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From the Canadian histitute Semi- Centennial Volume: T O R O iV T O : MURRAY PRINWNG CO^IPANY, GLOBE BUILOING. tit 1899. .% I ' .'raniongazida, Waub-Ojeeg, John M. Johnston and his family. W'aub-Ojejfg's battle song. Algic legends and Hiawatha myths. Moore's poem. Iroquoisan and Algonkian poetry compared. " Peace hath her victories, No less renown'd than war." The Algonkian race forms a very considerable portion of the abo- rigines of Canada, who number in all about one hundred thousand souls. Jacques Cartier and Champlain knew our nomad natives under two great divisions, the Iroquois or Six Nations, with their cognates, the Hurons, Neutrals and Tobacco tribes, and the Algonquins. Algonkin, Algonquin, Altenkin, and Algic or Algique are other forms of the same word, as given by the early French. Of the Algonquins proper, and bearing that name, there are about three thousand persons whose reserves are at Golden Lake and in North Renfrew in the Province of Ontario, and at Desert, Temiscamingue, the Districts of St. Maurice and Pontiac and elsewhere in Quebec. The Algonquins called themselves 0-dush-quah-guinme, meaning people at the end of the water. But under the generic term Algonquin are included tribes found north of the great lakes from Labrador to the Rocky mountains and the river Athaba.sca, known as Chippewas, Ojibways or Saulteaux, Mississaugas, Odah-wahs or Ottawas, Adiron- dacs, Montagnais of Labrador, Montagnais du Saguenay, Abenaqui.s, Maskegons, Micmacs, Tetes de Brules of St. Maurice, Menomenees, Delawares, Potawahtamees, Crees, Bloods, Piegans and Blackfeet. The :ti 386 TRANSACTIONS OV TIIK CANADIAN INSTITITK. (Vol. VI. Penf)b.scots, Mohicans and some other extinct tribes in Eastern Canada and New England were also of the Algic stock. " Their collective name," writes Professor Campbell, "was VVapanachki, or men of the East, a term which still designates the .\benaki tribe of Maine." "The i)rincipal tribe of this lar^^e family, from the earliest period to which traditions refer, was that of the Lcmii Lenape or De!a- wares." " The Mississauguas, who held the site of Toronto and the coast of Ontario down to its outlet in the St. Lawrence, were likewise Linneeh." "The word Lenni signifies men." Among all the Algonquins there ran a tradition that their ancestor."* migrated from the North-VVest. Mr. Lewis 11. Morgan estimates that not less than a thousand years elapsed from the time when their fore- fathers passed from a common centre and their introduction to Europeans. The tribes so gradually moving surrounded the Iroquois territory, or as. Mr. Parkman describes the situation, — " Like a great island in the midst of the Algon(]uins lay the country of tribes speaking the generic tongue of the Iroquois." The connection between the great .Algonkian families- is one of language, the different dialects spoken by them have been proven by analogy to have had one origin. (a) The Algonkian tongue has a soft and pleasing sound, and has been compared to the Greek in its sweetness and mode of construction. Ideas are expressed in groups and word pictures arc formed. The letters F^ C, R, V and X are not ir the alphabet jjroper of the Ottawas, Ojibways or Crees, but there is local dialectic variation. The Athabascan Crecs turn the Lenapi L into R — the Wood Crees into ///, the Hudson Bay Crees into c, the Plain Crees into ;/. We find the national name in varifuis forms on Canadian maps. Al- goma is the land of the Algics, the great provincial reserve of more than one million acres in extent is properly called the Algonquin Park. The capital of Canada is named from one of these tribes. Winnipeg is a Cree word. Toronto is claimed by Dr. Oronhyatekha to be a word of his nation, the Mohawk, but Dr. Scadding and others derive it from the Mississauga idiom. Machquoteh, now honoured as the site of Upper Canada College, is certainly an .Algic term, meaning a meadow. Before the taking of Quebec in 1759, the red men sometimes held the balance of power. The Ottawas, Ojibwa)'s and Potawahtamees were («) "Ancient Americn," by John O. Baldwin, pp. 60, 6,^ .-ind 135— " '' "'.Ty be siiffgesteJ that the Salishans of British Colunibin .'ind W.ishin^fton have been on the continent since the 13th century. The Alt^onquins must have preceded them some 600 years," Dr. John Campbell, "Can. Inst, Proceedings,*" 1884, Vol. I. IS and N. S. ot 1897, 1. 30, (Vol. VI. n Canada panachki, naki tribe le earliest ; or De!a- aiid the e likewise ancestors nates that their fore- uiropeans. tory, or a* the midst :ric tongue m families, have been 1 has beei> an. Ideas letters F» Ojib\va\.s scan Crccs idson Bay laps. AI- more than ark. The ipeg is a a word of from the of Upper held the nees were esteJ that the leiitiiry. The Proceedings.*" '«98-99] FA-MOl'S ALOON^l'INK ; AUilC LBCBNDS. 387 united in a loose confedciicy under Pontiac. ,\fter his death and the capitulation of Montreal, the weight of the Algonkian power was with the lkitish.(/0 The early voyageurs, traders and employees of the Companies fraternized with their red neighbours, learned their tongue and often became joined to them in ties of blood. The education so resulting was rather of the ICuropcan into the native lore, than of the red man into the white man's learning, religion or custom.s. Sir Alexantler Mackenzie remarked one hundred )ears ago that it requires less time for a civilized people to deviate into the customs of savage life than for savages to rise into a state of civilization. From the red aborigine to the citizen with our artificial and comple.x civilization, there is an evolution that cannot be worked out in one generation. The scales of barbarism are sloughed off but the result is not an unmi.xed good. The a|)pearance of white men, advancing in force witii their lust for land, disturbs the conditions, the hunting ground becomes limited in space and in quantity of game. The tribes soon find it necessary to live at peace, not only with the whites, but with other tribes with whom the)- had for ages waged bloody feuds. Cultivation of the .soil, to a .>=mall extent, had been practised by the squaws, now the men are urged to lay aside their weapons and to u.scthe axe, the hoe and the plough, and eventually reaping and threshing ma chines. Such evidences result fvum a severe discipline, involving hunger, decimating di.sease and a contest with the inevitable. The famous bargain of 1870 added three millions of squalre miles to the area of the Dominion, now succeeding to the mild sway of the Hudson Hay Compan)' with further Imperial authority. .At this time the buffalo was disappearing and the old order was also passing awa\\ Since the flag of Canada began to wave over the west, the farm instructor, school teacher, mission- ary and mounted police have been transforming the aborigine.s. Chiefs appear appareled in the red,councilnicn in the blue, coats of their offices, as democratic leaders of their bands in the ways of peace. The Sun Dance, with its cruel rites, [iromises soon to be a forsaken custom even among the Blackfeet. The herding of cattle, raising of sheep, and breeding of swine promote domestic virtues. The scalping knife lies rusting in its sheath and the tomahawk is buried. Soon the blanketed Indian will be seen only in the most remote places and in photographs^ and war-whoops will be heard only through the phonograph or in (4)—" The OJah\<.>'ii Langii.ige" — F. Assikiiinck, Can. Inst. Journal III. 4S1. '* Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac," i. 125. '* Prehistoric Man," by Sir D. Wilson, ,ird KJition 2, ,^^9. f? am TRANSACTIONS OK TlIK CANADIAN INSTITl IK. I Vol.. VI. Colonel Cody'.s Wild West Show. We will sec that the red man and the pale-face arc not far apart in luiinan passions, pleasures and instincts. As the Jewish Samuel and Joseph had visions by nijjht, so the yoiinij Indian sought throu^jh dreams to know the will of the Great Spirit. The sun was by some worshipi)ed, the moon, the I'leiades, and other .stars of our Western hemisphere were personified, and •■very I.aurentian hill, lake and island had its Aljjic lore that lived in the imagination and memory as do the tales of fairies, pixies and warlocks in Wales and Ireland. We are accustomed hear of Masonic and other mystic orders, but the Algic W;'Iibahnoowin was a pafj[an societx' of ancient origin and wide ramiPcations, whose priests turned to the east, the rising sun, for inspiration, and claimed supernatural powers. The .society called Medaowin had .secret signs, rites and password.s. Much has been written of the Iroijuois and more southern Indians. Some noted Algonquins now claim our attention, loyal Canadians and brave men, of whom it may be said, "there were giants in those days." Mls.sLSSAUGA Chiefs. — It is but right that the leading men of the Mis- sissaugas, a branch of the Ojibways who, one hundred years ago, occupied the land on which we dwell, should be referred to. The present site of Toronto was included in an agreement made between Sir John Johnson and the Missi.ssaugas, on September 23rd, 1787, confirmed by another, negotiated by Colonel William Claus, on behalf of the Crown, August 1st, 1805. The tract so peacefully handed over contained more than two hundred and fifty thousand acre.s. In the time of Champlain and the Jesuit-Huron missions, this was in the central territory of the Neutrals, or Attiwondaronk, allies of their northern neighbours, the Huron.s. The Jesuit relation of 1641 estimated the Neutral population at 12,000, with forty villages scattered southward as far as Niagara, arid westward to Detroit. The remains of their ancient stronghold, the Southwold Earth- work, with its moat and ditches, are yet to be seen between St. Thomas and Lake Erie. Iroquois torches had, a century and a half before Sir John John.son's treaty, destro3ed their villages, and their lands were now mostly occupied by Mohawks and Mississaugas. History does not tell us who were the predecessors of the Hurons and the Neutrals, but the archcX'ologist and geologist come to our aid. They are not confined to records of the stylus and pen or the modern printer's art, but read the story of archaic ages in the rings of ancient trees and in the strata of the earth. They tell us that in the fair valleys of the Don and H umber were, not only contemporaries of the dwellers in Atlantis and of the Mound-builders, whose reindeer browsed on these hills, but, ages before |Vni.. VI. !«<>«-<><). I FAMOl'H AUiON^l'INK ; M.iilC I.K(ieNI>S. a89 nan and nstincts ic young irit. The stars of ian hill, tion and iiles and r mystic ancient he risinpj 2 society Indians, lians and ; days." "the Mis- occupied :nt site of 1 Johnson another, I, August than two and the Neutrals, |-ons. The ooo, '.vith tward to (1 l':arth- Thomas icfore Sir A ere now s not tell but the nfincd to read the ta of the number id of the s before tliem, were men who htnited the long-haired eleplnint on the banks of an ancient and larger Lake Ontario. Returning to the |)eriod when Anglo-Sa.xon sway here began, wc 'ind that in the treaties of 1787 and 1S05 the native owners were represented by ChechalU, Queiicpenon, VV'abukanync, .Achoton, Wabenose, Osenego, Kebebonecencc, Okemapenessc, all chiefs or leading coiuicillors, who appended their totems in much the same manner as the Kiiglish barons attached their seals to King John's charter. Some of these names also appear in treaties made by Governor Simcoe. It seems a strange omis- sion that none of the names of these okl sovereigns of the soil are per- petuated in an)- part of the princely territory they once occupied. Ciovernor Simcoe came from his little capital at Newark, now Niagara, and spent part of the winter of 1793-94 in a tent near the Old Fort. He often met repre'-,cntativts of the Mississaugas but the treaties that he made at Niagara mostly concerned the Iroquois. The Governor at this time determined to make Toronto the cajMtal. I le went up the Don valley by a winding |)ath under the shade of great oaks, elms and beeches and there, in sight of the favourite camping grounds of the Mississaugas, erected a summer residence the site of which is still defined. It was named Castle Frank in honour of his son. This house was long ago consumed b)- fire. Young Frank was a brave lad, who entered the army and fell in his countrj's cause at Hadajoz in Spain, (c) I regret being unable to single out an\-of the Mississaugas mentioned for deeds of prowess and other distinction, but there were many of the Algic stock of that time and since who won renown, some whose fame was confined to their locality and tribe, and some who were known throughout the n.ition. SniNGUAICONCiSb: whose name sigin'fies the "Little Pine," was the son of a Chippewa woman and British officer. When the father was re- moved from a western to a Lower Canada command, the mother staged with her Ojibway relatives and kept the boy, educating him in Indian fashion. He early distinguished himself in the jiursuit of Stoic virtues, and in his tenth year fasted twice, ten days in succession. He fa.sted to have fine dreams, that is, to have his head clear and his body enured to bear great exertion. He wi.shed to know all that could be learned on earth and in heaven. His mother became wife of an Indian and her first-born sometimes suffered from neglect. Once as the boy lay on his O') The Duke Je I.i.iiu'v^iirr, when \isiting the Governor in i?*)^. wrote : " There h.ivc not Iwen more than twelve houses hitherto built .Tt York ; thevst.inJ on the b.iync.Tr the river Don. In a circumference of one hundred and fifty miles, the Indians are the only neighbours of ^'ork. They belong to the Mississaugas." 290 TKANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITITE. [Vol. VI. hard bed half naked and trembh'iijj with cold and ..iuij^er, he wept for a time, until, fallinf^ into a state between d'eamin}^ and waking, he fancied that a gentle voice said sympathisingly ; 'Thou poor Shinguakongse, thou art wretched, come to me! ' He looked around him but could see nothing but a path hovering in the air which gleamed in the darkness and which, commencing at his bed, ran upwards through the door-way of his cabin. He knew it wrsa way on which he must walk. He went upon it PiiJ rose higher and higher into heaven. There he found a house from which a man came to meet him wrapp' i from head to foot in white garments like a priest. "I called thee, O Shinguakongse, to me, to shew thee something glorious. Look thither towards the rising sun." When Shinguakongse looked he perceived th? entire field full of tepees and troops, among them the great tents of chiefs and a multitude of braves, warriors and leaders sitting together at the war council. . . "See," said the white robe, " hereafter thou wilt be as grand ?s those thou seest there in the field, and wilt become thy.self a mighty hero." . . . The glorious reminiscence of this dream remained to the boy and he became one of the greatest chiefs of his race, the Ojibways on Lake Michigan (Mitchi- gaming) and on Lake Superior (Kitchi-Gaini\ After this dream he changed his name from " The Little Pine " to Sagiidjiveosse, meaning " when the sun rises," and adored the sun from t'^at time until in his later years he learn- d to revere the true Creator of the sun. Shinguakongse was always faithful to his people. In January, 1837, he addressed the Governor, Sir Francis Head, in a long letter urging the government to build hou.ses for his people as had been promised. At a great Indian gathering on Manitoulin Island in August following, Shin- guakoi'gse repre.sented his band f St. Mary's River and objected to a removal of the principal council fi'-e to Manitoulin Island. When a grown lad his mother took him to see his fathv°r, then serving at Fori Detroit. The officer gazed with pleasure on the young savage. He was proud of nis manly beauty, and wished to educate Iiim as a white man and to procure him a commission in the British service. Lut ud! Shin- guakongse loved his mother, his tribe and the beautiful Northland too well, he would not forsake them. His father dismis.sed him with presents, and retained a paternal interest in him until his death. In all wa>-s Shinguakongse was on the British side. He was at Fort Maiden and in the battle of Moraviantown. Had he been a white man, knighthood would have followed his achievements. He was made chief of his tribe and received man)' medals, which he never wore but dis- tributed among the young warriors. He represented the Garden River 1898-99-1 FAMOUS ALGONQUINS ; AI.GIC F,EGENDS. 29. Indians, and was the first to sij^n the important treaty made by Mr. W. B. Robinson, at Sault Ote. Marie in September, 1850. He was offered medals and other honours by the Americans, which he declined. He had, with a larj^e party of Canadian Indians, joined the force gathered for the attack on the Michigan stron^^hold at Macinac on July 17th, 181 2. When the mode of attack was considered, Captain Roberts called on the Ojibway chief for his adyice. He asked for time to consider, but the next morning he said, " I have dreamer' Cantain." " I have dreamed too," the commander replied, " let us compa :; our dreams." Then Shinguakongse gave his dream or advice, which was shortly, that early the next morning while the fort was in fog and darkness, the Indians should paddle out in their canoes round the island, climb the heights and attack in the rear, while the British leader, with his troops with great roise of drum and guns attacked the Americans in the front. Captain Roberts answered : " Thou didst dream well, Shinguakongse, and I have dreamed also like thee ; let us set to work quickly." The advice was taken, the dream was fulfilled. The post was the Gib- raltar of what was then North-western Canada. It controlled the fur trade and the Upper Lakes, /.n attempt was made to retake Macinac two years later, but it remained a British post until given up when |;eace was declared in 1814. When the war was over, he followed the Briti h and came to ( arden River, where a lob-tree of pine was erected before his lodge, on which flew the red I'nion Jack. He was long a leadet of his peoijlc, and headed .several expeditions into the Sioux counta- from I-ake Superior to tiie Mississippi. He was then a pagan, and full of superstition. His medicine bags contained recipes for magic incantations, which he valued most higlil)- For these he had, at various times, paid in beaver and other skins, what was calculated by Mr. Kohl as amounting to $30,OCX). But, under the ministrations of Dr. McMurray, he became a Christian, and settled at the Indian village of Riviere au Desert, highly esteemed by his people and the English. .As he lay in his illness, the red folk prepared and put up a second flag-staff before his house, v.ith a new flag upon it; but he died, leaving a worthy family, one of whom, Augustin Shingwauk, gave his name to the Shingwauk Home. It was found that the old chief had, shortly before his death, destroyed all his papers and birch-barks, painted dreams, songs and dances, (d.) Mr. J. G. Kohl, the German traveller and author, visited the north shore of Lakj Superior in 1858, soon after the decease of Shinguakongse, ({{) " Kitchi-Gaini," liy J. G. Kohl. c.ip. j^i. Bay," p. 151. Tlie Can.'tJiaii InJian." pp. 15^;. ,14,;. "Thf Gcoijiian 392 TRANSACTIONS OF THK CANADIAN INSTITl TE. I'.OI.. VI. and found him celebrated througliout that rei^ion for his prowess as a leader in Indian warfare, as an ally of the British, and as a wise councillor and chief The name of this chief, in the corrupted form Chinyuacousy, is held by a township in the count}- of I'eel. Au<;ustin Shingwauk lived at Garden River, near Sault Ste. Marie, Algoma, until his death on December 23rd, i8gi. He was a true ideal of a race whose characteristics are rapidly receding from Canadian life. In height he was upwards of six feet, of fine physique and commanding presence. "His forensic eloquence often moved his white brothers to admiration of the wonderful natural gifts of the forest born chieftain." (<•) His picture, by Paul Kane, may be seen at the Canadian Institute. Mr. Kohl refers to him in 1858 as "a powerful and handsome man in the prime of life," The Cree Chief Pegwi.s. — The three great tribes found in Mani- toba and the Northwest Territories, are the Nehethowuck, known as Crees or Killi.Uines, the Chippewas and the Blackfoot nation with their alii'^s and kin the Bloods, Piegans and Sarcees. There are also many bands of Sioux or Dakotas, but they properly belong to more Southern regions. The Crees with the Chippewas were ancestral enemies of the Blackfeet, while the Sioux cherished a murderous feud against the Chippewas and their allied friends the Saulteaux. (f) The few whites were content, in early days, to let these savages hunt and destroy each other. As late as 1866, the deadly hatred showed itself in Fort G^rry. A band of Sioux from Minnesota was attacked by Saulteaux from Red Lake, and five of them were shot ; the others fled. Prior to 1863, the home of the Siou.x was in Minnesota and Dakota, at the head waters of the Missis.sippi antl Red River of the North. They were systematically treated unjustl}' by the United States officials, until they left th-^ir reserve for die war path and inflicted terrible atrocities on the settleis of Minnesota. The military power of the United States did not succeed in subduing the savages until a territory as large as Nova Scotia had \f) " The C.nnaJiaii Indian," i8()i, p. 153. (/-) The Crees called the Blackfeet Ayafsu^'titwuk, meaning foreig^n enemies. The Chippewayans called them rintinslim\ wicked Crees, or wicked foreigners. The Crees, called Kinistenovah by the Blackfeet. style then»selves m.ide!.tly Neyow.'irk, or Nehethowuck, sig:nifying: men. The Sioux were c.-illed Pnutn by the Salteaux meaning >-o*ist ntrni, from the horrible custom of cooking the victims so indicated. From Pwan w.'is derived Ptvntah, .an*' .Assimpwat.ak. Sioux i>f the rocks, or Mountain Sioux, which w.is by the French made inti» Assinipoels. and then became .Assiniboine. (" N.W. .\merica." by Mgr. T.ach^, p. 123.) A Red the rs of ■iUy eis ceed lad I-AXn WAIl-WAIl. ("lom a Toroi8 TRANSACTIONS OF THK CANADIAN INSTITITK. (Vol.. VI. MoiintHin I'enitentiary lur three years. He had lon^j black locks which fell to his shoulders and lent di^Miity to his appearance. At his earnest reciiiest these were spared. He spent half ;i year at work in the j^arden and j.jrounds as a prisoner. The confinement worked sadly on his proud spirit and induced disease. • His conduct was excellent and the Govern- ment opened the ^atcs and allowed him to return to his people. "Pound- maker was," writes this historian, "a chief of t,rrcal ability. He had the skin of a Cree Indian, the visage of a commander and the cool and stron^j judgment of a white man. "(///) After I'oundmaker's relea.se he went to visit his old friend and foster parent, Crowfoot. He was received with fjreat rejoicing but the excitement of keen joy was too much for him. A blood ves.sel burst and he died. "His name," says the same historian, "will always be a.s.sociated with the rebellion in the North-West, but the nobler and truer side of his character will best be known by his intimate relations with his people, and his earnest strugt^les on their behalf" His name is given in Governor Morris' book a;-; Pondinaker, but without authority for such change."(«) MiKASTO, or Rki) Cuovv, chief of the Hlood Indians, is a native statesman who stood next in rank to Crowfoot. He is tall and thin, with an aquiline nose, small, piercing eyes, a face beaming with intelli- gence, and of a mild disposition. "He was," writes the author of "Canadian Savage Folk," "one of the bravest warriors and hunters. Sitting in his spacious lodge with the minor chiefs he discourses about the necessities of his tribe and lays plans for their progress in civilized life. In the old days I have often gazed with astonishment at the record of his brave deeds in the picture writing on his lodge. I have counted them, when grouped together, to the number of nearly three hundred." "I have never heard of a single action unworthy of the dignity of a statesman who aspires to be an example of probity to his followers. . . . It is his striking personality which enables him. to command implicit obedience to the customs and laws of the tribe. In the Council he presides with dignity, allowing the ciiiefs full liberty in discussing tribal affairs, and reserving his mature judgment in settling difficulties. As a firm administrator of law he has won the admiration of his people." And as Dr. McLean .says in concluding his narrative — "May he reign in peace and spend many years on earth, a wise law-giver, teacher and friend of his race,"(' of the Mandan chief of this name, a proud and cruel potentate of the middle of last century. On his death he was placed otj his favourite white steed, dres.sed in rich furs, feathers and war paint. A preat {.jrave was du^j on a hij^h bluff over- looking; the Missouri River, into which was led the horse with his dead burden, and they were buried tot,'ether.(^/) Andkkw J. Blackiiiki). An Ottawa of this genH is well known as an educated man, who occupied the position of interpreter at Harbour Springs, Michij^an, and was for a time postmaster there. He is author of an interesting volume, " History of the Ottawa and (!hippewa Indians," rc|)lete with information as to his people, their legends, history, customs and lantrua^e.(/') Makadehenes.si. There were two brave men of the Ottawa tribe whose history it has been found difficult to .separate so as to ^ive to each the credit due for heroic deeds and loyalty. The descendants of both are cousins, as were the parents, and have Manitoulin Island as their home. (/) " Parkmiin"!* Coiispir;u*y of Pt>ntiac."' " Hcnry"«t Travel." part i, ch. ix. Iq) " iico. Catlin'H Travels aiHiMi^ Anu'ric.iri Iniliann," ii-5. (r) Indian Mural PrcceptH. Andrew J. Blackbird (fiven twenty-one precepts, or moral coinniaiulmenta, ot the Ottaw.is ;ind Cliippcw.is, the Krst five i>l" witich, with the sixteenth and the last one are .-is followit : — the others embrace the most of the decalo^fue. (1) Thou sh.'ih fear the Great Creator, who is the overrider of all things. (a) Thou shalt not commit any crime, either by nitjht or by day or in a covered place ; for the Great Spirit is looking upon thee .-ilways, and thy crime shall be nianitested in time, thou kninvest not when, which shall lie to Ihy disgrace and shame. (j) Look up to the skies often, by day and by nif{ht, and see the sun, moon and st.ars which shine in the firm.iment, and think that the Great Spirit is Utoking upon thee continually, (4) Thou shalt not mimic or nuKk the thunders or the cloud, for they were specially created to water the earth and to keep down all the evil monsters that arc under the earth, which would eat up and devour the inhabitants if they were set at liberty. (5) Thou shalt not mimic or mock any mountains or rivers, or anj- prominent formations of the earth, for it is the habit.ition of some deity or spirit, and thy life shall be continually in hazard if thou shouldst provoke the anj^er of these deities. (16) Thou shalt disBi^ure thy (ace with charcoal .-md fast, at least ten days or more of each year, whilst thou art yet youn^. or licforc thou reachest twenty, that thou mayst dream of thy future destiny. (ai) Thou shalt be brave and not fear any death. If thou shouldst observe all these commandments, when thou diest thy spirit shall ^o straitfhtway to that happy land where all the giXHJ spirits are, and shall there continually dance with the beating of the drum of Tchi-baw-yaw-Kioz, the head spirit in the spirit land. But if thou shouldst not observe them, thy spirit shall be a \'a^abond of the earth always, and ^o hungry and will never be able to find this road, " Tchi-bay-kon," in which all the gi>od spirits travel.— *' Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan," by Andrew J. Blackbird, of Harbour Springs, Lite U.S. Interpretei . B;ibcock & Darling, Publishers. Cap. XIV, 300 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vol. VI. At the treaty of Fort Wayne September 30th, 1809, * medal was given by General Harrison to the Black-Bird. An engraving of this is given at page 306 of Lossing's Pictorial History of the war of 1812. It is en- titled the "Black Partridge Medal," by which name the Black-Bird was sometimes known. His Indian name was Maka-de-ben'^ssi or Black- Brd. On the prairie, now included in the city of Chicago, there was a stockade built by Durantaye in 1685, and in 1804 called Fort Dearborn. Here John Kenzie from Quebec opened a trading post, and for twenty years was the only white man beyond the limits of the Fort. Captain Heald was in charge in 1812 when a band of Indians, mostly Potawahto- mees surrounded Fort Dearborn, and it was soon apparent that the gar- rison could not hold their own. Makadebenessi, the Black-Bird, then appearea and warned them, saying to Mr. Griffith, the interpretf ;, in Indian fashion, " Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day ; be careful on the march you are going to take." He then gave to the officer the medal referred to, whether to prove his identity or for some other reason does not appear. On August 15th the garrison marched out, but were soon cruelly attacked by the Indian ■■•" they passed along the shore. The Flack-Bird restrained the red meii as far as he could, and personally saved Mrs. Helm, step-daughter of Mr. Kenzie, from the scalping-knife. An engraved stone set in the wall of a warehouse near the banks of the Chicago river marks the site of the fort. The garden of the late George M. Pullman's residence encloses the spot where Mrs. Helm was rescued by our hero. Here in 1893 Mr. Pullman erected in bronze a group representing the brave Black-Bird in the act of throwing up the arir of the savage whose tomahawk would ill a mo.nent have ended the woman's life. She lived to bless her brave benefactor, and Chicago honours him under the name of the Black-Bird, not knowing that in so doing our worthy Makadebenessi was the hero. AssiKlNACK is the name of the next of the Black-Bird warriors to whom we refer. It signifies the Black-Bird with red v.ings, and some- times appears as Assignac, Siginoc or Sackanough. Macinac was captured on June 2nd, 1763, when Sacs and Chippewas attacked and massecred the unwary garrison. Assikinack was there as a boy with his mother. He was again, under Shinguacongse, at Macinac when it was captured by the British in 1812. The Commissioner of Indian affairs at Washington furnished me with a copy of the petition of two 1898-99- FAMOUS ALGONQUINS : ALGIC LEGENDS. 301 irriors to id some- nac was :ked and boy with when it Indian n of two Ottawa chiefs dated at Washington, October 5th, 181 1. One of these was Barstard, or Kimi-ne-tega-gan, the other ' Black-Bird" or Siginoc, chiefs of the Ottawa Delegation. Mr. F. Lamorandiere, of Cape Croker, writes, " I personally knew J. B. Assikinack, who was an old man when I was a boy of 10 years. He was one of the greatest orators of his time, born a leader of men, quick m action and quick to learn. He was a chief both by birth and the choice of his people. Was born in Michigan ; Grande Traven e, L'arbre Croche, Sagewong and St. Joseph, all claim his birth." The Black-Hird's name appears in the relation of many border skirmishes, and in some important events during the war, but whether Mskadebenessi or his cousin be referred to in each case it is now impossible to determine as they were both active British partisans. The war over, .Assikinack continued his allegiance to Britain, became Indian interpreter on the Manitoulin Islands, where he lived until his death on November 2nd, 1866, at the age of ninety-eight ye^rs. He was present as party or witness to several of the important treaties made with Algonquins by the British or Canadian Governments He had in his youth been addicted to intemperance, but after settling down to peaceful pursuits entirely overcame this vice. He also renounced heathenism for Christianity, and used his great eloquence to persuade his people to folloAV the ways of virtue. On his baptism into the Roman Catholic faith he assumed the Christian names, Jean Baptiste. His good influiince and e.\ample were widely felt and most valuable throughout the regions of the Georgian Bay and North Shore.(.s-) (s) The author is inJebteii to the Reverend Daniel DiiRanquet, the venerable missionary teacher ot Wikweinikong, and to Mr. A. M. Ironside, of the Maiiitowa»ing: Indian office, and to Mr. Frederic Lamorandiere, for inquiries made as to the Ottawa Black-Birds. Mr. Ironside suggests the name given to distinguish the hero of Fort Dearborn as he does not appear to have had a Christian name. It appears, however, that both ot these warriors were sometimes called Assignack in Indian and Black-Bird in English story. Louis Odgik, a grand-nephew of the Chief, named in our narrative for distinction M.ikadebenessi, was the main informant ot Mr. DuKatiqiiet, whose " ieresling letter of May ayth, 1899, concludes as follows ; "The Chief of Chicago was called .Assignak, atter the starling, the bird which gives much trouble to farmers. Black-Bird is the tr;ins!ation of the Indian name, and I think the full name of that Chief, The place of his birth, Chicago, so says Louis Odgik. The time of his birth is not certain; his nephew father ot Louis Odgik, was fifteen years at the beginning of the war (i8ia), his uncle might have been then from thirty-five to forty. "The time of his death, eight or ten years before the birth of Louis Odgik, who is now sixty-four years old. His father, Bemunukinang, died in October. 1878, his sons say that the Chicago Chief Assignak, was yet strong and not over-aged at the time of his death, so they learned from their father, "Before the war Chief Assign.ik had come on .T visit to friends living about Makinac, He happened to be there when a British olticer sent by the Government arrived and propti«-ed to the Indians to join them in the war. They held a council and many answered their call, Assignak, thinking that his nephew, Bemunukinang, was too young (he was fifteen), wanted him to go home, but the biiy felt greatly offended. * No,' said he to his uncle, ' I will not leave you, wherever y*>u go 1 will follow you.' So Michel Bemunukinang, Odgik's father, accompanied the Chief in all the campaigns of that war. Tli.'y were at Niagara, about Detroit, and south of Detroit and i.t the river Aux Raisins. This is all I have been able to Lam about your Assignak of Chicago, I remain, sir, yours truly, O. DuRanquet," 303 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vol. VI. m Upper Canada Collecje Boys. In Mrs. Jameson's narrative of travels in Upper Canada in 1837, an account is given of a great a.ssem- blage of Indians on the Manitoulin Island. Here an important treaty was made with Chippewas, Ottawas and Potawahtomees. Assikinack, the interpreter, and Shinguakongse, the chief, were there and made ad- dresses. The Black-Bird is, she states, a Christian, and extremely noted for his declared enmity to the dealers in fire water. As most of the Indians brought their families with them to such gatherings, there were no doubt two j'oungsters there enjoying the fun. One of the.se was Charles Tebisco Keejak, a Chippewa lad, the other was Francis Assikinack, a .son of the interpreter. Some three years after this, Mr. Jarvis, the superintendent, arranged that these two boys should come to Upper Canada College for their education. Keejak was a true son of the forest, supple of form, quick of sight and movement, skilled in use of bow and arrow and rifle. One morning he raced for a wager on a half-mile stretch down University Avenue against a British officer on a trotting horse, and got first to Queen street. He soon mastered the English language, and showed skill as a linguist. He then aided the late Rev. Dr. O'Meara in translating the New Testament into his native tongue, and was for a time interpreter to the Reverend R. Robinson, Congregational missionary to the Georgian Bay Indians. He was a scholarly man of fine features. He settled at Wobonash, near Owen Sound, where he died many years ago. When Francis Assikinack entered college, he was a tall, slim boy of sixteen, and was diffident because of his inability to speak our tongue. He soon overcame this, was on the prize list in 1841 for gO' 1 conduct and map-drawing. In 1843 he was in the first form and first in writing, general proficiency, Greek and geography. Francis left college after entering the sixth form, to go into a situation in the Government Indian Department. He had excellent testimonials from Mr. Barron, the Principal, and shewed a docile spirit by continuing his reading of history and the classics under the care of Bishop Charbonnel. While still at college he joined cheerfully with his classmates in their games and amusements, and distanced mo.st competitors in feats of agility. He cared little for cricket or baseball. In winter he delighted in the making and storming of snow forts with noisy tumult of mimic war. He could shoot a robin on the wing with his bow and arrow and never missed the bullseye with his rifle. He stood six feet in his stockings, was of lithe form, jet black hair, nose somewhat aquiline, piercing dark eyes, and had small beautiful hands and feet. He is thus described by several "old 1 boy of tongue. conduct writing, ge after Indian the listory still at les and He making e could sed the of lithe nd had ral "old (Fioiii a /em, " Prom the Banks ot the St. Lawrence." In a note the Wakon-Bird it stated to be *'of the same species as the Bird of Paradise, the Bird of the Groat Spirit," In this poem Moore describes Niagara and. passing through the lake, sees : •' Where the blue hills of old Toronto shed Their evening shadov i o'er Ontario's bed," As this was in 1804 what the Irish poet saw was the clIflRi known now as Scarboro Heights, east o the infant city, and then covered with magnificent oak and pine trees. 3o8 TRANSACTION)! OP THR CANADIAN INSTITUTE [Vol. VI. which the deep imagination of the Iroquois mij^ht fitly engender. The Algonquins held a simpler faith and maintained that the thunder was a bird who built its nest on the pinnacle of towering mountains.(>') Mrs. Schoolcraft carried her store of poetic lo/e with her to Macinac, and her accomplished husband states that the legends he gave to the world were related to him by the Chippewas of Lake Superior.(£') Mr. Schoolcraft's industry was undoubted and he had an extensive personal knowledge of Indian life and character. His large illustrated work (m American Indian tribes was published by the U.S. Government. Mr. Parkman, Dr. O'Meara and others criticized his mode of handling the subject, and charge him with grammatical errors. In his volume " The Hiawatha Legends," many fanciful stories of Manabozu occur, but not a fact or fiction about Hiawatha. "Shooting the Thunder Bird," is practised by the Chippewas and Crees. At Broken Head River, Lake Winnipeg, a Saulteau Indian, with his daughter and nephew, were recently in their tent during a violent storm. " I will shoot the Thunder-Bird," said the man, directing his gun towards a dark cloud. But Jupiter Pluvius quickly resented the intrusion. As the gun flashed a bolt from the cloud followed its course, the Indian and his nephew fell dead. Compare the Iroquois description with Shelley's lines in " The Cloud : " " Sublime on the towers of my skiey bowers, Lightning', my pilot, sits, In a cavern under is fettered the Thunder, It struggles and howls at fits." Mr. Longfellow follows in the wake of Schoolcraft, deriving the nomen- clature and much of the substance of his Indian Kdda from this source. Mr. Schoolcraft's two volumes of Algic Researches were published in 1839. Let us shortly consider how and why it is that, through the offices of the famous New England poet, and his striking versification, the Canadian and Algic character of these poetic legends is to some extent lost sight of. Horatio Hale writes : " Hiawatha was originally an Onondaga chief, noted for his magnanimous and peace loving disposition. Being driven from his nation and the home of the Onondagas in New York State, by the wiles and threats of a rival Atatorho, he fled eastward to the powerful tribe of the Caniengas or Mohawks. After various adventures he reached the headwaters of the Mohawk River. He was adopted by Mohawks and was made a high chief of the nation." " When by joint efforts the confederacy known as the League of the Iroquois {y) "Conspiracy of Pontiac," Chap, i. («) " Introduction to Hiawatha Legends. " - IH98-99- FAMOrfl ALGONgi'INS ; ALGIC LEGENDS. 309 was established, tlic affection of Hiawatha for the place of his birth revived. He returned eastward in his old a};e to the country of the Onondagas where he died." "Longfellow, using a large poetic license, has transported the hero, with his Iroquois, to the shores of Lake Superior, and has made him an Ojibway chief; but he has preserved the outlines of his character, and in some respects, of his history. "(sL*is as big as his wile's shovel. *' lagoo seems to hold the relative rank in Algic oral relation, which onr written literalnre awards to Baron Munchausen, Jack Falstaff and Captain Lemuel Gulliver." His hunting stories are incredulous marvels. Pauguk, the personation ot' death, is Ojihway, as is the story of Mondamin descending from the sky. but the mythical origin of Indian corn was a legend common to the North American tribes, "Manabozho, the great incarn.ition of the Ni>rth, an Algic legend," contains most ol the stories attributed to Hiawatha, including the love of the arrow maker's daughter. His last journey was to the Northland, where he is undtTstood to direct the storms which proceed from pi>ints west of the pole, while the legendary Hiawatha departeil to find the Islands of the Blessed in the west, although the historical Hiawatha returned eastward in old age to end his days in his native country. Shaixumdasee is also, rtays Schoolcraft, vol. j, 214, from Ojibway mythology. His sighs pnxluced the balmy summer airs* the Indian Summer, and scattered the snowy hairs o^ the prairie dandelion. (Schoolcraft *■ "Algic Re- searches." Vols. I and a, Oneofn, pp. ^a and 83). And as to the character of Iroquois music and poetry and Hiawatha, see Archfeological Report. Ontario, for i8q8, pp. 66 and 85, {ef) The term Nanahbosu is used bv the Plain Crees from Manitoba to the Rocky Mountains. Wesaketchak is the name applied to the demi-gixl along the Red River of the North, and thence north to Hudson Bay. The Abenakis and Micmacs have their legendary Glooscap. |8q8-<>9.1 PAMOl'B ALOONgnNts Al.OtC I.RORNM. 311 It wns IU»\v. One > his cniKie, awards to lincrtHluKilia 1^ from the lean trihes. Ihc stories vas to the the pole, though the Ininier airs, ]-AlKi>.- Re- nnd poetry lountains. le ni>rth to Mrs. Johnston, once the fair Ne(Vn;.:ai, or her daughters, who inherited their talents from Waiib-Ojeejj, aiui no doubt also from their hi^jh- spirited Irish fatiicr. Dr. R. licll relieves the monotony of t;eoloj,'ica! research in our Northland by jjatherin^ gems of Algic story and song. Dr. Brinton, Mr. Leland, Horatio Hale, Dr. Chamberlain and others have also found here a mine of interest and beautiful imagery. It forms vhe folk-lore of an ancient race in which are |)reserve