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Lea cartea. planchea. tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre fllmte A dea taux de reduction difftrenta. Loraque le document eat trop grand pour ttre reprodult en un aeul cliche, il eat film* A partir de Tangle aupArieur gauche, de gauche i droite. et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'imagea nAcasaaire. Lea diagrammea auivanta illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKROCOPV RHOIUTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ APPLIE D IfVHGE Inc ^^F-i '65 J East Main street g'JS !',°5!'?""- '<•• ''Ofk 1*609 USA ^B (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^S (716) 288- 5989 -ra> BULLETIN lie. AUOul///^ Ontario J jrioultural College and Experiment *"' '''''' [PVBt.«H.D BV TH. 0»T*K,0 D«KA«TMK«T Or AoR.CDLTlRK. TORONTO^ THE HESSIAN FLY IN ONTARIO. Bv W.M. LocHHiAD. MA, M.S. Pbo««.or of H,oi.oov and Oioloov Ontario Aobicultcb. Collige, Gu.tHH. "«0''««^. «d the 0.«.e. of the ProgreB. of the wL^l^nSZ^lyZ^^'i^nl Si^Tth-e^^rtto^:^^ coon^i^:s:rrrel:rntn^t^r•J;rf r^^^^^^ tho p«t two ««ons f., exS; th.lt 1899 All c3l''""* V'?.**' mainlino of the Onnd Trnnk Rail. J, «.« i . conntiee wath of the whe»t i« almoat » total fkiinre -mamea, wbere the fall lo»M Bv TBI Hnaus Fly i» Ohiabio. The niinge produotioD of wheu in OoUrlo dgrin,, ih. n«f «. not been moch belotr a total nf 9n nnn nnn\: "" , °» *"* 'f"' fiv« ye»i« has Fly .. a.. l.„ri.« .1 OnlBrioin 1901 .Ul .01 W?IKi ,2.5«>.W Dmcripiioit. ThomM $»7, an Amerimn, published the first desoription of the fly in 1817, »nd gftve it the ■oientific name o( Cfidomyia denlriietor. Fiff. 1 . ^, male Hessian Fly, much enlarged : B, female, also much enlarf^ed ; C, emj; D, raa«rgt» P«""oa ; for up to this of whXu * '^ The pupa » rosycolored and has a pointed beak, by meaw Sedli^'tJirgeraV'^P"^*"" ''^^^'^ '' «■""«- - "---l^ - '-"■ LiFB History. In the Peninsula of Ontario, there are two generations, or broods, each year. Oommencmg with the fall brood, we fiud tnat the addt female d^pSi 21, f . I^'^V "T ^^^ °? **•*' °PP" •"'^''''^ «f *"« !«»' o« the young wheat Pl«»t which ha. just emerged from the ground. In ordinary selson.! If there has been ram m the second or third weei in Angust. egg laying is I ^ ' 11 doM Um iMt wMk of AagMt ti tb« irat wMk of Stptooibw ; bat ooBdittons oMy nUrd tht tMap* of tho •• HosmwIi," w tbot airtoTiBt my tokoplooo olmott two wtokt oAer tbo botomI poriod. Saeh ooBAtiooi o«a«n«d tho Im( two ■mmbi, when itwik preroUod tbrov^oot Ibo noBlh of AogMt, oBd mild wMtbw oontisMd long into tho foil. Ao rMuU wm tho dopooTtioa of eggs m lot« m the '20tb of Bopteaiber, • doto dmtIj two wooki lotMP tlUUk lOTO l, Tho rgn botoh oboot foor doio oft* r tboy oro dopoolted, ond tbo iiiog> goto forthwith bigiB to move down the leof and item within the Icof «beftth,te tbo boM of tbo plant in tb« ooie of the fall brood, b«t to the lint joint i ovm the gronnd, in the eoio of the ipring brood. The uoggot toon beoomea Bzt'''»''»»Pw.rd i. tubuUr „d iC'^" Ki(f. •>. »8v^*I^*£l)X5r^ ^l""' ^Pin-lle-"''*!'*! central .h.,ot having bwn Je.troyed ih .bs.nl • »ave« u-e broader, darker green, more vertical and bunchy. (After Webiter). ' I ^3 # # 'i I TIm lif*-UBM J tb* Adiit flff b short, iMttoK onljr the (sv days ntommtj lor Ibo dopooiUoB of tbo fcgo. If maiian ooemn promptly, tbo life of tho I7 nay sot b« lengsr tbaa » Tow boin. A knuwlodfo of tbia fMt U of wmo ImportMMO ; for within » f«w dsvo ftftor Uw Mdalto «re w»a ia M17 largo aaabtrt, It m»j be oosaldtrMl Mfe to worn wbr»t Tbo following obisrvntionrt of the rpriDg brood wero undo nt tinolpb : Adnll ilirs in Urgo nnnbvrton Msy lOtb nnd 1 Itb ; Rfgo ifMi on tbo lenTcs of wbrnt plnats from Ifny IStb to 20tb ; Moggoti ftnt Men nt firtt Joint above tbe gronnd tba iMt deyi in Mnj ; All tbe meggote in the '' flax iced " stage by Jono 30th. In the sonthem whent distriota, there are nuppUmi-ntal broods of the Hnsian Fly, one following the nsnal spring brood and SDOtber preceding the oteal fall brood. As a rnle, however, these supple tuontal bromb are nnlm- portent in onr northern wheat distriots, h«t nnder abnormal conditions they may become somewhat trovblesome and difflcalt to treat. It is very probable that it is tbrongb these supplemtntal broods that the nest manages to persist b meet of the wheat growing districts, ia spite of the deetraction of the spring and fall broods. When wheat b attacked in tbe fall, close observers notice that the leaves are darker green in color for a while, due no donbt to tbe stimalas given by the maggot to the tissnes while embedding itself in the stalk, cauing a broadening of some of the leaves and a deeper green. Soon, however, the plants begin to assume a brown tinge, followed by a yellowish color, indicating the death of the stalks and leaves afteted. The appearance of plants attacked by the spring brood b qnite character- blio. As the flax-seeds are nsoally sit Jated just alwve the first joint next the ground, the stalks bend abruptlT at the point attacked, and near harvest time they are nsnally broken off. The heads are imall, the grain b small or shnnkrn, and the ciop ia scarcely worth harvesting. Ehimiu or THi HiSBiAii Fly. In my stadiea of the Heaaian Fly thb year, I made an effort to deter- mine tbe nomber of pararitic insecta which were preying upon the peat, bat unfortunately very few conld be found. Thia aoarcity of parasites, it seems to me, is rather startling, for it means that there will be no material reduction in the numbers of the Heaabn Fly for the coming aeasoD. It may be that the hundred or more aauplea of affected wheat atema procured from different parta of tbe infeated area, were not fair aamplea, aa not more than two per cent, of tbe " flaxaeeda " under my obaervation were paraaitized. This ia a small percentage, when we take into account the fact that the Hea- aian Fly baa been very abundant for two yean. In ordinary ontbreaka, two IK- The nairlines bfside each figure indicate the actual li/.t! uf the initecta. ii r Vig. 7.- Kiiiwlmui. »||yni|, mm\« («rter Riley). Kuprlmiu .llynH, f..fn«l« ( f rom Ril,.y), .u« Sr*''"^ !•'«•"•• pwMlt*. may b« in liniUnc the nanben ol the Hm- ■ an Fly, .nd boweTer tfieotiTe and iwfal they ney be where other preven- urn ate nfflretf d. thf v can never take the place of aotlve niMaoreo if petff ot inmiiBity ia dfiircd. A proniitcnt authority atatci that " bat for ita n»toral eteniM the Hcuian Fly woald render it impoMible to grow wheat •ucc«,fnlly in many aeotiona of the United SUtee." * Inrictb Homitimu Mutakkn roB thb BiasuN Flv. The following inMota are frequently miataken for the Heaaian Fly: American Frit Fly {Oicinit carbonaria). Wheat Stem Maggot or Wheat Balb- Worm {Mtromyta Americatia) (Fig. 8), and Wheat Midge {Diplotii trUiei) (Fig. 9). Al- though theae are quite unlike X in appearance, yet many wheat growera are anable to identify them with any degree of eer- taintj. In order (hat corre> pendente may be the better able to nr-ne the common wheat peata, a table of char- acteristic differenoea between the forma, sotiicient for iden- tification purposes, is here given. . am much indebted for tb chief characteriatioa of thv. formd described to Vi,. ,s Whm bulb-wonn(M.ro.ny.. American.): p,!,,;;'!"*"^. '?|'°'V °^ ^r. Hy : b, larva ; c, puiiariun. : d, infented wheat '^'«*onefi Of the Dominion Ex- a. mature Hy : b, larva ; c, pupariuni •tern— all enlarged except d (Alarlatt). perimental Farm, Ottawa. Four Iksect Enemies op Orowin(i Wheat. Name of Insect. American Frit Fly.. Wheat-Stem MoRRot or Wheat Bnlb Worm Maggot Stage. Pupal Sti«e. Maggot long andPnpa-caie, Adult Stage. | Ktfect on Crop. cigar -shap ed, and pale chestnut brown. slrnder, yellowish white, with two small but distinct hiK>k-like jaws, and two little knob-like processes on the laHt segment nf body. I Length 112th of an inch. In shaiie and struc- ture, like that of Krit-Fly, but is of a clear gla.-«iy, green color ; also much larger, one-quarter of an inch long when full grown. (Fig. «, b) Wheat Midge Magnot "li'irt. oval Pupa - cases. Colors, black and yellowish white. A small insect not more than one - hfteenth nf an inch in length. Centre o young shoot destroyed at the ground in the autumn. Pupa-case, Fly is slender, translucenti yellowish iniihape.oiK twelfth of an inch loo^ when full grown ; color, orange yellow. (Fig. 9, c.) Hessian Fly. . JMaKK't proivirtiou I ately much broader pale green. ! green, one (Fig. 8, c.) fifth of an inch long, I with three I dark linee ex- tending d'lwn t^ e back . Eyes, golden Breen. (Fig. 8, a.) ?upa - cases, A minute Hy, small, in one - tenth of the ground, an inch in about the length, color ti/.e of a varying from mustard orange to teed. yellow, but smoky -tinged I on the back I above thej wings. (Fig.! 9, a, b ) I In autumn central portion of stem cut otT, causing central blade to disoolor and die. In sum- mer produces the silver toi>s or "white heads;" greenish maggotK in stem just above top joint. The orang«> colored maargots ferding on the grains in the young heads, cau- sing them to shrivel and to till imper- fectly. Pupa - cases, A d n 1 i c a t e deep rich dusky fly,one- than those of Frit-i brown, like; eighth of an small rtax- inchinlen^th, teedH. and about (Figs. 1, e, half the i>ize and2, f.) of amf-c|iiitn. (Figs 1, a, b. and 2, e. ) Fly and Wheat Stem Maggot ; clear white, and nearly always shows a' green i-tripe down' the middle. The| larva within the H ax -seed has a| horny-forked organ' called the "breastl brme " Len^'th one-| e'xhth of an inch when full grown. (Figs, l.il.and 2, c.) In autumn the young wheat plants be- come brown and yellow. Whitish mairgots and flax- seeds imbedded in the stem at the rrown nf the root. In summer the mag- gots and Hax -seeds are usually found at first or second joint from the ground. Injured stalks often bend over. The Food Plants of the Hessian Flv. Wheat, rye, and barley have for a long time been recognized as the dis- tinctive food plants of the Hetsian Fly ; bat it has been asserted recently, by some obieivers, thst it c»a live oa carcain grasiei, viz , timothy, coach-grass, 9 ^hile pwcue experimenUl evidence in everv ouAm^t^j • ui hftvp the seneMl f*ct that thmn-i,--* • ^ "* ™*^ •* deginkblp, we Remedial Trbatmknt. can bL^rrsave^lVcU^^idltTr^^^^^^^^ 'T^ ^1" °^'''-« and u.e the land for some o?her croD wtr. tLT P'".*" ^'^ *' ''«*" very few f*rm«,» K^- P* ,"''>«" ^nere " » good catch of clover of hia^ct^"s"irlf2£3?'of "' f ^K*''^ 'r "' P'«^-«°'' °* »'''«'«o- «♦ »!.: k ■ , ®r*' ™etnod8 of control have been in use for manv veam aU flies untSthe "^^1'' f «"°? T"" '"" P^'-ponment of the emergence S the 3 el fro™ So « ? * of September, or rather, the continuouB emergence of the flies from the first week to the middle of the fourth week in sSptembr in 10 muT looalitifii; •© that »he»t sown between the fir.t and twenty-Brat of September became infecced The majwi.y of the fliea appeared aboat the middle of September ; cciwqnently, wheat town after that date suffered lesa than that aotrn before. ..•/%*•• «u- a..* It is true that the test time to sow f*U wheat in Ontario is the first week in September, in case there are no disturbing factors such as the Hessian Fly • but it U also evident, that such fields run greatw risk of infection than fields sown, say two weeks later. On this point, Dr. Fletcher makes the following pertinent remarks : (Repo-t 1900, p 199). " For many years previous to 1899 the Hessian Fly lias don« very little harm in Canada to fall wheat, and as a result of a great many experiments which are being earned oat every year by the members of the Ontario Eiperimental Union, and other progresttve farmers, it had become well known that the best crops were reaped from fall wheat sown at or before September 1. This, therefore, had given rise to the opinion that the proper time to BOW fall wheat was at or about the date mentioned. This, however, is only true in such seasons and localities as the Hessian Fly and Wheat-stem MsgBOt are not abundant ; but in periods when these two serious enemies m- creaie, as has been the case during the present season and last year, it will hf found that the proper season to sow fall wheat and rye is subsequent to the time when the egg-laying females of the autumn broods of both of these insects have disappeared. For a year or two. at any rate, it will certainly pay faimers to acquaint themselves better with the life histories of these Sects and the remedies which have betn found successful in preventing the losses due to tbeir attacks." , x-» j j The date of emergence of the Flies is also dependent on latitude and geographical position, so that the safe time for sowing must be dejfrmjnfd forlacfa locality separately. Prof. Webster, of Ohio, has shown that "the dates after which sowing may be safely undertaken in the State of Ohio vary over a period of at least a month from the northern latitudes of the State to the southern latitudes ; or from approximately Sept. 10th in the north to October 10 h in the south. Wheat sown after the dates mentioned, or after inter- vening dates in intervening latitudes, will germinate in normal seasons after the Hi ssian Fly has disappeared, and be free from attack." , ^^ • Just how far the dates of safe sowing in the various localities in Ontario may vary is not definitely known ; nevertheless some progress has been made the last two seasons along this linf . It seems not safe to sow, in ordinary sf-ason^ befoie September 15ih in the counties bordering on Lake Erie, and the tract of land occupying the Valley of the Thames. In the next row of counties, IdcludiDg Lambton, North Middlesex, Oxford, Brant. Weneworth, »nd those bordering on Lake Ontario, the probable safe date would be September 1 0th ; wLiie in the counties farther north, the safe date may be placed at September 5th. (See map). , . . „ . , ,, Tbe farmtr, if he wishes to grow wheat free from the fly, must follow the season rather than the almanac, for the best date for one season may not be the best for another. For instance, a rainless August, such as we had in 1899 and 1900, will retaid the emergence of the flies fully two weeks ; but an August with a considerable rainfall during the last two weeks will bring forth the fltes about the first week of September to deposit their eggs,— in which case it will be quite safe to sow according to thn dates given above. " Land Well Prrparkd for thk Sked.— Next to late sowing the nreparttion of the soil is probably the most important factor in fighting the JTessian Fly. The ground should be plowed eaily, and a good, rich, smooth, fck :L: 11 recognized eo f»r m the wield i^ ^^^. "'*"* '"' »*«>™*og 'wij well i«e .ware how imrortiXo^^^^^^ « concerned. bBtfewi.y,t ^ ^ **""* farming u m preventing injuries by the HeasUn 5 « J: o i o J- a o of the soil and the*" dVngT ^°'' ""■■'' ^" '° '^^ nianagement 12 Prof. Roberti, ol Cornell Univeriitj, *lw atUchM •pocial imporUnce to the prep«.tion pf the lud in combating the He«i» Fly. He ^j. : "Much •trew •honld be l»id on the proper fitting of the l«d for whe.t. P»o^*»g Swild ba done early. »t leMt six wtekt before eowing. to jjve •J«d"* «»f tor reseated working of the soil in order to reoompect the wb «rf.ce wil, indiwl fln."Jt ehallow. ^M in which there hM b«« derelop^i by SetUliW? and action of the atmoepbere an •bundanoe of reedily available vint food. Manure! and fertilizer! ehould be kept near the eorface. and the Jwng ™o ! encouraged to .prf ad out in the .urf.ce «ril. thu! aroidrng much if the damage by heiving in winter and leaving the deeper «>il for a fresh paaturage for the planU during the fallowing epring and rummer. ^5; .ame writer, after a long experience with the He«ian J^y- com- ^ the following conclusion! : l»t. That wheat rauing need not be abandoned SSSe numUof acre! !hould be reduced until by r. a«n of «ch reductjon every acre town wUlke railed under Bupenor condition!. 2nd. Jh. the Mnl mu!t be >o well fitted and so fertile that a etrong »»«}'''y .Kr^*** *'' ' ^ lecured in the fall, though the eowing of the .eed be .fe»7«'» JO <»J5^^J» beiond the ueual time. Such preparation of the aoil wiU alao help the wheat S'rSove, from any winter injui?n 3rd. That the He..Un F'J «JJ«« t^." wheat more on dryUh and poor land than on moist, but well eJ ?ff «» the dr? ground. Our observations lead to the behef that want of fertility ha. largely to do with the amount of destruction caused by the* ly. Mr. Alex. F. Ross, North Middlesex, says : " We have a field of wheat which was badly down with the Hessian Fly, but we have one piece in the field which did not have any Fly in it. It was an old barnyard cropped for four °' ^ Mr^H.'j. Stevens, Kent Co., says : "So far as we have been able to find out, it has not been so much the kind of wheat as the locality and the condition the wheat was in. Sandy land has suftered most. This with early wheat is where the most damage is done." ^ jt t n v Notes on Cultivation for Winter Wheat. At my request Prof. G b. Day. of the Ontario Agricultural College, has prepared a short section dealing with the proper cultivation of Jand for winter whtat. I feel sure that this portion of the bulletin will be carefully read. oeufal In Se 8^1^.!!..?*° • *"" ?,'"^ »° "■•*•»«*• *»»•« *»ve proved .bo stf ;L"f™H.r^r r^".-^— ?i«^ri-£t It in.y be prepared for soring. When the land i. clean a »eed Ed 'o« K «Td^Mre«"L"Lt/'°''*°r' r«-P^--«. theTaltiva'SfabLrio; ■ uwa. « there are many annnal weed? »moas the peas, the around «« »S Ta^v^ "P7''^^«»«-Prin« tooth cultivator and L>ar^Tc:d immSdlyYft^ harveat, and then alloired to he for a week or t^otoencouraeeaa manv will tTe';h''e.n:twS*""'''^^ ^.^^"^ ^'•^ ««""^«»-^ beK:;:-j?ore;u::j i u The advantage of appl7iDR manare before the peai are •own u obvloo* When manure i. applied after harveet, just before w;;*"* ^.''f **• »' i*®"/' to incorporate it with the sotl, becauae at that time the aoil »«^«>»P^*';«2^ dry, and the manure i. apt to lie in the nil in an inert condition. It aUK) mike, the wil more open than it otherwiw would b«. «* /•^^ij! ^Jf" holding capacity, becauM the mnure and aoil are not well mixed. When the »an.« i. mixed with the «il in the .pring. however it J>'7»-^^°~;j"^ incorporated with the soil during the rammer, and being kept at ««•»"»«*• It formi a .urface layer, rich in vegetable matter that ii easily worked into a fine aeed-bed in the tall. Coneludin.} Remarks -kntUt^ before, it ia impoiittble to gi»e *««-• tion. for all poirible condition!. Eaongh haa been "aid ''**Tf '""'J^-i^i f^J in a general VZy how to go about Mcur.ng a moiat and mellow ««d bed fjr the wSeat It i. better in all case, to delay «)wing until a """e^h** »»»«; d*tp, than to iow the leed in an extremely dry soil. When aown in a very dry ioil, wheat germinate, irregularly, and the plant. "« «o™P«»*"«>y ™/ ■tow-griwing. and very liable to attack, by insect.. A late j;igor«>«» 8'»y 'bew eggs ; while later on the strips are plowed under deep and the entire brood deitroyed. Trap crops are valuable for another reasoii The tBrmBt c^n ascertain for himself when the flies have ceawd to depo.it egg. and the safe time to begin sowing hi. seed wheat. Moreover, if any of the aupplemental fall brood appear before the nsual time, the trap crop will attract them, and the young larva, can be destroyed otherwi.e, the eggs are laid on volunteer wheat and barley, to which no a teS i. usually given, and thu. the brood is perpetuated Atrap crop should be destroyed.within four weeks from time of sowing and plowe.1 under so deeply that none of the flies in maturing will escape. 4 The Burnisg of Refusb.— Mention has already been made of the fact that the " flax-seeds " are frequently found higher than usual on tbe "tern r, above the first joint from the ground, and ^bat they J^re c^ried to the barn in the .traw. During the threshing of the grain the " fl«;«!«J« *" .eparated in the chaff and screenings. It becomes, therefore, »°J'"P"t^* point to have all the dust and screening, destroyed, and to bn™ •» °">°b of the refuse a. practicable, or to feed the screenings as early a. powible to the 5 Thb Burning op the Stdi-.ble.-A. most of the " flax reed." remain on the .tubble after harveat, the practice of burning *be Btu*,ble h« for man^^ year, been one of the standard meaaure. Uken against the fly. This proctace. Towever. i. not a practicable one with mo.t of our Ontario "meni, on account of the practice of seeding to graw and clover. The burning of the .tubble would deetroy the young meadow plants. 13 inohM and .he field rSllJJ vXI^IT"^ down to . depth of rever.l ticble in Oatario. for the" ,!i^oTa^n\''''*''^'!^^!^^^^'^^'''''P'^- •tubble. Whenever «kh«! «7 ,1 ' ? f '""'•' •«**'"' »"»« »»»""«>« Ot the fg«B for the .utumn 3 * ' '"" *••" """ '??•*«• ''^ l*y «»>«' Fly Proof Varieties of Whfat Imperial Aa.ber.XptUn 1^ 'S.^^^^^ ">« but not all." The other ^e-isUnt vlrE t Net SkT.; """^V"""'^"^' No. 8. Democra, Red Radian, and wLTte cSlMedife^alr '^'"''""^• Co-operation of the Farmeks is Nucessarv. In dealinR with moat insect pestfl, aud eapeoially with the Hensian PIv t u very important that all the farmers in thelocali.y Bh.uld coooeiite fn the matter. Everyone should sow as late as oractioahl/ ««!i '=ooP«~'e m time as possible, for if some fields are sowre^ Hhe^Vav et:;;:;,,^;?^^ l"'saw Td U 'Jh"""" '"* ^'"•"^' "^^ '^P' D-Bon's Sden Chaff wth you saw, and Jt then was comparatively speaking pretty free- hnT m2 neighbors, however, supplied me with plent/of brfedbHock with ie ?/ suUofmv having only 14 bushels per acre, the biggest S Jet anBo„„*/- Z:TJ:^^^- ' '''^' ''' -'"«« ^" not^eUffbjirrrwi;^ In conclusion, it may be stated frankly that there are manv oeculiar features m connection with the Hessian Fly which have L^y^f £en ex 4 h le plaiBMl or ttat tw dlifioolt to MpUia, ud that mmnj moit omlal f^'J^ tioaawiU h»T« to bo mode boforo owrythtog it koowB rofordiog tho Ulo- hiotory of the pott Aidodr thoto pcoolUr footant oonnectod with tho HottioB FIt I iBoy bo porailtod to nentlen tomo wWch I oboorrod wliUo aokiof ioTootifotioiitln tbo infottod wbtot Acldt in tbo iprioR of thb j«»r. I froqwDtly foond •mt\j town floldt intMtod to » lott extent thou thote town iMor Hoirovor. ft probable oii^ftofttion taggottAd Ittelf ; the fields were •o-i before the emergence of the fly, and the wheot piftnti hfti fttUined ft good growth before the moggota mode their eppeftrftnoe The more tender plftoti of the IftUr town fi«ldt were more ftttr»oi ire to the fliee, end tbe oon- •eqaonoe wot the depodtlon of the eggi on the joanger pUntt. Agftin, 1 obMTVMlin one or two loofclitiee. where seeding wot done ftbout thn eftme time, but too etrly toeecepe the fly, thot one or two fieldt were ftlmott tree from infetUtion. The only cftuie I oould utiun for thit pecolUrity wm the prrirnce of woods which ntorly surrounded the fields free from infestfttien. And ftgftin, fields on the leeword side of old stubble-infested fit Ids were often compftrfttively free fron. the fly, while those on the windwerd side were bftdly infested. In these cotes the wind wot very probftbly the distributing fftotor. These obse rvfttions, 1 m»y roooftt, were mode before the sprwg brood had on opportunity to moke itself felt. SUMMABT. 1 The Hcssiftn Fly is double-brooded,— tho fell brood tppesring in September end injoring the young plants of fall wheat ; the spring brood appearing in May and June ftod injuring the more mature stftge of the fall wheat fts well at spring wheat and barley. 2. For the present, its ravagea are confined chiefly to the south-western oonnties of the Province. 3. Parasites which prey upon the Hessian Fly are apparently few in number, and are doing but little to keep the pest in check. 4 The best preventive measures are (a) late -owing, (b) thorough prepar- ation of the land (c) stimulation by fertilisers, (i) trap crope, (e) burning of refuse after threshing, and (f) burning or plowing under of int»sUd stubble when practicable, (r) co-operation among the farmers themselves. 5. There is no ebsolutely fly proof voriety of wheat. The Genesee Giant, Arcadian, Walker's Reliable, Michigan Amber, and Egyptian Amber Bufiered lets Ihan Dawsou's Golden Chafl, Turkey Red, or Democrat. 6 Climatic conditions infloence the time of appearance of the fly in the autumn. A dry rainUsa Au^uu. wUl retftrd the appearance sometimes ten days or two weeks. In normal seasons, with rain during the last two weeks in August, the safe date for sowing varies in difierent localities, from Sept. 6th in northern counties to Sept. 15th in the counties along Lake Erie.