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Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, plenches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmfo A des taux de rMuction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui cllchA, 11 est film* A partir de i'angie supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcesssire. Les diagrammes suivsnts lllustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 RETURN To ail Address ot' liie Lcij;lauitive Assembly for a Copy of tlie Iveport of Count de Kotterinund, of his Exploration of Lakes Superior and Huron. Ckown Lands' Office, Toronto, loih April, 1856. Sir, — 1 have tlio honor to transmit to you herewith a copy of the Report of Count do llottermund, of his exploration of Lakes Suj)erior and Huron, and of the River St. Maurice, required by your letter of 1st April, instant. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, JOSEPH CAUCHON. Commissioner of Crown Lands. Hon. G. E. Carlier, Provincial Sccr.'tarv. To the Honorable J; seph Cuuchon, Commissioner of Crown Lands. Sir, — I have tin; honor to jiresent to you my report of the examination and inspection of the Mines of a part of Canada AV'est, in pursuance of instructions received from you, dated 12th Juno last. In conformity with tliose instructions, I proceeded to ( 'hatham to meet Mr. Salter, depi;ly provincial surveyor, to make with him the arrangements relating to the exploration. Thence we proceeded to Sault St. Marie, by way of Detroit. In an excursion v^'hich we made to the; rear of tlie small range of hills north of the River St. Marie, we ascended Root River as far as the great mountain-range, which is the continuation of Big Cape, on Lake Superior. From Sault Ste. Marie, we coasted, each in his canoe, along the north west side of Isle St. Joseph, to the Bruce Mines. Having examined the Bruce and Wellington Mines, and j)art of the country adjacent, I found that there was both difficulty and danger to be apj)rehended from continuing the voyage in a bark canoe, on account of the winds, and I procured a boat witli four hands and proceeded to Portloek Harbour At the mouth of a river whicli is on tlie land granted as a location to Geo. Desbarats, Esquire, I met Mr. Salter with whom I returned to the Bruce Mine». There we parted our provisions and separated. Having procured a tolerably strong boat, capable of bearing up against the the gales so frequently oc^Airring on the large lakes, I proceeded at once to Lake Superior, as far as the Island of 3Iichipicoten, coasting it on the east and north ; I crossed over to the Island and examined it all round. From thence I returned by the same route, passing at other j)laces to examine and observe the interior. After this examination, I returned to Sault Ste. Marie, and finding the season too far advanced to continue the exi)loration advantageously or satisfactorily, on account of the frequent occurrence of gales of Avind and itorms at that season of the year, occasioning a great loss of time ; I dismissed the hands and returned to Quebec, by (yollingvvood, Toronto and Montreal, 6S t ¥'£. There the Honorable the Minister of Public Works acting in your absence, directed me to proceed to the River St. Maurice, where I remained till the first snow fell. The ground being now covered, all observation become impracticable and the road impassable, and I was compelled 1o suspend operations for the season. I then went to Toronto to classify and arrange the specimens of difl'erent minerals and stones collected in my journey of exploration, and to prepare the necessary materials, on which I was to found my report. My principal object was to visit the places, where works had been carried on, the next to discover those important points, where the labors of mineralogical exploration may be of general interest to the public. Being provided only with Bayfield's chart, which merely shows the position and the outline of the shores of the Lake, and unable to procure any which might have shewn at least the direction of a few rivers, except one, a sketch of the course of the River Michipicoten, for which I was indebted to the kindness of Mr. McDonald, Deputy Provincial surveyor. I found it impossible to penetrate to any uistance into the interior, as I had no means of fixing with precision any place which I might visjit, for want of the proper instru- ments. In order to avoid a confusion of ideas, and the introduction of new systems, and a nomenclature not generally used in science, as well as to make my descrip- tions more intelligible, I have considered it expedient to copy the classification of earths by Mr. Roderick Impey Mnrchison, published in 1845, and that of Messrs. Dufresnoy and Elie de Beaumcmt, published in 1842, the latter being that which was used in making the Geological map of France. Classification of Earths published by Mr. Roderick Impey Murchison, in 1845. Pliocene. F. Tertiary Tertiary Deposits . . \ Miocetie. Eocene. F. Secondary, F. Palaeozoic Cretaceous. Jurassic. Triassic. Permian. Carboniferous. Devonian. ^Silurian. Azoic. Gneiss, penetrated by Qranite. Eruptive and Metamorphic rocks. Classification of Earths piAlished by Messrs. Dufresnoy and Elie de Beawnont in 1842. Under Grovpb OF Formation. NAMES or FORMATIONS. Manexistsonthe Alluvial Earths, Modem Volcanoes, extinct and in . surface of the < action ; the great Volcanoes of the Andes were globe. i thrown ap during this period. fit H 5 o Under Groupb OF FCRMATION. an CO t5 'The Mam mi ferae begin to appear in the lower section of this group, and be- come very abun- dant towards the middle. / 1 •or XAMES OF FORMATIONS. Sysfem of the principal chain of the Alps^ direction *E. 16® N. Superior Tertiary formation ; Subappenine group sands of the Landes, ancient alluvions of La Bresse. Tuft' with bony remains of L' Auvergne. Eruptions of Trachytes and of Basalts, for the most part corres- ponding with this epoch. Sijstemof Western Alps, direction 'N. 26'' E. by S. 26° W. Middle Tertiary Earths. ' Faluns of Touraine, Fresh water limestone with mill-stone, contains a great deal of lignites in the south of France, and in Germany, sandstone of Fontainebleau. System of Islands of Corsica and Sardinia, direction N. S. Inferior ( Marl with gypsum, bones of Mammiferae. Tertiary } Coarse limestone, Paris building stone. Earths. ( Plastic clay, lignites of the Soissonnais. System of tJie chain of the Pyrenees and that of the Appe- nines E. 18** S by W. 19," N, 1 Upper t Beds with Flints. I Chalk. \ Beds without Flints. System of Monte Viso, direction N N. W' by 8, S. E. ' Gravelly Chalk (craie tufteau.) Lower j Green sand. Chalk. I Ferruginous sandstone and sand formation. Nescomian formation, Wealden formation. System of the Cdte d'Or, direction E. 40' N. by W. 40^ S, Portland Limestone. Cretaceous Earths or Formations. Lime- stone. Earth of the Jura. 9i c s GO B I a o V o O Upper bed. Middle bed. Lower bed. Lias or griphite lime- i^stone. Kirnmeridge Clay. Honfleur Clay, f Oxford Oolite, Limestone of Lisieux, Cor- airag. Oxford Clay. Dive Clay. Corn-brash and Forest marble (ealcaire a polypiers) great oolite (ealcaire de Caen\ Fuller's earth {bhxnc bleu de Caen) Lower oolite. Marls and Limestone of Celemnites, upper Marls of Lias, lignites in the Depart- ments du Tarn et de la Lozere. Lower Lias Oalcaire d, gryphies arqn4es, ' Sandstone of Lias or infraliasic sandstone, Dolomite* : 4 i ^V'h v. es O a Tryas I System rf TJinrinf/envald (the serpentines of the centre of France belong to this system,) direction W. 40° N.hy II. 40'' 6'. 'Saliferous and gypseous shales and sandstone (Mornes iri.sees) with masses of gyjjsum and salt. Working of lignites in Lorraine, Alsace, and la Haute Saonc. Muschelkalk. Varigated sandstone (Grcs liyarrd.) {System of the Rhine, direction N. 21° E. hj S. 21° W. (. Sandstone of the Vosges^((rrc5 des Vosgcs.) System of Belgium and South Wales, direction E. 5 S. bij Zechstein (Magnesian Limestone,) fish-schists of Mansfield, rich in copper, red sandstone, contains masses of porphyry and agate balls. I System of the North of England, direclion S. b° E. ly N. 5° W. Coal i Sandstone, schists "with beds of coal and mea- < carbonate of Iron, carboniferous limestone sures. or blue limestone with beds of coal ('This group is char- acterised by a great abundance of vys Icular cryptogams land by the almost /total absence of the \dj cotyledon plants. jThe vertebrated [animals are repre- sented only by a few impresses of, fishes. System of the Ballons (Vosges) and of the hills of the Bocage de la Normandie, direction E. 15° S. by W. 15° iV. ...,..., Upper C Old Red Sandstone (Devonian system.) 'transition < Anthracite of la Sarthe, and of the environs Earths. ( of Angers. ! Limestone of vicinity of Brest. Dudley Limestone. Schist {Ardoises d^ Angers.) Quartzite Sandstone Caradoc. Sandstone of the English (Silurian system.) System of Westmorland and Hundsruch, direction E. 25° J!^. by W. 23° S. Lower ^ _ . . ^ . ) transition Compact Splintering Limestone. „ , J Argillaceous Schist, (Cambrian system.) e' Granitic formations. . .Granite forming the principal crust of the globe. In my expedition, my aim was not so much to ascertain the epoch of the for- mation of earths, as to discover the presence and metaUic wealth and natui'e of minerals, and the causes which may have occasioned the metallic deposit. On this account, I shall divide them for the present into two distinct classes, namely, into paloeozaic and azoic rocks, following in this Mr. Murchison. These terms are already in use amonpj the learned of Europe. I shall arrange the palocozoic rocks, according to the fossils which I discovered in the different localities, whether of Lake Superior or Lake Huron. This classification demands great '" 'j nttftitioii, and very minute discrimination, to avoid the solecism of givinj: names accordinjj; to individual fancy, not used in the scientific world. Such are the names applied to fortiiatious in Canada of Iluronian, Silicrv, Laurentine, llichelicu, })ecnliar to the l(;calitics which they indicate, substituted tor Jurassic, Carbonitoiuus, Cam- brian, Devonian, &c., which are so well classified, defined and admitted throughout he scientific world. The azoic rocks will be classed according to their comp. sition. ^ brought with me the following collection and as nearly as I could observe in my ^apid journey s[;ecimcns of the different localities, characterizing the nature of the minex and nnnerals, as well as of the different kinds of granitic rocks. Feldspathic Rocks and derivatives, i Grauwacke of different kinds, Sandstone of different kinds, -!j .'- Molass, -i • Jasper of different kinds, Dioritic rock, Faddinurstone. ; ; • Amygdaloids, iSreecia, Limestone, Serpentines, Quartzose rocks of various qualities!, Sands, ^ Clays, [Torres daises, ) Cupriferous rocks, . Minerals, as copper of various kind^, ' i Iron, Lead, .. .! Silver, .. ,: Gold, [-■ > >" Zinc, ; ■ Cobalt, Waved, Arborescent, Sardonyx, Agates^ Calcedony, Cornelian, Chrysoprases, ' i Onyx, Zeolites of different kinds, Chabasite, Prehnite, Heulandite, Mesotype, Chlorite, Zircon, Petrified vegetable substances, Bones and different kinds of fossils, as Limnea, • . ; Terebratula, : •; Encrinites, -. :• Orthoceras Lateralis, ^ Hyppurites, ■ ■ ; ^- >■.■■ Catenipora, &c., &c. ; K'f; i.:,„-;-yif^- i '\ !■ J^ii ^' ' , ■ . ^ -.-V ■ ' , __ -^UH" ' ' * ~ _. ' .< >.l ' ' '■''^■'■il 6 It ia not possible to give the names of all the minerals and fossils "which I Jiossessin my collection, without previously ascertaining the designations of the ormer, by their chemical composition, and those of the latter by their form and nature. It is necessary to compare them with the tables published for the pur- pose. A most important fact is the discovery of fossils about Lake Superior. Here are the remarks of the Report of progress for the year 1846-7, page 36. " The age of the volcanic formations of Lake Superior is a question that has *' not yet been finally settled, and the doubt concerning them seems to be whether " they are older or newer than the Potzdam sandstone of New York. The diffi- " culty arises from the absence of fossils, none of a satisfactory kind, that I am ** aware of, having been obtained, from any beds whose relation to the volcanic " rocks is undoubted, either on the north or south side of the lake." In the Report of Progress of 1849, the opinion founded upon the absence of fossils is confirmed, page 21 : "In the position assigned to them by Dr. Hough- " ton, late Geologist to the Slate of Michigan, as being below the lowest known " fossiliferous deposits, a position which, as may be seen in the Report of pro- " gress which I had the honor submit to Your Excellency in 1846." The discovery of fossils on the Canadian shore, north of Lake Superior, and that made by David Owen, Geologist to the United States, published in 1852, might tend to alter the opinion adopted on account of the absence of these fossils. The rocks and minerals will be arranged, not only in mineralogical order, but according to the places in which they were collected. As the two Lakes are of two dificrent characters and very distinct from each other, in respect of the copper ores, as also of the rocks, I shall divide them into distinct categories, that of native copper, and that of copper pyrites. I shall then proceed to some general remarks relating to the interests of the mines which I have visited. To this day, the nature of the native copper, on the Canadian side of Lake Superior, has not been described nor established, but only that of the copper of tie United States, (see the well known and highly esteemed work of Mr. Witney, published in Philadelphia in 18)4, in which are some details of the mines of Lakes Superior and Huron, in the Canadian territory,) while copper in the metallic state abounds no less on our side, and seems to be the predominant characteristic of certain localities. This seems, moreover, to afford one great advantage, namely, that the rocks in which zeolitic metallic copper is found, are worked at much less expense than those which are described as existing on the south side. The Island of Michipicoten and the east side of Lake Superior yield, for the most part, nothing but the native mineral. The oxides and the sulphurets are more rare and secondary. I found several veins of the sulphuret at the extreme north of the lake, and also at the north-east. Native copper is found in two dif- ferent states, on' that of a thread or vein, the other, arborescent or rather zeolitic in a rock of greywacke This distinction in the nature and position of the mineral is very important, as it may throw light on the mode in which it w^as formed, constituting as it does the principal wealth of the district of the lake. As sandstone and greywacke act a very important part, I coiisider it right to give the synonymes of those ierms, to avoid the mistakes which might arise from diversity of nomenclature. Here is the description given by Messrs. Dufresnoy and Elie de Beaumont : — *' Greywacke, — This is the arenaceous rock of transition earths. It is ** formed by the union of old rocks and a greyish cement, composed sometimes " of argillaceous schist, sometimes of clay. In .some particular circumstances, " this cement consists of micaceous schist, talcose schist, and even of a compact **■ rock analogous to feldspar." ► tt it {( «( u {( i( <{ it, " In this case, the greywacke has been subjected to causes which have altered and communicated to it a crystalline texture. The fragments contained in order. (( (( « <( the greywacke are usually quartz, granite, porphyry and argillaceous schist, " &c. Sometimes the fragments or pebbles {galets) are large and form by their " union a pudding stone ; most usually they are very small and the grey- " wacke is then termed fine-grained. Frequently, the fragments of mica pre- " dominate, and as these fragments are always in small plates, they rest on the " fiat face and proiluce little layers of mica which give a schistose structure to " the rock. It is then distinguished by the name of schistose greywacke. " This rock is included among the psammitcs of Mr, Brongniart. " Schistose greywacke passes insensibly into argillaceous schists, which are likewise the eftect of a sedimentary deposit. " Greywacke is generally grey, a circumstance from which it derives its name ; sometimes, however, it is red, as in the transition earths of England. The Geologists of that country have even used the term old red sandstone to designate these greywackes, in contradistinction to the new red sandstone, " which is CGDval with the red-and-white sandstone (gr^s bigarr^.) " There are in the Alps, rocks having all the external cliaracter of grey- " wacke ; they jiave been till now so described and designated, but as they belong " to earths of later date they are not to be confounded with those rocks which belong exclusively to transition earths. '•• Coal-sandstone, — This is formed out of the debris of old rock, and con- tains a great number of silicious pebbles combintd by an argillaceous cement, often very micaceous. In certain localities coal-sandstone is composed for the greater part, of fragments of granite, and on this account it has been termed re- " composed granite, (du granii recompose). It contains a great deal of mica, " which is deposited in layers, and gives it a schistose structure. It then resem- " bles certain micaceous schists, but the mica glitters only on the lamella) of " stratification, whereas, in micaceous schists the lamellfe of mica are disposed " in various directions. This characteristic suffices to distinguish the arenaceous " rock from schists of old earths. " The coal-sandstone is akin to greywacke ; only it is composed of coarse " pebbles, and the cementing matter is always earthy. The schistose coal-sand- " stone passes by iinperceptiole gradations into schistose clay and bituminous " schists. The schists and clays {argiles) of trie coal-fields consist of sandstone " of which the particles are extremely fine. " Red sandstone, — This is composed of an argillaceous and sandy cement " embedding pebbles of hyalin quartz, lydian quartz, argillaceous schisits, por- " phyry, granite, &c. Calcareous breccias, besides the different arenaceous " rocks which we have enumerated, we frequently find calcareous breccias. " These exist throughout all the formations, from the transition earths to the tertiary earths. We find by this description of Messrs Dufresnoy and Elie de Beaumont that sandstone and greywacke are a species of rock, formed of detritus of different kinds, and this is the reason why we have several kinds of sandstone, their nature depending partly on the materials, partly on their molecularcondition and structure. We find, moreover, that the common designations (synonymes) of sandstone and greywacke must indicate an epoch more recent than that of the earliest appear- ance of solidified rocks, more especially, if, as some are fond of supposing, they ware ever in a fluid state. In order to the formation of sandstone, that is to say to the cementation of the molecules or particles of rock, the rock must have passed from the solid to the loosely molecular state ; the several kinds of sandstone cannot therefore be classed among the most ancient formations. It is true that the presence of fossils 8 4 I I'il renders classtficafion very easy, but llicir absence ought not therefore to cause the formation in what it occurs to be assigned to the most remote periods ; for I have many specimens which prove the ])aitiiil or complete destruction of fossils in different rocks, not by volcanic media nor by chemical solvents, but by^tlie very distinctly apparent influence of electro magnetic power. Looking at the characteristics presented by Lake Superior, it is no work of the imagination to maintain, at least, with reference to that part of the country, the theory of injections by the agency of volcanic fire. I would ask those who still endeavour, in despite of the progress of the science of chemistry and of the knowledge of physics made in the present century, to maintain the theo ry by which every fact is explained by the agency of volcanic fires or polar cold, how it happens that certain regions are exclusively in possession of gold and si I ver, while others have nothing but copper or iron, or even lead, zinc;, or any ofher metal ; how it happens, moreover, that the various kinds of metals found in the same iormation are never in the same state of combination ? How will they explain the fact, that one country abounds more with one description of minerals than it does with another, although they are found in the same silurian formation (or any other formation) that is to say, that they belong to the same epoch of formivtion or revolution of the globe ? If minerals owe their ex'stence to volcanic injections, coming from the centre of the earth, they should be ail nlikc ; yet experience shews vast differ- ences, ill respect hothto their nature and to their formation and mode of combina- tion. The iroii of Sweden for instance, exists nowhere else on the coijlinenl of Europe, although there are formations of the same epoch; the native copper, found on Lake Snporior, has not yet been discovered in any other place, although the same formation must exist in other localities possessing minerals. I con- clude then, that those who generalize the idea of the existence of minerals being the eflect of volcanic injections, maintain a theory which is conipletely refuted by observation and experience. If minerals owe their existence to volcanic action, volcanoes must have been of various characters [natures dij/erenlcs) at each epoch of general eruption. This must necessarily lead to a general classilication of the (liiTeient kinds and qualities of minerals, according to the order of the different epochs and characters of the volcanic eruptions, as geologists classify fofesils; but it is impossible to tell whether the volcanic emanations of lead are of earlier or Liter origin than those of copper, iron, gold, or other metals; inas- much as almost all the metals are found in all the formations, from the oldest to the most recent, classed according to tli ' fossils. Taking into consideration the labours of Messrs. Dnfresnoy and Elie de Beaumont, who classify formations, and arrange their system according to magnetic direction, together with the labours of iVIr. Hopkins and several others ; looking closely into discoveries attended by so many well established proofs, chemical and physical ; I fearlessly adopt as my guide, in judging of the forma- tion of minerals, particularly those of Lakj Superior, the electro-magnetic theory. This, although still imperfect, in regard to our knowledge of the immense variety found in dillt^rent rocks, has nevertheless become too undeniabl}' evident by means of various experiments, to admit of our having faith in the currents of lerrestial fluids. On this head it may perhaps be useful to cite the opinion of ]Mr. Jackson before giving my own : "were the metallic veins filled by igneous " injection by sublimation, or by watery or galvanic deposit. This is a question "of great practical and scientific interest concerning which geologists and miners "are far from being agreed. "The objections to be alleg.^d against the hypothesis of an igneous origin "are, L That the copper has received the ii.ipress of the crystals of prehnite J' which have not been rendered anhydrous by the melted copper; 2. That if tho s of the sublimation of copp^v and silver, for silver is not volatile at the " temperature of our furnaces. " Taking the hypothesis of a watery deposit, we must assume a ciiemical " solution of copper, and a reacting influence, by which the copper may be "precipitated, and then the result of the decomposition ought to be found in the " vein which is the product ; moreover, we must suppose a solution of " metallic copper, one to three inches in depth, completely filling the crevices of " the rock in which it is found. " It has been supposed that a galvanic separation might explain the origin " of those veins of copper, but from what matters has the copper been separated ? " Galvanism could never have separated copi)er from rocks of traps or sandstone ; " and it would be difficult to form an idea of the position of the poles of a " voltaic pile of sufficient force to oflect the deposit of masses of copper so " considerable. Traps are known to be magnetic and polar ; this has been " satisfactorily demonstrated by Dr. Locke and other observers of the rocks of " Lake Superior ; this property is the result of the action by induction of terres- " trial magnetism, on the vast abundance of magnetic iron ore contained in the " trap. I have ascertained in fact, that a specimen of trap assayed in the " furnace, yielded about 12 per cent of metallic iron. The magn(;tic needle " gives us no assistance to ascertain whether electric currents exist, because its " variation is produced by the influence of polar magnetism in the trap. The presence of crystals of native copper among those of prehnite datho- iite, carbonate of lime and quartz, clearly indicates the simultaneous for- mation of the copper and the minerals containing it. If the igneous formation by injection or by sublimation of the zeoliths and carbonate of lime be admitted, how shall we explain the circumstance that .Jacksonite and anhydrous prehnite are the only minerals which are nut hydrates ? " It is a matter of inquiry, whether the native copper in the amygdaloids " was originally diffused throughout the sandstone, or has been mechacically " introduced by the agency of the trap .-' It has been alleged that the sandstone " being formed of the detritus of older rocks, might contain copper ore of the " same date of deposit as itself, afterwards reduced to the metallic state by the " agency of the trap ; and this assertion would be admissible if it could be " proved that in the neighborhood of traps, sandstone contains copper in sufficient " quantity to yield the amount of that metal found in the amygdaloids. But this " is not the case. It has been asserted likewise, that the deposit of ore might " have taken place in certain parts of the sandstone, in which it had been " subsequently ^educed by the traj) This we confess supposes a remarkable " degree of intelligence in the trap, which must in some way, have been able to " hi. upon the places in which the mineral was deposited. But wherefore should this faculty (exclusively belong to volcanoes, since they inject at one time lead, at another zinc, or gold, or copper ? It seems that thi V are mindful, not only of the direction of the fissures, but even of electro- chemical affinities, as in the injection of sulphur, gold, arsenic, copper, &c. May not trap, which they say owes its existence to volcanoes have inherited some degree of intelligence, at least in regard to copper ? " In the conglomerate there are veins of carbonate of spathic lime, contain- " ing crystals of copper weighing sometimes half a pound, and generally in " shape rhomboidal dodecahedrons ; in the veins of carbonate of lime, at Agate " Harbour mine, there are masses of copper weighirig several hundred pounds. r 10 ..jm: I liini r li i ;h ' ii " M. Teschemachet found in the mass oJ the black oxide at Copper " Harbour, nine regular cubic crystals of that oxide. Those crystals shew that " the ore is not metallic, copper stained by eartlty matters as it had been " supposed. A specimen of this ore in a state of purity, being analysed in my " laboratory, gave 79,86 of copper." Caloric is known to be a species of fluid which in certain bodies generates electricity, and the smallest friction produces heat, and therefore generates electriciiy. Electricity produces magnetism. Metals are distributed in the direction of the electric and magnetic currents as they assume a position in relation to each other depending on their specific gravity, their bulk and the force to which they are subjected being the same. As the terrestrial globe turns from west to east, and the sun's rays therefore travel from east to west, the friction of the atmospheric air the production of electricity, and the generation of the magnetic fluid towards the north and south poles, cause minerals to assume a direction consentaneous to the influence of these several forces. Taking for granted the earliest epoch of the globe, when its nature must have been homogeneous, all mineral matters must necessarily, after certain periods of electro magnetic action, assume a position which is the result of the perpetual action of these two forces ; a»id in those periods the globe must have undergone a decomposition more or less homogeneous according to th3 intensity of these forces, when once the diflerent kinds of matter have found their relative positions according to their power of attraction or repulsion under the influence of the electro-chemical, magnetic and other fluids. The body of the globe has therefore undergone a change in its mode of resistance in certain directions, and it is probable that mountains must have been formed either by the force of expansion in gases produced by internal heat, occas^oncii by the action of electricity and evolved during the combination and decomposition of bodies, or in other places by the action of depressing causes, sometimes even by their own «-eighr, owing at one time to the disappearance of certain bodies, at another to a certain condition of atomic separation, previously incident to rocks ; and the formation of mountains must therefore have their greatest dimension of length in the same direction; nothing could turn them aside ; for the matters which offered the greatest power of resistance must have also been the most homogeneous possible, at the period when the revolution of the terrestrial globe on its axis was first established. The displacement of bodies, depending on their adaptation to the action of fluids {la nature qu'ils poss^dent pour Vaction des fluiden) must have produced some crt'ect in changing the centre of gravitation in the globe. This being changed, the direction of the poles must also have been altered ; but in its con- stant rotation the rays of the sun communicating to the terrestrial globe the gener- ative action of the fluids; the metals must have und^-rgone a new arrangement differing from that of the first era, but ever conformable to the combined result of the forces, viz : from east to west, from north to south and occasionally from pole to pole {celle des polanisation'a.) But the fluids meeting in their transit bodies endowed with vaiious degrees of fitness as conductors, the direction of the aggregate power of the active forces, to effect the combination and decom- position of bodies, must necessarly have undergone modification, and have ertected combinations, greatly varying in their nature. As an effect of the various revolutions which the territorial globe has under- gone, whether by the alteration of the centre of gravitation and the formation of mountains, by earthquakes, the result of an accumulation of fluids arrested in their transit by an ol.struction (digue) composed of bodies of various degrees of fitness as conductors, or finally, by the partial action of volcanoes, or by an in- undation of greater or less duration contemporaneous with the primitive forma- e: 11 tkon, the decomposition of terrestrial matter must have proceeded irregularly (0 du subirdes hgnes brisres) and the terrestrial globe must therefore in subsequent revolutions have become less and less homogt«neous, in regard both to the nature of its component parts, to their power of resisting expansive forces and to the de- Kression produced by the weight of masses. The mountainous formations must ave been greatly shortened and of unequal height, and metals must, during subsequent changes have been subjected to many various influences, and have performed an almost exceptional part among the more direct and general opera- tions, acting on the great mass ot the terrestrial globe. In the present day, after ihe lapse of many periods characterised by various formations, there is great difficulty in anticipating the true position, direction and circumstances of combination in which we may expect to find minerals. In order to form a just conclusion, sufficient leisure is necessary to enable the geologist to observe the locality with accuracy, and to study the different action and effect of bodies on each other, in the peculiar circumstances in which they exist. For at different periods, metals must have been arrested by the direct and intense action of certain fluids, and by the proximity of large masses of other substanr-es; and the progre-^s of combination on decomposition in the several stages of varying activity may have impelled them to take a direction more or less partial, or altogether exceptional. I regret exceedingly my inability, through the want of means, to present to you such a description as 1 myself could have desired to produce of the different specimens which I possess; for I will not enumerate them, until I shall have been able to make a chemical examination of the substances of which they con- sist. I am well aware of the irportance and th.» utility of such a work, to the welfare of the mining region, and of the advantages which, apart from the interests of science, persons concerned in the working of the mines miy derive from them. But I would publish nothing at random, nothing of the truth of which I had not the fullest conviction. Such publication may often have per- nicious effects, either by inducing too strong a confidence on the one hand, or exaggerated fears on the other; and at a later day we are compelled to be at variance with ourselves. Wherever in the regions about Lake Superior the amygdaloid greywacke is met with, we find abundance of metallic copper, and where the rock assumes a crystalline character, it appears to be less rich ; the copper disappears, or assumes a different form: it is still found, but in the form of sulphurets, oxides of different kinds, or it exists in the shape of salts, as carbonates, &c. The Island of Micliipicoten, Garganlua and Mica Bay, appear to me to be the centres of observation. On the Island of Michipicoten fossils are found in a slate of partial decomposition. This decomposition is often almost complete. The presence of certain kinds of fossiN, at one point must have produced the action of an eleclro-chemical current. On this Island has been found the finest bed of agates ol all kinds, in mass, in nodules, in veins, and in small pebbles. These agates are also in different stages of decomposition, from a state of the most perfct purity to complete disorganization. On this Island too, we find the most beautiful specimens of zeolith as well as of the minerals, chabasie, mesotypes, heulandits, &c., &c., and the rocks contain native copper in the zeolitic state ; several veins of barytine of varying richness, besides jasper of various kinds and colours. Native copper is found at Mamains, but I have noticed that the native copper of Mamains is now in veins, and no longeron the zeolitic state. At Gargantua we find some rocks in which there are agates in process of decomposition. The want of time did not permit me to ascertain the presence of copper, in quantity fur mining, but I found native copper, in small pieces, and I W,'ij ■ 12 •1 it III '.I .-. ril ! !'■ < :M doubt not tliat a more particular examination would ascertain its presence in veins sufficient to be worited. The sulphurets are found north and north-east from the lake. I discovered old red-sandstone of copper in a native state. In coming down Lake Huron, between Batcheewauanong and Goulais Bay, we find a new red-sandstone and variegated sandstone. I should not feel surprised, if on minute search we should find coal in rear of Gros Cap, above Sault Ste. Mavie. I discovered no evidence characteristic of the current of polarization ; that is to say, of that current, which, passing through the centre of the earth to the zenith ensures the ex- istence of deep veins, and I should therefore be slow to affirm that the veins of copper extend to a y great depth. But such being the case, they must lie in the direction of the island of Michipicoten and that of Mamains ; for to the north- ward, above Mica Bay, the currents appeared to be horizontal, similar to those of the Bruce Mines ; in which the action appears to have been strongest near the surface. Lake Superior is likewise interesting, in respect of the azoic forma- tions. At the point in Mica Bay there is a phenomenon, most interesting to science. Within the space of one hundred square feet we find several varieties of rock : granites, syenites, porphyry, amygdaloid, greywacke, zeoliths, agates in veins, and nodules, and silicious rocks of schistose structure, lying one over the other in masses which occasionally assume the character of veins, but so indistinctly that it is impossible to discern which is interrupted by another, and which was the primitive formation. On account of the smallness of the space, it is impossible to admit any volcanic action as a cause of this derangement, or any other revo- lution of nature, except the electro-magnetic action afl'ecting in this case, not an extended field, but one isolated point, perhaps by an earthquake or some other accident occurring to divert the ordinary current for a longer or a shorter interval : the residue or remains of the different matters interrupted, subsequently under- going changes depending on their various modes of combination. Above this point both north and south, and at the falls of the River Montreal, there is a similar phenomenon, but less complicated and of a smaller extent. On Lake Superior the mica seems to exist in a state of complete decomposition, among pnrphyric and silicious matters. In this place we meet with, not veins, but mountains of the purest quartz, 250 or 300 feet in height, intersected by a vein of trapp or rather black trappoidal jasper : that is to say, right prisms, forming regular steps. I noticed also the presence of the schorls so well described in the Memoirs of the mines of Sweden and Norway. Nowhere throughout the whole eastern part of Lake Superior did I find any trace of schists, except in the neighbour- hood f:f Goulais Bay. I found only granite, syenites, porphyry, greywacke, quartzose rocks, quartz nearly pure, ialln, sandstone, and jasper. At the north-eastern extremity, in the neighbourhood of the River Michipi- coten the rocks assume the schistose character, without, however, becoming schist, properly so ciilled. On the left bank, at the mouth of the river, there is a brook issuing from a small lake, and appearing nearly parallel with the River Michipi- coten. At this place I foun3 whatever of enforeinii; llie law, and thus mining companies or associations are deprived ol nil protection, and exposed to great injustio.: on tlie part of j)e()j)le who li:iv(^ nothing to fear IVoiii the conmussion of crime; this lias the edict of causing all th(} manual lahor to be procurt-d from the American side, thus impeding the progress of Com- panies on the Canada side. With re.'erence to the general interests of the mines, I have now only to point out to you tli:i places so important in navigation, at which vossels loadt'd with the produce of the lakes may find a shelter. I'etvveen Lake Huron and the Otter Head Islands there are only two, and they have been given up to the Jndian:4 by tho Government; one is in the Indian territory, iNo. 15, and tlic othe, in i\o. 2. Michipicoten Island has but one safe harbour, situated on the south sid'j, in the 86lh degree ot longitude, west from Greenwich. The possession of territcn-y No. 15, appc'ars to mo of the very liighcst importance for the protection oi' the fisheries, which of themselves almost e(pial the mines in value and importance, and which would mider any circumstances be of immense assistance in the support of the increasing populatioji in these latitudes, dcjmvcd as they a.e of agricultural produce. The antiquity of the mines to the north east of Liike Superior is evidenced by visible proof. Works may be seen at Mamains wtiich nmst cr ore, but also its use by the savages of the place at a very remote period. It c!ousii)sitive information as to the richness of these ioeations, they should allow a sufficient ])eriod of time, not only to make a report of the naimv of the encasing rocks, bul also of the correct position of the veins vviih resj)eet to their true direction, their power, tht; luxmber of principal and secondary veins, also to analyse the composition of the ore and that of the nicks. Without this, any person desirous of tnaking an exact and detailed report, would, unless he confined himself to a general description, be often forced to contradict himself to the prejudice, without his wishing it, of the general interests of the mines of the coimiry as wcU as those of capitalists. The copper of the liruce mines is generally a sulphuret ii. compact diorit'c rock. I also remarked that there was a t()nnation of amygdaloid quartzite. It would be of the highest importance to shew what control or rather what influence this rock and the absetiec of schorl exirt in the formation of copper ore. As I remained there but a short time, I shull abstain from giving a decisive opinion. If I enter ii\to more details respecting tlie mines of Lake Superior than those of Lake Huron, my reason for so doing is because I have had more time to observe the nature of the fortnations, and have been able to form a more correct opinion of the richness and nature of the mines, having had a greater field for my observations. ^ear the Bruce mines is the Wellington location, a tributary of the Bruce minei, where a great deal of work has been done. During the short lime I remained there I was unable to note the character of one of the best localities. Copper is found in Copp r Harbour, not far from the Wellington mines. This vein comes out of the lake, aud extends several feet on terra firma, but is soon cut o!f and no further trace whatever can ha found of it. I do not think that this vein has changed its direction, but I am of opinion that it owes its existence to one of those accidents to which 1 have bef )re alluded in this report, that is to say that it is a species of residuur , of the d:}co!np)sition of mineral matter which has under- gone a less complete or more tardy electro-magnetic action than the general mass. In going up towards Lake Sn]>erior on the south side of the lie dti Camp des Onrs, white stone is found, this may be of great utility, as it serves admirably for hot furnaces. In the nort'ii east portion of Lake George there exists refractory clay The northern and eastern portion of tiiis lake as well a< that of the little lake St. George is held by Indians, except that portion which is on the river St. Maurice ; it is the most fertile and perhaps the most important of all the locations west of Lake Huron. The land is superior in (piality for agricultural purposes to any of that near the United States, both with regard to the richness of the soil and as its posi- tion, it being protected against the nor.h and north-west winds by a chain of hills; these hills contain lime of the best quality. C(»pper ore should be found there, not only in the sulphurelteJ but even in thj native state, because this chain of hills is of the same nature and character as that on Lake Superior. This place is one of the most important on Lake Huron, not only on account of the fisheries, but also as being a post. I went through the woods a distance of seven miles from the ri- ver, ami am of opinion that a means of communication might easily be established between Guulaid aud fiaichcewauanong Bays, Garden River and Echo Lake, in case :ilj ' "J ' M. communication were required belwcen Lake Superior and the river Tassalon which runs in the rear of the Bruce mineR. That part of the chain of hills which extends from Gros Cap, on Lake Superior, to Lake George, crosses a part which abounds in mines of different kinds. From the observations I made upon the nature and direction of the rocks, I do not think that I am mistaken when I say that anthracite coal ought to be found on the north •ide of that chain of mountains. It appears to me that the purchase of the location upon which is situated No, 14 of the Indian Reserves, that is to say, that part which is situate upon Lake St. George, Lake St. John, and Echo Lake, would be of the highest importance to Ca- nada, as the junction of the extreme west of Lake Huron with the extreme east of Lake Superior. This part of the country, after careful survey, should be divided into lots suitable for the working of mines and also for agricult;:ral purposes, and in that manner a means of communication would be opened between the two Lakes. At the entrance of Lake Superior the aspect changes completely, not only with respect to the scenery, but also as regards the nature of the rocks and the climate. Gros Cap, which is at the south-cast extremity of the Lake, is 700 feet in height, it contains native copper and is composed of porphyritic rocks of amygdaloid grey wacke and describes an arc in its direction towards Lake Huron. The Bay of Goulais is separated from the Bay of Batcheewauanong by a point formed of new red sandstone. Opposite to those Bays are ahnalcd Les lies aux Sables f where we also find red sandstone, part of which is completely discoloured and almost white. It is in a direction of 150° and inclined towards the north east and by east. The white sandstone which in a stale of decomposition becomes sand, contains in the splits or veins black sand composed of magnetic iron, titanic iron, zircon and small garnets. Between Batcheewauanong Bay and Goulais Bay fossils are found which are of a genus altogether different from those to be found upon Michipicoten Island. In a little bay between Batcheewauanong Bay and the location of Messrs. McCollagh & Scote, which is often used by bateaux as a place of shelter from the north wind, I found specimens of native copper in the fragments of rocks carried down by the mountain streams. From thence, going northward, we find that beau- tiful spot called Mamains, where the locations of Messrs. Ryan McDonald, Hugh Allan, A. Allan, Edmonston and others, are situated. I found Mr. J. Catsworth and several men working the mines on Mr. W. 0. Meredith's location. I was delighted to see works in operation, for I had then an opportunity of verifying the correctness of my observations on the spot. Be- fore going to the place where the operations are carried on, 1 examined the rocks in the neighborhood and informed Mr. Catsworth of my observations and conclusions regarding the direction and nature of the ore, according to the theory before enun- ciated. He, having the experience, by surveys and the examination of the country, acquired in a whole season, was surprised at their precision. The next day we went together over the ground where the works have been coitimeneed at tie distance of a mib and a half. Before descending, I pointed out the spot where I supposed the veiri should increase in size and be dievelopeU. I tracked its distance and course, and everything turned out in accordance with my eahsulations. However, for my own proper satisfaction, I went down into a sort of well to examine with mote precision. I measured by means of an aneroilbl barometer, the height of the mountain from which the native copper in veins n et- trwt^, outofah old Indian well ; the height is 269 f^t above the levalof the laira. THelbrrniila I iited to calculate its height is JJJ 45,000**. ^_^ ^^'.iponper foundit Mamains ebhtaitts iil^^r and ahb traiciJa of gttld. To llite ^wtlr6%Mftm*feVviih of tad whi^ is, Irs^^sr, 1^^ 21 W.O. icn an Be- rocks lusiona enun- >untry, into noiM lake. Hit Its presence under these rircnmsianccs renders more certain ihe exii>tenco ft argeniifcrous copper ore which will hereafter beconrje more profiiable. Cobalt i^ al.xo to be found with copper in one of the veins, and ai a lew milon distance ill the north east direction there is a saline spring. proceeding from Mamains, towards the north by the lake, the rock-* are of a different forniaiion, and at la Fointe aux Mines the sandstone i(« ot'slaiy structure l\ing in a direction of 339^, inclined towards thi> south west, and cro>s d by lines in a direction from west to east ; it is r>lightly amygduloidal. Ih* ainygdaloids are of a quartzy nature and often crystallized; someiinic!^ they consist 01 agates or jaspers. It is in this rock that aie found Ihe veins of zinc known as '' Black Jack" by the English miners, that is to say, ferriferous zinc. This vein nins in a direction of 160* and inclines 30*. At Mica Bay several houses have been built, the comrn ncement of a town. Ci.esite is beautiful in point of view, but the access to it is very dilficult, evrn fcr small canoes, muCritions. Parties are compelled to take a certain detinite extent of land xvbich is called a location, contiguous to some other location. This tract often contains but a very small portion of ore, and thus persons interested in the uiines aie afraid of incurring useless expense, because as the limits are fixed before- huri'I, they run the risk of incurring expenses to the profit of some other person XV h > may be waiting the result attained by his neighbours. Government should nVvW parties to take locations, not those contained within the straight lines traced to iidieale^^rtain extent of land, but according to the plan of the position of the mii.es made out by the applicants; subject to careful examination as to its correct- ne«^« ; Ufider this system both the Government and capitalists would obtain great advanf^es ; for parties wishing to invest stock in mines would choose those places tvhi'tfa they fancy would insure to them fulnre benefits, and would not be forced to miKe inelftis pmcbasM of several miles of anproductive land whilst iheir tstpita) might be laid out ehtewheis to graater advantage. Besides, it often hap- picNtt*, tbiitt'ftAer having tnadeditlMiMenMBtft and incurred expenses in the auivey, ii! Hi' i^ 22 if they have ihc good fortune to find a mine they are deprived of ihe benefits whieh might result therefrom, whilst others who have hazarded nothing reap the profits. 1 am therefore of opinion that if the present mode of granting these locations be continued, the development of mining interests cannot progress so rapidly as if Ihe plan I have just suggested were adopted ; the advantages which the Government lias a right to expect on account of the wealth of the country and its direct and indirect influence upon the prosperity and extension of the difl'erent branches of trades will be more than retarded ; for credit would thus be com- pletely destroyed and the cap'tal heretofore invested would be entirely lost. To th3 noilh of Mica Bay is the river 3Iontreal, here the rocks are of a different nature. Those to the rear of Poinle Agivany run in a direction of 70°, and those extendingfrom the river Montreal in a direction of 130®, uniting almost perpendicularly. After these are the Gargantua rocks which present indications of great promise as regards mineral wealth. Near the Bay ol Agivany, there is a vein of trappoidal jasper in a direction of 240°, of great density, almost equal to that of iron. It is three fnetand a half in breadth ; ils crystulliziition is a rectangular parallelopiped and its position in the vein is such that one of its sides is perpendicular, and the other perfectly horizontal. This vein is sunk in a hill, the rocks composing which consist of quartz which is almost wliiie. On the east side is a sitnilar vein lOO feet in breadth but which is not however, of so compact a nature, for it appears to be in a stale of partial decomposition. To tho north of Gargantua, the roeks assume a dillerent character and are in another state of gradual decomposition as far as the river Mii hipicoten. At Cape Choyer the rocks run nearly east and north ; at Point Brul6, the feldsputhic sandstone runs 328° with an inclination towards the south. There is at Gargantua red sandstone, granite, and amygdaloid, which 1 es in the direction of 310° and towards the river Pakazoizibi, In one of the Gauganlua Islands is to be found amygdaloid grcywacke completely decomposed into black sand, with agates also in a state of decomposition. This sand is very pure and it difl'ers in character from the others. It is rough to the ttmch and contains no silex or iron like that at the river Montreal and Michipicoten. Ill the vicinity ol'the river Michipicoten tiie rocks are ot ti schistose nature iind the sanil in the river is .luriferous. I found puri;icle.s of gold in severul places, not, lu>wever, in sutficient quantity to be worth cr- lance for mining purposes, as I was prevented from examining the country, on ac- count of its being an Indian Reserve. In the direction of the river Doi6e, that is, to the north west side ot" it, I noticed ainygd doid il sandstone. The amygd iloi Is aro of a phosphoric character ; it appears that this port of the country is'uudct the iu> 23 on. To are ir fluince of two currents, one from the north cast to the soiiih west nnd the other Jrotn the south east to the north west. The sandstone is in a tratis^ition stHRe and filled with iron pyntts and is ranged into small veins. To the right (fflie river Doree there is a formation of talcnse schist contMining quartz and iron pyrites in a crystallized state. To the north of the river d la C/iit'/me, there is a fu'rinaticm of talco-quartzose schist which runs in a direction of 145"=' intersected by a rock of gneiss in the direction nf (JO" these roeksare intersected by jaspers of" diilercnt colors ; I, however, did not meet with any agatiferous formatii,n or native copper • I found copper only in veins in the state of sulphuret. ' In passing the river d la Chienne the formailons take a more determined direction and stimulate the activity of the formation of Mamains ; those which exist between river d la Chienne and the river Michipicoten have completely changed their nature. The'Island of Michipicoten and the Kays of Mamains, Gargantua. and Jlica, are worthy of the greatest attention with respt-ct to their mineral wealih and each of those places should be examined more carefully. lam of opinion that Mamains and the Island ol' Michipicoten are locations of the first class for mining purposes. Gargantua and Mica Bays are very difficult places to be worked unless the fornmt ions in the rear are of a more uniform nature. Gargantua and Mica Bays form a sort of knot where the currents meet, and although they present every appearance ol wealth I am of opinion that they are very limited in extent. The Island of Michipicoten is interspers:ed with veins of every species of barytes jaspers, agato^. and carbonate of crystallized lime. The amygdaloid zeolitic greywacke is fil'ed with native copper. In one place I ordered oiu! of my men to take 100 lbs. of rock and to break it up with hammers upon the stones. As the work was a very long and fatiguing one from the want <»f tools I caused one half to be taken away. The 50 lbs. of rock contained native copper from the finest dust to pieces several inches in diameter. The most common stale however, is that of zeolite. The 50 lbs. of r<»ck that was broken when well washed contained 10 lbs. of copper; there is also native copper in red sand stone. This island seems to contain a very productive formation of copper. To the north of the Island I saw no copper in veins but in one place only. The richest formation is on the west and south sides. On my arrival at the Island, I mot with hi:. Jo^-^ph L. Wilson, the Superintendent of the Quebec Mining Company, who, notwithstanding the strenuous exertions which he uses in the working of the mines, will have great difficulty in completely satisfying the shareholders. One should be on the spot to form a correct idea of the numberless obstacles which obstruct progress. It woul 1 be a difficult task to enumerate them, and no one but a person accustomed to visit foreign regions at the time of their earliest settlement, can describe them. I think it my duty to state my opinion that unless the Government grant the Company and those parsons who devote themselves to the working of the mines in this new 001 .'ry, all the assistance in llii^ir power, they will be unable to continue the works notwithstanding the almost heroic efforts which they have used ; for, besides the risk to which capitalists expose their fortunes in -tpening new resources to the country, the workmea have to undergo all manner of privations and fatigue such as neces sarily attend a new settlement in this barren and uninhabited country, besides the very laborious task of working the mines. The Islands of Michipicoten and Mamains are in my opinion, places which hold forth t^ie best induceiients to the miner. They possess ail the characteristics of mineral wealth. Several species of rocks contain native copper, k s to be found in every state, from its first appearance in molecules to pieces of several pounds in weight. The rocks are softer than those upon the main land and coa> sequently are more easily worked. After a survey and a minute examination of the positions of the rocks and of I heir nature, it would hot be a difficult task to decide which localities possess the 'I • H \h Ill gfreatest mineral vvoallh. In this island copper is found not only on the surface but even baneath tiie mountains, and it is probable that it might be found in veins The proof thai the mineral wealth of this place will hereafter be of the greatest im- portrince, is thut the rocks contain a talcosc serpentine which appears in the crystallization of the rocks. The hulk of zeolitic matter, both amygdaloid and in veins, agates, and copper, when it seems to have become the principal component of the formation, takes the character of the bodies which compose it. It takes the place of the zeolites and a species of cupriferous amygdaloid sand stone. I shall refrain from entering into a detailed description. This would require competent leisure and not a flying visit such as mine. In a general survey of several hundreds of miles in a very brief space of time, it is probable that I may have passed over several characteristics which might induce me to modify my opinions were I to enter into a more strict examination. As I have already said, I might contradict myself; and the interests already involved are too serious and im- portant to allow me to make any assertion which might not be susceptible of proof. 1 think nevertheless that I have made asufGoient survey and have collected evident proof enough to shew that the Canadian portion of Lake Superior contains a real anl not accidental formation of mines of native copper as well as of oth#r metals of the highest value and that these mines will s(>on be sufficiently advanced to com- pete with all others. I was obliged to return from the Island of Michipicoten on account of the lateness of the season. In presenting you this Report, Sir, I beg you to receive the assurance of the respect with which, I have the honor to be, • Your most humble and obedient servant, (Signed,) Db ROTTERMUXD. Formerly a pupil of the Central School at Paris, and member of the Geological Society of France. m fill SI ^^'»^<>IWI>I»»W ».»*.■■ I.. IW IB. '/■•' iU.:i /■■■■ - I ■',v;\o; ■ ;[ r -ill. :t . f " ".li] ': n ■■■;•' 'wf ■-•:!- 'j^^ii*