared liiiihly improbable, from what had 
 liceii seen of the very riiimed nature of the ice they 
 W(Hild first liave to encounter, that " either the reindeer, 
 tile snow-shoes, or tlie wheels would prove of any ser- 
 vice for sotne tinuf to come, I iiavi' up the idea ot takiii!^ 
 tliem. We, liowever. constructed out of the snow- 
 sliiu's four exctdlent sUmI^cs for ilraimini; a |)art ul" i»ur 
 biigguijo over the ice, which proved of invaluable serN icu 
 
 « t ! 
 
is ■' 
 
 20t> 
 
 ARCTIC V()V.\(;i:rf, 
 
 , I 
 
 
 to ns, wliild tliP rest (ifflH' tliinys just moiitiom'il would 
 ((Illy liiivr ht'i'ii nil riiciiiijIdiiiH'f." 
 
 W'lial lirciiiiu' <»l' those iiilfrfstiiii: lilll«* crt-iil hits, tho 
 »'ii;lit r»'iii(|('('r, wliicli were spoken (»l" with u kiiiil of nl- 
 I'cctioMiito i'«*uui'(|, wliilc it was liintrd that the iiainliil 
 iifcrssity iniyht arise olliaviiiif recoiiise to them as pru- 
 visioii, is not stated. It was soon evident, indeed, rnnn 
 tht.' appearance of the ice, that they could not he ol'ihe 
 slightest use, hut a yreat encnnihiance in the hoiits: ot" 
 their ultiinati^ l'at<^ no mention is made in tli(> nai'iative. 
 
 Lieutenant Ci'ozier accoinpaniefj the hoats as tarns 
 W'aldeii Island, where a deposit ol" provisions was lel'i, 
 whence they proceeded to Little Talile Island to exam- 
 ine and rivsecure tlie provisions that had heen lell there 
 l<)i' their I'c^turn. The prosp»M't to the northward was 
 ravoral)l(< enouyh, only a small (jiianlity of loose ice he- 
 iiiif in sijfjit, the w<'athei' calm and clear, with the sea as 
 smooth as a mirror; th.-s "we set off without delay, at 
 lialf past t<Mi, takinij; our final leav(5 of the Spitzher^en 
 shor<'S. as we lioped, for at least two months. The wal- 
 ruses iiere were very nmnei'ous, lyin;j; in luM'ds upon the 
 ice, and plnn^fiiiif into the water to follow us as we pass- 
 e(|. M'he sound tiiey uttei" is somethinji hetween hellow- 
 iiii; and vei-y loud siiortiiii;, which, together with their 
 iirim, lasirded countenances, and loiiij tusks, make them 
 appear, as indeed the;}' are, rather formidiiblu enemies 
 to contend with. 
 
 '' Sleeriiiji dui^ nortli, wo made pood proirress, our lat- 
 itude, by the sun's meridian altitude at midnipht, heinp 
 ^{) ^ ol' ].'>". At noon the n«»xt diiy, Uitvv n run of two 
 hours in open water, with a wt^sterly wind, wr. werc^ 
 stopped hy close ice, and ohliiied to haul the boats upon 
 a small llotvjjiece, the latitude by observation beinj^ f^P 
 
 As tills voyaso is of so bold and (lai'inp a character, and 
 in all its circumstances so novel and perfectly unicpie, no 
 description of it, except in tlu; wcjrds of the conmiander 
 of the Knterprise hinis<df, can convey to the reader an 
 ade(piate idea of the arrani:;ements and the manaiiement 
 of it. The usual mode pursujMl by this <iallant party on 
 their adventurous voyayc^ is thus described : \ 
 
 " Oiu' plan of traveling being nearly the same througli(jut 
 
r \Ki V H ror.AR vov \(;i:. 
 
 ;;.»03 
 
 il Woiilil 
 
 irt'S. tlin 
 
 mI mI' iil- 
 
 piiinriil 
 
 I lis |)lll- 
 
 '<l, tVoia 
 ic of tli*^ 
 mis : (iT 
 rnitivf. 
 IS tiir lis 
 ^viis Ict'l, 
 
 () l^Xlllll- 
 •ft tllcrn 
 iinl WHS 
 • ice lic- 
 l(> sen MS 
 ilcliiy, ill 
 
 riic \v!.i- 
 
 iipoii tlio 
 we piiss- 
 
 II l)»'ll()\V- 
 
 ith llifir 
 ikf tlu'iii 
 
 IMR'lllit'S 
 
 ;, our hit- 
 it. l>t'iii<^ 
 II of two 
 
 Its iipoii 
 
 LCter, and 
 iiiijiic, no 
 niiiiiiuli'r 
 (>iul«'r iui 
 iiiii«Miu'nt 
 party on 
 
 irouglnjut 
 
 Uiis t'xcnrsioii. jiftrr wi- liisl •■iifrml ii|i(iii tlii- ]rr, T iii;iv ;it 
 i(ll<T 'j\\r Miiiif III rii'iiit ril'diii* ii-u;il irnxli' ot pliK i'( iliiiL.'. It 
 wiiH iiiv iiilfiitiiiii til tiiisrl wlmlly iit iiiL'lil, nrid to lot liy 
 (1,'iv, llifi'f liciiiir. fit'niiii->r, (•(iii-.t;iiit (l.'iyliL'lif ill tln'M- |•|•L'i<'ll.^ 
 (lillilil,' tlif silimmT srii-iiiM. 'Tlic iiil\:ilitiii.'i-« nt llii^. pliii, 
 wliiili WHS (M(;i-«i(iii,illy tlri';iiiL'«'il l»V circiiliistiilii-cs. rnii^i-tnl, 
 t'n-l, ill "iiii" JiMiidini.' tin- iiitni.sr ami n|iprc.ssiv(' ^'hiif liniii 
 till' snow tliiiiiiL' till- liiiif III' iIh' sun's i,'n';itr--l nltitiuji'. -^u ;iH 
 to pi-('V*>iit, ill r^Miiif ili';.'r<T, till- piiiiitii! iiitlaiiini.'itinii in tliti 
 fV.'S ciillt'd ' Hiiow-lilimiiH'ss,' wliidi is coiiiiiiuii in ail snnwy 
 cuiiiitrii'S. Wf alsii tliiis ciiinyril i.'i"<'ati-r wariiitli dnriiiL,' tliu 
 liiiiiis (if rest, and liad a lirtti-r ciiaiKr *)l drying.' mir rlullirs ; 
 ln'»idrs wliicli. nil small advantaL't' was dcrivi'd from tin- >iiii\v 
 iiriii'.: liardiM" at iiijlit ihr travrliiiL'. 'I'lif rmlv disad%rintai.'(> 
 (it'tliis plan was, that tlic fuirs wfrc sonirwliat mmr trnpirnt 
 and more thick liy iiiLdit than l»y day, tliiiiii.'li even in this ro- 
 >-|irct tliciT was Irss ditli'i't'iicc than iiii^'lit liavr lirni >iip- 
 jiiisrd, thf tciiipcratnn' diiriiiLr tin- twriity-timr hours iiiidfr- 
 uiiiiii.' I»iit little variation. This travclini.' liy iiiL'lit and slct-p- 
 iiiLT liy diiv so ciiiniili'trly iiivcrtfd tin' natural urdcr of thing's, 
 that it was diiliiult to pfisnado oiirsclvrs nf the roality. |]vcu 
 llii- oHiccrs and niyscit', who wcro all fnriii>hi'd with fiockct 
 clintiioiiirtcrs, could not always licar in mind at what part of 
 till" twfiitv-foiir hours we had arrived ; and thcrr wm- sev- 
 eral of the men who declared, and I lielieve trnlv, that they 
 never knew iiiirht from day dnrinir the whole exciirsidii." 
 
 •• When we I'ose in the eveniiii:, we commenced our day 
 Iiv |)ravi'rs, after which we took otl" our fur sleepintr-dres,-es, 
 and put on those liir traveling'; the fnrnier lieimr made of 
 lainlet, lined with racoon skin, and the latter nf stmnir hlno 
 lidx-cloth. We made a ])oiiit of always puttiiii,' mi the sanio 
 stockiiiL's and lioots for travelinir in, whether they had dried 
 (hirimr the day or not ; and 1 helievo it was only in li\e or 
 six instances, at tlie most, that they were not either still wet 
 111' hard ii'o/.en. 'i'liis. indeed, was of no conseipience hi nuikI 
 the discomfort of first ])uttiiiL' them on in this state, as they 
 were sure to be thoroni:hly wet in a ipiarter of an hdiir after 
 cdinmenciiiLT our journey, while, on the other haiiil, it was 
 of vital iiii[)ortaiice to keep diy thiuLfs for sleejiinu in. I'.eing 
 
 ■ " {fail w • Huccccdi'fl in nucliin.: the liiL'licr hiHtmlrH, ^\ill■n' tin; 
 cliiiiiLri' (if till' -an'- iiltitiiili' dui'liiir thr twiiity-l'oiir hours is .-till Irss prr- 
 rcjilililc, it Wdiilii liavi' licfii i .-.-ciitiiilly iii'ci'ssary to ]i(),-,-i'-s fiir ('crtaiii 
 iiicaii- ot' knowing' this, siiicf an error of twclvi- hours of tinir would 
 have carrii'l us, win n wr intcndi'd to rrturii. on a iiuriiliaii o|i|io-iri' to, 
 or 1~(1' fi-oMi, the riu'lit one. 'I'd oliviati' the ini-^siliihly of this, wc hail 
 Miiui' chroiioiiiiti r-, coii-tructi'd by Mi'ssr-. l'arl<iti.-oii and I'rod-hain, 
 ol' \\hich till' hour-hand niadi- only one rrvolutioii in thu day, thu tWiU- 
 tyl'uur huurd bciiu' luiirkrd ruund the diuliilutc.'' 
 
 ' / 
 
 i I 
 
 ! i 
 
 1 i 
 
 1 \ 
 
 ^- 
 
201 
 
 AIUTHJ voYA(;i:s. 
 
 ' i'iL.'Lr<'(l' iiir tnivclitiL', we lnciikliistrd ii|)t)ii u;inn cncoa nuil 
 l)i.-(iiil, Mini ntttT stdwiiii,' llic tliiiiirs in llic Imals mid (Hi iIk; 
 slr(it.'t'S, so ;is ti) srciirc llit'iii, its iimcli as |)ii>.-ili|c, t'loiii \scl, 
 uf si'l i>\\' (111 u\u- day's Joiinifv, and usually Iravclrd t'loni 
 11\(^ til live and if. lialt lidurs, then stnji|ifd an Imur tn dine, 
 and ML'iiiu traveled liiur, live, (u- even six lidurs, accdrdini,' to 
 cii'ciimslances. Al'ler this wr lialtcd tor the niu'lit, as \vt; 
 tailed it, tlioiii:h it was usually early in the niorniim. seleet- 
 iim tilt." lariiest sui'liice (if ici; we lia|i|)ened to ho near tor 
 hauling' the hoats on, in order to avoid the danner of it> lireak- 
 iiiLr u|i by coniinir in eoiitact with other masses, and also to 
 jireveiit dril't as much as nossihle. The ixiats were placed 
 close aloiiL'side each other, with their sterns to the \viud, the 
 Miow or wet cleared out ot tli(;i.i. and the sails, su|i|i irted \>v 
 llie hamlioo masts iind tlirei* paddles, placed oNcr them as 
 awninizs, an entraiici^ieinf,' left at the liow. livery man then 
 imniedialely put on diy stockinirs and fur liools, after whicli 
 we set alKiiit tli(^ necessary repairs ot hoats, sUnliies, or 
 clothes; and, after servini^ tin.' provision.^ for the siuceedin:,' 
 day, we went to supper. Most of the otlicers and men then 
 smoked their pipes, which served to dry the hoats and awii- 
 
 in 
 
 L's very much, and usually raised thi' temi)era1ure ot ( 
 
 lur 
 
 loiL'ini^s 10 or 1') . 'f his part of tlie tweiitv-t'our lioni's wa.» 
 often a time, and the oiilv one, of real eiijo\'meiit to us; ilir 
 men told their stories, and ' lliuudit idl their battles o'er ai:aiii,' 
 and the labors of the day. unsuccessful as they loo (jtten were, 
 were fori:otteii. A rei,'ular watch was s(,'t duriiiir our restiiii;- 
 time, to look out for bears, or for the ice breakimr up round 
 us, as well as to attend to the dryini: of the clothes, each 
 man alternately takiiiu' this diitv tor one hour. We then con- 
 cluded our day with pravers. and haviu,:: put on our fur dress 
 es. lay down to sleep with ;i (h'l/ree of comtort which per- 
 liaps few pers(»ns would iinai:ine |iossible under such circum- 
 stances ; our clii«>f inconvenience lieiim. tliat we were some- 
 what pinched for room, and tlieretbr(> obli^'ed to stow rather 
 closer than was (piite aL'reeable. The te aperatiire. while 
 we sle[>l, was u>uidly from ',](> to 1.")-, accordini: to the state 
 of the externiil atmosphere; but on one or l\\(i occasions, in 
 calm iwtd warm weather, it njse as hii,di as fiO to (i(i , obli- 
 ^'im: us to thi'ow otV a jiart of our hir dress. After wo had 
 slept seven hours, the man a]i]ioiii1ed to boil the cocoa i"ous( 
 it 
 
 I 
 
 us. wnen it was I'lady, liy tlie soim,! ot a liuirle, wtieu wo 
 commenced our day in the manner betore di'scribed. 
 
 •'Our allowauc'.' of pruvisions tor each man per day was 
 us follows : 
 
 Biscuit . . . .10 ounces. 
 
 remmlcan . . . . U " 
 
« i 
 
 IWRRY S rOLAR VOYAGE. 
 
 205 
 
 11'' 
 
 Swi'ctciicd C'oco.'i I'owdi-r . 1 oi.ucc to make one i)ijit. 
 
 Iiiini . . . . I irill. 
 
 'I'ohacco . . . . :} ounces per week. 
 
 Our furl consisted eiiliicly of sjiirits of wine, of wliicli rwo 
 pints loniied our daily alloweiice, the cocoa heiii:,' cooked in 
 Jill iron boiler, over a shallow ii-on lamp, with seven wicks. 
 \\ c ij>ually found one pint of the spirit.- of wine sullicient for 
 ji-rpariiiLT our Itreakfast, that is. tlir heatini: i2!l pints of water, 
 tlioiii,'li it always commenced from the temperature of ;{•,'. 
 If tlie weatlier was calm and fair, this (piantitv of fu(d hrouirht 
 it to tiie hoiliiiir point in aliout an hour and a (|uarter, luit, 
 more i:enerally the wicks l)e;.'an to ^'o out licfore it had 
 rc.iched 'JDO . This, iiowever, mad" a very comtiirtahle meal 
 til ptM-sons situated as we were. Such, with verv little vari- 
 ation, was our re^'ular routine durim: the whole ot' this ex- 
 cursion." — 1'. o.j-.jI*. 
 
 Tlio ))iii-fy iinist liave heeii iirievoiisly disiippoiiif ed on 
 riiidit)<j the state of tile ice wholly lln^ revcise of what it 
 had been fcpi't'sented Ixdurc sc^ttiiii,^ out. Itist<'ad of he- 
 in:: ;i fine, smooth level plain, "over which )i coach mij^ht 
 liiive been driven many leaiines ;"* insteiid of compact 
 floes, it consisted entirely of smtdl. loose, jnid nii^r^ed 
 iiMisses. oblii^ini; them "ttt make three joiirm-vs. and 
 souM'times four, with the Ixjats iind l)aL'i:iiL.^e. and to lanch 
 several times across ntirrow pools of" water.*' And Net 
 llie descriptions },Mven by (';tj)fain l^ntA\idt:e uiid S\v. 
 ScfU'esby m!;j,ht be (piite correct at the time, though no\v 
 totally different, the condilicni of tiie ice \arvini: friun 
 year to year. Ouo day, wo iiro told, during heavy rtiin, 
 they advanced but half a mile in four hours. At imofh- 
 ef time, in thick weather, tln> ice was so mmdi in mo- 
 tion as to miike it daiiiierons to cross with loaded boats, 
 the masses bein^^ so small. Another day they landed on 
 a small floe, bnt " it proved so riiirixed that we wei-e 
 nhlitred to miik(> fhre(» imd s(Miietimes lonr jotn-nevs with 
 the botits iind provisions, iind this by a very ciirnitoiis 
 J'oiile, so that tlie road by which we madi" a mile ol' 
 noithin<: was fi lull mile iuid a half in length, and over 
 ihi- we had to travel at least live, and soinetinu's seven 
 times." In short, from the •J.')th. the day they started, to 
 the .Soth, it W'iis found, by an observation lit midniyht, 
 that they lijid rpiiched ii(»"hiuhir tliaii 81° 23', " so thut 
 
 ii 
 
 
20G 
 
 ARCTIC V0YAGE3. 
 
 f J 
 
 M 
 
 1} 
 
 wo liart mjide only oijiht iniN's of northing siiicn our last 
 ohsci'Viition iit noon on tin; •J.')tli."' 
 
 Cnptain I'jiiTy observes, that iis thf; teniper.itnre liy 
 iiiglit and day was liable to little variation, soini^ incon- 
 venience Avas exjXM'ienced with re<:ard to noticing tin- 
 tini(!. To obviate any mistake which at or near the 
 J*ole might lead them, by taking the wrong twelve 
 Jjours, to a mei'idian l-^O^ from the intended one, the\ 
 had some chi'onometers ot" whicl; the hour-hai.ul minlc 
 only one icvolntion in the day, the twenty-lour h()ur> 
 l)einii marked round the dial-})lato. (See I'age '2{)'.j and 
 
 iS'ot( 
 
 e on this sui)|e( 
 
 ■^-) 
 
 The 1st oiMulv brouirht them to no bettor 
 
 ICO 
 
 a tew 
 
 small does occui'red, with pools ol" water between them, 
 the ic»; less broken up, and sometimes tolei'al)ly level : 
 but six to v'ighteen inches ot" soft snow lying on the sur- 
 lace made tht^ travelling very t'atiguing. and obliged tbe 
 ])arty to ui.dei'go at least two, and somt^times three, jour- 
 neys with theii" loads. On the boats Idndlna: on a lloe- 
 pic^ce, l*ai'iy and Koss generally walked on aiiead to 
 select the easiest road tor the boats to follow : the 
 sledges canu' alter them, by which the snow was trod- 
 den down, and nnide easier' tor thc^ boats. What follows 
 is too interesting to b(^ omitted. 
 
 " As SDOU MS we arriv<'(l at the otlier i^\\i\. of tlie lloo, or 
 came to aiiv ditlicult [ilace, \vc mounted one of tlie lushest 
 lionunocs of ice mar at hand (many of wliicli were fiipni 
 llfteen to twenty-live feet above the sea), in orcU-r to obtain a 
 hetter view around us; and nofliinir could well exceed the 
 dreariness wliicli such a view ])resente(l. The eye wearied 
 itself in vain to lind an ol)ieft but ice and sky to I'est upoii ; 
 and even the latter was often hidden from our view hy the 
 dense and dismal li)gs which so f,'enerally prevailed. For 
 want of variety, the most trilling circumstance engaged a more 
 than ordinary share of our attention; ii pussing gull, a mass 
 of ice of unusual form, hecani(> objects which oiu" situation 
 anil circumstances magnified into ridiculoas importance'; and 
 we have sinci- often sniih'd to remember the eager interest, 
 with which we reirai'<le(| many iiisigniiicant occurrences, it 
 may well he iniaLrined, then, bow cheering it \>as tt) tiu'u 
 from this scene of inanimate desolation to our two litde boats 
 in till' distance, to see the moviu',: tiLTures of oiu' men winding 
 with their sledi^'cs amoiiix the lionunocs. and to hear oncti 
 ijiorc the sound of human voices breaking the stilhiess ot this 
 
 I a 
 
1 
 
 PARRY 3 POLAR VOYAGE. 
 
 207 
 
 icy wililciTK-ss. In snino cnsos Lioutcnant Ross and mvsclf 
 lunk s('|)!ir;it(' routes to tiy the ltoiiikI, which Ivt-pt us ahuost 
 CDiitinually tiouiKh-riug aiuoni,' do('|) snow mid water. 'J'iin 
 sl('<lires haviiiij heeii !)r()uj,'ht u;^) as tiir as we had exphued, 
 we nil went hack lor tlie hoats; each hoat's crew, when tho 
 ri.ad was tolerahle, drairtjinLr their own, and the othcers la- 
 in/ring (Minally hiird witii the men. It was thus we i)ro(eeded 
 tiir Jiiiie miles out (»!' every ten that we traveli-d over ice. t'nr 
 it was very rai-ely indeed that we met with a sui-face sulfi- 
 ciently levtd and hiu'd to drair all our loads ;it one join-nev, 
 and in a great many instaui'es duriii^r the first fortnight wt; 
 Irid to make tliree journeys with the boats and haui-'MU'e ; 
 that is, to travtM-se the same road live times over." — I'. 07, li;>. 
 
 When they liad tlio good fortiiiu! to icacli a small Hoc, 
 tli(^ snow on its siirlacc was so decj,. and tlie pools of 
 waf(M- so friMpieiit, that after a lahorioiis day's work the 
 distance traversed was perha|)s two miles, and riiiely 
 exceeded five. Tlw snow, nn)reovei-, was so soft as to 
 take them u[) to the kiu'e at almost every other stt^p, 
 juid fj-e(jiiently still d(!eper, so that they were sometinu'S 
 live minntcs tof^efher in moving a singh^ empty boat 
 with all their miited strength. The rain ])n)dncod a 
 greiiter effect on the snow than the snn. Party savs 
 lliid Koss jind himself, in their pioneering dnty, were 
 so frequently beset, that sometimes, after trying in vain 
 to extriciitc^ tlieir legs, they were obliged to sit down to 
 rest themselves; and the men, in di-agging the sledges, 
 were often under the necessity of cniwliiig on tdl fours 
 to make any progress tit all. In one })lace they were 
 more than two hours in pi-oceeding one hundred and 
 lifty yards. Vet the men worked with cheerfidness 
 and good will, hoping to reacii tin; sj)ot (though they 
 had long passed it) where Captain Lntwidge found 
 '■one contiimed |)l;dn of smooth, unbroken ice, bounded 
 only l)V the liorizon.'' 
 
 One day of great fjitigne, after sto|)ping to empty 
 their boots and wring their stockings, is thus spoken of : 
 
 " We halted for tlie night at half an hour li'-fore midnight, 
 the iXMiple being almost exhausted with a laliorious day's 
 woi'k, and our distance made good to tlie northward not ex- 
 ceeding two miles and a (juarte!-. We allowed ourselves this 
 iiiLrht a iiot supper, consisting of a ))iiil of sou]) per man. maiie 
 ol an ounce of penauicuu each, and eii-dit or ten birdrf which 
 
 ! - 
 
 1} 
 
mm. 
 
 208 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 h 
 
 \\ 
 
 <■ li;i(l killed ill tin- ciiiirsc fiflln- l;ist week; ami tliis w 
 
 I-; ;i 
 
 • • (llllv 
 ;i(l s<M'ii III tlic ((iiirsc (il tlic il.iv ;i tew 
 
 luxury wiiicli |>ri-s(m> thus sitiiMtfd could pi-rliiips iiloii 
 ;i|i|iicci;itc. \\ 
 
 very siiml 
 
 (IdM'kic. !i loitiii, u iiKillniiiick, and two or tlirc 
 il>."— I'. 70. 
 
 Oil the 1-,'tli (itMiily tlioy luid reached tlie latitude of 
 HJ^^ M' -J.s" : a hriiTiaiit duv and clear skv overhead, ••jni 
 nlisoliite luxiii'v to us." Tlie pools and strinims on 1 1n- 
 dites increased, and caused the men to make a veiy cic- 
 ciiitons routt;. '• It'aiiy thiiijj; could haxc compensated for 
 the d(day theses occasioned ns, it woidd have heeii the 
 heautiliil hlue color peculiar to these supt>r-i:Iacial lakes. 
 ^vhi(dl is certainly one ol" the most pleasiiiij; tints in iiii- 
 ftire." The next day they were i.i latitude ri-^- 17' In ; 
 no holtom with )(•() tathoms ol" line ; tem|)eratui-e of 
 water hroui^dit, up, .')] 
 
 Ol surlaci! water, 
 
 •{•)' 
 
 ice 
 
 iltl 
 
 a; air, 
 
 ( )n this diiv we sa 
 
 \v 
 
 ol the 
 ," sa\-s 
 
 I'arry, "duiiiiii this last journey, a mollemuck, iitid u 
 second Koss mill; and a couple ol" smtiU jVn s (to us an 
 event ol" ridiculous importance) were ronii;' upon the 
 ice," hut whether living or dead is not recorded. 
 
 No improvement on ihe lUli, alter five liours' im- 
 ceasinjj; lahor ; tlu^ progress was a mile and .; halt' duo 
 north. tlioii;i;h from three to four miles had heeii trav- 
 ersed, and ten at least walked, havinii; made three jour- 
 neys a Ljreat part v'i llie way, lauched and hauK-d up 
 the hoals foui" times, and dra^zi:!;'''! tliom over tweiity-five 
 separate pieces of ice ; no imj)rovemeiit in the tiaveling. 
 '•After more than (deven hours of actual lahor on the 
 l-'th, reipiirinji" for tlie most part our whole streiiy;tli to 
 Ave had traveled over a sj)ace not exceediiu 
 
 he e\ei 
 
 led. 
 
 four miles, of \\ liich (Uily two were made: i^ood." IJiil 
 this suail-like progress was not tlu^ worst that befeil 
 them ; it was vei'y small, hut still it iras progress. Now, 
 liowe\er, the LMlth of .Inly, Fari'V says. 
 
 Wc halted at 7 A.M. 
 
 Iiaviii^' I IV our reckoiuuir accoin- 
 
 pli>lie(| .--ix iiiiles ,'111(1 a Halt 111 a 
 
 N.X.W. d 
 
 iicctioii. the 
 
 (II- 
 
 laiice tra\ersed lieiiii: ten miles and a halt'. It jiiav iherefiire 
 lie iiiiairiiied |i(i\\ irreal xvas oiir Hnirtificatiiin in liiuiiii:: that 
 <iiii' lalitiide hy dliseiN alieu at iinen was oiilv H-J 'MV .")•,'", 
 lieiim less than ti>'i' miles to the northward (if (Hir jilace at 
 imoii on the 17ih,siiice wliicli time we Jjad certainly traveled 
 twelve m thai dircclioi;,"' — 1'. d\. 
 
PAIIRV d POLAR VOYAGE. 
 
 209 
 
 liiflor tlioso (lisconrnLMiiii riiriuiisffuu-cs. it was (|,..>m- 
 
 0(1 pni.NMlt to llVoi.l IMilkitlir fhf, tiler known t.. the 1,1. '11 • 
 
 at the sjnilo tiiiip, a v.<ry scriuus ralaitiitv was narrowly 
 fsciiiHMl: tlu' (lo(. on wliicli tli.'v wcro brok.' under ilio 
 wnnhf, ol tlu! hoats and ,sled^,.>. and tli,> htier wcrn 
 nearly lost (hn.ii,-li tlu- ire : sonu^ of tlio uwn, too 
 went t}n-oun;li, hut worn ,,rovid(MiIiallv saved. On tliJ 
 'JJ.i. howev.T, tliH ic. liad <-onsid,.rahlv inipn.Vfd ; tlio 
 fiof's h,.rain.> lar-n and toleraMv levek aiiij some .mkuI 
 liines ot walor occurring, it was calculated fliey had 
 Hiado l,etW(!en ton and eleven miles, and traverM>,l a 
 distance ot about stnenteen. alter uum^ than tw.dvo 
 li..ur.s' actufil traveling, by which tho people were ex- 
 tremely fatigued ; - but whil.^ the work," says Parry 
 -.seemed to bo repaid by any tiling lik.; prouMvss, the 
 UK'ii labored witli groat chiM-rfulness to the utmost of 
 fiieir streiigfji." Jt may readily be imaiiined that tho 
 .!.i|.roveniont of tile ico, and with it the increased pro-. 
 less, gave much satisfaction, thou-h the encounudncr 
 prospect was but of short duration. " *' 
 
 ." I" I'n.porti.Mi, then, to the hopes W(; had l)e-un to enf.-r- 
 t.iiii, was our disappoiiitiueul la fiudiii- at iiora lliat we wero 
 m latitude H-J- 4^ '>", or not (piite fbur miies to the north- 
 wanl ot yesterday's observation, instead of tin- ten or eleven 
 winch we had tmv.de.l! Howt-ver, wo detennined to con- 
 tame to the last our utmost exertions, thoiiirh wo coid.l never 
 "nee oncoura-o the men by assuring them of our makin- 
 |,'nn.l progress ; and setting out at seven in th." ovenii.Lr. soon 
 tnuii.l that our hope of havin- pormanently reacln-d better ico 
 was not to bo reali/od, fo. the tloo on wluoh wo slept was so 
 l-ill "t lionun<.cs that it took usjnst six hours to cross it. tho 
 kdf'^r",^ "l!;''^^'^ ^'"^ '"'^ excooding two miles an.l a 
 
 Such a result was disheartening enough to the offi- 
 cers, who kn(nv to what little effect tlu^ struggles wero 
 made, ot which, however, tho men !i[)pearfHT to have 
 iH. suspicion, though Parry says " tlu^y often laughin.dy 
 
 r'.""'';' riM -'"^ ''''*' ''■*''■*' '' '""- >'""'^' .yetting 'to this 
 '■' • J l"« was merely tho point assumed, as they 
 
 certainly had no suspicion that on their arrival at that 
 l)ou)t they would have been entithnl to om^ thousand 
 pounds.* lUit, had they known it, they could not have 
 * By ordpr in council. 
 
 14 S * 
 
 < > 
 
 ; ( 
 
 I i 
 
 * -; 
 
 hJ 
 
Il 
 
 *) 
 
 10 
 
 ARCTJC VOYAGKr 
 
 i^'' 
 
 h 
 
 liihorcd i7U»i'c cai'iicstly lliiiii ihey (iid. Tn tlicir slow 
 
 (Kill 
 
 ICC 1u tlu^ iiortlnv.ird, tliC! ire hcciiiiic so siiiiill llmt 
 
 ii siiiirh! |)it'C(! only could bo iouod to pluco tlio b(jiit,s 
 upon. On tlio "Jiitli I'arry siiys, 
 
 " Tli(5 \v«'iith<'r improviiii: lownrd iiodii on tlio 2(itli, we 
 ()l)f!iiii('(l llic iiicridiiui Jiltitiidc ol the snii, l)y wliicli wo I'oiiiid 
 ours'-'vcs ill lalilndc iJ-JJ 'lO'U;}"; so tli;it, since our lust oh- 
 MTViition (ill, inidini.'lit on ihc '■1'2(\), we luid lost by drift 
 less tliJiii tbirteeu miles ;iii< 
 
 I a bait'; tor wc; wi're now n 
 
 no 
 
 lore 
 
 ibau three miles to the soufhicard. of that observation. thoiiL:ii 
 we had certainly traveled between ten and eleven dm; nnrtli 
 in this int<"rvid I Airain, we were but one mile to the north 
 (if our |)la(e at noon on tin,' 'Jlsl, thonirh we had estimated 
 
 orir ( 
 
 list; 
 d tl 
 
 nice niaOc 
 
 lal 
 
 tor 
 
 :oo(l at tweiity-tiiree mile 
 ast live davs we had b 
 
 J hus it ap- 
 ,.^,..,,1 ...... ..,, ,,.. .,..,. live days we had been striiq-irliii^ 
 
 against a southerly ilrift exceeding four miles a day." — 1'. Id,'. 
 It in)W becaiiH' ohviotis that the sea in this latitiido 
 had assiiiiied a chaiiictcr utterly iiriiit tor th(^ kind of 
 navij^ation, or, rather, of lloe-traveliiiu, which had hither- 
 to been pnrsned— in short, that it had become hopeless 
 to pin'suc^ the jonriiey any farther. 
 
 " It had. for some time past, been too evident that the 
 ]iatnr(! of the ice with which we bad to contend was such, 
 and its drift to the southward, es|)ecially with a northerly 
 wind, so irreat, as to pnl beyond our I'eacli any thini: but a 
 very )noderate share of success in travelinj/ to the northward. 
 Still, however, we had been anxious to reach the hii^hesl 
 latitude which our means would allow, and with this \ iew, 
 althoujjrh our whole object liad loiii^ become unattainable, 
 had pushed on to the northward for thirty-five days, or until 
 half our resources wer(> expended, and \\io middle of our 
 s(\ison ai-rived. For tla^ last lew days the eii:hty-tliird paral- 
 lel was the limit to which we bad vcMitured to extend our 
 hopes; but even this exj)ectation had becomt? c(msiderablv 
 wi'akencd since the settimr in of the last northerly wind, 
 whicli continued to drive us to the southward duriuii; tlu! 
 Kecessaiy hours of rest nearly as much as we could gain by 
 »'leven or twelve hours of daily labor. Had our success 
 1)een at all proiiortionate to our exertions, it was my full in- 
 tention to have ])roceeded a few days beyond the middle ot 
 the piU'iod for which we wen; jtrovided. trusting to the re- 
 sources we ex])ected to iind at 'P;ibl(> Island. But this was 
 so till' from beuig tlu^ case, that T could not l)ut consider it as 
 incurring usele; s iiitigiu' to the oilicers and men, and umn>ces- 
 baiy wear and tear for the boats, to persevere any longer iu 
 
 
parry's polar voya(;e. 
 
 211 
 
 tlH^ nit, mpt I ,l.-trrnn,>,.,l. tluT.-lon-. on dvi,,.' il... proplo 
 ;"'- .■..tin. .I.ys ,v.s, ^vhuli thrv v.rv unuU ur.drll ,- .d 
 
 """l'.»-<l 1" ni.ak.n- ;,ll the nl.srrvations ul.i.l, ,ui.'lul,r iu- 
 
 tMvMm^ m tlas lati.u.l. : ...d tlu.. ,. M., o,u o.MHu- n.un. . u 
 1- I'llnwiu,^ ,h.y. H-n..^ n„n,nunin,„..l M.v ia,..ntion. t 
 
 nrru,^,nus, ^.,uUj-.M-e n.ucU fuv.-n-cl hy u n-unrkably 11.0 
 
 In lacf, tli(.com.ni..Kl..r „fllu. «.x|„.,liti„n. tl... (,m,ers 
 aiHl men luul u 1 ol tluMu Ihum. lubnnuuslv an.l usrlrssly 
 .;n.I.l..yo.l t.n- tl.irfy-tive days „r continuous and „msi 
 tiitigimi- ,lnul,ir...y, to h,, ccn.imml in its ..(ii-cf to noth- 
 i.ii.^ ps than tl... Jalmi- of rollin,ir tl.o stonr of Sisvpl.us, 
 tl..' /!(..• on winch they wc.v tn.vcrsinji. as they su pnos- 
 .■<!, tcM or twelve niilcs one day. jiavins rolled tli.Mu 
 bm-k a-mn ten or twelve iniles. and often more, the n.-xt. 
 
 i lie urthcst ponit of latitude reached was on the »;)d 
 ■•md probably was to H-J 4-3'; that of their return, H->^' 
 • •• 'S. , and ion«. UP 2;V east. The ,Iav was (,ne of 
 the warmest and most pleasant tliev vet had ..xpcri- 
 ;;iK'ed upon tlie ice; the thennometer (h.Iv from ;]1 to 
 
 -no r",i ; ■•'' ""'^ "' ' '" ^*'^' ^^""5 '^^ l^'^tto", with 
 
 oUO liithoms ol Inie. 
 
 -At the cxtrrnir point of our jonniey our distance f,n,a 
 U,.. Ilerlu was only one hundred and seventv-tuo ndl..s in a 
 ■ ■ - U. direction. lo accoinpli>h this .fistance we ha.l 
 
 Mv,,-sed..y our reckon.u.^ two biUMhed and ninetv-two 
 ii>il.-N of which about one hun.l.rd were peid.nned bv water 
 l.rcvously to our enterin.r the ice. As we traveled bv far th^ 
 ,:-'.eater part ot our distance on the ice three, an.i not untV, - 
 «|"';ntly hve tujies over, we may safely multiply the len-tli 
 "1 'iH- road by two and a half; s.fthat our whn'le-dis^.ncerou 
 • i Ncry moderate calculation, amounted to live huiidivd an.l 
 n.^hty geograj.hical, or six hundivd and sixtv-,.ij,t statute 
 i-nles being nearly sullici.u.t to have nviehed' tlie i>„Ie in a 
 ; :nvt hue Lp to this perio.l we had been particularlv for- 
 tuiiate 1,1 the preservation ot our health ; neither si<'kne.;s nor 
 <:isualt,es having <.ccurred among us. with the exception of 
 'i|<". tr.thng accKh-nts alrea.ly mentioned, a few bowel com- 
 plaints, which were soon removed bv care, an.l som,- rather 
 t.-oubles.,me eases ot chilblains, arising from our cou.stant ex- 
 posure to wet and cohl.""— I'. K)}, lo:,. 
 
 Uu this day of re^t from thi!ii- iubors, Parry soys, 
 
 
 n^ 
 
 .{ 
 
 n ' 
 
 i 
 ; 1 
 
mm 
 
 212 
 
 ARCTIC VOVACKrf. 
 
 "1 
 
 "Our ciisiirns mikI |icii(liiiits wen" (li<Ml;i\ nl WurliiL' tint 
 
 il;iy ; iiinl si'M-itIv n-i wr iTL/rcItcd iiol li;i\ iiil' I ii iililc in 
 
 IjitisI, tlif l')iili>li \\,\'j ill llir liiulirst liititiidc tn wliicil wc Irnl 
 iis|iii'fil, \vc sli.iil |)rili,i|)s l)c (wciiscd ill linviiii,' l«'lt sdhh.' 
 l.ttic |)|-i(lr ill lii'iiiLT till' lii'iiri'i's nf it to m |t;ii-,illcl consider;!. 
 I>ly Im'NoikI tllllt lliclitiiiiicd ill any ntluT \\ i'li-;illtllc|iticiilrd 
 irccird,"' 
 
 ( )ii the v.'7tii tlit'v set (lilt (111 their return to the Noiitli- 
 Wiird, iiikI. siiys I'lirry, '• I cmi siitcly siiy tliiif, drciiry 
 iiiid clKM'rlfss as wcrt^ \]ui scenes we were iihont to 
 leiivi', we never turned lioinewiird with so little siitisluc- 
 tioii as on this occiisioii." No niiui nor body of men iire 
 rh!ir,i;e!il»lt^ with hianie lor not iiccoin|)lishiiii!; iiupossiliil- 
 jties : the piirty in (|uestioii have tloiie more than liad 
 ever lieen done at any time, or more j)i'ol)al)ly tjian will 
 ever be (loiie aiiain (»n the same plan ; it is mncii to sav 
 iliat they succeeded, in advanciiii; toward the Poli; of 
 the eartli, to a point whi(di no liiiiiian Ix'in^ liefore tliein 
 liad ever reached, and after a cheertiil and patient en- 
 durance^ of laborious driidiiery, which, it is to be lioped. 
 jio human beiii^ will ever lienafter be indiiceij to rejieat. 
 It will not be necessary to follow our vovairei's on 
 theii" retui'ii; the permaneiicy of the soutluM'n current, 
 for so it would seem, alforded them tiie satisfaction of 
 feidiiii:; that whatever leni^th of joiii'iiey they made to tin; 
 northward would be so niuidi yaiii, and no bacU-slidiiii; ; 
 every mile would t(dl ; they had, moi'eover, tin* advan- 
 tage wlii(di is noticed by I?arry, of jiettiin; rid of tlu^ 
 ijlarc! from th«> snow, on account of the lownt!ss of tlit^ 
 sun at iiiiiht, as also tlu^ comtiirtablo change wIumi looU- 
 iiiij out for the road ; and had the sun behind them, in- 
 stead of facing; it, as on the outward journey. JNothiiiij 
 very remarkable occuiTed on th 'ir r(!turn. A quantity 
 of snow was met with, tiiiiiiMl to the depth of several 
 inches with sonu^ re(l coloriiif:; matter: this red snow 
 occurred in two or three* spots, some* of which they hot,- 
 tieil, and found, on examination in Kn^lund by Sir Will- 
 iimi Hooker, as former specimens were, to be the P(//- 
 melld nirniis, oiu^ of the Ali^a', and which, lonjf befor(», 
 JJauer had |)ron()unred to be Undo fiivalis. 
 
 " A fat she-hear crossed o*-er :i l-iiio of wat(>r to visit w*, 
 and approaching the boats within twenty yanls, was killed 
 by Liout. iloss. The ecene which foUowetl was laughablL', 
 
 
iiniiL,' Ilio 
 
 Ml illlli' 111 
 
 ll we Inil 
 
 li'lf Sdllll- 
 
 (•iiiisi(lcr;i- 
 ji'iilicali'd 
 
 lie suiilli- 
 t, (Ircury 
 
 ill)()llt to 
 
 ' Siltisl'llC- 
 
 IDCIl ill'll 
 
 upossihil- 
 tliiiii liiiil 
 tliiiii will 
 ■ii to siiv 
 Pole of 
 ore tlit'iii 
 
 ticllt (Ml- 
 
 )(' liojx'd, 
 () vcpciil. 
 iii^t'r.s on 
 I current, 
 "iiction of 
 idc to the 
 k-slidiiii;; 
 1(3 adviui- 
 id of tlu^ 
 ss ot" the 
 luMi look- 
 theni. iu- 
 
 iS'otliini; 
 
 qujintity 
 )f seveiiil 
 red SHOW 
 they l)ot;- 
 Sir Will- 
 tlie Pal- 
 ijr bofoi'(% 
 
 :o visit us, 
 was killed 
 lautrhable, 
 
 r A R U Y ri I' u I, A R V O Y A (. i: . 
 
 213 
 
 even to MS who partjcipiitrd in it. J5«dore the aiilnial had 
 • inn.' hituii: the snow, on.- of the nwu uas alon--ide of hrr 
 with an ojicn knife, and hcin- a>krd wliat hr w;l> ai.oni t<. 
 iIm. iv|.lird, that he was \nn\v^ to cut out the iieart and liv.-r, 
 to |)iil into the pot which happened to he then hoilin^' {\>r oui' 
 supper. In short, hcti.iT the hoar liad he.ui doa.l an hom-, 
 all hands fif us were einjdoyed, to our ^'rcat satisliictioii. iu 
 dixiissini,' the inorits not onlv of the said heart and liver, i)ut 
 a pound per man of thr lles'h ; hrsides which, soiiii' (.r o'tli.T 
 of the men were eonstantiv frviie,^ steaks during' the whole 
 day. ovi'r a la.u'e fire made of the hluhhoi."— 1*. HI. 
 
 The eotisecpuiiice of thus ^Mn-niaiidi/iiiii; ou fut hoar's 
 (le.-h was ohvioiis. JJevoured a.s it was witli such avid- 
 ity hy th(( ,.;!'u, some of them couiplaiiied for sevoral 
 days of pains such as usually arise froui iudi<iesfiou, 
 "thou^di they all," says Ptiny, " auuisiiiuly euou^di, 
 attrihuted this effect t(» the (puility, aud not tl'u^ quiUiMty 
 of meat tliey had eateu." Oti tile r^th of August tlu'y 
 hauled up llu^ hoats ouly once, and liad made, thoujili hy 
 a wiiidiiiii ciiaiuiol, four or live milos of southiujr. ^. 'Y\i\^ 
 was so unusual a circuiustauce, that we could iu)t lielp 
 entertaiiiiu<; som(» liopc^ (.four heiiic at no ,trfeat disfanc*) 
 ffom the open sea. which seomed tho mon^ prohahlo, 
 from our liaviiiij; seen seven or ei^lit narwhals, and not 
 less than two hundred rotyes, a fhick of these little hirds 
 occurrin,i.jiii evcuy hole of water." On tiie Kith a struiiij; 
 s(Mitherly wind, thiit luid blown from that (piarter for 
 th<( last thirty hoiu's, had blown tliem back to the north- 
 ward only four nfiles. which it is said " allorded a last 
 and striking; proof of the ^nMioral tendency of tho ice to 
 drift southward about the nuu'idians on which we had 
 been traveliuii." Arrived at Hl^ ;}()', tho sea was found 
 to be. crowded with shrimps and other sea-hisecls, prin- 
 cipally tho Cin) J^ura/l/s nm\ Ai\<>on(iuhi Aniica, on 
 which liumerous hirds wero foedin,<;. Tiiis was tho 
 1 Ith of Aui^ust, on the morning of wliich the Hrst sound 
 of the swell was hvnvd undi-r tho hollow iMari,'ins of tho 
 ice. and in a quarter of tin h(»ur we reached the open 
 sea, which was dashiiiir Avith heavy surges against tho 
 outer masses. " We lauded our boats/' says Parry, 
 ^' iq)on Olio of these, to eat our last m(>al upotl the ice'." 
 Thoy were now fifty miles distant from Table Island, 
 wiiicli thoy reached about noun, aud found that the beara 
 
 'I ^ 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 ' i\ 
 
 > \ 
 
 I ! 
 
 I • ' . 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
1r\- 
 
 ?^ 
 
 ii>i 
 
 211 
 
 AKcrrc vf)VA<;r,s. 
 
 liiul (Icvoiii'cd all tlif hrcinl, wliicli ((CciisioiuMl u rciiiink 
 Jiiiiniii,' tli(> iiMMi tli;it •• IJiiiiii \\!is only s(|iiiirr witli iis." 
 < iipliiiii I'iii ry's oliscrviilioii (tii liiiiilly (|iiiltiiii; tin- ice, 
 nl'lrr liiUiiii; lip Ills iiIhkIc ii|H)Ii it Tor lull y-»'iylif diiys, 
 \Vii.s. >• I ciiii iiol (l(iscril)o llu- cniiirort \vc cxpcriciict'il in 
 once iiioic lii'tfliiii: ii <liy iiii'l >n\\i\ 1(101111^." ()rtli«' litr- 
 ty-('ii;lit (liiys, lliiily-l luce wcic piisscd nii llir uiitwjinl, 
 iiiiil litlrcM nil tlir icliini vuyiiu*' ; such is the (lilicit'iirn 
 iM'twrcii uoiiii: with the strcaiii iiml iiiiaiiisf it, 
 
 'I'ahlr Isliiiid, however, airoided ii(» place Tor the men 
 \i) rest. Sn ni^y;ed and iiiliuspitalil" is this iioithein 
 rock, liiat not ii siii;;le spot was t'oiiii . where tli»! I»(iats 
 (■(iiild lie hauled up. 'To the i^let lyiiijf oIl'Table island, 
 \vhi(di, J*aiiy says, "is iiilerestiiiu, as heiiiu the iiurth- 
 ernnuist known land upon tiu; <;|()|),>, | lijive applied the 
 name ol" LieuhMianf Koss in ihe ciiait ; addinsz, "tor I 
 l»eliev(^ no individual can have e\<'rted hiirisell" mon^ 
 stieiiuously lo rob it oflhis distinction.'' Any ihin^r that, 
 conrers a disliiictioii on the nfime of James IJoss is wor- 
 thy of recordiiiii, and such is the lollowini:; passaj^e tVoni 
 Sir William I looker on the "■ IJolany :" "Those spe- 
 cies that were gathered in lioss's Islet are pe(Miliarly in- 
 terest iijf, i'rom th(! circninstanc(5 ot" that island conslitu- 
 tiiiii lilt most northern known land in lh<MV(»rld." 'J'JKi 
 plants named ar(\ JSrynm — llypmnn (two species) — 
 'rricostomuin — I'olytrichum — .luiuj;erinanniu — (Jyro- 
 phora (Kocktripci, two species) — -('etraria — (jiJiiomyco 
 (Reindeer yrass, two spc^cies)— St(M"coiolon — Splnrro- 
 })lioi'on — Al(^ct{)l•ia — ( 'orniculiiria — 11 va — Pliilola. 
 
 It was not till the 'Jlst ot" Atijjust that they arrived on 
 hoard the Jle<da, after Jui ahseiici! of sixty-one days, 
 •• heiiiii; rect^ived," says Parry, "with that warm and 
 c:()rdial welcome whicli can alone be felt and not describ- 
 ed." Thus ended at Spitzboriicn tiiis novel and pei'il- 
 ous (^xpe(htion, of which, thonyh tlio object was not ac- 
 complished, every oKieer and man employed in it may 
 b»! proud. Thus far j^arry concludes liis narnitivo : 
 
 '* The dLstanre tniversed durinix this excursion was fivo 
 Viuudn-il and sixty-nine treoLrrapliical miles; hut allowinir for 
 the iiuiiihcr of tinicti we had to return fiir our buirtrai^'e durini^ 
 tJii' f^rcatiT |)arl (tf the jounievs over tlu^ i(,'e, we estimated 
 uur actual truvcliuij ut nine iiuudrcd and auveuty-eiylit geo- 
 
, 
 
 PARRY rf POLAR VOYAdK. 
 
 21.1 
 
 I'ciiiiirk 
 itii IIS." 
 till- ill', 
 
 It flll\ s, 
 
 ■iicnl ill 
 thf lur- 
 
 lllW !ll(l, 
 
 ticitMico 
 
 lie Mien 
 Kirtliri'ii 
 U! bniit'^ 
 ^ Island, 
 I' nortli- 
 ilicd tlic 
 . " for I 
 ■II" morn 
 liiiiZ fliiit, 
 s is wor- 
 
 ljf(^ tVoiii 
 
 [)se s|)»>- 
 liiirly iii- 
 [•otistilw- 
 " T\h^ 
 
 •ics) — 
 (Jyro- 
 
 loiiiycf^ 
 
 pllilTO- 
 tiU 
 
 •ivi'd on 
 (iiiys, 
 inn and 
 descrili- 
 id \wr\\- 
 not ac- 
 it may 
 ivo : 
 
 \v;is fivt) 
 nviiiir for 
 :r duriiit; 
 'stiiniitrd 
 iylit ut'O- 
 
 ('( 
 
 jT'^iphicMl, or tli'vrii liiiiidn-d iiiid twciity-scvcn stalutr inili-y. 
 
 ('iill'idi'rill',' our (•oii>|;illt cxIkoUIi' In wrt. imM, ;ind tilti_'i|r, 
 our .-torkiii:,'s liiiviiit,' ^'I'limdlv in-ni drriielird in ^imw -\\ ;ilr|' 
 liir IvM'lvt' hours oiil ut' cNrry t'uur-iiiid-tu oiity, I had Lrrfnt, 
 rriisdii to hr lhaid\hd lor the rvcrjii'iit lirallh ill which, iipotJ. 
 thi' \\ Imir, wo roiichcd llir shi|). 'j'lirro is mm dnuhl lliat w m 
 i^atl all hrcoiiio, in a crrtaiii dcLrrre, L;r:idually wrakor lor 
 sunn' tiiiio past; Imt only thn'o men ol' our parly now rr- 
 (jiiifcd nii'diral care, two of thom with liadly swollcd U"j::f 
 ;i!id u'oiirrid doliility, and tho othor from a hrnix-; hut even 
 t'lrsr three; rctiinird to thtir duty in a short tiiiii'. 
 
 " 1 can not conchidr the a(.'Connt of our p roc red iuL's without 
 cndcavoriim to do justice to the cheerful alacrity uikI unwea- 
 ri'd zeal displayed l»y my e«Jinpanioiis, Itotli otHcers and men, 
 ill the course of this excursion; and if steady j»erseverancti 
 ;)iid active exertion on their parts could have accomplished 
 (lur oliject, success would uiidoiilitedlv have crowiH'd our la- 
 i)iirs. r must also mention, to the creilit of the olK(;ers of 
 Woolwich Dockyard, who took so much pains in tlu; con- 
 slruction of our lioats, that notwithstandiiiLr the constant and 
 severe trial t<» which their strenu'th had heen put — and a nioru 
 vvne trial could not well !«> devised — not a. timher wan 
 Mu-unu', a plank split, or the smallest injury sustained in" them ; 
 lliev wi-re, indeed, j'.s ti^dit and as lit tor service when wti 
 paclied the ship, as when ihey were first received un board, 
 .'uid in every I'espect. answered the intended jinrpose admiru- 
 l.ly. "*—!'. V,\'!, 1-JI». 
 
 Ciiptaiii Parry gives all duo credit for tlio diligoiit mid 
 nctive manner in which Lieutenants Foster imd Crozier 
 f'lillilled tlieir instrtu'tioiis duriiii; his iihsence, and for tho 
 coiu]>let(>. state in wliich \w, found th(5 Hecla on iiis r(;- 
 tiirii — tin; various obscM'vations interesting to science 
 sedulously |)erformed, specimens of natural histoi'y care- 
 liilly collected and presiM'ved, and all tlui duties of tho 
 sliip carried on to his perl'ect satisfaction. Many inter- 
 esting observations were madc! on tlu^ incliinition, dip, 
 and intensity of the magiu'tic needle. " Anmng other 
 tnagnetical observations," siiys Ptu'iy, " an interestin/^ 
 series of hourly (wperiiuents hiui been iiuide on the di- 
 urnal changes of variation and intensity, iind contiuuetl 
 lor several days without interruiition, by the two lieu- 
 tenants," From these it ap|)ears that a diurnal oscilla- 
 tion of the inagtietic needle takes j)lac(!, usually amomit- 
 
 A wcll-di'siTviil coiniiliiiifiit to the iirtiticors of that yanl, and to 
 t:."ii ijlili.' iiia.~t()'-.-liiuwriulit, .^]r. Uliver Laiiu;, 
 
 ' l\ 
 
 I I 
 
 v 
 
 '. i 
 
Jf -f 
 
 i>i(; 
 
 AKc'Cic v^vAcr^q. 
 
 iiiL' t(» Ji'iMiii !i (|»«m'c(' II, .1 a liiiir, a III ill sonic iiistaiiPiN 
 to •,*,'', till' iiiaMiiiiiiM \arial.oii \u>\\\.\ altoiit 1'' 'Jj' l'.\I. 
 TIh' cliaiini' (»t' iiitciisily ;:i\iiii: ail iticirascd artioii \va~ 
 iiliniit in'' 'JD' A.M., and ininiinnni intfn>ity alioiit ninl- 
 ni-lit. 
 
 Till' aninials met with un the shores of 'Preinenhni:; 
 lias and ol \\'a\^at .*^!rait wen- ol" the sanii' kind, Imi 
 less |)lentil"iil than those on I lie \\ est coast ol' .'*«|)it/,l»eryeii : 
 they consisted cliielly of srii-liorses. naiwlials, and white 
 \\ hales, hilt no hiack ones; the more common aninials 
 were principally reindeer, hears, foxes, ulaiicons ;ipd 
 ivfwy iinlls, tern, eider ducks, and <j;roiise. Se\ciily 
 I'eindeer Were killed, cliielly small, and uniil the midiile 
 ol" Aiiirnsf not in iiood condition ; tliev were met with in 
 herds. lV(nii six oi" eiyht to twenty. Three hears were 
 killed, one of which was of nunc than ordinary diiiieu- 
 sions. measiirinji eiiiht leet lonr inches tVoni the siioiit 
 to the root ol the tail. 
 
 The itoat ex|)edition was less fortunate with remnd 
 to aninials ; few livini; creatures were seen, and tlii'se 
 nioslly ynlls. and one insect found on a piece of ice. and 
 it was a dead A/'hls. It has a cha|)ter to itself in tlie 
 Appendix, headed Insij r. I*airy says, *' I am indelited 
 to the tViendship of ,\Ir. .1. ('nrtis for the followiii" de- 
 sci'iption of the only insect that was ohtained diiri lie 
 voyJiiZ''-" The description i^ives no intelliniltle in 
 titni. only that it rosemhies another species called .1. 
 ji/c((f. "The circumstance of the Aphis horealis has - 
 iiiij; luuni found on lloatinu lloes of ice on the l*oIar Sea, 
 at one hundred miles distance (Venn the nearest known 
 laud, and as fai* north as f^'J^,' , I'endei's it in a more than 
 ordinary deiiree interestiiiii. As the one it resemhles 
 fcM'ds on the silver lir. s(» it is su|>pos(>d that the lloatiii^r 
 trees of lir that art^ to he found so abundantly on tlie 
 shores and to the northward of Spit/herjien mij;ht pos- 
 sihly he the means hy Nvhich this insect has heen trans- 
 portt'd to tlie northern rejiions.'' Perhaps so; hut it 
 may he askj'd, By what possihie means were tlu^ jirs 
 thus transported .' 
 
 Sir Kdward l*arry. at the conclusion of his narrative, 
 nfter ohserviiiii that the ohject is of inoi'(> dillicnlt attaiii- 
 inent than was heforc supjiosed, even hy those pei'sons 
 
 1. J 
 
'I I 
 
 I'AUltV H iMtl.AR VoYACi:. 
 
 217 
 
 istiitirr-i 
 J' l*..\l. 
 i(Ui wu^ 
 tut iiinl- 
 
 rciiltiir'j; 
 /nid. Iiiii 
 
 111 wllilc 
 
 iniiiiiiils 
 
 (»U< ill"l 
 
 St'vciity 
 (^ miililli' 
 t witli ill 
 ll's were 
 , diliirli- 
 
 ||l> SllUllt 
 
 li rciiiiril 
 ind tlic^i- 
 f icr. mill 
 If ill 111.- 
 iii(l«>l)ti'il 
 will" di'- 
 iiri 'h- 
 ill 
 
 callrd J. 
 idis Ir.n- 
 oliir St'ii, 
 St known 
 lore tliiiii 
 I'Sftiiblt's 
 lloatiiiif 
 y on iho 
 liiilit |)os- 
 cn traiis- 
 o : l)ut it 
 13 tlu^ jir-'i 
 
 iiiirrativc, 
 
 nit attain- 
 
 ' persons 
 
 wlin wrro tilt' Itfst (|iialilird to judiii' (»!' it, is still ot' 
 opinion tliat. al'toi* inncli ronsidi'iatioii, iintj soinr t'\|io- 
 liriico of" tlif \arioiis dilticiillioN which lioloiiy to it. Im 
 (an not rccoininciid any niatrrial iiiipt'ovcinont in tho 
 plan lately adopted. With all deference to the opininii 
 nf' so distinguished a sea-ojlicer. in jiossession of xi nnich 
 rxperieiico as Sir Mdward l*airy, there ar(^ others w ho 
 express dislike of such a plan : and it is not iinproliahio 
 that many of his I'eaders will he dispused to come to the 
 ciiiicliision that, so Ion}; as the (ireeiiland Seas are ham- 
 jicied with ice — so loii<i as lines, and Ikmiiiiiocs, and 
 iii'ii\y masses continue to he formeij — so loiiif as a de- 
 termined sontherlv current pre\ails, >io loiin will aiiv at- 
 t('!ii])t to cany ont the plan in (piestion in like maniier 
 fail. \() lahorions driidj^ery will ever he ahle to coinpier 
 the opposing progress (»f the current and the ice. JJe- 
 siiles, it can hardly he donltted that this j^allanf ollicer 
 will admit, on farther consideration, that this nimsnal 
 kind of" disgusting and unseKimin-like 'ihoi- is not pre- 
 cisely such as would he relished hy the men. ami it may 
 he said, is not exactly fitted fur a Uritish inan-of'-war's 
 man; moi'eover, that it I'erpiired liis own all-powerlnl 
 e\ainple to make it even tolerahk^ 
 
 The nai'iative having thus far advam rd, a ronversa- 
 tioii witli Sii' Kdwani I'arry prepared the writer in 
 some dt'gree for the followiiiii letter : 
 
 " Ailmirallif, '■2r>/h N<>r., \[\ l.".. 
 
 " Mv PKAii Sir .Idiin, — rnderstaiidiuL' that ymi arc picp.ir- 
 iiiLT an account of the proceed ini,'s of all the exiieditieus hy 
 .►•ra and land wliicli have hreii eni:a::ed in Arctic diMctveiy 
 ill our own times, 1 venture to tnnihlc yon with niv present 
 views as to till! practicjihility of reachiii;,' the .Xorlli I'ole over 
 tlie ice, to which you may p(is.>ihly make alln.-ion in the course 
 (if the interestinj^' narratives which you hove undertaken. 
 
 " It is evident that tin; causes of failure in our former at- 
 tein])t in tlit; year l!{'27 were ]iriii(ipally two: thsf and cliief- 
 Iv, the hriikeii, riiLrired. and sn/y state i,\' the suriiiee of the i((> 
 ovei- wliich we traveled; and. secondly, the dnttiiiLr of tho 
 whole hoily of ice in a southerly directiun. On mature ro- 
 coiisideration of all the cii'cumstaiices attendim: this eiiter- 
 ]>rise. I am induced to alter the opinion I :.'a\c as Tn its prac 
 hial)ilitv in niy .hiurnal. p. I If. hecause 1 lieliese it to lie an 
 (iliject of no veiy dithcult atiainineiit, if set ahout in a ditfer- 
 cut manner. My plan is, t<j go out with u shi^de bhip tu Spiti- 
 
 i 
 
 ',! 
 
^18 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAC.Eg. 
 
 ■1 
 
 I 
 
 b<^r;jon, just ns wf did in tlio llccln, 1)iit not so ofirly in iIk, 
 Wii.-ioii, tlic objrct, lor lliiit year l)<'iii<: iiicifly to tiiid sccino 
 wirilc- (|iiiirliT.s !is I'ar north as possiMc. Koi- tliis ])Mr|)usr. it 
 ^V(llll(l only Ix' nt-cfssary to rcadi llakluyt's Ilt'adlan<l liv tin? 
 «'nd ol .Iiuic, wliicii wonld itlnrd ainpli- Icisnro I'nr (.'xaniinin" 
 tli<' niorr nortiirrn lands, (•■;j)fcially al»oiit the iSrvcn Islands, 
 wliiTo, in all |)rol»al)ility, a sfcnrc nook niiirht Ik* t'oinid liir 
 tilt- siiii), and a stai'lini:-|toint for the ])ro|)ost'd cxpcditina 
 Komc IdiIv or filty miles in advance of the point wlic-. tho 
 Hccla was Ix'foiv laid np. Tlic winter iniirlit he nsefnllyeni- 
 ])l(iye(l in various pi'eparations for the jonrnev, as well as in 
 mairnt'tie, astronomical, and iiieteoroloirical observations of 
 hi;,'h interest in that latitude. I ])ropose that the expi'dition 
 should leave the ship in th(! coin'se of tlu' month of April, 
 when the ice would present one hard and unl)roken surface, 
 over which, as 1 confidently bi'lieve, it would not be diflicult 
 to make ^^ood thirty miles per (biy without any exposure to 
 wet, and j.robably without snow-bhndiK ss. At this season, 
 too, the ice would |)robably be stjitionary, and thus the two 
 jrreat dilbcubies which we formerly had to encounter ^volll(l 
 be entirely obviated Itmiirhtform a part of the plan to}iu>h 
 out supjjbes ill advai •(» to the distance of one luuidred mih's, 
 to be taken np on tlie way, so as to connnence the journey 
 coin|)aratively light; and us the intention would be to coni- 
 ])l(;te till' enti'rprise in the course of the mouth (jf ^Nbiy, before 
 any disruption of the ice or any material softeuiu'r of the sur- 
 face had taken j)lace, similar supplies might be sent out to the 
 same distance, to meet the party on their return. 
 
 " If might, farther, l)e wortli while to take reindiMn" from 
 Ibinnnei'fest in passing, with the chance of ki'ejting them alive 
 during the winter on such fiiriuaceous food as the provisinu 
 of llu> ship could furnish. 
 
 "T will only add, that this plan might be accomplished 
 without the ship iucurnng any material risk, since the naviga- 
 tion both out and home need only be perfbniied at a seaxm 
 when the sea is very little encumbered with ice; and, more- 
 over, an o))portuuitv woidd be afforded durin<r two seasons of 
 Btrr'tching tiir to the northward in the ship, if the state of tlio 
 ice shcjuld prove IJivorable. 1 remaui, ycnirs. vSjc, 
 
 '* W. I'AHIIY." 
 
 " Sir Jolm Barrow. Burt." 
 
 The plan luTti described is no doubt an improveniont 
 ov(!r tilt! ono that failed ; but ^vitllollt ju-esuiuiiig; loo 
 much, not bcini; fdt()g;(^liier unacquuiiited witli 'i ship's 
 navi^uting; iiinoug; Nvliut is culled sailing-ice, it may ho 
 ulluwiibic to .suggest another and u diU'erout plan, auj 
 
 ." f 
 
TARRY S POLAR VOYAGE. 
 
 219 
 
 porlmps, on tho wliolp, l»'s.s (>I))octioii!il)If. Jr would 
 consist of two sMiiill ships siiiiilur to tlicjs*^ wliicli. uTtcr 
 tlirt'c yoiirs' s(!rvico in tlui AiitJirctic Seas, aro now cii- 
 jTiiUcd ill till! ico of the Xortli Polar Soas : tlicy should 
 Ijc scut ill tlie <;arly spriiiir aloni: the wcsrcrii "coast of 
 S|)it/I)criicn, where usualiy uo iiiipcdiiiiciit exists, as 
 fill' up as HO' ; take every opj)ortuiiity of proceediiiir 
 directly to the nortli, wliere, about f^-J-* Parry has told 
 uri. the lai-f^e Hoes had disapp^'ared, and tlu^ seu tliero 
 was found to be loaded only with loos(% disconnected, 
 mips!! masses of i(;e, throuyli which ships would (iiid no 
 (lilliculty in sailins:, thouijh totally unlit for boats (lra<2;- 
 uinii ; and as this loose ice was driftiiiij; to tlu^ soutji- 
 Wiird, he farther says, that befoi-«» the middle of Au<;'ust; 
 ;i ship mi^rhf have sailed up to the latitude of HJ^ almost 
 without touching a piece of ic(^ It is not, then, unn^as- 
 oiiablf* to expect, that beyond that parallel, even as far 
 ii< the Pole itself, tlu^ sea would be free of ice during; 
 the six summer months of j)erpetual sun throu^di each 
 (»t' the twenty-four hours, which, with the aid of tho 
 current, w^ould in all probability destroy and dissipate 
 the l*olar ict3. 
 
 If, then, on tho return of Sir John Frankliirs ships, 
 the screw-projieller supplied to each should liave been 
 found to answer, a fair opportunity would be atforded of 
 (Iccidinp; tiio (pjostion. The trial" would soon be made, 
 iuid. from the experience of Parry, would be mado 
 without danirer of loss to ships or men, for it is probable 
 they would not have any ice-bound shores to contend 
 with, n^he distance from llakluyt's Headland to tho 
 Pole is tiOO ^M'oirraphical miles, (irantinii tho shij)s to 
 make only twenty miles in twenty-four hours (on tlie 
 supi)()sition of mucli sailing-ice to ^o thr()u<j;h), even iii 
 that case it would re(|uiro but a month to enable th(» 
 explorer to put his foot on the i)ivot or point of tho axi.s 
 on which tlu^ f^lobe of the earth. cLrns ; remain there a 
 uioiith, if necessary, to obtain the sought-for informa- 
 tion, and then, with a southerly current, a fortnight, 
 piohably less, would bring liim back to Spit/bergen. 
 
 To such as may ventur(^ to raise their feeble objec- 
 tions against tliis, and other daring enterprises if not 
 (it)ended with the i)ros])ect of pn^buble prolit, let theni 
 
 1 1 
 
 ?! 
 I' 
 
 :j 
 
«HP 
 
 
 ■. t, , 
 
 't, 
 
 ?? 
 
 l\ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 220 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 rcccivo tlio answfr irivfn by that l)rav(^ old naviirntor, 
 Sir Mai'tin Fntbishcr, wiifii Jitlcmpfs wvu- n. wlc hv 1 
 
 lis 
 
 0\('|'V 
 
 friends to dissuade him I'roni eiiii2;ai,^iri^ in the disc 
 of a nortliwest passai^M^ : " It is th(^ only thinii: iu tlm 
 "world that is left yet undone whereby a notable niind 
 iiiif^ht b(^ made famous and fortunate^" \Vv may still 
 say, " 'I'he North Pole is th«i only thin^^ in the wmil 
 about which wo know notliinijj; and that want of all 
 knowledge oufiht to ojjerate as a spur to adopt the 
 means of wij)in^ away that stain of ignorance from tliis 
 enliglitened sige." 
 
 Hut there are otliers besides utilitarians tiiat mnko 
 objections to inquiries of *liis nature, on tin- scoi'e nt" 
 ' religious pi'ejudices, and will say tliat (lod never intend- 
 ed us to scrutinize places against wlii(d) lie hjid s(^t hi, 
 bar)'i( r. ^Phus the l\ev. L(!wis Way, the wealthy jjio- 
 ])i'iefor of Slansted, and so stanch an advocate lor tin; 
 conversion of tlie Jews that lie made a pilgiimayc to 
 .lerusalem witli tliat object in "iew — this revei'end ge:i- 
 tlennm one day said to a friend, " I know Sir Joseph 
 IJanks very well, and he was a good friend of mine, 
 though he used to joke with me sometimes about iii\ 
 endeavor to convcM't tlu; Jews: but I told liim that niv 
 
 sclieme was, at any rate, a much AVisei" one than his* 
 lie was tryiiiii; to send ships to tlu; North Pole, which 
 it was cl(>ar(Jod never int(Hided, wliil(» th(^ conversion ol" 
 the Jews was iin ev(Mit which we all know was to lie 
 
 )rouL;lit al)out som(> time or 
 
 otl 
 
 ler, 
 
 '^riiis may l.e looked upon, as doubtless Sir Jos('])h 
 I'an' looked upon it, as sheer nonsenso. Every in- 
 t(d' . -nt mind must be satisfuMl that, the more closely 
 W(^ nv(>stigate the works of creation, the more, as ra- 
 tional beings, we must be convinced that nothing tln'reiii 
 has been miide in viiin, nor a\ ithout a pr«<conceive(l and 
 settlecl design, the linished work of a IxMieficiMit and 
 Almighty Power: and if iMr. Lewis Way had leinl- 
 lected a passage in tlm most ancient record of his favoi- 
 ite Jews. li(> wdulil recollect his having I'oimd ihcrriii 
 thfit (Jod gave to man " dominioii over till the earth,"' 
 and made no exception of the North Pole. 
 
 '^riie Ivoyid Society, howev(>r. and the ("ommissiotiers 
 of Longitude, were less scrupulous on the subject. To 
 
% 
 
 PARRY S POLAR VOYAGE. 
 
 221 
 
 fMiiinir;i,ut' 'i\ visit tf) tlif Nortli Pole, they rnconnnondiid 
 f(i his iMiijt'sty ill council to pass nn onir;- m'iuitiii'- tlm 
 j);i\ iiiniit ot" 11 reward ot" livt^ tiiousinid pounds * < tlio 
 titst sliip that shall approacli within om^ drirrcc of tho 
 Ndrth l*olc. 'J'his order is not to he considered as 
 !iii'i-(dy an inducement lor niakiiii: the attempt, i)Ut 
 chirtly to Pianifest their opinion ot' tln^ value ot' the 
 sclienie. It is pretty well understood that I'ritisli naval 
 ollicers, who, like l*arrv, J-'ranUlin, and others, emhark 
 oil arduous and ha/.ardous enterprises ot' this nature, 
 arc inlluenced not so much hy motives ot' pecuniary 
 rewards as hy the hope ot' contril)Utin<r, liy their exer- 
 tiiiiis, to the enlavtrement ot" kn()wledi:e and science ; 
 their additional object, and that a laudal.'je one, heinj; the 
 nctjuiremeiit of present reputation and future fame. 
 
 " Fjitiic is tlic 8i)ur that tin- clcfir s])irit ilotli raise 
 ('I'liat last inlirmity ot'iKihlc luiinls) 
 To !-coni dcli^lits and live laborious days." 
 
 Dr. .lohnson said that the man who had seen the 
 L'vciit wall of China miyht be considered as sheddiiiii a 
 luster on his ^rand-children. Ihit wjiat is the wall of 
 ('liina ? which has not only been seen by Ijord Macart- 
 ney and his piuty, but scaled, and its broad parapet trod- 
 (|t!i on, by thein. With how much more brilliant u 
 luster would tliis preat moralist have decorated tho 
 'lescendants of that man who liiid stood on the ])ivot 
 whereon tliis filobe of ours forever turns, and hoisted 
 tile P.ritisli llat: on the most remarkable spot on tho 
 cMitirs surface I '^Piie wall of China may be seen any 
 iliiy ; and any one, without the least dil'ficulty, iniiiht 
 obtain a view of it by a tri|) in one of our yachts to tho 
 (iulf of Fieatunsx. into whicli it descends and terminates. 
 
 1\) describe what a visitor to the Pole miiiht obtain in 
 tlie way of scieiict\ it can only be said, in our present 
 state of iijnorance, that tiie wholes Held would be; o))en to 
 liiiii : every tliinij; would bo iiov»d. and that aloiu^ would 
 rouse his attentive faculties. Kst lin/ninutii iidtnrn nori- 
 liil'is (ir'iiht. n'lie dil'ticulties that would occur may le, 
 iip|)reciated at home, but they will be iireater or less ac- 
 cnrdintr to circumstances, of which W(^ yet know noth- 
 iiii: ". that is, whether the Pole lie covered with an open 
 sea, an icy sea, or by land : and which of the three would 
 
 
 i t 
 
 '1 
 
II 
 
 i ; 
 
 I ^ 
 
 lU 
 
 ' { 
 
 > , 
 
 222 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES'. 
 
 rivato tlio (rrofitcvst (lifficiiltios in tlio way of arfitiirinir 
 iiilui-iiiiitiou .' Ill iill i-('S|)('cts an open sea would iippcjir 
 to ho tlio most disadvantauoons. in tlio first placo. it 
 would, in all protiability, l)o so t\f('\) that tlio shi|) coiiM 
 not anclntr, or do(>|) enouiih not to admit ot' lior kocpin^r 
 stoadily Ikt place tor makiiiii; accurate oi)seiTations : in 
 tlic! next, hy her niovina; ahont, her commander would 
 very speedily find out tliat, as every meridian niu'^t In- 
 in the dire(;tion ot" soutii. he liad lost that on which he 
 laid approached the l*ol(j, and, consefpiently, would iit^ 
 at a loss to shape his coni'sc; jiomeward. 'J'he settling' 
 of this point will natm'ally sui:u;est itstdt" as first amoa:; 
 the many novel plienomena which will aiTest his atten- 
 tion, and the t'ollowing observations will probably occur 
 to him. 
 
 Jn th«! first place, it will be obvious that tlie time (if 
 day — or, rather, of tln^ twenty-four hours — would no 
 Ioniser lie marked by any apjiarent chansfo in the altitude 
 of the sun above the hori/on, because, to an observer at 
 tlm J*ole, no such clian<ie would take place, except to 
 the small amount of tli(! daily chaiijue of decliuation. 
 Thus, not only to the eye, but also for the ])ractical piir- 
 ])ose of olitainiiiii; tln^ tinio by astronomicid observation. 
 tin; siu would appear throujihout the twenty-four liouis 
 neither to ris«^ nor fall, but to describe a circle round tlus 
 heavens jiarallel to tlio hori/on. It follows that this 
 mode of obtaininjj; tiu': time would utterly fail; and, in- 
 deed, however startlinj; the fact may seem, it may nev- 
 ertheless bo asserted with truth, that there would no 
 lonj[2;er bo any such thin<r, strictly speakiui:;, as apparent 
 lime at all. This will appear clear by consideriiiii thiit 
 ajiparent time nders only to tlu» particular meridian on 
 wliicli an obsei'ver happcMis to la* placed, and is mai'kcd 
 and determined only by the distance of the sun or other 
 lieavenly body from that meridian. An observer at the 
 I'ole beinn on no one meridian, but at the point wheio 
 all meridiiins meet, ajiparent tinu! has to liim no longer 
 either existence or meaninj;. 
 
 lieforc! our naviiiators entered upon this oxjieditioa, 
 their attention was naturally directed to the best, and, 
 indeed, only certain method of insuring their return from 
 the l*ole it)i. (lie r/iiht. )iu r'ldian. Two methods, and, 
 
 I 
 
TARRY ri POLAR VOYA(;E. 
 
 
 \vt' ht'lievj', only two, pi'csciit tliciHsclvt's foi- this ]iur- 
 piisc ; tlio one hfiiii; by iho coiiipiiss. tlio other by iiiciiiis 
 III' chroiioinctrrs. From tlic obscrviifictiis iilrcinly iii;i(lo 
 ill the Arctic rcjiiijiis, i»^ may !)(• considered as <'eitirm 
 that, at tlie |*ole, the mauiietic lieedii^ would freely tiav- 
 erse. and llie comj)ass i-emain an etlicient practical in- 
 strument ; i'or as it is to tiie nifii^mhc pole, and not to 
 the pole ot" tlie eartli. that tlio needle is directed, and as 
 till' dip of the needle only ar lonnts to H-J- '2'2' at the iiuist 
 iinitherly j)oint yet reached, it is probable tliat tiie hor- 
 i/ontal or directiv(* force; of the needle would contimio 
 strong and efficient at tho Pol •, and, consecjuently, that 
 the magnetic hearing of any |)oint on the globe might bo 
 jHcurately obtaiiied by it. Indeed, none of tin; singular 
 jihenomena relating to tho magnetic needle observed by 
 I'ai'ry on his former voyage^ through J»arrow's Strait, 
 such as the north end of tin^ needb; pointing due soutli, 
 ;nid then southeast, and the entire^ uselessness of tho 
 foMipasses, owing to the iron in tlie ship proving stron- 
 iier than tho directive power of tlio needle, were to be 
 anticipated on reaching the j)ole of tlic! earth. For tho 
 siiin(« reason, it was not to bo expected that tho achicno- 
 Micnt since performed !>y his gallant companion, .lames 
 Ivoss, of actually planting tin; Britisli flag on tin; magnet- 
 ic Pole, could now be accom|)lished. as it was already 
 known tliat tin* point upon tin; oartlTs suH'aco which is 
 so designated lay in a nmch iowei- latitude. 
 
 T\w other method of insuring the return of our trav- 
 elers upon the right meridian, nanjely, by means of 
 chronometers, was ono whicii rocjuired some considera- 
 tion. It is obvious that, to an ol)server standing upon tho 
 Pole, the sun would, at tho precise monnMit of appai-ent 
 noon at any given i)lace, appear to tlu; observer exactly 
 ill tho direction of that place, and that cons(H|uently this, 
 us ascertained by chronometers, would prove an uner- 
 ring guide as to the right direction. Hut in the; ordina- 
 ry mode of marking the; dial-plates of watclios, fiom ono 
 hour to twelve only, there was reason to appr»'hend that 
 tlie u-ronii: twel-. o o'clock might be taken, under circum- 
 stances of constant sunshine, and without any change in 
 the altitude of that lumiiiary to distinguish day from 
 night. To avoid the jio.-^sibility of this mistake, tlu^ pro- 
 

 f . 
 
 1' 
 
 221 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGEri. 
 
 I,(.i 
 
 !i!.ll 
 
 '\ 
 
 1 . 
 
 i i 
 
 t 
 
 li,i 
 
 rfiiition wiH tukcMi of coiistructirii; chrotioiiH'tors (cucli 
 oll'uH'V ciinyiiii; one in liis pockcjt) having tlii^ diiil-pliUcs 
 marked willi iwfnfy-toiir iioiirs, and tlio liour-liand nmk- 
 iny only one rnvolutiou in that jHiriod. Tluis, Avhcncvcr 
 tlio clirononioters indicat«Ml apparent noon at (ireenwich, 
 the sun would he exactly owv the meridian of that place, 
 and so of any other |)hicu of known loui^itudo ; for iii- 
 stanco, the harbor wluuv* our truvt^hn-s had left their 
 ship, and to which th»'y desired to return. 
 
 In visitiiiff a part of the gloix! on wliicli the foot of 
 man has never befoi'e troddtui, it is impossihU; to say 
 what l)(Mietils may accrut! to scienc«! ; hut in the enter- 
 prise to which we- are now alluding, there is one object 
 of the very highest scientitic; interest which might be at- 
 tained by traveling to tlu^ Pole, nauudy, the measure- 
 ment of a (iegre(! of tlu; nuM'idiaii counnencing from the. 
 Pole itself. Many readers of tiiis narrative are aware 
 tliat the form of the globe has long since been siscertain- 
 od to bo that of an oblate s{)heroid, having its ecpiatoriiti 
 diameter considerably long(n' than the polar; in moi(? 
 popular language, that the earth is llattened at the poles ; 
 hut it still remains a mattJU' of doubt in ivhat dei>r(r, 
 this (lattening exists ; and as no method of ascertaining 
 this is so conclusive as the actual measureuient of a me- 
 ridian at the l*ole and at the Kcpiator, this objc ct alone 
 would well repay any efliirt that might be made to effect 
 it; even if a sutfu;ient length of lino could be measured 
 in one of tin; meridians that are clustered on the Pole, 
 the difficulty of preserving it W(nild require the most 
 rigid attention. 
 
 Tile swinging of a pendulum is perhaps a less accu- 
 i'at(i iiH^thod of obtaining the tdlipticity of the earth, but 
 it is th(i operation of a single j)erson, whereas the actual 
 measurement of the meriihan linc^ recpiires several ; and 
 as an increase of gravitation takes place from the Equa- 
 tor to the J'ole, the latter mak«'S it most desirable that 
 the reipiisite observations should be made there, or as 
 near to it as possible ; but a ship on an open or icy sea 
 would not answer.* 
 
 The tides at tlio Pole would be an interesting subject 
 
 * Till" rciuiiT i." rcfrn'rcd to X\\o pinTnil ])orti()ns of this voluintjfortlii; 
 pouduluin oljservutious tlutt havu been niude und hcvciii givou. 
 
PARUY'rf POLAK VOVAGH. 
 
 
 1.) oxnn.ino ; bnf ir .Iops not npprnv fl.i.t any ronfrivunro 
 <"' "" ''pen sra. („• a s.-a of ice, <.„„1,1 ho made use, of t., 
 jisccrtam the n.s(^ and lall. 
 
 .Mf.^netisM, atinospherical eleeM-icitv, and the A.ironi 
 
 i olaris, and all otlier i.ioteerolu^ic-al ..iVservatiu.is, would 
 
 allord s(;oi)(! etiouirh on hoard shi|). 
 
 Sliould land however sn.all tho portion, ho iomu\ al, 
 
 nr near the Pole, all tlie various ohsr-rvations would he 
 n.nducted t« a suecesslul issue. It n.av be pn-sunn-d 
 
 liMt any surh land will not he niounlai.ious. as .10 i.-e- 
 l).T-s are ever sent down from that cp.arter, tlu'se n.ass- 
 rs havn.ir he.Mi ascertained as produ.-ts of i^hieiers on the 
 sides and valleys ot li.^h nio.u.tains, as iu SpitzheP'en 
 jind (.reenland. On a piece of land t!u> pend.dun, n.i.v 
 hr sw.ui.ir, and the rise, fall, an.j direction of the tides 
 observed. Jt would also he interesting to (>xan.ine into 
 the natun, ot the soil, and its ve-etahle pro.luctions ; tlu, 
 •l.spos.t.on ot the strata, and the nun.M-al prod.u-,ts, if any ; 
 ;ii.d d the la.id he ot a tolerable extcM.t, a meridional rlis^ 
 tiuice may he measured. Other matt.Ts of interest ard 
 ii;.v.'lty would occur to a scientific and skillful observer, 
 ihese are mere speculations, tin-own out at random, hut 
 iiiity serve, among other suggestions, as objects of atten- 
 tion. •' 
 
 Captain 8h- Edward Pany havi.ig now concluded his 
 fiith voyng,, „,to the Arctic regions, in four of wliich ho 
 fonmianded, and was second in the otln-r, a.id there be- 
 lli- no tarthor attempt iu contemplation at the conclusion 
 ot the last voyage to continue the s.-airh, he deemed it 
 expedient to close his honorable and useful naval career 
 iif l.-;ist m sea-gomg ships. It may, th.-refore, not b.. out 
 ot place here to put on record u memorandum of the 
 vaiuiible services rendered to his countrv in various sit- 
 •'iitions, and to tin, navy in particular, with whose hitor- 
 ests \w IS still connected. 
 
 It has been stated, in the first Arctic voya-e, in what 
 "'■inner he was introduced iiilo that line of service, by 
 •"■lug selected to command one of the discovery ships. 
 
 l:]l;j. The Alexander, a. lieafenMut commaii.lin-. beia- sec- 
 
 Olid to ( oiiuiKiiidcr Koss. 
 l.'SH). The [kM'la.-Appniutcd ms lirutenant to conimnnd her, 
 'ind as cuiuiuauder of the expedition : two \vtirs 
 1) •' ' 
 
 1 ; 
 
 ir; 
 
 h 
 
 "..i 
 
ni 
 
 /^ ^w VJ 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAfiHS. 
 
 lV,-20, 'I'll.- I'nrv 
 
 piMim 
 
 Ir.l 
 
 lis rain III mil 
 
 li,l 
 
 (•ii[)t;iiii ill .NtivfiiilM r, l.'l'Jl. 
 
 //'/•, !lll(l to til 
 
 Iviiucfcl to tlif r 
 
 ink i>[ 
 
 .1!V:;;J. Acting,' liydrou'i-iipli.T to tlir Admiralty, 102:3, in ih 
 
 ni( 
 
 nil ol' (';i|il;iiii I liii'd, dcccMsi-d. 
 
 l!!-Jl. Ilrcl;!. — \|)|>oiii1rd iis ciiptiUll (tlioili,dl only U hln(i|ij 
 iiiid :is coiiiliiiilidcr oltlif* rxpcditioii. 
 Acting' hyilroLTiiplifr, sfcond iippointiiit'iit, tlx; vu- 
 ciiiicy not liM\ iiii,' Iicimi lillcd ii|). 
 }Pr2i\. Ajipointrd to the coiiiniiind ul' tiio Ilecla, and of th" 
 
 <'\|)('dilioii toward tli(> North Pole. 
 ll')27 . Tliii'd a|)|)oiiitmciif as iiydroirra|thci', and roiitiniird tu 
 art until May. Ill','!>: and in tlio same yaw rcccivid 
 tiif lioiior ol kni;,ditliood. l{csii:ii(Ml the silualion (it 
 liydroi:ra|)lii'r, and Captain Ik'aulinl uppuiutt'd, wlio 
 still holds it. 
 IfJO!'. Went out to N<'w South Wales as roinmissioucr to 
 the \ustialian .\i:firiiltm'al Compajiy, hy pt'i-iiiis>iiiii 
 of the Admiralty, and rt'tiinii'd in Novcniltrr, iiril. 
 Ji^li.'i. Assistant i'oor-liiw ('oinmissi(»ii('r in Norliilk; hut lii> 
 
 health lailiiii:, laid liy tor one year. 
 18;}?. Appointed to or;:aiii/,e the I'ackct Sen'ice, then tnuis- 
 
 I'erred to the •■dmiralty. 
 
 lVil\7. Aitpoinled ('ontniller of .St(^am Macliiiiory, in wliii h 
 
 important situation he still remains; a nituafion th.it 
 
 re<|uires all that talent and assiduous attention whii h 
 
 he is kiioun to possess, and which it is to lie hii]ii(i 
 
 he may loni,' continue to hold, to his own .satistaction, 
 
 •And for the lienelit of the piililic service. 
 
 The charac-tcr and ('(nidiict of Sir Edward Piii'iy as a 
 
 captain in coniMiund of a ship ol" war inis hcon fully <'\- 
 
 liihited ill the present narrative, ahriducd as it is : i)roiiipt 
 
 in ditlic'ulty, cool in daiiuor, iertile in cxpediiMits, and 
 
 rich iu resources, \w was never unpi'epared in the lioiir 
 
 of need; to the people undtn' liis charii;<'. lie Avas kind. 
 
 considerate, and attentive, and while rigidly exactiiii,^ the 
 
 ])erfonnance oftlieir duties, was ever studious to adiniii- 
 
 isler to their conilorts and tlieir welfare, instructing!: them 
 
 that these heiielits could only ho iiccpiircMl and pi'cserved 
 
 })V a strict ohe(lienc<> to coiniiiand, steady ,i:ooil coutluct. 
 
 and due reuard to tlu^ duties t)f religion. 
 
 If an ol'licer who has accompanied Captain I'arry in 
 all his Arctic, and Polar voyaues were j)assed over ill si- 
 lence, it would |)roperly \h' considered as a dei-elK tir»ii ol' 
 justice and of duty in the writer of this muTutive. Th.o 
 
 .■(■ 
 
PAKUY rf I'ULAR V()V.\(if:. 
 
 o.>7 
 
 tullnwiiiir nu'inoriiiidiim of ( 'iipliilii SirJanics FJoss's scr- 
 \i(<'s will put the reader in possession ul' jiii aljstruct of 
 \\ liiit lie lias performed : 
 
 III \pril, li;|-,', li(> eiitei'cd the Tiavv. 
 
 j'^' r Volunteer lirst class, iiiidshipniaii, and mate with Cm- 
 ,,, .> I iiiandf-r itoss. 
 
 i;:i:!. Admn-alty niid^liipiiiaii in the Isal.rlJi, m Cotmnaiider 
 
 Ross's veyai.'e of discovery to the \ relic Seas, 
 l;:il>, > Admiralty iiiidshi|)maa in the llecla in Captain I'ar- 
 );;-.'l). ( ry's (ir.-t voy.i-e of discoverv to the Arctic Se;is. 
 
 S Admiralty midshipman in the Vnrv in Ciiptain rarrv's 
 second voy;i;.'e of.liscovery to the \rctic.Seas; was 
 imide lienteniint, -Jiiih Dei'emiin-, | ;;■,>•,'. 
 |,,.,, C Lieatenant in the Fury, Captain Hoppn. .. .'..ird voy- 
 i;i'.-)!) '^r'' ".* ^'"1"'''" l':ii-|-y. 'J"o tlraw charts and m.ako 
 
 l"0 
 
 17. I'lrst heutenant in the Hecla, Captain i'airy; accom- 
 Itanied him ie. command of the second luiat in jjis 
 attempt to reach the North I'ole. rromoled uu 
 his return, f!lh Novenilter, l;!-:»7. 
 
 2!> Hn private steam-vessel Victory. 
 
 > VUu tlu! 1st of .)(me, I!;:n. planted the rnion-jack (.ii 
 
 i:J. ) the .North .Mai:netic Pole. ( )n his return, presented 
 by the Colle;,^,. ,,f Arms with an addition lo the anus 
 of Ko.ss, representini,' the Hair tlvin,:,^ on the Ma:,'- 
 iietic rolt>, with additional cre>t, "on a rock, "i 
 ll;i::-slatV erect, thereon hoi>ted the rnion-jack. in- 
 scrihed with the date, 1st .June, i;):il." 
 li;:il. IVomoted to the rank of ca[)t:iiii, ■2r,\\i Octolier, K!;i }. 
 I ;;;!.'). Kmployed makini: m;ii,'netic oliservatiftns preparatory 
 
 _ to commenciiii.' the ni;i;/:.etic survev of I'.n-l.iiid. " 
 I'V-iC). Ca|)taiii in thi> ship comiriissioned hv the \dmiraltv, 
 
 sent in seio-ch of the missinj,' wlrders, in the dejttli 
 
 of wintei-." 
 \'!.''n' U'"'P'"y<'d, at the desire of the Lords Commissioners 
 Jo;io. 5 ol the Admiralty, in determiuinL' the \ariati(ui of 
 
 the compass on all parts of the coast (.f (Jreat lirit- 
 
 ■ On a rci)n's..|itatioii from Hull tliat clrvni wIimIc sliij.s i.n.l six- hun- 
 iliv.l 111. u wvrc 1, II 111 thr icr Mri.l ill ,i„ii-..r of ]M.ri^liiii-. and nTiui-tia" 
 Il.r A.lminilry r... s.n.l out ivlicf, ('Mptain .laiurs Ross voliii.tcrrr,! to "i> 
 uut in tlip (i.'ptli ol winrn-, „ii(l the three heutriiNiit-, Crozier, iniiiiin ami 
 Umiiiaimey with thr three mates, .lesse, liuehan, ai„l .iojm .<mith,' aM,l 
 Mr. llall.'tt, .'lerk in <'har-e, vohuit.'.Te,! to join him. lie hoisted lii. jieu- 
 iiaiir on tile L'l>t ot l)erei.i'ner, and after a storiiiv vovaire arriveil in Da- 
 VI- s .-trait when lie loiind nine of the lui.-sin- ships were livfhat time ii» 
 l-.llu'land. that tlie tenth wa> released ,.„d on lier |ia.-sa-e.'aiid the elev. 
 
 ciilh wa^ probably lust, as sojne of 1i,t <-asks had lii.'.ai lucRed up m ^eu 
 
 /! 
 
 ;i 
 
f f 
 
 li: 
 
 
 I. 
 
 M 
 
 ( i' I ' 
 
 
 
 Auc'i'ic v«»v\i;i;h. 
 
 ;ilii, Mini llii- "I'lii'iiil iirc'iii'lic siii'\'<'V lur (li'tiTiirfi- 
 ill:: 1 1 II I III n III III I he tiiiii' nt r(|ii;il v ;ii'i:iliiiii, ili|i. iiiid 
 iiilcii-il\ . ill iniijiiiiclioii Willi rinli'SMir IJmmI, ('ii|. 
 unci S.ilillic. ;ili(l l'lnrc'--.(ir rililli|»s, ill till' li'i|iir,| 
 ol llir I'l il i-ll \<>iiri;il|i>n. 
 
 Ami ImmIv, riuiii i:;:i:Mo I;: |:{, Ciiptiiiii II. M.S. i;n.. 
 
 Iiii-. ill ( i>iiiiii:iimI 111' the \ iil.'irct ic i;\|H'ililiiiii. 
 |:tlll M.'in ll, I :; I I, I'l'criM'il ihc liniinr nl' kllijllllnnil. 
 
 '.•mil .hiiir. I:; I I. linn. I). C. 1... Ovliinl. 
 
 I{i'(ri\ril ;.'n!i| li|i'il;ils i 'I' ( ici il;i;i[i|| icill Si iiii ■! ii •> iit 
 KiiLil.'iiiil mill III I' laiK I'. 
 It will lie seen tliiil .M f. .1 iiiin's (iiuw Sir. limit's) Kh^s 
 liiis risen liy rc^iiliif ui'iiiiiiliiMi iVnm tin' Inwcsl in ||ii> 
 Iniilicst liink in his pntt'cssiini. iiiid tu tin* linnurs In- imw 
 <Miji>vs. I»v liis iiiildiit i'.:;il)lt' /.ciil. scll-liiii^lit iiliililifs, ainl 
 (lili^iMici*. It is dill' to liiiii. tlit'Cft'iin', in tiilxiii^ l(>;i\n 
 ol' Ills Arctic hilini's. ill tilt' siiiiif tiiiif with his rrit'ml iiirl 
 I'tmiiiiiiiitliiii; iillicfr Sir I'iilwiinl I'lirry.tt) fxpit'ss ;i cmi- 
 victitHi. in cttiiiiiitni with ihiit nl' his hrnthfr itllici'rs umI 
 jissdciiitt's, t hilt few iiicn ptisscss, in ii nmrt' t'liiinciit ili ■ 
 urcf. tilt' t|iiiilitit's ri'ijuiri'il in iimst iiriliimis iiltcMipl-. 
 'I'll il slrti'i^ iiml \ ii^Kitiiis coiisiitiit UMI. iiihI linilily pnw- 
 fis III' ntitirilinin y kiml. .Iiiint's Kuss luiitcs iin iinli'iil Imn 
 (•!' t'litcrprisc. ii (ii'tt'nniiu'd pcrsfvcriinct' in thf iiliiim- 
 niiMit tif his iilijrt t, iiinl ii i liinl iiniliiiintt'il hy ii>lliciill\ 
 tir iliini^t'r. Tu these i|iiiirnies iniist lie inMeil lh;il ml- 
 \iiiici'ineiit in iiii\ i':,;it inn. iistniiiiiiiiy. iiiitin'iil histnry. iii,(| 
 iillier liiiiiiches III' science which lew iiiiviil t»riict'is ciin 
 liiiiisl el', lint which were such ;is litled him pecnliiirly tnr 
 selection ti» the ciimiiiiiiid nt' the recent Antiirctic l-lNpe- 
 ditinii. I'tir the results el' which, t'l'tmi his |)en, piiliFK' e\- 
 peetijtion is mure than iisiuilly ulive. 
 
i I 
 
 CAPTAIV JOIIV FKANKUV. 
 
 
 en A I 'Ti: II X, 
 
 lHi:»_>j()_>ji_:;j.j. 
 
 S'.irra/lrr of >r Jounn ,, I,, Ihr Slnn-r^ of H,r 1>nl„r Srn ]W 
 I \lll-(lltl()ll. 
 
 TiiM cxprdiii,,!!, iitnl.T flip (oMimiuKl (.(■ CnrMriiiiiulcr 
 (now (';i|)liiiii Sir . I., 111.) |."n,„|J,M, |,„s ih,| .„,!v iiddcl 
 ^HMlly lo tlui iir(»-rii|)liy, ucolnnv, 1,11(1 iiiitiiiar liish.ry 
 '•I lliiil ix.iliuii (,f tlii^ Murthcni cunsf of Nc.rtli Aincricii 
 witliii) tln' Arctic rriiiuiis, lint inorc cs|.("ci;illv to tliaf, 
 mIiicIi Noidns on the suiitlicni slinccs nf ih,. rohir Sc;i ; 
 ■r.\A liiis ills., cuiitriliiitt'd iiir-cly tu, idid (inuly rstfil.lisli- 
 'd. tliiit cstmi!il(^ of the plivsicMl. iiicntal, and moral 
 ' !i;iiactci- of I'.ritisli scanu-ii --c(|iially ^ood when scrv- 
 M)U on shore as allnat — wlii(di we Ki'i-lishuKui had loiii,^ 
 l"iin.'d, and of whi<di we are jnstiv proud. it has also 
 ^ii|.plied trails of (diaracler, and of the physical consti- 
 inlion of the va. .oils native trihes. 
 ••■|'l": iiarrativ,. ,,f ('.•ipi;,!,, ri;mkliii" (||„. urilrr is hnv 
 
 '"y '"-' l'""i liMMsrlf) -..Mlds aaolhri- tn tl,r inaiiv splrn.lid 
 
 I'Vur.U o( III.- eiltrrpn,,., /,.;,!, aild enei-v nf liritisl, sr;un..a 
 —"' '''■■!' <'""' i""d iiitrcpi.l cniidiict wiiicli iM'V.T for^^iike.s 
 lli'Mii on onasiniis (li.. most tryiii-— lli.il ni.sli.dxn, const^nKA- 
 :hhI prrseveraiice in siliialioiis the most ardnoiis, the most 
 'li-liv-siiiL.'. and soinetimi's the inos) hopeless that can l.cfdl 
 ii'iniaii lM-Im:s; and it liiniislies a heaiilifnl exanipl.' (,f ii„, 
 iniiiiipliol mental and moral eiieri:v over mere I. rule slreictli 
 ';i""';."npl.- fi,'! that out of lifte.'.n individuals inured fmni 
 'ii''n; l.irtli to c.Id. tiiil-,,,., mid hmi-.-r, no less than l.'n 
 in.ilive landsmen) ueiv s(. snhdne.l hv tli<' ai.'-ravation of 
 '.!■-'• cmIs to wliieh thev had he(yi iKiliitnated as to -ivo 
 lli''niselves np to inditVerence, insiil)ordinali(.n, and d.-spair, 
 :iNd. tinally, to sink down and die. while of live l^-ifi,^li ^ea- 
 I'l'Mi imaeenstomed I,, ilie severity of ih,. elitnate, and tlio 
 l''>'Uliips attendin- it. onr only tell, and that one hy th(^ 
 ui'iiderous hand oi an assassin. A li-lit. bnovunt heart u 
 
 
 ; i 
 
ViMO 
 
 AiMTtt; vovA«a:H. 
 
 ti 
 
 riillllilriii'i' III tlli'ir own iiiiwrl'^, sii |>| iiil'lrt I li\ ;i Mini I'rli.it 
 
 oil .'I IIH'lI'lll 
 
 I I' 
 
 II l\ llll'IMC, IH'\ (■{■ U||( I' 
 
 lull 
 
 k tl 
 
 lire 
 
 H'lll. Mill' .|||. 
 
 Iiiril llir ;i|i|i|'u;irll iil ili->|)iiiii|i'iir\ , litit hmilu'llt lili'lll >;tli ly 
 
 lllliMI:;l| Mlrll ||ii>c|-\ ill 
 
 .1 .ll>l 
 
 lOS ilH lilH 
 
 Iv.il 
 
 t'St'V, lliivr I 
 
 Ml! Ill' Mill 
 
 Nil. 
 
 )i I II 
 
 Till* li\(* |)<M-sniis iiK'iitioiird wi-ir < 'iiplaiti .liiliii (tinw 
 Sii' .lnliii) l''l'illil\lili. Ill this tiiiii' roiiiiiiMMiliii;^ iiii r\|H'i||. 
 liiMi. Mill liii' iiMriii|)liiii; thi> tlisciivny of ii muiIIiw isl 
 pilSMi^i', lilil tl) sii|i|)|y till' iiiriiiis III' rilrilitiililli: iilir. simI 
 to I'Mi'Mil til)' <:rii^i'ii|iliy III II |)iil't III the I'oliir i'r;;liiiis 
 M'l \ littli' known; l>iir/(ir liiilni iilsnii, ii iiii\;il siii::ritii, 
 now Mriliriil liis|ii'rloi' of tlio Ivoyiil NjisjiI I los|iiliil iii 
 " To Ihiiliir liiihiifil^i'ii, in |)iii'tiriiliii'," Sir 
 
 II 
 
 isliir 
 
 lolMi snvs. 
 
 tl 
 
 II' r\ilnsi\i' ini'iit is iliii' ol w linli'Vi'i' cul- 
 
 Icrlions mill oltscrviilions jiiivi' Ihtii niinli' in tlio ilr|iiiit- 
 inriit of iiiitiifiil liistoi'x ; iiiiii I iiiM indolitrii t i liiin in im 
 sniiill (Irurrr lor liis iVii'mily ndviri' iiiiii iissis!)inc»< in llii- 
 pii'piiiiitioM ol till' |iirscMl imrnitivi'. T'lo \|>|ii'miIi\ 
 (ii|iwiiiil oltwo liiiiiiliTil ;iMil I'i^lity payrs) is iiioslly Ins 
 own." |)o(tor Kiclianlson vojiinli'cn'd l'» ncroinpiiny 
 (aplain h'tanklin on Ins socond oxpi'dition to tlio slmn's 
 
 .Illii- Polar Si'a : also :Mr. d 
 
 Ihirk and Mr. Rnl,- 
 
 II- 
 
 ( rt lldi'i/, Adiniralty inidsliipnii'n, to make ohsrrvalioi 
 ilrawin^s ol' tlio land, ol' llio nativi's, and ohjocts ol" mil 
 ral liisU>ry. tlu« Ioiimit of w lioni is now ('aplain Sir 
 (Ji'orm' IJack, and iho lattoi' was thr victim (aliovi' allinl- 
 «'d to) of an assassin. TIm' lil'lli was Jolni lli jilmrn. n 
 \v\u\ i'ailliriil. and altiTtionato Kni;lisli seaman, and tlii-ir 
 
 UN, 
 
 only iitlondant, who. on tlio (■onclusion ol tho cxpiMlitii 
 was dosi'ivcdiy r 'wardi-d with a pi'inianont situation in 
 out' 1)1" the dockvards, ()|"lhis seaman, tho testiiiionv 
 
 ol Sir .Id 
 
 hn I- 
 
 raiiklm is too valnahle to he omi 
 
 tted. 
 
 .\iid 
 
 heie." he says, '• I nuist lie permitted to pay the triliiiti 
 
 (lite to the tidelitv, exertion, and umlorm 
 
 yood 
 
 eoiiiliii'l, 
 
 in the most tiyiiiu situations, ol' .lohii ilephnrt;, an lliiu- 
 lish seaman, and our only attendant, to whom, in the latter 
 
 part ot our journey, we owe, muler Divine I rovideiwe, 
 the preservation ol" the lives of some ol' the party."' 
 The iustruetions whieh Krankliu received I'rom Miiil 
 
 >athurst, hy whom he was appoin 
 
 ite4l. 
 
 on 
 
 tl 
 
 M' recoiii 
 
 meiidaliou ol tlie Loids ( 'ommissiouers of the Aihnir 
 
 lulrodiic'lioii. 
 
niAVKr.iN A\t) nnFi audhon'h jmi unky. ii.ll 
 
 t\, inrnniinl liilii tltiit llic MiliitI (ilijrrl ul' tlir )'\|iri|itit)t) 
 WHS In «>\|iliii'f iIm- nni'thiMii const nl \in*'n(-ii, rrniii tlio 
 iiiiiiilh (il tlu^ ( 'u|)|iri- NliiH' Kivrr ti) till' riistWiiol ; to 
 la\ (Imwii tlir liiH'. or tiriiillfii:, ol tliiit roust, iis I'jir lis In 
 till' I'll sir III r\ I in inly ol lliiil. rout iiiriit ; in slmi I, lo In Km 
 nil nii'iiiis lor ollttlllllll^ iii'ciiriitt* inroriniition n'spri-linir 
 
 tl>->( lllil. Iiii\l-Il IIIKi iki i'liliwl \liil it ItJ til lllii t> fi *i\ it ikt 
 
 ' \ 
 
f^W: 
 
 n^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 ll 
 
 •( M I 
 
 
 232 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 Fnuikliii culled it at tlic tiino, allnidfd n sample of liis 
 eii^ei'iiess aini eiieriry. and ;iave to I5acl\ himself a ifeii- 
 lle speciiiHMi of wliat Ik^ was doomed theieafl«u' to un- 
 <leriio with iiitinitely more severity. 
 
 'I'he iticideiits of the voyai^e i'e(|uire not to lie relatei); 
 pleasant eiioiii:l» until they approached that daniie'diis 
 and l)V all abhorred island, Ivcsolution, in the month nt' 
 Undson's Strait, near the rocUy shoi'es of which, nsually 
 lieset \Nith heavy ice. foi^s. and ii'reiinlar cnrrents. the 
 vessel narrowly esca|)ed shipwreck. I*assin<; this, how- 
 (>ver. they arrived in safety at Vork l''actory, in Hud- 
 son's I>ay, on the ."((Mil of Ansxnst. Here ihey were cor- 
 dially I'eceived Ity the i;overn(»r and sei'vants of th«( \\iu\- 
 .son's P)ay ('onii)any, and wer(^ ftii'iiished hy them with 
 u boat of tile larj:;est size, well stored with j)rovisi((ns and 
 annnmiition. 'is imich as sIk^ conid carry. They were 
 also fmnished with letteis to all their agents in the sev- 
 eral factories in the conntry, directinji them to miv(^ ev- 
 ery possible assistance towai'd fm'therim; thi^ object of 
 th«» expedition. Herc^ also they had the iictod fortnne to 
 iiKM^t with several ot the partners of the Northwest ( 'oni- 
 pany, from whom they also received thi^ most frietidly 
 and full assurance of the cordial endeavors of the winter- 
 in<i |»arliu'rs of their establishment to promote the inter- 
 est otthe expedition. This was the nutre yratifyinu. as 
 there then existed a violent commercial i-ivaliy between 
 the two companies. With the knowleri^e of this, and 
 with that prudence and propi'iety of conduct that has at. 
 all timos been the (diaraciteristic of Franklin, he deemed 
 it expedient to " issue a memorandum to the oldcers ot' 
 the expedition, strictly prohibitiiiij any interference what- 
 ever in the existing (piarrels, oi' any that nfnj;ht arise, be- 
 tween the two companies: and n\i presenliny; it to tlie 
 jaincipals of both the ])ai'ties, they expressed their sat- 
 isfaction at the step I had taken.'' 
 
 ( )n the iUh of September, the boat beins; comjileted, 
 arraniiemeiits were made for their depai'ture, and at noon 
 they embark»>d lualer a salute of eiyht uuns and three 
 cheers, whicdi they |[jratet"ully returned, and made all 
 sail. The route was settled to be by ( 'umberland I louse, 
 and thi'ouiih the chain of I'osts to the (Jri'at Slave F^ake. 
 It is not deemed necessary to notice \\w nuiltitude of 
 
,11 
 
 FR.WKLIX AND RICHARDSOn's JOURNEY. 233 
 
 lakos, rivors, pnitn^cs. juid tlic iiiiiiicrcms diniciiltics aiul 
 iiri|)t'<iiiiit>iits wliicli lirsrl llic liiuclcr tliroiiyhoiit liis ur- 
 (luous joiiiiicy ill the iioitlieiii rt'yioii.s ot' Aiiirricii, thos*) 
 liaviiiii l)(MMi so fiT(|ii(Mitly dcscrilxMl by various travrltM'S 
 siiici' tlic tiiiic ol" I learnt! and Maclxcii/ic. Suriice it to 
 say tlmt, iVom tlic tiiii»! of tlu'ir Icaviiii: York Factory 
 on tilt' !ltli of St'|)tt'nil)fr, to tlitur arrival at ( 'iiiiilx-ilaiid 
 lloiisi) on \\w "JJd ot" October, tlu'V hail traveled over ii 
 distance of very nearly seven iinndred miles, with and 
 against tlie streams of some ten dil'ferent rivers and niiio 
 lakes, to say nothing of rocks, ra|)ids. and portages. The 
 charts and views, fi'om the ohservatior;s and pencils ot 
 Messrs. Hood and liack, atfoi'd a more clear description 
 than any written accoimt could convey. Tlie services 
 of iheso two officers in tiiese ami other respects were (»f 
 iiicalculaltle benefit, and hiuhly sp(»ken ot' by the coin- 
 jntinder of the exprihtioti. 
 
 Nothinj; could exceed the Uitwhiess of the jiOveriHtr of 
 Fort Ciimbeiiand: he foi-thwi:h set about enlar^iiiii the 
 pii'inises, to make this their intended winter (|uarteis as 
 convenient and aureeable as possible. IJut I*' raiiklin, af- 
 ter many coiivtM'sations witli ( Jovernor \\'iHiams, and oth- 
 er iicntlemeii in chaii^e ot' noi'thern posts, was convinced 
 <»f tlie necessity of proceedliii:. diiriiii,' the winter, into 
 the Athobasca department, to the northward of tlie (Ireat 
 Slave ljak(s from whence, only. I'uides. hunters, and iii- 
 teipreters were to be j)rocured. I le therefore re(|uested 
 (ioveinor Williams that he mi;iht be furnished, by the 
 nilildle of .lanuary. w'-;'' the means of conveyance for 
 tiiree persons, havin<: jnevionsly arranged tliat Messrs. 
 iJack and Ilepbiu-n should accompany him, wliib I )r. 
 Richardson and Mv. Jlood should remain till the spring 
 at ( 'umberland House. 
 
 This arrangement was qi!i,f. consistent with tlie truM 
 character of Franklin ; whenever an arduous, se 're, or 
 inconvenient si'rvice was to be performed, he was always 
 ready to relieve the [)arty he comniande(l from the bur- 
 den, aiul to undertake it himself. 
 
 With this view, on the IHth of January. l-'Jii. Frank- 
 lin, with Ihick as his companion, and the faithful Hep- 
 burn, took leave of Dr. Kicliard> >u and Mr. Hood, who 
 were tu follow with their bau;:ai:e in the spring. iJut, 
 
 n 
 
 '1 
 
 ill i 
 
 ii ! 
 
:«T^ 
 
 1) ' 
 
 231 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGErf. 
 
 hoforo laUint^ n hi-H'T view of flio oxpoditioii of the first 
 tlircif to ( "iiilton House, iiiid thciKM! to Fort Chipewyiiii, 
 it iiiJiy he expccht-iit to {ilaiicc! over the pntreediiiiis of 
 th(! two latter at ('iimberlaiid I louse, to wliich a cliaplcr 
 is separately appropriated iu tlie iiarrativt\ 'Plie (hstrict 
 of ( "uiulierlaiiil is stilted by Dr. Kicliardson to coiitnin 
 upward ol" 'JO, 0(10 sipiare miles, is peopled hy ahout Ijo 
 Indian hunters, most of them married, with an average 
 ot livtt to each family, or the^ whole Indian population 
 may \n'. estimated at "J.'jOO. 'j'hrir mode of lite sulijrcis 
 them to yreat privations ; the hoopinii-couu;h and mca- 
 sli's at this tune were spreadiiiij throuiih the whole trihe : 
 niany died, and most of the survivors wei'e so enl'eelijed 
 as to l)(^ unahle. to j)ursue tlie necessary avocations of 
 hunliiiii and fishing: the scenes of misery were; lieart- 
 rendiny, and the lew who liad escaped ilist.'ase were not 
 ul)l(* to all'ord rtdief to tlie sullerers. 
 
 '• ( )iie «'V('iiiiii:. in the month of Jamuuy (says Dr. Richanl- 
 poii). a piKir Indian entered the .Northwest ('onipany's House, 
 carrvin-,' liis oiiK child in liis arms, juid followed I»y his stai'v- 
 ini: wile. 'J'liey had been liuntinii apart from the other l)aiiil:<, 
 had heeii unsnccesstid, and while in want were seized wiili 
 the epidemical disease. An Indian is accustomed to star\e, 
 and it is not eiisy to elicit iVom him an accoinil of his.<nllir- 
 iiiL's. This |)oor man's story was very brief; as .Mton as tlio 
 fever abated, be M't out with his wife ti)r Cumberland Mouse, 
 baviuLT been |)revi(iu>lv reduced to teed ou tbe bits ot sUia 
 and olVal wliicli remained iiltout tlieir encampment. l",\eii 
 this miserable tio'e was exhausted, and lliev walked several 
 davs w ithout eiitini:. vet exerliui.' them>elves iiir beyond their 
 stie!ii,'tli. that tlii'V mil/lit save the life of the intinit. It I'jed 
 almost within sii,'lit of the liou>e. .Mr. Connelly, then iu 
 charire of the post, n'celved them with the utmost iiumanllv, 
 and iu>taullv placed fond before tln-m ; but no luminaL'e c;ni 
 describe the maimer in which the miserable futher dashed 
 the morsel liom bis lips, and de|ilored the loss of his child. 
 Mi>ei-v mav haideii a disposition naturally bad. hut it never 
 fails to sohi'u the heart of a i.'ood man." — I'. (iO, (!l. 
 
 ,'\ iireal part of the chapter is employeij in a minute 
 account of the Crees, or, as nanuvl by the French ( a- 
 iiadians. Knist»Mieau\. .Al uidi ciu'ious iidormatiou reyard- 
 iiiii their manuei's. customs, and characti'r is developed, 
 and a|)parontly on correct authority, hut the detail woulil 
 
"W" 
 
 FRANKLIN AND RICH ARDSON'.S JOLRNEV. 2.'i5 
 
 lie out of pliirc in tlic |)i'('s('nt naiTntivc. Tt miiy snfFico, 
 tlicrt'torc, to iiivc tlic (loctor's (-(tii. hi.ioii, wIhm'c he siiys, 
 '• We iiiJiy stiitc tlici Crccs to Ix? ii viiiii, tickle. im])rovi- 
 ilciit. imd'i.idolrnt inct«, mid not very strict in tlicir iid- 
 licrtMicc to truth, hciiisx ^rcat houstt i> ; .it, on tlio oth- 
 er hiiiid. they strictly rc^u'iird the risilits ot' property, lire) 
 siisce|)til)I<' of the kinder idlections. ciipiil)le of Irieiidshi]), 
 verv hospital)le. tolerably kind to their women, and with- 
 al inclined to peace." He then ijives an instance of their 
 kind feelinu; toward the softer sex. "An Indian visited 
 tlie fort in the winter. Tho i)Of»r man's wife had lost 
 lier feet hv th<^ frost : this com|)elled him not only to 
 iiiiiit. hut to do all the menial oflices himself, and in the 
 winter, to dras; liis wife, with their stock of fui-nitur<', 
 fidiii one encampment to another. In the performanco 
 of this duty, as he could not keep ])ace with the rest of 
 the trilte.he more than once nearly perished of huii<;er." 
 
 In such a mode of life, in such a country, and in such 
 society, it would he too mucli to expect a state of refuie- 
 nient. Or of UKual |)urity. even in females of the better 
 part of the commmiity, es[)ecially when the male pur- 
 lion of it is so debast'd. 
 
 " 'I'lie j:irls at the forts, ])Miticuliirly the dau^lifers of Cana- 
 tliiuis, nrc iriveii in iii:iri-iime very yoiiiiL' ; tliey are very fre- 
 (lilfiitlv wives at twelve yeais of aire, and iiiolhcrs at fourteen. 
 .N;iv, more than one instance came under our observiition of 
 tlie master of a post liavinir pei'mitted a voyairiM- to lid\e to 
 wife ;i poor cliild that had scarci'iy attaineil the ai:e of ten 
 vr;irs. 'fill- masters of posts iind winterini,' partners of com- 
 panics deemed this criminal iiidnlueiice to the vices of their 
 M'rv;ints ne<t's>iirv to stimulate them to exertion for the in- 
 terest of their re.-pe(tive concerns. Another pnictice m.iy 
 iil>o be ii<iti<'ed.as siiowiiiLr the state of nioi-iil feelini: on thr-e 
 subjects amoiii: the white residents of the fur countries. It 
 was not vei-v uncommon amoni,' the (';ina<liaii voya^'ers for 
 one woman to be cnmmon to. and maintained at the jnjnt 
 expense of, two men. nor ll)r a voya;:er to sell his uiti', 
 either fa' a setisoii or altoiietiier, for a sum of money proper- 
 tinned 1(1 her beauty and i^ood (|ualities, but always inft.-rior 
 t(» the jM'ici' of a teiuu of doirs." — 1'. !!(i. 
 
 The products of this jjiirt of the country iire noticed 
 by Dr. Kicliardson. Of forest trees he meiitions two 
 ispecies of poplar, two spj'cit's of spruci'-lir, three otlier 
 
 il 
 
 ) 
 
 ^1 
 
H 
 
 <fr '« 
 
 230 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 11-' 
 
 I.- 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 piiios, Olio lairli. lln' rniinr-birrh, aldri', and varitius wil- 
 lows ; tlio sii:,'iir-iMa|)I«\ cIim, asli, and arlmr cita ('riiuyji 
 0('ci«l<Mitalis). Of tVuits artj two specios of plum; one, 
 vorv nstriiijjjcnt, is known by the nanio of cliokc-rlu rnj. 
 ('nrfants, ^oosclicrrirs, raspbrrrics. and strawberries, 
 connnoii; cranbcriios. wliorllfbt'iTJcs, and otliei-s, plcn- 
 tifnlly met with on swani|)y and heathy grounds. < if 
 the (|ii;idnipe(ls hunted for* food are mostly the mnnse 
 and tht^ i-eindeei", tlie IjuI'IuIo or bison, the red deer, 
 jum|)in<f i\vA\\\ lonj^-tailed (Uu-r, and a species of antelope. 
 Of th(( fiu'-bearitiji; animals are foxes of vai'ious kinds, 
 (listiiiiiuished as hhick, .s'llrt r, cross, n cL and hint ; tlm 
 woiv(Min»', tile lynx, the marten, the lisher, the otln-, 
 and the beaver. 'I'iie Indians, it appears, have nearly 
 (h'stroyed tlu^ fur-bearinu; animals; and so scarce is the 
 beaver become, thai in the wliole journey to tlu' shons 
 of tin* l*olar Sea and back, one sinjile habitation, and one 
 dam only ot"' tliat in(histrions and itiiiiMiious creaturi', 
 were m«'t with. Annaii; the many inlerestinu anecdotes 
 that iiave been told of this animal, Dr. Uichardson re- 
 lates tile followinjf : 
 
 "Oueil.iva Lreiitleiiian, loni: rrsidciit in tlli^^ counti'\% esjiii'd 
 fiv(( vouiiir beiivers s|»(ii-tiiiir in tlir w.itcr, Ii-iipiii;,' upon iho 
 trunk ol a tree, pushing one another oil. and pliivinir a thou- 
 y;nid inten.'stinir tricks. Ih' ap|)ro;iched sottlv nnder comt 
 of the 1' .slies. and jtrepared to lire on tin- iinsnsjicctiiii.' ( icii- 
 tiires, but a neari-r approacli discovered to him snch a siuiih- 
 tude between their Lresturt's ;nid the intiintljf CMresses ot liis 
 own children, that he threw aside his u'lin. 'I'his izentleinans 
 leeliicis an; to l»e envied, but few traders in fars would liiivo 
 acted so tt"eiin-ly."— 1'. \)->. 
 
 It has been states! thf.t on the l^^tli of .Tanuary. 1 HJi). 
 Sir John Franklin, .Mr. Ihick, and .lohn Hepburn lell 
 (Juniberlaiid llous(^ for Carlton 1 louse, to proceed iVoin 
 thence to K(»rt Chipewyan, tluMui to make preparation lor 
 pniceediny; to the nortlierii coast. A circumstantial ac- 
 count is tfiveii ot" the mod(^ of traveling:, of the rivers, 
 lakes, and |)ortaiies. of the posts of the two comiiaiiies, 
 of the snows that fell, and the numerous hardships tli;it 
 the traveler in winter must necessarily undergo, daily 
 and nijihtly, till lie arrives at liis destination, and the 
 close of the spring initigates the severity of the temper- 
 
W "■»■ 
 
 ^m 
 
 1 ( 
 
 nous wil- 
 : ('riiii\ ,1 
 
 Uil ; one, 
 
 A'l)«.'rri<'s, 
 ■rs, plcti- 
 i(l.s. ( H' 
 
 (.' 1I1(IIIS(( 
 
 Cil (leer, 
 llllti'lopc. 
 IIS kiliiis. 
 
 /wt ; tlid 
 lie ottri-, 
 t' lu'iii'ly 
 CO is tlio 
 le sliorcs 
 , itnd (liitf 
 jreatuic. 
 iK'cdotus 
 "(Isoii ro- 
 
 ly. <>s[)ii'il 
 iqxia tint 
 il: ii tliMii- 
 Icr ci)\(i- 
 
 lilli.' Clf,!- 
 
 i a simili- 
 ses ot iii- 
 
 lltlclll.'lIIH 
 
 )iild liavo 
 
 •y, Ir'-Jl), 
 i)uni l«'l'i 
 •ed tVoiii 
 •afi(»ii lor 
 iiitial Hc- 
 •' rivers, 
 iiipanies, 
 hips that 
 ^^o. daily 
 and tlu^ 
 tfiiii)cr- 
 
 IRAXKLIN AND llICHAIlDSON'ri JOUllXEV. 237 
 
 fitnre. Wluif the stato of tliat toinpoi'atiiro liad heeri 
 lidiii tlie iHth of .lamiiiry to the -Jiith of Marcli. wlieii 
 tlie party reacheil ( 'hipewyaii, thero is no riu'oni, I'or a 
 reason explained by FranUlni. wlio says that "lliiseven- 
 iii:i (I'^th of .laniiary ) W(i fouml iho inercwry of onrtlier- 
 iiKMneter had sunk into th(^ bulb, and was tVo/eii. It 
 ni>e ai;ain into the tube on beiuij; helfl to tin* lire, l)ut 
 ([uicUly reih^.scended into the l>ulb on beiiii; I'enioved info 
 the ail' ; we eoidd not, therefore, ascertain by it the Iimm- 
 peraturo of the atmosphere, eithi-r then or (hirinj; our 
 JDurney. Mr. Hood, however, who nia(h* a journey 
 iVmn (Cumberland House to the I5as(piiiin Hill, not far 
 finni the former, states in his journal, that on the '2-')\h 
 (if March the thermonu'ter fi'll in the open air to 1')^ 
 hi'low zero, although it I'ose the followinii day to (iO^ 
 above it. Tha sudden clian^es that take places in the 
 !ii)rlhei-n parts of Xorth Anu-rica are very reinarkalile. 
 On the l.'jth of Apttil Mv. Hood records that "the lirst 
 sljower of rain tell w»; had seen for six montiis, and on 
 the 17th the thermometer rose to 77^ in the shade." 
 lie also observes that, "on th(^ lOtli or I'Jth of April, the 
 return of the swans, }j;eese, and ducks gave certain iudi- 
 calions of tht< advance of spring. " 
 
 '.rile warm w«'allier, by the sudden meltiuii of the 
 snow and ice, deluded the face of the country, and gave 
 rise to a remark of .Mr. Hood, the truth (»f which has 
 liccii j)roved by many we||-atteste(l facts. He says, 
 " tli(! noise made by the fi-ogs .vliich this inundation pi'o- 
 iliiced is almost incredible. Theie is strouj^ i-eas(»n to 
 liflieve that they outlive the severity of winter. They 
 have often been found fro/.cMi. and I'evived by Wiirmth; 
 nor is it possible^ that the multitude which incessantly 
 lilliMl our ears w'ith their disciu'dant notes c(udd havi" been 
 matured in two or three days." Stroni;; doulits had lonif 
 Itefore this been entertained of the correctness of the fact 
 liei'e stated, but experiments made by compet(Mit per- 
 sons [)roved that not only tVttgs, but leeches, suiiils, i:rubs, 
 fishes, and other animals, could be frozen by artilicial 
 cold, and revived, h was farther ascertained that fro^s 
 woidd rtjvive if the heart even was iVo/.eii, but that il 
 tile brain was concealed, lite became so irrecoverably e.\- 
 liiK.'t that Jiot only could no degree (if warnitli produce 
 
 i 
 
 ) 
 
 t 
 
hi . 
 
 ♦'i' 
 
 1 
 
 
 238 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAtiEri. 
 
 I! 
 
 symptoms of rorovrry, but tlio aiiinial was rondorcd in- 
 fapat.lo ot liciiiif aUcctcd l)y tlic f^alvanic action. " I have 
 fV('(|ii('ntly," says llcanie, '* scmmi iVo^s dujf up with tin' 
 moss, iVo/iMi as liard as ico, in which stato t\u'. lo^s aid 
 as easily hiokcu oil' as a pipesteiii : but," lie adds, "if 
 they Iwi pormitted to iVeezo again, they aro past all rc- 
 covcM'y." 
 
 Captain Franklin also notices the resuscitation ol" fish- 
 es alter being frozen : 
 
 " It may ])c worthy of notice here, that the fish froze us 
 they were taken out of tin; nets, and in a short tiua; hecaiiK! 
 a solid mass of ic(>, and ])y a blow or two of the hatchet wen; 
 easily s|)lit open, wIkmi the intestines miiiht bo removed in 
 «)iif; lump, li' in this com|>letely fro/j-n state they wen- 
 thawed before the fire, they recovered their aMimiitioii, 
 This was [tarticularly the ciise with the carp, and we hml 
 occasion to observe it i'e[teMtedly,;iS i)i'. Hichaivlson occupied 
 himself in ex" nininir the slnicturo of the ditVerent spj'cifs nt 
 iish, and was always, in the winter, nndi-r the^ ne(;essitv of 
 tliawiii>,' them bct'ori' hi' could cut iIkmu. \Ve have seen a 
 carp recover so far as to leaj) about with much vigor after il 
 had been frozen for thirty-six hours." — V. 'J lU. 
 
 Nay, it may bo stated that the same etlect is produced 
 on tli(^ insect ti'ibe. It is reported by Mr. KIlis, that at 
 the Hudson's l»ay faetoiy, a black, tVo/en mass of a ])eat- 
 like substance being brought before the fire and thawed, 
 there came from it a cloud of living musquetoes. Cap 
 tain liuchan observed myriads oi" insects frozen on X\ui 
 surface of a lake in Newfoundland, and imbodied in the 
 solid ic«^ ; the next day, by the powerful rays of the sun, 
 they wei'e loosened from durance, became reanimated, 
 and took their llight into the air. 
 
 Mr. Hood, in his journey, also makes an observation 
 of a dillerent kind regarding this most annoying animal. 
 
 " We had sometimes before ])r()cured a little rest by clo.v- 
 im,' the tent and burnitii,' wood or llashiiig giuipowder witli- 
 iii, the smoke driving the muscjuetoes into the crannies of thi! 
 ground. Hut tliis remedy was now inelfectual, though wo 
 employed it so persevei'iiigly as to hazard sut^itcation ; they 
 swiiiined tnider our blankets, goring us with their enveu- 
 onied trunks, and stcn-ping our clothes in blood. We rose at 
 daylight in a lever, and our misery was uuiuitiguted duriuij 
 our whole stiiv. 
 
 .r}-i-,' 
 
FRANKLIX ANU UlCllAUDriON'ri JUURNEV. 'SM) 
 
 " The food of the iimsrineloo is Mood, which it can rxtnict 
 by jiciK'tialiiii: thf hide of a IjutlUlo; and if it is not disturl>- 
 cil, it goi-f^t's itself so as to swell its body into a tran-parent 
 ■'Injje. Tlie wound does not swell like tliat of the African 
 miis(inotoe, hut it is inhnitely more painful ; and when mul- 
 tiplied a liundred fold, and continued for so many successiv(? 
 (lav-*, it becomes an evil of such mairnituth-, that cold, fam- 
 ine, and eveiy other concomitant of ar. inhospitable climate 
 Tiiust yield \\w ])re-emiiu'nce to it. It chases the butfalo t(» 
 the plains, irritating him to madness; and the reindeer to the 
 sea-shore, from which tliey du not return till the scourge has 
 ceased."— P. !«», VM. 
 
 To return to Captain Franklin and his coinpaniun l»ack. 
 A description is ffiven of the sli'diies, the coracles, the 
 snow-shoes, and tlio clothing of a winter-traveler in this 
 cold aiid dreary climate, a repetition of which wcmld af- 
 ford but littlo entertainment to tho general reader. Dr. 
 Jvichardson, in his account of the Crees, says that tat- 
 tooing is as common among them as in tin; Oriental Isl- 
 ands, notwithstanding it is a most ])ainful o])eration : " a 
 half-breed, whose arm I amputated, declared that tattoo- 
 ing w^as not only the most paiid'ul operation of the two, 
 but iidinitely more difficult to hear, i)y its tedionsness, 
 having, in his case, lasted three days." Captain Frank- 
 lin has also some notices of the Crees, but is more par- 
 ticular resj)ecting the Stone Indians, residing near the 
 ( 'ompany's post of Carlton House ; " they are nun-e i)re- 
 poss(!ssing," he says, "in their looks, l)ut aildicted to 
 tiiieving. smd grossly and habitmilly trea( herons, '{"heir 
 countenances are affable and pleasing, tiieir eyes largei 
 and exjH-essive, nose aiiuiliin', teeth white and regular, 
 the forehead hold, the cheek-bones rather high. Their 
 tigure is usually good, above the middle size, with slench'r 
 hut well-})roportioned limbs. Tlu^ir color is a light cop- 
 ])er, atidthey hav«! a prolusion of very black hair."' I Jack 
 has supplied a very striking portrait. Tluiy steal w hat- 
 ever they can, partictdarly horses, maintaining that tliey 
 are common property sent by the Almighty for the gen- 
 eral use of man, and thei'ei'oi-e may be taken wherever 
 met with. This avow«'d dis])osilion calls for tlu? strict- 
 «'st vigilance tit the several posts. 
 
 •• In the alternoon of tin- -Jfilli of March we had the 
 l)leasure of arriving." says Captain Franklin, "at Fort 
 
 II' 
 
 >. i 
 
}i 
 
 !' VK 
 
 111 
 
 I t 
 
 \.^l 
 
 H 
 
 ■^ 
 
 yio 
 
 AU( Tit: VOVACJC.-^. 
 
 ( 'lii])i'wyiin, niid iIiih IcnuiiiMlJ'd a wintci-'s jtninicy nl' 
 ri'ilit liiiiidrcil iimi litty-scvfii miles, iti tin* proLTcss of' 
 ANliicli tlu'ic WHS ii uroiil iiilri-iiii\tiirt5 ol" iiiiitH'iildc imd 
 
 disairicciiblc circumstaiiccs. 
 
 hal 
 
 llU'tMl, won 
 
 I.I I 
 
 )r('i)i»ii( 
 
 If-nit 
 
 Tlie latter, ho tliiiiks, if 
 (!, and tliat walUiii;; in snuw- 
 
 shoes was anmni; llie most pniminent. ^J'o tlie inexpcri- 
 t.Miced, indeeil, tht^ snlleiiiii^ occasiuned hy wall^iM^ in 
 snow-shoes appears to lit' dr«'adl'nl, "and can he hut 
 iaintly imairined hy a pers(ai who thinks upon the iticon- 
 veiiience of marcliiiii; with a w«'ii:;ht ot hetween two and 
 three pounds constantly attached to galled feet and swell- 
 
 «•( 
 
 lanki 
 
 es. 
 
 r>ut Mr. Hood will hest descrihe. it. 
 
 " The miseries ( iidured dnriiiLr llie (ir-^t joui'uey of fin's aa- 
 lurc are so i,'i'e;it, ihiit nnthiii;^ cduld induce tiie sulliwer fn 
 nndcrlaUe ii second wliile under the inlliience of pnsciil 
 p;iin. lie feels his fianie ( ru^hi d hy un;ic((iuntai)le |>ir.s- 
 Ufc, he (h'ML's a L'alllni: and sluhlinrn w.'i^'lil at his ii'ct, iuid 
 his li'ai'li is marked witii !)li)ii(l. 'I'lii! da/./.Tnij,' scene an ;i:iil 
 him :itlitrds no n->\ 1o his eye, ntt oi»jecl to divert lii> atteniinn 
 from his own aL.'oni/iii,L' sensniions. ^^'hen h" ri.-es iVoni 
 slrrjt. Irilf iiis lioilv >('eiir-< dead, till (Hiicketied into tcclinu' 
 l)v the irritalion of his sores. But. fortunately li>r lii..i, no 
 evil makes iin impression so evanescent as pain. It can not 
 he wholly hiinished, nor recalled with the lla'ce of realilv, 
 by any act of the mind, eitliei' to atleet our determinations, 
 
 or to sympaliiize \v 
 
 ilh another. The traveler soon for''ets 
 
 his sutK-riiiL's. and at every lutin'e journey their reeinTence is 
 attended with diminished acuteness." — !'. 17;5, 17 1. 
 
 I'l'eparations were foithwith to ho made at Chipewy- 
 an tor prosecutiiiii the main ohject of the ex])edit ion, and 
 in the consnltation Avith the |)riiaipals (tf tlio two irreat 
 rontendinu companies, Fi'anklin, hy his persiiasivi' and 
 conciliatini!; manneis, hj'ouuht about a cordial desire on 
 th(^ part (d" both to render mutual assistance to the lor- 
 wardini; of that objert. lle'"e. too, in the earl}' part of 
 .Inly, Im had the, sinc(M"e ;^ratilication of W(dcominii his 
 lon'j,-separate(l friends. Dr. Kiidiaidson find Mr. Hood, 
 wlio uri-iv(>d in perfect liealth : and h«» records tlio zetil 
 and talents displayed by thes(« two i!;eiitlemen. aial sjxMiks 
 in thi> hij^hest terms of approbation of the manner in 
 's\hich theii- several duties had boeii discharged since 
 their seftaration. 
 
 Tiu) C'hipewyii'is are the iieighhoritig tribe of tJ 
 
 10 
 
FUANKLIV AND lUCHARDSOx'.S JOl.'RNEY. ii 1 1 
 
 nnicy nt 
 
 »"_'l'rss lit 
 'iiltlc iiinl 
 Ihiiiks. il" 
 ill slKiw- 
 iiu'xpcri- 
 'iilUiiiL:: III 
 III l)r l)iit 
 lie iiHiin- 
 II two iiiid 
 
 Mill SWL'll- 
 
 ir. 
 
 (if lllis ii;i- 
 
 SlltVi't'cr tn 
 
 of pifsciil 
 ililc |iri'.s-- 
 is tfct, aihl 
 •IM" ;ii'< ;i!iil 
 
 i.-. llttClllillll 
 
 r'lM's iVdiii 
 iitn trclliii; 
 or lii..i, ii'i 
 
 It Ciltl lint 
 
 ot' n'iilily, 
 rmiiiiiliniis, 
 ton t'or^fts 
 cuiTL'iK't,' is 
 
 1. 
 
 Chipcwv- 
 (litioii, mill 
 \\\() irrt'iit 
 liisivc iiiid 
 (losirc^ on 
 to tho i'or- 
 ly piirt of 
 nMrmn his 
 Ir. Hood, 
 
 S tllP ZCill 
 
 111(1 spcaiss 
 iijiiiiKM' in 
 iTcd Hiiico 
 
 lljc of iho 
 
 Sroiin Itiflimis, with I«»s.s promisiiii; fciifuroM. Init iiioio 
 lioiK'st, null' ill their nifiimcis, niiil extremely supersti- 
 tious. 'I'heir lent iircs hIso are iiiziiiiist them: they hii\() 
 liroad faces, project iiii; cheeU-l»oiies. and wide nostrils, 
 liut ^iencrally j^ood teetli and line eyes; theyaro r<*serv- 
 ed and S(dtish ; they Ite^ with miceasinji iniportniiity 
 CM y thiiii; they see. •• I never saw men," says Fiank- 
 liii. "who either reciVived or liestowed a yiit with siaii 
 had ^race ; they ulniost snatch the thiiij.' from you in ono 
 instance, and throw it at you in tlie()ther." ()nr travel- 
 ers tell in with a party of these people in the most I'or- 
 lorii condition, havini: destroyed every thinjc; they pos- 
 sessed in token of i^rief for the severe loss they had sus- 
 tained Ity the prevailiiif^ sickness of measles, hoopiiiir- 
 (•oiis,'h, and dysentery. " It appears," says Franklin, 
 '•that no article is .jiai'ed by those- unhappy men when 
 a near ndative dies; tlniir clothes and tents ar«^ cut to 
 jiieces. their liuns broken, and every other wea|)on ren- 
 dered useless, if some person do not lemove tlios(! ar- 
 ticles from tluur sifjht." As some relief, liowever, to 
 the darker shailes of their character, instances of tlndt 
 are stated to la^ extremely rare amony them ; they also 
 possess stronju; utfecrtion for their children. A curious 
 example of tliis was mentioned to tln^ piirty, " »ind so 
 well authenticated," says Franklin, " that 1 slmli venturo 
 to jzive it in the words of Dr. Richardson's .Journal." 
 
 " A youiii,' Chipewyaii hud separated from the rest of his 
 hand l()r th(^ purpose of trenchiiiji heaver, when his who, 
 wliii wiis his sole conipanioii, and in her llrst jire^Miaiicy, whs 
 ^ri/ed with the pains of lahor. She died on the third day 
 .itliT she liiid ^'iveii hirtli to a hoy. The liiishaiid was iu- 
 ( niisdlalf'e, and vowed in his aiiizuisli never to take another 
 weiiian to wife, hut his f,'rief was soon in S(jnu' de^rree; ah- 
 <url)ed in anxiety for the fate of his infant son. To preser\(( 
 Its life, he descended to the otlice of Uiirse, so defrradinfr in 
 llie eyes of a Chipewyaii, as ])aitakin:.' of the duties of a 
 wiiinaii. He swaddled it in sott moss, fed it with hroth 
 made from the llesh of the deer, and to still its cries applied 
 it to his breast, jaaying earnestly to the <.'reat >hister of Lilo 
 tu assist his endeavors. The force of the powerful jiassicai 
 iiv which he was actuated produced tlit* same eft'ect in his 
 case as it has done in some others which arc recorded : a 
 ♦liiw of milk actually took place from his breast. He sue- 
 LL'L'ded in rearing his child, taught him to be a hunter, and 
 16 X 
 
 I ' ( 
 
 \.\ 
 
■# 
 
 ) / 
 
 M 
 
 ; ^ " ^^ 
 
 tr 
 
 *M2 
 
 AKC'J'ic vova«;es. 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 I . ( 
 
 'vvlicii lir aft.'iiiii'd the ni/f nf iiuiiilinod, (•liusr> him n wit'c IriMn 
 llif triltc. 'I'lir old iiiuii krpt liis vow in iifvcr taking' a nc. 
 Olid wile liiiiiM'lt', l)iil iif di'li;.'lit»'d in Iriidiiii,' his son's tliil- 
 di'cii, und wlii'ii lii> d!iui.dilcr-iii-l!i\v ii>ed to iiilciicrt', saviiiii 
 that it \\iis Mot the occupalioii of a man, lie was wont to it- 
 |»ly, that hi' hud prouilsrd to thi- ;-'i-fal Master of Lit'i-, if lii, 
 <"hihl was s|i;in'd, never to he proiid, hke the other Indian*. 
 Jle used to ineniioii, ton, as a certain proof of the approhatioii 
 of I'rovideiice, thiit althoiu'h he was alwa\s ohli^red to caiiv 
 liis eliihl on his hiick wiiiie hiiiitini:. yet it never rou-ifd 
 a moose l)y its <ries, heini: always |»artiridarly still at tho>e 
 limes. Our inforniant (Mr. Went/.el) added, tliat he had ott- 
 eii .seen this Indian in his old aiie, and that his lelt hreasl. even 
 then, retained the imnsnal size it hud uciiuin^il in his occupa- 
 tion of iinise." — 1*. l.")7, l.Jlj. 
 
 Siiiiiidar as thi.s cnsc jiifiy nppt^'ii", Dr. Kicliardsuii is 
 qiiito correct iii .sliititiy tliat tlmrc iiro otlier.s on record 
 in W'hicli the siiiiu; ellerts precisely won; produced. iukI 
 Hiiionii; wliicli is tliat recorded by the Hiiroii von Hiiin- 
 holdt ill his Soiitli .\meri(;!Ui travels, and whicli some of 
 th(^ physiolo<;ists of that day proiiotiiiced to la; impossi- 
 ble, wliile they were achiiiiciiii; iiiid (Udendiiii; other sto- 
 ries not less miractdous. It is not stife, in this aue of 
 wonderful discoveries, to prononnco <h><,Mnatically what 
 is inid what is not ])ossil)le. IMiysiolof^ists, ami physi- 
 cians, and snri;eons may say, as soin(< have said, that 
 man has not been ^dfted, as woman is. with lacteons nu- 
 triment ; but common sense may leatl to the presumption 
 thiit both, beinir constituted of llie same materials, and 
 supplied with similar ylands, may, by some «'xtraor(hn}n"y 
 circiuiistance — " th(» force of powerful passion," Jis Dr. 
 Kichardson observes — produce like ellects. Tlit^ opiii 
 ions of two of the mo!>t emiiHMit physiolou;ists may lure, 
 be giv(ui. Masiendic^ says, " Tiiouifh the secretion of 
 milk seem.s proper to women after })arturition, it ha;? 
 been sometimes seen in virt;ins, luid even in man." — 
 (Magendie's l*l/i/s/o!o<>i/.) And Kicherand says, "There 
 have been known men in wliom a loni::-contimied titilla 
 tion of the bretisls had determined so considenible an ai- 
 fhix of the humors, that there oozed from them a whit 
 ish, milky, saccharine fluid, not imlike tlu; milk of a 
 woman." — (HiclnN-iind's l*/ti/s/oli)ui/.) To say that a 
 thing is impossible is ti very easy, but not a convin- 
 
 ■'i 
 
rUANK.I-I\ AM) KlLIIAKDSnv'.S J(>LKNI::V. 243 
 
 ciiiii ^V}ly of s«'ftliiic a (lispulcd question. AVlini Sic- 
 plifiisoii coiistriictiMl the lirst railroiid liftwrcii lii\('i|)oo| 
 iMiil ■^lilll('ln'st('|•, in'iir twi'iity yt'iirs n^o. iniil asx-itfil 
 tliiit its spcrd would cxct'cd .sixfccn miles mm hour, it 
 wiis Iiiiii;Ii(m| at l)y a f^rciit liiwyer (ii senior wnmuler), 
 employed iiufimst the lull, who asserted d(»L:matic!illy 
 that siieh )i speed was im|)o>sil)|«« ; hut Stephenson, 
 somewhat nettled, called out, *• Instead ot" sixteen, I can 
 
 very ini|)ediment was 
 
 make it sixty, it necessary 
 
 I-: 
 
 thrown in tlie way of" estal)li>irm^ a di«i|ant electrical tel- 
 egraph : hut the c(mlidenc(^ wliich a tew had in I'rol'e 
 
 nr \V Intatstone carrierl the pomt, and a conununicatiou 
 can now ho held with l*ortsmouth troiu Ijondon (with 
 their two distant // ninni, even) in a very tew minutes — ■ 
 a sin;^le signal in halt" a second: in tact, electricity re- 
 ;:ards neither time nor space 
 
 11 
 
 ow many fiii/ios.si 
 
 hili- 
 
 would orrlinary people meet with in tin* agencies of 
 
 In 
 
 electricity, 
 
 ualvi 
 
 inism, and inaiiiietism, one or all o 
 
 wliich may almost he looked on as tin; lite and soul of 
 
 the material of our world, daily manifesting the truth 
 
 that *• we ani yet only on the threshold of discovery 
 
 Si 
 
 lirf"or(> liis death. 
 
 r llimii)hrey Davy's words, uttered but a short tinirt 
 
 '^Po return, after this (hyrossion, to our vovaixers. As 
 soon as the timnher of people to l)(» employed was com- 
 ])leted, consistiii<^ of sixteen Canadian voyagers, their 
 KM<,dish attendant. .Fohn Hephurn, two interpreters, to 
 lie icceived at tlie (ireat Slave l^akiNand one* Chipewv- 
 aii woman, and their ])i-ovisions shipped, they all em- 
 liarked on the ISth of .July, in high glee, and the cre.WH 
 nftho tliree canoes comnuMiced a lively paddling song on 
 leaving the .shore, which was continued till out of sitiht 
 nf the house. On tlu^ 'Jlth they reached Moose-deer 
 Island, n post of the Northwest (.'ompany, and eiiiraged 
 I'ierre St. Germain as interpreter for the Copper In- 
 dians. On the L'Hth they arrived at Fort Providence, 
 situated on the nortiieastern side of (rreat Slave Lake. 
 They found hert^ Mr. WiMit/el and the second interpret- 
 er. Jean Haj)tiste Adam. Tlie duties allotted to the 
 former wert?. the; inanagtmient of the Indians, the siiper- 
 intendiMicti of th(! Canadian voyagers, the ohtaining and 
 distributing provisions and other stores, all of which ho 
 
r r 
 
 Ml 
 
 211 
 
 AIICTIC VUV AG Krt. 
 
 II 
 
 < I 
 
 was \v«!ll (|niiliti<'i| to pcrfonn, linvin^ horn twenty ycnrs 
 in llif (•(luiiirv. HiMt;, too, lln-y wcrii wjtitrd on In ilm 
 cliift 1)1 the Indiiiiis, niinirti Aktiilrlm. lie niidli' k 
 NprtMrli, puipnriiiin ilia! lie rcjuici'd to sw. .such ^n-at 
 rliict's on liiri laml ; that his trilx; was poor, hnt tht-v 
 loved white men, who had iieen their hentM'actors ; sanl 
 he would attend them to the end of their jonriu'V, and 
 would do all he could to provide them with the means 
 ol'suhsistence. l-'rankliii, ot" eourse, made a Huitahh; ac- 
 Kno\v|ed;;ment in retui-n. 
 
 ( )n the -Jd ol" August ihey left Kort Providence, on 
 their way to tln^ ('o|)|)er Miu<< Kiver, the party consi>t- 
 iny; of six Kn^lislimen, six Canatjiaii voyauers. and three 
 interpreters, to which were added Akaitcho and his In- 
 d.aiis. 'Die details of the journey as I'ar as l''(M"t Knter- 
 priso, on the hanks of Winter Lake, the difficulties thai 
 occurred in the navi<^ation of the numerous rivers and 
 lakes, and the crossiiiii of portaiies, could yive little or iki 
 informati(Mi of inti'rest. to the j;eneral reader, and nIuiII 
 tliereforo he omitted. Sullice it to say, thai after nu- 
 merous dil'ticnlties, expt!rienc<'d from scarcity of provi- 
 sions for the party that attended them, impeiliments of 
 Muvination, and the s»>vere lahor of the frecpu-nt porta^^es, 
 thoy were ylad to arrive, on the "JOtli of August, after a 
 ^slow and tedious |)rojfress. at tlie spot where it was de- 
 cided to winter, and wliich was distant ahout ').')() miles 
 from (v'hi|)t^wyaii. Captain Franklin stales their journey 
 hri«!lly thus : 
 
 '■ The counted length of th(» poitajres we had crossed since 
 leaviuj^ Fort I'mvidenct^ is twenty-one stJitute miles aiitl a 
 half; aad as our men had to traverse each portajje lour tiim- 
 with a load of ]!>0 ixMnuls, and return three times lij^litjiirs 
 walked la the whole upward of tnie hundred and lifty miles. 
 Tin* total leiiL'th of lair voyage hum Chipeuyan is five liuii- 
 dred and lifty-lhiee miles. In the afteniiMni (he says) we 
 rejid rlivine service, and otlered our ihanksLMvinLT tf> lla; Al- 
 mii.dity for his froodin'ss in havinir hmu^dit us thus far on our 
 journey; a duty which we never neglected, when stationary, 
 on theSiihhath." 
 
 IJeforo the termination of the last journey, however, 
 the Canadian voyagers hecame discontented, and threat- 
 ened not to procei'd ftUAvard unless mort; food was giv»'n 
 to tliein ; and Franklin, after addressing tliein in the 
 
 i-i" i V 
 
1 
 
 M I ' 1 
 
 FRANKLIN AM) RICH ARDS()\\s JolRNHV. '^1") 
 
 stroimcst iniimHT on the (liniircr nf iii«.iiliitr'iiiiiiti(ni. mid 
 his (It'lrniiiimtiiiii to iiilhrt the hriivirst |MiinshniiMit (Hi 
 iuiy who should rt'l'iisc to procrod, admits that thrir 
 hnidsliips wet'c ot' II kind timt t't>NV would Hiipport with- 
 out iiiunniiriii^', mid iioiit* coiiid witiioss without a siii- 
 ct'ii' pity lor thoir sull'oriiiiis. Krhcf", howcvor, was at 
 hiuid hy fho arrival of some hiiiitrrs with tho (.•aiTass«'s 
 ot' roitidoi'r. 
 
 ( >ii arriving; at their dostiiiatioii. the ('miadians set 
 (iii'ilially about tlic m^ctioti ol' a house lor their winter 
 (jiiarlers. to which was yiveii tiie name of /'»/•/ llnln' 
 jirisi, a name that, in relereiice to tut ore events, miiiJil 
 with nrrn\ and deplorahh- propiiety he changed to that 
 of the '• House of Misery, liameiitation, and Woe." 
 The anxiety felt by {"'ninkliii ol i;ettiii^ on to the north- 
 ward, notwithstanding the opinion ot' all tiiat the late- 
 ness of the season mid the prohahle want ot' provisions 
 would make such an attempt inexpedient, and Akaitcho 
 liiivini; positively refused to let his Indians proceed, 
 Franklin remonstrated with this chief; and. continuing 
 to press the matter, \n>. answered with some warmth : 
 
 " Well. I liHve M.iid every tliiiii.' I can ur;,'e to dissiiiulo 
 voa fi'oiii ^'oiiiLT on this service, mi which it seems vou wish 
 til siicrilice your own lives, as well as the Indians who iiii;.'lit 
 iillcnil you: however, it', alter all I have saiil, voa are de- 
 tcriniiied to ;,'(>, sonic of my yonnu' men .shall join the partv, 
 lirc'Hise it shall not he said that we peniiilted voa to die 
 iiliinc alter liavinu hroii;.'ht you hither; hut, Iroin the inoinent 
 fhev eiril)ark in the canoes. I and mv relatives shall lami'iit 
 llicin asdcid."— I*. -J-J."). 
 
 This speocli of tho chief did not fail to make an im- 
 pression on l''ranklin, wlio, after communicafini: to his 
 officers what had passed, it was agreed hy all that n 
 party should he sent forward only for the pur|)os(* of 
 iiscertainiiiii the distance and si/e of the ( "opper .Mine 
 Kiver; and tho two youin:sters, Mack and Hood, were 
 dispatched on that service in a lifjht canoe, havinj; witli 
 them the interpreter. St. (iermain, oi^lit Canadians, and 
 (Mie Indian. Franklin, however, ut all times unwilling 
 to impose a task on otliers of which he did not take ,i 
 siian^ liimself, says that J)r. Ixichardsoii and he deter- 
 mined on inakini; a pec/isfrian excursion to th(» Copper 
 Mine River, leiiviiia; Mr. Went/el to suiierinteud tlio 
 
 X .' 
 
 , 
 
 >r 1' 
 
W^^HSPIP 
 
 mmmmm'mmfmmmm 
 
 > I 
 
 I • 
 
 I 
 
 (-1 . 
 
 \ 
 
 »':,ff 
 
 ^ ( 
 
 i>n; 
 
 AKc'iic NOV \(;i;s. 
 
 hiilldiii^s. Accnr(liiiL;l> . tlii\\ set uiit on lln- I'lli nt Sc|i- 
 t4'iiilM>r, and hiiviii;j; .snUi-rcil nnicli tVoiii snow iiml cnlil. 
 rciichrd tilt' ( 'n|»|)cr .Mnif llivcrnn l\\^^ \:U\\. nnd wtin 
 iriiiil l<i !:rl lijick to I'oil l'!ntiT|»risc. Iiavni^ traM'iscd (i!i 
 tool iiltont •■ii:lit\ mmIc-<. ( >n tlir sanif day liacU ami 
 Hood n'iniiifd troni their iiis|)c(tion. 
 
 " 1 \\.iN uiiK'li |i|i'aM'(| (>ays iiaiiUliii) u illi iIm- alili- inan- 
 IliT la wliirll tlior n|li(i r-. rxcillli '( I tlh' M'lvlcr l||c\ ]\:\i\ 
 liri'ii (li-^iiiih'lit'd iijion. and \\a> L'latilii'd to learn tVorii tlirm 
 tliat tlirir innijiaiiion^ li.id cundnrlt'd llieni-eKes exin ni> K 
 well, ;nid liiiriie llir liiliu'nes nt' tlic jiiiirnev most i'Ih'i'I liilK . 
 't"lie\ sraireK had e\er nmie than >nllieicMl luel to Imil tii" 
 keide, and were L'earrallv nhl'iLred to lie down in di.ir 
 wet clothes, and, eonseijneiiils, Mitleri'd nnieh from cold." — 
 I'. -,':):. 
 
 Soon, lioueNcr, alter tlie parties had retin'ned to the 
 lort, it was stated hy the winterini: party at l""ort En- 
 terprise that they had heen apprised that the provisions 
 tln'y hiid, and were likely to ohtain. woulil not sntlice 
 for their joiirney to the sea uiu\ alon<: the coast, and 
 that the aniniiinit loii and clolhini: had not ccnne up tVoni 
 the southward : Mr. Hack, t hi-relore. with that /.t al and 
 actnity hy wha h he had particularly distiuunished hini- 
 seir. \ohniIeered to set out. on the l-lh of < >ctol)er. 
 with Mr. Went/el. two ( 'auiidians, two Indians anil 
 tlu'ir wi\t's. and i-etiirn to I'ort I'rovideiice. and, it" nec- 
 essary, to ( 'hipewyan, to ohtain and hasten the •.•e(|uiriM| 
 su|)plies. This joiu'iM'y was pertoiaiu'd on foot, in the 
 midst of wintei". and was successlul. \\'eiit/el returned 
 from l'ro\idi'nce in the nmnth o|" |)ec(Muher, aceoui|)a- 
 ined hy two Ksipiiuiaux interpreters, whom they found 
 ill l'"oi"l l'ro\ ideiice, where they had arrived from the 
 neiuhhorhood of ( 'hestertield inlet; theii" lonu. unpro- 
 iiounceahle uaiues were now con .-rted into those of 
 ,\ui:ustus and .Imiiiis; the foiaiu'r luiderstood a little ot' 
 the Knulish lanyuaut'. Hack, always aleit when duty 
 re(piire(l his exertion, pidceeded t(» ('hipewyan. 
 
 Some tiaits of tin- Indian character are uiveii in tin* 
 report of his lou<: aiai perilous journey, and of the ciai- 
 duct (d" the ludauis. whi( h deserve to he here noticed. 
 A siujile instance may he sullicient to ^tiim|» tlu'ir (diar- 
 ijcter. " ( >ne ot' tin- women caught a line pike hy 
 i.'iuking ii hole in ihi- ici'. which she gave lo us: the In- 
 
VR.WKMN AM) UUII AKI)S0n':-J Jot.UNKY. 217 
 
 111' Sf|i- 
 iikI niM, 
 ml Were 
 
 'ist'd nil 
 ii(-i\ ;iii(| 
 
 ill' IIDIII- 
 
 llliv li;i<| 
 
 'urn tln'iii 
 
 Mniinls 
 
 ii'itImIK . 
 
 huil III" 
 
 ill tli.ir 
 
 .uM.- — 
 
 ■(I to till- 
 
 ■'ult I'JI- 
 
 fn\ isidiis 
 
 t siiriicr 
 
 liist. iiml 
 
 lip tViiiii 
 
 /« .11 iiml 
 
 kmI liiiii- 
 
 < U'tohrr. 
 
 iaiis iiiiil 
 
 1, it" iitM- 
 
 ','f(|uinM| 
 
 it, ill till* 
 
 rctiiniril 
 
 icotnii|iii- 
 
 cy I'm 1 1 id 
 
 fniiii till' 
 
 L'. iiiipio- 
 
 tluisc (if 
 I litllc nl' 
 
 luMi duly 
 
 I. 
 
 I'll ill tlin 
 the cdii- 
 lioticcd. 
 
 icir (diiir- 
 piku liy 
 
 : llif lii- 
 
 diniis positively rt'liiNcd to |»iiiliiki' ol it, liom ||h> idf.'i 
 (lis \\i' iil'tiTWllld Iriinifd) tllilt \vr slioiild not lilivo 
 siitricioiif for oiirsc|\»'s : '\s»' ."iit iicciistoiiH-d to ,st;ii-\ii- 
 lioii,' said tliry, ' liiit you jut not.' '" TIk* Indians and 
 tlit'ir wives roniplaiiied of illness and want of rest, wliicii 
 induced liack to serve out to tlieiii ii lla;:on ol iiii.xeil 
 sjiirils, " It was a siitistiictioii to iiie." lie says, "to lie- 
 liold these poor creatures eiijoyiiiii themselves, tor they 
 liad hehaved in the most eNemplary and active manner 
 lowii.d the party, and with a <ienerosity ami s\nipatliy 
 s'Idom toiind even in the more /•ivili/ed parts of' the, 
 world: and the attention and aliectioii which they man- 
 itcsted toward their wi\es eviiued a lieiM'\olence of 
 disposition and goodness of nature which could not |';ii| 
 III secure the approhation oC tlie iiios| indillerent oh- 
 ^erver.'' Another instance, while it conveys some idea 
 t^t tint privation to which the par'y wei«' exposed with 
 ri'iiMrd to lood, shows the desiie ol" the Indians, in tlio 
 midst oltlu'ir own siitlt'rin;:s, lo admiiiisler to the n'lief 
 ol" the straiii:<'is. 
 
 " ( )iie III" niir iiieTi caiiL'lit ;i li>li, w liiiii, w llli the a>si>taiici' 
 i>\ some wei'd scniped tVom llie roi ks {fn/ir i/r rorhi), l|i;it 
 .'itliirds a ^dnliiioii> siii)slaiici', made iir< a tnler.-dile supper; 
 il was iinl of tlie nio>t cjjoice kind, yet ^'itod eiMiii;.'!] for 
 llllliurv men. While ue were (iitintr it 1 perceived one iif 
 ihe woiiini liiisilv eiiiplii\ed MiapiiiL' an old skin, willi tlm 
 rniiteiits (if wliiili lirr lin^liaiid preMiiteii IIS. 'I'liey coTisi>t- 
 1(1 III pniinded ini'.il. tat, and a i:if.'i'ii' pinpoilioii ot Indiiiirs 
 .Hid (leer's JKiir tliiiii either; iind tlinii-li .-iich a mixliiie m.iy 
 nut ;i|ipeMr \eiv iilliiiiiiLr 1o an I'.iiL'li^ii sloinacli, it Wiis 
 lhnu^;|it a i.M-e;il hiMirv atli'r ihrei- dii\s' jirivjitiiiii in these 
 I ln'erless rei/ions ol \nieric;i. Indeed, had it not heeii lor 
 liii' preciiiitiiiii ami L'enerositv ot the Indi.uis, ue must liavo 
 •_'iiiie without siisleiiiiiice until we reniind the torts." — I'. 
 •.'?:!, 'i: I. 
 
 Ihick. ill this dreadtiil journey, was not only exix)sed 
 to starvation and the extremity of cold, hut also to \\u\ 
 'laiim-r of perishiiii:; in some of the lakes whiidi they had 
 to cross (III foot. < >n a iii'irow hranch ol' the Slav(» 
 Lake he t"ell tliro)iL:Ji tile ice. Init escapeil without in- 
 jury : on another occasion the ice hent so that it re- 
 (^iiired the utmost sjieed to avoid ("allins: tliroii:;!! whero 
 ii i;a\ • way. as it .seeiirs to have done lit every step ho 
 
 I 
 
 I ' 
 
Mti 
 
 mm 
 
 
 * I 
 
 iilB 
 
 Ai;('iir V(»VA<;Hr«. 
 
 lonlw III siiurl. it w;is little less flum IllinifllloilS. rui;- 
 siili-riii^ the sc.isdii iiinl tin* severity nl'llie winter, tliii!. 
 lie ever retiiriieil sate, which, hiiwever. he Inn! the ^immI 
 r<irliiiie to do on the I Till of .Miircli. vvlieii he iinivid at, 
 l''ort I'", nterprise. where, he says. •' I hml the pleiiMire 
 of Mieetini: my tViemls all in ;;ooil liealth. alter an nli- 
 sence of ni'iiily live niontlis, dnririii; which time I had 
 traveled IIHl miles on snow-shnes, and had no other 
 roverinu at ni<:ht. in the wood tiian a hianket and drei 
 .sivin. with tlu' thermometer iVeiiiieiitly fit — In , and 
 once III — r)7 '. and sometimes |mssin«; two <tr three 
 days w'lhont tas'ini: food." W'tdl may l''ranUlin sa\ . 
 " I had every reason to he nmcll pleased with Ins con- 
 diici on this ardiioiis nndertakini;." 
 
 With ret:ard to the tem|)eralm'e (dtlie winter, it was 
 not improved hy the more northern situation ol' I'ort 
 I'lnterjirise. Aiiiriistns spoUe so highly ol' the warmth 
 ol" a snow-honse. that he was employed in the hiiildiii;: 
 ol" one. which he did alter a very sjieedy and clever 
 operation, and ol" which ('aptain I'^ranUlin has ^iveii a 
 description and plan: hnt as I'arry has siipplieil hotli. 
 ohlained Ironi the very same peo|)|»', ilu'V need not here 
 he repeated. {"'ranUlin says, "The purify of the male 
 rial olwliii h the honse was framed, the elei^aiice ol' its 
 ronstrnction, and the transparency of its walls, which 
 transmitted a very pleasant hiiht, i;:ive it an appearaiict* 
 fai' superior to a marhle hinldin^, and one miuhl siii"\ev 
 it with feeliiiiis soiiiewhal akin to those produced by the 
 contem|ilation of a(irecian temple reared hy I'hidias; 
 hoth are trimnphs of art, inimitahliH in their kinds." 
 Like many of t lie ( irecian temples, lln^y loo are covered 
 hy domes, hmit on the principle of an arch, which is 
 ])«>rlectlv iinth'rstood hy tiiem. We have had maii\ 
 learned dis(|iiisitions on the origin •'! the arch, whicli 
 some say was copied from natnre; the poor isolated 
 Ks(piiman\, evidently an ori*:inal people, nnlike to any 
 other in physical apptMiraiice. had natun* only to con- 
 sult, in which, with their own inueimify. as \ve have 
 leiuvied from I'ariy. they are hy no means delicieiit. 
 
 In |)ecemher. I'^ranklin has i^iven a stalemeiil ot iho 
 SPveritN of the cold, which is not Mion< intens(! than 
 I'liclv «'\p(>rieneed ; 
 
FRWKr.IN AM) KICIIARDHONrf JorUN'I'Y. 219 
 
 " TIlc wcithrr (Imiiitr lliis liiniitli Wiis tlic cdldest \\r rx- 
 [iniciicid (liiriiif/ our rcsidcncr in Aiiitii(;i. 'I'lir llifiitmtii- 
 clrr siiiiU nil (iiic (i((;i.si(iii in .')7 Iwlnw /en). hikI iirvcr ri>-.c 
 lii'\(iii(l i> ' iiltovc ;; ; till' /ii»';iii liir tlic iniiiitli was — -^'J 7. 
 Dnriiiu' tlicsr iiilnisr cuM-.. liDwcvrr, tlic ;ilm(i>|(liirr w.t.s 
 j.'<'iii'ially <iiliii. ami llir wuuil-i hIIitm iiiid ullirr.x wnit uUmii 
 llicir uidiiiaiy nc(ii|>atiniis witlioiif iisiiiL' any cxirani-diiiarv 
 |iir( aiiliuiis, yet witlioiit rccliiii,' aiiv liad ctlrcls. Tlicv liad 
 tlii'ir rriiidrcr shirt- (ni, liatlimi niittcii-; litn-d w ifli Iilatikifn, 
 and lurrcd caps; liiit imrir of them iisi'd anv drf.nsi" \\>i tlic 
 l:iii', iirir ilid tlifv need to do so. Iiidiid \vr liavr alnadv 
 iiH'iitiiiiirtl lliat tin- lirat is alistraclcd iiinst ra|»idl\ I'rnin tlii« 
 ImkIv diiriiii: stroll;^' hrcc/.cs ; and must nf iliosc wlin liavi« 
 [irrislird hfini culd in this (••iiiiitry havr tidh-ii a sa< titic c lo 
 thi'ir [(('in:,' ovi-r'takfii un a laki-, or olhrr ini>-lirltj-n'd [ilacc, 
 liy a storm of wind. 'I'lir intnisi' colds were, however, 
 drtrinnnlal to ns in another way. 'I'lic trees I'ro/.e to their 
 very centers, tiiid liecanie as hard as stones, and more ditlic ulf 
 tn (lit. Some of the a\es \ver<' liroUeii daily, and l>y the end 
 of the month \ye had only one left that was lit i'or felling 
 trees. \\\ intrustiiiL' it on'y to one ol' the [)arty who had 
 hc'-ii hred a car|ti'nter, and who conid use it with dexterity, 
 it was rortiinately prcseryed until tin- arriyal of our men v.ith 
 others from Fort l'ro\ idencc. 
 
 " A thermometer. hniiLr in our liednKim af the distance of 
 Hixtceii feet from flie fire, hut exposed f{» its direct radiatioti, 
 stood, eyeti in the daytime, occasionally at !.'> helow /ero. 
 anil was ohserved more than once, previous to the kindlini., 
 ol the lire in the moriiiiii:, to he its low as 10 helow zero. 
 On twti of these occasions, tlie chfoiiometi-rs (\os. -.'I ll» and 
 !21.')| ), which during the iii::ht lay under .Mr. Mood's and Or 
 Ificliardson's pillows, stopped while they were dressing' thein- 
 .Kelves."— I'. ^.'.Vl, «,»,-,,-,. 
 
 Ill Olio of the fmiiilit's lliat tVcipie.ifed tlie house was 
 a uood-lookiii;; <<;ii'l, eoiiceriiin^ wiioiii Ciiptaiii Fraitkliii 
 fiiVi'H tlio t'ollowinu iim^cdote : 
 
 "1 may remark, that the daiit:hter, whom w<* desicrtiafed 
 (ireeii-stockini:s. from her dress, is considered l»v her trilie 
 to he a i,Meat lieanty. Mr. Hood drew an accurate portrait 
 ol her, althoiiu'h her mother was nyerse from hi'i" Hitlinir lor 
 it. She was afraid, she saiil. that her dauL'hter's likeness 
 would itjdn<i' the (ire.it Chief who resided in |jiL.dand to .send 
 for the oriirinal. The yoiini,' lady, howeyer, \yas undeterred 
 liv any sucli tear. She has already l»een an ohject of contest 
 lietweeii her <-oimtr\ men. and. althouL'ii under sixteen year.s 
 of ui.'e. has helutiL'ed successiycly lu two luishaiids, luni woi.UU 
 
■^ 
 
 -e^- 
 
 h 
 
 'jr»() 
 
 AKC'l'KJ vovA(;i:s. 
 
 h, 
 
 S '* 
 
 i j 
 
 |iruliiii(ly liiivr I ii tlii» wile nl' iii:i"v iiHtii-. il luf iiinllur 
 
 Ii.'kI iml ii'i|iiiii'(l lii'i" Hirvir's ;is II iiiirx'. ' — I'. ".'.(I. 
 
 'riic iiiiirniitus iiiclliuds |iiir.sii('(l l>y ('iiplniii l*iiir\ m 
 his winlt'r's iiIhmIc in the Arctic rr^itms, {'< ;■ the tiiniisi-- 
 liiriil iiliil (»C(U|iiilinii nl' liis priiplc, were not Unnwn In 
 <';i|>tiini l-'ninklin ; hnt In* r(|inilly innnil i! nrcrssiirv, 
 • tni'in^ tilt' (liciirv nmntlis they were sinit np in l-'dil 
 I inlri'pris*', to Iniriisli stinn* l\<ii(l of rni|iloyinrnl. rspt- 
 ciiilly lor llio oniccis of the ••\|i»'(lit ion, who, lio\\(«\ri. 
 wfio lit no loss; tln'V WiTf oniiiiyrd in wrilin;^ out their 
 ionriiiils. cilcnliitiiii; the rrsiilts ol' llnir ol)s('i\!itioii-., nml 
 in constrmtiiii; the (hurts oi thf routes, uliile .Messrs. 
 Hood and l?iicl\ \\ere employed in linishin:: llieir dniw 
 inys. 'IMu» reiuhiii; ol' ne\vspiip«M"s, niii^a/.nies. and let 
 ters froni MiiLllainI was a source ol' occupation. I'liit 
 <'aptaai l-'rankliii has ^i\en a sketch, which contains ilic 
 usual routine of their winter's life at I'ort Ktilerpri-^i-. 
 
 " In tile eveiiiii:^s uc joined the iiicii ill the liall. and toi^k 
 a purl ill llieir ^'auie.s, wliicii generally contiiinrd to a l;il.' 
 Iioio'; in short, we ne\ er lonnd the I'liiie in liaiiu' Immnv iipiMi 
 oin iiaiids ; and the peculiar oc(iipati"iis of each of tin nlli- 
 cers .-itrofded lliciii amre ein|)li>s meiii ihaii niiiilit at lir.st In- 
 supposed. I recalculated tile oiisi r\ atioiis made on oin 
 route; Mr. Mood pioiiacted the (hurts, and made iIhim' draw 
 iiiL's ol' liirds. |ilaiils, and lislies, uIik ii can not appear in tiii-i 
 work, Itiii which lia\e lieeii the adnnralioii of e\f|-\ one who 
 lias seen them. I'.acii ot tiie party sediilousl\ and .-^ipaialely 
 retfuded iheir oh^erv alioiis on liie aniiifa. and Dr. Kichaid- 
 son contrived to olilain liom miil" i- the >iiiiw sperimeiis hC 
 niii-l of the lichens ill 1 he iieiL;hlioihciod. and In ma lie hi nisi 11 
 acipi.iinled with the niiner.iloLiv of ihe >uiioinidinu' < tunitrv 
 
 "The Sahhatli was alw avs a day ol rest with n.s; tlie wnnd- 
 men were r.Mpiiied to provide foi' the e\ iLieiicies of thai day 
 on S.iliirdav. and the party \yere dressed in theii' liest atliii'. 
 Diyine service was reLiiihiily perlocnied, and the Canadians 
 attended, and hehaved vyitli i,'reat decoi-inn. aillioiiL'h tin-) 
 W(>reall |{<iman ( 'alholics, and hut little actpuiinled with iho 
 lan::nai,'c in \yliicli the jaayers were read. I regretted iiiik h 
 that wc had not a Kieiicli I'raver-Hook. hnt the Lord's Travel 
 and Creed vveii- always read to lliein in their own laiii^naL'e. 
 
 " Onrdiet consisted almost entirely of reindeer meat, varied 
 tvyice a wi ek hy lish. and occasionallv hv a little Hour, Iml 
 \ye had im v euetaliles ol aiiv de.scfl|ilioii. ( 'n die Sunday 
 niorniiii:s wc driudv a »iip of dux 'ilate : hnt oiir ^;reatesl lux- 
 ury was tea (vviihoul .^uuar), of vyhicli we re^ulaily parlei k 
 
I'KANKI.IN AND IIKH AUUSON's JOlUNKY. 251 
 
 tulcf !i iliiy. Willi iiiiiili't'i's tilt :ni(l Hlri|K ot Cnlluii hliiits, 
 v\i- Iui-iikmI r;iii(ili>H; ami I Ii'|iIhii-ii !iri|iiii')'i| ruiisidi-ralilr skill 
 ill till' iM.iiiiit'iK tmr i>\ sna|), fi-niii tin- wnuil-aslirs, lilt, ami 
 t-ill Till' liiniialioii nt'sita|> was cniisidcrfd a-^ latlicr' a iiivs- 
 li liniiH u|iciatinii liy our Caiiadiatis, ami in tlirii- hands wa.s 
 iilwavs sii|)|i(isrd to liiil it" a wniiiaii a|i|»riia( lud llir ki'itjc in 
 uhirli the Irv was iMiiliii^'. Sncii aif our siiiijilc dniiirstic 
 (Irl.iiU."— i'.-J.'i:!, 'j;.!». 
 
 'I'lio aiironi lioindis made its (ipix'araiicc IVr(|ii(Mitly, 
 Willi iiiiii(< ni- less l)iilliaiir\ . hiit was nut part ciilarly r»'- 
 iiiaikaltlc ; in tlu^ iimiitli ol DccfiiilaT if was visiMr Iwrii- 
 tv t'iiilit ol'tlm limy nii^lits. Mr. I'acU ^ivcs. in llir iiiir- 
 liilivc of his JMnnicy. the rnllowin^ «'\tia()i(hiiaiv ac- 
 (iHint, whii'li he received fVuin one ol" the partners ol' tlio 
 Niiilhwest ( 'oMipaiiy, hut lie does not voiirli lor the 
 Iriitli <d' it. " lie was travelinu in a canoe in the Miiij;- 
 li^h Uiver, and had landed near the Kettle l''idl, when 
 ilie conisciiiiitns ol" the aurora were s(» vivid and low, 
 that the Canadiiins fell on their faces, and hei;iin piayiiiji; 
 and crying, learini; they slanild \h' Uilleil ; he hiinseH' 
 threw away his mm and knife, that they niiiiht not at- 
 tract tlici flashes, !"or they were within two feet of ihn 
 rarfh. flitting aloiijj; with iiicredihie swiflness, iiial iiiov- 
 iii:: parallel to its surface. They coiiliniie(| for npwiird 
 <i| fiv ininnfes, as near as he could pid^e, ami made a 
 loud rnsllini: noise, like the waving of a llai;; in a stronu; 
 liM-e/e. After they had ceased the sky heciime clear, 
 with little wmd." 
 
 (aptain l''ranklin. Dr. Kitdianlsoii, ami Mr. Ilood 
 were most atteiiti\(< ohservers of the iinrora. ('a|)taiii 
 i'lanklin suys that, havinif ohserved the aurora upward 
 111' two hundred times, he is not alile to tittest the fact of 
 ihe noise ascrilied to it. Mr. I'»ack. when on his jour- 
 ney. I hi" niyht lieiiii!; l\\n\ says, "the aurora wav .-,0 vivid, 
 iliat we imaiiined m<a-e than once that we heard a rns- 
 !liii;_' noise, like that M' autumnal leaves slii-red liy the 
 wind: hut after two hours of attentiv«« listeniiiii we w er»< 
 not eiilirely con\niced ol' the fact." They all aiiiee as 
 III its infill' uce over the ma^iielic needle. |'y a imin- 
 ler of expermiiTils. it was found that. 111 ceilain positions 
 n\' the heams and arches, the needle wiis consideraldy 
 drawn aside, and more parli( iilarl\ w hen the (lashes wcro 
 Ijclwcei] tlje clouds imd the eurlli ; lor it was als(i iiscer- 
 
 II 
 
nf •! 
 
 252 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGFH. 
 
 II 
 
 i:Hi 
 
 J • • 
 
 ' [ 
 
 \ 
 
 '» 
 
 tiiiin'(l tiint the lirijilil of the iiurorn, 'mstcail of hciii^. n-i 
 sii|)|)<»sf(| hy Mr. Daltoti find others, Ix-yomi tlu' rr^imi 
 ((ftlic atiiiosplit'ic, is usimlly not nioic than six or seven 
 liiilos iVoni tho «'aith. " We have sonietinies seen." 
 Mr. Hood says, "an atteinialed unroia llashinj; across u 
 hundred (h'^'ree.s of the sky in a sinj^le second : a (juick- 
 ness of motion inconsistent with the height of sixlv nc 
 s(!V«'nty miles, iho least which lias hitherto been uscril)e(l 
 to it." 
 
 On the 1st of .lanuary, If^-J], the usual festivities of the 
 nt^w year wero held. The unly treat tln' people could 
 rJM'eive was a little Hour and fat, hoth luxuries; but the 
 feast laniiuished for want of spirits. The whole month 
 Avas cold and lo.^uy. .V«'t the Indians declared if was tin- 
 warmest they had known ; the thermoineVer, iiowever, 
 toward the latter part, descended to 4!)\ and the mean 
 temperature ot" the month was l')'''(i. On the loth 
 lar^e supplies were received iVom Port i*r<»vi(lenci>, and 
 the people had their ration «>f spirits served out to them 
 
 'Poward the end of March two Indians arrivecl from 
 The I look, a chief next to Akaitcho in authority anion:; 
 tlie ('upper Indians: his band wiM'e statioiu'd luMweeu 
 the Marten and (Ji'i'iit Ih'ar Lakes: they brouffht olftis 
 from him to supply dried meat on the hanks of the ('tip- 
 per M inei Kiver, in return for ^oods and ammunition. 
 The oiler was declined, but they were desired to tell 
 liim that notes on the Noi-thwest ( 'ompaiiy 's jiost woiiM 
 he yiveM for either provisions or leather when they met. 
 Kveu at this [leriod, l"'rankliii says, "the hunt<-rs sent 
 is no supplies; oirr net prodiuM'd very few lish, and tint 
 pounded meat int»mded to keep for summer use wa.s 
 nearly expended. Our meals at this p(>riod were al- 
 ways scanty, and we were occai>ionally restricted to one 
 in the day." 
 
 r>ut the Indian families which conjrrei;nted about the 
 hmise, consist injf principally of women and chililreii, snt- 
 fered the most. 
 
 '■ I bad oflcii re(|Ufstfd tlicm to move to Akjiitclio's buL'''. 
 where tin'V were nmie (eitJiiii of recei\iim .^iipplirs ; but ,i- 
 inoHt of tlnni were >i(k oi' iidirni, tbey <lid iml like to (|HiL 
 the boii.Mt', where tbey d:iiiy reccixrd nH'dicint's from |)i'. 
 Hicbardsoii. to eii("oiuiti r the t!ili;.'ue of ti>llov\in,u the move. 
 iJient*' of a liunliiitr-cain|» They cleared away the snow on 
 
of hciiiir. a-j 
 i llic rt';:iii!i 
 six or seven 
 Dies sei'ii." 
 ill^ iicniss ;i 
 1(1 : a (|ui('k- 
 of sixty 111- 
 
 LM'll USCl'iheil 
 
 ivitij'sot'tlie 
 x'ople coiilil 
 es ; hut the 
 
 r'liolc IMOIlth 
 I it WHS tile 
 r, llo\vev«!|-, 
 (I tll(* Ilieitii 
 ►ii tije l.'jih 
 vidcnco. and 
 out to tliein 
 irriveil iVom 
 ority auHMi^ 
 ih\ ht'twreu 
 •ouj;lit olVeis 
 lot" tiu» ( 'itp- 
 UMUtunition. 
 \-r(\ lo tell 
 )Ost would 
 thry 11 let. 
 Miters sent 
 di, and tlh' 
 •r use W!i>. 
 were al- 
 •teil to one 
 
 al)OUt tlie 
 lildreu, sut- 
 
 Iki's lodL''". 
 lies ; hilt 11- 
 lilve to i|Mil 
 •s Inini |)i'. 
 U tlie nievc . 
 le snow Oil 
 
 rilANKI.IV AM) 1:1(IIAIIU.SOn\s J(jURNKV. *2o'3 
 
 liie site oftlie iintinini eiu-iMipiiients to look lor l)oiies, deer's 
 lei't, hits (if hide, iind other nllld. \\ lien we lieheld tlieni 
 .'liuwiug tlie pieces of huie, imd ixiiindini; the hnnes fiir tlnj 
 purpose of extnictiiiir .-nnie noiirislinient from tlieiii liv huil- 
 ini:. we legretted our iii;ihility to I'elieve them. Iiiif htllo 
 tliiMiL'ht tli;it we slioiild ninselves he rit'terwnrd (h'iven to the 
 necessity of ejiu'erly coljeef iiii,' tliese same holies a second timo 
 tinrii the diinirhilh'"— r. v!!»!{. 
 
 'Vho, weather in May l)erain»> warm, and the approach 
 of spritjjn was aj^reeahly rontirnipd hy tlie liraihial ap- 
 pearanre of various kinds of hirds and cd" reindeer. Tho 
 .iveidiie temperature for tlio month was ahout .'{"J", the 
 i^ieatest h»'at hH''. and tlie lowest \f* : at th«^ end of tho 
 month tlie sun (hd not set. Preparations were now 
 iiiiide for the loim journey down the Copper Miiu* Riv- 
 er to tilt; coast of the i*(dar Sea, and alon<r it to tlh^ 
 eastvvard. '^I'lie first party started on the -Ith of .lune, 
 uii(h'r the cliarjre of Dr. l\i(diardson, consistiiifi of tweii- 
 ty-thnM^ p«'rsons, exclu ive <>\' (hildren. .Xmony them 
 were lifteen Canaihaii v. yagers. .\ jiromise was iiiiKh? 
 hy .\kaitcho, in presence of Mr. Wentzel and the In- 
 dians, that a deposit of jirovisious should be made nt 
 lliis place, Fort Knterprise, previous to next Seplemher, 
 ;is a resource should the i)arty return hy this way; and 
 W'ent/el undertook to see this done. 
 
 On tin; l-lth of .lune. all hein^ completed, Captain 
 I'riinklin set olf with three canoes, drajiued hy tour men 
 each, and two doiis. The stores, the instTuments, and 
 the small stock of dried meat, amountinu only to ei^dity 
 pounds, were distributed erpialiy anionij Mephurn, threo 
 Ciinadians, and the two Ks(piimaux, .lunius and .\ui.mis- 
 liis. .\ll the party st't out on foot. On crossing; a small 
 hike, Frnnklin i'ell in throuijli tlu^ ice, and soon alter 
 IJack did the sann-, and .Junius also, with a lieavy bur- 
 den on his buck, hut none (d' them were hurt. It Wii.s 
 not till tlie i>lst that Franklin's party Joined Dr. Rich- 
 ardson at Point Tjiike. To ease the iihmi who had car- 
 ried the canoes, the third canoe was hdt here, as by do- 
 iii;: this three men were gained to ussi.st those who had 
 become liinio. 
 
 It were tedious, and not very interesting, to rejieat 
 tlie details of tlu^ journey over lakes, down rapids and 
 ciitaracts, over p(»rta^es, and across a hilly country. 
 
 i 
 
 ) ' 
 
,*r 
 
 iif)! 
 
 ARcrrc voYA(;i: 
 
 il 
 
 I I 
 
 droiulfiilly fatiguinsi to tlm iiicti, or to rolato tlio nltnrnjitt* 
 sncccssos uiiil (lisa|)|)oiiitiM(Mits of llio hunters. It !•, 
 oiioiii,'!) to say lliat on tin* .'.Otli ot' .luiic tliry (Miiharknl 
 on the (.'oppcr Mnio Klvcr, wliicli, at a point callril 
 Ivock-nost, is statod to bo about two hundred yards widci, 
 ten t'oft (b'('|), and to ll(»w wvy rapidly over a i-ocky hoi- 
 toni ; its banks pict nrosipn', tho hills .sht'lvini;; to the wa- 
 ter side, well covrred with wood, and tho suri'aco of the 
 rocks richly clothed with lichens. Musk-oxen weie 
 here very plentiful near the river, and in all this part of 
 the country; and, like the buffalo, hi'nl together iti 
 bands, so that out* day the hunters killed ei^ht cows. It 
 is said that when tw(t or three men ^(^t so near a herd 
 ns to fn"e at them iVoni different points, instead of sepu- 
 ratiny; or riunfin^ away, these animals iinddle closer to- 
 gether, and several ar(^ yeiuM'ally killed ; but if tlu^ wound 
 1)0 not nntrtal, they bc^come enraiied, and dart in the 
 most lurious nnuuM'r at tht^ linnters, who nuist be vi-ry 
 dexterous to evade them. 
 
 ( >n the 7th ol' .Inly they ai'rived at Tlir HooJc'.s en- 
 campment, the Indian chief before mentione(l, who was 
 
 ]iarticulai'ly civil, and said 
 
 'I'l 
 
 u^ amount ol niea 
 
 t I 1 
 
 lave 
 
 is very small, but I will cheerfully uive yon wliat I have; 
 we are too much indebted to tlu! whit(! people to allow 
 them to want t'ood on our lands while we lia\e any to v.'\\r 
 ihem;" and lie promised to remain on the side of the 
 Hear Ijake, which is near to tho (.'opper Mine Jliver, 
 til' the month of Novinnbei'. and to fui'iiish the |»ai'ty with 
 sup|/!ies on their return, lie too, as well as all the In- 
 dians, earnestly eiiti'eated the trav»'lers to be constantly 
 on their jiuurd against the frcfachery <>t tlu^ Esfpiimaux. 
 They w»M"e now approachiii<i; the ('()|)per .^lountains, 
 their encampment beiiii;; in lal. (17 1' 10", lout;. ll(i 
 '27' 'JH" W.: variation of the compass, 44=' 11' 4;>", and 
 dip of the needle, i^7 - ."U ' Ir^ ". l''rom henc<^ they visit- 
 ed tile ( '(>j)p(M" !\rouiitains in search of specimens of tlm 
 ere, aiireeablv. as I'ranklin savs. wi 
 
 ith I 
 
 us instructions 
 
 tl 
 
 •I' 
 
 ^tiiii; of l> 
 
 It' 
 
 lie p'TSons, voya^eis 
 and IndiaiiH, incliidiiii; the ollicers, 
 
 " We triveji'd tor iiinc boms over a considi'rable space of 
 firotiiid, but touiid only a few small pieces of native copper. 
 J'lie inounfains varied in li<'i:,'lit from 1 "J 00 to l.jOOfeet; their 
 
 rt 
 
rUANKLlN A.VU KICII \K1).S(J\ ri JuLK.NKV. \i,)i> 
 
 o nltorniitH 
 TS. It is 
 (Miil)iirk('(l 
 oint citlltMl 
 ards wide, 
 rocky l)ni- 
 to tlic Wii- 
 [\icv of tl'r 
 
 »X(MI Wl'lf 
 
 liis part nl" 
 i::«'tlirr ill 
 
 (•(»\VS. It 
 
 I'ai" a liriil 
 
 (I of S('|)ll- 
 
 ' closer to- 
 
 llic woiiikI 
 
 lart iti tint 
 
 1st l)t' very 
 
 Jl'iolc's v\\- 
 
 l, who was 
 
 icat I liavt! 
 
 luf I have ; 
 
 lo to allow 
 
 my to i:iu: 
 
 >i(le of tht! 
 
 iiK* liivcr, 
 
 party with 
 
 all tii<^ lii- 
 
 coiistaiilly 
 
 ^quiiiiaiix. 
 
 loiiiitaiiis, 
 
 Ollir. 1 1 (i 
 
 i:;", and 
 thi'V visit - 
 t'tis of thti 
 triictioiis ; 
 
 voya^tTs 
 
 f spa( <* ot 
 
 |\(' <'((pprr. 
 
 IfcL't; llifir 
 
 nniformity is iiitcrruptfd hy iiaiTow valleys fravcrscrl Ity 
 hiiKiil sirciiiiis. 'I'lic hr.si spcciiiinis of niclal we luociircd 
 wnc aiiioiii: the stones la llicsc valleys, and it was in sncli 
 •.ilintiotis that oiir L'uides desii'rd us to search most carefnliv. 
 It would apjiear, tli;il when the Indians see imy sparry >nli- 
 stance [Ji-ojertini: ahove the snrliice, thev di;,' then', l»nt lla-y 
 have no other rule to direct them, and have never Umiid thi« 
 metal in its nrii:inal repository. (Jar ;,'iiides reported that 
 thev had tomid copper in liirtre pieces in everv pai't of this 
 riinire fia* two day>' walk to the northwest, and that the jls- 
 (|aimimx come hither to search for it. 'I'he animal visits 
 whi( li the Cojiper Indians were acca.-.tonied to make to theses 
 imiimtains, when most of their weujioiis and utensils wi^'e 
 made of copper, have lieen disconliimeil since they liave 
 heeii eiiahled to olitain a >apply ot ice-chisels and otlu'r in- 
 strmni'iits of iron. Iiy the e.^talilishmeiit of trading-posts near 
 their lmntintr-i:romids.'"' — 1*. WW). 
 
 'IMu'v now descended to that part of the fiv(>f named 
 ]iy Hearne tlie IJIoody Kail. This rapid is desciila'd as 
 a sort of slndvinii; cascad»?, ahont three hundred yards in 
 letiijth. having a dc'scent of from ten to fifteen feet, and 
 lioiinded on eatdi side hy hii,di walls of red sandstone, 
 upon Avliich r<'sts a series (d" lofty un-en liills. Hero 
 thev caiiiiht forty excellcMit salmon and white lisli. in a 
 simple net, helow the rapid. No trees hail been seen in 
 this day's journey : l)nt the ui'onnd is w(dl clothed with 
 irass, and nourishes most of the shrubs and beiry-bear- 
 im: plants that wcm'c^ met with north <d' Fort Knterprise. 
 
 After nmeh discussion, and urea! npprcdu-nsion on I ho 
 part of the Indians and voyauers, resiardiiiii the hostility 
 of the Ks(piimanx. in order to allay their fears, .liinins 
 and Anmisliis wen^ sent on to have a commnnicatioii 
 with tliem; a very small party were fallen in with at the 
 rapid described by llearne, tlieir usual resort; they 
 found them to be mild, j)eaceable cr<'atiires, and but too 
 jilad to bo on terms of friendship witli th(^ Indians. They 
 consisted only (d" four men and as iiitiny women, who at 
 ninht disappeared, havini;; seen, it is supposed, some of 
 Akaitcho's Indians, who had unauth<tri/.edly followed, 
 contrary tf> their (diief's promise, and shown themstdves 
 on tho hills. It was at this place where I learn*' de- 
 scribes the dreadl'iil massacre of the Ks(piimau\ by tho 
 
 ^ Anions: l)r. Kicliarilsoii'-) 'icoLniostii'iil Oliscrvutioiir', a circnnistun 
 tii 1 accuunt ol' tlic ('(>i>[M'r Mouataiii.! will ho t'ouinl. — Ai'innilir, AVy. 1. 
 
>,A 
 
 :;>50 
 
 ARCTIC VUYAGKH. 
 
 II 
 
 i }u \ 
 
 \ 
 
 I ', 
 
 fliipowyuii Tiiiliiins, unil tln'r«>fi»r(' nimn'il it tlic " niooilv 
 l''all." < )ii l-'raiiUlin and tlu* party apprttachiiiy it iiiil 
 ('li(-aiiipiii'_'. nine l%s(piitnaii\ app(*ai'r(l mi tli«> oppusjii* 
 liniik oi" the river, carryiiiy tlirir caiKtcs on tlu'ir liacU ; 
 liuf tlicy llt'd oil sci'iiii,' the teiifs. Nut only Wert tlit-s,. 
 people ularnied, hut tlie hidiaiis also \v»'re .so teirilinl 
 that they insisted on returning; tlie next day; nor could 
 I'raiiklin prevail on two hiinteis to remain >vith liiui. 
 The rediice(| party, however, proceeded, and oiitlie l->tli 
 of. Inly reacdied the sea-coast at the nuMith ot the ( "op- 
 per -Mine Kiv(M",it hein<^ only nintMuiles iVoiii tlii' Hloody 
 l''all. The Canadian voyagers were aninsed with their 
 first view (»f the sea. aii(l the seals swiniiniiiu ahoiit. Imt 
 soon i^ave way to desjxdideiicy ; lln'y were terrilied at 
 the idea <d' a voyage through iiti icy seu in hark canoes. 
 
 II 
 
 epinirn s reiiiai 
 
 ks, I 
 
 lowever, and tlio wav in which lie 
 
 held up to them the delij;hts ot'his Hccustomed element, 
 niaije them ashamed ot their fears. 'J'iie party who pm- 
 
 eeeded .imouuted to twenty [)ersons. 
 
 The t 
 
 iav« 
 
 liiiii d 
 
 i>- 
 
 tance from l*'ort Knteiprise to the mouth of the river is 
 said to he aliout three hundred and thirty-tour mile>. 
 The canoes and hagyafio were dragued over snow and 
 lee for one hundred and seventeen mih's of this distance. 
 They encamped af ten on the western hank, at its juiic- 
 
 lioii with the sea. 
 
 Tl 
 
 le river is lu'ro a 
 
 ihout 
 
 a mile wide 
 
 hut very shallow. JJiiih and numerous islands to s<>a- 
 Nvard fill the liori/.ou in several points of the compass ; 
 the water was decidedly salt, and Franklin thinks thai. 
 Jlearne could have tasted it only at the mouth of the 
 river, as he pronounciMl it merely brackisii. 
 
 Tlie emhurcatiou in two hircli-hark canoes for a navi- 
 gation along the southern coast of the Polar Sea to \\h-. 
 i'astward, and tlio conunencoment of the voyage, took 
 ])lace oi' the -Jlst of July, their dried nu'at and other pj-o- 
 visions amounting only to liftt^Mi days' consumption. 
 They paddltMl all day along tln^ coast, within a crowded 
 range of islaiuis, with very little ice; the coast covered 
 with vegi'tation ; tlie islands rocky and barren; abund- 
 ance of drilt-wood ; and as none comes down tln^ Cop- 
 per Mine River, nor down any t)ther, except .Miu^keu- 
 //le's Kiver, it was inferred that an easterly current pre- 
 vailed. The least depth of >v'ater, after two days' sail- 
 
 ,» I 
 
rUA\KI-I\ AND RlCir \RDPON H JOJ.RVF.Y. 257 
 iim, wns six rnflmms. ami any sliip iiii^lit pass safely !)••- 
 
 twfcii fill' isliiiids and tlu' inalii. 
 
 Aft 
 
 • T a run (il tlui'fv- 
 
 s.'M'ii MliN'H, tliry fMicampnl ; the const Well covj'n'il wifli 
 \t ^ftatiun (if inndt'i'iifr liciylif. and easy of a|)pr<ta(h. 
 'I'd I\V(» groups of islands tlir nanics of IJcrcns and Sir 
 (iialiani Moore wei'o ^iv(•n. Sumc Minsclr-sli(dls woro 
 srt'ii Ih'Ic, tile only shells met wltli on the whole cuast. 
 < Ml the 'Jjd the shore Iteeanie exceedingly rocky and ster- 
 ile, ending in a steep projectinj,' promontory riiariiiinMl 
 uitli ice. Another iironp of islands WHS named Lawforcl. 
 
 Hn (ho "J.'id and "Jlth, nothiiiii material: a deer was 
 Killed; the cnrn-nt was riMinin^ to the eastward at tlio 
 liile of two miles an lionr. 
 
 •J-jtli. 'riiunder and rain dnrinu the ni^ht ; the nets 
 Mipplieii only three salmon-t roiit. h'or the last two day !4 
 the tide rose and fell alanit nine inches. 
 
 ■Jfitli. A dreary coast ; I'licamped in an inlet, into wlfadi 
 niucli ice had drilled, and (»ne ol' the canoes yol enclosed 
 in it. '• That none of this ice survives the summ<'i-wa.s 
 evident from the rapidity of its decay, and hecause no 
 II f (»f last year's formation was haniiiiiLi (ui the rocks." 
 hrtentioii llarhor is stateil to lie a secnire aiudiorai^e, 
 sheltered from every wind, hut it does not a|)i)ear to bo 
 imiiceil on the (diart. 
 
 •J-th. Discovered, to their i^reat mortification, that 
 two ha^s of pemmican had heconie moldy; that tlu) 
 licef was scarcely <'atalile : hut it was not so iiiucli th(3 
 ijiiality as the diminution that was the causi! of uneasi- 
 ness. A small \ein of galena was discovered traversinj^ 
 uneiss rocks, hut they had no means of smeltiiii; it tor 
 liiills. The next day they crossed the mouth of a hay fill- 
 ed with ice. and on tln^ 
 
 ."((itli. Another hay, which they named Arctic Sound, 
 with a river at the bottom of it, to whicdi Franklin iinvii 
 \\\v name of Hood, " Jis a small tribute to the memory 
 of our lamented friend and companion." Their provi- 
 sion heinn; now I'educed to ei^lit days' consumption, it be- 
 came necessary to seek a supjily. 'IMio hunters wero 
 therefore sent on sliore. 
 
 An<;usf 1st. The Imntors returned with two small 
 •leer ami a brown hear. '^I'liey were now. and, in point 
 of fact, had been some time, coasting and landing on the 
 17 V J 
 
 \\ 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 <y % // 
 
 «/ 
 
 y. 
 
 z 
 
 y, 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 IIM IIIII2.5 
 
 I4£ — 
 
 12? 
 
 12.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 #s 
 
 V] 
 
 j^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 / 
 
 ^y 
 
 ^^ 
 
 >> 
 
 '/ 
 
 >r^ 
 
 
 0>i 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 ^v 
 
 ^^ 
 
 S^ 
 
 ,\ 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 "% 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 «> 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (7;6) 872-4503 
 
,% 
 
 6^ 
 

 •', I 
 
 
 ( " f 
 
 I, 
 
 258 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 eliore of a vory wido rmd doep gulf, with nnmerous inlets 
 Issuing ill various (lir»'ctioiis, witli crooks and riv«!rs 
 brandling out from and otliors running info tlioiu. In 
 tlio present situation of the pnrly, living from hand to 
 inoutli, and without any rertainty of a supply, noil ini^ 
 more than an outline could bo taken of tiiese inlets, fiom 
 twenty to sixty miles deep; but pains appear to li!i\f 
 been btjstowed by Frankfiii, ]Jack, and Hood to make 
 them as correct as time would allow. One of these nu- 
 merous branches was named Melville, and is stated to Im 
 thirty mihis from east to west, and twenty from nortli tn 
 Boutli; and Jhilhurst's Inlet is not less tlian seventy 
 miles long. Those, however, as occasional receptacles 
 of ice, are not to bo considered as refuge harbors tnr 
 ships. 
 
 Having surrounded this gulf, called Coroiiation (tuU' 
 on the chart, Franklin, Richardson, and -Jack walked 
 along the southern coast of the Polar Sea ten miles, and 
 finding its trending to ')e still to the east, they named 
 the spot Point Turn-again, being well satisfied that it 
 was more than pj'obable this point would prove the ter- 
 mination of the voyage. " It was evident," says Frank- 
 lin, " that the tinu; spent in exploring the Arctic and 
 Melville Sounds, and jiathurst's inlet (all branching out. 
 of and a portion of the great gulf), had j)rocluded tll(^ 
 ho|)o of reaching Repulse ihiy, which at the outset of tlui 
 voyage w(> had fondly cherished ; and it was equally ob- 
 vious that, as our distance from any of the trading estab- 
 lishments would increase as we proceeded, the hazard- 
 ous traverse across the barren grounds which we should 
 have to make, if comp(dled to abandon the canoes upon 
 any i)ait of tlu^ coast, would become greater." But the 
 greatest hazard of all, and it was wofully experienced, 
 ■was the miserable pittance of provisions remaining. 
 
 Many circumstances concurred to convince the party 
 that farther exploration would be vain, one of the canoes 
 being already rendered useless, and the second nearly as 
 bad ; tho quantity of j)ommican was reduced to three 
 days' consumption, and apprehensions for their safety 
 had seriously posstissed the minds of the vtjyagers and 
 interpreters. A violent storm and its effect on tho sou 
 did not increase their desire of remaining longer. 
 
i '^ 
 
 nerous inlets 
 i and rivers 
 > tlieiti. Ill 
 roiii hi'iiiil t(( 
 )|)ly, notl iiii^ 
 '. inlots, tVdin 
 n^av to have 
 Dod to make 
 ot" tlnvso II u- 
 5 staled to he 
 roiu no)lli til 
 lian seventy 
 1 receptacles 
 ) harbors tnr 
 
 )iiation (Juir 
 ■Jack walked 
 I'll miles, ami 
 
 tliey named 
 istied tliat it 
 rove the ter- 
 
 says Frank- 
 e Arctic and 
 •rancliinif out. 
 rechided the 
 
 outset of the 
 IS equally oh- 
 radinii; estub- 
 , the hazard- 
 ch we should 
 canoes ujx)!! 
 r." But the 
 experienced, 
 laining. 
 ico the party 
 of the caii.>es 
 Jiid nearly as 
 ced to thre(3 
 
 their safety 
 •((yagers and 
 •t on the seu 
 )iiger. 
 
 FRANKLIN AND RICHARDSOn's JOURNEY. 25{> 
 
 "Tliough it will appear from the chart," says Frank- 
 lin, "that the position of I'oint Turn-again is only six 
 degr<'es an(] a half to tin; east of tht^ mouth of the'Cop- 
 per Muui River, we sailed, in tracing the deeply-indent- 
 ed coast, five hundred and tifty-live geographical miles, 
 Avhich is littl(! less than tin; direct distance between the 
 ('(>|)per Miia^ '{iver and Repulse P>ay, supposing the lat- 
 ter to be in the longitude assigned to it by Middleton.'' 
 
 ('a|)tain Franklin mentions tiiat Arctic Sound ajjpear- 
 ed the most convenient, and, perhaps, the best place for 
 sliips to anch(»r that he had seen along the coast, at this 
 season especially, Nvh(>n they miuht increasif their slock 
 itf |)iovision if supplied with good marksmen. Deer are 
 numerous in its vicinity; iimsk-oxen also may be found 
 up Hood's River, and the fine, sandy bott(nn of tin; bavs 
 promises favorably for fishing with the sein. The hills 
 on the western side are even in their outline, and slope 
 gradually to the water's edge. 
 
 Franklin farther says that the [)ortion of the sea over 
 wiiich he had passed is navigable for vessels of any size. 
 The ice he met, particularly after leaving Detention 
 Harbor, would not have arrested a strong boat. The 
 chain of islands allords shelter from all heavy seas, an 1 
 there are good harbors at convenient distances. It k U» 
 he hoped, how<!ver, that Captain F-anklin, on his pres- 
 ent voyages niay not be driven to seek shelter, with tlie 
 Kiebus and Terror, in any part ef the southern coast of 
 the Polar Sea. 
 
 The airangement made for returning by the way he 
 liad come Captain Franklin now perceived'would not he 
 advisable. The country between Capi^ Rarrow and 
 Cop|)er Mine River would not supply their wants; tlie 
 canoes WM-re unfit to encoimter the sea; the bad season 
 Avas rapidly advancing, when lu'avy gal(»s were to be ex- 
 pected. '• I det(u-mined, therefore,'' he says, "to make 
 at once for Arctic Sou'id, where game had be«Mi found 
 more plentiful than in any other placfi ; and enterin<r 
 Hood's River, to advance up it as far as navigalile, and 
 then to construct small canoes out of the materials of the 
 larger and damaged on(»s, \vhi(di could be carried, in 
 crossing the barren grounds, to Fort Knterprise." They 
 hud uoforo thuiii u chilling prospect on finding, ou Iho 
 
 ill 
 
/»3 
 
 if 
 
 J'l 
 
 2(50 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 Sntli of tills iiKintli. the pools of water fi'ozcn over, tlio 
 ^roiiml covci'i'd with snow, iiiid tlir tluTiiioinctcr dnwu 
 to tlu; tViM'/'uiii-poiiit at iMuldiiy. Tln'; liiiiittTs v/oil 
 un\, hut siiw !ir.i animals. " We iiiadc a scanty nical 
 off a liiiiidtul ot" ])(Mi)iiiicaii, atter whi(;h only a hall" a Imj; 
 
 reniauiiM 
 
 H;id !is tlie canoes had heconie, a)id boisterous as th(» 
 
 Aveather was, thesi^ voyagers contrived to paddlt; across 
 tlu! arms of lakes and inlets within the i^n'at jiulf; hut 
 there wiis no ^amt^ to he hiid ; tiie l)erries, however. 
 Avere ripe and plentiful; and, with the addition of some 
 countiT tea {LkIiiiii piilnsirr), furnished a suppei". llav- 
 in<^ crossed tiie east(M'n entrance of JJat hurst's Inlet to 
 an i^'liind. tlu^ deer were found to he |)leutiful. and two 
 he wind chanued to a rpiai'ter wliich en- 
 
 >v(>re 
 
 ulled 
 
 ahleil the party to ste<'r for i lood's River, from the mouth 
 of which they nscended as hiiih as the first raj)id, and 
 encamped, 'i'liis was on tln^ •Jdth of August ; "and 
 liere," siiys FrjinKlin, " termiiiiited our voya!i(> '>') the 
 Arc tic Sea, duriiiij; which we had iione over six hundred 
 and (ifty <:eo<ii'a|)hical miles.'' '-Our ('aniidiau vova- 
 
 rei-s, 
 
 he a( 
 
 l(h 
 
 coidd not I'estrain their joy at hiivin 
 
 turned their ha(;ks on tlie sea, and they spent the eveu- 
 inii in talkinij over their past adventun's, witli much hu- 
 mor and no little exai:ir('ration. It is due to tlieir chnr- 
 ncter to mention that they displayed mucii couraL^e in 
 rncounterinii the dangers of the sea, ma<fnified to them 
 by their novelty." 
 
 At a few miles up Hood's River, it ruii., ior about ii 
 mile throuul) a nin-row chasu), the walls of which ar(^ 
 upward of two liundred feet in beiiilil, and (piite per- 
 pcMidicular. Throuszh this chasm the river j)recipitates 
 itself in two uiiignilicent falls, close to each otlier. Frank- 
 lin named these casciides '' \Vilberforc<^ Kails," as a trib- 
 ute of his respcH't ior that distinguished Christian phi- 
 lantliropist. M'he large canoes not beinc; suited to tiiis 
 river, two smaller ones were constructed out of their 
 materials, each sufficient to contain thret^ persons, to be 
 used for the puipost; of crossing any river that might ob- 
 struct their progress. 
 
 'The construction of tlie ihmv canoes detained them 
 till tlie 1st of Se])teuibcr when it was decided to make 
 
 ' i 
 
FRAXKLr:^ AND RICHARDSOn's JOURNEY. 261 
 
 ^m 
 
 over. tli« 
 
 CtCf (litWIl 
 
 iters went 
 
 iiiity iiH'nl 
 
 hiilt" ii Ijdii; 
 
 (Ills as tlie 
 
 Idle across 
 
 fliilt': l)in 
 
 , however, 
 
 )11 ot" SOtllt^ 
 
 per. llav- 
 t's Inlet to 
 il. and two 
 wliicli en- 
 tile inoutli 
 ra])id, and 
 list ; " and 
 lye on the 
 ix hundred 
 idian voya- 
 V at liaviiiii; 
 t the eveii- 
 1 much hu- 
 their ehar- 
 couraire in 
 led to them 
 
 ibr al)oiit a 
 which are 
 (juite per- 
 precipitates 
 ler. Frank- 
 s'' as a trib- 
 u'istian jihi- 
 lited to this 
 )ut of their 
 a-sons. to ho 
 at might ob- 
 tained them 
 Jed to mako 
 
 El direct line to I'oin, Lake, distant only 1 li> miles in a 
 stiaiuht line iVom where iheywere. 1 hiving' proceeded 
 twelve miles, a snow-.storm (»l)lijie(i them to encamp, and 
 ,m the 'M tlu! last piece ol- jiemmican and a little arrow- 
 root were; distril)uted tor sii])per. The violen(;e ot" the 
 storm continued till the 7th: and tor several days, hav- 
 ing; nothinii to eat, and no m 'ans ot" makinu a lire, they 
 i-emained whole di' .s in bed. The wind contimu'd so 
 strong and the w» ''un' so severe, that there was no 
 cliance. ot" gettinji on. A temperatnre ot" 'JO , without 
 tire, the party weak from fastin::. their garments stilf- 
 eiied i)y frost, and the ground covered with ice and snow, 
 reiidei-ed their condition veiy unlit for tiaveling in sncii 
 H conntry. On trying to proceed, Franklin was sei/ed 
 with a fainting-tit. in cons(?qiience of exhanstion and sud- 
 den exposure to the wind, but on eating a morsel <»f port- 
 iible sf)up h(! recovered. "1 was unwilling." says this 
 brave fellow, "at tirsr to take this mors(d of soup, wlfudi 
 was diminishing the small and only remaining meal for 
 the pai'ty, but several of the men urged me to it with 
 much kindness." The canoe-carrim-s wvvo fie(piently 
 blown down, and one; of these machines was broken to 
 |}ieces, whi(di, hoWev(>r, was turned to the best account, 
 liv making a liri^ of it to cook tlu^ I'enmant of portal)Io 
 soup and arrow-root : a scanty meal affer three days' 
 lasting, but it serveil to allay the pauL-^s of hunger. 
 
 The next two days the surface of the barren ;j[rounds 
 was covered with large stones, bearing a lichen which 
 th(! Canadians call tripe dr rwhr, or rock-tripe, a sub- 
 stance! to wliich the i)res(Mit travelers may be said to owo 
 their safety and existence; without it they must have 
 died of starvation. JJy botanists this plant is called G*//- 
 rnjtltoi-d, t"rom its circular form, and tlu^ surface of tho 
 leaf being marked with curved lines, and of which Dr. 
 Kichardson lias described and engraved four species, 
 with this observation : " We used all four as articles of 
 food; but, not having the means of extracting the bitter 
 princi[)le from them, they proved nauseous to all, and 
 iidxious to several of the party, producing severe bowel 
 complaints." Tins, with half a partridge to each, fur- 
 nished their supper. 
 
 On tho dth tlie passage of u river ^S'as efl'ected by 
 
>^ r^ 
 
 202 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 1! 
 
 '!. 
 
 '^ 
 
 1 
 
 ^ll 
 
 nioniis of n ranijo of liirj^o rocks at tho foot of a rapiil. 
 '^riio people who carried lioavy bni-dons mostly .slipped 
 into llic stream, and weie dreiiclied from head to iodt ; 
 and all beini; w«;t to tiie middle, and the thermometer at 
 17°, their clotlies became stiff with the frost, disaliling 
 them from walkinj; without mucli pain. 
 
 On the lotli they came upon a herd of imisk-oxeii, of 
 which tlif^ hunters killed one of the lar<;est, a cow, wdiicli 
 infused spirit into the starving j)arty. " '^Phis," savs 
 Franklin, "was the sixth day since we had enjfiyed a 
 ^ood meal ; tlie tripe de roclic, even where we cot enouirh, 
 only serving to allay the jjungs of hunger for a short 
 time." 
 
 On tlie 12th the severity of the weatlier abated, so as 
 to allow them to go forward, but the whole party coiu- 
 l)lained of faintness, and of more weakness than tiiey 
 liad ever before done. Their supper consisted of a sin- 
 gle; i)artridge, accompanied with some rock-ti'ipe, whicii 
 urfoi'd(!d little relief, and the lattei- had becoiuii cpiito 
 nauseous to all, and in several pro(hiced bowel complaints, 
 to Mr. Hood in particular. It was now obvious that the 
 whole party were getting weakf r every day. It was 
 (hscovered also that some of them had tlirown away the 
 iisliing-nets and burned the floats, depriving them, by 
 this thoughtless act, of the means of ebtaining a supply 
 of fish, which miglit be expected whih; coasting tlie mar- 
 gins of the several lakes they would have to ])ass. 
 
 On the morning of the 14th, while the officers wero 
 assembled round a small fire, Perrault, one of the voya- 
 gers, presented each of them with a small piece of meat, 
 which hc! had saved from his allowance. " It was re- 
 ceived,*' says Franklin, "with gi'eat thankfulness, and 
 such an act of s(df-denial and kindness, being totally un- 
 expected in a Canadian voyager, filled our eyes with 
 tears." On the same day, Franklin, St. Germain, and 
 Ji(danger embarked in the remaining canoe to cross a 
 river, and when in the midst of it, the current and a 
 strong breeze drove the canoe to the veiy brink of a tr«!- 
 mendous rapid, of which a most frightful account is 
 given : Belanger, unluckily, applied his paddle to avert 
 the danger of being forced down the rapid ; he lost his 
 balance, the cunoe o/erset hi the midst of the rapid, but 
 
 'i .i ? 
 
FRANKLIN AND RICIIARDSON's JOURNEY. 2G3 
 
 of a rapid. 
 )stly slipped 
 (Mid to i'ont ; 
 •inonif'ter at 
 ist, disabling 
 
 isk-oxcn, of 
 cow, which 
 This," sfiys 
 1 onjoycd a 
 cot oiiouirh, 
 for a sliort 
 
 ihatpd, so as 
 party coiii- 
 > than they 
 led of a siii- 
 TJpe, wiiich 
 icoine qtiito 
 complaints, 
 ous that tho 
 iiy. It Wiis 
 rn away tho 
 g them, by 
 ing a supply 
 nil the mar- 
 pass. 
 
 fficers woro 
 of the voya- 
 >ce of meat, 
 ' It was r(^- 
 fuhiess, ill id 
 X, totally iin- 
 • eyes with 
 ermain, and 
 B to cross a 
 rrent and a 
 ink of a ti(!- 
 ! account is 
 die to avert 
 ; he lost his 
 le rapid, hut 
 
 the party kept liolil of it till it came in contact with a 
 rock, on which die wator was lajt liigher than their 
 waists. IJelauKer rcMuaiiied on the rock ; tho other 
 two, on the thii'd attempt, jiot to the short;. After 
 many fruitless attempts, a sundl line was thrown to Uel- 
 aiiuer, and he was drajiyed throuifh tlie rapid in a per- 
 fectly s<Miseless state, from whicli, l)y tiie attention of 
 Dr. Richardson, he was. after a long time, recov»>red. 
 J5y tliis accident Franklin lost his portfolio, containing 
 his journal and observations from Fort Enterj)rise ; but 
 the loss, h(j says, was well supplied by his compan-ons, 
 Richardson, JJack, and Hood. 
 
 On the Kith and 17th, by passing over a nigged 
 country, their toil and sulf(U'ing were greatly increased; 
 on the latter day they had no breakfast, and but a scanty 
 supper, yet Franklin says they alliiyed the pangs of 
 hung(;r by pieces of singed hid«5 and a little tripe de 
 rnrhe. " These would have satisfunl us in ordinaiy 
 times, but we were now almost exhausted by slench'r 
 fnre and travel, and our aj)petites had become ravenous. 
 We looked, however, with humble confidence to tho 
 Great Author and Giver of all good, for a continuance 
 of the support which had hitherto been always supplied 
 to us at our greatest need." 
 
 On the 18th, Franklin says, "the want of tripe de 
 rnrhe caused us to go supperless to l)ed." The next 
 day they came to a sj)ot where there was some of that 
 weed, which they collected, and breakfasted on. Mr. 
 Hood was now so feeble that Dr. Richardson walked 
 with him at a gentle pace in the rear of thci party. " In 
 the evening," says Franklin, "we had a small cjuantity 
 of the tripe, and the rest of our supper was nuide u} of 
 scrjips of roasted leather ;" and he adds, " previous to 
 setting out, the whole i)arty ate the remains of their 
 old shoes, and whatever scraps of leather they had, to 
 strengthen their stomachs for the fatigue of the day's 
 journey." 
 
 The 10th supplied them only with Icehmd moss, 
 boiled for their supper, which, not being soaked, proved 
 too bittiu- to be taken in more tlum a few spoonfuls ; no 
 I'ock-tripe was to be found. On this day one of tho 
 renewed canoes was broken by the fall of the person 
 
 I ) 
 
fTl 
 
 201 
 
 ARCTIC \OVAGLS. 
 
 I! 
 
 ; « 
 
 who liJul it ill clifii'iic. Vol' stfvcral diivs jiftcr rliis ih 
 
 |) !•()<; 
 
 M'CSS WHS S 
 
 low, 
 
 I'lr 
 
 over ii hillv I'oiiiilrv, iiiid \\^^' imii 
 
 liccimui iiiipiiticiil, luid mu iiidillcmit, lliut the two who 
 Imd tli<» cliiiriic of tli»^ oii'y rcMiminin^f ciiiioi^ Iclt it he- 
 hind, iiryiii^ itii rxciisc that it liad n lall, was rom|)lrtclv 
 hi'oUcii, and usch'ss. They rid'uscd to rrtuni and luinjj 
 it up, i)roi\('ii as it was ; tlicy rcl'iiscd to make any ex- 
 ertion, and acted as it' they liad givou up ull liope ol 
 preservation. 
 
 On the 'Jlst th(5 men took it into their lieads tliat llio 
 party liad lost their way, and a ^dooin was spicad over 
 
 every countenance 
 
 Ivicliardson 
 
 had 
 
 snllei'ed s(» 
 
 unich IVoni cold, t'atiilue, and huniref as to he t»l)!ii:e(t lo 
 deposit his specimens ot" plants and minerals, collected 
 on \\u) seii-coast, l)»'ing unahlo to carry thorn any taither. 
 
 Thinys continu(!d in this deplorahU^ state till the "Jltli, 
 when the kiHin<f of live snnill deer «)'Jt of a iar<:e herd 
 i'-!animat« <l the droopinii spirits of tin? men, and they 
 a.-iked for a day's i-est, which was considered reiisonahhj 
 enou<;h, that llu^ (piiet (Mijoyment of two snhstantiiil 
 medals, afi'er eii^ht day's famine, miyht enahU^ them to 
 pi'oceed more vigorously. ^)n tln^ "JCitli they reached a 
 lirancli of thc^ Copper Miiu> River and now, for \\\c> 
 first time, tin' people were; convinced of their folly in 
 hreakinjf th'i two canoes. 
 
 liack, the most active and viirorous of the party, was 
 sent forward with some of \\u) hunters to apprise the 
 l)eoplei at Fort Knterprisi^ of tiie a])proach of tlie rest. 
 Cri'dit and Jiuiius followiMJ them also to hunt, ('redlt 
 retnriuMl, hut Junius was missiiiii;, and was never after 
 lieai'd of. Sev»>ral days wer«^ hei't^ losi in making a ratt 
 of willows, which was linished by the "JDth, hut all at- 
 tempts to convey thc^ raft across tiu? stream failed, and 
 the sduMue was considered hopelfvss : tlie raft, moi'eo- 
 ver, was of ifr<'eli wood, and tlu^ want of poles or i)ad- 
 dli's rendered th«' moving of it on the water impractica- 
 ble. Vet it was of the utmost importance to cross tiio 
 river, as any attcMupt to go round the hikes would be 
 sure destriu:tion to the whole party, in their famished 
 and worn down state : two of them, having been utterly 
 iniable to proceed, were left behind. 
 
 " In this liopeluris couditiou with certain starvation staring 
 
 ,1 ! 
 
FR.WKI-IV A\D RICIIARDSOn'.S JOUUNEV. 205 
 
 llinn ill till' tiicc, Dr. Kic liindxni, ricliuilcil liv iIh' iiiildc dc- 
 hiiv <>r niakinj.' ii last t'tluit tor llic siti-ty of the partv, and of 
 rt'lit'viii^' liis .siitloriiiir <niii|iaiiioiis t'rom a state of itiiM'r\, 
 whirl) could only tfrniinalc, and that sjx'rdilv. in death, vol- 
 ijiileered to make the atteinjit to swim Mcross'the stream. <ar- 
 ryiiii,' with him a line liy whi<li the raft miu'ht he hiiuled over. 
 " He laiiched into tiie stream witii the line i-onnd his mid- 
 dle, hilt when lie had ^'ot to a short distanee Iroin the oppo- 
 si'e hank, his anus hecaine henuiiihed with <'old. and he lost 
 tli(; power of inovinir them; still he perse\ered, and turning' 
 on his hack, had neaily ^.'aiiied the o|)po>ite shore, when Inn 
 Iei.'s also hecaiiie powerless, and, to our inlinite alarm, we he- 
 held him sink. We instantly hauled upon the line, and he 
 c line ai:ain on tlu' surface, and was L'faduallv drawn ashoro 
 in an almost lifeless state. IJeim,' rolled up"in hlankets. hct 
 was placj'd hefore a good fh-e of willow,', and, fortunatelv, 
 was just ahle to speak siilliciently to ^rive .some .sjitrht direc- 
 tion.s respecting' the maimer of treatiiiL: him. lie recovered 
 streii^Mh irradiially. iind, throiiudi tlie hlessin^' of (hid, was ena- 
 hled in the course of a lew hours to conviu-se, and hy tlu; 
 eveiiini,' was siilhcii-ntly recuvc-red to i-emov(! into the tent. 
 We then re^M-etted to learn that the skin of his whole left 
 sale was deprived of feelini:, in coiiscMpieiice of expo>ure to 
 loo trreat heat, lie did not perfectly i-ecover tin; sensation 
 of that si(h> until the following' summer. 1 can not describe 
 what every om^ ielt at heholdiiiLT the skeleton which the doc- 
 tor's dehilitated frame exhihited. When he stripped, tlai 
 Canadians simiiltanoously exclaimed, 'Ah ! qiir voim sonnrirs 
 vuiifrrrs!' I shall i)est explain his state and that of the party 
 hy the lollowini: extract hoiu his journal ; * it mav he wor- 
 thy of remark, that I ihould have had little liesitation in any 
 iormer period of my life at pluni:in,',' into water even helow 
 ;i!; ' Fahrenheit, but at this time 1 was reduced almost to 
 skin and Imne. and, like the rest of the party, siiU'ered from 
 (IcLTfees of cvild that would have I)eeii <1isrepn-ile<l in health 
 and viiror. Duriiiir the wliole ol' our march we experienced 
 that no (piantity of chithiim would keep ns warm while wc; 
 iasted ; but on those occasions on which we were enabled to 
 iro to bed with full .stomachs, we ])asse<i {ilie niirlit in a warm 
 and comfortable mann«>r.' " Franklin adds, '- In followin-r the 
 detail of »)ur friend's narrow escape, I have omitted to men- 
 tion, that wluMi lie was alioiit to step into ihc' water he ])ut 
 lii.s foot on a day^'er, which cut him to the bone; but this 
 mislortime could not stop him from attempting the execution 
 of his generous undertaking." — J'. I-Jl. 4-2'). 
 
 Eight large fugots of dry willows were now prepared, 
 
 ih-^ 
 
I. ^ 
 
 '•= I, '1 
 
 206 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGKH. 
 
 h 
 
 'i if. 
 
 ' I 
 
 find found to l»f> biioyinit. niid ii (diccrful supper of nwK. 
 fripo ;;tiVH (;oiili(l('ii(;o to the (Icspondino; pcopio l\w n 
 time; hut riothiiiji; ciimt; in from the Imntrrs, cxcfpL 
 tliut ono of them hroiij^lit in the iintlei's and hiick-lidiio 
 of a deer, whicdi the wolv.w and birds of prey harl picked 
 clt'un, a small (piuntity of the s|)inal marrow only leniain- 
 iny. This, though putrid, was esteemed n valnaldo 
 j)ri/e, and was dislrihiited in etpud portions, hut fonml 
 to he so acrid as to excoriate the lips ; th(* hom-s. inmle 
 friiil)l(^ by hiu'iiini;, were also eaten. An^ustus and 
 I'acU returned, havini; traced the shore of the laUi^ (if- 
 teen miles, and. despaii-in-: of continuiiii; the tour of it, 
 thou;;hl it best to attempt to cross tliu river at this 
 place. 
 
 They were now r(Mluced to the last (h'<ir«;e of stai-va- 
 tion, the juen a<,'ain extremely despondent ; a settleil 
 itjloom hum; over ihem : they I'efused to c(j|lect rock- 
 tripe, prefei'rini!; to fast rather thim to make any exer- 
 tion. '^Phe river was still to be crossed, and the willow- 
 ralV havinjf failed, a canoe was to be made from the 
 rafts and covere(l with canvas, but was not yet finished. 
 In short, the extreme decree of starvation was at hand. 
 Fnmklin thus dt^scribes their deplorable concUtion : 
 
 " I set out with tlie iufeutiou of f,'()inir to St. Gerniiiin to 
 hiistcn his openitiotis, hut though it was only three (piafters of 
 a mile distant, I spent three hours in a vain attempt to reach 
 him. niv streuL'th beia;,' uiie(|ual to the [;i\>uv of wading throujzh 
 tln! deej) snow, and L ri'tuiiird (juitc exhausted juid much 
 hhaken by the numerous falls 1 had ^ot. My associati's were 
 all in the same debilitiited state ; and poor Hood was reduced 
 to a perfect sli;'.dow, h'om thi^ severe bowel complaints which 
 tilt; /ri/ic (If rocke never faili'd to give him. Back was so 
 feeble as to retjuire the su[)port of ji stick in walking; and 
 Dr. Richardson had hnneness su[)eradded to weakness. Tho 
 voyagers were somewhat stronger than oursi-lves, but more 
 indisposed to exertion, on account of their desjK)ndency. Tho 
 sensatitai of hummer was no longer felt by any of us, yet wo 
 W(;re scarcely able to converse nptai any other subject than 
 the pleasiu'cs of eating. We were much indebted to Hep- 
 burn at this crisis. Tin- oflicers were unable, from weakness, 
 to giitiier //-//^c di' rorlir. themselves, and Sam;nidre, who liad 
 acted MS our cook on the journey from the coast, shnring in 
 the despair of the rest of the Canadians, refused to make tho 
 slightest exertion. Hepburn, on the contrary, anunuted by a 
 
 I, 
 
I . 
 
 T (if rof k . 
 )l)ln fur ii 
 
 •H, •'XCfpt 
 
 l)ii('k-li()im 
 iiifl picked 
 y rciiiiiin- 
 i valiiiihio 
 l)iit I'oiiikI 
 
 U'S. IllMlltS 
 ISfllS (111(1 
 
 o liiko lif- 
 N)ur of It, 
 T ut this 
 
 of stiirvii- 
 II scttlcil 
 '.H;t rock- 
 itiy t'xcr- 
 e willow- 
 froin tlio 
 : fiiiisluMl. 
 3 at hand, 
 ion : 
 
 rerniiiia to 
 lUJU'tcrs of 
 >t to n'iif.h 
 ig tliroii^^h 
 iuid much 
 iatrs were 
 IS reduced 
 iiits which 
 L'k wiLs so 
 khm; and 
 u's.s. Tho 
 but inoro 
 luy. Tho 
 IS, yet wo 
 bject tliiin 
 d to Ilep- 
 weakiiess, 
 , wlio liad 
 sharing m 
 make th-o 
 lated by a 
 
 FK\\K!,I\ AM) ItUMIAUnSON'ri JOmNKV. 207 
 
 finil reliance f)n the beneficence of the Sii, .eine lleiiiL'. tern 
 pcred with resiiriiiition to His wi'l, was iiKh'tiitiirable in hirj 
 fxertiuiis to serve us. and (hiHv collected ail the //•//;(• dc rocke 
 that was used in the ollicers' mess." — 1'. I'J?, Ivlli. 
 
 < )ii tho 1th of Octohof thoy nil safely laiidod on tlio 
 southern bank of the river, oiio at a time, tlie c tioe 
 lieiiiii; drawn back aj^aiii ni succession till all were yot 
 over, without any serions iiccideiit. ^'et several (»f tho 
 men wert» wholly unahh^ to proceed a day's journey, 
 and three or four Inid fallen or lay dowti, and were left 
 liehiiid. Dr. liicbardson and Mr. Hood, with tlieii* 
 usual fetdinss (jf humanity, proposed to remain to lako 
 care of, and to briuLt "P' ^''*' 'lisahleil to a spot where* 
 tlwrci was a thicket of willows and a supply of rock- 
 tripe, .lolm lle|)bin'n, tho kindest of mortals, volun- 
 teered to remain with them ; but, though his assistanc«j 
 was too nnich net>ded elsewhercN Franklin, with lii.s 
 characteristic feeliiii:, snilered him to remaii;, as beinj; 
 tho best assistant Dr. Ivichardson could have in takinjj; 
 care of those who were disabbMl. Franklin was most 
 nnwilliiiif to jxirt with any of his comrades, but saw tlin 
 necessity of doins; so. "And after,"' he says, "we had 
 united in thatdvsiiivinij; and prayers to Almiij;hty (tod, I 
 se|>arated from my companions, deeply afHicte<l that ii 
 train of m(dancholy circmnstances should havc^ demand- 
 eel of me the sev<'re trial of partiiiLN in such a condition, 
 iVom friends who had become eiuU-ared to nn^ by their 
 constant kindness and co-operation, and a ])iirticif)ation 
 of muneroiis suireriiif^s." The partiiiij took place on tho 
 7tli of October, iit the distaiuro of about twenty-four 
 miles from Fort Enterprise. 
 
 ■^riio i)arty who ])roceeded ^yith Captain Franklin 
 consisted of eiij;ht i)ersons. '^I'wo of the ("anadians, !?el- 
 anijer and Miclnd, on thn first day's journey declared 
 themselves muibh^ to proceed, and be<:<;ed most earn- 
 estly to go back to the party left behitid, which wa.s 
 granted. Two more were: seized with dizziness, imd 
 Ijetrayed other symptoms of extreme debility ; one of 
 them, bursting into tears, d(H-lared his inability to go on, 
 and the other, the next day, was completely exhausted ; 
 each, at his own recpiest, was permitted to rt^turn to 
 J)r. Kichurdson's t'ncumi)ment, where Hre and rock- 
 
 I i 
 
 H 
 
 I , \ 
 
 '■•\ 
 
.;, I, i 
 ■I! 
 
 ii08 
 
 AllcriC VoVAOKrf. 
 
 i ' I 
 
 tripe wiTc t(» lt<' olitiiiiird. Our of llieiii, liowcvn* 
 ( Al iclcfl. llir I n»(|iitii>), only iini\cil; tlu* otlirr tlum 
 Avnt' III) iiinr«> liraid of; nml loitiiiiiilr iiidrrd would it 
 liiivr hrcii it' till' survivor liiid pi-rislu'd with tin- rrst. 
 
 I'^niiiUliii's piirty Wiis now irdurrd to livr ; the Inst 
 tlliit piirtrd trolii liiiii wiis our of tlii> most fiiitlifiil, iiiid 
 tor whom ho luid ji silicon' ro^iJird; his uiiiiio Wiis Anto- 
 nio l<'oiit)iiio, Mil Itidiiiii, who hiid scrvrd miiiiy ynirs in 
 Oo iMiMiron's irjiimciit. TIm^ |)oor follow, on tiil-iiii; 
 liMivo, liiid I'litroiitod {''niiikliii, should hr survive, to tiiko 
 him to l'liii:liuid, to jiut him in the w<iy ot' retuhin;^ home, 
 The live leiiiiiiiiiiiii were {''riiiikliii, Adam, I'eltier, llc- 
 iioit, mid Siimiindrc. The siifleriiiiis on the journey met 
 Avith no iilleviatioii till that of the last day, when they 
 enjoyed the roiiilort of a larye fire, the iirst deserviii<^ 
 that name since liNiviny tlie coast ; hut tlien^ was no 
 "■ lri/)c (it mclit : "and we drank tea and ate some of 
 our shoes for supper." '• The next morniiijj;," he says, 
 "with our minds iiiiitated lietweeii hope and fear, wo 
 ■went silently t'orward, hut on reachinji the lony and ar- 
 (h'litly wished-for I'^ort Mnteriirise, to our inliinte disap- 
 pointment andiirief, we found it a jierl'ectly desolate liali- 
 itatioii; no provisions — no W'entzel — not a trace of any 
 liviiij; animal." A note from {Jack only stated that ho 
 iiad arrived two days hetore, and was lookiiii^ tor the In- 
 dians. This was so unsatisfactory, tiiat l-'ianklin decid- 
 ed coolly and deliheiately to <.m> iiimselt" in a few days, 
 with IJeiioit and Aui;ustus, ' to Fort Providence. In the 
 mean time, it was ahsohUely lu'cessary to look out for 
 soinethin^f to subsist upon, and "we were ^M'atitied," ]w 
 says, ''to lind several deer skins which had het'u thi'own 
 uway diiriiiij; our former residenct^ ; the hones weri' j^atli- 
 ei"ed from the heap ot" ashes; these, with the skins, and 
 tlie addition oi' tri/tc dc rorin,, v,o, considered would suj)- 
 port us tolerahly well for a time." In a lew days Frank- 
 lin set out on his journey, hut found himself so weak as 
 to have ^ono only lour miles in six hours ; the next niorn- 
 iiiii he fell hetwoen two rocks, and broke* his snow-shoes; 
 liiuiin}:; himself so exhausted, he let his two companions 
 
 * Aui,'iistii.s WM^ not on*' of tlif tiv(> wliu jjrocccdi'd to this |)liict'. On 
 their il('pi\rt\iri' i'Vimidin siiyr^, " A\ii.ni.-tus did not nnikc his iippciiriincf, 
 liiit Wf tt'lt no idiirin at liis iitisciici'.'' No doiilit he had I'ollowid iilono 
 to thu I'urt, and I'riiukliu umittcd to notice his tui'ival. 
 
 .* 1 
 
 s- 
 
\\ 
 
 FRANKMX AM) UKIIARDSOn's JOURN'KY. 2('»0 
 
 |iinr(M'(l ill scarcli of the Iiidiniis, iiiid rcfiirncil fo liis 
 iiiisfnililt' liitiiic. M isfiiililt' iii(lct'(l It uiis : two ul' ilm 
 linen left liclniid were uniiblt' tn(|uil their beds. uikI tln-y 
 sciirctdy censed tVoin slieddiiit; teiiis flie wlinle day. *' I 
 WiH t(Mi weak l(» |i(iiiiid the hones, and I'ehier (the third) 
 ii^reed to do thiit in addition to his more t'atii^iiini,^ ta>k 
 nt' netting \Vood. We perceived (tiir streiii:th to decliiK* 
 every day, and every e\e;'tion Iteizan to he irksiaiie ; when 
 once seated, the <:reatest ellort was necessary in order 
 to rise, find we had l"re(|ueiitly to lill eacli other tVom our 
 
 SlMllS." 
 
 Kiizhteeii days were passerl in this iniseratile condition, 
 wliich had iiicrease(| troiii day to day, with the prospect, 
 lioW(n'er, of a speedy termination, tor the weather liad 
 set ill so severely that the Iri/n t/i mrln' was ('iitirely 
 iVo/eii, the thermometer Ijeiiiy t'rom l'> ' to 'JO' helow 
 zero. .Inst then, l-'ianklin says, 
 
 " While we were seated i-(iniid the fire this evenini:, dis- 
 (■nin'siaLT iiiioat the aiiticiiiated I'eliet', the ciMiversatioii was 
 mddeiilv iiiteri'iipted hy I'eltier's exclaiiiii «l'. with Joy, ' All! 
 Ir iiKiade !' iiiiaL;iniii<^ tiiat he heard the hidians in the other 
 idnia ; iiiunriliiitely afterward Dr. l{irlianlsori and Ih'phin'n 
 entei-rd, each carrvinL' his handle. When 1 saw them alone, 
 ia\ own mind was instantly tilled with a|)prehensions respect- 
 ini.' my friend llnod and our other companions, which were 
 inmiediutcly <'onlirmed hy the doct(M'"s meliniclioly •■onnnn- 
 nicatiori that y\v. Hood and .Michel were dead. I'errault 
 and Fontano Iral neither I'eached the tent nor heen heard 
 of hv them. This intelli^'ence produced a melancholy de- 
 spondency in lla- minds of my party, and on that accoimt 
 the particulars wen." deferrt^d until another opjtortimitv.'' — 
 V. 1 KJ. 
 
 'V\u^ einaciatpd conntenHiires of tho doctor and Ilep- 
 hurn uave evich'iice of tlieir dehilitated state. " 'V\ut 
 doctor partiriilai'ly remarked the .sejjiilclirtd tones of our 
 voices, wliicli he recpiested of us to make more cheer- 
 ful, if possihie, unconscious that liis own ptirtook of tim 
 saiiK^ key." A jxirtridiit! whicdi llephiirn had shot was 
 held to tli(^ tire, iind then divided into six portions. " I 
 imd mv three companions," sa\ s Franklin, '• raveiionsly 
 devoured our shares, as it was the tirst inors(d of ih'sh 
 iiny of us liad tasted for fhirfi/'iinr (/(/jis, uiih^ss, indeed, 
 the siiuil). grisjlly i)articles which wu found occasioually 
 
 Z -2 
 
'',l:il 
 
 i>70 
 
 AJJCTIC VOVAlJC?!. 
 
 
 
 adlit'i-iiig fo tlio iH)ini(l('(l IxHics mny ho t<M-iMO(] dcsli.'' 
 J'ifty .111(1 i'('siii;iiatinu uikKt caliimity art* flmnictcristics 
 ol" the (liiviil prolcs^Kni ; aiid on the present ((ccasidn of 
 dislicss wti am told, 'MIh; doctor liaviii<i; broiiylit willi 
 lii;ii his J'raycr-hook and 'rcstaiiHMit, somo prayctrs ai;l 
 ])salms, and portions of Scriptnro appropriate to onr sit- 
 uation, woro read, and wo retired to bed." Franklin 
 says : 
 
 " At'lrr otir nstjid snppiT of siiiircd skin ami ]»on<» snu|). 
 Dr. Ri( liardsdii acqiniiiitcd nic with tin; atllictiii;: circuiii- 
 staiiccs ;ilti'ii(liiii: tlic dratli nf Mi*. Hood and Miciicl, :;ii(l 
 dclaiit'd the crcuiivnccs snhsfijucut to n»y ilcpurtiwr tinm 
 lliriu, wliifli I shall f^'ivc fmiii liis own journal, in liis own 
 words; hut I nnist here l)o ])rrniittfd to ("X|>n'ss thr lirart- 
 ffll sorrow with whii h T was ovcrwlichnrd at tin- Inss of 
 so many cotnpaiiioiis ; t's[)('('ial]y of my tiicnd ]Sh\ Ihtod, 1o 
 \vlnisf /cmIoiis and ahir <-o-op('ralion I had hron indi-htrd tot- 
 so iniicli iiivaluahlf assistaiR'o dwrinj,' the cxix-dilion, whil(» 
 till' rxct'llfiit (jnalitics ot his heart. <'ni,'aLrt'd niv wannest rr- 
 ^'anl. I lis sciiMititic observations, toiretiier with liis maps and 
 drawiniis (,. small ]>art of wliieh only appeal' in this svork), 
 evince a variety of talent, which, had his litl.> iieeii H|)ared, 
 must have rendered him a dislin^nislied ornanieiit to his pro- 
 fession, and which will cause liis (h'ath to he fell as a loss to 
 tlie servici"."— 1*. -lUi. 
 
 The intdancholy tale of disasters thnt had hefallen tlie 
 ])arty l''i'ankiin left heliind is most lieart-rendiiiii, and is 
 l"eelnii;ly iiiven in tlie narrative of Dr. Kicliardson, which 
 is thus inti'odnced : 
 
 " Thi'nuL'h the extreme kindness and foretlioupht oi a ladv, 
 the party, jirevious to leaviuLT r<on(h»n. had been furuislc'd 
 with a small coll(>ction of reliixious books, of which we still 
 retained tv o oi- three of the most portable, and thev ])rove(i 
 (if incalculable benetit to us. We read portions of them to 
 each other as wt> lay in bed in a<ldition to the UKa'nii ir and 
 e\enin:: sei'\ ice, and toiind that they inspired \h on eath pe- 
 ru>al with so slroni,' a senx' of the omnipresence of a beneji- 
 c'-nt (lod, ihatoiu' .situation, even in these wilds, ajtiieared no 
 ",'n;:"r destitute ; and we conversed, ]iot oidy with cahnness, 
 .tut with eheerl'ulness. di'tailiiii: with utu'estrained confidence 
 the past events of our lixcs, and dwellinir with hope on our 
 future prospects. Had mv poor trieiid been s|)ared to n-visit 
 }iis native land, I shoidd look back to this period with unab 
 loved deliuht."— P. 4 1!). 
 
 The sunie kind of distress and sullering which aflUct- 
 
 , I \ 
 
FIIANKLIX AND UICHARDriON rf JOURNnV. 271 
 
 110(1 dfsii."' 
 
 iriiclcristics 
 itccasidii ot' 
 iMjylil. with 
 •i'iiy«!r.s iiii'l 
 I to our sit- 
 Fniiikliu 
 
 l)()n<^ soup. 
 '\UiZ circuiii- 
 .Miclicl. ;iii(l 
 liirtun- ti'diii 
 
 ill liis iiua 
 s the licart- 
 
 tlic loss of 
 \v. I Inod, 1() 
 ill(li-l)t"'(i t'oi 
 ritioii, \vhil(» 
 wannest n- 
 lis iiiii|is and 
 
 this work), 
 ifcii spared, 
 it to his |)ni- 
 . as u loss to 
 
 jefalh^M tlio 
 liiiil, Hiiil is 
 Isuii, whicli 
 
 ht of ii lady, 
 ■u f'tiniisli!'d 
 liich we still 
 they j)r()ved 
 < of tiieiii to 
 uoriiiM: and 
 on each pe- 
 ot' a heneli- 
 iip[>eai"ed no 
 fh cahnness, 
 1 confidence 
 ho|)e on our 
 od to n "visit 
 [1 with una!' 
 
 liicli aflUct- 
 
 f'd llio i)arty »if Fort l']iif(M-|>riso, worci (lf'0|)ly a^'p;r}iva- 
 tcd hy will' of fins <'l wood, and of ahility to provido 
 snst(Mianc(\ hy llio coidncss of llu) wcatlicr, atid l)y llio 
 extn-mc! dol)ility of j)oor Hood. On th(^ fiisf two -lay.s 
 lliey liad nothiiii^ to cat c^xcfj)! an infusion of tli(» coun- 
 try toa-plant, which was^M-atilyinj:; from its warnitli, hut 
 aliorded no snstciiancti ; the second day was so sforniy, 
 and tin? snow fell so heavy, tlnd they kept their heds. *if 
 a lew niiserahlo skins and their clothing deserv(Ml th(» 
 lunne. On the tliird day, Miclnd, the Irocpiois, hrouyht 
 them a har(^ anil parlrid^i^: •• 'J'his unexpected supply.'' 
 says Kichardson, " was received hy us with a deep seliso 
 of jiratitndo to the AIini<:hty, and we looked upon AFicheJ 
 as the instrument he liad chosen to preserve all our lives." 
 ll(^ complaini'd of cold, and Mr. Hood offered to sharo 
 liis hulfalo rohe v.'itli him at ni^dit ; the doctor j^ave him 
 a shirt, and Hephiu-n, in the warmth of his heart, v\- 
 claimed, " How I shtdl love this man, if I firid he does 
 not tell lies, lik(* the others !" Hephurn had studied the 
 man, and found cause to suspect him. The party this 
 day, after iv iding the eveniiiij service!, retired to hed full 
 of hope. Nothiiifjj, it may ho ohserved, like desponden- 
 cy, not (nen a murmur, ever escaped from their lips. 
 
 With ^-eat fatifj;ue, Kichardson and Hephurn, with 
 Hood, removed to a wood of piiu's, to onahle th^-'m to 
 Kee)) up a fire. The Iroquois was ahsent. Uc had, in- 
 deed, refused for some days to doanythiiifr, hecnme sid- 
 ky, and still continued so powerful, that it was :.tvu\]^\y 
 suspected he had u hidden supply of nu-at for his own 
 use. .Seeing flit; enduriiii,^ ohstinacy and rid'racfory spirit 
 of this man, and his positivt; refusal eviui to collect frnie 
 ilc roclic, now their sole dep(Mid(Mice, or to get firewood, 
 tin^ doctor told him, that if iif) relief came from Foi-t Kn- 
 terprise hefore the l20th, Hephurn and he should he dis- 
 patched thither with a compass to enahle them to lind 
 the house. 
 
 J Jut at last a grave suspicion arose against this man. 
 On the evening of his arrival at flu* pines, he pretended 
 he had heen in chase of some deer, hut could not conuj 
 up with tliem; yet hi* found a wolf, which had heen 
 killed hy the stroke of a deer's liurn, and lie had hrought 
 tliein a part ol it. 
 
 I 1 
 
 1! 
 
ff 
 
 
 '■ .i 
 
 11 
 
 il.V, I 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 " We itiiplicifly liclii'vi'd tins sfoiy then, Imf nftcrw.ird lu^. 
 rjimr ('(iiiviiitM-d, tVoiii circuiiistiiiicfs tlir dctiiil of which mav 
 he s|)!irc(l, ihut it iiiiisl htivc liccti i portion of the IhhIv oI' 
 H<'l.iiii:<'r (»r IN-ri-Jiult. \ t|iit'st.ioi, of inomrnt hi-if presents 
 itscll', iiiiiticly. wlicthir li(> ;ictii;illv iiiufdrrcd llicsc iiii'ii. oi- 
 rithcr of tliciii, or whether lie found tlit> lioilies iit the strnw. 
 Krinikliii, who is the best ;ihlc to jiuij^e of the iiiiitter, Iroiii 
 kiiowiiii,' their sitintiou in the snow ;it piirtinu'. w;is stroiii:l\ 
 of o|)inion that hotli Hel;ini,'er :ind I'ei'rnult had been sacii- 
 liced ; tliat Michel, havini,' already destroyed iieliini:»M', coiii- 
 ])letrd his crime by I'erraiilt's death in ttrder to screen him- 
 self from detection. With this idea np(!n our minds, aiid 
 tifiiie to assist us. Hepburn and myself, in iiatherinjz as mm li 
 /ri/ir lie rorhr as sutliced to prolong,' a miser;;blc CAisteiicc, 
 and poor Hood irelliui,' weaker ev(>ry day, and ovidently 
 sinkini; fast, our situation (.in better be (.•onceived than ex- 
 Jtressed. 
 
 " At this |)erIod we avoided as inucli as possible convei's- 
 iuLf upon the hoiielessness of our situation, and {.'enerally en- 
 deavori>d to lead the conversation toward our future pros- 
 pects in lite. The fact is. that, with the (b-i-ay of oui 
 titrenu'th. our minds decaved, and w'e were no Ioniser abh.' to 
 l»eai- the contemplation of the Inu'rors that surrounded us. 
 \'.\w\\ of us, if 1 may be allowed to judi:e from my own caM", 
 excused himself from so doiiu: bv a desire of not slujckiii^ 
 till" feeliuirs of the otlnu-s, for we were sensible* of one anoth- 
 er's weakness of intellect, thouLrh blind to our own. Vet wc 
 ^vere calm and resiLrned to our fate; not a murmur escaped 
 lis. and we wen* punctual and fervent in our aildresses to the 
 Supreme BeinLT." — I'- l")l- 
 
 'rile whole conduct of this man .Micliel, hy Dr. Ric-h- 
 nvdsotj's accotiiit, eviiiccMl ii diaboliciil state of iniiid. He 
 Nveiit out ii!oiit\ refusiiiij; to let tiny ()!i«> jjo with him; re- 
 iiiaiin'd out tiie whole day, refiisitii; to sleep in tlie tent ; 
 reliinn^d contradictory iind evasive answers to any (jues- 
 tioiis put to liim; rei;retted lie had (jiiitted Fiaiikliirs 
 ))arty, and rei'iised to cut wood; spoko in a very surly 
 manner, tmd threatened to leaver tlii' party. 
 
 ( )n tlie tiHU'iiiiiii of the "JOth IJr. Ivic.iiiu'dson says ho 
 left .Mr. Hood siltinii by the tire and ariiuinij witii Mi- 
 cliel, "Soon after uoitiij, out,"' says Richardson, "to 
 ij;al,her some rock-tripe. I heard the rc^portof a jiuu ; and 
 about ten minutes afterward Hepbiu'ii callcMl to me in a 
 voice of iireat alariu to come directly. When 1 arrived, 
 I Ibuuii poor Hood lying lit'eloss ut the fireside, a bull huv- 
 
 1 1 
 
niANKLIN WD RICFIAllDSON'ri JOURMCY. SIH 
 
 nftt-rwunl !)(>. 
 )t" wliicli iiiiiv 
 
 tllf l>il(iv 111' 
 llCl'C })l'<"SIMlts 
 
 llicsc iiK'ii. or 
 
 < ill till- SMilW. 
 
 mutter, tidiii 
 w!is St roil;:! y 
 (1 hci'ii siicii- 
 lt'liiili.'rf, ('(Mii- 
 () screen liiiii- 
 r iiiiinls, ;iiiu 
 •i'iii;z iis iiiiii h 
 tie e.\isleiicc, 
 11(1 e\iileii!ly 
 ivi'd tliau tx- 
 
 <il»lc conveis- 
 
 j,'eiier;illy en- 
 
 r tiiture pros- 
 
 ilei'iiy of mil 
 
 luiiL'er iiltle to 
 
 irmiuuled us. 
 
 iiiv own ca^e, 
 
 not shockiriL,^ 
 
 of one iinolli- 
 
 >\vii. Yet \vc 
 
 |rniiir esraped 
 
 ilresst's to tin.' 
 
 y Dr. Rich- 
 t iniiid. i in 
 [itli him; re- 
 in tlio tent; 
 ^o any (pics- 
 |(l FmiiUliirs 
 very surly 
 
 Iso'i says ho 
 liil with 3Ii- 
 ]ir(lsoii, " to 
 a ffiiM ; and 
 to nio in a 
 jn 1 arrived, 
 I, a ball hav- 
 
 '"S ajij^arontly (Mifercd his forrlicad. T was at th'st hor- 
 i'(ir-stiiick with tlic idea that, in a lit of despondency. Iio 
 liail hurried hiii'seM" into the ])resenee of Ids Alnni,dity 
 
 •t of h 
 
 hand : l>ut th 
 
 iliict of 
 
 ,lii(ii,'e ny an act oi ins own liariu; iiur tiie eoniliicl oi 
 Micliel soon j^ave I'ise to otlnu" thoii<^hts, and excited sus- 
 picions whi(di were conlirnuMl when, upon exaniiniiiii the 
 Ijdily, I (hMcov(>red that flio sliot liad entered the back 
 part of Xhd head, and passed out iit the foreliead, and 
 that tlie muzzle of the ijun had been applied so close as 
 ti) set tire to the! night-ciip behind. The <iun, from its 
 leni;th, could not have i)een [)laced in a position to inllict 
 siicb a wound (except by a se(!ond person. On (pu'stion- 
 iii^ the iroipiois, he said .Mr. Hood had s(Mit him into tin; 
 tent foi' the short f;un, tmd in his al)sen;e the lon<; gun 
 bail gonei oil", ho did not know whether by accident tr 
 not. lIo|)burn said that, on hetu'iiiii the report, he saw 
 Michel rising up bcd'orc^ the tent door, or just beliind 
 where .^Ir. Hood was sedated, and then go into the tent, 
 llviuy circimistaiice bid'or** and after this event indicated 
 tile assassin." For the threi^ following dtiys he kept con- 
 stantly on his guard, and caret'ully avoided leaving the 
 iloctor and Hepburn together. Ho <neii made use of 
 threatiuiing language; and whenever Hepburn s])oke, ho 
 iislvcd him if iu^ accused him of tht^ murder. He said 
 lie hated tlu! white jveopU;, two of whom had killed and 
 eaten his micle and two of his r(dations. 
 
 Taking th(> whole conduct of this man into considera- 
 tion, no otlun' coiKdusion could \)^'■ drawn than that ho 
 woidd attemj)t to destroy Ricluu'dson and H(>pburn the 
 lirst op[)ortunity that oifered. The two wer(^ in no 
 <-ondition to resist even an opeu atttick, nor could tliey, 
 hy any device, esctipe from him ; liis strength was pow- 
 erful, and, besides his gun, he was armed with two pis- 
 tols, an Indian bayonet, imd a knite. In th(^ afternoon 
 he went to a rock under pretence of collecting frijtr. dr. 
 /■orlic, and said he would soon be witii us, this being tho 
 first time sIikm) Mr. Hood's death that lu^ had left tlio 
 two officers together. Hepburn was not easily to bo 
 imposed upon. He gave such an account of the mati, 
 that Dr. Richardson was satisfied tiiere, could b(^ no 
 safety for theiu except in liis death, and Hepburn pro- 
 pijstid to be the instrunuMit of it. 
 1- 
 
ll 
 
 im 
 
 AKCTIC VUV AGIOS'. 
 
 li 
 
 (mi 
 
 ' 1 
 
 I 
 
 Ml 
 
 < ' 
 
 " 1 »l('lciiiiiiu'(l, liDwrvcr (savs Hirli;irilsoi;\ ms I was lln,;-- 
 ou;;lilv <'iin\ iiicrd of iIk- ticc -ssily ul" siicli :< tlrrMdl'iil ad, td 
 tiiUr till" wlidlr ri'>|i(iiisil)iliiy upon iiiyscH"; ;ni<l imiiicdlatc. 
 Iv ii|i(iii Miclirl's <niniMf: ii|>. I pnl an viui to hi^ lilr l)y sIkmiI- 
 iiii; liiiii llirniii:li (he head willi a pistol. Had mv own lifi- 
 jiloiio Itrrii lliicatt'iicd, I would not liav<» piircliasi'd it hy 
 Hiicli a incasuro ; Imt I coiisidf-ird iiivsolt' as iiitiiistid alsi» 
 \villi till' pnttoctioii ot' llcitlMini. a man v»lnj. hy his lniniMti(« 
 Mtli'iitioii and di'votcdncss. had ho (Mid'-arcd himsrlt to nir, 
 that 1 t'oh more aiixirty ior his sal'cly than ilir my iwii. Mi- 
 tliol had L;alliiT('d no /ri/ir dr rocZ/cand it was cvidciit to us 
 that he had lialtcd I'or the pur]>osi< ot" jinttin;,' his ^\m in or- 
 diT. with till' intention ol atlackinL; ns, p('rh!'.[)s, while we 
 were in th(> a( t ol' encamping,'." — i'. I.)!!. 
 
 The loss ol'ixtor Hood was a severe hlow, mid IJich- 
 jmlsoii and I li'phtirii had llic last luounitwl oirico lo per- 
 forni over his r<'mains hy interring tlii> hody in a chunp 
 t»r willows, and fcudiiii; the t'luuMiil siM'vitH^ in addition to 
 \\\o vwuMXix piayiMs. 
 
 " The loss of a yonn^ olVicfM' of sncli distinirnished and va- 
 ried tali'nt-i and api)lication may he felt and duly appreciati d 
 liv ilie eminent tharactiTs under whose mnnnand he had 
 K(>rved ; hut the ralnmess with which li<» fontemplaled the 
 prohaMe termination of a life of nnconnnon promise, and the 
 patience and tortitud<> with which he sustained, 1 may ven- 
 ture to say. unparalleled bodily sutl'erin^s. t'an only he known 
 to the companions of his distresses, /iickrrsfr/f/'s Srr//>/iirf 
 //(/;) was Ivinu opiMi heside the hody. as if it had fallen from 
 his hand, and it is prol)al)le that he was readini^ it at the iii- 
 Ktant of his death."' — V. [mk l.")?. 
 
 Dr. Kii'hardsoii says that in thr ])roc(»diiij; ptirt of llm 
 narrative ho lias dwelt upon many circinnstaiit'es of 
 iMiohel's iH>iiduct, " nnt for the purpose of UimravatinL: 
 liis eriine. hut to put the reader iii jiossessioii of tlit^ 
 vi>asons that iiilUienced nic in depriving u follow-crea- 
 ture of life." 
 
 Six days had the two remaiiiiii^'; desolate and inihappy 
 travelers to ^h•a^ tlieinst>lves through deep snow, with- 
 out food, and almost without any fii'o. existing on li- 
 chens and serapings of tlic skin cloak of {)oor Mr. Ilootl. 
 On till' fifth day .Dr. Richardson fell down among largo 
 .vtones uiidtM- the snow more than twenty times, and 
 says, at liMigth he hecaine so exhausted as to he uiiahle 
 to stand. " If llephurn had not e.xerted himsi'lf bi-yond 
 
 •J ' 
 
l'RA\KT<I\ AM) KICMAUD.SON'ri JOrUNKY. 275 
 
 Ills strt'iiiitli, Mini H|ic<'(iily miuln tlio riicampiiiciit, iiiul 
 Liiidlcil 11 tir»\ I imiHl !i!iv(< pfM'islicd on fln^ spot." 
 
 ( )ii tilt' sixth (Ifiy (tli(< 'J'.ttli (»!' ( )ctnli('i) tliry wrrr np- 
 pidjicliiiiii l''(irt l'",iitripris<', nrid as tlicy r"im(f in sij^lit 
 III' it at (lark, Dr. Kicliarilsoii, in ('oncliidiii^ his inoiini- 
 fiil nairativ'««. says : 
 
 " It is iinpiis'^iltli' to (Ic^ci-il)!' our HftisritioiiH when, iiti nt- 
 taiirm;,' tiin riniiiriicr lli;it uvrrldoks it.wr licln-Id llic siiinkn 
 i-isiiinu' tVnni oiic nl" tin- ( liiniacyH. I''n»iii nut havi'iL,' met 
 wilh anv fuKtstrps in the simw as \v(> (h-cw niLrli «iiu' oMcn 
 ( licfirnl residence, \vc h;i(l \)i-('n ai^ilatcd liy niatiy nidan- 
 clinly lorrliodiiif^'s. Upiiii cMtcriiii,' the now dfsuliiti- iaiildiiiL', 
 wi- li;id tlif satisliiction ot ciMliniciiiL,' ('apl;iin Franklin; hnt. 
 11.1 words can cmivcv an idi-a <it the filth and wrctclicdiicss 
 tiiiit nii't. onr cyi's on lookinu' ai'itinid. <)iir()wn niisci-y had 
 Htnlcii np(Mi ns l»v dcLTiM's, and we wrcc accnslonn-d fo ihn 
 cDiilianplatidn <tl each utlicr's cniaciatrd fiL'nn's ; hut thr 
 phnstlv nmntiMianccs, dilated rychalls, and sc|)nl(liial voices 
 nt" Mr. Franklin and those with him, were more than wo 
 n.nld at liist hear."— 1'. ■ICI. 
 
 'V\w inclunolinly situation of j)oor Fnuiklin was still 
 an^nuMitcd, it" possihie, hy tin- helpless and (exhausted 
 stal(> of two of his most laithlnl Canadians, Pidtier and 
 Saniandre, who dieil two days alter tho arrival of liich- 
 ardson and Hephnrn, when, had lln^y not, lortnnatidy 
 conn', I'^ranklin would havo heen left, with ono solitary 
 coni|)anion, sick luid hclphiss as himself, and hotli so 
 nttnrly uiiahle to assist lh(Miiselv(;s, that. eij;ht,-and-forty 
 lioni's, nay, half thiit, tnie, would probably havo put an 
 (Mid to their misery. Tho whole labor, therefore, of 
 procurinjj; tin^wooil, of scrapinfj; toy;(^tlu!r old pieces of 
 skins and fraifinents of bone, (l(!volved on lliciiardson 
 and Hepburn, whoso strcMij^th had rapidly >een decliii- 
 in;;, and was ntuirly ('xhausted; whon, providentially, 
 on the 7lli of Novtnnber, the loiiif-(^x|)e(;ted relief ar- 
 rived by three Indians, forwanUid by Jia(;k. Captain 
 Franklin, at this time, thus describes their condition : 
 
 " I may Inn-e remark, that, owuij^ to oin' loss of fl(!sh, tho 
 liardiiess of the lloor, troni which wi> wen; <>aly prottjctcui by 
 a blanket, prodnced soren(!Ss over the body, and ospi-cially 
 llio.s(> parts on which the weight rested in lyiiii,' ; yet to turn 
 ourselves for relief was a matter of toil and dilliculty. How- 
 ever, during this period, and, indeed, all aloiii,' after the acnto 
 piins of liinigiM', which lasted but thret; or four days, bad 
 
i^f M 
 
 270 
 
 Aucru; voYAGi:?*. 
 
 I! 
 
 I I 'I 
 
 i ,. 1 
 
 Buhsidt'd. wp i:<Mi(M';illv <'iiinv<Ml llir cninforl of n few liniiis' 
 Hlrc|t. Tin- (IrtMiiis wliicli tur the iiiost pm't. Iii'' not ;il\Viivs, 
 acnimpaiiiiMl tln'iii, wcrt- tisiuilly (tlii)iii:li iiof iii\ miiiUlv ) nf 
 Jl l>l<'!isiiut. cliiinictci'. liriiiir very (il'trii !ili(iiit llic fiijuviiH'iils 
 nl ^t•;ls^illf,^ In tlic (l;i\ tiiiif we It'll into llir |>c;i(ti(T ol' coii- 
 vcrsiui: on connnon iind liu'lit snliji'iMs, ;iltlionu'h we soinr- 
 tinii's (liscnsscd with scrionsncss .-nid fiirncstncss topics (d;;- 
 ucctcd willi rcliLrion. We f:i'ncr;dly iiv<tidrd spcMkinL; ili- 
 rrctlv otdnr |)i-('scnt sn01'rin;,'s, or even ot'tlu* |>ros|)cf( ot'rr. 
 lict". I oliscrvcd th;it. iu |iro|)oi'f ion ;is onr stft-njitli drc.ivi'd, 
 oin" minds cxhiltitt'd symplonis ot' wcMUiifss, cvincfd \i\ n 
 kind of iinrcisonnMo pcttislincss with each other, liacli of 
 us thontzht the othrr wcakrr in iutrllect than himself, ami 
 mitre in need of advice and a>sistance. So tritlinu a circ urn- 
 stance as a ( liani,'e ol' place, I'ecommended Ity one as lieiiii; 
 warmer and more coiid'ortal>le, and refnsed by the other from 
 a dread of motion, frecpiently called llirtti fretfnl e.\|)ressions, 
 \'. hich were no sooner nttered than atoned for, to lie repeat- 
 ed, periia|)s, in the course of a few nnuutes. The .same thinL,^ 
 often occurred when we endeavored to assist each othei- in 
 carrvinir wood to tlu' lire; none of us were williiii,' to I'eceivc 
 assistance, allhonLrh the task was dis|)roportioned lo our 
 strenutli. On one of these occasion' lle|tliurn was so con- 
 vinced of this waywardness, that he < xclaimed, ' Dear me I 
 if we are s|) ired lo rctnrii to laiirland, 1 wonder if we shall 
 recover our uMderstandinirs I' " — I'. K!."). hid. 
 
 'Vhv su|)i)li('s sent hy llnck set all to riylits, hut not 
 without tho uretitest caution ai;ainst I'cph'tion. On tlie 
 1 -Mil. 11 nolo from I'ack, iidonnin<; tlioni of Ills intention 
 lo proceed to Kort I'j'ovidcnce, ])repare(l them idl, with- 
 out delay, to liastoii thithcf; hut Dr. liichafdson could 
 Uct no iarthiT llian ahoul thi'ce miles, he hidiiii hy much 
 ihe weakest of the party. Franklin says (to tiie lionor 
 of tlu> Indians), it was tliey "who j)repared our eu- 
 camj)ment, cooked for us, and fed us ijs if we liad been 
 idiildren. eviucini> liumanity that would have done lionur 
 to the most civili/ed peoi)I(>." 
 
 Mv. IJack's narra'ive is hut ti coidimiation of the same 
 kind of su'l'erin^s by fainiiu^ and cold which pursued his 
 footsteps. For days 1h^ tind his party had iu)thinii; to 
 eat ; even fripr <h rodir was rarely ()l)t!iined : many 
 days w<MV passed in sorrow and iu stdferinji; ere he had 
 the jjood fortune to fall in with an Indiiin encampment. 
 In tlie course of his search one of liis com|)anions w<is 
 foun(i dead : " I found him," reported St. (lermnin, 
 
 
 I. 
 
FRANKM.V AM) UlCII ARDSOn's JOURNEY. 277 
 
 r<'\v I II 111 rs' 
 nut iiluiiv-;. 
 .Jiriulily) lit' 
 
 • MljoyiliriltS 
 'tU'C 1(1 (1)11- 
 
 1 we SI II III •- 
 * tii]ti(s cdii- 
 i|ii';ikiiii: ili- 
 
 IS|)('r( (it Ir- 
 
 tli (Ifcaytil, 
 k'iiu'i'd liy ;i 
 r. \'.;\i\i lit' 
 liiiiiscit', iiMil 
 lU ii rirciiiii- 
 iw iis liciii^' 
 f other t'iDiii 
 (■.\[)n'ssiniis, 
 () lit" rt'|ii';il- 
 [• s:iiiu' tiling 
 iU'h other in 
 li,' to rec'civ !• 
 )li('(l to our 
 was so CI 111- 
 , ' Dear iin- ! 
 r it' \vc sliall 
 
 its, Imt not 
 ()m llio 
 is iiitoiitioii 
 ti all, with- 
 
 (!s()ii could 
 iiii l)y imicli 
 ) the lioiinr 
 
 d our cu- 
 o liad htM'ii 
 
 lone lioiior 
 
 )t' the saiiio 
 )ui\snod his 
 iiotliinii to 
 led : many 
 ore he had 
 cainpinotit. 
 anions was 
 (Jermain, 
 
 " sli'ctclicd upon his hack, on a sand-hank, IVo/on to 
 death, his liini)s all exlended and swelled (uiorniously, 
 and as hard us the ice that was near hini." " W(^ had 
 the liap|)iness," says l"'ranklin, " of joining onr tViend 
 Mr. Hack at .Moose-deer Island. ( )iir teeliniis on this 
 occasion can wcdl he imagined ; and we wm'o deoply 
 impressed with iiratitude to hini tor his ey.ertions in 
 sendinu tlu^ supply of food to i'Ntrt Enterprise, to which, 
 miller Divine J'rovidcMice, w(* hdt ihi^ jjreservation of 
 our lives to he owinji. lie f;ave us an affectiuii detail ot* 
 the procoe(hnjis of his party since our se|)aration."' 
 
 It remains oidy to state, that tin* whole party Avho 
 had survived the Ion;:; (uidiu'ement of privation ant? fa- 
 tigue arriv^'d in safety at Fort Chipewyan. Here tliey 
 arranged all their accoiuits to the satisfaction of those 
 who had heeii under tlnur eui|)loy, I idians as well as 
 Canadians, and lnue ('aj)tain Franklin concludes his 
 ])ainfiilly interest injj; narrative : 
 
 " We were here furnished witli a canoe liy Mr. 'mithjand 
 aliowinaii to act as our fruide; and having' left Fort Ciii|>e\vvaa 
 on the .jth of .lune, we arrived on the '1th of .July at Norway 
 House, rindini,' at this pla(<> that canoes were ahoiit to go 
 down to M .Ureal, T discharj,'ed all our Canadian voya^'ers, 
 and sent them liv these vessels, fiirnishiiiLT thein with orders 
 on the ai:»Mit of the Hudson's Hay Company for the amount 
 of their waires. We cairied .\ui.nistiis down ti York Fac- 
 tory, where we aiTiv<Ml on the 11th of .hily, and were re- 
 reived with every mark of attention and kindness bv Mv, 
 Simpson, the i,M)vernor, Mr. M'Tavisli, and, indeiMl. hv all the 
 otlicers of the united companies. And thus terminated our 
 louir. fatiuuini:, and disastrous travels in North America, hav- 
 iii;.' journeyed l»y water and hy land (includini: our iiaviira- 
 lioii of the I'ob'V ^!"a) live thousand live Imudred and lifty 
 miles."— P. .1!):.}, l!)]. 
 
 It is hniiossible to risc^ from the perusal, even of thig 
 nhrldjied iiiirrative, witlunit teidinjj; the deepest contri- 
 tion, uiin<:led with admiration, of such dignified conduct. 
 It contains htit a small portion of the ti'ansactions and 
 adventur(\s of these few hrave s))irits, who have so emi- 
 iHUitly distinuuished themselves hy a determined i)erse- 
 verance under dilKiculties of no ordinary kind ; by tluur 
 luaL^nanimity in bearinii ''P luider sulferiii2; and distress 
 in every ayi^ravtited shap(^ — extreme cold, fatigue, hun- 
 
 A A 
 
 I s 
 
 I I 
 
 rJ 
 
■^"^^ 
 
 ■•I! ' ■ 
 
 
 (>/ 
 
 ■i ; to, 
 
 |t 
 
 278 
 
 auctk; voyahkh. 
 
 m>r ill its most iippiilliiii:; cliiirnctifr, want of fuel, Wiint 
 of clotirni*^, wiiiit ol" ('((vrriiii; iVoiii tlio iiicl(MiH!iicy ii{' 
 t\u* wcatluM", 'lrii:;yiiiu; tlicir weiiiicil Ixnlif's tor ii pio- 
 tnictiMl period over a l)arr»Mi coiiiitry hiiricd in (Iccp 
 •snow, and hcariiii; all their iiii.s(M*i«!S without a iiinrinnr, 
 and, above all, with a devout resiu;iiatioii to the iJivino 
 will, and a confident hope, in the v(My last ((Xtreinity, 
 of the goodness and mercy of their heavenly l"'atlier, 
 wiiicli, ill His own ijood time, thoy wero fully coiitideiit 
 would l)(! extended to them. 
 
 Siadi conduct, under siicli su(r('!rin,c;s, supportcMl hy 
 su(di feelinjis, must ever cause the names and nuMiiory 
 of Sir John Franklin, Sir (refirjie! IJack, Mr. Hood, and 
 Dr. Kichanisoii to \m held in liii^h re;:;ardand estimation, 
 in wlTudi we may \w well assurcMl every on<i coniK'ctecl 
 with tlje naval servicti will cordially i)artici|)ato : nor will 
 the uiisiiiiken fidcdity and philanthropy of .lolm llephiini 
 be less entitliMl to admiration and ^ratitiKhj.* 
 
 * Jt wii.s i,Tatit'viiiL,' to tiiiil that tlirsc brave men were not forirotti'ii at 
 lii'a(|(|uart(iv in tlirir alisciici', Franklin iiciiii,' raised to the rank of 
 ciiptain, and iMr. Hack aiid Mr. Hood each to that of hcutciiaiit. and hoii- 
 (L'Ht Jolui lli'2jljunj phicod in u cuiiilurtublo situutiou iu uiie of tlio duck- 
 yiirds. 
 
 :l'^^ 
 
 
[ • i 
 
 f 
 
 fuel, Wiiiit 
 
 MIKMlCy (if 
 
 lor a |)ni- 
 (1 ill (lcf|) 
 I iniiniiiir, 
 \\io. I)iviii(3 
 rxtromity, 
 ly l-'allicr, 
 (T coiitidfiit 
 
 iportcd Ity 
 1(1 in(!iii()iy 
 
 Hood, and 
 (^Htiiiiiitioii, 
 
 connected 
 B : nor Avill 
 n IIep!)urn 
 
 3t forsiotti'ii at 
 I tlir rank (it 
 iiiiiit. iinil liiiii- 
 ." ot" the (lock- 
 
 rHANKIJX t niCIIARnS0\*8 SECOND JOUilNEY. 279 
 
 CIIAPTIOR XI. 
 FRANKLIN AND RICHARDSON. 
 
 1825, 18-30', 1H-J7. 
 
 lar 
 Iho 
 
 Narrative of a Second E.cpciUiion to the Shores of the Po 
 Sea. IJy John Fujnklin, Capt, R. N,, Cojiimaiuler ol 
 Kxiiedition. 
 
 TnK inontul and pliysical constitution of a thorough- 
 bred Kn<,di.sh seaman is rai-ely found to give whv to, or 
 Miccunib luider, misfortunes, lie may sull'er i\ peatcd 
 shipwrecks, may be wounded in fight with the enemy, 
 <;iiptured and tlirown into prison, all or any of which will 
 jiot deter Ijim from, but nith(u- increase his anxiety for, 
 following up his profession, under the hope of more fa- 
 vorable auspices. Thus, in the true spirit of a seaman, 
 Captain Franklin, in spite of the ahnost unh(;ard-of suf- 
 ^M-ings lie endured for a long time, both mental and phys- 
 ical, brought on by extreme cold, debility, and famine, 
 even to death's door — with the ful] recollection of all 
 these, could not resist the temptation of oll'ering a plan, 
 and also himself for the execution of it, to the govern- 
 ment, of a second expedition of the same kind, for the 
 same i)ur])ose, and over the same country, as the ono 
 iVom which he had just returned, and on which the ex- 
 tent of his sulferings had all but put an end to his exist- 
 
 <M1C0. 
 
 " I was well awjire," says this noblo-niiadeJ officer, " of 
 Ihc sympathy excited in the British })ublic by the suflerings 
 of llioso eugugod iu the former overliiuJ expedition to the 
 mouth of the C()pi)er Mine River, and of the humane repug- 
 nnnce of his majesty's government to expose others to a liko 
 fate; but I was enabled to show 8atisfiictf)rily that in the 
 j)i'()posed course similar dangers were not to be apprehended, 
 while liie objec^ts to be attaiueil were at once im})ortant to tho 
 naval character, scientific rej)utation, and connnercial inter- 
 ests of Great Britain; and 1 received directions from tho 
 Right Ilouorable Earl Balhurst to make tlie necessary prep- 
 ;initioiis lur tho equipment of the expedition, to the command 
 of which X had the honor to be nominated." — IrUrod., ix., x. 
 
ff H 
 
 280 
 
 ARCTIC VOVAGKS. 
 
 I 
 
 t! 
 
 ■f 'I I 
 
 \\\ 
 
 If 
 
 , I 
 
 .M;iiiy iiiiviil (irCicciN (if distiiimiislH'd tiilciifs aiiximisly 
 olii'icil their siTviccs, l»ut liis (•onipiinions in misfoi t iiiic, 
 Jjit nil iKiiit liiii-l,- and Dr. liichiird.^nii, hcin^ aiinniij tli(< 
 lui'ciMost to volinitct'c, v.'crc tlic iirst to he considficd ; 
 tlm toninT aliciidy distin^uislicd lor his zeal and rnci- 
 \l,y in all tho contin^nMicics of an exploring voyage, and 
 the littler as snr^eon and natnralist, it may he said ot tlu^ 
 Iirst distinction, as he had proved liiniself to he, and. 
 inoroovcr, ii ^'entlenian of the most henevolent and hu- 
 
 man*^ disposition. 
 
 'V\ 
 
 le valnaiile services of tijese two 
 
 ot'ticers on tJie former expeilitioii can nev(M' he (•veriooix- 
 od. To their energy of (diaracter and proniptitnde ot 
 fiction tnay undonhtedly, as Prankliii records, ho ascrihed 
 tli»^ safety of himself and the remaining; party. Kich- 
 ardson, not to foi'sake his foi'iner companion and fidlow- 
 Rn(r»!rer, left w comfortahli^ sitnation at home with a wile 
 and family, so eajfcr was lie to complete the yeofirapliy 
 and the natui'al liistory of th«> Amerii'an coast which lior- 
 ders tlie INtlar Sea on its southern side. L'icntvnduf 
 Bus]\naik^ who had served with Koss and I*arry in tlieir 
 Arctic voya<!;es, and had (hstinirnislied himself as a 
 drauylitsman and surveyor, was s(dected as one of the 
 expedition; hut tiio prematnrr^ death of tiiis excellent 
 yountf officer, distinguished hy liis skill in nautical as- 
 tronomy, surveying', and drawini^, Avas deeply lamented 
 by Franklin; and Mr. E. N. Knuhill, Admiralty mate, 
 and recently assistant surveyor with Captain fiVon, was 
 also appointed to tlie same sitnation in ^ne pi'esenl expe- 
 dition; lastly, Mr. Thotiuts J)r(//nnioii(/, oi' FovWu; was 
 appoint(Mi assistant naturalist on the recommendaion of 
 J'rofessor Hook<'r and other eminent scientific men. 
 
 Ill accedins; to Captain Franklin's proposal, the o-^v- 
 ernment was not iimnindt'ul of liaviiii; sent out Ca[)tain 
 Parry on iiis third expcnlition in the jjrecedinjj; year, iind 
 that he nii,i;lit re(piir(^ information and assistance m tho 
 event of his proceodinji; alon^ tho American coast of tho 
 I'olar Sea; that portion of it inteijacent hetween Mac- 
 kenzie River and Icy Cape hein^i wdiolly luiknown. as 
 was also tliat b(5twe<Mi Mackenzie and I lean, 's Kivei's. 
 Thci main ol)ject of the jiresent expedition was therefore 
 to explore these two portions of that coast, and was so 
 explained in tlie official instructions. 
 
FRANKLIN Ss. RICHARDSON ri SncONU JOURNEY. 281 
 
 III tlin prcpiinitioiis for tliis iirii nous undurtiikiiii:. ( 'ap- 
 tiiiii l-'iaiikliu's i-xpoiitMice hiul tmiijlit liiiit that l»ir(li- 
 baik (canoes wtM'c not the vessels calculated for roui:li aud 
 icy seas, aud tlierelore thnu! hoats ol" a particular si/,o 
 and (M)ustructiou wert< ordered by the Aduiiralty to bo 
 made; aud wheu liuislu'd, and tried at Woolwich as to 
 tlieir (|ualities of sailing, rowing, aud paddliiii;, they wen^ 
 fourul to iiuswer fidly the expectatiiais that had beiMi 
 foruuvl of thtMu. A third little boat, uiue feet by four 
 aud a half, aud covertMl with .MacUiutosh's prepared can- 
 vas, was uiado, aud called the Walnut Shell. TUe fatal 
 stoppage at tlu» crossiuii of ( 'opper Mwiv Mivcr lia<l suij- 
 gesKMJ tiiis; aud we are told that, on the trial, s(>veral 
 ladies fearlessly enibarhed in it, aud were paddled ucross 
 tii« Thames in a fresh bree/e. 
 
 In the preparati(»us uothiuii; a|)p(!urs to have been 
 omitted. Scieutitic iustrumouts of all kinds, fowliuj;- 
 j)iec,es aud amnumition, mai-(|uees and tents, lieddin;;, 
 clothinu;, and water-proof di-esses, ihjur, arrow-root, luac- 
 raroni, portable soup, clu)colate, essence of colfeo, sunur 
 and tea, not omittiuij; an adetpuite supply of that essen- 
 tial article for all North Amei"icau ti'avelers, pnniulcdn. 
 In short, whatever of use or luxury could be suiiyested, 
 was provided, to obviate, as Fi'auklin said, "any appre- 
 lieusion of similar daubers to those exptu-ienced on tim 
 former exj)edition." 
 
 When all was completed, on the IGth of February, 
 18"^'>, Captain Kraukliu, Lieutenant iJack, Dr. ilicharll- 
 son, Mr. Kendall, Mr. Drummond, with four marines, 
 embarked at l^iverpool on l)oard tin* Amtuican j)acket; 
 Columbia for New Y'ork. It would be thouy;ht a waste 
 of the reader's tiim^ to wade through a dcstail of their 
 reception in Anuirica, aud of their |)rot:^-(\ss alony the 
 rivers, over the lakes and porta}j[es, with the luunerous 
 obstructions and difficulties tliey encountered, but rath- 
 er to })roceed at once to larid them in safety at Fort 
 Chipewyan on the L'ith of .luly, 18-J5. ''J'heu- early ar- 
 rival, it seems, caused ^i-eat sui'prise to its inmates, b(^- 
 iuij only two days later than the time wheu Kicduu'dson 
 and Hood had arrivtul in IHIIJ, thou^di they came only 
 fr(im Cumberland House, where they had win^crtMl. 
 
 It will bo sutiicieut. to say that the wliole j.irty us^ 
 
 A'a 'i 
 
 I I 
 
' ' t ') 
 
 i! 
 
 Iri' I 
 
 \ , 
 
 I, 
 
 f M 
 
 t ' ; 
 
 i ' 
 
 282 
 
 ARCTIC V(>VAr.r,.«=i. 
 
 r«mmI)I«!(1 on \\\i\ blinks of tlici (irriit l»«'ar r^iiko I\i\tM", 
 wliicli (lows out ol" tliaf liikn on tli«i western .side im,) 
 the ,Miick»Mi/,ir Kiv»n", flown which thry wcro to di-- 
 srcnd to the sea. ( )n their arrival at its mouth, th*' (>\. 
 plurcrs wcro to divido thoinselvj's, a^rroahly with tluOr 
 ollicial instructions, into two parties; the one, under 
 ('aptiiin h'riinklin, to proceed wjisterly, alonj; the north- 
 ern coast ot" America as liir as ley ('ape, or to tlu» en- 
 triince of nehriny's Strait, where he was told he miulil 
 expect to find II. INI. ship lilossojn, under the orders of 
 ('aptidn |{oechey. 'J'lu^ other party, under Dr. Ivicli- 
 ardson, was to depart at the same time from the mouth 
 ot" tlu^ same riv«^r, and proceeding easterly alony the 
 Hiuiw^ roast, continuo till he reached the mouth of the 
 ('opp«'r Mine Kiver. l*revious, however, to the com- 
 mencement of those expeditions alon^ the coast, Frank- 
 lin uuidr^ the followiiif? arran^<Muents : first, that he should 
 ^o down to the sea, takinjj; Mr. Kendall with him to col- 
 lect iid'ormation resj)ectinfi; the gentu'al state of th(» ice 
 in autumn and sunun(^r; the direction of the coast, and 
 whether they mif^ht calculate on a supply of ])rovisions. 
 Sicondhi, that Ur. Kicdiardsoji should, in his absence, 
 proceed in a t)oat to that part of 15 ear Lake whi(di ap- 
 proached nearest to the Copper Mine Kiver, and there 
 lix a s|)()t to which ho ini{j;ht return th«^ following year 
 froiu the mouth of that river. And tlnrdbj, that Lieu- 
 tenant Hack, with the assistance of Mr. Dease, chief 
 trader of the Hudson's JJay Company, should ])rovide a 
 comfortable residence and subsistence on the shore of 
 iJear Lake for their winter quarters, and also to arrange 
 the distribution of the Indian hunters. 
 
 These matters being settled, Franklin and Kendall 
 embarked on the 8th of August in the largest boat, the 
 Lion, with a well-selected crew of six Englishmen, and 
 Augustus, the Esquimaux interpreter. Lieutenant IJack. 
 ha(i the charge of three canoes, each manned with Hvf) 
 men. The crews of these, imagining they could easily 
 pass the English boat, were not a little surprised and 
 nu)rtitied, on putting it to the proof, to find the boat tak- 
 ing and maintaining thci Unul, both under sail and with 
 oars. This river has been so well described by Mac- 
 kenzie, that a very tew observations will bo sulhcicnt. 
 
 ,' ( 
 
FRANKLIN' & RirHARI)S'ON'.-! HKrOND JOURNF.V. SS.'J 
 
 •n Hi(l«' iiiti) 
 vrrt'i to (Id- 
 
 Utll, tllf ('\- 
 
 witli lliKJr 
 one, uikIit 
 J tlio nortli- 
 ■ to tlu) ni- 
 1(1 li<^ iniulit 
 lo orders of 
 • Dr. Kicli- 
 
 tllO IllOlltil 
 
 r aloii^ tlio 
 
 DUtll of tllO 
 
 () tla^ coui- 
 (ust, Fraiik- 
 it ho should 
 him to col- 
 I ot" tlio ico 
 3 const, und 
 " provisions. 
 lis jihscncc, 
 I \vhi(!h jip- 
 , and ther(< 
 nving year 
 
 that Lien- 
 easo, cliief 
 d ])rovide a 
 e shore of 
 
 to urrango 
 
 tid Kendall 
 St boat, th(» 
 hnien, and 
 onant IJark 
 d with fivo 
 ould easily 
 prised and 
 e boat tak- 
 1 and with 
 d by Mac- 
 sullicicnt. 
 
 Tlicy found, what this traveler inentions. a <|nantity of 
 wood-coal, which was now poiceivcd to b(* on lire, and 
 its smell very disayrcfable. W lu-n tiied at winter 
 (juartrrs, it was found to emit little heat, and unlit for 
 tiie blacksmith's use. ^I'lii' banks contain also a kind of 
 unctuous mud, which the Indians use occasionally a.s 
 food duriiiU the seasons (»f famine, and oven at other 
 tinu-s chew as an anuisement. It is sa 1 to \\n\o u 
 nulkv taste, and that the llavor is not disayreeable. I'' rank- 
 I'm also nuMitious a dark bituminous li(pii(l oo/.in;^' from 
 the rocks, and two streams of sul|)liurfous wator llowiui^ 
 into the Macken/ie, whei-e the IJear Lake Kiver joins 
 it; also, lower d((wn, the eastern bank is composed of 
 thin strata of bituminous shale. 
 
 iNear a |)lace called the " Kamparts" is a defile of sev- 
 en miles, where the river rushes with great violence be- 
 tween perp<Midicular walls of linu'stoiK?. H<u'e tlu-yfoU 
 ill with a party of Hare Indians, all neatly clothed in 
 now leathern dresses, highly ornamented with bead.s 
 and porcui)ine (piills, botli sexes alik(s who brought lish, 
 berries, and nie"t. At Fort (iood Hope, the lowest of 
 tJH^ Company's establishments, and upward of threo 
 hundred miles from when; thc^ P'lrty had embarke(|, Mr. 
 Charles Dease received and prepared lor them a meal 
 at midnight. The fort is situated in the midst of tin* 
 tribes of Indians which Mackenzie calls t^uai'relers, but 
 whom the Lraders name Loucheux or S(piinter8. Hero 
 a young man, a half-breed, named Haptiste, the interpret- 
 er of tiu> fort, was lent to them for the jmrpose of intro- 
 ducing the party to the Louclumx chief. Lower down, 
 a party of theses j)eopl(» stood ga/ing at the sti angers 
 with much distrust, and refused to accept their invita- 
 tions, till at length a youth, gayly dressed, paddled elf 
 in his bout, and discovering Augustus, whom he recog- 
 nized as an Esquimaux, rose up in his canoe, threw up 
 his hands for joy, and desired eveiy one to come olf at: 
 once. "They caressed Augustus, danced and played 
 around hiin, to testify their joy at his appearance amo»ig 
 tliem ; and we could not lu^lp admiring the demeanor of 
 our excellent little companion under such unusual and 
 extravagant nuuks of attention." 
 
 ^J"'he river was now divided by islands into several 
 
 I , 
 

 :l, 
 
 i! 
 
 ' ft 
 
 ) i 
 
 m 
 ■ ) 
 
 ^^ 
 
 5 M 
 
 •284 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 cliiiiiiu'ls. '^rijiM was till* sixtlnliiy after tlicir dcpni't me ; 
 and litM'ii they passed tlui last ot'tlici •'•i-trrcs, in latitiKio 
 iiH" 40', tli(^s(i hcinysiiccct'dcd hy stuiittMl willows, wliirh 
 becaiiHi iiioi'c dwurtisli us they iipproac'luHJ th«» sea. Af- 
 ter th«* dissipation of a thick foji, the expanse ol' water 
 to the northward was soijreat, that Franklin was inclined 
 to think they had n'ached the st^i ; and in this he was 
 almost contirnied on reaciiiiii; the sliorti of Fllice Jwland, 
 wlnT(^ they " wtM"(^ rejoiced at tilt! sea-likt< appearand) 
 to the northward."' "This point was observed to In* in 
 lat. (i!)^ 14', lon<i. j;55 ' 57', and forms tho nortiieastern 
 ontranc(> of the main chnnnt^l of the iMa(d\(Mi'/ie. Kiver, 
 which from Slaves Lake to this point is one tliousand a?id 
 forty-tive mih^s. according; to our survey." On reacliinj^ 
 Whale Island. In* was satisfied that, lik«' Mackenzie, hi* 
 had reached the sea ; but, on tastiiiij; the water, found it; 
 to be pertV'ctly fresh; still lu* was persuad«'d he hail 
 reached the sea, and observiiii^ an island to the north- 
 ward lookinj; bliK* by its distance, tho boat was directed 
 toward it. Abcuit midway tliey wt^rt^ caujiht by a 
 stroiif"; contrary wind, against which the crew contend- 
 ed for five hours, tite waves brcNikiiii; into tho boat; the 
 sails were set, whiidi, with a change in tiu^ wind, ena- 
 bled th(MU in the course of anotlun- hour to fiMch into 
 smoother watei", under the ]vi'' of the island. "We 
 tluMi ])ulled across a line of strong ripple which marked 
 the termination of the fresh water, that on the seaward 
 sid(> beinji brackish, and in the farther proiiress of tlire(> 
 miles to the island we liad the indescribable ])leasure of 
 linditii: the water decidedly salt." This is p(>rhaps no- 
 ticed in allusion to Macken'>''"> havinj; been blamed tur 
 jiot ascertainiuii that the ^^ t(>r was salt by UiStinij it. 
 Franklin .says, that with his littU* frail craft ho could not: 
 liave ventured beyond Whale Island, or three miles, to 
 prove its saltness; but the boundless liorizon. tin* tide, 
 and tiu> sij2;ht of porpoises antl whales, were miou^di to 
 induce him to say that lu* had arrived at the ocean. 
 F'rankliu says they had often occasion to admire tho 
 ^(Mieral correctness of Mackenzie's surv(»y. " in justice 
 to liis memoiy, \ hope tlu* custom of calliuii this tlui 
 Great Kivcu. which is iii i;eiieral use amonfi the trad(M-s, 
 will be discontinued, and that the name of its emineut 
 discoverer may be uuiversuHv adoi)ttM|," 
 
rUANKLlX 6c UM'llAIM)HO\'rf SCCOM) JOUUNIiV. 285 
 
 [Icpni'tiirr : 
 in latiliido 
 l)\VS, wliicli 
 i StMl. A 1- 
 t' (>r water 
 ,iis inclined 
 lii.s lie, \v!is 
 lice, Iwliiml, 
 ippcinuMco 
 ed to \n\ in 
 irtheasterii 
 r/ie. Kiver, 
 ousand and 
 'n reaching; 
 i\on/,ie, ho 
 T, found it; 
 •d he liad 
 tho nort Il- 
 ls directed 
 llfiht hy u 
 V conteiid- 
 l)oat ; tlu^ 
 wind, ena- 
 fetcli into 
 id. -W(. 
 di marked 
 le seawaid 
 •*s of llirec^ 
 )lousure of 
 'rha|)s iio- 
 >hniie(l fur 
 \;.stini); it. 
 J could not; 
 I? miles, to 
 , tlu^ tide, 
 euou^di to 
 ho ocean, 
 dmiro the 
 ' In just !('<■> 
 il thi.s tho 
 lio traders, 
 s eniinont 
 
 On (!arrv Tslaixl werf found several layers of wood- 
 coal and hituininous rKpior. KranUfin had put a piece of 
 the former in his pocket, w!ii(d» had ignited s|)ontan(^- 
 niislv , and s(or(died the metal powder-horn by its side. 
 I'rom the summit of this island "the sea a|)peared in all 
 its majesty, entirely free iVom ice, and without any vis- 
 ible ol)stru(;tion to its navigation, and nev<ir >vas a pros- 
 pect mon^ i^ratifyiiif]; than that whiidi lay (tpcn to us.'' 
 lint on landing, an incident occurred, tin; occasion of 
 whi(di, on leavin<; J^nj^land, had created in his mind a 
 severer struuuh' Ijolweeii the feedings of alfection and a 
 sense of duty, and thos(^ fetdings were powerfully awa- 
 kened (Ml th(^ present occasion. Just as he was about to 
 leave England, his beloved wife, then lying at the point 
 (if death, with heroic fortitude urged his departun^ at 
 the very day appointed, entreating him, as he valued her 
 peace of mind and his own gkny. not to delay a moment 
 on her account; that slu^ was fully awarc^ that her days 
 were numbered, and that his delay, even if she wMshed 
 it, coidd only be to close her eyes. Sh(» diird the day 
 after he hd't Ikm'. Jt was to this circumstance that allu- 
 sion is made in the following passage, " wdfudi," it was 
 AV(dl observed by a friend of iiis, " will speak to the heart 
 of every one wdio is ca|)al)le of understanding tin* grace 
 that doiiK^stic tenderness lends to the gallant fortit«-.ao 
 of jiubfu; enterpris(\" 
 
 " During our al»seiice the men bad pitched the tent fni llio 
 liciicti, and I caitscd the silk unioii-ilag to be hoisted, wbicli 
 my deeplv-hiiiKMited wife bad made and jiresenb'd to me, na 
 it i)Mrtiiig"gift, under the express iajiuiction tiiat it was not to 
 Im- uiifiirled before tlie exj>e(lition readied th(! t-ea. I will 
 not attempt to describe my emotions us it expanded to tin; 
 ])ree/e; however natural, and, tor the moment, irn-sistible, I 
 felt that it was my duty to suppress them, and tliat I bad no 
 ii::lit, by an in(l(di,'eiice of my own sorrows, to cloud the aiii- 
 inat(>d countenances of my compaiiioiis. .loiniiig, therefore, 
 with the best grace tliat I conid command, in the general ex- 
 (iti'meut, I endeavored to return, with correspondiiii: clu'cr- 
 I'ulness. their warm congratulations on having thus planted tho 
 Kriti.ili ilag on this remote island of the J'olar Sea." — 1'. •'^(i. 
 
 ('ircuinstiinced as he was with a party many of whom 
 liad never seen the sea, and others in constant appre- 
 hension of being attacked by tlio Ks(piimaux (an api)re- 
 
 i 
 } 
 
 k if 
 
 : ( 
 
mmmam 
 
 i 
 
 •Ml 
 
 :!t 
 
 ■( '. 
 
 < %^r 
 
 h 
 
 
 I 
 
 ; I 
 
 r 
 
 28G 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGEri. 
 
 lionsion tlint was nMili/od on tlio sorond visit to tlio spot), 
 it W!is expedient, liowcivrr j)iiiiit'ully di.stnj.s.sin^f, lo ]u\\i 
 iti iho tj;('iirnd (ixcitc'iiicnl, uiid not to suHjir it to lliii; hy 
 niiy ii|)j)riii'iiMco ot" sorrow or despondency. In doing so, 
 li(! says : 
 
 " Some spirits, wliicii had Ix'tMi saved for tho occasion, wt>ro 
 issued to the men; and with three fervent cheers tliey drank 
 to the healtii of our beloved monarch, antl to the continiK i] 
 Hiuces.s of our enterprise. Mr. Keiuhdl and I had also ir- 
 served ii little of onr brandy, in ftrder to celebrate this iuter- 
 estini,' event ; bnl na])tiste, in liis delijlit of beholdinir t|,y 
 Hi-a, had set before us some salt water, which havinir befri 
 tiii.xed with the. brandy btifore the mist.:k(^ was discovered, 
 W(> were reluctantly oblii,'ed to fore^'o the int(Mul(>d drauf,'lit, 
 and to use it in the more classical form of a libation poured 
 on the irround." — 1'. 'Mi, U7. 
 
 (.'aptain FranUlin wiis now desirous of procecnlinii; 
 westwiird, to niak(^ sonic* farther (examination in aid of 
 tho future operations of the exj)e(htion, and of reachiiiij, 
 if possible, tlu^ foot (tf the Rocky Mountains ; hut a i;ale 
 of wind, violent s(pialls, and a threateniiiii; appearance, 
 induced hiui to giv(i up tlui attempt and to regain tho 
 river, in )](ler to make tlu^ best of their way i)ack to the 
 fort, which they readied on the 5th of .S«'ptoniher, wlu're 
 Dr. Richardson and all tlio other members of tho expe- 
 dition were jussembled. Tho buildings for their winter 
 (piartiM's were! in a state of great forwardness. Tho 
 dwelling of \ho ollicers measured 44 feet by 'J4, and con- 
 tained a hall and four apartments, besides a kitchen; that 
 of tho men was 3C! bv 2'.i feet, and divided into tlireo 
 rooms. 'JV) this comfortable residence for eight or nine 
 months, " the otFicers," says Franklin, " had done nm 
 the honor, pri«vious to my airival, of giving the name of 
 I'^anAiin, which 1 felt a grateful pleasure in retaining at 
 llicMr desire, though I had intended to name it Fort Re- 
 liance." 
 
 To pass the winter in a much higher degree of lati- 
 tude, as Parry did on board ship, was thought nothing of; 
 it recpjired only eni{)loyment for othcers and men, in or- 
 der to short(Mi tlu^ time of confinement. Franklin was 
 well aware of, and seems to have taken a lesson from, 
 the regulations of Piu-ry. The Canadians and tho In- 
 dians had j)lenty of employment for the first four or live 
 
 v 
 
FRANKLIN &, RKIlAUDriON'ri SECOND JOURNKV. 2b7 
 
 tlio .spot), 
 ri^, to join 
 to lliiij; Ity 
 I doiiijf so, 
 
 isioii, w(>n) 
 tlicy ilraiik 
 ' <'oiitiiiiic(l 
 •id iilso I'c- 
 ' this intrr- 
 loldiuLT tliu 
 living' licf-rl 
 liscovcrcd, 
 ■d (Iniiiiilit. 
 ion poured 
 
 n'occMidiiis; 
 
 in iiid of 
 : reaching, 
 but a i:al(i 
 )p('araiicM', 
 rcj^aiu tlio 
 tack to tlio 
 jcr, wlu'io 
 the oxi)e- 
 oir winter 
 ess. Tho 
 I, and con- 
 chon; that, 
 into tliveo 
 dit or nino 
 
 done nio 
 e name of 
 etaininsT at 
 ; Fort Re- 
 
 po of lati- 
 lotliing of; 
 lien, in or- 
 iinklin \vas 
 sson from, 
 nd tho In- 
 "our or live 
 
 ninnths, in hunlinj:; and fishini; for the support of tho 
 whole iiarty. 'V\nt rcinih'fr were scarce in the autumn, 
 and in tho winter desei'ted them altoj^ethiM'. The fish- 
 iui; was more .successful, and durinjj; the. autumn the net.s 
 yitihjed daily iVom three, to eij^ht hundred lish, of tho 
 Ivintl called " herring siUni' n ;" also some trout, tittameg, 
 and carp. 
 
 Tlu^ otlicers employei' themscdves in making and reg- 
 istei'ing th<^ various meteorological ol)servations, in copy- 
 ing tluiir journals and remarks, in fmishing tlu! (diarts, 
 diawings, and sketciies, and in assisting Dr. Richardson 
 to examine^ and arrange thc! numerous objects of luitural 
 history that had Ixmmi collect(!d. JJut it was "(pially neo 
 essary to lind emj)loyment for the, seam»'n and tlu; vari- 
 ous residents of the house, whose want Oi education r«Mi- 
 dc^'ed it more dillicult to provide for. The plan adopted 
 by Franklin is thus described ; 
 
 " As the days shortened, it was necessary to find einjdoy- 
 ineut, duriuf,' the loii<f ovouiiigs, for those resident at the house, 
 and a school was therefore I'stablished on three nights (jf the 
 week, from seven o'clock to nine, for their instruction in read- 
 ing, wriluig, and arithmetic, which was attended hy most of 
 the British jKirty. They were divided in ecjual i)ortiotis 
 among the oflicers, whose labor was nniply n-paid hy the ad- 
 vancement their ]inpi]s inad(; : some of tho.so who began with 
 tho alphabet learned to read and write with tolerai)le cor- 
 rectness. Sunday was a day of rest ', and, with the excep- 
 tion of two or three of the Canadians, the whole party niu- 
 fonnly attended Divine service morning and evening. If, on 
 the other evenings for which no particular occu[)ation was 
 appointed, the men felt the time tedious, or if they expi-essed 
 a wish to vary their eni])loyinents, the hall was at their ser- 
 vice, to pl;iy any game they might choose ; and on these oce;i- 
 sions they were invariably joined by tVie officer.^. By thus 
 participating in tlndr amusements, the men became more at- 
 tached to us, at l!;e same time that we contributed to their 
 health and cheerfulness. The hearts and feelings of the wIkjIo 
 party were united in one connnon desire to make the time 
 pass as agr(>eablyas possible to each other, until Uie return of 
 spring should enable them to resume tho great object of the 
 expedition." — V. 51, 55. 
 
 Matters went on pretty well till tho conclusion of tho 
 year ; but, owing to the extreme severity of the weath- 
 er in January and February, the sources from which 
 
(T-f 
 
 
 *ll 
 
 1-/ - 
 
 
 
 ! ( 
 
 I i 
 
 I y 
 
 28S 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAl^Krf. 
 
 tlioy liatl li'tlicM'tr, (lorivj'd subsistoiiro fiiilod tlioiii. ''I'lio 
 llicrmoiiK'It'v It'll to — l!)"" on tho 1st of .liiiiunry, hciug 
 tilt' lowest poii't to wliifh it (lesceiidtMl ; hut this scvt'ii! 
 wciithcr WHS ot slioft (liii'iition. tor on tlic! .'M a siiow- 
 sfonn ciiiTictl it u|. to — !)^ : tho liiiihost tVotn tlu^ 1st to 
 the loth W!is H^ H', iuid tlic nifiiii —2\V^ 7'. All tho aii- 
 iiimls liiul inigrjitotl to the southwiird oxco|)t tlit^ wolf and 
 th(^ tox. All tlio! dried meat was expended, and no ficsii 
 llesh could ho procured ; tho lisli cauyht did not allow 
 juori* than three or foiu' snuill herriniis to oiich man, 
 which, beiny on* of season, uHbrdt^d little nourishnuMit, 
 and caustnl indisposition. They wtMUi therefore oi)li(;ed 
 to havt^ recourse to their provision of peminican, arrow- 
 rt)()t, and portable soup, which had boon set ni)art for the 
 voyages aloiiij; the sea-coast. 
 
 By the middle of Ajn'il a lar<;o supply of mort was 
 l)rou<iht up from tht^ stor(?s of tho Hudson's Jiay Com- 
 pany, which put them (juit(^ at east^ r(vsj)octini^ food until 
 the season for th(>ii' departiu'o ; besides, tho animals were 
 bejfiiniing to jwur in from tho southward. Of those and 
 other " pluMiomena connected with tho progress of tho 
 seasons kept at l''oit Franklin,"* Dr. Richardson records, 
 that on the 11th of September tho musqu^toos ccMised 
 to b(^ troiibl(!somo ; on tho "Jd of October, swans in lli^lit 
 to tlie southward ; on tho oth the last swans wore soon. 
 On tho shortest day tho sun was above tho horizon 2h. 
 ■^i-!m. lOth of Ajjril, a house-fly seen in tho open air. 
 On th(> ()th of May the first swans were seen; on tlio 
 7th tlu' jj;eese ap})eared ; on t^he 8th tho ducks ; on tlie 
 lull tho j,Mills ; on the 11th the first rain fell ; on tho 17th 
 various sinyini; birds made their appearance ; on tho '2'i\\i 
 the first lauiihing-seoso were soon; and on tho .31st tho 
 goatsuckers brought up tho roar : and many others, as 
 ■well as various plants, are reiristered. 
 
 In the course of tho month of May the preparations 
 >vere nearly comi)lete, and an additional new boat finish- 
 etl, after th(> model of the Lion, named tho Reliance. 
 In June the boats were all afloat and maimed. Fourteen 
 men, including Augustus and two Canadian voyagers, 
 were to accompany Franklin and Back in the Lit)n and 
 Reliance ; and ten, including Ooligbuck (another Esqui- 
 ■ Appciulix, J). 71, tublo 75. 
 
\-' 
 
 'U\. I no 
 ii-y, being 
 his scvtTtj 
 
 I !l SllOW- 
 
 tlio 1st to 
 
 ill lllO !111- 
 
 wolf and 
 (1 no iVt'sh 
 not allow 
 'acli man, 
 irishnuuit, 
 )r(! ohli^iMl 
 an, arrow- 
 art tor tlio 
 
 iiiprt was 
 l?av Com- 
 [ food miti! 
 imals wcro 
 ■ thesti and 
 •ess of tlio 
 1)11 records, 
 )0S c(!ased 
 ns ill lli^ht 
 ,vere seen. 
 
 ori/on '2li. 
 
 1 open air. 
 
 n ; on the 
 
 s ; on tlie 
 
 In the 17th 
 1 the -2; I h 
 
 e 31st the 
 others, as 
 
 >paratioiis 
 
 loat finish- 
 
 I Reliance. 
 
 Fourteen 
 
 [voyagers, 
 
 Lion and 
 
 ler Esqiii- 
 
 FRANKLIN &l UUiIARDriO\'ri SECOND JOURNEY. 289 
 
 niiuix), to go with Richardson and Konuall in the Dol- 
 phin and I nion. 
 
 The position of Fort Frmklin was deterinined ; its 
 latitude 55^ 11' 5(i", longiiude 123^ 12' 44" W., varia- 
 tion -.v.)" 9' E., dip 82'^ od' 1')". 
 
 The whole i)arty embarked on 15ear Luke River on the 
 24th of June, the 23d being a sultry day ; the thermom- 
 eter in the shade at noon 71°. and at 3 P..M. 74^ : tlie 
 ice drifting down in large masses, and with such ra{)idity 
 as to HMider eml)arcation unsafe. It ceased, how«'ver, 
 at eight th(? following morning, and allowed tluMii to pro- 
 ceed : in the evening they entei'cd tlici Mackenzie River. 
 On h'aving Fort (iood Hope on the 2d of .Inly, being on 
 the border of tiie Esquimaux territory, it was deemed 
 expedient to arm tlie men, and a gun, dairger, and ani- 
 inunition were issued to each person. On tlie 3d tiiey 
 reached tlie broad part of the river, where dill"erent 
 cliannels branch olf; and here the reparation of the par- 
 ties was to take place. The \vest(!rn branch was the 
 roule to be ))ursuedby the boats of Franklin's party, and 
 the eastern branch by those of Richardson ; the former 
 to proceed along tiie northern coast westerly as far as 
 ley Cape, where it was expected to fa!! i:i witli the Blos- 
 som ; the latter 1o examine the coast-line l)etween the 
 nnnith of the Mackenzie and that of the C\,pper Mine 
 River, and having reached tht^ latttM', he was directed to 
 proceed by land to tlie northeast arm of tin; (Ireat Bear 
 Lake, where a Imat would meet and convey him to Fort 
 Franklin. The Lion, under the command of Captain 
 Franklin, had a crew of six men, with Augustus the in- 
 terprettu*. Tin; Reliance, under tlie orders of Lieuten- 
 ant Back, was manned with seven men, consisting of 
 four seamen, a marine, and two Canadian voyagers. 
 
 Franklin's Voi/a^e to the Westward. 
 
 To follow Franklin first, on his voyage to the west- 
 ward, after ])assing through several shallow channels be- 
 tween islands and the main, trending westerly. On the 
 7th of July th(5 i)arty reached tlie mouth of the river, 
 and Franklin, walking toward th(> shore, disiovered on 
 an island a crowd of tents, with many Estpiimaux stroll- 
 ing among them. He tlu'refore haiitened back to the 
 1<J B u 
 
^ 
 
 290 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 ■ I" . 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 ? >:■ I 
 
 
 boat to proparo for a roiniminicalion with thcin, and to 
 srit'ct certain articles for presents and trade. \lo }^av(5 
 orders, in ciisc^ these j)eopl(» should sliow intenti(»ns of 
 liostility, to forbid tiring till ho should set the exain])le, 
 or till oi'dercd to do so by Lieutentuit Jiack. 
 
 The boats st(u?i'ed toward tlio tents under easy sail, 
 witii the ensij^iis llyiniLj ; unfortuimtely, tliey grounded 
 wlien about a mile from tlui beach. Signs wer(> made 
 to the Ksfpiimaux to como otf. l^hreo canoes instantly 
 put olf, but before they couli^ reach the boats, others 
 were lanched in such (piick succession, that tlu^ whole 
 spac<i betweeu tlio island and the boats was covered 
 witii them. " We endeavored," says Franklin, "to count 
 their munbors as tlu^y approached, and had pi'oceeded 
 us far as seventy-tliree canoes and five oomiaks, when 
 the sea became so crowdcid by fresh arrivals that wo 
 coidd advance no farther in our reckoning." It was sup- 
 pos(Hl, however, that the number of persons liad soon in- 
 creased to about three liundred, all pressing forward to 
 tra(l(!, and becoming more and more importunate and 
 troublesome. The headnu)st canoes were paddled by 
 elderly men, who most probably had been selected to 
 open the conmmnication. 'J^hey invited Augustus to 
 approach with the present held out to them. Augustus 
 then explained to them the ])urport of our visit, and told 
 them that if wo found a navigable channel for large 
 ships, we should conu! and 0})en a highly benelicial trade 
 with them : with this tlioy were delighted, tosstui up 
 their hands aloft, " raising the most deafening shout of 
 api)lauso I ever heard." 
 
 Tlius far all went on well ; but an accident happened 
 while the crowd was ])ressing round the boats, whii'li 
 was j)roductivo of nnforeseen and very annoying conse- 
 quences : 
 
 " A kaiyack being overset l)y one of the Lion'8 oars, lis 
 owner was plunged into the water with bis head in the niiid. 
 and iipparently in daiijjier of being drowned. We instantly 
 exlricaled liini h'oni his unpleasant situation, and took liim 
 into iho boat until tho water could be thrown out of liis 
 kaiyack; and Augu.itiis, seeing him shivering with cold, 
 wrapped him up hi his o\\ai great-coat. At lirst he was ex- 
 ceedingly angiy, but soon became reconciled to his situation ; 
 and. looking about, discovered that we luul nianv bales and 
 
•m, nud to 
 
 \lv. ^av« 
 
 iMitioiis (it" 
 
 ) (.'xample, 
 
 ■ easy sail, 
 r gromidt'il 
 V't'i'c luado 
 'S instiiutly 
 ats, utlici's 
 
 tlir Nvliole 
 as covered 
 1, "tocuiiiit 
 
 proceeded 
 liaUs, ^v]lell 
 lis that ^\^i 
 It was sup- 
 lad soon in- 
 ; forward to 
 [•tun ate and 
 paddled by 
 selected to 
 yugustus to 
 Augnstns 
 sit, and told 
 >1 for larui' 
 elicial tiado 
 tossed up 
 
 g shout of 
 
 liappeneil 
 
 ioats, whieli 
 
 ving consu- 
 
 oii's oiu's, its 
 in the niiid. 
 We instantly 
 id look him 
 u out of his 
 with cold, 
 he was ex- 
 lis situation; 
 iiv l)ale^^ and 
 
 
 IRAXKlilN & KlCIIARDriUN'ri SECOND JOl.UNEY. '2i)l 
 
 dtlu"'' articles in tlic hoal. which had hci-n cniiccalcd ti'oiii tho 
 jicople in tin- kaiyacks i)y the covcrinL's iicini,' cai'ctidiN >|)ica(l 
 over idl. lie soon hcL'an t(» ask foi' cmts' thinL( he saw, and 
 (■.\|ii'c.-<scd iiiiich displcasni'c f)u oiu' rrl'iisini: to coniplv with 
 lii> demands ; lie also, we al'tei-ward Ifai'nrd, excited the cii- 
 |iidity of othiTs hy his accouul of the int>xhanstil)le riches in 
 llie l^ion, and several of the youmziT men endeavored to ^'et 
 into lioth our boats, but wo resisted all their altem[)ts." — 1*. 
 lUl, lo-J. 
 
 Tlu'y coiitiiHied. however, to ])ress. and made many 
 ell'orts to get into tln^ boats, while the water had ebbed 
 so far that it was not knee-deep at the |)Iac(> w here they 
 lay ; mid tlio younger men. wtiifing in crowds ar(tinid 
 them, tried to steal i^very tiling they conld reach. Thei 
 JUdituice being iitloat, was driigi:eil by the crowd toward 
 the shore, when Franklin directed the crew of the Lion 
 (which Wiis aground and innno\al)le) to endeavor to fol- 
 low lu'r ; hot she renniined fast until tli(> Kscjuimaux 
 lent their tiid luid dragsio.l iu'r after the Ktdiance. One 
 of the Lion's men perceived that the man who was 
 \\\)sel liad ii pistol under his shirt, whicdi it was discov- 
 vvod had been stolen from Lieutenant Back, and the 
 thief, seeing it to be noticed, leaped (uit of the botd and 
 joined his countrynuMi, carrying witli him tli(^ great-coat 
 which Augustus iiiid lent him. 
 
 " Two of the most powerful men, jumping on l)oard at the 
 same fimi', sei/<"d me bv the wrists and forced me to sit be- 
 t\ve(Mi tlii^m ; and as i shook them loose two or three times, 
 a tliii'd ivscjuimaux took his station in front to catch mv arm 
 whenever I attempted to lift luy ^nni, oi- the broad daL'uer 
 which hung bv my side. 'I'he whole way to the sliore they 
 kept repeating the word ^ fei/nui,' beating i,'ently on mv left 
 lii'easl with their hands, and ])ressiu.ir mine against their 
 breasts. As we neared the beach, two oomiaks hill of wom- 
 en arrived, and ihc 'fci/mas^ aiul vociferation w(>re redoubled. 
 TIk? Reliance was first brought to the slior(>, and tlie Lion 
 «lnse to her a few six^onds afterward. The three men who 
 held mo now leaped ashore, and those who had remained in 
 their canoi^s, taking them out of the water, carried tiiem to u 
 littl(> distance. A numerous ])arty then drawing their knives, 
 and stripping th(>mselv(,*s to the waist, ran to the Reliance, 
 and, having lirst hauled her as far up as they criuld, beirau 
 a regular j)illage, hamliiig the articles to the womi'U, wh(t, 
 rammed in a row behind, (puckly conveyed them out of si^ht," 
 —P. 101. 
 
4 m 
 
 
 AIICTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 II 
 
 . i' li 
 
 ( " 
 
 111 sliort, jiCicr ii I'lirious conicsi, wIumi knives wcin 
 hrandislH'd in a most tlu'ciifoiiinsi; nimnicr. scxcnil nl'tlu! 
 men's (rlotlies cut tlifoii^li, iind the hiittidis ni" others toiii 
 fVt)ni their coats. Ijientenant IJack oi"(h're(l liis j)eo|)le to 
 seize and hnci their niwsUets. hut not to lire till the 
 Avurd was i:i\en. This liad the desired eU'ect, the whole 
 crowd takinii to their lieels and liidinji themselves he- 
 hind tl'c dril't-timher on the heach. Captain l-'ianklin 
 still thoniiht it best, to tempoi'i/c^ so lon^ as the l)oiit> 
 were lyinj^ aiironnd ; tor, armed as tlie Kscpiimanx were 
 witli lotiy knives, hows, arrows, and spears, lirc^-arnis 
 conid not have been used witli advantage against so nn- 
 iiierous 11 host. Fianklin, inileed, states liis conviction, 
 " consideriiiii the state ot" excitement to wliich they had 
 worked themselves, that the fnst blood which his j)arty 
 iiii,i;ht imfortonately have siied would instantly ha\(j 
 been revenf^ed by the sacrifice of all their lives."' 
 
 As soon as the boats were alloat and makiiii; to a se- 
 cure anchoraiie, seven or eif^ht of the niitives walktd 
 aloiii; the beach, enter(Ml into conv(!rsation with Aii;;us- 
 tiis, and invited him to a coiderenco on shore. " I was 
 unwillitiii to let him ^o," says l-'ranklin, "but ili«» biii\e 
 littk^ fellow entreated so earnestly tiiat 1 would sull'ei' 
 him to land and i"ej)rove tht^ Ks(|uimaux for their con- 
 iliict, that I at U'ntjth conscMited.'' On his return, bein^ 
 desiied to tell what he had said to them, " hi; hud told 
 them," he said, 
 
 " Vour conduct has been very bad, and inihke that of all 
 otiier KMi(|niinau.\. Soiiu; of you even stolt; from nie, your 
 coinilrvnian ; but tiiat 1 do not niiiid ; I only regret that vou 
 HJiould have trealed in tills violent inauiier the white j)eo]»lt', 
 who came solely to do you kindness. JMy tribe \ver(! in 
 the same iniliii|)|iy stale in wliich you now are before tlio 
 white people came to (.'hiir'-liill, but at present they are sup- 
 plied with every tliiiiir they need, ami you see that I am well 
 dollied ; I tret all that 1 want, and am very comfortahli'. 
 Yon can not exixu'l, after tie trausacti(»ns of this day, tli;il 
 these peoph> will ever bring poods to your countiy again, 
 unless you show your contrition bv restoring the stolen 
 floods. The white j)eople love the Jlscpiiinaux, and wish to 
 show them the same kindness that they bestow upon the 
 Indians. Do uot deceive yourselves, and supposi> they arc 
 afrtiid of you ; 1 tell you they are uot ; and that it is entirely 
 
 :.'.i( 
 
lives were 
 I'nil lit" tliu 
 itlicrs torn 
 i people to 
 re till tlie 
 , the whole 
 isj'lves he- 
 ll rrmikliii 
 tlie l)oat> 
 naiix were 
 ;, lire-iiriiis 
 liiist so mi- 
 coMvietioii, 
 ■h they hiiil 
 h his piirty 
 tiiiitly hiiNt! 
 es. 
 
 iiiiji; to a se- 
 ivi's walkcil 
 vith Au^us- 
 •o, " 1 was 
 It iho hrave 
 Aould sutler 
 r their con- 
 'tiirii, heinu 
 \o hud lolil 
 
 ie that of all 
 nu me, your 
 •ixrel that you 
 liile jieople, 
 •ilie were in 
 •e heiore the 
 ht^y are siiji- 
 lat'l am well 
 coml'ortahli', 
 lis (lay, lliiit 
 ounliy af-'aiu. 
 If the stolen 
 and wish lo 
 i)W ujjou tln' 
 lose they art- 
 it is ciilii'fly 
 
 rilANKLtV & RICIIARDflOx'd SECOND JOURXFA'. 20.'] 
 
 (iwlii^ to ilieir humanity' that iiiaiiv of you ^vere not killed 
 to-day ; tor they lia\e all l'Uiis. with which thoy can destroy 
 \ou either when near or at a distance. 1 also have a l'uii, 
 and can assurt! you that, it' a white nian had liilleii, [ would 
 have heeii the first to have revenuod his death." — I'. Kill. 1()1>. 
 
 Thi^ Ifiiiifuuiie, of course, is that ot" Franklin, who, 
 however, j.Mves it as tlie pnrpiu't of .Xnyustns's speech, 
 and adds, " liis veracity is heyoiid all (juestion witli tiio 
 party." " AVe could perc«Mve,".says Kraiiklin, '* hy tlui 
 shouts of appiiiuso with which they tilled th(< |)atises iu 
 hi;; laiii^mi^e, that they assented to his ar<,Munents ; and 
 he told us they liad expressed jLjreat sorrow for liaviti'^ 
 iliveii so much causes of oHejist!." He said, moreover, 
 that they plench'd ii;noratiee, liavinii inner Ixd'oro seen 
 white men ; that they liad seen so uiany fine thinjL;s 
 entirely new to them, that tlu'y could not rt'sist tho 
 temptation of stoidin^ ; they jjromised never to (ht tho 
 like ai;aiii, and j;av(^ a |)roof of their sincerity hy restorin;^ 
 the articles that had Inu'ii stolen ; and thus, iu an amicu- 
 lile maiUHT, was the utlVay concluded. 
 
 These people, iu poss(>ssiou of tiui country hord(5rin<; 
 on tlu^ coast hetwetMi tln^ Mackenzie Hiver JUid tho 
 Ixocky iMomituins, tippear to liave assunu'd n more war- 
 like (diaracter. from tVe(|U(Uit collisions with their neij^li- 
 hors the Dojf-rih Indians, tliau their countrymen fjeuer- 
 ally possess. It was also ohserved, tliat the farther tho 
 party advanced to the wt'stward, the more tlu'y found 
 the Ks(piimaux features takinti; the reseiid)lauce of those 
 of the Tartar race, distiuiinished hy hi^h cheek-hones, 
 and small, ohiiquely elongated eyes, not unlike thos(i of 
 the Cliinese. 
 
 " Kvery man had jiicces of hono or shells thnist through 
 the septum of his nose ; and holes w(>re ])iei'ced on each side 
 nl' the mider lip, in which were placed circular ])ieces of 
 ivory, with a larjre hlue head in tho center, .similar to those 
 ii'|)re.s(Mited iu the drawiii^fs of the natives on the N.\V. 
 (oast of America, in Ktttzehue's Voyage. The.se ornaments 
 were .so much valued, that tiiey declined sel' \g them; Jiud 
 wlu'u not rich enouirh to procure heads or iv<,.y, sUnjes and 
 [lieces of hone were sid)slitaled. These ])erforatious are 
 made at the age of puherty ; and one of the party, who 
 a]i[ieared to he a])ont fourteen years old, was pointed out 
 with deliuht hy liis parents as having to iuideri:o the oper- 
 
 H 15 '.> 
 
 'l > 
 
k 
 
 o 
 
 !M 
 
 AKrrir \<iVAt;r.H. 
 
 
 I 
 
 ' \ 
 
 1 1 
 
 in. 
 
 ;iliiiii III till' InlldW III;; \r.ii. Ili' w ;M ii :'ihii| IikiIvhi- Iiii\_ 
 
 illhl we (-iilllil llii! llllli'V llhi ri)l|Ml«'M.'llli'i> WiMllil 1)1' llllli ll nil. 
 |irn\<'ll lt\ till' lll-'I'llilMI >l\ till' IllllirS OV n|ii||("<. wIihIi ||;|' ,. 
 
 llic rllri t III ili>|iii'.H.siti:; the iiiiiii'i' li|i, iliiii U<'i'|Mii;; llic iiiniiili 
 .-|..'ii." -r. !l;t. 
 
 'riii< ilrt'Ns MJ* till' AVumcii (lillcrnl 1111111 tliiif nl' ||ii> 
 iMcii (iiilv III tlinir wciinin; wnlo trow.scrs. iiihI l)ii:'i< 
 IioimIs- »(\«>r tlii'ir Ik'ihIs ; sttmc of llic yitiiiim'r Iciiiiijcs 
 liiiil |tl»Mism!j; (•itmili<iiiinr<"^. 
 
 " Tlirii own liliirk li;iir i-* vci'v Id-ili'liillv liiniril ii|i \'vit\\\ 
 l>t'liiiiil III tlic li>|i ul lli(> lii'iiil, iiMil tii'il liv sliiiiu"^ I'l wliiii' 
 .'till I Mill' l>i',iil-<, nr ('uriJN nl' \\ iiitc (iri'i- mIuii. ll IS ill \ ill I'd III 
 IliHll. si< U- 111 liinil nil I'.'li'll siili' M tllli'U lull, til W llicll lllr ;i|> 
 I'l '111 I I'll stniii's lit' Ik '111 l> 1 1 1, It ii'iiili til till' w ;ii'-t. 'I'lii' \\ uiin 11 
 w err rinin Iniir ;nul ,1 li.iIT tu Iniir ;iiiil tin re (iiiiirti'is Ici'l lii:li, 
 iiliil ,';riii'i;illv till. Sniiii' ul tlic MiiiM;;i'r Iriiiiili'-', iiiiil tlii« 
 • liililn'ii, wiTc |ir('tlv. Till' linlv wlnwi' |iiirlr!iit fiilnriis iIih 
 wnrU WM-* liii;:litilv pli'.'isi'il iit lii'iii;; sclcrtril lis I .iriilrii.inl 
 l^irlv liir \w* ski'lfli, iiiul li'stilii'ii lii'f jnv li\ smiles ;iiiil iii:ni\ 
 juiii|i>. 'I'hi' nn'il. w liril silliii:; fur tlirir |iiiitriiit,-«, wrii' iiim m 
 sciliitc, lluuiuli mil less |ilr;isi'i|, tliiiii tlii> ti'iiijili's ; sunn' ni 
 tliriii it'iiiMi Ui'il that llii'N wiTi' imt liMiulsnmi' ciiiiiii'li In li.« 
 laUi'M til iiiir I'liimtrx ." — I'. I 111. 
 
 ll;i\iiiU liiktMi nil iiiiii('nlil(> Ii'mvi' ul' these people, mi 
 the l.'lh ol .liih they put to sen, iiiiil soon liiseiuereil n 
 jiiojet'llnti point of Iniid. to whieh wns joiiieil a eoiiipacl 
 hoiU o|" lee. A ileiise I'oii set in. willi n stion^ i;nle ami 
 henw fiiin. With coiisiihTnlile dniiiier to tlie hnat-, 
 ntliM" I'ue hotirs* pnHiiii; lietwetMi masses of ice, tlie\ 
 stiiM'eeileil in ut'l'mu loiiiul ('apt* Saltlne. nml Iniuleij a 
 little 111 llie west of it. I lere iht'v ohserveil much woimI 
 coal on the haiiU. On the l.'ilh thev proceeileil. hnviiii; 
 MotiC(>il the ice loi seneil tVom th(> lamj. nml ndvanceii to 
 a fivei' which thev nnmed l>alil)a;zc. the width near its 
 month hi'iiiii about two miles. Mere it was olisei\eil 
 that the KocUy Mountnlus run in detached riin«:es, at 
 imeipial distances tVoiii tlu^ coast. 'I'hiMr latitude was 
 {!;! " r.» . loiiiiitndt* l;>S ' 10', '. 
 
 ()n the ITth, lindiin; a chamuM of water h(^tween an 
 island they named llerschel and tin* main. th»\v entcfcd 
 it. and tliis strait is reportt>d to he " tin* only place that 
 we liad seen sinc(< (piittiiiii tlie MacKen/.ie Ixiver in 
 whi«'h a sltip could timl slieltef." Its latitnd«> was (i'.i ' 
 ;>:>',•. lonuitiide l-"';^' ;' \V. 'I'h*' ice and the shallow- 
 
.1 
 
 1 inK III" liii\ , 
 
 »' iiiinli nil. 
 \v liK li li:n ■• 
 ;; IIh' iiiniiil, 
 
 lliiit ul' l)i.< 
 
 mill liMi'i' 
 
 ^<>r rt'iiiiili'4 
 
 I'd ii|i riiiiii 
 
 ;,'rt nl' \\ lull- 
 i.s i\\\ iilril III 
 liirli ;iir :i|i 
 
 rill' \\ iijiii II 
 
 T'i trrt llij'li, 
 \i'>, illld tlic 
 
 I Miliini'^ llii-4 
 ,' l.ii'iili'iiiiMl 
 rs .'iilil iii:in\ 
 I, were iiim h 
 's ; sniiH' III 
 iiini:',li III li.> 
 
 piMtplc. nil 
 isi'iu (M't'il :i 
 I a roMipat'! 
 11^ ^lilc Mini 
 
 lllC l)(lllls. 
 
 • I" icr. tlir\ 
 III hiiiilcil :i 
 micli Wdiiil- 
 iI(mI. Il!l\ill^ 
 MilviiiictMl Id 
 llh iifiir iN 
 
 IS oIlSflM'll 
 
 I fiiiiiirs, at 
 atitU(l«> was 
 
 l)<'t\V(HMl !UI 
 
 icy t'littTt'il 
 s- pliici' tliaf 
 ic Jxivt-r ill 
 (U« WHS (i:! 
 lie sliiillow- 
 
 ni.WKI.IN A. KirilAllDHON M HI'.COM* JOI It \ F. V . !J!),"| 
 
 li("-s III' ||m> wnirr liryuinl it si-iiwiuij suincw Iml clicrKnl 
 llh'ii' |t|•lt^|■^'ss, iiijil iiii\r liiiii' liir i''raiiKiiii Id \i-.iI AlDiinf, 
 ( 'DiiyltDiiiD, DiiD dI iIid iDcky iiiliyrs lii> liiiij si» ihiimi'iI, 
 IrDiii nlinicD lir lijiij an cxlriisuf \n'\v d|' iIid siiccdssidii 
 d| laii^rs, Id all wliicli lie assigns iiaiiu's, tliat |»iDliaMv 
 air iidI ilDDiiit'tl to Mu liryiiinl llif pa'^i' thai CDiilaiiH 
 lliDiii, and iTi'tainly mil In |iDstfiily. < >ii tlii- '.';;d u 
 naiiDW D|)('nm" ni tin- ice alinwrd tlii'iii Id lUDcrrd as 
 lar as a sniall sliraiii, wliirli tlwy niiiiiril Sn' I'liltcncy 
 .Mali'Dliii, and which had i^iscii thcni an advance d| ten 
 miles. Itiiwldcrs dI" mccnslDiic, sandslDiic, and liiiic- 
 sIdiic wcic rDiind near the niDiilh dI' this river, deeply 
 sealed in I he ^lavcl iil the licfich. 
 
 < Ml the '.Mh DJ .Inly I hey can le Id the ninntli dI' a widn 
 
 river, which, pniceedini; liDni tl Iiiilish runye nl" 
 
 ni(»inilains," "and lieini:," says {''ranUlin, "the niDsf, 
 wes|erl\ iver in the Urilish dinniniDiis ini ihis cdiisI, and 
 near the line dI deiiiarcatiDii lielwcen (Ileal j>nlaiii and 
 Kiissiii, I naiiied it iIk^ ( 'Ifltence, in Iidiidi- dI' his rnval 
 highness the Inrd liii;h-adiniral." ["i'diii hence I'd^^'s and 
 liin^-cDiiliniicd iiales, rain, and heavy pieces dI' dril'l-ico 
 cDiilinneil Id interrnpl their |»rDi;iess till the llh dI" ,\n- 
 Uiisl, when they jell in with a parly dI" trading; and 
 peaceahle Msipiinianx, tVoni whom they learned that tln> 
 cnast herDie them was similar to that (iIdiih which they 
 had heen travelini^. They were nnw in lal. 71) ' .'>', 
 Iiaii;. 1 I.'! ' .').")'. h'nr sdiiic lime past ihey had [inlled 
 the liiials outside, or to seaward dI' the cDiilinned reef 
 DJ' rocks and gravid, iihoiil two miles, and a little laither 
 on I'onnd the water \A'vy shallow and perreclly I'resh. 
 'I'd anolher lar^e river they i^ave the name ol" ( 'amiiinjj, 
 opposite to Avhich, al three miles iVom the shore, tin* 
 water was slill IVesli. This river was of course ruiiniiig 
 thronuh the Kiissiai) dominions. 
 
 The farther they advanced westerly the more denso 
 the loiis hecMine ; not a day elapsed in which they did 
 not occur; the tempei'iiliire descended to :','y\ and tlu> 
 ji^alcs of wind hecanie more cmistant ; at nii,dit tln^ watcir 
 lro/,(> : and the middle^ of Aii<j;ust liavin;; arrived, the win- 
 ter miiiht here he said to liave set in ; the inor(^ oai'ly, 
 |)roI)al)ly, from the vicinity of thi^ l\ocky .\romitains, and 
 the extensive swampy [ilaiiis helwecMi them aiidthi! sea. 
 
 ' ? 
 
 I f 
 
 <l 
 
/i" i 
 
 ♦290 
 
 ARCTIC VOVAGES. 
 
 1; , 
 
 f ; 
 
 -ii. 
 
 'it 
 
 ), 
 
 H 
 
 I f 
 
 r > • 
 
 'f 
 
 Tbo Minn liad sunVrcd iniirli finni tlio liiird labor 'if |iiill- 
 iiil.' hikI ilraiiiiiiiii: llif heavy lioals. and tVom <(»ld as well 
 as ratiiiiic. It will readily l>«' ludievcd, IV<»mi tiie clnwac- 
 fcr (if tlif iiiaii. that it was with no ordinaiy (U'tirec of 
 pain tliat Franklin coidd brin^i liiniself even to think of 
 reliii(|nisliin<; the yreat oliject <»f his aniliition, or of di>. 
 appoinlini; the (latterin;^ confidence that had heeii repos- 
 ed on his exertions. " lint," he says, " I had liiyher 
 dnties to pertorni than the {jratificatiiai of iny own feej- 
 inus : and the inature j-onsideration ol" all the aliove nait- 
 ters force(| me to the conclusion that we had reachcfl 
 that point beyond whicdi perseverance Avould he rash- 
 ness, and onr best efforts innst be fruitless." He there- 
 fore, with lull a|)prol)ati()n of his coinpanions, set out, (Hi 
 the iHth. of Au^Mist, oil Ills return to the Mackenzie, 
 from the extreiiu* point liaiiied, named by him the Retiirn 
 Keef. in lat. 70 ' -Ji' N., Ion-.'. 1 lit' :\7'' \V. 
 
 About tliis time, as it at erwai'd appeared, the Hlos- 
 soin's boat, sent by IJeechey from Helirinu's .^trait, ar- 
 rived on the coast, on wliich Franklin obsei-ves : 
 
 " Could I have known, or bv possibility iiii;i;.'ined, that a 
 party frnin tlie lilnssoiii bad been at the distance of only 1(11) 
 miles from nie, nodillicidtics, diui^xers, ordiscouraj^iiip circnju- 
 ptaaces should have prevailed «»n ine to return ; but taking 
 into accttuat tlii> uncertainty of all voyaj,'es in a sea obstnut- 
 ed by ice, I liad no rt<,dit to expect that the Blossom had ad- 
 vanced beyond Kot/.ebue Inlet, ca* that any j)aity from her had 
 doubled the ley Cape." — 1'. 1 ().'>. 
 
 Captain Franklin states the distance traced westerly 
 from the mouth of tin; Mackenzie lliver io have been 
 .'5T 1 miles, aloujL; one of the most dreary, miserable, and 
 uninterestiufi portions of sea-coast that can perhaps be 
 f(juial in any part of tlu' world ; and in all that space, 
 not a hai'bor exists in which a ship could find shelter. 
 
 The return voyai^e was equally luirassinfj; to the one 
 just completed. Near Ilerschel Island, however, they 
 had a narrow escape from the elfects of a violent storm 
 on the ocean : 
 
 " As the afternoon wore away, gloomy clouds gathered in 
 the northwest ; and at six a violent scpiall came from that 
 quarter, attended with snow and sleet. The gale increased 
 with rapidity : in less than ten minutes the sea was white 
 with foam, and such waves were raised as I had never beibro 
 
FRA\KI-IN' & UK.'HARDSON'rf snrONn JOIJRNIIV. Q07 
 
 )or of piiIN 
 iild as well 
 ic cliiinic- 
 (IciiriM' <»|' 
 () tliinU of 
 , or of (lis- 
 ('»'ii n'|)os- 
 iikI liiyluT 
 own iVcl- 
 
 ihoVC IIKlt- 
 
 (1 n-Uflic'l 
 1 l)f msli- 
 llr tlicre- 
 si4 out, on 
 *la('k('n/.i<', 
 ho Koturn 
 
 lli«' nios- 
 S trait, ar- 
 
 's : 
 
 iiifil, timt ;i 
 of o!ily HiO 
 ;itig circiiiri- 
 
 Imt takiii;^ 
 i>ii ohstnicT- 
 oiii had ad- 
 
 )in her had 
 
 d Avcstcrly 
 liave \tvvn 
 rahh;, and 
 x'rhaps ho 
 liat spaco, 
 shelter, 
 to tbo Olio 
 over, they 
 )luut storm 
 
 gathered in 
 
 from tliat 
 
 e increased 
 
 was Avhite 
 
 ever before 
 
 111 Til ('\|tii>ril til ill .1 lidiit. Tlie spriiy atid >i';i hiulvc tiNcr ii.^ 
 iuccssinitly, and it wjih witli dilliciihy tlial \\r t-tmld keep 
 \\-ri' liv h;iirni;r. Our hitir Vf-srls wrnt thrmiirh thr w.ili-r 
 wilii ^reat velocity, iiiidfr ii close-r'-rfcd Miil, Imisti-d iihuiit 
 tlwee teet up tht> niaiiiniiisl, and |irovi'd thiiiisclvrs to lie 
 \cry himyant. 'llicir sniidl >i/e, hnwe\cr, :nid the natino 
 III' their constna'tioii, iiecr>siirily iidiiptrd fur the iiavi^'aticiii 
 of siiiilldv.' rivers, niililtfd them fer w itii>tjiii(nii^' the .-en then 
 rimniuL', ami we were in imminent dim^'er of liinnderiin,'. 
 I thereflire resolved on maUinu f<^v the shnre, as the only 
 meiins of siiviim the p;ivty. !ihli(»iiL.'li I \v,is jiwiire that in so 
 dnimr I incurred the h.i/iird of stavin;.' the lioats. there liein^ 
 tew places on this part »tf the coast where there was sutlicient 
 lieach under the liroki n ciills. The wind liiuwini,' aloiiir llie 
 land, we could not venture on expo-iu;: th(> lioal's side t(» 
 tlit; sea hy liaidiu;,' directly in, hut, ed^duir away with the 
 wind in that i|u,'irter, we must providentially tndk the ^'idimd 
 ill a faviiraiile >[i(it. The Imats were instantly lilled with 
 tlie siirl. hut they were iinlnadetl and dra^fjed up withmit 
 liaviu;,' sustained aiiv material diini;e_'e. Impressed with a 
 sense of gratitude for the si;,'iial deliverance we had experi- 
 enced III! this and other fKTasions. we assembled in the even- 
 iiii.' to oH"er up praise and thanks^ivin-; to the Alinij,dity," — 
 r. 17-J. 17:}. 
 
 ( )ii tbo '21st of Septeiiiher tb(> party reached I'ort 
 F^rniiklin, where they liad tbo bappinoss ot" iiu'etiiiii all 
 their friends in safety : tin? eastern detaclniioiit btid ar- 
 rived on tbi^ 1st of Sej)t(Mnher, after ji most siiccessftd 
 voyage. Franklin says that the distiince trtivehMl, in tbo 
 throe niontiis of their ahsenco from i''ort Ki'tinkliii, 
 amounted to two thousand and forty-»>igbt statute mik's, 
 of wbicli six liundred and ten were through parts not 
 j)reviously discovered. 
 
 " I can not (dose this acctamt of onr sea voyaire without ex- 
 pressiiiif the deep ohlii:ation I feel to Lieutenant liack for liiK 
 cordial co-operation, and tor his zealous and unwearied assi- 
 duity during its la-oi^ress. * ^ * * ;\Iy warmest thanks 
 are likewise due to the men of my party, who met eveiy 
 obstacle with lUi ardent desire to surmount it, and cheeriiu- 
 ly exerted thenis(dves to the utmost of their power. Tlitdr 
 cool, steady conduct is the more connneiidahle as the sea nav- 
 iijatirm \vas entirely novel to the whol(> exce]>t to the seamen 
 Duncan aial Spinks. and Hallom. cor|)or!il of mariiK^s. The 
 Canadian voyagers, Felix and Vivii'i-, first saw the ocean on 
 this occasion." 
 
■•■i^ - ■■■ 
 
 k i 
 
 1 ' " 
 
 I ■ 
 
 4.1 
 
 h 
 
 i'lil 
 
 
 1 
 
 •I<v, , I 
 
 5>98 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 Vr. Rlchardsoii's Voyage to the Edsfivard. 
 
 Tin* iiarnitive of I)i'. Ivicliardson is briffly and lucidly 
 toM. Accordiiii:; to his iiistructiniis, lie lind to tntr«^ tli(< 
 rojist brtwccii tlio Mackctizic jiiid Coppor Mine Ivivcrs, 
 mid to rctiini tVom tiic liittcr ovci-liind to Fort h'l-jmkl'ii. 
 ITis party consisted ot'liinisnil", \ho intcrpiX'tr-rOoliyljnck, 
 and i'onr men, in tlio Dolpliin ; and Mr. KokIjiJL in tli(^ 
 I'nion. On leaving Point; Separation, in one ot" the 
 ))ran('iies of tlie .Maei^en/ie, on the 4tii of .lulv, he made 
 fr)r Middle ( 'hainnd, out of whieh he entered a brunch 
 Jlowiiiij; to the (^astwai'd. tlie land i>(;iinf low and niais'iv, 
 and tlie sunnnits of the banks loaded with di'ifr-tinil cr. 
 'IMiese ilats were? enlivened hy the busy tliiiht and 
 cheerful twitteriuii; of the sandniaitins, which had 
 S('Of)ped out thousands of nests in the banks ; '' we wit- 
 nessed with pleasure their activity in thinnin<; the ranks 
 <»f our most tormentinij; foes, tlie nmsquetoes." At for- 
 ty-two miles tlie paity canu; to the comnujiicement of 
 Hoindeer Hills on the main-iiind, clothed with trees; to 
 their tops. 
 
 On tJH^ 5th. liavinjT made above forty miles, th(*y en- 
 (•ami)ed ; and here a s[)ruce-tree was seen of the unu- 
 sual circumferences of seven feet at four feet tVom the 
 jj;round. On the following day, in bit. ri9°. the Eastern 
 Channel made a turn round this point of the Jxeindeer 
 Hills, whi(di here terminatcMl; and liere also Wiis a small 
 island, })oss(!ssinif, according to Mackenzie, a " saci'cd 
 character," being still a l)urial-j)lace of the Kscjuinuiux : 
 it was called by Kichardson the! " Sacr»>d Island." Here 
 also the channel terminated, by several islands dividnig 
 it into as many branches. On some of the. .i, and on va- 
 rious i)arts of the coast, tlie bituminous shale was no- 
 ticed to be on tire ; and in some parts of the clilfs ap- 
 j)eare(l as if they had fallen down, owing to the con- 
 sumption of the combustible strata, and terminating in a 
 green and sloj)ing bank. The attraction of oxygen by 
 tlie sulphur causes th«^ combustion, whi(di, as the doc- 
 tor observes, is made more lively by the presence of bit- 
 umen. 
 
 They now steered along tlie main shore, and speedily 
 
 h'. 
 
 i 
 
Richardson's voya(;c to tfie eastward. 299 
 
 '.rd. 
 
 kI lucidly 
 triic(^ tlio 
 le Rivers, 
 Fi'iinklin. 
 )()li^l)iick. 
 mi ill tlin 
 le ot" tli(^ 
 
 , ho lllfKh; 
 
 fi hi'iuicli 
 1 nijus'iv, 
 it'r-tinil LT. 
 Iliiilit and 
 liicli hiid 
 '' we wit- 
 tho rutiks 
 ' At for- 
 ;(MiUMit ol" 
 li trees to 
 
 , tlioy eii- 
 ■ the umi- 
 : from tlie 
 10 Eastern 
 J\eindoor 
 ,'as a small 
 a " sacred 
 <(|uimaiix : 
 1." Hero 
 ds dividmii; 
 and on va- 
 1»^ was no- 
 ) dill's ap- 
 [) the con- 
 iiating in a 
 oxygon by 
 IS the doe- 
 nico of bit- 
 id speedily 
 
 foil ill witli n tribe of Ksfpiimaiix, who used throat oiiiii!^ 
 iaii'Mia'^o and yosliiros. wIkmi ()()liirl)n('ii said tliov woro 
 bad people, '' ontvoatoil me to embark, took mo on his 
 back, and carried me on boai'd." As the conduct of 
 lliese people was v(>ry similar to that which Franklin 
 mot with, and not dilforiiiii nuUorially from those* iiiliab- 
 itiiii!; the eastern coast of Mellville Peninsula, it will not 
 be Tn'cossary to notice the numerous parties ot these 
 ])e(;ple mot with on this voyagi^. It may be oi)sorved, 
 that on this occasion, by judif;ious manafiemcMit on the 
 ))art of liichardson, th(5 necessity of firino; upon them 
 was avoided. Those poor creatures had no doubt the 
 sani' excuse as those wlio attacked I ranklin ; they had 
 never soon white men, and never prolMibly heard of thcj 
 only one that their i:roat-2;ran(lfathers mii,dit liavo scmmi. 
 1 lavin>j; ji^ot rid of tl ^ Ksquimanx, suddenly a violent gale 
 arose, that, by sottin<!; on the shore, oblifrod them to take* 
 sholtei- in [\efuij;(i Cove, in hit. (>!)" 'J!>', which they left 
 the folloNving day ; but. from the badness of the weather, 
 and the ice oxtiMiding on the sea to the northward, they 
 made little jirogress. At their halting-place on the 13th, 
 the doctor says : 
 
 " .Mvviads ot" Hins(|n(^tocs. wbicli n^posed amoii!! the irrnss, 
 rose ill clonds when (listurl)e(l. and ^^^ve i; ■» much aiiiioyaiiio. 
 M;inv Kiiow-binls were liatcliiiig on the point, and we saw 
 swans, Ciuiada iii'esi'. eider, kiiii:, arctic, and siiif docks; sev- 
 • Tiil irlaucous, silvei-y, bliick-hradcd, and ivory fjiills, together 
 with terns and nortlieni divers. vSoiiif lauidiiiiir-ireese p;issed 
 to liie northward in the eveninir, which may !)e considered 
 as a snre indication oi' land in that direction." — 1'. "J 17. 
 
 On the 1 1th they took shelter fnnn the fog and a 
 lieavy gal«> in a cove called ]>row(d Cove, in latitude 70 \ 
 longitude 130^ 1!)'. It was supposed, the water being 
 brackish, that it proceeded from an immense lake not far 
 from the beach, known by the name of the Ks(|ninmux 
 Lake. Of this largi^ sheet of water Dr. Richardson 
 gives tlu! following account : 
 
 " Taking for granted that the accounts we receivt ;! from 
 the natives were (as oar own observations led us to believe) 
 correct, Ks(|iiiinaux Lake is a ^vry extensive and cnrionrt 
 pit'ct^ ot" watiM-. The Indians s.iy that it reaches 1o within 
 fonr (lavs' march ot" Fort (iood Hope; und the F.sqniniJMix 
 iutlirrn'Ml ns ihat it rxti-iids troni Tcint l"ncount<'r to (';iii<' Ba- 
 
 '\ 
 
 Si 
 
4 
 
 300 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 i! 
 
 I. 
 
 -i 1 ■ ' 
 
 Mj- 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I ; 
 
 thiirst, lliiifl nsrribiiip to it an extent ffom north to Hoiitli of 
 more thiiii one linndred uikI forty milerf. juid tr(»in east to \ve>t 
 (»t" one liiniilred iuid lit'ty. * ** ** If a eonjeeture iiuiy Im- Imz- 
 nrdcd aljout the orij-'iiiiil foniiatioji of a lake wliieli we Jiail 
 Ko few f>[)])ortiMiifies of examining, it st^enis pro])al)le that tlio 
 alhivial matters hroiiirht (h)\\ii hy the Mackenzie and other 
 rivers have <,'ra(hially formed a l)arrier of islands and shoals, 
 which, hy ])r.'veiitinf: the fn^' access of tin; tide, enables llio 
 fresh water to niaintHin the ])redomiiiance liehiiid it. Tlio 
 action of the waves of the wea lias a tenthMicy to increase tlio 
 hei^djt of the harrier, while the cnneuts of the rivers and 
 ehh tide ]>res(?rve the depth of the lake. A great formation 
 of wood-coal will, 1' douht not, Ik; ultimately formed l)y tiio 
 innnense (juanlities of ilrift-tlmher annually deposited on tho 
 borders of llsipiimau-K bake." — 1'. 22''). 
 
 On the loth tliey inado a traverse often miles across 
 an itdi^t, tlie water of wliicli, runniny out in a stroni:; 
 curnMit, and ncnirly fresh, was supposed to he anotlier 
 coinniunicatlon of tlie Ks(juinianx Lake with the sea. 
 They nannd it llussell lidf^t. The latittuh; was 70"' 
 rj, and the h)n^itude I'i!)- -21' ; and hoi-e tlu' main-land 
 trended, as they wished, to tlu> soutlieasl ; foi", liavini; 
 passed the low coasts and shoals wliich extend as far as 
 the lake contiinies, it was expiK-ted that the ohstrnction 
 to their proi^ress would ceas*?, as in the whole of this 
 distance tln\y had to cross channels of shallow water, 
 encunihered with hanks of shingle, and the water nioro 
 fresh than salt. 
 
 On Mie IWth, sailin<i between some islands and tlio 
 main, a large parly of Ks(piimaux rushed out to tho 
 shore, brandishing their knives, using threatening ex- 
 pressions, and forbidding them to land. ]?ut on Rich- 
 ardson bawling out '• harter," they were peaceful in a 
 moment, and brought such goods as they possesscnl on 
 bo.n-d : so easily are savages Uianaged by judicious treat- 
 ment. 
 
 " The females, imlikf^ those of the Indian tribes, had much 
 handsomer features than the men ; and one yoimg woman of 
 the party would have i)een deemed ])n'tty even in Kurojie. 
 Uur presents seemed to render them jx'rfcctly happy, and 
 they danced with such ecstasy in their slender boiiLs as to in- 
 cnr, more than once, great ha/.ai«l of being ov«M'set. A bun- 
 dle of strings of heads being thrown into an oomiak, it was 
 cautjlit hv an old woman, who hmri^ed the treasure to her 
 
RICllARDSON'ri VOYAGE TO THE EASTWARD. 301 
 
 to Rontli of 
 
 C!ist to \V('.>t 
 
 iiiay bt; liiiz- 
 licli \vc hiid 
 .l»le that tlio 
 e iiiul otlii'i' 
 i nnd slinals. 
 cnalilos tlio 
 lul it. 'Ilio 
 incroaso tlio 
 -i rivern and 
 at f'oniiatioii 
 •iiu'd l)y tho 
 )sitL'd on tho 
 
 nilcs across 
 iii a sti'oiii^ 
 be anotb«M' 
 rh tho sea. 
 1(5 was 7(P 
 (> iiiaiii-laiid 
 
 for, havitiff 
 nd as far as 
 
 obstruction 
 lolo of this 
 How water, 
 .vator iiioro 
 
 Is and tlio 
 out to tho 
 litoniuii ('\- 
 t on Kich- 
 aceful in a 
 sscssod on 
 ions trcat- 
 
 is, bad much 
 YJ. woman of 
 in Kuro])!'. 
 liii|)|)y, and 
 [>at.s as to in- 
 L't. A l)nii- 
 Iniak. it was 
 Lsure to luT 
 
 breast with the stronL'fst pxprcssidii of rapture, while another 
 I'ldcrly (hiuif, wlio had strctchnl out licr arms in vain, b ■- 
 tame the v«'ry picture of despair. On my explaining', how- 
 ever, that the pn-scnt was fur the whole, an amicaldc division 
 instantly took place; and to show their i^ratitude, tln-y sang 
 a soni^ to a ])leasiiii,' air, krrpiiii; time with their oars. I'li^y 
 gave us many pressiiiir invitations to |«a.-is the ni^'ht at tln-ir 
 tents, in which they wi*re joined l)y the men; and to excite 
 our liberality, the mothers drew the childrt-n out of their 
 wi(b' boots, wliere they an; accustomed to carry them naked, 
 and holdiuLT them \\y, bejrged beads for them. Their entreat- 
 ies were, tor a time, successful ; but, being desirous of getting 
 clear of our visitors before breakfast-time, we at length told 
 them that our stock was exhausted, and they took leave." — 
 
 At on(^ of their halting-placo.s, tho interesting little 
 anecdote of tho .snow-hunting's lu'st, mentioned by Cap- 
 tain Lyon, could not fail to be brought to their recollec- 
 tion by the following iiu-i(h'nt : 
 
 " In taking wood to make a fire from a large {)ilo of drift- 
 tind)er which had been collected by the Ks(|uimaux, the nest 
 of a snow-bird, containing four young, was discovered. Tlie 
 parent-bird was at first scared away, but affection tor its otf- 
 spriiig at length gave it courage to approach them with food; 
 and, as it was not molested, it soon became (piile fearless, 
 and fed tin ni with the larva; of in.-^ects, while the party were 
 seated at breaktiist close by the nest." — W 'j:}.">. 
 
 Through a small opening in tho land, which with the 
 main formed llarrowby J>ay, tiie boat.s passed with 
 great difficulty, being nearly barred up; tmd liu; mo- 
 ment they had crossed the bar, th<^ Wiiter wa.s greenish 
 and perfectly salt. The <'astern point of the passage 
 lies in latitudt^ 70- ■'}()', longitude 107^ 3o' ; and Point 
 J')athurst proved to be tho most northerly part of the 
 main they approached during the voyage. From ihis 
 ])oint the coast trended southeast into Franklin's IJay, in 
 latitude Gi)^^ '.20' ; rose on the east to Cape Ptu'ry, in 
 latitude 70^ o' ; descended again to Daridey iJay, hi 
 latitude 09^ 35', the eastern cape of which is in latitude 
 (i!)^ 4')', front whence the main shore gi-adually trjMids 
 to the south\^ard of east, sU (ft to, and hold, with hert* 
 and there a small bay .md projecting point, till it reaches 
 Cape Krusenstern, previous to which the party passed 
 tliruugh a bruud chuimol, named tlie Uuion and Dolnhiu 
 
 Cc 
 
?>>'? 
 
 mrmmemm 
 
 HIiPIII 
 
 1^ 
 
 :■:,{ 
 
 !|^, 
 
 1 ' 1 
 
 k 
 
 'fill! 
 
 ii 
 
 ao2 
 
 ARCTIU VOYAfiLH. 
 
 Strnit, iiiid fonnod hctwpfn n loiiq; tract of elevated larul 
 to the iiortlnvfiid and tln^ iriaiii shore, to which was 
 fliveii the name of Wollaston fjand. In this strait fln-y 
 wer(! impeded, and the Dolpliin was nearly crushed, by 
 two masses of ice. 
 
 As soon as she was rendtn'ed sea-worthy lliey j)ro- 
 ce»Ml«>d, hut the flood tid(! sot with such velocity round 
 a rocky point, and brouj^ht with it so iruich ic(?, that it 
 was th()U<:lit ))rudent to ))ut asliore. The violent (tidies 
 in the currents tiiere, tluj doctor says, "reminded us 
 forcibly of the poet's description of Scylla and Char>b- 
 dis." The naviyation of the Dolj)hin and Union Strait, 
 he says, would be dauiierous to ships, from the many 
 sunken rocks wliicli we observed near the southern 
 shore. 
 
 A little beyond the strait is a rocky promontory, to 
 which Dr. Richardson uave the name of Cape Krilsen- 
 stern, in honor of the distinyuisluHl Russian hydro^rra- 
 l)her; its latitude was 68° 23' N., lon^ntudo 113=^ 4.y 
 W., and it is tlu; most eastern i)art of the 'and which 
 th(\y coasted. J^'rom this point the coast trends to tho 
 southwest, and ap))ears as if foi'mine; the western side 
 of what is called in the charts (leorge the Fourth's 
 Coronation (iidf, a mistake occasioned by brin<iiag t!ie 
 letters ol'the title on the chart too far to the westward; 
 i(» the southward of it is Cape Hearue, which Franklin 
 and Ivichai'dson, in a former visit to the moutli of tho 
 CopjxM" Mine, saw only at a distance, appearinjf as an 
 island. To th(^ southward of Cape liearne is the mouth 
 of the Coj)per JMine River. Richardson now announced 
 to the men that a short traverse would brini^ them to 
 the mouth of this river. " '^^Phe gratifyinj^ intellifrence," 
 he says, "which we now conveyed to them Avas totally 
 iuiexi)ected, and the pleasure they experienced found 
 vent in heartfelt expressions of ^^I'atitude to the Divine 
 Beiuii for his protection on tlie voyage." 
 
 'J'he south coast of the Polai' Sea could not be ex- 
 pected to produce much variety of objects in the vej^eta- 
 ble part of the creation, remarkable either for their 
 utility or beauty. J3r. Richardson thus sums up what 
 he observed, or collected, on the portion traversed by 
 liim, whicli he estimates ut about nine hundred miles : 
 
 M 
 
 I, 
 
RICHARDSON S VOYACE TO TIIK EASTWARD. ^^03 
 
 'vntod liind 
 kvliicli was 
 •slniit tljcy 
 rushed, by 
 
 ■ llicy j)r()- 
 )city round 
 ic(?, llmt; it; 
 lout oddics 
 minded us 
 id C:iiiiryl)- 
 lioii Str.iil, 
 tlio many 
 J southoru 
 
 iiontory, to 
 
 )e Kruscu- 
 
 hydrogru- 
 
 Q 113^ '4.y 
 
 ';ind which 
 Mids to tho 
 astern sido 
 a Fourth's 
 ■inijiag t!io 
 west ward ; 
 h FraukJiu 
 utli of tho 
 rini>; as an 
 tho mouth 
 announced 
 g thojii to 
 elligenco," 
 ^vas totally 
 iced found 
 the Divine 
 
 not bo ox- 
 l^he vegota- 
 • for tlieir 
 IS up what 
 iversed by 
 ed miles : 
 
 "We noticed on the <-onst about one buncb-ed ntid seventy 
 fhiiiiosrainoiis, orllowei-iiiir ]>l!iMfs. bcinir one fifth oCtbe niinii- 
 ber of !S])ecies wliicii t^vist iifteen de'.'rees of lutitude faitber 
 to the soiitiiward. The ^^-asses, hents, and rusbe.s ccmstitiito 
 only one fiftb of the number of s[)('cies on tbe coast, hnf tbo 
 twf) Ibnner trilx-s actually cover more f^yround than all tbe 
 rest of the ve<,'etation. the cruciti.'rous or cross-lik(« tribe 
 atford on<» seventh of the species, and tbe conii)ouiid flowers 
 are nearly as numerous. Tb<> shnihln/ p/aufs that reach the 
 sea-coast an^ tho connnon juniper, two .species of willow, the 
 dwarf birch, the conmion alder, tbe hij)])ophir', a froosebeirv, 
 the red bearberry (Arh/tfi/.s nva iirsi), tbe J.abrador tea-i)lan't[ 
 ih'j Lapland rose, the hog whortleberry, and the crowheny. 
 The kidney-leaved oxyria j,'rows in f,'r(>at luxuriance there, 
 and occasiouahy hn-nished us with an agreeable addition to 
 our meals, as it resembles tho garden-sorrel in ilavor, hut is 
 more juicy and tender. It is eaten by the natives, and must, 
 as well as niany of the cress-like plants, i)rove an excellent 
 corrective of the gross, oily, rancid, and frecpiently putnd 
 nieat on which they suhsist. The small bulbs of the Alpine 
 bistort, and die long, succulent, and sweet roots of many of 
 tho Astragalea', which grow on the sandy shores, are eatable, 
 hut we did not learn tliat the Jlstpiimaux were acipiainted 
 with their use. A few chnnps of white sprucMir, \vith some 
 straggling black spruces and canoe-birche.^, grow at the dis- 
 tance of twenty or thirty miles from the sea, in sheltered sit- 
 uations on the hanks of rivers." — P. '2(M, 265. 
 
 In concluding his siccount of tho sea voyage, Dr. Rich- 
 ardson adds the h)llowing ])uragrapli, which is highly 
 creditable to iMr. Kendall, the iissistant surveyor : 
 
 " The completion of our s(^a voyage so early in the season 
 vyas a subject of nuitual congratulation to us aU ; and to Ah*. 
 Kendall and myself it was highly gratifying to behold our 
 men still fresh and vigorous, and ready to connnence the la- 
 borious march across the barren groun(is, with the same spirit 
 that they had shown in ovtnroming the obstacles which pre- 
 sented tliemselves to tlieii- progress by sea. We all felt that 
 the comfort and ease with whic-h the voyage had been jjcr- 
 forined were greatly owing to the judicious and j)lentihil |)ro- 
 yisi(m of stores and food which Captain Franklin had made 
 for us ; and gratitutle for lis care mingling with thi' pleasin-o 
 (wcited hy our success, and directing oin- thoughts more 
 strongly to his party, the most ardent wishi^s were expressed 
 that they might prove e(pially fortiniate. The cdrrei'tiiess of 
 Mr. Kendall's nx-koning was another soiu-ce of pl(>asure. 
 Having been deprived "of the aid of chronometers bv tho 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 1 \ 
 

 • 1 
 
 li 
 
 . ^ It 
 
 I 
 
 > 
 
 
 I 
 
 1' 
 
 yoi 
 
 ARCTIC voya(;k.s. 
 
 brciikiiiLT of till' two iiitctiilid I'nr llic cJisttTM (Ii'tacliiiit'iil of 
 llic fspi'diiinii (liiriii:^ tlir iiitt'iisc v\ iiilri' coltl, niir milv rr- 
 Hniircc till- ((irrrctiii;^ tlif di'ail ci-cktiiiiii^' Wiis liiiiiir rilist'i\,i. 
 tiiiiis, iii.kIi- ;is rirt|iiriitly as M|i|i(niimitit'w (illrii-d ; yet wlicn 
 \\(' ii|i|irii;ulicd tin- ('n|i|)iT Miiif Iti'cr, Mr. Kriididl's n-ik- 
 oiiiiii,' diHrifd Iroiii lln- |Misili(iii of lliat |tla((', iim asccrtaiiii'd 
 nil ('aplaiii I'lardtliii's rnriiicr rx|MMlili(iii. only twrntv seconds 
 ot time, 11° ahont two miles and a liall ot distanc*', wliieli is a 
 \eiv tiitliiii; diireiciiee when the leiit,'tli of the voyaije and the 
 oilier ( irciinistanees are taken into eonsideiatioii. 'i'he dis- 
 laiice lielween I'oiiit Separation and the month of the Coppei* 
 Mine h'i\er, l»y the I'oiite we pin'sned, is nine hniith'ed and 
 two statute nnles." — I'. 'Jdl. 'J(l-J. 
 
 Iliivinu; tims cniiipJi'ltMl llicir V(>yiii;»> l>y iirriviiiij at 
 the moiilli ottlie Coppci" .M iiu' Kivci', imd iiiiain noticed 
 till' ciipt's Mild islands seen iVoni tlienct' joiiilly hy Kicli- 
 iiidson and I'^ranklin on a tornier occasion, and now hav- 
 in^ cerlilied to he land what was then only conici'Iiire, 
 lliey pidit'edi'd up the river as lar as IJu^ IJIoixly Falls, 
 jihe.\e which, for about iorty miles, the rivor was lunnd 
 lo he so lull ol rapids, and to flow owv such an iincNeii 
 and rocky hcd, and its current so precipitous, as to \n> 
 wholly inipracticahle to ascend it in hoats of ii iireiiter 
 (Irauuht tlian a lew inches. They therrtore lel'l the 
 I nioii and the Dolphin hoats at the iJloody l''all, stow- 
 iiij; in them a miniher oi" small articles for the use of the 
 Ks(piimaux who tVetpient this spot ; and havin<,f distrib- 
 uted amoijo the |)aiMy a certain (piantity ttl" p»Miiiiiican, 
 jxMtable soup, and other articles ol" provision, the wiiole 
 jimountiiiir to about si'xcntv iiomids to each man. tlu'V 
 set out on loot lor Hivise's Miver, on (»r«'at l^ear Lake. 
 A boat had been appointed to convey them across the 
 lake to I'\ti1 h raidxiin. Hy this plan a journey would 
 lu> savtMl of three hundred miles, and et" thre«» wei'ks, 
 Avhicli a walk round the liiki^ woulil have re(|uired ; be- 
 side>, it spared them, in addition to much tatii:ue and 
 Hutlerinii. the wear and tear ol" tiiiMr small stock ot" 
 shoes, almost already «>xhansted, and of their clothim:, 
 Avhich was but ill adajJted Tor thi» frosty niyhts of Sep- 
 tembt>r. 
 
 Som(» little (h'lay occuritMl in tht^ arrival of the bont 
 on DeaisiA's Ixi'ci but they reached Fort Franklin on 
 lije l^<t of ?>ej)teniber, " luid received ii warm welcome 
 
KlCllAUDf^O.N'.S V0VAt;K Ti) TllK KAriTWAKi). iiUS 
 
 I'llllirnl III' 
 ir iiiily ic- 
 II' iilisriMi- 
 ycl uliiii 
 bill's Ir.U- 
 is('ri't;iiii('i| 
 ity sfi-niids 
 wliicli is :i 
 !,'(' iiiul iIm- 
 Tlir .li>- 
 
 llC ("opplT 
 
 iiidn'tl iiiid 
 
 irrivini}; iil 
 ill iHitictMl 
 l)y Kicli- 
 iiow iiiiv- 
 uiijccliirt', 
 (xiy l'';ills, 
 
 WHS loll IK I 
 
 an uiic\tMi 
 s, lis to l)(^ 
 II iirciittT 
 (• left thi^ 
 ''all, stow- 
 
 I1S(> Ol' till' 
 
 111:; (listrib- 
 iiimiciiii, 
 lie whole 
 
 Hill. tllfV 
 
 ir IjaUc. 
 icross the 
 cy would 
 
 o Wt'i'Us, 
 
 iriMJ ; b»'- 
 
 itiijuo and 
 
 stock of 
 
 clothini;, 
 
 s ot" St>|)- 
 
 tho boat 
 iiiiklin on 
 J welcoiiH"! 
 
 Ol 
 
 Iroiii .Mr. Doast', iiflor iiii iibst'iico of scvonty-oiio ilays, 
 ti'iiiiiii wliicli poriod wo liiid tiii\o|od by liinil mid wiilor 
 olio llioiisiiiid sovoii iimidi'od and iiiiio ijt'oi;rapliical, or 
 iiiiit'trrii liiiiidrod and «M{i;lity sliitiilo miles.'' |)r. Kicli- 
 ardsoii adds : 
 
 " iiasiii',' now liroimlil tlir iiiiriiilivo of the prococdiiiL:^ of 
 till- oMstiTii dolMcliiiM'iit to 11 roiicbisioii, tlio ploiisiii^ di'tv lo- 
 iiiiiiiis of o.\piTs.HiML' my firiititiido to liic parlv fiic tlicir <-li<'cr- 
 tiil and uix-dii'iit coiidiic). .Not a iiiiii-miir of discoiitoiit wan 
 beard tliroii^di(tiiI tbe \oyat,'e, lint eveiy individual eiii;M^'ed 
 w illi alacrity in tbe lalmiioiis tasks be was called upon to per- 
 Innii. Wbeie all bebaved witli tbe ^'reatesl /.eal, it wonlil bo 
 inxidioiis to ])articnlari/e any; and I am liappv to base it lit 
 inv power to add, tliat since onr return to I'lit'laiid, (iillot 
 (coxswain), Tucker (carpenter), and Tysoe (marine), wlio 
 were in II..M."s service previoiiH to tlieir beiii^' employed on 
 iIm' e.\|)editioii, bave been rewarded bv |)roinotioii. Oiu* 
 i^ood-nalnred and tititlifnl Msipiimaiix Irieiid, Ooli^dinck, car- 
 ried witb bim to bis native land tlie wannest wislies and es- 
 leriii of tbe wliole parly. II is attai'bmeiit to lis was never 
 doubtful, even wbeu we were .'^nrroiinded by a Iribe of bi« 
 own nation. 
 
 "'fill' L'eneral abilities and itroCessional skill of mv comj)an- 
 ioii, .Mr. (now Lieutenant) Kendall, are dnly ajtpreciated in 
 liif,dier (piarters, and can derive bnt little In.sler troin any en- 
 loL:iimi from me; bnt I can not deiiv invself tbe ^oatilicatioii 
 m! record i 111,' mv deep sense ot tbe L'ood tortiine and liap|)iiies(4 
 I I'xpeiieiiced in beiiii,' as>ociated witb a ^'entleman of such 
 j'leasiiii: manners, and one upon w bo>e Irieiidly sn|)pt»il and 
 suiind indirmeiit 1 could, witb confidence, rely on occasions of 
 diilicnlty and doubt iu.separable from siicli a voyage." — I'. '2lV.i. 
 
 n'his kind-hoartod and tuost amiable man, Dr. Kieli- 
 ardson. could not pass ov»m' tin? incident of bostowinji on 
 a bay the name of Franklin without rticordinij; a kind 
 and well-dcservcd complinuMit to that liigiily meritorious 
 oificer. 
 
 " It would not be i)roj)er, nor is it my intention, to descant 
 on the j)rofe.ssional merits of my superior ollicer; but, after 
 liavin'z served under Captain I'"raiikliu f(M' nearly seven yeai'H, 
 in two successive" voyages of di.scoveiy, 1 trust I may be al- 
 lowed to .sav, that however high bis l)rotber ollicers may rato 
 iiis courage and talents, either in the ordinary line of his jao- 
 fessioiial duty or in the field of discovery, the hold he acquires 
 upon the atVectioiis of those nnch-r his conimaml, by a contin- 
 ued series of the most cjuciliating atteutioas to tlioir feelings, 
 
'l-v, 
 
 ll 
 
 » , 
 
 T 
 
 yo^i 
 
 AKfTIC VoVA(iKr». 
 
 'I ' 
 
 iiiitl ii imifdrin mnl iiurrmillinLr rfjnnl t<» llirir l)(»st iiilcrcsN, 
 is iiiit Ifss ciiiisiticiiniis. I I't't'l tli;il lln' srntimi'iits of niv 
 fViriuls .-iiiil niiiiininioiis, (';i|»l!iiti Hack !iii(l l^ii'iilrriiiiit Ki-ti- 
 ihill. ;irc ill imisdii willi iii\- own wlici I ;illinii lli.it irnililiiilf 
 iiiid Mttiiclimnif til ittir l.ilc cuiiimiiiidiiiu' iiHici-r will MiiiiiiiiU' 
 <nir liifMsts to tlu' iiiti'sl pi'iiud (if our lives." — I'. '..^{(I, •S\7 . 
 
 'riiat lifiilituilc mid iittacliinciit \wrr rxprrHscd vvcic 
 r(*tiiriit'(l ill I'lill iiiciisiirc fo Dr. Kicliiird.soii, not only liy 
 lli<^ coniinnndinir oKicci", hut Itv cvcm'v individiiiil cm- 
 ])loy»'<l on tlhf two V( y tmes, and also liy llu^ natives with 
 wlinm tjiey had intercourse, and hy wlioni liis unironn 
 Kindness and linnianily were duly iippreciatj'd. Krank- 
 )in always acUnowlediied that to liis t!iieri:y of clmracter 
 iind jiroinptitnde ol action aiv to Ix^ jiscrilied the safety, 
 not aloiu^ of himself, hut of the surviving party of tlie 
 first expedition, to insur«^ wliich, in fact, he risked liis 
 ow'ii life, and made ii sacrilic(> of the best feelings of his 
 benevolent nature. 
 
 \'et, by some unaccountable accident or oversight, 
 tliis excc^lleiit olticer was not honored witli that distinc- 
 tion w'liicli was conferred on his companions. Sir .)(t!in 
 Franklin iuul Sir (leorge Hack, nut, whatever the 
 cause of the omission nuiy have been, it lias at length 
 been I'ectilied by an a[)|)lication of Lord IJaddington to 
 Sir .lames (iraham. to solicit her majesty to confer on 
 liiin the honor of knight liooil, wiiich has been graciously 
 iirantcMJ. 
 
 To return to tlw general narrative, of which little 
 now^ remains to be said : The end of September having 
 arrived, it w^as deemed expedient to pass a great part of 
 another winter at Fort Kranklin. Jt jiroved a severe 
 one. By a record in Franklin's ,ournal, the thermom- 
 eter on th(> morning of the 7th of F(^bruary descended 
 to — 5H'' ; it had been — i)7^'r> and — FyT^'',] thrice in the 
 coiu'se of tiiis and the ])receding day ; between the r)th 
 and Hth its general state was from — 48^ to — o"J-, 
 though it occasionally rose to — 13°. 
 
 No time, liowever, was lost in the commencement of 
 breaking up the party. Dr. Ricb.ardsoti was the lirst to 
 depart: lie left in December, for the purpose of joining 
 ]N[r. Dnunmond, the assistant botanist, in the Saskai 
 chawau River, tliat he miglit have the benefit of an ear 
 
 .t I 
 
IKANULIN & Kl( IIAKUS(jN'ri SKCuM) JoCKN'KV. 'JOl 
 
 <\ iiilcrcsfs, 
 •iits (»r iMV 
 I'liiml Ki'ii- 
 i1 t,'i';itiliiilc 
 /ill Miiiinati.' 
 
 .';!(;, v::i7. 
 
 ss(m1 were 
 ot only liy 
 idiml i'lii- 
 itivcs witii 
 is unirunii 
 
 1. Fl'lUlk- 
 
 ■ clmiiiftcr 
 I ho siit'cty, 
 rty of llic 
 risked Ills 
 lings ol' his 
 
 ov»'rsii;hf, 
 lilt (listiiic- 
 4, Sir .loliii 
 
 iltCVtM' lllt> 
 
 s iit hMiuth 
 
 Idiiiiitoii to 
 
 coiilVr on 
 
 iiniciouslv 
 
 hich little 
 
 I)(M" haviiii: 
 
 cat part of 
 
 1 a scvorc 
 
 tlicnnom- 
 
 ll0SC»Mld(Ml 
 
 irico in the 
 on tho r)th 
 to — -rJ-, 
 
 icement of 
 tho first to 
 ^^ of joiniiiiT 
 he tSaskat 
 t of an ear 
 
 li(M" sprini"; than at Kort l''ninklin ti» collect plants. On 
 the Kith of l"\'ltniarv Anu'iisliis and two hoy-ril) In- 
 dians \ver(^ sent ioiward. ( )n the -JOth ('aptain h'rank- 
 lin loft the lort, accompanied liy five of his men and two 
 Indians: and ('(Miiniander Ihick was directocl to proceed 
 to \ ork l''actory, thence hy the lindson's May ship to 
 I'liiiiland, takinj; with him the llritish party, and sendinjj; 
 the ( 'anadians » > .M(tntro;d. 
 
 "On (|uittini,' Norway I1(mis(\" says I'^rankliii, " w(* 
 took leav(s of onr worthy companion Autinstns. Tho 
 tears which he shod at onr pai'tini,', so ininsind in thoso 
 nnciiltivatoil tribes, showed tlu^ strontjth of his tVudiiiiis, 
 and I have ua (:)iil)t they proceeded iVom a siiKN're af- 
 fection; an alloction which 1 can venture to say was 
 mntnally iolt hy every individual.'' This most excellent 
 youiiii """1 ""'I Ooliiihuck were t(» ho conveycMl tf» 
 Churchill to rejoin their fiimilies, and b'ranklin took can^ 
 that tlu^ ])ay due to them was iiundod over to the direct- 
 ors of the niidson's JJay Company, to bo distributed to 
 tluMii annually in tho way suited to their wants. 
 
 It may be proper liere to introduce a few words in fa- 
 vor of a nejilocted and unwarrantably (lespis(Ml race of 
 men, tho Ks(piiniaux. A few samples may suffici% and 
 better luted not bo souulit for than those of Aufjustus, 
 .lunius, Ooliiibuck, and Sackhouse; and anionu; tho fe- 
 males, Jlii>liuk. Of th(!se, Ooliybuck Avas tlie only nialo 
 tliat survivcid tho period of the expeditions luM-ein d<nail- 
 od, and lie siibsequ«;ntly accompanied J)(^aso and Simp- 
 son, and is hisjhly spoken of by them for his honesty, 
 (idelity, and utility. Kicliardson greatly esteemed him. 
 .lunius is supposed to have j»orislied on Franklin's first 
 expedition, by losing his way, and dyinsj; of cold and hun- 
 iior ; and Augustus, of whom too much can not be said, 
 also perished in tluj same way, in his attempt to join 
 Commander iJack, us will be seen in the following chap- 
 ter. 
 
 On hearing that Captain Back was in the interior, pro- 
 ceeding toward the sea-coast, poor Augustus set out on 
 foot, in company with two others, from Hudson's Hay, 
 to join liim ; they parted, and for a long time nothing 
 was heard of him, but a note from one of the Company's 
 servants said, " I apprehend that poor Augustus has been 
 
'h-ff 
 
 f. 
 
 'tl 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 .108 
 
 ARCTIC voy.\(;i:h. 
 
 stiirved to dt'atli."* Siicli wiis tin' inisiM-iililc fMid of 
 poor AiiitnstMs — 'mi riiitlil'iil, disiiitprrstcd, kiiid-lu'iuit;(l 
 ciciitiin', \vli(» liiid \v(»ii the rcL'in'd of nil." 
 
 Siicklioiisc was also a most aiiiiahh^ and ititflij^cni 
 yoiniii man, who died |)t'»(Tal)ly amoiiy tiu^ iVicnds ho 
 iiad a'"|uii'(Ml in Scotland, and of whom thoriMs an inln- 
 rstinn hi(»nra|)hical memoir in lilackwood's Alaua/inc, 
 supposed to have heen written hy the late ( 'a|)tain Hasil 
 11 all. J>r«)iight to Ijeith in a whalinif-ship, the owners. 
 ])leased witli his maimers, paid hii»; every attention, had 
 liim tan<:ht a little Kn^lish, and si ,>\ him hack the t'ol- 
 lowiiiii season, to renuiin or not, accordinji to his own de- 
 sire. I lis sister had died in iiis ahsence, and Imvinj; im» 
 iiiher relative livinj:;, he determined to abandon his conn- 
 ti'v and t(» I'etnrn. ( )n arriving at Leith he was met hy 
 Mr. Nasmyth. the artist, who, lindins:; he liad a taste for 
 drawing, kindly ollered him liis instructions. On the 
 reconnniMidation of Captain Hall, liei was enyaiied as iii- 
 terpi'cter on tiu> lirst Arctic voyajje, and proved so use- 
 ful tiiat lie was a|)pointed for the second voyujio. In tlu! 
 mean time Im visited his kind friends in Kdinhur^h. In 
 pursuit of his studies, and in the midst of happiness, he 
 was s 'i/.ed with an inllummiitory com[)laiut, which car- 
 ried liiiii off in a few^ days. 
 
 1 hi is descrihcid as possessing]; a ))leasin{i; simj)licity of 
 iiumners, a countenanco expressive of ^'ood humor, to 
 liuve IxMMi fond of society, and always desirous of learn- 
 ing something. His kindness to children was very strik- 
 ina; : two of tliese In^ fell in with on a snowy day at somo 
 distance from Leith, shiverinff with cold. Sackhouse 
 took off his jacket, and carefully wnippinR them in it, 
 brouffht them safely home. Wlien sensible of his ap- 
 l)roachinji end, he thanked his friends around him for all 
 their kindness, hut said it was of no avail, for his sister 
 had api)eared to him and called him away. 
 
 '^riie writer says ho was unafU'ectedly ])ious, and when 
 death was approaching, he held in his hand an Icelandic 
 Catechism till his streufrth and sight failed him, when the 
 book dropi)ed from his grasp, and he shortly afterward 
 expired. 
 
 But if any doubt could be entertained as to the supe- 
 * See Backs account of tlic late of tliis excellent man. 
 
 2* i f 
 
 • i;. 
 
nl»l(* f'lid of 
 Uiiid-linii'tt'd 
 
 id iiilfllij:ciil 
 (' tVit'iids li(( 
 () is ail inter- 
 's .Miiuu/jiif, 
 ['ii])taiii Pfiisil 
 
 tilt' (tWIH'IS, 
 
 tttt'iitidii, iiiid 
 hiicU tiic lol- 
 () his own i\r- 
 iiid lmvin<j: no 
 don liis coun- 
 I' was iiR't l)y 
 lad a taste tor 
 jns. On tlio 
 Jii^ayod as in- 
 roved so use- 
 yuiie. In the 
 linhui'fih. In 
 hajjpiness, he 
 it, which car- 
 simplicity of 
 od Iminor, to 
 rous of learn- 
 us very strik- 
 day at some 
 Sackhouse 
 them in it, 
 e of his ap- 
 lul him for all 
 for his sister 
 
 IS, and when 
 lun Icelandic- 
 in, when the 
 |ly afterward 
 
 to the svipe- 
 
 Lt muu. 
 
 FR.WKLIX & RrCFI.\RD30\'rf Si:CO\n JOIJRVEV. 300 
 
 riority of the Esquimaux over all other races of peoph^ 
 whom \vti are pleased to call savai;es, let us turn to tim 
 jiii^es of I'arry, where he descrihes the superior mtel- 
 lectual faculties of that extraordinary woman IliuJiuk, 
 who in a moment was mad(« to comprehend the naturo 
 ol' whatever was brought under her notic(>, and, amoiijH 
 other thinys. that (»f tlu! compass, as heiny the means ol' 
 ffuidinj; her hand to |)encil out on paper the lines of two 
 extensive (;oasts, on two opposite si(h's of the samo land, 
 united hy a loufj; strait, with islands and other particulars, 
 all of which were t'oimd to l»o sulliciently correct to jiuidt^ 
 I'ariy to tlu^ object of his research. The ea^eriH^ss 
 with whi(;h her scrutini/iiiff eye was directed to tho 
 forijcs and tho operation of weldinii iron, jjave a stronjj; 
 j)roof of her intpiisitive and saj^acimis mind. Jler son 
 was little* interior to horscdf in mental capacity. 
 
 Indeed, the order, <;o()d conduct, and skill* of the peo- 
 ple, from whom Parry receiv(Ml so much useful infor- 
 mation, and tiuMr superiority over tlie j;;eneral class of 
 huniaii beiin;s, can not b<^ (hniied; nor that the means of 
 instruction alone are wanting to brin<f thorn rapidly into 
 !i state of civilization ; but so loiiif as they continuo to bo 
 hemmed in to tin* distance of not many miles from tho 
 sea-coast, and by hostile and unonlij^htoned tribes in tho 
 interior, their tinu* and th(*ir energies are wholly em- 
 ployed in the means of scdf-defense, and self-pr<*serva- 
 tion tVom famin*;. i*arry has justly contrasted thoso 
 dark vices of savage life, ferocious cruelty, resentment, 
 and revenge in the Indian, with tlio gentle Esquimaux : 
 
 " WIkmi viewed more nearly in their domestic ri'lations, tho 
 coniparison will, I believe, be still more in their favor. It is 
 here as a social being, as a husband and the father of a family, 
 promoting within his own little splieretlie benelit of that com- 
 munity ill which I'rovidence has cast his lot, that the moral 
 character of a savage is truly to be songht; and who cautm'n 
 without hornu' from tho Ksquimaux, j)eacoal)ly seated after a 
 day of tioiiost labor witli his wife and children in their suow- 
 bnilt hut, to the self-willed and vindictive hidian, wantonly 
 plimging his dagger into tlie bosom of tho helpless woman 
 whom nature bids him cherish and protect /" 
 
 Mr. Druminond is the only on(> of the party that now 
 remains to be noticed. From Cunberland House ho ac-. 
 * Dis])liiyo(l in their consmu'tiuii ol'siiowluiilt housos. 
 
>hi 
 
 aio 
 
 AUCTK* VOV.-.tiKrt. 
 
 Il 
 
 il.i 
 
 \ 
 
 I J 
 
 
 )! 
 
 t 
 
 n I 
 
 c(im|)!ini(Ml tlm Coiiipiiny's 'oats with u hrifiadc of tind- 
 (M's tor tlui ( 'oluMll)ill, rlt'tci'liiilicil to prorcnl with thrill 
 as I'ar as thr Kocky .Mountains. To ( 'arltoii lloiisr is 
 two hnndrrd and sixty iiiilt's. Lcaviii<; this on th*- 1st 
 ol" ScptomlxT, thry proctMMh'd to Kdmonton, which is 
 uliout t'oiii' liniidrcd miles, and i-tMicht'il it on th(^ 'JiMh of 
 that nioiith. Ono hiiiKh'cd iiiiies I'arther brought tiu'in 
 to Assinahoiii on thn J{«Ml-(hM;r Kiver. From thiMico 
 they pro(;(M'(h'd up this riv«M* to thn mountains; hut tho 
 canoo hciny much hjinhrrt'd, it was lu-crssary tliat soiiio 
 ol" tln^ party sliould travel hy land; "and of that iiiiiii- 
 her," says ^1 r. Drummond, " 1 voluntecrod to be one."' 
 A heavy lall of snow rendered the march very fatiiiuiii", 
 and what with the woods and swam|)s, tlie horsl^s hecaiiio 
 useless before they yot halfway. About tiu^ end of De- 
 cember he took up iiis winter (juarters on tin's JJajitiste, 
 a stream which tlows into the Ked-deer Kiver. On the 
 journey he says he ol)tain«'d a tew mosses, and on Christ- 
 mas day had the pleasure of linding a very minute tiijm- 
 nostomum, hitherto undescribed : 
 
 " In tlie wiiitor I felt the inconvoiiience of thn want of my 
 tf^nt.tlie only shelter I bad {'vt)\n tbe iiicleiiieiicy of the wcntli- 
 er being a bat built of the bi-aiicbes of trees. Soon after 
 reacbiiifr our wintering ground provisions became very scarce, 
 and the biiiiter and bis tamily went (»tf in (piest of animal, 
 taking with tbein tla; man who bad charge of my horses, t 
 bring iin^ a sapj)ly as soon as they could procure it. J re- 
 mnitii'd (tlottr for the rmf vf Ihc ir'nttcr, i.rrcjif when tin/ tiuiib 
 ocrasioiia/li/ visiird vie iri/h went ; find T found the thne hnitj^ 
 rei-i/ hrarif, as I hod no hitnks, and nothlnfc rntild he done in 
 the waif of colleclbiff speeintens of natural histori/. I took, 
 however, a walk every day in tbe woods, to give me S(ane 
 practice in the use of saow-sboes. Tin; winter was very se- 
 vere, and much snow fell until tbe end of Ahircb, when it 
 averaged six feet in depth ; in conse([Uence of this I lost ono 
 of my horses, and tlu' two remaining ones became exceed- 
 ingly poor. The hunter was still more unfortunate, ten of 
 Iiis young colts having died." — 1'. 310. 
 
 In the heginnini; of Aj)ril, 18'2G, a fatimiing march 
 brought him to the Columbia portage iu six days, and 
 here lie received letters from Dr. Richardson, accom- 
 panied with iiis tent, a little tea and sugar, and some more 
 paper for his plants. About this time liis hunter sent 
 
 »• 
 
 I'll 
 
FRWKliiX A: Ull.'n.\UI)H<J\ rf HIICUNU JOLUXLV. .'U I 
 
 i(l<> ot" tnnl- 
 Witll thrill 
 
 in I loiisi' is 
 oit tlic Ist, 
 II, wliicli is 
 I he 'JUth (d" 
 lUflht tlifiii 
 
 'Olll tllCIICO 
 
 IS ; Imf- tlio 
 
 V that soiiio 
 
 tliiit iniiii- 
 
 tO l)«1 OIK'.'' 
 
 y I'litinuiim, 
 si!S l)('caiim 
 I t'licl ot" Dc- 
 w. JJiiptisit', 
 ■r. On tlio 
 (Ion Clirist- 
 iniito Ciijtu- 
 
 ■ Willlt ol' JIIV 
 >t' till' WCfltll- 
 
 Sooii iif'tfi' 
 
 ■ very sciint'. 
 
 of uniinixl: 
 y horses, I 
 it. J rr- 
 
 c)i 1)11/ nil/ lb 
 
 ■ time }ifiii<x 
 I hr (lone in 
 
 ij. I took. 
 
 e me soiiio 
 
 ivas very se- 
 
 oh, wlion it 
 
 is I lost ono 
 
 lie exceed- 
 iiato, ten ot' 
 
 ling march 
 tlay.s, and 
 on, acconi- 
 soine more 
 luuter sent 
 
 n 
 
 liiiii Word tliiit he had clian^ed his mind, and would not; 
 a('(M>m|iiiiiy him into the iiioimtaiiis. His pliins wern 
 thus (h'nin^ed, yt^t he had no alternative hni to remain 
 with th<' man, who had charge ol' the horses used on thu 
 ('oliiml)ia portaize, " iiimI to hotani/.e in that m>ighl)or- 
 liood." lie resolved, iiowever, to pro<'eeil. 
 
 " ()m tlio IDlli ot" Aiiuust I set r)iit with another liiiiiter, 
 upon whom 1 Ijiid pievuiled to coiidiict lue to the Siiiokiiin 
 Hiver, altlioilf.'li. heiii;.' ilisiippoiiited in ii supply iit' aiiiiiiiiiu- 
 tioii, we were h.idly provided. We traveled lor .several (layn 
 willioiit meeting' with niiy Jiiiiiiiiils, and I shared the littlo 
 dried provision which 1 had with the liimter's tiiiuilv. Ori 
 the l.")tli we killed a iiioiiiitaiM sheep, which was tpiicklv de- 
 voured, there not heiiii,' the smallest appiehensioii at the tiiiit) 
 that I'aiiiiiie witiild overtake us. Day alter (hiy, however, 
 passed away without a siuL'le head of j.'aiue ol any descriji- 
 tioii heiiiLT s<'<'ii, and the children hei.'au to coniplaiu loudly ; 
 but the hunter's wili',a youiii,' hall-hred we laii, hore the ali- 
 stineiice with iiidilt'ereiice, allliiiu;.'h she had two iiiliint twiiiH 
 a* the breast. (Jii the 'Jlsl we louiid two youn , porciqiiiie.s, 
 which wer(? shan-d aiiioiij^ the piirty ; and two or three days 
 atterward a lew tine trout were caiiirht. Wt; arrived in tlio 
 Suiokiiiii River on tin; f^th ot' September, where the hunt- 
 er killed two sheep, and a period was put to lair abstinence, 
 tor before the sheep were eaten he shot .several I utl'aloes." — 
 V. :tll. 
 
 Ho next proceeded along tlie momitains, and liail 
 reached th<? liead waters ot" tlici J'eacfi Uiver, when a 
 heavy tall ot" .snow stopped hi.s collecting plants tor that 
 season. Desirous, however, ot" crossing the mountains 
 to the Columbia Kiver, he determined to accompany tho 
 r'ohmihia brigade; on its arrival. H:' readied the port- 
 age on the *.)th ol" October, and the following day brougiit 
 him an order t'l'oin (.'ai)tain FranUlin to desctmd in tho 
 spring of 18'27, to rejoin the expe(htioii on its way to 
 Vork Factory. He therefore went with the brigade 
 merely to the west end of the portage, and returned oa 
 the 1st of November. The snow was too deep to per- 
 mit him to add much to hin collections in this hasty trip 
 over the moimtains ; '• but it was impossihh;," he says, 
 *' to avoid remarking thi; great superiority of climate on 
 the western side of that lofty range. From the instant 
 Ithe descent toward the Pacific commences, tliere is a 
 i'lsible improvement in the growth of timber, and the va- 
 
' .1' 
 
 i 
 
 i tl 
 
 
 ; I 
 
 I 
 
 'I 
 
 1> 
 
 til2 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 lirty orforest-fi'oos pivntly inrroasos. Tlio few ninsscc! 
 tluit 1 if|(Vi!H'(l in \\\i' excursion were so thw, tliat [ cdiiM 
 not hill (looply regret tluit I was iiiml)lo to pass a srasoii 
 or two ill that iiittu't'stiiiLi; iviiioii." 
 
 Another dispalch was reci^ivrd from T)r. liiohanlson, 
 r('(|iiostiii<i him to join him at C'arltoii House in A])ri|. 
 whirh ho accordinnly roachod on tho oth. "Wo sullfi- 
 o(l miicli from snow-bliiuhiess on tlio march, tho ihiys 
 failed from want of food, wo had to cany thti bau^!l^M^ 
 on our hacks, and luid nothing to eat for seven days." 
 All tliis is told witli tho t;reatest placidity. Ho set>ms 
 only to regret tliat ho had done so littlt!. >'ot this mod- 
 est naturalist says, " My collections on tlio mountains 
 Hmoiinted o ahont fitU'JMi hundred speci'vs of plants, one 
 hundred aiid tifty birds, fifty quadrupj'ds, iUkl u consid- 
 erable numlier of insects." 
 
 Captain Kianklin and his ])arty, having embarked in 
 the pack(4 from Now Tork, arrived -M Liverpool on tho 
 2 Ith of September, aftoi an absonsei ol two yeai's. seven 
 months and a half. ('ommand(M' iJack, Lieutcmaiit Ken- 
 dall, and Mr. Drummond, with the rest of tho party, ar- 
 rived at Portsmouth on the 10th of October. Franklin 
 and Kiciiardsou arrived in London on the 'JDtli of Sep- 
 tember, when tho charts and surveys were laid lioforo 
 his royal higlmess tho lord-high-admiral. 
 
 rnder the guidance of such men as those einplctyed 
 on tlie last two expeditions, it is not n(>cessary to say ii 
 word on the manner in which tlu^y have been conduct- 
 ed. Information has been obtained in every depai'tment 
 of science, and (juite sutficient as to the luain point on 
 which they wer«^ undertaken, namely, iu general t(M'ms. 
 " to amend the dtdective geograpliy of the northern 
 coast of America." TIm^ Arctic vovaixes having com- 
 iiienced. and as it was not unlikely that I^arry, on liis 
 second voyage, would make an attempt to proc(H^d along 
 that coast, it was decMued advisable that an examination 
 sliould be undertaken from the uioiith of the Copper 
 Mine River to the eastern part of the coast. The (pies- 
 tion lias now been settled. The whole coast-lino is oiio 
 continued series of rocky islets, with channels biMweiMi 
 them mostly choked with ice. the sea beyond them also 
 covered with ice. in \\\('. shape of lloes and homniocs ; 
 
 i I 
 
 I.' 
 
back's journey to the polar sea. 313 
 
 reofs of rocks pai'allt'l with the hoiich, their iiit(M'ni(Mh- 
 ate chaiini'ls shallow, and in many plarrs not naviiiaMo 
 oven by boats; the weatln'i* fou;;y and stormy, with vio- 
 lent yalos ot" wind, so that Franklin says, attor dra^i^ing 
 his boats .'}74 miles to the w«vstward of iNlackenzie's Kiv- 
 er, " in all tliat space not a harbor exists in which a sliip 
 could find shelter." Dr. Richardson notices but one 
 spot in the course of HOO miles — the strait of the Dol- 
 pliii' and Union — in which there is water for larj^c? ves- 
 sels ; but lie says, " the navigation of it would i)e dan- 
 fjerous to ships, from the many sunktMi rocks which wo 
 oltserved near the southern shore." 
 
 J)ease and Simpson held out no encouragement for 
 sliip navi$i;ation near the coast, and they found the west- 
 ern portion of it, beyond th«^ point to whici» Franklin ad- 
 vanced, rocky, sliallow, and muddy on and near the 
 beach, and the sea fienerally loaded with heavy ice. 
 (Jeoifrajjhy and natural history liavn j^ained very larj^ely 
 by these expeditions ; and to these may be added mete- 
 orology in all its aspects, including magn»'tism and elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 CHAPTER XTL 
 rOMMANDER BACK. 
 
 1833-34-35. 
 
 Journal of a Land Ejpcditioih to (he. Kastrrn Part of the po- 
 lar tSea, through North America to the Month of Back's 
 River. 
 
 To those readers who luivo mrule tliemselves familiar 
 with the extraordinary and painfully-interesting adven- 
 tures of Franklin and Richardson within the Arctic re- 
 gions of North AnuM'ica, and along thf* sliores of the Po- 
 lar Sea, the name of Back, the associate and sharer of 
 nil th«^ir privations and sulferings, must also be iumiliar. 
 In voluntarily undertaking tlie present expedition, Ik^ 
 was fully awar(* of whiit he would prol)al)ly, nay, most 
 ciM-taiuiy have again to encounter — similar harclslii[)s iu 
 
 J) n 
 
/ ,i 
 
 >M 
 
 ^(i; 
 
 I 
 
 ■I 
 
 ail 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 -! i 
 
 I 
 
 t * 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 j,, j, 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
 
 ? 
 
 his pro}j;ross tlirnujih tlio same cmnitry. Tlio iiioh « 
 was no Ipss honoraljlo li» liis licarl than tlio act itsciU' wan 
 to liis uiiiliiicliiii^ coiira^o. 
 
 [{riiiii in Italy, a rumor, he says, reached liim from 
 lOiiiilaiKJ tliat a|)|)reli»'ii.sioiis were «Mitertaiiie(i for tluj 
 safely of the two Koss's, the uncle and nephew, on the 
 lieariiiff of which (with a true chivalrous spirit) h«^ lias> 
 ti'iied iionie, for the purpose of olferinji his services to 
 jioveniuient for the conduct of an ex|)editioii in seardi 
 of them; and his olfer was accepted. He received a 
 letter from Lord (JocUnich, acquainting him that the 
 Lords of the Admiralty iiad been ; 'eased to transfer liis 
 sei'vices to the Colonial DepartnuMit, to conduct the ex- 
 pedition in (piestion, and h»^ was directed to undertake it, 
 and als(» to place himself at tlni disposition of the govern- 
 ors and committee of tiie Hudson's Hay Company, who 
 would he desired to furnish him with the retjuisito i«^- 
 soui'ces and su|)i)lies. 
 
 A nu'dical pei'son IxMng required to take car«i of the 
 health of tlu^ ptirty, Mr. Richard King, in the tirst in- 
 stance, volunteen'd his services, and was subsequently 
 tMigaged, at a salary, as surgeon and naturalist to the ex- 
 pt^dition. Three men oidy (two of whom wore a car- 
 j)enter and a shipwright) were taken from England, 
 ^j^hese five persojis left on the 17tii of February, JH;5;5, 
 for Liver|)ool, to proceed from tlu'iuHi in the packet to 
 New York, and thence to Albaiiy antl MontitMil. As 
 the rout»> usually followed by the ('ompany's servants 
 to tlu^ (ireat ^lave liake is the same as that of Sii- A. 
 Mackenzie, v)mmander iiack ol)s«'rves that a detail of 
 his progress ,< far setMUs to he uimecessary, that being 
 the point from which, ho adds, tiie discovery properly 
 b(»gins. 
 
 Jlt^ had, however, a long journey before him from Nor- 
 way House, where i)reparations of men, and boats, and 
 sledges were made under the direction of CJovernor Simp- 
 son, to Slave Lakt>; and it would be unjust to slur over 
 altogether a fatiguing jouriu'y through one of the most 
 dangerous and detestable countries on the face of the 
 earth — the numerous sulfei-ings from cold and famine, 
 and otluM* hardships of various descriptions, which he 
 knew from former experience he would have to encoim- 
 
riio inoti ^^ 
 ct it.sell' WHS 
 
 \ liim from 
 itMi tor tlio 
 WW, oil fho 
 rit) lie liiis^ 
 
 sorviccs to 
 II ill s.'aicli 
 
 rtMM'ivod u 
 n thill tlio 
 transH'r his 
 ucl th(^ cx- 
 ndcitiiko it, 
 tho fiovcni- 
 iipjiny, who 
 Hjuisito ro- 
 
 cani of tho 
 
 lio first iii- 
 
 ibsoquently 
 
 t to tlio ex- 
 
 veio a car- 
 
 1 Eii<ilaii(l. 
 
 lai-y, ih;]:5, 
 
 * packet to 
 
 ilriMil. As 
 
 "s servants 
 
 of Sir A, 
 
 a detail of 
 
 that beiiii>; 
 
 y i)ioperiy 
 
 from Nor- 
 boats, and 
 nor Simp- 
 ) slur over 
 tho most 
 lee of tlui 
 1(1 famine, 
 which hrt 
 toeiicouii- 
 
 nACK'rf JOURNEY TO TIIK POLAR SEA. 315 
 
 ter, and all of which he bore with a dejiree of cheorfn'- 
 iiess and jj;oo(l humor peculiar to iiimself. (iuide<' by 
 tJio iiobb^ example of his foriiuM* colleajiiuvs, Franklin and 
 Jvichardson, he never shrunk from dilficulties, never 
 murmured, never desponded. Like a true IJritish sea- 
 man, the ji;reater the danger, tlu^ more lirinly he stuck 
 to the bark, dcMeriiiiiHMl to hold on, sink or swim. The 
 praiseworthy object alone which he luul in view took 
 full possession of his mind ; and when he found at Nor- 
 way House that no less than twenty men, composed of 
 steersmen, carpenters, artillerymen, tVc., had been al- 
 ready collected to accompany liim, he giv(;s vent to this 
 ;,'enerous burst of <'xultation : 
 
 " This was a happy day for me ; and as tlm caii<»<' pnshotl 
 otV fioui the bank, my iieart swelled with liopt' and joy. 
 Now, lor the first lini«', I saw myself in a conditif)!? to verity 
 the kind anticipations of my fri(.'nds. The j)re I i miliary ditli- 
 culties iiiid l)«'en overcoint* ; I was fairly on the way to tho 
 acconiplislinient of the benevokMit errand on wliicli I had 
 been coiniuissioned ; and the conteini)lation of an object so 
 worfliy of all exertion, in wlfah I lliou^bt myself at leiiirth 
 free to indulge, raised my spirits to more than an ordinary 
 pitch of excitement." — 1'. 57, 58. 
 
 Tho only disappointment lie felt, but, nt tho Bamo 
 time, one that amused liim, was the loss of two Cana- 
 dians, former acquaintances, who presented tliemselvtvs, 
 jilmost breathless with haste, ns candidates for the ser- 
 vic<\ were accepted, and tlu>ir aii;reenieiit.s direct«Ml to 
 bo made out. ^Pheir wives, liowever, took different but 
 equally effectual methods to imneiit their completion, 
 and to keep their husbands at home : 
 
 " The one, a pood strapping dame, cuffed licr husband's 
 ears willi such «lexttn-ity ami good will, that be was fain to 
 cry pcrcari, and seek shelter in a friendly tent ; the other, an 
 interesting girl of seventeen, burst into tears, and with pite- 
 ous sobs clung to the husband of her love, as if slit^ wuiiKl 
 liold liim prisoner in her arms, I had, therefore, to look elso- 
 wli<-re."— P. 55. 
 
 lie describes the odd assemblage of articles that we ro 
 liuddled together in his tent; "nor was my crew," he 
 says, " less motley than the furniture. It consisted of 
 Hii Englishman, a man from Stornoway, two Canadians, 
 two uietifs, Hud three Iroquois Indians. IJabel itself 
 

 i 
 
 ■'cl 
 
 / ^ 
 
 1:: 
 
 81 G 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGEg. 
 
 CfMild not havo prodncrd n worse; confusion of iinlmnno- 
 uious sounds tliiin was rlir convcM'satiou tlicy kept up." 
 A whole dcot of ludiiii' cjinocs was met with, wliosc* 
 chief, an inteUiijent -looking old jnan, nnnied by the trad- 
 ers " Le Caniarade d(! MandeviHe." was stated to hav(^ 
 an extensive knowledge of th(; countiy to tlie northward 
 of the (ireat Slave; Jjake. He was hronjfjit witli liis 
 Indians to JJack's encanipment, for the purpose; of <;iving 
 him some intoiMiiatietn of the* rive;r he; was about to de- 
 sceMul to the sea-(M)ast. AV^ith all be^tittinji; ce'reMuony, 
 j)reliminarie's were^ ojjene'el by the custoniary pipe ; for, 
 ns Jiack observes. " a soe-ial putf is to an Indian what a 
 hetttle^ of wine^ is te) an Kniilishnian — apfvit prcecord'ui — 
 it unlocks the- he'art and dissipate's reserve'." He thus 
 sketche's the inmates of one; of thei chief's cnnoes : 
 
 " The tonl cnxoiihlf of this ' j)c()j)lc,' as they with sonio 
 vanity style tli('nis('lvt!.s, was wild and f:i'()tcs(|iie in the! cx- 
 trt'uie. One cauoo, in particular, fixed iny attention; it was 
 Binall even for u canoe ; and how ei^dit men, women, and 
 children contrived to stow away tlirir le<,'s in a sj)ace' nut 
 more than lar^'e enouuli for three 1 Itn-npi'Miis, would liuvo 
 been a pu/./liujj; |)robl('m to one unac(|uaint('il with the sup- 
 j)leness of an Indian's UMbandaijed liinl)s. There, however, 
 tli(>y were, in a temperature of ()()^, packed heads and tails, 
 like^ Yarmouth lierrinirs — half naked — their hair in elf-locks. 
 lo7i;r and matted — liltliy beyond description — and all seiuall- 
 imr toirethe'r. 'J'o com])lete the picture\ tlieir dops. scarce 
 one decree below them, formed a sort of body-guard on each 
 siele e)f the river; and as llu? canoe glided away with tli(> 
 curi-ent, all tlie animals t«»gellier, hinnan and canine, set up a 
 shrill and horrible yell." — I'. 7ii, 
 
 ( )ne of the half-breM'ds, named Do Cliarloit, is describ- 
 ed as be'ing; ii de'xte're)us cane)e-nmn in j)assinsj; raj)ids : 
 ]{ae'k"s e-anoe, thouuh frail, and te)e) we-ak to eue-onnter 
 rude' she)e'ks, " was neve'rthe;less tlireade'd throuyli the 
 boiling; rapids and sunken I'oe-ks with fearful elegance: 
 the' coe)i dexte'rity with which she was manage'd was 
 truly admirable'." 
 
 As tlie'y preKieeded. the chie'f, "Le Camarade," gave 
 the'iti soun; infoi'mation re'gai'efing tiie' rive'r, but it was 
 dillicult te) make out the- be'arings e)f the' plan he; sketch- 
 ed ; and whe'u Hack attempte;d te) questie)ii anel assist 
 l)im. he' tit last peevishly exclaimed "that we did not 
 
 
BACKS JOURNEY TO Till: lOLAR S1:A. 317 
 
 f 'iiilmnno- 
 
 v\\\\, wlioso 
 )y tlio fnul- 
 fed to liavH 
 
 northward 
 It Avith liis 
 se of ;i;iviiio 
 bout to d('- 
 ccrcniony, 
 
 pipe; fur, 
 
 iaii wliut a 
 
 reerordia — 
 
 He thus 
 
 noes : 
 
 with snino 
 ' ill tln! ex- 
 ion; it was 
 ^oincn, and 
 I ispai'f iii)t 
 .vould havo 
 ith tlio suj)- 
 ', howcvff, 
 Is ai:d tails, 
 in elf-locks, 
 I all s<|ual!- 
 lops, s(;aret> 
 ii'd on eacli 
 y witli the 
 R', set up a 
 
 is dfvscrib- 
 ),ii ra])ids : 
 encounter 
 rouyli the 
 eiofiance : 
 tiiji'd wu.« 
 
 ide," gave 
 ut it was 
 le nketch- 
 luid assist 
 c did not 
 
 placo the world as it wms, whorens ht kept steadily to 
 the risiuii '"id settinji snn." The river, however, is 
 stated to have been jiraphirally portrayed by him, as 
 oriiiiiiating in rapids: narrow, shoal, and dunfrerous ; 
 destitute of wood, even for fuel: full of ])erilous cascades 
 and tails; and that, after a course luore tortuous than 
 ihat of any river known to the eldest and most experi- 
 enced of th»Mr tribe, it tumbled o.er its northern barrier 
 in a foaininji; cataract into the soa 
 
 The party was now approachini' the hifj;ldands, from 
 whicii the waters take an opposite course, and from 
 whetice the labors wliich Back says had hitherto been 
 so cheerfully underfjone (bein^^ little more than those to 
 which roi/(ii4('urs are accustomed) were now to be chaii^^ed 
 into extraordinary efforts and patient perseverance. Cas- 
 cades and rapids followed each other in quick suc- 
 cession. To avoid them, it was necessary, with inlinito 
 labor, to force their way throujt^li woods of stunted 
 swamp-fir, clamberino; over thcs fallen trees through riv- 
 ulets juid across swamps, gcttini; on as well as the bur- 
 dens tliey were obliged to carry would permit; and 
 when they emerged, all was barren and desolate. On 
 jiaining, however, the summit of tlie i)ass, which divides 
 tlu^ waters, and is of great height, sucli was the beauty 
 of tlie varied outfun^ on the northern side, " that we 
 Avere captivated into a momentary forgetfulness of our 
 
 fatigue." 
 
 But fatigue alone was not the main cause of 
 
 their suflfering: 
 
 "The laborious duty which liad heeti thus satisfactorily 
 l)erf()nned w'as reiulered (hinhly severe by the combined !it- 
 tack ()t myriads of sandtiies and musquetoes, which made 
 our faces stream with blood. There is certainly no form of 
 wrctchc.lness, amoui,' those to whicli tli(> checkered life of a 
 vnyafreur is exposed, at once so great and so Immiliating as 
 the tortiire inflicted by these pimy l)lood-suckers. To avoid 
 them is impossible ; and as for defending himself, though for 
 a time he may go on cnisliing them by thousands, he can not 
 long maintain the nne(|ual confhct ; so 'that at last, subdued by 
 pain and fatigue, he throws himself in despair with his face 
 to the earth, and, half suffocated in his blanket, groans away 
 a few hours in sleepless rest." — V. 117. 
 
 Again he says, 
 
 " After a haril day's work, my weary crew were happy to 
 
 D L> J 
 
318 
 
 AU( TIC VOYAtJKri. 
 
 
 M 
 
 •i\ 
 
 f I ( 
 
 
 I 
 
 -H 
 
 •( » 
 
 I;-" i 
 
 r 
 
 )1 "i " 
 
 ( 
 
 t 
 
 r 
 
 <Mi('iini|). nofwiflislninliiiir tlu' vitroroiis mikI iniiiitrrinittiiii: tis- 
 hniilts nt'oiir tiiitlitiil loniiciitors, tlic saiidtlics hikI iiius(|iifto(<s. 
 (JcMtiiiiily tlicy wcrt" pests, iiiid s}iiii"[)ly did tlicy roiivt-y to iis 
 tJu' moral lesson of niiiii's lielplessiiess ; since, witli iill our 
 boasted strenfj;th and skill, we were nnahle to repel these I'eu- 
 ble atoms ot'tlie creation." — 1'. i:}!. 
 
 Of the sandllios neiir the lakes uiid in tlio valleys he 
 gives u most upiniUiiijr account. lie says, 
 
 " How can I possibly f^ive an idea «tf tlii- torment wo en- 
 dured from the sandtHes.' As we dived into the conhnedand 
 Butfocatinj,' chasms, or wadeil throui^h the close swamps, they 
 rose in clouds, actually darkening the air: to see or to sj)eak 
 was (Mjually dillicult, for they rushed at «'ver^' undefended 
 ])art, and fixed their ])oisonons fangs in nti instant.' Our faces 
 streamed with blood, as if leeches had been applied, and 
 there was a. burning and irritating ]vdn, followed by imme- 
 diate inllannnalion, and producing giddiness, which almost 
 drove us mad. \Viieivver we halted, which the nature of 
 the countiy comjxdltMl us to do often, the men, even Indians, 
 threw themselves on their ihc.rti, and moaned with ])ain and 
 agony ; for the time, I thought the thiy plagues worse even 
 than nniscpietoes." — 1'. 17!). 
 
 Evtui tln' Indians have never been able to contrive any 
 means of extirpating; lhes(^ tormenting; creatures, or of 
 escaping; from their woinuls. Their usual mode is to 
 throw themselves on their faces to the ground, and to 
 scream or moan with pain and agony, liack thought 
 of getting rid of tliem by lilling his tent with smoke, 
 which brought to the recollection of a former attendant 
 that the old r//ir/"(Kranklin) woidd not destroy a single 
 musquetoe. On which Jiack says, 
 
 " It was the custom of Sir John Franklin never to kill a 
 fly; and, though teased by them beyond e.vpressicm, especial- 
 ly when engaged in taking observations, he would quietly de- 
 sist fntm his work, and patiently blow the half-gorged intrud- 
 ers from his hands: 'the world was wide enough for both.' 
 This was jocosely remarkeil ui)on at the lime by Akaitcho and 
 the four or five Indians wh»» accompanied him ; but the im- 
 pression, it seems, had sunk deep, for on AhiufcUy's see- 
 ing me fill my tent with smoke, and then throw ojien the 
 front and beat the sides all round with leafy branches, to 
 drive out the stupefunl pests before I went to rest, he could 
 not refrain from expres.sing his sui-junse that I should lie so 
 unlike the old chief, who would not destroy so much us a sin- 
 gle musquetoe."—!'. 180. 
 
 t 
 
 ii 
 
 
iormittiiii: jih- 
 iims(|iiftucs. 
 foiivt-y to lis 
 with jiU our 
 
 pel till 'SI' Tco 
 
 valleys he 
 
 iiioiit wo en- 
 confiiiodaiid 
 iwamps, tiiey 
 L* or to speak 
 
 lUKlffendcJ 
 t' Onr faces 
 (ipjilied, and 
 ed hy iinine- 
 khicli almost 
 lo nature (jf 
 A'en Indians, 
 itli ])ain and 
 
 worse even 
 
 jontrive any 
 ture.s, or of 
 mode is to 
 and, and to 
 civ thought 
 rith smoke, 
 r attendant 
 roy a single 
 
 ver to kill a 
 it)n, especial- 
 .1 quietly de- 
 irged intrud- 
 l\i for both.' 
 ^kaitcho and 
 but tlio ini- 
 ufelly's eee- 
 iw ojien the 
 branches, to 
 St, he could 
 ilutuld l)e so 
 uch as a sin- 
 
 
 BACKS JUUKNEY TO THE I'uL.VR SEA. 319 
 
 A native Indian, who had left his party at th." nionnt- 
 
 anis, and lost tin; only two cliarfr,..s of powd.T in his 
 
 possession, an.l was therefore helpless, had been driven 
 
 by ne('essily to follow the travel.M's a long jonrnev, as 
 
 the only chance of obtaining the m.-ans of sustaining his 
 
 lainily till he eould return to his friends. " Had there 
 
 been only my wife with n.e," he said in a faint voice, 
 
 ; I would not have troubl.Ml the chief, for we conid have 
 
 ived upon berries ; but when I looke.l on my child, and 
 
 r r„'^%/M""''' '"y heart failed me, and J s.mght for 
 
 reliel. 1 here needed no .,ther appeal to (Commander 
 
 iiack ; he furnished tin; poor man with a liberal supply 
 
 ot provisions and ammunition, and the })oor fellow went 
 
 away the happiest of his tribe. 
 
 Having now reached the eastern shore of the Great 
 f>lave Lake, Mr. M'Leod was diivcted to prepare a 
 building lor their winter i-eception, after JJack's return 
 Irom the discovery of the som-ce of the river which was 
 to convey him to the sea-coast. He set out for this 
 purpose arid alter crossing numerous lakes, rapids, riv- 
 ers, and Inghttnl cataracts, mrived at a lofty hill, and 
 rom It saw- a lake, out of which lie was told one of the 
 f)ranches of tlui sought-for river issued. He here saw 
 only a te^y geese, one gull, and many terns, and mus- 
 quetoes like the foimh plague — innumerable. "No 
 other iving thing was seen or heard ; the air was calm, 
 the lake unrultled ; it seemed as if Natur.? had fallen 
 into a trance, tor all was silent and motionless as death.'» 
 ilie si)Iendid lake was named Aylmer. 
 
 The river which ]Jack had now to descend was callcul 
 by the natives Thlew-ee-choh, or the Fish Kiver, and 
 since has very properly been described by the (leo- 
 gi-aphical Society, and in the charts, by tJie name of 
 ISacks HiV€r,he having been the first European who 
 had descended it. AVhen he was fully satisfied, by one 
 ot the guides, that he had reached one of its feeders he 
 says, " yielding to that pleasing emotion which discov- 
 erers, in the first bound of their transport, may be par- 
 doned for indulging, I threw myself down on the bank 
 and drank a hearty draught of the limpid water." The 
 main stream was speedily approached, and, as the 
 month oi August had expired, it became expedient, nav. 
 
mm 
 
 ' I» , ■! 1 
 
 .1 
 
 '|5 
 P ' 'i 
 
 I- i ' ! 
 
 ! S 
 
 4'l 
 
 I 
 
 t t 
 
 
 
 3'J() 
 
 ARCTIC VuVAGEri. 
 
 f * 
 
 <r 
 
 impri'iitivc (Ijaviiif; inadt^ tins (lisroviMy), to return to 
 Fort Kcliiinco on Slavo fjuko, tlicro to fako u|) liis 
 winter (jUJirtri's ; and licrc! he I'ound t\w truinework 
 ei'ected of a convenient house, \vhich. I)y the assistaiKM^ 
 ot' ininierous worknu-u which Mr. 31'Leod had asscun- 
 hled, was speedily completed. 
 
 " Oar hall was in a manner lillcd with invalids and other 
 stnpidly-dcjrctrd hcin^'s, who, sealed round the lire, occn- 
 ])ird tlicinsrlves in roasliji^' and ch'vonrin^' small hits ot' 
 their reindeer pu'tnj'nts. which, even when entire, alVord- 
 ed them a very insntHciiMit ])rotection atrainst a tempera- 
 tnre of ]()i!"^ fn/oir f/ir frrrzintr point (70^ })elow zero). 
 'I'he liilher torpid and despairiiii: ; the mother with a hollow 
 and sejtulchral wail, vainly eiideavorinir to soothe the infant 
 which, with nnceasintr moan, cIiuil,' to her shriveled and ex- 
 hausted hreast, the passive child ^'azing vacantly around : 
 such was one of the many i-'royps that siuTounded us." — I'.-JI>}. 
 
 Those scenes of misery amon^ the ))oor nutives, lor 
 want of food and fuel, were more distressing to the 
 feeling heart of iiack than any privation that could hap- 
 l)eu to iiimself. The old, the sick, and tlie miserahle 
 had heard of hiui, ai d were not long in finding their 
 way to the house of the white man, to ohtain that relief 
 from starvation wliich, iu seasons of distress, it would 
 he hopeless to seek for among their own countrymen. 
 
 'J^he suflerings of the poor Indians at this period are 
 not to he descrihed. " Famine, with her gant and 
 l)ony arm," says Back, " pursued them at every turn, 
 witliered their energies, and strewed them hfeless on 
 the cold hosom of the snow." Nine had fallen victims, 
 and oth(!rs were on the eve of perishing, when tlie old 
 chief Akaitch(» came to their rehef. 
 
 To add to the distress of Back, he re^ceived informa- 
 tion that his friend Augustus, the former alfectionate 
 Es(iuinraux interpreter, hearing of his heing again in the 
 country, set out from Hudson's Bay in company with a 
 Caiiadijui and an Iroquois ; they lost their waj% were 
 separated, and poor Augustus fell a sacrifice to famine. 
 His remains were fountl on the haiTens not far from the 
 Riviere a Jean. It ajjpeared that the gallant little fel- 
 low was retracing his steps to the estahlishment. when, 
 eitlier exhausted by sulfering and privation, or caught 
 in the midst of an open travei'se in one of tlioso terrible 
 
 1 V 
 
 *'l 
 
back's journey to the I'OLAR SEA. 321 
 
 return to 
 e up Ills 
 ruiiH'Work 
 ns.sistiuico 
 acl ass(Mii- 
 
 niid otluT 
 lire, occii- 
 all hits of 
 ire, atViinl- 
 ii tt!iiijH*rii- 
 l(i\v zcrr)). 
 ill ii hollow 
 > tho iiifjiiit 
 \cd and ex- 
 ly around : 
 i."— I'.^ia. 
 
 mtivcs, for 
 m^ to tho 
 could hiip- 
 
 iiiiseriihlo 
 iding their 
 tliat relief 
 i, it would 
 itlTliieii. 
 period are 
 
 gaut and 
 very turn, 
 lifeless on 
 in victims, 
 en the old 
 
 d informa- 
 lectionate 
 ain in the 
 ny with a 
 vay, were 
 to famine. 
 r from the 
 little fei- 
 nt, when, 
 or caught 
 so terrible 
 
 snow-storms, wliicli may ho almost said to hlow through 
 the frame, he had sunk to rise no more. " Such," siiys 
 ]5ack, "was tho miserable end of poor Augustus! a 
 faithful, disinterested, kind-hearted creature, wlio had 
 won the regard, not of myself only, but, I may add, of 
 kSir J. Franklin and Dr. Richardson also, by qualities 
 which, wherever found, in the lowest as in the highest 
 forms of social life, are tho ornament and charm of hu- 
 manity" — qualities, it must bo said, that wen? found in 
 full vigor in the kind-hearted iiack. "Often," said he, 
 on another occasion, " did I share my own plate with 
 the children, whose hel[)less state and piteous cries 
 were peculiarly distressing. Compassion or the full- 
 grown may or may not be felt, but that iieart must bo 
 cased in steel which is insensible to the cry of a child 
 for food." 
 
 His own party had a full share of the general distress ; 
 their rations were deplorably reduced ; but this, how- 
 ever, produced no complaining, no sullen or sulky looks 
 in the brave fellows he had engaged in England and in 
 Canada. They had none of those means so skillfidly 
 employed by Parry on board ship to keep up the spirits 
 of the men ; but no objection was raised to the forma- 
 tion of an evening school ; on the contrary, it was con- 
 sidered as an anmsement, that tended to the mainte- 
 nance of their cheerful and general good spirits. 
 
 About the middle of April active preparations were 
 begun for their intended journey to the sea-coast ; and 
 while so employed, a me'jenger on the 25th of that 
 \nonth brought a packet for ]?ack, which contained the 
 lUiexpected and welcome intelligence of the safety of 
 Ross and his party. The hurry and excitement of his 
 feelings on the occasion he thus describes : 
 
 " 111 the fullness of our hearts wc assembled together, and 
 "lunibly offered up our thanks to that merciful I'rovidenco 
 which, in the beautiful languafre of Scripture, hath said. ' Mine 
 awn will I l)ring again, as I did sometime from the deeps of 
 the sea.' The thought of so womlerful a preservation over- 
 nowt^red for a time the common occurrences of life. We had 
 just sat down to In-eakfast; but our aj-petlto was gone, and 
 llie day was passed in a feverish state of excitement. Seldom, 
 indeed, did my friend Mr. King or I indulge in a libation, 
 but ou tliis joyful occasion economy was forgotten ; a treat 
 21 
 

 mm 
 
 ,1' 
 
 322 
 
 AUCTIC VOYAOEH. 
 
 Ml' 
 
 r.. 
 
 ) 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 
 I ■ * 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 wjiH f,'ivcii to tlip men, and for oiirsflvt's tho wkihI synipiitiiiiH 
 Wfic (luickc'iieil by a gfiicrous l)o\vl (»t puncli." — 1'. 'Jl.>. 
 
 On tljo 7th of Jmie, Jiuck, accoinpiiuiod by Mr. Kinj,', 
 Jeft Fort Reliaiici!, eucli delighted, us may well ho imu- 
 j!;inod, in escapiiif; from sconos of suHoring and death, 
 froni heart-rending caro and vexatious disappoinlmcnt. 
 " Jieforo me," ho says, " were novelty and enterpiiso ; 
 hope, curiosity, and tlie love of adventure were my coni- 
 ])anions ; and oven the prosp»;ct of dilFiculties and dan- 
 gers to he encountered, with the responsibility insepara- 
 ble from command, instead of damping, rather hui^dit- 
 ened tho enjoyment of the moment." On the L'Btii of 
 June the boat wjis earned over the last portage which 
 divides the northern streams from the southern ones, 
 into the latter of which she was to bo lunched, it being 
 the river which ho had discovt^red, the ThLcw-ce-choli, 
 or, as appropriately now named, Jiack's River, and which 
 Was to convey them into the Polar Sea. 
 
 A singular remark is hero made regarding the tem- 
 perature. About tho end of May, just before they sot 
 out, the weather was sultry, the temperature in the sun 
 being 10(i^ ; an extraordinaiy contrast, ho observes, to 
 tliat of tho 17th of January, when it was 70° below 
 zero ! extremes so much in excess from any recorded, 
 that the correctness of the instrument may be doubted. 
 Tlusy now experienced the weather to be cold, thick, 
 and foggy. On clearing up, they were overjoyed to dis- 
 cover the branching antlers of twenty reindeer on tho 
 sununit of the adjacent hills. To see and pursue was 
 tho work of a moment. 
 
 " It was a beautiful and interesting Right, for the sun shono 
 out, and, lighting up some parts, cast others into deeper ehade : 
 the white ice rt-flectod millions of dazzling rays ; the rti[)id 
 leaped and chafed in little ripples, which melted away into 
 the uurulflod surface of tho slumbering lake ; abnipt ancl crag- 
 gy rocks frowned on the right; tuul ou the left, the brown 
 landscape receded until it was lost in the distant blue mounl- 
 ahis. The foreground was filled iip with the ochre-colored 
 lodges of the Indians, contrasting with our own pale tents ; 
 and to tho whole scene animation was given by the graceful 
 motions of the unstartled deer, and the treacherous crawling 
 of the wary hunters." — P. 307. 
 
 Mr. M'Leod had assembled some hunters, to return 
 
 I M 
 
 -M V 
 
 \ 
 
«ynip(itliic8 
 -1\ 'J i:>. 
 
 Mr. Kiiifi, 
 ell he iinii- 
 iiiul (Ictitli, 
 i|)()inlm(Mit. 
 jntcrpiiso ; 
 •e my com- 
 »s and (imi- 
 y insej)iirii- 
 ler hei^lil- 
 ho L>8tli (.f 
 tiige which 
 hern ones, 
 ad, it beiiii; 
 eiv-ee-cli(ili, 
 , and which 
 
 g the tem- 
 vo tliey set 
 I in the sun 
 )bserves, to 
 70<^ below 
 Y recorded, 
 )e doubted, 
 cold, thick, 
 )yed to dis- 
 leer on the 
 jursue was 
 
 le sun shnno 
 jeper ehado : 
 r, the rapid 
 d away into 
 iptand craj^- 
 t, the browu 
 blue mounl- 
 chre-colorc'd 
 1 pale tents ; 
 the graceful 
 JU3 crawling 
 
 s, to return 
 
 BACKS JOURNEY TO THE I'OLAU HEA. 
 
 323 
 
 to tlie fort by tlio best way to meet witli musk-oxen, tlm 
 scarcity of animals increasing as Hack proceeded to the 
 north. Amon^ tlu^ ^roupof Indians Ih) met with an old 
 acfjuaintance, formed when wifli Franklin, who went by 
 the name of (ireen Stockings, whoso mother was afraid 
 that if the portrait he drew of her went to Kngland, tho 
 kin^r would send for the original. 
 
 "Though stirroundcd by a I'anuly, wifli one nrcldn in Iut 
 cloak cliugiiig to her back, and siuidry othrr niatt'nial accoin- 
 j)aniui<'ntH, 1 inujiediatrly recogui/.t'd her, and called lirr by 
 her name; at which she laughed, and said 'she was an old 
 wouian now;' begging, at the same time, that she mi^'ht bo 
 relieved by the ' medicine man, t!>r she was very much out of 
 health.' Ilowever, notw ithstandiuir all this, she was still the 
 beauty of the tribe; and witli that consciousness which ln>- 
 longs to all belles, savage or polite, seemed by no means dis- 
 I)lcased when I sketched her portrait." — 1'. 'M7. 
 
 From this time till their ajiproach to the sea, a con- 
 stant succession of falls, and ra])ids, and cataracts more or 
 Ic^ss obstructed their progress, and, as Hack says, " nuido 
 liim hold his breath, expecting to see the boat dashed to 
 shivers against some protruding rocks amid tlie foam and 
 fury at the foot of a rajud." In passing down one of 
 th(>se, wluM'e the river was full of large rocks tuid bowl- 
 <lers, tlie boat was obliged to bo lightened ; and Hack says, 
 *' I stood on a high rock, with an anxious heart, to see 
 her run it. Away they went with tlie speed of an ar- 
 row, and in a moment the foam and rocks hid them from 
 my view. I heard what sounded in my oar like a wild 
 shriek ; I followed with an agitation which nuiy be con- 
 ceived, and, to my inexpressible joy, found that the shiit'k 
 was the triumpliant whoop of the crew, who had liuided 
 safely in a small bay b».'low." In short, strong and heavy 
 rapids, with falls and whirlpools, kept the men, for eighty 
 or ninety miles, in a constant state of exertion and anx- 
 iety. 
 
 He gives an instance on one occasion of the consum- 
 mate skill of De Charloit, who 
 
 " ran our rickety and shattered canoe down four successive 
 ra])i(ls, which, inuler less able management, would have 
 wlurled it, and every body in it, to certain destniction. Noth- 
 ing could exceed the self-possession and nicety of judgment 
 with which ho guided the frail thing along the nai-row Uuo 
 
*v 
 
 :v* I 
 
 All! rif Vov \«iKrt. 
 
 ). 
 
 I , 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i t 
 
 
 
 1»cl\\ I -I Ml ill"' lip'li \\ ;t\ i"J nf llii> (mil -Ml it in I I In" i flni inii" icMv 
 A lout III I'lllii'i il 1 1 ■'■ liDii WKiilil liiixi* lii'iMl Intnl. Init wiili 
 llii> iiiiwt |ii ilfii I'iMi', mill. I iii.'i\ mill, I'li'K'int miil >'i;iii'liil 
 III I i>>ii. Iii'< Ui'i'ii i'> i"« Il VI il ii|<iiii lli)< I nil. III' K< |>t I II 'I 1 1 III' til 
 Ini I iHii SI' llniiii::ii nil il^inpiil \\ iiiiliiif;M." — I'. Iii.i. 
 
 ■\l liMifMh. liM\v««\i«i . iIh'V H'lnlicil )||(> \i\h\ Mini imunI 
 (hi iiinlnliii' kI in|niiN ; tiini liiMi< tlii<\ It'll iti with ii |inily 
 • i| tl\iisi> t> I, I, hi I, 'lis |'',M|iiiniiiii\ iijMiiii'^t ulmm llii« In 
 iliMM I liiiM liMil NO iirt;iMitly riintitUH<il liini. Mi< Iniiiliil. 
 itnii nittvvilltsdmiliiii', iIumi liriiitilMlii>i| sjirnf^, iiiiii v»'lls, 
 iniil \vilil i^i'^lii iilnlinn'^. unlKi'il iip In liitMii, tiilliiir, oiii 
 t, ipiiii )»t'ni'i>. In .111 111 .Iniit iIhmi s|n'nrM wi'it" lliiii;^ nn 
 the >;itiniiil; iiiiil. |>Imi 111!^ llicii liiiiiih mi llifii Int'iisH. 
 ihiM iilsit <iillt<i) iMil tiipiiii. Ili> iniiiic tliiMii iiinlt'i siniiil 
 tlii>\ \Vi>rt> l\iihliu>)h>s l'',iii'i)|)i'iiii>4, mill lint linliiiiis; hihI 
 ln> sn\M. "US tli<>\ iliil nut. IiIm> llifir lUM^Iilnf s to tlio 
 NiMtli. i;o till oui;li tlii> fon'iiioiiN ty\' nihhi>i>: (lu't pnlliii;') 
 fhwi .<> I)\ \vii\ til s:iliilnt ion, I iiilo|i|t>il tlii< .loin l>nll In.li 
 »i>n ol" "ihaUiii^ I'm li ol llii'iii lii'iiitiU liv tlio liiiini." \ 
 low j>n'son|>< wore i;iM>n to tlioiii; iiinl Hn K wont to 
 llioir toiil-^, inlioiiiiii'il linii'«t'li to llioir wnnii'ii iimi » liil 
 tlii'ii. mill liml i'\oi\ rt'.ison to Ih'Iu'M' lie liml oltlinnoil 
 llioir I'onliiloiifo. I'ln'ir iuihiImmn, Iio lliniUs, w t'ro iillo 
 Cotlior iilioni llmtx liv o. 
 
 riu'so i;ot>il nut in I'll niiil iVionillv |>oo|)Io woio ol' tlll^ 
 ^nosl I'ssontinl >iorvico to("!i|>lMin l»mK; lor inronnittion 
 Ix'ihl: broiiLlliI lo linn lioni llio loiiilinj', niiin ol tlio luiiil 
 ih.Ml, Ml ponloiis w !is the liitiiiiuM now to lu' jiassoil, no 
 bii.it coniil tlt'scoiitl it, mill llmt tlio t'low won* nllorl\ 
 nni>(|n!il tii the I;i"«K ol tonxoviii:; it omt tlio loni; jitnl 
 slcop povlHii«> - " TiiUiin: iiil\initiii;o.'" lie sii\s. " ol" llio 
 Cooil Inmiororonr now !H(pi:iint;in('o><. I foipiostod tln'iii 
 to cwo lis i) lii'lpiiiL: limul. Tlio ictpii"-! wns fln'orrnllv 
 ronipiioii Willi, iiiiil. Willi tluMi' .•isviisliincc, wo siifcooilod 
 111 cMirv ill;; tlio lioMl liolow the Inll, so tli;it. in roiility. I 
 » us iiiii«'!)I(Ml lo tlioni tor coltiiic lo llio sou til all." 
 
 lluMiii; ]>;ivtoil iViMii tlit> l'.s(]iiiniiin\ on tlio 'JHtli ol" 
 .lnl\. on llu' lollow nii; il.iN tliov t:ol si«;lii ol" n lolly lioml- 
 l.iiul at a ^i(»at ilistMiicti to tin' north, iipparoiitly on tlio 
 «\asi(>ni siili' ol tin* iM\or. wliu-li iliov conit'i'lnroil to ho 
 «M\»» siilo ivt tho opi'iiii;': into tho soa. and it provod to ho 
 60. Ti) this proiuoiUoiy l>a«-k j^avo ihe uaiuo ot' \'ii't(>- 
 
 r.'i 
 
IIACKH Inruivrv TO 'IMir, I'or.AK Ml A, 
 
 .•{•»r» 
 
 IIHI" 1(1. Iv 
 
 ; liiit Willi 
 lltl f'i;i<)'liil 
 Ikm Ii iii> 1.) 
 
 iiml innMi 
 illi II |iiirly 
 
 Ml lll)> III 
 |(> lllllilril, 
 lllul > fll'l, 
 
 I iilliiir, oiil 
 
 <« (llllli; nil 
 
 II InriisN, 
 
 llllIlM stilllil 
 
 ilitiii'4 : mill 
 ii">< !•• tlio 
 
 it plllllll!'.) 
 
 Hull liisli 
 iiiinl." \ 
 
 Iv WiMll III 
 
 II mill dill 
 il uhtmiK'il 
 
 Wt'lr llllit 
 
 (M(> til llio 
 lilnnMllllDIi 
 
 III lll«» llUil) 
 ItliSSCtl, llll 
 
 MO iiII<mI\ 
 !• Iniii: •'••I'l 
 s. " ol" llll> 
 I'slcil lliriii 
 chi'tMliillv 
 siir(»M'il(>il 
 I rnility. I 
 I all." 
 it« 'JSth til" 
 lol'ly linui- 
 illv oil lilt' 
 
 lUltMi tt» III' 
 
 niviMJ 111 lii> 
 < ol" \" iito 
 
 I III, III litiiinr 1)1 |Im< |iiiiiri"4M r<i\iil; iiidI dm tlir iiiiniil ol 
 
 lllt< |llll'IV III lIlH |li>Mlt, IiIhK IIiIH MIIMIM II|) 11 I'l'Mfllll V|l>\V 
 <>l iJlht IMIpl'llMMm IIVIM' III III|IIi|m, l'l|MrM(lfM, lllnl llllll 
 llirl'i : 
 
 " 'I'lli'l, IIk'II, III.'IV I"' •itllMiili'liil 111 l||i< MliHllll III till' 'I'llll'W- 
 <•■ I'lliill, VnIiIiIi, llltlT M VtiiliMll llllll llll lilnil-i iiiUI'ii' 1 1| I'lsn 
 
 IiiiiiiIk'iI llllll lliiilv ;'<'i>"i ii|i|iit III iMili-J, iiiiiiiiii" lliiiiii.i'li llll 
 
 null lililiril riilMltlV, Ulllliilll tl Hlll."li> tlCi' Mil llll' wliull' llllll 
 
 III iIm IiiiiiKm, i'X |iiiiiiIiii!; iiilii line liHi'x liilu'-i Willi < li'ni liuii- 
 mix, iiiiwl cMiliiii iii>4'4iii;^ III till' Mil V I'Miliii , llllll liiiiKi'M mill 
 I.iIIm, t ,'l><rlli|i"4, ilMil mi|iiiIm III ||m< IIIIIIiIii'I III III! I^•^■^ lliiiii I'l.-'lily- 
 lllll'r ill till* wllii|)<, |inlM>i ilM VMlli'M ilili) ill'' I'lilill Si II III lilll- 
 IihIi' (I; 11 III) N., llllll |iiii;;iliiil<< !> I llll I) W ; lli;il i-^ In 
 
 i:;lV, itillllll lllil ly Hl<\ I'M Mlill'-* IMMI'I' HIMllll lIlltM IIh' MIIIIIIIi III 
 
 till' <'ii|(|iii- Mini' Uivrr, iiml iiiiu'ti'i'ii miiIi'm mmmi' wimiIIi iIium 
 llllll III UiuK'k Wivit, lit llll' luwiT I'xtrciiiil V ol I •iilliiM'^rM Ill- 
 Ill "—I'. :i!MI. 
 
 " SiiMitioiil I'lM* lln< liny h IIh' «'vil llu'rotiC;" ImiI. uilli 
 
 tllt> ll|)|llllliM!^ I'l'llt'l'lllll) III' hllVIMI' III I'kIMI'II II|I, IIIhI Ml li|l- 
 
 |iiisilM»M III, till li'M'^ tliiiM I'l^lily lliri'i' IiiIIm, ciisriiili'M, immI 
 riipiils, iii'tliMiil III" •lii'^liiiin (ItiwM llii'iii iH liitliiMtii, it n*- 
 t|iiirt'il nil iMiMltMiilt* sliiin* «•! rirniiM'WM iinil I'l^^iiliitiiiM In 
 
 pIMUfVlTI' ill lllt» lllltMllpl III IIMM'W llll' millM" Iftlllc, III Ki> 
 III I Ml III' I <l I II pi 'I'll 11 1 II >-! till' llllllltll III A ll^llsl. A I ill ill pi II lit 
 
 llll till' I'lisli'iii siili< III' lilt' I'sliiiiiy, wliirli Im' ciiIIi'iI ( 'iipn 
 lliiv. Ill' iiiM'^iili'n'fl III lie llll' iiiii'tlii'i'ii I'xIii'iiM', liril, 
 |)i'iisi« nnti Siiiip'^iiM NMlisi'ipii'iillv ilisi'iivi'i't'd ii rtirisiili'i'- 
 iililt' li'ii^lli iirniiiMl lit'yiiiiil it. Kill' It'll iliiyH tlit' wi'iilli- 
 I'l I'liiitiiiiii'tl fliilly, wi't.mitj l"ti^i;y, llllll tlit' i"<liiiiry wiis 
 ■^11 liliit'Ki'il up with iff (n III pi'i'vi'iil iiiiv iitirtlii'i'ii [U'lit;- 
 it'ss lii'iii!:; Miiult'. Till' sliiii't'ss 111" lliis (li'siiliilt' ?'i';^i(iii prii- 
 iliMi'il niitliiiii; liiit i'i»iiitli'i«r-iiiMSH iiiid ii sprcii's of I'itii, 
 liiitli sii NiiiiUt'tl with wt't llllll llit'V wniilil iMit liiM'ii, niiij 
 llii'i't'l'dri' llll' piirly Iiml no iiii'iinH of" cooUinii (iiiy lliiiii:, 
 Mill I'vi'ii ol" lioiliiii; )i lilllo wiilcr lor tt-ii. l''or ii vvliolo 
 wi«t\U tlii'V Iiml lull olio liol nit'iil. 
 
 In this clit'ci'lt'ss iinil iiiisri'iililo coiiilitjon, siirrouridofl 
 on ovt'i'V siilo liy prosprtts ol" ico, snow, iind t'ompli'lo 
 ilfsolntion. willioiil lirt^ or tlio iiifiiiis ol" niiikiii^ it with- 
 out liny Uiiid of warm looil, solid or lii|uid--wilh hoiivy 
 showors of rain lollowt'd liy thit-k snow, no wondiM' that, 
 ( 't»ininaiiilt'r Hack should say, " Il <'an not he a inattor of 
 asionishiiHMit, Kiitl imich loss of lilanic, that oven tho host 
 
■i Vi 
 
 I 
 
 r . » 
 
 33G 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 
 I 1 
 
 (I, 
 
 it, 
 
 • f 
 
 
 mon, benumbed in their limbs, and dispirited by tlie 
 dreaiy and tuipromising prospect before them, broke out 
 for a moment into low murmurings that theirs was a 
 hard and painful duty." 
 
 No one can be surnrised that, in such a state of pri- 
 vation and suffering, Back was prevented froni canying 
 into ellect, or even undertaking, what had been his inten- 
 tion, viz., that of j)roceeding coastwise to Point Turn- 
 again, to complete the unfinished part left by Franklin. 
 He sent, however, a small party to the westward to trace 
 the coast, which was all that could be done ; but they 
 were only able to follow the shore about fifteen miles 
 with every exertion they could use and the most severe 
 labor, sinking into snow and swampy gi'ound midleg at 
 every step. The surface was level, and void of vegc^ta- 
 tion. They found, however, several pieces of drift- 
 wood, one of which was nine feet long and nine inches 
 in diameter, which the men jocularly called "a piece of 
 the North Pole." Back was persuaded that the fact of 
 the drift-wood at this ])oint of North America establishes 
 the continuity of the coast from the mouth of the Mac- 
 kenzie River, and of the current which could alone have 
 brought it. 
 
 Tlie drift-wood found on the whole of the southern 
 coast of the Polar Sea, from Mackenzie's River to Point 
 'J'urn-again, was fully ascertained to have been brought 
 entirely from the westward, not only from the Macken- 
 zie, but also, as we know from Simjjson, down the nu- 
 merous rivers falling from the Rocky Mountains ; the 
 easterly current setting through Behring's Strait carries 
 this drift-timber to the extreme easterly end of the 
 American coast- Admiral Krusenstern, in 1823, in re- 
 ply to a question put to him on this subject regarding 
 two Russian ships that had gone from the coast of Asia 
 into the Strait of Behring, writes, "with respect to the 
 currents in these straits, they have been observed con- 
 stantly to set on the coast of Asia to the N.W. ; near 
 the coast of Anu>rica, to the N.E. ; and off ley Cape, 
 near which the ships renuiined four days, due east, at 
 the rate of 25 and 'M) miles a day." 
 
 The extreme point seen to the northward, on tho 
 western side of the estuary, Back named Cape Richard- 
 
 M\ 
 
 n 
 
back's journey to the polar sea. 327 
 
 ited by the 
 11, broke out 
 li«irs was a 
 
 itate of pri- 
 jiii canyiiig 
 ^n his inteii- 
 Point Turn- 
 by Franklin, 
 vard to trace 
 3 ; but they 
 fifteen miles 
 most severe 
 id midh;g at 
 id of vefjc^ta- 
 es of drift- 
 . nine inches 
 " a piece of 
 Lt the fact of 
 a establishes 
 of the iMac- 
 d alone have 
 
 lie southern 
 
 iver to Point 
 
 >een brouf^ht 
 
 he Macken- 
 
 )\vn the nu- 
 
 antains ; the 
 
 trait carries 
 
 end of the 
 
 1823, in re- 
 
 ct regarding 
 
 oast of Asia 
 
 sj)ect to the 
 
 iserved con- 
 
 S\\V. ; near 
 
 ley Cape, 
 
 luc east, at 
 
 ard, on the 
 pe llichard- 
 
 son. which, he says, is in lat. (58° 4G', long. OG^ 20' W. 
 Another point a little to the westward of this he named 
 Maconociiie, and thinks there is reason to believe that 
 between them and Point James Ross a passage exists 
 — a conjecture fully verified by Deaso and Simpson hav- 
 ing sailed through it in the year 18:30. But of the dis- 
 coveries of these gentlemen hereafter. Captain iJack 
 is also correct in describing an open sea to the eastward 
 as far as the spacious eastern extremity of Simpson's 
 Strait, and also beyond it to the Gulf of Akkoolee. As 
 a farther proof of an open sea, free of land, ho says that 
 a gale of wind from the eastward swept a whole field of 
 ice from that gulf past Back's Estuary, which, how- 
 ever, a westerly gale brought back again, and it disap- 
 peared. 
 
 Pinned down as he was to this miserable spot, when 
 nothing more could be done, '* 1 felt," he says, " 1 had 
 no choice ; and, assembling the men, 1 informed tlnun 
 that th(i period fixed by his majesty's government for my 
 return had arrived, and it now only remained to unfurl 
 the British Hag, and salute it with three cheers, in hon- 
 or of his most gracious majesty, giving his royal name 
 of William the Fourth's Land to this part of Atnerica.'* 
 
 On the l^th of August the ice in the estuary had suf- 
 ficiently parted to allow the boat to proceed, and with 
 open water and a fair wind, they made aliout twenty 
 miles to the southward, in commencing their return, 
 " where, for a second time in nine days," liack says, 
 " we partook of a warm meal." The many didicultios 
 they had experienced in falling down the river were at 
 least doubled in the lal)or of going against the stream ; 
 rocks and rapids, and sand-banks, with numerous Porta- 
 ges, were all again to be encountered. "One t. iy," 
 Back says, "wo ascended between sixteen and twenty 
 rapids." It would bo a waste of the reader's time, and 
 a trial of his patience, to repeat what has already been 
 said regarding this river. 
 
 Having ascended the high grounds which divide tho 
 northern from the southern stre, ,ns. the Aylnier, the 
 Artillery, and the Clinton (^olden Lakes embellish the 
 landscape, and discharge their waters into the (treat 
 Slave Lake. Hero Back describes, and gives a print of, 
 
^ 
 
 .1 
 
 "\ ■ 
 
 328 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGED. 
 
 : 
 
 H 
 
 .,!• 
 
 •"> 
 
 \u- 1 
 
 I'h 
 
 s 
 
 f :) '.i . 
 
 I!.,: 
 
 rr 
 
 ..I 
 
 I 
 
 ( 
 
 'a ' 
 
 !i splendid riiscjid«>, wliirli ho mimos Parry's l^'alLs, jiud 
 says it is oiio ot" tlie firaiulest objects in iiulnre. 
 
 " The color of ihe wat»«r varied tioin a very li^'lit to a very 
 dark Ljreeii ; and the spray, which spread a diiuiifSH altov*', 
 was thrown np in clouds (if lijj;ht gray. Niaji;ara, \\ illicr- 
 f'orcc's Falls in Hood's llivcr, tlio Hills of KakabiUka near 
 Laki> Superior, the Swiss or Italian falls, altlnMifrh they may 
 each ' charm th<» eye with dr«*a»l,' are not to he com|)ared to 
 this tor spliMidor ot etVect. It w:'s the most imposin;,' specta- 
 ele I had ever witnessed ; and as its J»erg-lik«> appearanco 
 br.tuijht to mind associations of another scene, 1 bestowed 
 upon it th«> name of our ct'h^brated navif^afor, Sir Kdwai'd 
 I'arry, and called it I'arry's Falls."— P. !.''):{. 
 
 As they proceeded, the Indians brought tliem provi- 
 sions from time t«) time ; and the jjood old chief Akiiitelio, 
 with his foll(»wers, tiioujih not very successful, was not 
 wantinjT in his contributions. This old friend to Sir 
 .lohn Franklin was underiioing the usual course which 
 old ago and woiikness inthct on all tlio Indian chiefs. 
 
 " }Ie is no longer the same aclivi^ and imi)ortanf person 
 that h(^ was in those davs ; for, bt>sides the intinnities that 
 have crept upon him, h<» has grown |)eevish an<l tickle. His 
 once absohitt^ authority is conse(|uentlv reiluced to a shadow ; 
 and with the exc«'ption of his sons and his own family, he can 
 scarcely boast of a single subject t)r adherent in his summer 
 excursions to Inmt. l)uring winter, however, the clan still 
 keep together as formerly.'* — I', •li'itj. 
 
 The Indians believe in tho existence of Ono (ireat 
 Spirit, who nnvards tho j^ood and punishes tho evil- 
 doer. JJack says, tlnit, speaking witli tho Cauiarado do 
 iMiuidevillo, a potent Chipewyan chief, rogardinii; tho 
 due obsorviuico of certain UH)ral precepts for liis future 
 guidance, he listened with nu)st profoiuid attention and 
 gravity. Having concludtul, lie rais»5d his head a littles 
 and, with eyes tixed on the lloor, said, in a low tmd 
 st)leuui tone, " Tho chief's words have siuik deep into 
 my heart, and I shall often think of tliem when 1 am 
 aK)ne. It is true that I am ignorant ; but I never lie 
 down at night in my lodge without whispering to tho 
 (treat Si)irit a prayer for forgiveness, if I liave done any 
 thing wrong that day." This heathen may be said to 
 luive Inid no religion, but his feelings and practice were 
 the dictates of a genuine piety. 
 
 l! 
 
 t 
 
RAfKH JOURNKY TO THE TOLAR SEA. 329 
 
 Fiillw, anil 
 e. 
 
 it t«) n vt'i-y 
 ii<>t<.s ;ii»(»V(', 
 ra, WillxT- 
 i)ikk!i near 
 
 I llii'y iiiiiy 
 •inpaivd Jo 
 liii^' spt'cfa- 
 ippramiico 
 
 brstdwcd 
 ir Kdwai'd 
 
 am provi- 
 Akiiitclio, 
 I, was not 
 u\ to Sir 
 rso wliiili 
 ^liiols. 
 
 int person 
 nitifs that 
 •kl<?. His 
 
 II shadow ; 
 ily, ho can 
 is HummiT 
 ! clun still 
 
 110 (Tl-OIlt 
 
 tho ovil- 
 larndo do 
 rdiiit; tho 
 lis tiituro 
 ntion tiiid 
 <i a littlo, 
 low uiid 
 lof'j) into 
 len 1 am 
 never lie 
 ijl to tho 
 done any 
 e said to 
 ice were 
 
 Oil the 'J Jill of Juno l?ack roa(h(>d Norway House, 
 and haviiiii arran^M-d the ( 'onijiany's ace. ,;;:;!;•. set out Cor 
 IMontrt'al, where, in liis passaj^'e tliron^^h the I'liittMl 
 Stales, he received the kiiah'st attentions ] lo left New 
 ^ ork on th(^ 17th of An^ust, and aiTived ai Liverpool on 
 the Hth of Septeniher, alUM' an absence* of two years 
 and nearly scneii months. Mr. Khv^, with «'iuht (d" tho 
 IIHM1, reached Kn^dand in tin* Hudson's Hay ( 'ojnpany'n 
 ship in October. His .najesty luMiored Hack with an au- 
 dience, and expresm'd his apjirobation of liis efforts, first 
 ill the cause of humanity, and m'xt in that of geographi- 
 cal and scientific res«iarch. 
 
 In glancinj; over the subjects of natural liistory men- 
 tiotied in the Apjiendix— the cjuadriipeds, birds, and fish- 
 es described in Kn^iland by Hr. Kichardson, the insects 
 by Mr. Children, and the plants by Sir William Hooker 
 — it is impossible not to bestow tho hif;hest de<;r«Mf of 
 praise on Mr. King, who, with great exertion and dili- 
 gence iti collecting, and careful attention in preserving 
 them, must liave undergone tmich labor and constant 
 anxiety. Dr. Richardson says, "■ Those* specimtMis wero 
 all candully prepared by Mr. Ricliard King, surgeon to 
 tho expediticm, who des«M-ves tin* thanks of zoologists for 
 devoting so much time and labor to tho promotion of tho 
 
 ficienee, 
 
 E K '.' 
 
 / 
 
>l N 
 
 330 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 -. t i 
 
 •'I 
 
 • ^ ) 
 
 ♦I 
 
 nrH 
 
 t u 
 
 ' A'''r\ 
 
 •V ' 
 
 4 - 'A 
 
 if v 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 't 
 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 CAPTAIN GEORGE BACK. 
 
 1836-37. 
 
 Narrative of an Exprdition iti H. M. S. Terror, undertak- 
 en with a view to Gccgraphical Discovery on the Arctic 
 Shores. 
 
 Tins voyage wns rocominondod by the Royal Goo- 
 jirKi)lncal Sotiety to thn colonial secretary, and by him 
 to the Lords of the Admiralty. The olycct of the so- 
 ciety was nearly the same as that on which Captain Ly- 
 on had been emj)loyed ; and the Admiralty having sup- 
 plied a ship, the Tenor, fmniishod him also with instruc- 
 tions, the jjeneral import of which was, that he should 
 proceed in the first instance to Wajijer River or Repulse 
 JJay, as he should find most expedient; observing, how- 
 ever, that, at Salisbury Island, "you will liave to choose 
 between the direct and obvious course up Frozen Strait, 
 which was performed with a|)parent ease by the Fury 
 and ilecla in 18'J1, or the more circuitous route by the 
 Welconu', whicli was unsuccessfully attempted by tlio 
 (Jriper in 1KJ4." Ciiptain Back, having this choice, 
 from such high authority — success on the one hand, and 
 failure on the other — could scarcely venture to hesitate 
 in his decision ; he unfortunately, though naturally 
 enough, made choice of flie former, or easy route. 
 Whichsoctvtn' of the two bays, Repulse or Wager, ho 
 should be able to reach (and neither of them did ho 
 reach), the Terror was to be left with an oflicer, to take 
 charge of Ihm*, and to (Muploy himself in making surv«^ys 
 and observations, while \\w captain, with a large l)arty, 
 should cross the int-irvening land to the eastern shore of 
 Prince Regent's Inlet, sending one party to the north as 
 far as the Fuiy and Ilecla Strait, and the other to pur- 
 sue the continental coast-line to the mouth or estuary 
 of Back's River, and its continuation as far as the Point 
 Turn-again of Franklin. These were the objects of the 
 voyage, as poiuted out by the Geographical Society. 
 
 \ • 
 
 ^ 
 
back's attempt to reach REl'ULSE RAY. 331 
 
 vndertalc- 
 'hc Arctic 
 
 yal Gno- 
 J by him 
 f the so- 
 )tuin Ly- 
 ving sup- 
 i iiistruo 
 e should 
 Ropulso 
 ng, how- 
 o chooso 
 an .Strait, 
 he Fury 
 te by the 
 d by tho 
 i dioice, 
 uuid. nud 
 > liosiliito 
 niiturully 
 y routes, 
 iigor, ho 
 II did he 
 r, to take 
 ; survt^ys 
 'ro party, 
 shoni of 
 north as 
 r to pur- 
 • estuary 
 he Point 
 iitsof the 
 :iety. 
 
 Tho details of tho instructions aro not nocossaiy to bo 
 staffed, as tho object of thoni failed; but one remark is 
 Uiiuh^ in them, wiiich can not always, however advisable, 
 be ccmiplied with : it is their lordships' full belief that aL" 
 the service detailed may be fully and faithfully perform- 
 ed in th(^ course of the present season, and " that this 
 Arctic oxpjidition may l)e distinguished from all others by 
 tlie promptitude of its execution, and by escaping tVoiu 
 the gloomy and unprolitable waste of eight jnontlis' de- 
 tention : it is therefore our distinct orders that eviMy ef- 
 fort shall be made to return to England in the fall of this 
 year." The old proverb may here bo applied : " Man 
 proposes, but CJod disposes." JJack and his associates 
 not only wintered, but were w«Mlged up by massive ico 
 in the wid(5 ocean for niiui whole months, from October 
 to .luly, four of wh'ch were spent on "an icy cradle," 
 as Captain liack graphically calls it; many scenes aro 
 also graphically atid beautifully expressed, in nutnoroua 
 exquisite j)rints by Lieutenant (now Captain) Smyth. 
 Yet the Terror has survived it all, was throe or four 
 years in the Antarctic Ocean, and is now with Sir John 
 Franklin in tho Polar Seas. 
 
 On tho present occasion she was commanded, ofiTicer- 
 cd, and manned as follows : 
 
 ficoriic I?ark, Caj)taln. 
 
 William Hjnyth, f 
 
 Owen Stanley, > L^jutcnaiita. 
 
 Arch. M'Miinlo, ) 
 
 (Jriihain (ioro, 1 
 
 Kt)lH'rt MCliiro, > Mates. 
 
 TrUr FisliiT, ) 
 
 Cliarlrs Marcuant, Extra Matr*. 
 
 Jami's Oonovan, Suriri'on. 
 
 J. A. iMimlti, Assistant Sur;(ron. 
 
 Williaiii I,a\Vfs, ("jerk in (iiara;o. 
 
 Jamos Sauuilers, Acting Master. 
 
 ia OffictTS. 
 4 Warrant Officers. 
 13 I'ftty Officers. 
 44 Seamen and Marines. 
 
 73 Total. 
 It may as well bt) at once stated, that Smyth and Stan- 
 ley aro now captains ; Fisher and M'Murdo, command- 
 ers ; (tore, M'Cluro, and Marcuard, lieutenants; ,T. A. 
 Mould, surgeon ; Wni. Lawes, paymaster and purser ; 
 J as. Saunders, master. 
 
1 V 
 
 !; 
 
 .1 'V 
 
 
 .-■ > 
 
 'f. 
 
 
 J' 
 
 332 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 1 i ' l 
 
 'I 
 
 ''V' 
 
 « ^i 
 
 rr 1. 
 
 
 
 (I; '1'^?. 
 
 
 On tlio 14th of June, 18:50, llic^ Tt^rror loft Cliathnm, 
 and on the 'Jrith of July crossed Davis's .Strait. On that 
 evening, when the weather cleared up, JJack says, " We 
 obs(!rved an enormous iceherji, the j)er|)(;ndicular face of 
 which was not h'ss than 300 feet high." Enormous in- 
 deed : in what depth of water could it l)e, or had it been 
 floating ? The next morning is describ(ul as bt^autifully 
 fine, " the tall ship, with all her sails set, threading her 
 graceful way through the masses of ice, upon a sea as 
 smooth as an inland lake." A veiy difl'erent scene quickly 
 succeeded on approaching that universally-detested Res- 
 olution Island, with its dense fogs and its whirlpools, toss- 
 ing iibout masses of ice, sweeping the ship among them, 
 and rendering her utterly unuumageable. Having got 
 clear of all the imj)ediments, they procetnled as far as 
 the Savage Island.., where an iceberg either to|)pled over 
 or part(^d with a larg(^ mass from its summit ; " and the 
 splash in the water, the foam which succeeded, and the 
 fearful rocking of the berg b(^fore it again settled upon 
 its base, gave us som(? notion of danger." 
 
 Near these islands a fleet of kaiyacks and oomiaks 
 hailed theiu, as usual, with vociferous cries of tcj/iiKi. 
 Back gives them the same bad character they had re- 
 ceived from Lyon and others : " The women, in partic- 
 ular, were mon* outrageous than I had ever observed be- 
 fore ; for, besides disposing of their garments, which they 
 never hesitated to do, more than one actually ofl'ered to 
 barter their children for afew nec^dles." A young wom- 
 an, observing that one of the officers had not nuicli hair 
 oji his head, ofl'ered to su|)ply him with her own at the 
 price of a curtain-ring. Tlu'se are the same Hudson's 
 Strait Ks(piimaux which Lyon describes, and from whom 
 he obtained carved tigures of a dog and bear: and it is 
 remarkable enough to lind liaffin, in the year Ifil 5, re- 
 cording that, near the Savage Islands, " Among the tents 
 I found a little bagge, in which was a compnny of little 
 images of num ; one the image of a woman with a child 
 at her backe, all the which I brfiught away."* 
 
 On the 14th of August they fell in with Nottingham 
 Island, which is close by Salisbuiy Island, the jjlace where 
 Back's instructions pointed out the two routes for his 
 * BniTow'i? Chronological History of Arctic Voyngos. 
 
 Ah 
 
 I 
 
BACKd ATTEMPT TO REACH REPULSE HAY. 333 
 
 choiro ; nnd unluckily, ns has been suid, ho pitchod upon 
 that whidi was to lend him "with enso" through the 
 Frozen Strait. Their coiu'se was now northwest; and 
 th»iy proceedi'd without much difficulty past the Trinity 
 Islands, and beyond them as far north as lat. G5^ 2.3', and 
 opposite to, but some distance from, ho opening of Fro- 
 zen Strait. The ship was forced toward it throuj3;h 
 floes of ice, " boring" as they went along, their object 
 being to get near to Southampton Island, sometimes 
 bos(ft, and occasionally getting into a lake of water. 
 
 On the, 5th of St^|)temb('r they were tirmly fixed in 
 the ice ; and the whole of the oftictM's, "with axes, ice- 
 cliisels, hands|)ikes, and long poles, began the laborious 
 process of cutting away the sludge that bound the pieces 
 together." The weather was thick, and though they 
 knew themselves to be near the coast, they could not 
 tell pr(.'cisely wheniabout they were, for tluiir compasses 
 were not to be trusted. On the evening of the llUh of 
 September the Cape Comfort of liaffin bore nortli-north- 
 cast, and they were not more than live miles from the 
 nearest rocks. Thumped about among hommocs of ice, 
 and "severely nipped," J5dck says : 
 
 " At this time we appeared to be not more tba-ii four miles 
 from the land, wliich was broken into exposed bays, utterly 
 witlioiit shelter from the north, and blocked up with close- 
 packed ice. Not a pool of water was visible in any direction : 
 to llio mercy of ProvicbMice alone could we look for rescue 
 from our perilous situation. None but those who have expe- 
 rienced it can judire of the weariness of liearf, the blank of 
 feeliutr, the feverish sickliness of taste, which pets the btMler 
 of tlif whole man under circumstances such as these. Not an 
 hicident occurred to relieve for a moment the dull monotony 
 of our unprolital»le detention." — 1*. 98. 
 
 Half the month of September had now slipped away, 
 " and we were held still within sight of tlu^ same land, as 
 if it were in the grasp of a giant :" a grasp which, from 
 this time for eight or ten months to come, was as obsti- 
 nately and firmly fixed as that of the Old Man of the Sea 
 on the shoulders of Sindbad tht^ Sailor. That sam(* land 
 was Cape Comfort, which Hack had but too much reason 
 to call " a most inappropriate iiann^ ;" ior, helpless as the 
 BJiip was, wedged in betwj'en blocks of ice, and driv(>n 
 Olio day on one side uud the next on tho other of tho 
 
,■ !f 
 
 331 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGEd. 
 
 U' 
 
 !. 
 
 .Ill 
 
 .1 r 1 • 
 
 
 ■■'f 
 
 ' / 
 
 ;» 
 
 y I 
 
 t f,|i; 
 
 > If , . ;, 
 
 I 1 
 
 iil 
 
 Cfipo of this ol)noxi()US name, nnd somotimes within 
 tlireo or four miles of it, ho hud roason to apprehend 
 the worst cons(ujuences. For tlie whole of September, 
 in fact, he was whirled about from Cape Comfort to 
 Capo Bylof and Baftin's Island, and back nj^ain ; and 
 during all this whirling backward and forward, just as 
 the wind, or the current, or the tide directed, his case 
 was almost hopeless. Seeing the growing peril of his 
 situation. Captain Back took the o))inion of his olTicers 
 as to the probability of any farther progi'ess being niado 
 that season to Repulse Bay : their unanimous convic- 
 tion, from the expe7ience of the tiiirty-four days in 
 which the ship had been beset, was, that any thing moro 
 with that view was utterly impracticable ; and they 
 suggc^sted the adoption of certain precautions in tho 
 event of their being obliged to have recourse to tho 
 boats for safety. 
 
 It was now pretty obvious that there was but small 
 chance for any escape from the " giant" for nine or ten 
 months to come, and Back therefore made up his u»'.id 
 to cut a dock in a favorable large Hoo, which the ice- 
 mato told him was the only one sufficiently strong for 
 tho purpose, and that the ship would be protected as 
 long as it held together. Fortunately, however, the 
 very next day a general commotion took ])lace, when 
 t\w whole body of ice separated into single masses, 
 tossed into lieaps, or ground into powder, and crushed 
 every thing that opposed them, rushing violently to tho 
 westward, directly up the Froztm Strait ; and tlius 
 ended for a time the projected lloating dock, the (loo 
 having wholly disappeared ; but others soon supplied its 
 })lace, and the Terror was as fast as ever, without tho 
 labor of digging a dock. " Thus," says Back, " ended a 
 month of vexation, disappointment, and anxiety, to mo 
 personally more distressing and intolerable than the 
 worst pressure of tho worst evils which had befallen 
 me in any other expedition." 
 
 The month of November having commenced, it be- 
 came necessary to sot about a warming apparatus for the 
 ship ; but the experiment woefully failed. They were 
 still off Ca|)e Comfort, and so near the shore that the 
 people strolled over the ice to it; and liieutenunt Stuu- 
 
 !. 
 
 I 
 
BACK S ATTEMPT TO REACH REPULSE BAY. 335 
 
 mes within 
 > nppreliond 
 .Se|)ttMnl)er, 
 Coiulort to 
 n^uin ; and 
 iird, just as 
 id, his cfiso 
 peril of his 
 his olTicors 
 being niado 
 nus convio- 
 ur (lays in 
 thing nioro 
 and th(^y 
 ons in tho 
 jrso to tho 
 
 I but small 
 nine or ton 
 p his ip.id 
 ii the ice- 
 strong for 
 otected as 
 vever, the 
 ace, when 
 e masses, 
 d crushed 
 itly to tho 
 and tlius 
 tho floo 
 pplied its 
 thout tlm 
 ended a 
 y, to mo 
 than the 
 befallen 
 
 ed, it be- 
 us for the 
 loy were 
 that the 
 uit iS tail- 
 
 ley went to survey a harbor, which ho found a mile and 
 a half long, by half a mile broad, and to which was giv- 
 en the name of Smyth's Harbor. On tho 14th, tho pack 
 which had hurried them about liad taken them, accord- 
 ing to Lieutenant Stanley's measurement, within 3()50 
 yards of the inaccessible cliffs of Tape Comfort, on 
 which there was refison to apprehend that the ice might 
 strike, break up, and wreck the ship ; but she rest«>d se- 
 cure on her icy cradle, where she lay passively boforo 
 tho Cojnfortable Cape. On tho '^Ist of November, in 
 order to fix the minds of the crew on some obji^ct for 
 omployment. Back ordered them to build up snow walls 
 and galleries on the (loe ; and these being for the com- 
 fort of all, the work was cheorfully undertaken, and the 
 exercise had a beneficial effect on their liealth. 
 
 They may now bo considered to have taken up tlieir 
 long winter quarters, of nine months at least, cm a float- 
 ing floe of ice ; and Back, wisely recollecting the exam- 
 ple of Parry, with tho same view induced the officers to 
 assist him in contriving some amusement for the men. 
 They cheerfully assisted, and the farce of Monsieur Ton- 
 son was got up. It was ushered in with an appropriate 
 prologue by Lieutenant Smyth, and set off with scen- 
 oiy by the brush of that accomplished artist ; and tho 
 piece is stated to have gone off with hearty laughter, 
 plentiful plaudits, and at the conclusion with three hearty 
 cheers. This is as it ought to be ; and so is the even- 
 ing school instituted under the superintendence of Lieu- 
 tenant Smyth, and »)CcasionalIy visited by Back. 
 
 About two months before this, say about the middle 
 of Ocvober, Captain Back gave his ship's company a veiy 
 unfavorable character, which cheerfulness and occupa- 
 tion would seem to have had the effect of reforming : in 
 point of fact, they were mostly undisciplined colliers, 
 and almost equally undisciplined whale fishermen ; he 
 liad only a few " men-of-war men," '' who were worth 
 the whole together." 
 
 " The want of discipline and attention to personal comfort 
 wore most conapicuous ; and though tho wholesomr n-irula- 
 lions practiced in his miijesty's service were most ritridly at- 
 tended to in tho Terror, yo£ such was the imsociiibility, 
 tliough without any ill will, that it was only by a steady aud 
 
i 
 
 330 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGE3. 
 
 
 
 *i 
 
 I 
 
 I !'! 
 
 
 "11 ■• 
 
 I , 
 
 Hi' 
 
 ■uiidi'vintinir RVHtrm piirsnod by tlic first lioutonant tliat tlicy 
 were hnm^ht, iil nil toi^etlicr with tli(* freliiigrt (if iiiessin;ili's. 
 .... KecipnK'ity of kindness, a generous iiud sclf-dciiv- 
 iii'{ disposition, n, spirit of frankness, a hearty and above- 
 board manner — these are the true characteristics of the lirit- 
 ish seamen; and the want of these is seldom compensated 
 by other (jualities. In our case — and I mention this merely 
 to f«how the ditference of olden and modern times — then; 
 •were only three or four in the ship who could not write ; all 
 read ; some recited whole pages of poetry ; others sang 
 French songs ; yet with all this, had they been h'ff to them- 
 Belves, I verily believe a more unsociable, 8usj)icious, and un- 
 comfortiible set of people could not have been found. Oh ! 
 if the two an.' incompatibl(>, givt* me the old .hick Tiir, who 
 wouhl stand up for ids ship, and give his life fur his mess- 
 mate."— I'. I2li, 1^9. 
 
 Tho Wi'ather and their situntion were such now as to 
 bring; even these rei)n»biites to their senses : tiie ther- 
 mometer WHS at — .5.'}'^, making the ra])id extraction of 
 heat beyond endtirance, and causing the fnces to be frost- 
 bitten ; and the fireplaces were so ill contrived as to af- 
 ford no salutary heat; they created, mor(H)ver, " a fetid 
 and impure atmosphere, that lurked in the lower parts 
 of the deck :" all the while tho 'Perror was tossing about 
 on a tield of ice, twelve or fourteen miles to tho east- 
 ward of that detestable Cape C^omfort. Under such 
 comforts, the want of cheerfulness ainoiig such persons 
 is not to be wonde:red at ; but it may also have arisen, as 
 IJack suggests, from tludr never having been suhject to 
 tho salutary inlluenco of naval discipline. " It was in 
 vain," ho says, " we endeavored to lead them into the 
 wholesome habit of amusing themselves with games or 
 dancing, to cheer their spirits, and while away the long 
 hours of our winter evenings." 
 
 Oil the 11th of Jamiary they found tho Terror had 
 been carried upon her ice-wagon to within throe miles 
 of Hidge Clilf, which would appear to bo at the entrance 
 of Stanley Harbor, about thirty miles to the southward 
 of the interminabh^ Capo Comfort. In Februarj- tho 
 cold was intense; the thermometer descended to — .')4^ ; 
 sevoral wore on the sick-list, and Mr. Donaldson, a gun- 
 ner, who had served with Parry, died. Well might 
 Back begin to feel uncomfortable : " tho eight months 
 
 Mi 
 
 J\'\i 
 
BACK'd ATTEMl'T To KEACll REl'LLriii UAV. ^37 
 
 that tln-y 
 <'ssin;itcs. 
 i*<'If-(li'nv- 
 
 1(1 Ill)f»V(!- 
 
 tlic HriN 
 ipt'iisiiti'd 
 is niiTcly 
 t's — then! 
 vriu- ; all 
 lers 8!ing 
 f to tlu'in- 
 H, and tni- 
 ml. Oh ! 
 Tar, who 
 hid luess- 
 
 10 w as to 
 
 tho tlior- 
 
 ictioii of 
 
 bo trost- 
 
 as to nf- 
 
 " 11 fotid 
 
 vor parts 
 
 ing about 
 
 ho oast- 
 
 lor such 
 
 . porsous 
 
 iriseu, ns 
 
 iibjoct to 
 
 was in 
 
 into tho 
 
 amos or 
 
 tho long 
 
 rror had 
 36 niilos 
 pntrancB 
 ithward 
 arj' the 
 —54^ ; 
 , a ^nn- 
 1 niisiht 
 months 
 
 sinco wo left Mniiland sconiod lonycM" than any thrco 
 yoars of my formor not nnadv«»ntnroiis hfo ; days wt-ro 
 WfokiiJ, weoks month;*, m(»nths ahnost y»'ar.s." Hot tho 
 worst was yet to como, and hut just conunoncinji : an 
 oponinj]; in tho floo was obsorvod within forty paciis of 
 tin' slhp ; "Ji most unpromisinj,' si^lil, foliowtnl by iniui- 
 morablo cracl^s." wliicli loft no doubt " that tho bulwark 
 of our sociu'ity had \wen shattorod." 
 
 It still hold toiii'thor for throe or four days, and, cra/y 
 as it was, carried them within si^ht of S«'a-horse Point, 
 the southern extromo of Southampton Island, when, on 
 tho IHth »)f February, tin; crashinuof tlu; ice at the east- 
 ern odgo of tho floo was alarmingly loud, followed by a 
 hoarse rushing sound, and several severe shocks against 
 tho shi|) ; and it is added, "the rent in tho ico now 
 formed one contiimous lino of reparation, directly through 
 tlio contor on which tho ship was mounted." 
 
 " Th<? ship now bi'frnn to complain, and strained consider- 
 ably under the counter. Sin; tlieii heeled over to [xirt, and 
 relieved herself abcjut six inches from the starboard embank- 
 ment against the side, makinf^ by the effort gaping r«Mjls 
 through the snow walls. At this lime, the crasliing, grind- 
 ing, and nisliing noise beneath, as well as at the bord(MS (»f 
 the iloe, tht^ rents and cracks in all tUrections toward tin; ship, 
 herself sutfering much, the fn'ezing cold of — '3'.i^, combined 
 to render our situation not a little ptsrilous and uncomforta- 
 ble."— 1\ '2'2i. 
 
 The cracking, and groaning, and comj)laining of tho 
 poor Terror, and the interminablo ice in which she was 
 fixed, reminds one of tho " Ancient Mariner" of (Jolo- 
 ridgo : 
 
 " The ico \vn8 licro, 
 Thf! ice was then', 
 
 Tilt' ice wa." all around ; 
 It cracked laid irrowled, 
 And roared and liowled, 
 Like noidea in a swound." 
 
 Tho shock ended by tin; ice breaking uj) into niiusses, 
 nnd striking tho ship violently every moment ; and that 
 which remained all round was so splintered and jaggcsd, 
 that to put a boat upon it was out of tho question. No 
 means, therefore, were left to convoy any thing to tho 
 land, distant at least seven or nine miles ; and IJick says, 
 " 1 think it ut least doubtful whether any one, oven with- 
 
"^y 
 
 »./Jf vt 
 
 M 
 
 
 ?■■ 
 
 , 
 
 f 
 
 
 ( 
 
 
 < 
 
 ' 
 
 ) 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 t 
 
 
 •; 
 
 •.hol'i 
 
 n.'iH 
 
 AKLTir V(»YA<;r,H. 
 
 II 
 
 c » I 
 
 I ' 
 
 t ' 
 
 i 
 
 ■ '1 . 
 
 I' I 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 
 ■f. 
 
 !* i 
 
 t 
 
 I f 
 
 out iMiciniihnnicc, roiiM lmv«! rciiclu'd it." On tlin 'JOih 
 of Frhni.irv tlic wlinhi of the ice was iiyiiiii in uiitfinn, 
 and sr|ianitr(l itself rntircly t'l'Mni tin* sturlxmnl sido of 
 tint sliip, tliniwini: down and rarrvin;^ away tlicsif om- 
 hankintMits, unllorirs, and walls of snow wliicli had lio'n 
 <'r«M't«'d llir tlirir ronvrninicc, oxcn'isi*, and aninst'incnt ; 
 *» sonn^ of tlir j,MiIlrrirs," says Mack, "were now tloatini; 
 in tlio water, lookin<r liko tnnnols. '^Po find ourscivos at, 
 frcedoni t(» move wonid, two inontlis later, have heen tho 
 snnmiit of oiu' wishes; hut now we saw it with relnct- 
 nnce, as it only mocked ns with a hope \vhi<'li coidd not 
 ho ri'ali/ed, while it involved us in imme(liato jieril." 
 The ship, liowever, was now in the water, and suhject 
 to thi» ni/)s and riihs of th»< masses, which are stated to 
 liave rrtin'ued against h<'r with accotiulated force, atai 
 "to naik»> iiei- crack fore and aft with hideous rr«'akin^, 
 tliat for some seconds held us in suspet)se for the result." 
 It would appear, however, from the continued cnick- 
 ini; of the ship when the ice was still, and (Voni lier he- 
 inj; lifted hodilvi in nno of tlicse commotions, einliteen 
 inches, that she had still the hase of tho floe to rest upon ; 
 and thounh frecpuMitly "squeezed" and repeatedly 
 " nipped," she was at intervals jerked up " from the 
 ])ressuro underneath, with a ^roan each time from tho 
 Woodwork." 'riu^ endurinj; Terror continiu'd day after 
 day to receive this kind of treatment without any in- 
 croasinj; |eaknff<s which seemed to prove hIio whs still 
 out of th(» water ; this was nuule manifest on the 1st of 
 INlarch, when " she hecame so ham|)ered with ic(! un- 
 derneath, that the remainder of the lloe, on eitluM" side, 
 moved alK)ut ei^ht or t«'n feet ahead, leavint; the ship 
 fixed in the midst, and wedijed np in «?very direction :" u 
 novelty which, it is said, strangely puz/.led the Cireen- 
 land men. 
 
 In this way, with continual convulsive cracks and omi- 
 nous tremblings, thus wedp;ed in, flu^ Terror was bortie 
 away in the midst of the ocean. Heaven knows where, 
 for none on l)oard could know, from the prevailinc; fogs 
 and trustless compasses, till the 11th of March, when u 
 little respite was afforded l)y the fuieness of the day, 
 which induced some of the men to amuse themselves l)v 
 cutting liguros of liouses, forts, vessels, and men and 
 
ii.\(k'.-< attkmf'T tu iiKACii Kr.ri'Lsi: n.w. Xid 
 
 I UlotilMI, 
 
 I siilo of 
 
 lllld IXM'II 
 
 isiMiii'iit ; 
 V (loiitiii^ 
 •s('lv«'S nt 
 
 li irluct- 
 [■oiild not 
 
 jH'ril." 
 (I siibjj'ct 
 
 Sfllft'li to 
 
 niT(>, imd 
 (•r<'nkiiiu', 
 n n'sult." 
 «mI cnick- 
 
 II licr hr- 
 j'iizhtJM'ii 
 
 'st upon ; 
 •jifatcdly 
 tVoiii the 
 iVoin \\w 
 day alt or 
 
 1 any in- 
 wus still 
 JO 1st of 
 I i<'(? un- 
 tlxT side, 
 
 tho sliij) 
 ction :" ii 
 o Cireen- 
 
 und onii- 
 
 vas bonio 
 
 ^s whore, 
 
 lilinc; logs 
 
 1, when u 
 
 the day, 
 
 iselves by 
 
 men and 
 
 Women Irom blockH ofMiiow, with little boys in huts and 
 trowsers, and de|i(»sitin>i them on a sniootli pieci' ot' solid 
 ici' clin^in^ to the slii|» tor exhibition : thus the b::ht- 
 iieartfd crew, in tlie tiist moment that the ti'an(|nillity ot' 
 the ice and tln^ retnrnin<; warmlh of tht; Htin permitted, 
 nronsed themselves to iiiilnliie in a little ;.'ayety, and at 
 once to l'or;iet past danners. This state ot" tran(|nillity, 
 however, WHS but ol" short duration: other concussions, 
 and ^M"oanini:s and tremblings, some of them more se- 
 vere and threatening than before, were renewed and 
 lonn continued : the ship's condition will be best de- 
 Hcribed in Captai.i ISacUVs own words : 
 
 " ( )ii the null >>( .March aiiotliiT riisli drove irrcHistibly oii 
 till- JMrbuanl (jiiiutrr and sli-ra, aiiiJ I'urcin^' tiic siilp alitud, 
 raisi'd iit-r np on the ice. A ( liaiitic ruin lullMwcd : oiu' |i(ior 
 and cbcrisbi'd cmirtyaid, its wall and irclied doors, ^'allcry, 
 and wcll-trnddi'ii patJM, were rent, ami, in hoi/h- jiarts, 
 plon^'hcd up like dii->t. The slii[t was careened fully lour 
 Htreaks, and spnint,' aleak as before. Scarcely were ten min- 
 utes left us for the expressiuii of our astonisliiiient that any 
 tbiiii^' of biiiuan biiiltl could outlive sncli assaults, when anoth- 
 er e(|iially violent rush succeeded ; anil in it.s way to the star- 
 board tpiarter, threw up a rollinLf wave thirty feet biu'li, 
 i-ntwned by a blue stjiiare mass ctf many tons, resemldin^ tlio 
 entire siiU; of a house, which, after lian^'ini,' ti)r some time iti 
 donbttiil poise on the ridi,'e, at lenirfh tell with a crash into 
 the hollow, in which, as in a cavern, the alter |)art of the slii[» 
 Heenied embedded. 'J'he poor ship cracketl and trembled 
 violently ; and lat one cnuld say that the next minute wonhl 
 not be her last, aial, indeed, bis own too, for with her oiu* 
 means of safety would probably perish." — 1'. '2110. 
 
 On consultinj; hi.s officers, they aj^reod that n liinlit 
 I)oat, with provisions, should, if possible, be landed [on 
 the ice], to .starve us a last r«'sourct? to connnunicate with 
 the Hudson's Hay Company's factory in the event of 
 the loss ot" tho ship, un ovent that might happen ut any 
 moment. 
 
 *' We were in nioinontary expectation of seeinj? the two re- 
 mainiug tloe-pieces, (>n which we were partly poised, separate, 
 so as to allow the ship to settle int<» the water, especially 
 ^vhen the fiuter portion of the cracked Hoe, on the starboard 
 hide, suddenly parted Irom its better half, and glided mysteri- 
 ously away amonLT the still ruiri-'ed but looser fra^micnts near. 
 JJut when our favmule lookout, which wc hatl jestinj:ly de- 
 
«. 
 
 *i 
 
 a '!' 
 
 /§ 
 
 !i ' 
 
 ¥ 
 
 I 
 
 310 
 
 ARCTIC VOYACJliS. 
 
 iiumiiiJitrd Mount ririisaiit. tlic tiiltlil'iil i-oriipaiiiou of mir 
 \\ .'iimIi'i iiiL's ri'iiiii ( 'ii|>c IJyIiit to tliis >\»)t, slam li arid iiii>liakiri 
 .'iiiiiil tilt' ciasli and ruin wliicli liad .--uironudi'd it — wlicu this 
 too di'|iart(Ml. and hfcauK- lust an<l inidi>linL:i<;>lial>l(' anum^ 
 oilier |>i'aUs and lnunuincs, what citnld we look for hut iiii nt- 
 h'V drsolatidii III' all the parts ol' our sysfrni /" — J*. 'M)\. 
 
 Still tiicy miiaiiit'd tiriri iis ii locU : tli<> sides of llin 
 icy cradlo hud dcparti-d, hut tli«'. foundation rcnmiiird 
 jiiid ciirrit'd its hiirdcn aloiii; with it iit phsisiirij. ( )n 
 ihf lotli of April, hcinjf nciir Sir .lames (iordon'H I>iiy, 
 Avhich is dose to Sea-iiorse Point, they were met hy 
 rising waves of ice rolliiiu: their hurdens toward the sliip. 
 '•()iie liad reared itself thiily feet on onr inner (loe- 
 pece, which, stron:; as it was, yave way under tli«^ ac- 
 <:!mMlate.d weij^ht ; and a mass of several tons heiui; 
 I ins upturned and added to tin; oriji^iiuil hulk, the wholu 
 Ijore down slowly upon om* (juart«'r." 
 
 '•The ship heiscll" was liii^'h out of the water, on tlie ice, 
 but (his overto|t|><-d her like a tower. Me.-m lime wt- wci») 
 {.'ctliiig nearer au<l nearer to the land-ice: lar^e r'nts wero 
 shuwiui,' themselves in the ice, at rii,'ht aiiLrles on each side of 
 the fore diains; flie ship, nnahle to ri^'ht lii-rseU", heiran to 
 complain, and the scent; every moment became more ilark and 
 llireatenini,'. Kxira purchases were fi.xed to thi' pumps; the 
 haiidrt were turned up; the sick provided for; and, th(»iii,'li 
 Iiotliiug etfi'ctual <M»uld he done for our pn'servation, the at- 
 tenliun of the men was occupied in lioistiiiir two of the boats 
 hiirher up. . . . \Vhal the result of that niirlit mi,i:ht liave lieeu 
 it is impossible to say, and painful to contemplate, had not an 
 overrulinj,' I'rovidence mercifidly averted the crisis, by siid- 
 denlv, and at tin; moment of the greatest peril, arresting' the 
 
 tumult."— I'. :u;{. 
 
 On the "Jlst they wero still off Sea-horso l^oint, hut 
 on the •2'.]d found tlu'iiiselves twelve? or fifteen miles 
 from it, tin? ship's head jjointinj^ toward Mill Islands. 
 In this iH'W posture of alfairs, Jiack says, " it whs 
 deem»'(l (expedient immediately to relit, as far as could 
 he conveni«*ntly ilone." The sails, which liad for so 
 many months been useless, wero i)ut in order, the ship 
 was scoured, and thfi provisions and other articles wero 
 hroua;ht on deck, ready, in case of need, to ho restowtid. 
 ()n this day anotiier death occurred, after a linj^ering 
 disease, in the ])erson of A!exand«M' Vounji, a marine. 
 
 From tho lUlli of May till llio 7tli of Juno llio ico 
 
 n 
 
 , .! ' W , 
 
iiioii (tf our 
 11(1 mi^li;tU<'ti 
 — vvlu'ii tliin 
 alilc iiimiiig 
 It' liiit iiii iil- 
 
 (It's of \\w 
 rciimiiifd 
 isiir«!. ( )n 
 i-(1()m'h l>!iy, 
 >!•(• mt't by 
 I'd tlu' sliij). 
 
 illlHT llof- 
 
 htv tlir ac- 
 tons hriii^ 
 , llio wholo 
 
 , on the ice, 
 inu wr wem 
 ' r'.'iits wt'i'o 
 cjirli sidr of 
 
 I •It", l)Ct.'ilIl to 
 
 (trc diuk and 
 
 I piini|)s; tlio 
 
 I and, tlioiiult 
 
 ilitiM, tin- ilt- 
 
 }[' the Itoats 
 
 t have hern 
 
 had not an 
 
 isis, hy siid- 
 
 irresUny llio 
 
 l*oint, hilt 
 teen miles 
 iill Islands. 
 *' it was 
 ir as rouid 
 iiad lor SI) 
 Ir, the sliip 
 licles wero 
 
 |r»'stow(!d. 
 hnjj;ering 
 
 Iniai'ino. 
 
 lo tlio ico 
 
 back's attempt to reach repilse ray. 311 
 
 reninined eompaet, and not a drop of wafer to ho se<Mi. 
 On the !tth mention is still made ot" " onr pack," unal- 
 tered in area, thon^li sliijlitly diminished in thickness, 
 and on if "tln^ alter j)ait ot" the ship lay immovahly 
 wedyed." On tiie lllli ol'.luim the ice was a<;ain per- 
 fectly coin|)act. Seven men were on tin* sick-list. ( )u 
 the l.")th of .June the ice still stuck to the ship in such a 
 manner, that JJack says " it looked as if the ship had 
 been placed in a hod of some plastic composition, which 
 time had indnrafed info the solidify, and almost the siih- 
 sta'MM', of limestone* rock." ( )n the 'jnth they had heeii 
 driftinj^ near to Charles's Island ; and irom this day till 
 the Htli of .Inly tlie crew were employed in ende.ivfir- 
 inj; to releas(s the ship from her icy cradle, hut she still 
 remained impeiietrahly close. 
 
 On the llfh of .Inly, as ihe crvw were busy exfiicii- 
 ting cdlirfi* and cutting a trencdi, Capfain iJack says, 
 "Scarcely had I taken a few turns on deck and (hi- 
 sceiided to my cabin, when n loud rumblinii; notified 
 that the ship hinl bntlxen her icy bonds, and was slidinjj; 
 penfly down into her own (dement. I run ha>tily ou 
 deck, and joined in the ciieers of the officjMs and men, 
 who, dispersed on dill'erent pieces of ice, took this si^- 
 niticant method of expressing tlieir feelinjis : it whs ii 
 sii^ht not to be forgotten." For three or t"our <luys after 
 this file ship had remained, as if were, on luu' beam 
 ends, so that " no one could move al)out the de<'k wilh- 
 out holding on by the ropes to windward ;" when, oti 
 the l-lth of .Inly, "suddenly, and btd"ore a word c(»ul(f 
 l)e spoken, the liberaf(^d ship rif^hted enfir«dy,'' and " I 
 know not," says liack, " how many cheers commemo- 
 rated the occasion." It was indeed, as he says, ''a 
 sceiu' not to bo forndften by the spectators." 
 
 Tin* whole voyage, in fact, was ot" a laifure so extra- 
 ordinary and unparalleled in the iiisfcny of voyaiios, 
 nncient and mctdern, as noi to be foi'<i(»ften even by flni 
 readers «tf it, sfill less by the spectators. A ship nctiuilly 
 cradled in flu* ice for tour consecutive mniiths, and 
 ilrauyeil about utterly helpless, us indeed she hud been 
 full SIX monfhs before, wedi;ed immovably in or on tbtes 
 
 * MasHtf it ico below tlio tiurl'ac't> ol the acim)ri)jcctiiig IVum Uic muUl 
 buily iitiijvf it, 
 
 r V 
 
■ik 
 
 312 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 r ■ 
 
 M 
 
 ii^ 
 
 <i 
 
 \ 
 
 
 •>• 
 
 ! 1 
 
 > I 
 
 .1 • 
 
 of ico, nftnr a prnvio'is month's sinore oxortions on llio 
 part of iImj oirici-rs and men to cxtricat** hor, so loiiij as 
 sails and warps wen; of any avail — surh a caso, it may 
 confuloiitly bo repcatod, has no ijarallcl. To pass a 
 winter auioni; ico in a ship firmly fixed in a hnrlior or 
 clos(? to the shore, quiiitly and without hard labor on tho 
 part of tho men, and with all thoir comforts about them, 
 iiiis not beoii found disaj^rocsibU? ; but to winter in a ship 
 which for ton lonj; months was tossed about amid inter- 
 minable ico in liie widcj octMin, alwuys in motion, and 
 unctiasinjily threatened to bo crushed to atoms, when 
 every soul on boaid must inevitably have j)erished — such 
 a ciLse can not Ijo conKunplatiul without th»^ stroniiest 
 feelin/jfs of compassion for the helpless sufferers. And 
 it is highly credit !il)I(! and most praiseworthy to olFicers 
 and nuMi, and more particularly to the former, that by 
 tlnur st(!ady and unj-epinin^ conduct they prevtMited de- 
 spondency from seiy,in<i; upon the minds of the latter. 
 The ti'aiicjuillity and cmjstant >;ood humor, not to say 
 cheerfulness, of Captain Back, and tin unretnittaij; <'x- 
 eitions oi' Lieutenant (now Captain) Smyth, are abovo 
 }jJl praise. 
 
 Nothina; now was left but to f^et home as speedily as 
 tliey could with tin; '' cni/y, broken, and leaky" Terror, 
 which they suc(;oeded in brin^iii^ safely to Lou,i!;h 
 S willy. " Thus ended," says Captain JJack, " an expe- 
 «lition from which, hud it been permitted to n^ach its 
 j)ort of disemburcation, it was reasonable^ to expect tho 
 full accomplishment of its objcnits. Unconti'ollable cir- 
 cumstan(;«'S prevented it. The problem itself wiiich it 
 was intended to solve remains unaltered." Not (juite 
 so. Jn the two years following;, the principal part of it 
 was solved by two ollicers (»f the Hudson's Hay Com- 
 j)any. Captain Back says that the sejuson was so l>ad 
 that tlie Hudson's I'ay sliip of that year was obliged to 
 return without (Mimpletiiii: her voya<;e. It is t(» bo 
 ln)ped, liowever, that after the inu'assin^ dilhcultii'.s ex- 
 perienced by Sir Kdwaivl I'arry, and the failure of Caj)- 
 fain <ieorj,M^ Lyon, and that now by Sir (Jeorf^e j?ack, 
 no farther att«'mpt will ever be made wher«? Capo Com- 
 fiM't and the Fro/en Strait are conciu'ued. 
 
 Caplaiii J^ack's character is well known, but a short 
 
 , f 
 
rack's ATTi:MrT TO UEACII IlErULriE IJAY. 313 
 
 And 
 iccr.s 
 
 skrfch (»f Ills sfM'viros niny not \n'. iniij)pn»|)ri!itf. Ilo 
 <'iit('iT(l tli«^ iijivy ill l~i'~'. ill liis tliirt»M'iitli ynir, on hoard 
 tlio AnMhiisii. 'I'h(5 t'ullowiiij; y«'ar ho luui iniicli Ixnit- 
 servico on tlio coast of Spain ; on on«^ occiision he wiis 
 in till- Iiiiu'h, wliich was captiii't'd, l)iif not until lilU'cti 
 iiK-n o\it of ('i;^litLM'n wiTo killed or nioitnlly wcjuiidcd. 
 Hack was sent a prisonor to X'^cniun. On liis ndraso 
 in 1H14 ho joiinMl tln^ Akhar, whidi was sont to tlio 
 Noi'th Anjcrican station, and on ('(nniny; lujinc, rocoivcd 
 tlu^ Hag of Sir Hyani Martin, and was sent to th(» 
 .Scheldt. Jn Ir^K't lio passed liis exainination, and vrn^ 
 J4)p((inted Admiralty inidshipnian of the liulwark, and 
 in Mis A(hiiiralty inidshipiuan of the Ticnt, und.er tlio 
 eoiiunand of Lieutenant Franklin. '^Dui ♦'ollowing year 
 Im a^ain joineii liis friend Lieutenant l-'ranklin, who was 
 ahout to proceed to the roast of the I'olar Sea, whero 
 his chanu'ter for talent, activity, and extM'tioa was fully 
 e.stablished, and his humariity displayed by saving tho 
 lives of the whole: party, at the expense of great per- 
 sonal SI. fVering. On his return h«^ was promoted to th«» 
 rank of lieutenant, joined tlie Sea-horse, and was sontta 
 (libraltar, then to the West Indies, liernuida. and Lis- 
 Imhi ; frt)ni the last lie returned to join his friend Frank- 
 lin, as lieutenant on his second exptidition, in 1H-J5; 
 (^anu! back in If-iJ?, and was made conunander. JJeing 
 abroad for the recovery of his health, and haviiig leanuMl 
 tliat ('.ptain Koss and his nephew had not been heard 
 of, iit^ returned home, and by his own exertions, and 
 the reconuiiendation of the Jioyal (Jeogjaphical Society 
 lo Jjord (ioderich, was appointcnl to proceeil thro') Ji 
 North America to the eastei'ii port'on ef the coast of 
 tlie I'olar Sea. 'J'he abstract of his journal has been de- 
 scribed. lUi returned in 18135, and was promoted to th(» 
 rank of captain. In IS'M) iho Admiralty (U'cided tliat ati 
 exptMlitiou should be s(Mit tc Wager Kiver or Kepulso 
 liay, and Hack, as we have just seen, was appointed to 
 the command of 11. M. S. Terror; and on his return 
 tVom this disastrous voyago ho received tho houorof 
 kniglilhood. 
 

 i \. 
 
 344 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 I 
 
 i. 
 'I 
 
 '1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 I . 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 1. Narrative of a Srco/id Voyage in Starch of a Nor/hirrsi 
 I'as.iam , and of a lii'sidmre in the Arclie Repiont da- 
 ring thr r.Y/;-.« "l!',v;!M{()-:n-:{J-MM M\ Sir John I'j.-^s C.13., 
 K.S.A., K.C'.S., ySix., lVc, Capiuiii in tlic lioyal Navy. 
 
 2. Report from Si'lict Committee on th< Exprdition to the 
 Arctic Sias, rinnintimlcd Ini (\ijitain John Ross, R.N. 
 C)nl<Mr<l |)y llm House of Couunous to \)v priutt-Ll. 'JUth of 
 April, t!{:{"l. 
 
 n. Narrative of the Dinrorcrirs on the North Coaitt of Amer- 
 ica during the Y>:ar6 \.\VM\-\V.). My Thomas Simisun, Ksq. 
 
 TIavino put on record tlu^ titln of'llu' narrative^ of th'iM 
 sccoixl voyum', tonetluT with tho multifarious personal 
 •lisliiK'tiotis, iVc, Juiy furtlu^r notice of the " Narrativo" 
 of ( 'aptain John Koss (as lie is simply described in th« 
 Report of rh«' Se|e<'l C'onnnittee) will he dispensod with, 
 mainly for tho reason that the " second voyage" was w 
 private specidati(»n, not authorized l»y any branch iif the 
 government, and that the report of a committee of the 
 House of Commons prec«'ded its publication : it may 
 therefore bci supposed to contain the* substance of the 
 most material points in tlui " Nairative," and on tliat ac- 
 count the only notice of it will bo conlinod to the pro- 
 ceediuj^s of this committee. 
 
 lit'sides, the title-|)ai^e of th(i I)ook ^iv(>s no encoura<ie- 
 ment for one to look into it, especially one who was usini; 
 his best endeavors to promote expeditions ior tiie search 
 t>f a northwest passage, which Captaiti John Iloss repu- 
 diates, thoujih, with his usual consistency, lie announces 
 his book to be th(^ " Narrativ<( of a \' oyni^e in Snirrli of a 
 North w<'st Passage." And this he still aiuiounces (iff(r 
 the followinji (pi(>stions and his answers, on examination 
 before the conmiittee, had been published : 
 
 " Do you conceive tliat any fartlier ntlenipl to discover the 
 Northwest I'iLssage would i»e attended with t,'i'eat daager?" 
 Captain Uuss says, " 1 ilo." 
 
 '. b 
 
f\ 
 
 \o r/Ii jrrst 
 e'oiiK (hi- 
 
 I.SS,C.li., 
 
 ivy. 
 
 on to thu 
 >ss, R.S. 
 i. '^fUli of 
 
 /)/ Amrr- 
 »SON, Vm\. 
 
 ,'{' of" tlii^* 
 
 personal 
 
 anativo" 
 
 i>(l in tho 
 
 sod with, 
 
 e" WHS )i 
 
 ell of tho 
 
 •0 of rho 
 
 ; it may 
 
 'C of tlio 
 
 I that ac- 
 
 tlio \)YU- 
 
 lio si'urch 
 i»ss ivpu- 
 iinoniircs 
 uircJt of II 
 |cos after 
 lUiitiation 
 
 ■r tlio 
 
 |i('(IV( 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 3t5 
 
 " And if puccpssful, would it bo utteudrd with any pubUo 
 bonclit ? 
 
 '• I li(.'lii'v«^ it would 1k' ntfrrh/ usrlcus.''' 
 
 A fai'tiuM* question niiiiht lioro proporly onouj^h havo, 
 boon put, but was not : '* Thou why did you },'o in soarcli 
 of a tliinj^ so utterly usolcss, and attended with so iiuu-h 
 daiiiior .'" And now (havinji assitiuod r<msons for not; 
 ineddlinir with tho " Narmtivo") to j; -ocood. It is not, 
 tlu< business of any onc^ to search into tho real objtH^t that 
 could have induced a captain of the navy totak(^ tln^ coni- 
 niand of a merchant ship, without a coinniission, without 
 ofliciul instructions, and witliout any autiiority but such 
 as is friven to thei skipper of a trading vess»;l, or to in- 
 quire into the motives that could actuate a wealthy spir- 
 it-distiller to supply L* 1 7,001 > for tho out lit of tlm said 
 vessel. It may jXMhaps, at first, hav(» worn tho aj)- 
 pearancn, from the profoimd secrecy with which it wha 
 (lesir(ul by tlui contributor to bc^ conduct«'d, of havin<; 
 ori<;iiiat<Ml in tho prospect of bein<i a promisiii;^ specula- 
 tion ; and so indeed it ttirneij out, notwiihstandinij; tho 
 most discourajiin^ outset, and the distressing circumstan- 
 ces that attendiMl tli(^ execution of tho voyajio ; for it 
 was entirely owing to the latter that 1\hi projected* of it 
 received a grant «)f money beyond his outlay, and tho 
 |)r(»])rietor, if he may bo so called, receiv(«l for tho mon- 
 ey he ndvanced tlu^ grant of a distinguished honor: thus 
 it is to i>e hoped that tho expcM-tations of both have Ixmmi 
 satisfied; r>or will they bo considercid by ar)y one as mis- 
 phced, the one l)eing a remuneration for his long suller- 
 ings and aiixieties, the other for liis disinterested and 
 numiticont giMKO'osity. 
 
 '^riie history of tho undertaking i.s a short one, and told 
 by tlu^ parties tlKMUselves to tho committee mov«id for 
 by Mr. ('utier Fergusson, a Scotch Uiomber of Parlia- 
 ment, tim obj(>ct Iw'ieg to ol)tain for (.'aptaiu lloss tluj 
 sum of £5000 as a compensation for tho expenses in- 
 curred f)y him, aniounting to betwei^n C'JOOO and C.';000, 
 anil in consideration, it may bo suppo>od, of hiv, sulfer- 
 ings : a sum wliich would at once ha^o been awarded by 
 tlie Houses of Commons, an*! thus liavo spared a great 
 deid of nonsense in the ccMumilleo, as will bo seen in tho 
 few extracts that will Ijero bo produced. Wo have, 
 

 f 
 
 (. 
 
 31G 
 
 AACTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 »l 
 
 ' ' ' M 
 
 I 
 
 ( 
 
 
 !■' 
 
 '■ i 
 
 1, ■ 
 
 >f 
 
 ) 
 
 first, tlin liistory of tlio ex|K)(litJon, which is doubtless 
 th«! true (»ii«5. 
 
 Ciiptuiii Koss cxninirif'd : 
 
 " Wliaf w.'w tho iiiduconient to you to imdortako this last 
 t'X])«'(liti()ii 7 
 
 " Wlif'ii his niiij«'Hty lK'(%iin(> lord-lii^'h-adiiiiral I Sf.-nt in 
 my propositions, and afterward apiiii to Lord Mclviilf, wlicti 
 ho l»c(ain(> ayain first lord of tht; Admiralty: 1 n-ceived an 
 uiiHvvcr that they did not inti'nd to pursuo -t any luoro. 
 
 " What was tho cos* of th»^ expedition? 
 
 " Tlio cost of tho expedition was £17,000 to Mr. Booth 
 and .£:H)()0 to mo. 
 
 " Did your men express themselves satisfied with what had 
 been done to them i>y the Admiralty ? 
 
 " Kvery ono of them; they all rejoiced that tho Admiralty 
 liad heliaved so well to them." [The Admiralty f^'avo thein 
 iloidde fidl-})ay till they abandoned tho ship, and full pay af- 
 terward, in all £45IJ0.] 
 
 Mr. Felix Booth oxainined : 
 
 " I'erhaps you will have no objeetion to state the circum- 
 stances wliieh induced you first to undertake tho charge of 
 the enterjiris(! which Cai)tain Ross commanded .' 
 
 " Not in the li-ast. 1 had known Captain Ross for Romo 
 years, and I luidertook it for tho credit of the country and to 
 s"rve Captain Ross, thinkini:; that ho wiis slif.'ht<;d in his for- 
 mer expedition ; thut there was a cloud hanpng over him, ami 
 tliat ho was anxious of an opportunity of going out again. I 
 felt interested that all discovt^ries should be made by our 
 countrymen. He said ho should very much like to go out 
 again, and thought he could do it at a small expense. 1 said, 
 ' Well, then, put Jown, and let me see what you call a small 
 expense.' He afterward brought me a [taper, making it about 
 £10,000. I said, 'Well, I should have no object'on to ad- 
 vance £10,000, if that would b»> tho utmost sum rerjuired ;' 
 Init I said, ' I will not engag<* in it, because there is £~0,0!H) 
 reward for any person who shall discover the jjossago, and it 
 would look very much as though I had an object in view.' 
 
 " About a twelvemonth alter he camo to me, and said, 
 ' Now it is all over; tho rewanl is don<! away witli.' I then 
 said I was glud of it, and if he wanted assistance I was will- 
 ing to give it; he was amiizingly delighted: on whii h 1 told 
 him, ' I will assist you, but remember it must be m the ut- 
 most confidence, and I will not do any thing that is inimical to 
 government.' 
 
 " In the event of Parliament voting any money to Captain 
 Ross, have you any expectation of receiving any imrtion ot it \ 
 
 % 
 
 
loubtloss 
 
 ) this lust 
 
 I sent ill 
 llr, wlicti 
 reived iiii 
 )re. 
 
 rlr. Booth 
 
 wlml had 
 
 Adininilty 
 ^'iive tht'in 
 nil pay al- 
 io circuin- 
 chargo of 
 
 i for sonio 
 itry and to 
 in hi.s for- 
 lT him, ami 
 t again, i 
 Jo by our 
 to go out 
 io. 1 sai»l, 
 all a sinali 
 ;i)g It about 
 ti'on to ad- 
 required ;' 
 is £--20,000 
 ;age, and it 
 n view.' 
 , and said. 
 I then 
 I was will- 
 hii h 1 told 
 ill thf! ut- 
 iuimieal to 
 
 to Capita ill 
 irtion ot it f 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 347 
 
 " Cerlaiiily not. 
 
 " Voiir object in making tills muiiillcent sarrifiee of privato 
 fortune was .solely for the iMlvancement of tlu- iionor of tlio 
 country, the interest of science, and to gratify the feelings of 
 a frienil / 
 
 *' Trecisely; that is the truth." 
 
 Tiui.s far (Hery thiiiji uppoars to Imvo hnen condurted 
 with f^reut lib«^nility on ono side, and witli a proper feel- 
 ins <>" tho other. Jf, as Mr. iiooth states, (.'a|)taiii Hoss 
 lelt a cloud was hang;infi; over him on account of ill-na- 
 tured reports, and, nioreovor, felt liiinself slighted, lio 
 certainly took the most proper metliod of silencing them, 
 hy going out once more to the same spot where he hud 
 nti(h)ijbledly failed on the former expedition ; hut tho 
 slight ho received must b»< imaginary, for ho was pro- 
 nu)»ed to the rank of captain immediately after his re- 
 turn irom a low months' voyaj;o of pleasure, for so it 
 may \m called. Captain Ross has since endeavored to 
 expiate the fault imputed to him by a second expedition, 
 though a private one, in which, however, he has com- 
 mitted some grave g^ographical errors, and made somo 
 other very absurd observations, into which ho was incau- 
 tiously led by injudicious and not very appropriate (|ues- 
 tions ofthe committee. 
 
 The money being j)romptly finllicoming, a ship called 
 th(! Victory was jjurchased, and fitted out with steam-en- 
 gine and paddle-wlu'ols, which turned out, as Koss, pro- 
 fessing to be a good nu'chanic, ought to have fon'seen, a 
 piM'petual and harassing encumbrance. 'rh(> manning of 
 this Vi!ssel consisted of himself. Commander Janu's Ross, 
 Mr. M'Diarmid, surgeon, Mr. '^i'hom, piuser, and a crew 
 of nineteen men, niaking in all twenty-three persons. 
 They left Kngland in Tune, 1*^09, reached Davis's Strait 
 in .lidy, and Lancaster Sound in August; found no im- 
 pediment in proceeding to the western side of Prince 
 Regent's InU^t, and from that side t(» tho beach whero 
 the Fuiy was wn^ckecl, but no appearance of tlu^ vessel, 
 having either gone tti pieces «»r gom^ to the bottom. 'JMie 
 tent-poles, however, were still standing, and vast heaps 
 of casks, cases, and canisters Avere observed to l)e piled 
 uj) : and, on landing, all found to l)«^ entire, 'i'lie \'ic- 
 toiy was therefore moored, in order to put on board h(?r 
 /IS much bread, (lour, wine, spirits, sugar, cocoa. &c., 
 
( I 
 
 i 
 
 I 1 \ 
 
 ■) 
 
 f 
 
 n 
 
 !ll! 
 
 M 
 ■» 
 
 i 
 
 
 I 11. 
 
 U" 
 
 i 
 
 318 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 as slio could stow, Jiftor wliicli tlio lionp is said to linvo 
 htii'u scjircj^y diminislKMl. 'I'lioro is soiim roiison to hc- 
 liovo that this precious deposit of stores was one parent 
 causo ot" Moss liaviiij; tal\on this route, thouj^li he told thc^ 
 coinniittee it was in seanii of what had been af^itated tho 
 \..st "JOO years, and also that the object was to decido 
 whether th»!re was that j)assji<;o, to which (Japtains Par- 
 ry and Franklin iiad devoted their attention. IJut Ikj 
 ineorover told the conimittee, " I should not have hecMi 
 justifii'd in ^oiuji; if I had not known tliat tlio stores of 
 the Fuiy woro in Prince Re<font's Inlet." lie knew 
 of what th(^y consistf^l from l*arry, and niif^ht, perhaps, 
 have been in possession of an invoict^ of the whole, 
 ojuountinf^, it is said, to throe years' consumption. 
 
 JJy the end of September tlio Victory reached a har- 
 bor on the southeast corner of the land which she had 
 been coasting:;, and to which, out of j^ratitudo, floss gavo 
 the name of Boothia ; but the northern [)art of this coast, 
 for about a hundred miles, had been named by (Japtaiu 
 Parry North Somerset, and it was about two hundred 
 more to th«5 harbor, to which was givtui the name of 
 Fd/.r. II(M"e the Victory was frozen uj) for the winter, 
 and remained fast hound up just twelve months. 
 
 'J^his is all stat«'d before the conunittee, a portion of 
 whose ])roce(Mliniis follows. }?ut, in the first place, it 
 may l>t^ ri^ht to point out that the committee, in their 
 report, have been j^rossly misled in statinj:, amonj^ \ho 
 ^I'eat public services which Ross has pci'lbi'med, "tlie 
 demonstration that one |)assage, which had been consid- 
 ere(l by preceding navigators to be one of the most like- 
 ly to k'ad from the Atlantic to the Pacilic ( )cean, dix^s 
 not twist. "^ Now what was this demonstration ? They 
 liad asked him if he conceived he had asciM'tained the 
 fact tJuit no practical)l(> conujiunication existed between 
 the Atlantic and Pacilic Ocean, and he replies, "Posi- 
 tively to the soutliward of the 74th degn^o :" and he far- 
 ther takes occasion to tell them, " \V^) established L(<o- 
 pold's Island to be the northeast point of Anmrica:" in 
 other words, no conmumication exists between the west- 
 ern and the eastern seas to the southward of that point; 
 and his demonstration, ur positive proof, is thus brought 
 uut. 
 
 ,f^'4 
 
to hnvo 
 m to 1)0- 
 110 firoat 
 
 told tlio 
 jitod tho 
 (locido 
 lin.s Piir- 
 
 IJut lio 
 wo boon 
 stores of 
 lo know 
 porluips, 
 ) wholo, 
 on. 
 3d a Imr- 
 
 slio had 
 Loss gavo 
 liis coast, 
 
 Captain 
 
 hundrod 
 nanio of 
 o wintor, 
 
 • 
 
 ortion of 
 place, it 
 
 in tlioii* 
 
 iionjL:; tho 
 
 od, "tlio 
 
 n consid- 
 
 nost liUo- 
 
 ran, does 
 
 Thoy 
 
 mod iho 
 
 hotwoon 
 
 ' Posi- 
 
 il ho far- 
 
 i(m1 L((o- 
 
 rita :" in 
 
 ho \V(<st- 
 
 at j)()int ; 
 
 Ijrought 
 
 MIrfClJLLANEOUri. 
 
 319 
 
 Captain Ross oxaniincd : 
 
 " Did you olwrrvo llm diflcp'rirc iij llio ultitudo of ibo two 
 hciis rust uiid vvcst of litMjlliiu I't'lix / 
 
 " Y<s. 
 
 " W'liat was tln' ditrfrcricc ? 
 
 ** Tilt! dilhTfiici' is tiiirtffii H'ct. 
 
 " Ipoii tlio supposition that tin.' laud is continuous north- 
 ward iVoiii thi; 7 Mil dci^rci' to the I'tilc, should you expect ti) 
 lind tliJit ditlcrcncc of altitude in the seas ? 
 
 " I should certainly, froui the rotative motion of the earth." 
 
 Tho loarnod nionihor who |)nt tiioso rpiostions .seems 
 not lo havo been satisfied with tho replies wlTudi he had 
 rei.-eivod from Captain Ross, for on u third examination 
 lio r(itnrns to tho charge : 
 
 " You stated, among the other rea.sons you pave, that tliero 
 wds no northwest pa.s.sage practicahli; ; that there was a dif- 
 fereiict! in the altitude of the two s(jiis east and west of the 
 isthmus which unites Boothia with the continent of America? 
 
 " Yes; I wiis the only olHcer there; Commander llo.-is had 
 no opportunity <»f a.s(t!rtaining it; it was while he was (tn 
 other services: it was when I went with tin; j)rovisions to 
 him I a.>*ct>rtained that; in two years, in June, 1D30, and the 
 end of May, l!i:3l. 
 
 " The observations made at two ditfereut times both led 
 you to the .same result? 
 
 " Yes. 
 
 " Have you any doubt ujmn that? 
 
 " Mot at all ; I measured it with the theodolite in tho usual 
 way; the process becomes v«'ry simple, and incapable uf er- 
 ror t(» thosi' who nndcrsldiul it. 
 
 "There is a ditference, is there not, in the altitude of the 
 Pacific and Atlantic Oceans on the east and west sides of tho 
 Isthmus of Darieii? 
 
 " 1 have heard there is, find the Red St^a and the Mediter- 
 ranean alst); there is eight feet rise and fall of tide on those 
 ist/iiinisis, and only fourteen inches on the west side; I tried 
 that at the time; 1 broke a hole in the ice for the purpose." 
 
 Captain Ross nuist hero have been sadly bewildered, 
 wliich caused him to talk unintelligible nonsense. Tlio 
 imnnber who put tlio question did not ask for explana- 
 tion, but for a simple fact, lie appeared, indeed, to bo 
 Jiimsolf somewhat in tho dark. Had ho considtod hi.s 
 Arrowsmitli, he. would liavo foutid tliat tho istlunus of 
 JJarion has neither cant nor ttxst sides — they an? north 
 
,1^ 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 il 
 
 it 
 
 fl 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 iU 
 
 :,'^'i, 
 
 ..M 
 
 'I 
 
 I 
 
 S5() 
 
 ARCTIC VUYAGKrf. 
 
 and sfiutli. Tliosf istliniusfs in t1i(^ Ixrd S(>h nrid iNTj'il- 
 itrrniiicait nr<! iittrrly iiiiintrlll^ihlo ; and tiiosit of linoth- 
 iu and DiiriiMi iirit riilcnhitrd to put oiio in mind ol' tlio 
 rivet's (if MixnMctiith and .MacfMlon. 'rinTcisan Istliinns 
 of Darirn and an Istliinns of J'oothia, "and tln-n^ is tliir- 
 (t I n tct't water at hotli;'" tim thirtrcn feet apprafs vrry 
 iniich toliavn hcj'ii hnintwcd tVoni IMr. Lloyd's " Daricn." 
 'JMm oxaininor wtiuld s(?oiii not yet to havo bci-n satislird 
 %vitli tho process of tho tluMidolito and the hole in the 
 ice; he should iiave incpiired what was tln^ result ot'th*^ 
 liohs <lid it, like ono of tho (Jeysers of Iceland, throw 
 up a jet of thirteen feet, not of hot, hut salt water ? 
 ( 'oinuiander .lames lioss was asked, 
 
 " Are ynu awiire of the tiu-t, tliril the two Hen** riirlit and 
 left of the isthmus wiiirli coruiects Hootliia witli the cnatineut 
 of Arnericii are of different altitudes / 
 
 " No, 1 am not ; nor had we the means of nscertalning the 
 fact with accuracy; it would take at least two or thre*- monlliH 
 to ascertain it with the accuracy such an ohservatioa would 
 re(|uire. 
 
 " Vou have no rcjison to su))pose such a thiiifr? 
 
 "None whatever. No; / ncrcr heard of il (ill (his mo- 
 vunf. 
 
 " II.'is Captain lloss never tcdd you that he had luscertained 
 that to he the fact? 
 
 " (',i|»tain lioss may have n)ade ol)servati(»ns wliich liave 
 Hatislifd his mind; hut I douht whether he can liave made 
 ohservations that would satisfy the minds of those wli(» may 
 invcsti^'ate the matter." 
 
 So much for Captain Koss's ^^ ihnionstratinn'^ of tlie 
 water-huilt wall, l;] feet hinh, oxtendinj; from liootli- 
 ia to the North PoU\ and his joining; Hoothia to North 
 Anu'rica; yet lu! satisfied the coiimiittee, as npjXMirs by 
 tlieir rej)ort, that a passage south of IJoothia does not ex- 
 is{. Bui tho coimnittcM^ and Koss also shall he satisfied, 
 before this chapter closes, that not only is there no such 
 junction, hut that they are completely divided by a navi- 
 gable strait, ten miles wi(hi and upward, leading past 
 I Jack's Estuary and into the fjulf, of which tlie proptu* 
 nanu) is Akkoolee, not IJoothia; and, moreover, that tho 
 two seas lh)W as freely into each other as Lancaster 
 Sound does int(> the I'olar Sea, and are, of course, on the 
 Bumo lovel. 
 
 ? 
 
 I 
 
 'h'J 
 
^ 
 
 IVIIHCKLLAXEUUs!. 
 
 351 
 
 and MimI- 
 
 of litHttll- 
 
 tid of llid 
 I Jstliitiiis 
 n* is thir- 
 u'lirs very 
 Daririi." 
 n Hutislit'd 
 )l<' ill tliii 
 lilt (it'tiu^ 
 ul, throw 
 tor ] 
 
 rij;lit mid 
 ■ coiitiricnl 
 
 aiiiiiig tlio 
 no nioiitlis 
 ion would 
 
 U this mo- 
 
 .si'ertiiint'd 
 
 liirh liavo 
 
 iiiv»' niiido 
 
 who may 
 
 i" of the 
 11 ]}()()tii- 
 to North 
 )j)(Mirs hy 
 1CS not ex- 
 sntistiod, 
 vi no such 
 by a nuvi- 
 diii^ j)}ist 
 le propter 
 % that tiio 
 [jaucustor 
 so. on the 
 
 Next iiftor this hu'id (h'monstration, if ronmiiis to ho 
 rxpIniiH'd hy what process he utterly deMiolisiies the 
 Northwest i'assaiie. It has already heen noticed that 
 ('a|>lain Koss conceivt'il any farther atttniipts to discover 
 the N(»rthw»'sf j*assai:c would he very daiigt'n)us, and, if 
 successful, would ht; utterly useless. 
 
 Ivoss was asked : 
 
 "The indications that were rchcd upon in tlu; l»e^iruiin{» 
 of tlicso voya,i.'e.s of dis(!overy, as t<» leailiiii,' to tlie cunclusiou 
 that a passage mi^'ht he fotnid, have f(tt;illv iiiilud \ 
 
 " Tliey hav(( heen totally disproved." 
 
 Coniinaii(hu" James Koss : 
 
 " What was your expi-ritjiice in former voyages? 
 
 " 1 had h»M'n in (ive former expeditions, aiul had heen en- 
 gn^'ed ahont tt.-n yi-ars in those seas. 
 
 " Did you, in fact, accompany all the preceding .\rctic ox- 
 2>oditions hciit to those seas on discovery ? 
 
 " I accompanied all tlio rocent expeilitions sent to those 
 seas on disc(n<;ry. 
 
 " On how many of them had CapUiin Ross lioen? 
 
 " Only on the first. 
 
 " How many summers have you j)assod on those seas? 
 
 '' Fourte»Mi Hiunmerrt, and eiiiht winters. 
 
 " You do not think tin; voyage has furnished any conclusion 
 against the existence of a northwest pjissage \ 
 
 *' No; it has injule it still inort» certain than it was heforo 
 that a northwest passage must exist. 
 
 *' Upon what ohservations made in the last voyage do you 
 ground that o[»inion ? 
 
 " From the additional portion of the outline of the ciMiti- 
 nent of America (explored on this occasion, on the eastern 
 coast of Am<!ri(;a, and tlit? western coast of lioothia. 
 
 " Do you helieve that il would he practicahle to go through 
 that northwestern passage ? 
 
 "There is no cpiestion that it wouhl he much more easy 
 now that we are acijuainted with the nature of the formation 
 of the continent of America." 
 
 Captain Francis lieaufort examined : 
 
 " Has the voyage undertaken hy Captain Ross, in your 
 opinion, heen etpial in importance, with respect to the (pies- 
 tion of the northwest passage, with previous voyages under- 
 taken for th(! purpose cd' ascertaining it .' 
 
 " I do not know how to shape an answer to that question, 
 unless hy mciisiu'iiig the numher of miles discovered in each 
 voyage. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 t<. 
 
 '•Li ' M:> 
 
 '^^ ^ A ^ 
 
 1.0 If 1° iiii 
 
 i.l 
 
 la IM ;j]!I2.2 
 
 1^ 
 
 IIHO 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1-25 1.4 1 1.6 
 
 1 
 
 ■« 6" »• 
 
 if 
 
 ll 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 
 '^ 
 
 ^l 
 
 e". 
 
 e:. 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 / 
 
 /A 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 # 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 .V 
 
 
 <^ 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
IP 
 
 
t % 
 
 ■ ih :> 
 
 % > 
 
 
 • , . • r 
 
 352 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 f: 
 
 " Do yoii consider that tlio clof»ijif]j up of rriuce Ri'ircnt'.s 
 Inlf'l iiJirrows tlic raiigo within wiiich a uortliwest jia-ssayo 
 may he IduikI within a short compass / 
 
 " It only narrows it l)y one of the openings. 
 
 " Docs it iijirrow tlie opening to something above 74 de- 
 grees nortli latitu(l<^ ? 
 
 " There are several opcniings from tht^ end of Lancaster 
 kSoiiud. rrinc(> Regent's Inlet was one of them: ])y closing 
 that, h(? has removed one (jf tiie prol.>:.l)I<' means of getting to 
 the westward ; but there are three still open. 
 
 " Will you specify their njinies ? 
 
 " One is going out l)y the Wellington Channel to the north- 
 wesf ; another ])roeeeding by Melville Island; and tin- tliiid 
 would be by getting to tin; southwest after ])assing tlie c;ipe, 
 which Cajitain Ross supposes [asserts] to I)e the noi'thern ex- 
 treme of America, toward the shore laid down by Franklin 
 and Ricliardson. 
 
 ** Do you consider tbat the closing of the most southerly 
 outlet closes that supposed to be most likely to be jiracticable? 
 
 "No; for that is not the route I should have taken if em- 
 ploy(id on that service." 
 
 Nothinj^ farther need be said on Captain Ross's opin- 
 ions regarding a northwest passage ; but as Connnand«'r 
 James Koss is tlio officer who did all thiit was done, or 
 <'()uld l)(5 done, and appears not to have been treated on 
 this committee as he ought to have been, it may bo 
 proper to state, briefly, an outline of what he did on this 
 voyage, in addition to wliat has been said of him at tlio 
 conclusion of J*arry's " Polar Voyage." 
 
 The first year after reaching Felix Harbor, Com- 
 mander Ross made five or six journeys from tho ship, 
 of ahout a month to ten days or a fortnight each. On 
 tho first lio discovered and crossed the Isthmus of 
 ]Jo()thia, which joins it to a peninsula. On a future 
 journey he ascertained it to bo fifteen miles in width, 
 wiili a lake in the center, and five miles of land. To a 
 question of the committee as to what part he took in tho 
 g(H)graphical discoveries made, his reply was, " Tho 
 wholes extent of geographical discovery is perhaps be- 
 tween GOO and 700 miles of new land; out of that prob- 
 ably ahout 2G0 miles wefe discovered in the ship as she 
 ])roceeded down the coast ; the remaining 400 or 500 
 were discovered by myself, witii parties of three or 
 lour men deluched IVom tho ship — expeditious that 
 
 it 
 
ice R(>i:('iif'rf 
 
 jovc 74 de- 
 
 f Lanca^tor 
 ; by rldsiri^ 
 )t' getting to 
 
 (t the iinrtli- 
 1(1 the third 
 ig tlie CMpe, 
 loi'theni e.\- 
 jy Franklin 
 
 it pontherly 
 iractical)le? 
 ikeu il" eui- 
 
 oss's opin- 
 oniinainl«'r 
 IS done, or 
 treated on 
 it may bo 
 did on this 
 lim at tlio 
 
 3or, Coni- 
 tlio ship, 
 each. On 
 thnms of 
 ; a future 
 I in widtli, 
 nd. To a 
 ook in the 
 as, "The 
 •rhaps bo- 
 that proh- 
 liip as she 
 00 or 500 
 threo or 
 tiuus that 
 
 >Hf;CLLLA\E0i;t5. 
 
 353 
 
 wore severally jilanned and conducted by nivseif." IJo 
 also states, in rei)ly to farther questions, that observa- 
 tions HI geology, natural history, and botanv, with the 
 collecting of specimens, wer^^ miide by liimself, he bein<r 
 the only person who at all understood tlu^ nature of 
 thoso subjects. He is then ask.-d if he personally made 
 the observations from wdiich lie infei-red that ho had 
 discovered the true position of the magnetic jKile. " I 
 did," ho says, " for two years previous to the time I 
 v-ent to the magnetic pole. I was engaged in observa- 
 tions necessary to determine its exact jxisition ; havin.r 
 ascertained tliat spot, l then conducted a party to the 
 point so determined, and there 1 made a series of ob- 
 servations by which I ascertained that to be the exact 
 position of the magne'tic pole." 
 
 It must be c-onsidered most ungenerous, on the part 
 ot Captain Ross, to detract, as he (Iocs in his ex"mina- 
 tion, Irom the merit of liis ne])h."w, who alone <ieserve.s 
 the credit ot having fixed the point, ;s near as is capable 
 ot being done, of the Western Magnetic Pole. In his 
 answers to the committee he never once conij-ders Com- 
 mander Ross as the sole discoverer, but wov.'d makt^ it 
 appear tluit every thing was done in his jn'sence, and 
 with his co-operation : thus, for instance, he says, " wn 
 were in a position where the compass had no power of 
 traversing— by continuiag our observations icf arrived at 
 the spot — rve passed round it— whichever way ivc passed 
 It, as wr. passed round it, the compass turned toward it 
 horizontally." Tlie truth, however, was elicited at last. 
 
 • Vi'^Y "^'^'•' ^""'^'^ y^^ yourself to the point of the Muiniet- 
 10 Pole ? 
 
 " I suppose I was \\\\.\im forty milcx:' 
 And this, then, ntust have becm the distance at whicli 
 jrc were walking round it. The committee might have 
 liad the sagacity to ask him how long it took him to 
 walk round tlie circuit of one hundred and twenty miles. 
 They did ask him another kind of question ; 
 
 _ *' Uitliin what area do you conceive you have reduced tlio 
 KitiKition ot jt ? 
 
 " Olio luiic 
 
 Ihe same question being put to Captain Beaufort, ho 
 replies, '' There can be no specitic or i)i-ecise point to 
 •S3 ( i u -^ 
 
i; 
 
 yoi 
 
 AUCTIC VuYAGEc?. 
 
 
 ii'i 
 
 ! . 
 
 fix tlic situation of the Magnetic Pole within a dogreo 
 or half a dcgi'oo." 
 
 It was a general belief at the time, that, had Captain 
 Ross's conduct bi^fore the committee been of a contrary 
 tendency, the committee would have been disposed to 
 have roconunended for his nephew, what he richly de- 
 served, some pecuniary reward, as compensation for his 
 losses, which amounted to .ii3()0 or j£4U0. Every thing, 
 in fact, in this ill-advised exjjedition, rested on the talent 
 and activity of the commander : it is not clear, hideed, 
 that the lives of the wiiole party did not depend on him. 
 The committee ask him : 
 
 " Had yoii an opportunity of personal participation in any 
 ppv'^cific serviro to tlio expedition, by which you consider that 
 tiio iives of the people were preserved ?" 
 
 Ho modestly replies, 
 
 " I do not know whether I should quite eay I had ; but 
 certainly it was essentiiil to the safety of the people that I 
 Blionld leave them on one occasion. Accompanied by tv\'o 
 of the strongest of the party, I advanced toward the Fury's 
 stores, to see whether they were there or not ; hr, had tliey 
 gone there witliout iinding the provisions, the whole, or near- 
 ly the whole, party must have peririhed ; but by my going 
 and retiuning with a supply of provisions, I enabled them to 
 reach the Fury's stores." 
 
 Captain Ross should have been the last person to 
 throw any impediment in the way of remuneration to 
 his ne})litw. Ho and his crow were ai ifi rewarded 
 in money, and himself in money and lU .^onors ; the 
 former was very properly bestowed, for his boldly en- 
 gaging in so hazardous, though ill-advised an enterprise, 
 for th(^ sufferings of himself and party, and for the long- 
 continued anxiety, which nioney can only poorl}^ re- 
 ward : of the latter no one will envy him ; a few foreign 
 princes may think themselves flattered by having their 
 names dotttd along the coast-line of a thing called a 
 chart, but the King of England's family are not so easily 
 captivated by biiits of this kind. Captain Beaufort says, 
 *' Captain Ro.s bri)Ught to me a chart to prejjare for the 
 king, whic^i I did, and returned it to him ; and there is 
 no copy of it left in the Hydrographical Office :" and 
 as Captain Beaufort malvos no description of it, neither 
 
 
 i 
 
MISCELLANEOVS. 
 
 a55 
 
 n a dogreo 
 
 ad Captain 
 a contrary 
 disposed to 
 I riciily de- 
 ■iion lor his 
 very thing, 
 1 the talent 
 )ar, huleed, 
 )nd on him. 
 
 ation in any 
 ;ousider tliat 
 
 I had ; hut 
 eoplo tliat I 
 lied by two 
 i the Fury's 
 or, had tliey 
 lole, or near- 
 y my going 
 jled them tt) 
 
 person to 
 neration to 
 
 rewarded 
 onors ; the 
 
 boldly en- 
 onterprise, 
 )r the long- 
 poorly ro- 
 few foreign 
 laving their 
 [ig called a 
 ot so easily 
 lufort says, 
 lare for tho 
 nd there is 
 Rice :" and 
 
 it, neither 
 
 will any be made here; the less that is said of it the 
 better. The honors, howev. j-, have been carefnlly pre- 
 served, and copied into a certain repository* for general 
 information, as follow : 
 
 " Ross, Captain Sir Jolin, entered the navv in 17D0 ; fifteen 
 years a midshipman; seven years a lieiiteiiant; seven years 
 a commander; became a post-captain in 1818; received nu- 
 mer()us mark; of public approbation in consequence of hia 
 Arctic Kxpedi is; was made a Commander of the Sword 
 ol Sweden; a jvniglit of the Second Class of St. Anne of 
 I'nissia (in diamonds); Second Class of the Lej^iini of Ib)n- 
 or; Sec(.nd Class of the Ked Eagle of Prussia: Second Class 
 of Leopold of Belgium; gold medals from the Geoirrapliical 
 Society of London, the Geographical Institute of TaHs. tlio 
 Royal Societies of Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Scc.\ the ^n^e- 
 (ifun of the cities of London, Liver])ool, Bristol, Hull, &c ; 
 SIX gold snulfboxcs from RiLssia, Holland, Denmark, Austria, 
 London, and Baden; a sword valued at £lUO from the Pat- 
 riotic Fund; a sword, value £:2()0, from tho Kin- (.f Sweden, 
 ior service m the Baltic and White Sen, &c. ; and nuuicrous 
 other acknowlcdgnienis of his cmi.imf services in th< expedi- 
 tion to Bafhu's Bay in 1818, and his discovery of ]?oothia Fe- 
 lix and the North Ma,inieti(- PoU" ! Is now consul at Stock- 
 holm, to which ofKce he was appointed in 1838." 
 
 Franklin, Parry, James Ross, and Richardson, be 
 contented with your simple knighthood, assured that 
 you have no occasion to covet any of the numerous hon- 
 ors and (t ccteras carefully registered in Mr. Dodd's list, 
 and knowing that yotir merits are enrolled elsewhere. 
 
 The result of all the nonsense about islhmusrs, the- 
 odolites, and holes in the ice, and the absurdities to 
 which they gave rise, have been completely quashed by 
 the ])ersevering and energetic labors of Messrs. Deaso 
 and Simpson, two otRcers of the Hudson's W-Ay Com- 
 pany : their extensive discoveries are contained in a 
 .small volmne, which carries with it the stamp of truth 
 and modesty. f These gentlemen luive surveyed the 
 remainder of the western part of tin; coast,' left by 
 Franklin, from his Return Beef to Capr Bnrrnic; iigain, 
 from Point Turn-again to the eastward, as far as the 
 
 * Dndd's Pepriiiro, Rartjnetnnr, and Knit'litncp, fcr. 
 
 t Narriitive of tho DiscoviTiot: on tlie Nurth Coa.-^t of Amrricn, clicc'ted 
 by the OtKcrrs of thi- Hudson's Hay Comiianv, duriiiir th.' years Islifi- 
 1B31>. liy Tlioniiis triinp-on, Ksq. 
 
■^F 
 
 ^ii 
 
 
 
 f! 
 
 hi. 
 
 i:*: 
 
 .'irW) 
 
 ARPTIC VOYAr.Efl. 
 
 Gulf f»r Akkodlco : to tliis latter ])orti()n tlio notice lioro 
 tak(!ii must he* coiilitx'd. 
 
 Ill July, 1h;{!>, tiu'v ontcrcd the Coronation (iulf for 
 t}u> second tiuK! wllh their two boats, jiassod Capo 
 'rurn-aifain. and, tVoni a ])oint on the continent ot" Amer- 
 ica to tlie eastwaid of 'l'urn-ai:ain. tliey thence observed 
 to tlie northward a larj;*! tract of land, to which they 
 p;av(! tho nanu* of \'ictoria. either joinini^ with, or sepa- 
 rated by a strait from, Wollaston Land. On their rc- 
 turn they ti'aced thc^ coast of Victoria for al)ont eleven 
 de<rrees of longitude. From ('ape Alexander, the south- 
 ern coast of the Polar Sea trended southernly to a lai'ii;e 
 bay crowded with islands, which lliey called Labyi'inth 
 J}ay, opposite to wliich was Mcdbourne Island. Lower 
 down th(( coast, in latitude 5^^ \ was Sir (iuy Campbr-ll's 
 J>ay, into which l^llice l\iver pourinl its waters — a sti-eani 
 descrilx'd as much larger than Copper Mine lliver; tho 
 bordei'ini; country consistinj^ of p-ee'i tlats, little lakes, 
 and knotty knolls. This coast still descended to the 
 southward, Oiiden liay beiny the lowest, in latitude 07*^ 
 30', lon-ritude 101" 1'/. 
 
 ( )n the Klih of Auyust they found tho vXmorican coast 
 trending to tin? northeastward, and " j)i-oceede(l all day 
 anKMig islands, so that some of the |)arty beifan to ap- 
 pi'chend we had lost tho continent altogether." In the 
 <'V(>ninji, however, tln^ rajjid rush of the tide and the 
 position of Hack's River '"left no longer any room to 
 doubt tho neighborhood of an open sea." lint Mi'. 
 Simpson says, "I candidly acknowledge that we wen; 
 not prei)ared to find so southerly a strait leading to tho 
 i'stuary of tho Cr(>at Fish River (Back's), but rather 
 expcH'ted Jb\st to double Cape Felix of Commander 
 James Ross, toward which the coast had been latterly 
 trending." Their ol)ject iiad been to ])roceed northerly 
 as far as Cape Felix, and they continued in a direction 
 along the coast which would have led them to it ; but, 
 on finding a separation by their newly-discovered strait 
 leading to the eastward, they entered by doubling the 
 southern point of it, w^hieh they call Geddes ; they pro- 
 ceeded along that coast, on a point of which Simpson 
 landed, and found that to be Rack's Point Off/r. ^'hey 
 entered the estuary. |)ass(Ml Point Pechell, atid ascended 
 
 T 
 
 li i 
 
 •I'-i 
 
Mf.SCELLANROUS. 
 
 357 
 
 )tice hero 
 
 I Gulf for 
 sed Ciipo 
 
 of Amer- 
 ' oljserv(!d 
 liirli they 
 , or sepii- 
 
 their re- 
 nt eleven 
 he south- 
 to a liii'ijjo 
 Lahyriiith 
 Lower 
 'ani|)l)eir.s 
 -!i sti'eam 
 Liver ; tho 
 :tle lakes, 
 :'(! to the 
 itude G7" 
 
 iean eoast 
 m1 all diiy 
 ;an to a})- 
 " In tho 
 ^ and the 
 room to 
 ]Jut Mr. 
 we W(M'(j 
 iig to the 
 [\t rather 
 inniaiid(?r 
 n latterly 
 uoi'therly 
 direction 
 ) it ; hut, 
 red strait 
 hliui^ the 
 hey pro- 
 Simpson 
 '. They 
 nsrorided 
 
 soutiiernly to Montreal rsland. on wliich they landrd 
 near the spot where Ihick hiid eurnmped ; and under 
 the j^uidance of iM'Kuy (one of JJack's men), they dis- 
 covered amonii; the rocks a deposit of haijs of pemmican, 
 chocolate, canisters of ,iiunj)o\vder. and ])ercussion caps. 
 Tlui pennnican is said to have been " litendly (///tr," 
 and the chocolate rotten. Some minor articles were 
 taken possession of by the two leaders, " as memorials 
 of our hayinu breakhisted on the identical spot where 
 the tent of our ^^allant, thoui!;h less successful, i)recursor 
 stood that very day five; years before." They haa thus 
 det(M-mined the nortlun-n limits of America to the ivcst- 
 u-anl. as far as iiack's Estuary ; it still remained a ques- 
 tion whether some part of J5oothia might not be united 
 to the contiiKMit on the eastf.rn side of the estuary. 
 Doublinji, therefore, its eastern j)romont()ry. they passed 
 a point of tin; continent which they nanuMi C!i])e IJritan- 
 nia, and another called Cape Selkirk; and proceedintr 
 toward some islands in the (4idf of Akkoolee, so far as to 
 satisfy themselves that they were to the (eastward of any 
 part of iJoothia, they beo;iui to consider that the time of 
 the year made their return expedient. Whereupon they 
 connnenced pr(!j)aring their boats at this tlieir farthrk 
 advance, and took tin' same route back, with this diller- 
 ence, that in passina; Simpson's new strait they nov, 
 coasted it on tho northern side, and desi<,niated the W(>st- 
 ern enti'ance cape, on that side, by the name of Ilerschel, 
 where they erected a cairn, with the date 'J'Jth of Au- 
 gust, 1839. The strait was tln^re ten miles in width, 
 and much more at the entrance near to IJack's Estuary ; 
 at one place, about the middle, it was only thn ; miles! 
 and its depth from thirteen to sixteen fathoms. 
 
 Mr. Simpson gives some observations on the dip of 
 the magnetic needle. He says, when the Magnetic 
 Pole bore from them N. 7^ E. 105 miles, the dip was 
 89^ 29' 33" ; when N.N.E. 90 miles, it was 89^ 28' 4o"; 
 and when olf Cape IJritaimia, it had decreased to 89^' 
 IC 40", " as might have been expected from our in- 
 creasing distance from the Magnetic Pole." 
 
 On theij- return along the coast of America, they 
 crossed over to near Point Back — on the land of Victo- 
 ria, and traced that shore as fai- as Point l^arrv a spiue 
 
%v 
 
 358 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES. 
 
 11 
 
 I! 
 • I 
 I 
 
 .1^ 
 
 of one hundred and fifty-six googrnpliical miles ; but tills 
 land extended both to tiie east and to the west beyond 
 these two points ; and they supposed, as before men- 
 tioned, that a wide channel might divide the latter from 
 Wollaston Land. Their next object was the mouth of 
 the Copper Mine River, which they reached on the 
 IGth of September, "after by far the longest voyage 
 ever performed in boots on the Polar Sens, the distance 
 we had gone not being less than 1408 geographical 
 miles." 
 
 Their account of the whole lino of the Polar Sea 
 roast of North America, from Icy Cape to the Gulf of 
 Akkoolee, is well worth perusing ; but it is time that 
 th(! {)resent volume should draw to its close. The an- 
 nexed ^mall chart contains the combined discoveries of 
 Koss, Simpson, and Back, on that portion of the North 
 Coast of Ame/ica opposite to, but divided from, tho 
 southern part of the Island of Boothia (itself a portion 
 only of North Somerset), which united must now take 
 their place among the rrumerous clusters that crowd tho 
 eastern part of the Polar Sea, some of them to a dis- 
 tance northerly y et unknown. 
 
 It wiU be seen by the chart that Sir James Ross 
 thinks it not improbable, since the discovery of the land 
 seen by Simpson, and marked on the chart " Captain 
 James Ross's Point," that the vacant dotted space be- 
 tween Point Scott and Cleft Mountain may be land, as 
 he has marked it ; and also that the space between 
 Cape Smyth and Point Scott may be a wide channel, 
 opening into the lower part of Prince Regent's Inlet : 
 should this be so, it will form the continuation of his rnvn 
 strait, through which not only a single ship and boats, 
 but whole fleets, may pass. At the same time, it must 
 be admitted that conjectural geography is never safe : 
 tho direction of a coast-line, or the course of a river, can 
 only be known, and then imperfectly, to the distance of 
 the farthest point of sight ; to aiTive at correctness, they 
 must be traced. 
 
 The object of this miscellaneous chapter, with the 
 small chart, is to point out distinctly, and to correct, the 
 erroneous impression which the Report of a Select 
 Committee of the House of Commons is calculated to 
 
 . 1 !<* \ 
 
 M'»- 
 
Mir^CELLANEOUd. 
 
 es; buttliis 
 
 i^est beyond 
 
 tefore inon- 
 
 latter from 
 
 mouth of 
 bed on tlio 
 ^est voyage 
 he distance 
 eographical 
 
 Polar Sea 
 he Gulf of 
 3 time that 
 . The an- 
 coveries of 
 ' the North 
 
 1 from, the 
 f a portion 
 It now take 
 ; crowd the 
 m to a dis- 
 
 ames Ross 
 of the land 
 t " Captain 
 
 space be- 
 be land, as 
 e between 
 le channel, 
 (nt's Inlet : 
 of his mvn 
 
 and boats, 
 lie, it must 
 ever safe : 
 a river, can 
 iistance of 
 tness, they 
 
 , with the 
 
 orrect, the 
 
 a Select 
 
 Iculated to 
 
 359 
 
 c.>..vey, foumlcl on the most absu.-d nonsense, given in 
 evidence before the committee, especially that part ( t' 
 . fro.n w nd, a conclusion is drawn that a passage d s 
 not ..r/.Mx.tween the bottom of Prince Regent's iX 
 and the Polar Sea, whicli has since been proved to bo 
 >vholly mcorroct. 
 
 THE END. 
 
m^im — w 
 
 
 I 
 
 "i ; 
 
 1 1., 
 
 'r 
 
 f 
 
 1 * 
 
 n f 
 
 V 1 
 
 ;i. 
 
 'h>, 
 
VALUABLE STANDARD PRODUCTIONS 
 
 PLDLISHKD nv 
 
 HARPER k IJROTIIERS, NEW YORK. 
 
 M'CULLOCH'S UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER. 
 A Dictionary CJeographical, Statistical, ami Historical, 
 of tho vanou.s Countries, Natural Objects, &c., in the 
 JVor d By 1 R. M'Cuiioch. Edited by D, Haskel. A.M. 
 ^ vols. 8vo. hcvcn fine Maps. Sheep. $6 50. 
 
 A complete library of itself, and noressary to all who dosire to Do.seii. 
 a con,pfte„t knowlcdtre of the worl.i wh.cl, we uA^nlTlZVdunu'" 
 
 "lu:^i:iZrT'''r' T^l'^r^-" ""'^•' -'-'-.it.H .t has f:.uudaS 
 111 MIS lit)rary.—.\ri«- For^ Commercial Advertiser. 
 
 ihc most comprehensive and valuable work of its class that h-i, nn 
 
 reared , deduced from the latest and best authont.es.-'Llo^i/yr.X 
 
 II. 
 
 BRANDE'S DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE. &C. 
 ^in'lt h"" u""f -^ of Science, Literature, and Art; compri- 
 sing the History, Description, and Scientific Principles of 
 every Branch of Human Knowledge ; with numerous Fn- 
 gravmgs. By W. T. Brande, F-lls'., assS by several 
 oJ the most eminent writers of the age. 8vo. Shp. S4 00. 
 
 Clearand authentic, copious without prolixity, it furnishes an exnlana- 
 
 c^vc opa.dia will find ,t an excellent substitute for ./ne ai 1 he wh ha«" 
 will hnd it a valuable supplement.-A'c/ec/^c Review. "* " "" "^^'^ ^'"'' 
 
 in. 
 WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 An American Dictionary of the English Language • ex- 
 hibiting the Origin, Orthography, Pronunciation, and Defi- 
 nitions ol Words. By Noah Webster, LL.D. Abrid-ed 
 from the quarto Edition of the Author; to which are add'ed, 
 Walker's Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Proper 
 Names. Revised Edition, with an Appendix, containing 
 al the additional Words in the last Edition of the lareer 
 Work. 1 vol. 8vo. Sheep. $3 50. 
 
 .Jrt ^""^ '■^"'^ "r' "'^'""' '-''<=''onary of the English language that hu 
 ever been seen~-Exam%ner. be"" «»• 
 
' 7 
 
 » 
 
 <, 
 
 .( 
 
 If t ' 
 
 I 
 
 i!i: 
 
 Z VALUABLE STANDARD rRODl'C'l'IOXS 
 
 IV. 
 
 ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY. 
 
 The Encyclopa;dia of Domostic Economy, comprising 
 such Suhjecls as are inmiediately connected with llousc;- 
 keeping ; as the Construction of Domestic Edifices, with 
 the .Mo(h's of Warming, Ventilating, and Lighting them , 
 a Description of the various Articles of Furniture, &c. 
 Nearly 1000 Engravings. 1 vol. 8vo. Sheep. $3 75. 
 
 A woik which must spcrdily be rrpardcd (is i»n indispensable book of 
 relfc'rcrice to every hoiisckeeiier. — Kcltctic Rtvirv. 
 
 It IS a ])erfe(,t repusitory (if all that hoineiy knowledge which is so tlif- 
 ficiiit t(i oljtiiin exrp|Pt in the hard scho(d of expeneni^e, und yet so needful 
 for Kettiiif,' on in this niiitter-iit-l'iict world. — Churchman. 
 
 This IS decidedly u li«ok lor tho million : it contains all that precise 
 kind of I'lforiiiation adiipted to the usu of fuinilies, and which one may 
 seek a loiiij tune for in vain elsewhere. — A'ciy- York Evenin/f Gazette. 
 
 A complete library lor every iiouseliold : a work which every husband 
 should buy for his wife, and every father for his daughter. — Sew York 
 Commernal Advertiser. 
 
 V. 
 
 ANTHON'S GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 
 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, from the 
 best Authorities, and imbodying all the recent Discoveries 
 of the most eminent German Philologists and Jurists. 
 Edited by William Smith, Ph.D. Illustrated by a large 
 number of Engravings. First American Edition, correct- 
 ed and enlarged, and containing also numerous Articles 
 relative to the Botany, Mineralogy, and Zoology of the 
 Ancients. By C. Anthon, LL.D. 8vo. Sheep. $4 75. 
 
 VI. 
 
 ANTHON'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 
 A Classical Dictionary, containing an Account of the 
 principal Proper Names mentioned in Ancient Authors, 
 and intended to elucidate all the important Points con 
 nected with the Geography, History, J3iography, Mytholo 
 gy, and Fine Arts of the Greeks and Romans, togethe 
 with an Account of the Coins, Weights, and Measures o*- 
 the Ancients, with Tabular Values of the same. By 
 Charles Anthon, LL.D. Royal 8vo. Sheep. $4 75. 
 
 The distinguished reputation of the editor is a sufficient voucher for 
 the excellence of these productions, independently of the original clarms 
 of the works themselves, which rank among the first of aciinowledge-i 
 authoritiei in the British schools of learning. — Commercial Advertiser. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
IO\S 
 
 PrjnLIHIIED BY IIARl'KR tc HUOTIIKRS. 
 
 3 
 
 CONOMY. 
 , comprising 
 with House- 
 Idilk-cs, with 
 jhling Ihein , 
 irniiure, &c. 
 ;). $3 75. 
 
 )cn8able book of 
 
 which is 80 dif- 
 id yet so needful 
 
 all that precise 
 which one may 
 ning (lazette. 
 Ii every husband 
 ter.— A'eic- York 
 
 UITIES. 
 ties, from the 
 t Discoveries 
 and Jurists. 
 !(! by a large 
 ition, correct- 
 rous Articles 
 )ology of the 
 eep. $4 75. 
 
 NARY, 
 count of the 
 ent Authors, 
 Points con 
 ly, Mytholo 
 ins, togethe 
 Vleasures tf- 
 same. By 
 $4 75. 
 
 ent voucher for 
 original clarms 
 aclcnowledgci 
 al Ad%)frti»er. 
 
 VII. 
 
 COPLAND'S DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE. 
 A dictionary of Practical Medicine ; comprisiiis; n Gen- 
 eral Patliology, the Nature and Treatment of Diseases, 
 Morbid Structures, (Slc. By James Copland, Ml), P R S. 
 Edited, with Additions, by Charles A Lee, M.D. Now 
 publishing in Parts, price 50 cents each. About 25 Parts 
 to complete the Work, 12 of which are now publislied. 
 
 The great rcconimendation of this dictionary is its t«'rsriipss and pre- 
 cision. Dr. Copland's reforcncps to tht; sources whence he derives tlie 
 uiforiiiation he conveys ure adiiiirably placed, Kivin(f the essence of the 
 kiiowlcdf,'f' necessary to be coiiimuiiicated in order to a ri^ht understaiid- 
 in|^ of the subject which is treated, without entering into t;ie difTuscness 
 of the (jriginal text. — yew-Orlfona liullettn. 
 
 Ur. Copland has here pulilishcd a series of essays which may be justly 
 said to be unrivalled for extent and accuracy of information, methodic 
 arraugemei ',, and the condens-ed form in which they are coinposeil. If 
 he i)ri)<:eeds as he has comtnenced, he will produce a work wliich is yet 
 unrivalled in the English language. — Edin. Medical and Surgical Joum, 
 
 VIII. 
 
 COOPER'S SURGICAL DICTIONARY. 
 A Dictionary of Practical Surgery ; comprehending all 
 the most interesting Improvements ; an Account of the 
 Instruments and Remedies employed in Surgery, the Ety- 
 mology and Signification of the principal Terms, &.c. By 
 Samuel Cooper, M.D. With numerous Notes and Addi- 
 tions, derived from the Practice of American Surgeons, 
 together with a Supplementary Index, in which the Sci- 
 ence of Surgery is brought dovvij to the present Period. 
 By David M. Reese, A.M., M.D. 1 vol. 8vo. Sheep ex- 
 tra. $3 87i 
 
 IX. 
 
 HOOPER'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY. 
 Lexicon Medicum ; or. Medical Dictionary. Contain- 
 ing an Explanation of the Terms in the various Branches 
 of Science connected with Medicine. With Additions from 
 American Authors. By Samuel Akerly, M.D. Sheep 
 extra. $3 00. 
 
 X. 
 
 KEIGHTLEY'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 History of England, from the Earliest Period to 1839. 
 By Thomas Keightley. Edited by an American. 5 vols. 
 18mo. S2 25. 
 

 fl 
 
 VALUABLE STANDARD PRODUCTIONa 
 
 ( i 
 
 l!:S 
 
 f 
 
 r* 
 
 ■In 
 
 :l . 
 
 i 
 
 I ! 
 
 XT. 
 
 THIRLWALL'S HISTORY OF GREECE. 
 A History of Greece. By lit. liev. Connop Thirlwall, 
 Bishop of St. David's. 2 vols. 8vo. Muslin gilt. S3 50. 
 
 Althoucfli tlio author's fancy is everywhere sul>jprt to liis correct his- 
 tori'^.tl taste, the student will not fail to det:u;t traces of that scholur-like 
 (ieli((ht in tlie graceful and lovely fictions of antiquity, which is so pecu- 
 liarly attractive to minds of coni,'enial temper. It animates the rrailor 
 through the toilsome intricacy of some parts of his progress, like a l)rook 
 by iliK wayside, which, thouf^h it only sparkles occasionally in the trav- 
 eller's eye, yet enlivens him by the sen^e of its constant companionship. 
 — Edinburgh Review. 
 
 XII. 
 
 ROL LIN'S ANCIENT HISTORY. 
 The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, 
 Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, 
 and Macedonians ; including the History of the Arts and 
 Sciences of the Ancients. By Charles Kollin. With a 
 Life of the Author, oy James Bell. Only complete Amer- 
 ican E'_aion. 8vo. Maps and Engravings. Sheep extra. 
 Bound in 1 vol., 83 50 ; 2 vols., $3 75. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 PRESCOTT'S CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 
 The History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a prelim- 
 inary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization. By William 
 H. Prescott, Esq. 3 vols. 8vo. Portraits and Map. Mus- 
 lin gilt. $6 00. 
 
 There is r.o exagg^eration in stating that the " Conquest of Mexico" 
 contains most of the valuable qualities which distin^ui:<h the most popu- 
 lar historical writers in our lanfjuaf^e. It unites the chivalrous but truth- 
 ful enthusiasm of Col. Napier, and the vivacity of the accomplished au- 
 thor of tl'.e " .Siege of Granada," with the patient and ample research of 
 Mr. Tyiler. — Edinburgh Review, 
 
 XIV. 
 
 PRESCOTT'S FERDINAND AND ISABLLLA. 
 
 History of the Ileign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the 
 Catholic. By William H. Prescott, Esq. Tenth Edition. 
 3 vols. 8vo. 'Portraits. Muslin gilt. $6 00. 
 
 While the English language shall exist, we venture to say Prescott's 
 "History of Ferdinand and Isabella" will bo revul. — Biblical Repository. 
 
 We know of scarcely any other work so amusing, instructive, ami 
 powerfully attractive as t'.iis ; it possesses every charm which eleganco 
 of diction, gracefulness of style, and interest of subject caii impart.— 
 New-York Review. 
 
 I It' 
 
 i,J'» 
 
<J3 
 
 ICE. 
 Thirlwall, 
 
 t. m 50. 
 
 correct his- 
 soholiir-like 
 1 is So pecu- 
 5 the rrader 
 like a brook 
 in the trav- 
 ipaniunship. 
 
 laginians, 
 Grecians, 
 Arts and 
 With a 
 3te Amer- 
 eep extra. 
 
 ICO. 
 
 a prelim- 
 Y William 
 jp. Mus- 
 
 uf Mexico" 
 
 most popu- 
 
 is but truth- 
 
 iplishcd au- 
 
 research of 
 
 LLLA. 
 bella, the 
 1 Edition. 
 
 y Prescoll's 
 Repository. 
 uclive, ami 
 nh elt'Ranco 
 ti impart. — 
 
 PUBLISHED BY HARPER &. BROTHERS. 5 
 
 XV. 
 
 PRESCOTT'S BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL MISCELLANIES. 
 Biographical and Critical Miscellanies, By William H 
 Prescott, Esq. Containing, Charles Brockden Brown- 
 Asylum lor the Blind— Irving's Conquest of Granada- 
 Cervantes— Sir Walter Scott— Chateaubriand's English 
 Literature— Bancroft's United States— Madame Calde- 
 ron's Life in Mexico— Moli6re— Italian Narrative Poetry 
 —Scottish Song— Da Ponte's Ob.servations— Poetry and 
 Romance of the Italians. 8vo. Portrait of the Author. 
 Muslin gilt. $2 00. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 MILMAN'S EDITION OF GIBBON'S ROME. 
 
 History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 
 By Edward Gibbon. New Edition, with Notes, by Lev 
 H. H. Milman and M. Guizot. 4 vols. 8vo. Sheep. $f no. 
 
 If tins work be not always history, it is often somethini? more than his- 
 tory, and above It ; it is philosophy, it iti theology, it is wit and eloquence, 
 It IS cnticKsm the most masterly on every subject with which literature 
 can be connected.— /Vo/ejsor Smyth. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 RUSSELL'S HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE. 
 History of Modern Europe : with a View of the Prog 
 ress of Society, from the Rise of the Modern Kingdoms to 
 the Peace of Paris in 1763. By William Russell, LL D 
 With a Continuation of the History by William Jones, Esq 
 3 vols. 8vo. Engravings. Sheep. $5 00. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE. 
 History of Europe from the Commencement of the 
 French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bour- 
 bons in 1815. By Archibald Alison, F.R.S. 4 vols 8vo 
 Sheep. $5 00. 
 
 No work could have made such progress in national opinion without 
 substani'al qualities ; its vigour of research and its manliness ( *" princi- 
 pb', its accurate knowledge, and its animation of style, have been the 
 grounds of its remarkable public favour, as they are the guarantees for 
 Us permanent popularity.— £ZacAu;ooi. 
 
 The most elegantly written and powerfully dramatic history ever pro- 
 •juced ; lor the lulonsity of its interest it is unsurpassed.— Z)emoc7a/u 
 Revieio 
 
i^ 
 
 j: ' 
 
 *v. 
 
 
 1^ I /' 
 
 , 1 1 
 
 
 • 
 
 hjil 
 
 i\ 
 
 6 
 
 VALUABLE STANDARD PRODUCTIONS 
 
 XIX. 
 
 TYTLER'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 Universal History, from the (Creation of the World to 
 the Decease of George III., \fZO. By the Hon. Alexan- 
 der Fraser Tytler and Rev. Edward Nares, D.D. 6 vols. 
 18rao. $2 70. 
 
 XX. 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORICAL WORKS. 
 
 The Historical Works of William Robertson, D.D. ^ 
 vols. 8vo. Maps and Engravings. Sheep. $5 00. 
 
 '* The taknts of Dr. Robertson as an historian vere for some time reck- 
 oned superior to those of any rival author ; his Charlos V, unites tho 
 requisites of good wilting in thi greatest degree." 
 
 XXI. 
 
 HALLAM'S MIDDLE AGES. 
 View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages. 
 By Henry Hallam. 8vo. Sheep extra. $2 00. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 HALLAM'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 The Constitutional History of England, from the Ac- 
 cession of Henry VH. to the Death of George H. By 
 Henry Hallam. Svo. [In press.] 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 HALLAM'S LITERARY HISTORY. 
 Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 
 I6th, and 17th Centuries. By Henry Hallam. 2 vols. 
 Svo. Sheep. $3 76. 
 
 To all lovers of literature this work will be acceptable ; to the young, 
 we conceive, invaluable. — Quarterly Review. 
 
 The most important contribution to literary history which English li- 
 braries have received for many years. Mr. Hallam has great industry 
 and acuteness ; his knowledge is extensive, various, and profound ; his 
 mind is equally (distinguished by the amplitude of its grasp, and by the 
 delicacy of its t&ct. — Edinburgh Review. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 CAMPBELL'S RHETORIC. 
 Philosophy of Rhetoric. By George Campbell, 
 12mo Bound. $1 25. 
 
 The 
 D.D.. F.R.S. 
 
 lib i 
 
PUBLISHED BV HARPER & BROTHERS. 7 
 
 XXV. 
 
 ALISON ON THE NATURE AND PRINCIPLES OF TASTE. 
 An Essay on the Nature and Principles of Taste By 
 Archibald Alison, LLB., F.RS. With Notes and Emen- 
 Jations. By Abraham Mills, Esq. 12mo. Muslm. 76 
 eents. 
 
 XXVI, 
 
 PLUTARCH'S LIVES OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS. 
 Lives of Ancient Philosophers. By Plutarch. Trans- 
 lated from the original Greek, with Notes, and a Life of 
 Plutarch. By John Langhorne, M.D., and William Lang- 
 home, A.M. 8vo. Portrait. Sheep extra. $2 00 The 
 same Work, in 4 vols. 12mo, piinted in large type, sheep 
 extra, §3 50. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 CRABB'S ENGLISH SYNONYMES. 
 English Synonymes, with copious Illustrations and Ex- 
 planations drawn from the best Writers. By Georee 
 Crabb. l vol. 8vo. Sheep. .^2 37^. 
 
 . VVe find ill this work a patient examination of words in all their bear- 
 ngs and a co lection of remarks on the peculiar uses of each that are 
 highly valuable.— Quarrer/y Review. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 JPHAM'S MENTAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 Elements of Mental Philosophy : embracing the two 
 
 Departments of the Intellect and Sensibilities. By Prof. 
 
 T. C. Lpham, of Bowdoin College. 2 vols. 12mo. Sheet) 
 
 extra. $2 50. ^ 
 
 Professor Upham has brought tog-ether the leading views of the best 
 writers on the most important topics of mental science, and exhibited 
 them, a.s well as the conclusKms which he himself adopts, with ereat 
 (rood judgment, candour, clearness, anil method. Out of all the syste- 
 matic treatises in use, we consider the volumes of Mr. Upham by far the 
 l^est Ih-dt wo have— Xcw-York Review. /«■,!« 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 DRYDEN'S WORKS. 
 The Works of .John Dryden. With a Memoir. 
 8vo. Portrait. Sheep extra. $3 75 
 
 3 vols. 
 
^mm 
 
 !■: i 
 
 <;v 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 
 8 
 
 VALUABLE STANDAUD PllODUCTIONB 
 
 BURKE ON THE 
 
 XXX. 
 
 SUBLIME 
 
 AND BEAUTIFUL. 
 
 A Philosophical Inquiry into our Ideas of the Sublime 
 and Beaulilul. With an Introductory U'scourse concern- 
 ing Taste. BvIU. lion. Edmund Burke. 12mo. Muslin. 
 75 cents. 
 
 xxxr. 
 
 BURKE'S WORKS. 
 
 The complete Works of Edmund Burke. With a Me- 
 moir. 3 vols. 8vo. Portrait. Sheep extra. $5 00. 
 
 It arpups sonu'thiiif,' in proof of a wide-.sprpaciini^ taste for cleijant liter 
 ature, and a strontj dcsirn for |upliiiral kii"\vlt'df(e of the hiphest order, 
 when a series of voliimiiious works— iii form and fashion addressed to 
 another a^^e, whose spirit was very ditFt rent from ours, and appealing in 
 tone and composition to cultivaled tastes and intelleets raised above tl 
 general — ean lie published for the people with a prospect of popular suf 
 cess. — Spectator. 
 
 XXXIL 
 
 HANNAH MORE'S WORKS. 
 
 The Works of Hannah More. 8vo. Engravings. Sheep 
 extra. Bound in 1 vol , $2 ,50 ; 2 vols., $2 75. The same 
 Work, printed in large type, 7 vols, royal 12mo, $6 50. 
 
 xxxin 
 ADDISON'S WORKS. 
 
 The Works of Joseph Addison. Including " The Spec- 
 tator" entire. 3 vols. 8vo. Portrait. Sheep extra. S5 50. 
 
 Whoever wishes to attain an Enplish style, familiar but not coarse, 
 and elegant Imt not ostentations, must give his days and nights to ihe 
 volumes of Addison. — Dr. Johnson, 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 DRAPER ON THE ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS. 
 
 A Treatise on the Forces which produce the Organiza- 
 tion of Plants. With an Appendix, containing several 
 Memoirs on Capillary Attraction, Electricity, and the 
 Chwnical Action of Light. By John William Draper, M.D 
 Muslin gilt. 4to. Engravings. $2 50. 
 
 1 
 
 f' 
 
VALTAULE BOOKS OF TRAVEL 
 
 PUBLISHED HV 
 
 UAKPER & BROTHERS, XEW-YORK. 
 
 I. 
 
 DR. DURBIN'S OBSERVATIONS IN THE EAST. 
 
 Observations in the East, chiefly in Eji,'yp/, the Desert, 
 
 Palestine, Syria, Asia iMinor, and Constantinople. By 
 
 John P. Durbin, D.D. 2 vols. 12mo. Engravin-rs. Muslin 
 
 gilt. S2 00. 
 
 It is a niDSt rich, intellectuiil U-j.si.— lSuff'alo Advocate. 
 
 The volumes are, without exaffgeriitioii', equal lu interest and (graphic 
 ertect to ihe best books ol modern travel with which we are acciuainted. 
 There is an oH'-hand fVankness and s|iirit al)uut the sketches, which are 
 always marked hy caution and discrimination, so that the statements are 
 as reliable as they are attractively interesting'.— .S'ynri/ of the Times. 
 
 This book IS curious, attractive, and instructive ; the author has avoid- 
 ed all useless lumber, and recorded in simple, unatfected laiiiruat.'e, his 
 observations upon what met Ins eye. His book show* the scholar, the 
 Christian, the i)luh)sophical observer, and the American patriot, l)ut not 
 a bit of the pedant or the bore ; a more agreeable companion or guide 
 could scarcely be found than Dr. Durbiu.— i/u/a/o Com. Advertiser. 
 
 II. 
 
 DR. DURBIN'S OBSERVATIONS IN EUROPE. 
 Observations in Europe, principally in France and Great 
 Britain. By John P. burbin, D.D. 2vols. 12mo. Engra- 
 vings. Muslin gilt. S2 00. 
 
 Few prad ictions of the kind have been published of late years, in 
 vrhich so Ilia, V valuable truths have been set forth in so attractive a 
 ioxm.—ilethoaist Quarterly Review. 
 
 III. 
 
 DR. OLIN'S TRAVELS IN THE HOLY LAND, &C. 
 Travels in Egypt, Arabia Petrp-a, and the Holy Land. 
 By Stephen Olin, D.D. 2 vo'j. 12mo. Engravings. 
 Eighth Edition. Muslin gwt. $2 50. 
 
 Dr. Olin's excellent volumes convey a great amount of information, also 
 remarkably accurate ; his volume contains the best account of Egypt that 
 has appeared in this country— perhaps in the language.— Dr. Dl'HBi.n. 
 
 This work, from the pen of the distinguished President of the Wes- 
 leyan University, is amoi.g the latest on the subject. It is rich in infor- 
 mation, pervaded by a lofty spirit, and entitled to entire confidence.— Dr. 
 Pottek's Hand-book. 
 
 We can most contidently and cordially recommend this book to our 
 readers, as a production which does honour to the nuthor.— Me thodn-t 
 Quarterly Review. 
 
k^ 
 
 
 
 
 H..M 
 
 VALUAULl:: IJOOKri OF TRAVEL 
 
 IV. 
 
 DR. WOLFF'S MISSION TO BOKHARA. 
 Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara, in tho Years 1H4U- 
 184.'), to ascertain the Fate ofC'olonel Stoddart and Captain 
 Conolly. 13y Rev. Joseph VVolrt; U.D.,LL.D. 8vo. En 
 <Traving8. Mushn gilt. $2 00. 
 
 This IS a most intcrcstiiiff niul instructivn'work, coiitiiiiiinf^ :i sketch 
 of the (ii.sliii);uiNli(>(l iuitliiii''.>j lil'r, and a rich treasury of Oriental inisiioii- 
 ary information, intersiicrsed with incidents of thrilhiij< interest. Tim 
 cuinninnity are already familiar with the name of the Uov. .lo.seph Wold', 
 one of tiie most remark.'ible men of the present a^e. — Chrtstian Intfl. 
 
 A work of ^rcat interest, and full of tlie most curious inforinatKMi and 
 thrillin)^ d<'tails. It will' ho seen to he the work of an ecrentric man, l)ut 
 •veil this rather adds to its interest than detracts from it. — Albany Spec- 
 tator. 
 
 V. 
 
 HUMBOLDT'S COSMOS. 
 Cosmos : a General J^urvey of the Physical Phenomena 
 of the Universe. liy Alexander Von Humboldt. From tho 
 Fourth German Edition. 8vo. Muslin gilt. To be com- 
 pleted in Four Numbers. Two now published. 
 
 The work contains the latest results of tb sciences anil the last conclu- 
 sions drawn from them upon the mind and u ulcrstaiiding of a groat phi- 
 losopher. Tho work IS one of the finest and most finished blossoms which 
 the cultivaluni of natural sciences has eve.- produced. — Uroadway Journal. 
 
 This work, therefore, will he henceforth the text-hook of all who would 
 learn how nature has herself unfolded the story of her birth, and how 
 those she nourished by her truths have recorded what she taught. — Lon- 
 don CriUc. 
 
 VI. 
 
 TRAVELS OF ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT. 
 Travels and Researches of Alexander Von Humboldt J 
 being a condensed Narrative of his Journeys in the Equi- 
 noctial Regions of America, and in Asiatic Russia ; togeth- 
 er with Analyses of his more important Investigations. Ijy 
 W. Macgillivray, A.M. 18mo. Engravings. 45 cents. 
 
 Humboldt is the most illustrious traveller of his day. Nothing seenin 
 too vast, too varied, too wonderful, or too minute for the keen eye, penre- 
 trating intellect, and umvearied exertions of this extraordinary man. A 
 botanist, zoologist, statist, and philosopher, the genius of this great wri- 
 ter seems to have been peculiarly fitted for surveying the varieties and 
 immensity of the physical world ; and he accordingly takes the foremost 
 rank of all travellers, dead or living. — Dibden. 
 
 This work has been justly called by a competent judge, " a work of gi- 
 gantic extent and richness, tt) which the modern literature of Europe 
 can hardly offer a parallel." — Encyclopedia Americana, 
 
 \\\>% 
 
PlJHLI«llt;D IJY IIAKIKK it. IJKOTUEHS. 
 
 VFI. 
 
 TRAVELS OF MARCO POLO. 
 Travels of Marco Polo, greatly amondod and enlarged 
 Croin valuable early Mamiscripta rr-eenlly published by tbo 
 Trench Society of (ieoyraphy, and in Italy by Count Hal- 
 delli Honi. Witli copious Notes, illustrating the Routes 
 and Observations of the Author, and et inparing them with 
 those of more recent Travellers. By lluf^h Murray, 
 I'.R.S K. 18njo. Two Maps and a Vignette. Muslin 
 gilt. 45 cents. 
 
 Thr' l)p«t edition of tin." travels of Marco Polo that \v« have rvnr hppm. 
 This faiiioiii old traveller, iifter so ioii^ lahounni,' under a cloud of sus- 
 picion as (o the verity of his statements, has lately, liy the industry of 
 nirNlern coiniueiitators, hecii rubbed bright, in some dcijr'je, and his iinr- 
 riilives, always iiiterestiiiff, are now read with a dej^ree of faith which 
 hitherto was not exercised in their perusal. The volume before us con- 
 tains maps, copious notes, and illustrations by the editor, and is every 
 way a most interestiii(r book. — I'o.it. 
 
 A work hitherto iiiaccossihio, tbou(?h muc'h renowned in 'he world of 
 loiters. This IS another of the ^reat literary performances that ori(jinated 
 within the walls of a dungeon, Marco Polo hein«, at the time of its com- 
 positKUi, imprisoned at Pisa. This enterprising traveller explored more 
 in the very heart of the (Chinese PJnipire, and .c(|uired more intimate 
 knowledjfe of the wandering Tartars of Asia, than any of his predeces- 
 sors, and, indeed, we mipht add, his successors, for m the 13th century 
 he enjoyed the immunity, since denied, of visiting Pekin with his eyrs 
 oien ; his description, therefore, cannot hut be interesting and valuable. 
 
 -New Ynrh Commercial Advertiser. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 DR. PARROT'S JOURNEY TO MOUNT ARARAT. 
 Journey to Mount Ararat. By Dr. Friedrich Parrot. 
 Translated by W. D. Cooley. 18mo. Map and Engra- 
 vings. Muslin gilt. 50 cents. 
 
 This book is a desideratum in English literature. There is a popular 
 interest attached to the mountain, which the traditions both of Christian 
 and Mohammedan nations associate with one of the most impressive 
 events ia. the earliest records of our race. — London Spectator. 
 
 IX. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM'S TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 
 
 America: Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive. By 
 J. S. Buckingham. 2 vols. 8vo. Engravings. Muslin gilt. 
 $3 50. 
 
 " A work of great value, as comprising a vast amount of curious sta- 
 tistical information, criticisms on art." &c 
 
7 f 
 
 1 V 
 
 l. 
 
 '■ i 
 
 
 'I 
 
 iii I 
 
 i: 
 
 ^,i 
 
 (•V 
 
 
 J i 
 
 
 4 VALUABLE bUOKS OF ".'RAVEL 
 
 X. 
 
 GENERAL GREEN'S TEXIAN EXPEDITION AGAINST MIER. 
 Journal of the Tcxian Expedition ajjainst Mier; subse- 
 quent Imprisonment of the Antlior ; his SufTorings, and 
 final Escape from the Castle of Perote, with Reftertiona 
 upon llie present Political and probable future Relations 
 of Texas, Mexico, and the United States. By General 
 Thomas J. Green. Illustrated ny Drawings taken from 
 Life by Charles iM'Laughlin, a Fellow-prisoner. 8vo. 
 Muslin gilt. $!2 00. 
 
 This work is one of startling and most absorbinij interest ; besides 
 beintf very (,'''''»|)bif. in (lescrii)tion, it pives examples of personal mid 
 moral courage and of HkIiImip, siieli as brin(»8 bark the remembrance of 
 the fields of Cressy and Agincourt, for odds in the encounters. — Anglo- 
 American. 
 
 The history of the most thrilling incidents in the affairs of Texas, from 
 the peii of the leading actor, and in a style spirited, strong, and excitin^f. 
 It will III! read with great avidity.— L'l'cnini,' Post. 
 
 A volume of romantic interest ; it contains scenes and incidents con- 
 nected Willi the well-known expedition, involving a bloody struggle, and 
 gives us an in.sight into the character and conduct of men, which we read 
 with no little interest.— iiDon^'e/is/. 
 
 XL 
 
 DARWIN'S VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 Journal of Jlesearches into the Natural History and Ge- 
 ology of the Countries visited during the Voyage of H. M 
 Ship Beagle round the World, under the Command ofCapt 
 FitzRoy, R.N. By Charles Darwin, M.A.,F.R.S. 2 vols. 
 12mo. Muslin gilt. $1 00. 
 
 This is a first-rate work, combining popular interest with scientifi' 
 ability and value, better than any similar book we have seen. It is writ- 
 ten in a graceful and popular style. — New-York Courier and Enquirer. 
 
 DR. MOTT'S TRAVELS IN EUROPE AND THE EAST. 
 Travels in Europe and the East. By Valentine Mott, 
 M.D. 8vo Muslin gilt. $1 90. 
 
 The iearr.ed professor has judiciously abstained from the more commou 
 and familiar topics described by former tourists, and has introduced us to 
 the most distinguished schools of medicine and surgery, and tea familiar 
 acquainttnce with the character, manners, <fec., of the most distinguished 
 foreign members of the faculty. The author has evidently observed 
 whatever came under his notice with a critical eye, and has given soma 
 new and striking views, particularly in regard to the Pythian Oracle, the 
 Temple of Apollo at Delphis, and the religion of the ancient Egyptians. 
 — Methodist Q'-arterly Review. 
 
 f? 
 
 ,,ry 
 
rUBLISHED DY HARPER & BROTIlEUa 
 
 INST MIER. 
 flier; suhse- 
 (Tnriiigs, and 
 I Rf'fk'ctiona 
 re lielalions 
 By General 
 taken from 
 soner. 8vo. 
 
 itcrest ; besides 
 )f jicrsoiinl and 
 reiiienibrance of 
 uiiters. — Anglo- 
 
 s of Texas, from 
 ig, and exciting. 
 
 i incidents con- 
 dy struggle, and 
 I, which we read 
 
 WORLD, 
 story and Ge- 
 ,rage of H. M 
 nand of Capt 
 R.S. 2 vols. 
 
 with scientifi' 
 leen. It is writ- 
 and Enquirer. 
 
 HE EAST. 
 Ilentine Mott, 
 
 18 more commoa 
 lintroduced us to 
 
 ind tea familiar 
 jst distinguished 
 Fdently observed 
 I has given soma 
 |hian Oracle, the 
 
 ;ient Egyptians. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 LESTER'S GLORY AND SHAME OF ENGLAND. 
 The Glory and Shame of England. IJy ('. Edwards 
 Lester. 2vols. 12mo. Engravings. Muslin gilt. $150. 
 
 The l)old ana romnntic spirit of tins work has already prorurod it no 
 small share of attention both in this country and Great Hritain. The 
 d<!velopmenls hrro made of the roiidition of tlio poor ui England, making 
 due allowance for the luxuriance of the author's fancy, are of a most 
 fearful chartxcter.— Methodist Quarterly Revieu), 
 
 XIV. 
 
 PARRY'S VOYAGES TO THE POLAR SEAS. 
 
 Three Voyages for the Discovery of a Northwest Pas- 
 sage from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Narrative of an 
 Attempt to reach the North Pole. iJy Sir W. E. Parry, 
 H.N. 2 vols. 18mo. Portrait. Muslin gilt. 90 cents. 
 
 The history of these enterprises will be found exceedingly interesting ; 
 much curious and valiial.le information is also given in relation to the 
 dreary and inhospitable regions of northern Siberia, and the various 
 tribes that inhabit Ihem.—Jiletho/ist Quarterly Review. 
 
 XV. 
 
 KENDALL'S SANTA FE EXPEDITION. 
 Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, comprising 
 a Description of a Tour through Texas, and across the 
 great Southwestern Prairies, the Camanche and Caygiia 
 Hunting-grounds, &c. By George Wilkins Kendall. 2 
 vols. 12mo. Map and Engravings. New Edition. Mus- 
 lin gilt. S2 50. 
 
 It has seldom fallen to our lot to read a narrative of so interesting and 
 touching incidents of travel as abound in these volumes ; we were not 
 prepared to find in them reading so very attractive, nor could wo form 
 any idea that such a narrative of toils and sufferings as are hure detailed 
 by the sufferer himself, would present so many points of instruction to 
 the geiieriil reader. — Methodist Quarterly Review. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 ANTHON'S PILGRIMAGE TO TREVES. 
 A Pilgrimage to Treves, through the Valley of the Meuse 
 and the Forest of Ardennes, in the Year 1844. By Charles 
 Edward Anthon. 12mo. Muslin gilt. 75 cents. 
 
 This book is a modest, carefully-written narrative of facts, with few 
 reflections, and those generally marked with good sense and proper feel- 
 ing. — Buffalo Commercial Advertiser. 
 
 If this af.ractive volume possessed no otlier claim to attention, it has 
 the charm of novelty about it, the author having chosen no beaten track 
 for his route, although one of great interest. — X. Y. Com. Advertiser. 
 
t V 
 
 VAUJADl.E BOOK.S OF TRAVEL 
 
 1) 
 
 l| 
 
 I.' 
 
 \ 
 
 f 
 
 ' )'•. 
 
 
 XVII. 
 
 MISS SEDGWICK'S LETTERS. 
 Letters from Abroad to Kindred at Home. By Miss C. 
 M. Sedgwick. 2 vols. 12mo. Muslin gilt. Si 90. 
 
 Miss SedRwick has fur oxcopdod hor jirodprcssors ; for they only df-.- 
 Sfrihcd characters and scones, while sho hns carried lier researches iiitb 
 the parlours, nay, into the very pantries of priTato individuals. Miss 
 Scd^'Wick (Kcupies a hi},'h ])osUi()n i:i America, not merely as an oitianitnt 
 of Its world uf light literature, but as a moral teacher. — London Alhenxum, 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 VOYAGES ROUND THE WORLD. 
 Voyages round the World, from the Death of Captain 
 Cook to the present Time ; including Remarks on the So- 
 cial Condition of the Inhabitants in the recently-discovered 
 Countries; their Progress in the Arts; and more especially 
 their Advancement in Religious Knowledge. 18mo. Mus- 
 lin gilt. 45 cents. 
 
 This volume, containing^ the researches of the latest navigators, is ad- 
 mirably written, presenting in every page matter of the most interesting 
 and valuable kind. — New-Orleans Eutlettn 
 
 XIX. 
 
 STEPHENS'S CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and 
 Yucatan. By John L. Stephens. 2 vols. 8vo. Map a«d 
 80 Engravings. Muslin gilt. $5 00. 
 
 XX. 
 
 STEPHENS'S YUCATAN. 
 Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. By John L. Stephens. 
 2 vols. 8vo. 120 Engravings, from Drawings by F. Cath- 
 erwood, Esq. Muslin gilt. $5 00. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 STEPHENS'S TRAVELS IN EGYPT. 
 Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and liie 
 Holy Land. By John L. Stephens. 2 vols. 12mQ. En- 
 gravings. Muslin gilt. Si 75. 
 
 XXII. 
 STEPHENS'S TRAVELS IN GREECE. 
 Incidents of Travel in Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Po- 
 land. By John L. Stephens. 2vols. 12mo. Engravings. 
 Muslin gilt. $1 75. 
 
 'I,' 
 
 I i!. 
 
 i^ 
 
rUnMSIIfM) BY IIAIU'F.U Sc UROTIIKHS. 
 
 S. 
 
 By Miss C. 
 il 90. 
 
 • they only df,- 
 ruNcarchcs iiitb 
 ividiiuls. Miss 
 as an ornaiiiont 
 don Athenetum. 
 
 .D. 
 
 I of Captain 
 s on the So- 
 y-discovered 
 re especially 
 18mo. Mus- 
 
 vigators, is ad- 
 lost interesting 
 
 ICA. 
 
 !hiapas, and 
 >. Map and 
 
 [j. Stephens, 
 hy F. Cath- 
 
 YPT. 
 
 ffia, and liie 
 
 12mo. En- 
 
 = ECE. 
 
 3sia, and Po- 
 
 Engravings, 
 
 xxiir. 
 
 DR. RISK'S TRAVELS IN EUROPE. 
 
 Travels in Europe ; viz., in England, Ireland, Scotland. 
 
 Trance, Italy, Switzerland, some Parts of Germany, and 
 
 the iNetheriands. 13y W. Fisk, D.D. 8vo. Engravings. 
 
 Sheep extra. $3 25. ^ k • 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 DR. HUMPHREY'S TOUR. 
 ioor''^^\,°'"il^'']V ^'■ance, and Belgium. A short Tour in 
 gdt."' $f 75 """"''^'■^y' ^^ 2 vols. 12/.10. Muslin 
 
 XXV 
 
 MRS. HAIGHT'S LETTERS FROM THE OLD WORLD. 
 
 ,o-^^^"^'',V'"'"" ^^^ ^'^ ^^'"'"^''- ^y ^rs Haight. 2 vols 
 12mo. Muslin gilt. $175. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 KAY'S RESEARCHES IN CAFFRARIA. 
 Travels and Researches in CafTraria ; describing the 
 Character, Customs, and Moral Condition of the Tribes 
 inhabiting that Portion of Southern Africa. By Stephen 
 Kay. 12mo Engravings. Muslin. 85 cents. 
 
 LANDERS' TRAvVlSTO THE NIGER. 
 Journal of an Expedition to Explore the Course and Ter- 
 mmation of the Niger. With a Narrative of a Voyage 
 down that River to its Termination. By Richard and 
 John Lander. 2 vols. 18mo. Engravings. Muslin gilt. 
 90 cents. ° 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 OWEN'S VOYAGES TO THE AFRICAN COAST. 
 Narrative of Voyages to explore the Shores of Africa, 
 Arabia, and Madagascar; performed under the Direction 
 of C^ptamW. F.W.Owen, R.N. 2 vols. 12mo. Muslin. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 REYNOLDS'S VOYAGE OF THE FRIGATE POTOMAC. 
 Voyage of the United States Frigate Potomac, during the 
 Circumnavigation of the Globe, in the Years 1831-1834 
 By James N. Reynolds. 8vo. Engravings. Muslin eilt 
 $3 25. ^ 
 
8 
 
 VAMAIII.r. IJOOKS OF TRAVKI,. 
 
 !• 
 
 :l 
 
 :i 
 
 ii 
 
 \i 
 
 C I R C ll M N A V 
 
 XXX. 
 
 GATION 
 
 OF THE GLOBE. 
 
 An Hislorir.il Acroiirit of the Circumnavigation of tho 
 fJlobe, and ot llin I'ro^'rcss of Discovery in llio Pacitic 
 Ocean, from llie Voyagf ol'Ma^M'lIan to tlic Death of Cook. 
 18mo. KngravMigs. jMuslin gill. 45 cents. 
 
 X.\XI. 
 
 EMERSON'S LETTERS FROM THE /EGEAN. 
 Letters from the .Kgean. iiy James Emerson. 8vo. 
 75 cents. 
 
 xxxir. 
 JACOBS'S ADVENTURES IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 Scenes, Incidents, and .Adventures in the I'acilk Ocean, 
 or the Islands of the Australasian Seas, during the Cruise 
 of the (Clipper Margaret Oakley, under Captain Benjamin 
 Morrell. liy Thomas Jetlerson .lacohs. l^ino. Muslin 
 gilt. $1 25. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 ROBERTS'S EMBASSY TO SIAM, COCHIN-CHINA, &C. 
 Embassy to tlie Eastern (Courts of Siam, Cochin-Clima, 
 and Muscat. By E. Roberts. 8vo. .Muslin. $1 75. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 TASISTRO'S RANDOM SHOTS AND SOUTHERN BREEZES. 
 Random Shots and Southern Breezes. By i>ouis Fitz- 
 gerald Tasistro. 2 vols. 12mo. Muslin, f 1 50. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 MACKENZIE'S YEAR IN SPAIN. 
 A Year in Spain. By Alexander Slidell Mackenzie. 3 
 vols. 12mo. Muslin gilt. S2 25. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 MACKENZIE'S SPAIN REVISITED. 
 Spain Revisited. By Alexander Slidell Mackenzie. 2 
 vols. 12mo. Muslin gilt. Si 75. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 MACKENZIE'S AMERICAN IN ENGLAND. 
 The American in England. By Alexander Slidell Mac- 
 kenzie. 2 vols. 12mo. Muslin gilt. $1.50. 
 
 K\ 
 
 .fl 
 
 V\\ 
 
OBE. 
 
 Lion of the 
 Ih! Pa(!iti(! 
 Ii of Cook. 
 
 son. 8vo. 
 
 CEAN. 
 ifui Ocean, 
 tlie Cruiso 
 Benjamin 
 ). Muslin 
 
 NA, &C. 
 liin-China, 
 
 $1 75. 
 
 BREEZES. 
 
 .ouis Fitz- 
 )0. 
 
 ^. 
 kenzie. 3 
 
 kenzie. 2 
 
 LAND, 
 lidell Mac.