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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre raproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmi d partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droits, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TESif CHART (ANSI and iSO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ii£ 3.6 14.0 1.4 III 2.5 I 2.2 2£ J.8 1.6 ^ ^P' -n IIVMGE inc 1653 East •'ain Street F-^chester, r .w York 14609 USA (7\6) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax CAT^A^DTAK ttlSTQlY N0TES — ri)R- JUNIOR PUPILS. BY GKOKGE MOIK, I'lUNCIPAL ST. MARYS PUIJLIO SCHOOLS. PUBLISHED BY H. FRED. SHAR-P, HOOKSKI.LKH, SI. MAIIYS, SECOND EDITION. Sonliou, ©nt. AltVERTlSKK PRlNTINt. AND J'l IlIJSHINC! COMHANV, KK'ir.MoM) STUKKT. JS83. CANADIATnT HISTORY NOTES -FOR- JUKIOR PUPILS. BY GEORGE MOIR, PRINCIPLE ST. MARYS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. PUBLISHED BV H. FRED. SHARP. BOOKSELLER, ST. MARYS ICoubon, Ontario: ADVERTISER PRINTING & PUBLISHINO CO, 1883 Entered according to the Act of Parliament of the Dominion of Canada, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Eighty, by H, Fred. Sharp, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture. f The following Notes are designed for the use of the Third and Fourth Class Pupils of our Public Schools, Only the most important events in the History of Canada are referred to, and that in a manner the most brief possible. GEO. MOIR. St. Marys, 1880. INTRODUCTORY. 1. The Three Estates of the British Realm arc the Sovereign, the Lords and the Commons. 2. The Legislature, in Canada, also consists of three branches : The Governor General (who repre- sents the Soverei ,n), the Senate, and the House of Commons. Those throe branches nuut give thoir consent to every Bill before it can become law. 3„ The Governor-General is the chief executive officer. He assembles, prorogues and dissolves Par- liament, and assents to all Bills not reserved for Her Majesty's pleasure. 4. The Senate corresponds to the House of Lords in England. It may originate Bills not relating to the revenue, and may reject any Bill passed by the Commons. 5. The House of Commons consists of representa- tives chosen by the »^lectors in counties, cities and towns. It controls the revenue and expenditure of the nation. 6. The Executive of the Dominion consists of the Governor-General and a Cabinet or Ministry of thirteen members. Canadian History NoTif^. I 7. A Cabinet or Ministry is a collective body of statesmen selected by the Prime Minister, who, with him, direct the government of the nation. By cotislitutiowHl usaee the members of a Britiish or Canadian Cabinet must have seats in Parliament, and their r pinions on the leading questions of the tiniea must agree in the main with the opinions of the majority of the House of Commons. The Ministers are answerable to Parliament for all tbeir acts. This in what is termed Resj)on8ible Government. 8. The Premier or Prime Minister is the prin- cipal Minister of State. He is chosen by the Sover- eign (or representative), and is the head of the Cabinet or Ministry, 9. A Parliament is the legislative assembly of the House of Lords, or the Senate and the House of Commons, 10. The Speaker is the individual chosen by the Commons to preside over their actions while in session. 11. A Session is the part of the year during which Parliament deliberates over the affairs of the nation and frames laws. 12. A Bill is a statement of a proposed law. 13. An Aci OF Parliament is a Bill that has been passed or agreed to by both Houses, and to which the the signature of the Sovereign, or the Governor has been attached. 14. To Adjourn Parliament is to grant the mem- bers recess for a certain time, at the end of which there had been no adjournment. Canadian History Notes. 15. To Prorogue Parliament is to stop its work for the session. 16. To Dissolve Parliament is to dismiss the mem- bers finally, after which a new election must take place. 17. Journals of the House are the books in which the minute.s or records of the deba^^os and doings of each day are kept. 18. The Privy Council of Canada consists of the Ministers and ex-Ministers. 19. An Order in Council is a regulation made by the Ministry, independent of Parliament, having the effect oi law. 20. The Civil List is the money required for the maintenance of the Sovereisrn's household. 21. A Parliamentary pposition is the collec live body of members who oppose the Ministry or the 'measures of the Government, and whose leaders usually succeed to power on the dissolution of the existing Cabinet. Wheu a Ministry is defeated on any important Bill it rcsignu The usual course then is for the Sovereif?n (or representative) to send for the Leader of the Opposition, and to entrust him with the formation of a now Goven.- iiient or Cabinet. 2 2. Politics is the science of civil government. 23, Political Economy is the science which explains the principles of National Wealth. 24. Trial by Jury is th% trial of alleged criminals by a body of individuals impartially chosen from the community. Canadian History Notes, The dutj- of the Jury consists in determining whether the charges against the prisonor are proven. It is an Anglo-Saxon institution, and forms an important aofegnar 1 agiinst arbitrary power. 25. An Abs lute Monarchy is that form of gov- ernment by which the supreme powjr is lodged in the hands of a single person, as in Russia. 26. A Limited Monarchy is that form of govern- ment in which the will of the Sovereign is limited by a constitution, as in Britain. 27. A Republic is a State in which the exercise of the Supreme power is vested in representatives elected by the people, as in the United Sates. 28. la the British House ol Commons, there are 658 members, distributed as follows : England and Wales 493 members Scotland 60 " Ireland .. ...105 " Total 658 *' 29. In the Canadian House of Commons there are 211 members, distributed as follows : Ontario 92 members Quebec 65 " New Brunswick 16 " Nova Scolia 21 " Manitoba 5 " British C'ijlunibia. C '• Prince Edward Island 6 *' Total 211 OA.lSrA.lDXA3^T H[I^TOJ^*Y. CHAPTER I. EARLY VOYAGES. 1. The Continent on which we live, and which we call America, was, until about four hundred years ago, inhabited only by savages and wild animals. The Europeans, or white people, knew nothing of it. They were aware that a vast ocean lay to the west of Europe and Africa, but no mariner had dared to cross it. Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, in Italy, believed that it was the same sea that washed the east coast of Asia, and decided to try if a shorter way to India could not be found by sailing westward. Accordingly, on the 3rd day of August, 1492, he left Palos with three ships, the Pinta, the Nigna and the Santa Maria, fitted out by Isabella, Queen oi Sjxv'n, and on the 12 th of October he discovered San Salvador, one of the Bahami Islands. 2. The mainland of America was discovered by John Cabot, a merchant of Bristol, who was sent out by Henry VII. of England to make discoveries. He visited Newfoundland and the adjacent coast, 1497. along all the coast from Labrador to Florida. 10 Canadian History Notxs, i I 'i ■11 3. The first Explorer of Canada was Jacques Cartikr, a Frenchman. He left St. Malo i534> with the idea of discovering a North West Passage to India and China. He shortly afterwards entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and took possession of the coast for France. 4. In 1535 Cartier made a second voyage west- ward. He sailed up the St. Lawrence to the Indian Capitol Stadacona where he was kindly received by the natives. He left his ship in the harbour of St. Croix, the mouth of the present St. Charles, and p o- ceeded in boats up the river to Hochelaga which was situated on the site ot the present city of Mon- treal. Here he found signs ol civilization, houses built and land cultivated. He returned and passed the winter in St. Croix, when his men were attacked with scurvy and many of them died, being ill adapted to the severe climate. 5. In 1540, the king of France appointed Roberval Viceroy of New France — the name given to the country from North Carolina northward — with power to settle it. Being unable to go himself he sent Cartier with a number of settlers in five vessels. He was not so well received by the Indians as before, on account of having carried off a number of them to France on his previous voyage, where they all died. burg. He again visited Hochelaga in boats, and Canadian History Norxa, 11 returned t / the fort where he passed a very uncomfor- table winter. 6. RoBERVAL on his way to Canada, in 1541, met Cartier at Newfoundland returning to France, but could not persu[ de him to accompany the expedition back to Canada. Roberval then proceeded to Cape Rouge and repaired the Fort where he passed the winter. Returning to France in the spring, he left thirty settlers behind who were never after heard of. 7. For the succeeding six years Roberval was engaged in Europe and neglected Canada, but at the end of that time he got ready a great expedition in which his brother Achille and many other young nobles of France embarked. After the expedition started no account was ever heard of its fate. This great loss prevented the French from taking any great interest in New France for nearly fifty years. 8. In 1576 and the two following years, Martin Forbisher made the voyages under Elizabeth, Qaeen of England. He discovered and named portions of the coast, but failed in finding gold or a North West Passage. 9. The first benefit which the Europeans derived from their acquaintance with the New World was from the cod fisheries of Newfoundland. As early as 1517 English, French, Spanish and Portuguesa vessels were engaged in the fishing business. A more important interest, however, was soon developed, viz., the Fur 13 Canadian History Notes. Trade. The forests of North America abounded in fur-bearing animals, and the Indians were very skilled in the pursuit of them. Merchants exchanged the merest trifles for furs which, in Europe, sold for enor- mous prices. These two sources of traffic had very much to do in keeping up a European interest in America. 10. In 1798, France again attempted to settle Canada. The Marquis de la Roche was sent out with a number of settbrs taken from the prisons of Paris. He left fifty of them on Sable Island, a sterile sand-bank off the coast of Nova Scotia. Seven years afterwards only twelve of these were found living. They were brought back to France, pardoned and provided for by the king. 11. It was by private enterprise that the first per- manent settlement was made in Canada. Pontgrave, a merchant of St. Malo, and Chauvin, of Rouen, joined together, in 1599, and undertook to settle five hundred persons in Canada, on condition that the king would grant them a monopoly of the fur trade. Chauvin died in 1603, and his death put an end to the scheme. i^. DeC HASTE, the Govencr 0.' Dieppe, next per- suaded the principal merchants of several towns to organize a Fur Company. Three vessels were fitted o . ^-_J /"•.-. ..~. •... lU<^ ••/^nt tnt^ r\ A .:x¥' r\P t-\\a or»l/-»rt tr out, ailU v^ii\rvn'L.air<, in- ical i\-ruiiu5-i vi t i_ •^■ji.j-.i.j f placed in command of them, 1603. He sailed up the ?! Canadian History Note5«. 13 , St. Lawrence as far as Hochelaga, which he found had dwindled away on account of the emigration of the Hurons to the west. He then returned to France, and found De Chaste dead and the company broken up. He gave a description of the country to the king, who was much pleased with it. 13. In 1604, De Monts undertook to mike a settlement in the New World. He did not enter the St. Lawrence, but founded a small colony on the shore of the bay of Fundy. The whole surrounding coun- try received the name of Acadia. 14. In 1608, Champlain received the command of another expedition bound for America. He sailed up the St. Lawrence, and on the 3rd day of July laid the foundation of the city of Quebec. At that time there was only one other permanent settlement in North America, viz., Jamestown, in Virginia, founded the previous year, 1607, by the English captain, Newport. 15. At the time of the first settlement in Canada, three great nations divided the territory— the Algon- QUiNS, the HuRONS, and the Iroquois. Tne terri- tory of the Algonqains extended along the northern bank of the St. Lawrence, nearly as far west as Mon- treal. The Hurons were more numerous and occu pied what is now known as Ontario. The Iroqjois lived south of the St. Lawrence, occupying the coun- try from the Richelieu to the western extremity of Lake Ontario. They were made up of several smaller 14 Canadian History Notes. I! tribes, from which they afterwards took their name of the Six Nations 1 6. While exploring the country up the St. Law- rence, Champlain met with a body of Algonquins with whom he formed an alliance in this war against the Iroquois. He proceeded with them up the Richelieu and discovered Lake Champlain. A battle took place in which the Iroquois were defeated. This was the commencement of the Iroquois'intense hatred of the French. He then returned to France. 17. In 1 6 10 Champlain again visited Canada, and renewed the alliance with the Algonquins. In 16 11 he selected the site of the present city of Montreal for another settlement. 18. Several of the influential nobles of France now took an interest in Chaftiplain's colony, among whom was the Prince of Conde, who was made Viceroy. He delegated all his powers to Champlain, including a monopoly of the fur trade. Champlain was made Deputy Governor of Canada in 16 12. 19. In 16 15 Champlain went up the Ottawa, crorsed over the country by way of lakes Nippising and Huron and returned to Quebec by way of Lal^e Ontario and the river St. Lawrence. 20. The Company of One Hundred Associates was organized by Cardinal Richelieu then prime minister of France, 1627. This company undertook to send out a large number of settlers and to provide ^ ir them with all requisites for three years, after which ..; e land with sufficient grain for seed was to be given them. In return the Kirg made over to the company the fort and settlement of Quebec. The office of Viceroy was done away with, and Champlam was made Governor, ,r. In 1628, war broke out between France and England, and Sir David Kirke was sent out by Charles I. to conciuer Canada. He captured the company's vessels laden with stores, and in the follow- ing year, 1629, took Quebec, which remained in possession of the English until the treaty of Sr. Germain-en Lave, 1632, when Cmada, Acadia and Cape Breton were given back to France. Champlam was again made Governor, and managed affairs witii prudence and courage till his death, 1635. He had identified himself with the progress of Canada for nearly thirty years, and his death was the most serious loss that the young colony had yet sustained. ENGLISH COLONIES IN AMERICA, 1635. Virginia founded by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1607. New York, founded by the Dutch, 1609, but con- quered by the English, 1659. Massachusetts, settled by the Pilgrim Fathers, 1620. 16 Canadian History Notes. New Hampshire, settled in 1623. Rhode Island, settled from Massachusetts, 1631 Maryland, settled by Catholics under Lord Balti- more, 1634. Pensylvannia, was founded nearly half a century afterwards by William Penn, 1668. CHAPTER II. FROM THE DEATH OF CHAMPLAIN TO THE OVERTHROW OF FRENCH RULE IN CANADA— INDIAN AND COLONIAL WARS. I. After the death of Champlain the Iroquois became very poweiful. The Algonquins were humbled and the Hurons were nearly destroyed. About 1647, attempts were made to form a defensive fclli ce between the French and English Colonies, but failed. The Iroquois became masters of Canada about 1650. The Hurons fled in every direction, and these who remained were completely destroyed. Canadian History Noifh. 17 2. The city of Montreal was founded in the year 1642 by Maisouneuve, and was for some time known by the ame of " Villa Marie." 3. The English settlements, on the Atlantic coast, progressed much more rapidly than did those of the French in Canada, chiefly owing to the fact that they devoted themselves almost entirely to agricultural pursuits, while their French neighbors spent most of their time hunting and (ur trading. 4. In 1663 A Royal Government was formed in Canada, the Company of One Hundred Associates having been compelled to resign all their powers into the hands cf the king. The government was to con- sist of the Governor, the Intendant, the Bishop, and five leading residents. The laws of France called the " Custom of Paris" became the legal code, and courts of justice were established in Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers. Hitherto the "Fur Companies" had exercised the chief power, and though exceeding- ly zealous in the promotion of their own selfish inter- ests, they were utterly regaidless of the general welfare of the colony. The Royal Government then, by giving the settlers some share in the management of their own afifaiis, was a great improvement, and as a consequence " New France" rapidly ioxreased in numbers and rose into consideration and importance. c. In the £anie year. 1663.-. a remarkable series of Earthquakes occurred. They extended over the 18 Canadian History Notes. i whole surface of Canada, reccurring two or three times a day, and I tinj' early six months. Not a single human life \s .. '' Howr er exaggerated the vari- ous reituHioi the. ' convulsion i are, there is no doubt but the? entirely chunged the features of the country from Montreal eastward to the sea. 6. TBie most important )f the early French Gov- ernors o/ Canada was CouNi DE ^'rontenac. He was a great bOi Her and an able euierprising ruler. One of his first acts was to complete the fort at Ca- TARAQUi, near the present site of Kingston. When finished he called it Frontlnac— the name still given to the county in which Kingston is situated. 7. During the administration of Frontenac the In- tendant, 'I'alon, a man of brilliant talents, heard from some Indians thnt beyond the great lakes a mighty river flowed towards the south. Eager to ascertain the truthfulness of the report, Talon despatched westward I party of eight, led by Father Marquette and an ad- venturous merchant of Quebec named Joliette. They proceeded to Lake Michigan, thence crossing the country they discovered the object of their search, the great silent Mississippi, the "Father of Waters," 1673. They sailed down its stream in birch-bark canoes till the confluence of the Arkansas was passed then fearing capture by the Spaniards they turned ind conaaenced a homeward journey, Marquette spent some time as a missionary among the Indians Cahadian Hwtory Notks. 19 to the south of Uk; Michigan, and died at Mac- kinaw on his way home. 'M the whole pari) Joliette alone returned to Quebec, where he told u . .nrilling story of this most wonderful expedition— the dangers encountered, the suffering endured, the glorious re- suits. 8. Fired with the soul-stirring narrative, a French nobleman named La Salle hastened to France to organize another expedition. This he soon succeeded in doing, and receiving a commission from the King to proceed with the exploration he immediately embarked for Quebec. Arriving there, Father Hennepin, ^ho was to be the historian of the voyage, joined the party and without loss of time a start was made tur the "Far West." At length, in 1682, after suffering innumer- able discouragements and delays, La Salle discended the Mississippi to the sea and took formal possession of the whole country watered by that mighty river for Louis XIV. of France, in whose honor it was named LousiANNA. In 1685, La Salle left France at the head of another expedition consistmg of four vessels and 290 men— this tine resolved to reach the Mis- sissippi by sea. Unfortunately the exact latitude of the river's mouth had not been ascertained. He sailed one hundred leagues too far south, and landing on the coast of Texas he set out for the Mississippi by land, but was soon murdered by his mutinoas tol- , ^ _r„i .,1.. c^airan raliirnpH \Ci tell thC aWiUl lowers, ui v.iiuiu wi")- ^-wtv,!. .v.*-*—-- — -- story of their misfortunes, 20 Canadian History Notes. "i . 9. Frontenac, quarrelling with the Intendant on the question of supplying the Indians with brandy, was recalled to France in 1682, and for several years the history of Canada is nothing but a story of Indian intrigue and cold-blooded massacre. The whole country was laid waste, and the entire French popu- lation of the colony shut up in the forts of Quebec, Montreal and Three Rivers. 10 In 1689, when theaffiirs of Canada had reach- ed the worst, the experienced Frontenac was made Gonemor the second time. Another difficulty had arisen in the meantime, however. The transfer of the Dutch settlements in the State of New York to Great Britain had brought a powerful rival into close com- munication with the Iroquois and neighboring tribes, so that an intense jealousy sprung up between the two colonies as to which should conti ol the western fur- trade. Just at this time, too, Louis XIV., espousing the cause of James II., declared war against Great Britain, and Frontenac was ordered to attack at the same time the Iroquois and the English colonists. This he did with vigor and success. II. The great success of Frontenac roused the English colonists into activity. A congress was called to meet at New York in May, 1690, at which it was resolved to immediately equip two expeditions for the invasion of Canada— a land force under General n INTHROP to attack Montreal, a fleet corairjanded by Canadian History Notes. 21 Sir William Phipps to attack Quebec. The former, from want of provisions and lack of Indian support, retreated without accomplishing anything ; the latter succeeded in taking port Royal in Acadia and several email French posts on the coast of Newfoundland and the lower St. Lawrence, but found Quebec too strong and was forced to retreat after great loss. The Treaty of R^swick, 1697,, brought the war to a close in the mother lands, and restored peace to the co- lonies. In the next year, 1698, Frontenac died m the 78th year of his age, "revered alike by Mend and 'be." Like Champlain he had devoted all his energies ro promote the prosperity of his adoped country. 12. The French founded a settlement at Detroit in 1701. The War of the Spanish Succession broke out in Europe in 1702. Britain and France took op- posite sides and another colonial war was commenced. In America the French Colonists had the best of it. !mt in Europe the great victories of Marlborough so l^.umbled the power of Louis that he readily agreed to the terms of the Tfeaty of Utrecht, i7i3.^y which Newfoundland, Acadia and Hudson Bay Terri- tory were ceded to Britain, together with the nominal .Dvereignty of the Iroquois. The Rocky Mountains were discovered in 1743- 13. The peace which followed the Treaty of Utrecht Listed nearly forty years, during which time Canada jreatly prospered. SiiU the old jelousy between t.e i^' 32 Caxadian History Notes. French and English colonists in America existed as bitter as ever. In 1750 the French Governor built a fort, named Rouille, near where the Toronto exhibi- tion buildings are now situated. This fort was built to counteract the influence of Fort Oswego built by the Governor of New York in 1727. The French also, decided to build a chain of forts from Detroit down the Ohio Valley to the Mississippi to connect Canada and Louisiana, and prevent, entirely, the Enghshfrom dealing with the AVenern fur trader. The British colonists, of course, resisted this encroachment on their territories and the war of the " Boundary Lines" began, 1752, though Britain did not formally declare war against France till 1756. George Wash- ington, of Virginia, afterwards the first President of the United States several times distinguished himself m this war, and we should remember that in these engagements the English colonists were trained for the greater contest which they were, in a few years, to wage against the very men by ^vhose side they now fought hand to hand against the French. 14- In 1756, Montcalm, a brave and skilful gen- eral, assumed the command of the French in Canada, and for a time fortune seemed to smile on all his undertakings. The British generals, Wolfe and Amherst, arrived in 1758. however, and the tables soon turned. The rannr^i^ne .„«.^ j-:.„„ r _ stronghold after stronghold, till at last, Wolfe beseiged Canadian History Nutbs. 23 Quebec where the most memorable contest of the war took place. One dark night, in September, 1759, Wolfe, unnoticed, landed his soldiers nearly three miles above the city, scaled the precipitous bank (almost soo feet high) and when day dawned had his whole army ranged ready for battle upon the Plains of AmtAHAM. Whtn Montcalm heard of Wolfe's unexpected landing he seems to have lost his usual gravity, and with an undue haste, for which it is difficult to account, resolved to cross the St. Charles and meet his opponent on the open field. After a short but desparate struggle, in which both commanders fell mortally wounded, whilst advancing to the last deadly charge at the head of their respec- tive armies, the British troops gained a complete vie- tory. Five days afterwards Quebec Cap-itulated and the British flag was hoisted on the Citadel, Sep- tember i8lh, 1759. I" the following year, 1760, the French general De Levi made an unsuccessful attempt to re-take Quebec. In the same year, 1760, the French Governor surrendered Montreal and all Ca- nada to general Amherst. By the Treaty of Paris signed 1763, France formally ceded the whole of Canada, with the exception of the islands of St. Pierre andMiQUELON,intheGulfof St. Lawrance, to the British Crown. Britain granted civil and religious liberty to the Canadians. They were allowed to re- tain possession of their homes and All 24 Canadian History Notes. i 'II engaged in the war were pardoned. The Indians, friendly to France, were to remain unmolested in thJ possession of their lands. The French population of Canada at the time of the surrender was about 70,000 The Marquis de Vaudreuil was the last French governor of Canada. Cayuoas, ONRIDA8. Ovon^aqaT Srv^^^^^^^^ the Confederacy, vIz.,.Mouawr8 Tc«CAK0KA8, after \S2,rthe;\?;e'cai?cl.. xli'l^fS'S:.^^""' '^ ^»** CHAPTER III. CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. I. General Amherst was the first Governor-General of Canada. The form of government from 1760 to 1774 was what is called Military Rule. All civil and criminal affairs were decided by a "Military Council." This arbitrary government caused much discontent among the Canadians, as they believed it was a violation of the terms of the treaty which insur- ed them the rights of British subjects. To make matters worse, in 1663 French laws were virtually abolished by royal proclamation, and those of Eng- land substituted. AH official appointments were con- ferred upon British-born subjects, and the old French colonists were treated with contempt. Representa- tions of the growing discontent were made to the home government, and in 1774 the "Quebec Act" was ■* Canadian History Notes. 25 'ndians, in the Uion of 70,000. French Nations," MOUAWRS led by the en era 1 760 to I civil ilitary mucli ^ed it insur- make tually Eng- con- ench enta- 10 me was passed, by which French Canadians were allowed to hold office. All disputes relating to property and civil rights were to be settled according to the Cus- toms OF Paris. Criminal cases, however, were to be settled according to Engliuh law. ^. . -o ■ 2 The European and Colonial wars in wliich bn- tain had been engaged previous to th- treatfof .763 were very expensive, and added much to the n.alion s debt 1 .1 1 7 65 the lirilish Government proposed that the American colonists should pay their share ol the increased taxation. The Canadians did not object, but the thirt -en colonies to the South denied the right of the British Legislature to tax them while they were unrepresented in Parliament, and consequently would pay no taxes. The quarrel increased til in October, 1774; the first Congress of what 18 now called the Unued States met in PHiLADELrmA to concert measures for an armed resistance ou the Mother Country. Canada was asked to assist, but refused to take any part in the revolt. In 1775 Congress dis- patched two expeditions to invade Canada-the one under General Montgomery to attack Montreal, the other un.ier General Arnold to attack Quebec Montgoraeiy took Montreal, and then joined Arnold in besieging Quebec. The united armies attemp ed an assault upon the city, but were defeated with the loss of General Montgomery. In the following year the Americans were driven out oi v.auuu«, «..-. ...^"-, Il 26 Canadiant History Notes. no more attempts to take it during the war. On the 4th of July, 1776, the Americans declared their In- DEPENDENCE and the war of the American Revolu- tion continued. George Washington took command of the army. In 1777 the British general, Burgoyne, surrendered at Saratoga with his whole army. In 1782 Gen, Cornwallis with 7000 British troops sur- rendered to Washington at Yorktown, and virtually ended the war. By the Treaty of Versailes, signed 1783, Great Britain acknowledged the independence of t;>? thirteen United States. J. When the thirteen colonies threw off their Allegiance to Great Britain in 1776, many of the inhabitants considered it a wrong act. Rather than take up arms against the Mother Country many of them left comfortable homes and valuable properties and settled in the wilds of Canada, Because they wished to preserve the unity of the empire they were called United Empire Loyalists, or from the initial letters, simply U. E. Loyalists. By this means the population of Canada was increased by about 10,000 and that of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by about the same number. 4. You will remember that the " Quebec Act" of 1774 was passed to satisfy the French population of Canada. At that time, indeed, there were very few of any other nationality in the colony. The Ameri- can Revolution and British emigration, however, Canadun Histoby Notes. 27 rapidly increased tlie English-speaking popula |on :r„g'whom the Act soon became very unpopu 1- They petitioned the home government <>«?"*;. .. CjLbec AC," and ^'^^^^^'^ ^,^^, sentative institutions. The irencli i^ana counter petitions to have it retained. The land east ofMo„treal.too.was held by f^^^^^^^l^^.X^''-, which means that certain gentlemen, called Se.gnors Tecdved large tracts of land, divided them into sn^e portions and allowed any one who wished to set.le rm'to do so on the condition of paying a cer a n vearlv rent. In the West, land was had by free and 'crmmonSoccAOB, which means that each sett er r - ceived a Deed of his land from the government or the oTmer owner, which made him the ^7'"- °X° the oroperty. A consideration of all the.e things au'edThe L^itish government to pass what is called the " roNSTiTUTioNAL Act OP 1791. by which ttie for life and a House of Assembly to be elected r*: usual way by the people. J'- E-u^^ Council for each was to consist of the Go kkno^ and a CAmNEi, nominated by the King. Provision wat also made for the support of a Protestant Clergy^ Tboth Provinces, by setting appart one severer o^ al .. i««^c fnr that Buroose. inese were the governiuwiii i»iivia »-^- i 26 Canadian History Notes. the Clergy Reserves which afterwards caused so much bitter contention. 5, John Graves Simcoe was the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. His first Parliament met at Newark (nov/ Niagara) in 1792. The House of Assembly consisted of sixteen members, and the Legislative Council of seven. The population of the whole Province was about 20,000. These were scat- tered along the St. Lawrence, around the Bay of Qumtie, on the Niagara frontier, and at A^mherstbura. Simcoe did not like to make Newark his capita., as It was so near the frontier. He preferred going further west, and accordingly in 1795 selected the site for a city which was to be called London, on the River De la Trenche, whose name he changed to The Thames. Lord Dorchester, the Governor-General, however wished to make Kingston the capital, but as a sort of campromise, Toronto was chosen the seat of government, 1796. It was then called "York," and is described, in 1795, as consisting of but twelve houses besides the barracks. It now boasts of about 100,000 inhabitants. 6. In the year 1812 the United States declared war agamst Great Britain, and at once invaded Canada The British claimed the right to search American vessels for seamen to serve in the royal navy. The «. ,,„.,,. ^^^„^^.^ ^j^y .^^.^-g .^^g ^y^^^ ^.^^ govern- ment of the Province was entrusted to General Caxadia^t History Notes. 29 Brock, " the Hero of Upper Canada." General Hull, Governor of Michigan, crossed the Detroit River with 2500 men, in July, took possession of Sandwich, but attacked Malden without success. Hearing of the invasion, Brock left Toronto with 200 REGULRAs and 400 MILITIA, and after a toilsome jour- ney by land and water arrived upon the scene, where he was joined by the great Indian chief Tecumseh and 600 of his braves, Meanwhile Hull had retreated to Detroit. Brock crossed the river and beseiged the city, which after a short resistance capitulated, and Hull and his whole army were taken prisoners. In October an American army under General Van Ranseler crossed the Niagara frontier and attacked Queenstown, Brock was promptly on the scene, and a desperate struggle took place in which the Canadian general was mortally wounded while cheering on his men to the attack, f he command devolved on Gen- eral Sheaffe, who gallantly carried the Heights and took all the Americans, who had not been driven over the precipice into the river, prisoners of war. In November the Americans made another attempt to cross the river, but were driven back with loss. The campaign of 18 12 was, in every respect, most humili- ating to the invaders. 7. As soon as the ice had dissappeai ". from Lake Ontario in the spring of 1S13, an American iieet cf fourteen vessels (built during the winter) sailed from ao Canadian Histoiiy Notkh. I- h Sacket's Harbour to attack York (Toronto) and succeeded in taking it. General Sheafle retired to- wards Kingston. From York the Americans sailed to Fort George, at the mouth of the Niagara river, and took it also. General Vincent retreated to Bur- lington Heights. At Stony Creek, while marching to dislodge General Vincent, the Americans were sur- pirsed and defeated by General Harvey. Shortly after this a force of 600 Americans attempted to sur- prise the British Camp at Beaver Dams. Being time- ly warned, however, by a brave lady (Mrs. Secord) who had walked twenty miles to do so, the British officer with only 250 men took them all prisoners. The Americans captured the whole British Naval Force on Lake Erie, on the loth of September. This compelled General Procter and his Indian ally Tecumseh to retreat, up the Thames from Detroit. Finding themselves closely pursued by the American general Harrison, they made a stand at Moravian- town, but were defeated. The brave Tecumseh was killed in the midst of the fight. Proctor retreated in confusion through the wilderness to join Vincent at Burlington Heights. Successful in the West, the Americans planned a grand attack on Montreal. Two armies were to co-operate — one by way of Lake Champlain led by General Hampton, the other by way of the St. Lawrence led by General Wilkinson. xxic ucicui ui iiic Auiiucr ui v^iiAiiiAUGUAY, ana me Canadian Hiotoby Notfji. SI handling whkb the latter got at ' C.RVStER . . .km by the Canadians under Morrison, caused both to retire to Platsburg for the winter. Towards the end of the year the Americans took and burned Niagara, after which by way of reprisal the British general captured and burnt Buffalo. So ended thecampa.gnof .8 3- 8 The campaign of . 8 1 4 opened at Lacolle Mill, near Lake Champlai., by a British g»;"'°"- 5°° strong, defeating 5000 Americans under Oeneral WilkLon. In May the British took Oswego. On the Niagara frontier the invaders were f;^t a time „ore successful. They captured Fort Erie in July and advanced to Chippawa whei. a battle was fought in which the British, under General Riall, were de- feated. General Drummond, who was stationed at Kingston, hearing of Riall's defeat hastened to his as- !utance. The united forces attacked the Americans at LUNDAV'S Lane and defeated tliem, July .5th. This was the hardest fought battle of the whole war General Drummond shortly afterwards besieged the enemy in Fort Erie. On the 5th November the Americans destroyed the fort and «"red across the river, thus entirely abandomng Canada. The British 1 the meantime obtained possession of WASH.NoroN and destroyed the public buildings, but were unsuc- cesslul in their attack on Baltimore and were de- ^ . ^ .. .1.^ u«f*io r>fNrw Orleans. January, 161 5" The Treaty signed at Ghent, December, 1814, ana 32 Canaihan HisTony Notb^. made known at Quebec in March, 1815, by the Gov- ernor-General, Sir George Prevost, terminated this unfortunate war. 9. Soon after the war of 1812, '13 and '14, the people of both Upper and Lower Canada became intensely interested in the discussion of two greet questions, viz. : (i) The establishment of Responsi- ble Government ; (2) The Clergy Reserves. By the "Constitutional Act of 1791" the Executive Council of each Province was to be chosen by the King, that is, by the Governor, and was consequently independent of the people's representatives. By that Act the House of Assembly was not allowed to con- trol the revenue or expenditure. The executive, therefore, might refuse to sanction, or might even do the very opposite of that which the people desired. The Assembly being unable to " Withhold the Supplies" had little control in the legislation of the country. At first the Executive Councils did not do so badly, but after a time having to render no account of their actions they began to act as they pleased, utterly regardless of the country's interests. The chief government offices were filled with the members of a few families who, through frequent intermarriages, were caMed the Family Compact. The " CoQstitu- tional Act of 1791" also set apart one-seventh of all thf» land — amounting, in Ontario alone, to 2.t;oo.ooo acres — for ** maintaining the Protestant religion iii Canadian History Koti 3:i Canada." This the Executive Council interpreted to mean the Church of Eng\ ^ as that was the religion established by law in Britain. The majority of the people of Upper Canada being largely composed cf DissENTEKS claimed that this was unfair, and that all Protestant denominations should slurc alike. Ill 1836 the ftclingon this subject was intensified by the Executive Council quietly creating Fifty Seven Rectories of the Chuich of England, and providing for Ibeir maintenance from this source. The Assem- blies, lime after time, petitioned the Home Govern- ment to legislate for the removal of their grievances, but the great influence of the Executive Councils and the " Family Compact" succeeded in dela)ing, for many years, the desired relief. In the meantime the agitation went on, yearly becominp; mo:e determined, till, unfortunately, in the fall cf 1837, a number of the extreme oppositionists, led in Upper Canada by Wil- liam Lyon Mackenzie, and in Lower Canada by L. J. Papineau, summoned their followers to arms in order to effect, if possible, a separation from the mother country. This insurrection was called the «* Canadian Rebellion." 10. The first outbreak of the " Rebellion" took place in Montreal, where a band of Rebels was put to flight, though without loss of life, in November, 1837. Warrants were immediately issued for the arrest of the leaders, but the most of them escaped. A tew risings were attempted in other parts of Lowe. 34 CASiUUS UlSTOKV KoTliS. finaaa but they cere easily quelled and order was Canaaa, but tney Rebel leaders soon restored. In Upper (-anau ,u„, nuroo=e decided to attack Toronto, and f^^^l^ P" ^^^^ ordered their followers to asse.n le a . Uc.^ca^ ^^ ;;:;°-.r^^ora:;;:o^;rs«nder.andin«^ ; officers caused a delay which caused the oy a. s of Toronto to make some 1''-^?^^^''°"/;' f^. H.vL collected a small militia force, Colonel (alter llTd IkaII. McNa.) n..rched .gainst the ms,.- ; ts and completely routed them, Dccen.br 1 .B37. An attempt ^XTendt the' United nirrklv put down. Mackenzie u^^ ^S^^^es where he was joined ^ ^ ^^f^^^ possession of Na" l^'-A^ ' ^^^^^^ ,^p. intending to invade Canada. '^'"° „ ■ „„ lured their supply steamer the ' ^^''°"^',' f ^f.^r- fi.e and allowed it to go over the ial Is. Soon af e wards the " Patriots'' were obl.sed to leav th -« . rau::s::r.rr:ised,andhel^^^^^^^^^^^ ,earthe'-KebellioiV-.asenoe^^^ i;=e7%^."t::: :"stheAsscmh.ym^^^^ ':.Titl;irbehalf.andagencr,d pardon was offered '-'"""■•,"■"""• ,A iMrincau and Mackenzie reiurneu r(;i:ra::r:to"er.e..ers of Parliament. Canadian History Notes. 36 r was eaders impose called orth of among oyalisls kfence. 1 (aiter- le in sur- fer 6lb, ',on was United ympath- s," took .ra river, Ub cap- set it on on after- he ibland. Patriots'' laces, but lose of the ; the chief note were ubly inter- ^^as offered 3 Le rcl'uincu i^arliament. II. Meanwhile, since 1815, both provinces steadily prospered. In 1816 Common Scuools were estab- lished ill Upper Canada. In 1S17 the first Dank in Canada, that of Montreal, was opened. In 1S24 the ^Canadian Company was organiced, and in the same year the Welland Canal was commenced, having been projected in 18 18 by the Hon. William Merrit. In 1826 Bytown (now Ottawa) was founded by Colonel By. In 1834 "York" was made a city and its name changed to Toronto. William Lyon Mackenzie was its first Mayor. 12. In 1838 Earl Durham was made Governor- General of Canada, with instructions to enquire into the people's grievances. He reported very strongly in favor of a Union of the Provinces and the immedi- ate introduction of Responsible Government. Ini 840 a bill was passed based on the.e recommendations. It became law by proclamation in February, 1841. By it Upper and Lower Canada were united and the Executive (now to be called a Cabinet or Ministry) was made Responsible to the Assembly for all their actions. For a Time Kingston was the seat of Gov- ernment, but in 1844 it was removed to Montreal. In 1842 the famous Ashburton Treaty, between the United States and Great Britain, was signed. By it Britain lost the greater part of the State of Maine, the rich mining district south of Lake Superior and the c.^fpe ot Fort Erie and crossed from the United States at rou Canadian History Notes. 37 marched to a place calleu Ridgeway. There they were met by the Queen's Own Rifles, of Toronto, and the 13TH Battalion, of Hamilton. After a filiarp contest the volunteers were driven from tho field. The invaders did not follow up their advantage but fell back on Fort Erie, and the next morning re- crossed the river. 14. The Union Act of 1840 provided for equal representation of the Provinces. The population of Upper Cmada, however, increased much more rapidly than did that of her sister province. The census of 1861 gave the former nearly 300,000 inhabitants more ihan the latter, and an agitation began at once for a proportionate representation, or, as the politicians put it, " Representation by Population." This agita- tion paved the w y for the Confeder\tion ot the Provinces, which was accomplished in 1867 by the Imperial Farliameiit passing The British North America Act. By this Act the Provinces of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were constituted one DoM!Ni()N,called Canada. The name Upper Canada was changed to Ontario, and that of Lower Canada to Quebec. The Act became law July ist, 1867, hence " Dominion Day," The Province of M nitoba joined the Dominion in 1870, British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward Island in 1873. Lord Monk was the first Governcr of the Dominion, Sir John A. Macdonald the first Premier. The Dominion Governmekt has charge of Ik 38 Canadian History Notes. the affairs which concern all the provinces, such as the defence of the country, trade and commerce, banking, &c. Each Provincial Legislature deals only with the affairs of itr, own province, such as the rejrulation of municipal institutions, education, licenses, &c.^ The following have been Governors of the Domirion since Confederation : — 1. Lord Monk from 1867 to 1868 2. LordLisgar " 1868 '^ 1872 3. LordDufferin" 1872 " 1878 4. Lord Lome '* 1878 " Present. The Following have been the Lieutenant-Governors of Ontario since Confederation :— 1. Hon. W, r. llowland, 2. Hon. John Crawford, 3. Hon. D. A. Macdonald, 4. Hon. J. B. Robinson, The population of Upper Canada in 1841 was 465,000 1851 '' 952,000 1861 '•' 1,4961000 1871 " 1,620,000 1881 " 1,914,000 a (( It (( (( *( i< (< <( a (f (( (( t EXAMINATION PAPERS. NO. I. 1. When and by whom was America discovered ? 2. Tell briefly the story of the discovery of Cana Canadian Histoky Notes. 30 3. How was Canada governed from 1760 to 1763 ? From 1763 to 1791 ? From 1791 to 184 1 ? From 1841 t'.j 1867 ? 4. What caused the Reldiion of 1837 and '38 ? 5. Who were the United Empire Loyahsts ? 6. Explain the following terms: — Rtsponbible Gov- trnnien, Clergy Reserves, Confederation, Cabinet, Premier. 7. Name the present Governor of Canada, the Premier of the Dominion, the lea^^er of the Opposi- tion in the Commons. For what were the following men noted : — Wolfe Prock, Tecumseli, Champlaiu, Frontenac ? Ko, 2. 1. How often, "when, and by whom has Quebec been beseiged ? Mention result of each siege. 2. Tell briclly the story of the discovery of the Mississippi. 3. How did the American Revolution affjct Canada ? 4. When and by whom was each of the following cities founded -. - Quebec, Kingston, Toronto, Lon- don, Ottawa? 5. Sketch briefly the history of the war of 1812, '13 and '14. 6. Explain the fallowing : Seignorial Tenure, Bi!!, Session, Act of P.irliament, Estates of the Realm. 7. Name the provinces of the Dominion, and tell when each was admitted into the Union. 8. Name the Governors of the Dominion since Confederation. I. Name some of Ontario's battle-fields. 40 Canadian History Notes, 2. Name the principal provisions of the Constitu- tional Act of 179 r. 3. When was the Ashburton Treaty made ? How did it affect Canada? 4. Name the chief Indian tribes that occupied Canada at the time of its discovery. 5. Name the principal events of the war which ended with the capture of Quebec, 1759. 6. What language is spoken in Ontario ? Wiiat language is mostly spoken in the province of Quebec? Explain how this difference came about. 7. Why is the ist of July celebrated everv year through Canada ? 8. Write any twelve dates between 1492 and 1881, and attach a historical event to each, NO. 4. 1. Name and give the dates of at least six European Tieaties which affected Canada. 2. When and where did the first Parliament of Upper Canada meet ? 3. What caused the difficulty with respect to the Clergy Reserves ? When and how was it finally set- tled ? , .. . • 4. Mention some of the duties of the Dommion Parliament. Mention some of the duties of the Local Legislatures. 5. Explain the Municipal system of Ontario 6. Tell what you know about the " Company of One Hundred Associates." 7. What parts of America were explored by Co- lumbus, Cabot, Cartier, Champlain ? 8. Explain clearly what is meant by Confederation, How and when was it brought about ? r 3 ^ 11- :li at c? ar r, \i J 6 an of the sei- ion )cal 01 Co- V ion. k H. FRED. SHARP. Btiksetltr ^ Statiftnef ST. MARYS, ONT. Of all kinds kept constantly on hand, and any book not in stock procured on shortest notice. SLATES, PENCILS, INK, COPYBOOKS, PAPJEB, MNVELOPES, &c. A LIBEl^AL DI^dOUjlT TO Jll^p^. I'l'BLISHKR OK INOIR'S MAP GEOGRAPHIES, HISTORY NOTES -ANK- — i^-l ^^ —J.S _ ;&aL#l:Ci»C» IM £^WiMi^iJA.%S\ri.Si%