n.-V' is-. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 I tt Ui ■2.2 u US 12.0 L25 lu UK 1.6 : Fhotograpbic .Sdmces Corporaiion ^"^A ^ <- '*'%. % signifia "A SUiVRE", ia symbols ▼ signifia "FIN", Maps, platas, charts, otc, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraiy included in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, iaft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illuatrata tha mathod: Las cartas, planchas, tableaux, ate, peuvant Atra fiimte A das taux dc reduction diff Grants. Lorsqua la document est trap grand pour Atre reprodult en un seui clichA, il est film* A partir da Tangle supArleur geuche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en baa, en prenent ie nombre d'imagas nAcessaira. Las diagrammes suivants iliustrant ia mAthode. rrata ;o nalure, iA □ 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 -M ■swi H Wj 11 1. , iim SlfAIP OK rm: "SO^SHSMTr^ m thk m£'^y]IKr(fil IH TUH m I EM "\i A STATEMENT OF THE SATISFACTORY RESULTS WHICH HAVE ATTBNDBD EMIGRATION TO UPPER CANADA, FROM THE B8TABLI8HMUNT OP THE CANADA COMPANY, UNTIL THE PRESENT PERIOD ; COMPRISING STATISTICAL TABLES, AND OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION, COMMUNICATED BY RESPECTABLE RESIDENTS IN THE VARIOUS TOWNSHIPS OF UPPER CANADA. «^^*^^^^^vs^^v^^^^v»^^v^ dSitj^ a <^eneral iflSap of tf^e iProdinrr. COMPILED FOR THE GUIDANCE OF EMIGRANTS. LONDON : SMITH, ELDER AND CO., 65, CORNHILL. 1841. lONSON : PRINTED BV STEWART ANI) MURRAY, OLD BAILHY. CONTENTS. ■ "•! Introduction ....... Tablbs, shewing the average state of the Settlers upon the Company's Land upon their arrival in Upper Canada, and their actual condition in 1840 :— I. Returns from thirty-eight Townships. II. Returns from forty Townships. Table — Statement in the aggregate of Populat. jn, Lands cleared, and Buildings erected. Table — Statistical Returns of the County of Huron . » State of Huron District .... Letters ; — Dr. Ailing to the Commissioners of the Canada Company . Mr. Parkinson, sen. to Dr. R. Ailing . . Same to the same ... Mr.Wm. M'Cay, of Nelson, to Mr. Widder Mr. Tucker of Port Hope, to the same Mr. Boulton of Coburg, to the Commissioners Mr. J. A. Cull, to the same .... Mr. B. F. Barfoot, Chatham ... Official Information useful to persons intending to emigrate to Upper Canada. The Lieut.-Governor to Mr. Widder .... Mr. Widder in reply . ... . . Questions proposed by the Board of Commissioners for Emigration, and answers thereto, for the information of persons of capital, by the Commissioners of the Canada Company Rate of wages in the Home District Retail prices of Provision and Clothing . Prices current for 1840 ..... Questions proposed by the Board of Commissioners for Emigration, and answers given by the Canada Company. For the information of the Labouring Classes ..... 5 6 9 28 30 32 33 34 35 38 39 39 40 48 49 50 52 V. EMIGRATION TO UPPER CANADA. INTRODUCTION. i t Thb Canada Company, in laying before the public an analysis of their labours during the last twelve years, in effecting the settlement of their lands in Canada, feel convinced that a more gratifying spectacle than it preser.ts, of the signal success that has attended industrious exertions in the West- ern Hemisphere, has never been collected before. In order to obtain this intelligence, and that its fidelity and accuracy might be established beyond the reach of cavil or suspicion, they procured the instrumentality of some of the most influential, longest settled, and respectable inhabitants, residing in various parts of the province, to collect the neces- sary information. They were directed to spare neither trouble nor expense to procure the most minute and faithful returns. From the very diffuse and extended information thus obtained, the Company have made such selections, and furnished such an abridgment, as they deemed sufficient for general purposes ; but as they are desirous of affording to any individual an opportunity of examining the details, persons would be per- mitt id, on application at the Office of the Company, 13, St. Helen's Place, to inspect these returns. Nothing can be more gratifying or triumphant than these interesting ac- counts. These prosperous results were chiefly obtained by industry and exertion, almost unaided by capital, and are well calcu- lated to cheer, sustain, and encourage the properly directed and persevering efforts of the labouring classes who purpose making the fertile and almost boundless regions of Canada their future home. Although great success has followed the exertions of those who had not the assistance of capital, yet perhaps no country on the globe offers such inducements and incentives as Canada, to the industrious yeoman possessing a capital of from 100/. to 600/., and the country abounds with examples of their great and deserved success. A body of settlers, who emigrated to Upper Canada a little more than ten years since, placed themselves on the Com- pany's lands near Quelph. They consisted of 166 families, of which number 129 had no capital whatever: the whole number of persons were 436. They now possess 100 houses ; they have cleared and cultivated 2820 acres ; they have 438 head of cattle, 41 sheep, and 9 horses ; and the aggregate value of their property, formed on a low estimate during the spring of last year, was found to be 22,658/. There are many instances of an increase of capital in ten years seven-fold, and other cases still more startling and wonderful, where the increase in value has arisen from local circumstances and peculiarities, such as contiguity to a village or town, water powers, &c. &c. ; but these do not form a part of the general estiir.ate. The county of Huron has been described at greater length and in more detail than other counties or townships, princi- pally because it still affords the largest scope for settlement, offers great and peculiar advantages, and establishes, beyond all doubt or disputation, the full ability of the inhabitants of the British Isles, successfully to subdue the wilderness and Convert it into productive land. It is essentially a British settlement; its cultivation has beon principally effected by immigrants from England, Ireland, ai:d Scotland ; and the cheering results of their perseverance and vigour are to be seen in this fine fertile and extensive district, by the formation of numerous villages, and in the quantity of cultivated land. The town of Goderich, the capital of this district, beautifully situate at the margin of the majestic Lake Huron, at the con- fluence of the River Maitland, possessing now a safe, commo- dious and noble harbour, and a large and thriving population, was an entire wilderness as recently as 1 830. It has now its court-house, and about seven hundred inhabitants, is sur- rounded by a country, whose fertility of soil is unsurpassed by any in the continent of America, and hounded by an in- land sea, supplying the greatest variety and best description of fish. The town of Guelph, in the neighbourhood of this district, originally belonged to the Company, and was settled by their instrumentality. In 1827, it was untenanted but by the wild beasts of the forest, without a tree having been felled; it is now a district town, with four churches, numerous public buildings, possessing a large and increasing population, and is still progressing in wealth and importance. The subject of emigration has recently attracted much of the public attention, both in Canada and the United Kingdom ; and various societies have been formed with a view to its pro- motion. The establishment of Emigrant Societies, scattered throughout the province for obtaining interesting statistical details, and correct information as to the best means of obtain- ing employment for new comers, and for distributing this in- formation amongst them, so as to prevent their congregating in cities and towns, and to encourage their spreading them- selves into the interior with the prospect and assurance of permanent occupation, and ultimate independence, must be productive of immense advantage. These returns must con- b2 .ill Tince all, that numbers who might have toiled through a hopeless existence without any improvement in their condition, in Europe, are now thriving and happy in their settlements in Canada ; where the industrious man will always be sure to draw from the earth the reward of his labour, and may feel confident that, unless some extraordinary affliction should befal him, independence will be the reward of himself and his children. The Company feel much satisfaction, that tue advantages of Canada were first prominently brought before the notice of the people of the United Kingdom by their exertions ; they are rejoiced to make public their success ; and they will still be happy to aid to the utmost of their power, the settlement of Canada, by promoting the emigration of their fellow-sub- jects from the British Isles. J^. w ^he amount of . £344 17 9 12 17 5s. iTOperty 429 7 3 111 19 10 568 2 8 £116,228 9 6 38,213 10 6 169,304 1 9 £323,746 1 ^^pp I.— ANALYSIS of the RETURNS sent to the COURT OF DIRECTORS of the CANADA COMPANY'S LAND in the THIRTY-EIGHT TOWNSHIPS herein mentioned on their NAME OF TOWNSHIP, Otanabee Hamilton Haldimand Huntley Torbolton ., Nepean March .....i..... Oxford (Johnstown District) , Montague Chireuacousy Adjala Mono Gore of Toronto Clarke Cavan ■ , Darlington Hope.. «... Alfred , Plantagenet East Hawkesbury < Wilmot, A. and b Yarmouth Southwold ( Westminster , Pickering Whitby Seymour Ekfrid , Smith Monaghan Douro Dummer Asphodel Trafalgar Camden East Richmond Sheffield Kitley I Perioni who commenced without Capital. No. Average A- nonnt of pro- Total Amount ofjpertypoiteu- Property in 1840, ed by each S dividual in 1840. } } 21 4 1 18 7 6 6 2 12 24 36 4 11 15 11 2 8 18 1 4 1 2 20 8 15 7 7 11 35 10 3 4 £ «. 6105 loOO 300 4887 1085 2370 2100 270 2539 10946 2 7774 8 1684 12 4017 8940 4947 400 Perioni who commenced with a Capital 1470 1290 8057 £ : d. 290 14 3 375 300 •271 10 155 395 350 135 211 11 8 456 1 9 215 19 1 421 3 365 3 8 596 449 14 6 200 183 15 430 447 12 2 350 1595 150 268 8207 5466 2298 1766 5750 6975 8167 2473 1360 721 7 350 398 15 150 134 410 683 153 252 821 634 233 247 453 180 337 116,228 9 6 3 7 5 4 5 8 1 6 10 6 6 8 5 No. Total Amount of Capital 2 I 2 3 19 6 4 6 6 7 2 6 5 Average of Capital pot- •eased by each indi- vidual. £ 60 1. d. £ i. d. 10 20 15 25 55 230 12 6 45 24 10 65 85 110 21 100 52 15 40 35 55 10 40 10 15 12 10 18 6 8 12 2 9 7 10 6 2 6 13 14 3 4 15 14 3 ID 10 16 13 4 10 11 20 Total An of Propf 184(1 17 10 18 6 8 10 20 20 15 10 10 89 1,143 17 6 20 7 10 10 10 £ 1440 400 1100 340 579 8353 1738 2546 1555 2300 4050 328 2842 3462 530 250 835 250 3870 30C 80C 15^ 19( 38,21; The accompanving Analysis of the Returns from Settlers on the Canada Company's Lands in the in London, is made without reference to the degree of prosperity attaching to each individual ; they are noticed, be they good, bad or indifferent. This explanation will account for the number of S the respective Townships. From this Analysis it results that 724 persons who, on arriving in Canada, together Now (in 1840) possess property to the amount of Of these — 337 Settlers arrived in Canada with no Capital whatever. They now collectively p( Being an average for each person of . . . 89 Settlers arrived in Canada with Capital in sums of £20 and under to the amoui Being an average for each person of . . . They now collectively possess property to the amount of . Being an average for each person of . . . 298 Settlers arrived in Canada with Capital in sums of £20 and upwards to the am Being an average for each person of . . . They now collectively possess property to the amount of . . . ■ Being an average for each person of . . . 724 Canada Comp. Office, Toronto,3l, Sec. 1840. Frbd. Widdkh. )RS of tbe CANADA COMPANY showing the AVERAGE state of the SETTLERS upon the irein mentioned on their arrival in UPPER CANADA, and their actual condition in 1840> ho commenced with k Capital of ;f 20 and nnder. Penona who commenced with a Capital over ;e20. Amonni: Average of Capita poi- leued by Total Amount Arerage amount of pro- perty poiseia- No Total Amount Average of Capital poi- Total Amount of Average amount of pro- perty pOiMKt- Capital. 1840. •/ •- ed by each in- of Capital. seiied by each Property in 1840. ed by each in- vidual dividual in | individual dividual in 1840. 1840. ; (. d. £ 1- d. £ «. d. £ 1. d. £ (. d. £ •• d. £ 1. d. £ : '1. 10 1440 240 13 1575 121 3 6275 482 13 10 7 1130 161 8 6 4800 685 14 3 7 455 65 2100 300 3 1320 440 3030 1010 10 400 200 5 15 1100 1100 1 50 60 200 200 5 12 10 340 170 5 730 146 1492 298 8 5 18 6 8 579 193 3 120 40 785 261 13 4 \0 12 6 12 2 9 8353 2 439. 12 8 18 1405 78 1 1 8378 17 465 9 lU 15 7 10 1738 6 289 14 4 7 385 55 2034 290 11 5 14 10 6 2 6 2546 636 10 4 240 60 2630 4 657 11 11 1510 137 5 5 8150 740 18 2 55 13 1555 311 16 1610 100 l2 6 15453 965 16 3 )5 14 3 4 2300 383 6 8 10 1545 154 10 5120 512 10 15 14 3 4050 578 11 5 9 715 78 6 8 6630 736 13 4 21 10 10 328 164 13 1095 84 4 7 2727 10 209 16 1 00 16 13 4 2842 473 13 4 62 8248 5 133 8 44820 10 722 18 2 52 15 10 11 3462. 692 8 22 3738 10 169 18 7 13299 604 10 40 20 530 265 10 820 82 4500 450 19 1910 100 10 6 9925 522 7 4 35 17 10 250 125 9 630 70 3230 358 17 9 55 18 6 8 835 2 6 278 7 6 2 275 137 10 655 327 10 10 10 250 250 8 615 76 17 6 5705 713 2 6 40 20 3870 1935 5 442 88 8 2528 505 12 6 400 66 13 4 1133 188 16 8 20 20 300 300 1 350 350 1700 1700 15 7 10 800 400 5 680 136 4700 940 10 10 155 155 10 775 77 10 4345 434 10 5 205 41 1335 267 10 10 190 190 2 90 45 435 217 10 5 298 310 62 1188 237 12 143 17 6 38,213 10 6 33,373 15 169,304 1 da Company's Lands in the Thirty-eight Townships therein mentioned, transmitted to the Court of Directors hing to each individual; wherever the Returns clearly and positively show 'e Settlers' actual cases, xount for the number of Settlers treated of in this Analysis being limited as compared with the Returns for ring in Canada, together possessed Capital to the amount of rty to the amount of They now collectively possess property to the amount of )nof £344 17 9 20 and under to the amount of £1 143 17s. 6d. nof 12 17 it of on of 429 7 3 20 and upwards to the amount of £33,373 15s. ,nof Ill 19 10 t of mof 568 2 8 Total amount of property . « . £34517 12 6 323,746 1 j^l 16,228 9 6 38,213 10 6 169,304 1 9 £323,746 1 mmmm^^ y— YZ 1 ■Bacrrrr~!5r I 't lU, 10 3 10 323 8 9 125 11 7 422 11 2 36,548 12 6 91,696 £224,031 12 6 I ^m II—ANALYSIS of RETURNS, showing the AVERAGE atato of the SETTLERS u| herein mentioned on their Arrival in UPPER CANADA, wai \ Peraons who commenced without CapiUl. Periona who commenced with a Capital of j£20 and i AreraM amount 01 pro- ATerage Capital I ■eased by of am Nam« of TowBtUp. No. Total amount of property ia 1840. perty poaaeu- ed by each in- No. Total amount of Capital. K>S- eaoh Total amount ol property in 1840. per ed dividual in indivirual. i 1840. £ s. d. £ S. d. £ 8. d. £ 8. d. £ 8. d. i Tyendinaga .... 2 25 12 10 540 2 London 12 3025 252 1 8 4 52 13 1125 2 Westminster. . . . 3 750 250 4 51 12 15 775 1< Wolford Etobicoke 4 £114 528 10 2 16 15 8 7 6 1083 5 Toronto ...... 2 1417 708 10 Caledon 26 7720 296 18 5 6 38 6 6 8 1933 3' Albion 16 5176 345 1 4 2 17 10 8 15 1006 5( Vaughan 10 4185 418 10 11 33 1 3 1 5504 5 King 14 6806 486 2 10 14 94 7 1 6 14 9 5025 3. Tecumsetli .... 6 2071 345 3 4 14 105 4 7 10 3 3046 2 VV. Gwillimbury 9 2580 286 13 4 7 83 10 11 18 7 3332 4' Zorra 44 9478 215 8 2 2 14 7 582 2< Oxford Eaat 13 6917 532 1 6 Do. West .. 3 633 211 Do. North .. 3 411 137 1 10 163 Malahide 2 600 300 2 40 20 200 1( Orford 5 1295 259 9 135 15 4264 4' Carradoc 8 1886 235 15 2 40 20 375 11 Delaware 1 250 Lobo 5 2008 401 12 1 20 250 Aldborough .... 4 52 13 1350 3, Dawn 14 5510 393 11 5 1 12 140 Bayham 2 20 6 10 3 150 t Whitchurch .... 6 2500 416 13 4 1 6 500 Chatham 12 3074 256 3 4 Esquesing 27 9659 357 14 9 2 21 10 10 15 1260 6 Nelson 4 3495 873 15 Harwich 9 2646 294 14 170 12 2 10 2370 12 6 1 Cramahe 11 2230 202 14 6 IVf unray 11 2735 248 12 9 Percy 3 50 16 13 4 425 1 Sidney 4 700 175 Thurlow 2 300 150 1 20 550 Hungerford .... 1 100 2 25 12 10 600 3 Huntingdon .... 4 1300 325 Rawdon 4 720 180 Madoc 4 440 110 Emily 9 770 85 11 1 Ennismore .... 3 286 95 6 8 310 95,787 113 1,151 17 7 36,548 12 6 From this Analysis it results that 640 persons who on arriving in Canada together posse Now (in 1840) possess property to the amount of . Of these — 310 Settlers arrived in Canada with no Capital whatever. They now collectively po Being an average for each person of . . . 113 Settlers arrived in Canada with Capital in sums of £20 and under, to the amoi Being an average for each person of . They now collectively possess property to uie amount of . Bemg an average for each person of 217 Settlers arrived in Canada vrith Capital in sums above £20 to the amount of £i Being an average for each person of They now collectively possess property to the amount of ... Being an average for each person of 640 Persons. Total value of CHHeda Company' i Office, Ptc 31, 1840. of the SETTLERS upon the COMPANY'S LAND in the FORTY TOWNSfflPS 'PER CANADA, and their actual condition in 1840. 1 with « Capital of £20 and under. || Peraont who commenced witl k a Capital ovei t£20. tgeof Average imount ofjpro- ATerage of Average unountoipro- il poi- Total amount of ^rty poiMU' •»j„ Total amount of Capital poi- rotal amount oflperty poBieM.| breach idual. property in 1840. Bd by each in- dividual in wo. Capital leiied by each individuaL property in 1840. Bd by each in- diTidnal in 1840. 1840. t. d. £ 8. d. £. a. d. £ t. d. £ a. d. £ $. d. £ $. d. 540 270 13 1415 108 17 4158 319 17 1125 281 5 16 2450 153 2 6 5600 350 5 775 193 15 21 3832 182 9 6 6425 305 19 2 200 100 610 305 7 6 1083 541 10 6 8 1933 322 3 4 4 177 10 44 7 6 941 235 5 5 1006 503 6 367 10 59 11 8 2172 362 1 5504 500 7 3 11 1175 106 16 4 4914 10 446 15 5 4 9 5025 359 10 642 10 64 6 3136 313 12 3 3046 217 11 5 1 75 725 8 7 3332 476 5 727 10 145 10 2011 15 402 7 582 291 7 1011 144 8 7 2782 3i,7 8 7 5 601 120 4 2037 407 8 1 50 300 163 1 150 260 200 100 20 3505 175 5 11050 552 10 4264 473 15 6 5 265 53 2030 406 375 187 IC 1 100 300 1 300 743 10 250 9 1450 161 2 2 3279 364 6 8 1350 337 10 4 150 37 10 1750 437 10 140 3 800 266 13 4 10050 3350 3 150 75 24 2405 100 4 2 8430 351 5 500 1 250 375 3 125 41 13 4 1175 391 !3 4 15 1260 630 7 780 111 8 7 4540 648 li 5 3 425 141 13 4 1360 453 6 8 2 10 2370 12 6 169 6 7 20 2453 122 13 5301 6 265 12 6 1 100 660 3 480 160 1715 571 13 4 13 4 425 141 13 4 1 60 185 550 1 25 450 10 600 300 2 250 125 875 437 10 3 360 120 940 313 6 8 2 114 57 C 425 c 212 10 36,548 12 e 217 27,251 c ) 91,696 c ) r in Canada together possessed Capital to the amount of . £28,402 17 7 a the amount of (lOUI • • it of £308 19 9 224,031 I'Z 6 They now collectively possess property to the An person of £95,787 !0 and under, to the amount of £U51 17». 7d. person of of • • • • • • ■ ) 10 3 10 36,548 12 6 person of 323 8 9 £20totheamoimtof£27,251 0#. Orf. person of of . 125 11 7 91,696 person of Total value 5 of property • • a • • • £224,031 12 6 P^iW lii — ■ T ^1 * 1 T. STAT led by the Inhabitants of the TOWNSHIPS 1 Present Value Means on arriv- TOW of ing in Means on going 1 Improvei nenti ». ■ the Country. on tlie Land. Goderic Stephei Williaii Usbornc Bidduh North] Tuckers £ 43,225 d. £ «. d. 22,828 9 £ ,. d, 23,644 10 7 2588 644 637 16 10,231 4005 10 4005 10 3731 756 10 566 7 3 9816 2256 1809 10 3 13,053 7 9 4147 12 6 5487 10 Ellice 16,131 2710 4044 15 17ii11a«*^n 5392 1542 10 1754 10 i?uiiartq - . Har^ 306 ^^^^yl 836? South ri. 8360 ColboriJ 2'Snf McGillip.701 «--^1 ^682 Williaml 1682 10 429 10 419 10 256 5 815 1395 5 72 12 6 454 10 1850 2 6 2831 10,545 11,645 2016 15 2037 5 216 10 524 216 10 524 tiuiieii Mackill Downie Gore of Hibbert Town o ; 4817 20 1135 ^ 4093 2284 15 2306 4908 5 1855 5 4 2174 10 t 1263 540 1015 fl 713 125,380 10 15 20 390 ^■86,206 17 1 9 60,110 1 IC 68,749 13 1 Goder Thomas Mercer Jones. •I; I ill ^m STATEMENT in the aggregate of POPULATION, LANDS CLEARED, BUILDINGS ERECTED, oomprinng the County of HURON, taken from Returns ms STOCK. IMPROVEME TOWNSHIPS • 1 i4 1 1 Q 1 1 c 1 Yoke of Oxen. Cowi. Honei Young Cattle. Sheep. Pigt. Acres Cleared. Acres Ohopd. DWELLIN HOL8K8. Frame. Lo, Goderich 1148 ' 1 3 14^ 487 127 1009 597 2316 5103 329 12 23 Stephen 91 19 39 11 146 35 176 350 94 2 1 Williams, E.C.R.. 453 1 2 2 92i 284 60 366 849 150 2141 286 2 IC Usborne ,138 1 1 24 72 9 145 136 248 520 43 2 Biddulph North Easthope . . 420 68 194 41 328 358 677 1480 70 9 544 1 1 95 304 42 624 529 1022 2770 175 2 10 Tuckersmith 342 2 1 61 191 31 386 365 618 1467 257 2 7 Ellice 208 46 1 34 8 92 23 14 2 176 31 115 19 386 100 1160 212 36 3 1 3 Fullarton 1 Losan ,,,,,, .... 9 60 211 1 1 15 37 1 37 118 21 12 3 92 2!4 108 117 1 82 •300 17 242 663 85 43 1 i 2 Hay 1 Stanley 5 South Easthope . . 389 1 1 62 191 26 423 346 853 2111 49 3 7 Colborne 225 4 40 131 15 222 197 547 1280 37 4 4 McGillivray 142 30 83 13 176 113 239 586 101 3 Bosanquet Williams, W. C. R. 125 17 1 1 1 23 3 39 7 1 86 12 35 19 275 59 11 7 1 Hullett 62 143 1 1 7 24 28 77 53 146 9 8 79 63 174 204 . 401 460 76 49 2 1 Mackillop 2 Downie 241 38 121 20 228 133 566 1164 17 3 4 Gore of Downie . . 153 18 59 5 83 57 215 328 4 1 3 Hibbert 39 8 28 41 5 66 120 1 Town of Goderich . • In all .... 699 2 1 2 143 184 r 4 5905 8 18 2 1 7 848 2606 690 4772 4251 8959 22,909 1769 112 Goderich, Upper Can«r(to,18M Deeeinber, 1840. iDINGS ERECTED, and of the STOCK possesBed by the Inhabitants of the TOWNSHIPS aken from Returns made after actual luspeotion. IMPROVEMENTS. Present Value Present Value of Meer , on arriv- ing in Means on ffoins DWELLING FRAME Acres Acrei H0L8KS. BUILDINGS- of St;o<>k. ImnrovAmpntB W\£k C^.fwxrxkipxf Cleared. Chopd. Frame. Log. Framt), Log. • UOilUa £ <. ..| £ .. d. £ «. d. £ ». d. 5103 329 12 235 12 231 11,803 5 43,225 22,828 9 23,644 10 7 350 94 2 13 2 19 1253 5 O! 2588 644 637 15 2141 286 2 108 1 231 4530 5 10,231 4005 10 4005 10 520 43 26 2 40 1650 10 3731 756 10 566 7 3 1480 70 90 62 4545 15 9816 2256 1809 10 3 2770 175 2 107 11 102 5965 13,053 7 9 4147 12 6 5487 10 1467 257 2 70 4 76 4323 16,131 2710 4044 15 1160 36 3 34 6 37 1907 5 5392 1542 10 1754 10 212 1 10 8 412 15 824 10 429 10 419 10 17 1 I 1 11 5 306 256 5 242 85 i 14 1 14 1152 10 1890 815 1395 5 663 43 2 55 43 2303 15 8360 72 12 6 454 2111 49 3 71 3 60 3976 10,594 10 1850 2 6 2831 1280 37 4 42 7 41 2838 12,701 10,545 11,645 586 101 32 33 1914 4107 2016 15 2037 5 275 U 16 3 925 10 1682 216 10 216 10 59 7 3 3 125 399 524 524 401 76 2 15 3 11 775 10 4817 20 1135 460 49 29 2 22 1671 10 4093 2284 15 2306 1164 17 3 43 6 31 2432 15 4908 5 1855 5 4 2174 10 328 4 1 31 10 1043 5 1263 540 1015 120 143 184 10 73 1128 61 6 1083 520 10 713 10 25,380 \b c 20 390 22,909 1769 56,080 10 186,206 17 9 60,110 1 10 68,749 13 1 Thomas Mercer Jones. Wi Mc No Do Ell Soi Col Go Usl Lof Tu< Ha Sta Bid Hil Hu Ful Bo! Goi Ste To^ Wil Ma 514 y IT 61 1 254 if Abstract from the Statistical Returns of the County of Huron, Octobers], 1840, The Settlement of which was commenced by the Canada Company in 1828. TOWNSHIP. § Williams, E. C. R.. McGillivray North Easthope . . Downie ........ Ellice South Easthope . . Colborne Gore of Downie , . Usborne Logan .......... Tuckersmith .... *^ay ...... ••.... Stanley Biddulph Hibbert ........ Hullett Fullartou Bosanquet Goderich , , , Stephen Town of Goderich . Williams, W. C. R. Mackillop NO MEANS. Pn at Value of btock and Improrement. 453 142 544 241 208 389 225 153 138 9 342 60 211 420 39 62 46 125 1148 91 699 17 143 5905 59 21 27 19 9 26 33 15 9 30 6 36 42 3 11 4 21 113 7 23 514 7325 2233 2676 2761 2242 3794 4462 870 1971 5046 649 4438 5255 260 5512 343 2391 15,315 1576 18,330 $. 10 10 5 U 5 10 5 15 5 10 15 10 15 3031 90,486 10 1 7 6 2 5 1 2 2 1 3 13 UN^ER £10. PreMnt Value of Stock and Improvement. 17 I 61 376 1515 632 258 946 74 353 67 180 277 2466 15 15 10 10 10 5 15 135 3141 10,424 24 6 37 8 13 24 2 9 12 15 3 16 29 4 1 1 46 4 UNDER £S0. Present Value of Stock and Improvement. £ I. 3393 1054 10 5454 5 1257 2090 5 3996 15 242 480 2232 15 2159 517 5 1910 4020 388 10 80 10 198 9548 1504 5 254 40,526 514 families destitute of any means on going on land, yet the present value of their stock and improve- ment is . £90,486 10 61 families with means under lO; 10,424 254 families with means under 50/ 40,526 £141,436 10 Value of stock and improvements made and pos- sessed by individuals commencing with means varying from 50/. upwards 100,850 17 9 Total value of stock and improvements in the county of Huron, as per Statement herewith £242,287 7 9 Total population Goderich, Upper Canada, Wh Dec 1840. .... 5905 Thomas Mercer Jones. ■M. ' il 6 HURON DISTRICT. This splendid district, consisting of a million of acres, is bounded by the Wellington, London, and Western Districts ; extends a longdistance on the shores of Lake Huron, and will be united, by a public road, with the new settlement opening by the Government, extending from Garrafraxa to Owen's Sound. After leaving the richly cultivated township of Wa- terloo, the Company's territory commences in the township of Wilmot, which is in the Wellington district, but forms a con- tinuous unbroken tract with the Company's land in the Huron district. This fine territory is a most gratifying testimony to the effect of industry, possessing a prosperous, wealthy, con- tented body of settlers, who commenced the subjugation of the forest with scarcely any other capital but health, in- dustry, and perseverance. Perhaps no portion of Canada presents a finer appearance, is cultivated better, or is in a more thriving state. The Company have opened a wide road to Goderich, on Lake Huron. It passes through a, great extent of cultivated country, several newly-formed villages, and unites, twelve miles from Goderich, with the other main road which has been made by the Company through their land from the township of London. The district of Huron comprises twonty-one townships, and extends from the western extremity of the Gore dist'^t to Goderich, on Lake Huron, and from Goderich to London, in the London district. The two main roads are in these direc- tions, from which the others diverge. The road at the west- ern end of Lake Ontario, from the village of Dundas, is nearly macadamized throughout to the flourishing village of Gait, on the banks of the Grand River, in the township of Dum- fries. From thence it passes through the richly cultivated township of W ..erloo, principally settled by Dutch Penn- L«ylvania farmers, exhibiting the most cheering appearances of comfort, prosperity, and wealth. The road continues through the fine and thickly settled township of Wilmot, at the verge of which the Huron tract begins. On a branch of the Ouse, at the commencement of the township of North Easthope, there is a village forming called Jonesboro', that has mills, taverns, &c. Along the road th'^re are some extensive clear- I I ings, and the settlements seem thriving, from the extent of stock, and appearance of the land. Near the village of Strat- ford-upon-Avon are several beautiful lakes on the road side. This new and increasing village is at the termination of North and South Easthope, and at their junction with EUice and Downie. It is prettily situated on the river Avon, being built on four small hills sloping to the river, over which is a good bridge. There is an admirable mill here, doing much business, and of vast advantage to the surrounding country ; the settlers from the neighbouring thickly-peopled township of Zorra availing themselves of its advantages. A great quantity of grain is brought to it, and the tolls received are considerable. Since the alteration in the post-office depart- ment, the number of letters received at the post-office in this village from the United Kingdom have greatly increased. There are three churches, a good tavern, and a school-house in this village. The Company have an office also here for public information. The country to the township of Mackillop is still, to a great extent, unsettled, although the land is good in qua- lity, and reasonable in price. In a beautiful situation on the banks of a branch of the Thames, a reservation has been made for a village, to be called Mitchell. The river possesses many good sites for mills, and the surrounding country abounds in the best description of timber ; a good tavern is kept there by an En ance of stock, and more agricultural produce is raised. On reaching the township of Goderich, the prospects appear still more gratifying, the settlements on the road side being continuous and prosperous, and the first habitations generally giving way to better dwelling-houses. Nine miles from Goderich a spot has been selected for a village on the banks of a fine stream of water called Bridgewater, where already many houses have been erected, a church and a school- house are in course of erection, and where there is an excellent tavern kept by an Englishman. By far the greater portion of the road on this route is good ; from this inn to Goderich il it ' '"■! 'iu m^ it is excellent, through a pretty, undulating, thriving, and well settled country. Nothing can exceed the beauty of the situation of the town of Goderich. It is high, dry, and ex- tremely salubrious ; one portion is situate nearly on the level of the river Maitland, the other on the high Imd lofty table- land forming its bank, commanding a most extensive view of the lake and the river Maitland, which divides Qoderich from Colbome, and which runs from the interior of the country through high hills, skirted at their base by a rich valley. The streets are well laid out, and all centre in a large, circular market-place, near which the new court-house has been erected, and a large brewery built by a settler from Wiltshire. On the opposite bank of the Maitland, the Baron de Tuyll has erected his residence ; and Dr. Dunlop's ex- tensively cleared and finely cultivated farm of Gairbraid stretches a considerable distance. A large and substantial bridge has been built over the Maitland by the Company ; and the harbour, by the construction of a long and solid pier, has been rendered safe, deep, commodious, and easily acces- sible, and must render Goderich a place of great commercial consequence. There are several excellent taverns in this increasing town, which possesses also good society, and every requisite for advancement in population and wealth. The fisheries round the Saugin Islands, in Lake Huron, are inex- haustible, and the result of one gentleman's individual enter- prize in 1840, was nearly 600 barrels of salmon, herrings, and white fish. The new township of Ashfield, to the north of Goderich, beyond Colbome, is supplied from Goderich with stores ; and as the settlement of townships bordering on the lake progresses, the trade and prosperity of Goderich must also proportionably advance, as there is no other port on that shore of Lake Huron where vessels can take refuge in storms. The Indians come in numbers to Goderich, with their peltries for sale, and some trade is in consequence carried on in that department. Numerous good and substantial build- ings are in course of progress; labour is in great demand, and no portion of Canada is more desirable for industrious settlers in respect of fertility of soil, salubrity of climate, and opportunity for the favourable investment of capital and reward of enterprize. LETTERS. The Directors op thih Canada Company b-.' e received a great number of letters from all parts of Upper Canada, accompanying tbe returns, of wbicb the foregoing tables are an analysis. Finding the whole would be too voluminous, they have made the following extracts : — <■ '.. To the Commissioners of the Canada Company, Guelpk, December I6th, 1840. Gentlemen, I NOW beg to acknowledge your letter of the 15th July last, in which you asked of me as one of your Guelph settlers, to furnish you with such information as I possessed or could obtain, relative to the actual state and condition of settlers in general in this immediate neighbourhood. Unfortunately your application reached me just at a time when I was very busily employed in selling off and winding up a very extensive and varied business, and which concern has not yet ceased to absorb nearly all my time ; hence my long delay in attending to your request. I am even now unprepared to give you that extensive and varied information in detail which is sought for and desirable, neither do I expect to add much new matter tr the mass of facts already before you, and known to thousands besides ; nevertheless as locations differ in situations, 6oi\ and settlers from each other, and as it may be desirable to have as much corroborative evidence as possible to support a statement, pro- position, or position, I shall proceed to add my mite, and share the responsibilty of advocating the just claims this •'•' 'J •1 I \ -I 10 Colony is about to put forward, as a decidedly favourable and advantageous country for emigrants of several classes to adopt as their future home. Of course I shall first endeavour to show what has been done by emigrants for this town and township since my first coming here, or rather what this part of Canada has enabled them to do for themselves. On my arrival here in 1832, the town plot presented a decidedly unpromising aspect; very ordinary log-houses at great distances from each other, in the midst of stumps, composed the Town of Guelph. In 1632 and 1833 many hundreds of British settlers of all grades located themselves here, and from that time up to this date a rapid improvement has been going on, and as far as I know, through the means settlers brought out with them, or have acquired through the exercise of their various callings in this country. Except collections made in various quarters towards the erection of places of worship, I am not aware of any pecuniary assistance having been given the inhabitants of Guelph ; hence 'tis emigration from the old country has made the place what it now is, and to emigration must we look for the same results in other parts of this vast and beautiful pro- vince; and it is the duty and interest of every man in this country to aid and assist in some way or other, and with all zeal and earnestness, the noble efforts now being made to restore emigration to this country. No one need to fear he is acting a selfish part, neither can he be fairly accused of serv- ing a particular party, body, or interest, inasmuch as it is evident the promotion of emigration froi^ the old country is justly a patriotic measure, relieving the parent state of a mass of poverty, discontent, and wretchedness, converting this mass of recipients of the gains of others into good customers, and a source of profit to all nations who may trade with them. The political advantages are immensely great and numerous, too much so for me to even touch upon in this paper. In a moral point of view, much good is done by relieving a nation of its poor redundant population, as expe- lience has fully proved that when poverty stalks through any countiy, crime follows in its train. Solomon shews this,, when he said that poverty inchned men to profane the name of T" n God. Philanthropy urges us to do all in our power to relieve the wants of others, and I am fully persuaded that at least sixty to eighty thousand of our fellow-creatures who are now in want in the old country might annually be brought to this colony, where their immediate and most pressing necessities would be at once removed, and their future prospects greatly and encouragingly brightened, and especially if proper means are cordially co-operated upon, and actively and zealously put into operation, throughout the entire province. It is the duty of the Government to give its powerful aid in furthering ths emigration scheme, had its children only the single claim upon it that every child has on its parent or guardian, namely, to give it bread, and carefully to place it in due time where it can procure it for itself. I have said what state the emigrants of 1832 found this town in^ and shall proceed to shew the improvement which has taken place, with a view to illustrate, and in fact to de- monstrate, the proposition we all entertain in relation to the subject of emigration; and as Guelph is not a port, nor the seat of any manufacture of goods or merchandise, and being far removed from any high road leading from and to any im- portant points, parts, or places, and having solely to depend on an agricultural produce fur its support, I trust two plain truths will be made to appear, namely, that emigrants can make a handsome town, full of all the conveniences and necessaries of life, together with no small portion of comforts and luxuries, and a neighbourhood full of well-cleared farms, in a constantly progressive state of improvement, out of the wilderness. And secondly, that the wilds of Canada do actually enable them to do this. The town plot of Guelph is beautifully and advantageously situate on the River Speed, which winds nearly two-thirds round the town ; over this river are three bridges. There are three powerful waterfalls, besides several smaller ones, all of which are now employed in the working of saw-mills, grist-mills, tanneries, chair manu- factories, &c. We have now here two grist-mills, three saw- mills, two tanneries, three distilleries, two brick-kilns, three lime-kilns, three breweries, one carding-mill^ one scientific millwright, three wheelwrights, all doing a large business; :$!• ! '■'11 i Mi 12 one axe-maker, three blacksmiths, employing several hands ; four cabinet-makers, one upholsterer, sixteen carpenters, joiners, and builders ; five tailors, five coopers, one gunsmith, one watchmaker, two saddlers and harness-makers, one con- fectioner, one baker, in large business ; nine shoemakers, one tinworker, two hair-dressers, three butchers, one gardener, five milliners and dress-makers, in full work ; two painters and glaziers, one coachmaker, one potash manufactory, one large chair manufactory, six bricklayers and masons, two farriers, two auctioneers, three attorneys, three surgeons, five ministers of religion, ten stores with general assortment of goods, three of which import their goods direct from the old country ; one store devoted to drugs, patent medicines, stationery, garden and agricultural seeds, and a great variety of fancy articles ; six taverns, several common schools, and three Sunday- schools, numerously attended and well conducted. The Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Catholics, Methodists,* and Congregationalists have each a neat and commodious church or chapel. Guelph being now a district or county town, here is a handsome new jail just finished, and a large tavern has been converted into a court-house. A school-house for the district grammar school is yet to be built, but the Canada Company having built their first settlers a large stone building for that purpose, no inconvenience is felt at present. A large market-house was built by the Company, which is now used by the settlers. Several large brick and stone houses are built, and a great number of well-framed houses are plastered and finished to imitate Portland stone ; the remainder of the houses are principally the usual framed house, with clap- boarding, and a remnant of the log-houses seen in 1832. It may not be amiss for the writer of this to state a fact, that will give some idea of the business done in this town, and as he has just disposed of all his stores and stock, and retired from trading in any line, he cannot justly be accused, or even suspected of puffing for his own advantage. The amount of the cost of goods sold out of his late store exceeded four thou- sand pounds yearly, for the last three years ; the returns of the other nine stores he is of course unable to state, but he has no doubt that two or three were not very far below him 13 as to amount of business done. In 1832 it was with much difficulty that common necessaries could be bought here, though high prices were offered in cash payments, and many had to bring provisions up with them ; now many thousand pounds' worth of these articles are yearly taken down to the Lake. The town is abundantly supplied with them, and, in addition to necessaries, a settler or visitor may have anchovies and such dainties for breakfast; any of the London made fish and meat sauces, together with West India pickles, for dinner, and London porter in draught or bottle, claret and champagne, olives, 8cc. Guelph and the adjoining townships are remarkably healthy, and will bear a comparison with the most healthy spots known. Having been in many parts of the world while in the medical department in the Royal Navy, and nearly twenty years in extensive practice in England, some good opportunities have been given me to form a judgment upon. Guelph abounds with the best building materials, such as stone, lime, sand, brick-earth, and hard timber ; pine we are short of, and have to fetch it from a mill some few miles from us, our lands being too good to grow it. All the hard woods, and those said to indicate good soil, form almost exclusively the trees of this township ; the population of the township is 2290 ; of the town 643. The settlers are nearly all English, Scotch, and Irish, and these in about equal numbers. I have said, in this report, Guelph was at a low ebb in 1832, and as many persons who may read what I write know that the township had been partially settled and carefully fostered by the Canada Company for some four or five years prior to that date, they will be curious to know why it was so little had been done by the first settlers, and as I was myself at a loss to account for this, I made some inquiries at the time of my arrival here, and many since. From these I learn of the old settlers themselves, that when the Company's chief office was in Guelph, many of these settlers were employed for months and even years on the cutting roads, clearing town plot, con- structing bridges, making mill-dams, raising and hauling building materials, &c. See., and thus long kept off their several lots of land ; and it appears that when they did go on mi t4 land they did not do much, having been nearly and some quHe spoilt by the Company's high wages, too liberal treatlng«, and much too lenient orerseers. It may be and undoubtedly is good to give a n;c:isure of assistance to poor men on first coming to this country ; but I am of opinion, that after doing a little for them, the sooner they are thrown on their own resources the better it will be for them. I have seen that many of the late-come poor penniless working men, have far outstripped the earlier settlers; hence I must conclude that too much nursing of this class does not turn out beneficial to them. We have here (as^ no doubt is the case elsewhere) abundant evidence to shew that the industrious sober emi- grant, who resolves to succeed, will and does succeed, help or no help ; while, on the other hand, some never do succeed, nor will they, give them what money, advice, and assistance you may. These men are to be found all over the world, so far as 1 have seen it ; but we must remember that we who invite emigration to our adopted country, and those well- intentioned individuals who send emigrants from home, are in the path of duty. Men are placed in precisely the same situation in which thousands have gained a competence, and some a little fortune, and thus far we have served our neigh- bour; it is for him to make his election whether he will do as others have done by the use of the same means, or whether he will not. From pretty close observation during the past eight years, I have come to the conclusion that the Scotch are the best and most successful of all emigrants. Come they with or without money, come they with great working sons, or with only little useless girls, it is all the same ; the Scotch- man is sure to better his condition, and this very silently, and almost without a complaint. Of all the sons poor Scotchmen bring out with them, scarcely any become servants. I observe they work with and for their parents till the latter are well stocked in and securely provided for, when these young men betake themselves to land on their own account. This is worthy of notice, and should be imitated by others, as the greatest advantages are derived from the family having a head in good circumstances, and ready with its assistance in times of need. Tlie industry, frugality, and sobriety of the 16 Scotch, mainly contribute to their succeM, and luch habiti are absolutely necessary to be rigidly followed by poor settlers on first entering the " Bush." I have carefully watched the progress and result of the Scotch, Irish, and English emi- grants, in the race to the goal desired by all, viz., to obtain a deed for their land, and find that, where all have appeared to me to be equally well mounted, and precisely the same course to go over and the same hills of diflBculty to ascend, the Scotchman is generally first in at the winning-post. Next to the Scotch, I am of opinion the Englishman comes in for his meed of praise ; but it is infinitely more difficult to speak of him than of his Scotch or Irish neighbours, as every shade and grade of character, conduct, and success, is to be found amongst the English in this place and its neighbouring town- ships ; suffice it to say, that were it not for a considerable number of good men from Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire, who are prospering in this part of Canada, I must have left my own countrymen to be noticed last. Generally speaking, English families do not hold together long enough to ensure success ; the sons of poor English emigrants leave their parents, and become servants at the usual high wages, and instead of saving money to purchase land, the same is squan- dered away in fine clothes and at the numerous country balls, &c. This course is followed up by taking a wife, becoming a common labourer, and hiring a smart house in the town, where he is determined his wife shall wear as rich a silk dress on a Sunday as any lady in the place. The lowest characters we have in Guelph, and pests they are, turn out to be English drunkards. I do not intend to make any attempt to deprive our Irishmen of their well-earned and well-known forte in making occasionally more noise than any other men when a little ** high;** but in common I find them more at their farms or at their respective callings than the English are. The English ** gentleman farmer," who lost in a very few years in the Old Country nearly all he possessed on starting in life, and thus by living beyond his means, neglecting his farm, and too hotly and constantly pursuing the hounds, comes to Canada, a very unlikely man to succeed ; such a man grumbles dreadfully at first, curses his hard fate, then the I.! I' \ \i 16 country, then the Government, then the Cunada Company,' and every man who ever wrote a line or said a word in favour of Canada. Onward, however, ho goes by fiti and starts, now determined to /ry, again to give up ; but after a few years we hear lets and see more of this man, because his mind is aobered down, and he looks upon things as they really are ; he sees and feels that he is doing well in spite of himself; that he has an estate of his own, has no dread of '' rent-day," nor land- lord, has no tithe to pay, no poor-rate, and almost no taxes of any kind. Should crops fail, or prices be very low, we never see a farmer ** break" or ** fail" in this neighbourhood ; and the reason is, because the outgoings of a farm are very small, and the farmer can easily reduce them to any extent he pleases till things go better. This man sees also, that although he is not himself in possession of so many luxuries and amusements as he used to indulge in at home, he has all the substantial comforts and necessaries of life, and, moreover, is in a way, and in a country, where his children now have, and may hereafter continue to have, the same without failure, save what failure their own bad conduct may be the cause of. This class of men are numerous in the agricultural districts of England, and were they to come to this colony before reduc- ing their means to so low an ebb as they almost invariably do before starting from home, their task here would be much easier tc perform, and themselves spared a great deal of men- tal suffering and bodily fatigue. The rapid strides made by the plain, sober, hard-working English labourer or small far- mer of the Old Country, are truly worthy of our admiration and regard ; with these men capital seems not to be essen- tially necessary to their success, as, in a few years, they actually outstrip and leave their old married masters far behind them. Of gentlemen, properly so called, we have a full sprinkling all over our township ; but as they will not be questioned as to what they had in money when they first arrived, neither can we easily ascertain what sources they may have in the Old Country to give them a quarterly or annual supply of cash : we can only speak of them as far- mers and settlers, leaving out of the question their gains or losses. 17 The well-bred man of good education, and with a mind of •uperior cast, is to me a wonder ! I have seen many such come here, and instead of loitering their time away at u tavern, and running up a heavy bill, as many emigrants of an inferior class do, they at once purcliase a farm, and forthwith take up their abode there, however mean and even wretched the shanty c lug-house may be into which they must go for a time, and in acting thus prudently, they save a sum of some fifty to a hundred pounds that would have been squandered by many a man far their inferior in wealth, rank, or educa- tion. This class make good farmers, and more readily descend to drudgery, and adopt with cheerfulness the plain fare and habits of this country, than thousands who never possessed a tithe of the luxuries this class for many years enjoyed. These gentlemen maintain a proper and becoming dignity in this country, and are sure to be known, noticed, and dis- tinguished by the Governor. Of course, it follows they are the aristocracy of Canada, and having no superiors here, they possess an importance and weight fully equal to the magis- trates of the Old Country, and to me they appear prosperous, happy, and contented with their lot. I have now to speak of the Irish settlers, and what I have just said of English gentlemen will apply to the same class of Irish ; the only fault I find in some of them is a too frequent boiling over of their ardent opinions and feelings of loyalty upon unnecessary occasions, and a too frequent indulgence in invectives against sound constitutionalists, who do not, they think, come fully up to their idea of patriotic perfection. We have a here a good many of the '' middle men*' of Ireland, who succeed well and make excellent settlers, adding to the wealth and strength of the province. In times of commotion these men shew their loyalty, and were amongst the foremost of volunteers to defend the province against enemies within and without it. There is here a very remarkable diflerence be- tween the educated and uneducated Irish ; nearly every man of the former does well for himself and family, and while he pays a cheerful deference to his superiors, comforts, supports, and consoles himself with an assurance that he is a worthy descendant of some highly respected ancestors of universal re- c 18 nown, and in fluty bound sc to demean himself as not to bring disgrace upon the family escutcheon ! A very large portion of Irish settler- hereabouts are com- posed of the lower orders of that country, and because of theit numbers spoil the Irish sample of settlors. This class go upon land as soon as they arrive here, end being without means, make very slow progress. Were they to *' work out" for two or three years, and thereby accumulate capital (and all work- ing men, women, and children may do this and live well at the same time in this country), their v'^hances of success would be more certain, and improvera^ iiii more rapidly made, the latter to an extent that would enable them to pay for their land before large arrears of interest are added to the first cost of the li^nd. I have, in several places of this pa];'?r, shown that emigrants may and do prosper in this colony, and would only lofer to the altered and vastly improved appearances of this country in every township thereof, as evidence cf the facts stated, were it not deemed necessary to go into detailed statements. It will readily be admitted that any one part of a farmer's es- tablishment must be part and parcel of, as well as a Sample and specimen of the whule, and with this belief I would here notice the ^subject of horses, animals not absolutely necessary to ensure success in farming new lands in this cour try, how- ever valuable they undoubtedly are on old cleared farms. No ir^n thinks of purchasing a span of horses till he has sur- mounted the first and most trying difiSculties of a beginner in the *• Bush." Now, when I first came to Guelph in 1832, \ do not believe there were twenty horses in the towns .ip, and few or more in the surrounding townships (Waterloo excepted); whereas many hundreds are kept now in the town and country about us, and some of them are aoble animals. These horses are occasionally used to assist the farmera on the land, and to rear up young atock ; but at once tend to proclaim the easy circumstances of the owners, being very often used in pleasure excursions, and thereby show the stage of importance at which the drivers of them have arrived. I cannot refra-a froiii noticing a very common observation many new comers make on their first arrivd here respecting the scarcity of money or 19 floating capital amongst us, the absence of which seems to strike them with alarm. Such persons should reflect seriously for a few minutes only, when, I imagine, the supposed eril WOUI4 vanish. Three princip^.l reasons may be given to ac- count for this stf.te of things: — Firstly, few men of capital come to this country, and those who do, generally take up their residence in towns near the ports ; settlers on land have mostly only limited means, and it is both the duty and in- terest of such men to expend their whole stock of money in improving wild land by means of clearing the s^mej and erecting the necessary buildings thereon. Secondly, by the time the settler has accomplished his first object, he is pur- chasing other lands for his child r'^n, so that as they grow up he may have them near him. Lastly, the money circulating in this country is either silver or gold, or good bank-notes easily and certainly convertible into these metals at pleasure, whereas in a neighbouring country, where so much boasting is made of an abundant circulation of money, it not unfre- quently turns out that the holding of a great deal of such money is as the holding of nothing ; the banking system of that country being of the most unsound, and, I may add, dishonest character. Not so the banks in Canada, which in late troublous times passed unscathed through a fiery ordeal. New comers should also bear in mind that nineteen-twentieths of the farmers at home only hire farms, and have their capital to ivork them with ; here all are owners of farms, and have thdr capital locked up in real estate. The Canadian farmer would rather have real property than property's representa- tive, money, and is only careful to possess, from time to time, just so much as is needful to purchase him some articles he cannot obtain in exchange for produce. It is commonly said that gentlemen are not wanted in Ccinada, and that here they cannot succeed. My observation imd knowledge of this colony not only incline me to question the truth of the above, but to flatly contradict it. I am aware that what are commonly called fops, dandies, exquisites, &c. &c. would be here, as they are everywhere else, good for nothing ; but I am confident that no breeding, rank, educa- tion, or moderate wealth, unfits a man for Canada ; neither is o 2 20 Canada a country that would not receive such men in goodty numbers, and reward them for coming over to it, especially as in this colony no man suffers loss of caste by entering into any honest trading pursuits, be they what they may. Gentlemen of property are much wanted in Canada, and could here employ their capital to great advantage; in fact, capital is much wanted here to purchase, convert, and export the rapidly increasing productions of the country. Should the Government and United Parliament cordially co-operate in carrying on to completion the public works so long ne- glected in consequence of the late unsettled state of this country, and at the same time devise and carry out measures for the promotion of trade and commerce, men of capital would reap an abundant harvest of reward by the combination of intelligence, capital, and enterprise. In complying with your request, it would be proper to notice in this report a great variety of subjects not yet touched upon. My time is too limited to go far into any of them ; hence I shall only give them a brief notice, so as to put any wb'^ may read this in mind of the several matters that are of more or less importance to us all. Labouring men are m jch wanted here, and the wages of such hold out the strongest inducements for such men to come over to Canada. Food is very cheap, so much so that any working man may procure enough to maintain a family much better here than he can at home, by the proceeds of three days* work in a week. The wages of these men are, in ordinary times, 3s. 9d, per diem, and during busy seasons much higher. I have lately known men recuse to work for a bushel of good wheat, or ten pounds of good pork for a day's labour ! Servants of both sexes and of all ages are much wanted. Men-servants get from 30/. to 36/., and board, per annum. Servant girls have from 9/> to 15/., and boarded, per annum, and younger servants in proportion. A great reduc-* tion has of late taken place in the prices of all clothing and British manufactured goods in general. Stores in country places are now supplying goods at a very moderate advance on sterling cost, and this is a benefit to farmers and servants of great importance, inasmuch as they purchase such goods at 21 twenty per cent, less than the same were sold at only a few months since. Many causes may be said to produce this change, but I believe it is more the result of the combination of capital, mind, and enterprise mentioned above than any- thing else. If I am asked what is the greatest evil in Canada, and which most retards its advancement, and is constantly checking its rising importance, I would say bad roads. We stand now more in need of good bye-ways for settlers, and a highway across the country to the "far West" than anything else. Next to roads, improved inland water- communication. The settlers can and would cheerfully pay additional taxes for these tnings. I will now speak of the crops grown in this neighbourhood, but wish it to be borne in mind that soil and situation vary in places not very far distant, and that while in Guelph a far- mer may find his account and profit in a wheat crop, another farmer not more than fifty or eighty miles from him may make more by a crop of Indian corn. Here we grow turnips of all sorts in great size and perfection, while a man one hundred miles off may never have one on his farm. The rich soil of this neighbourhood yields abundant crops of wheat, barley, oats, peas, turnips, potatoes, clover, and all the grasses. All the vegetables of the English kitchen garden do well with us here. Tiie woods near us form the entire support .of oxen, cows, pigs, and young stock during summer. Butter and cheese are abundant ; turkeys, geese, venison, and poultry, are more commonly seen here on the tables of the poor emi- '>cr.nts, than they are on the boards of many genteel families i.fiheOld Country. Prices of produce are just now much too ho, I have elsewhere said the old settler can well sustain himself during a period of very low prices, but not so the man who has only just commenced working his way up ; such a man cannot pay up his instalments on land, and is sadly f.ut back by present prices of all kinds of stock, grain, meats, &c. &c. Wheat is only 2s. 6 pied first, and surveyed after? 10. Will the survey be commenced as soon as the land is applied for ? 11. How longp after having chosen a lot a- amongst lands already surveyed, is a purchaser liable to be detained be- fore he can effect his purchase, and obtain possession of the land ? 12. Are any rights in the land reserved to the Crown ? 9. I believe not. 13. Are there esta- blished charges upon the land? 14. Should the set- tler take out all his pro- perty in money ? or would it be better to in- vest as much as he can spare in farming stock, &c., before leaving this country ? 10. I do not know. 11. As regards the crown lands I cannot answer. The Canada Company, grant licences of occupation upon the first instalment of one-fifth of the pur- chase-money beine paid, or grant a complete title-deed, immediately the whole is paid, no delay whatever need therefore take place. 12. I believe there are for military Pm; poses ; but the Crown must indem- nify the proprietor for what is taken from him ; the Crown, likewise, reserves to itself all mines, and white pine timber ; the latter right is not however enforced. 13. There are no Government im- posts; but the local taxes, applicable to the general purposes of the district in which the land is situated, amount to 6s. 5d. on each 200 acres per annum (or wild land. If cleared Id. per acre per annum. 14. No. What funds he brings out should be by means of letters of credit on the CanadaCompany,or banks inToron- to ; he will thus insure a favourable ex- change. For some time past the rates of exchange have been so much against this province, as to make 100/. sterling worth 120/. currency, which is of course to the advantage of the indi- vidual having money to bring here. With respect to stock : The description of cattle throughout the province is generally good, but in the Huron tract it is remarkably so; vet there would be no objection to an intending emigrant bringmg with him any favourite good breeds of horses, cattle, or pigs, having of course re- 45 15. Ii the great pro- portion of cleared land under tillage ? 16. Are there parts on which grazing is chief- ly used ; and if so, name the districts and the ad- vantages for that pur- suit? 1 7. What are the com- parative gains of grazing and tillage ? ference to what they would realise In England, and the expence of the voyage here. 15, By far. 16. I am not aware of any particu- lar parts in which grazing is chiefly {practised, but should suppose the ongest-cleured land most suitable. 17. For the gains on tillage, see answer, No. 6. As to the profits upon grazing they are very considerable ; the demands for cattle for the use of the colony cannot be supplied except by importations from the United States, where considerable numbers of sheep are raised for the wool. In the Hu- ron tract and Wilmot, the pasture af- forded to the cattle in the woods is so excellent, that without any assistance they get remarkably fat, and fit for slaying. In Wilmot, the Huron and Waterloo, the number of sheep is much on the increase, and large flocks are seen. In Waterloo several fulling mills are erected, and large quantities of woollen yarn spun by the women and children, which is made into a a durable flannel, stockings, and coat- ings. PROFITS UPON GRAZING. From the statement of a respectable and intelligent individual residing in Zorra, whose veracity I have no reason for doubting, it appears that the value of stock in that township is as fol- lows : — Sheep (store), after shearing, 10». a-piece. Working cattle, per yoke, 50 to 60 dollars. Year-old hogs, 12s. 6d. to 15s. each. Horses, from 30/. to 40/. the span. Cows, 16 to 20 dollars each. 46 1 8. What is the usual mode of letting, and if by leases, state the con- ditions, and for what terms of years ? 19. What is the rate of profit on farming ope- rations generally ? 20. Are failures of crops common ? It appears that stock farms aii? much more profitable than merely grain farms, on account of the great increase in the value of cattle. In the first, three, or four years the following is a fair statement of what may be done with them. In the fall of the year ox-calves calved in the spring may be purchased for 20s. currency per head, generJly at something less. The next autumn the same calves are worth 405. each. The succeeding autumn, when 2^ years old, they are worth 80s. each, and the spring following are fit to break ia, and then are worth 51. each, or 10/. per yoke. The stock farmer should not keep them longer, as they will not continue to increase in the same pro- portion. Heifer calves are equally profitable to keep 18. I am not aware that the system of leasing lands has hitherto been ex- tensively in practice ; there is little doubt, however, that as the price of land increases, by being nearly all dis- posed of; leasing will necessarily be resor*''d to. When farms are leased, the rates are from 2 to 3 dollars per acre for cleared land, with good house, barn, and slables, near a principal mar- ket, ind from 1 to 2 dollars per acre further back ; it is not an uncommon practice to let farms in shares, the oc- cupant giving to the proprietor one-third of the CROP, without reference to the cost of production. 19. See No. 6 and 17. 20. No ; the last and previous years were ht)wever exceptions; even then the quantity produced was suflicient to supply the requirements of the province, although the general average quality was inferior. I would particularly men- tion the county of Simcoe, where fully 47 M 21. What is the rate of interest for money-lent on mortgage ? 22. What is the ex- pense of erecting a suit- able house for a small farmer? and also of a barn and stables for three horses ? 23. What is the usual rate of money wages to labourers by the year, and by the month, or by the day ? 24. Are there any laws peculiar to the colony, regulating contracts be- tween masters and ser- vants ? 25. What is the ordi- nary price of articles named in the annexed table ? one half of the crop remained unsold at the end of the season ; but owing to the almost insuperable difficulties from a want of internal roads, the United States were enabled successfully to compete with our farmers in the back settle- ments, who could not afford the ex- pense of transit, frequently 7Jrf. per bushel for 40 miles to a market, whilst from Cleveland, in Ohio, it was placed at Toronto for 6d. per bushel ; and wheat was also sent to Kingston at 9d. per bushel freight for the same part, upon wheat selling for 4s. 21. Six per cent, per annum is the legal rate, but 1 am credibly informed that few individuals lend their money on these easy terms. On mortgage 10 to 12 per cent, is obtained through the medium of a bonus, or other well-known means. 22. A good log-house will cost £60 „ frame ditto „ 90 „ log-barn „ 30 Stables for 3 horses, includ- ing sheds for cattle . 30 The Dutch farmers attend more to the comfort of their cattle than that of their own families, and their barns and sheds are their first consideration, their dwelling-houses are quite out of charac- ter with their barns. 23. Farm labourers in the country for the summer 21. 10s, per month, in addition to board and lodging ; for all the year 21. per month, and board and lodging. Wages are higher in the country than in the towns. 24. There are severe ones, but I be- lieve conventional practice supersedes them in most cases. 25. See Tables, in which the prices are given for four separate townships. I. -J I m 4k TABLE I. Rates of Wages in the Home District. Trade or Calling. Average wages. Bread & Biscuit Bakers. . 51. to 51. 10s. per month. Butchers 21. 10s. per month by the board and lodging. year, with Brickmakers 5s. to 5s. 6d. per day. Bricklayers 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. Carpenters and Joiners.. 6s. to 6s. 6d. Cabinet Makers 7s. 6d. to 10s. Coopers 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d, »» tt >» Deducting 10s. for the towns, and 7s. 6d. for the country perweek will show the rate of wages, with board and L lodging. Carters (no labouring carters.) Cooks (women) 25s. to 35s. per mon. with board & lodging. Comb Makers by the piece, earn from 5s. to 7s. 6d. a>day. Dairy-women no such servant in Canada. Dress Makers 25s. to 30s. per month, board & lodging. Milliners 36s. to 40s. do. do. Farm Labourers 25/. to 301. per annum. do. Gardeners (first rate). . . .42. 10s. to 51. no employment in winter. Grooms .«•••.•..• •...2Z.10s. to 3/. per month, 30s. to 40s. all the year, with board and lodging. Millwrights 7s. 6c?. to 10s. per day. Millers, head millers, usual, 6Z. per month, sometimes lOOZ. per ann. Ditto, (inferior) 41. per month, sometimes 601. per. ann. Blacksmiths 6s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. per day. Painters 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. per day. Plaisterers ............ work by the piece, will earn from 1 Os. to 15s. per day, not employed in winter. Plumbers and Glaziers . .6s. iO^d. per day. Quarrymen 5s. per day, — no work in winter. Rope-makers • none. Shoemakers 55. to 6s. per day ; work by the piece, and good workmen will earn 10s. per day. Sawyers earn 6s.3d. per day ; are paid for every 100 feet superficial measure of timber. Shipwrights <& Boat-builders, 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. per day. Stone Masons (day-work) 7s. 6d. per day, not much employed in Do. (job-work) 12s. 6d. per day. [winter. Sail-makers 6s. 3d. per day. Slaters and Shinglers .,,5s. per day. Shepherds •• none. Tanners 5s. to 6s. 6d. Tailors 7s. 6d. — work by the piece. Wheelwrights 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. per day. Whitesmiths — viz. Locksmiths & Gunsmiths, 7s.6^.to 10s. per day. It may be taken as a general rule, that all the tradesmen working by the Job, earn from Is. 3d. to 5s. per day more than by the day. ill 49 TABLE II. Retail Price of Provision and Clothing in the Home District. ARTICLES. Provisions. s. d. Salt beef, per lb. 3 J Fresh do. „ 4 Mutton „ 4 Lamb „ 4 Veal , 5 Fresh pork „ 4 Salt ditto „ ...... 4 Fowls, per pair, 1 s. 3d. to 1 6 Bacon, per lb 4| Salt butter „ 6c;. to 8 Fresh do. „ 7 Fresh milk, per quart .. 3 Cheese, per lb 5 Eggs, per dozen, 8d. to 10 Potatoes, per bh. lOd. to 1 Bread, best wheaten, per loaf 6 Seconds, none. Best wheat flour, per bar. of 196 lbs. 20s. to ...21 3 Seconds, do. 15s. 3d. to 18 9 Oatmeal, do, 18 9 Barley-meal. do. none Coals, per bushel 1 7 Candles, per lb. 7^d. to 10 Firewood, per cord of 128 cubic feet 11 3 Common soap, lb. 4d. to 6 ARTICLES. Provisions. s. d. Tea, (now high) 3 9 Coffee, green ......... 10 Do. roasted 1 3 Rice, per lb 5 Sugar, brown 6 Do. white, . . . . Bcf. to 9 Salt, per barr. of 180 lbs. 12 6 Pepper, per lb. lOd. to 1 Salt fish, cheapest kinds 4 Fresh fish, extremely cheap and abundant. Beer, per gallon 10 Porter, per bottle ...... 1 6 Clothing.* Mens' stout shoes, pair 10 Womens' do. do. 7 Snow over shoes, 6s. 3d. 15 Mens' shirts, 3s. 9d. to 5 Mens' smock frocks, (not much used) 6 Flannel, per yard, 1 s. Gd. 2 Cloth for coats, per yard 10 Cotton for gowns, '3d. to 10 Fustian, per yard, 2s. to 4 Velveteen do 3 i ■ • The above-mentioned articles of clothing are supposed to be of average qualitf, generally used by persons of the labouring classes. ao. r Vi 5 TABLE III. Of Prices Current fdr November, 1840, of Agricultural Produce and Farming Stock in Upper Canada. Bytown. Toronto. Hamilton. London. Wheat, per bushel 4s. to 5s. 38.6d.io38.9d. 3s.l^(/.to3s.9laces where the travel- ers have to stop for a night, r>i that the sum total may exhibit the entire cost of the whole journey ? 18. When he leaves water-carriage, as for example in Canada, the great line of the St. Law- rence, or the Rideau, and the lakes, what means are there for the transport of himself and his family to the place where his labour is re- quired ? 66 side the emigrant vessel while she is still lying at anchor in the river, and thus facilitates the embarkation of the emigrant. The captain of the emigrant vessel can easily arrange with the steamer to accommodate them in this way ; and in most cases this is done. Very little difficulty is experienced by the emigrant at Quebec ; a few hours suffice to provide his family with the necessaries of life, if he has run out. The time occupied in going from Que- bec to Montreal varies from 20 to 30 hours ; when the steamers have to tow, of course they are longer on the way. The fare is 5s. for each adult, and no charge made for eifXra luggage, unless the quantity is very much and quite out of the common. The fare occa- sionally varies in the event of opposi- tion, and this year it may be reduced, as two additional boats are preparing for that line, the " Ontario" and " Bri- tish Queen." The emigrant, before going on board the steamer, should boil as much pork or beef as will serve him for a day or two, which he can do before leaving the emigrant vessel. In a few minutes he can procure fresh bread, and if he has a large tin tea- pot with a few tins, he can with ease obtain hot water in the steamer to make a little tea to refresh the mem- bers of his family on their journey up. On his arrival at Montreal, he should, with as little delay as possible, get his baggage transported to the barges of the forwarding Company. He will find many carters ready to accommodate him, and also to over-charge him ; \s. 6d. should be sufficient to take all his luggage to the station of the barges. Here the fare is from Montreal to By- town 85. per adult, allowance of lug- gage 1 cwt. to 1^ cwt. free, and for any quantity over and above this, 25. per cwt. The same barges continue through to Kingston. The fare from if 66 Bytown to Kingston is \0s. per adult, same allowance of luggage as above, and 2«. 6d. tor every cwt. extra. The average voyage from Montreal to King- ston is six days, never less than five ; this year it has exceeded this, but an iroprovement in the line is meditated. When the emigrant gets on board of the barge at Montreal, his baggage need not be moved until he reaches Kingston. He will find apparatus for cooking, and the female part of his family will find shelter in the cabin of the barge. In case of foul weather, he can get his family on board of the steamer at Lachine, (seven miles from Montreal,) where the barges are taken in tow to Carrillon, about 40 miles from Lachine. The barges there take take 7 or 8 hours in getting through the locks, and passing through to Grenville : on the way ^^ e emigrant can buy a few potatoes i n the far- mers alongside of the canal. The pricec of provisions do not vary from Montreal to Kingston ; potatoes 1 5. 6d. to 2s. per bushel ; pork, 5d, to 7d. per lb.; butter, Qd. to lOe^. per lb.; flour, 5 dollars to 6 dollars per barrel ; tea, 35. to 4s. per lb. ; sugar, 6d. per lb. ; eggs, 8d. to lOd. per dozen ; but- cher's meat, 3ld. tq 5d, per lb. ac- cording to the qiiality. All these ar- ticles he will find^^no difficulty in pro- curing on the way. From Grenville to Bytown is about 65 miles, and the barges are towed from thence by a steamer, and reach in about 15 or 16 hours, varying according to the number of barges she may have in tow. On their arrival at Bytown, the barges have again to pass through locks, which causes a detention of some hours. The passage from Bytown to Kingston is rather tedious ; but as it affords to the emigrant various opportunities of see- ing the country, and many of engaging 67 as farm-servants, he should not look upon it as altogether lost time. A great error is committed by the emigrant in asking exorbitant wages on his arrival; and if they would be contented with 30s. or 40s. per month and their board, they would get abun- dance of opportunity to engage ; but their views are generally by far too ex- travagant. Many emigrants, on arrival at Que- bec and Montreal, have not the means to carry them forward ; but they find no difficulty in getting work about the coves at Quebec, and are very soon enabled to lay by sufficient to carry them up the country. They should on no account remain in Quebec or Mon- treal during winter, as they will assur- edly have much privation and hardship to contend with. However high the wages may be in the busy season, the winter presentR to them a barren field. At Kingston there are steamers and stages for Toronto, distant 170 miles» and for Hamilton, at the head of Lake Ontario, distant from Kingston 210. The time occupied to Toronto is 24 hours; the deck fare is usually la. 6d,; last season it was only 5s. for each adult, exclusive of provisions ; two chil- dren under 14 years of age are reckoned as one passenger. The distance from Quebec to Toronto is 606 miles ; time occunied in performing it last season abou^ days ; and the total expense of each adult, exclusive of provisions, (about 9d. per day,) 1/. I4s. 6d. At Toronto there are steamers plying daily for Hamilton, distant 40 miles, time occupied three hours and a half. Deck fares 5s., exclusive of a meal. Emigrants proceeding to the Huron tract, or the Western townships, will avail themselves of this route, as it is cheapest and the quickest. There are stages running daily from Hamilton to London, 83 miles, stopping all night on ■1 { 19. Is it customary to pay money wages ? State the average wages of mechanics and labourers named in the annexed (No. 1.) 20. When the pubh'c works are in progress, are the wages generally at an higher or lower rate than those paid by farm- ers? 21 . If the public works are at a distance from the towns, does the Go- vernment provide lodg- ing for the labourers ? 22. What is the usual f>eriod of hiring for farm abourers ? 23. To what extent do the wages of labourers M the road ; time occupied in travelling 20 hours, fare 5^ dollars, or 27s. 6d. : and also every other day to Gait 25 miles from Hamilton, fare 6s. dd., time five hours. From London there are stages every other day to Goderich, 60 miles through the Huron tract, fare 15s., time one day ; and from Gait twice a-week to Goderich 80 miles; through Stratford and the N. W. part of the Huron tract, fare 20s., time two days, sleeping on the way one night. These stages (or their substi- tutes during winter, sleighs) from Lon- don and Gait to Goderich have been started, and are chiefly supported by the Canada Company, who, during the summer season, likewise run a steamer to and from Goderich and Detroit, for the use of passengers and the settle- ment. 19. The mechanics and domestic servants are paid in money ; agricultu- ral labourers are frequently partly paid in produce, according to mutual con- venience. See Tables of Labourers' Wages, page 48. 20. The question scarcely admits of a direct answer, inasmuch as the labourers engaged upon public works are raw emigrants, who are only fit on their first arrival for such description of work ; and beside, having been em- ployed in Europe solely as excavators upon canals, or railways, they are ill adapted by education or habits, to be so useful or so desirable as farm labourers. 21. I cannot answer. 22. Almost always by the month. 23. Very materially in the country ; viz. in summer 2f. 10s. per month, in 59 ?ary in lUiLmer and in winter ? 24. Whatare the usual wages by week or month to ^rm labourers during harvest? 25. State the average retail prices in summer and winter of the articles named in the annexed table (No. 2.) 26. Does the price of provisions increase much m the settlements which are distant from the towns ? 27. Is beer the drink of the common labour- ers ? and if so, can it be procured all the year, and at what price ? 28. Will land be granted by the employ- ers of labour, on which to erect a dwelling ? and what extent of garden allotment is usually ad- ded ? 29. What is the ex- pence of erecting a log hut? 30. Does the log hut afford sufficient protec- tion against the weather in all seasons ? winter 2/. per month. In Toronto and other large towns the wages do not vary. 24. Five shillings per day, with'board and lodging, is the usual rate ; but, occasionally in some places, la. 6d, per day has been paid during harvest. 25. Answered by Table No. 2. See Table, page 49. 26. Generally speaking they are lower, owing to the difficulty and cost of sending them to a good market, from the state of, or absence of any roads. But of course it frequently happens, that where the best market is there will be an abundant supply, and there also will prices rule low. 27. No ; little beer is drank out of the towns, although it is browed of good quality at a moderate price, I believe at about lOd. to Is. per gali. The common drink of the people is whiskey, made from wheat, barley, and rye, but from wheat principally. Itissold at \s.2d. per gallon wholesale, or retailed at 2s. to 2«. 3d. per gallon ; it is a wholesome beverage. This year the price of whis- key is extremely low. In some parts of the province excellent cider is made and sold at 10s. per barrel of 30 gallons. 28. It is done sometimes with great advantage by both farmer and labourer ; but it is not a general practice. 29. The usual manner of erecting a log hut, or shanty in the bush, is by means of a " Bee," viz. the assistance of the neighbours, when it will cost about 21. 10s. 30. Completely. w 60 '■I 31. Need any locks, hinges, bolts, latches, &c. be taken out from England ? 32. Is there a clergy- man in each of the set- tled districts ? 33. Are there means of education in the rural districts ? 34. Are there any savings banks, and if so, what interest on deposits is allowed ? 35. Are there any hos- pitals or infirmaries ? 36. Are there any benefit societies ? 37. Is there any fund for the relief of the de- stitute ? 31. No. See answer to No. 1. besides wood generally supplies the place of metal. 32. A great deficiency has been seriously complained of; but their num- bers have increased lately, and it is hoped that the Government will render a ready and effectual co-operation to remedy an evil which presses most heavily aeainst the future moral pro- gress of the community. I believe there are clergymen in every district, but they are so few as to preclude any advantage to very many of the townships. 33. Very limited. See answer lo No. 26. in reply to interrogatories for the information of emigrants with capital, &c. 34. There is a saving bank at To- ronto, formed in 1830, it has no char- ter. The deposits now are 6000/. The interest allowed is five per cent. ; the amount of deposits is limited to 501. in the whole for each individual. 35. Yes, at Quebec, Montreal, King- ston and Toronto. 36. Yes; the St. George's, St. Pat rick's and St. Andrew's Societies, and Mechanics* Benefit Societies. 37. I apprehend not, except at To- ronto, where there is a House of Indus- try supported by voluntary contribu- tions ; its. disbursements last year were 800/. ; there are between 70 and 80 inmates, who are lodged, boarded and clothed, and about 250 out-door pen- sioners receiving general relief. Canada Company's Office^ Toronto, 20tk Nov. 1840. Frrd. Widder. t LONDON : FAINTED BY STBWAHT ..ND MVHBAY, OLD BAILEY.