•n^ 'VtS'-* .V'. ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) <° 1.0 I.I l^|28 |2.5 t VI lllllio lllllm 1-25 ||.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► % #.4 A f^ - o w ^i. % Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques k^ ^ ^ > Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur D D D D n D D Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagee □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restai ae et/ou pelliculde Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ n Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink {i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6td filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ D D D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxe( Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu^es Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality indgale de I'impression I I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ r~y Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ r~| Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by erratci slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmdes A nouveau de facon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. The c to the Theii possil of thi filmir Origii begin the le sion, other first I sion. or ilk Theli shall TINU whici Maps differ entin begir right requi meth This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film^ au taux de reduction indiqu^ ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X / 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X '6 6tails >s du nodifier >r une ilmage es The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — »- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce k la g6n6rosit6 de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont filmto en commen^ant par le premier plat et en termii unt soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commen^ant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — *• signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. erratci i to e pelure, :on ci n 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 c // A TRIP TO THE f t) $m%mm t' BY HUGH FRASER, FARMER, CLUNE, INVERNESS- SHIRE, SCOTLAND. HALIFAX, N. S ; IMtlNTF.n AT TIIK Mt)i;SINO HEHAU) (IFFICK, r)S k fift ORANVILLK STRBKT. 1883. c Psoif ;i A TRIP Senate are •^nitnt. TO W THE DOMINION OF CANADA. IMy object in publishing this pamphlet is to connnunicate to the fanners of Invernessliiro particularly, my iuipressio'is of the Dominion of Canada as a iiekl fi;r enii^vants of t]»e ai/iic-u.tural class — iuipressions based on a vi^it which [ made to that country last suMuner. I give the lesult of my own o1)servations, combined W'itli what information I was able tocolluct from reliable .sources. I shall in my narrative study simplicity, and say only wh-it T believe to be truth. A ijieat deal of sounv.^ of smaller lakes; a thousand utiles across rolling piairies, and ^,^^ another thousand through woods, and over three great ranges of mountains, and you have travelled from ocean to ocean through Canada." Here then, reader, is a journey from east to west through one of the colonies of ller Majesty — the great Domin- I ion — extending to over four thousand miles. That simple fact ( p^^^ gives an idea of the enormous extent of the country. An air jj^.^nj,'. . '^ from ocean to ocean would make the space about aj vx,,.u; ^ 1 P"Mcion.* ■lousand miles less, but the distance which the traveller must) *„ „„,, - } n ' '^ay \ pass is over four thousand miles. The Dominion constitutes thei v,.,,,:.. . . \ ^"'pue, half of the northern continent of America. It embraces an, (Jlmrph extent of territory larger than that of the United States, leavingj j.],g , out Alaska. It has an extent about equal to the whole of; q^ ^u Europe. It abounds in magnificent lakes and rivers, and enjoys j^ • , a climate which is at once healthy and most favorable for agri-« resneof culture. It embraces an area of about 3,500,000 square miles, d ^\^^, j ^j. portion of it being in a latitude as far south as that of Romo; qJ.- (.];,„„ nnio pointed importa governri country and extending towards the north to the Arctic Circle. set in ai The Dominion abounds in mineral wealth. It has iron, gold intense silver, coal and lead. It is divided into seven Provinces, namely tiiree f > Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec (jminrr tl Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia, besides the vasS^irnrev territory of the North West, in which are included the Distric '\\^^ \\(^A of Assiniboia, Alberta, Saskatch wan, Athabaska, each of whic;'.^,, ^,j|j i in point of extent might constitute a kingdom. The govern; motion ment of the Dominion is Federal. The capital is Ottawa, wher j^^,^ j^^^i the central government is located. The government has for i^orovNth head a Governor-General, appointed by the Queen, his salar advance>J J OF CANADA. 6 sent a bnei | ]„.5„rr pj^id by tho Dominion. Tho inonil)er.s of tlic Senate are e Kev. 1 rni- a])|)i intod by the Oown on the noniination of the governnn'nt. The House of Commons contains, of cour.se, repix'sentatives from all the provinces, and is elected by the people en a principle ■which approaches to universal sniVra<^e. The orovernment is, as in Great T3ritain, responsible to the House of Conunons. Each L'etary to the | qj; d^^. Provinces has a le^dslature of its own which manages the a groat river, | crown lan^ ap- pointed by the general government at Ottawa. One of the most important matters placed within the jurisdiction of the local government is Education, which is in a^ a clianufo. fi ScDtia is rurciy that dangerous ithstauiling i comnuinee eettectthat n'ops. 1 nis iduce proves ,,rrt produced is the most are fine in lie, as far as December. )iy month of a very fine two or thr-e iionth by no in Scothiud aminion, and nnected with nngration to only speak 3 not in the climate truly ops produced, he farmer the ! climate. The I produce, and \ the sj)]en(lid vaiicty of fruit is the best possible evidence as to the excellence of the climate on the whole. The severe winters are doubtless a drawback, as farmin<:,' operations are prevented wliile tlie snow lies on the groinid. ])uring December, January February and March no ploughing whatever can be d(jne, but during the other months of the year tliere is an important com- pensation in there being comparative!}' little wet weather to prevent regular work. As we all know, the changeable climate we liave i)i Scotland presents a drawback in farming operations from wliich the Canadian farmer docs not suffer. My readers will perceive that I am anxious to state what 1 believ>; to be truth. I mean to give the pvo-^ and Cfms of the subject. Every ProvincL of wdiich tlie Dominion consists has its own character- is: ics as to climate. The rlescription 1 have glvi-n is fjcneraJ. For example the cold of the inland portion of the Dominion is far more intense in winter than it is found in the Maritime Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. But the inhabitants do not .suft'er in conse(|uence, as the atmosphere inland is nnich drier. Then in suirnner the heat inland is more intense, as the cool sea breezes arc not there enjoyed. I was much amused after my experience of the coujitry, in reading extracts from a pamphlet published in New York last year, and entitled "The Settler's Guide to the North West." The writer says, " the climate of Manitoba consists of seven months of (dci-ic winter, and Jive montus of cotd urafher." Well, the writer's ideas must l)e of a very peculiar kind, for I found the weather during my visit to the North West warm encugh» without being positively oppressive. The writer's knowledge of geography is equal to his knowledge of climate, and he shows that he has drawn Inrixely on his iniajiination. In Manitoba, Indian corn, the melon, and the tomato ripen in the open air, and that is more than can he said for the temperature of the south of England. As to the the cliniates of countries it may be truly said, " by their fruits ye .shall know them." I shall now proceed to say something about my journey. 8 THF DOMIXIOX T left my home fit Chine, Inverness-shire, on the 54th of June 1(S82, and as J was heing rapidly conveyed liy railway to Glasoow that immense city of more than half a million inhabitants, 1 could not but think of what my grandfather would have said if he had been informed of the speed with which people were to travel in my day. Any one who predicted that within a century people would be (b'iven along an iron i^oad and drawn by an iron horse, at the rate of thirty or forty miles an liour and who should venture to sav that the human voice would erctond bv means of a thing called the telephone to fifty or sixty miles, and b^ dis- tinctlv heard, or that a message could bo flashed across the broad Atlantic in a few minutes would l)e in danger of suffering for witchcraft. Having arrived in Glasgow, I immediately took the train to Greenock, where I was kindly recfived and entertained by a friend. On the .following day, the 80th, I returned to Glasgow and transacted some busii;ess, and spent the Sabbath in the city. On Monday, the 3rd of July, I arranged my luggage for the voyage, and left by train for Liverpool at a quarter past 9 o'clock p.ui., arriving at that city at 5 o'clock next morning. Here we found one of the Allan Line of Steamers takino; in car0 miles, and in breadth from 40 to 300 miles. The interior of the country cannot be said to have been thoroughly explored. The island is better adapted for the fishing than the farniing business. But there is a good deal of fine land which, it brought under proper cultivation, would produce excellent crops. Newfoundland is the oldest <»f the British Colonies in America. It has not cast in its lot with the Dominion. Its finances are pro.sperous, and from all I could 10 THE DOMINION loarn there is no ardent desire on the part of the people to become joined to tlie other Provinces. Saint Jolin's is a flonrisliing town, containing [ sliould say. ahout *1(),()00 inhabitants. Tliis is simply an estimate, for I failed to enqniio as to tlie population. A book on the history and resources of the island has been recently publisluMJ, of Avhich the Rev. Moses Harvey, of St. John, is the principal author, and which T am in- formed, contains valuable and thoroughly reliable information on the subject of which it treats. On the 14th of July we left St. John's, and beheld a number of splendid icebergs, shining in all their beauty. But there aro melancholy associations connected with these travelling ice moun- tains for many a noble ship have they sent to tin; bottom. But they are really beautiful to look at from a distance, and breathe an icy atmosphere which extends a great way, and gives the mariner warning of their approach. On Sumlay, the 10th.. we entered Halifax harbor at 8 o'clock, p. m. The city is boautifulh'' situated, and the harbor is one of the finest in the world. It is easy of access, and eAtends to a distance of about twelve miles. It is remarkably well sheltered from every wind that blows, save from the south-oast, by undulating hills of very moderate altitu le. About a couple of ini'es from the etitrance there is a f-mall island called after one of the Georges, which is sjtuated in the centre of the hrrbor, and which breaks the waves enteiing from the Atlantic, and forms a deep channel on either side, through which vessels of the heaviest tonnage cm paf-s safely. Any hostile fleet attempting to enter here would l.)e subjef ' to a hot fire from guns of lart:e calibre, motinted on a number of f(^rts erected for purpos(\s of defence. The harbor at its western ex- tn mity, expands into a large bason, surrounded by bills, where a large proportion of the British navy might anchor in perfect security. Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia. I shoul 1 say it has a population of about thirty thousand. It is the principal Jiaval depot of Her Majesty on the American continent. It was settled in 1741). As a port it lacks one thing absolutely necessary to make it a fitting port for the British fleet, and that is a capa- aj all cc V(| V(| hi tl 01 OK CANADA. 11 to is ),000 jiiiie f the Closes n in- on on inubor TO are iiionn- . But ireathe gives c inth. city is in tlic (f al)Oufc ry wind of very ice there , sjtnated entoiing her side, :=s safely, jject to a 2Y of forts istcrn ex- hv hills, anchor in ,y it has a ipal naval vas settlc'l cessary to is a capa- cious (lofk where vessjis of the heaviest burden could be repaire 1. It scciiis strange tliat the British goveriiinetit lias not taken nteps to crejt one in a locility where it is. so mueli wanted. Too DoHiiiiion (Jovertnnent should move cueruetieall v in the niatt.,T. ami surely such a movement would result in the erection of a structure worthy of the greatest maritime powi;r in the worM. SouK' of my readers may sny that I ought to confine n)y remarks to mailers connected with fa; niing, hut I claim the right of nuik- iuif siu'h general remarks as m ly ocjur to me. He is a poor specimen of huuianity whosi- ideas do not extend beyond li IS own business. On the 1 7th we got t)ut our luggage, and left the ship, of which Cai)tain Jhown is the wortliy c(jiinnander. Nothing could exceed th(> attention to ,xMH> Scotia, as I can testiTy ^^ ^^^^^^ ^,, ^he oW ^^ tained. It i^ t^ru^ ^ ^f ,vant ot tbiitt. • ^ r^i fhe debt ba"S^ ^^"^^ , . ^ipfpvmined to Keep <)u „terest, the a ^^^ ^ ^^_^^ ^^,,„ ,, delt ni .^ ^^__,^ ^„ energies die o^. ^^ ^,^_^^,,^, ^^ ^,,^„^ on th.^ j^^^,,,,,, debt, and brins, ' ^ , ^ ^^eessaries. and not a t.w j ;^ t,,at te™f ^/^ ;;,, efficient cultivation. ^^-.^^,,„ every man has his gig,-'-* ^'^.,,, ,,enee the V-^TZ^^,^^,^, ,.vded as a P"''^;,\^::h„„t .little hmnonr by U-mas v,hicles is designated sMti OF CANADA. 13 on- •ise. tine Duld \\ as soil,, now . that Her >aUhy bring id tlic solute- • eve in I Nova ;ir sons ,ry. In .fore no nd take L be ob- jvtgaged. 1 a man ay heavy <, and bis ep out oi s sure to c bixuries [liscbief is tlv a small astonished Hierc every iquently re- on ol: such mas Oarlyh as indicating a social degree of standing which he calls, " f'iffgrerv." In Scotland a man thinks nothing of walkinjx two or three miles, but in Nova Scotia pedestrian isui is ignored, and every strong youth must sit in his carriage. The number of these vehicles at the country churches on Sunday is a sight such as is rarely seen in Scotland. But I nmst come back to the thread cf ray prosaic narrative. Proceeding at a rattling pace the train arrived at my destination, New Glasgow, in the afternoon of the day we left Halifax, the former town being about 100 miles distant from the latter. And I felt thankful to God for having brought me safely so far on my journey. I felt rather fatigued after the long voyage, but hero 1 had rest. I resolved to visit some of the farms near New Glasgow. I visited Mr, N. McKay's farm. Here there were good wheat, oatS; potatoes, and hay, and also a nursery which thrives Avell. Turnips however appeared inferior. I also visited the farm of Mr. Ross, who is carrying on all sorts of improvements, building, draining, kc. The crops were good, but one mistake which the farmers make is that they do not apply lime to the land, by which its fertility would be greatly improved. From Mr. Ross' farm we drove to a woolen factory, at a place calh^jd Hopewell, where I saw good patterns of cloth at the Hopewell Woollen Mills Co., Limited, and a large quantity of very fine wool, v.duch in quality I freely confess exceeded my expectations. I came to Mr, J. McKay's farm, and had a look at his excel- lent estate. His crops were really excellent. He has a stock of capital agricultural implements, in the invention of which the Americans beat us hollow. They show their genius in this direction by inventing articles which save labour and do the work most efficiently. I returned to New Glasgow in the evening, well pleased with what 1 saAV. There was rain during the night. Mr. N. McKay very kindly called and drove me to Eraser's Mountain, from the top of which I saw an immense tract of country, east, west, north, and south, containing a large number of inhabitants. But it struck me as remarkable that the people were not seen at work, but in return- ing I met a good number of those I missed from the fields THE DOMIN'!"" " , , •„. others were employo.l \n the driving their own veWel-, ^^^ J^^^^^ ^^^^, t,,,„ we can do tL The people here t-ke "^'te'. ^^^ , ,^_^^^ „„ „„,, to I the oid country, -f ^ * Jj^ „\'o„ easily than we ea^^-. p„y, and they ean n.ake a Uvin j^.^. ^^^^^ ,,„t ,„ e '^ V.-..ited Sutherland s faun ^here ^^^^^ ^ _^^^„^.„,.i ,^ „oH*orhood there arc som erx P ^ ^j^^^^,, , „,„tle- W tea with Mr. Mclvay^ J^^^^^ "i,. Eraser, 80 years o a^ • „„, 00 years ot age and t c H ^^ ^^^^, G'-gow re,, n TlK-v gave roe the h.storj oi ^.^, eut. W "^'^ I^L condition of tl>e place wh n not ^^^^.^^ ^^ ^^p^ ,,,,, «, flourishing town now stands wth a P ^^^^ ^^^ ^. ts the forest primeval '-^^ «,« hoe. The h,s 3 i„,p,on,ents in use -, 1 ^^^ ,^_^,,.^^, , ,,„,,, aro eve - ^rc:rS^-t^;xtiS^rS?-^t^ 3an,cs M- Cav™-l-^\- -^"^...^k that t„o «-'--;';;,: in tl>e town. Here 1 - »y " ;„ ^i^ich ^ew Cda.go« Tettlcnont -de in the C ou,r^y o 1 J^ ^;^,^, ,,„ f-;-;:;,:: ie situated, was ml.7o,« hen .^ ^,.^,^„t ,, „ut t.n Uwhat is now tl,e county^^ wn. ,,„„gHt about 00 so, 1. miles from New Glasgow, ine The early se>tU is ?h majority of these were tron ^^^^^ they had to un- just have been a hardy race Ot tl ^^^ ,,„„ ,j de,.,o we can form no adequate .dea. M P ^,^ ^^ tm the representation of I'-^f™ .f^ ^re at least they could not Howing witi> n« k - h<^ cy^^ ,„,. ,„t t ey aettle and make a good l'""!.^^^ ^„^,rted to privations round neither houses nor f-.-j;»^^^ the condition of ft„d toil which contiast very = their dcscenilants at this day. Glasgow from Mr- A. <-• ' met with ^^^ZX^- C. *^-- ^^'- ^~"' rhtr::" — -nention. i OF CANADA. 15 1 the in do ts to an. n the 1 and entle- ot aii-e. oning Where }0 there ly farm list log ^-e'vy one name of t of the a Daddy dace was nfrand^^on uei chants Qsiderable V Ghisgow L)r arrived al)ont ten 200 soids. rly settlers li;id to lin- ts imagined igtoahmd. tl\ey could . Bnt they 3 privations ;;onilition of tn Mr. A. C- :r. Patterson, I would remark here that the Nova Scotians are a stalwart, gooddooking set of people — quite equal to the inhabitants of the land of brown heath, and shaggy wood; but they will pardon me in saying that they do not think so much of their own country as they should, and a vast number of the young men of the country, instead of applying themselves to the cultivation of the soil, do not relish hard work, and have betaken themselves to the United States, wdiero they must work even harder than they would require to do in their native country, and where otherwise they do not get superior advantages to those presented by resi- dence in. their own country. A VISIT TO CAPE BUETON. I made up my mind to pay a visit to tlie Island of Cape Breton which constitutes an important pjirt of Nova Scotia, and respect- ing which little is known in the old country. As the reader may see by the map the island is one of considerable extent. It is inhabited chiefly by Highlanders many of whom came from the Hebrides. Here the Gtelic language is spoken with great purity, although as in Scotland it is gradually being corruptf.'d by the introduction of the English. From New Gla.sgow there is a line of railway which runs across the country to the distance of eighty miles ending at the Strait of Canso — a narrow channel which separates the island from the main land. On the 20th of July I left fov the strait by the train. The day was very warm, hotter than any we cxperien'c in Scotland. I may here remark that July is in this climate the warmest month in the year. On the WHY to the strait 1 found very poor farming, all the route. We left New Glasgow at 1 o'clock p.m. and arrived at Canso about six o'clock. 1 crosi-ed to the other side, and proceedt d by steamer to South Sydney next day. This town is a very (juiet one. There are no manufactures of any kind. The situation is beautiful, and the streets very clean, but there is very little traffic of any kind. Separated by water to the extent of about four or five miles is North Sydney — a very different sort of place. Here there are valuable coal mines, and considerable shipping traffic It presents a strdcing contrast to South Sydney. Cape Breton THE D0MI^10^ 16 • .rVfd on a large scale and ^ Ooal mines are worked on ^ ^ ^^t is rich inf --':, J : " The Sydney coa fi «'* ^^^ *^ 1"^"'l :ue Pro nee-extend, trom Mua Bay on ^,^^^_^ :r ^ n?sCt *^ct J- - -:ii::oa> aepo.u. "»-**- *^Tr'ei'Ton the coa.t, h.tonan. ZioH^^^o — --\Tayer — ,..« -e o. ^nndaY wl^en the Rev. Mi. 1^ a^ I ^^^ evening. In ^ape bunciay >> attended service travelling "^ ^ *l,».t noble language. There « .j ^5„„„ ^;vtrthetra:d. called the ^^.^'^^^'^^l.^r^oUiy .nonn- V ,le The scenery is beaut, uh Jbcr .^ ^_^^^^^^ ;rns':u:ha!.ehave;n^eB,g Un^^^^^^^^^^^ ^, U tivelY undulatory. Hiere s ^^^^^^^ ^, thirty nn^s ^ \ rmeo£thatonLochIad to go ^* ;: frXnc'e oi about forty - - " ;^„,^,. to the town ot T™",i„ line. Truro .s, ^^^ '^^^^^^.t^,,,! is Lon- i„g town, ^ot ' ^„As oi the Steel | ;„„ p^r- donderry, ^« „7t„„ace in the 1"--° . .„ J'l,,ed a measure „„ly iron s™.tog g^ i,„„ Huo""-; ton on all the ''rr«rntin"a bounty OS s,x s» ^^ ^^^ a at lately S?"'d"in the Domimon. f *f "^^i„ee of New Bruns- """.flourfsh ng town,Moneton, m *« Pj^^^^^^^nt Railway another flourismiBgn ihe m .„,, the town is -*''''Teht e"tetive, are located ^-' ^Utd through Works, which are e ^^^^ said that 1 P ^j^^^ growing fast. «t^;^"amar»h lands bordering on th^ ^;,„, little twenty miles ot ^P'^"*^;" uty ol hay i«/**„e obtained coming to Mo™'''"^ X' Itivation. hut fine "»?;«;;„„, ,tih ot the low l-^d^^^^ftMs deligbtSul cointry^ the improvements OF CANADA. 19 ai.s. The- 882 were the same bis in the jn rose to ;oal in the 68. These ova Scotia iron ore in ifancy— the aerations on North-West.. jsew Glasgow es, in order to iaicl,aflourish- itward is Lon- vpany, and the Dominion Par- Lssed a measure ,011 on all the we arrived at BotNewBruns- rnment Railway md the town is passed through on the sea before llent. But little fops are obtained I drove out wtih the improvements 1 for hay is really 4th,— and passed here and there. The train is now careering through a portion of New Bruns- wick towards Quebec. The line we take branch(»s northward towards the St. Lawrence river, there being another branch strik- ing south - west to St. John, the capital of New Brunswick. Moncton is distant from Halifax 187 miles, and 89 miles from St. John. As the train moves on smoothly and with great speed we pass through dense forests to which there seems no limit. The land in this region is, for the most part, poor and stony, re- minding me by its general appearance of Inverfa' 'gaig Pass. We have traversed 301> miles since we left Moncton, have passed about 30 different stations with the most outlandish names pos- sible, some of them of Indian and some of them of French ex- traction, and have arrived at Rimouski on the St. Lawrence, the Canadian summer port of the Allan line of steamers. The land is poor, and the people chiefly French. Passing on we come to River duLoup. Here we had the good fortune to meet the dis- tinguished Premier of the Dominion, Sir John A. Macdonald. I got introduced, and he was as kind and aft'able as could be. He gave me a letter to the honorable Mr. Pope, the Minister of Agriculture, who takes charge of the immigration department. Any one coming in contact with Sir John cannot be astonished at his popularity. He made himself as familiar and agreeable with me as if we had been old acquaintances. I am told he has the art of making friends of everybody with whom he comes in contact. We now get on the train, and after a drive of about 125 miles come to Point Levi, opposite Quebec. We crossed the ferry and found ourselves in the city of QUEBEC. This celebrated fortress is situated on a steep promontory at the junction of the rivers St. Lawrence and St. Charles, and is con- nected with all the leading cities of the American Continent by means of railways. Its fortifications are about three miles in circuit, and added to its natural commanding position, constitute one of the strongest fortresses on the American Continent. Its i THE DOMINION . V. i, excellent, accominodating the largest s ips.^ ^^ harbor is exceii«" , and was taken uj 77 , 1 KiT Vraaer died in loi^. *^ _ ° , fomilv ot the late '';'::: In!^"pt i. m the P--- VLf hS society to take a copy of ittor P^'^»^ \i„ed and ten mounded m *c officers o! the «f»^»Vronel Ftaser, about five ta'-dred men >-"'!: 7;ttS in :» Id office. »o.e than any three Itael in the field/' j,^ t^yng o£ Quebec, as Well do I ^member the^toj^t ^^^^^^^^^^^ Q„^l^ .elated in my hearing when a boy.by ^^^ _^^^ ^„„ght "eteran, then 90 yea« "« »S|- JJ^, old enthusiastic wamor- vvidly before mo. a. descnW by t ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ IleUuebecontheShof August* ^^ g^^^,^„^ jj resembling very much the <^^^^^^^ „j ^hom are of French population is about l.«0^«"; ^^Bridge, built by the Grand TrunV 'deLnt. The V-'"- Jf ^^t^f Sciurcs of the kind m th'^ Railway, and one of *; °f^^^„,, ^ this point. I calW a^ world, spans the "^^ ^t^^^^g" Railway, and got necessary the office of the Canadian Pac^c B J y„„t,,,i ,s ^»^»™*"j:Zi ay^"^^^^'^- r "^"thrrir "t^e :*e;r<^-."ri7«:i'^-tTfiL— ^^ rounding country. Mont meantii is situj Lawrer broad s TheCa of accc returns the Pr( I OF CANADA. 21 It wa« English I had eights of General der. In le Fraser Historical journal by Colonel ghlanders. le original )f the late Society to s that three ded in the andred men m any three j f Quebec, as 1, the Quebec [low brought Bustic warrior- a fine city — icotland. Its are of French Grand Trunk kind in the t. I called at got necessary Montreal is I in winter in he rest of the structure and w of the sur- Montreal is the commercial metropolis of the Dominion in the meantime. The town is built on the Island of Montreal, which is situated at the junction of the river Ottawa with the St. Lawrence. The island is about 32 miles long and about ten broad at the widest part. Some of the buildings are very fine. The Cathedral of Notre Dame is a very spacious building capable of accommodating ten or twelve thousand persons. The city returns three members to the House of Commons and three to the Provincial Legislature. The poptJation was in 1871, 107,000. The great bulk of the people are French Canadians, with a mixture of English, Irish and Scotch. I conversed freely with a number of my fellow countrymen, who are prospering here. The streets present a substantial appearance — the edifices being con- structed chiefly of limestone quarried near the city. The general appearance of the commercial part of the city reminded me of Glasgow. But my space will not allow me to dwell on Montreal. On the 8th of August I arrived at OTTAWA, the capital of the Dominion. The ci ."5"°^* «hich is out from town t'^'"* °[ \ j,, curtis, who ofl-ered me lindly drove me to the P'°f 'X^^^hundred acres for a yearly one of his farms of fr^m ^^ %'^';^„, ,„a Mr. Curtis are good „„t of twenty pounds. Both Mr ^.^^ .^ ^^^^j.^a j „, farmers. I visited a cheese factory. .entity, and the ;; farms in the "-f «"tt«aUty *oese produced at the factory seems to flourish The quality ^^^^^ ^„ y^ fa,- cheese factories is excellent ^^,'^J^}''- ;„ Canada than o trTattention paid to the mak, g o ch e^^_^ ^^.^^ ^^ ^ the making of butter. At Renfie ^^ the minister, and his lady «>"! ^P^"' ^j, McUac the miUer at lafterwards enjoyed the ^°^^;\°'^^r.A,A church and had Renfrew-a g^^rr^" I men ion the manner in which I dinner with Mr. Mclntyre. 1 me^>t> hospitality of the Is treated as indicating *e kinJne ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ people. Mr. Mills, at whose ^^1 „tMnformation of which 1 S kind, and gave me a g~^ f ^;'„,„ative. Renfrew has Im make use as I proceed J'*J=^,,„„hcs, branch banks, a unlimited water PO-,':„^::;::rflo„r mills, and exports large foundry, tannery, woolen, saw auantities of lumber. ^ j^y or two betore ''"l returned to Ottawa wher^. I tay ^^^ J „,, „f An,„,t leaving tor the west, I It the c.P ^^^^,^,„^„,,. The land »„d proceeded to Bvookv.Ue *!'""«'"..„„ for the immigrant. Toeslt, in this >" '-^°tliev,Tabout 5,000. Leaving this mgs. The P0P«'^-- ^^^rilnto, the capital of Ontario, flourishing town we proceea 'i report way to lut sixty 1 was farmeri bis farm my host l-red me a yearly are good lied from and the iced at the to be far da than to Campbell, )le evening. kie miller at ih and had in which ality of the :, was more 1 of wdnch 1 Renfrew has neh banks, a exports large r two before 'th of August its. The land ^e immigrant, unk Railway, jawrenoe call, ndsome build- Leaving this bal of Ontario, I i '^ 1 OF CANADA. 23 whicii is the most populous Province in the Dominion. What an insignificant figure does Great Britain make in point of extent compared to this country. An award has been made as to the boundaries of Ontario which, if confirmed, will make this one Province of the Great Dominion larger by far than the whole of Great Britain! It will have an area of about 200^000 square miles, nearly equal to that of France ! There are splendid tracts of land here. It is a question whether British farmers emigrat- ing to this country would not really be better off by settling in Ontario, or one or other of the older Pro\ inces, than by going west. Distance lends enchajitmcnt to the view, and leads many to travel far for benefits which might be secured nearer. The following return which was prepared by the Bureau of Indus- tries for the Province of Ontario, and published by the Govern- ment of the Province, will show the average production per acre of the whole Province for the year 1882. Fall Wheat, bush 26.S Spring Wheat, " 16.5 Barley, » 28-6 Oats, <• 36.4 Rye, .. 18.8 Peas, •< 19.6 Corn, in ear, h 64.9 Buckwheat, 25.2 Beans, 20.7 Potatoes, II 115. Mangolds, tt 488. Carrots, « 403. Turnips, m 448. Hay and Clover, tons 1.14 This statement will be of more use in conveying an idea of the fertility of the soil than pages of general description. It is a splendid country for the production of fruit. Its orchards are becoming famous. The population of the Province according to the census of 1881, was 1,923,228. The summers are hot, and the winters very cold, but the atmosphere is dry and bracing. Not tlie least advantage the Province offers is an excellent system of educationt The schools are managed by Trustees elected by the rate-payers. 4 24 THE DOMINION n what conditions can land be T^„V the cmeBtion occurs on what ^^^^ ^^ ^^n- Jt^ OnU.oJ A— can .e oV, ^^ ,„a.n Ho iiift" <*" 10"'='' "' , the ratcnt. ,^ nurchasea, of course depemis Vu vrico at -^-h fanusjn^ « ?«* ^^ ^^^^ ^„i, I ,,„ only „„ the V«-'- 'r'l^ I *„lt of cTreful inqui^^- convoy a g™"™','"? J nriccTvarying .ay from £3 to £U a« y„m»can be !>aa at P™"' J^ ^^,h although it would be a ^,,. It is not -— , \n;:o. I would advi.e farme^ „reat advantage to be ab c to .^ „„has.ng. Ttey ';„„in.' to this country to be caut j.^^,^ , tCld iooU well ;>»"V "ot in "^y. '»« ^^'^ 'TT^ once of the country. T to""';' » according to the mood of the ; «„e far„.s to vary very '^^^ ^,,,, buy at a th.rd p„priet.u- at the tune A caut g^^^.^,^ ^„, ,t Cheaper than another lea, grftedw ^^^^ ^^^ ^^, ,^at It is auuv/.ing how few mu> pay .^ impossible that ev y man is P-F-^'^'.f /'" "J c^ settle comfortably on a wuan without any cap.tal at al can ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ „, f "r^ant. The lirst thing he "««'' f °;; .^ This can be done .tCwords a small house ;-;^'* fyud. as a rule, to give l,a7,in..ly eheap. The ne.ghl>ou s wm » ^^^ ^^, Th ping hand, and «ve pounds « .^^^^j ,eed in the ground T I' «m be no dilficnlty n gettmg P^n^ o ^^.^ .^ ^ o yield al«nid»nce to the fan.dyfo one y ^^.^ j^^^j, „, , t'lorkers, and any man -'» c " -^ ,„d sobriety he w,l „ot fear to come to it. -d J- U^^ ^„,, i„acpendent^ certainly with T.ods >'- "\- ^-nto. It is in all vespects a Hot 1 must return to notu^e . ^.^.^^^^ ^^^ p,,„„.i « fine city . and I can assure the u a e ^^^^^^^ „ ^^ ^ „ OF CANADA. 25 nd be n con- lildren young acres. ss.ue of lepends can only £11 an uld be a fanners They le expcri- dcmanded )od of the at a third ality. ule is that ossiblc that :tably on a ft shanty, or can be done rule, to give he business, ti the ground , is a country hands need n-iety he will independent, all respects a are proud of •ase " no small niable rivalry ,veen Glasgow ,x. The ofood people of Toronto hold their heads a shade higher than those of Montreal, juit as the inhabitants of "Auld Reekie," consider themselves rather better than those of Glasgow. Toronto has a population of about 90,000. It is situated on the north-west shore of Lake Ontario. The city is built of a light-colored brick. The buildings are at once substantial and elegant. The Univer- sity of Toronto is a fine structure. The streets generally cross each other at right angles. The citizens have good reason to be proud of their city. I was glad to find in Canada a growing patriotism. The people of th^ United States have this quality to a very great extent. They have indeed too much of it. A Yankee boy reads at school books which are full of praise of his own country. He is brought up to believe there is no country in the world like it; ho will contend than Longfellow is a greater poet than Shakespeare. Canadians would do well to cultivate the same kind of feeling. As the country fills up and becomes consolidated the quality to which I refer will doubtless become stronger until it attains the Scottish standard. NIAGARA. I visited the celebrated falls on the 18th of August. I will not presume to describe the scene. It is one whose grandeur grows on contemplation. It is a sight well worth crossing the AtlanUc to see. I will simply remark that the Niagara connects Lakes Erie and Ontario. What is called the Horse Shoe fall is on the Canadian side, and the American on that of the United States. These cataracts are separated by an island in the center of the stream. The first named fall is GOO yards in width, and has a vertical descent of 158 feet, the latter 200 yards broad, is 164 feet in perpendicular height. The depth of the water is much greater on the Canadian than on the American side, and from there too the view is the finest. There is a number of hotels in the vicinity which, during the summer season, do a good business. Here there are men who assail every stranger offering to guide him to the best positions and to point out all the wonders of the scene. Highlanders are accustomed to such .^ THB DOMINION- 26 , „,^,. Inverness the fall ot , ,mMl seale. We Lave nta j^^,i„g, ,„ MomH on a ^" »■" ■ ,f wWch excites "^^ , scene at Foyevs, the co" «"Pl^^«"\ t,„,d to view the gjan^ ^^^ „.y leisure and alon ^„j ;„ need ot be.n „ ^^ because .ny V^^^^^^Zei the scene better alone. 1 ^^^^ -""■"^""ti:re en -«^ "'^ ^^^^ T ro to 'rTcomparison Toronto in the ^^^" » ...ell kept m To^onio ^ ^^.^es. with other cit.es_ ^ _,^ ^j see ng MJ^ .Vmrapion ^t Toronto I had the p ^,^,^ ^^ Han Un the S-a .^ from Inverness. 1 P"'' jj ^e so much real power oarsnian. That ^^^^, .eems marvellous H.s ^^^ ,0 eou.parat.vely »lento ^^ p^,„i,,, sk.U >" p . B able success n.ust be lar„ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ oa-v- , „ the 23rd of Augusi i ^ ^^g^ ^ '"\lro:e:iedtvards London which _^^^ ^,„„0. West. We proceLu ^^^^^^^ ^ popuia „ortion o£ T-"'Vrt\Ccltve of^he finest agncu^^^m t "eat spirit and succc.. J^^^ „, „ty and -' "^ "r ^d" We arrived at Po'\.H»:; t ernment, for comfort all round^W ^^^^^ ^ '''ff'^'^'iStPort Huron «e have proof hat ^^^„,i„ation. .fe '«" ^ ^ ^^s CHICAGO f TOO 000 It is the its present site. OF CANADA. 27 fall of ings in cene at it place ed, and jirned to Next nparison hurches. Druggist clianipion ibodied in s remark- plying the reat North miles west . of 10,000. iral portion ■y is carried rule heavy osperity and , p.m. Here ernment, for Port Huron hicago I was ;hed on both } 24th I was the morning usiness. 000. It is the rise from 1833, jabins occupied town in 1837 when it had a population of 4,470. Twenty years afterwards it hnd increased to 150,000. In 1870 it was 298,983. The reader will remember the terrible fire by which one half of the city was reduced to ashes. The fire began on the 9th of October, 1871. So ^reat a conflagration has not been known since the great fire in London in 1666. Over 2,200 acres, covered w^ith buildings, and teeming with the wealth of a vast and prosperous community, was swept over and 150,000 persons were made h(,meless. Such was the energy of the people that in tw(j years the city was restored to its former magnificence. Two or three of the streets are furnished with Cable Cars. The cables are under the street two feet, and are paid out by ])owerful engines. The cars move very smoothly, and the cars are, as a rule, full of passengers going from one part of the city to another. The cars pass every five minutes, so that no time is lost in waiting for them. I went to see the stock yard. There are ten thousand cattle in the yard generally, and as many pigs, also a great number of sheep. The drovers ride Texas ponies which are as well trained as our collies in Scotland. From 50 to 55 oxen are weij^hed at a time, and all sold at live weight at so much per 100 lbs. They kill from 700 to 1,000 per day. The killing is cleverly done. The animals are driven through a narrow passage and a man standing at the side gives eveiy beast as it passes a stab at a paiticular spot in the neck which causes an immediate and painless death. Practice makes the operators very smart at the business. The subsequent process of skinning and dressing is performed by division of labor with most remarkable celerity. The pigs are killed and beautifully dressed in less time than it would take to describe the process — cut up and salted ready for market as quickly as we in Scotland would be thinking how to go about it. Tlie Chicago people pay little regard to the Lord's Day. " Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy," seems to be absent, unfortunately, irom their creed. The day is devoted by thousands to secular purposes. Yet there are many Christians in the city, who save it from destruction. 28 THE DOMINION The Americans are a great people, but there are characteristics which would prevent me at least, from making the country my home. Justice is not impartially administered. A rich man may commit deliberate murder, and may be seen to do it, as in the case of Fisk, but hanged he will not be if he has plenty of dollars. Our cousins boast of their cheap government, but our Queen's government is, I believe, far cheaper in reality. Their civil servants change with every successive government, as a rule, and hence they make haste to get rich. It is no exaggeration to say that robbery in many of the departments is considered no sin, unless it be found out, and even then it is regarded very differ- ently from what the same crime would be if committed in Britain. Let me not be understood as being prejudiced against the country. There are splendid characters in the United States, and the Americans are a great people, but the country does not present, in my opinion, advantages to the Scottish emigrant equal to those offered under the British Flag. But more on this subject bye and bye. As the train approaches St. Paul reaches of prairie are to be seen. The town of St. Paul is a large one, having a population of forty thousand. It stands nearly at the head of the Missis- sippi river navigation, and carries on a pretty extensive commerce. Minneapolis is distant from St. Paul seven miles. The popula- tion forty five thousand. After leaving Minneapolis and crossing north-west the prairie opens up, and extends as far as the eye can see. There are settlements here and there, and all the crop ip out yet. Agriculture as carried out here is in its first stage, there being little deep ploughing. On the 23rd of August we at last arrived at the capital of Manitoba, WINNIPEG. I feel fatigued on my arrival, but am in good health. This is a truly wonderful city, on account of the rapid progress it has made, and wonderful in view of the great future before it. Captain Butler, who visited Winnipeg in 1870, refers to it in his " Great Lone Land " as the " little village " and the " miserable mmmimmmmti OF CANADA. looking village of Winnipeg." At that time the population was only 300. Now it has a population of about 20,000 souls. The buildings have an appearance of elegance and solidity. The main street is 132 feet^wide, and it is lined with shops, churches, and public buildings which would do credit to a much older city. They are built of cream-colored brick. The city was incorporated in 1873. The assessment had attained in 1881 to two million pounds, and I believe it will be now at least a millien more. Building sites on the main stieet have sold at £200 per foot front, The Dominion Government have made the city their place " for transacting the business " of Manitoba and the North West. There can be little doubt that Winnipeg is destined to become like Chicago, an immense city. This prospect is based on the almost illimitable extent of the fertile country by which it is surrounded, and which presents to the agriculturists of all lands inducements for settlement which cannot be ignored. The means of education are abundant, and will develop to a state of per- fection which will rival cities which have attained to eminence on account of their educational institutions. Besides colleges . there is the University of Manitoba, which grants degrees in arts science, law and medicine, and what is most remarkable is that the colleges affiliated to it are the Episcopal College of St. John, the Roman Catholic College of St. Boniface, and the Presbyter- ian College of Manitoba. A number of my true blue Presbyterian friends will shrug their shoulders as they read of such an academic conglomeration. The public market is well supplied with butcher meat, game poultry, and fish. The size and quality of the vegetables bespeak the nature of the soil. The depth and fertility of the soil take the shine completely out of any we have in the richest regions of Scotland. It is no uncommon thing to see potatoes which Weigh from a pound and a half to two pounds each. You can see in the proper season cabbages which are from three to four feet in circumference. A correspondent of the London Times says that he saw a cabbage measuring five feet one inch in cir- cumference, and a cucumber grown in the open air which measured six feet three inches in length. 30 THE DOMINION There is a large trade done in Winnipef^ in agricultural in.nle- ments. Some of the leading makers, both in the United Staces and in Canada have opened warehouses here, and keep a heavy stock, for which there is a large demand. Every agricultural settler becomes a purchaser. The prices seem on the whole, moderate, considering the heavy outlay in carriage. There are scores of hotels, some of them well conducted, and during the season the proprietors have no reason to complain of want of customers. The city is full of strangers — keen speculators, hopeful clerks, skilled mechanics, foolish spendthrifts, and a few ike myself, who have come to see the country, and report as to its character and resources. The splendid Province of Manitoba is in the centre of the American Continent, nearly half way from the pole to the equator. It is a remarkable fact that a committee of the British House of Commons sat in 1857 for the purpose of reporting as to the character of the North-west as a region suited for settlers, and that the conclusion at which it arrived was that the officers of the Hudson Bay Company were right in affirming that the country was the natural dwelling place of the Red Indian and wild beasts. Sir George Simpson, who had been Governor of the Hudson Bay Company's territory for thirty-seven years, assured the committee that Manitoba was a country where the soil was poor, the climate uncertain, and where frequent inunda- tions occurred. Before the committee, such men as Sir John Richardson and the Right Honorable Edward Elice joined in the same absurd chorus of depreciation. In the face of such evidence to which Americans triumphantly pointed need we wonder at the strong prejudice long existing against this territory — a terri- tory which constitutes the Province of Manitoba and which embraces 120,000 square miles, and which in point of area exceeds all the states in the Union except Texas and California. But some of my readers will be surprised when I say that extensive as Manitoba is it constitutes but a small section of the '^■'^f\.t North- West British territory, which presents ample scope ther provinces of equal extent ! The fact is that the L this country confounds one ; but now that the OF CANADA. 31 excellent quality of the soil is known and a just opinion of the climate prevails, no doubt immigration will continue to increase in volume from year to year. The tide has hitherto run in the direction of the United States. The flow towards the Republic has been immense. This has been caused by the energy of the government in making the resources of the country known, and in opening up connecticn by means of railways. The commence- ment of the Canadian Pacific Line was a stroke of admirable policy on the part of the Dominion Government, and its construc- tion is now proceeding at such a rapid rate that the continuous line from ocean to ocean will bo completed long before the time stipulated in the agreement with the company. The time agreed upon for the completion of the line was, if I mistake not, 1801 ; but such is the rapid progress being made that the company are confident that the undertaking will be finished in 1887. Even since my visit a great stride has been made towanls the west, opening up railway traffic nearly seven hundred miles west of Winnipeg. I will venture to predict that emigration to the Dominion will increase yearly, until it has equalled if not ex- ceeded that to the United States. This opinion is based on what I have seen with my own eyes. For the growth of cereals and esculents the Dominion is unrivalled, and whilj^t there are splendid tracts of cultivable land in the United States, they have no region that can equal the British North- West for wheat and potatoes, not to speak of other produce. The newspapers con- tain accounts of fearful toi'nadoes which carry destruction in the more southern region of the States. From these the Dominion may be said to be entirely free. The frigid climate of the north* west is a favorite theme with agents from the States who wish to magnify the agricultural advantages presented by their own country. But the absurd notions which have prevailed as to the character of the climate have been dissipated by actual experience. An exhibition of the splendidly developed produce of the country is the best answer to all the nonsense which is published and spoken on this subject. 32 THE DOMINION PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE. After taking a survey of Winnipeg and its environs, 1 resolved to visit Portage La Prairie, a town on the Canadian Pacific Rail' way.tabout sixty-live miles west from Winnipeg. There are splendid settlements in all this region surrounding Winnipeg and on to Portage La Prairie. The soil is very deep. It a is rich black loam, resting on clay. There are some patches of poplar, especi' ally on the banks of the river. The town is on the river Assiniboine. A few years ago the population did not consist of more than 300 souls ; now it is, I should say, about five thousand. The river is navigable, and as the town is on the railway route, it will, like Winnipeg, form a grand centre for business in the North- West. Town lots, I was informed, could be bought a few years ago at from three to ten pounds, and now these same lots are held at rates varying from a hundred to a thousand pounds. A great number of people have speculated to advantage here. The fertility of soil is remarkable. The most beautiful crops of heavy wheat are produced. Every farmer in the old country knows how important careful manuring is in the management of a farm. But here the soil is so rich in itself, that manure would be damaging to it ; and it is moreover so permanently rich that splendid crops have been raised for fifty years without the appli- cation of any means to enrich the soil. The Average Yield of Grain. The inquires made by me on this head have led to the convic' tion that the average yield may be put down : Wheat about 27 bushels per acre. Oats "I 40 " " Barley " 35 " •• The yield depends of course on the skill of the farmer. In some cases the averages are far above those stated, but I do not wish to exaggerate, or to excite expectations that might not be realized. The wheat is very heavy. It may be put down from 61 to 65 lbs. per bushel. OF CANADA. 33 Potatoes can be produced to any extent and of splendid quality. The soil is peculiarly adapted for their growth. They are largo in size, and the yield is very heavy. The climate of the United States is not so well adapted for this esculent. If the duty were taken off, the farmers of Manitoba w-ould soon realize a fortune by producing them in large quantity and sending them to the Republic. The growth is so rapid tliat potatoes can be dug in two months from the date of planting. There has been no disease in them. Cabbages and otlier garden vegetables grow to great perfection. I suppose the tomato does not ripen in the open air even in the South of England. In Manitoba it comes to great perfection. Passing further west we come to Brandon which is also on the Assiniboine river. The town is on the face of a hill. It has sprung up very quickly, and promises to bo one of the great cities of the North-West. Here speculation in land and building lots is rife. The town is situatetl in a magnificent aofricultural country, and from its position it is sure to grow. Here, as in Winnipeg and Portage La Prairie, there are stocks of agricultural implements for sale, which can be had in great variety, and at moderate prices, considering the heavy charge for carriage from the centres of manufacture. Around Brandon there is an immense quantity of prairie hay grown. In fact it can be got to any amount, and is v:\yj nutritious. This part of the country has no wood growing on it. Proceeding west of Brandon I found the laiid well taken up. Here there are tents, shanties, and all sorts of dwellings. There are teams of oxen, mules, and horses at work. There are different kinds of ploughs used. I think, however, the one with a revolving wheel kept sharp to cut the tough surface of the prairie is the best. The harness is certainly primitive enough, but the men do a wonderful amount of w^ork. I would here remark that the sod of the prairie is very tough, but after it is broken the soil is all that could be desired. The new settler has to look out for the coming winter. All he has to do to get the necessaries of life is to break up the ground which is clear to his hand, and plant or sow what he may imme- diately require. 3 34 THE DOMINION With respect to the animals which arc best adapted for the farmer's work, I would say that oxen or mules are preferable to horses. From all 1 could learn th(!re has been considerable mortality amoni,' horses in consequence of their not being accli- matized. Grazing on prairie grass all night with heavy dew fal- lino' accounts for the losses sustained. Mules and oxen stand the climate and change of feed much better than horses. If you want a horse for driving take a hardy animal capable of enduring fatigue. But when stabling can be got, and dry hay supplied, then horses are as healthy in this climate as anywhere else. NO SLUGGARDS OR DRUNKARDS WANTED. In the North-West, from all I could learn, the rich and the able-bodied poor, who are industrious, will find a most comfort- able home. The rich may invest their capital most profitably if their taste lies in an agricultural direction, and they have experi- ence and skill, or are determined to learn. The class which will find the country most suitable as leading to independence, is far- mers of some capital. A 'nan with a hundred pounds in his purse to begin with can invest it to good purpose, and if he has more all the better. As a rule the capital which is now neces- sary to stock and conduct a farm in Scotland would, in a few years, be sufficient with skilful management to make the farmer the proprietor of a property which would increase in value every year, and enable him from the products of the soil not only to keep his family respectably, but to save money. There is one quality necessary to success on the part of a far- mer of moderate means in this country, and that is industry. Without it success is impossible ; with it I may saf oly say it is certain. It might be a serious matter for a man with a familv of young children and little means to come to this country, but if a man has grown up sons who are workers, this is the place for him. Ten times better that he should come here and invest his capital in lots which will be permanent estates to his sons, than live from hand to mouth in the old country, paying heavy rent and taxes, and being at the same time unable at his death to leave OF CANADA. 85 liis family any other inheritance than a |[roofl name, with the pros- pect, so far as his successors are concerned, of their leaving the world in no better circumstances than himself. Here when a man expends much labor in improving his property, he reaps the advantage himself by rendering it more valuable, but I need hardly say that at home the farmer, in very many cases, beneflts the landlord by his improvements more than himself. But this country — the North-West — is a poor place for loung- ing, lazy fellows, who are constantly on the scent for drink, and who, though they may be great talkers, are no workers. I was sorry to notice in Winnipeg and other places, not a few able- bodied, yes, and some of them well educated young men, frequently in drinking saloons, and both spending their own means and sponging on others. Such men cannot prosper in any country, and they had better stay where they are, for they are not wanted in this region. The young men who come to this country should avoid drinking saloons as they would the fire. There are ten chances to one that he who is in the habit of frequenting them will not succeed in anything he undertakes. I write what I believe to be true. There is another class that cannot be recommended to go west as a rule, and that is persons who, though highly respectable, are clerks or book-keepers, and are not accustomed to engage in agricultural work. Hextd is required in all kinds of employment, and the man who is blessed with a good one has a better chance of succeeding in life than one, other things being equal, who has only a poor one. But in a new country men must be workers with their hands as a rub. Carpenters, masons, and bricklayers will find employment readily at good wages. In view of the advantages which are presented to Scotch farmers by the North-West, and the diffusion of reliable inform- ation respecting the resources of the country, I predict a LAivGE EMIGRATION FROM SCOTLAND. I hesitate not to say that there are hundreds of farmers in Scotland who are actually struggling in the exercise of the most rif^id economy, and by means of hard work to make a living, and 86 THK DOMINfON' who experience difficulty in accomplish in}^ their purpose, wlio, if they emigrated with their little capital to Manitoba, or the region.s beyond, would i)) a few ytavs be in independent circum- stances. This opinion is baseil on what I have seen with my own eyes, as well as from int'ornuition which T cf)lU'eted from others on my visit to the country. One thin;^' in favor of the North West as a place of permanent .settlement, as compared with the older Provinces, is that the land is already clear — free from timber, and ready for the plough. The lal)or which the early settlers, without much capital, had to undergo in the other Provinces, must have been inni;ense. The country was cttvered with timber, which had to be cut down, and the roots or stumps removed. But on the prairie land the plough can be put in operation at once. Emigrants going now have the advantage ol' the experience of other settlers as to the best method of going to work. Deep ploughing at the outset is not ie([uired — the sur- face has only to be broken to the deptli of two or three inches, and the seed put in. The growing crop — of oats for example — pulverizes the sod, and the yield will serve to make provision for the first winter for the farmer's family, and leave something over. Oats have been scattered on the grass, and then a thin .sod turned over them, and a good crop has been thus got, and the rough surface thoroughly pulverized, and the rank gvass subdued. A splendid crop of potatoes can be had without ,. u/ hoeing. A furrow is turned over and the seed planted, and then another furrow turned over to cover the seed — only the weeds must be kept down as they develop. A number of Highlanders settled on the Red River as early as 1811. Lord Selkirk had become chairman of the Hudson Bay Company, and had purchased a tract of land covering 110,000 square miles. He induced a party of Highland(?rs, mainly from Sutherlandshire, to emigrate to this property. In the year just mentioned they embarked at Stornaway. It was Autumn before the party reached York Factory, on Hudson Bay, and the land journey to fort Garry, on the Red River, could not be begun till the following Spring. The emigrants did not reach their desti- nation till the Autumn of 1812. The weary and dispirited saiSSBSSifSSS^SSfeftiiafeiK'S OF CANADA. «r Hiirlilandors found that they wore expected to tight as well as fanu, hostilitios \mn<^ tlw-n in proi,'i-(!.ss between the Hudson Hay Company and the Noith-West Fur Company of Canada, and they were told if the latter company were victorious they would be * Poi"tage-La-Prairie, raised 400 bushels of turnips from half an acre of iand. W. 11. J. Swain, of Morri.s, had citrons weighing 18 pounds each. Francis Oglctree, of Portage-La-Prairie, produccid onions nuiasuring 4| inclies through the centr(^ A. V. Leckstead, of Emerson, gives his experience as follows : — Mangold wurtzels weighing 27Jbs. oacli ; beets weighing 23 lbs, each ; cabbag(;s weighing 49 lbs. each ; onions each 1^ pound in weight OF CANADA. 39 W. B. Hall, of Headingly, has raised carrots 3 inches in diameter, beets weighing 20 pounds each, and gives the weight of his turnips generally at 12 pounds each. Philip McKay, of Portage-La-Prairie, took 200 bushels of turnips from one-quarter of an acre of land, some of them weighing '2-i pounds each. He has produced carrots 4 inches in diameter and 14- inches long, has had cabbages measuring 26 inches in diameter solid head and four feet with the leaves on. His onions have measured 16 inches in circumference, and cauliflower heads 19 inches in diameter. Jas. J.awrie and Bro., of Morris, have pi'oduced turnips .'50 inches in circumference, onions 14 inches and melons 30 inches. He had one squash which measured about the same size as an ordinary flour barrel. James Ownes, of Point Du Chene, had turnips 30 pounds each, onions 14 inches around, and cucundjers IS inches long. Neil Henderson, of Cook's Creek, has raised 1,000 bu.shels of tuniii)s to the acre, carrots 5 inches in diameter and IH inches long, while Iiis onions have frequently measured a inches thi'ough. Jas. Bedford of Emerson, has raised 1,000 bushels of turnii)s to tlu' acre. It must bo remembered, however, that none of tlie farmers mentioned above used any special cultivation to pj'oiluce the results we have described, and out of nearly 200 reports which we have received from settlers concernini^ the growth of roots and veiretables in the Canadian North West, not one has been unfavorable. THE MENNONITES. As proof how well people can get on in Manitoba who have little capital, but who are able and willing to woik, I may refer to the Mennonites, who liave settled in the country, and are prospering. These people liave emigrated from Russia, near the Sea of A/ofi'. They are German Protestants. They hold, how- ever, pt'juliar religious views. They reject infant baptism, are so far of the John Bright school that they will not fight, nor will they take an oath. Their ancestors belonged to Western I'l'us- sia. Not being permitted to practice their rcligii)n in that (juarter, they, by permission, removed to Russia, about a century ago, but it w;is stipulated that in 1^71 they ihould be liable ti> the conscription. Rather than give in they resolved to leave tl c country. A large number of them, accordingly emigrated to Nebraska and Kansas, in the United States. A few of them 40 THE DOMINI )X settled in Ontario, and became rich. Tliey offered to be sureties to the government to tlie amount of £1G,000, if that money were advanced by the government to bring some of the families to Manitoba. The money was advanced, and a body of them arrived at Red River seven years ago. They had little means, but they were industrious. They camped on the prairie. They dug wells, made bricks with which to build houses, and what was still more wonderfid, they manufactured fuel without wood. This they did by carefully saving the manure which the farmers used to throw into the river, and by mixing it with straw, produced cakes of fuel which served the purpose well. The men and the women work. Even the ministers put their hands to at the busy season, as do also the teachers of the colony. They are frugal and know the value of a dollar. They are remarkably conservative, and keep very much by themselves. They are, as a whole, in most comfortable circumstances, and seem well pleased and satisfied with their lot. The present condition of these people shows what persons with little or no capital to begin with can do in this fertile country'. Hero we have the case of a people poor and penniless seven years ago, and now better off than farmers in Scotland who ha^ o labored for half a centmy. I am stating facts— not drawing on my imagination. MARKETS. No matter how fertile the land may be in Manitoba if a market cannot be found for the produce. But there is to be no lack of facility in this respect. There is already commuuication by railway all the way from Halifax to Winnipeg, as there is from all the great Atlantic ports of the United States. The railway is now completed (i(!0 miles west of Winnipeg, and by the end of the present year it will be extended to the foot of the Rocky Mountains. The branch from Thunder Bay to Winnipeg is now completed, being a distance about 4)0 miles. This opens a connection between Manitoba and Lake Superior by means of which produce can be conveyed by water to Montreal. With the present arrangements — says a pamphlet issued by the Departi'ient of Agriculture — wheat has been conveyed from OF CANADA. 41 Manitoba to Montreal for 30 cents a bushel ; thence it can be taken by ocean vessel to Liverpool for 10 or 15 cents more. Ifc is calculated that wheat can be :"Jse(l with profit for 50 cent;; a bushel, thus making a possibility of delivering wheat in Liver- pool under 85 cents — that is about -> shilling and pence sterling per pushel or 28/ per quarter. Charges and handling may bring it over this price, but the two naked elements of growth and transport are within the figures named. It is believed that cattle can be raised on the \'ast grass are.as of the North-Wes^t, and be taken to the Eastern markets with profit. Enterprise of this nature has already been set on foot at the extensive ranches near the foot of the Rocky Mountains. " Apart from the magnificent commercial facdities which a settler in Manitoba and the North-West will possess for disposing of his surplus products, there will be a spiendid home market for some years to come for all that a fanner can rai-e in supplying the numerous incomers, and the very largo number of men and cattle required in the coistructiou of the Pacific Railway." These sentences from one of the government pamphlets contain a plain and accurate statement of facts. Let me here state the terms on which la' 1 can be obtained — The system of survey in Manitoba is very easily understood. The Province is divided into Townships, each of which is about six miles square. These townships are divided into sections of one mile square, or G40 acres. These sections are divided into half sections of 320 acres, and quarter sections of KiO acres. I shall here copy the Dominion Land Regulations as published by the Government, so that there may be no mistake as to the conditions on which land can be obtained : — DOMINION LAND REGULATIONS. The followiucr regulations (dinittiug those relating to Colonization Reserves) for the .sale and settlement of Dominion Lands in the Province of Manitoba and the North-West IV -ritories slmll, on and after tiw 1st day of Jiinuary, lfS82, b(.> substituted for the Regulations now in force, bearing date the 25th day of May last. 42 THE DOMINION 1. The survoy(!cl lands in ^lunitoba and the I^orth-VVest Territories shall, for the purpose of these Re','ulations, be cl.issified as follows : — Class A. — Lands within twenty-four miles of the main liny or any branch line of tlie Canadian Pacitic Railway), on either side tluu'eof. Class B. — Lands within twelve miles, on either side, of any projected line of railway (other than the Canadian Pacitic Railway) approved by Order-in-Council f)ublished in the Canadia Gazette:— Class C. — Lands south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway not included in Class A or B. Class D.~ Lands other than those in classes A, B, ai>d C. '1. Th(f even-numbered sections in all the foregoing classes are to be held exclusively for homesteads and pre-em^ '■ions. a. Except in Class D, where they may be affected by colonization agreements, as hereinaftei' provided. b. Exc(!pt where it may be necessary out of them to provide wood lots for settlers. (•. Except in cases where the Minister of the Interior, under provisions of tlie Dominion Lands Acts, may deem it expedient to withdraw certain lands, and sell them at public auction or other- wis(! deal with them as the Grovernor-in-(Jouncil may direct. 3. The odd-numbert^d sections in Class A are i'(\served for the Canadian Pacitic Railway Company. 4. The odd-numbered sections in Classes B and C .shall be for sale at $2.50 per acre, payable at the time of sale : a. Except where they have been or may be dealt with otherwise by the (loveruor-in-Council. 5. The odd-nun\b(5red sections in Class D shall b(! for sale at %'l per acre, payable at time of sale : a. Except where they have been or may be dealt with otherwise by the (jiovernor-in-Council. }>. Except lands alFected by colonization agreements, as hereinafter provided. 6. Persons who, subse(juent to survey, but befoj-e the issue o^" the Order-in-Council of the 9th of October, ISTD, excluding odd-numbered .sections by residing on and cultivating the same, shall, if continuing so to occupy them, b(^ permitted to obtain homestead and pre-emption entries as if they w ere on even-numbei-ed sections. h. c. PHK-KMITIONS. The })rices for pre-emption lots shall be as follows : - For lands in Classes A, B, and C, •$'2J)0 per acre. For lauds in Class 1), $2.00 p(!r acre. Payments shall be made in one sum at the end of three years from the date of entry, or at such earlier date as a settler may, under OF CANADA. 43 the provisions of the Dominion Lands Acts, obtain a patent for the honi( 'Stead to which such pre-emption lot V)elongs. ♦ * -» « 'K' * * TIMBER POFt SETTLERS. 14. The Minister of the Interior may direct the reservation of any odd or even-numbered section having timber upon it, to provide wood for homestead settlers on sections without it ; and each such stittler may, where the opportunity for so doing exists, purcliase a wood lot, not exceeding 20 acres, at the price of $5 per acre in cash. 15. The Minister of the Interior may grant, under th(^ provisions of the Dominion Lands Act, licenses to cut timber on lands within surveyed townships. The lands conveyed by such licenses are hereby withdrawn from homestead and pre-emption entry and from sale. PASTURAGE LANDS. 16. Under the authority of the Act 4+ Victoria, Chap. 16, leases of tracts for grazing purposes may lie granted on the following conditions : — a. Sucli leases to be for a period of not exceeding twenty-one years, and no single lease shall cover a gnjater area than 100,000 acres. b. In surveyed territory, the land embraced by the lease; shall be described in townships and sections. In unsurveyed ten-itory, the party to whom a lease may ])e promised shall, bcfoi'e the issue of the lease, cause a survey of the tract to be made, at his own expense, by a Dominion Land Surveyor, under instructions from the Surveyor-General ; and the plan and field notes of such survey shall be deposited on record in the Department of the Interior. €. The lessee slmll pay an annual rental at the rate of SIO for every 1,000 acres embraced by his lease, and shall, within thrcje years from the gi'anting of the lease, place on the tract one head of cattle for every ten acres of land embraced by the lease, and shall during its term maintain cattU; thereon in at least that proportion. d. After j)lacing the prescribed number of cattle upon tin' tract ^.'ased, the lessee mtiy purchase land within his leasehold for a liome, farm and corriU, paying therefor Sl'.OO \n'Y acre in cash. e. Failure to fulfil any of the conditions of his lease shall subject the lessee to forfeiture thereof, 17. When two or more parties apply for a grazing l(!as(,' of th(^ same land, tenders sha 1 be invited, and the lease shall be granted to the party ofl'ei-ing the highest j)remium therefor in addition t(j the rental. The said premium to be paid before the issue of the lease. 44 THE DOMINION GENEUAL PROVISIONS. IS. Pfiyrnonts for l.nul m:\x lir> in cash, scrip, or Polic-e or Military Bounty \^'ar rants. 19. Tlii^se rei,'ulati(»n'^ shall not ap})ly to lands valuable for town plot.s, or to coal or other mineral lands, or to stone or marble (juarries, or to lands having' water-power thereon : or to sections 11 and :^9 in each Town-ihip, which are School Lands, or Sections 8 and 2G, which belong to the Hudson's Bay Cr. When cultivation or settlement forms part of the con- sideration, a i-ebat'! for cultivation will be allowed as hereinafter des cribed. Tliese regulations are substituted for and cancel those hitherto in force. terms of pay.ment. Tf paid in full at time of purchase, a Deed of Conveyance of the land will l)e given; but the iiurchaser may pay one-sixth in cash, and the balance in live annual instalments with interest at six })er cent, per annum, payabh n advance. Payments may be made in Land Grant Bonds which will 1)e acce|»ted at ten per cent, premium on their par value and accrued interest. These bonds may be obtained on applica- tion at the Bank of J\Iontreal, Montreal, or at any of its agencies. OP CANADA. 45 land l> KBATE. A rebate of f-^v. Ci ■''^'> to i^S.AO (r>s. to 14k. .storliiifr) y^oi- nt-ro. .if - cording to tlie price paitl for the lan\viii^; conditions : 1. TIk; purclKiser will not l>r entitled to a rebate unler-.s at tlje time of piii'cliuse he enters into nu nndertaking to cultivate the l.nnd. 2. One-half of the land contracted for, to he brought under cultiva- tion within four yearr, from date of contract. .'). In (Tises whei-e i^irchasers do not rcsid*' on the laiid, at le.'ist oiu-- eighth of the whole quantity [)Ui'chased shall iie cultivat;'d duH)^g each of tl'.e four years; 'out this condition Avill not be insisted ujion in the csxHe of an actual setthn* residing continuously oj» tJie land, v/lio will have the })nvilege of doing his cultivation at anytime within th'^ period named. 4. Where a purchaser fails to cany out fully tiie conditio.'is'as to cultivation within the time named, he will be required to ])ay the full purchase price on all the land conti'acted for. Ikit if from causes be- yond his control, proved to tlie sali.-t'actinn of the ( 'nmj'tiny. a settle'' so fails, h(( may be allowed tlu" relmti^ on the land actually :ultiviiLe;! (luring the four years, on payment of the balance due, including tlie full purchase price of the remainder of the land contracted for. GENERAL CONDITIONS. All sales are subject to the following general ceiulitiens : 1. All improvements jdaced on land purchased to be retained thereon until final payment has been made. '2. AH taxes and assessments lawfully iniposed ujion the Irnd (v ini provenH>nts to l>e ]).iid by the ppurchasir. .S. The (^onqiany reserves from ,-ale, iimb-r these regulations, ali niiner.al and coal lands, containing timber in quantities, stone, slate and inarble. (piari-ies, lands svith water j)ov.er thereon, and tracts for Town sites and Jiailway pui'posc's. 4. JNlim-ral, cial and tiud)er lands and quarries, and lands controlling water power will be disposed of on very moderate tei-ms to p( rsons giv- ing satisfactory evidence r.f their intention and ability to utilize the same. ;■). The Company n-serves the right to take \\ itiiout reniuticr.dion (except for the value of buildings and improvements on the required portion of land) a stri]) or sti-i(is of land "JOO feet widt\ to be used for right of way, or other raihvay purposes, wherever the liTu^ of the t 'ana- dian Paciric Raihvay, or any l)ranch thereof, is or shall be lo.uted. 6. Liberal rates for s(>ttlers and their elfects will be granted by the Company over its raihvay. 46 THE DOMINION For further particulars, ap];)ly to tho Company's Land Commissioner, John H. AEcTavisii, Winnipej,', or to Ar.KXANDKR Becu}, Land Agent of tlie Company, 101 Cannon Street, London, England, By order of the Board, CHARLES DRINK WATER, Montreal, November 30th, 1882. Secretary. THE SHOOTING IN MANITOBA. I am not a. sporting man myself, but it may be interesting to a certain class of my reade;:'s who enjoy a shot with the gun to know what scope Is presented in Manitoba for the exercise of this propensity. I cannot do better than give the experience of an English gentleman who visited Manitoba, and who tarried with a friend who had bought land twenty-tive miles south-west of Brandon, \,'hich is 140 miles from Winnipeg. The brief story will be best given in his own words. I may mention that the large grey ducks are called mallards : — " K. M. and I started, after an early breakfast, with a double- seated buckboard and a pair of Indian ponies for a chicken hunt. No sooner had we crossed the ferry than the dogs pointed, and M. and I jumped out. Three birds rose to M., two of which he Hoored ; then throe brace of birds rose in pairs to me, resulting in three successful doubk shots ; thus in ten minutes from start- ing we had opened our bag with four brace of splendid birds. Remounting the buckboard, we again proceeded, but had not orone far before the dogs found a fresh covev. About a dozen birds were flushed together, and left a fair proportion of their number to swell the bag. The remainder of the covey was marked, and following them up, other birds were continually being found, until by eleven o'clock we counted forty-one brace. Luncheon and a halt of a couple of hours was now in order, after which K. proposed take a turn at some ' sloughs,' or ponds, where he said ducks were numerous. Driving up within .a hundred yards, and leaving the well-trained ponies standing on the prairie, the three of us approached the first ' slough ' from difierent points. Peering through the long grass, I had got sufficiently close to see a large flock of teal in the centre of the iissioner, d Agent KR, retary. ting to gun to rcise of lence of tarried th-weat ef story- hat the double* n hunt, ed, and hich he 'suiting n start- [ birds, lad not dozen F their iy was inually I brace, order, ponds, thin .a ing on from id got of the OF CANADA. 47 pond, wliem M. fired at some shovellers whicli were in front of him. At the shot over a hundred mallards sprang from the edge of the mud almost beneath my feet, where the long grass had previously concealed them. \ killed one with the first and two with the second barrel, then rapidly reloading, had some pretty practice, as large flocks of duck and teal swept round the pond before taking flight for ot'^er quarters. For about a mile further on these " sloughs " were numerous, and at each of them a somewhat similar scene v/as enacted ; after which we turned our horses' heads homewards, meeting with a couple of lar^'v coveys of chickens en route. Our bag for the day consisted of forty-nine brace of chickens and sixty-three ducks of various kinds, including blue and green winged teal, mallards, shovellers, pintails, redheads, and bluebills. That evening a large party assembled to dinner in K. s house and after the cloth had been removed, with Lieut. B., R.N., in the chair, as loyal and patriotic toasts were drank as could be heard in any part of Her Majesty's dominions, and, with song and story, a most enjoyable evening was spent. " The following morning wo sorted out bunches of game, and, after plentifully supplying the houses in the village, we despatched a large quantity to friends in Bran-Ion ar^d Winnipeg ; and this we subsequenty did pretty regularly on stage days. In the evening M. and I took a turnout close to the village ; and here I made the most wonderful ' pot shot ' of the trip. About a half mile out on the prairie was a ' slough ' some quarter of a mile long. On approaching it we could see the water at the farthest end covered with ducks. As they generally fly from one end to another of these ponds, I concealed myself at the eastern corner, while M. crept up to tlie other end. Presently I heard him fire, and saw an immense flock of blue- wino-ed teal rise in the air, and after a brief circle around, come straight for my hiding-place. There must have been a thousand of them, and waiting till they were diagonally towards me, I fired, and cut two lanes through them. Such spla.shing and flapping as ensued I never saw before. Of course a number of cripples got away, but we picked up twenty-seven, and, as M. 48 TlIK DOMINION had killed two mallards an so far a? the party consigning is concerned, such assignment may be deemed by the Dominion Lands authorities as evidence of voluntary abandonment. Any person, however, whose homestead has been recommended by the Local Agent for letters patent (proofs of fulfillment of conditions having of course, been filed with him) may legally convey, assign and transfer his right and title therein. There is a book kept in the Department of the Interior for the regis- tration, at the option of the parties interested, on payment of a fee of $2.00, o^ any such assignment or legal assignable rights (proof of which must accompany the application to register) and the law holds every assignment so registered as valid against any other assignment unregistered or sul)sequently registered, even if previously made. Every assignment must, for the purpose of registration, be entirely unconditional. OP CANADA. 67 Bounty land warrants, whether issued to men who have served in the Northwest Mounted Police or the militia force formerly- performing duty in Manitoba, are accepted in payment of all land for the amount they represent, viz. 160 acres; but purchasers of warrants should be careful to see that the assignment to themselves, as well as all previous assignments, is duly registered at Ottawa. It is essential to its validity that the first assign- ment of a warrant should be endorsed on the document. Land script, whether that issued to half-breed heads of fami- lies or of the kind granted to " old settlers " in the Settlement Belts, to extinguish certain claims, is of the same value as cash to the bearer, in any purchase of Dominion Lands, for the amount represented on its face. Settlers who take up homesteads are required to become actual residents and improvers of their claim within six months from date of entry. In the case, however, of immigrants applying to the Minister of the Interior for leave to settle in the community, and shewing good cause, the Governor General-in-Council has power to extend the period to twelve months. It is important in every case to make a homestead entry as soon as possible, because no patent can issue (as a free grant) until three years froiri the date of entry have expired ; and it is essential to reside on the homestead and cultivate the same continuously in order that no delay may be occasioned at the expiration of the above period. Further, it is important because should circumstances require the settler to reside elsewhere, a continuous fulfillment of the homestead condition for twelve months would give him the right, under a special clause of the Act, to purchase such homestead at the current price of the adjacent government lands. The Department holds residence to have been "continuous," in the legal sense, notwithstanding the settler may have been absent from his homestead for a period not exceeding six months altogether in any one year of his occupa- tion; cultivation must, however, have been carried on each season by himself or his representatives. In the case, however, when a certain number of homestead settler?, embracing not less than twenty families, with a view to 58 THE DOMINION greater convenience in the establishment of schools, churches, etc., ask to be allowed to settle together in a hamlet or village, the Minister may vary the requirement as to residence on, but not as to the cultivation of each separate quarter.section. Land prospectors will act wisely in making sure that the land they propose to enter for is not already claimed in any w^ay by a prior occupant. As a general rule, it will be found safer to take up land to which no legal or equitable claim is likely to be asserted than to go into disputed possession of a superior location. Tn the one case, the settler can confidently proceed wich his improvements, in the other he will be hindered by the delay and uncertainty involved in obtaining a decision. Purchasers of Land in Manitoba and the North-West terri- tories that has been already patented from the Crown should never pay any portion of the price agreed upon without first satisfying themselves, by obtaining an abstract of title from the Registry Office for the Registration District in which the lands are situate, that no agreements, mortgages, judgments, or other incumbrances are recorded against it ; also, that no arrears of taxes are due upon such property. It should also be remembered that, as the law attaches the greatest possible importance to priority of registration, no delay should be allowed to intervene between the signing of a deed and seeing that it is duly regis- tered, A Registrar's fee in Manitoba for registering an ordinary conveyance is $2.20 : he charges 50 cents for a search, and for an abstract according to the number of the entries of documents affecting the property. Persons travelling in the North-Wcst are required to be parti- cularly careful to extinguish their camp-fires before leaving them, so that the destructive consequences of prairie fire may be prevented. Should it happen, however, that a party of Prospec- tors are threatened by a prairie fire approaching them, and no other means of ei:;cape are available, the danger may be effec- tually prevented by setting fire to the prairie to leeward of the party, and moving the travellers, with their outfit, on the ground so burnt over. OF CANADA. 59 In case of Prospectors losing their animals while camping- in summer, it would be well to remember that oxen and horses invariably graze to windward, in order to avoid the fli(^s. It is amazing how many succeed in farming operations in the North West who had no practical knowledge of the business previously. Not a few seem to take to the business as a duck takes to the water. No great knowledge of farming is required to cultivate wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, etc., in a country where the virgin soil is ready for the plow, and where manuring is not required. Let me not be understood as conveying the idea that practical knowledge of farming is of no value. I simply state the fact that not a few have succeeded as cultivators of the soil in Manitoba who had no previous experience of farm work. These are doubtless persons who had an original aptitude for the business, and who set to work determined to succeed. The great advantage the experienced farmer has over the man who has no experience is that he knows how to preserve the quality of the ^oil by skilful rotation of crops, and thus keep it for a number of years in a condition to secure splendid crops, and that he knows when the work is well done, and how much should be done. WHY DO FARMERS FROM THE OTHER PROVINCES GO TO THE NORTH WEST ? Not a few express astonishment that so many good farmers leave their properties in the other Provinces, and betake them- selves to the West. Well the principal reason is obvious enough. For a sum obtained by the sale of their farms they can purchase splendid properties in the West, where the land is exceedingly rich, and where excellent returns can be had with far less labor and expense than from land which has been under crop possibly for a century. The West also affords facilities for providing for their families permanently. But 1 have found that some of those who left other parts of Canada for the Western agricultural Eldorado had found that they had to endure privations on which they did not calculate. Man does not live by bread alone. He desires pleasant com- 60 THE DOMINION panionship. He is pre-eminently a gregarious animal. The happiness of his life depends not entirely on what he may eat or drink, or on what clothing he may wear. His nature craves companionship and sympathy. He is made a bette^ man morally and religiously by converse with good men. His life, let me add, without desiring to assume the functions of a spiritual teacher, is intended as a preparation for a higher sphere, and he ought not to overlook the elements necessary to fit him for that sphere. Now when one removes to the North West he loses a good deal, and gains a good deal. And a wise man will balance the pros and the cons, and act accordingly. When Lot removed to the plains of Sodom he lost more than he gained. But let the reader not imagine that I intend to insist on the propriety of the parallel. I refer to his case as one which illustrates strikingly the principle that mere wordly gain ought not in all cases to be a sufficient inducement to a man to leave country and kindred and lead a comparatively isolated and solitary life. But it must be borne in mind on the other hand that the country in the West is fast filling up, and that the disadvantages I have indicated will be less every succeeding year. The Presbyterian Church in Canada and other denominations are making commendable efforts to supply pastors and teachers for the people of the North West, and time will supply the educational establishments which will put the region on an equal footing in this respect with the other Provinces of the Dominion. THE INDIANS, If any fat farmer who may read these pages is afraid to emigrate for fear he may be surveyed by Cannibal Indians with an eye similar to that which a hungry man directs to a sirloin of fat beef he may keep his mind easy. The North American Indians were never cannibals. They had abundance of game to supply their wants. Now they are quiet, law-abiding people as a rule in the Dominion, which in this respect presents a contrast to the United States. The aborigines of Canada have been and OF CANADA. 61 now are well treated by the government. Hence we hear of no man-hunting excursions in Canada. They have their own territorial reserves, and are otherwise liberally treated. CHIEF DRAWBACKS, ETC. Having in the preceding pages said so much in favor of the North- West as a tield for emigrants of the agricultural clsss, the question may be asked ; what are the principal drawbacks, in the estimation of an Englishman or a Sr-otchman ' There is in the tirst place bad roads. This is in'^.ident to the recent settlement of the country, but road met.il is scarce. The roads, however, will be improved in time. In some districts the water is brackish and inferior, but as a rule, good water, and plenty of it, can be obtained by boring. Then the absence of trees is another very conspicuous drawback in the estimation of an old country man. But they can be planted, and will flourish. As to fuel, it will in a short time, be obtained at a very moderate rate. According to Professor Selwyn, the supply of coal is practically inexliaust- ible. Mr. G. M. Dawson, the government explorer, has figured exposures of lignet one foot, seven feet, and sixteen feet in thickness, in the Souris Valley, two hundred and fifty miles south-west of Winnipeg. Wood suitable for fuel exists on the river banks. The chief trees of the country are the aspen, maple, oak, elm, and many varieties of willow; and I may here remark that the strawberry, currant, plum, cherry and grape are indigenous. There are extensive peat bogs from which a supply of excellent fuel can be obtained. The rivers rise as they do in other countries, after heavy rain, but there is little risk of destructive floods. These are happily few and far between. Destructive insects in vast clouds rarely visit the countrj''. One may live for half a century in the country and not see them. There is no country in the world without a number of disadvantages, and the North-West has but a very limited share of them. The lightning is vivid, and the thunder much louder than in Scotland. In winter the roads are in splendid condition for some months, the solid snow forming a good bottom, and making travelling easy and agreeable. 02 THE DOMINION Snow, instead of beinj^ as in Scotland, an obstacle to the con- veyaneo of heavy loads is what the lumber man prays for , one or two feet is a positive blessing. The l^st time to arrive in the country is during June, July and August. The new settler, as 1 have already said, should be in no hurry to settle. Let 'iim spend a few weeks in the country, and the knowledge and experience acquired during that period, will be of great use to him in coming to a satisfactory conclusion as to permanent settlement. Living ia not very high in Manitoba. Beef in the City of Winnipeg, can be had in winter for three pence half-pennyper pound, beef .steaks at seven pence half-penny, butter sells in the shops at about a shilling a pound; eggs are dear in winter but moderate in summer. Severe snow storms are, in the North-West called blizzards; they are very severe whil3 they last. The cold is intense and penetrating, and if one is exposed, he requires all the warm clothing he can command to resist the cold, and secure any degree of comfort. In the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains, towards which the Railway is rapidly tending, the winters are com- pivratively mild. There the cattle remain in good condition through the winter, though they may have no shelter. They manage to get at the grass and continue in good condition all winter. As the country becomes peopled the climate will improve in winter. The settlers will find it for their interest to plant such trees as will afford shelter, and thus the very appear- ance of the fertile prairie will be greatly improved. There is a glorious future in store for the North West. With abundance of coal, and the most fertile land in unlimited quantity, there can be no question as to the future greatness of the country. IMMIGRATION. The number of immigrants arriving in the North West is increasing — such increase being attributable to the measures which have been adopted to make its resources knowH. The number who arrived in the Dominion in June last (1883) was or CANADA. es fw^enty-eijijht thousand five hundred find eleven. The number reported for the previous five months of the current calen(hir year was seventy-one thousand two hundred and ninty-three — makin^fT a total of ninety-nine thousand eiglit hundred and four for the first six montlis of • 1888. The number of immigrants who in the month of June went tlirouL,di ("/anada to the Uniteil States was twelve thousand one hundred and ninety- eight. The number previously reported for this year was twenty-five thousand three hundred and forty-three, making a total of thirty-eight thousand and forty-one for the six months a.s against forty-one thousand nine hundred and ninety-eight in the correspr nding period in 1882 ; leaving the number of settlers in Uie Dominion for the six mor ths ending on the Thirtieth June last sixty-one thousand .seven hundred and sixty-three, as against fifty thousand faur iiundred and fifteen from the first of January to the end of June 1882. RETURN TO TORONTO. — EXHIBITION OF CATTLE, ETC, I retiirned to Winnipeg on the 2nd September, and spent some time in examining the city. There Was then, and I presume there is now an amount of speculation in land and property, which will, through the recklessness of speculators, produce a reaction. Several building lots were shown me for v/hich fancy prices were paid. There is a limit beyond which this kind of thing cannot go without leading to the ruin of not a few gamblers. I would advise any intending settler who may read these pages to be very cautious ; let him be cool and not carried away by the rhetoric of some of the men who make speculation their business. A day of reckoning will come before the value of sites and lands adjoining the City reach their true normal value. I arrived at Toronto on the 7th, and as I had been for weeks almost constantly travelling, felt the need of rest. At the hotel I met a friend whom I had not seen for twenty-seven years ; we had a long conversation, and exchanged information as to events and persons. What changes have taken place daring that period 1 We went to the Exhibition ground and had much pleasure in a 64 THE DOMINION systematic and prolonged examination of all that was to be seen thet'e. Here I saw fine specimens of cattle, sheep and pigs, etc. Some Canadian farmers have shown remarkable enterprise in the breeding of cattle. The most prominent among them is Mr. Cochran of Hillhurst. One cargo including forty short- homed bulls and heifers, and choice specimens of Coltswold sheep and Berk.shire pigs, imported by this gentleman in 1870, is said to have cost him fifteen thousand pounds. American breeders of Short-horn cattle have now established a herd book of their own, and have been so successful in their efforts that already they have made numerous sales to English breeders at long prices. A sale by auction, took place on the 10th September, 1873, of the herd of Mr. Campbell, of New^ York Mills, near Utica, when one hundred and eight animals realized seventy-six thousand pounds sterling. Of these ten were bought by British breeders, six of which, of the Duchess family, averaged more than four thousand pounds, and one of them ' Eighth Duchess of Geneva," was bought by Mr. Pevin Davies, of Gloucestershire, at the unprecedented price of eight thousand one hundred and twenty pounds! The quality of the cattle at the Toronto show astonished me. Here there were splendid specimens of the Durhams and Herefords, heavy and beautii'ully-shaped animals, developed to perfection. There were also good ppecimens of Scotch Polled Cattle. The cows of the Hereford breed are said not to be good milkers. The Ayrshire cows seem to take the shine, as milkers, out of all other varieties, but the Durhams and the Herefords are the cattle for the grazier. The show of sheep could not be called fine in the estimation of an old country farmer. Here there were the Leicester, Colts- wold, and fine specimens of Southdowns, besides other varieties. The show of Horses struck me as excellent-., equal to any I have seen in Scotland. There was a good display of woollen fabrics. The Canadians are going strongly into manufactures. Cotton mills are being established ; an extensive sugar refinery is in full operation in OF CANADA. 65 Halifax, and another largo o.stablishinont of the same kind is in ■course of erection there. I left Toronto on the 12th Scptouiher, and went to Montreal, which J left on the l7th for (^)iu'ltt>c. The railway runs alon^ the margin of the St. Lawrence River. We passed through a largo number of poor settlements, — dry sandy soil — Hni rubbing but with no favorable result. It is a rule that the boatmen should carry no stimulating drink, as the passage is hazardous, and every man requires to have a clear head in order to avoid the blocks of ice which are being carried out to sea by means of the strong current ; but the gentlemen who told me the story happened to have a flask of fine brandy, and produced it. The joungman was a rigid tetotaller and hesitated to take the stimulant — but he was told that death might ensue if he did r)F CANADA. 67 not take a good dose of the medicine. His hands were colour- less and his face palid, but the brandy produced an almost immediate change ; it caused a quicker action of the heart and worked a marvellous change. He took a sandwich, and the crisis was over. As there were no means of keeping him warm available he would probably have perished but for the brandy. My total abstinence fritnds will admit tliat this was a case in which the use of strong drink was allowable. Had the man tlrank the same quantity in ordinary circumstances he would, ' not being a seasoned cask " have been as "fu as a piper." As it was, my informant assured me, it had not the slightest effect on his brain, save that of restoring normal circulation, the very thing needeil. The boatmen are so careful and experienced that for many years no accidents have occurred on the passage between the mainland and the Island in winter. The only one of which J have heard took place in 1855. In the month of March, 1855, a distressing occurrtuce took place. The ice-boat from Cape Tormentine to the Island, with Mr. James Henry Haszard, Mr. Johnson, sen of Dr. Johnson^ mediccil student, and an old gentleman —Mr. Joseph Weir, of Bangor — as pass' ngors, ha.i proceeded safely to within half a mile of the Island shore, when a severe snow-storm was encoun- tered. The boat, utterly unable to make headway, was put about, drawn on the ic. j,nd turned up to protect the men from the cold and fury of the storm. Thus they were drifted hope- lessly in the strait during Friday night, Saturday and Saturday night. On Sunday morning they began to drag the boat tow^irds the mainland, and exhausted — not having tasted food for three days — they were about ceasing all farther efforts, when they resolved to kill a spaniel which Mr. Weir had with him, and the poor fellows drank the blood and ate the raw flesh of the animal. They now felt a little revived, and lightened the boat by throwing out trunks and baggage. Mr. Haszard wa* put into the boat being unable to walk, and thus they moved towards the .shore, from which they were four or five miles distant. On Monday I'vening Mr. Haszard died from e.Khaustion. 68 THE DOMINION They toiled on. however, and on Tuesday evening reached the shore near Wallace, Nova Scotia, but unfortunately at a point two miles from the nearest dwelling. Two of the boatmen succeeded in reachincja liouse, and all the survivers, thouoh much frost-bitten, recovered under the kind and judicious treatment which they received. But I am moving too fast. 1 should have tokl how I got to the Island. I left New Glasgow on the 23rd of September, and took the train to Pictou — something like ten miles distant. Here I found a steamer waiting for the train passengers for Prince Edward Island. We had a pleasant passage of about four hour's duration, when we landed in Charlottetown, the capital of the Island. I put up at the Revere House, and found myself comfortably lodged. Let me here say something respecting the history of this interesting Island, which is aptly called the Garden of the Lower Provinces. I would say that I mve a very brief account of that history because it relates mainly to the land, and is therefore likely to prove interesting to tarmers especially. The Island was amongst the first discoveries of th(; celebrated navigator Cabot, and was by him named Saint John's Island, as indicative of the day of its discovery. It was not claimed by the British, and the French took pcjssession. In 171 -5 it was ceded by the treaty of Utrecht to Qu(!en Anne. It is almost amusing to observe the frequency with which what was then called Acadia, comprehending a considerable portion of the continent of Ameiica, and the adjacent Islands was tosse'd like a ball, by Britain and France, from the one to the other. After the fall of Quebec and Louisburg, Saint John was plaetid under the governujent of Nova Scotia. In 170-4 the British Governmetit resolved to have a survey of British North America exreuted and the Island of Saint John was allotted to Captain Holland for that purpose. The late Judge Pope, of the Island— he died only a few years ago — a gentleman of remarkable intelligence, had the manuscript of the correspondence which passed between Captain Holland and the British Government at the time of the -survey. Only a portion of it has been published. It is interest- OF CANADA. 69 inrif to note the account the Captain gives of the climate of the Ishmd, which, written upwards of a century ago, is confirmed by present experience. He says respecting the climate : " The time of the setting in of the frost in winter, and its break- ing up in the spring, is very uncertain. In general it is observed that about October there usually begins to be frost morning and evening, wh'ch gradually increase in severity till about the middle of December, when it becomes cxtremelv sharp. At this time north-west wind, with small sleet, sel lorn fails. In a little time the rivers on the island are frozen up, and even the sea some distance from land. The ice soon becomes safe to travel on, as it is at least twenty-two to thirty inclies tliick. The snow upon the ground, and in the woods, is often a surprising depth, and it is impossible to travel except on snow-shoes The Acadians now have recourse to little cabins or huts in the woods, Avhere they are screened from the violence of the weather, and at tlie same time have the convenience of wood for fuel. Here they live on the fish they have cured in tlie summer, and game which they frequently kill, as hares and partridges lynxes or wiM cats, otters, martins, or musk rats, — none of wdiich they refuse to eat, as necessity presses them. In the spring the rivers seldoui break up till April, and the snow is not entirely ott" the ground until the middle of May It ought to be observed that as Saint John is fortunately not troubled with fogs, as are the neighboring Islands of Cape Br(?ton and Newfoundland, neither has it so setth'd and constant a climate as Canada. Here are frequent changes of weattier, as rain snow, hail, and hard frost." The climate of the Island is most delightful during the suuuner and autumn. As I have said the description of the winter climate as given in the above extract is most accm-ate. Strange that the Acadians should be under the necessity o.'^ eating wild cats, when by a little labor they could have good :rops. Rut the Island is now in a condition for travellino- of which the pe(»ple living a hundred years ago had no idea. Tt is not only traversed by excellent roads in all directions, but has a railway owned by the 70 THE DOMINION Dominion Government, wliicli traverses it from tlie one end to the other. There is also capital regular communication with the main land by means of steamers. In 1873 the Earl of Egmont, then first Lord of tlie Admiralty, presented a memorial to the king, praying for a part of the whole Island, to hold the same in fee of the Crown for ever The Earl desired to live there, and having a family of nine chil- dren, wished a large slice of the land to be given them. He proposed to divide the Island into sections, each of which was. to have a fortified castle, and to subject the population to regular military training. The Earl would seem to have assumed that Britain was to continue in a state of chronic hostility with other nations, and he wished to make the Island impregnable — in short a little kingdom, of which, he, himself was to be the ruler. The Government had sense enough to set the memorial aside, and his Lordship had spirit enough to decline a grant of a hundred thousand acres of the land, which the Government oflered him as compensation for the trouble and expense to which he had been put im promoting the scheme to which we have alluded. On the rejection of the Egmont scheme, the Government resolved to grant the Island to persons who had claims on the ground of military or other public services, and singular to relate the whole Island was granted in one day. The method of arrantinix the lots was the followinof : — The Board of Trade ordered all petitioners for g rs to appear before them person- ally or by deputy on the l7ii nd 24th June, and Isfc July, 17G7, in^upport of their respect •> claims. During these days after hearing parties, they selected those whose claims seemed prefer- able, and on the 8th of July the list was completed, and linally adopted. The balloting took place on the 2:h'd of July, 17()7, in presence of the Board. The name of each applicant was written on a slip of paper or ticket, and put in the balloting box — the lots being granted in running numbers as they were drawn. The Grants were made to militarv men who had no idea of settling in the Island. Although it was stipulated that the grantees should settle tlieir lots within ten years frum the dat<^ OF CANADA. 71 to the My, the ■of fhe grants in the proportion of one person for every two hundred acres, the time passed with very little progress being made in the settlement of the Island. Although the population was very small a governor wa^-' appointed and a constitution granted. As proof that the great body of the proprietors were utterly indifferent to the engagements they contracted when thoy obtained their lands, it is only necessary to state that in only ten of the sixty-seven townships into which the island was divided were the terms of settlement complied with during the first ten years which had elapsed since possession was granted. In 1798 the name of the island was changed to Prince Edward Island, after Prince Edward — afterwards Duke of Kent, and father of Her Majesty The Queen. In 1803 there was a large importation of Highlanders, eight hundred of whom were brought by the Earl of Selkirk to his property. Many of these immigrants became successful settlers. Indeed gaelic is spoken in almost all parts of the Island, as it is in a number of the counties of Nova Scotia. The ignorance which in our days prevails in the old country, respecting the American colonies, is not quite so deplorable as that which existed at the pei'iod of the island history at which we have now arrived. It may amuse the reader to learn what the celebrated Cobbett thought at ibA'i ^-'w^ nf Prince Edward Islai d, as a home for emigrants, and of" the kind of business that was prosecuted there : " From Glasgow," wrote Cobbett, " the sensible Scots are pouring out amain. Those that arc poor, and cannot pay their passage, or can rake together only a triile, are going to a rascally heap of sand, rock and swamp, called Prince Edward Island, in the horrible (Julf of Saint Lawrence; but when the American vessels came over with Indian corn and flour, and pork, and beef, and poultry, and eggs, and butter, and cab- bage)*, and green pease, asparagus for the soldier, and other tax-eaters that we support upon that lump of worthlessness, — for the lump itself bears nothing but potatoes, — when these vessels return, the sensible Scots will go back in them for a ^dollar a head, and not a man of them will be left but bed-ridden 72 THE /)OMINION persons." If such are the doctrines which were taught to the people of Britain by men like Oobbett, what must have been tlie- depth of ignorance respecting the North American colonies which pervaded the masses ? The very articles which the islanders were prepared to export to the States, if an inlet for them were permitted, were the articles which the foolish grammarian imagined they were importing. He little thought that in the capital of this island of " rock " a cargo of whin- stones would find ready sale. Indeed one of the characteristics of the soil is its almost entire freedom from stones. The Island was visited by the Prince of Wales in 18G0. His Royal Highness was received with all due honour and cordiality- It is recorded that on passing through one of the squares of Charlottetown the procession halted for a moment opposite a platform on which were assembled upwards of a thousand children neatly attired, and belonging to the Sunday schools. When the carriage of the Prince reached the platform a thousand youthful voices united in singing the National Anthem, when the emotion of the Prince was such that he- actually shed tears. The mode in which the Island was disposed of led to great dissatisfaction on the part of the tenants on the land, and there was an interminiijjle war between them and the proprietors. The proprietors had not fulfilled the conditions on which the land had been originally grant 3d by the government. Commis- sioners had been appointed, in order to find a solution of existing difiiculties, elobrate reports were made, but little progress was made until a commission sat, of which the Riu'ht Honorable Mr. Childers — now Chancellor of Exchequer — was Chairman, when an arrangement was made, by which the tenants might become on equitable tert.is proprietors. In 1873 Prince Edward Island became one of the Provinces of the Dominion. The principal terms and conditions wcfc the following: — that the Island should, on entering the union, be entitled to incur a debt equal to fifty dollars a head of its pop- ulation, as shown by the census returns of 1S71 ; that is to say, four millions seven hundred and one thousand and fifty dollars . OF CANADA. 73 that the Island, not havinii^ incurred debts equal to the .sum just mentioned, .should be entitled to received, by hali'-yearly pay- ments in advance, from the general government, interest at the rate of five per cent, per annum on the difference, from time to time, between the actual amount of its Indebtedness and the amount of indebtedness authorized ; that as the Government of Prince Edward Island held no lands from the ('rown, and conse- quently enjoycG no reveime from that source for the consti'uction and maintenance of public works, the Dominion Government should pay, by half-yearly instalmeiits, in advance, to the Government of Prince Edward Island, forty-ilvo thousand dollars yearly, less five per cent., upon any sum not exceeding eight hundred thousand dollars, which the Dominion Govern»- ment might advance to the Prince Edward Island Government for the purchase of land now held by the large proprietors ; that in consideration of the transfer of the parliament of Canada of the pow'ers of taxation, the following sums .should be paid vtarly by Canada to Prince Edward Island, for the support of the government and legislature : that is to say, thirty tlujusand dollars, and an annual grant equal to eighty cents per head of its population as shown by the census returns of ltS71, namely ninety four thou.sand and twenty-one, both by half-yearly payments in advance, such grant of eighty cents per head to be augmented in proportion to such increase of population of the Island as might be shown by each decennial cens\ s, until the population auKjunted to four hundred thousand at whicli rate such grar.t should thereafter remain, it being understood that the next census should be taken in the year 1881. The Dominion likewise assumed all the charo'es for the following services : — the salary of the lieutenant governor, tlie salaries of the judges of the superior courts, and of all the district o^" county courts, the charges in respect to the department of customs, the postal department, the protection of the fisheries^ the provision for the militia, the lighthouses, shipw^recked crews^ quarantine, and marine hospitals, the geological survey and the penitentiary. The Dominion government also assumed the Railway, which was then under contract. 74 THE DOMINION Although tho Island app(?ars extremely flat when approached from the sea, yet it is not really so. In drivin(( through it a variety of pleasant scenery is presented. It is pre-eminently undulating in its formation, and the road- are on the whole excellent. The soil is evidently of marine formation, and is of a reddish liue in most parts. There are no rocks or stones as a rule. Boys pla3ing on the be? ' wr ' ' fi id it difficult to indulge in stone throwing. The na) be described in general, as a light red loam, and in :> ^ v nces, approaches to tolerably strong clay. Where the sou is feu- ^^ dark it is an indication of richness, where white sand predominates tho land is poor, and requires frequent maniiring in order to produce fair •crops. The quality of the soil before the Island was cleared was known by the kind of lumber it produced. Where maple, beech, black and yellow beech were found the quality might be regarded as good, where the roots ran along the surface, the soil was poor, for it is well known that roots actually go in search of necessary rourishment, just as the petals of flowers turn to the sun so as to enjoy its quickening and beautifying rays. The coast, in many parts of the Island, abounds in what is called mussle mud, which is found in considerable depth, and which the farmer finds a practically inexhaustible store of excellent manure. It contains a large portion of lime, mixed with decayed sheU fish, and produces excellent crops. The Island produces oats and potatoes in great quantities) which are exported to the sisi,er Provinces as well as to the United States, where a ready market is commanded at current rates. On account of the protecUvo tariff' of the United States the quantity now sent to that market is comparatively limited. The quality of the potatoes is, as a rule, inferior. This arises not from the absence of the properties in the soil, necessary to produce good potatoes, but from the want of proper seed. The farmer from generation to generation produces the same kind, and thus there is deterioration in the quality. It is rarely that the Island potato when boiled, is found with the skin broken and mealy in quality. It is usually soft and flavourless. There is the less excuse for this as there is direct communication with OF CANADA. 75 the old c«)untry fi-om which soeil of good quality could be easily obtained. It seems to me that the soil of the Island is pecnliaily adapted for the production of the favourite esculent. The soil on the undulations to which I have referred is com- paratively dry and sandy, and with careful manuring a fine dry quality might be ensured. There is capital shooting on the Island for some months of the year. Tl ere are few wild aniuials now. Bears, foxes, and wild cats are not numerous. But ducks and wild geese are abundant. In October and November jxeese are in j^reat numl^ers on the creeks and rivers of the Island. When the come they are poor, but in a few^ weeks become fat bv feedinoron the roots of the grass which grows along the shore, and which they dig out of the mud and sand. The flesh is sweet, having no strong or Hshy flavour. The Brant is a fine bird, and is found in great flocks. They do not le-^ve so early as the geese. They remain generally till the beginning of June, wdien they collect in great numbers, and leave in a body within a couple of days. They return about the same time as the geese do, and remain till about the end of November wdien they go south. They never breed on the Island, but go to the coast of Labrador for that purpose. There is verily no lack of fish. Thei-e is good trout fishing. And the Island is in the best position possible for prosecuting deep sea fishing. Lobsters are caught in great quantities on the coast, and there are factories for canning them for exporta- tion. ^ CHARLOTTETOWN. This is the capital of the Island. It is a town of about ten thousand irdiabitants. The streets require consolidation and better side-walks, and the drainage is not what it should be- In sunnner there is no lack of communication with the con- tinent, but in winter the visitors are necessarily very few, and very few of the Islanders leave their homes. There is a good deal of business done in the city. Some years ago there was a serious mercantile collapse which astonished many as the 7C TIIF DOMINION mercantile .starnlini,' of tlie capital of so fine an Island ought to be good. One of tlu; banks failed, and much loss to many who could ill afford it was tiie consequenc^'. But the normal business condititm of C/harlottetown is healthy. There is a stock farm on the Island which I visited. Here I saw very fine animals. Great discrimination has been exercised in the selection of the stock, an from what I have seen, in saying that Nova Scotia is far in the rear of Prince Edward Island and Ontario in farming operations. I have met with Nova Scotians wdio have said in excuse for bad farming that the Province is not adapted for it, than which no statement can be more absurd. I do not hesitate to say that Nova Scotia is bettor adapted for farming operations, as a whole, than Scotland, where the best system of farmin<; in the world is said to be carried on. There is, for example, the Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia, than which no finer tract of country can be found anywhere, and in other parts of the country equally fine land is to be found. Even the hiijfhest hills in Nova Scotia are, as a rule, capable of cultivation to their very summits. In the Dominion educational institutions for instruction in practical fanning would prove of incalculable value — where theory would be illustrated by actual practice. The stock- farm is of value as it is found in Prince Edward Island, but it requires new features to rencer it of .still more extended practi- cal value. Farming is, at present, in its infancy in the lower Provinces particularly. The agricultural productions of the country could be enormously increased in qualijty as well a« quantity. Presi OF CANADA. 77 But to return to niy story. I met with niuch kindness on the Island. I wa.s driven by a Mr. McLean to a district called Bel- fast. I wa.s entertained there bv Mrs. McLean, a Kne old Scotch latly, whoso husl)and died a few years ao^o. He was, I was in- ^ t'onned, an intelligent, shrewd Scotchman, and left his familv in con»fortable circumstances. The familv arc all industrious, and the farm well managed. I went to the Belfast ]*resbyterian church, and heard a oood Gaelic sermon. The congreiration was large. There were aliout one hundred and twenty horses and wao-gons in a grove in front of the church. Here there seemed to me to be peace and plenty all round. The great body of thc^ peo])le are Highlanders — that is to say, of Highland extraction, and speak the Gaelic language. I felt very nuich at home among them. The Highlanders of Prince Edward Island seem to be far more skilful farmers than those of Cape Breton. The ditfereiice in this respect may arise from the fact that the land on Prince Edward Island is moje easily cultivated, and that among the farming population there is propi5itionatt;l\ a greater rumber of skilful agriculturalists to set a good example to their neighbours. llighlan(ler.s, when they are isolated from other people, are by no means distinguished for progress. They are too apt to follow their fathers' footsteps, and are certainly deHcient in what I n>ay term go-a-headedness. I found evidence of this fact in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. But I found, also, the great character- istics of my countrymen, namely, hospitality ami kindness of h<".i'it. There is no lack of Churches on the Island. There are Presbyterians, Baptists and Methodists, and a large body of Ivoman Catholics. There are also what are called Mdcdonalddes. Thev can hardly be designated a distinct denomination, vet, they are separated ecclesiastically from all other denominations. The originator of this interesting body or sect was the Rev. Donald Macdonald. He was born in Perthshire, Scotland, in 178.'3, He was educated at St. Andrews, and was ordaimd a minister of the Church of Scotland, in LSI 5. He laboured in the Highlands as a missionary till 1824, when he emigrated to the 78 THE DOMINION Tslarul of Cape Breton. On tlmt Island he remained two yearn and i'rutn there wont to F'rince Edward Island. He Wiis a remark- able man. He is described !)>• Mr. John F. Mellisli, a native of the Island who knew Idm well, as one to wlioin the toil of .travellinuf over the country and ministerin?»dv and a time-server. He was a brave man. He had strong self- reliance, and still stronger faith in (Jod. He attacked vices with giant blows. Woe to the opponent who crossed his pathway I He had rare conversational powers. His spii^its werr always good. He knew the circumstances of every faiisilv in liis widely-scattered flock, and remembered the names of all children. He had no certain dvYtdling-place, no certain stipei^d, and bestowed all he got on works of charity. He was rather belovv medium height, stout, and powerfully built. He was hale and vigorous-looking to the last. ilis dress, appearance, and manners always bespoke the cultured (.Christian genthmian. He was never marrietl. In 1801 his healtli began to fail rapidly. It was thouglit he would not recover. He wrote epistles to his congn'^alions com- mendini; them to God. But he rallied, and was altle. with varv- ing strength, to labor six years longer. More than ever did his ministrations breathe the spirit of the Great Teacher. He was again brought low. He wrh at he house of Mr. McLeod, ui Southport. He felt that his eml was iiear,--that Jiis life-work was over ; and a great work it was. He had built fourteen churches ; he had registered the baptism of two thousand two hundred children, and had baptized perhaps as many more not registered ; he had married more people than any living clergy- man ; he had prayed beside thousands of deathbeds; he hail a parish extending from Bedeque to Murray Harbor, and from 80 THE DOMINION Rustico to Belle Creek ; and he had five thousand followers, mere attached to their great spiritual leader than ever were Highland clansmen to their chief. But he was as humble as a child. To God he gave tl-e glory for all. He retained his faculties, and was glad to see his old friends at his bedside. Many came from far and near to take their la'^t farewell and re- ceive the dying blessing of the venerable patriarch. He sank gradually, sutfering no pain, and on Friday, the twenty-second of February, in the eighty-fifth year of his age and the fifty- first of his ministry, he breathed his \a,^t. ■ The place of interment was the TTigg Murray Harbor Road churchy;n-d, eighteen miles distant from (,'harlottetown. The funeral \vas the larirest ever witnessed in the colony. All classes united in paying the last tribute of respect to the honored dea'l. The cortege lunubered over three hundred and fifty ^jleiiihi^'.. As the great procession moved down through the countrv, at the roadsides and at the doors and windows of the houses might be seen old men weeping and women and children sobbing as if tliey had lost a father ; and in the presence of a vast assend.ilage, near the church where his eloquent voice had so often melted listening thousands, and where he had so often celebrated at the yearly sacrament the Saviour's death, the remains of the Rev. Donald McDonald were laid to rest. A costly monument marks the spot. Some of my readers m;iy be disposed to complain of iny inserting in a publication of this kirul so iong an account of the Revd. Mr. McDonald, but I am sure a remarkable minister's Hie — that of a man who [)re; died in Gaelic with so much power and usefulness for so long a period will not be the least interesting and attractive part of this publication. It would be well for the cause of Ghristianitv if many of our ministers were to work as earnestly as he did. When he spoke on the grand theme of the gospel it was with an energy and power which showed that his whole soul was in the work. It is no exaggeration to say that his orations on gospi;! themes resendjled in pathos atid power those of the Athenian orators, and I have devoted so much space to his valuable life because even among the large majority of OF CANADA. 81 L-cUicatcd men in ScotlamJ he is not known by reputation. It in no paro<'y to compare liim in preaching power (in the Gaelic Lin- giiage) to Ohahner.s, Whiteliekl, Wesley or Spnrgeon. Those who had the pleasure and priv'iU'ge of hearing him put liim on a hnel with those referred to in the well-known lines of Milton: " To tlie famous ornlors repair, Tliose ancient, wliosi; resistless nlo([uenct! Wielded at will tliat fn-ree d-Mnoeratic, Shook the ai>enal, and thundered over Grence To Alacedou and Artaxerxi .s' throne " THK riUCES OF LAND. No doubt my readers would like to know something respecting^ the [)tices of farms on Prince Edward Ish'nd, and in other [)art» of tlie ])ominion whicli I visited. It is impossible to convey a proper idea of the value attached to the properties by the various holders who are disposed to sell. Seme properties ea« be had at about one-half less than the amounts which are asked by others. A prudent purchaser will be in no hurry to deter- mine where he ought to settle. He will patiently inquire, and travel from one district to another, and will thus be able to come to a somid conclusion. One thing is certain, that a farmer coming to any of the Province ; can invest his capital to good account if he acts prudently, and looks well about him. HRITISII COLUMlilA. Although I did not visit British Columbia, which is the mosfc- western of the Provinces which constitute the Dominion, a pamphlet on the Dominion which contained no reference to so important a portion of it might l»e deemed incomplete. The Province has an area of about 220,000 sipiare miles. Thecountrj is divireat numbers, both in spring, sunnner and autumn. Last spritiL,' lari^e (pianti- ties of fi.^h were being caught at New Westminster for export. An establishment for the canning of salmon has been started there, and it is to be hoped that this is the beginning of a very prosperous business. Salmon ascend the Fraser all the way to Stewart's Lake, which they reach about the ni'Mith of August: thev likewise ascend the Skenna into the Babinu Lake;, and are caught by the Indians and Hudson Bay Company's people and dried for winter's use. The salmon of Babine Lake are both larger and fatter than those caught in Stewut t's Luke, and are therefore In'ought across to supply Fort St. James with food in winter. (JONCLUDINO llKM.\nKS. I have endeavoured to give such information as I have lieen able to collect regarding the Dominion during my p.'regrinations, I have taken up bov/ever, brielly, a variety of subjects which I trust have not been treated at such length as to weary tbe reader. I have already expressjid my conviction that the stream ol emigration fiom Br. tain to the Dominion will be vastly ine>'eased as the resoui'ces of the country become better known. Tlierf- can bo n-; question as to the wisdom of emigrating to Canada, in cases where there is a struggle for existcmce in the old country. The farmer who can reali;!e a capital of three to four hundred pounds can invest it in the Dominion vv'th not only the prospect but almost the certainty, if he be faithful to God and to himself. OP CANADA. 8S t>f attaining to a degree of comfort in the new world which is beyond his reach in the old. He will, of course, require for some years to work hard; but in so working he is improving his own property, and, making permanent provision for his wife and family; and his sons will find on every hanrl, if they prove true to themselves, chances of success in agricultural life, which they have not in the old land. They will not require to work harder, even at the outset, in their new home than they now do. The drawbacks incident to a new counti'y are trifling compared to the advantages presented by ultimate independence. What it may be asked, are the prospects of the farmer in Scot- land ? The rents have boen hitherto high. The succession of bad harvests whicli we have had, and the importation of large xijuantities of grain have tended to place not a few honest, hard- working men in a trying position. It is true the owners of the land have, in not a few instances, made allowance, by way of a temporary reduction, for the altered circumstances of the tenaiits. ■J'here arc some landlords, however, who have the Sliylock like disposition of insisting on the pound of flesh, because tlie stern conditions of the leases allow it ; but perseverance in the same course may place such men ultimately in a position similar to that in which the noted Jew found himself. There is a point beyond which even legal oppression cannot be carried with impunity. It does not become me to be dogmatic in offering iulvice where it is not solicited, but it will be the duty of farmers — a duty which th 'V owe to themselves as much as they owe to their families — to <.leliberate as to the action which they ought to tiikv when, on the termination of their leases, they are at liberty to give up their farms. The question seeuis to be in many cases whether it is better to continue to make a bare livino- in Scot- land, or to remove elsewhere, and attain to indepemlence. Tlier«> was a time, and that not very remote, when a vo /age to America was considered to include a !ife-lon<>- seveiance between those that remained and those that left. Men not very far advanced in years can remember the painful scenes which occurred at part- ing ; but steam has effected a great change. A. week's travel / \i, 84 THE DOMINION lands one on the American continent, and this world may he rtaid to be brought by means of steam and the telegraph to its proper dimensions in the estimation of its inhabitants — a wiild in extent so insigniHeant as compared with many of the sister worlds which revolve in the inmiensity of space. A telegraphic flash describes its entire circumference in the twinkling of an eye. Now a Highlander in Inveiness can say to a biorher Highlander in Halifax in a glass of " Long John" if pure watev i.s not at hand " Heve's to you, Donald," and can have the response " Thanlr you Thomas," in less than no tinie ! Verily time and space are as nearly as possible annihilated. The inhabitants of the world have become more cosmopolitan in their feelings. Love of country continues in all its natural intensity in the bosom of ViVi^ry true Scotchman, but a departure to the antipodes) is now regarded with less concern than a journey hx.m Glasgow to London was considered a century ago. When the Highlands began to be converted from small liold- ings, held by devoted clansmim, into extensive sheep " ranches," to a-s of the Irish ])eopK3. This is the very bf^st means which eouM be adopted for that pui'pose. Temporary relief avails little. It mitiii-ntt's the evil f|>reciate tiu; undiiul'ted advantages of transferrin:]; tlieir capital, and labour wliieii is also cn/ilfiil, to countries which present sucl"; indue,;- nuiiti as are furnish(!d in tlu; Doiuinion of Canada. It is not ao ail likely tliat they will contiiiut^ much longer to pay high rents, and the sign; and 1 also yiroduce the copy of a lease, which gives a specimen of the conditions imposed on Scotch tenants by their landlords. The farmers of the Dominicm may well thank their stars that no such restrictions are imposed upon them — that they can shoot, cut timber, and exercise the utmost freedom in other respects on their own property, no man ilaring to nud-t property they apply, but as simply illustrative of the general conuitioiis attachei;i!TV to .VwTH'LK i. N.. T»iiiii,ut .sliali !iav<- the jiowei' of assii;iiin,ii or sub lotting uitlhMit tlif sp,M'i;ii coii.-fiit of tlu; propi'lt'toi- or liis successors. Ill the I'MMit o> uiiy of tlic tciiauts InTouiiui,' hankrnpi, tlic IcMst' shall thereby l»e lu'ld to be fortVitcd ; tiiid it sliull he in the jiower of the |.i'o|iriItoi-, or his foresaids, to remo\(> tlie iciuiiit so beeoiiuuir bankrupt at the term of Whitsunday next ensuing- .it'ter tlu; lianki'Uptcy, or at any sui)><'tiuiut U-vin of Whit.-uiiday. and that in the same manner, ;\lUi to the same eflixt, as if no lease existed. lb All minerals, udnes <(Uarries, ;uid biuldinii' stones, arc reseivecl, with liliertv to se.ircli for mul work the suuk;, without the tenant's con «8 APPENDIX. Bent — he being cntitlod to only surface daniaijfe for iuiv tirabk' jji'ound tliiit may be injured V)y tlie said operations, accordintjj to tlie v;iluation •f two arbiters, to be uiutually ehosen by tlie [)ro|)rietor mikI tenant ; or, in tlio event of tlieir (liU'erinj^ in o])inion, l»y an ov(!rsnian, to be named by the arbiters -it t)eini,' a condition that, in all cases, the arbiters shall name their oversman befoi'e ent(!rin<; on tlie consideration ot the subject matter submitted. In oi-dei- to carry oH'tlui water from the hif^her grounds, the proprietor reserves the power oi cutting diti'hes r drains through the adjacent lower grounds, in such a inanue:- as h(!, or his foresaids, may see pro])er, and that without being ]ia!)le for any loss or damag- lat the tenant- niay thereby sustain. III. — The proi>rietor res(M-ves to himseb and his fores lids th(^ iish ings and shootings over the lands let, and the i-iglit of letting them to a tenant, as ht\ or they niay .s(!e lit. The tennnts are particulai'ly j)rolubited from killing game or poaching, eitiier on the testates of the proprietor, or on the neighboring estates, and from hai'boring ])oachers : auch of the tenants who shall either be guilty of poaching themselves. ©!• of harboring f)oachers, shall thereby forfeit all right to their leiises. and shall be liable to bt! i-emoved from theii- farms and lauds at the first te '" of Whitsunday next after incurring the said foi'feiture. besides being, liable for a i)eiialty of hve pounds for (n-ei-y ollV;nce. IV. — The proprietor res ives to hims( If and his f(H'(\saids the right to cut and cairy away t)'ees and bi-ushwood growing on the land.s let, and without liability for any claim for damage ; also tlu; right to in close and plant trees, on any of the grounds let, at such times as he ©r his fo esaids may se(; pi'oper, the ti-tiaiit Vseing allowed compeiuation lor the lo.ss of ground thereby occasioned, according to the v;il nation ©f arbiter.s, or an oversman chosv-n as aforesaid. Th of good husliandry in tlie tnanagement of their arable lands ; and, at the expiry of tluMr i'(>s| t-ctive leases, to leave their lands in surli a good state of lultivation as to enable the incoming tenants a.t once to pur 6u.' a regular rotation of ci'opping. in |>artii ulai', they are never t(» take irwwe than two white ci-ops in succession, nor shall they ite entitled to l)reak up land which has not lain two years in grass. If any fif the tenants shall contravene the regulations contained in this article, and lal'or the lands in a ditl'erent course, it is ]))'ovided that such tenant shall, for every acre cultivated dilferently from what is liei'o stated. pay an additional rent of one pound, and this additional rent shall be und(M'stood to be, not |)i'naltv, but pactional, and shall lie payable yeai'ly, a,t the term of Martinmas, along with the rest of the y(^ars rent Tin' tenant on no account to sell corn and straw, but to consume all the str.iw upon the farm. Where there nvc common drains, tht; ttniants shall be l)0Uiid to clean them out annually, or to i)ay the \l APPENDIX. 8!) expon.se thereof -tlu; timo foi- beiviuuiiig (lie work to lie iixcd liy the ifrctuiKl-otlicer. VI. lA)i- the (MU'Oiirui^enicnt of iiii])roveinenis, in the way of re- eUiinunij; waste lands, or othri'wisr inercasini,' the arnlilr y'loiuids, it is provided that, in eases wliere the jiroprietor or his foi-suids shall sir fit to f^i'ant Ins or their special eon>(>nt, evei'V tenant shall he hound to ;tdd to his farm such portions of the waste grouiul. and trench and dr.iiii tlie same in a sntticient manner, the extent of sucli waste t^iound to he agreed upon between the proprietor or his foresaids and the tenfint : and of tli(^ ground so agreed ujioii, the tenant .shall he ohliged to im prove one-tiiird within the tii'st seven y(>ars of tlu^ lease, one-third witiiin tlie next seven yeai's, and the remaining third two yeai's ' foi-c tlie t(>rmination of tin; h'ase, for which improvement the teii.\m will be allowed at the end of his lease such remunei'ation as may be agi'ced upon, ]>rovi(led the clauses aforesaid ai'e strictly adhered to, othei'wist no remuneration wil! be allowed. VTT. The liurning of muirs nuist Ix? carritMl on according to la.w. In no ca.se shall burnings b(> allowed except on small portions in one season, and in f)ne placf?, and in such mannei' as shidl be authoiize'! !>} the proprietor or his foresaids ; and his or their leave fm- burning any part of the nunrs must in all cases be fir.st ask(>(l and ()l)tained. under a j)tuialty of one ])ound sterling foi- each otl'ence. exclusive of dama'_'es. Vlll. -The jiropi'ietor rcs<'i-ves to him.self and his foi'csaids all 'he peat-mos.M's, with powei* to regulat(! and subdivide tliem as ciicum stances may recpiire and the tenants shall ca.st their j eats and fuel in the allotments set {i[)art for them severally, carrying tin ' i ks <'()nally forward without pottings, and laying the new tui'f close on the )':u't of the mo^s jn-eviously cut, otherwise they shall be liable, in the option of tin; proprietoi', to a |n'nalty of one jiound for (\ach deviation Irom this mode of cutting. "^I'iie same amo.iut of penalty shall be cNacted for cutting turf in any place, oi- for any purpose, without the express perm ssion of the })ropi'ietor. No tenant shall l)e allowed to .sell or give away peats cut on the property, under a jjenalty of ten shillings for each load. TX. The tenants shall be bound, at all tinuvs during theii- leases, to have their i-(;s])ective holdings fully stocked with sheep oi' cattle, belong- ing to i]iems(^lves ; and they are pi'ohibit(;d from gra/jng shee[) oi' cnttle b 'longing to othei-s, without the express consent of the |)roprietor : but, in every case, the stock on the place must Ik^ understood to be liable foi- the rent, irrespective of the (|uestion to whom it belongs. X. — The pro|)rietor resei'ves to himself and his foi'csaids full powei- to sti'aighten or otheiwise alter all marshes Ix^tween fai-nis on Ins own e.stato, or bi'tw(>en him.self and other h(M-ito)'s ; and also [owei' to settle all (pu;stions that may arise regarding tlu; said marshes ; and iiu: g.iin or loss which iuiy tenant may therc^by sustain (when of any con- siderabl(> conse(|uence, but only in that case) shall be added to or deduct(;d from his rent, according to the valuation put on the same by 90 AITENDIX. tvo iirl)ito7's, or an ovfrsiimu, to lie clioson as aforfsaid. With tlio view of sliortcnin*;; or jtrcvciitiiit; controversies Ix-twoen his tenants in rt'i^aid to the houndaries of their resjieitive linhlinys, the [H'oprielor reMTNC^ to himself oi- his foresaids, oi- to )iis or their faettii" foi' the tlie tiiiif lieinir, power to interfere, witli or witliout the tenant's consent, when sach dillerences arise, and to say how the homahuio lie, in which decision, so to lie made, tlie parties are hereby bound to acquiesce with- out yivini^ fuither troubhv X\. 'I he ])ioj)i-ietor and liis foresaids shell have full liberty to alter, niakc, and repair such roads, and in such manner as they shall think necessary and pi'oper, thi'ou^h the i^round leased, and to take therefi'oni ad materials necessary, and that without ,tj;ivin^ any deduction fro?u tlie rent, or allowance of any kind uimn that account, unUss corn to gi-ass fields, oi' enclosed jjjrounds, are injured thereby, in which rnsv, the damage to the crop of that season sludl lie allowed, accoi-dint; to the valuation of arbiters, or of an oversman, chosini as aforesaid. The tenants shall be bound yearly, at the sijflit of tin; i^-round olKcer to iniproN'e and i-epair the roads leadiiifj; to their respective houses, and repair also tht^ roads leadings to the peat-moss. Xil.- The several tenants shall be held to be thirled and asti'ict(>d to the mill or mills of the estate, and to rform the other services usual and ajipertaining to mill thirlage. They shall also be bound to pay their several jx'oportions of the pric(! of mill fanners, and of the extent of replacing or re- pairing the fanners when recjuired. Jt shall be optioicd for the proprietor or his foresaids in all cases, to get the work of the services mentioned in this article done V»y estimate, or otherwise, and to collect from the several parties lialile the amount of e.\j)(;nses tlnn-eby incurred, in the prortions of the amounts of tlunr several nionty rents. XIII. The tenants shall hv, bound to receive the houses and dykes on the several farms as they may sttmd at the t(M'ni asH tln'ouyh and by several of the farms on the estate, the tenants to whom such fai'ins are let shall he respect vely hound, as far as lies in their powei", to ])rotect tlnar farms from tlu; encroachments of the said river and Inirns, that is to say, by attending; to any dania<,'e that niay be done in sutlicient time, so as to [)r(!vent greater damage. COPY OF A r.EASE ON AN INVERNE8S-8H1RE ESI' ATE. May, l^<7l. The tenant is to get possession of the Kailyard and I>reak of Land for fallow iind green ci'up on the iirst of March, and to the houses ;ind |)astui'e, and second year's grass on the twenty - sixth May, and the Break of Land under hay of first year's grass at Lammas, and ti) the land under gi-ain crop at tJie separation of the crop fnnn the ground — all in the present year (1871). Un tla; other part the tenant binds and obliges himself and his heirs, successors and executors, whomsoever, to pay to the said proprietor, his heirs and his successors, on said ent.iilcd e.state, in name of rent, one hundred and twenty pounds stei'ling yearly during the curiency of this lease, and that at the terms of Martinmas and Whitsunday, by e(iual })ortions, beginning the first term payiiient at the t<'rni of Martinmas (1871) and the next term payment at Wliitsun- day thereafter for ci'op 1872, and .so on half-yearly during the c.iircncy of this lease, with a fifth ])art more of each term's pp.ynient of li(|uidate penalty in case of failure, aiid interest at the rate of fivf? per centum per annum of said rent, from tin? respective teinis of payment till paid. And, further, the said tenant binds and obliges hin)self and his foresaids to ]>ay to the proprietor yearly, the sum of u penny sterling for each pound of rent for schoolmaster's salary, and the like sum foi' road as- sessment, to be paid in c »*>' <^ > ^ 92 APPKNDiA. the siirlit and to tli(\ satisfaction of tlio proyiriftor, or some person ap- jiointcd l)y liiin, in tiv(! oi- seven fields or iireaks, whentner tliereto nv quired by the proprietor or his factor. And he shall Im^ hound to the mode of cropping;, and to adhere strictly to those rules durinj^ t\u-. cur- reni-y of this hsise, and leave tlu^ land under the same shift at his rii- nioval. And if the tenant shall deviate Ihenfrom he shall he hound to pay three pounds sterliui^ of additional rent for every acre he shall cul- tivate in a dilferent niaiuier, not oidy for tlie year he shall make such deviation, hut during the whole remainiiiL; yeai-s and cro])s of \iiis h'asi;. bfisides hrin^ lialde for daniai^es for mis i-roppin^. And that there may l)e no misuiiderstandiiiLj as to what is meant hy a five shift courses or ro- tation, it is hereby (h^scribed to bc^ as follows, viz: The ^I'ound broken up froui i;rass shall Ik; cropped the first year with wheat, l)arl(^y or(jats; the second year it shrill be followed oi- ii-opp''d with a drilled i^i-ccn crop, beini^ first pro{)erly cleiined ;tnii sutliciently pi-epared and dunij;i'd ; the third year it -hall be cropped with l>arley, wheat or oats, alonij; of which shall Ik^ sown a sulHcieiit (piaiitity of rye, ijrass, and clover seeds, but wheat is taken after ixrass, it shall not be allowed afti'r fallow or screen crop, as no more than one wlu>at cro|) is allowcid in the course of said roti'tioii, and the fourth and fifth year the land shall ho. in i^i'ass. The first years i^rass only nhall bi' cut for hay. An 1 th(^ seven course shift is in like manner declared to be as follows -first year, wheat, barley or oats aft(T II. The tenant shall bi; bounil to con.^unu^ all fotUh'r and straw- grown on the farm l)y his cattle, (vxcept the hay and the w ay -y like valu;ition, be obliged to take the dung which may l)e on the farm .and pay the outg«jing tenant therefor. Declaring that if the tenant shall sell or give away any A the said fod der or dung he shall be bound to pay to the ])roprietor five; shilling.^ stcnling for every threave of .straw, and the like sum for every ciiitload , of dung .sold or given away ; and at outgoing, th(( tenant .shall further be bound to give the breadth of land which fnils to lie in fallow or green cro}) the year of his riMuov al, :it least oru^ suliicient ploughing before the twi'nty-tifth of hecembei- preceding. III. Th(r tiiiiant shall be bound to allow the proprietor or incoming tenant to sow grass seeds along with his hist croj), and lu^ sliall be bound to harrow and I'oU in the same- In; giving notice of the time he would wish this to \hi done, .so as not to injure the cro[), to which the ht te tit fr( pr in I" to on W! COl b!-( API'KNDIX. 99 aurl 11(1 lio ■r tlio cavo- 'iiaiit, as thf" artios. <.{'. the 'vcfor. fod- irtload iirtlior ;r(M!n ire the oiiiiiig all lie me lie •)i tljr other party shall he hojiiid to iitt'-inl. It is declnrerl tliat the iiieoniinji; tenant or pioprietor shall have it in his dptioii to take oi' hold the diit- ijoiiii^ tenants waytfoinij crop at the liars pi ices of that i-roj>, the (|uan- tity to l>e asitertained cither by estimation on the i/roiind or l>y proolf from the stock, previous to stacking', dne allowaiii <• heint,' made hy tho [iroofman for t-onverting the same into niarketahlc t;raiii. the stiaw he- iii_H allowed to the ineomini,' tenant for harvestinif the cmp; hut if tli<; propiietc»v oi- incominjf tenant shall fail in ;^i\ iiiif notice in writinj,' as to takini; the grain ero]> as aforesaifl on or liefore the first July, the outgoing tenant, in that eaw, will he entitled to dispose of it in such way as he may think lit. It is filso declared that the proprietor or in- comiiii;' tenant shall hv. IkhukI to pay to the ont^oin;,' tenant for the hi'eak of land left hy him for f;dlou- m'een ci'op, snch i-ent ))er acre as paid hy him for the rest of tin; farm, with seven sliilliii'^s per acre ad- ditional for jiloughin^ the autunui pre.eding his remo\aI, and said tenant shall he hound to pay the rates in respect of the fallow ground on the fai-m. And the pi'oprietor or incoming ten uit shall lu^ entitled to take from the outgoing tenant, at vahiat on, tli< whole break of the fir.st year's grass on the farm, j)rovidiiig he shall declaiv his intention in writing to do so h(>fore the tir.st dav of June, in the ve;ir of tlie ten- ant's removal; hut failing ther* of, the outgoing tenant sh;i!l he entitled to the grass for pay, or otherwise dispose of it as he may think proper. IV. It is further horehy (\ clared, that the whole h(r him, sli.all be entitled to put tiie sann- into sullicient repair, and to charge the tenant with the expenses theicof, the W(U'knia!rs discharged accounts being sutlici'nt vduchers for the same. And all march dyke.s, hedges and ditches shall be kept in repair at tli(\joint e.xpense.s of the tenant whose farm they divide. The tenant hereby declares himsc^lf sutislled w ith the houses, reads, dykes and fences as being in the state in which the proprietor is bdiiiid to put tlu'in ; and he dischargt^s the proprietor .and his heirs of all i'ietors or tenants, the pro- prietor .shall have powcM* to do so ; the tenant shall be bound and ac- quicce therein, and the variation thereby occasioned in his rent, whether iiureased or diminishing shall be detennined l»y men mutually chosen by him and the ]>roprietor, or those acting for hiiVi at the time. VI. In the event of the landlord a^nieing to erect any new build- ings oi- fences on the said farm at !;uild huts or houses for cottars on his farm w itiiout the consent and approval of thc! landlord ; but declaring that in (ivent cf any of the occU])ants of the cottars' houses situated on the siiid larni, excepting those on the conunontry, becoming trouble some to tin; said tenant, he shall have the power, with the consent of th(^ said proprietor, to remove? the said occupants, or any of them, and in th(! evcnit of occupants of said cottars' houses, with the excejition foresaid, dying during the currency of the said lease, the said temint shall have a right to the said cottars' house's, as {)art of the sul)i(M;t her. 1)V let, awd that from and after re.s[)ective deaths of the said occupants. VI N The tenant shall be bound to protect the woods in t\w neigh- bourhood in so far as h s family and servants are concerned, and neither to cut, injure nor carry away any part of the same, under a penalty of £") stg. for every otFenee. This ])enalty to be exigible over and above the value of the wood so cut, injured or carried away. IX. The tenant shall haves liberty of easting, winning and le.uling peats for the use of his family send servants on his farm from such moss or mosse.s, or ])arts thereof, as the proprietor or his factor, oi- moss grieve, shall set apart for him from time to time. And, with such al- lotments he shall be obliged to rest satislied, whatever the farm 'r's practice or usage may have been. He shall also be obliged to east his ^PPENDIN'. 95 peats 111 a romil.'if inannrr on tlie allotTjicnt so set apart for liiin. t-arrv iji,^; the liaiiks rc.Ljularly foiwai'd, without pottiiii^, and layiii.ir tlif tint' taken ofK the surfa,c(! regularly down on tin peat ha^:. with sward upwards, and to keep liis peat l)a;:^s t'rct* from water liy euttini,' ditches or cliaiinels whei'e neeessary, to allow tlif! water to run of}'. 'I'he tc'iiant, it' lie shall sell peatf., shall hv excluded from the moss, liesides liein^ lialile to damages. X. The pio|.rietnr or those actinj^ for him at the time Hliali further hav(> ])ower tf) divide commontios and make such other ariaiiireuieiits as to any lull or muir ground attached oi* Ixsloui^iiii,' to the farm as he or they :;hall think lit or consider foi- the advantaLje of the estate, aiid he or tliey sh;ill ;dso !)e entitled to plant any part of such hiil or muu- •jrouiid i^v let the same to tenants for cultivation or lillai;o on allow in^,' the te, ant sncli compensation or deduction of rent foi' the iji'ouii'i so taken a^ shall lie fixed hy men mutually chosen : lnU. the |)ro|>rietor or these to whom he may let. shall he ohlintvl toeucloHc theunouiul sn taken for planfinLT ^>r <'idtivation to prevent any annoyance to Ijcstial ot the teiiaiit oil ike adjoiinng pasturage. XI. riie tr naiit is prohihited from cutting up any of tlu" suffice of the gmuiid foi- (•ompost, feal, turf or divest, except 0:1 such parts of liis faiiii i,s sliall he set apart for that purpose l»y the proprietor or tliose actni;; for him at tlu^ time, and is stiictly prohihited from liuiiiiiig heather or any pait of the suhject Iierehy let without the written per- mission of tin- pioprietor of those acting tbi- him ; and if he coiit lavi-iie this ((ifKlitioii \iii sliall forfeit and ))ay £10 stg. for e\<>ry olfence or con tiavcniioii along with tlui tirst year's rent falling due after the di.-co\ery thereof, and that over and al)ove paying all dani;iges that may arise trom any launing of heather, for which damages the tenant is hercliv hcid responsible. And the tenant i-. also |)i (ilii'uitcd iVoiii keepnig a puhlic house or selling heer or spirituotis licjuors ei^lu'r witii or without a license, without the special coiisfMit of tin; proprietor so to do, and wliich consent when given Ik; shall at anv time he entitled to recall without assigning .my reason for so nnivanco witii or concciiliiH-nt of tlic nann's of jxfsons aitinir; and thi^ |ti-o|>iictor fni'tlur reserves all woods, mines, minerals, eoa's, (jntiiries of stones, lini(>st(»iie. nnul and fossils of evt'i-y d(!-eii|ition within tin; hound of his «'state witii liltert}' to jnannfacture iin I work such pits, huild housos, work and use the same at pleasure, and tor that purpose make roads or railways and erect other necessary works on the lands, the tenant hcinn always entitled to such suit'ac^e, daiuai^i's and aJiateiuMit of rent on that account as may l>e (hiteiniined by men mutually chosen hy the parties. iJut that for aral>le land only; and tilt! pioprietor reserves the nse as he pleases of all springs and streams of tlu^ water. 'I'lie proprietor also r(!serves power to shut up or alter loads or make new roads or railways through any pai t of the lauds either for the ijieneral intercourse of the. country or the ac<'om- modilioii of iiny particular faiin on the estate, and t(> plant hed;.'('s along the fences on suh-divisions and around the yard or gardens on the tarin wifhiiut makini^ any allowance^ to the tenant, and which plantiii;; the tenant ■ '1 he Itound to pre.-ierve : In the event of a railway heinjL'ecjn- stiucied lliry let, it is provided that the tenant slial' not lie entith'd tu claim compensation for the hinds that may Ik; herehy used lieyond an ahatement from his rent in propor- tiofi to tlu! lent paid for the whole lands lu;rel)y let, lait serv(! and tullill the same, as in this lease and all follovvinjjj theieon, it shall be in the option of the proprietor to eject and remove him from his possession In .'lUmiiiary proeeetlinys befoi'e the Judge ordinary of the bounds. Xl\'. It is heietty expressly declared and proviiled that in case the tenant shall beconu^ baidcrupt or execute a trust for behoof of Jiis cioditors or shall possess these lands nominally or account to otl;ers for the pro- duce of the same, or if lie allows secpiestration to be applied for and obtained for jiayment of his rent, then this Uxrk shall, at the option of the judpiietor become null atid void at the t(uin of Whitsunday next HUccee ling any of the said events. And the landlord shall at tlu^ said tenu have at his opticn tlie power to resume posK^ssion of the whole premises, and if need be to remove the tenant tlnMefrom by summary proceedings before the judge ordinary ot the bounds. Jiastly, liotli parties consent to the registration thereof for preservation and execu- ♦.i or ,ait ul' the tilt' lucoin- uV^cs along „i the tarm lantini,' the 1 \w\\\)l con- is jiidN iiUul brthi- hmtls t in itropor- chuinj,' that Iways to he uuit shall be >ment my of on him after oli.soiv*! and [mil he in the posKession hy nds. it in case the ,f his ci editors •s for the j»ro- iplied f«)r and , the o|»tion of itsunday next dl at the said I of the whole X hy summary Lastly, hoth on and execu- im-: