^ ^\^ •w^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ut m 122 £f 1^ 12.0 u& |l.25 III 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporalion "^^^T^^ ^.V^ 33 WiST MAIN STREIT WIBSTIR,N.Y. I4SM (716)t72-4S03 '^ - ** o :< CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historlques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliooraphiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^ et/ou peiliculte I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographlques en couleur Coloured inic (i.e. other than blue or blacic)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ ReilA avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouttes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, iorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas AtA filmtes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilieur exemplaire qu'ii lui a 6x6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiqute ci*dessous. D D n n n D D This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu4 cl-dessous. Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagtes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicultes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d^colortes, tachettes ou piqu6es Pages detached/ Pages d^tachtes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Quality inigaie de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppKmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont tt6 filmtes A nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. T^ to J\ pc of fil Of be th sic ot fir sic or Th sh TH wl Mi dif ea bei rig rec me 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here he* been reproduced thenks to the generosity of: Librsry of the Public Archives of Csnsds The imsges sppesring here ere the best quelity possible considering the condition end legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. iVIaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many 'rames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire filmA f ut reproduit grice A la gAnArositA de: La bibliothAque des Archives publiques du Canada Las images suivantes ont At* reproduites avec le plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet* de l'exemplaire film«, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon ie cas. Tous les eutres exemplaires origineux sont filmAs en commenpant par la premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboies suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA, 11 est film* A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 ^ f • ' A 5 6 (IKNKKAL IIISTOBY M I r II 1. NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. I '<•*■ IIISTOIIV 'I nil r II K I K I'RKSHXT ('(INDITKIN AM) l'KOSI»K( TS, A\ l> A SK 111' II UK I II i;i II ANCIKNT STATUS. I'll III, ISII i:ii liV oitliKl! n\- cum; I! i;ss. iMii:ii iiii: |p|i(i:( riiPN- or iiii: iii:i'ai(imi:nt n\- im: i.Nri;i;iiii; im.ian r.i iii:ai IIKNKV KOWK SCIIOOI.CUAFT. LL.D.. MI.MIIKII .11- niK AMKlllCAN I'lllUWH'inCAI., AMi TIIK AMKIllCAN KIIIMil,i«llc M. Sih MIIKS; (nil MKMIIKI! iif |ll(: lIuVAl liflCMillAI'IIH \l. ."inlKTY (IK l.iiMiilN; (IK TIIK llii\ Al. SUCIKTV UK Mill 111 KIIN A\TI((IAI(IK.i (IK Cul'KMI VdKN ; M KM 1111 1 (Mill. UK I.A .■(iK'iftrf-. KTIIN0I,(K1|()|;k HK I'AHI.-'; IIhN MKM hK TIIK IIIST.illICM. Sii( IKTV. AM) (1(11 MKM (iK TIIK l.yrKl>l (IK NAT. lilKT. ((K NKH V((HK; MKM. (IK TIIK AMKIIIi \\ ANTKirVlllW. AMI (iK TIIK AMKHU'AN (IKllUKllfAI. S(M]KTIKS; iiK TIIK I'IMI.AIiKI.IMII A aiAUKMV kK NATlllAI. ."I'lKXCKS; (IK TIIK VATKiNAI, INSTITI TK. ,1... *( , A. IW\\\} ilhsMms k} f miiinit Artists. IX ONK V(U.rMK I' A U T V I. O V T 11 !•: H U IKS. I'liihADKLnii.v: J. H. hi P V I N COTT & (M). I ^ .) 7 . v/.l- If: IN sr II I I'll ON. I'd Til r, CI I [•:\ A LI MR C. ('. J. lU'XSKN, D.C.I., kc, OF I'HUSSIA, ArTimi! iiK Tin: "I'IIlI,OJ!niMIY OF rsIVERSAI, IlISTnRY;" UI'.CI.NI' MIMSII.I! IM I.MI'« ) I I.N 1 I.MJV ol' I'lll. KINii Ol I'KISSIA Al' . I III . < oiirr ol' i.oNix IN. Sir. ,?-<■. Ar. \„i.. VI. -1 TO JAMES BUCHANAN, ESQ., PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. f M Siu: TliL' iirst [)iut of this work having hiXMi adch't'ssod to the Pivsideiit of tho United States, and hy liini coinniunicateil to the Senate, it is deemed proper that the generaUzations of tlie vohunes should take tlie same direction. TIk Indian triljes constitute an anoniidous leaturc in our history. Hecou'nised as a strongly-marked variety of mankind, tlu'y appear to ho hranches of oriental stocks, who relapsed into the nomadic state at primeval periods, and of whom no records, either oral or written, can now he found, to guide the lahors of the historian. We are, in truth, better acquainted with the history of tho antediluvians than with that of tliese trihes. Their geographical position, and their prior occupation of the continent, constitute the basis of an appeal to our benevolence; iind they have a just claim on our nationality, which it were wrong to deny, and cruel to reject. In 1847, Congress recognising this relation, and being desirous of giving certitude to tiie scanty information then possessed respecting them, directed the statistics of tho tribes to be collected and published, together with such other facts as might serve to illustrate tlieir history, condition, character and prospects; thus presenting them to tho public in their true light — neither overrated by exaggeration, nor underrated by prejudice. AVhatevcr relates to their actual history, as distinguished from their traditions, oral imageries, and cosmologies, must necessarily be of modern origin. The detailed narra- tive of aboriginal modern history has been traced, in chronological order, from the (vii) viii T,ETTKJ{ TO THK I'HKSIOENT. t'iU'lii'st Jt'liarkiUioiis of wliito iiiiii in Floridii. liOiiisiaiiu. ami Now .Mexico, to tlic marked epoch of 177(i; tlK'ncc. tiin)iii!ii tiio twelve years, comprised witliiii the levolii- tioiiarv epoch and coiitederatioii. to ITMt; and iVom tlie adoption ol' the invsent Con- stitution, tliroiigli tile eoiisecntive thiiteen presidential terms, of Washington, Adams. JeH'crson, Madison, Monroe. .1. Q. Adams. Jackson, and \'an Uuieii. As a slight introduction to tiie details of their statistics, a sketch of their ancient status has been attempted. With the Indian the past has ever heen a coiijectmal era : he leganls it as a golden age; it is the dream-land of his IcTtilo imagination; and his ideas of it are generally found, n|)on analy/.ation. to he derived from oral traditions, reminiscences, or fabulous inventions. Succe.-s in the pursuit of inquiries in this ancient historical field can only i)e attained through the mediuni of the languages and antiquiti(>s, and the study of the mental constitution and general ethnological jihenomena of tin: race — all deuuuiding the most nnitnre labor and research. Trusting that the desiderata here oHered may have the tendency to direct public attention to the tribes, and merit and receive your consideration, I am, with high respect. Your obt. servant. lltNKY K. .SCIIOOI.CKAFT. « f^:i im:im)ut. IS SiH : To Tin: (JoMMi.ssio.xKn (>i- Indian Ait.viks. IxTKUiuii l)i:rAi!TMi;.\T. WASIIlNCfTuN, Ortuh,-,- ZOth, \X:u. ("oiilorriiiibly to a provision coiitaiiu'd in tiic act of Mmcli ."lil. l^-Vj. \ )„,„■ report to you tiiiit tlio gi'iicnili/iUioiis riMiuircd Ijy tliiit act liiivc, so liir as time pcr- luittcil, heiMi coiuplctcd. Owiiiu' to inlicMviit (lillicullies tlie statistical iiKpiirv has. tioni its iiiccplioii. liccii one of ^n^ll d Itilxir.i. liotli the Indian and tiit! local olliciais liavi' hcLMi citlirr aiivcrsc (o tin- olijcct, iiuprccisc in llioir statements, or ,m'nerail\ indillerent to tiie invi'sti.iratioii, hut yet. notwitiistanding every discoin'anenient. tlie tables now sid)niitted, which arc the result of elaborate researches, are believed to be more accurate and coinpreliensivc than any previously obtained. They are entirelv I'reed from tiiose duplications of synonyms, and exa.ijfgorations of estimates, which have lieen inseparably connected with the topic during the lapse of two centuries, liv m\ letter of the Kith of February last, the ollice was apprized of the impossibilitv of coni- j)ressing ail tlu; necessary condensations and syno])tieal papers within the present limits; nor has it been practicable, notwithstandinir the elisions, abridgemcnls, and segregations made, to present more than a sketcii of their ethnographv. It was essential that a sunnnary narrative of the modern history of the tribes should be .submitted, which carries this sul)ject down from the earliest times to the period of the annexation of Te.xas, when a more completely nomadic and predatory class of tribes were brought into intercourse with the government. The admission of Texas was but the prelude to the subsequent acquisition of New Mexico. California, and the Paeilic coasts, to the Straits of Fnca ; thus extending the national jurisdiction over the wide area of the Indian territory. iVcmi Ch-cgon cast to the Mis.sonri river. Most of these tribes furni.sh but trifling information that could be embraced under tlie liead of statis- tics. Eoaming over vast areas, cidtivating little, and 'often failing by their exertions to seciu'e the scant mean.s of su!)sistence, their very existence as tribal communi- ties presents a problem which is somewhat dillicidtof solution. White men. who po.s- sessed industry, care, and tinvsight in such a limited degree, woidd certaiidv |)erisli. Destitute of arts or agriculture, po.s.sessing no domestic animals, and nothing at all that deserves the name of a government, it should excite surprise pathy is frcciuently appealed to on their behalf, to avert from them tl 1>| lie syin- dii ic impendin liorrors of pestilence or starvation. Nearly all the tribes wlu) shelter themsel ves III (IX) X ItKl'OKT TCt COMM ISr^IUNKR OF 1NI)I.\N A F K A 1 US. till' uxiriics. or waiiiiiT nvcr llio .-iunuiiits of tlie Uocky .Mountain I'liaiii. an', to a jri't-atcr or K'.-s fxti'ut. roMicrs. tliiovi's. and l)aiulil>. \Villi lliis class ol'triln's dUi' intrivoiirsi' lias c\fi' ]kv\\ iin|H'i'ri('t anil tardv ; anil \vc art' niainiv imlfljlcd to tlii- [lotcnc}' of tlu- niililury arm. lor tiio pourr to rrsi.^t tiicir iK-rco iiiroiuis. and kcrp tliem in actniil du'ck. Tliu dillicnltios of a svstiMn of nianaiii'- mi'nt. so piTpK'xinj;' at all times, is incrcasi'd at sucli ri'inotc points, on a continually proiiicssivt' Ironlior, liy the llnctuations incident to tlic oriiani/ation ol'tlic di'|iartmcnt, and till cliaiiLU's in its suhordinatc ollicials. -Much of the country is a terra incognita, and some ol' the agents located at remote iioints have not ln'cii in a position to ri'|Hirt at all. Most of the trihcs. conscious of having hiit little lo exliihil. have hei'ii iinwillini; to report their condition. If hut .scanty information re^ardiiii:' their resources and means has liei'ii ohtained from the nomades of the prairies and inonntMins. it may tend to relieve the disappoint- ment, to say. that hut little was expected from these preihitory and furtive trihes. From the other class, comprising the older trihes of the Union, whose appellatives have hcen the familiar hy-words in our frontier history durinir two centuries, and who iiavo tied from the -Vtlaiitie to the Allejihanies. and thence to the Mississippi, as eivili/iition pressed on in llii'ir rear, very dilferent details lia\e hi'cn Lileaned. I'articipating in the henellts derival)le from attention to liilK)r and the arts, from eipial laws and {general instruction, they have, as the enlarLting (lircle of civilization advanced, emharked in agricultural life with more or less avidity and success, adopted pastoral haliits. ami accepted education, as well as the principles ol' social life. They now prominently (stand lortli as a hody of lirm and soher-minded men, ready to move forward in the path of proizress. and to enter on the nohle career of civil and social life. Such are the Choctaws and Chii.'kasaws, the Creeks and Cherokees. Reference to details will denote the distiniruishinj;- clas>es of the ahoriginal trihes. All the most ad biid'alo ,sk mg of fire, the swallow- Ins. and the juggling incantation.- \ i 1 xii 1' I! i; I A (' K. ami corcinoiiii's hv wliicli the lust is roiiiid. tlic sick is lii'alcd. iind tin' liviii!:; killoii, liavo hocn witiu-.-'scil liy iiiaiiv, wlio iiflicvcd what tiicy saw. Imt wImi were i^rossly ilcci'ivrd liy their i>wii ricdiility. or hy thi- skill of the Indian walicnn. I?nt. i<[' tin- iiiui'al chanictcr and ll'i'lings ol' tiic Indians, of their mental disei|)line. ami their |)e(Mi- liar o]iini()ns. iii\ thoioirieal and reliiiions, and of all that is most valnalile to man. in the history of man. we aiv al)()nt as ignorant us when .laeipies ('artier fust aseended tli" Si. Lawfeliee." Sneh was the stale iif society in which the alioriiiines wi-re fonnil. and snch have tli" wild fori'sters remained to thi' present tlay. 'i'o enlariro the record from which tlii' trilies nuist he jiidL'ed ; to ascertain their names, mnnhers. position, and statistics; to mitiiiate error, and induce precision ; and to hrimr into one comprehensive \ i<'w a hody of fri'sh and aiillientii' facts, derivi'd from iiersonal oliservation. wliicii miirht ln^ nsefiil aliki' to the statist and moridist. appeared, in the yar iS;!7. to he an ohject worthy the attention of the national lei;islatnre. Conuress did not mendy reipiire a record of ai'itli- mctical liiiiirts. to decide the relative numhers hetween the sum total and tlu^ divisor of a trilie's annuity — hiit soiiiiht al-o lo control its appropriation, and to direct it to ohjects suited at once to nriest ilieir e\;inction. to promote their well-boin.ir, and ad\ance in the scale of life. No L'eneral history of the Irihes lias \)fvn written. Tiie nnmcrons local histories. proli.K in themselves, commonly heiiin and end witli a limited nco^rraphical hoiniilar\, or the limitinjr-jironnds of a trilie. or family of analogous hands. The Now Kiiirland triiics liavo liceii nmst frocpientiy associated in this view. Tiic Indian is a man who has lint littl(> respect for artilicial lionndaries. or indeed for an\' kind of limits to liis freedom of iieo^raphical action ; while ail oliservers hear testimony that ho oxhil)its. over vast areas, the same I'eatmes. maimers, customs, and physical traits of a national race. Of the numorons local pnhlicatious referred to, Mr. Colden's History of the Five Nations is hy far the most comprehensive, clear, and exact. Tt is only to he regretted that the narrative terminates in Ki'.lS. with the period of the treaty of Kyswick. at which time Williant and .Mary were seated on the Mritish throne. The opening of the I'igliteenth ccntmy was, in I'act, the period from wiiich these confeilerated Irihes assmned their most formidable power. In 171l', they wore joined hy the Tnsoa- roras from North <,"arolina, who constituted the sixth memhor of the confederacy. During a period of forty years, while tlu; head-<|narters of the IJritish snperintendoncy of Indian affairs in North America was located in their territories, they were most important auxiliaries to tin; Hritish armies in their contests witii New Krance, and served I'ejjiitahly in the linal cniwpiest of it in 17G0. The Iroquois power had virtually predominated over all the trilx's I'rom the month of the St. Lawrence to that of the Mississippi, with the e.xception of the Appalachian group. Tl lis pow cr iiad apparently oiiginat(^il in extensive ancicn t Indian wars. 4; and in tli(! overthrow ol' popnioiis tribes, considerably advanced in arts and industry, i'UK KAc i;. XIII I- iiii who wero locatod in (lio Mississippi vulli'v. Tin,' iiitlii(.'iU'L' iic(piire(l (luring tiiiw cci tiiries prior to tiie landing ol' tiii; Enjilisii in Virginia, had [liacod thoin in siicii i iiiiprc'gniihie position, tiiat no single tribe could cope \vitli thi.'ni. Tiicir power was strengthened and their inlluence extended by the deliTence jjaid to tiieni \tv the colo- nies, wliieh beeanie most obvious during the loiig-protraeted eoiitest Inr supreiiiaev in Anierica, waged between England and Franee. The brief period whieh elapsed between 1700 and 1770. was employed to invigorate and consolidate their eonlederacv by a closer alliance with the British, with whose eoninianders and their iinces tlicv became favorites. Wlien they had reached the culminating point of their liistorv. thev were, with the exception of one tribe, namely, the Oneidas, impelled, with bitter and desolating force, against the Americans. Tiio triumph of the Jlevoliitioii was, however, tiie tocsin of their defeat, and resulted in the tacit dismemberment of the tiiMc-honored Onondaga, league. A li'W decades they lingered on in a st;ite of political inaction, dwelling on i\'niiniseences of the gl(jry ol' former davs. Tiie war of 181L', in which they were urged to ])artieipate by (ireat Ihitain. Ibuiid them indisposed to engage in a second contest. Tecumseh had no aid I'rom the Inxpiois. The war-paths of olden times were o!)!iterated ; symbolically speaUing. their ears were sealed; and. when ii';.i contest closed, they forever laid aside the warlike hatchet, and turned their a;t> ntion to agricultun'. The tomaiiawk was exciianged for tlu; plough, the scliool-house. and the Gospel. The other stocks of Indians who, iie.\t in order to the Irocpiols. ligured proininentiv on the continent, were the Algomjuins and Appalachians. The Algompiins were ever the staunch friends and allies of the French. They defeated IJraddoek on the .Monongahela. and secured success for the arms of Montcalm on the waters of Lake George. The Appalachians, who had successfully opposed De Soto, nuiintained tli.'ir position in the south. Clinging to the coast lines of the Gulf of .Mexico as their inheritance, they, by their activity and bravery, repelled the repeated Siiauish invasions. There was still another stock, residing on the banks of the Gila and of the Kio Grande del Norte, who nnule vigorous, though, as events proved, unavailing elVorts to oppose the domination of tiie Spaniards. The Dakotah history is of modern date. The causes which brcuight the Indians into conliict with the colonies were general in their op.M'ation. and founded on the same princii)les. They loved their hunting-grounds, liiglily prized their independence, exulted in their Ireedom from all the restraints of labor, and spurned the maxims of civilization. It imported not what were the originating caiL-es of hostility, nor the .sources of misunderstanding.s; the Indians were sure, in the end, to llnd national maxim.s to defend tlieir conduct, if thev did not sustain their policv. The ruins of Checheticali, of Peo.s. of the platibnn mounds of Florida, and of the Mississii.i.i valley, bearing evidences of cultivation and arts beyon-l that now po.s-^e.-.sed, sup])ly arcluvological inaterials which invite learned research. The tribes on this Vol,. VI. — 12 P II K F A C E . I iimi)lf fu'lil. .>^|irca(!iiiLj' iVom (lie (iull' nf .Mrxii'ii to liiikc Siiiii'iior, I'lvaU' an iiniiri';'>ii)n that tlicsc iV'iioiiM wi'iv oiii-c oroiipicd hv otiicr.s po.ssi's.sini; fiiiiilar niaiiiii'is. wlio I'ai" CNi'crilfil ill uuiiicricMl .-tivnixtli, ivsoiirccs, ami oiiiTiry of cliarai-tor. tlio tiiin's ai.'liially oi'ciipyiii,!,' till' ouuntrv at the iHM'ioJ of i\u\ discovorv. Traditions of tlio Kasivaslda ami Tiiscarora Indians niaUe direct rol'i'ionci! to anciL'iit iinlian wars and I'onti'ntioiis.' Tlu'R' aro I'siiii'iKM's also in minor inoniimcntal ri'li(|nia>, that a I'orci^n jicoplc had trod till- Ann ricaii shores Ijelnri' the era el" Cidnniljus, or the [ilanllm: of \'irL:iiiia. Tlie.-e are ]inrely topics ol' literary re>earcli. \\\' arc. periiaps. at tliiilt in attaehiii;.'' less interest (o tlie remote ori.i;in of an uiiliiriunate i'amily of the Iininan raee, ami to their ancient hi>tory. tlniii should he I'elt. JJetter results eonld he liopi'd lor. were as much enthnsiasni dispiaud in regard to this snlijcct as a naturalist eviuees rc-pi'dimr the eolor. L'l'oiiietrieal siiape. rays, macula, or iormalion ol'a leal', the aiiLilcs of a crystid. or the or'iiuie striiclure of a li~li. an insect. .•I slicjl. or a loli>ter. Could this intense jiredoiiiiuancy of piiy>ieal o\er min. The \()luntary labor expended on the construclioii of an earth-mound by the jiopulalioii of a village, and the compulsory toil exacted by the erection of a teocalli. or pyramid, are the exanqiles of the two extrenu's of the Indian polity. The Indian of tlie.sc latitudes is an instance of the inherent love of liberty; in his breast the passion for indeiiendcnco subduing every other. This, as the tribe increased in numbers, and I'Xtended its domain, was favori'd liy the magnilicence and froli exuberance of the immense liirests and fertile valleys of the teiniierate' latitudes — Ibrests which }ielded spontaneously all the necessary means l()r tin; support of life. The aborigines ro\ed over domains wiiich monarehs might in- pivaid to own. and saiiaps and rajahs covet. They made voluntary ofli'rings to gods of tlie elements, \vhoiii they regaiih'!! as sulject to the rule of a eosntic (ireat Spirit. Ilorrilie idols there were iioii". from the capes of Flm'ida to the St. Lawnnce — from the Atlantic to the Kocky .Moun- tains. Neither a Hralima. nor a .^i\a, a (iunga or a .lugLvrnauf, recei\('d the kiiee- 'Vnls. IV ntul V i i 1 I' Ki: I A (•!■:. XV voi'sliip of iiiillii)ii.«. No victim of siipcrstitioii iiIiiiil'imI liimsi'lf into a sarivi] stivain ; no w iilow s:\('ri(i('ril Iicix'il'dii llic riiiici't'iil |i\ re of iicr liiisltand ; no inotiicr was tlio cnic'l nnu'd'Ti-^ lu'(l. I'owhatan and Tamanund, .Ma^^sasoit and .\tatarho, were hnt the presiding chiefs ol' sachemdoms and hashaharies, the peoi)le of which were living in their j)iinial state. I'ower anil custom hail not then degenerated into lyrannv; relii^ion reqnired no hniiian sacrifices. 'J'he preseiiptive laws of war hft to each triho and (dan the choice of its own toteinic haiiner of skin m- feathers, ami, hy leavinir the hunter trihes nntrani- nieUcd in their actions, .secinvd to tlieni tlie power of etlectively refusing their assent to wais and compiests not approved. Their very mythology pos.-essed a social leatnre in snidi imaginative creations as iagoo, Qnasind, I'apukwis. and I'anunk. Kven tiie:r (lemi-gods. Manal)o and Hiawatha, wen; tlio impersonations of l^indnc^s and liencvolent'e. and were regarded as having come down among the hninan race, with the fei lings of men, to teach them arts and knowledge. Such a people had some noljle elements in their chanieter. Fearless of death, brave in wai', and tdoipunt in emnicil. ihey were exemplifications of the highest perfection of the forester's state; and when, at tlie connnencement of the sixteentli centnr\- tliev endiavored to oppose the growth ami spread of Kuropean eoloni/ation. their idlljrts were hut attempts to cement more closely the links which had hound tiiem toiietlna- lor nn- nnnihri-i'il centuries. The hunter-state was symljolically tlie golden age, wiiicii ii was dcemeii essential to guard witii jealous viuilance. Around the frontiers thev ilisphi \ ed a united front against the introduction of civilization, with its attendant arts. laws, in- ilii>lry. letters, and religion; the details of this opposition to the onward i)ro"ress of the Kuropean race constitnte niatcrials for a volnminons and elaborate histurv. A hurried collation of the incidents of their history during the long period ,,[' ihree c( nturics and a half, has necessarily rendered this view brief and suunnarv. Attention was pcr|ietually called from niinutia' to results. The acts and principles of the Indian, like the symbolii! characters of his pictography, must freqiK'ntly be judged of li\- imiiii- eatidu. Armies enter the field, or conceal themselves in ambush, and chiels and saehem.s take a .scat at the council-fire, to defend principles which the Imlian iWU are necessary \V1 I'KKFA CK. SI 'i to llic presorvatioii ol'liis iiHlcpi'iulciici'. Imt liis cuncliii^iDnM he docs imt xo much arrive lit, In- till' |in\v('i' of ratiociiiMiioii. us tlir (livams of liumtioiil ilfliiMioiiH. If tli('.s<' miniitiat slioiilil 111' tiiiccil lip t.) I'vcry liiiliim Ipattlc-licM, tlio iiarrativo would lu'coinc vcrhiwc. and tlic cvriitH |ici'lia|i.s imsscss Imi litili- LH'iicnil intcn'^t. Tlic Indian I'ai'c wa-lcs awav witliuiit roirri't. and witlioiit svMi|ialiiy. In tia'niinu' an estimate of tlic man. in asecrtaininj? liis faults and virtncs, stiidvinj? liis pliysical and mental dovolopnicnt, and inqnirinn into liis liistory, tiie aiitlior lias spoilt many years of active life on tlie American frontier. To tins olijcet the e\pl(iratiiin of its ui'oirrapliy and inineraloL'V liccamc. at icimtli. subordinate ; and if assiduity merited success, lie miirlit claim it. in presentin;^' the results finis fir r)l)tained. lie lias availed liiiiiself of an extensive corri's[iondenco with residents in tlio Indian country, reacliini.'. it is lielieved, to every prominent tribe between the Atliintio and the I'ai'ilic. To thi'se oiiscrvers in the lii'M, ai'knowlediiiuents are made /uis.'^i'm. Milt personal inquiries, however elllciently miule. are alone iniule(piato to the comitilation of Indian history. Uooks are re((tiired ; and whoever endeavors to trace the subject, will lind many of these to Ik; rare, and oidy extant in fore"gn libraries. The f^overn- ment. under whose liberal auspices these iiKpiiries havi' Ijcen jiursued, has not in any manner withheld these prerequisites; nor has the author I'ailed, in one single instaiu'e, to obtain ready access to the leading libraries of the country. To no source, however is he more indebted in this respect, than to Peter Force, Esq., of Washington, who with his characteristic comity, placed his largo and distinctive American library at all times freely iit the disposal of the author. To C'apt. S. Eastman, who has illustrated the (ir.st four volumes of the work, and to the other eminent artists employed on it, painters and engravers, the public rest under obligations. He.VRY R. ScilOOLrR.^FT. Washingto.v, ()rtn/,n- 241/1, 1857. ! I A I I ( ' ( ) X r I : \ r s . DIVISION' J'iRST. A CONDKXSKD VIKW OF TMK PnST-(0|,lMI!I,\.\. (IR MODIMtX INDIAN JUSTOUV. C'llAl' ('MAP ClIAP. C'lIAP. CitAP. ClIAP. TllAP. ('MAP. (J II A P. ClIAP. ClFAP. SECT! OX K[]{ST. IXTHODrcnniY CONSIDKIIATIONS. I. The Iiiilian viewcil JIM :i iiiiiii out of Hocicty p,\,;r: -i" -'. t M'oiriMplii.'.il nvvii (laiii.ica — i:tliii..M;rai)liioal position of tlie prini'iiml stocks... :;i SECT [OX SECOXl). FIHST I-ntol'KAN ACCiUAIxNTANCE WITH TIIK INDIAN TRIBES. ]. Oii^rinal (■(Hitiiicnta! jmint of olwrvatioii :](j •-'. Tlio la.Hlin- of 1-. ,. ,1,. J„.„M i„ Fl„ri,la, ami of l.iicas \as,,m/. in the am'ii'Mt <'iiii'i>r;i ■•'• I'Vanco enters the liel.l of .liseovcrv. N'errazani, an Italian in lier service, .lis- tovers the coast from the lalitn.lo of tropical phmts to New York and New Kn^rlanil. He lands in the -reat li:i_v of .Manhattan 40 4. Spain explores Fh.ri.la. Narvae/, invades the Indian territory, and brings tlie Appalachian, or Fioridian, ^.Toiip of Trihos to our notice....' .". .|4 •'. France n sumes her discoveries. The Alironqnins are found to inhabit the Atlan- li'- «-oast, north, np to ihe rivn- , 7. Fxpcdilion of Do Soio to Florid,. Appalachian irroup of Tribes ,VS 5. De Soto crosses the Mississippi river, and traverses the present area of Missouri ^ and Arkansas. Family of Dak.itahs, or prairie Tribes r,r> ".'. Coronado's expedition into the territory which has acquired the name of New Mexico. The Zuni. :\Io,|r,i. Navajo, an.l coi:nate tribes i);, (xvii) \ I i I I ^^\^^ C tt N T K N Tsi. SUCTION Til I KP. < ii.M'KNTIoN (IF IIIANfi: ANH >!'MN lolt TIIK DiClI'ATloN OF Fl.olMhA. t'llW, I. \'>',va;:('.'« III' llilKiiilt mill I.:iil>|niiiiii'i'i- T.' < 'ii \r. J. Sri'li -rttlrimiil ill I'loriilii ~H SKCTI UN KOI IITII . TIIK FNCI.ISI! FMI.MKNT ol' r| \ Ij.r/.ATK iN IN AMF.HlCA. ( 'll M', I. I 'i-i'HVriy III' N'irL'iiiia. iiiiil il^< alii>i'l;:liii''< ^<2 Cil w. J. 'i'lic I'lmlialaliii' irilH'.i nf \'iri.'iiii!i. a* llirv aic rr|MiiiiMl mi iho .xi-oiiinl vova^'o... ^& ClUl'. '■'<, I'rrliiilMil >tatr 111" till' Viiyinia Iiiilialit iliiriiiLl llir vnvni:*'* i*iili.iifrr>*>riill_v (•'■Iniiizi'il. ilalin -low II U I'diiiiiU'iI in the crMilral |iart i.f llic I'nwliatanii' I'linl'rilrr.i.y '.'') CilM'. -. l»i>ciiviTy 111' till' Jliiilsnii . i\i r, M iiilialian-, M"liii'aiii, ami Moliawk-i Idl) ( 'II M'. '■'>. Siillclm'iit 111' Ma»aclilisi'tt-. illi'l llii' Niw Kii;.'l ami ciilniii -i lii:i CllAl'. 4, 'I'l.c iioriliiTii Iii'lian-i ari" nlVi^ii'li"! at llio iiitrmliicli "ii nf (■i\ilizatiiiii aipl tjir tT'-prl. Ill I'M use 111' tliril' Irlnlilicy til >l|!)Vl'ft Iliillaii -Hcirty III.-) f'll.M'. .-'. M.iiiiiii's ai:il cii.-tiiiMs 111' tJ!" .Muliicaiiic ;,'rim)i nl' tin' Nrw Fiiirlaii'l .\I,-Mii(|iiins. lii;i J ,^i:("TI ox SI \TII. SY\nl\ll,-iinc'hanniirl;s CllAI'. 1. t'lIAl'. .-). Siimnini'y of thf criicinpurai-y cviilcni'c-! (if tlio SiiKiiiclianiiock liistury. l:;7 U-2 CONTIiNTS. OCCl ClIAl'. I. CiiAi'. :.'. ('llAl'. M. <.'llAl'. l. • 'IIAI'. .'"). CliAiv 7. CiMI'. 8, sKCTi o.v i: k; II tit. I'.\N<'V or M;\v YuHK P.Y THK KNTJMSII. AM) SKf^lKI, To Till", INDIAN WAItS (>r NKW KNfJI, \N l>. New Nt'ili.'i'InriiU wiiTcniliTni tn tli.> Kii;.'li.sli, iiml imiiinl N.w Vmk 'I'lic wiiv Willi I'liillp, 1,1" l'ii|ii(?iH|,it l'liili|. ilcv.loj,^ Wu ),:oi. lli.s iitt;ifkH cm tlio wciik IVonticr lino ..I' ih,. N,.w l']ii;;liin'l ci)|(iiii( ■< riiilii. ciin'ios till' war into tli.. i'l_vi.i..iitl, c.iloiiy. It ii^miinc-. a \vi,|,.r an I m -iv s.iii;ruiiiary a>iicct. Tlic N.iiTaL.Mri-etl.t arc iiivulv.'.l in ilu' cfni.-i.ii-.icv T1h> CMiiiMi-tM IIIMItIi tn lllf I'cli.f MJ' till' IVl 111 tjr !•.■«. TIll'V Wa^TC Will" Mi'lillt llir '>an:iL';iii^i'il.-i, wIki arc ilrr.'.'ii.'.I in » siiMn^rly lui'iiliiM*! pD-ii; m Caiiliii-o and diruli nf ('unonrlut. ( hMtliTDW .if llio Narrau'atHi'tl-* I'liilij, n !i,'«s 111,, war wilii mk -•<, Ihii U finally I'lmM |,. tako -lulli'i- will, |,i, (•lii(.r.';i|itaiii, Annawnii. in an .)a.-.i.-i i.fa ni.ira-s in I'tHM.,.!. Kinal ovcftlirmv nf I lie Maslialiary nf rokaimki't Tlio Mcn'iiiiiif valley and Aliiiiaki Trilirs SECTION' XINTH. LKXNO LKNAi'l 01' I'KNNSVI.VANI A. AND ClIKOliA TIMIIKS OF Till-: Ai'- I. Inip.T...s;,„... „f iho ra.v, aftn- tl.o ia,.e of a cniturv IV..m tli.. lirst land in ^_ Nirjimia - 1^., f'liAi'. '_'. Tiic Aiiiiiniisliiniii, nr Ii,„|,|,,|s ",,' ••inr. :!. Tii. Indian Tni,.., north and ^niiii;;':;:,;;;;:';;;;;;;,'';;';;;;';,;,;';;;;;;;:';;;,;;;;;; (■oni'liisi.,,), tl.at lli,.y |.....v,.|i„. i„mcr to.-nish th,. Cnlnni.s.. "" [ni < HA,., 4. In tho oont.>t lor ll,. Indian power. I.otwo.n bVan.r and Kn^iand. ti.,. possl^'^- m! ot tho M,.ss»s,ppi valley and of ,l„. .-reat lako Iia.ins. l,ecan,o. in ,]„. ..nd'tiu- prizo contended lor l:'() (■■ ( > N T K N T S , SMCTIOX KLKV KXTll. MOMKNTOI S I'EKIUD UF JNDIAX I11ST(»1!V, riU'X-'EUlNU THE CONtiLEsT OK CANADA. CiMi'. 1. The l''ri'iH'li jiolicy r('j,';ii'(linj: tlic Trilial, ur iiitonmtioiuil moviMiicnts of tlio IihIuHi, ' i;i!» (.'li U'. -. liitir-cpocliul lIi^tol•y of tlio L:ikc Trilu's, and of the expulsion of Indians who pi'fccdcd tlio Al^oni|iiiMs '202 CiMi'. ■'!. Thi" Al;roiii|Miiis ^Ml' wiih tlio Froncli in the ^roat strngiilu for suproiiiary L'OlJ CiUl'. 1. 'Clio lr(u|Uiiis aiUioi-o to tho KliL-'li.-ili 'JO'J f'li 'i'. 1. 'i'lir ^V^'sl( rii Indians imito to sustain I'^ranco in tlio possession of the Ohio valley. "JIJ CllM'. C. N;itiiiiKilily (if the Indians in i?iaddook's dofoat -Iv") Cii.M'. 7. 'I'lio Iro.piuis p of the iijipcr L ikc-. under the direction <■[' I'llitiac. di-putc tlc> occupati'ili o|' that rc;^inn hy the FliL'lish < llAl'. A. I'oiitiac Imid^ J)clroil in a stale id' sicL'c durilij: tile siimnicr uf 170:! t'liM'. ."i. Ti.c Western Indians cuiitinnc ihcii' opposition to the EiiL'lish su])remacy. <_''doncl J!oiii[iiet marches to the relief (d' Fort i'ilt. The IJattle of Uriisiiy I tun ChaI'. •!. ficiicral Jiaeiticatiiin hetween tlu' Enijli.-h and the Indiiin Trihi'S, cast and west. Tre.-ily of |ieace with the Scnecas, \\'yanilots, Ottciwas and (.'liippewas, Mi^sis- s.ii:lc-. I 'lit t a watt a lilies, and Mia'i,ic~ ;i\". 7. Ii'i--iicciipaliiiii of the lake p.i.-ts. Tlie Indian trade ( xteiidcd wc.-twanl and 111 irth Ward under liritish auspice- II \l'. >. I'cace coiicliidcd wi;ll the Delawares, Shauiiees. M;aliiies. Weas, I'i.iiikashans, and Min^'iies, nr traiis-Ohio meaihers uf lin.' Six Nations in the west IIAI'. '.'. Lnrd l.'iiniiiiire's N T !■; X T S , XXI SECTION Til IKTKKXTIl. HISTORY OF TIIK INDIAN THIIiHS DFRIXC TIIK AMKRICAN RK VOLITION. ('i[\i'. 1. Tlio liiiliiiii f.ii-cc to lie i>ii(ciiuii('i-i'(l o-i Chap. 2. riifVioiidly .stato of fi'i'Iiiig, and iTroneoiis oi>iiiiuMs of tho trilius. duriii;; tlic Contest " I-,. — I . ' CrtAi'. :!. Coiitcsis ill which the Indian Ioitc was ciig.-i'.'cd. Invasion of St. Lcj;,.,-, with the coiiihincd lroi|ii«is .)y.) <'mm>. J. .\iiihuscado and hattk' of Oriskanv Z^- CliAi'. ."i. Tcniiiiialioii of the siej;e of K(,i-t Stainvix .)i„, CilM'. il. I'oiiey of eiii|iloyin.ir tlif Fiidians ill war .ii|.> ('MAI'. 7. I'ioj:ress of the Revoliilion. as atfected l,_v llie ahori-inal trihe,-. M.-issacres of "' ' AVvoiiiin^r, Cherrv valh'V, and I'lster .hj- ('11 \l'. S. (',,nj:i-ess aiithori/es iiiovenients to clieck tlie hostility id' the Wc-tcrn fiidians.... :.'!l|t <'MAI'. II. \-irviiiia sends an expedition a-ainst the western Iiid'ian^. and conoiiers soiitiieni " II CiiM'. 10. Siihtilty of tile Indians invesiiiii: Fort l.aiirens •J114 CllAl'. 11. liatlh' of .Minnisinl< . !,',. ( IIAP. IJ. r <'11AP. •!. Treaties willi the \Vyand,,ts, Delawares, Chippewas. and Otto;sas...... :V>1 niAl>. 4. Ilnstiiitie.s ill the West. War witii the Miaiiiies and tiicir confederates !'.'.'! :\^\\ < llAl'. .,. The .Miisco.t;ees. or Creeks. Herniate a treaty (d' peace ;;.j-> CllAK tl. Kxi)editi,.i,s „[■ (leneral Charles Scott, of Kentucky, and of (le'm'ral 'sV. Ciaii" " ' ai,'ainst the western Indians ." ' .j.^, niAP. 7. (|ampai-iis ,d' (iencral Wayne a-ainst tlie western Indians.. '.'.'"..."!!!^'.'^^"^i^^' ijj-s <;ilAP. X. The p,)>t-rcvu!iitioiiaiy war with the western Indians is terminated by the victory id" .Maimiee ., , , Vni., VI. --.;i. ■^^- XMI (• () \ T !•; N ■!• S . I SECTION K I KTKKNTll. l'Kl!TrHI'.i:i> STATK oK TllK TlMltKS. AND TJIlvlK I'OMTICAI, liKLATHiNS. l>ri{IN(i TIIK ('ilM'. 4. 'I'll Indians recklessly I'lijrajri' ill llio war (if 1^1 •_' ■>•")'> Cm \i'. ."). Events of till' Indian war of 1si:'> -iiil CllAl'. li. ilostilitios with the ("reeks. Massacre at Fort Minims. Itattles of 'I'lllhis- hatches. 'I'allade^M. Ilillahee. and .\tlassee -'"li;') ClIAl'. 7. Battles of Eiiiiicfaii, Fnotuchopen, and Toliojieka. or the Horse-shoe. The Creeks suhdiiod :!•!!' Cn.\r. i^. Foreshadow iiiiTs of jicace •)T4 SECTION SIXTEEXTll. EFFECTS OF THE E.M'ANSION oF THE I'OITLATION WESTWAliD. AND OF THE CliEATloN OF NEW STATES OlT OF THE E.MIALSTED INDl.VN lllNriMi CKorXHS OF THE MISSISSIPI'I A'AELEV. CllM'. 1. A new |diasis in Iiiijian history ■'>'i~ Cll M'. -2. Condition of the trilies at the eoiiehisioii of t lie war -iT'-' ClIAl'. •!. Indian trihes of Michiiraii. Exploration .if its lioiindaries. reaehiiij: to the sources of the Mississippi -'t^- CllAI'. I. War helwecn the (.'hijipcwjis ami Sioux. A jieeiiliar mode of iiei;otiatioii lielweeii them liy means of i)ieto;^rap!iy. or devices in-enlied on hark -I'^i CllAI'. ."). 'i'lie ('hippewas. I'otfawattamies. and Ottawas cede their territory in Illinois and soutiiern Miehi;;an •)'■'•> SECTION SEV ENTEENTIl. THE I'OMTICAL ClEMlNATIoN UV THE INDIAN IIISTOKV. ClIAl". I . The Indians rcacli their lowest point of depri'ssioii at the (dose of the war, in l^lli. •"■'."! ( 'llAI'. -. I lllieial intercourse is exiendcil, hy estahlishiiij: an aireiicy anioiij: tlie ( 'liippewas, in the hasin of lake Su])eriijr •"•'•'i ClIAl'. ;'i. I'cditieal and social movements amoiii; the Clierokees, and other southern ti-ihes. dnj ClIAl'. I. Orfjanization of an Indian Jkircati 4ii| ('ml', .'i. I'lan of eoloiii/ation we-t ol'tlie Mi>sis-ippi -t'l'i CllAl'. 'I. Ikciiioval policy. Creek ditlieiilties. Death of the eliief. (Icncral Mcintosh. Treaty for their liiial settlement West. H'i CiiAt'. 7. A-siimption o|' the rij:ht of sovcrci^'iity hy the Creeks, in opposition t'l (icii'LTia. 4IS ClIAl'. >^. (iradiial traiisl'ercnce of the Indian population to the west 111-! ClIAl'. '■'. < leoL'raphic.'il pjieiioiiielia. Soil. I'limate and territorial advaiitaires of the pfi.i- lio..cd Indian c'llnnie- l-t) i I m CON Ti; NTS. I ■4 SECTION KK; JITKKXTll. TJIK FlliST DECADE OF THE COLOXIZATIOX PLAN.-1«:31 TO 1841. Chap. 1. Con^rress nutliorizcs tljc cdlonizin,!.' oftliu Imlians in tlio West 428 ('li.\l'. -2. I'dlicy of tlic ri'iiiuval oC tlic trikvs to tlic West 4:y_> CllAl'. ;i. Efl'cfls of the irrowtli iiml e.Npaii.-ioii of tliC Slates, on the Iiicliali trilius who hail loii.L' lisi'd ill jiixtiiposiiioii Hiiii tiicMi. TIk' [loiicy to Ire inii-.siied 4;;7 CilAl'. 4. Tlie Jllaek Hawk war ' ^^- CllAl'. ,"). Leailiii;: eveiils of the caiaiiai^ni a-aiiist liiaek ILiwk 4,-,:; ClIA.'. 0. ,Siih.iivi.-.ioii of the Jniliaii teiTit.irv into tribal l.roiirielor.ships. Coii-re.-sioiial saiietioii of the jihin i-- Cjiai'. T. IVoininciit treaty stiiiiihitioiis with the euii-raiit and inai.L'eiioiis trihes, to [um- iiiute tlic'ir eonceutratiuii west of tlie Mi^^.-i.-sippi 4.-^ bKCTlOX .M.XETKK.NTll. HOSTILE ATTITUDE OF TllK SOITIIKUX TKIIVES, I'llEVlOLS TO TllElil ELX \L KE.MOVAh. Chap. 1. MoAoments of Al.u'oiiiiuiii trihes in the re::i.ii) (jf the upper lakes .\,;-2 CilAI'. -J. Indian hostilities in the South i,." ClIM'. •".. Oiilhreak of the Florida war ,,.' ! Chap. 4. Orij.'in of the .Seiniiiok' hostilities ' ,-., Chap. .i. Controversy with tlie Cherokees ,- . ClMP. (i. Or.LMlii/.atioii and political eoiidiiion of the eoloiii/.ed trihes '.'.'..' 47|( SECTION TWENTIETH. (ONSl .MM.VTIOX (IF TllK liOVElJNMENT ToLIt V OF liF.MoVAL. Chap. 1. TheChippi.was of the upper .Mi.si.-sippi e.de th,.ir territory to the niouth of the Crow \\ ini: river , , ■ Is Chap. ± IVevalenec of the small-pox anion.L'st the western Indians ,s'; CiMP. ;!. Fiai^ralioti „f the treaty ],arty .,f the Cherokees. the Cr.vks of ( io^-ia^ andiiie Chiekasaws Chap. 4. Crisis of the Cherokee dilliealties. The arniv is marelu'd ini7ihai',niarter 4^0 OlAP. .-. I'awnee ernelty. The saeriliee ,,f Haxta 4,,- CllAP. (I. Transaeth)ns during' the year, with the minor trihes 4,',7 CUAP. 7. Diseords between the Eastern and Western Cher.kees. Ilondiiiot and'the "llid^a's arc a.s!>!i».siiiateil Chap. 8. Close uf the lirst decade of the eolonization plan '-,,■. * o\/o i i l'(»N T K NTS. SKIT I OX TNVKNTV-I-'I l.'ST. I'lM.Nt'il'I.KS ((iNTI'.NDKK I'ol! I'.V TIIM INDIANS DlKINd TilllMi; CKNTI KlliS. Cinr. I. .\iil:ii.'c>rii.~m I'f liiii-linri-iii ami civili/.iiliuM .. "iHT ('MM'. '2. l'liilii.-o|iliical cxaiiiiiialiiiM dl' tlic ai';;iiMii'iit on tlii' iliDcriiii,' iiiaiiiurs arnl cii.-tdi],.^ Ill' till' iiici's lit' men Ml) ( 'n Ai'. ;!. Siilp>iiloiii'i' 111' till' liiilian I'tiiils .MJ .>< K (' T 1 () X T W !•: X T ^■ - S K (' ( > X I ). ri!i:sKXT CONDITION AND I'llOSTKCTS OF TIIH TlUIiKS. Cil.M'. I. (iriirraljy iiiipriivc'l sl.ato uf snriiMy aiiij uiaiiiuM's aiiinii:: tlii' ciplniii.ii'il (rilirs 'A'> CllAl'. -. (Iiiiiri'a|iliifal area, ri'iativc locatiiiii, ami ailvaiilai.'i'.-i nl' tlii' trilics .')!'.' ClIAl'. :'i. Mni'.il, ii.iliiiiMJ. anil iiiilii>ti-ial coMilitiuii nl' tlio CiX'i'ks. Ciiicka^aw^. ('lidi-iaw.-, ami ( 'lirriikci's .'i-2'2 Cll'il'. 4. Stall' nl' llii' mill. ir traii.^l'i ri'i'il i:rim|i 111' tillns in Kan/.i- "i:'.il ('llAl'. .'i. Tin.' Iliintci- uilie.-i ,',.',J 4 DIVISION SKCOM). 'yo.Nd.MV .AM) STATISTICS. CArACITV OF IMU'STHIAL \,M) SdChl. DKVKI.ol'MKNT. AM) NATIONAL I'liSITIdX : ILMSTKATKI) HV .Sii.Mi; .MlTll'KS (IT TIIK MK.NTAl, CIIAKACTKR OF Till'; m'NTKR KACK, AM) Tlli:ill ANCIKNT STATIS AM) AKClI.l'lUl.OliV. SKCTI OX T W KXT V-TJI I K I). CAlSliS OF DKCMNF OF TIIF INDIAN TIMP.KS. ClIAl'. I. < 'ninliti.ins 111' lil'i' wiiirli iipiHisi' till' inorcaso of llic aluiii^'inai |ju|inlatiiin lil ( 'llAi'. J. Kll'fi'ts of civiiizfil Iialiits on ri'iiriiilncliun •''i I (,'llAl'. :!. Wjio is tin' Iiiilian':' His cai'iiritiis for iialiunality In 1m' dnltu/ril iVimi liis thaiacti r ■<*>^ (JlIAl'. 1. S'.imc trailitiMn.irv ''Icams ul" aiiric'Ut hi^tui'S' m1 (• n N T !■; \ t S . SKCTION T\V KXT V-I''(M' K'TH. INDICIA KHOM TllKIi! A.NCIKNT STATlS AM) Al!ClLE()i,(M;V. ■ Hi) ('ii\['. I. Outlines ol.Mi'.\i-: Cll \l'. J. Niitit'CS of the iilj()ri,Lriii:il rciii;ilii.-i nCiirt iilicl Iiiljor in the I'liiieil Stules .'A-J. Cll.U'. ■'•■ Aiilii|iiitios \ve>l (if tlie AIJeLrli.'inles ;-(i,- I'llAi'. I. A j;l;iiieo ;it liie |iietoi;-rii|iliy nl' iho Xcn-tli Aiiierieaii Imliaiis iliit CuM'. ■'>. Intrusive elements of ;irt IVoin KMi'dpe mid Asi;i (;iis Cltv!'. I). Antii(uitii'S on the l';ieilie e(i;i-:ts of Oreu'dii (;i-> S KCT ION T \V K\TY- K I FT II. I X I » 1 (I A !•■ I! ( I .M .^I A X X K l{ S A X J) C i: S T () M H . Cll A I". 1. A'iiliie (if this s|ieeies of testininiiy (;|.|. Cil.M'. •_'. Khietimtions of eiistoms mnoii^' the Mississi|i[)l valh.y and Pacific cuast trihes... (lis CjiAf. •"!. Indian theory of the deifieation of the Sun t\->,\ Ci\.\V. I. l\.\istiiic; ehiirncteristie customs (;;;^ s i<: ( ' T I ( > \ T w ]<: X '[' Y -SIX 1' n . INDICIA KUOM MYTIIOLOtJY AND UELKUON. ("llAl". 1. Tdltee and Aztce mvtholn.'v /■•■,• CiiAi', J. lu'liL'ioiis and nivtliolo^ieal opinions of the Mississijipi vallev trihes i;|7 CllAC. :i. AI,L'iMii|uin mytholo^'v and superstitions ,;-^ Cm A I'. 1. Indian theory of the aotior. of the mind diirini,' sleep i;(;j CllAl". ."). Iroi[iiois eosinnironv .•..,■ S K (' T I () \ T W M X T ^' - S K X E X T 1 [ . IX Die I A KI{(»M LANCUAr, K . CiiAf. I. I'riiieiples (if the stnietiir<' (ifih,. Indian laii.i:iiaL;es , (i"l 1. .) ;i. 4. ■>. SECT I OX TW KXT V-K U; IF Til. S T A T 1 S T I(j S . T K I It A I, A X I ) (I E X K II A I, . Censes of the Indian trihes of the Tnited Stales (;gr, fiscal Matisties Statistics of the Fur trade :i!t 7 I'll Statistics of Kdticatioii and Christianity y.-ji Historical Statistics -i.> i * if ih xxvi CON T !•; N TS. SKCTIOX TW KNTV-N IN TIL' l)i:sil'i:i!ATA llESl'ECTlNli Till'] MKNTAL CIlAKACTHlt OF TIIK IN'DIANS. CiiM'. I. I,iiiL'iii.-lii' priiH'i|i!i-< ini'l ]ilu'iioniciia. Cii.M'. -. Oi'mI l'"iftiuiis iiml Iji'L'i'iiils. C'U.M'. o. OulliiiL'S ul' a sy.striu uf iiiiii'iiiuliic jiictiii;riiiili^'. SECTIOX Til I II T I KTII.' HISTORICAL NOTES OX THE OIUiHX OF THE A.MEIMCAX TiniiHS ; AND TllEIll KTIlNodliAl'lIY. S E C T I \ T H I 1{ T Y - F I \l S T.' INDIAN rOLIOY AND THE INDIAN ErTl'UE. ' J'roikulcJ \iy tliu liiiiitalioii uf tlio wurk. .,ii i 1. 1 ST OF P I. A IKS. J'l.ATi; 1 I. I 1 ',1. 111. 1 1. I-.", l:i. H. I".. ii;. 17. Is. I '.I. ■-'(1. .'111. I'oirni.vir Sc.M.I'-CltV Vii riiitY pAscn ImK ISSIlill'TliiN |.\ \k\V .MkXIKP ANlIQrK (ill, A I'li'lTKIiV I'M TIKlllAl'll (i.\ rilK St'AI'UI.A (iK A lilFFAMt Si'l.SNINO AMI Wk.VVIMI l.N \k\V AlKXIni I'll'K-Scri.l'rUltK (IK TlIK ClIKllAWS StiiNI': llMll.S 1\ VllKil.MA, IfiOd l'lll>T IniKHN IKW AVITII InIIIANS (pF Nf.W VuHK.. I'll TiMlliAlMllC IssrlUI'TlilN IN .M ASSAI'll ISF'l'TS StoNI-: (ilANT.-i. IllliyrolS I'llTIKIIi.M'll Inuia.n KdcTiiH CniiMi a Suk Man An'iik.nt Aim' in tiik Cakcii.i.nas .\Tn'l'.\|i||(i, lli(il,il Ills llK.liil SlllKMiAli.\llr.\, 111! KiNi; llF.NIlltIC, AT TIIK) ll.VTTI.K I IF l,.\KK (iKiillliK .... ) l!l INS UK 111. II |''u|tT .\Ilrllll,I.M.\(KINAC Oil In Wm.i.kv AnTIi;I K 'I'.VUI I, .Ml lil.iiiK I'llINT KIKiM CINCINNATI CkIIKMiiNV liF TIIK 'I'lllMiKH I'.llillS I!kIi .l.VlKKI'. (Ill S.\i,(iV \\V.\TII.\ St. Antikinv's Fai.ks I''kAST UK .\|iiN|i\MIN Mai^IC MkIHi-.M, I'HTliClt.M'llS I ! I . A r l\ 1 1 .\ \V K SlUlli'KS (IF TIIK AllSSIsSll'I'l 1 r.\Si'A l,.\KK Si'KAIiINd 1'"|SII KIliiM A CaNiiK Mai- UK TIIK Iniii.\n Ciilunv Wkst . F'roiii DairiiciTciiiypi' iiv Kuut :; S Ivisliiinii -2') ■ S. Ivisllimn c,."! . S. lOiistiiiuii.lV. ski'tcli l)y 11. U Kern. (I'.i . II. S. IIuHhtI C'.i • S. Mustiiiaii 711 ■ S. K'astmiui 7 I . S. lOa.stiiiaii 7 ; . S. Kasliiiaii '.i:j •S. Ivi-liimii liiii Klioilc Island Hist. Snciciy II:; Haviil Ciisic. a 'riiM'aiMra 1 |.i S I'.'astiiuiii 17:; (icn. lluW(.' .. 171.) Havid Ciisic, a 'I'li^carniM Iss William Heine -JJo S. Iv IV. .-ki'Irh liy II. U.Scli.M.lciari, ■J-i:! S. ]■:. IV. >kcicli Iiv ir. It. Srii,i,ilcrari, :'A-2 S. Kasliiiaii, IVoiii W'oicni I'i. nicer, .'11 li I'. IS. Mayei- n;,:; S. I^astiiiaii :;77 S. Kasliiiaii K. I!. Mayer :;j.;, Sliiiiirwaiilk, a C'lii|)|iewa :i',i7 A. Xcwsani (.|; S. Kasliiiaii. I'l lata liy ||. |;. S., |.i| S.K. tV. sketeliliy II. It. .> Mkmi w Amii.ii iriKs \h:.\ii AN .\\rii(i IVIKS Mk.Mi A\ AM'Ii.H ll'lhS Mkmiw .\ntii;mtii-> \\ni;ii I'ai.m'K. vmi 'ruMri-i "r niK Ijn "i I hi: I >i-i H\ f:iiv \Ik\ii\n ANTii ami Ohnamknis S. Ivi-liiian, IV, s ni'dalaliv I!, ,\liiviT, S iMi-iiimii.lr, > iii'cJMiii liy i; ,\liniT. S. Kii>tiiiMli,rr, ,s, iii'iliililliy I!, Miiyi r. S, Ivi-iiniiii, IV ^, iinliilali) I!, Miimt, S l'::i~!!ii;iii, IV -.Knliiiii liv i: Mii\i r. .1 (' rHil.iill :,'.< I ;,:i I .".'.II .v.il .v.i:; .. S l':;i-liii:iii.lV .^. oriliiliilpy I). .MuyiT, . S. lOii^liiiiiii. iVdiii iii'iiiiiiul S. j;;l.-llli;lli. IViilll nriiiillilj .. S. Kii.^liiiiiii. IVoiii iii'i'j'iiiiil I- I I'.i. I.I. W. A. (• Whiiih,^-. A. ('. Il;iniliii Ivi-iin:iii. IViiiii i.riLriiKil .. .'.I. \mi'.>i n I'll Ti'i.i;.M'ii riidxi (liim I'msIoi' m liiiii'|iciiil(Mci'. Ohin \l'.\i'li:i: l>l!A\V:Nii- nS I'.iprlis l.N .\i;U- MliXH'd I'l'i.ltAI'll.s ni(i\l I'liiiKS IN rllK ('(iNNi;i|l( 1 T I Vai.i.kv » Ani|i,iI1; ^■||;1.INI.\ In> lill'I'InN IN AN 0|.|i( .\ LIMA in; !■ > l\Mll||.||(iN .\NU ViKW III- MdNIIMlAN lsl,.\N|). llMiNPA(;.\ SkITI.i IIIIAI, l\sc |!|l rii'N ('lll.NliliK 1)1 111 M.. OliDliliN Antiijii-; I'iiii'Nici.w iNsciiii'rinN '■I'.Nl'AI, I'll T.'i.i; MMI nl' ('llll'l'l',\V,\s ! i"ii, I 1 Tii'Y.vMiijn ,\li:.Nii .\N ANriiinriKs .Mi;mi-.\n a n r:i,MiTiKS .Niii II IINAI, (ill.SVi: l.liilif \. ( '. Iliiiiiliii S. Ivi«ini;iii .1, .M. Shilllry K.l'.viir.l l>;lllirl Clinkr II, S, MiiIIhtI. IVnin iiriL'-innN S Ivi-i iiKiii. IV -^ i;rilil:i In I! May.-r, S K.'i^liiiiiii, IV.s. I ir 1 1 II til li. I'.. .M:iy.i', S. I!all.-i 1)1' llli' lllillall n'illl-> lit liir I'liitnl SlaU',^ I'll, ('iiroiiiil.i'jicai lalilr III Mi,v-i.iii- l\\. Chaiiiirv l.aiii;iloii ) .".'.I I (ifi:: r>ii:i I'ld.'! (Ill I 1104 I'llH'i I'll II r.ll 1,11 I'll: r,:iii r,:;i i;;:r> i;;!s I'll I m; ( 0>. '•-■ \ i I 1 ! I :« ( DIVISION FIRST. A ('OXDILNSKD ^ IKW OF THE POST-COLUMBIAN; UK, MODERN INDIAN HISTORY. Vol.. \l.— 4 (25) ! i I I ^ i II SECTION rillST. INTRODUCTORY CONSIDERATIONS. ClIArTEl? I, THE INDIAN VIEWED AS A MAN OUT OF SOCIETY. Savage and civilized society have boon regarded as presenting a necessary state of conflict. There is a perpetual opposition of thoughts, numner, and opinion — a perpetual struggle of races.' It is not just to suppo.se that the civilization of Europe, at the settlement of this country, reipiired more of the aborigines than it ouuht to have done. Theveryrever.se is true. Civilization required him to quit hunting — religion required him to quit idolatry, and virtue required him to quit idleness. The Indian was ga/.t>d at with wonder, as a man without history, but he was not hated. Civilization combated only his errors and his inoral delin(iuenoies. Letters labor, art, morals, Christianity, demanded no more of him, than they had previously demanded! fifteen centuries before, of the Britons, Celts, Franks, Danes, and Goths, and the' predatory Angles and Saxon.s, from the banks of the Tser and the Wesei-. Man was created, not a savage, a htmter, or warrior, but a horticulturist and a rai.ser of grain, and a keeper of cattle — a smith, a musician — a worshipper, not of the sun, moon' and stars, but of God. The savage condition is a declension from this high tyi)e ; Greece and Rome were in error on this point. The civil and social state^'was" the original type of .society for man, and it was just, therefore, to require a return to it. TlR).se who pronounce the Indian a " noble race." only nK>an .some gleams of a noble spirit, shining through the thick moral oxydation (.f barbarism. The exaltation of thought that .sometimes bursts out from him is ennobling, because it represents in him ' Ktlinologiciil Itcscftrchcs, rospoctiiiK the Ilcd man of .\inorira, V,.|. [., 18,-.l • Vol H is-.o . v„l TTT lS5:i; Vol, IV., 1854; Vol. v., 1855. ' ''''■'-' ^ ol. ni., (27) I i ■ 'S ij I 28 INTllODrCTOKY CONSIDERATIONS. a branch nf original liinnanity — ol' man in ruins. A n()l)lt' siibjoct of pliilowopliical and moral iniiniry tlie Indian truly is, and this constitutes the animus oi' these investigations. In any comprehensive view ol' the transference of eivili/ation into the boundaries of savages, we nuist regard, it, in every phasis, as a contest between two liitterly oj)posing (dements. 'I'lie one iiiming to advance by the peaceful art.s of the loom and plough; tiie oilier, by the tomahawk. It was ever as much a conllict of j)rinciplo against i)rincii)le. as of race against race. It was not the while man against the red mail, lint of ci\ilization against savageisin. It is a war of coiulitious of society. AVIieii the Knglish landed in America, tln' hunter and the agricultural state grapjiled in di'adly combat. It has been a perpt'tual struggle between labor and idleness, education and ignorance, sobriety and indulgence, truth and error. Safety was ever the result of caution and manual jxiwer during the early ages of the colonies ; and this struggle, often fearful and of douiitl'ul issue, continued till the population of the new or intrusive eleiiieiit reached its ei|iiililiriuiii. The lower orders of Hindoos are hated as aciiuli'. the Indian only as the rt'iireseiitativi> of a coinlitioii — and. as in all conllicts of !i superior with ail inferior condition, the lattiu- must in the end suc('unib. The higher type must wield the sceptre. This is true in a moral as well as a ]iolitical sense. The prophet imiiounces thai the nation and kingdom that will not serve the Lord shall perish.' It is a useless expemlitiire of sentimental philanthrop\' to attriimte the decadence of the Indian race to anything (dse. When the iiat had been uttered, "Thou shalt live by the sweat of thy brow." the (piotion was settled. We .sympathize with him. truly, but we do so with our eyes opi'ii. The Indian tribes never apprec^iated the lauding of European.s in America as an ad\eiit of ])ropitious omen. Far from it. " Vou arc robbers and plunderers," said \'ittacliiicco.- Tluy were, it is true, glad of its indulgeiici's. and the products of arts and commerce. IJut they uiiih'rrated its reliiiements and jmnniscs. They hated it.s schools and ivligioii. At the call of commerce, they sprang with new \igor to the chase; but this soon became di'structive of the very state they contended lor, as it destroyefl the animals upon which they subsisted. The Indians haviii',' prodiu'ctl no historian, have never had the advantage of stating their side of the question. The native born ])hilosoplier of the woods averred, that (iod had made him exactly as Ik> ought, and had iiiven him arts ami knowledge suited to his sphere, lie was prone to refer to his past history as !i golden age. The Great Spirit, ill his view, was e.\(dusively a (iod of kindness, not of holiness. All the Ked niaiTs elabiirate ('ogitations were of the //<(>/. His sages repre^^i'iited the future as a sphere of rewards, not of punisliiiients ; deeming this lilt' to be a scene of such vieissituile, that the future was designed to be a theatre of compensations. It never t'litered into the Indian ' r<.'ii;iii, iiiriji i\-., \-: • UMiriil''"" i\f 1.1 Vowri. INTRODUCTORY C N S I D E 11 A T I O N S . 29 lilt led :it IMS ll« laii t tlicory that justice,' was an attribute of tlio Deity. J le did uol fear. l)ut nitlicr loved death, aim he faii" liis funeral song at tlie stake, with an assurance thai he was on the eve of dcpartinfi' to ii land of bliss. It is necessary to coiiiii'-ehend the Indian before wi'. dt'dare him to be void of reason. The Cin'istian piiilosophy stood counter (o all this. lie hated Christianity, because he neithi'r understood nor believed it. He denied tli.it he had worshipped stocks and stones, the .sun, moon, and stars hut aflirmed that lie had omploved them nurely to exhibit his oll'erings to a iiigher jxnver. He avowed his belief in the Great I AM — the great lAT.' Such were the ti'achings to Ije gathered from the words of O^iechanganough, Tamonend, Sa.ssacus, Passaconawa, I'ont ac, Achiuwa, and other eminent cliiels. Resting in the conviction that his state was, in every respect, precisely that which the Overruling Power had designi>d. lie turned a deaf ear to other theories, and modes of lil'e, and obligations. He did not believe; that his liireliithers were not wise, and had not worship] led the (Ireat Spirit aright, lie could not compreliend tiiat he liimself was a savage. There is no woi'd in tiie Indian language that means savage. They had no use for such a word. Christian jiliilosophy (aught that he lived in a state of very great declension from his original state; and that knowledge and ignorance, instead of lieing prejudged or lilted conditions of men. as he believed, were but the mere results of liuman exertion, under the benign ;ind universal law ol' original mental freedom of act, and thought. (!all and sweetness could not be more opposite than thc-^e two theories. A war of conditions was the coiiseepience. In this eontlict the ])arties nevt'r mmv than half comprehended each other. Misunderstandings and dissatislaclious continued through centuries. IJoth parties were suspicious of each other to the last degree. The Indians were often cruel and treacherous. Arms were appealed to. when reason would liave Iieen better. But the teacher and the philanthropist, tlie hmnanitarian and the Christian, jilied their cares with I'enewed vigor wiienexcr the pauses in the contest rendered it practicalile. Fiu- centuries together, councils and treaties, war and peace, puccecded each other with fitful and uncertain periods. Hut whatever ihiy thought of the advent of the Kuro]x'aiis, they by no means believetl that the severe toil and high standard renuired in all moral, intellectual, and leual accountabilit\- between man and man. and (lod and man. wi'i'e an\- e(iuivalenls llir the idleness, tlu' spasmodic pleasures, and the wild independence of the cha.se. Lea roliovi'd ]>y Iiriiiiit onosi. Tho (lend will often clianji'o ])laiiii:' to furnish a true basis for tlu; uovernmental policv to be ])ursued with them as tiiiies and nations, and lijr the pursuit of the momiutous object of their lecliMnation and sahation as men. s nil ■■a I N T R I) U C T II Y C f » N S 1 1 ) E It A T 1 N S . 31 ('II A I'TKII II. (iK(H;HAriIICAL A HE A (>C('|- I'l KD — IITII XOd UA IMITCA L I'OSITION OF THE rUIN(Jll'AI. STOCKS. '31 2> TiiK fribos, on the plaiitiiiff of the colonies. i-:itlier roved over than oeciipied tlic continent. To lunit the deer and ,i;o to war were their prime enii)loynients. l*o\v- Inittan called hiniseif a king in V'irjiinia, and .Massa.soit in xMas.saelin.sett.s. Bnt the governing power of their kingdoms was a rope of sand, and the Indian society so mnny camps of anarchy. Thirf was a necessary resnit of the hnnter-state, which is liound togetiier I)y slight cords, and always re(piires large districts of forest to lie in the v.iiderne.ss condition, that wild animals may nndtiply. Another striking trait in the Indians was. that tiiey existed in an infinite variety of tril)es and septs. J]very groat valley, laki'. or mountain-range, had its separate tribe, although, when closely examined, the languages ])r()vod tiiem to be only speaking dialects of a few })arent stocks. In all the range of the North Atlantic there were not over three or fom- generic stocks, and not apparently more than seven in the entire area east of the Mississippi river. These were the Algonquins, Iroquois, and Floridians or Appalachians, and the Chcrokees, Utchees, and Natchez or Chigantualguas. The era assumed lor this survey i.s l-'jl'i. Do Leon had landed in Florida. Cnbot and Cortercal hail seen the Indians of the North Atlantic shores, ten or fifteen years earlier. Casting the eye over the map of Nortii America, from the influx of the St. Lawrence, along the indentations of the coast. succc.s.sivoly settled by the iJritish colonies, reaching to the latitude of Pandico 8ound in North Carolina, the country- was occupied Uy the multiplied and afhliafed tribes of the Algonquin stock.' Hence, appeared a family of littoral trii)e.s. who extended along the coasts of the Carolinas, of whom not a soul is known to be living. In the la.titnile of St. Helena. IJroad river, ' .\i,(ioxgi'iN". Fur an Kssay on tliis liintruatro, m'c Vdl, II., p. I!;')! ; Jlistorv, Vul. If., p. l;i."(. Tluir iliiilccts lire jjivcn in full vufaluiliirii's, in Vul. I., ]i. '.'S^* ; Vol. 11.. pp. 4.")S, -I711. \,.. 'I'lnlr powor nf iinniiTa- tiiin appears in Vol. 11, p. L'lM. 'f'lnir piitciL'ra|iliy, Vol. if., p. '2'2'^. Tluir (r.-iniiplnuicMl ilivilupincrils, Till. 1! , ]i. ■S.i'i- Till' nanios nf tlic si'vi'ral trilic,''. tlh'ir nnnilMTs, ami imlnstrial tm'aiis, Adl. I., p. Lit; Viil. 11.. II. .'i;!^, kr. Intcllcctnal capacity aiitl cliaraitcr, Vol. 1,, p. old: \n\. ||,, p. 'Jul; \o|. m.^ p. :;i(l; Vnl. IV., p. -'.".l; Vnl. v., p. L'f;!. Sac and Fnx trilic.-. Veil. Iff., p. lilill. J'..nliac cnrilcdcracy, in I'tio, \'iil. 11., p. '^4(1. Cliijipcwa laiiL'na;_'c, Vul. V , p. '^',)~. AlU';_'lians, Vol. V., p. l;);!. Kcnistcnos, A'ul. V , p. nil. Miissafliusctta, Vol. ]., p. liSI. Ali,'on(|uiii bio.irrapliy, \'ol. V., p. ,jJO; Xoniciiclaturc, Vol. v., p. 5:15. Hi 1 N 'I' I! ( » I ) I (' T ( » I! V (■ () N S 1 I) !•: I! A T H » .\ S . Mini tlic ('(iiiil)iiliri'. llii' S|)aiii.-li ciilk'd tliciii ( 'liiioiraiis. Iiiil ||u'\ arc liiiowii tti Kii;j;li.sli lii>t()r\ as N aiiia.-^srcs.' 'I'raililidii'^ ;i.-.-r tlie A|i|ialai'liiaii t;riiii|i.' (!ei)L;i-a|iliicai naiiies. slill exisiiii;^-, deiinie that the .Musc()i;ees I'xteiided. at the i'(p|i)iii/atiuii, liDiii ihe Cuiisalialuliee, in Soiun Carolina, throiiuii (Jeoruia, to tlie A|ij>ahu'hii'oia. emhraeiiiu' holli its braneiies. to Ihi- Talhipoosa, and tlie Ahihania. Tlieir most ancient sciit ol' |io\ver was on the Altaiiiaiia, whence, al)out the .settle- ment of Sonth Carolina, it was it'inoM'd to Wetninpka. The Seminole trihe of this |ico|)le exti'iidcd down to the |ieniiisida of Florida. The Miiscoirees were con([ueidrs cuniinu tiom the west, and they hail, past doiiht. siihdiied or driven out prior occnpants. The coast of the (!nlf of .Mexico. .Moi)ile hav, the lower parts of the Alabainii, Toinliiulice. and the l'ascai:i)nla. to the .Mississifipi. were occnpi<'d by the Choctuw.s.' The .Natchez, a pcujile ol' apparently Toltec t)ri,iiiii. occnpied a jiosition along tliu banks of the .Mis.-issijipi. from a point nearly opposite the lied river to tlie month of the Ya/oo. .Vol ill of the territory of the .Natclie/, bejian the bonndary of the Chicka- saws. rcachinii- I'ast to the head of the Tomi)ijrlK'e. and extendim;' up the left banks o\' the .Mississippi, and into the Ohio, thronuh tiio present .States of Tennessee luul Keiituekv.* The Clu'rokces occii|iied tlu' termination of the .\ppahicliian. neither r(?achiiiji' to the Atlantic, the (iulf. or the Mississippi. In this seclnded positit)ii. abonndiiii:' in puro streams of water and fertile valKys, they had lived from ante-historical times. Tlio Cnmberland river anciently bore their name, ami appears to have been their outlet to the Ohio valley. At the point where the jurixliction of th<' Chickasaws ceased, a professedly neutral war ground existed, which has reci'ived the iiiiine of Kentucky, and which was in part occupied at a subsrcpient time by the ."^hawnees, an Algonquin tribe. From this point, eustwardl_\' and north-westwardly. the AlgoiKjuin group extended t)ver the Alleghanies to the I'owhatanic tribes of lower \'irL;inia, the Sus(piehannocks of .Maryland, and tlie Lenni i.enapees of Delaware and Pennsylvania, the .Mnnse<'s of .New .Jersey, and the Manhattans ami .Mohican- of .New York and all Nexv fingland. The .Vhoinpnns, thus widel\ >pivad and divided into septs and tribi's, also extended ' Synis' jli-^tnrv iif .'-^.lUlh (';ir'.!iii;i. |>. '.Ml. ■ Vi'lr lliiwliiiis' Sl.iliii 111' llh' Cri'i'li^. iir Musi'ul'i'i s. ' Al'I'M.Aciii \N, Ciirnl II -! ,ry. Vn\. \\. Mii^.m.'.'.s ninl \l.iK;ihia>, \'nl. I., p. lil'i.") ; V(il. \'., pp. L'.M , filH. riiirli:i-av-. \'. 1 I., p. .;".!. Crci'li a]ili.piilii'>. \'nl. \'.. ].. liiiii, ('riini.il vuliiMic, \'iil. II., ]>. ;i:i.">. I'iivsiral typr. \'.il II., p- ■■.I'i. 0|■i.^ill uf tin; .M,. ■'.■,-, \",,1. \ . p. :J,V.I. *Tli.' .MoljiliiMiis Ml- liii I'laiz. ' \'i(|. .Map, v., I. v., p, :;■"•_', ,:# I N T 11 U I) U C T 11 Y C () N S I J) K Jl A T 1 N S. ■ikU'iI west of till! Ohio imdi'i' tlic iniiiR' ol' Sliawiiccs. Kaskiiskiiis, and Illinois, aloi^ tin.! liiiiiUs of till! Mississiiipi to a [luiiit iii'ar llir I'litraucu of Hock vi\i'r. Tlii'ii! tin; Cliipiicwas, Uttowas uiitl J'ottawattaiiiiL'S, iMiaiiiies, iiiid kiiidrud Irihes, siiruad east- wanlly and nortlii'rlv to tlic slioivs of I^ako Mii'liigan, the Straits of Micliiliiiiaiikinai;. tlio basins of Lake llnron, St. Claii', the Straits of Dutroit, tliu Miami, tlie iMuskinirnin, and the Waliasli. Tliis uronp of tribes also e.Nti'iided, under tlie name of Cliippewas and Kelisteiios, tliroujili tlie straits and river St. Alary, to and aromid tlie boidors of Lake Sn|)i'rior, and tlienee, west and nortliwest, to tbe souieeH of the Mississippi. Under the name of Crees, or Kelisti'iios, tlie\- extended their comiuests aloiiji' the line of the Kainy Lake. Jiake of the Woods, and through the great liako WiiiMe|)ek, to the waters of the Churchill or Missi-neepi [iiiiieh water] river. They jiiished their i'oii(|iiests west of the Sn.scatehewine to its falls, where, as we perceive from f.oniparisons of laiifruage, they acipiired the name of IMood Lidians, and linally of niack feet, with which name they reached the banks of the Mi.s.sonri. Under the name of Mnshkeags. (1( us Ji 7! /w, and other nii'knaiiies. they extend to the Nelsun. and the lower [lart of Chiirchill, river, of IJiidsoii's I5ay. ami thence tiiiough the broken und spliaunous regions to the St. Lawrence, and Iiy its northi'in shores, ihrongh the Lake Nepissing, to the great chain of the upper lakes. The whole of New England was covered with trilu-s of this generie stock. Such a diOiisiun and dispersion of a group of tribes, has no i)arallel in North America, and it indicates an original energy of character which is iiotewortli\'. Tlii're were not less than twenty degrees of latitude along the north Atlantic, occupied In' the Algon(|uins in their divisions, covering the entire area between the Mississippi river and the Ocean. AVitliin the inimeii.-;e area of Algonquin and Appahichian ocoiipjincy, the Iroiiuoi.s had intruded themselves betiire the country was discovered. The Iroiiuois' were the Goths of North America. Where the [loint of their original growth to nationality was, it is diilicult to determine, as well as to account how the hidian mind developed that ])uwer of conlederation and combi- nation, both civil and military, which made them t!ie tenor of the Indian tribes of North America. Writers have not been wanting to suggest the existence of a Grecian element in their languages and character.- Their own traditions (vide Vol. V.. p. li:;] ) deduce their origin from the waters of the great Kaiiawaga. or St. Lawrence. But language diHclo.ses the fact that, at the earliest dates, triiies of this stock occupied upper Virginia and Nortii Carolina, under the names of Mohicans and Tuscaroras. This subject will bu o.vamined in its juoper place. However they may have wandered, their ' luoQluis. History III' their uonti'iiiTicy, Vul. III., p. Isl; \'ul. |\'., p, l>|1. lnii|ii(iis ci.siniiL'rMv I iiiytlioliJLry, Veil. 1., p. iJlti; Vul. II., p. L':!o ; \i)l. III., p. ;;i I. Iiucjiini^ pictiij;nipliy, \'i,l. I., p. l^Jji. Ii:iJii:ii!ii.'eR, Vol. 11., p. 482. Hio-rapliy, Vol. I\ ., p. (114 ; Vul. V., p. r.OH. The (Mierukw..* (Mr. (iall:itin'.-< 4t)th liiiiiriiacrc aiiJ Vlth family") have tli.^taiit affinities with tlii.s irrouji. Their veniaeular name is Tsallakoe • tlioy lire inaiiit'e.stly the Tallaj;eewi of Ui'laware trajitioii. ^ (.'harlevoiiL. Vmi. VI. — •) H! 84 1 N T U () D r ( "I' C) H Y CONSIDERATIONS. scats of power at tlio opciiinj;- of tlif ^iixtcciilli cciitiiry wt'ic in woHtcrii New York. Tlu'v were not liltoval. Imt intt'rior tril)cs. altlioiidi llioy liail, at anti'-liisloiical dates, canieil llieir eoiKiuests down the Jliitlson, the Dehiware, tlie Siisiiuehaniia. and the Alle^dianv. Tlie li'oi|iiois. hy oeonpyinj,' tliis central ])()sitioii on a hroad summit of I'ertile table- land. I'av()ral)!e lor raisinu: the zea niaizu and abonndin;;- in jranie, had a position of unrivalled advantau'es. The leading;- rivers towards the north, the east, west, and south, originatcil on this summit, which ^ravo them the power of desconding rapidly into the enemy's country, and. by ai)andonin,u' their water craft, or luavinii' it at a lixed jx)int, n'tnrniiiir scatheless by land. Thus they had con(|uered the Mohicans, the Delawares, !Sus(juehaunocUs, and others, spread in.ii,- < he fame and the foar of their arms from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi. West of the Mississi[)pi there were two treneric stocks of jrreat importance. They were the Dakotahs or Sioux, and the Shoshonees. The ucoiiraphical limits of these tribes were also innnense; and they were divided into lanL'uaues. and dialects, and clanships, even more numerous than the Alu'ominins, Iroipiois, and Ap])alaehians. First in influence of thesi? two stocks, and in the sa\a,L'e energies, manners, and customs, are the Dakotahs. or Sioux.' liike th(> Al,iion(|uins. the Irofpiois and the Api)alachians, who had crossed the 'Mississippi at diflerent points, at curly epochs, they appeared to have come from the south and south-west. At the en; denoted for these researches, they spread from the IJed river, and the Arkansas, up the valley of the Mississipi)i. on its western borders, to its sources, having;-, at early dates, extended themselves eastward to the head of the jrreat lake ciiain. They (Mnbraced the Arkansas, (^uappas, Cadrons, AVitchetaws, Osages, Kan/.as. Pawnees, lowas, Ottocs, Umahaws, and Missourians, Arickarees, Minataiees, Tetons, Yanktons. and other known Sioux tribos. Tlie Assinalniins, a Sioux tribe with an AlL^oncpiin name, were the most northerly tribal element of this ethnoi;raphic horde. One of their trilx-s. the Issati, were found on the head of Lake Superior in Heiniepin's day ; another, tin- Winne- bapK's. also a Dakotah tribe with an Alironcpiin coL'nomen. wi're seated at dreen 15ay. at La ."■'■ille's first visit, and have Imt recently retraced their steps, under the removal movement, to th(< west of the Mississippi. The Shoshonees have, from the remotest times, occupied the plateaux, anil summits, and \ alleys, of the Rocky Mountains. Li-wis ami Clark found them to jiusscss its sunnnits in latitude IS" in ISO"). Fremont found them spread over the latitude of I'l' in ISIO. I'nder tln' name of Mimacl^s. ;ind Hoot Ditiu'ers. they have excited compassion, lieinif (ilteii reduct'd to ii\(' on roots and larva. I'mler the name of Niinias. or ('nmanclio. they co\er Tex.as. The L'talis are. linguistically, Shoshonees. Under this name they ure the scourL'^e of New Mexico, and constitute rla.' nnrelialde and ' Xawdowissiioos ft' ■■:iily writc'i-.s. 'i'l a iiiure iik-l;:iiiie •.<( lliu Alirniiijuin, meauiog our enemiet. INTRODUCTORY C ONS 1 1) EU A TI ONS. 3,^, perfidious of tlio Irilx-.x of tlii" Ti'rritorv of Utali. ("alilbniiii imd Oregon Ji.aM! iniriioroiis baiiils 1111(1 elans of the l)Oiiael\H. IJesiiics liio li\c prominent stoeks of Ai^on(|in'ns. Iroipiois. Ap])alaeliians, Dalsotalis mid Slioslionees, there existed, iiiteroalated as it were it wiiie points, the small tiibt's of Natchez, Utehees, and the aiieient Corees and Cliieoi'as. of Georgia and the ("arolinas. Tile Eries and AiKhistes, tlie Mundwa, tlie Attuekapas, the Mascotins, and Ailegans, ocenjiied minor jiositions. To the entire gnaips of tribes, east, west, north, and south, the name Vcsporic may be applied, as a term geographically limited to the exact area of the United States. ¥r i m I -I ! i i ti ? i^ SKCIIOiX SECOND. FIRST EUKOPEAN ACQUAINTANCE WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES. CJIAPTEK I. ORIGINAL CONTIXENTAh POINT OF OBSERVATION. TnK first Indiim trilK' rcrnu'iiiwil in Aiiiorica wns the Caribs. Tlicv rovcnlod tliPiii- schos tc the woiult'iiiij; oye.s ol" Kuropciiiis witli tliat jH'ciiliar set of pliysioLMiumical iuatiircs and traits, pliysioal .iiul iiuMital. wliich liave been found to !)o iroiicric! through- out the contini'ut. The Carihs wore a mild and indolent pooplc. who. livini^ in a doliditi'ul tiopiual olitiiatf. wcmv ncarlv in a state of nudity. They .-subsisted on spontaneous Ihiits. and the productions of the sea roasts. They -were without anything Avhieli deserve the name of inihistry. arts, or frovornment. Tiie island of llayti, the central point of their location, was but one of th(! Caribbean group, which stretches, in the I'orrn of a bow. from t'le capes of Florida, over seven degrees of latitude, to ne.ar the nioutli of the Orinoco; and their residing in the beautiful district of Xaraqua, the elysiiun of the Antilles, and the memory of tiieir thoughtless live.s of pastoral ease, .singing and dancing, and the fate and Ibrtunes of their beautiful Queen Annacoand,' ■wreathed in flowers, are the only menientoe.s we have that the Carib nation e.xisted.- If history has awarded the just meed to Columbus of having Hrst. in 1492, displayed the Hag of civilization to the Caribbean group of tribes, it has Imk'u equally ready to ascribe to (Jabot, in 14!)7. the merit of unfolding the British type of it to the Vesjierie groups of liunter tribes between the St. Jjawrence and the capes of Florida. No attempt at colonization was made by the latter. Nearly an entire century passed away ' Vol. ir., p. 20!t. -' Till Kiii;ii>li hin_'u:i!:o, wliicli ha.s laid tlio wurlJ under contributions fur its onricliment, lin.s dorivcd tliriM! words I'roni tliu Carib, namely, canoe, an Indian boat; picanuini, a hall'-ca-st child; and picayune, a small piece of money. FIRST EUROPEAN ACQ I'A INTANCH WITH INDIAN. 3T before the English befinii to colonise. iMi-imtinio Spain liatl early tliMcovercd Florida, a name once covering the whole continent from the tropics to the Arctic ; and it is to her that history nnist ascribe the first discovery of a more vigorous and lbnnidal)le class of tribes, who existed north of the (iulf of Mexico, namely, the Appalachians, Chicoreaiis, and Cherokees. Against these tribes, supposing the country to conceal ; those treasures of gold and silver which Mexico had so abundantly viclded, she commenced that series of extraordinary expeditions, which almost erpial the Crusades for the spirit and enthusiasm which they generated. A few details will sufhcc to show this. • r :iN FIRST KLUol'liAN A (' <.» I AI NT ANCK CM A PTKH II. Hi II V !'• i TIIK LAXDING OF ruNCK DK LKoN IN FLoltlDA, AND OF J-ICAS VAsgri:z in the anciknt cjiicoua. It liiul riM|iiiri'il hiit twciitv ^t'lir.x ti) spii'iul tlir S[iimisli power Innn St. lOl'J [>()iiiiiiL'(i, tiiruii.L'li tla> ('iiiililtcaii i.>sliui(1s and iudiuuI the L'liban i«lunr)*, ti> tlic htiiiils ol' Florida. I'uiu'i! ilc Lcoii. in I'd 'J. landi'il on tin- |ii'iiiiifula ul' FU)rida, as iriit> was abniif to lealii^i' tlic lun,i:-tanglil I'aidf of tin.' ^'anlcii of tliu lli'spi'ridt'?^. To 111.-! iniaLiinatioii its crystal Hnintains appcari'd, as lliu iiatisi's liad dopicti'd tlicni, as tlio liiiMilaiMs ur\(Mitli. It is kauwii that tin- vast tiTtiary di'i)osits dI' marines sands ol'tlii.s ])oninsMla vicid I'upioiis spriiiirs ot'tiii' most transparent watt'r. That tlicsc pini' spriiiji.s sliniild cxciii' till' adniiratinn and superstition nt' tlic Indians, und lead them In liclicvc in i'\tra\au:aul notions ol tlicir sanative ijualitics. is not stranj:i'. noi- that reports nf their extraordinary virtues slioiiid he earried to the luMLddioring coasts of (.'uba. Hut it is ania/iii'.: that siieli stories should gain belief, even in tliu low state of medical know- led^re at the op'-ninj: of the sixteenth century.' Witli sueii notions, howeser. I)e Leon landed. The balmy airs of a tropical spring, I'eildlcnt with tilt; aroma of flowers, which met and saluteil his senses on landinjr, was not calculated to dispel his prior notions of an ehsium. JJut from the fact of the day of his di.scoverv beinir Easter Sundav, and the luxuriance of the vewtation, he named the country Fioiida." Jle was inlbrmed that some of their limpid springs were of such wonderful \ iriu ■. that they would restore the vigor of youth to the person who bathed in them. In si'arch of these lijimtains of youth he ro\ed over the country. !}}■ the.st- excursion-; the suspicions and animosity of the Indians were excited, and he at last paid the forfeit ol' his life lor his cretiidity/ having liied in Cuba from wounds received.' CieoL'r.ipliical Irutii is ol' slow growth. From this time Florida appears to have been regarded as a gaiden of llesperides. It eininced that a .Spanish nniriner named MIrueia, visited the sea coasts of Georgia and Carolina in (|uest of tralfu; with tin; natives. In this tralli<' he received some sniiill (piantity of gold. The incident eicated u sen.sdtion on Iiis retuin to .*>t. Domingo, wheic a connnercial company was Ibrmeil to ' Villi; Dr. I'iteluT's /irti.Io •• .Mr.lic'in.," Vi.l. IV., p. TjO^ * Alcoild's (iiMiL'rapliiial Dictii.iiary, Vol. II., p. 103. ' llubiu.'soii'.s IJi^tury ul" .\iiivji(.'.i. ' Alccdu, Vol. II., p. 104. I WITH TIIK INDIAN THIitr.S. 80 iitlifd U [liiid proHccutc tilt! iliscDvt'rs' tliiii iiiiulc. ScvcimI imii in ollirial positiitiiN cnL'n'.'cil in lliix, flic priiiciiiiil of wliiiin, was Liiciis V'iis(|iii'/, D'Allyon. Twd vi'ssrls ucrr (li.«|Piitclii'il to till' cnast, i)rciiiii"il llii' till' Iniilf. Tln'w rciu'lu'il ihr iiiuiitli of tin- rivrr ('(tinlnilni'. in Sdiitli Ciirolinii. wlit'ii- ii inolilalili' liaHlc fhMiril. 'i'ln' cua.-t is callt'tl Cliii'ina, iiml tiic IniliiiiiH CliinHviiiiH. Wlini tlic tiiulf was linislird llii> nativi's wcro iiiviti'il to uiiilily llii'ir ciiriDsilv to j;ii lirlnw ilrcks. Iiiit tli('\ wi'It ihi simhiit irnt hclow tliuii tin.' Iiati'lu's Wi'ii' fliiM'ii. iiiid till' vcf^si'ls iiniiii'diati'l,\ liuislcil .xail liir St. Duniiii'.'o. Oin' nf tliciii lonndifi'ii on lln' \\i\\, and all wiif |u>|. 'I'hc utlii'i' rcaidud St. Doniiniio, and llic Jiidiaiis wiTi! sold as slaves.' In till' nii'anlitnc \'as(|Uiv. D'Allvon liad visiti'd tlic conrt oC S|)aiii. and inadi' siicli rt'pri'.-'fiital ions itf till' iruioiis i/l' Cliicoia and its natives, tliat In- ri'tnnnd willi tlio i'i)innii>sion of Adalantado of tlio iiowly discoviTod I'onntry. with antliorily to liinnd a colony. On reaching St. I)(iiniii;:o. asuuadron ol' three -ihiiis, with .Mirneliirorchiel' iiijol.-' was (ittcfl out lor the purpose, and guides taken to conduct them to tliu sct'iic. Kntcrinj;' hy the straits of Heleini. he iiroceeded to tho Tnoiitli of the Conihahcc, where the largest of the thn'c vessels was stranded. Here lie resinned the trallie with the Indians. During; thJH tiiiiti notiiing was reveuhMl on thi'ir part, to indicali' that they had any rcnieinhrancc of, or rescn.iiKnt for, the carryiin.' oil' of their coinitryiiien. Ilavinii' finished his trade, \'asi|iie/ wcni to seek a snitahle site for his colony, and pitched on II spot on the waters ol' Port Ivoyal suniid. at. or jjcrhcps a little south of, tin? present town of Heduliirt. South Carolina. A pari ol' his creus had landed, to prepare for llii' new town, a small nniniier still reniainiiiL:' on hnard the xessids at anchor in the road- stead. 'I'hey had hardly I'oiiiinenced their ialiors, when a deputation of the Coiiiliahet! Indians arrived to invite the men to atti'iid a izrcat least at the vilhiire at the moiitii of the Coinljaiiee. Two hundred persons accepted this invitation, anil were received and treated with the most rriendly liospitalities. They were feasted for three day.*.' When the feast was over and the men were sunk into a sound sleep, the Indians aids(>. near the lircak of day. and ma.ssacrcd the whole party. Not a man was siiared. The Indians then proceeded, in Int haste, to the selected site of the new town of Va.sipiez. where they knew there was lax discipline. Tiiey fell on the parties of men in their di.woiyani/eil state, and |iut many to dealli. A terrilic trap-dy ensued. Indian idiihs, iv iiislorians.' ' l';tllllllln._'il'!ll ItlWlllvllOS. Vlll. Ml.. !>. 'J7. ' \ul' riatc 1 , Vol. III. V(.i. in..,.. L'.v » Vni. iiT. ,. lliircrii.s, Vol. 11.. i>. liii, .Niilo. m '1 : 1 ■■ I I; I ■' 4ll FIRST EUllOrEAN A (Mi l' A INT ANCE niAl'TEK III. FHANCK ENTKKS THE FIELD OF DISCMiVERY. A'EKRAZANI, AN ITALIAN IN HER SERVICE. DISCOVERS THE COAST FROM THE LATITIDE OF TROPICAL PLANTS TO NEW YORK AND NEW EN(iLAND. HE LANDS IN THE GREAT HAY OF MAN- HATTAN. TiiK nt'xt n'connoissiiiu'o of t\w Vofsperic Atlantic cjoast tribes was niiulo l)y 1521 .loliu IK' W'rra/.iiiii. France wan not iniol).«crvant of events ])assing in the West Indies aiui Florida, and determined to siiare North America with Spain. Florida was then a L'eoiirajjliicid term, which comprehended all Noj'th America north of the Gulf of .Mexico.' Verra/.ani was a noted mariner in her service, an Italian, a native of Florence, who had l)een em|)lo\ed hy Franco for some time, with lour public vessels, in cruisinjr airainst the Spanish connnerce. Separated from his consorts in a tempest, hi' resolved to undertake a voyauft? ol" discovery, ami reconnoissance. of the then unbounded refiion of Florida, on the North Atlantic. He left the outer isle of the Madeira j-tou)) of liarren isles, called the Deserters, on the ITtli .laiuuiry, l')'2\. About the middle of March he made the coast, in latitude '-'A^. which is about the present position of Wilmiuirton. North Camliua.- Thence he saileil south in search of a harbor, to the ap[icaraMce oi' " Palm tives."' coiiseipiently to the area of South Carolina or fleorgia. He tiien cliangeil his course, lioldiug towards the north, and, running down the coast, with occM>ionai landings, till he reaehe(l his Ibrnier latitude, Ibund himself passing ti liat diluvial coast of sand hills and islets, peo})led with Indians, but without aliariior: he aucbored oil' the coast, and laniled. Tiii' Indians were in the greatest excitement, running to and fro in wonder and lear. Having, by signs of friendship, induced somi' of them to a[MiroacIi, they were gradually (luieted, and bri>uglit him some provisions. They were naked, save an aziaii,or small apron of furs. They ornanientfd their heads with bunches of leathers. They were well shaped, with black eyes, and straight black hair, and were \erv swift of ' Tlii-^ tiic't ii]\i»t 111' ri'iiM-iiilirn'cl ii_v iiMtunili'its in iiivi'~tii.';iliiiL' tlir liUtnrv iiii'l >|iiv;iil iif cuimlnipriN, ;i:i,| (itlliT spi'rii-^. >l:lUil tM ilili:iliit l-'jiiriib ill MOil. •' .N'lW y.iil; lli-t"rii';il ('■illi'itiniis. \'nl. I., |i. "2:!. Forstrr !•< ;_'rc;illy •iiit. in .-u|i[ici..in'_' tlii'^ plauc tu litivi; Iji'L'ii ill " .V''»' .I'-r-icv. "f Siii'Mi l-ijjn'l. mI- I, 'ii_' i«hiiiil " — /'"/■-'■/■'.« lovi;/!,--, [i. CM. WITH TIIH INDIAN TIlinES. 41 fii-oup iddle ol' tion of to the loorgin. coast, )iissiiijr without ri'iiti'.-^t lulsliii), 11 SlllU- lllClltcll swift tit' ■ ■A<. ;.;i,| tij liavo foot. It is liupossihle, from so gcnoric a iK'si:ri|)tioii. to ti'il wliat group of tribes he was miiouir, or what latituJe he was in. If he .s. The mouth of the haven lieth open to the t^outli. half a leaiiiie broad, and, bein.ir entered within it. between the east and the north, it stn'tchctii twelve leagues, wlien it weareth l)roader and l)roader, and nuiUeth a gulf about twenty leagues in compa.ss, wherein are live small islands, very fruitful and j)Uasant. full of high and bmad trees, among the wiiich islands any great navy may ride safe, without any tear of tempest or other danger." ^ 111 tills amjile harbor he remained lifteen days, during which he frequently sent his boat and ini'ii. and went ashore himself, to obtain sujiplies and examine the country. Soiiie of the men stayed two or three days on one of the islands. Their excursions extended live or six leagues into the interior, which was Ibund to be " pleasant, and well adapted to the purpo.ses of agricidture." With tlu' natives, who were, as we now know, of the Mohican family of the Algon- quins. he liad freiMieiit intercourse, and he speaks of them with kindness. They were miiformly friendly.' and always accompanied his parties, in more or less numbers, ashore, lie describes them as of a russet color, with large black eyes, black hair, of a good stature, well favored, of a cheerful look, ([uick witted, nimble and athletic. IIo compared them to Saractiis and <"hinese. The women wore ornaments of wrought cop|ier; wood oidy was used in tiie construction of their wigwams, which were covered with coarse matting, calicil by him "straw."' This is tiie lirst di.'scription we have, of the great Algonquin family of the shores of the north Atlantic. Verra/ani appears to have liad an aptitude for observing the cliaraitcr and t unditioii of the nati\es, and the geographical features of the country. The strong physical traits noticed by him, were conlirmed by tiie ob.servations. a hundred years later, of the respective landings in Virginia, under Kaleigli, by Ilud.scm in New York, and the English in Massachusetts. il» ii ' X.'W Y'irk lll-liii-ic-:il Cullcctiijlis, ^ Fiirstrr says. '■ Tin' tiiivc i;ri'iit <'iii|]ir('.s of tlioso tiiiics, Spain, Kii'.'lainl, ainl France, iiiajc. racli uf tlniii, use 111" an Italian to oondiirt tlii' voya'j-rs of iliscovcr)- srt on fool |i_v tliiiii. Spain cniplovcil Clii-islopln r ('.ilipii. a (icn ii'si'; Kiii;l:iMil. Si-liasllan ('allot, a \'c'nrtian ; ami ]-'raiii;c, .lolin do A'orrazani, a Moi-cnlinf." — llisliir;/ !•/ X^rflirni Vni/'iiji^ iiinl Jh'sruii'n'i .*. p. tod, ' Voya,L', folio edition, JtlllO * iiacIJiiyt, \,. ,'iUU. "• Vcrrazani's letter to I'rarii'is I. "^mt- WlTJl THE INDIAN TRIBES. 43 Having rclVoslied himself, and locruitod lii.s provisions at this jjoint, on the 5tli of May ho contiiuiud iiis voyage uortliward ; after a run of one hunih'ed and fifty leao-iies ' he discovered iiigh hinds overgrown with forests. The Indians were found to l)e of wivage habits. They lived on roots and other spontaneous products. A large party of the crow, who landed here, were received with a volley of arrows. lie continued his voyage to north latitude 50°, which, Forster observes, is almut the position of Naiii, on the coa.st of Labrador, and, having given the name of New France to his discoveries, he returned to Dieiipe, whence he writes his letter to Francis I., beariii" date Stii July, 1524. ' Tliu loagufs uf tlio early vopsrora must bu uoiiiputod iit twu iiiilus. Ill ' 1 ; '1 ! I I ! 44 F 1 K S T E r 11 1' E A N A (' Q V A 1 iN T A N (' V. I H J i if CIlAl'TKi: 1\. Sl'AlN i:.\lM,( I KF.S FLOHIOA. NAHVAK/, INVADKS TIIH INDIAN TKUIMTdl! V. AN l> l!l{lX(iS THE A IM' A 1, A(.' 11 I A N , OU FJ.OUIDIAN, cnori' (IK TiMiu-:s T(* our notici:;. We MIC iiiliinncii tliat tlii' nortiuM-ii ("oiists of tlio Mexican niilf Iiiul Iiccii oxjilorod as tarlv MS l"il(l. <'()i'(l(i\a discoviTi'd YiiciitMii in l")17. Mml. the I'oliowinii-vcMr, (IrizMlha coniiin'Mcvii an cxiilDrMtinn ot' tlii' Mexican coasts. Durin;;' tiic year wliicli witnessed the tail ol' the Mexican I'mpire. (l">Lii), (!aray receixcd a vinal patent to eoloniw the coasts ot' tlie Mexican jiulf. streteliinjr nortli of I'Mniico.' l'Mni|iliiiio de Nmi-vmc/ liMd heen defeateil. in 1-VJ(I, liy Corte/, at Zenipoala. in an atteiM|it to MiTi'st iiiiu in liis iniantliori/ed eareiT. After se\en years' attendance at tlie court of "^[lain, expended in vain elUirts to obtain redicss foi' a uross civil and niilitMry Avi'iini;'. lie retunieil to ('iil)M. witli the appointment of Ailalantado of I'Morida. and the jjrant of i'ldl jiowers to conipiei- and li'overn the country. It is allii'nie(l liy De \'aca, that he left Spain in .Inly, 1 -^liT. with six Innidi'cd men. well ollicered liy cavMliers and ,i;vntlemen. Owiuii to incidental di.'lays. at St. DomiiiLio and CmIim. it wms not nntil till' I'lth of April. l".liS, that he hnided at Tanipico Hay. in l-'lorida. His force had then Iteen redncecl to four himdreil men, and ti»rty-t\vo horses." AVith tliis small army he entered a connti'y. the L'coL'rajihical features of wiiicli opposed ureat olistacles to M direct inarch. It was covered with alti'rnate thickets, iapions. and swamps, and was soon loiuid to he unahle to yield an adeipiate suhsisteiice llir t'ither the men. oi' the ]ior>t'S. IJeside tills, Nar\aez had no interpreter thnainh whom he could eonnnunieate with the Indians. This was the more to he I'cuirited. heeause he was of a han;iht\- and im]ierious tem|ii'r. and aimed to strike terror into the nati\'es liy acts of t\raiui\- and cruelty. lie \\as thus continually exposed lo he misuudeistood and misajipre- hi'iidcd. To ferret the Indians out of their im|ienetralile juuLiles ami fastnesses. In' carriecl liloodhounds alonu' with him. lie ilid not apjiear to know that the Indians, inured to till' s<'\('rest \icissitudes iVom infancy, ami fortified li\- saNane maxims, from aL'c to ml;i'. are not possesscil of \('ry \ivid seiisiliilities : and that acts of harshness, cruelty. :iuil in jusliec. only ser\('d to infuriate and eiiiliitter tlK'ir minds. Within a ti'W li'a'jiies of his point of dep;irture from the coast, he came to the \illa,iie of a chief. |; Al.Tiln, Ktlinnln...;,;!! I!i'sr;iivli.-, \„\. |||.. |M.r,. lj>'i. WITH THE INDIAN TJllJiES. 45 V 4 t named llirriliiij^iia, wlioiii, lor fsoiiu' uoii-iu'rluriiiaiuv, it woiilil wcin. of a foriiior agrc'i'iiuiut, lie imitilateil by ciittinj;- oil' his iiusc, and also caused liis uiotiier to be torn in pieces by bloudiiounds. The presti^^e of this act, spreadiiij; aiuoiiy the natives, caused the name of Spaniard to be hated. ("aba de Vaea represents the toil, and privations endured on this mareh, to be be\oiid all precedent in civilized warfiire. Wlun tiie soldier liail journeved thronnh blind paths all day, he had nothing to relVesh him at ni^ht; and, at every defile, he Mas suiiject to be Iiarassed by a concealed Rie, who lied when attacked, and no ))odv ol" whom could be encountered together. The imwy was Ibrty-seven days in maivhin^' to the Sawanee river. IJut tailsome marches were the least ol" the dilliculties Narviiez encountered. Jt does not .seem ])o.ssible l()r a counnander to have evinced less knowledge of the geography and resoinves ol" the country. Jle had parted from Caba de \aca, m ho did not like him, and hail, after the llrst filteen days, absolutely no connnissariat. Jle Avas buo\-ed up with tiie prospect of soon arriving at ^oine populous .own. where lie might Hud resources; but in this he was deceived by rumors and by the guides, whom he took, and compelled to .serve him, beyond the Sawanee. Th(( Indian name of one town after another was constantly used, as some catchword to inspire hope. At leni:tli exptrtation was centred on the name of •' Apalache," For this point tiie army marciied with renewed exertions, and thither it eventually arrived. It appears to have been an Indian village, on the water.s of the Appalachicola river,' called by Narvaez '• Madalena." It consisted of Ibrty humide Indian abodes, covered with cam.' or thatch. "A dense ibrest of high trees, and several large bodies of water, surrouniled it. The adventurers Ibund lields of maize fit for i)lucking. Tliere was also some ripe as well as dried maize, and stone mortars wherein to pound it. There were dressed deer skins in the lodges, and some woven iiumtalets of thread, made from a species of hemp. At first the men had lied precii)italely. leaving the women and children; but, opening negotia- tions, they returned to beg leave to carry olf their families. Narvaez granted this, but det.iined tlu' chief, to .sei-e as a hostage for their good conduct. Next day thev made a fierce attack on hi.s camp, but he repulsed tiiein. killing one man. At Apalache he remained twenty-live days, recruiting the strength of his men. and of his horses. During tliis time, he procured soni.' information respecting the eountr\ . The Indians represented it as abounding in great lakes and .solitudes; that'its poi)nlation was small and scattere.l. there being i. , place at all e.pial to Apalache, where they then were. They stated that il was l,ut nine day.s' march soutli. to the sea, and that" there was a wealthy town in th;it direction, called --Aute." For this l,.cati,m Xarvaez therelbiv diivtel his course, but it .soon appeared that the Indians- estimate of a day's mareli was widely .lilfcrent from his. After travelling KlliM..li.^ic:il KrM'iiicliis, Vdl. III., J,. ;ii, I In I: M |:i|. # i: i :i» i 46 I'll,' ST KiliOl'KAN AC'^r AINTANCE til'ti'cii (lii\'-. !u' Mi'iivcd ;il •■Ante;" Imt liis jdunicy tliitlii't- Wiis olisti'iiclcd liv liii'fin liiMlii's of water, in the piissiiuv tliniiii^li wliii'lu tlic liulliiii^ iittackcd the Spiiiiiarils witli i iTdws. killinir .'iml woiiiidiiij; .snui' nl' tlic iiicii iiiid liorscs. Tlicsi' Indians were men 111" lini' statnrc. lircat activitv. and cxiHTt and accnrato liow-nion. In tlic.-^i- sUirmislu'S two of till' natives were killed. The town was t'oinid to have been abandoned, lint the neii;hl)orinjr (ields vielded an abundant snpply of niaiw, lieans, and imnipkins. ]\\ tiiis time, enouiili was aseiTtained toemivinee Narvaez that a part ol" his lollowers were enf;a,i:ed in a consitiraey. Nothing had transpired as had been expected. There Were iH'ilher rich towns, nor mines, nor evidenees of any hit:h or res]iei'table art. or <'iviii/.ation. They had found hostile tribes, separateil by impassable fastnesses, and a (•(luiitry de.-titute of resources. Narvaez was unwtdl himself, his men dispirited, his liorsi's redueed to skeletons, and everything' presi'ntin,!^' the worst aspect. In this exiiieiiey he resolveil to lind thi' sea, by journeyinj; alonji' the baid^s of the river, and. ha\iiijr done this witiiout linding his lleet. he eneani[ied at its mouth. desi,i;ninu to build l)oats with which to explore the coast towards the west. Hut how was this to lie done witiiout means, or tools'.' While pondering;' over his dilliculties, a soldiei' eanii' to him, and said, he could make pipes of wood, and eoiufit them into liellows by the aid of deer skins. The idea was instantly acte. to liiivi' ilicvl in ,i vajrucly apiiliod to tlio.-^f tribes; Fioiidii. it«'ll'. liciiii: u cliiiiiiriiij:. vacillatiiiL', and 1- 'iilnMliiip ti'i-iii. Mdbiliaii is, likewise, a word rclatin;,' parlieularlv lu tlie Clioetaws and ('liiekasaH> .^l il.seoL'ee refers only to tlu' Creeks. Tlie term I'teliees is ((iiito local. Of tli(^ broader term, Cbieoivan, it appears lo nler exclusively to tribes wlio lived on the se.i coasts of Carolina and (ieorjiia, and wbo preeedi'd tin' coniiuj^ of tbe Creeks, Clioclaws, and Chieka.saws, fmiii tbe wesl. Tlie Xatebez wen- also a prior and distinct oleinont. So wore the Clierokees, wbo would appear, by some tbiiiL's, to be tbe Albgbewi of tbi^ l.enni benaiiees. "I !. 'i I 48 Fill ST ElKurKAN AC g T A I M AX Ci: I Mi 4 :lH , ! * I I ^'1 C11AI'TKI{ V. FRAXCK IlKSIMKS IIEIJ D ISCO VK 1! I KS. THE A l-(i ON ( i r I NS A 1! K ForXI) TO INIIAIUT THE ATLANTIC COAST. NoKTIl. 11' TO THE ItlVEK ST. I,A\Vl!ENCi;. TIIEV A H K S C CC i! E I» E D IX I'OSITlOX, IN AS( ENDlXd THAT VAI.IJIY, 1!Y TIIM 1 1! (XJ I () I S. Till-: ADViVjv (if \'crrii/.aiii. iiiultT tlic French llai;'. iiniiiiisinu hut trilliiii;, (ir no l').'!4 iidvantage to tlir rt'\('iiiii's of Fraiicc. atti'actfd little attention, and was. lor some time, lin-^otten. In l'):ll. tlie admiral. I'lnlip Clialiot. repi'eseiited to the kini:' the aihanlaijcs tu he derived I'rom sharini:', with Spain, the rich ]ii'i/.e ol >iorth America, hv eslahlisiiinji' a colony. In accordance with this suLiiicstion. Jacques ('artier, of St, .Malo. in Normandv. was presented to the Uiiii;-. r the unilertalliinii \(ssels. .lean Denis, a native of Itonen. one of the.-^e li.-hernien, is said to lia\c pnhlished the lirst chart of it in I'lnil. Two years afterwards. Thomas Aubert liroULfht the lirst nati\es from New t'omidland to I'aris. and this is the era. l"i(IS. coimuonly as-ii;ne(l us the di>co\ery of Canada. The St. Lawrence i'eniaine(l. lio\\e\ei'. undisco\ered ; nor does it appeal' that anylhin:.;'. liexond a j^cneral ami vaLTUe knowieif.;e (jf t!ie e(jast. and of its islands, had tlu'U heeii a.si't'rtaini'd. The idea was still entertained (indeeil. it will Im' seen, hy suhseipient facts), tluit .\merica was an island, and that a ])assa,;i-e to the .\siatic continent existed in those latitudes. On the lilst of .May. Cartiiu- continued his voyajc. sailing;- "north and ])y east" from WITH Till'; INI) IAN TIMIiKS. 4)t 1 ciiiif Miioiiii V'istii. iiiul iiiTi\t'il lit till' Isle of IJinis. s(i iiiiiiuMl oil iii'coiint of tiic unusiuil iilpimil.iMci' uf M'li-iiiwl I'oimil upon it. witli tin' yuiiii:: of wliicli tiif iiirii lillcil two lioats ; '• SCI tli;it, " ill llir i|Uiiiiit liiii.aiiii.^i' of tin- Joiiriml, •• hc-^idi's tlu'iii wliii'li \m' iliil fiit iVi'sli, fviTV sliip iliil [HiwiliT anil salt livo or six harri'Ls." Ili' iilso olisoi'vi'il tlir jioilwit. ami a lap'i'r, but vifimis liinl, which rewivi'il tho iiaiiii.' of inart;anl\-. While at this i>lanil. tliiv (li'si'iii'il II iHihir ht'iii", which, in their pivsenei', K'a[)eil into the sea. and thus osciipi'il. Suiis('(pn'iitly, wliili' crossiim' to the main laiiil, they encounlereil, as siijiposeil, the same uniinal, swiinininu' towards land, and, " liy main streiiiith o\-ertook her. whose llesh was as j.'ooil to be eaten as the llesh of a calf two years old." This liear is (leserilieil to have been, "as larue as a cow. and as white as a swan." On the "JTth, Curtier reached the harbor of " Carpiint," in the bay of ■• [ics Ciiastcaiix." latitude "il", where, on account of the accnmnlatioii of ice, he was constrained to lay 1)\ until the !Hli of .liiiie. The narriitor of the voyaire describes certain iiarts of the coast of Newfoundland, and adjoininj;' seas, the islands of St. ( 'atlieriiie. IJlaiic Sablon, Jiiest. the Isle of IJirils, and a numerous ,<:roup of islands, called The islets; but these mciuoranihi are miconuected with any iiu[)ortaiit obsi-rvations or disco\-eries. S|ieakiii,;;- of the island of JJrest and IJird island, he says, they adiird '• ureat store of addw its. and crows with red beaks and red feet." which '• make their nests in holes mideriiroiind. even as conies." Near this locality '•there is irreat fishinii'" On the KHIi of June, he entered a port in the newly discovered island of JJrest. to ])rocure wood and water. Meantime, boats wi-re desjiatehed to I'Xplore the islands, which were found to be so numerous '"that it wa.s not possible they uu'Aii be toM, for they coiitiinied about ten lca,u;ne.s beyond the said port." 'J'lie ex[)loreis slejit on an island, iind the following' day continued their discoveries alom;' the coa-t. lla\in;:- ]iassed the islands, they found a haven, which was named St. Anthony, and. one or two leagues beyond, discovered a small river named St. Servansport. where the}- reared !i cross. Distant about three leaiiues from tho last mentioned, another river of larjier size was discovered, in which salmon was found. Upon this stream they bestowi'd the niiiiio of St. .lacipics. Wliilo at St. Jacques, they descried a .ship from Eochelle, on a fishing- cruise, and. nnvin.ir out in their boats, directi'd it to a ])ort near at hand, in what is called "Jacipies Caitier's Sound," "which," adds the narrator, " 1 take to be one of the best in all the world." The face of the country examined by the exiilorers was. howe\-er. of the must sterile and foibiihlinu- character, being little else than " stones and wild crags, and a place lit for wild beasts ; for in all the north island," he continues. •• I did not see !i cart-loail of good earth. Yet went 1 on shore, in many places, and in the island of White Sand (IManc Sablon) there Is nothing else but moss and small thorns, scattered here and there, withered and dry. To be short. I believe that this was the land that God allotted to Cain." Immediately following this, we have the lii'st account of the natives. The new Vol.. Vl— 7. 'I 1^ I !■*! M VI I! ST I-; I I!(M'I:A N A((.>I \ i nta n ck mv ilr-iTilicil IS liciiii:' "til' nil iiiililliTi'iil himiI ^l;itiin' iiinl lii'^iii's-'. Inil wilil iiml iiiinily 'l'lif\ wv.w their liiiir linl cm tlif 1'<\k like ii wrnitli o\' li;i_\. iiinl piil ;i ssudilcii |iiii williiii it. 'ir !in\ citliiT .iiii'li lliiiiLT. iiiolcail iil' a iiiiil. iiml willi iIk'Iii tlit'v liiinl (H'i'taiii l)ir(ls' lliitlifis. 'I'lifV iiic cliillicd willi l)i'ii!.iiiii'\\ hal slrailcr ami closer in their L'arnients than the men tin. with iheii' waisles iiiiiK'd. TIicn paiiil tiieinsehes with eeilaiii inan (■(ijnin's; tlieir JMials are iiiaile nl' the liarl\ d' hiivli ti'ees, with wiileh they li>ii, and tal\e ,t;reat store of seals. Anil, as tar as \vi' eoiild understand sinee oiir I'oininu' tliither. that is not their haliitation. hut they came from tiie main land, out ot /ml/ir' coiinlries. to catch the saiil seals, ami ofiier necessaries lor tin ir liviiii;." Kroiii this exiiloratiM'y tiip. the Imat- returned, on tliel'Ilh. to the newly stsled harlior of Uiest. On the I I ill, heiiiL;' tiie Sahhath. service was read, and the lollowiii;:' da\- ('artier continued his \u', iie. steeriii:; soiillu'rly. alout: the coast, which still wore a most liarreii and cheerless aspect. Much ol' this part of the narrative is occiijiied wilil the details of di.-l mces anil sdtiudiii'js. as well as tiie deiiiiiiiiiiatinii of capi's and i>iaiids. ol' vi'iy lillle iiitere.--t at the pre.-eiit day. On tiie l>tli. the \i)\a'jers saw a lew huts upon tlie (dills, anil named this part ol'the coa>l " Les (iraii'ics." hut they did not stop to I'liiiu any acipiaintanee with their tenants. Cape l!oyal was pii-^sed. and duly named, on the 17th. and i< dociilieil a-^ " llu' iireate.-t li>her\ ol' cods tliere po>sil)l\- ma V lie. 'or in less than an hour we took an Imiidred of tlieiii." ( )n the 'J Ith, tin' i.'-jaihl ol' St. .loliii was di>coveivd. Myriads of liirds were seen npou the i:foup of islands named •• Mai>;anl.\." Ii\e kaiiies westward of which (hey discoxcred a lari^c, fertile, and well-tiiulii'red i~laiid. to which the name of •• liiion" was ui\-en. The coii- lra>t pre-eiited liy the soil and prodiiclloiis of tlii.-- island, compared with the lileak and wa>te shores they had previously \ i-ited, arousi'd their warm adiiiiratioii ; ami. under the ildlueuce of this e.xeiteim'lit. they here saw "wild corn." peas, uooselierries. straw- herries. da.mask roses, and jiaiv-ley. "with other sweet ami pleasant lierhs." Here, also, lhe\ oliseiMil th(? walrus, hear, and wnlf. \'ery little can lie Lileaned from llie su!ise((iienl details of the voya'.:e, until tiie arrival (if the expeilitiou ill the (iulf of Si. Lawi'eiice. .Mi>ts, head winds, haireii rocks, sainK shori's. storms, and suii-hiiie. alternate in the laml.-;ca[ie pre.-eiited to \iew. Much cautimi was olo^'rvcil in tackiii;..: hack and foi'lli. on an iron-lioiiml coa>t. and the hoats were fre(|Uently made us.' of in exploriiiL' the shores of the nuiiii land. \\'liile thus em|iloyed near a >liallou- stream, called the " Kiver of lio.its." they saw natives cros.-iii^- il in their car.oes. luit the wind coinineiiciii:: to hlow toward the land, tliev were com- jielled to retire to their vessels without opening.- any cummnnication with them. On tho following day. while the hoats were tr.iversing the cua.^'ts, tliuy saw a native running' ' I ll:iliri>c lliL' wiini "irittrr," t.j cf ii,jt.' tiii.' iii\v;ilrut lliinry. Tiny wiiv .^carL■!lilu; fur Cliina, lU' tliu l-'.;i>t Imlics. WITH TlIK INDIAN T I! II! MS. ftl :iiii\!il s, siiiicjv Mud. ic 1mi:iIs lilc tlllis crds.-iiii:; •If ciini- ■III. On niiiiiiiig ii:i, 111- lliu itl'lci' ill. Ill aliiii;; llu' IkmcIi. hIm) iiiailc ^Il'Iis liiit cliii;^ lliciii. as tlirv ,Mi|i|inMMl, (n ivtiini tuuar.l till' caiii' tlicy liuil Irl'l. As soon as llic Imats tiiniril. iinwi'scr. lie IIimI. I.iil, iuiiwi(li>lai iliii^;'. tlii'V laiidcil, ami I'astciiin.i;' ii kniri- uiul ii wduIIi'M ;:irillo tu an ii|(ri,::lil ^lall'. as a ^u tlifir vi-s.-ds. 'I'liis hart III' till' Ni'wiiiundiauil cuast iiiiincs.-ril iln'iii as lii'ini;- ^rcatl^N siipi'i ior. Imlii ill soil anil t( iiiiii'nitnri', to tin? pdrtinns wliicli tiu'V liad Inline seen. In iulililiim td till' iirodiK tiiiiis iircv ioii>l y ronnd at IJrinn's island, llii'v iinlii'id (cdnrs. ]iin(s, wliiti- tdin. a.-li. \\illo\v. and wiiiit air dcn.iniiiiattd "fwc lives." Aiikhi'.: tiic li'allii'ivd trilirs, tliti •• llini>li and stnckdovc" arr niriitiinnMl ; tlic latter, witlidiil doiilil. ImJh': llie iiassciiiier |ii:.;eon. 'I'lie " w ilil (-(prn. " here a;:ain inenlimied, is said tu lie •■like unln r\e," riiiiii wliii'li it may lie inlencd that it was tlie /i/,ania. alllu)ii.:li the eiivmii>taiiee i,r its hein.i;' ir.i aijiiatic |ilant is nut nieiitiniied. Wliile ninnin;.'' aloii;:' tliis (•(last, Cartiei' appears to lia\i' lieeii eniirnssed with the idea, so prexaleiil anion;.'- the mariners nl' that era. (if lindimi a pa^saue Id India, and il was pi'dlialih' (III this iiiTdunt, that lie made ^[n\t a minute examinatinn dl' e\eiy inlel and lia\. as well as ^\[' the prdduetidiis nl' the snil. \\'lieiie\er the latter allinded aii_\ ihiiiii hivoralile. there a]ipears to havi' heeii a .-^tidu.; predispusitiuii to ailmiiatinii. and tu deri\e iid'ereiiees therelidin (-drrespdiidenl with the |ire-e\isiinu- tlicdi-y. it mu>t he recdlleeled thai. se\eiity-li\e years later. Iludscm enleriaiiied similar iidtidii-^. w Idle sailini;' up the Ndilji l!i\er. ]lence, the applicatinn d|' several impi'dpei' names \n the animals, as well as to the prndiietidns id' tliesi' latitiidi's. and the appan-ntly edn>taiit cxpeetatidii ol" hehdldinji' trei'S laden with fruits and spiees, "ii-dddly trees," and ■• \fvv swi'et and pleasant herh-^." That the hairen ami lrii;id shores dl' Lalnaddr. and the norlhein parts dl' .New iiiiindland. .-^hduld have heeii chaiartei-i/ed as a reiiidU slilijeet to the l)i\ine curse, is iidt ealeulated to e\eite so much surprise, as tiie disposition i'\iiiced, with escry con.-itieralile chan-e of soil and Ncrdiire. to cdnvert the raxored rcLiidii into a land dl" oriental rinitriilness. It i\i\i'<. not appear to ha\e heeii siillicieiitl\- miderstddd, that the increased \-erilure and elc\-alidii dl' temper;iture were, in a ureal measure, owiii;; to the advancing- state ol' the .-reason, ('artier arrived oil' the i-oast on the lOlh of ."May, and prdlonueil his stay thrdUuh .Inly. Now. however, il is verv generally known, that the summers in hi-h nortiiern latitudes, althontih short, an? iiltemled wilii a iireat deuree dl" heat. On the :id of duly, ('artier enlered the i^ulf. |o which, iliirin:;' a sidisequent \ii\a'ie, he nave the name, St. Lawrenci-, the centre of which he states to he in latiludi IT :'iii'. On the 1th, he proceeded up the hay to a creek called St. Martin, near IJaie du Ciialeiir, where he was detained ei,L;lit days liy stress of weallier. While at anchor there, one df the ship's hoats heing sent till' to make expldrations in advance, prdceeded scm'ii nr ei-ht leagues, to a ca[ie df the hay. where two parlies u[' Indians. - iu ahoul fniv or lil'ly canues," were ohserved crds.-in- the channel. One of the parlies lauded, and beckoned to the e.viiluiers to follow- their e.\.-imple, •• imikiii-- a iireat noise," and showimr T ''■ IIIh li! nil i A3 11 i;sT i:r iioi'iiA n a rt. r a i nt a nck '• I'ci'liiiii f>l\iii< ii|ii)ii |iii'(T- (pT wixiil." /. /. rri'^li-^ti'i'trlii'il slxiiH; Imt. I'lMriiij' llirir iiiiiiilii'iN. llic si'Miiii'M l\t'|>t iiliiiil'. 'I'lii' lii'liniis ill twii t'Miiiii's |ir<'|i:ii'i'i| Id jiiljciw tlii'in, ill Wllii'll IIKiMIIIi'llt lIli'V Well' iiiilU'il 1p\ li\C (Millies III' liic iiljii'l' |);lllS. "wlin Wi'li' t'Diiiiiiu iViPiii ilic i^i'ii siili'." 'I'lii'v M|iiii(),ii'lici| ill a riioiiiMv ni;iiiiiri'. ■•(laiuiiij-. iiinl iiiiiUiiii;' iiiiiii\ iiiiiiiii'c.stiitlini"* (if Jciy. i^iiniii;', in tin ir luii'^iit', Nupew Iniiiliiiin'ii :i>^-*iiiiliili. " ' 'I'lii' )*t'iiiiu'ii. liciwi'MT, Mispcctiii'.' tlii'ii' iiitiiiliuiis. iiiid Hiiiliiiir it iiii|Mis- ^il^ll■ 111 flmli' IJli'lll \<\ lliiillt. ili-'iii;irL'c'il two .sIkiIs tlllioiiv lliclll. IpV wllii'll ll|i'\ \M If Ml ti'rrilii'il, iIimI iIii'\ Ik'tl iir('('i|iitiitilv In tin' >liiiii'. " iiiiiUiii.ir ii ijinit iini.-c." Al'tri' liiuisiiiLiMiiiH' tiiiif. till' •• wild iiu'ii" ic-i'iiiliiirUi'i! iiinl rciicwcd tlu' imi'siiit. Init. iifli'i' ciiiiiiii:: aliin'j>iili'. tlifv wriv so tiTriru-d Kv tlic tliiii>ts of two laiu'cx, tliiit tlic\ iij;iiiii lli'il ill iiMstr. mill iiiMili' 111! I'lirllii'i' iilii'iii{il III liilliiw. This iljipi'ars In liiixc lirrll till' lir-t li'llrmitli' ul' till' >li!p's crews witli the iialivcs. (hi the lullow iiiL' dav. liy lilt' appniaeii dl'said "wild men" in nine eaiiues, an interview was iirini'^ht alinut. wliieli is thus deseiilied : •■ We lieiii'r adseiti^ed i\l' their emniin:, went In the piiiiil. wlleie they Were willl iiur liiials; lint Si) .sunn as they saw lis tliey lii'ijan III llee. iiiakiii'i' si'.:lis that they eailie tii trailie with lis, shnwill;;' lis slieli skins as lliey elnllieil theiiiveUes willial. u hiih are 111" small value. Wo likewise made siuiis until them that we wished them no evil, ami in si;ill tliel'i'iil". (wn nl' nlir men Vt'lltlUed til eii nil land 111 them and carry them knives, with olliei' irmi wares, and a red hat In !;ive iiiitn their captain. Which, when they saw. they also came mi land, .'ind Inniiuhl .'•nme nl' their skills, and sn lie'illll III deal with IIS. .seeinill'J' «n he \-ery cjlad tn lia\e nlll' iinii wares and niher things, still daiiciii;;. with many other ceremonies, as with their hands to cast sea vvater mi their lieaiN. 'I'liey ^a\e ns whatever tlii'V had. imt keepiie,' aiiuhiii'j, sn that tiny were constraliied to ijo hack aiiain naked, and made .siiiiis that the next ilav they would eoiiie a'.'ain. ;iiid hriiiL; more skins with thiiii." ( •lisei'viiiL: a spacious liay. exteinliiii;- lieyond the cajie where this interview had lieeii opened, and the wind proviii'.; adverse to the vessels (piittiicj- the harlior. ('artier iles|iatclieil his hoats to examine it. jiiithe jiiirpose ol' asceitainiii'.: whether it iiiii;lit not alliird the desired passaue : fur it mii-t he kept in mind, that he was dili'jeiitly seeking!: the loii^--iiii'.;lit passable to the liiilian (teem. While enira'j-ed in this examination. Iii.s men discovered ••the smokes and lires" ol' wild men" (the term coiist.anlly used in ihe narrative to desi'inate the natives). 'I'liese siuiis were oliservi-d upon the shores ol' jv siiiiill lake, i.'oiimiiiiiicatiini' with the hay. .\ii amieaMi' interview resulted, the natives pri'seiitiiiL' to the navigators cooked se.il. and the I'leiieh makiici- a siiilalile return •• in lialehets, knives and lie.ids." .M'ter llie-e preliminaries, which were eonducted with coiisideralile caution, liy deputies rruui hoth sides, the male ii.itives approached ill their caiKn's. (ill' the purpose ol' I raDickiii'j. leaviiiL' most of their ramilies lieliind. .Mmut -'A^f) ' " Niiprw" iiiniiis 111:111, ill tin- Shi -li:it.i[ -h. ur l,;ilinii|(ir. •• .\;ilj;i" H a iiialr, in llir Al jnii,|iuii. || is tlicri'l'niv it:i-"Ii;i1i1.' t.i i-niic'lii.li' llril llir-r HiT.' ;i |i:irly nl' .""la-lKilai >li lliilialis, wIi.im; hin;.;ii:iu'i' imivci lluiii tn hi' kiinlrr.l with tin; L'niit \ii:n|i,|uiij i'.,iijiK. : : MS WITH Til M I Ml I \N Til 1 I'.KS. AS ml liccii ('iirliiT •ht not lillll. liis ill till' res dl' !l natives urn •■ in i\ wilh in liii'ir out :l(ill . It is |Mi)VUH liitliiiiMiirii. XMinii'M. ami cliiMrrn. wciv ( It^- .■»iii,nin;r iiml ilamin^r. as aUo In nilihini: tlicir liaiiili niioM llif aiiiii oC tlifir l'aMo|n'aii vi.-itms. iiml lln'ii lil'iinjj tlifiii up towanls ilic lii'u\ciif<. All ii|iinii'ii i.si'\|irf^Mil tiiiil llicM' iK'npli' (wlici were in tiu' iMi^iiiim a^Miiincil In lilt' .Miiiiiac.o. ill lillH), ill Mr. (iallalin'scllinoliiuii'iil iiia|i.) ini-lit vcrv ni^iiv lie cimviilicl Id ('liri-li,.iiil\ . ■•'I'lii'V ;;'"." >*a_\s llu' iianalnr, ■• IVdiii [dace to pliicc. Tlicv li\i' niiiy |i\ ti>liiii.;. 'I'lii'v have nil uiiliiian linn- to ii>li liu' lluir |ii(i\iNinns, Tlic cniintn is /iii/t, r iliaii iIh' cKimtiv nl' S|piiin. anil llic l'airi'.>t that I'lm [mssililv In' tiiiiml ; altniictlicr siiiDulli ami li'vcl." Ill iiililitinii to till' proiliictions lid'ort' noticcil. as imliiiciioiis mi ill ion's i>lanil. kS;i'.. ami w iiirli were lik> w i-o roiiml licrr. In- cnnini'ratcs •• \n liitc ami iimI rox'S. willl liiailN oilier llov'ersof w-\ sweet iili'l liieiisilllt fllli'll." " There lie also," sa\s the joiinialist. •• man v ■oodlv ineailows iiili >!' ^rass. ami lakes wliereiii iileiitv of salmon lie." 'I'lie natixes ; ijled a halehet. ('i>f/ii. ami a kiiiti-. /li'on.' It was al this lime near the miiidle of .Inly, ami the le^rei- of heal speiieiiceil on the e\eniv>ion imliii'ed Cariier to name ihe inlet, i^iie d, s'haloiir; ii name it still retains. On tlie rjlli of .Inly. Cartie ' lel't hi> > txn'iiij;^ k' St. iNLiriin's creek, and iiroeeeded ii|i the ;.;idt'; hut eiieoiinteriiiir had weuther. lie wir '')reed into a hay, wliieh appears tu have heell (iaspe. where one of the sessids lo> Kv ' ain'lior. They were liil'eed to tak(( slieller in a ii\er of lliat liay. ami were ihe-'e detaiiu'ii tliir' •ti days. .Meanwiiile. they opeiieil nil intei'eoiirse willi tile iiativ s, wi:o wei'e I'oiiiid ill ^real mimliers, I'lifraired in li>iiiii^ for mackerel. l'"orty ciiiioi's. and two hiimlreil men, \vomcii. Mid 'hildreii, were estimati'd to lia\e heeii seen diiiiii;:' their deli iition at tliis place. I're- ut - of ■• knives, coiitlis. hcaiN of Lilass. and other Irillcs of siiiidl value," were made to tiie Indians, liir which lliey esprcssed ureal thankfulness, liftim^ up their iiamls, and damiiiii- and siii'^inj;'. Tlii'se (Iaspe Imliaiis are ri'prescnted as ditleriiii:', holh •• iiMiatiiri' and lanuiiaiic," I'roiii those liefoie mentioned, heiiiu ahjci'tly poor, hut partially clothed iu "old skins," ami possessed of no tents to protect them fiiiiii the weather. *■ Tlie\- imn." sa\s the joiirnalist, "very well ami truly he called iri/i/, liecaii-.e llii're is no poorer people in the world; for, I think, ail they had together, hesides tlieir IkmIs ami nets, was mil worth live sous." The, ; > cd their heads, with thu excejitiou of a tuft on the cimwh ; sheltered themsches ai .: iii Under their canoes, on tiie hare Lii-d nd. and ,ile their provisions Inii p:irtially cooked. They were iinaiipiainteil with the u . of .snif. aiii) •■ate iiolhiuii that had any taste of salt." On Cartier's lirst lamliiej: ainoiiL' them. iIm- men expit'ssed tli"ir joy, as those at Male (111 ( 'haleiir had done, hy siiiiiiici- ami dam-iiej ; hut tliiy liii'i ;■ 'lit all their wciineii, except two or three, into the woods. A coinh ;tiid a till liell, ,L;iven to each of the wotneii who had ventured to remain, excited the av*ricv ' K"-l iiMil l!;ilil,..ri. TIicM' :iiv II. ,t till' t.'i-iii« u.-ol t'l ili>i-ii;itr a iiatrlut am! a kiiilV, iiriilici- in tliu Miuliiai'. ill till' iilil Al;.:'>iii|uiii, im>i' in llio \V\aiiiliil. im 1 1 ^'1 i i I w l. r.-t I'll! ST K I' IJ O I' E A iN A C ( • T A 1 X T A N (.' K (if llio uu'ii. wlio i|iiii'kly hroiiulit tla'ir womi'ii, to tlic iiuiiihcr ol' ;ilH)iit twciilv. I'nuii tin' woods, to I'iU'li of wlioiii tlio siimo prosi'iit was iiiadc. They carcssi'il Ciirtu'r liy tniicliiiiu- ami niMiiii;: liiiii with tlK'ir hands, ami also siiiijxaiid daiici'd. Their iicls wiTi^ iiia'w (if conv(yin,u' them to France, ami. on the followiu;^ day, set sail up tlie ,;:idf. After makini:- some fnrthi'r explorations, and lielnu' foiled in an attempt to enter the mouth of a river, ('artier heiian to think of returninii'. lleini;' alarmed hy the rapidity of the tide seltinL;' (ait of the St. liawreiice riser, ami the weather lieeomin;,;' remarkalily tempestuous, he asseml)le(l his euptaius and principal men in council, 'Mo put the (piestioii as to the expe(lien(y of eontinuir.L;' the \dya.;i'. " Thr result oi their deliheratious was as follows: Con^iderin.;' the e:.;sterly winds lie_:an to pre\ ail. '• that there was nolhiu'^ to lio pitteu ;" the impetuosity of the tides was such "that they did hut fall," and storms and temp' -t-^ lieiiinniim to rei^n, it was eviilent that they must either prompth' riii.rn home, ore.e remain where they wcri' until sprim;. I uder these circmustances it was (lccide(l to he e\[iedii'ut to return : and with this counsel ('artier complied. Mo time was lo>t in rctraciu'^ their route almiL; the \ -u fuimllaml coast, ami thev ai-ri\ed ;it the port of ■■ While Sand-" on the I'th of .\uuusl. ( )n the I'jth. heiu'.: ■'the feast of the .\ssumption of our f/idy." after the ndi'^ious ser\iees df the da\- were concluded, (Jartier set sail for Franee. ••Al)nut the middle of the sia" he eneonuteiv'l a liea\\- storm of three (la_\s' enntinuance. and an'i\cd at the poll of SI. .Malo. on the oth of Septeinlier. alter an ali-ence ol I'oiir months and sixteen da\s.' ' Ih.rKhot. WITH TIIK IMMAN TJMIJMS. CHAPTKK VI. ■CUT III: I! i;\ I' LOCATIONS I\ THE ST. LAWIIHNCE VALLEY, T.Y THE I'll EN CH. lU'StlOll ins WMS iiiilliiii'^ 1." ami nmiiitly istancfs .1. No :irii\ I'll l^a^t. iclmlcil, li('M\y •"illi III" 'rm: accomit wliich Cartior gavo oi' lii.s discuvcrios, and Hk; ])r(isp('r'tivo . ■:; lii'nclils tlicivlVoni iironiiscd to tlio i'ntinc t'onnnorcc of Franco, vcM-ilicil as tlii' l-j.'JJ }^ narrative was. bv tlio urosfnce ol' Dimiaiuaia and TaiLinoaunN'. tlic two Iroiiuois ">, ■ .. . ' ' ' ■ . ... :3i tai)ti\cs. iuduci'd tlio Vice- Admiral Mrllt'ra\' to ri'conunrnd liini to the IviuLi' lor furtlicr fC I ' ' ■M ciiiployniriit. Accoidiii.uly, early in tlie spring of 1 '):>•'), lie was ])lacc'd in coimnand of :^ anotlu'r sipiadron. ('onsistiiig of tliroo ships, well provisioned and manned, for tlio W. ]iurpose of r-till further prosecuting his researches in those latitudes. On the (ith of !\la_\ . lie. together with the crews of Ids vessels, attended ili\ ine service at the cathedral (if St. .Malo, where tlu\y received the ecclesiastical benediction, lie sailed from St. ■^ Malo on the T.ith of May, taking with him a nund)er of younu' gentlemen, who were ^ ambitious ;o seek their fortunes under his au-^ lices. On the outward [lassage a seNcre tiMiipest was eui'ountered. during tin- cH)ntinuauce of which tln' vessels parted conijianv. ('artier arri\i'd at Xewfoundlaud on the 7th of .luly. where, after waiting until the 2iilh. he was rejoined In- the rest of his sipiadron. The succeediuLi' day he carrfulK' continued his \dyage along tin' coast, taking soundings, with the \ iew of linding good- anchor-L^round. and tracing out the bays and Iiai'bor.s of this dangx'rous localitv. Oil the Mb of .\ugust lie eutt'red the gulf visited by him the previous \ear. and now named it the St. Lawrence. After some prtdinunary reconnoissanees of the capes, as also of the main land, and obtainiuu more delinite information concerning the geographv of t!ie country, from Domaigaia and 'I'aiguoagny. who accompanied him. he ,«ailed up the ri\er. and. on the I si of September, amdiored at the mouth of the Saguena\' river, which locality a|ipeared to lie familiar to the two captives. At this jioint the explorers met four canoes containing Indians, who i'\inced their usual caution and sluness; but. being hailed by the ca]iti\(' iroipiois, they came freely alongside of the shijis, anil a friendly interview took place. As ('artier continued to advance up the river, the tides attracted his notice, as beiu" very swift and (hneaerous. TortoiM's were Ibuud in this \ieiuity. and tin' the lirst time they here observed the sturgeon, which is iironounced "saxourx and liood to lie eaten." After ascending lor seven ilays, the vessels reached the island of Orleans, where. t \ M V 1 1: s T i: r i! < ) v v. a n a ( ' *,> r a i n t a x ( ' k liii\iiiir ciist aiiclior. lie oiiK rcil tlic liouts to lie immiiiil'i]. iiiid went nsliorc, tiikiiiir witli liiiu l)i)iiiiiit;iiia and 'l'Mi;^ni).iL:nv as intcrprctoi's. tludinili wliosi' inlliu'iu'c tlu' Irars df tlio Indians wciv apin'asi'd. and a IVicndly ll'idirii;- ostalilislii'd. Tin' laltci' (■\in('i'd lliuir \ov ]t\ dancini;'. and loadi'd him witli })rc'si'nts. cdniprisinii' i^cvci'al sorts ui' lisli, and a laivc (luantity of tlio zca niai/o, called "iircat inilii't." On the ibllowing day, the chiel' Donnaconna. aeeonqianied hy his entire band, arrived in twelve eanoes, ten of wliieh he directed to stoi) at a distance, and with tiie other two lie pnlled toward t'artier's sliij). Donnaconna stood u[) as he approached, and, with vioU'nt licsticulations, addressed ('artier in a lonu' speech. The cajjtives related to Idin what tiie_\- had seen abroad, and how kindly they had been ti't'ated. with which Donnaconna was so nuudi jtleased. that he desired CartiiM' to extend his arm over tlu; side of the vessel, that lie niiulit kiss his hand. He then laid Carticr's arm Ibndlinuly abont his neck, whereupon the latter descended into the chief's canoe, and, havimr ordere(l brciid and wine to be l)roUL:ht. they ate and drank together, and parted nnitnally iiraliiied with the intei'view. Thus happily commenced the intercourse of the French witii the iroipiois. Cartiei'. havinu: iletermine. Mats having iieen spread I'ov him. he was ci'reiimniously seated, and was soon j'oined Ijy WITH TIIK INDIAN TllinES. 57 tt." cliiol", Airoiihiinun, an old iiiiiii iilllictcd with \>;\\al. llaAin;.: askeil tin; Indian.s the name of the ailjaceut eountrv. they replied, •• (Janada;" havinji, without douht, understood liim as relerrinu *.( the town. Thus liavin.ii'. on tlio -'Id of October, l-")-'!"), tonninated this eventful interview, ('arlier hastened to return. Fa\()red hy hotli wind ami tiile. li'j reached liis vessel in Lake St. iV'tcis on the followin.u' day, and the; post of tlie 1I* ' i IJ i:\l'l-:i)ITI()N OK l)R SOTO to FLOIUDA. AIM'A I,A(JJII an ^troiis tei'niination of the eN|iedition of Narvaez. Ferdinand de Soto detennini'd to eti'eet the eoni|ni-l and eoloni/.alion of Floi'ida. As the oi'iiiin of this expedition eannot iu' well understood, without reli'renee to cNcnts wiiieh oeenrred on the north-west. 'I'li eonfnies ol' .Me\leo. it liecmnes necessary to enter into some details rospectinu' them. In 1 •").■)(). an Indian. naine(l Te/.on. a natis'e of New (lallicia. told the iiovernor of that pros'inee a wonderliil tale, idioiit the existence of se\-en cities in the terra inco!2iiita, north antl east of the ri\('r (iila. each n|' which cities were as iarue as Mexico, lie stated that the country so ahounded in the [ii'ecious nietals. tliat entire streets in these cities were occupied li\' '^oldsniiths. in coidinnation of what he asserteil. he said that his lather, then dead, hail liccn a trader in ornamental li'athers. and. in retiu'ii lor his jroods. had hmuiiht li'oni that quarter lar^ie qiiantitii's of liold and siKcr. 'I'his was the iTcrin of tiu' ion;.: pre\ailinL;' niytli of the seven liolden cities of Ciliola. It so happeucMl that, while tiiis Mory was yet credited, ('aha de \'aca. with three companions, s~e,-nres ivkindled the latent cupidity in the imaLdnations of the Spanish aihcntiu'ers. wiio were seeking;' their fortmie in Mexico. All classes believed in the new land o|' L'olden promise, and fresh vitality was iin|)arte(l to till.' stories (.f Te/on. I)e \'ai'a was ■^ummoni'd to tin' vice-reual coint of .Mexico. WITH TJIE INIHAN TltlBES. 69 m wliorc his iji-csonco created a uiviit excitciiiciit. Tlie Viceroy, .Meiiiloy.;!, (iiiestioiuMl liiiii iv«i)ectiu"' the strange incidents of liis escajie, and as to tlie state of arts and civilization anion,"' tiie Indians. De \'aca reiiresenled tlie trilies on tiie KioCJrande and (iila as wearin"' woven stufls, living' in larg(! houses, budt oC stone, iind j)ossessing rich mines. From Mexico his lame jireci'deil him to the court ol' (Jharles V ., where he arrived in i-J.'i7, and where he was lionized on account oChis ad\entures, sullerings, and tla' tales of "olden wealth to be l()nnd in America. Nothing was too extravagant lor the credulits' of his audiences. .Sulleriugs anil jieiils he had indeed encountei'ed ; but, instead of [ilainly telling the Spaniards that Florida was a country containing no gold mines, destitute of cities, possessing Jio agriculture, roads, bridges, or any traces, eiliier (if hi;:'i ai't. or semi-civilization, nnil that it was solel\ inhabited iiy savages, who cherislietl dflcrmined liostiliiy to the Spanish race, he conl'ormed to the preconceived notions of tlu' court, tiie noliility. luiil the people, anil represented, if he did not himself belie\e, that it w;is imotlu'r Mexico — iniotlier Peru, 'i'hc piililic mind was engrossed with the idea. I'ronnucnt among the believi'rs of this tale was Ferilinand de )to, who had het>n the most \alualile assistant of I'izarro, in I'eni. and had shared liirgely in the jihmder of the Inca. Atahual[)a. De Soto determined to organize a new expeilition for tlii' coucpiest of Florida ; one wliicli ■-liniilil. luid which in ri'ality (//»/, exceed in means and s[)lendor nnything of the kiutl which, at that period, had ever visited the New World, (ientlemen. and nolilemen of ]-iudv and means, vied with each otliei' for the honor of participating in the scheme. The liuest horses of Andalusia and Fstremadura, the most chivalric and enthusiastic cavaliers, and the bravest liiotmen, ail armed and e(piip])ed in tiie most ample niinnier, as well as in the most glittering style, and well providi'd with drums, trunijiets. iind banners, Ibrmerl the materiel of the army of De Soto, He received from the Uing the commission of Adalantado, together with the most amplu powers for the estaldishment of a govei'nment. During his triinsit to ('uIki, where he spent a year, and augmented his Ibree.-;, nothin:^- occurred to (lumpen the ardor of his followers. Meantime, four natives, who were ciipliu'ed on the Floridian coasi. were taught Spanish, that they might .■^erve as in!iT- preters. All his iireparations having been completed, he embiirked with his entire force, and arrived in the Iiay of Fspirito Santo, now Tampa, about the middle of .Mav. l"i.")'.i. having been twelve or thirteen days on the passage. He remained at aiulinr six diiys. while making leconnoissances. It was evident that the Indians desi-ned meeting him in a hostile manner, for. though they had abandoned the coast, tlie\- ha.d kindled lires to alarm tlie neighboring tribes. Oil leaving the Spani>h coast his ibrce niimliered '.XKI men. aeconqiauied bv twelve priests, and eight iuU'rior clergy. .\t ('ul);i. numbers of adventurers joined him, who possessed many ol' the finest iilood Imrses. At liiis time, ids entire annv niu-^t have evceeded jdllH lileli. a laiue boily ef whom Wel'e IlKilliili 1 1. On tile ."i!s| cf Mai. :1(M1 f 1 w 1'" 60 IKS 'I' i;r i;«)i'K A N acih' aintanck iiu'ii were laiidcil to take |>o^^r.>>i()ii ol' ilic mdiiiid, iiiid si'i'vc :is ii cover liir tlic fioiu'ral di'liiirkatioii. No I'licmv ii|i|i 'aiiiii:', tlicy lii\oiiiu'ki'il iiiiiuolcstcd ; luil. Jiisi hclbi'i' (lii\'l)i'c';dv on tin; Isl ol'.limi'. llirv \vt'ro iiiDiiscd liy tlii' lionid yells of llic liidiiiiis, wlio suddeidy attiu'lvcil il;eiii with lUTows and cliilis. Many of tlie Spaniards were woinided. notwitlistandini;' llieir bodies wi'ic prolet'ted \)\ afinor. I'anii'-stniek. tiiey lied to the shore in eont'usion, wlR'i't; they were reiid'orced t'loni the ships, hut In' that time ill'.' Indians iiad gained the siielti'r of the iorest. In tliis eiigageii nt the Spainards l(i>t only a sin:;le horse, which was pierceil hy an arrow, whieli, alter passinu; tliroiiidi the saddle and liousin-s, hiu'ied one-third of its shall in the luidy ol' the animal. 'I'lie nyIioIi' army then tleharked.' The antipathy ol'tho Indians to the Sjianiards, and their apparent dt'ternnnation to eoiile>i. with all their natural li'roeily, the invasion ol' their territory, eoidd he judiKMl ol' hy this attack. Fired witii the spiri' ■>!' ad\entnri'. Hushed with the hope (d' lindiini' mines of the [irecious metals, and ha\im; a. larnc body of the most spii'iled cavaliers of Spain and i'urtuual to lead his scpiadrons, l)e .'^oto pushed forward with i'.\traordi- nai'y eneriiy. The initi\es could not mistake his (jliject : he came to con([ner and I'uk', not with the peaceable desiLiii of seekini;' to obtain wealth I'roni the oartli by the aid ol' the [ilouiih. They lied brfore him. awed by the presence of such a larue force, and l)y the e\il jirestiue of the Spanish name: which nation had, from the iUt\ent of De liiM)n. sent military expedition-* into the I'ounlry, with no other objects than coni|uest and plunder. Soon after entering' l''loriiia. l>e Soto lu'ard that a white man was detained in ca]ili\it_\' at one of the Indian xilhiLies. I'y negotiation with tlie chief, tins man was surrendered, and pro\-ed lo be dolni < )rle/,. one of tlu,' adhcreiit.s (jf Xar\ae/., who had taken shelter in an Indian lodiie. married, and learned the language. Owing to the sinniaril_\- in the dialects of the .\ppalachian gro\i|). Orte/, succeeded in holding eomnnuncation Nsith tiie Indians until the arm\ reached the eastern shores of the Mississippi I'iver ; .all hough, on some o('ca>ion<. it had been found necessary to make use of sexcral dialects, or lan-iia'ics. in rdei' to connuunicate (as it were, through a succession of links), with partieular tribes. De Soto was a m:iM oi' i'iier'.;y and decision of character, capable of directing a givat enterpri-e. lie had enacted no insignificant jiart in the o\-erthrow of the Indian empire of the Sdulli. au'l in Florida he had t'xpected to encounti'r a race of Indians eipially mditled lin' maki .g a bold and deternnned resistance. J!nt, instead of the mild Peruvians, he had to de.'il with an implaeabh' race, whose [u)li<'y was a subtle one. They lied bri'ire him. and ajain rallied their forces in his rear, occupying the country Ihrouah wii;cii he had pa^-ed. They cuntinuall v harassed his llanks. and waged a guerilla warfare, p.'cnliar to tliemselves. In their negotiations with him. the most ' \'ol III I'lui" .\X.W . 1' ;i!t WITH Till': INDIAN TllIBKS. 01 I uivat Iniliiui nili;iiis of tin- K' (inc. ('nlllltl'V lM,;^('il il ic lllD.'-t ::| ijiolouiid concciiliiiciit 1111(1 (lis^illullilti()ll wiis iinicti.-cd. Tlii'y iiniiiMd liiiii with llilsi- iiiioil.- (if miiH's. wliicli lu'pt iiiiii iiiiircliiii^' and coiuili'niiarcliiiiu- omt iiiiinciiM' distrii'ts. ill |)iirsuit ol' tiiis guldi'ii iunis i'atmis. lii- pcnetrati'd donso iliiv.-its, cid.-M d ri\cis. truMT.-t'd vmIIovs. skirtoil swatiips, and iiiarclicd cni'i' ojkmi and div |iliiiii-^, liairlicd witli tinrst and tonnnitcd with hniiiiiT. nntil lu; had cxplnri'd tin' wlnili^ hrciidih nl' iKirtiicrn ( icDi'uia, and rcaclii'd ('()i'atch(M|ni, now SiKcr liiiills, in Sdutii Carnlina; hut, not (iiiihnu' any l'oIiI mines llicri'. lie dL'tt'rniiiiL'il to seek thrni clsew heir. Dixcriiini;' west and northwest Ibf the A|ij)alaeliian inountains, he entered a part ol'llie Cheiiilvee CDitnliy, wlieiice lie dc'seoiided ill a sonthorly direction, to tlie waters ol' llie l''liiil. Coosa, and Alahania. liillowing the latter to its jnnetioii with the Tonil'i'.;hee. ill this niaicii he carried witii liim an inlhiential cliief, caUed Tnscahxisa. or lihiek Warrior, wlio eventually induced him to encamp, with all his liauuaiie. in a roiinidahh! tiiidier I'ort, called .Maiu ilia ; l)ut, hcTore the remainder ol' his army arri\('d at this place, the Indians attacked him with desperate! lury, and drove his garrison out of the lortilica- tioii. Iliev then closed the L'ates, lowered themselves down Irom tlu' walls, ami attacked him. The contest was maintained I'or three honrs with great ohstinacy on hoili sides; hnt at length Do Soto, having heen reinlbrcod hy a body of ca\alry wliicji had heen lel't at his last ciicampmeiit. ordered the gates to 1)0 liown down with hattle- axcs, and entered the i'ort. The light was hero renewed, on the pait of the natives, with a conraiic and des))eiatioii sncli as Spaniards had never Lel'ore witnessed in Aiiiirica. To [ireveiit the Indians Irom retaining possession of certain hnildings within the area of the lla't, of whi<'h they had obtained control, some Spanish soMiers rir<'il tiieni. The result of this act was most disastrous; the entire fortilication was soon in llames. and with it were consumed the Spanish baggage, commissariat, medicines. cam[) stores, and supplies of every kind. \n this battle and siege the Spaniards acknowledge a loss of eight_\-two men, among whom were several distinguished ollicers. They had also Ibrty-two Inn'ses killed. Hut the casualties among the Indian warriors pres<'iit a vast disparity, being stated at 2')(MI bv the historian.' Toilsome marches, insnilicient food, and iiard (ighting, having l)y this time cooled the ardor of some of the ollicers, they had arrived at the .sago conclusion that the auril'erous prize, which had lured them from their homes was not easily attainable. The results of the last battle were so dispiriting, that Do Soto accidentally overheard coiivi rsalioiis which he dc^emed treasonable. Some of his cavaliers expre-^seil a strong' desire Ibr a rc-union with the lleet, which was supposed to be at that time in what is now called .Mobile I5ay. Nothing, however, could dampen his ardor or spirits. Stinii; li\ the remarks, of which he had been an auditor, he determined to proceed northward in his career of exploration. The blow struck by the Appalachian tribes at Mauvilla, could ' VM. in , p. II. li' If &2 V 1 It S '1' i: I l{ < I !• K A N AC (,» I' A 1 N 'I' A N ( ' K iidt I'nil to 1h> vt'r\- scvi'iclv I'c I ; luit, liiid it not lii'cii liir tlic disclnMiri' ol' (lissiitisliK'tioii nil the part nl' Iii.s i'lillowcis, it is iliiiilitlul wlicllicf lie would liiuc (K'tfrmiiicil to |iriii'i'('d towjircN tlic iiortli iiiid west. Iiisti'iid, tlicri'rorc, of dcscoiKliiii; tlic Moliilc ri\('r lo till' I5ii\. nici'tiiiu' liis vcssids, and ostiiljlislniij;' lu.s colonv tlicic, as lie liad iiiti'iidi'd. lie diii'ctcd lii^ luarcli toward llii' north. He ci-osscd the rivers lilack \V:u'rior. 'riiinliii;lii'i', and Ya/oo, tlioULdi nut witlioiit sti'oni;' op|iositioii, and dircctrd his t'oursc in a northwesterly dii-eetion lo the town oi'the Chii'a/.M. whieh was lonnd lo lia\(' lieen deserted on liis a[i|)ioaeli. It heinu at this time late in IK'eeniher. and the \\catliei' assnniin;: a wintr\ as|)eel, iie deieiiiniied to encani|) his army and (lass the winter at this jilaee. DuiMiiu' two niontiis tiie army enjoyed i'om|iarati\c re|iose. makini;' no movement. e\e''|it wiien necessity reipiired them to I'orauv I'or ]iro\isions. or t'l ie|inise the iiuerilla attaeks. to whieh they \\('i'e sidijeeted nii;hl and i\ny. .\t lent:lh the ('hicka>aws i'e>ol\cd to hurn tiie encampment: the lini!din,i;s having li'en eonsti'ni'ted of poles, canes, leeds. :ind other inilannnahle materials, .V dark ami windy niLiht lia\ini;' hcen ciiosen. the cam]) was lii'cd in several places, the saxani's at the same time ntterimr iiii'ious yells, and niakinii' a desperate attack. 'I"he hijjih winds fanned tiie llames into irre>i-tiMi' fnry, and for a time the confnsion r^'ndercd it im|iossil)|e to resist tin iuiii"t',iosity of the assailants. Discipjiiu- and conrauo, however, ri'iiained the ascendency, and the enemy was repulsed. Ihit the camp was totally destro\ed. toiiether \\ilh all the arms, saddU's, accontremeiils, and ]irovisions heloniiinii to the army. All that In"' heen spared hy the con (labial ion at .Maiisilla. was here annihilated. The droves of Iiolis which had formed their main resomce for provisions, \vere hnrned in their pens. 'I'lie feni[)er of their .swords had heen impaired hy the action of the (ire, and almost every valnaltle article ol' e(pn[iai;i! was consnmed. Forty Spaniards had fallen, and (Ifty horses hail been slain.' 'I'he cllects of this conlla'.;'ration were even more disM>trons than that at Maiivilla. l>nt nolhinii- conld diminish the zi'id. or divert the pnrpose, of l)e Soto, who nniv trnl\' he styled, a hero in disaster as well as i,) \ictory. lie I'orined a new camp, on an (diirihle spot, distant li)nr leaj:nes from hi- former one, nandnir it Chickasilla.- 'I'ho 1st of April had arrived hefore he could lepair his losses, and place his arin\' in condition to continue his march : It w ;is only, however, to encounter rt'iiewed opposil ion. .\ hostile >piril was aroused in evi'ry directinii. whicii expended its fur\' in liuerilhi attack-', no liody of th" enemy heiu'j wiliini: tu encounU'r l)e Soto in the (ii-ld. jji; soon came to a slroniily stockaded and well delended fort, called Alahama, eieeled .m the haid'Ls of a stream. This he carried hy a desperate a.ssaull, in which he lo>t fifteen men. lie llieii inoved on, tin'oii'ih tan;;ied paths, to a \illa,L:e called Chisca, whicii was iiinnediatelv stormed. It !iad heen deserted li\- the warriors, hut all the women. ^il Vol. I If, p. |- Jl.i.l, p. 17. WITH THE rNDlAN TRIBES. fi!J iiriiiy III posit ion. Liiicrilhi ,1. II.' I'Clfll oil -t liClci'ii licli was WOlllfll, cliildrcii mill uhl iiii'M wi'iH! ciiptiiri'il, mill rctaiiicd as liostii.i^vs I'm- tlio irooil l){>liM\ior III' iIh' Cliickasinvs. Di' ■'^"to tlu'ii CDiitimicil iiis (•uuisc to llic imrlli, l»y I'lisy inarclic-, ihiriiii; lour (lays, wlicn, to tin' joy of llie oiitiiv ai'iiiy, tlioy iloployi'd on an idcvatiMJ iilain of cloarwl j-romul. liaviiij; hliill" banks, wiiii'li were waslioil hy tlio nisliiiiL; watfvs of a "iviit rivor, wliicli De Suto naiiu-d Hio (Iiaiiik'. It was tlio Mississi|i|ii river. IIu had probalily readied the lower Cliiekasaw IMiiU's, in north latitiidr. iihoiit •'!-". On this elevated and eiij^ilik! spot, Do Soto rested foi Jwcnty days, while enifajriMl in inakiiij,' prcpaialioiis to cross that inaj;nillcent stream, and [Jiirsne his explorations |o tlie west of it. in the direction of the I'l'eilic Ocean. i>y a niost eceeiitrie line of march,' he had traversed the area of the present States ol' Florida. Georgia, a i)art of South Carolina, Alahani.i. Mississippi, rionisimia. and Tennessee, and at every point had enconntered, either an open or secret enniity from the Indians, csneciallv tlie Mnscogee.s, Choctaw.s, and Chickasaws. wiio had llmirht with nnexanipk d ferocity. They wore a poor, hut iii'avo and warlike [leople. detrniiined to protect their countrv and their natural liberties. Triijes which had formerly been at vari;inee. united to repel this formidable invasion. They were, ethii 'ouically speakinu'. branches of one uM'eat stock. During' the previous twenty-live years they had ac(piired bitter experience of Spanish invasion.^and hence hated the race with such intensity, that thev determined to die rather than surrender the country. That the Spanish character hail been well weighed i)y them, and that their di.slike was deep-rooted, as well as I'-eiieral. iiiav be -atlii'ieil from the foHowinir quotation from Garcellaso de la Ve^a. "Other.s of \onr accursed race," said Acuera, a MuseoLiee chief, to De Solo's me.ssenji'ors, '-have, in years past, poisoned our peaceful shores. Tiiey have tau'/ht me what you are. What is your employment? To wander about like va.ua bonds. Irom land to land, to rob the poor, to lietray the confiding, to murder the defcncele.ss in cold blood. No. ■with such a jie tiile. 1 want no peace — no friendship. War, never-ending war, exterminating war, is all the lioon I ask." - Two yimnger brothers ol' the Micco of Vitachucco, a Muscogee eliief, liaving been captured, .sent messages to him, speaking favorably of the Spaniards, and imploring submission. ■■ It is evident enough." lie replied, •• that you are young, and have neither juiigment nor experience, or y>m would never have spoken as you have done, of these hated white men. You extol them greatly as virtuous men, wiio injure no one. You sav that they are valiant, tliat they are children of the sun, and merit all our reverence. T" ' vile cliaiiis wiiicli they have hung upon yoii. and the mean and dastardly spirit which you have aciinired during the slu)rt [leriod you have been their .slaves, have caused you to speak like women, lauding what you should censure and abhor. VmI. Ill , I'lati' XIJV. • V..1. III., p. ?s. Ilt< 04 KM! ST i:i Kol'i; A N A C <.» I' A I N T A N (' K ! i !ifi '• ^'l)ll rcmi'iiiliri' iliMt ilu'sc ^Hmmuci's I'liii In- no licttcr llniii tliosc who liiniici'ly comiiiiltcil .-o iiKiiiv iTiirli ics ill iiiir coiiiitrv. Air llicv iml, of ilic smimc iiiiliuii, iimt ^^llli^'l■t to llii' >aiiii' laws'.' |)o iiol tlicir niiiiiiici's nl' lili' |iro\c lliciii to lie cliildrcii of the i'WW S|)iiil, iiiiil not of tin- sun aii (Miiekasaws, and their atliliated tril)es, on the east banks of tlie i'i\('r. l)ut was sui'rounded by others, characteri/ed by moi\> savage manners ai\d i i m ■'^m n m ■ tiij F I l{ .<< T E U II P E A N A C Q U A 1 N T A N (J !•: '"ustoin.«, and actuated bv a .still IIltclt s[iirit ul' ciiiiiity. Tiii'lr laiijiiiaL^e, alst), Ijcin^ I'litiii'h' (lill'eront. Juliii Ortc/ couM no luiiucr iiiaUc IiiiiiscU' mulLT.slooil. ami the ti'dioii.-^ (■IriMiinldculiiiii ill the translation, sonu'tiint's made I'nur .,iiri." • Tlie writer, liavin^' yi>itei| this v.illey in l^ls, (,ljiilents of this placi,' wi'i'c •• ill-l'avorcil, tattooed, and I'eroeioiis." 'Tiie army then iiiaiched li\(' da\s toward the west, over an eleviiti'tl. nniidialiiti'd reyion. eoinprisini'' the' l)road and rii^uvd distriet ol' tlie modern Ozark Mountains. IJeyond tins hroken ler. to succeed him. surrc^uuded liy his ollleers. who had iiillowed him throuLiii scenes ol' daiiucr and trial, ovi'f nearly half the continent ol' North AuK'rica, he calmly yielded up his s[iirit. At fust his body was interred in the \icinity, jireat precautious heimi' taken to conceal the spul. lest the Indians slioidd cNlnuue. and nmlilale his remains. Finally, his Ibllowers placed the corpse in a sarcophaiius. liirmed from the hollowed trunk of a tree, whicli they conveyed iu a Imat at midniphl to the ceidre ol' the .Mississi[)|ii rix'er. ami sunk hc^iieath its lurhid waters. With the death of Do Soto, that intrepid darim: and nohle emulation, which had heen called into action by his master mind, began to tlai;-; but. thouiih the eiiteriirisu was. in liKl. cru>hed. the truth did not immeiliately apjiear. As soon as the sad funereal rites were liuishe(|, .Moseosii pi'epari'd to lead a new e\pedition toward the west, lie ascended the southern baid\s of the lol.'i Arkansas, direeloi>: his course iu a southwesterly line, across the Wa.shita. and the .snudler allluaiils of the .Vrk.insas and Ked. ri\ers. I le encountered the niu>t ilelernnned o(ip(isitl>n from all the tribes he met. 'i'hey fiULiht with a desperation which was e\ti'a ntmost holdness and onemw Sometimes the\- attacked tiie llotilla in front. sii!n<'tinies from the hank. Their arrows conld he impelled with such force, that tln-y had hecn known to pierce u liorse. after passing through the skirts of a saddle. The rctr(>ating forces were ol'teu oliligcd to deploy and defend themselves, and in tlu-se skirmishes the Spaniards suflered tho most sevi'ri'ly. Tiie armor of the .soldiers was proof against the arrows of th(> foe, hut the Hanks of the poor horses heing exposed, these nohle animals were thinned off, diiy liy day, until, on arriving at the month of the river, there was not a single horse left alive. .\s soon as ]\Io.scoso entcM't^d the gulf he steered for the coast of Pamica. where hn tinally arrived, .after encountering great perils, lioth from tho warring elements and the disa'jreemeut of the pilots. Thus terminated an expedition, whicli had heen organized with extraoi-dinary fame and splendor, and the momhers of which compri.sed soino of the most chivalrous and aliie odicers of the age. Nearly three years had heen spent, in traversing the immense plains and forests intervening hetween tlie peninsula of Florida, and the plains of Arkansas. Everywhere the Indians hail heen found to lie inimical to tlie Spanish race, and had manifested a spirit and daring, in repelling the invaders, ■which well merited the apiiellation of heroic.' 4 ' Tn l^'T'-IO. tlio wvitor tnivorscil tlic country west of the Misnis.-ipiii, viKitoil liy Pi' Soto. For nkctotios of this tour, vido Vol. IV., p. 27S. .1 1 •^ <> ^ \ ^•j ■^' — '„ ^c-'w;?^7=rr( '^■Wiwn /^ v ■\..,. ^^ \ >v.. V.v ^r. i^ Tr ■^ '^r^ ,^f ^■i^m f Sr' W V >■'* ^■ ^^ "N '.iS* •■■^-,., A VK\ '^ Tl >^ /,-. I Sa <^ ^•^,^i.,,-sf-?cy N "V* If \\i ii^'iv"*' .o )%2?#*«; .<«^' ^/!^jP" #»■ M0:* \^ n I. A /x ^v v' ^ A + c ;3 h ^ .i* ) Ti Pi r 'J I //'/ //i /^^i*^ ■sAi'^ s ^■sT 4<»**" ^ » *• '//>r " it^' ■ ■•■, Mr ■■ IN5CiUiM'luiN^> flVJi;l IN K VV !V1 KAl ( O Itf -^ ' 13': Ir il m f^mmmmfmrnm i !i J : iiijl "i V/hltays B«p. H. .^ au(\.e.l ANCIENT POTTEBY TROM THE GILA. : n i iw I m^ ■r!f^-\ Il I II i^ '■,1 I & WITH TlIK INDIAN TlllBES. en A I'TEiJ IX. C()ll(»NAI)0 S i;XI'i:i)ITI(>N INTO TIIK T K K K ITOI! Y WHICH HAS ACQUIKKD TIIK NA.MK OF NKW MEXICO. THK /INI, MOQUI, NAVA.IO, AND COGNATE TIUBES. TiiK oiitliiisinsin (iC all wlio credited the .xtoi'v ol" Te/.on rt'ceivod a new iiiiliidse, iiiul Imye accessions were made to the lannher of heliexers, liv the loll accounts given !)}■ ('aha di; Vaca, of the Indian tribes ho had seen din'iiiii his extraordinary pere urinations, extended throuirh a term oi" ei,i:ht ov nine years, helwccn the point where he was wrecked, on thi! Florida coast, and New (lallicia. on tiic Pacific. Not only di\ ^(M) Iiidiaiis. whose ihilii-s wi'iv to carry lja,irgii;;v, and act as ;.fiiideH. as well as [liuiu'i is. ll is sdiiicwliat rciuarUalilo that tliis rxju'clition set out at tlio saiiio time tiiat Di- Siito was travcrsiiit: tlic l)road phiiiis ol' KlDiida, and ae'lnalU reached tlie waters ol' ihi' l!io (iihi. \\hcii lie ii'ossed tlir Mississii)iii. JU)th armies eventually txjiloicd |iiiriiiuis ol the ;jreat hiiHiilo [liains of .\rkaiisas. Curonado met De Nizii ,il Ciiiaiiietta. on ids return Irom niaUiiig reeoiiiu)issaiices. He reported that tliey liail |)enetrated L'Ud lea^iiu's. as far as Chichiticaia, hut ^iiive so vaj^iie an account, that, Iri'twefn liis representations ol' its heini; '•barren," and a "iiood" country, Corouado anil his army wi'iv compli'tely Iiewildered. On, however, tlu'y marched, lleachiii}^ ('hichilicaia. tiiey (li>>oveieii the ruins of a larjic house, hiiilt of dry clay, surrounded liy tlie remains of a jio|)iilation, which had evident claims to lie rej^arded as helonuing to a hiiiher typ" of civili/atioii than auy of the existing trilies.' Crossing the Gila, ('(ironado led Ids armyniuvard oxer a desert, until thi-y readied a small stream, by ioliowiiig tile valley nf wliicli. tiny soon arrivi'd before tlii' lol'iy natural walls of Ciliola (Old Zuni). On the lop of this stood the town, composed of Iiigh, terraced buildiugs. whose (Irst stories could only be reached by inovalile lad(K>rs. the uatura' deliiu'e (if seiiii-ci\ ili/ation against savage incursions. ' Tiie Indians cultivated corn in tile \ illevs lielow. \\ii\e coarse sliilVs tor clotiiiiig, maniilactiireil a species of potterx', lull possessed neither gold ma' mines. Tiie streets of goklsmiths, ri'ported liy Tezon, were niytlis. ^VitluHll uailiiiu to niaivc any inquiries, the Spaniards immediately assaulted the tnwii. 'J'lie natives rolled :mi|on it to its uriiiiniil owners, ami. after passin;: their second winter in llic iiiqii and liicaiv elexations west of the Hio (Jrando, they returned to Mexico. Thus terminalecl the celehratcd exiiediiion of (,'oronado. In which we (irst actjuired a knowleiiifi' of the manner.-, ciisionis. arts, and character of tiie .\Io(|Mi. Navajo, and otiii'r New .Mexican tril)cs. The route of Coronado's march, carefully prepari'd I)y the late Mr. Kearns, a lo[)o';ra|)hical assistant eni:ineer in the I'Miled .States' servici', who \isiled the reudon, is L'iven in a prior part of tiiis work.' Vnl. IV., I'laiu 111,, (,. :;\i. m i:ll M ■■ M' <.- i M t. it t ■ : i it h if H L ,1 11 SECTION TIIIUI). ("ON TKNTION OF FRANCK AND SPAIN FOR THK ()('(' I PAT I ON OF FLORIDA. ("II A TTKI.' I. v«>v.\<;r.s til' jMitAii/r and i,a i' oonm kkk. Till s liii' iiiif iiil'dniiatitiii ri'L'iinliiii: tlic liuliaii tiiln's liatl hccii (iciiNcd. in direct s»'i|m'iu'i'. rii'iii iiiciiii'ntMl luilii'cs ciT the (i|ifraiii)iis nl' |)c fjcon ami \"a^(|nf/.. in the suutli; of Cai'tiiT ami llnln'i'val in tiic nurlii; nl' NCrrazani in llic area, of tlic I'l'nlral iiltciral frild's; of Narvacz ami De Sutd aiiKtiiLi- the Aiiiialacliian and tin- Issati. or (iicat Wotcrn I'amilv; and ol' ("alia dc Vmcu and Coronado anmim the (iiici'dios. or ISnllido Ilnnti'is. ami tlic Iioiim' lniiMin;; trilics of tlio lii^li |ilaiii.s of Ni'W McxiiM^. '{'Ill' xcar l"il"J witnt'sscil tin- failinc of llic la.-t tlircc |iriiici|)al attonij)t;< at colonization, ilicpst' of CarliiT. Do Soto, and Coronado. 'rwontv yi'iirs. of coniiiarativc inartion and (jiiict. succredod llu'si- cmTfrctic I'fl'orts to ii)inid territorial >o\i'r('iiiiitit's in tln' I'Ntcm-ivc countrv possc^sfd liy tlio Indians. In the imaiitiinc. tli(! Keforniation liad inadc sncli profin •.■;.« in I'inroiic. a.-^ to cnucmhT a new ami hitter sonrce of di.-Tord between the siilijeets of the eoloni/.in;r |)o\ver.«!. liO\ola liad taniilit the ancient Christian faith to the natives of Kast India, and La.s Casas was sidected to ]ii'rlk'(l ihkIIut. riitliiTiiio ilo .Mi-dicis, were tlu'ii in powiT in Fruiicc. ( olii^iii. Iiciii:; (Icsirons of proviiliiii^ an iisylnin lor liis iKTscnitcil conntrvini'ii. pro- li«,-ini: ilic I'lotrstanl f'aitli, Inrni'il liis atlcnlinu to ilic New Wtnltl. lie lirst nmdi' an ('\|iriiiiifiit in I5i:i/,il, wliicli faiicil, tlironi;li llii! livai'liciT ol' Villi'i^'afriion, lii« ajj^ont, wlio ri'iioniiri'ii lii> liiitli; lie iu'\t diivcted liis llioiidit> lo Florida, (lion a gc(i;,'rai)liic.'iil tiTin, liaviiii: an aliiKt.-^t conliiu'iital cxti'iit, Iml wliiili, in l"):^l, liad lifcii iiaiiicil Now FraiK'o. Iiv \'crra/aiii. Ilo rucoi\od u iiatonl lidin (Iio kin^' lor Ibnnding u ouloiiy in llii.s ijiiaiur. anil providod two slnps. wliioii wcio jilacod niiilcr the coniinaiid ol' John lliliaiiil. a .skill'iil ami icsiliitc lliiiiuonoi. who set sail Iroin Havre do (Inioe on the ISlh of Kohniarv, I'ltiH. Stooriiii; a iioaily diroot ooiir.so across tlio Atlantic, without tiiiicliini: at any of tho Wot India islands, he niado tlio roast of Florida on the last (la\ of April, tlio vdvairc liaxinn oociiuiod a liltio ovor two iiionths, owiiijr to tho dolay caused l>y leiiipestiioiis weather. The iiillowiiii;' day ho cast anchor oil' tho month of the St. .lolin's ri\er. naiiiiii,^ it the river of .May; liieii, ontoiiiiLr it with his hoats, he ascertained that there was a ;:iii)il dojitli of water in the channel. Jiiliaidt took pu.ssession of tho country in tli(> naiiu' of the: kiiii;, and orootod a stone iiioniiiiieiit. which ho had hnmglit with him from France for that inii'iwse. Having ustahlislied a friendly, as widl as pleasant interconrso with tlu.' natives, and spent a few days w itji tliciii. ho re-eiiil)aiUed. and. diiiini;- •• four weeks" continiietl his voyage along liie coast, until he arrived at I'ort Uoyal. within the present limits of South Carolina. Finding, on e.\ploriiig it l)y means of his lioats. that tiio liarhor was .spacious, the water deep, and tho anchorage oxoellent. ho entered it with his largest ships, and drop|)ed his aiicliDis in a good position. Tho territory in which Ik- then was, had lieen iiaiiu-d Cliicora iiy the natives, as also liy the early Spanish adventurers. Magnilicent scenery, liotli laud and water, was s|)road lieliu'e him in every direction. Uelighted with the prospect, ho took tormal possession of the surrounding territory hy erecting an engraved monumental stone, hearing tlii' king's arms. Having determined to found a settlement at this place, a suitahle spot was soleetetl. which is suiJiio.sed to have l)oen near to. or on the site of the present town of Hoaiifort, when' he erected a fortilication railed Fort Charles.' Leaving thirty men, well provided with arms, tools, and supi)lies, to hcgin operations, ho placed them under the command of Alhert do Peirria, and then returned lo Franco. IJeing a strictly conscientious man. IJiiiault did not follow the I'Nample of the Spanish mariners, and ahdnct the nalivi's of tho country, that lie might exhiliit them in Fluropo as spociinons of the Indian race. The Cliicora Indians, having naturally very gentle manners, were kind in sup- pis iiig the colonists with the zea mai/e. and rendering them other .^iorvices. lu those ollicos of kindness, the local chief, .\ndasta, took a jirominent part, and wus 1 1 'This nnnic is di'rivrii fimu iillusimi In ("liiiilcs TX., uf i'ramc. miicI not Clmrlos 11., nf KiicjlariJ — :i uii.^Uiki' in ii receiil l.il'c ut' Uilault. N'iiio Spark.'*' AiiRiicau liinLjrniiliy, \'(il. III., uow serios', p. 28. Vol.. VI.— 10 If' iaam I is i'l n 74 V()YA(!i;S (tK ItlUMI/r A M> L A T Do N N I K U K. wi'iiiiili'il hy ollicrs at niorc sniitlii'rly iioiiits, win) wiTc i'('s|i('cti\t'l\ entitled Oiiiule, Coiiexes. Miicciiji, Oiitiiia. Satomidiia. WoMla, OletcraeM. Timag(M>ii, and I'otanon, the ortluipapliical elements of which niiines do nut eoineidc with tiie Mnscttj^ee, Cherokee, or any known nninlier oi' the Kloridian sloek. Till- colonists tlieniselves. however, heiiijr idle and lactious, planted nothinir, and had no idea of diroctin!.' their attention to the real liusiness before them. I'eirria havin;; no proper eoneeption of the aiilhority dele>:ated to him. heeanie an inflated tyrant, lianired one of the men as a measinv of discipline, and peri(Uinef()jiie, to wlioui we iiru indebted for tho first attempts to delineate tlie iinfient Indians "f tlii.'< part of .\mcricu. ■i 1 4 lie on, ilH loni .ad. •tly but. s. Ill who ssiou little ition lias t'tit ; Indiiins h ■h ii Hi ii\ VoYACKS OK KIHAl'l/r A M> 1. A I |m(N N I K Hi:. wliii'h f)icu(ll\ H'i'liii.i.'-< have not ln'cii iimMili';iini nl It I It A I I.T A N !• I. A I IMIN N IK U K. (11 A n'KU I I. SKCONH VISIT OK l!!l!\l l,T To ll,olMI»\. T U i: A c 111; IMMS MASSAClii; OK IIIMSKI.K \ Nl> IMS M I] N . Tiir intestine liissenf-innH in Krnnce inivini: Immii in ii nic!i«ure iillii\eil, l')ti"> Aiiiniiiil ('(ili'.'iii renewed lii-< i'e|ire«eiitiilii)n-< In the i\inL:. in I'.imh- iA' lii-i I'lnn (if eolnni/iilinn in I'liiridM. |];nl\ in .I;iniiiirv. I'i(i">. :intlii.ritv \mi- iiiiinteij llirn til e(|lli|i .-even \,'««eU lin' linntilel' \ci\ie.'e tllitller. wilii 111! |in->iliie ik^nntcll. 'I'liis .n \vm« |iI;i('ii| umiei' tlie eoni n:ini| nl' li'ilianll. wlm liuinij \\i> ilillii nlt\ in |i1'()l'nrinu' IH nillllN \(ilnnteel> H-^ In' deemed neee>«iirv lol' the ser\ ice. Minie iil' wlidlU PMl'lied witll tlieni tlu'il' \\\\Vi iind eliildleli. \Vlillte\er re|Hiit> lii.iv li;i\e K iielied |-'l';niee Cdlieernin'^' till' nilti)',\;ird events at I'nrl < IimiIi'S. llie\ do nil! njipear In lia\c dauijiened tlieeneijy wilil wilieli tlii-* eS|ieiiitiiin Wils eijili |i|iic I. liiliaillt sailed iVnni l)ie|p|i.' iin tlie 'JTlii ol' May. and aiii\ed at tlie ri\ei' St. .Icijin's, I'lnrida. on llie 'jMli I'l' Anun.-t. AsceiidiiiL' the rivef t'> Fei-t Carnjine. lie was welenmed l.\ I.aiidiinniei'c. wll(i»e (Dndllet lie upliruVed. A few days sulisenlleMtly. Se|iteliilier I til. II S|iiinisll M|iiiidinn. under the eiiMiinaml nf Meneiide/. a narfuw-minded. and iiiiel lii'jnl. airi\cd at tiic same |ilaee. with a e(im|iaiali\e|\ lai'::c' I'oree nl' men. and iiini,' siili>taiilial and lar::er \cssels. lie Indd a ennimissinii iV.iiii l'liili|i II.. t(i lliaki' di-ei iSrlies nild liiinid a cnlniiy. and liad e\|ilieit in-tnutions to es|iel the llnjiieimi^ and LiilhiTan-:. wlm had lied iViim !•" ranee under the iiatronii'j'e nj" ('nliLiir. .\ stni,u".:le till' s(iverei;:nt_\ ensued, whieh was rendered mure ranenroKs |)\ |h(. iidmixtnre of reliiiious elements in the -irife. '{'lie ernwned heails <>[ S, ain and France were still involved in the struirLdcs of a contest hetween t'atiiuiieity and I'ro- testantisin — lietween the aneieiit liirin of worship, and the nmre ni'idern one. oi'i'j-inated hy fiUther and his codalporer-; in the field nf reli'iion. On the Mil of SejitemlM r. .Menendc' landed a few lea'jne- south of llie Si. .IoIim'.". at a |iMint where laiiorers hail Imm'm sei in wmk. a da\ or two |ire\ii)iis. to erect a lortiliea- tion. which he named St. Aiiiin-tine. iJilianlt. haxinii determined to pnt to sea and attack (he sijnadixni. assendiled hi- ollicers to deliliei'iitc on the iiuasine. Oiijections wpiT made to it hy I/andonnieri'. Imt the \nieesof the majority concnrrcij in the plan. At this time an Indian chief ,irri\ed. vvith the news that the .""Spaniards were diirjririu: trenches, and efMetiicj I'rei^tworhs. at the pi: wlh 11' tlie\ had Inmlc'd. IJv attackinu I ^^ VnV,\(;KS nl- IMIJAri,T AND 1, A l' h " » N N 1 K |1 M. 7T 111 Pn.- riiiiiti'd TmV. at H'tilil"!- ICM unit •tiolis he pUill llMckilll llii'ir .-Iiiiiiiin;-'. llilmiilt lIuniL'lit lii' wmilil iikimI cllirliialls liii'liiili' lln'ir ili'i"i'.'n. [''Iii.xlicil willi tliis iili'M, III' tiHik iiriirly all tlu> availali|i> loni' nf the lint, ami mI ^ail Id .•iii'iiiiiitcr llu- ciii'iiiN. At lii-f raliii>*, ami, MiliM iMiiiitl\. a -loiiii. prrvi'iit'il (In' c'lintc-t, ami ilrovi' llif Krciicli onl Id -la. .Mciuiiili/.. li'.iriiiii'i tin' ili|i'M(i'lr>f* cMMiliiiiai III' l-'iiil ( aioliiic. ili'li'i'tiiiiii'il Id iiiairli a'jaiii'l\. ami uei" m>| mmu until thev were el()^'0 til the lint, wliit'li. takill;; ailvaii! i:'e nf Mime lireaehes. they at lUiee a>«aiilliii The eiiMle.-t wa.- ^hel•t : the WDl'ks were midii >tD|'|ileil. ami llie .-lll'\ i\ nl's Wele iniii';, nil imilieili.ltel\ pill Id the swia'il ; lii'^dleil zeal aijilill'.: its itieilelliellt Id the liei|irt| itjiill 111' lhe>e liDri'Dr.". Ii i> -lateil that, dm the liHth dI' ><'|ileiiilier. uiieii it was altaeKeil, l-'orl t 'aniline had liiit ei'_dit_\ -.-iiN |iii>iins within iis wall«. a pari el wheiii \\er.' wiiineii and ehiidreii. ((iil\ nine nr ten had i'\er linriie aiiiii. and Iml -evrnteeii Mi|diei> were lit H)r ser\ iee. iiirhidini; Miine who wel'e >lill CDnlineil, I'idiii the ell'eets dI' wolimN received in a liattle with the Indians. The liirt ilM'U' was limnd Id he in a dila|iidated slate. l.aiiilDiiniere Iiasiiiir used the timliei- nf une aiejle Id liiiild a vesM I, wlnn lie had deiennined Id aliamliHi it. I.amlnniiiere oeMpid iniD the wdhiI.--. tii'jcilnr wilii siiMie iiilnTs. .S'veiid ill' tile |iri.>Diiei's Well' reserved Id Ii'' haii'jrd, and, having; lieeii taken 111 a tri'L' stamliiiL' near the li)rt. were all sMspemled mi iis liinlis, Thp liillowin.!.' iii.-i'ri|itiDn was then allixed ti> the tnmk. ■ .NdI as Freiiehineii. Imt as liiitlieraiis " Mi'aiitiiiie llie siniadnin nf llilianlt was wrecjxed lai the I'Mnrida eiia-t, wilhmil, however, the Ids.s (if aiiv lives. The iDnniiamler, after oruani/inu his liii'ee. hi".;an his inarch liacl< Id l-'ort ("ariiline, fDllDVvin>;- tlie c la-t line. Siarvalinn midh lednred the Illell til mere skelelDiis. At leilLitll. itn the liailks ()l':i -lleaiil, lliev Were CDiiri'Dlited liV .Meiieiide/. wil!i sii|i('riiir liirces. .V parlev. ne'iDlialirais. ind a >nrreniler eiismd. llie French deliveriii'.' up their arms. They were tin'ii ennveu'd aciD— ijic river in M|nads, and, as soon as each sipiad reaelii'd the otlu'r side, their hands were tied liehiml their hacks, after which tiiev were marched (ilf to a distaiiey and siint. When llihaiilt at last (lisrovered the treachery, he was almost inimeiliately deprived of life hy a .Spanish soldier, who stahhod him with a poniard; and Ork-z, liis junior in conunand. siiared th(> •siune fate. Ii f ( \ n i VOYAGEiS OF KllJALLT AND L AL'DONN lEllE. CirVPTKlJ III. T![i-; ciiEVALiKR c.ornc.rr s 1!Etamati:s ipox tiik Spanish SKTTI.KMKNT IN I'LulUDA. Inti:i.i.u;kn< K «{' tlu' liurrid tn'iu'lu'ry ul" llu' S|iiiiii;n(ls was rccciNcd in Friim'(> w'tl; one imiviTsiil litiist uf indiirnation. Tho rclaliM's of tlu' piTsoiis iiiassacrcil in Florida jH'titioiu'd till' kin^' I'nr itdifss. alloi^iiii: tliat tiny liad none tiiitlKT liy iiis authority, and tliat. consi'(|iicnliy. it w.is liis crown tliat liail Ih'imi instdtcd. Tiu' nation dcniandcd tlial tlic ls-hows. who desi'jni'd also to act with the military ii)rce. He carried with liim ))ro\isi()ns liir one year. ft was the 'Jl2d of Aui;ust lK'l()ri« lie left the coast of France, lie apjieared to meditate a descent on the shori's of Africa, which lie really vis of Mra/il. whence he directed his course to Capi' St. Antonio, or the west ca])0 (if Cuha. At this ])lace lie called liis nii'ii toL'ether. ann's of tho ohjl'Ct '\\\l to ill. the (iiittM'.'i's ii|ioii liimiaiiity. IIiiviii;j; iiroiiscd tlicir cMitiiiisiiism. ;inil cxcitcil tlicir riTJiiiL's :iii(l si'Msc of jiislici'. Iio siiilcil into tli(> river Sniiinic, now St. .M:m\'s. the coast liiiundarv lictwccn Florida and (Iforu'ia. NcarU a \t'ar liail elapsed in the perronnanee of the loii;; and eiriMiiliMis voyajrt', anil in the dela\s incident to the landing's wl.ich had heen made. Spriiii; had a-ain •eldllii'd the Florida coasts in M'rdure. It was early in tli<' inniilh ol' April, when (.iourirnes entered the river St. -Mary's. 'I'he Indians were assendijcd in considerahle lunnhi'rs. and evinced sijrns of hostility, nntil they ascertaine(l that the new comers weie French. 'I'he on pivv (louruiies to nnderstand that the Indians hated the Spaniards, whose domination was irUsDnic. and at once ai:reed to aid (ionruMcs in an attack on the tlii'ce Spanish forts, then locati'd on the Si. .lohn's. The movements of fionrunies were very rapid. Findinir the Indians ready to second him, lie determined to iitlaeU the enem\ innnedialely. In three days tiie Indians, to the nnniher of •">"<). armeil with liows. and led on hy experienct'd warrioi's. set ont liy land for a rende/vons on the St. .loini's. (Joni'LiUes. intending' to proceed ly water. (Mnharked his men in boats; bnt tin' winds beinir advei'se. when half way thither, he landeil and inarched across the coinitry. When he arrived at the rende/vons, all the Indians were there, ready nnd eaj^er tiir the fray. A conference havimr heen litdd with the Indian chiefs, they marched forwai'd. anil Just at nijrht-fall reached the river. It was decided to attack tin- lint on the south bank at daybreak, the Indians beinj:- skilful 1,'uides ; bnt it happeneil that the tide in ii creek near the l()rt was up. making it then too deep to ford. This caused a dela\-, durini;' the continnance of which they lay in and)usli, in the lurest. to avoid discovers When the tide flowed ont. the allies cro.s.sed the cri'ek unobserved, stormed and carried the fort, sword in hand, retainiui;' but few prisoners. The H'oliufis of (iourirnes and his men were much excited by the capture of ;i culverino. havimr the arms of Henry IV. onirraved on it, which had been mounted in l-'ort (,'aroline. Orderiiif^ his boats around, he di>tennined immediatelv to assault the north f)rt. He embarked his men in military order ; but the Indians. t( 10 impaticMit to wait for the return of vhe boats, plunjred into the river and swam across. S«.'einfi so irreat an array, the j^arrison, sixty in number, made no show of defence, but lied, witli the intention of seekini:' shtdter in another fort, situated three tniles abovi Ih.t tl lev 4 were met by another strong party of French, and, being henmied in by the Indians in the rear, were completely out to piecen, with the exception of lifteen men, who were detained, that they might be hanged. Fort Matheo, the strongest of the three, which the Spanianl.s Iiad erected after tlio capture of Fort Caroline, was still unharmed. While meditating on the best mode of 1 ; U i I i: 80 VOYA(iKS OK KIllAll/r AND L AT DONN lER E. iittiick, tln'v wc'iv inl'oi'iiicMl by oiii' of tlio Spani.-h jirisoiicrs, ii foliliiT rnim hut Miitlii'o. of till.' cxiu't lui^ht ijl'its wuIIh. to scali' wliicli. ladders wore at onci' prc'iiarcil. At this tiiiif till' Iiiiliaiis cli.scovi'ivd a Spaniard in eanip, in the ilistruiso of an li:i!iaii. who piMvt'il to \k' a spy. l-'i'oni hitn (lourj:iit'S learned that the .irarrison I'on.sislcd of litJO men. tiiat the lint v ■> hirt;e, and that it was believed that (Jour^nes liad a I'orec of liOlll) men. He instantly detcnnined on his plan of attaek. and, after [\\\i da\s sjient in preparation, he direeted the Indians to eoneeal themselves in the Ibrest, on both sides of the river, near the llirl. lie then erossed in boats with his whole I'orce. jnei'ely lea\ ini: behind him fiftei'n men as a i:nard. As soon as his army was seen Inmi the Itjrt, the Spaniards opened their enlverines on him. to avoid the elTects of whieh, ho landed and took possession of an eminence, overlooking the fort and the move- ments of its j^arrison. wbiie iiis own troops were <'oneealed and [injtecti'd. He dosij^netl takiu'i the work by e-ealade the Ibllowing morninii. but the Spaniards jiroeipitated matters by orderinir a sally of sixty men. Gonrguos ordered an ollicor and twenty men to L:et between the llirt and the sallying party, by a eirenitons ronti-. which being accom- plished, he marched rapidly forward, directing his lorces to reserve their fire (or a close contest, and. after the lirsl discharge, to rush on sword in hand. Many of the foe loll, and. tlioiii:h the rest f night bravely, they were iit length obliged to retreat ; bnt, eiicounterim': tiie liirce in their rear. e\er\- man was sbiin. no (pnirtor being given. Seeing the llowerof their force tims cnt down, tin' garrison, crediting the exaggerated ]e])orls of tiie l'"i(iich strengtii. lied across the river, where the Indians, lying in ambush. rose upon liiem v. itli ovciv\ln'lming fury. Such was their skill in the use of tile arrow, that oiR- of them jiassi d through the buckler of a Spanish ollicor, and entered his body, killing him dead on the spot. The French, iiaving again cros.sed the river, assaulted the Spaniards in the rear, killing all who oscaiK^d tlie Indians; and thus the entire gari'ison perished, with the exception ol' a lew, reserved Ibr the gallows, as a retaliation foi' the cruelty of the Spaniards, after the surrender of llibault. Fort Mathco was entered triumphantly, ant! was found to contain a largo cpiantity ol' arms, iiiiu' cnUerines. of all sizes, and eighteen casks of powder. Tiie following day the boats were freighted with the artillery; lint the magazine was blown up by a secret tiaiu, left by the enemy, which was unwittingly lired l)y an Indian, while cookiu'i' lisli. The work of retribution was not, however, as yet, fully completed. Drawing up liis men. anil the auxiliai'v Indians who had taken so active a part in the short campaign, and placing all the Spanish prisoners whom he had taken, in the centre, fiourguos addressed the latter, reconiitiiig to them the atrocities committed by Mononde/., and Ihiished by condemning them to immediate execution, in the satne maimer as that adopted by the Spaniards. They wore then taken to the same tree whidi had served as the Tyburn of Menendez, and upon which he liad placed the inscription — ''Not iw VOYAtJKS OF KIBAULT ANT) LAUDONNIERE. 81 up Ilia ipaign, ./, and IS thiit UlTVCll Not iw m Fronchineii, but as Lutherans." The tliirty prisoners having been suspended upon its limbs, Gourj^ues, with a red-hot pointed iron, inscribed upon a strip of pine board — '• Not as Si)auiards, but as traitors, robbers, and murderers ;" which was liistened to the natural trallows. luunctliately returning with his cavaliers, Satouriona, and his native allies, to St. jMarvs river, where he had left his ships, and, haviu'.,' distributed presents to tlie Indians, who wore in eestacies with his nuirtial exploits, Gourgues exchauL^'d tlie most friendly salutations and civilities with them, and then, on the 3d of May. .set sail lor France, arriving at the port of Kochelle on the Gth of June, after a very ]ii(is[)eruus voyage. lantity owing by a while Vol. VI. — 11 I I T f '^ll i SECTiox rouiriii. TIIK KNCMSII ELEMENT OF (MVUJ/ATION IN AMERICA. CllAPTKK I lUSCitVKRY nF VI1!<;INI.\, AND ITS A P.OR 1(5 1 NKS. No iiiMii. li\iii-' cl'iilii'.^ tlic Vi-ii;!) iif Kliz:ilp<'tli. ncf|iiirt'il ;jfivat('r cclcln'ity for mililnry t>\])l<)its. iiiivmI >kill. i'ntliMsi:iliiii('iits. Di'sccihIciI IVoiii a ikiMi' lainils in l)('\()ii>liirc. Iif \\a> ((liiraliil at Oxliud. ami. alter sci'xiiii:' witii (listiiiLiiiisliciI iTcdit in I''ranr('. inidii' Cnli'^iii and ( 'undi' : in the Xctlicriaml-;. inulcr tlic Prince nf Oi'anLTi' ; and in Ireland, against the iclicls: lie was recei\cd at Mli/ahctirs Cdnrt with marked faviii'. Till' wiiild i- indrlited to UabaLrli I'nr tlio eeiid'(' f he ( >lilhir(i to tlie ili-tanee 111' jMII inil"S iVoin its lllollth. Slll)^e(|llentl\. lie wrote an ai'eounl of til'' eiMintrie- \:~itr(l liy him. wlii(di is cehdirated I'oi- its tnitlifid. i^louim;', and iiraiihie il''seri]itioiis. Ihuimr heen one ol' the orii-dnators of the e\|iiMiition of Sir irinnidiriy (lilhcit (his hall'-lirother). to Newfonndlaiid, when that atteni|it to fonn 1 a colony failed, lie (ih'aiiied Icttci's patent from J'liizidieth. authori/inj- hini to renew the ejllirf in a moi-e southerly latitude, on the Atlantic. 'I'hcse letters were dated on the Ll'iih of .March, l-'i^l. nearly six ye.u's al'ti'r the failure of (iilhert's ;ittein|it. Tin' authority to make discoveries, and found a colony, was |ilenar\-. hiit the TOverninenf did not undertake to defray an\' jiai't of tic cost, it was. strictl\' KNCIJSII lll.ICMKNT ol' C 1 V I LI /ATION I\ A M I! 1! I C A . x;{ rnlil ill )i':\ii,L'i'; uiiirki''! liii-^ liir licMimi 111'^ tin II. MTUll<'l Iroti- :ill ^low ill'-:, lilinn 111' 'iiip t to liilll to HiHNikiiiir. ti |iii\;it(', or iissocijili' iiilvculnrc. tlic i rowii coiircriiiiu- iiiioii tin' indj^'ctors till' iiniiiiirtor.-liiit ol' till' count I y discovi'ivd, mcivlv stiimiating foi' tlic iimmI iickiiow- IriLiiH'iit of so\c'roi,:iiit\'. In llif Mirri'iidcr of oiic-lirili ol' tin' procccils nl' all iiiiiics. Soiiii! 'jiaiils of iici'iiscs oil wines, ami otiicr finolimu'iils, were at. tlu; ^aine [uTiotl lii'stowcd ii|uiii llaiciiili. to ciialilc him to ]i(|i.idato lliu cliarjcs of his i'i(iii|iiiicnl ; in iiddition In which Ih' associati'd with him oilier persons po>se>-inir means and inliiieui'e, aiiioiiL;' whom were iindudi'd hlood relations. Two vessels were proNiiled. and phieeil under till- respective comiiiands of IMiilip .Vmiilas. iind .\ilhiir linrlow. the hitlei' ol' whom had >ei\ed under Kalciuh in Irejainl. as an ollicer ol' the land lliices. On the ■Jd of April the sliips saili'd uiit of llie Thames, and. loll. iw iiii:' ihe n^iial circuitous ripiite. u.i ihe Canaries and the West Indies, arrixcil oil' the cnn^t ol' Florida on ihe "Jd of.liilw The \ iiirinia coasts were occupied In clans ol' AlLroncpiins. of tiii' I'owhatanic. t\pe. j'iach (Ian oheu'il the authority of its own chiei". hut all were associated in a ucneiiil conl'eileracN. which was ruled hy Powhatan, whese cipiincil liri' and loidence were localeil on the .dimes river. Those who li\ed on the coiisis I'elieil (lU li~h a-i one of the lueail.s of their snhsistelice. 'l"he huntiiiii-urounds extended west to the -emral line ol' the I'all.s of the \'ir,i;inia ri\ers. whert' a di\eise stock, as well as laiv^iuiije. .super- vened. eNteiidiiiir to the Alleiihanics. AVhaleMM' occurrence of moment happened n\\ the hoiilers. as the appearance of enemies, or straiiLiers. was iimiiediati'ly commnuicaled to the central adminislration. in this wiy a sort of inchoate repuMic wns i^nxeriied. Amitlas and IJarlow approached a low shore, co\cred with trees. friiiLicd with an outer line of islands and islets.' liaxini.'' cast ai.chor, liailow landeil ju his yawl at the island of Wococon,- where he adiuireil the handsome trees. indii;enous fruiiv. and xiiiorous \('i;clation. ihit no indians appeareil iiniil the third day. when, thcee of the nativi's approachin;:' in a canoe, a friendly inlercoursi> ensued. The fullDwin'.; da\-. the ships were visited hy sextual canoes, in tuie of wliiidi was ( iraiiLianaiueo. I'owhaian's hi'olher. .\t this intri \iew. I'rieiidK- salutations and presents were e\cliaiiL:ed. Th(» Indians are descrihed pro]ier well-pro[Mirtioiied people. \i>ryci\il in their inanneis and hehaviour." After this inU'r\iew, reciprocal coiilidenco heim:' I'stalili.-hed. a ti was conimenceii .\midas then proceeded to enter Pamlico ."^iMind. and tln' I olIowiiiLr ila\. at e\'enir. anchored near the inland of Koaiioke.' which he estimated to he si'xcii Kaunes distant fidin Occocpinii, the Hi'st |. lace of landiii'.^'. At 1 voiUloKc the l']n'.ili.sh found a s mall viII:il:(' comprisiici nine houses. ,, lie of whicii was occii [lied hy the family of (Iraii'/aiiameo. the chief heimj; aliseiil. i lis w ife leciavcd Aiiiidas witii courtesy ;iiul hospitality. She wa.s an eueruiot K" wdiiian. ainl oideri I ■rs wer<' 'lilhert's liut irv strieth ' IM I.. V..!. 11.. p -J.'. • .'siiili n.Msiili rs ilii~ ,-iiinlli.T Miiiiic I'lir Ocnii-siik. — lllsl'tn/ ,,/' Vi'r./niHi, 1.. ; ' I'l.r ill.' rlMMcjiM^v ..f \\i\- »-..r.|, \l.|.' lii.sliirical M:i.,':iziii.', \'ul. I., \.i. li. * 'riii- w.inl .•i|i|.i:ii>. IV..II1 a .-li..i-i \,.ijliiil:irv. I., l..' t!,,' iiaiiu' ..I a x.ilu..| ,~. I' ' 84 KNlil.lSII km: mi; NT ol" (heir l)i)ats to 1)0 drawn nslion". luul tlic ours to Ko ciirrifil up to tlip villnirc, to gimnl (lu'iu from tliit'vos. Tlio li'ft of tlu; Knulisli liavinj]^ lici-n washctl in wnnn water, slic llii'ii iiiviti'il tlicni to partaUc of liomiiiv, Ixiilod venison, and roasted (isli, with a dessert uf ■• melons and other vep'taMes. Feariu'^ treaeliery. Aniidas embarked in his lioat at evening, nnd. |uishinij it ont into the sound, arreiiored oil" the vilhtL't', intendinjjj tlnis to pass the niuht. 'I"he wife of (irani::iiianieo, divinin;; the reason for tliis preeanlion. and e\idenliy retirettini: his nii>trnst. sent down tlie eveninir's meal, in pots, to the shore. Siie also oi'dered mats Id lie i'lirried to tlie hoiit. to shelter the Kn;jlish from the niL;ht dews, and direetey tlic nsiilts ol' this (iiscoMTN, wliii'li wa-: tin' i^rnii ol' iIk^ iiriii^li coloiiiiil cstalilisli- l"iS."i iiiciils. It lu'cijcd not till' |iri>|ilirtic liaiil to prii tlic cxclitiiiatiiiu, " Vir^ioMs ol" i;l(ir\ . Sparc niv acliiiiji sii;lit I"' ' imr tlic \nicc ol' tlic Iiiiliaii saL'c, ()[)(M'liaii. to Ijiil Iiis c'omitn men (car, and lly h tuM llic i'(Mitslc|is of a ])i'oplc, who l)roii;^lil in tlicir train tlic subtle iicnii (if lalioni'. Icttc' and ('liri>lianil y. Tlic ]iiiiiiccr sliips liad scan cly rctiiriUMJ I'ldiii \irL;inia. ulicn ii second voyau'c X'.as rcsoh'cil on. Sir l!icli;ird (IiimumHc. wlio had hcen one of the promoters of the first clliirt. oii'^inated this seconil ad^ cntiire. and deterniiiied to lead it. For this cntei'pri/c, seven sliips were eijiii|iped in tlie harbor ol" I'lynioutli. ;ind fully provided uitli all neccssai-v snp|ilies. IbileiLili was deeply interotrd in this new efliii't, and to rendc" it sucrcssfnl. nolhiiiu' \vas oiiiilted. \\hicli. at that era. Avas di'enied essential. The jiresence of Manfeo. and his coiii|ianioii. had exeitecl a lively interest in tiic public mind respecting' tiie aboriLiines. and. in order to aiMpiiiv correct ideas of their features, ninniiLM's, and nistoms. IJnlciuh sent out .Mr. Willi, or Wyth. a skilful writer. A iifntlc- iiian of his household. Thomas ilairiot. a noted mathematit'iiui and scholar, also accompanied the expedition, liir the purpose of describiiii; their character. Man'i'o I'etiirned to A'iriiiiiia as liiiide and interpreter. The ships sailed from IMyiiioiith on the '.Mb of .\pril. and. after oro.ssing llio Atlantic, on till' l!tith of May anchored oil' the i>laiid of ()rcoi|iioii. liavinu' made the passai:e in fcirty-se\en days. At this time the priiu ipal local ruler on the coast was Win'.:i,ia, who resided on tli(> island of lloaiioke. 'i'o him a deputation was immediat(d\' desjiati bed. under the ,i:uidaiice of Maiiteo. who is uniformly piraised lor liis lldelitv. Other parties were scut oil" in did'ereut directions, to acipiirc a knowledge of the 'jco'jra]iliy. and make in(|iiiry concei'iiini;' the productions, of the coiiutrv. .'^ir Kicha"d, liiiii^elf. crossed to the main land, and explored the \illajj'es on the Chowan I'ivor, where he iiiMiKcd himself and alleiulanls in hostilitii's w itli the natives. The manner pl- ( J ni V ^ i ■III i'- i «tl KNtilJSlI i: L i; M i: N T oh" in wliicli tliis iliniciiltv aiMsc uiis as liillous: 'I'lic linliiiiis liail stolfii a silvor ciip IVoiu his mess I'liniitiiri'. in it'M'iiii.' lor uliicli, alter liis ivtiini to tin- islaiiil ol' ()('C('(|\i(m, 111' Kuriii'tl tlii'ir viiiaL^' and di'sti'DVi'il tln'ir cnin. Allrr |i('r|ii'triitin.: liii< inijiolilic anil cnii'l (intia.ri', lu' .-^uildrnlv ilcti'i'ininid to ri'lnrn to I'ln^innd. Ih' !' Il a ri)liiny of IMI |icrM)ns (111 til'' i-iand ( I' ( *('i'(i(|Uon. over wlioiii lic! a|i[ioinlcd Mr. lial|ili Lane, Ltivcriior. On Ids route lionie lie \isited the West Indies, with the e.\|i(i'talion ol' I'lU'oiinterin;: Snanish \-e^>eN ; and. haxiiiL' caiiturcd ii large shi|i, returned with his iiri/i' to l'l\ mouth, uliicii In' ii aehed on t'.ie iMh of Septeinher, alU'r an abseiieo of a little more than six montli>. l.ane and his eoiuiianions immediately located the colony on the isl;iiid of Hoanoke. I'nder his directions they cl. tliey ascended thi' Chowan liver I'll) miles, to the lenilia'v occiiiiir.i liy a nation called ( 'howaiioeks. a liranch of the lr(ii|nois stork.' At C^ipe llattcia-. whitlcr they went. \>\ water, under the niiidance of the friendlv -Maiiteo. tliev luul an interview with (lraii,i;aiKiineo. which is the la.st mention we have of this chiel'. in \'ir-iiiia lii,-tory. Ilichard (iren\ die's e\|iloi atoiy trip, and his severity toward the Indians, seconded as it was li\ the ai::res-i\e policy |inrsiied hy his successors, iiail the elVect of keeping th<^ settlers in a stati' of (iiiifu>ion. and continual dread of the ahoriuines.' 'I'lie colonists soon found that they were rc^Mrded hy the Indians with suspicion and mistrust. l''ilie>se was retaliated hy fine-se. deception hy de<'eptioii. Ill one of their numerous hroJN v\ith the native-, ihe co|oni>ts killed Wini^ina. Ahout the same time. Gramranameo. their hest friend, dieil. and his cleatli was followed hy that of his aged fatiier. Kn-eiioie. .\ general state of nnrrieiidly H'cling at this tinu' existed towards the Kmrli-h. The colonists planted iiothiicj. and. with great relnclance. the Inilians nartiallv sup[ilied tlani with corn. game, mid lish. which, at length, they withheld iiltou'ether. The result of this noii-inteivour-e pcdicy was. that parties of the colonist.s were necessitated to liiraiie for supjiiii's on the i.-lands, and some on the main land. Kinallv. tlu'V were compelled to .~ii!)-i>t on loiits and shell-lish. .\ party of twenty men. while tliii^ eiii]i|ovei| ;il Cioataii. oil the southern part of Cape Lookout. desci-ied a sipiadron of tvveiit v-lhiee -hips, standim; in. This lleet [iroved to he that of ."^ir Francis Drake, .•etiirning from an expedition against the .'^^[i.iniards. They had taken, anil plundered. Carthageiia and ilisjianiola. and hurned the towns of St. .Vnthoiiy uiul St. Helena. (Ill the Florida coa>t. Drake had orders from (,>iieeii Kli/.aheth tu visit and succor the \'irginia colon}'.' It i- .illinncil Ipv .""ihli. \':iii<- -'■'•. liiiil tin' n:iim' nl' llu- triin' w:is lir-l.iwril mi lljr ('lir-,i|M-:iki' li.iy. ' Cliowiuinck is, liiittiM r, an .M^'ini'juin iiaiui' »litli, p iMii , p. n;. a dl' scvciily Inns liiirilicii. Hid nun, and I'mir ni>inlii>' lirii\ i~inli^. lull I III- vessel was driven nil' tlie e(>;i-l hy a teni|ie>t. He tlieii sll|i|(iie(l tlii'in witii aiiiiliier M'ssel df l-H tons luirtlien. manned and pnu isidiicd. Imt it was liiiiiid Id lie ini|i(issil)lc to fret lier over tile har al llie eMlraiiee to tiie sdiiiid. Tiien the fdldiiisis Ml lidaiioke, eonsiderimr tliat tliey iiad already snlli'red '• niiieli misery and daiiLivr. ' ' ami iiad not reeei\i(i tiie e\|ieeteci sn|i|iiies. |ii(>iiiised l)y (Ireiiviile. snlieited iieiniis.-idii to return to i'liiiiland in tiie lleel of l)iiike. 'i"o liii-i re((iiest Sir l'"riimis ^'avi ids readv asseiil. and tiie\ were ali sMl'el\- iandi'd at I'diNimiiitli. alidiit tiie e! or.lniN. i'tMi. Cm tiiis trip, (iovoruor Lane first carried tiie toliaeeo jilant iroiii \'ir,uinia to I'lnulaml. Ol' tlie eii-ldins, rili's, freed, and o|iinii.iis ol' tiio Indians. .Mr. llerriot jiivcs tlie roliowinu' aceonnt : *• 'I'liey iieiliive in ono (ioil. wiio is stdl-c.vistent and eternal, and tiie creator ol" tiie world. Alter tliis lie ci'eali'd an order of inli'rior L'ods. to eairy out iiis LidNcnniient. Tiial tiieii tiio snn. moon, ami stars, were created as instruments of llie secondary i:ods. Tiie waters were liieii imule. Iiecominir tin; vilai princi|iie (if ali creatures, lie iie\l erealeii a woman, wlio. liy the conuress oToiie of ijie uihIs. I>roiii;ht Hath oliildreii. and tiiem'<' mankind had tiu'ir l)e.riniiin'.;<. Tiiiy liioiiL,dit the jiods were ail ol' liunian siiape. and worsliipiied (lieiii. hy liieir images, dancint;'. simjiiiii-, ami |iia\ iiiL. witli ollc'iiii,i;-i. 'i'iiey iielies'ed in tiie iinniorlaiity of the soul, wliicii was dislined lo I'litiire iia|i|iiiiess, or to inliahil J'd/Kii/ii.^.^n, a pit. or piaci' ol' tormeni, uiiere the >iin sets ; and this diiclrine tiiey liaseii nn tiie assertion ol' persons wlio iiad returned alter death." 'I'liese doctrines are said to iia\i' iiad iiiueii wciuiit willi tiie common Indians. Imt to iia\c made hut iitlie impression on llieir Weroaiiees. or rniers. and priests. Jlow accurately tluy were repoiteil. ainl how iiuicli tlay wt.'re colored li\- Christian inedilectioiis, may he jiidjcd oi' liy the i\iio\\ii repiii;nance of the native sa,u:es lo uixc inlormalion on sncii points; hy fiieir soon heini; on ill lernis, la' at open war. witii tin' Kn,!.;lisii ; ami iiy tiie prohahiiily lliat some ol' the more sirikiiiij: charac- teristics of this aile;;ed Indi;in cretd iiad iieeii derived ficaii traditions, ii'lated h\- !Maiileo and (iiaiiL'ananieo — llie lirst a hnptised eoineit.and the iattt'r a politic friend of the KiiLilish. and an admirer ol liieir manners. \Vin,i;ina. iiimseif. would often he at prayers witii tlie KiiLiiisii. it liavlinj lieen tiieir practice to read t!ie scrvici' puhiicly in tiie presiMiee of liie Indians, liiit it was evident that lliey deemed tiie J^n^iiisli i:real necromaiici'is. possessing: almost uniimitid ilillileiice w itli tile i:<)iis ; lirinly helievilli;' tliat lliey conjd Inljiet diseases. I'nsure dealli. and miiiart \ipir to tiie urowtii of. or destroy, their corn crops. The IJihle. wliicli was read hy the Mnjilisii, and regarded as llie exponent of tlu' purest doctrines, liie Indians considered lo he a talisman, wiiose virtues resided in the material of the iiool<. and not in its spiritual teachiiiiis. They deemed it a fa\(ir to iiandie. iiui;-. anil kiss it. passing it o\ci- liieir liices. and riihhiiiL;' it over their hreasts, ' 8titli. p. 17. 1 ill li i! I i !■ i., *li Ih^ IIP ,, S8 i;N(;i,isii i: i,i:m i: nt ok Mr. Ili'niot (ili-^t-rxcil llial tlu'v li;iil ;;iviit I'.^ttM'iu iuul vt'iu-ratidii i'ov a. pliiiit — ii .s|iuiitMiU'iiii.i unnvlli il' till' ('(iiiiiliN — wliifli llicv ciilli'd l'/i/,niri>f. Imt wliicli was cm'ii tlicii lii'llcr kiiiiw II liv iIm' iiaiiii' nl' tnliarco.' 'I'lic lease- nl' lliis, ciiivd ami ilrieil. ihey i-iiiokoil ill eaillii'ii hiltt's, diawiii;,' ii[i llie .-iiiuku li_v iiilialatioii. Tlu' t'liiiics nl' lliis pliiiit wen- dllercil ti> tlifir jiods witli tereniiiiiial litff, and cNtravairaiit eciii'lliixidiis. Tliev llirew its ilii.-t (HI lU'tn to coiisecrale llieiii liir use, and into the air us a tliuiiiis- ,;;i\iiii:' lia' daiiL^eis |ia-t. I>ut ils iim-l -aeicd use was ea-tint;- it into lires kimHeil I'nr sac.iliee. til iH'iidiu'e a l\ind nl' incense to iira\en. 'I'liis eminent inallii nnilieiaii. and |ii(iis .-eliniar. as III- is termed, lias lieeii severelv ciitii'i.-ed tlir delendinii' those rites; nor lias Sir Walter Halei'ili esoaped tlie eliapje ol' inlldelitv , lor tlie interest with wliieh ho ivci'ivi'd. and iiis cxainpli' in introdiiein.r the ii-e ol' toliacen into ijay ami rashiuiialile •^oc'etv. Tlie L;reat \aliie w liieli llie Xmili Anierican Indians plaec ii|miii loliaei'o. is one (if the niiKt iniixi'i'sal and well known of their trails. Tliere is noihiii'j- in mure esti'eni ill their siM'iiil. eerenionial. ami leliLiioiis eirch's. every scileinnity lieiiiu' (ipened with its nso. In their leliL'ioiis litis it is the iiio>t hi'^ih'y vemrati'd tliiiiL' on their all. OS. In soei.il life it is the lii'-t rei|iii-ite iii>|iiired tiir. and las I have Ireiiiieiitlv noticed in tia\cllim;' llirnni:h ihi' huliaii terriloriesi it is \;ilned ahove II.ikI. Were there niithiiiL' < l>e \n ideiitiiy the |'r>,-eiit r; with the inhahi tiiiits ol' the \'ii"jinia coa.-ts in l-Vsi'i. tlie t;viieral n.-t' of, anil tic \alue altacln'd to tohacco, wcnild sn|i|il\' iirt.rra'.^aMe evidence of their propiiM|iiiiy. The lapse of nine irenerations has not, in the least, diminished their extranrdinary attaidniient to this narcotic [)rodtk'tioii.- ' ."^titli'.s Iliry I'f \'ir.'ini.n, p :.'I. ' Wl' wmiKl S!iy 1(1 lliii-ic wlio, witli .Viluir, :iiv |ii-niii' to nt'.r liuli;iii riistniiis to an ori'iii.-il s.iiirci', tliiit tliiTc is 111 t ill tlio ilcliri'W .suriptiiivs tiie -lii'litr-t rIVti'mcp to iIh' iiiroii.in.T, or to tlio jiractirL' of .-iiioi%iii._'. Tlio friimls of Jul) ^^vlu«e history is (IcoiiieJ, Ijy tlicolugiaiH, tlio oldest part of tiic record) ijo not offer him this Hocial coQSolutiou. CI \ 1 I, I/. ATln.N IN ami: IN (A. S',1 CIlAl'TKi; III. j'i;nTrKiii:i> statk of tiik vikcima Indians i)iifiN(; riii; V(»YA<;i:s SlltSKiM KNTLV MADi; To THAT TOAST, IN TIIK SiXTKKNI'II CKNTI KV. Tl..' mil tliis TiiK cnrlv inttri'iiiiix' of tiic Kiiiiiisli with the N'iiLiiiiiii tiilios |i;irtiit)k of an t'litirciv liiciiill_\ c'liiuiictci'. 'I'lic iiitcicsts (if liotli iiailics were Miliscrvfd. l')Mi 'I'ln' liulimis wtTt' (li'liLrlitrtl to i'X('liaiiL:(' tlicir t'oiiiiiKiilitics lor Kiii't voyaud'.-. anil, tliroiiuli tlic means ol' .Maiilco and Wascclioc, who accoiii|ianicd tin' lii-i ships on tluir rctinn to Knvdand. coiisidcraMc advaiii'c was made in the stiid_\' of ihc iiahils and tiihtil ruliitions of the Indians, and of the f;vo;ira|iliy of their coiintiy. 'I'Ik; lirst event which distiirhcd those friendly ri'Iatioiis. was tiio extraordinary course taken hy Sir liichard (iii'iivillc. in retaliation for the theft of a siUcr cnp from iiis mess fiiniitnre. Maiitco. iiasiii!.' made some pniirress in Kniilisii. retiirncil from Knulainl with the colonists, and was of ^reat service to them as an iiiterprcter. j;iiidc. ami adviser. So ureat was the sense Sir Waller lialeii^h entertained of the merits .iiid nieials of .Maiiteo. that he directed him. wiicn liaptised. to he ;.:iven the title of •• i^ord (if lioanokc."' (iran;ianame(). who had welcomed Amidas, continued to lie I'rienillv, hill this friendship was incited hy a motive which did not at llrsl appear. He expeclt d the Kic^lish to aid him ai;aiiist \Viiii;iiia. his elder hrother. or hall-hrother — a powerful and amiiitions party sachem, who. nnlurtiimitely for the Eiiglisii. appears not to lia\e yiel(le(l to the sway of I'owhatlan. and against whom ho was. conse(|iientlv. at war. 'I'liis hope, and policy of (Iraiijianameo. was gratified. In a short lime the (olonists hcL'im to rei;ar(l \Vin';iiia with u'leat suspicion. 'J"!iey watched his motions, and. in the end accused him of coiicoctinu a ph)t to exterminate them. Amidas had heeii ahmi- ilaiitly siip|ilied hy (iran,i:aiiame(). with veni.>^on, lierriiii; and other lish ; and he had heeii received hy his wile at lioanoke. dnriiit: the ahsence of the chief, with i;reat attention and hospitality; lint it appeared that he did not consider the island to be a Kife permanent residence, for. on a snh.seipient voyap'. Sir liichard (Irenville loimd him locatetl at ("ape iiatteras. One of the lirst acts of Sir liichard. on reachiiii: Vol.. VI.— rj i 1 1 i ■ . |J.| f . mm Il no EN(ii.i>ii i:i.i;mi:nt (»!•■ (>i'i'i>i|iii)ii, uii< III -•'IhI til till' I-LiikI III' It'll. innlxi'. Mini miiiiihiiii'i- lii" iii'ii\ vi\ a -I'lii't lii>il\ III" iiii'M. Ill' ri'|ii'ali'i| ihr \ irijt tn tin' iiiaiii lainl, ami ili-i'ii\rri'il -imtmI linli.iii tnwii*. hiiiiiiu llii- r\i'iii«iiiii tin- In-- 111' llii' (i'jiiiii'j' ihc 'jiivi'rMim'iit n\' tin' roiiiiiy In .Mr. I!.'il|ili l.aiir. ami tlir I'hai'.'i' 111' till' .-lii|i>i In ('a|itaiM .\iiiiila-. .Mr. 'rimiiiiis Ilarrint was ilin-i'li'il In I'niiliniin hi.'* iili-('i\ alinii* nil llic iiiaiiiiiis ami rii-lniii- nl' till' Imliaii-. I, .1111' liiiinrillali'K n'llln\i''l llli' ('n|nn\ In I In. I link, ■. at llir I'lllraili'i' tn .\ I! ii'lliailr .''niniil, mIhI. Clllliinx ill'^ licr.iniis to iiiaki' a tlinrnii'.ih .-iirM'y nl' tli t,'i«l. thus iii.uli' liiiiisi'H' ai'i|naiiili il with till' '.;i'ni:ra|'liy ami ri'.sniiri'rs nf tlu' t'lmiitry. 'riii'»t' rcsnart'lu's I'Slcinli'il ."^niilhwanllv t'ii;lit\ Irajiii's. In till' .N'.'iis I'iviT. ami iinrlliwarilly tn ihr imiinry nl'tlii' ('lii'sa|n'iiki's, ail Imliaii nil"' Ini-atril mi a >tii'iiii. iiaiin'il liy tin' l';ii'jli>li. I'ili/alu'lh ii\ri'.' 'I'lll'.si' cNlilnralinlis \M|i' I'Xti'llili'il tilWaiiN ihi' llnr||i\M'-l. ll{i llic .Mliilliaili' .'^nliml aiiil ''Imwaii i iviT. a ili-lamn nl' I'll! iiiilrs. I.aiii' |ii'r.-^niiali\ ilirri-li'il llu- ('\|ilni Jui;' |iart\. ami « as ari'iiiiipaiiiiil Ia Maiitrn, The ( 'Imw .iii is rnrini'il li\ ihc {iim'tinii n|' liir .^l^il^n:ll ami .\ii|la\\a_\. .\t till- |inili| |,aiir I'lllcl'i'il llir rnimlrs nl' t||,. ( '|in\v:| n- neks.- Till' riiliii.; i'Iiu'I'. a laiiii' man. iiaiiiril .Mriialniinii. |iii»>|.--iiit; an cMTllrni iiinlcr.stamliii'j. tnM Mr. I, am' a imtaMi' stnry nl a ininu'i' niiiii'. am! a |ii'ail li-ln r\, till' latti r nl' w liiih lir Incatcil nii 1 1 II ■ I'nii-t . Ill' iiilrniilii'jliil hiT- iiarr ili\i' w iili a .straiiL:!' tall', tlial llir Inail nf llm Mai'aliir. imw i.ijjril l.'naiinki' livrr. >|aaii'j- nlll MJ' a riiili wiiirli wa- -n I'lii-i' In t||r .sra. lll.'ll. '.vlli'll llii:!! uiinU |ili\!lili(|. IJ In.llll rrmii till' \va\r.- was ilrivi'ii n\i'r iiiln llii' -|ii'imj." I'lrMiniiii- ihi- -.r.i In lir an aim nl lili' (Illir nl' Mi'sirn. nr llir ."^niilji . -pi'iil in a II nil |r.-s si'aivli. till' aiUi'iiliiirrs wnn l^I.iiI tn ivlni'ii In tlii'ir i|iiarl'|s ;i| ilnaiinlvi'. ' Tl'- ii:iiiir. rlii'-ip.:ilii' li.iy. i- -111. '1 l.y Siilli. t., 1.,. ■Iiiivi .1 IVniu tliii tiil>.'. (Illii.ri li:i\.' .i-^.tI. .j iJ, a, ill till' liiili^iii l.iiiLii;!'."'. Il 111' Mill. •• '/'II' M.ih-r '■/ l^./^/■< " 'I'll!' U'linl i> .\l-MM.|iiiM, iiii.j iippi-ir^ |.. I„. -i Ciiiiiliiiiathili 111' tlir I'Tiii. '7i";/. .i-li'.n'. niiij 't/n-'/. \VMlrr.i ; wliirli I'.iiiipniilMl i>, .'it llii.s .|:iv. ('iiiiili:iilv M-. I l.v llic^.-i' trilir-i 1,1 )ii..'iiiiy .i/../"/ .>/i../-. ; lull lln' iviili'iil iinaiiin..' nf wliiili, in iN nijj.ilriMJ r. l.-iii.,:, |,, il,,. Ii:iy. w;is itiiiliiri-llv iiiltiiilr.l I nvy lli.' iilivi nf l.pii'j, c.r Ii.iil' vtnti'liiii;.', m- iiiM-iiiliri m |i;n, 1 1' „, |||,, tril f tlir r||r«;l|.,.:il.|..i pni \ . .| lliriv Inl.l'- IV"lll lliril' |i,.-iliMl| ;it llir ti .. if .if ihr |,riv. •' Mr. .1.(1. r-.i|i (•l:i"iti..> l!ir-.. iiMJi:.?!^ willi tlir lni,|ii.,i-. Tin- Ii:iiiii' i- .\l'jnM.|iiiii, liuwrviT, ;iii(| li, ii,,|, s tli:il ..■i.iilriin 11. Cii-ir, \.,l \ .. |,. Il-L'.i ||„. lr,K|ii.,is liaij iiniiii'jr.-a. il In.iii tin. ,miiI|i. 1 n VI 1,1/ \TloN IN A M KIM t V t'l •timi III" 'licisv;iii- Nfflji'llt li>lirry, uilli :l .-iniiiiii IIIMII II ;inn lirlical /;l nil Ills IS \\l\\' . tliry luillffH ■1. 1,. I... \ M-. 1 1 y II 1 IM tl -u. tl .1 .I.Mul ■s 1( :uiiii;^ \A At tlii> liiiii' (ii MCiiiiiaini'ii i|i> I III' li:ilriiiiiriital in riilailiii'j' iiiiii'li siilli'riii'j' mill hari|shi|i ii|miii Mr. Lain-, in lii> rs|iliiraliiins nl' tin' < IniWiiii iImt; lull wlirii till' '.^iivci'iiiii' rcliii'iii'il, liriiuiii'i with him llic ."un uf ClKiwaiini'U ns II iirisiiiH'r, anil .Maiilrn, ami utlnTs. irlalril llir liravrr^ iiiiil |mi\m r nl' i mliiianri' nl' liiiiir's nimiany, iii> haii'jhty (i>|i(i'l was i'liaiii;r(l. ami tin' Inavailn >iii'icln'> iiiinli.' (Iiiiiiiii tin ir aliM'iii'i'. witc hi'aiil im muri'. TIu'm' rt'|Mirts ul' the caiiaiity ul' tin' . ('ii|iiiii>ls III siistiiiii thriiisch'cs, wi-n iillriiii'il hy ii [ircsciit nl' jiraii miiI In Mr. i.aiif I'i'iilll .Mi'liatiillnll. till' kimi' III' lilc ( 'linwailncks, ami linnliicl' I'ICm'III rinlll (>ki>('u, llir I'ili. r III' \Vin|ir|||i'nLa. a |inwrll'ill mast tl'ilir. 'I'Iii'M' I'lirmllv ilrliinli^l latiniis hail -lli-h nil clli'i'l ll|'n|l \\ ili'.'.ina. llial lir ililri |i i| ^\(■i^.- In iir cnll.-ll lli'Icil. Inl' till' :-llji|il\ nl' (III' Ciiliiiii-I> w illi li^h. ami i-aiiMil ihriii In lir laiiiilil hnw In |ilaiil tin ir liriiN nl' cnrii. lliil lliis ri'i('iiii>lii|i was .'-jiri'ilily iiili'iiii|i|i'il hy llir ilralh nl' tin' \i'iirial>li' ami wi-n chirr. I'!ll»i llnrr. 'I'lir two lii'^l [mliliial llii'llils nl' llii' Kli'jii-ll lirili- lin\v ilcail, M"iir;iii.i. iimirr inrlrini' nl' nlrliialiii'j his latlnTs I'liin'ral. iii\ ilni a lai ji' iiumlii'r nl' Iliiliaiis to assoiiililr. wilii till' iiiti'iitinii III' iiiiiiihilittiii.i; tin- rulniiN at nmt h|n\v. The ]iliit was ri'Vcali'il hy Skicn. tin- smi nl' .Mcnatiinnii. who liad Ik'cii tai^rii |iii-nm r li\ lln' i'\|ir(lirnin til the lit'ail of the ('Iniuaii i'i\ir. Tin' cnlniiists iiiiiiii'ilialrly sii/ril all liic Imlian camics mi llir islaml. lliiiikim; ihiis III I'litaii-ii' till' Imliaiis in llnir nwii Inils. Ihit tin' latliT Innk the alarm, ami. al'irr a ^ki^llli^ll. in wliii'h livf or >i.\ nl' iln ir niiiiiln'i' were slain, the riiiiaimiii' maili' ;;nnil llii'ir ('S('a|ii' tn tin- lini'sl. iSnth jiarlics imw iiiaiiitiiiueil liii' cinscsl watch ii\i r each nthri's ininciiii'iits ; lull, alter mmli iiiano'iivrintr, WiiiLrina, was at Icniitli i'iiii;i|ilni| ami slain, tu^i'tlicr w'iih oijjlit nf his lu'iuciinil warrioi'.s. u r!i !**i / flL> EN(i I.ISII KLKM KNT OK niAPTKH IV. HOSTILITIES WITH THE DESS AMO PEA K, SICOPAN. AM) AQT'OS- ('(i.loS THir.ES. srcCESSlVE AUANDONMENT OK THE liUANOKE A M » II A T T E H A S C O L () IS I E S . Ai.Tiinrcii tlio (Iciitli dl" Winuiiiii sei'iiu'd to iiavc propaivd tlic way for a I'lSl'p iiiori' pi'Mccriil (x'oupatioii of tliu oouiitrv. vot, a ut'iu ral t^cari'lty of food, coni- liiiii'd witli a iiiOfit singular ooncunviico of untoward t'vciits. tiiially li'd to tile aliandomiiciit of tlic island. Tiu> strin^c'iit position of alVairs at Koanoko had. (li's|iit(' till' ctl'orts (if industrious indi\iduals. Ik'ch incrca.si'd liy tlii' withdrawal and liostiiity of the Indians, who liad lit'iMi chit'tlv rrlicd upon for .supplies of food. To rdii'M' till' rolony. Captain Statl()i'd. a prominent and onertri'tic man, was de.spatchcd, witli nimti't'ii men. to the friendly Indian villa^'e of Croatan, on Cape Lookout, with the twofold purpose of enalilimr them to provide tlu'ir own suhsistence. ami of keepinjr a watch lor ships ('\]H'('ted with relief from Kni;land. TheN' had not lieen there more than si'M'u da\s. when twenty-three sail of sliijis made their appearanoe. Tld.>< lleet was conunaiided hy Sir Fianeis Drake, who was retiirninir from an e.xpedition against the SpaniariN in the West Indies, and on the Spanish main. He hatl taken Cartha- iieu'i. jilundered the rapitol of Hispaniula. and hiu'nt the towns of St. Anthonv and St. Helena, on the Florida coast. Ila\inLi' recei\ed orders to succor tlie \ iri;inia coldUV. he ollereil them a shiji of se\ent_\ tons hurtiien. llllt men. and four months' provisions, as well as four smaller vessels. jJut thesi- vr'ssels were all driven to sea in a ts in vain, returned home with his vessel. Aliout a loi'iniulit after the ilepartiiie of the latter ship. Sii- llicliaid (ii'cnville avrlved with three .^hiii-. and ample -iip|.lie>. lleceiv in'.: no intelliL;ence of tjie colonv. he landed iil'ty men on the i>lar,d of lioanoke. I'urni-hed them with provisions lijr two vears. and then returned. To these successive ari'ivals and departiu'cs. the Indians ii *" :\M^ lis llOl'l nuiii nst itlui- l \\\ i\iu ths lllOU it fouUl iuiil ill nleiuil ill IIMSSII'JIV "UjllilM'S. witli lii^ Ivnivilli' cdliiny. for two liuruinH '**IP- n VIT.IZ ATTOX IN AMEUICA. 03 roniiiiiUMl silent sportMtdrs ; l)nt tlicy coiilil imt (iiil to be iinprcssctl witli tlie ideii. that a nation wliieli could Curnish such resources, was not only adluent, liut also in earnest. Dnriui: the month of July, of the follow in jr year (1")S7). three ships arrived, which had heen sent out under the command of (iovernor .lohn White, with the desiiiu of I'einforcinir and pcrnumently estahlishing the colony. Makinjr Cape llatteras. Ciovernor AVhite immediately proceeded to the island of I'oanoke. to seelt for the fifty men. hut there he found nothing hut the skeleton of one man. The liuildings were not destroyed, hut the fort was diiapidati'd, and the ground in its vicinit}- overjrrown with weeds. (Joxcrnor White relitted the houses, resumed the occupancy of the s[)ot. and estahlished his jrovernment. Mr. Howe, one of the newly-appointed eouneii. ha\ina: wandered into tiie woods, was shot hy on(^ of Winirina"s men. ('M[)tain Stalli)r(l, with twenty men, accom[)aui('d hy ^^anteo, who had sailed to Knuland with Drake, ami a;:ain retiu'ueil. was sent to ("roatan, to make iu((uiries as to the fate of the (ifty colonists. IT(,' was told tiiat the colony had heen attacked hy :'>I)H Secotan, .\(|Uosc()jos. and Dessainopeak Indians; and that, alter a sliirmish. in whicii hut one luiulishnian was .slain, the rest had relreati-d to their hoat. and tied to a snnUl island near llatteras, when' they staid some time, and then de[)arte(l they knew not whither. (Iovernor A\'iiite took imnieiliate steps to reiU'w and maintain a uood undersfandin;^ with the Indians ; hut lie found tln'Ui sullen and revengeful. l)eterminin|,' to evince the natiiuial indiirnation i()r the loss of the fd't\' <'olonists. hy atlackiiij;' the Dcssamo- peaks, who occupied the coast opjiosite i\oanok(>. he detailed for tliis purpose twenty- four men. under Captain Stall'oi'd. and. with .Mauteo ti)r his uiiide. left the island at twelve o'clock at nii;lit. \\ day-hreak they landed on the main siiore. licvdml liie town, and assaulted tl)ur Indians sittini;' at a fnv. kiliiuL;' one of tiiem. On examination, tliese i)roved to lie tViendh Croatans. who had come thithi'r to iiather their corn : llie Dessamopeak Indians iia\in,i; lied, as they then ascertainec I'ter killin-- Ik Th act was nuK h rearetled hv .Manti On the IMtli of .Vuirust, loST. Mauteo. who had. it jeMe\-eil, nuu de ll iri'e vova'j:es to Knii'land. and acipiitti'd hiuiself satisfactorily as the Mentor of the colony, was liapti/.ed in the Christian faith, receivins.', the title of Lia-d of IJoanoke. .Viiother ■vent sii^uali/.i )nth ; the daughter of Cio\ernor White, married to a met tl le council ■d this nn . was, on the iStli, delivered iilier a female child, which received ti name o I" N'iruinia. It now liecame necessary to select a person to visit iMii^land and solicit su The Indians heini;' lieiierallv hostile, the colonists could not culti\ate .--iiilicient l I'P to sU: :taiu themselves. Kiniland was at this tii ne con\ msec I witli al; inn. Ill expectation the tl escen t of the Spanish .\rmada. and it wa> IV learci tile liistant little CololU' would he osci'lookeil. AVIlilt hell 1 thai t I- seleeted. lu le lllteri"; liel'oi'e I ea\lll'. th «t. estalilished a colon\- of iHil nien on an isiaiul o If C ipi Halt eras Xotl nil:;' was suhseipieutly heard ol' thi.s party. Whether they perisheil iiy the Indian loniahawk, or from starvation, has ii(>vi'r lieen ascertained. 94 EN(;t,1?!II element of ClVILlZATHtN IN AMERICA. Oil iirriviiiir in Eiiiilaiul. Wliitc llnuul tlio nation in sudi trrcat turmoil that iiotiiiiir; ooiikl 1)0 (Uiiu'. Tlic foinpany inuk'rwciit a ciiaiij^'o, and an ahortivc atti'inpt was made to scikI two liarqiics fi'oin IJiddcford, in I-jSS. Koncwcd ctrortH wore made to succour the colony, Imt .Mareii. 1")00. had arrived, before ri'lief could he despatched to thorn. It wa.s the 2d of Aiii:iist. hellire the ships under fiovernor White reached the latitudes of Croatan and Hattems. At tlie latter place a smoke was observed; but, after dili.^eiit seareli where the p)veriior had tiirec year.s previously left a colony of 100 men. no tracrs of them cniild lie found. Cannon were fired, but iirodiiccd no other response than liicir own reverberations, and trnmpets were sounded in vain. It appeared that tiie .smoke arose from Indian (ires, hastily or carelessly left. While prosecutiiiir their search, they found the word "Croatan" written on a ])ost, and. hence presnnied that the llatteriis colony lia to that place, where frii'mlly Indians li\cd. No snbsripii'iit .-eaicli develoiied any liirthcr trace of them ; their fate had become identified with tiie mysteries of Indian history and of Indian crime. The attempts made to fiml this eolony were, however, of a very ])nerile character. In the efl()rt first made, under (lovernor White, two boats were despatched with a competent com- mander: but. in passim: a baron the Hatteras coast, one of the boats was half filled with water, ami the other bavin:;- been ripset. the captain and six men were ilrowned. Tills accident exercised a depressin,^ infliienco on the spirits of all concerned ; but. at leni^th. two other boats were fitted out. and .sent ofl' with nineteen men, on the same ser\ice. It was by the second expedition that the inscription I)efore iiKMitiimetl was found, to-etbei' with tlie evidences of the hasty abandonment of the place by the colonists. Fnllowiii'j- the index of this inscription, the commander ordei-ed the ships to \M'i,:.;h anchor and sail iljr Croatan on Cape Lookout. While jiroi'eedinu' thither, one of the vessels parted its cable, losimr. not only tli(> anciior att.iched, Imt also another, which had. in some manner, become entan;;led with it, and before they could drop a third anchor, tiny wxvc in imminent peril of beiiij;' driven on tiie strand. Discoura'/cd li\ these attempts, ami influenced by fallacious hopes of profit to be derived from a trip to the Wi'.-t Indies, whence they |)roposed to return in the .spring and resume the search, tiiey bore away for these western islands, an ever-attractive spot to those who coveteil the Wealth of tin' Spaniards. But the commander of the sliijis. after he had finished jiis ciMiise in tin' Wt'st Indies, would not ajrain visit the A'ir'jinia coast, announcing'' his inteiiti to ii'd to nl the ; liiit, my of I otlll'V n. It While , hence liuliiUis iRToine tteinpts f t'llovt 111 COlll- ir tilled rowiieil. hut. at he sumo iiicil was ,. l.v the e pirnia hither, It also V oiiultl stnmJ. t to he > .sjirini^ tractive of the sit the . (lesj)ite fone to loiinient on of its iiiliaps, tlio VI SECTION Fill II. THE LITTORAL TRIBES OF THE NORTH ATE.VNTIC, AVITIIIN WHOSE TERRITORIES THE COLONIES WERE PLANTED. niAI'TKIf I. YIHCINIA SlTCCESSFrLLY CO LO X I'/, K 0. .TAMllSTOWN IS l.-OlNDKD IN TlIU (JENTllAL I'AKT 01-' THE TUWIIATANIC CONFEDEllACY. English liistovv, at the opening of the soventeentli century, records two •Teat events — tlio death of (Jueen Klizalieth. which ocenrreil in KiO-'l, and 1600 tlie inunediate and iteiu'cnhle accession of James I. to the throne. Dnrin.u tlie .same year whicii witnessed this chanue, Kaleiiih, the true friend of \'ir;:iMia, and of American colonization, was tried for the crime of liiuh treason, and unjustly condemned to death, thouiili his execution did not take place until fifteen years afterwards. In l.")!in Viriiinia had lieen nhandoned ; hut. iilthouLih not entindy fori^otten. the attempts made to ascertain the fate of the colonists left at Hatteras. were feeble, and proved to he altoiivtlier futile. The Indian tribes may be supposed to liave achieved a triumph in driviii.i;' the FjUulish from tluMr shores; but the state of discord and anarciiy in which thev lived, the feeble nature of the ties existing between them as tribes, and their alisohite want of any stalih^ gov( riimcnt, was not calculated to fit tiiem l()r successful resistance to the p(Uver of civilized nations. More than twelve years elapsiM.I before the project of establishiii'j; a colony on these shores, which had been the scene of the foniier iiielVecliial strimgU's for colonial existence, was again broached. Tlie most important elKirts. maile by the proprietors of the Virginia company, coinpriseil the voyages of Bartholomew (Sosnold, in l(il)2, in which he discovered Capo Cod, Martha's TIIK JJTToi: A I, TIM 11 KS OK ViiirvMid, and Elizabctli islaml ; ami tiial ol' (.'aptaiii I'riiiji and Mr. Saltern, in KiOo, will) I'DJiowfil nearly tlu' same track as that i)msiic'il hy tiosnoltl. Two ^oars miI)so- ciucntly Gi'ori'c Weymuiilli visilfd a jiart ul' tlio eaistiTu coa.st, in latitude 11" 20', and t is I'diijirtmvil, IVoni his (k'si'iiptions, that hi' I'nti'ivd citlu'i' Narraiiansott IJay, or the t'oniicrticiit river. On everv siay, the riiiht cape of which was named Henry, and the left. Charles. How the Indian tribes would receive the new colony, then a point of dee|) interest, was not long involveil iu doubt. l()r thirty men ha\ing landed on ('ajie Henry to recreate themselves, were attai'ke(l by Indians of the Chesapeake tribe, who wounded two of them. This miiiht ha\e been ri'garded as an iniliciition that the colony was destined to he founded by the aiil ol" the .sword; and sneli. literalh', ha.s been its history. After passing the capes of the Chi'sapeake. the nnignilicent beautv of the surrounding coinitry. the gri'at fertility of its soil, and its numerous fruits and piddiictions. wcie found to surpass e\cry anticipation. .V contemporary historian, in speaking of it. sa_\s: "'JleaNen and earth seems nescr to have agreeii)\vn. ue ;own ' ."^liili. of cU't'p )ii Cape be. wlio li;it tin; illy, luirt la'iiuty lits and i>ti)i'iiUi, licttcr til 11 nilly ' wall rs a ^^lllall he town THE NOllTII ATLANTIC. i>7 TIm' Knirlisli were now siirrouiKU'd by an almost inmiincrable host of wild men, wlio iiiiplii'itlv olicvcd till' lu'lu'st of llicir fon-st iiioiiarcli Tlu-y were the proprietors of a coiiiilrv ahoimdiiiji- in game, lisli, fowl, iuul every provision of nature for the sustenance of man, and cultivated a fertile soil, from which they uathereil al)undant crops of corn. No part of America alionmls in more niagniliceiit scenery tiian may he here found aloui;- the rivers, or in the heautifnl grouping of mountains, t()rests. and plains. I'ow- luitan had raised iiimself to this Uingly eniineuce by iiis bravery, energy, and wisdom in coinicil. In iiddition to liis claim to the dignity Uv hereditary right, he also derived a title 1)\ till' con(|uest of the surrounding trilx's ; and his position had been greatly strengtliened by the praittice of polygamy, wiiich surrounded the chief with a, nnineions kindred, both lineal and coIlMteral. At the time of the settlement of Virginia, Pow- liatan was about sixty years of age, and though tbe era of his personal prowess had passed away, he still wielded nniliminislied sway as tiie reigning (diief, both in his lodge, and at the council lire. J lis bead was then somewhat hoary, which, together with his stature, carriage, and conntenance, gavi' him .111 air of savage majesty. The c()nlederaey, of wliich he was the rul(>r. eomiirised thirty tribes, numbering about 124,001) souls. It was then estimated that there were oOOO persons residing within si.xty miles of Jamestown, of whom loOO were warriors. The whole of these tribes not only had no I'ldisb for, but detested civilization in all its li)rms, and despisi'd labour, arts, letters, and (,'liristianity. The conduct of I'owhatan, a.s well as that of his stal- wart chiefs and followci's, presents an instance of that Indian dui)licity, which conceals the reality of hatred under the most mild, dociie. dignified, and respectful bearing. It soon. lio\ve\-er, became evident that the cahmiess of the Indians too much resembled tiie lull of the tempest. The policy of the Wingina, on the .smdy coast of Albeiiiarh! Sound, which developed itsell' a few }ears later, was the same as tiiat which governed I'owhatan. The milder tone and language of (liaiiganameo, as also the afli'ctiiai evinced b\' Manteo, were but secondary I'orms of cliaraeter, which, suiiseipuMitl}', often ap[icared in Indians of \arious trilies. Surrounded liy thirty trii)es, and oOllO warriors, how long could tht! colonists bave reasonably expected to renniin unmolested? When tl le In 4 ship returned to Kngland. it left but IIMI nun in Virginia. The dissei ISlOllS vhich soon originated among them, wen; aggravated by sickni'ss, impro\ ideiice, and The Indians, who at lirst apijcared to lid attacked the town. No more (inii tlie exhaustion of their supply of prt)vision be IVieiidly. now assumed a liostile attitiid( being delivered, speedy ruin impended; and. had it not been for .John Smith, uiio stepped f)rward in tiiis emergency, utter destruction to the colony nuist have resulted. AVe do not here propose to enter into a detail of that remarkable instance of heroism, dis|)lMyeil by Pocahontas, when slie oU'ered her life as a ransom for that of the intrepid ipt caiitive. am tl HI s unwittingly [ilaeed herself in the position of guard lau aniiel of the Tiie narrative is familiar to all, and historv nowhere records a stronuer ca.se of s|ioiitaiiei)us svnipathy. elicited undei Vol.. Vi.— I;; Darallt Ih 1 circumstanees. I>ut the redemption il'' 98 THE LII'TUIJAI- TiniU'JS OF «p|' (lie lili' of Smith \v;i.-i tlic sulviitioii dl' tlif foluiiy ; ami IVoin tliis period wo may liati- tlu' I'MTci.-'c ol'lliat iiilliK'iicc. wliicii at llrst iiuliiccd I'dwliataii to uxsumu a lu'iitral iKi.-itioii. ami tiu'ii a Irifmlly niio. IJiit tiiis iiilliicmv. iiltlioiiifli it ciialiled the colony to |ias.s lliniiii;ii its im'ii)i<'iil trials, was soon witlahawii. I'ocahoiitas lived uiily eight U'ais (lliiOi alter till' IliiiiKlalinii uf ■laiiiestowii. and Powhatan hut ten (1018). At the a-e oI'^'miiIv. Iii> murlal remains were laid he.iido tlioso oC his I'atliers. and milliin'i rcniaini'd uf liini. who was once the termr nl' the e(ia.-t-tril)es and the eolunists, liiil hi.> name. I'roin'rly estimated, I'owhatan was not a urtal man. I!ra\('i'\. em>r"\, anil jiinilence, he e\idently posse.s.sed ; ami. umnnii the ti'ihes. he had enjii\cd ;i high niiiiic. \va> tiealed with muih ii-speet. and was ulie\i'd as a prinei'. liui. there was one of his hrolhers who posscssnl a more eiimprelicnsi\(' mind, more liinine.~s 111' charaett-r, and i^realer power of inmliinatinn. and was cipiallv enniaiicons and aeti\e. This was ( >peehangamiiigh, who eaptinvd Snulh on thr hill sonrces of the Cliickiluiininy. ( )peeh;inganongh was six \\-i-{ luLih. had a laruc Iranii . and possessed gri'at |ih_\sieal power and aetivit\. He was a most nnllinehing enem\- ul'the eolon\. and. if wc may ri'l\ npon drseriptions. ai'lri' his eaptinv. \u- had a iiead whose anatomy would ha\r honnred Solon, with a I'onntemmee as graxc. scmmc. and inllexihie as that ol' liiokato.' I'omrtakom or Osagwatha wcri- no! more inHrsiMs hciit on pre- venting the pro^H'ss ol' the Sa.\on raee. While I'ow iiaiaii lived. < )|ieehaiiL;anoni:h was under his inlluenue. hut the lonuer was no sooner di-ad than he plotted tlii' ih'struelion of the colony. Seercsy. howe\cr. ln'ing his poliey, his plans wci'e earefnlh- con- cealed lor several \cais alter the de.'emattariow desired his company to a jihice where, he stated, a good trallic coidd be condnctetl. While jouriieving together throuj:li the woods, the Indian inin'di'red Morgan, and. within a few days thereafter, re-appeared at .Moigan's store, wearinir the cap of the deceased. Two stout and learless lads, who had eiiarge of the store, askini;' him li)r tidiIrL^■< of their master, .lack replieil that he was dead. Thereupon thev sei/.d him, with the intention of convoying idin before a magistrate, but tlie Indian captive struggled and made such resistance, after being ])laced in the boat, whicli was use- Vilfli'll ■iiiir till? askinu: \ Sfi/fil caplivc used as m t}n' means ol' cdnvin unco, tlial tin' Inns sliot liini. lie was iiol imnifdialrly killi'(|, Kilt, knowiiiu- llif clnst' of Ills career lo lie near al liand, lie lie'j'jed lliey wnidd not lell lii'^ li'iliesiiicn lli.it lie was kill'd In an Kniilisli Imllet, and de>iri'd tlieni tn eonceal liis liiidv l)\ interi'inii il in an Km-'lisli l)iirial-.;:r(inn(k (>(H'elianL'an(in,i;li afleeted (n he nnicli i^rieved at tlio death ol' tliis man; lait lie was vealU irratilied tliat lie was out oC tlie way, and inaile use of tlie eir<'nmstanee as a cloak to cover liis own deceiilion. lie Inid previously attem|(led to convene a lai'fre as;ions. heen their most kind. unde\ iating friend. Ho had huilt a housi> for the chief, and was ahout to found a college foi- the instruction of Indian youth. The slanghter woulil have heen still greater, had not an Indiavi convert, named Chanco, chanced to sleep the previous night with a friend, and revealed to liim th(> plot, hy which incident the people of Jamestown and its environs, being immediately apprized of it, were able to take the necessar\- precautious for their own securitv. itl- 'til llf IS Mi 11^ '< : ill « I 100 Til i; 1,1 T I'd It A I, Till l!i;s OK (JIIAI'TKIi II. mscnVKKY oK Till'] IHDSoN' IlIVKIl. M ANII ATT ANS, Mo II I ('A NS, AM) MullAWKS. TiiK coloiiiziitioii of New York Hilidwcil soon after tlic tiiscovcry of the Culniliiilen, in' Ilndsdii rivci'. While \'iiviiiiii- ^vitli iiiiiiily elforts, was streiijjtlRiiiiit^ tlu' liiiiudii- tioiis of lier colony, innoni:' the jiowerfnl and hostile I'owliatanie trilies ol'llji? Ali;(ini|niii stock, anothei' si'ttlcnienl ol' whites s|iranL; into I'xistcncc ainonu' ih' ii-ore northerly sea-coast families. Only two _\eai's snlise(jiient to the fouiidini:' of .lanu'stown, llendrick llinlsoii entered the hay of New Yoi'k, which was lirst discovered hy \'erra/.ani. in 1-VJI. allhou;;li tiie laiLii' ri\ef. of whicli it is the recipient, still conliinied unexplored. Hudson aiipcMis to have ci()s>cd the har. now calleil Saned to manufacture earthenware. They ofU'red Hudson Lireen tobacc:. as the must valuable jireseiit. and had an abimdiinco of tho y.ea maize, whicli he called Indian wheat. They also biuu.i;ht him oysters, beans, and NS, •thfvly slown, .•(mI i>y \t'ui>li'll (111 till- surveys to liivve iin'il to il olhov ilIl^' or UVI'JIIUII |t'.V two ki'i)l I'd iiii'ii . bunds, Oil till! U'tiliii'"'" In to tin ivi'fivfi 111 ihfii I'OllS Itlu'iu bv I'C o aiis .tVi'ved f the iiiiii H\ }> I h- I ifi^: Hi 11^ IV: li;f; l^S :":• M soiiu' (ln('( THE NORTH ATLANTIC. 1 IViiits. These ludiaiin ilressed in deer skin robe and posses 101 inuntles niiulc of leathers, and also of I'ln's. There is no evidenee to prove that they did not live in a stati" of amircli}' — no goscrninent existing but petty independent ehiel'tain- ships. the enrse of all savaj^i! and barbarous tribes. On the afternoon of the 7tli of Septi'ndjrr. Hudson began to-ascend tlie river, lint progressed only two leagues the first (1m\. sailing with extreme caution during the da}-, sounding frequently, and casting iiiiehor at night. Twelve da^s elapsed before he reached a point opposite to, or above, the existing city of Hudson.' The general featun.'s of the country in that part III' the valley are mentioned liy him.- Having arrived, on the 'Jlid, at a place where llie .soundings denoted shoal water, Ilnd.son dispatched his boat to inake further explora- li(jns. It ri'turned the Ibllowing night at 10 o'clock, having old}- progressed eight or nine leagues, and the crew reported finding but ,«even feet seven inches soundings,' which would seem to indicate that they had reached the present site of Albany. Tiie Indians, as high as they oad proceeded, were, by the names, ajiparently, of the Algonquin family. If the explorers really ascended in their boat as far as the present position of Albany, they entered the country of the Mohawk tribe of the Iro(piois nation, whose summer residence was oii tiie island. The tribes maintained a hostile attitude until Hudson iiad pas.^cd the Highlands; but those he subsequently encountered evinced great friendliness, as well a.s mildness of nnuniers; hence they are called b\' him "a hneing people." The Indians visited the strangers on board their shi[i. and .several excursions were made by the crew on the shore ; on one occasion, two veiieiable chiel's, accompanied by their sons and daughters, were entertained by Hudson in his cabin. These interchanges of civility characterize this part of the %oyage, and I'urnish striking e\ idence of the beneficial ellects of civility and comity of manners. On the "JOtli of the month, while the ship lay at anchor at one of the highest points attained, Hudson tried the experiment of giving his aboriginal guests a taste of alcoholic driidvs.^ The description of this event nniy be entertaining for its (piaintness: "■ Our master and his nuite determined to try some of the chiefest men of the country, whether they had any treachery in them, so they took them into the caliin. and gave them .so nuich wine and aqua vita, that they were all merrie, and one of them had his wife with him. which sat as modestly as any of our country women could do in a strange jilace. In the end one of them was drunk,' which had been on Imard of our ship all the time that we had been there, and that was stnuige to them, for tiny could not tell liow to take it. The canoes and folks all went on shore, Init ' Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc, Vol. 1., p. 141. ' Ibid, p. 140. ' Vol. II., I'liito II., faciiiL' tlii.s pngi'. * Plato U, V(.l. II., p. :;. i:). ' lii.-i lit sill ii wiiiils, Vol. v., p. ."i:>r>. ' riutc ILL, Vol. II., p. M, t(j laoe tliis page. !: !; ii; i i^' I I i 104 THE LITTORAL TRIBES OF Islniul, iiiitl Murtliii's Vineyard ; niul, in 1(')14, Captain Smith, of Virfiiuia notoi'it'ty, aavc tlif naiiu' of New Kn'.'land to this part of the continont. Tho coast had hi-iMi c'xpKjrcd l>_v Diitih naviLrators, .■, New I Fami)shire, Connecticut, and Ehode Island, were successfully coloni/cd. To endure and to hope, amidst every ill, were priui;ny princiiiles with the colonists, and, as soon as they came into contact with the Indians, they aimed, both by precept and example, to teach them the advantages of thrift, ovei- till' pii'carious pursuit of the chase. Among a people characteristically idle, listless, ami prone to regjinl with favor the rites of ihemonology, and the practice of magic, nothing could be mme unpalatable, or more certainly productive of hostilities; for the priests ,iiid sages, i)owwows and necromancers, clung to their ceremonies and oi'iiies with a desperate ti'uacity. To live on the [)roducts of the bow and arrow, and not b\' the use of the plow, had been the jiractice of the people for untold centuries; and the\- regardi'd the new comers with a feiding of distrust and hatred, which grew stronger and more intense with ever\- succeeding decade of t'oloiiial existence. ' Pniitli, Vi>l. TI.. p. IT". Arrnmai' was tlii' nimio of a lufatinii in \(irtliaiii|itiiii (^lllllty. \'irj;iiiia, pp.lialily nieaniiiir prc'L-isclv tlir saiin' tliint:; naiiirlv, the lino wIilto tho wiUKriies.s iiiorts an uliuiblo and lultivatLil t'niinlrv- f : y THE NOllTII ATLANTIC. JOo CHAPTER IV. THE NORTH KRN INDIANS ARE OFFENDED AT THE INTRODUCTION OF CIVILIZATION AND THK UOril'EL, BECAUSE OF THEIR TEN- DENCY TO SUBVERT INDIAN SOCIETY The introduction of tlic principlow of civilization iimong the Now Enuliiiid tribi's, who were lialf hunters ixud lialC icthyopliagi, is a standiKjint I'roni whicli we may eon- temphito tlie Indian cliaraeter in a new and instructive piiasis. Wiien, in 1580, the scholar Harriot showed tlie Virjxinia Indians the Hible. and explained to them its con- tents, they imagined it to be some gri'at talisman, and handled, hugiicd, and kissed it with great reverence, rul)l)ing it against their heads and breasts. They were strongly impressed with tlie belief that it was the material of the book, and not its doctrines, whicli was the embodiment of its virtues.' In IGU8, when the shores of the Chesa- peake were explored liy Smitii. tlie English were accustomed to have prayers recited daily, and a psalm sung, at which the Sus(iuehannocks, who were spectators, greatly wondered, regarding tiie rites and ceremonies with deep interest — feeling animated liy the vocal sounds, but profoundly ignorant of the language, and of its true import.'' Being themselves ceremonialists to an almost unlimited extent, in the worship they oll'ered to the gods of the air. hills, and valleys, and also ready interpreters of symbols, the ritual was to them an object of wonder. Similar ideas of mysticism prevailed among the northern tribes; and, thougii the Reformation may be thought to have exer- cised but little intluence upon the history, fate, and condition of the American Indians, yet very dill'erent was the result. Its ultimate ellects upon them, through the teaching of those colonists practising its strictest priiicii)les, were very momentous. To hunt deer and bears, to idle away time, and to worship dryatls and wood demons, were acts equally subversive of the principles of civilization and of Christianity. Prior to the settle- ment of the English colonies, the moile by which the Romish church had attempted to engraft Christianity u[>on the Indians, was almost entirely symbolical and ceremonial. This agreed generally with the character of their ancient system. It made physical signs, rites, and genullexions, the object of their religion ; and the Romish church, substi- tuting true for false symbols of religion, and, at the same time, prescribing ceremonial observances which were not onerous, placed before them an acceptable .system, and ' Sntli Ibid. Vol.. vr— II W' I I - 106 THE LITTUKAL T1U15KS OF tiiiij;lit tluMii tlie first principles of morality iind iiulii.slrv. Those who reiioiiiiced thr old. imil iic('r|it(.'d tlu' IK'W. system ot's\iiibols were (li'iiotniiiiitecl converts Ik the llomish iiiissionuries were represented iis having het'n very sncee: ^ful amom. the natives who, it is apprehended, had hut uuperlect notions on the snlyjeet. ami were allowed to daiu'e around the Christian altar, iieating their drums and elan,i;in,Lr their rattlfs, at the same time ehantinn- their aneieiit mystieal ehornses. lint the Protestant colonists, who had embraced the l\eli)rmi'd doetrines, exjieeted somethiiif;' more, and desired that, when the worship of the triii' Deity superseded that of the I'alse. it should he aei'om|)aiiied liy those tests of I'aitii and holiness enjoined In' (!i>d's law. In verity, Jehovah was re(|iiii'i'd to take the place ot' Manito. Owayneo, and Waeondah. 'i'his brought the English missionaries into direct conllict with the entire body ol' the Indian priests, powwows, seers, and jossakeeds ; a striif:,iile wliich yet exists with tlie tribes. Harriot informs lis that the Virginia Indians believed in the existence of one God ; yi't, in the same sentence, he also says that the sim. moon, and stars were suborilimito gods ; that the gods were all of human shapi' ; and that oll'erings were pre.sentetl to their images. A'ery similar to this were the declarations i)f the nortlu'rn Indians; bnt yet, while liny acknowledged Cio(' as riding on the clouds, the images they worshipped in .secrit iuiil in their assemblii's were, in fact, demons and devils. To disseminati! the doctrines of the gospel, amid such an embodiment ol' dark superstition, was not an easy task. _\et it was zealously and lirmly i)ursued. Cotton Mather inlbrms us that, within thirty years from the lime when the first formal efforts were made to |)reacli the gosptd lo the Indians, there \wiv six clinrclies and eighteen assemblies of catechumens, or converted natives, within the bounilaries of Massachusetts, and. in IdSii, the entire liible wa.s made accessible to them by means of the translations of Kliot.' AVithin the sj)ace of a few years, the English poi)ulatiiiii spread themselves t)ver the entile country, enterprise having been a marked characteristic of all the early settle- ments. T'le Indians, diviiled into innumerable small tribes and bands, occupied the interior territory, and a great part of the immediate coast line. \\'here\er the colonists located themselves, the natives watched their movements w itli an evident, though jealous interest. Industrious, thrifty, cautious, courageous, and temperate, the more rellecting sagamores could hardly fail to \)v im})ressed with the idea, that the colonists were the mere heralds of a people destined to increase rajiidly, both in number and in power, iind to occupy the whole country, to the detriment of the Hed man. whose dominion ijiust decline as the influence of the white man increased. It would be erroneous to suppose tiiat such a striking moral effect could have been produced, without exciting the strong antipathy of the Indian priesthood. On the con- trary a virulent, secret, deep-seati'd. and. so fa-' as their iulbience extended, uni\ers;il ' Life (if lOlhit : 1,(111.1(111, Kl'.IO : j.. SO. fcf THE NORTH ATLANTIC. 107 niiposition wns dovolopod niiionu: flio iiiitivo powwows, from tlip waters of tlm Coniirc- ticiit to tlioso of flic IViiohscot. Hitter IikU'imI was tliis revelation to tiie Iiuliaiis. and truly l)itter to tliem was every [iliaso in their experienee of eivili/ation. Tliey (let(^f^te(l a lili' of labor, and liad no relish for the standard of its stern virtues and personal respont^iliility, or its maxims of exact justice, as announced hy the decalogue. The idea that such meuil)ers of the wandering tribes as were guilty of thel't. murder, pre- varication, ami covetousness, would he Ijrought to judgment therefor, was indeed fearful totiiein; hut when, to this doctrine, was enjoined the requirement that they should relinquish their system of worship, their necromancy, their magic ceremonies, and mII their forest rites, their deepest ire was anuised. In this inissionaiT labor, Kliot. conuuonly called the Apostle to the Indians, lirst distinguished himself. lie emigrated from England in Ifi.")!, and was chosen minister at Dorchest"r. where, in the exerci.";!' of his pastoral duties. Ids attention was direeled to the Indian trilies. of whom numerous clans and villages then overspread the terri- tory, and were tiius iutei'spersed among the settlements of the whites. Heing a graduate of Cambridge, and a person of considerable learning, Piliot began the stmly of the Indian languages uudei- the no small stinudiis, it is inferred, of (indiug therein some elements of tiie Ilelirew. In this important in([uiry into the allinities of nations, a research far iji advance ol'tlie age in which he lived. Eliot's principal aid and pundit was Xasutan. a descendant ol" the .Massachusetts stock, who had learned to speak the Muglish language, and who was proncjuuced. by a divine ' of that pi-riod, "a pregnant- witted young man." In Kill), tin; subject of the conversion of the Indians was discussed by the Association f)l" Colonial .Ministers, who adopted a resolution, strongly urging KilO the expediency and necessity of immediate action. In accordance with this A iew. Mr. Eliot appointed a time and place for an assemlilage of the Indians, which was convened on tlie liSth of (K'tober of the same year. His text was. •■ Pro]>iiesy unto till' wind, j)rophe.sy. son of man. and say to tlie wind : Thus saitli the liord (lod ; Come from the four winds, () breath, and l)reathe U[)ou these slain, that they may live." ' The place was called Xonantnm (dod's word dis|)layed), and a strong impression wa.s made upon the Indian mind by tiiis appeal. Another convocation of the Indians tooJc nl I'l nseqr >h where Eliot adiln d th tl lein 111 their own laiisiuauT Otl ler meetinas foil owei thereaftei the rule The lii.l the lans w ho attended agreed to settle at that place, as also to s. onservc practii (f ci vilization, and faithfully adhere to the i)rece[)ts of Cliristiaui ty. Tl ins was e 'talilishi'd the first settlement of praxing India ns. Th received instruction gladly, labored diligentl\' at husbandry, and became %ery expert in the use of farmiim' tools. JJeing regularlv catechi.sed and instructed, a congregation Colt. .11 Mull I'^zi'kii'l, x.v.w ii. !•. 108 TIIK I,[TT(tR.\ I, 'I'l! I ItKS oK of converts wns. in tlio ontl, ostnblishi'd. 'I'lio liuliiiiis hcini: rnrorully watcluHl dvor, Avitli tiic nid oCndtivo liclps, tlif new pviiu'lplcs sprciKl rnpiilly ainmig tlioiii. A second mcotinir wiis luld at Ncpoasct, in Mr. Kliot'f^ parisli, and dtliiTs at I'awtiicivct, at Concord, and on tlic peninsula of ('apo Cotl, which were all ef|nally successful. Tliese proceedings elicited strong opposition among the native priests, and powwows, who, peeing their ancient power over the Indians about to depart, stiuck their necromantic drums, at their secret meetings, with greater energy. Accounts of the Muccessful propagation of the gospel in America, were published and circulated throughout England, where they excited so mucii interest during the two following years (1G47 and KlIS). that, when an ajipeal was nuule to Parliament to second t'.ieir elVorts, that body passed an act to incorporate a Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel in New Kngland. In 1(101. Eliot jiublishi'd a translation of the Old Testament, in the Indian dialect ol .Massachusetts, which was called by him the Natic. manifestly because he deemed that to be the generic language. This volume was a work of great labor, and had received the most carefid attention. After a long interval it was followed by a translation of the tiospels, and. in IfiS-I, the two part.s were reproduced together, in one \'olume. at ('ambridire. 'i'his was. in every way, a gigantic work, and could not have been accom[)lished without the aid of the London Society for Propagating the Gospel, under whose auspices it was exi'cuted. 'l.ot and Nasutan had spent many long years upon it ; as it progressed, the .several parts of each book being practically employed in the dissemination of the truths they contained. It still retiiiiis its position, as the most considerable and important monument of our Indian philology. TllF, N OUT 11 ATLANTIC 10! t f I i CHAPTER V. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF TITK MOITICANIC GROUP OF TIFF, NEW ENGLAND ALGONQUINS. When the Pil<:rinis eKtiibli.>»hccl thenisolvcs on tlio coast of Nmv jMigliiml, tlu'v deter- mined that one ijiatlonn of reli<,'ions freedom should .serve for both the Ked and the White men. Iluvinj:' tiiem.^^elves s^ullered nnieii, undi'r a weals, and intolerant [jrince, throiiirli the importance attached to ritual observances, the}' made no attempt.s to impose II ritual on the aborigines. It was noticed that these tribes were under the reliiiious rule ol' .seH'-constitutcd priests, powwows, and eccdesiastical sagamores, who directed them in the ai)palling worshij) of evil spirits, and of elementar\ gods, whose names were emphatically ••legion." In the words of a quaint historian of that i)eriod, " the whole body of the multiplied tribes anil sej)ts who cover the land are the veriest luins of mankind."' This writer observes: '• Their wigwams consist of poles, lined with mats, where a gocnl lire su|)plies tiie warmth of bed-clotlies in cold .sea.sons. The skins of animals furnish exclusively their clothing. Sharp stones are u.sed for knives and tools. Wam- pum, a kind of bead, made from .«ea-.shell.s, is a substitute lor money. Indian corn con- stitutes their staple of vegetable Iboil ; the ibrest sui)i)lies them precariously with meat. Fish are taken in their streams. The hot-house is their catholicon for a large class of their diseases. Their religion is a confused and contradictory theism, imder the rule of a class of priests called powwows, who ofler incense by the fumes of tobacco." ' There was absolutel} nothing, in their plan of dwelling, that deser\ed the name of architecture; but they had considerable skill in niamifacturing arrows, bows, war-clubs, bfjwls, pipes, lishing-rtjds, and nets. The women made clay pots, iimipereil with sili- ceous stones, which, when used for the purposes of cooking, were suspended from a Irijiod, Ibrined of three poles, tied together at top, and spread o\ er the lire. They wove mats of Hags, baskets ol' the split cortical layers of wood, and nets from a s[)ecies of native hemp. The claui-shell wms frcipiently useil as a .spoon, but these were also carved out of wood, as also were onagons, or bow Is. Darts wen: chipped from iiorn- stone, as well as from other species of siliceous rock; and I'rontlet.s, ornamented with ' ("litti'ii MatliiT. ' Till' iiicotinnn w.is sinokcil, and nflVrcd :i> imciisi' In tlic (Iri'.it Sjiirit, liy all tlir nurtln'rri tribes. *H!i:i R * I m nn Tiir FJTTonAr. trtt?e?i of li'ntliiM's. were ciiiiilincil till' lii'Mil iln 'I" 'ir liivoriti' ilislics; wlicn lln- liiiiil( ilicck. anil siicc;iIm-Ii. nr till. Ill' Ii:hI WIIH MII'I'I^S ill Kisl I was aiiiiiii laiil. cvi'ti 111 till' mti'i'iiir stri'ams, as wi'ii' alno nmiril I'lilll. Wrrr .'!•, Ill' iillni' iiH'at. DVstiTs ami otlii-r slii'll-lisii. on tin* si-a ciiasts. Canoi's witc inaili- i'roiii wtlid tri'i-s, 1 11 till IV ll'lil'S. tiiiii's I l)\ till' aid of lire, and a pci'iiliar a\i'. wliicli is tVi'iiiU'iitly ri)iiiiil ainmijr Iiulian Till' aliiiri'iini' was iiiiri'iiimis in scttiiiir snari's liir liinls and Iti'iistH. iviid soini'- lai". :i' animals witc t •ntraiHK 'il. iiv lii'iiijiiiv' diiwn sapliiiirs, w ihicl I won Id n-iioinii wlicii aiiv lii'ast trod on tlii' stiiiiir wliii'li ln'ld tlirin in iilai'i'. Tin- Indian hiiriod ids di'ad in oiiit wra|)|iinL's of liark, placiii;.'. at tin' lirad of ilir i'or[)sc. a woodfii |ii>sl. on wini'li was ca •vi'd till' totem of till' clan, and sonii' otluT lii('ro;rl>l)liii's. His s iic- ccssi's III war and liimtiiii: wori', also, soini'timrs riulrly si'in| ilptiiri'd on tlu' I'aci' of rocUn or lioiildi'rs; some of tlirsc im ,h!l,' >.' rcmaininLr to this dav'. {I'lrardinir tlu' ri'li^ion jirai'tisi'd liy till- aliorii^incs. tin' i:i'i'af dillirtiity with historians has lirt'ii in tracing' out any fiM'd systi'in. 'rhi)iii.'h tlu' Indian |iroli'ssi'illy woishi|iiii'd tin- (In-at Spirit, yet lie; nssiiiiioi 1 th I" if till- l)i'it\' to till' sniioi'dinati' I'ori if ili'iiions and local inanitos, to whii'li 111' olVi'i'i'd sai'i'i Simpli's wiTi' used to lii'al tlii' sick hy proii'ssi'd dortors, il mni'h sUili was I'xhiiiiti'd in ciirintf oxti'i'iial woiinil> LllOthi I' I ass. c all.'d Mi'das, aili'i'ti'd to aiiil to tlirir iiu'dicincs the clnirin of iiii moiioidiioiis tliiim|i of llu' drum, iisi'd in incantalioi).'^ ■ii; aiK and trusted as niiu'li to tlio 1 to the Indian sonii', as to tlu? elliet ol" any of ilie artieles eiimiierated in their matei'ia mediea. Witli manners and eiistoms thus entirely opposed to e\i'rythinij; like civili/ation. it needed lint sliiiht ineiteiiient to arouse the deadliest feeliiiirs of hostility. Very little dilVereiu'c cxistinjr. oither in dress or manners, iietweeii individual Indians, or helweeii the various trilies, all Inokin,:;' and actim; \ei'y miirh alike, the innocent were fre([Uently mistaken !'or the L;iiilty. The spirit of opposition to the entire constitution and system of ci\il society, and of Christianity. orii:inated early, and led to repeated coinhinatioiis of the Indians to extermi- nate the white race. The first iii'iieral and alarming;' elfort of this kind, auaiiist the peace .•mil welfire of the New Kii'jlaiid colonists, devejopeil itself in the area of ('onnecticnt, aniomr the Peipiots. The primary seitleiiu'iits in the ("onnecticnt valley were madi' in l()-".:>. Within liiiir years from that time, the I'eipiots evinced their hostility, for wliicli there was an additionid and hi'ihly irritatiiiL' caustv Prior to the settlement of New I'liiLdand. feuds had existed in the I'eipiot trilie. This was a numerous organization, extending:' from the western honndary of the Narra jraiisetts. on the I'awcaluck river, to tlu' hanks of the Peqiiot. or Thames river. It is evident that their extreme western honndary oriijinally extended to the ("onnecticnt. They wore under the rule of the [lowerfiil. hravi'. and amhitioiis Sa.ssaciis, there l^-ing ' Vni. i.,i'i;it."X.\xvr.. .wxvir ; Vui. ir., i'i;it,s xi,., \i,i., xi.it.; VmI. hi , v\-aw» xviii.xli., XLIL; Vol. IV., I'latis XVII., XVIII., p. 17.:; \ ..I. V., I'lat,' X V, p. ;".!:!, \e. TIIH N (HIT II ATI-ANTIC 111 111! cvidi'iici' tliiit TiKMs occiiii'u'il till' v;ill<'V liv ri'.'iit id" cdmciiicsI. Iliit. at llic tTii of (111' rnllllilill'i (i| lllf Ctmiiri'ticilt ('kIdIIV. tllis Mllli'V WHS CM'i'H|pi('(l liy llic .MuliicMIIS, \\ III) \\r\\' I'll It'll li\- tlic saclu'iii I'liciis. 'I'lii' l*t'i|Uiils {iiid till' .Muliii'iiiis ,h|miUc iIic saim illl'_'llll'Jl', WllH'll was a si'('iiii(lai'\ ami iiinri' innili'iii iniiii nl' t II' i:('iii'rii' Ai^'i>iii[um I'lii'as liail niiirrii'il a ilaiiLilili'i' ni" Talnliaiii, a l'i'i|unl. nf tin' MihhI line, ami was. arniniiiii^- to tilt' lii'iu'ia! i)riiii'i|ili's i>l (li'scciit. I'l'janli'ii as iiiir ul tin' liiTcdilary Imc. I'licas was iiiiiisiir a wise. InaM'. ami |iiilitic fliid'taiii. WIimIcmt ihr raiisi's ollrilial (iisi'iini wi'it'. \\\^ si'|iaratiiiii I'rum tin- |)ari'Mt Irilir, ainl iTiiiii\al wi'. The Indians eonld lie in uinhusii for the colonists, eonld hum their dwellings, coiilil kill their I'attle.- Every view we can take of the eliaraeter of Sassacus, onl\ serves to ' Sparks" .Viiiericaii 15iiiurai>li_v, \\i\. Ill,, new .•.crir.'i, p. .'Ml!. lioyt'.'- .\iLtii|iiaiiaM IJi-.Taivlii'.'i. VI N ^ll I i " i MTTiiliAl, TlMltKS y l']in'o|ieans, lie elearly li'iesaw, ami [loiiileil out to his eoiinti'uneii, that, with aits ami eiier^iies siu'ii as tiaii' iiuailers iiad already driiion.-lialed tiie [lossessioii of, they must e.\tin;fiiish the lii;ht of tlieir eoimeil ami altar lire; iii> alter aimtluT the trilies iiiiisl siieeiiiiili ; ami lie w.iriiei I tli(! Xaira"aii setts that, if they did not aid him in his eoiilest witii the Kiij;lisli. they winild he the next to feel the weiulit of their |)ower. The history ol' the <.'reat internal conllictH of aille-lii>lolieal |Miiods. Iiy whieh the I'eqiiot nalioli liiid hecll di\ided, ami Ulieas e.\[)elled, heiiij^ iiivolvid ill ohseurily, we are iinahle to fiirni>li any aeeiirato tletails. We kiunv, however, that the lend was \et iwistiiei in all its oriuinal inti'iisity. when the colonists lirsi enieii'd the eonntry, and, iiiilortnnatrl\ for the iierprtnation of h IS power. >assaeiis li kc II iaii\ others of the aliorij:;inal eliiei* lead' IS. lacked the s|iiril ol conciliation, aiiiiiiii; to achieve li\ tiirce, what Mil ;lit !ia\i' ;ittaiiied hy dida\ and ne,ij:otiation ; jilaciiii; too low all estimate on the saliie of union and co-o|icration with the snrroiindinn- trihes. Ilu was feared and suspected hy thi' nnineroiis trihe of thi^ Narraj:ansetts, on tho east ; while the iinfriemllv Mohicans lined the hoimdary of his duniiiiion on the \vest. Tlie small hands of the Niiiantics, and Nine^i'i't's men, he e\idently oontrolled, ami tho interior country to the north was open to 1 inn. T wo o his stronirest positions were stockaded villages, which assmiii'd the character of forts; 1 less prompt or hold in their movements, and given him nd had the English more time to consummate his arrangoments, the result might liiive been protracted, although it certainly could not have been averted. si: ^L.: ^ r s^ ^s^ t^u f. ^ \ \^^ ^ <^ >> X T^^ y v-/ ). \:n '^^ [ J /■-> J.U "»; > ^ L! r-^- D- "N \~,> ^^ WO(]/v)k 0-0 X A \\ '■< I; \U, 0+<' \ 'k-^-i/ n ill r IH'tll 1'^ iM- * fllt^l SECTION SIXTH. SYNOPSIS OF THE HISTOllY OF THE NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. r I I' CHAPTER I. IIISTOKY OF THE POKANOKET TRIBE AND BASIIABARY. WnKN the Now Eiiu'laud colonics wcic cstablislied, the Pokaiioket ti ibe was in tile ascendency. Tiie coast tribes, indeed, if not ahuost annihilated, had been 1C30 decimated by a [)estiiential disease; but there is every reason to belie\e that the chiefs wlio sat in the; council lodsics. surrounding the great and nolile waters of Massachusetts Bay, acknowledgeil fealt\ to the reigning sachem of JMount llo|)e. Such was the complexion of political allairs, when the Pilgrims landed at ri_) niuuth, in 1620. The Pokanokets were descended from an ancient stocic, and, it is believed, they estaljlished themselves on the peninsula, with the aid of their friends and allies, the Narragansetts and Pequots, after couiiuering the liibes which tlu'ii held possession. Evidences of their ancient trium(iiis ha\e. it is lielicved, hvvn found, iu the rude and simi)le pictographs of the countr_\ — a few heads and cross-! lones, or I'lubs. si",d[iturcd on a l)oidder, or on a dill', as mementoes of battle. These simple historical nieiihuials were more common among the hills and valle_\s of tlii' coimtry, when it A\as first (jccupied, >lhan they are at the i)resent ilay. It is to be regretted that a wanton s[)irit should have k'd the yeomanry, and their playful children, to nuilihite, alter, or destroy, many of the primitive monuments of the Indian nations. The most noted, as also the largest of these pictogi'aphs, yet legilile. is on the .Massachusetts borders of the 'i'aunton. or Assonet i'i\cr. Foreign arch;eologists have attem]';y ol it on tiu- island of .Micliiliiiiaciiiaclc.' Ajrivcaljly to tiii' Indian oived and practiir.s, lie idontilied it with inii'stiy skill in nccroniancv. llnis attribntini;- tin' success here pictured. partl\- to tlio cxpertness of tin- priest in that art. Tile ania/einent of the vanipiished at the sudden assault of the \ ictoi's. is syniholically depicted l)\' tlii'ir hcinu' depri\i'd of both hands and arms, or the powt'r of niakinir any ic'sistance. Th<' name of the reiLininii' chief of the trilie. is likewise described 1)\- a symbol to lia\(' been .Moni;', or tlii' Loon, and his totem tiie sun. (Sci' Plate.) Tiie I'okanokets. who may be considered (o ha\e be('n allied with the Narrauansetts in the victory, representeil in the above pictoi;rapii. had preserved friendlv ri'ialions witii thai powerful coast lril>e I'rom liie earliest dates, li is evident that they were al.>^o allied witii the I'eiinacooks of tiie Mei'riniiic in the north, ami with the l'ei|Uots.-' who, und<'r .'^assacus. were so imliirtunate as to wa'ic war a^iainsl rn<'as and iiis Mohicans, prnirrted. as the latter were, by the a'uis of the infant t'onnecticut colonv. The name of WainpanoaLi. by which the I'okanokets vvere also designated, appears to denote the fact that they vvere. Iium early times, the custodians of the imperial shell, or med;d. 'I'hev were so brave and warlike, that the sm'ronndini; tribes ri'u:aiiled them as the most powerful ori;ani/atioii on the coast, fioni the Narrauaiisett to the Massachusetts Uay. Wiieii the 1'1\ month coUmy was founded, the I'okanoket tribe was iid\-erne(l by Massasoit. then a venerable man. numberiiiji. |irobably. seventy years. Thouiih tin* tire of vonth had departed from his eve. yet his sti'p was (inn and diL'iiided. and lit; bore himsell' vvitli an air that betokeiicMl he not oidy had a vivid remembrance of the achievements of his tribe, but also ileemed him-elf the true monarch of the Land. The t'olonists found the vicinity ol' their location unoccupied; old cornlields, deserted loilp's. and urave-^ iia-^tily coveri d. denotim:' the rava-ies of the pestilence which had depopulated tlii< ri-jiou. Tliev made it their early endeavor to seek an interview with Massasoit. and establish friendly relation-; vv ilh him. the conference beiiiL"' manaiied care- I'ullv. with a view to ell'ect ; mu>ici;ni'; and >o|iliers. armed with muskets. aci'oinpanie(l the KiiLilish pivcrnor. anil the nei;c)ti:itions alliirded a I'air specimen ot'both Indian and coloni^lic diplomacy. It was characteri/ed. also, by the introdnction to the Indians of that element, which lia^ since proved a source of so much injury to the race. Ilei'i^ tlie Indian"' tir1ANS. ii; iioliticiil clcinonts. A siinplo siiunmin'o apiicars only to liiiv(> wit'ldcd ii local .SPographioal i)(i\\('i'. wliili' tlic l)a.', (lUotS nil. 1 «t, nor the Pennacooks in tiie nor iMassachnsetts, is conclusive proof that the ant! lavinn made Liiants in the territ or\' ot iont\' ol Ml issasoit was siiprt'ii Ol the first o iject> tl le colonis was to secun ace on their froniiers. Ii\- concl 10 mlini;' treaties of amity witii the Indians. ( 'onsidei int: thi' intlnence of this central orL'ani/.a- tion. it is not at all as snrprisio'i' as it has been IVeipiently represented, that, for so long a period, they kept the storm of open Indian warfare from their continually progressing settlements; iMassasoit heing in allegiance with tin' three great powers around him. naineh-. tiie Narraiiansotts. the I'cMinots. and the I'ennai'ooks Th lese liarharians am tl Mi r coMiponent se]its and hands, all originally spoke one langnage. practisecl oni; 111 d I'cligion. were conversant with precisely the same arts, and imdcr the inllneiici- nf ideiiti customs and manners. .According to I'rince (p. 2(rJ). the news of the massacre in Vii-i .March. lli'Jli. ]ierpetrated liy ((pechanganoiigh. reached I'lymontl I in .M iv. and made tl le colonists more fearful of Indian troacher\-. 1}\- great vi'^ilan and cantioii in circumventiiiL:' the little sclu'ines. and diverting the animosities of the pettv chiefs, the colonists sncceeded in secnring some twenty years of imdistiirheil peace. It was not until aliotit the year llilO. wiien .lolin Kliot li gan to preach th<> gospel to the indians. and held his religions conference with them under the old oaks at Natic, that the I M; luiian J I jossakeeils heiran to be serion dv al; irme( issasoit (lied pre\ to th lis jieriod He was an old man when the lirst colony was foundeil, and the administration of that powerful hashahary had heen conducted hy his son, I'omi'takom. a chief of great subtletw profoinul dissimulation, and entertaining troni seen t hostilitv to the i'liiiilish race, to their maiine an< particularly to their (to liiin) hateful gospel. On account of some fancied resemblance to the Macedonian lieroi s. tl le colonists name< 1 1 inn I'iiili 11). and Ins hrotlier >tli .\1 exinuh I'hili observed to kei'p up a clandestine conlidential cominunication with the Indian priesthood, :)i)taiiied the popular title of king. A short time thereafter, am hi s eneiirv, he soon o lie became the most dreaded .secret enemy of New England. 1 e .. ; 1 i t 1 t I i ^\ '■' L JKi SYNOPSIS OF TlIK HISTORY OF CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF THE PEQUOT TRIBE, AND OF THE I'EQUOT WAR. Tin: luiiiic (if this trilic. wliicli iipivars to nicim nii iiri'ow — a wodilcn nrnnv, ll'i.l.l i(>\(\ils its Ali:iiiii|iiiii oriiiiii. lii a map. |iiiliiislic(l at Aiiistcrdaiii. in IG-V,). tlicsn imiiaiis ai'f called l'r(|iialoas. on wiiat accmint, or when llii' titli' was conli'iTi'd ujxiii lliciu. is iniknown. .Most of tiic sni)ui\ isious of our alioriv;inal trihi's have trivial names assi-ncd tiicni. on account ot' sonii' cnrnt. important or otiu'rwisc, tlic liistory ol' wiiicli lia^ not Ik'cu Iransmittcd to us hy traililion. It is certain, liotii I'roin tlicir lanjrnajro and ii'adilions. that tlie r,ena|)ee-AlL;iin(piins. alter crossiuLi' the Hudson towards tho noiili-east. di\ided into a inuliiplieity ol' clans and trilies. In tiiis ancient miLi'ralioii, till' \\'oll' totem, or .Mohicans, was tlie lirst to cross tiie Hudson, and they appear to lia\e re-ardeil its valley, from the >ea to the present site oC .Mhany. as tlieir ri-htl'ul diinain. I'lie Ireipmis penetrated into it I'roui tliu north, and, suhseqiioutly, coutiiuied their coHipiests i\n\\ i\ ihe river. 'I'he -Ahihican lauLiuaui' and l)lood still constitut(>d a tie of alTiliation, hut each class and ,~ept either adopted some distincti\e aiipidlation tliemsehes. or received one I'roiu theii' neighbors. Thus, the trihe whose lolem iu(duded the whirlpool of Ilelluate, called themsehes .^laldlattaus ; the fiomr island Indians, whose shores alMiunde(l in the pri/.eil sea-sliejls ol' which wampum is made, denoted themsehes. or were named li\- otlieis. .Mi'toacs; those lisinu'' near the stone (dills of West(diester. were called Sini;- siuLi- ; aiiij tlio-e residinLi' on the wide expanse of tlie Hudson, helow the Highlands, Ta|iaii-es. The early cnjonists. lindiicj' the Irihes of this \alley to he of one specien and lineanc. callecl them Mohikaiider. a coiiipouiiil. formed from the .Mohican and HidLrii; lani^uaues. The clans located nearest to Alliany retained iIm' name of Mohicans; and when they were. e\eutiially. dri\ ell o\cr tlie Hotisic and Tacoiiic raiiLn's into the \allev of the l|clll^atomc. tli'\ carried with lii^iii their primitive appi'llalion. Tiiat the I'eipiols. who oiici' held |iusscssii ill nf the territory aloin: the l']asl ni\'er. and on tlio ( 'iiiiiiecticiit shores, also linie this name, is \ery prolialile. from tlii' recurrence of I'nca.s to til" parent term, when he liec.aiiii iiuolvi d in a political fend uilh .^.iss;iciis. At what time this disseiisinii coinmeiiei'd. is uiikiiow n ; ilie lii -t intimation of it dates from the era of the primar\' settlement ol' ( 'oniiectii'iii. in llii'i.l The colonist.s were neces- 1 THE NEW ENGLAND INDIANS. 117 r parilv (lisporsod over a wide stirCiico, improtoctod. ami oxjioscd to tlio caprices, as well as to the incursions, of tiio Intlians. Tiio oldest settlement liad been located but a few years, when the inhabitants found a contest was lieinu' waged for the Indian sovereignty, between Uncas and Sassacus. Lincas held possession of a beautiful jioint of land, now called Norwich, at the .source of the river I'equot (now tiie Tiianies). and. it is evident, had but recently .segregated from the IVquots. Ilis comprehensive mind innnediately discerned the advantages that would residt to his cause from an alliance witli the Connecticut si'ttlors. and it was as clearlv the policy of the latter to form such an alliance. Their very sid'ety depended on it, and wisdom was evinced in their choice. Uncas became the protector of the colonists; his scouts watched o\('r the infant settlement, and not only reporteil tlii' advance of hostile parties. l)ut hastened to rt>pel them. Tliis alliance was never broken by either While or l^-d man, and affords one of the most complete and satisfactory evidences to Ik> found in history, of the beneficial efl'ects produced on Indian character by unwavering justice, and uniform kindness and good will. Hall' a century later, it was not in the power of I'enn. witli erpially beninolent views, to maintain the Didawares in their position ; yet, through every change in their all'airs, the tribe of Uncas was jnotected and cherisiu'd, by the people, ami by the authority of the state of Connecticut. Even alter the venerated chief had passed I'rom the staL^! of life, his successor and iiunily were regarded with kind interest, and a monnmeiil has been erected to mark the resting place of the great aboriginal sage of Norwich. .Vt tlu> time we have indicated. ICi^iT, the l*e(piots had the prestige of being a powerfid and warlike jieople. They h;ul escaped the great i>estik'ne(( which had desolated the Massacliusetts coast, about the year 1(117, could bring tiOO lightiug-men into the Held, and might then have munbered a population of ai)out ."inOd souls. They were expert oowmen. and { 1 possessed sixteen nuns,' innchased from the trailer^ Th ni ilitary strengtii of Connecticut was then estimated at "jnil men. If the lV'((Uots liad obtained th(> as('eudeney. the been settled fore\er. •;tion of the verv existence of the eolonv ] h woukl have John Mason, the man selected to couducl this war. was a veteran .soldier, who. with Miles Stamiish, and Underbill, had 1 earnet 1 the art of war in the Lowlands, under that renowned militarv tactician. William. I'riuce of Oranj. Til e nifant colonies re(piirii d men no: slllL his decision ol cbaiaeler. ai id unllinchiui;- iier\e. to bailie the wiles of their iavain' eniMiiies. It was I'videiu that the I'equots meant to annihilate th colonists. Itecent and most shocking murders having been pei'itetrated in the settk meiits. eiiergi'lic and promjit aetinii was neee: i'\' to enable the eolonv to maintain it:- srrouiul To bi ;in the war. Mason could muster but iiinetv men, which lorce is stated to have been half the militia of the eolonv. Uncas joined him witii seventy Mohicans, if! 'SI ^i il ' .'Sparks, Vol. III., p .S;')!), 118 SYNOPSIS OF THE HISTORY OF v.hn were cliii'tly useful ns uiiidos and scouts. The iuixiliiiri(y tlic Ply- iiioiilli colony, iiiid Iroiii otlicr (|uarters. were slow in nmkiiiir tlicii' appcanmcc. Mason, liowcvor. puslicd lorwiinl ^vitll cnci'iiy. as. in liis opinion, their operations inii^t lic> coniliicted witli \i^i)r : de];)\- onlv rnrnishinir Sassaciis an opportunity to mature liis plans lie of service, on the lOth of Ma\- he einharkcd h With the hope that the expected reinforcements would arrivo in season to t llartH)rd. in three small IS loi'ce a vessels, and. drop])in!X down the Connecticut river to Fort Sayhrook. was then; joined liy rnderhili. his second in connnaiid. After coastim:' alonu the shore to the entrance of the Narratransett Bay. he landed in the vicinity of the villaw ruled by Conanicut. whose ])ermission he ohtainod to march across his territory, and attack the Pecpiots. The old chief thoui:ht his force too small for sncl I a purpose. In it. thoULih he I'videntlv did not (Viiect nnicli from the auxiliarv iMnhicans. he \t't allowed 'JOO of his m nn( I.T 1 IIS >(in. .Mionloi Mi niiiio. to accompany them, without, howev ail acliM' ]iar t. Til.' P, (plots had two liirts. the priiici] en, er, eiiL:ai;iii'4' to take al of which, locati'd on tli M\si ic ri\('r. was occupied hy Sassacns in person. A march ol' eiiihteen or twent\ miles. lliroiiLih the forest. Iiroujlit Mason to a fort of the Neliantics. on the bonlers of the I'eipiot territory. 'I'ih se people were tributaries and ci)\-ert allies of the Porpiots. The chill' treated .Mason haiiiilitily. and would not allow him to enter the fort. Feariui: that iiiti'lliucnce of his arrived mijiht be transmitted by rnniuM's. dnriiif:' the iiiL'ht. Mason (mcanipeil his men around the liirt. jriving tiiem strict orders to inten'ept i'\i'r\ person who attempted to K-ave it. Til e tolldWIllL'' mo rniiiL', several of Miontonimo's men tendered their serxices as aii\iliaiii>. making' many ]irolt'ssioiis ol' their anxiety to aid in carryinjx on the war. The iiumber of Indians who now accompanied Mason. beiiiLi" "lOD. nnide a jrreat display ; but not much dependence could bi! placed in their coura,i:e on the battle-tii'ld, notwith- staiidiic.: their la\ish professions. Althoii,i.di .Mason placed but little, or no reliance on tli'iii. he wa> yet willing to a\ail himself ol' the effect their apjiearaiu'e would produce oil llie enemy. I'licas. when (piestioned as to how many of his Indian allies wouhl run a\va\ wlieu the battle commenced, answered, '• I\\('ry one but myself; ' and such proved to bi' tlu- result. After a tedious march of twelve miles friimiltaueous attacks on both forts, vet the fatiiiues and snlU'iiiiLis rill'; Ni;\v knuland IiNDians. ii'j ii ciKlured liv the men. wliilo tliivailinii tlu' iii;i/os ol" tlio forest, witliout provisions or tents, iiiid fxiiosed to fvery iiieoiiveiiioiu'i', imliux'tl him to coiieeiitrate his elVorts fm the iieiirest [losition, within the i)resont boun(l i)nt ii sliort time, iind then, tiiking njt their lino of niiireh, arrived iidbre the t()rt, which was distant two miU's, about two hours lielbre divyi)reak. The moon was shiniiii;; brightly wlien the\' reached the l<)ot of the eminence on wiiich the Ibrt was -iiiiated; ami. i)y tiiis time, tlieir boastful retl allies had fallen in the rear, nuaking at the \i ly name of lV(|Uot. Tiie walls of tile fortification -closed one or two acres of ground, and cimsisted ol' triudis of trees, cut in lengt! "< iwolve I'eut, sunk three fct't deep in tlie ground, and endiaidvcd with earth. These [lalisailes were [ilaci'il so far a[)art tiiat iidssiles could be disciiarged througii the interstices, yet not st) much so as to aihnit a man. Twelve; small gates, or sally-|)orts, placi'd al o|i|iosite I'uds. were (do.sed with trees and iirush. The tops of the palisadea were bound together with withes, and witiun. on a le\( I es[)lana(le, were about seventy lodges, constructeil of tluck matting, covering a ligiit iVame-work. These lodges, arranged in paralkd rows, were surrounded by a roiida. or circular line of lodgi's ne.\t to the palisades. .Alason liad ai)]iroaclied witiiiu a rod (if the north-east sally-port, witliuul arousing suspicion, when he hearel a dog bark within tlie I'ort. Instantly an Indian cried out, Owann.\ I Uwann.K 1 Englishmen I Knglisli- meii ! wlwcli brought the lV([Uots to their feet, some of whom were thought to be laboring under the elll'cts of jirevious re\els. ^lason, removing the obstacles, entereil the fort, with sixli'cn followers, at one end. while Underbill did the same at the o[)po>ile sally-port, beliu-e the l\'(piots iiad lime to oppose them. Snrpriseil and confused, they ran about, luamiug with rage. 'IMie li-ht became desi)erate, the su|ieriority of fu'e arms and swords over arrows and clubs, beiu'jr sigmdly y tho eoloiiist.s, as a day of thankspiviiii:- llir the \ icti Aiionl a liiiluis^hl after the return of the victor.s to their homes, one hundred and the ir\-. \<:. \\ nl III I'uMi-ll'.- Ili.-t- \"[\r Nali, ii r ; '1 f \-2-2 >VN()l'SIS UK Till': lllSTOUV oK Iwi'iitv iniMi, iindcr ('ii|ititiii Stiiimlituii. litndcd at I'ciiiiut liailidr, tn iirtisccutc tlic war, mill, on till' 'Jtitli III" .Iniic. Miisiiu ili'M'iMiilcil the riviT. with t'urtv iiu'ii. In /|iiiii liiiii. 'I'lif iiUii's liiiviii;.' ivsoht'd td imrsiu' Sa-'siu'iis, l'IU'a^< iii'i'niii|piiMic(l tlii'iii, with an I'lU'ctivi' loi'ci' of Mohicans, tiiis sprcic:* ol' wai'liirc iV(|iiiriim the cMTciM' ol' llmt peculiar sipieil a larfre Iiiid\- of l'e(|iiots. and pursued ihein. l'"roiii an eminence they beheld, in the distance, a chi>ter of \\iL:wam>. >itnaleil lirtweeii tiir liiot of a hill and a .-wanip. within the ]ireseiit liiiuiidaries of the township of Kairlield. A stra'i.^liiii:' I'eipioi. who had heeii raptured, liuidcd them to tlii< retreat, ihit Sassacns. and .Monouoilo. his principal war captain, suspectim;' the d. siL'ii of the Kn.iilish, lied towards the .Mohawk country, takin.: with tiiem most of their acti\e wai'iiors. Ahoiit eiiilily of I lie I'eipiotfi. wilh a \\-\\ Indian resideiils of the place, who were vassals of the lattei-. and iieaiK 1^(10 old men. women, ami children. tooi< iifuLie in this swamp, which occupied the area ol" a mile. I'ortions ol' it were impassahlo ipiafrmires, and tanuled hushes, hut riinniiii^ into it, and nearly siilidividinjr it. w.is a dry pa.ssugo iieiiiiT donhtfiil how to approach it. some of the men waded in, stuck fast in the mud. were wounded se\crily. and were with diHiculty extricated, 'i'he assailants then formed a circle around the mar^dii of the swamp. Not wishing,' to punish the feehle and innocent, alike with the ^'uilty, a iiei:otiation was opened, which resulted in tiiu surrender of |S(l old men. WDinen, and cliiiilren, to tlie Kiij;lish. The warriors, how- ever, refiisiicj.- to capituhite. \vere still (dosely iK'siefreil. A ni;j:ht thus passeil away, and was lollowed hy a fojruy mornini;'. As the hesieiiers stood nearly a rod apart, ahout tlin'e o'eloek in the moniiiijr the I'eipiots made a sallv to pass the circle, which proved unsuccessful. Another attempt at a dillerent jioint iv-ulted in the same manner, .^hiftiiii: their irround, a third and desperate dash was attended with such sueeess. that ;iliout sexcnty of the enemy escaped. 'I'he niimlier of I'eipiots killed on tins occiision. and in the other strUL'',i.deH immediatelv precediiiir, was twenty. l?ut the stern llie of the linyli-li. he who had heeii diirnilied hy the title of the iMiint I i ■ 'i ■J i T II i: N i;w r. Nil i.a n !• i n n i .\ ns. I'ja of romicctiiMit. wiiM _\<'t lit lilici'tv. Siissiiciis ii|i|ii'iPiirlic(l the ii|i|ii'i' Hudson li\ ii puiiil ill |ii)s>('>si<>ii III' liiiliiiiis. Iiiil;('il. ill tlic iiiii'ii'iil lii's of alliiiilv. witii lliu Muliiciiiis, (hvciliiiLt ln'\iiiiil liic iiiiiiiiil:iiii niiiirc of tlic 'riU'diiii'. Sii,>isiHMM li;i\iii'4' Ik'cii nt variiiiicc willi I 111' laci' ii'.-iiliii^ in Ni'w l\iii:laiiil. il i.-. iiui iiii|)r(ilmlili' tliat tliu M miialliit'.i 111' llii' Muliiiiins of llii- IlinUun It-anril tuwariU I'iums. Hhwi'Vit tliis niav 111', till' Miiliii'aiis uf tlic llinlson, rrmii its lii'ail uatiTs to its iiidiitli, wiTi' tlic \ii.ssiil.s III" tlu' Mniiinvks.' In tliiDwiiij^' liiiiiM'ir iiiiiiii tlic iiicicn cI' liis I'licniics. tliu iMiiliawks. as a ili'lcatcil ami niiin'il sacliciii. wlm \'.;is nM 111 t'lii'Mikc jiis cnuntrx, Siissaciis ailoptcd a «'uiirsc saiictiDiicil li\ the |nr\ imis cxaniipli' nl' wiser and 'jirad r turn. Hut lie did not rcllcct that the Mohauks were a nuieilcss raee, at least, llie\ so a|i|ieai'i'd ill this iiislaiiee, for the riii:ili\e ihief was no soouer iTi'o'jiused li\ iheiu, ihaii ail arrow wasilri\eii thioii'ih his heart. Willi hiiii liil llie l'ri|nots; the |iower, oiiio tiie terror of the New I'iiiLiland eoloiiies, was destro\rd, and I'loiu this lime foitli. tliev •asi'd to lie kii il tl'ihi With Sassaeiis fell his iirotliiT. and .Moiiomitlo. his .seeoml iu eomniand. who, at liisi. oiil\- wDiinded, was llniilU' killed, toiietlier with ither l(i:;s sai'heins. all ui" wlioin were sealped, and the reekiii)^' liii|ihies si'iit to the Kiiirlish, with the lio|ic of reeeiviiig a reward. Fmiu Ih" staleiinnl of the Indians, it lieiii'i' aii|iar('iil that there were neiirly-nil l'<'i|uiits dispersed anion;: the sarioiis trihes, a luiee was set iipoii their heads. They were hunted ihroii'iliout the eoiintry in all direetious. any one lieiiii; not only permitted, liul eiieourau'ed. to shoot llieiii down at si-lit. 'I'liis reiuiiiint ol' the trihe. at last haviiii; oll'ered to siirreinier tlieiiisehes as Nii.'-sals to the I'liiulisii. the proposition was considered and accepted, A council cou- vciu'il I'or this purpose at llartliii'd. .Septciniicr lil. lliilS. at which I'licas and .Mioiito- ninu) were |iresent. It was iK'cidcd that ciirlit}' ol' the capti\es sluiiild lie assigned to ncas, el ;lit\' to Mionloiiiuio. and tweiitv to Xiuejret. cliiel' ol' tiie .N'ihaiili ."^oiiic ineinlicrs of the iioii-coinbatant t'aiiiilics. who surreiulered at the swamp, wore dis|)crscd. as domestics, over the country wiiicli had Keen the M'ciie of tiie conllicts. \-ei^:'lit women and children came to Itostou. .\ portion of those distriluited ie\ were iiraiiuei '""<"''. domestics, lied from si'rvilude. hut. lieinu' retaken liy llie Indians, tl on the shoulder. 'I'lie liest authorities state that lliey were \t'iy rcstivi" under the \ol\e of slavery, and were valiu'li'ss to their masters. One of the males was iiivcii to a Lreiitleman to take to Kiiuland ; lifteen hoys, and two liirls. were sold as slaves to a resident of the 15crminlas. Tiie superannuated old men. mournful witnesses of the leirilile retrihiition visited on their country, were allowed to descend into the ,i;ra\e unmolested. Those of the trihe who ai'coinpanii'd Sassaens to tiie llud.-on.or followed the seventy warriors who hrokc tlironyh the cordon iiiilitaire at the swamp, after reacliin^'' tlio !«!!■ m i!i! ! f llii' scvfiitfciitli <•( "tiiry. flif tliii'i- iiiiwt iintnit lrilH'> 111' suiitlii'iii mill wi'slivi 1 New iMitilninl. we:,' the I'okimciki'ls. or Wmii- ir>lt |i!iiiii;iir'J, till' l\'(|ii(it.-i. iukI ill' ,\'iin'iij!msclt.i. 'riic Icimli wliu claiiinMl the naiiic ul' Mil--:irllll-i'lt-* IlliliailS. Illii;, Iji' (Irciunl fo IiiiM' liccll ri'|irr^rlltril al llial |ii'liii(| li\ |||i> Nalii'-, 'I'lii'sc wn'i' lilt' liaiiiU tn •wjiiii I, ■ ucisjicl wa-^ c-iifiaalis |ircacliril. and hmt wlioiii all lliL' clcnii'iits of (V, ili/.atiuii !iiiil tilita! il mu ,■ or |c>s iulliu'iu'i'. ami the iialiM'al roiill of their iiriiLircxs ia i'i\ ili/aticm ^ s. niiii-iiitcili'iiiicc in tlio liiijiau \\ais. 'I'lic I'cnnaiiiiiks and Alii-iinkii'.". imwiTl ! 'a-iht-' im its nnrtlicrn linrdci's. did nut fiiini' iiitii cnlli^iiin willi liii' cdldi" a> 1 ilicir lii>liir< .>iv [)\t\\\v\\\ lu'lunvjs to that 111' New llaniii,--hlii' and Maine, Uv ihi" ilisiihiiTinrnt ni' thr lVi|U it ■. ihr Aliihicans. a niinur Inam ': ,' that tiihi-, nndci' the liovi'iiinii'nt nl' I'licas. Wfic jihicrd in anlaiinniMii tn ihr .>airai;ansi'lts. AlhT liic drath III' their lilM eliiel'. (', mil. lieu-, tlie [Hiwer de\(ii\e(| iiu iii~ ,<(ill, Miiuitii- iiinin. a more taleiiti'd. enerizetie. in ( re] lid. .•Mid \\ ily iiidi\ idiial I'lieas, has inu mi-I. lined the I'inu'lish w ilii ail his |ici\ver in tin :i' emile-i with tlie l'ci|iii>ts. nnder Siii^saeiis*, iiiiainst whoso doniination he had relieiled. was hened'orth regarded as the i^iiardiaii spirit ol' CoiinecticMt. Mis lira\ery in war. iiis decision oi' eharaeter. his wisdom, and his iiinenity of manners, won praises iVoin e\('r\ lip. lint in tli.- Held, as well as in iIk? eouneil. he I'oiind a rival in .Mionlnniino. who iiiliii the in.ae nii-neroiis and powerl'iil nation ol' tiie Narrauaiisett.s. .\t liiat period, tlii-. irilie po-^csseij. iiroliiiMv, iv ereater nnmerical streniith than 'ther of the New iMi-land trilies. They were located oil the huye islands m ami .' - the fertile shores of >';!rratiaiisetf l>;i-. . havinir. a few years earlier, sold .Xipiidiieck. now Kliode Nlmid, |o |;,-ei' \Villiani>. 'I'l,, 'r prim-ipifl position was on the lar'i.' island of ( 'ammiens. whieli ailiirded all the reipii impressive dignity of an ollicial cortege. Uncas, who knew the chief personally, determined to have no hand in the execution, and, therelbre, deputed the duty to one of his war captains, onjoiniiig him to leave the Narragansett in entire ignorance of his fate. He only knew that h(> was remanded to the spot of his capture. Ere reaching this point, tin; warrior entrusted with tlu; task, and who walked immediately l)ehind him, suddenly drew a tomahawk, and, with one blow, laid him dead at his feet. The scene of thi.s tragedy has since been called Sachkm'.s Pl.mn.' Tniii IlistcU'v lit' ('(iiiiii'i'ticiit, M.Mss. Ili.st. ('ollictii)iis, Vnl. III., .'!il scrir.- :l i; !"!C : I V ■ j| SECTION SEVENTH. INDIAN TRIBES OF MARYLAND. ClI.VrTER I. AliORKilXAL IMU'ULATION ON THE SJlOllES OF THE CHESAPEAKE. DrifiNG the year iiunioiliatoly Ibllowiiig tlir ostiiblinlniit'iit of the settlemt'iitH Ifi.'ll ill ilic CiimH'cticiit \;\ll('y. tlic ti'ihor* ol" Miiryliuid, proper, as distinguisliod I'niiii tlii)S(> (if X'il'liilia, \vor(> i)articiilarly iiitrodiicoil to historical notice. On tJK' 27tii of Maicli. ili.'ll. riCiiiiai'il Calvert laiulod on tiic ljaniL-irs, 'I'hey sniol-.cd loliait.i. holding it in the highest estimation, ('ultiNatcd the /ea mat /e, hunted the deer, and snared wati'r-f)wl. Kthnologlcally they were descend- ants of tlie same race with the I'owliatanic tribes, and s[)oke dialects of the "reat Al-(ini[nin language. Ind I. Powhatan claimed jurisilietion o\'er the Patn.vent, hut it is doulill'nl wlii'ther his claims weie much respected, or very ellicienth enl'orceih tl28. i ■ 14 INDIAN TJMlSliS OK MARYLAND. l-2'.< I Til lis coloiiv was I'dui 1"'- coiisorl .M idnl uiiiler ii clmrU'i' i;i';iiiU'il l)y Cliiu'lcs I., thi'oii^li the; iulluciioo iry. Jiiul ii|ij)t'iirs to liiive Iji'i'ii iiitciidi'il as a ivi'uue lor |ici.-()in ^smn■ till' SIUIK.' 11' tl If sill)) .1 /loM witli tlu' (|iU'('ii. Witliout eiitt'iiii:^' into a (lissi.'rtutioii on il)j('('t. we need only say that, iindei' the protectorate of (.'roiinvell, who so(jn alter Ml d hi th f;amcd the ascendency m rai^laml. iMiiryland lieeauie tlie resort ot iiu'ii iioluing varioiiH ei'eeds. and the eouniry ohtaiiied a wiiU'-sjircad notoriety, as tlie land of tolerance, lidwever men dillerod in their reliiiioiis laitli. they a,i;reed. generally, in their nindc of trealnient ol' the Indians. liarharisni and Christiiinity could not exist in clo>e pro.xiinity. Catholic and i'rotestant, alike, had united labor, virtue, teiaiierance. arts, and letters together, as tlu^ corner-stone u[)on which they erected tlif sii[»".structin'e ol' their colonies; and all the dillerent sects taniiht their own doctrines with various dci^recs of snceess. It was iinpossihle for pi'ojili' w ho worshipiicd (lod. and had Iktu I'ducated to revere his revealed wor Tl R'uce. ni succession, O/.imies, the Ilnolvarawuocks, and the Wighcomocos, the latter of wl Wicomocos by Calvert. The entire eastern shore, above Virginia, has. in later days, been regarded ;is tl lie nilicos or Conov coiintr\'. svnonviiious names for tl le same jteople m aiixersu fate that scattere( tribi 1' tli< arlie.-t dati tl lev were at variaiu'i ith tl le li "l> wliose war canoes swept down th ■■usinu hanna, from tl leir niaccess ibk fastnesses in Western New York. \\\\ learn, from a competent authority,^ that the ' Viiiu WpI. v., ]). 'M. Note. ■' (iiillatiii's S_viinp>i>. ]i :C' ' Charles Tliouip.- :.. 1 :!-2 INDIAN' TlMl'.KS OK MAUYT, AND. ir ''■ ; h;!^ Niinticos wort' IiU'immI iiiti) m Iciiuiic with llio lr(i(|ii(iis. wlio (iiiiillv iulnptcd them, luililiii;.; (lilt tlu> tlattcriiiii' idea, iiiid, perhaps. pioi;>' . ul Milmittiiiir the trilic into tlicir ('oiiU'dc'i'iU'N' ; liut it' .>l stag wlio liiUs into tho power of the anaconda. Tiu'V liidpcd to minister to tlu' pride of the Iroipiois, as did also the Tntelos iVoin \'iri;inia. 'I'iir Xantiookes and Conoys.-' wearied with strili'. abandoned tiieir ri'sidences i. .,.wer Marvl.ind. and nio\i'd n]) tiie Siisijnehanna. iiursiiing its western hranclies into tiie 1(1 lituries of their ('(aKpieroi'.s, tlio Iroipiois. Eventnaliy. they settled down hesido I'raLrnientai'y hands of Sliawnees and .Moiiielianders, at Otsiningo. tiie present site of liini^liainpton, with whom tiiey formed a league, in the hope of recovering their llirnier position hy this policy. This league was called the '• '["luce Nations." ' During the month of .\piil. 1 7"i7. Owiligascho. or I'eter Spelmaii. ;i (iennaii. who had I'esided seven years among the Sliawnees. on one of the western liranelies of the Susi(nehauiia. and married a Shawnee wife. arri\'ed at Fort Johnson, where resided the Indian superintendent for the northern enlonies. and i('i)orte(l that this new eonfederacv would \isit him. in a •p, short time, with a liod\" of nearh' two liniidre(l men. and that th ev were now on the th road. Their oliject was to smoke a friendly pipe with Sir William .hiimson, after the manner of their fathers, and to olli'r him assistance in the war against the {""reiich. lie presented two strings of wampum from the chiefs, as the credentials of his authority.' Oil the ll'th of .\[iril following, these Indians arrived on the opposite hank of the ri\ cr. wliK h was then swelled hy the spring Hood. The ehiels. Inning crossed in ca noe; \vere admitted to a counci 1. The SI niwnees were represeiitei hv r iixiiiosa. and lil't\-two of his warriors ; the .Mohiekaiiders hy .Mammatsiean. their king, with one liniidred and forty-seven of his nation; and the Nanticokes h\- Ilamiglitaghlawatawa. with eight of his people. Having heen addressed in favorahle and congratiilatorv terms hy Sir William, who o.\plaine(l to them the true position of the Knglish. as contrasted with that of the French, respecting the Indians, two days suhse([iiently the ehiels replied, nccepting the oiler oi' the chain ol' friendship. ;ind iii'omising to keep •' I'ast hold of it. and not tpiit it. so long as tlie world endured." In this addres.s, allusi(;n is incidentally made to a helt sent the [iievious year, to the iiulVieiidly Delaware and Ohio Indians, in the \ieinil\- of Fort Du (,)uesne; and also, to a similar helt, sent to the Delaware chief Tediscnnd, I'oidin;-: at Tiogn.' They formally apprize him of the league formed hetween tia! Nanticokes. .MohickMndi. rs. and Sliawnees. of which he had heen [ire\ ioiisly iiiliirmed (liill.iliii's Syiii']i-i<. )i. ."I'J, ' ('..l.mi;il IIi Indian may yet live. 11 this man's lii'e is spiovd. and. at any time herealU'r, an hulian sliould kill a while man. and you desire it. his life shall also he spared.' You toM us, he added, two days aiiO, that when a man is dead, there is no hrinuinu; him to lifo again. We imilerstand there are two Indians in jail, at Alhany, accused of killiui!' a white man. They are alive, and may live to In' of scrx ice. and wi! heg you, as the chief of the (Ireat Kim:', onr Father, that they may lie released." ' The alliance thus loi'mcd with the Ih'itish i;overnmeut, in 17"i7, was nrnpiestionahlv fostered, and remained indiroken, dmiii,^ tla^ proiiress of the Junoliu! m. The larger jiart of these ludiinis proliahly returned to Canada, with the Munsees and Delawares, where, it is known, inmiliers of the latter trllie were located. A few of them, how- ever, who lim;ered within the picclucls t)f New York, prohalily hecame alisurlieil in the lirothertons, comprisiiiL;' fragments of Algompiiu trilies, who droppcil their own dialecl-, and adopted the Knglish laiiguago. ' N.w VmvI; lli.t. |i.,., V,.l. \\\ , p. -J.Ml. ' Tlii> si'tlli's the liii.il \villi.|r.i\v;il .1' till' Miilii,li;iiiilr|-J IViiiii till' llu'l^i.ii 'ijhr I7I> ^ N>w Voik ('ill. III..., V.il. VII., II. -.'.".O. *; l:!t Ml IAN I'Ull! lis OF M A 1! Y l,.\ N It (11 A ri'KU I I I i;oUKI- OK 'rllK IIlSTollV OF TIIK S F S <» I' F II A \ N OC K S. A I' the I'l'il 1)1' till' scttK'lllcllt ol" .I.Mlllcstowil, tlir Siisi|Ucliiilillo('ks iliiiinril Id.il till' I'oiiiilry Iviiiji' hi'twi'i'ii till' I'ntoiiKK' Mild SiiM|iicli:iiiii:i livers — nil iiri'ii (■iiiii|irisiiij:- till' rutin" Molnii iii;irL;iii of M:ii_\ !;iimI. 'i'liis whs tlicir luintiiin- irroiiiid. 1111(1 iiiaikt'il the iiomiil:ir\ line hetuceii iheir jiirisilietidii and that nl' the I'owhataiiii' linot Uiiiudoin. \Vliale\er were liie lueal names of the hands (iccwiiviiii^ tile liaiiUs of the se\eral inlerniediale ri\eis, tlu'V were inerelv MdHirdinale In tiie reiirniiiiT trihe. iiriiiiarilv located nn tiie shores of the Siis([uelianna. Siihse(|nently they Iraii.-terred their eoiiiieil lire, down the we>teiii .--hore to the I'atiixeiit, in !i [Misition less o|ieii to the ineessant inroads ol' the Ironuoi-^. The lower elass of adveiitnrers mid M'tllers who eini'jraled to \'iri:ini;i and Marv- laiid at this ear!\ [leriod, was eomiuised of jiirsons w ho w eri' liiiMe to hecoine einhroili'd itii the Indians, whose eharaeter ll ii'\ iii\ari;;My iiii>ini I'jed. and whose li\es th ■y held to lie \alui less. lU tl lese [lersons the iiali\i~^ Were I'l'Liai'ded only as the iiiediiMii, lliroiii;h whom ihev eouhl pnrs ilitaMe trallie in skins and I'nrs, which lie a |iro nnre.-l rained and Iree to i'\ery one who chose to eiijaue in it, or |iossessed the re(|iiisite capital. Inloi Innately for the Indians, tliey coiild not restrain their a|i|ietite for ardent sjiirits; and, coiisi (|nently. it should excite no surjirise that ;i trihe, thus pressed on one hand, hy a jiowerl'nl and inl'nriateil enemy, and on the other enticed by temjitat ion to iiidnliicnce. should rapiill \ ileclme Tlu' ell'ects of commerce with the whiles on the condition of the idioriiiina! trilic of .Maiylaml. located on the shores skirting;- the opi'ii waters of the (JhesapeaUe alternately slimnlalin;: and relaxiiiL;' their eiii r'.:ics. were ol' such a haiiefnl character as iieces>:irily to destidy their power and iiiiiioitance within fifty \ears afti'i'liie hiiidini. of Calvert. W'iihoiit anv stroiiji' political orLiaiii/alioii. or any perinaiient iiuioii aiiioiii. thelPselve-;, ever an xioiis to olitaiii the heiielits of coinnier<'e ami trad the linn moral purpoM' 'o re ilioii a> the coa.~t trihes of Xii-Liiiiia, who wa>ted aw ay w itii a dei;ree of rapidity which surprised her statesmen.' 'i'liey exclian;jfd their furs and lisli, the only rlVrl-« 'II \ ii':;iiiia. 1 N Id A N Tl! 1 l!i;,-i <)|' M A |! V |, A N |». ISW uviiiliililc prtMliicI (if tlicir liiri'sis iiinl slivanis. liii' tlic inriiiis iil' indiil'iriici' ; iiml wluii tliis ivsoiircf liiilcd. Ilu'y t">h\ tlu-ii' liinds Id oliliiin llic f<;iiiu' (Icstriiclivf ^^limlllllnt^^. Wlicllici- i;iiii|i()\vili'r, wliicli iiiiiiiliiliilcd llic imiiniiN, jici roniicd its wiirl; iimrt' ••lUrtiiidlv tliiiii iilcnliol. which Ihimii'd the ranks (.I'tlir Indiiiiis. imiv writ he doidiU-d. .Iciddus (tf their frili:il smcrcigiity, the Siis(|iii'liiiMii()iks nildi'd. |p\ iiitcstiiii' wsirs, to the iiatiiial dculhs pnuliici'd l>_v dci'iiy gind iiitrniiicraiicc. and when, like thf nthrr trihcs, they hi'L'aii to assert their li'jhts and s()\('reij.ni(y, and resist the eneinaehnieiils (if lMn'i)|ieaiis. tlie\ hay a ei\ili/cd nation, ami ii' tiiey i\U\ not disaiipear hel'oie the steady proui'ess of arts. inihistr\', and Renins, anion;? ihu coloni.sts, thi-y were eiU'i'Viitud thirinj,' peaee, and eomjuered in war. One cause opcrah'd liowevfnlly to liasteii the downfall of the Siisiiueliannocks ; tin- netilect. or mismanai^ement of their relations with the settlers of \'ir-inia. 'i'he \'ir- L'inians, on the sontliern hanks of tiie I'otnmae, for some reason. helie\-ed the SiiMfiie- hannocks to have heeii LHiilty of commitlinu' depredations and lliul nnnders on llnir frontiers. In IliT-'i. some ol the iniialiitanis of the most northerlv coiintv of Vir'jiiiia. while on their way to attend (dinrch. on a SaipJiath-day. liiund the iii'iirly lilidess hndv of a settler l\in,i;' across the threshold of his own door, and an Indian, hini; dead on the gromnl near him. 'i'lu' white was mortally wounded, hiil lived long enon'.'ii to inform tln'ni that the Indians came from the Maryland shore. The sensation produced hy this outraut- was extreme. 'I'wo spirited ollicers of the militia. Mason and I'lnnt. accompanied Ity thirty men, promptly pnrsiM'd tlie murdi'rers. A.sceiidini; tile valley of the I'otomac some twenty miles, they crossed its channel to tho Maryland shore, where they found two Indian patiis. Dividimr tiieir llirce, Mason took one trail, ami Ihent the other. A short jiursuit, hy each |)arl\-. terminated in the discovery of two Indian wiL'wams. Mrant iia\im:- accu-eil one of the occnpanls of the loii-v whicii he found, as the nnu'dercr, he tremhiinjiy deniecl tho fact, and atteniplrd to escape, hut was shot down hy a pistoidiall, which lodncl in his lia(d<. 'i'he other inmates tiien tired, anil made a spriuLi fir the door ol' the wi'.;wam ; Imt the nnerriu- rille laid ten of the mniilier d.^ad on ihe spot. .Meantime .Ma^on had arrived at the other lod-e. the Indians in which, heariu;.i the liriu'i at the llrsl lod^re, hastened lo ellecl their escape. l"'onrteen of them were shot, when one of the survivors, haviuii- rushed n|) to .Masun. and declared that they were Sus(pieiiannoeks, and friends, the fu'lnii was Instantly stopjied. Tlie Susipielianiiuiks suli-Jcipiently accused the Senecas of haviii-- conunilted the iini rders in \'ir;.;inia. \Vlioe\ir the perpetr.ators reall\- were i s unknown ; Iml ol.ier massacres immediately fillowcd on those lior*. was .siri'^ulMily \\r\\ iMJciilatrd I'di' (li li'iici'. It was i'ii('iim|iasMil liy ample caillicii walls, (•(iiitainini,' ii "ate and .-uii'dnndi'il \>y a ditcli. llic ('(inntriscai'ii of tlic lattci' lii'in;; planli'd with 'iciw, fliisch- wilih'd. wliifli |irrscnti'd an inqirni'traMt' curtain. 'I'lic .Ma i_\ laud and \ ii-iuia rcuccs a|i|ic'ai('d lu'liiiv this liul on tlic li:id of Scplcuilicr. ('outi'r.'Uci'> wrvr laid, ill wliic'h llir Indian-. alllioui^Ii lioldly accused of the lunrders. as coiilidcntly denied tlnir C(iui|iliei!_v. iiotw illistandinu' three oC the Moody deeds liad lieeii ideiitilied a-^ lheirac|>. They auf 1 to deli\er llai'i-iH ra. and lise otliiTs of their ]iriuciiial cliit'ls. to the |']n,L.dish. as lu)>taL'es t()r tlii' sc(;Mrity of their iVontieis. The iiioiiiiii'-:' alter the cousuiiiiiialion ol'tliis treaty, one ( 'aptaiii .lolm .\lleii. a leader o|' llh' .Marxlaiid raiii;' rs. ha\iii.: reported the eiivuiu-tance of the murder of llaiidolph Hanson, auioiii: the recent outraires, was sent with a iruard. to ascertain whi'ther it iiad heen the work of Indians. It so occurred that, dining' the linai conference liir the ctuichision ot' the treaty, liy the tiuans ol' whiidi tlu' six chiefs had heen ileiivcred ovei- (o the eii-tody of the military, Allen retiiiaied from this examination. iirinj^in.Lr with him the luaiiLiled remains of llie victims, the appearance of which left no doiilit thai tiny had heen liiully nuirdered hy the Indian-^. The whole camp was instantly ti >cene of excitement ; (.'viiy oiu,' ima'jininL;' lie >aw his iieari'st friend, or some loved one in the criitd \iv\\>i' of saxap's. I'"i\e of the hostaws, comprisiiiir the Icadin;;; sailieius and \vi>e men ol' the SuMpiehaiiiioeks. wei'- immediately eoiidemned to death, and were accoidiiiLih' eNrciited. I)inim: the lULdit the Indiiin-^ secretK. dexterousU , nd sileiitU evacuated the l()rt. and lied, takiiiu' witli them all tliei r women an( children. The \\arrioi> nf this pai'ty attiU'ked. witli sa\M'ji' t"ury, the white residents on the liiinti''rs of \ irjinia. killing;' many, and coiumiltiii'i numerous depri'dations ; in \vhic'h i'orass tlie\- ihrmsehes were liiialU' exterminated, dv hei'ame si'attered lunon'.:' otln r liaml t three miles Ixdow Wrii^ht',' This was not. however, the severest Mow that the Susipiehaiinocks recei\-ed. It appears, finui the relation of Ksaiis.' tiiat a hody of troops, led hy a Marylander, attacked them at a jiii>iiioii ea.-t of the SiiMpieli;iiina. ahou |-"i'rr\. now known as ('olumliia. killing;- several hundred men. It is pro\-ed hy ('olden, lidiu data produced at the treaty of l,ancaster. iieiixjtiateil in 1711. that the}' lurmeil ii part of tije (";inostoi;as. an original ( (m-ida trihe. and that they were linally coiiveyi'd to the territiay of tlial nation in western Ni-w York. Oneida tradition ascrihes the hirth and oiiLjin of the cidelaated chief ,'^henandoa. to ('anostoga, whence, in early lilt'. he came to Oneida castle. tiiial-LTiiiiiltUtlii r i.f (iiiii.nil dui ifL'r \V:i.-liilii.'tMli .\ii:ilv-i.- i INDIAN TlMllKS (»I' M A I! V LAND. 187 CIl A I'TKi: 1 V TIFF, A N DASTES. I I J ^1 1'^ K 'I'liK syiiniiyiiis 1)1" till' liiili;ni tiitics in tlic I'nitcil Statt's. 1imv(> diioriiti^d 'ji'i'iitiv to (■(Ptii|ilii'iitc' or rctanl tin' il('vclii|iiiirnt of tln'ir true liistory. Tlii-i MiKjcct liii< I ii a i-tiiml)linix-liIo('l< to wi'itcrs, us well at lioiiic a-< aluoail, wIh'It soiih' oI' tin- a'lli'st Iiistoriaiis liiivo liccii niislfil liy it. iiii-tale wlio. on tlicir authority. Iiave sinee written of tlial ennntrw ('on-itantl\- mention a tiilie. wlio-e name, in tlie ^ol'test form, is uivi'n as Andastes. Altliou.:li residinLT in well-known limits of die rnited Stiites, tlie name is not to lie found in tlu' woi'ks of any of our Iiistorians. l''iirtiinately. however, there e\isteil, li(>tween tiieni anil the Indian allies uf the I'"reneli, sulli<'ient inti'n'ourse to give us data, wlau'eln- to (h'teiiuine their location. lauunauf. numhers, and |iower. Krienils of the Swedish colony on the Delaware, friends of tln^ lluroiis in Up])er Canada, friends, at a later date, of .Maryland and Veniisylvania, they were repeatedly at war with the powerful Iroquois, T,ike the lattei'. and the Neuters, they were .i liraneh of the irreat lluron-iroqiiois family.' .XecordiiiLi' to liressani.' they were located "iilO miles, oi', as the Ilelation of It'lT-S ha- it. I'lO leagues southwest hy south of tile Itm'ons, ineliniiiu' a little eastward, 'i'liis measurement was in a diivet lino, the road usually taken heinir somewhat longer, and at lea-^t 1^00 leagues. A laru:e river risini;' near T^ake Ontario led to the town.' They resided ([ulte near tin- Swedish settle- ment, and were on friendly terms with the Seandina\ian colonists.' (Juite naturally, wo turn to Swedish accounts to find some traces of this people. rro\id, in his History of I'ennsylvania," and the Historical Collections also, actually locate a trihe called Andastakas on Christiana creek, hut I haxc not found on what authority. The name does not api)ear in Swedish accounts; and this is natural, as the ' .\n.l;i-t..,.. A'./.. ir.T'i; Amlasto-m'. A"./., 1(l,'.n-r,0; r,.nMil:i.- I \ N Tii 1 1! r;s oi' M A i; V i, ;. N .- I '" Mil riiilllilillu llilir,> UCIV Al Jiiliijilill. iiliil llir S\\ci|i-ll lllllllf \Vi)l !'• ■ IIIM' lie Al'jiiV A liailil I'l llli' Ak\\ illii-lliiMli cxi.^lrtl lli'Mf (lie SwrilcM. wlmllt liii'N I'lllli'd Mi i^Mr. il Iriril llial Mf. Ilrrl\i\\r|i|('l' till> ll> i-i llic .sillllf il^ .Million. ( ';ilii|i:iliili-< lias pirfris ril il 'iiK'iiliiilai'S III llii'ir laiii:iia;:('. wiiii'li is u iliali'i'l nl' dn' IIiiiiim lroi|ii(ii.-<,' a.^ |)ti|Mini'i'aii Inn.:' viii )l»i'i'sril. 'l'lil> unnl !•< imt In lie ('(iiiUmiihIi'iI willi Miiii|ua. Mini|iia \\a>' iIm' l)iit(li anil S\Mili«li name fur ihc Sn-i|n('liiiniiiM'kM. A iTrrk rnniiin,' inlo lie |)rla- wan' Imiiv till' iiaiiii' nl' Miiii|iia kill,' nut llial ili'' .Miiiijiia Iim'iI mi it. Imt h 'raiiM' il III In llii'ir iiiiuitry. ' 'riii-< wmilil plai'f tiit'iii nil the Sii;«i|ni'li iiiiia. wlinc ihc I'Vriu li liM all' tlir Aiiila«tt'>. 'I'iii'ir inwii ii iIiih (Ic-criiii'i! Iiv ('aiii|iaiiiii,i : •• 'I'lic .Miiiijiii'>i, nr Miliciilis. li\i'(l 111 till' (li-taiK I" twchr (lirtN-rnlir I'IiIl:!!,*!!) Illilrs I'lnlll New Sui'ili'li. wlirrc tlirv daily caiiir In tiailf \\illi ii-*. 'I'lir \\.i\ In tiirir laml WHS si'i'v iiail. Iiciii'j; lucky, lull nf siiaiji. uray slniii'>. w illi liills and iimrassi's; .sn ihat llir Swcilrs. w lien tlii'V Weill to tlieiii. wliicli liapiieiied niiee nr Iwiei' il }ear. Iiad to \Milk ill llie water ii|i In tlii'ii- arinpils. . . . Tliey li\c mi a lii'^li iiiniintaiii. very steep ami dillieiilt In I'liiiili: tlieif lliey lia\e ii I'nrt nr s(|uare laiildiii'.:. in wliieli tliey reside. 'I'liey Iruc ,L;iins and -mall irmi eaiinnii, with wliirli lliey slmnl. and dejend llieiuM'Ues, aiiil l.d{' tlioe Sueili-h Mil|i|na and the .\nda-tne. nr ( Jandastn'.;lie. nt' the l'"rene!l. lift lis linw M'c what We can elicit I'lnln l'',lirn|M'ail annals. iv-aidinL; their hi-tnry. Tnward the elnse nl' (he M'\enli'entll eelllnix , thes had. ill a ten _\i ai-" war. aliiin>t exteiniiiiated the Mnhawks." 'I'he .Minijiias were a warlike iien[ili'. and. as usual with the lliirnii-lrni(iinis, were ii siiiierior rare In tlnir Aliiie iiei::hiinrs. "'I'liey made the nllier Indians," sa\s ('aiii|iaiiiiis. •■ suhjeet In them. Ml that tlii'_\ dare lint stir, iinu'h le>^ -n tn war a,;;aiiist tlieiii."' In lii.'l.'l. |)e \'ries rmnid ihein at war with the Timlier Creek Imliiiiis.' .V short time thereal'ler. the Swetles iiiirelia>ed ii iinitimi nl" their terrilnry. ' and, in liiln. under the name nl' Siisc|iieliiiiiiia. nr ('"iiestnjue. Indians, lliey eeded In .Mai'vlaiid a tract, heviinnin.n' at the I'atiixcnl liver mi the wot. and termiiiatiiig at the ( 'hn|itiiiik ii\i'rnn the ea-t."' The .Vnda-tes. nr ( l.illdaslnj ui's. will) are e\iilentl\ lhe>e Cmiestn'j' lies, were. Imni tlllli lllimel iinrial. I'liciiiN and allies nl' the lliimns, and imt over I'lii'iidlN In the I I'nnnnis. In h'llT. when the rminer were mi the hriiik nl' inin. the .Vndastes. then ahle tn send I'lnm their sini^Ie tnwii l-'.HO warrims, •• wlm. when rn:hlin,L:'. never lied. Imt sinnd like a wall, as Inn;^ as there was one remaiiiiiiii," despatehed an eiiihassy to i.,ake lliirmi. '- ¥ I'l'iiii. Ili-I. Sill'. Mriii., V')I, III., II. 1'iS. It may Im' sri'ii, wiili hIIht ilialicis, in ."'lioii'.'< Ili^itury u|' nry ul thii "t" - Il,i,l, Vnl. III., I'all II., p. Ill VlltlM.liU elf liv ll.i/.anl, — .\liiials, p. 77. Tn'iili.iM 111' ■! In IM.. Ii'i.'p'.l-lln, p. Ilazanl's .\iinal-, p. |s. ( 'aliipanius, .Arniiiis, i*i:r. ' .Nli'lll. I'rnii. Ill. ul M \ It \ I, A N h. 1*» witii ill) olTci' to t''<|M)iiM> llic'ir i|UMrirl, mill n r('i|iii'-^t llmt lln' IIiiri)ii-< wniilfl call nn tlit'iii wlicii tlii'V iii'i'cli'il iiiil. All Clllllll-M . Ilciulcil l>V till' < 'Illi^liMIl, ( 'li:ilirs ( >ll(lllJlil\ tliciii to lie wi^c mill liiir\ the lialchcl. Cliailcs. iiiraiiw hil<'. Ii'a\iii;.' ii |ii'i'stiii In iiw.iil till' I'ctiirii iif the ili'|iiitii'.-«. .''('t (lilt liir lliiniiiia. w liicli III' rcachnl mily al'lcr a lull.: aiiil tciliniis iiiaich iit' Ini't V ila\ >, iiiailc iii'ic--ar\ hs the War part iis w iiliji liic S'lu'cas M'lit nut tn iiitcr('c[pt him. His Jniinicy lu Amlastc hail iiciii|iiri| hut Ini ila\>. While at .\iiila>le, he \ i.^itcil tlii' ('liiir('lik'."'s settletiieiit ul' the Swedes, where was l_\iii'.' a Dutch >hi|i ri'iilii Maulialtail. h\ wllicli he receiseil liiliiit:s ul' the liiiirilet' uf his u|i| lliellil, ( >l|ile>>olilv. the tiesllit Father .I(II[1U',-'. W llulll the MuliaW hs hail lllelfilessly hllteheieil near A lliaiiy. 'I'lie lln(|iiui> acce[itcil liie |iresellt-< ul' tile .Vlllla.stes. hut. lie\ el'theless. ruUtillUeil the war. 'I'lie Iliiriiiis. huwexer. iie\er iei|uireil the .\iiila>tes tu Ciller the (iciil. :iiiil they M'l'lll tn lia\e taken im riii'llier |iail ill the Wai'.' Yet. ill \ >'<'>-. the ,1 nil null uf I lie ."^lll lelinr ul' the ,le>uils at .Mull I leal, which L;ives lis .'-\ ll'iliMUulls the liaille.'- .\l|(la>lne ail'l .\llakwir. Illelilinlis a re|iurt that I'lHIl ul' the Allilastcs hail liecll taken \t\ the liui|l|ui«. 'I'his le|iult was jil'uhalilx llllliaillileil ; ihey Were at jieace ill jiiuii. allhuiiLiii. ill that \ car. We learn that suiue .\nilastue hunters were I'uIiImmI Ii_\ the < (in MM lamias nil Lake ( llltarin. ;inil war e\|iectei| in cu||-ei|Uel|ce.' Ill IliliM. the silcce.vsnrs uf the Swede, .■-lill cniilinueil their lliclidly illtcicuur>e witil the ,\iida-le>. ur Miiiiiiias. In the iiilluwinj: year, we (liid their tuwii ra\a'jed li\ the .•.|iiiill-|in\ ; and, lis ('aiiiiKiniiis tells iis, their Inss hy that scuurj;e uf the Indian,- \\a> Mich a- In weaken them irreally as a iiatimi. Yet. under this alllictiuu. llicir sjiiiii reinaiiieil iinlirukeii. In li'ii'il. suiiie of tlnir trilie were cut ull' hy the .'^eiiecas.'' and they, ill return, killed three ( 'ayii^as in the .-aiiie \ear.' In the liilluwiin:' year, they deleateil the western cantuiis, who then siipiilicated the I'Veiicli liir aid.' The .S'liecas sunn after renewed tiieir rcijiiest;" and ue lind that, in .May. llilV'i. an ariiiv (A' liillll Seiiecas inarched icjainst tlic Miiuiiia.^. and laid ^ci-e tu a little furl, del'eiidcd li\ 1 nil w arnui s ()\' that trilie. wlin. cunliileiil ill t leir uwn lira\er\. and uf iecei\ in? ii«sisiancc I'rnin their cuiintrynien. as well as frnin their while friends in .Maryland, held mit luanfiiily. Al last. sall\ iiig nut, tiiey runted the Seiiecas. UilliiiLi ten, and recu\erin.i; lis iiiaiiv lit' their uw ii cuiintrynieii." l''ur a time, this \ ictury ucvi; tlieiii a jirepoiideraiice ; and. such was the termr iA' their arms, that a purtinn i>l' the Cayiivas. Iieim;- hard pressed. d harassed h\ their iiiruads. reiiin\ed tu t^iinte. imrth o\' l.ake Out iriu. li'ilT-s. p. .">ii Ilii/.MnI, l('ilill-t. l!rl., H;i;:!-I, ell. Vill; Clnrl.v Ii.) , KiiiT ■^. rli V , ntiuii- ll .S- .M.«l, ;,.| .\nii. Ili.VJ, ,lul^-. I!.l., liir.tl-L l;i>t ,li:i|i. I!.f. |i;."u-s, ill. I\'., V. Itrl., |iin:i-;!, ,li IV. 11:1/'.. .\niKils, ;!|li. /i ■!■; h' riinnv;il .i- h.iviiiir in-ciincl Iw.i ycavs pv.'Vi.ni.^ I ; 11 IT i I' . 140 NM>IAN TIMHES O V MAI.'YLAND. 'riif war was contiiiucil in a dcsiilldrv inaiiiu'r. In iCilJS, tlie inissioiiiiry ivsidunt at Ondndaiia. hclicld a (iandast(i;:ii('' ,i;irl tiod to tliu stake; and, in IGO'J. tlio Oncidas sent out jiarlics ai;ainst tlicni. in lliTd, prisonois wi'ic aizain hroiiiiht to Scni'oa and Onuida, when' llii'v wnv loi'tnrcd.' During tlii! j)ri'vious autnnni, tliu (Jandastognc's luid again attaclvi'd till' Cavngas; but at last tlicy .sent an aniijassadur to tlio latter, who, contrary tu usage, was ini[irisoneil, and, in tlie spring, put to death, together with his nephew.'' Abou' tiiis lime, an lro((U(>is niedieine-nian. when dying, ordered his body to bo interred on the road to the eountry of the Andastes, promising to present, even in death, the iurt)ads ()[■ tliat waning, yet terriljle tril)e. lie also promised thai lloeliitagete. the great eiiiel' of the Andastes, should fall into their hands. Notwitlistanding iiis prophesy, desjiite the potency of his Ijones. tiio Andastes carried oiV tiiree Cayuga women; '^nd. when a party of Senecas took tiie field, with promises of support irom a I'eservi' of ("ayugas. they were met, attacked, and defeated by a party of si.\t\ .\ndastes \outh, or, rather boys, who, having killed several, and routed the rest, then started in pursuit of the Ciyugas, whom, however, they tailed to overtake. This \ ii'tory was needed : the .\ndastes bad sull'eretl grealK' in point of innnbers. ••(iod help tlieni." says the niis>ionary who relates the preceding victor\', "they have only three hundred warriors!"' The war continued.' but the .Marylander.s became the enemies of the Andastes or Conestogoes, and, iiy the year ItiTo, they iiad at li'Ugth yiidded to tiie Iroipiois,' who remo\'((l a jiortion ot' lliem, at least. I'roin their old jiosition," to oni^ higher n[), jjcrhaps to (.)nog'h(piage. Some of the (,'oncstogoes. howi'ver. remained at tli(! place wiiicli still hears their name. 'I'hey made a treaty with I'enn in IdS'l: but, when that j)roprietor became aware ot' their dependent state, he a|iplicMl to the Irmpmis through Dougan." When a .•~ulisi(pient treaty W'.s coniduded with them, in ITnj.a deputy from Onomlaga was prcMiit. and ralilic d the acts of Conoodagtoh. '• the king of the Sus(|nelianua " AK'iKpiass, or ( onestogo Indians." At this period, other Indians had joined the survivors, and Shawnese. as w(dl as tlanawese, also appear among them." Subsecjuently. w lien a treaty was negotiated with Lieutenant-(!o',ernor I'ati'ick (lordon. lour chiefs of the Conestogoes, one the souu'wbat celebrateil interpri'ter. Ci\ility, were |)resent,'" and. also, thesanu- iiunibv-r ot' Af::on(piiu chiefs, lieaded by 'I'iorhaasery. < 'olden represents them as i;.l., ICTI-'J, p. s| '('..Mm, I'Jii. ' IM.. IHT-'-:!, .M.S. ' itil. ii;r.s-Tii. -■ i;..].. it;ii'.i tu. '' i-',l:it pri'soiit ilis Missi.iiis. MS. ' Kiitli s.i st.-iti..l ill ITl'u. S.v (l'('all;ili:iii, I Ib-t. N. V.. V..1. 1. ' b V ill !..■ s ■.'11 tlial till' I. rill S^l^.|lll■ll;lr]|l;ls is \i-r.| :is if it xv.rr .'i svii..nyiii.' iit' ( '(iiii.,-tii._'ii... .'^iiiilli, (]t. |s-J), ,..|.i'iikM.ftlii'.""iisinioli:iiiii(ifk.s as iisiii;j: a ilill'.'rciit laii'.'uaL'c In mi tin- \'iririniaii. that is, I'ri.in tlic .\li; |iiiii, trilii's. rrif'..i'liiiiati'ly. im tr.i.-i' d' llii-ir l.iii._nia._'i' miiaiii--, as (iallatiii a--uri s us. iinliss. iml 1, tlic ..;raiiiiM:ir, ilicliuiiary, iiml catccliisiii i.f'tlic Joiiit i-'iitlii-r Wliit.', niii. ul'llii' lir.-t srlil. r- ..I' .Alarvlaml, |.inv.' I., l... in iliat iaii.j-iia'.'i'. Tiioy an' prcscrviij at. liuii,.'. an.l tin' writ.T luijji'S sunn l.i ]...-si~^ ci.iiiis nf lln'iii. "Ti'caty, I'.'Dii. liisl. .M.'iii.. Vnl III., |. ji'.'.l. '" p,.||,i. Ili-I. .M, in . \'..l. III., p. L'lKI, I INDIAN TRIBES <»!•" MARYLAND. Ill spcal' lvin<) Oiiei ua. aiK III iiic t, tlu-'ir dialect aiipnjximatcs it greatly.' Besides the Diuiuiiis, tlierc were solium kindred Naiitieokes at Conestogoe ; yet tliey still Idniied 'liiow wlio liave ri'i AI. but a simmU village, destined suuii to perish, as all k ol" I'arkiiuui. ill ITGM, th ■ad th e classic 1 )age d MIS. aiK 111 1 /U<), tliey niunbercd only twenty souls, living in a cluster of squalid caDiii .'dl dependent on the industry ol' the leniale portion. The men were wild, gipsydike beings, and, in the troubled state of the country, uhilc Pontiae was encircling the colony with an ever narrowing hedge of burning dwidlings, excited suspicion by their cartdess, if not threatening language. In their vicinity was the town of I'axton. settled by Irish Presbyterians, who had iinijibed, in their ii:itiv(^ country, a fanatical s[)irit. and hatred ol Pagan institutions. These men, having suddenly resolve(l to destroy the last ilistinct remnant of the Andastes, Miiupias, or Cuiieslogocs. armed tbein.selves, ami, in mid-winter, attacked the little village, in which they found only si.K persons, whom they butchered, and then fired their log huts. The sherifl' of Jiaiicaster, when cogni/ant of the outrag(,', hurried tiie survivors to the jail of that town, as a place of si'curit\-; but even here, they could not escape the fury of the I'axton boys. On the 'J7th of December, while the townsfolk were in church. lhe\- entered the town, broke open the jail, and massacred the survivors, who fought desperately with billets of wood, thus maintaining to the last their ancient lenown.' Such was the close of the history of the Andastes. The remnant of a nation wdfadi liad, during lourteen years, engaged the \ ictorious Iro(piois hand to hand, were massacred by a band of lawless whites.' ' C.iMi'ii, ir.. .')S. Tlie iiaiiio Tiiirliaiiscry is tlmt buriio by tlio ci'li'briitiHl iiiis.-iuiKiiT J.auibc rvill(',,'iiiil iinaiiH |)a\viiiii'j; nf till' (lav." ' i'arUiuaii, l.'uiispinu'y iif I'ontiac. ' MSS. »( .Inhii (1. ."-lira, lv«|., iic/,is. I I E 1 :!ii m i'J. rm I4J I.NJHAJS' TlllJiES UF M A 11 \' i. A N i). II <: CHAPTEK Y. SUMMAllY OF THE COT ID MPOU A 1{ Y K Yl UK \C HS OF TllK SUSQUKIIANXOCK ll'STOllY ill I'-'i It will not be dociiicil inii)r(ii)iT. Kd'oR' flusiiiu; tin' liistory of oiu' nf tlir most |iroiiiiiiciit and cliiiriiclcristii' trilu's cxistini:' diirinL;' the cativ ilavs of the ccntrid colonii's (irilic United Statrs. a lira\(\ piMnd. and liiiili-^iiiritcil i\u'c, to collate, in a Ijiiel' Icinn, the prini'i^ial evideneos of the times which constitute the hasis ol' their historv. AccordiiiL;' to a tradition. naiTated in the .Tcsnit Relation H_)r lt)")',)-G rame iVmn the Susquehanna, bv Minquaskill. to trade wilh theui. In \t\'\'\. De \'riis Ibnnd them at war witli the Timber Creek Indians, and rulini;' with an ireii hand' tiie tribes ]ocat<,'d on tiie banks 1)1' the Delaware. Fi\-e \e-n's snlisi'i|iiently. -Minuil. at the jieail of a enlDny ol' Swedes, (' li!'t\-liiur !• ujIi^Ij I mile- irom .New >wi den. wiiei'e thev dail\- cauii' to trade with us The way to their land was \-ery bad. beim;' stc.iu}'. lull of sharp. i:ra\' stones, with hilb and morasses: .so tiiat the Swedis. when the\- went to them, which happened iivneral twice a \ear. had to walk in fhi! water up to their arin-i)ils T allv lev nve 111 a hii:h niouiUain. veiy steeji and ddhcuU to climb ; there they haxc a tiirt, or siju; iro I!i'l:l(iiiii (].■ ci' ({III s'cst |i;i-S('r-i ;illll('i-^, 1 ll.'if|-l'il'l. .N. V. Hist. ^^.,•. C.Ii.. \'..!. II,. i., |,. I.'v .N. V. lli-l, .S,r. Coll.. Vul. II , i., |, IIJ. Vx >/.m:iu . \'..V;iLri'- cil' |»o V|i;'s J,i'Ull.l.\ nlillipllj. il.M. I- I. INDIAN TllTBF.S OF MARYLAND. ns biiililiiij:. ill wliicli tlii'N livi', in the miiiuH'r tliiit Las Iicl'ii lU'scrilicd. Tlicy luiide tiie ollii'i liiiliaiis Milijret U> lliciii, !^i) tliiiL tlicy dare not stir, nuicli less j^u lo wiU' agjiiust, tliciii ; lull tiirir luiiiilii'i'.s aiv, iit i»resoiil, greatly trmiiiuslK'il by wars and sickness." ' or iliis Hade ol' the Swedes willi llio .Siisiiueliaiuias, and, es[ieeiull\', of their su[)i)l\ing the latttT witli hreanns, wo have iinutlier piiiol' in I'lowdiMi's New Alljion. '• Tiie Swi-dfs liired out three of their siildieis lo tiie Sii,-.i[iiciiaiiiiin'ltes or Susi|iiehaiuias, then aMe to ^einl 1 ■IIMI warriors I'rom tlieir siiigli town, des[)atclied an emliassN' to the .sliores ol [jake Huron, lo olli'i' ll d to t: leir It all lucient allies, iiroiiu sing to lake up arms wliene\-er called upon. The infatuated Uuroiis on their own strength, and seem to have slighted the proferred itssistance till it too late. .'~>lill. an emhassv was sent from Ilnidiiia. lnadeil hv the Cliiistia.! \\ arrior solicited Charles O lulaaioiiilion I. In ten da\-s. tlie\ reached llie Andaste t own, am mereiv the iiilerveiilion of llie Susiiuehannas. lie left the Huron towns on tiie l.'Uli of .\iigust, and reached theiii a'jaln on the .'iih of Ocloher. The Dutch slill continued lo sirugLile lor ihe Mimpia or Siisipiehamia trade, from which the Swedes, no less /.ealously. eiidea\i)red to exclude them; imt. in Diol.the Dutch purchased of tiie .Miiiipias all llie laud liclween the .Miinpia-kill and lioiiities Ilo>'k. ill the name of tin .^iates-(!eueial and the West India ('om[)a in\-. .\t the epoch of ('alvcrt's eoloni/alioii. the Susipiehaniias liad heen at -ivar with the l'ieiieca> Caplain • 'oriiwallis was sent against ihem. and a fort creeled on I'aluierV island, to check iheir inroad- ' The war continueil. |iowi'\i'r. and an elliirt made lo Lriii- ahout a Conference in .May. Di I I. wilii a \ iew lo estal)li>hillL;' peace, faileil. The new sellle- nieiils of llie l'uiilai'< oil ihe Si'Ncrii. in the very territories of llie Sus((ue]i:iimas, ' .>Ii'i;inivs i.t' till' ili-l.irii-;il .^^n.-irtv "f l'rnMsy1v;ii\i;i. \'.'l 111 . p. \'>7. « I'L.w.lra's Nfw Alliinii. .-J..,.. ;,l-i, l!../.iiiaii's .Mmi-vImii.I, \m1. II,. |.. l::::. ' N. V lll-l, .u/iii:iii'> lli-|..r\ ol' M:ii \l;iii,|, \'.. ' , pp. L'l I Jlil rs*ii!.y 144 INDIAN TRIBES OF MARYLAND. 9.- liaviii^ tiivoii fn^sli iinihraiiv, the frontier was ravaged by predatory bands.' In 1052 IK'aci' was llrnily established 1)y a treaty signed at tlie river Severn, on the 5th of July, bv liichani IJmnett, Edward Lloyd, William Fuller, Leonard Strong, and Thomas Marsh, on bt'linll' ol' the colony; and Sawahegch. Auroghtareuh. Scarhwhadigh, Itut- ehogah. and Is'iitheldianeh, Suscjuehanna ''war captains and couneillors" of Sus(|ue- hanagh. in tlie presence of ".lafer Peter for the Swedes Governor." I>y t!iis treaty all [last gricNunces were forgiven on lioth sides, jjcace was established, ami ]irovision made to ])revent future hostilities. The Susqnehainias thereby ceded to till- L'olony all the territory between Patnxent river and Palmer's island, on tlie west, and iVom ( ho|itank river to the branch above Elk river, exceiiting Palmer'.s island, on wliicli both parties were at libi'rty to have trading houses. - broke out between the Andastes and the Senecas. whicli as !('i7">. for. in thi^ still nnjiublished Tnanuscript, Pelation for ii 1 l(i-)l a war continued as latr -^iul-. fill'] llir follow in- remark of Father liamberville : "Two Andastoiinei taken by tlie lr(M|nois. wei'e more fortunate; they received baptism innnediately before the hot irons ^ve^e a|tplied. One of them ]ia\ing been burnt in a cal)in iluring the iii'iht I'rom the feet np to the knees, ja'ayed with me tlu! next day. when liouml to a stake m tlie sfpiare ol tlie castle, i need not repeat here, w 1 not i-liat is alreaih' known that the tortures intlieted on tl lisoners of war are hori'ible. 'J"i pat leiiee (It these th ]Mior \ietiins is ailmirable : but it is iiujiossilile to behold, without horror, tiieir tiesh roasted and ile\oLi)-eil by men. who act like famished dogs. "Passing one day liy a plac(> where they u'ere cutting up tli'* body of one of tiicse victims. I could not refrain from going up to inveigh against this brutality. One of these cannibals was calling fjr a knife, to cut off an arm : I ojiposed it. and threatened, it' he would not (le>i>t. that ( loil \V(iulil soonei' or later ])Uiiisli his cruelty, lie persisted, howevei'. gi\iug as his reason that he Avas iii\ited to a dream-K'i'.st, where nothing was to be eaten but human liesli. brought by the guests them.-^ehcs. Two days after. (lod pirinitted Ills \\\[\' to fall into the hands ol' the Audastogues, who axcuged on her the cruelty of liii' liii-baiid." ( )f till' two following years we ha\e no ilefiiiitt' ticctiunt, but. in ItiTo, the ■• J'itat Pr^'Siiit of MniiM'i.;iieiir lie St. \'alier. l)isIio|i ot' (Quebec." .•~;ieaks of the pride ol' the L'oipiois, sinci' the defeat of the Amlastes. When, or where the deci>ive battle was fought. I ha\i' been utterly unable to trac(^; from what can be gleauetl from the annals of .MarUaii'l ainl \ iruiiiia. it seems nio.»t probable that their .stronghold was taken, and that the >iir\i\ois lied south. Aceordiiiu' to ilie liistorians of ."\lar\land and \'ir'jiula.'' the Senecas had. in KiTI. t i i ! ' li../iii;Mi, \ .il. II , ],. :;il(, 2 S.'c tiviily ill li..zliKin, Vnl. II. . \<. l^-'. .^l •.'r.iiiii.-Tii.t l!i'l:ili.iii, jiiTJ-:;. p. III. ' liniii-iMU'- lli-t..iT ..r 111,, liiit,.,! ,tiirv nl' \'ir-iiii,i INDIAN TRIIiES OF MARYLAND. 145 cotKiucri'd tlio Siis(|ii('ii;iiiiiiis, iiiul drivt'ii lli(;in IVoiii tlu-ir aliodc, iit tin' lioiul dl" tlio Clii'siipi'iikf, lo tlir vii'inity ol" tin- l'isc,it;i\v;iys. TIk? I'ligitlvcs liiul tiikeii ivfuijc in an old liii't wliicli liad liL'loiigiMl to llicir I'ormcr aiitagonist.s, and tliero resolutidy dcleiidcd tlifinsflvi's a,^aiiist tin; Soiiccas, who still [jursiicd them, riivauiiiji without iimch cuiK'oni. tiie lands of the whites. Some of the colonists were actually cut olV. and. as the Siisquehannas had. in the oldea time, heeu enemies, and wei'e now apparently invadinu' the colonii's, it was aLH'eed to send a joint Maryland anil Air^inia ft)r('e airainst theiii. On the lioth of Septen-.her, lG7o, the Maryland troops, under Major 'rrueman, appeared before their fort, lie was apparently satisfied with their [irotcstatious of innocence; hut, beiiiir joineil on the i'ollowinjjr day by the Virginians, under Coiontds Washiuiiton and Mason, under the stronu' provocations before stated, he caused li\c of the cliiels. who came out to treat with them, to be seized and liouiid. To prove tiirir friendship, they showed a silver medal, and papers uiven them ly governors of Marv- land ; but, in spite of all, they were, under false impulses, put to death. Many fell in the lii:lit. the rest e\aeuated the t()it. eonuneneed a ri'treat. and a war of re\-euLre. and, lieinu- joined liy other tribes, the whole border was dehiired in blood, liaeon's rebellion, in \'iri;iina, t;i'ew out of this act of treachery, and the war was fmally ended, it would seem, by tlu^ aid of the lro((uois, who. joining the Maryland and N'iriinia army, t()rced the survivinir Susipiehannas to return to their former post, where a number of Iroh- able moinnnenfs erected b\ man. .^,v c,,!,!,. Vol. VI. -10 ..r Ih.. l-ivr Nlltiulis. Vnl. rt., p. 120. (Ivlilini, nf 1717 ) ^Rl ViM ;i1"ii| n 1 ' :.'M I '■■■ '■!! 'Uiilteli.^^i.; I "t I tm i. SECTION EIGIITIL OCriPANCY OF NEWYOKK HVTFTE KNCLISH, AND SIKU'EI. TO THE INDIAN WARS OF NEW ENGLAND. Cn AFTER T. * I NEW NETHERLANDS SURRENPEKED TO THE ENGLISH, AND NAMED NKV VoUK. Whilst a lorciuni jjowcr liild sw.iy over tlic ontirc tcrritoiy honlcrinu- N ow l(it)4 Kii^laiul on tlio wost ami ito that lUth. liu'ilitii's wiTc (ilI'iTi'd lor the osciipc of In (I tl ilian nniainlcrs into tliat imivinc'-; and tin' iin|nv>.li Ihe;- then \v;;ved in triiiniiih fnun the ulniosl honndaries of New Endand to those of Florida. It was an un(|nestionahl( fact that, when the Pe(|not terrnin.ated. in b'l! ' nimy of this indomitable tribe. ,if: t at Fairtielil. .M"'.ht shelter in the territorv of the .Mo] tin;-'- from the massaert lawks. Sinie nidivnluals of it, II ,1 of the Xanrieokes. ajJinMr to have been ineorporuted with the Seohari also, as we band of tilt .Mohawks; but. b_\ !'ar the v'^'ater iiiunln selves on a branrh of the North river, e:,!'-! Sea-hfieoke.' in a \alley im|u,i11v iis lertilo [>e|-Ulitted to locate th em- a> it was beautifid. whicli was Lir.uued to them bv uu tlioriti .Ml lanw Tl lese J I . ..n. (l'C,-,ll.iL:!KHiV Ill~t..rv of Nrw .\ Hrn(llirii,|'- lli-t.iiT ..(■ Nrw York. T Vnlc Muii.srir> Annuls uf AUiany, i'lliill;ill(ls. i\< \V"iil M]i|i(virs tl. iiK.ii), tlie fir^t r-tri'.-iin .'iftfr iviicliiiii,' .still water. (14G, THE ENGLISH OCfiri'Y NEW V(HIF\. 147 fugitive iinioni ulioiii were sonic otlior IViigiiit'iits of tlio scii-coiist AlfJiOiKiuins. never ivsiinu'd tlicir oii;:iiiiil triliiii Mpix'lliition, Imt ,- tticd down under tlie govennnent of tlic lr(){|ii((is ('{HittJMs, who isheltiied tlie remnants of the desi)oiled and eonciuercd tiilies. Dclc^iilcs from tliese Indians iittended some of the Mohawk couneils, but they retained none of their former independent character, and were not nnieh resiwcted. d'li the estal)lish it of the Knjrlish York, tiie entire remacy in I Scajrhtieoke hand |ire(;i[)itately lied, and located tlicmselves under the [irotection ol' tile Frencli. at Missisijni Imy, on the northern waters of Lake Ciiamplain. To tiiis course tliey weri' imixdled l)y one or otiier of several reasons; eitlier iiei-ause less (Countenance was shown them I)y the New York authorities, on account of tli(> repi'ated complaints of tiie ('onnccticnt colonists; or that the whites infringed too much on tho land assigned them ; or that the Canadian anihorities, who were in communication, and sympathy with them, exercised a jiersuasive iiitluence ; or, it is more prohahle, that they feared the New Yorkers were ahout to avenge the wrongs inllicted on the Connecticut settlers. At the iicri(id when the Knudish and Celtic elements of population were introducod into New York, liiere were, as there hail heeu previously, hut two Indian powers contending Jlir tlie soN'creiguty in tiiis colony. tli(> AluoiKpiin and the Ir(M|U()is.' Thi' Ali^'oiupiins, di\ideii into numerous hands, under local names, had. from an early date, occupied the valley of the Iluilson. lu'low the site of .Vlhaiiy; and the right hank of that river, as high up. at h'iist. as the inllu\ of tlu' Wallkill. was occupied hy the second totcmic class of the i,cmio I,enapees.' who hore the name of Mnnsees, the various tribes of which, known as tin' I'laiitans. Sanhikans. &c.. covered the entire surface of New .lersey. On the li'iht banks of the Hudson were the Mohicans proper, known iindtT tiie Iiihid appellations of Wappengers. Tajiiiensees, and Wequa-esgecks, and other hands of tlie Westchester .Mgoncpiins. These latter extended their possessions into the boundaries of Connecticut. The Manhattans were the band residimr on tho island of the same name, mid the T-oiig Island tribes, descriptively called Sewan-akii^s,' or shell-land band-, were known by the generic name of Metiiacs. Nearly every prominent hav. island, or clKinnel. ol'whii'h the great bay ot' New York is the recipient, possessed its local name. ili'i'i\ed often iVoni that of a tribe, and often from geographic.il leatures. Ill the middle and wi'stern jiarts of th(> State, between the Tawasciitha valhy of Albany county, and the Niagara river, resided the Troipiois. consistiii'j of the fi\-c tribes of the .Mohawks. Oneiilas. Oiionda'-'as. Cayngas, and SiMiccas. wlm. ufter the f irmatioii of their confederacy, lilled by far {\\o most imiiortant position in the history of the North .\merican. oi\ to be more precise. Vesperii' ' Indians. Accordiiig to some authorities, this lea-iie hail I n linnied but a short time anterior to the di-i'o\er\ of ^ t iii;i ■fy. fUi ' Vi'l'' Kill l!i's , Vol. in. ' Maniv mni. I'imui /•nun, n nun. in'i/ir, ;i male. ' .\ .•iiiiip.,nn.l. iVuiii firiiii, \vaiii|iiiMi >-Iirll, ami •iiihir, lain! ' N'i.l.' tali I!.'- , \'m1 \'. \% , MI!' !1 I ! \ , li- 148 TlIK KNdLFSll OCCll'Y NEW YOllK. tin- Hudson river.' Otliors. iiinoiijj wlium is tlic liiiiiiiii iiiiiiiilist, ( 'iisic. w liosc cliioiiDloLry is not. liowL'vi'r. ivliMl)lc. awv tlnit tlio diiti' ol' tin- conl'iMlrracv is I'lir more uncicnt.' From 111! iici'oinits, (lin'inj;- tiic lirst liiilf ccntnrv iii'ici- llic si'ttlcnicnl of \'ir>:iniii, tliu Alfionijnins witc llie most nnuuTons in popnliition alonj; tiic sen coasts, and lor moiv than ii t'lMitniT and a liail'. in tlic inti-rioi'. Tiiis niinii rical siiprcmacv continncd initil till' Kmopcan iH)|mlation, crossing tlii' Allcj^licnirs. passed tlie ;j;roal laiins, and scMltcrfii iVeely over the Mississii)[)i \'alley. AiiTeealiiy toCoklen.' tlie sn|)reniaey of the Aluon((uins had. in inon; ancient times. l)een aeltate el \ass:il 1' to that conll'deraiy . eiliier paying; ti'ilmte. ur de|iri\cd of the so\t'i-ei'.:n ri'jlit ol'cediui: lauds. ^ W'iien tlie latter po\ver was attem[ited to he e.\ercised, some forty years afti'r tlie adxcnt of I'eiui. the unmercifully >e\ere and contemptuous rehuke. and insolence, nf Cauissati'ui) may lie cited, to show that the power of their chill and tomahawk was ready to enforce their ancient poicnc\.' .\liout ten \ears pre\ious to the coiupiest of New York li\ the KiiLilish. sa\ in ICio.'i. till' .'^••neca li'0'|iioi-<. w ith the aid of the ollu'r triln ■; of the leaiiue. lie^'an a war auainst the iM'ie^. a< well as aiiainst the neuter nation of the .NiaL'ara ri\cr. and their allies, t'ne Aiulastes of the I'lrie sljoi(>. When Lv Moyne lirst visited ()nonda'.;a in Itioo, this war aLiaiu^l the Kries was then in pro.L'fess. Ciisie denominates them the ("at Nation, meaiiiiiL;' the wild-cat. as the domestic animal was jirobalily iinkuowii. 'I'hc\' were I one can peruse the wriliiiiis of tlu' e\ ideiitU alllliated ill l.imiiiaire with themselves. Ni mi-sionary fatlcus. and not jierceix-e this. The folldwiu'j account of the oi'iiiiii of this war a'jaiu>t the Neuter N, at ion. is furnished liy Cii-ic : DideL:ates from ;i northern nation, with whom the Iroipiois were at war. haviiiL' heei, irccixcil hv the i'iries. Yn'jdwanea. till' female rider of the tiihe. at Kieuuka. on the N'ia-ar.-i llidiiv. hetrnM^d the Seneca deputation to their coiicealeil enemies from the nerth. ly whom tlay were killed. .\s they claime(| to hold a neutral position towanls the li(dli,uvrant Irilies. the iiievitahle result of this treachery wa-. ;i.,.i the rro(pioi,< indiuiiantly Hew to arms. The earlv Freiudi writers call this tribe the Neuter Nati ition. owiu'.' to their ajipai-entlv pacific (diaractiT, 'i'lii< name, however, is not deri\<'d from the Indian, and has oiiU serve(l to myslily iiioilerii inipiirers. as no siudi nation lA' neutiu's <>an he found in an\- position, oxcc'iit sohdy in tiie area occupied hy the Kries. on tin; Nia^^ira. The name .\ut.> nli til.' Ir rulilrn's IliMnrv, .|ii.i-. |. Kill. !!<•>., Vol. \- . ji. i;:; Ktli. I!.-. \.,1 lll.'n I' Ili.-t..rv uf till' f i\f .\at.iins. Ii ;t i ■ I !■ iii ,1m "P ■It hi I'-'I; I ; I i 1; ' t 1 1 i ! 1 !; TIIK ENdMSII OCrri'Y NKW YORK'. ItH !)}• wliicli llir Sciit'CMs ili'sij^imtu tlu' Krics. is Kiiln|ii;i. Tlic AiuliistcM occiiiiicd flio ^^ll^n'^^ ul' Liiki' I'iiic. As previously ilciintcd, tUvy wi'i'r Siis(|ii('liiiiin(privs. Tlic war. licrv, sliort, ami Mnody. rcsiilh'il in tlir ovcrtiimw i<\' tlif Kiics iiiui tlicir allirs. and [nudiiccd their sulps(M|iieMt incdrpDi'iitiDn into oilier trii>es. or I'xpulsidii tVoni till' country. I'Voni this tinu', the tiilial nanie nl' I'irie, as. in a |iiii)f ra>e. with the J'ei|nols, disappears I'roin history. .Mr. K\ans. in liis niii|i and inininn, |tiiMi«ihed at I'hiladelphia. in 17ou, avers that the refugee Kries took shell "r in the Ohio valley, uhenee the^ eventually erossed tlu; Onosiota,' or Al!e;;han_\ chain, to ri'join Uindnil trilies. Mr. .lell'erson repeats this liiet in his Notes on \ ir;;inia. in 1 TSH. 'l"he e\iilence thai these I'li^ilive Kries are the hrave and indomitahlu people known to u.t as Caiahas. has lieen elseW'liere prodlleeil,- To conciliate llie lroquoi>. who were thns rapidly raisinii' tlienisehi "> a position of power and inlluenee anioicj- the Indians of the colonies, hecaiiie imnii'diately a niea^v.ire of Fnulish policy, and !■■ • this result, thi' most wise and i>riidenl steps were taken. Tin' till *i'ade. wliich 1. mI been estahlishetl npon a lirui and satisl'actiay \>:\!-\^ hy the Dutch, was continued; and the lionds ol' I'riendsliip with the irocpidi.-i cemented hy an ollensive and delensi\-e alliance. Their enemies hecame the enemies of the Kinilish. and the I'riends of the i'ormer the friends ol' the latter. Thus, tln' lro(|iii)is were constituted the dofeiulL'rs of the territory of western New York, aiiaiiist the {"'rciicli. If the latter could succeed iu driving' thi'iii from, or acipiiriu'j their loi'csts, western New York would he added to New France; if they failed, it was a ^em in the liiilish crown. Who can rend the <^ ¥!^^^ \ ) ^ .**> 160 THE KNCiLISII OCCUPY NEW YORK. ClIAI'TKK II THE WAR WITH THILIP, OF POKANOKET. Willi K iho iMi^'li-li wviv iiiiikinti tliciiisiKcs ;ic.|iiMiiitid with tlic clMiniclcr. pusiiions, Mini \v;mt> 1)1' the Indians ot New ViPilx. llic cMnscs ol' ijiscord IicInvi'ii tlii' New Knuliuid trilics and tlu' colnni-ts still contimiod; luit, like a sinonldcrin^ liiv, tlioy wcro. as imu'li as |iiissilili', cono iilcd IVoni juiliiic view. The sevcritv witli ^^llil■h tin' PiMiuotH Wi'iv triMtcd. secured the |ii'ace of the e(iiiiitiy liir some tliirt\ xears; tlioii;rIi at no time dinini:- this |ierio(| eiaiid tlie colonists nlax their vi-ilanee for one moment. The Avar hetween the MolneMiis and Nana-aiisriis. under I'ncas and Miontoui.iio. demon- strated to the tribes that, howevei- li'-reelv diseord and war miiiht rauc amon<;- tlieiii- Kelves. the iireat and vit.d olijeets of the eolonists were not ivtarded. hut rather ])r()moted. hv the estiliclion of tile |ielt\ Indian soxci ei^nt ies. At leiiLith.iu h; To. those smolhepd discords liiirst lorth into a llame. Massachusetts liuvimr heeu. in triitl.. ihe inotlnrof the Miilish colonies in the north, she now became the principal object apuiist wiiieh the loiiu' pent-up wrath of the aborigines was directed. The iiiajoritN of her sea-coast and iidand tribes, had, indeed. \ ielded to the inlluences of ci\ ili/aii(ai and Liospel teachiuLis. and had enjra.iicd in the pursuits of agrieultuR'. but in her assemblies ol' iieoph\tes. there were disciples of the native Indian pri(>sthoiid. wlio sometimes maintained their view of the (piestions at i.ssue with .-ivat boldness. The larp-r part of the Indian jxipulation of the interior, and towards the south, southwest, and west, hated a life of bdiour. as ;dso tlie uospel. iinil secretlv handed together to make another ecaiibi 1 ejlbrt Ibr the extinction and expulsion of the Kn-li-b. 'I'bis combination was headed by the I'okanokets. who.se council-dres bui'ued on .Mount iloiie. It has l)een previoiish stated tint this triiie had \-erv exti nsive afliliations with tl priiici|ial Indian families of the coimtrv. They were the leadinir friiie of the I'okaiioket Dashabary. a kind of aliori-inal hereditary jiresidency.' The benevolent Massasoit lield this odice at tiie period of the laiidin- of the Plymouth coloiiv. and both he and ' 'I'hi- ■ji-Mii), iippciirs to Ii:ivi' con.M^ti (1 |ii-lii.i|.,:llv ■■( t\h- l'.iwliicl||,.,l \i\ the jruliir;ti siikncs.^, |.ii.jr (.. tin' yw IdL'U. TIIK I'NdlJSlI OCCI'I'Y NKW YoHK I.". I his doHcciidants were, ii|) to tlif dose ol' the war. (Ifcint'il the li'^ritiiiiatc sovcroiL'iiH, and iH)ssossiii); power to alicuiite liiiid. Massa>oit, who, hy liis t'qiiiiniinity niul coiiscrvalivt.' cliaractcr, liad iiiairitaiiifd a l;(mh1 uiidi'rstaiidinjr willi tlic colonists, died in lOfi-J. aiK 1 wan Miic'ceedt'd. ;it alternate periods, hy Ids sons Pop.pdt and Metal koni t)r, ai't'ordiii'T to tlie researclies of Mr. Dridxe.' more eorreetly, PoiU'takoni. Tlio CO loniid eonrt, nt one ol" its sittinfrs, i;ave tiieiii liie niuiies of Alexander and Pliilin, in coniD )linient to tlieii' martial liearin Al lexander. wiio possess ed a liiuli spirit, rnled but a short time, dvint' of a fever snddenh' eoiitraeti'd while on a visit to the I' colimv. I'onietaUoni, who was better known as F\inu' I'liilio, si iceeei led luni. lymoiith He was a man who, if we ean place an}' reliance on the piinls of the time, inclinecl to the Idle inulUlc size, was not over (ivo li'ct nine or ten inches; had a lariic and fniely-ileveloped head, and pas.sessed ^reat res(dntion, activity and powers of endnrance. He may he reiiardcd as the trne representative of the Indian hnnter. He was familiar with e\i'ry ft)ot of ground between Mount Ho|)e anil .Massachusetts IJay; had witnessed the foundation and ri.so of the colonies; was well known to the colonists, and they to him; loved the independence of savajre life and rule; took ;;reat pride in his ancestry; lo\ed the old Indian rites, and retained in ids serv prophets, sag lee a nmneions u lie^tlli ' bod V ol iimores. and powwows; d!eini)noloi:y and idolatry, maiiic and sootli>a\ inn'. Ijeing rejrarded by him as the reli,L.'ion of h He loxed hiintimr and lishimr. and I (K'snised the life of labor recommended lo him. He mav b Id to have detoted CIVl lizat ion in al am 1 to ha\'e aiihoiTi'd the t loctl if < 'liristianit' At the head of his Hasha'iary, he ruled both civil and priestly chiefs; by his olli he wa> in fact, a supreme chief oi' td ne ">iudi appears to be the meaniuLi' of the term 13.\SII.\H.\. During twelve years Philip had been a silent observer of the L'l'owth of New Endand. Tui'iity years had elapsi'd since the close of the native war lietween the Narraiiansetts and Mohicans, of which the cidonists had been passive. thon,i:h deeply interested, s|)ectators. mertdy employing their inlhience with the tribes to keep them at peace with the colonies and with each other. For sevei'al years prior to the breaking out of tl Pokanoket war. Philip had been regarded with •usiiieiMii. am 1 a close e\-e was kept le on his subtle political movements. It appeared evident that, in addition to his authority amongst the eight or ten tribes who aeknowledged his supremacy, his influence was also e.xerted among the Narragansetts, his immediate neighbors on the south, whose possessions extended northwardly to those of the Pennacooks of the river Merrimac, und of other tribes of the Pawt tickets. Philip's plan for uniting all the border Indians in a general war against the colonies, is suppos(>d to have been revealed by a friendly Christian Indian, called Sansaman. For this act he was maile to pay the forfeit of his lile, by three enussaries of Philip. :iM im-' ' Diako's liuMk .if ll.f hidiaiis, ji. II ! J) Vi !M . 152 TlIK KN(_;MSII uCcrPY NEW YORK. ^\'llill■ fisliiiiir "11 a |ioiiil tlir(iiii;li jm oiilici' in llic ice. lie wms ii|i]iri)a('lif(l witlnmt siisjiickm, liy liis loi's. wlio Uimcki'd liiiii on llio lii'ad.and llirn tlirusl liis lioily tlnnnuli tlu> opcnin'^'. Till' l'i'i|n()t war was Init tlic slniiiiilc of a sinu'li' trilp(>. in wiiicli. tiiDUL'li tlic syiMiiatliic's of other trilx's wvw. more or less, tMilistcd, tiicy took no nctivc part, lint till' [ilot of I'liilip liad hiMMi niatnrciy didilnTiitt'd npon. and liiiii received tjie ^an(•tion of all tiie Indian eouiicils. bolii |io!itieal anil reliLiious. in wiiieli (lie native feeliii'jr of repnjnanee to llie whiles ))ivvaiie(l. fnlly compreliendinir. as thiy did. tiiat liie li'adin;: ohjects of tlie colonists were to force the arts of civili/.alion, anil tlie te;ichiM'_'s of Christianity, on the Indians. Wherever the Indians were assenihled foi- moral iiistrnc- tion. eviM'v ariruinent was addnci'd to impress tiiem with the importance of the practice ol' virtne. industry, and temperance; and to inculcate the doctrines of the Cliristiaii faith. To the nmnher of williiiir listeni'rs. who had heen irathei'ed into ."'epiu'ate hut email isolated con'ireu'ations. nndei' the name of ■• iirayiu'i Indians." durinir these forty _\ ears, no truths were more acceptahle; on the contrary, to the pa'ian portion, who were, hy I'ar. the iaiiiest nundier amonir the trihes. these truths were like so iiiany sharp piads to the Indian heart. The Indian powwows unashed their teeth wuilo li.-teniu'^' to tlio Knplisli preachers declarin;: such truths, which, as it were, with iriLrantic Htnui'ith. overthrew the entire system of the Iniliau nieda-theology and wigwam political necromancy. It is estimated that, in 107:'. tin- entire white population of New Fuiiland was 120.000 fiouls. of whom Ifi.llOO wei'e capahle of iieariu'j' arms.' .Vliout this time. .Massachusett.s tilone mustered twelve troops of cavaliT. comprisiii.' sixty men each, who were armed, nnd stationed at various points, to puiii>ii any sudden ic^'^ressions. The white popula- tion had. within forty years, spivad IVom its ori^iinal luicleus at Plymouth, more than 100 miles westward, and. in some i)Iaces. the same distance to the north. Hut owing to this very expansion, it jiri'sented. on every frontier, a !)roken. unconnected lino, continually suliject to the depredations of the hostile Indians. At these exposed points in the line of the aihanciui: settlements, every man was the daily aril I if I TiiK i:n(; liisii (HMTi'Y m;\v VOltK, Ida ClIAPTKK 111. TIIILI? DTlVKLorES HIS PLOT: HIS ATTACKS \- what was. (dearly, tiie nsult of ;i mere accidi'nt (.Mason never havinir ])remeditated that trajiical ami revoltim: sacrilice). determined instantly to forsake his country, and llee to tin- wi'st. .\ thii'd instance of decision, conjoined willi ahility to comhiiie the powi'rof united action, and. jjrolialiiy. the most reinarkahle of tlie three, in point of inli'llecttial viifor, was that ol' I'oiin tacom. wlio^e ;iet> \\f arr aliout to n urate Vol \ I. J't m >; .r 1! ; \ \ u ISA Til I-: i:n ti I.I s II i:rr;il cllurl :it;,lill-l tlic NiW Klluliiiul I'lildllics. Mini to li iii'Vc Ilis iiH'ii I'l'i'iii (|iitiii'.«li(' (MIC". Ill' «<'iil lii> iiwn r.miily, :iii>l :ili the wdiiuii miiiI i-liiMiTii 111 lii> iMtinii. iiilii till' riPiiiiiiA i>\ Iii» riifinl- ami in'i'.'iilinr-.. llic \an':ii;aiiM'U>. ( 'ailiiliriii'l. till' >"ll iai'liri:i >iliri' llir ilralll 111' ilis lallnT, liv tliis ciiiir^i' iiiMiUid iiini-rir iii'i'|ily willi llu- ruliinics, ami it iilliiiialil\ (•i»l liiiii lii> lili'; li>r llir iiili.iii>l> I'oiilii iiiiw no ImiLjiT liuiilil. liiat tin' Narra^iaii.-i'lts iii'l i'iil\ >_\ iii|iallii/ril i|iT|i|\ willi l'liiii|i. lull liail arnili'ij In lii* |iian-i. 'riii-y. tlnTcluii'. t liii< trilir. ami. alter tlie ia|iliiie nl' ( 'amuieliei. in a eiiiillii't. wliieii iHiiMTeil near Sekiiiik. til'' tiilie .-iii'i'iiiiiheij. aiiil r.Mimii a new treaiv « ilii tlieir ei)m|iier()is. ( 'amaieliet liiiii^ell' was sent tn tin- Moliiean-. iiinler I'lieas, ami liy them exeeilted. i'l'litiral wisdinii is of Miy .slow l:I'i>\\iIi ammiu llie Iniliaiis. Iliiviiii.' mi reiunls. tiailitimi pel iiinils il> i|lll_\ \ery ili rii-||\ely ; llllli'li lieiim- iiil'jiiltell. (li>lielie\eil. iir iiiiperli'itl_\ nmlerstiMiil ; ami. wlii-re tlie riilinu |ia.-.-ii)ii« are mi .-Iimiii;. as tlie_\ ai'e in all the t lilies, lliat lliey all take iiiie ilireeiimi uiily. naiiiel_\-. iiatreil to the whites, iniaiiiiiii- tii'ii niilaiiis liie iiia-triy ii\ er laits, 'I'liesc iiiliiem-es reira I'll ill'.'' the I'liei' arc lid'eeil li|">ll l|s Ipy the liotciiioiis lact. that \i:\-l e\|ierieiiie exeieises liiit little illllllelli'e o\er their lilt me ailimis. ami in me w haiever on tlie |iiesent nf their iii^lory. ilad < "aiionehet r.'ljeeleil that the late of his lather .Mionluiiiino iiail lieeii the lesiijl ol'the sn|i|H)seil or real hoslility 111' the Nariai;aii-etts to the eoinnisl,-. he WouM iia\e a\oii|eil the olVeiiee ol' allowiiiL: his territory to lieroiiie a siielier liir the lel'iiiiee i'okanokets : ami tin lelMPUm-ij saeliein nf tile latter llli-llt lia\e I'ori'seell liiat tile fate 111' .s«assai'lls. ilieillieil hy oiniosiiij: iiiniseir openly to tiie euloiiists. was likely to pfesaue his own liestiny 'rh**y knew nothiiiir. it is true, of i'liiiriisii history, exeept what liail oieurreil liefore their own e_\e.-- ; ijiit, liaii liny 1 n eoviiisaiit of e\ en iiiiire. tliey eoiiiii iiavf foriiieil no otiier eoneliisioii. than that a elass of stern men. who had ahainloned tlieir Imiiies and eniiiitrx. in support of deejiiy clieiisiieil opinions, woiiiil iiit lie easily hmled liaek. or dri\en into tlie Atlantie. li\' a wild and midiseipliiied iiorde of savaire hmiters, IMiilip iiad endeavored to lull suspicion hy keeping up his eoiniimnieations witii tiie eeiitral powers of tile I'oionies. partieulaii\ li\ two personal visit.s to Flsnioiith. in liiiili ami liiTl. diiriii',' wlileli lime he renewed ilu' l'ealt\. lirsi piedjed hy his fatiier Mas-asiiit, Alter tiie disci, .sure made ly >aiisani,iii. his intentions could m iom;er lie comeaiecl : and. when it hei-anie known tiiat he liad aliamloned his ancestral seat, at .Mount Hope, and sent tiie women ami i liiidreii to a place of safei \ . it was supposed, ami with Iriith. tliat he was laicjin.: iiji and liown amoi ; liie inlies. like some eastern Moiiuol ciiief. in tlie eeetral plains of Asia. aroUsiiiL' his followeis. and escitiiiL; in tliein IV desire for war. IiIocmI. and plunder. The traLiedy soon opened aloiii: the euiiie line of the .\ew Knu'land frontiers, and was. indeed, much the severest ordeal tlie .New p]ii'_dand colonies passeii ilnom.di. IMlilip s eliel'jie.s appeali d to lie aiino.st snpei imniail. ti>l it was eltliel ins voice wiiicii Till-: KNci.rsn orcci'v ni;\v y<»I!K. 1/55 aniiiiiiti'il. (II' lii^ iiiiii'l vvliii-li ilin ric'il cM'i'v iitlMclv. 'I'li>' \v:ii' cuiniiK'iK'i'il iirur Mdiint Ilii|M'. on tlir 'Jllll nl' .llllii'. Ili7'">. A |iiirlv ul' |'|lili|i's Willlinrs, licilii: sent, tn llic I'lii'.'ii.oli M'lilciiM'iit ,il .Miitlii|iiiiM'tt. Swaii/cv. tlifv |(liiiiili'ictl llic lidiiM's. iiml killiil Miiiii- of the fiillli'. In lliis |iiia_\ , an Indian luini; ^lini. ihc (iiiirr-i rii>lic(l liirv\aril, ami iiiiir|iri'ail, ami llic l'l\ iiKiiilli ami .Massacliiisi'lts ciiliiiiii's iiiiMii'iliat<'|y mmiI ti'iiiiii- iiiln tlir llrlil. Williiii limr iia\s llinvarifr. uiic (■(iiiipanv nl' luiix' ami Iwn ol' iiiriiiili\ were nn llic >|H)|. Several f'kinni>lic's ensued, and ii tew Indiaiis. as well as Knjli-li. were killed. The liirce III' the laller liein!/ soon recruited, tlirv iinicecded tn Miiiml l|ii|ic. w liirh wim liiillld tn lie deserted, and the elielliy to have lied. The draL-'ooiis. while recuiiiiiiiterill^ the \ ieinitv. diseii\cicd a small parly i>\' Indian-, ami killed jiuir nv li\e ,,\' the niiiiilicr. The triHip.s then n ived orders to march into the ccninirv of the .NarraLraiiM'll-. to liriiii; them to an acconiil. hut wi-n met witii many proti'ssioiis ol' a desire for peact'. Nc'jotiations liaviii'j heeii o|iciied. the .Narra'jaiisetls si^^iied a trcatx. Mmliiii; llicinselves •■as I'ar as was in their powir.' to nppn-.' i'hilip. .\l this liiiH'. a prii'c was placi'il on Philip's head, delivered "dead or alive.' Mi'aiilillli'. < linrch had pi'llclratcil I'cicas-ct Neck, where he liiuilil and eli'2a'.;ed sonio stra'j'jliii'-' parties; Imt. not mectini;' with the snceess lie desire(l. he «ooii after returncil to the same locality, with lil'lv men. I)i\ idiii.' these, for the |iurpose of ni'ire elfcctiially piir-iiiiiu the search. I''ullcr led one parlv towards the open hay. while i'liiinh. with the other, pcnelrati'd the interior, where, eiicounlerin.; the enemy in liirce. he was drivi'M hack. I'uller was also attackeil hy siijierior iiiimlins. ,ind. after reachiir.; the sliiae. hoili parties Were (iiily saved from destruction hy the foiiniiate pro.vimity of a IJIiiide l-laml .-loop. .\s siioii as tiie Miii:li>h I'orci- could 1m' eoiiceiitialed. another evpecliiioii was sent to I'ocas-ct. and several ili'siiltory eniia.'emeiits resiilU'(l in the! killiiii: of liiiirteeii or lifleen Indians. On the arrival of the entire allieil force. I'hilip, after some sli'jhl skirmishiiii;. retired to that favurite natural liulress of the Indians — a s\Viim|i. With the approacli ol' iii'rhf. the KiCilish retired : hut. liciic.; reiiiliirced tlio l'ollov\ iiiir dav liv I nil men. and oliscrviii'.: that I'hilip occupied a narrow peninsula, seven mile- in leii'jth. haviii'i an iinpeiietraMe -wamp in lln' inierior. they ri'solvccl to cut oil' his coiiiiiiuiiicatioiis. and starve him (Uit. The chief, seeiiu;' his critical jiositicui, took advanlaL:'' of a dark iiiiiht. and. constructing; ralH of liniher. e-cajii'd across the Assoiiet.or Taunton river, to his alli>'S. the Nipiuiick-. an eiialic trilie. whose seL;ie;:ated hands oi'ciipied a larL'e area of territory. When, the followinsr inornini:'. il was disi'oveied that I'hilip had lied, the allies hotly pursued him. and. tracinu' his trail, hy the aid of the .Mohicans, tliev overtook liiin at iii'jht. and captured thirty of his warriors: the wily chief, with the rest of his force, siii'i diiei in making' pioil their escape l'hili|i had lli'd to the cpiarter wiiere he had the ureati'st uumlMi- of allies. His i>laii. apparently, was. if delisted in .New Kii!.dand. to retire toward the territory uec npied hv the IJaroii de ( 'a-tine. an iiilluential trader, or Indian factor, w ho iv-ided in tl r ! f! I .ih l1 If tf: I il i l.W Tin: KN\iiiii;itlii/.' iI with tlicclVDrt ol' I'liilip, witli \\ Ikiiii III' is Miid. Iiy till tlic aiitluiritics <>!' tliut |ii'i-i(i(l, (n lia\<' lict'ii iii K'ulmic. 'I'liriv Im no (loiilit ol' his riiciulshii) lor. ami alliance with, the I'l'nnacuoks. ami tln'ir alliliMlcil bands of the .Mcrriniai". cxtcndini: norlhwanl to the i'cnoloi'ot. Canada, and AtMili:i, when* an ailver^e political element existed. Kranee was re'.'ardi'd liv the alH)ri;;iii('s, in all res[)eets. as the friend of the Inilian race; and the destrnctioii of the Kn^lisli colonies was trnly as nnich of an olije<'t to the French, as it ever eonid lia\<' U'eii consideied liy l'hili|). The Indians actini: niider I'liilip had lieeii. withont doniit, Mip|ilied with fn'e-arnis and ainnninition froni the eoninieicial depot of the Huron de Ciisfine; and the jiowi'rl'iil ellect of this species of aid and sympathy, connected with the fact, that many yeiifs had U'en spent hy Philip in niatmin.ir his plans, accords very well with the oiR'r!.'y of character, seoresy of purpose, jind power of coniliinatinii, which all writers have asciibed to him. and fxoes far towards relie\iii;; the war. in which ho oiifiagoJ with the colonies, of tlie desperate character of some of its ireiieral featuivs. In iil'ti'r years, wlien the I'l-nnacooks. and the Indians ufnerally, of southern New Hampshire, tieil to the north, ami allied themselves with the AhinaUies, it was this very French inlhiencc npon which they relied. After a few years spent in various employments in the west, suhseipieiit to the year lilMi. Seliastian l{asle estalilished liiiiLself at Norrid^rwock. on the KenneU'c, when this illiiit connt'ction with the New Kni-'land Indians became more fully apparent. The fiij;iti\c Indians were eiieoui-atred in their hostility to the En;jlish, and became expert in the use of fire-arms, wliic h. at that era, had entirely .superseded bows and arrows. Heturniiiir in detached parties, like hyenas in search of l)rey, they iell upon the people of th»' nt'W and isolated settle- ments, I'rom whose precincts they had previously lied, with the exterminatinir kniii' and tomahawk, marking their coin'se with .scenes of arson ami mnrdt-r. which are heart-ronding. and horrible to conti'mplatt'. But. to return to the Baron de Castine; it is allirmed that he was a F'reneii nobleman of distinction, a colonel in the king's l)t)dy guard, and a man lujted for his intrigiu>, ii,iiH IViMii till' s\riiinitliy of tlu' Fri'iicli, was attuatctl l»y liis own natural aiitiiiutliioM in liis attciniit tu tlrivu tlio Kn;j;lis)i out nt' New Kni^lanil. and tliat, when lir al)an(l(>n('il Mmnit Hope, Ik- tliivw liiinsuir mnong his Indian l'ri«>Mds and allii's, witii the |iur|ii)si' of incitinu; tlifin to make incrssant attacks on tlic sotllenu-nts. To ilo tliis ilU'i'tiiallv, it was n<'(cssar\ to surprise tlioni in dotiiil. IMacos known to Ik- in tlio ocriipancv ni' tin' niilitiii Wfii' avoided, nnh-ss wlien ii small foive conld Im- suddenly attacked In- a larvier out.'. The Indians have seldom Ix'on willing to meet u huge regnhir ibree in the Held ; tinv in-efer tlu' frnerilla systt'm. which is pursued in the same mnnner in Oregon, at tin- presi'nt i\ l;ilMiii'r« wen- \v;i\ I:iiil Mini killcil in n lirlij in .Mcnilun : .Miilillo- iKiniiijIi iin iiii ;niil)n-r;i(|c. 'riif N i|iinii(k-' \\\\i> lunl. licrctntliii'. (n-cn|iii'(l :i ilciiilill'nl |H)-itiiin. iii>\v roinmcnci'd ii|M'n linstililiis, siirciKlim.' tii" iiliirni wc-tWMid. At l,;ini':i~ti'r. ii niMn iiiul iii" \\il<' were killrd on I lie Lmd'.v (kiv : u Imv. tindini; >lic('|), in M;ii lliiiiiiu'jli, \\;i^ liivil III ; nnn-cnnilial.iiil hnliaii^ were iiiTrvtcij mikI i ciiiiniltcil for Iruil; :niil im liiilian \\a« >Mlr. nr iVcc i\n\n tlif >u-|iiciiin nf ticMilirr\. iki inaltrr how 'jiiiiij |ii> ciinilnct iiail |irr\ iiiii~l\ lircii. f\cc|i| lliu^c nl' llir cipiiiniiniilii ~ ul' jiravinL; Indians, wiin Wfir al-n cluscdy >\ati'lu'd. A .•-liMit tiiiir >iiliM'i|ii('nl In llii' iilavin at ltiT, ii di'lacliiiu'iil ul' soldii-i's was m-iiI nut to make ifcuniioissiincrs as liir as lladlrv. I'lir aiilliniilii s at l!ii~lon. still fntcrtaininij tin' idra llial tlic Nipniiicks could lie ic-tiainid liv ni'iiotialioii. the lattiT ajrri'fd In iiicit roininis-iniii r> at lironUirM; Imt it |)iu\('d lo l.c a UHTr niM' (111 till' |iart nf till' Indians. Tlic oiliicis ^cnt iIhiIk r \\r\o accoinjianii'd li\ t\\rnt\ hnrsrincn. and wcic jnini d on tlir roiiti' li_\ a cun-idciMMi' niiiiilirr oj' tlic t.-iti/i'ii soldiery. FindiiiL; iio liicjians at Itroi'kliciij. iln'v inaivkcij I'nur or li\c iiiik's liiitlicr. lo a narrow dclilc. Ilankcd li\ a swanip. wlicrc :inn hhliaiis rose I'i'oiii an aiiiliiiscadc, and |ioni'cd ii|>on tiiciii a licaxy lire. I']i;jlil i'I'iIh' n en weie killcil liy the tirst disdiarp', and tlie conmiiiiidci'. as well as scM'ial others, wounded, 'I'hcy then retreated to lil'ooklicld. wliitlicr they were |ilirsill'd li\ the Indian-, who uiTouiided it. kee|iin'.; up an in(i--,,nt lire, and allciii|ited to hnrn it liy dischnriiiiiL' Ma/ini; allows n{ion it. and hy lhri:>tinL; coinhii^tihles a'jainst it. jilaced on the ends of Ioiilt iioles. Tiny then lilleil a cart wilh henip. ami. setiinu it on lire, hacked it up to the house, llail this cHiirt siiccecdeil, si\eiit\ men. women, and children, w ho were huiKiled to'jethcr w iihin. would luuu Til K i:n<; I.I - II IMC r rv n i;u voii k. t.".i) lii'i'll I'iiiisIimI Mlivc; lint. rI|ii\M'I' hI IMill. wlllill IMI lll tin- llxHlirlit, V.\lill^lli.>l|i'ii liir l|jllli'r<. Till' lll'lillll- Will' i'\i'lltllilll\ ril^iili'iii'il nil l>\ llii' li |>iiil<'i| urri\iil 111' iiiiiliiri'i'iMriil-. wliirli iIu'.n >ii|i|iii.-iii tu III' \f\\ lniL'f. Iiuin ihiir liriiij; jn'i M'l'ili'il l>\ A dioM' 1)1' iVi^iliti'iit'il i'allk'. Oiil^ line iiiiui wa.-* killril. iiml mu' wmiliili il, ill tlii.H liiiiiiilliiar^v >ic'ji'. 'i'iir iill.iir wiis .-raii'i'lv iiM r. wlirii liiiir fH'iLiiali' liuilii'-* nl liiiiips. iiihIit iliilrii'iil ('niiiiiiaiiili'r>, rt'arlii'il ISriiolvlii'lii itnl llu' Imliiiii'^ liail llnl \si>t\\;nil. rlli I'tiii^' a iiiiiuii wilii till' l'iii'iiitiii'k.'<. at IK'i'iHi III anil at Nnillilii'lil. iii'lii;^ |mii'mii'iI in that (linrlinii, a liattli' wa.M Inii^lit near Sii'iar-lual' Hill, in wliiili ti'ii I'iiiiili.-li, ami l\M'iity->i\ lniliaii.'< li'll ; till- \v>[ III' till' liiiliaii- linn jiiiiiiil I'liiliii- liiin*. ilailli'\ \sa-« iiuu uci iipp li ii\' till' lriiii|is. llif iiali\i's ill till' \ii'iiiit\ liaviin: lii'i:nii to .'>lin\v a Im^lili' ili>|H>-iiiiin. .iml tu iiiriiai'r tlif ti>\vii> aliiiM' it in tin' ('uniiri'lii'iil valley. ( >ii tlir l>t nl' Si'i'ti'iiiKi'i* (IliT'i). tlii'V attai'kril Drfiiirjil. lannril mm'imI il\Mlliii'js to a.slu-. ami kiliiil mii' man. Niiii' III' till incii VM'i'c killi'il li\ tlirin in lli<' \miiiiI-. at Noi'tliliclil, tun nr lliivr ilavs .snlisi'i|ii('iit ly. 'I'lii' ila_\ atlrr tlu' laltcr iicriii inirr. a ifiiirurii'iiiriii ul lliii I \ -,-ix iiiiiiiiilril iiil'aiitry. willi a i'iiii\n\ nl' |iiii\ i^imis jl.r tlii' '.:arii.'^iiii at Nnitliliiiil. Iill iniu an Imliaii aiiiliii.''^('.'iiir witliin I\mi iiiilr> nl' llicir ili'siinatinii ; lln i>, ilir rniiniiaiiil' r, willi si.xtrcii inrii. Iiriii'4 kilii'il, ami tlic lia'.:i:.'i::i- ami wmimli'il raptiiri'il ii\ tin' riniiiv . On I III' I ^tli nl' .N'|i|inilirr. a II hit nf lijiiix mi'ii. cnnMiyini; a 1 1 .liii nl' Iimiii~. Inailnl nilli '.^raiii. Ii'lt Di'ialiijil. tn pini I Inllaillry; iiiit, w liili' jia.-^iii'j tlirmiuli a il'ii-i; liii'('-t, ill till' viriiiity 111' a plai-i' imu rallril .Mmlily Itnink, snini> .scvi'ii linmlri'il Imlians, will) liail lii'i'ii scri'cni'il linin \ii'w ly llii' laislii'.-4 nl' a iimra^s, rii.'^liril lininii«l\ ii|iiiti tlii'iii. Till' ti'nn{is, lii'iii'^ tlii'nwn iiitn ('iiiii|i|i't(> (■niirn.>'inii, Iii'dIm' tlii'ii' ranks, ami atti'in|>t('il tn liiilit till' riiriiiy. liniii lii'liimi tiro, ill tlii'ir nw n ciistmnary inaiiiirr. I'mt it w.is In III) piiriinsi' ; tlii'y siilli'ii'il all litter ami iiin.«t aiipallini; iliti'at ; l,atliin|i ami iiiiH t\ men. iiieiiiiliii:^ till' teamsters, lieiii;: slain. The liriiii;- lieiiiL' lieanl at Ueerlii'lil, linn- nr live miles ilistant. a I'liiirnri'einent was linnieil Inrwaiil. lail iliil imt reaeji tin- .sei'iie until alter tlie eluse nl'tlle net inn. wlieil tlie \ ii'tnl'S were eii!:a'.:ei| in strilipill'^ llie lieail. ami iiiaii'.;liiii;' tlieir lnnlies. itiisliiie^ nii hnliily, witliniit litiakiiiir tlieir ranks, tlie\ ilrnve tlie ciieiiiy I'lniii the lielil. killing many, ami eniiipellim: tin' siii\i\iirs In Sick sal't'tv in lli^iht. The Inss nl' the Imliaiis. in the si'veral actiniis ti)ii:^lit mi ihis • lay, is repnrteil tn have heeii i|nite liea\ s . It is tn he iiili'iTi'il tiiat. in these systematie attaeks, I'hilip hiiiisell' was either the leailer. nr tiie ineitiiiLi spirit nl' the Imlians. Thrniinhniit a larue e.xteiit n[' eninitr\ , the Imliaiis were aetiiateil h_\ niie iiiuli\e ami mie pnliey ; liir. like his own I'aiileil llnlihainnk. I'hilip appearetl In he ii|pii|iiitoiis. shiltiiiL: his positimi with iiieniieeivahle lapiility. rimn nlle |H)illl tn aiintlier. Finlll illliil'lliat inll snhsei[llenllv nlitaineil. he is lielieMil tn lia\e ll'il theattaek at .Mmlily IJrnnk. The rnllnwili:;- ihlN.he displaveil his fnlees. in nimihris. nil the wesl hanks nl' the ( niiiu'etieiit. at heeilielil, wliieli was uai i isniuil li\ niily 1 It :^t lifflni t:ii>'l I i • !i ( . I I,'! I' ' i It if fl ' 1 ' Hi I til I TIIK i;N(il.lMI (H'Cl I'V NHW VoUK. l\M'iit\ -■■\i'M 111(11. 'I'lii^ ciicimi^liiiiic Itil 111 till' aliaiiilDiiiiK'itt of tlnit |iii^l. a- liciiii; t'lii ili-laiit 111 M'lMiii' |irii|«'r ^ IiuliaiiH, in (he viriiiitv of SiniiiirHi'lil. altarUi'il thai liiNMi. killi'il an olliriT iiimI uiic man, who witc mil I'l'ruiiiinilrriii'j. ami Inirniil l\M'iil_\ -tun il\vrlliii^-liiiii«'f*, tnL'i'tlii'r w itii a \iiliialili' lilnaiv . a^i alxi Iwi'iit v-IIm' liani^. iiirliiiliiiL.' tlit'ir cullt«>llt^4; ii Idhh wliicli iviliii'«>(l tlif inlialiitants to fiit'iit i*ti'ail.-< iliiiiii.' till' wiiilcr. l-'lii>li('il witli Ills ti'iiiiiiiili". IMiiiiji asrt'iiiii'il tlic \ a1li'\ . w iili llic ilctrriniiiatiiiii ol' allackiiiL' llic l'!ii>iiisli licailiiuarlci.". (hi tlir lUtli nf ( K'lulii'i', In' aiiiN'anil, with kcscii or ri'jlit liiiiiili'cd warriors, mar tin' town ol' llatliclil. ami, liavin.' cut olV M'Mial M'oiitiii'j: iiai'tics ill tlu' wonils, niadi' a rapiil iittiu'k on ilic town. I'lom Mirimix i|iiartri's. It wii<4 (Icli'iiilcd witli urt'iit refill lit ion. Iiiiviiii; ln'cn rt'inltii'ct'il a slioit tiim' |iri'\ ioii>. aiiil, ai'li'i' 11 Ki'Mi'i' I'oiitcst, I'liiliji was ('iiin|ii'll('ii to willulraw lii-i Inri'i's, 'I'liis lii« I'lli'fii'd iliiriiii; tlir ni;jlit. not without soini' conl'iision. as he was ('iii'iiihIk ri'ij with liin ili'aij ami woiinilcil. lli- also lost soint> of his l'IIIis in t|ii> livn-. lie siu'i'irilnl. Ih'Wi'MT. in lirin^' scxcral ihvcllint's. which wiic consiiini'il, and in dri\ iiii; oil' a iiiiiiilirr ol' cattle Mild .sh('('|i U'lonuiiii; to the colonists. .\iitiiiiiii now ilrawiiiiT to ii i'losc, it U'camc ncccs.sary I'or the lari:e mass ol' the Indians to dis|)erse to |ilac('s where they could readily olitaiii their woiiled >ii|i|iliis. I'liili|i had (k'leriniiu'd to pa-^s the winter with the .Naria'.'ansetts ; Imt. in a shoil time, his i^iierilla iiarties were kept l)iis\ mi the waters of the ('onneclicut. Late in OcIhIm r, MMiie unprotected teams, near Northampton, were attacked; three men were killed in a meadow Hour that town; and the Indians attempted to hiirii a mill. Three men were also killed hetweeii Spriiiiilii'ld iind Westlield. and liair houses hiiriied at the latter place. Other deprediitions were comniitted at liOiiLinieailows. and. likewise, at Sprin^Tn'Id. While the knife, cinl). iriin. and iiici'ndiar\ hraiid were thus ai'tively wielded on the waters of the Coiniectii'iit. IMiilip't* warrior.s were l)ii.s\ in the east and south-east. Two .separate companies of militia marched from Moston and ('aiiiltridL''e. to icpres.s linliaii hostilities at Meiidoii. ( ii-dtiin. and other places. In elli'cliiiL'' this, sixcial encoimters occnricd. in one of which, an ntlicer. named ( 'nrtiss. !iiid one soldier lell. \ coiisideralile (piaiitit\ of ciirn was desiinved. and one poia' captixc was released. I'rior to the la>l-iiieiiti>iiird action, an all'air occurred at Wreiithaiii. One of the colonists. Iia\iii'_'' one escniii'.; discovered a party of Indians on their march, .■.ilently iMIowcd their trail, and s.iw lliem eiicani|i near a precipice. Uetiirniii'j. and iriviiei' iiiimediate notice (if his (i'is( r\ alion^. thirteen men accompanied him to ihe spot, w Inii' they ciiiicealed theiii^i Ives until the Indians aro.-e at dayhreak, when they lired upon them, and, drivinu tlieni over the precipice, killed tweiity-liair. The rest ellected their i'sca[ie. Til !•; i;N II inn i- v n i;u \ >>uh ml CM A I'TKIi V. TIIK ('o|,t»N IS I'S MA lit II IM TIIK iilllJIlh i>V I'lIK lllnNTII.l;^ Tlli:V \VA MM! DKIKATIll) IN A STItnMil.V I'o I!!' II ill l» I'dSITKiN. WiTiinir till' lirtiiils JH'inir ;.'i\i'ii. it is iin|i>iiii; ii;ilm>' nf tills Will'. Till' Kll'jli^ll WCIT cM'l' on till' ilicll. cstT \i'^ii;ui|. ;icli\c, lilMM'. Mini nil('l|irisillL;. 'ri|r\ were rc'M(l\.ill M mcHllclirs WMIIlillL;'. In |iIII~Mc' tlu' rinlliv . ;illi| IrlilliMli' liix IlltilfisS ; mill. \\ lirllrMT llic\ >lll1i'ric I ilill'.il . || w :l< 1 1\\ i IIJ In I In! I illl|Mll-iM' lii'ii\('i'_\ . iiiid a (li.<|i'ii:v. 'I'lii- iiiiiiii'i'l tlii'iii til ii'ikIm- i'm^Ii iiiii\ rnu'iils. in wliicli llirv l'i('i|iii-nii\ iicjli'i'iiij tlir nriiiiiiux nil<'> >i\' tiiililiiry ciiiiliiiii. lioilii's III' iiii'ii wriv r^iiiliii'iily iii'oiisi'il ninl iiiiiri'liiil liulilly iiil'> lli'* |i)r('>ls Mllil ilrlili'-;. W il liulll Mllijill.; mil sn mt-^ In ilMiTtilill I llr |iii-ilMi|| ut llir fur. r>r-i'li'S, it ;ll\\:iy< |ri|llilril II 1;II'J<' liili'i' In \\;ili'll M >lli:iiirr niir, wliiii llif Litlii' Wi'ir Milvlnl ill till' Wiiuij-. |i':ii|\ 111 Splill'^ U|iiill liirlll W ili'll ii'list f\|iri'liMl. Imliaii lii>lnr_\ ili'iiiipii-lairs thai, in lliis 'jiU'iilla wai fair, tin' aii\ .iiila'ji' is. 'jrlii rall\ . at lir^l nil llii' >iili' III' tlii> iialisrs. ulm air iiiiiii' inliiiiatily ai'i|iiaiii!i'il willi tin' Imil g('n'^ra|i|i\-. as wi'il as willi (In natural rr-niii-i'rs nl' a \\ ililrnir-< i'niiiiir\, ami. .lUn, uitli tlicir iiwii rapai'ity liir ('iiiliiiaiii r : wiiii'ii cin'miistaiici's i;viii'iall\ ilrlriiiiiin' llnir liiniii' nl' attack ami iji'li'iici'. Snjiil fniumiis nl" iiu'ii, ('iiciiiiilict'ril willi lira\_\ lia.;;ja'.:i' ami a cniiiinissariat. wlicii inarrliiiiir llirmi'iii a Ini'i- • iiiiist, lu'frssarily. prmrrcss >i|n\\ 1\ . 'i'lii'V snnii lii'cnmr liitiuiirii. ami liaras.-i'ij li\ liii'ir riirimilirani'i's. w iiili' llii- lijlit-lnnicil Imiiaiis liai't ai'miml tiii'iii, ami lu'l'mr tliriii. iiki' llir liauk Inviii'j wiili its {iir\. iiiilil a siiilaliii' n|)|inrtiiiiit_v ni'i'urs liir tlii'iii In ,-iriki'. If il In- nu'ii'ly a warn!' skiriiii^lii's ami siir|iiiM's. {\u'M' an- tlifir I'aMirili' ami. i;iiii rail\ . siii'i'rssi'iil nmili's ni' altai'k. AiintluT error, comiiiilti'il l>y tin' wliiti's. in this war. was ilm iiiiiilnynu'iit nl' ii iii\ilti|ilii'ity 111' M'parati' I'nimiiamirrs. tiriiiicnily I'Viai'l-iii'.; ili-rni'ilant [inwi'is. ami waiiliiiL' ill iiiiily nl' aitinii. 'I'lii' irnnii st'lisi' nf till' rnmiilissiniii'ls nl'tlii' Ni'W i'lliiilaml cnlnllii'S. now Poilli'iliTati'il lor ili'l'i'iu'c, coiiv iiu'ril till' I'liiiiitiy nl'tliis. Tlu' warliail ln'i'ii in |irnL;n'ss si'ai'ci'lx lliii'i'- rnmllis nl' a year. tliiiiiiL:' wliieli liiiu' many xaliiaMi' Tims Ii:iiI Ih'i'ii In-i li\ linlian ainlaisi'ailrs. ami a laiLir aiiiminl nl prn|ii'rly liail ln'i-n ili ill.l t'li.xiiiiii;' (Miii|i;ii,u it iiKiic irciii'ral :inil cllcctive nuM-^iiri's for llic prosecution o f til- n. .Vurcciiiiiv to ii .sciilo tlioii i'st:il)li.-i|ii(l. Mii.ssiicliiisL'tls colony wiis (liicctcil to I'lirnif^li ">li7 iiicii ; I'hiiioutli coloiiv. l')S; mil ('oiiiK'cticiit. \v hid I now III c'liiiii'il llio New IliiVfii c'oioiiv, Jil'i; niukiii;; ii totiil lorco oi' 1001) iiu ■ilition iiiiiiiiist tlu' XiiiTii- It wa.x .-iiihsciiuciitly ilftrrniiiu'il to lit out m si'|iiirat<' •iMiisclts. >vlii>s(' liostility to the colonics, anil coniplicitv wiili I'liilii). conld no loni'cr lie doiilitcd. Tlicy wcic dcsiiiiiatcd as the lirst olijcct ol' attack. One tlioiisaiid men were also nmstered lor tliis siu'vice, ollicereil hv e.xiiericiiccd captain.'^, and placed under tlie coiiimand ol Jo.siah Wiiislow. Atlvanced a.s tlie .reason was. this force was marched arati- hodi tl iroii'il ■^eeivonl' d r roviilelici and oser Pat llNelit river to Wi (1. tlie place ol' ri'iide/.voiis. On the route a svstem of wanton destruction of person and property was loliowed i||i. it heiiiLr their desii;n to niaUe the Ind lan.-" ll'cl the elli'cts of the war. The latt er. lieiiis: iji|)ri/.ed of the movement, liiniied I'etti- (piaiiscott. killiiiiT lifteeii of the iiihaititants, and concentrated their forces o an ele\:if loll. se\eral acres in extent. irromided on al ides h\- a swami) — a positioii 1" located ill the e\istiiiir towiisiiip of South Kiiii^sti Hh Isl, lIKl At this place they had fortilied tliem.selves hy a lormidahle stnictiire of pali.-atles, r.'ounded hy a close hedjre curtain, or rude ahattis, leavini; hut one passatie to it. w liicli led across a liri loK, and was loriiieii ol sin'.;le li.-. I ted I our or tive leet abovi' the siirlac of the water. At another point of the fnitilication wiis a low i;ap, closed hy a lo^ four or live feet hinh, which could he scaled. Close \>y was a hlock- weak point. The whole work was inueiiioiisly lioii.se, to deli'iid and enlilade th coiistriicti'd, and well adapted to the Indian mode of defence. The authorities do not mention that I'hilip was jireseiit, ijiit there apjiears to le no ( loiiht that he hi liven ever\' au 1 ill I ll.s l)OW P' er to his alii It was a death striii;L:le Hir the Naria'.iaiisi'tts, and their fate wiuild determine his; lor they were far sii|)erior in niimhers. l>y tlu! destruction of l'etti(|uaiiscott and its little pirrison. the troojis eoinposing Winslow's army, who had expected to take up their ipiarteis thi're. were deprived of all shelter. T!k y had no tents, and were, con.seqiiciitly, ohlijred to pass a very iincom- Ibrtahle iiitdit in tlie ofien air. It was late in Decemher, and hitt er cold, with .snow on tl 10 "rrotiiH 1. On the no.vt day (lUtli) Win.slow put his army in motion at an early lio"". as they had sixteen miles to inarch, throuirh deep snow. At one o'clock in tin; afternoon. ,:iuided hy an Indian, they reached the vicinity of the swamp, where a ])art\- ol the enemy had heen stationed as a corps of ohservatioii. They were immediatelv nt. c()in|')risiiii,' four coiiipaiiics. imiiie- attacked. hut lied to their citaili ■tad inu am •ideiitallv reached the M' diately rushed tliroujih the swamp, at a \eiiti which they hejiaii to scale: hut liny were compelled to fall liack hefore the destructive fire frniii the Indian hiock-honse. They were reintiu'ced hy two other com|)aiiies, when, TIIK KNdLISII OCCLl'Y N K W V(»|{K. 168 ])ri'ssiii to e.sca|)e. and about .'500 women and children, weiv set on fire. The ates ran shriekinir in everv direction, as the Ihuncs advanced; but there iniseral)le nnn leniir no ) chance for tlight, they were all consumed in this inlnnnan holocan.st Tl us was not only an act uf most barbarous cruelty, in (Ieneral Winslow, but was al mistaken policy. The Indians who escai)ed took shelter in imp, near by, where they passed the ni ;ht in the snow, and where many of their number died i'roni exposure, and the want of both lire and food. The Narragansetts afterwards asserted that they lost about 7(10 warriors at the Ibrt. besides ."itlO, who snbseipiently died of their wounds. The entire number a.-sembled at the i'ort has been computed at 400(1 ; and, if we allow but five j)ersons oidy to a lodge, it would sum 1) a total of 800 famili Tills reveals tlie object cif pit.s and ditehos {nsidc of our antii|uariaii remains of lorlilieatioiis iu the West. hIi IH 164 IM » K A N ( > K E '1' W A 1{ . U 'I'lic I'diitliiLriation of tlic lod^vs, iit'tiT tlic Iiuliiin warriors liad llcil, was not uuM'cly iiiint'fosMrw cnii'l. imd iiilniiiiiui. but it was also an unwise nu'asure on the part nl' (ifiicrai Wiiislow ; I'nr tin- Indian wiirwanis might have ailorded slielter during the uiLdit I'or tiie woinidod and exhausted soldiery. Hut the iMiglish were themselves driven out 1)V the llames. and were eoiiipelli'd to retrace their way through ii severe .sMMW .-torni. carrying with thetn many of their dead and wounded. The intensity of the colli, added to the pangs of hunger, occa.'^ioued the ileath of many of the latter, wiiiim oi'iliiKiry care niii^ht have saved. Th^y reached the desolate site of Petti- (pianiscolt after midnight, and. the following da}', thirty-four of their nuinl)er were hiuicd at lliat placr. in one grave. .Many were severely l'rost-l)itten, and KK) were .xo niiuli di^iililcil a-i to lie udit liir duty. Had the Indians rallied and attacked them at l'rlli(|uaiUM(>tt. not over lltl) n[' the army coulil have handled a gun or a swoi'd. Two huiidri'i! of the Knglisii were killed in the stormimr ol' the fort, including eight captains ami .'cveral subalterns. This severe blow crippleil the power of the Narragan.setts, but did not humblo them. On tin cmitrary. the survivors cherished the most intense hatred against the Knglish. from tliis period becomim:' the open and fearless allies of I'hilip; and the majority of theui. imdi'r ( "anonchet. a short time subseipieutly. joineil tlu' N'ipmucks, and Philip's allies, near Deerlield and Northlield. Driven I'rom their villages ami their country, thev turned their backs on their once iiapjiy homes, with a leeling akin to that which had, at a jirior period, animati'd Sassacus. It might naturally be supposed that manv of them nnist have sull'ered greatly iVom want of I'ood ; but the forests were still tilled A\ith game, and they also iVec|iiently seized the cattle whii'h were straying about, on th(! borders ol" the settlements. Ivirly in Keliruarv. they maile a descent upon liancaster, and iMpturi'd t'orty-two persons; ;ind a short tiiue thereafter, they killed twenty of tiie inhaliitants of .Medford. at thi' same time burning half the town. Seven or eight buildings shared the same fate in Weymouth. On the J.'ltli of .March, four fortilied lious(»s were rediiceil to ashes in Grotoii ; a lew days later, Warwick, in Hliode Islaud, was burned: and. before the clo.se of the month, the largest portion of tlie town of MarlboroUiih was liki'wise cousiuuetl. The Indians had been taught the ellicaev of lire by their bitter e.v|)erieuc(! at Kingston fort, and they soon became expert in using it airainst the Km;lish. The torch was now their most |)otent weapon. This iioncI mode of warfare create(l such a panic, that a larger tbrce was kept on the alert, lK)th day anil niuht. IJefore the depredations cniilil be check'ed in one diri'ction. tliey were duplicated at another, and. frcipientiv, distant [loint. Captain I'leice. of Scituate, anil lifty men, together with twenty <'ape Ctxl Indians, were suddenly attacked on the Patuxent, and almost entirely annihilated. Two days subseipiently. forty dwellin'.' houses and thirty barns wei'e burned at Rehoboth. Rhode Island. Kleven persons were killed, and their bodies consumed, in till' ll.imes of one house, at Plymouth, t'helmsford, Andover. and .Marlborough sulKered POKANOKKT WAR. lor. by tlio torch early in April, ami SiuUnny oxporioiiccd the next visitation. On this occasion a (jurty of colonists, who pursued the Indians, were all waylaid and killed. The Indian army which connnitted tiiese depredations nnnil)ered some live hundred men. Finding that they were not closely pursued, alter their attack niion Sudhury, they encami)ed in the neighboring forest. Meantime, a force of lifty men, under Captain Wadsworth, who were mandiing to protect other towns, learning that a liody of Indians was concealed in the woods near Sudbury, determined to find them. Seeing a snudl number of the enemy returning, they instantly started in pursuit of them, and were thus led into an ambush, from which the entire iurce of the Indians issued, and conunenced a tierce attack. Flight being out of the (piestion, the English fought bravely, and (inally gained an eminence. Ihit nothing could withstand such numerical odds, and Watlsworth and all his command were killed, not a man i'si;aping. Tlio same day. a provision-train was attacked in IJrooktield, and threi- men killed, or captured. The ire of the Indians was next directed against the old Plymouth colony, which they probably hated on account of its having been the nucleus of tlie colonists. Nineteen buildings were burned at Scituate. seventeen at Hridgewater, and eleven houses and live bams in Plyiimnth itself. A siiort time subsecpiently, several buildinirs were consumed at Namansket, in old Middleliorough. Very lew persons were killed in these de})redations ; but the Indian (Ire-liraud was constantly in operation against every isolated house, or unguarded village. Their marauding parties stealthily traver.«ed miles of territory every night ; and no man could step out into his field to look at his farm or stock, without incurring the danger of being ])iereed by the swift- winged arrow, or the unerring ball of a savage foe. Tlie hills and valle\s of New England resounded anew with the terrible war-whoop. ' I m 166 I'OKANOKKT UAH, :^l I ., ;!)j CHAPTER VI. CAPTURE AND DEATH OF CANONCIIET. OVERTHROW OF THE NARRAGANSETTS. Wiiii.K the oastorn townsliips prcsi'iitcil a scciio of iiiiivoraal dovastiitioii, thu 1670 Ei.'iilisli iiilial)itaiits on tlio westcni liordcrs oxiicri CIII'IM 1 liiit little (iistiirhaiice from till' Indians. IJiit, when the latter wore driven iVoni tlio eauturn section, they ootnnieneed a series of attacks, liy niudit and hy day, on the scattered s.'i'lenients of the west. To repress these outrages, Massachusetts and I'lyniouth sent a co.isiderahlo force into that quarter. After the storniing of his princnpal fort, in the swauii) t)f South Kingston, Canonchet, the reigning chieftain of the N'arragan.setts, lied to another intricate jxi.-itioii ; hut there is no evidence that defeat hail hund)led him. His grandfather, Canonicus, had lieeii the ruling chief of his trilx', and ha Anlii|. Aiiirr. » Vili.' tllMliptinll. Kill. I!c>.. V.il. I., I'lair X.WVI., Ill ; iil>u Vul. IV., I'laU' XIV., p. 120. I. I P < » K A X (J K K r W A R . 167 person who n'coL'iiisod him, nn ' liotly piirsiicil. Tlu' siirhcin, in order to pxju'dite his liitilit. tiircw od' his hicod coat and wampum holt, and would have escaped, luid he not made a IUIm' step and fell into the water, wetting his gun. A swift-footed Pcquot, who was in the iunglish army, immediately seized and held him. until some of tlie soldiers arrived, lie was desired to indicate ids submission, hut refu.sed, maintaining, lioth in his iiir and manner, a proud, nnconquered aspect, and disdaining to make any answers comprumising his honor. lie was taken, under a strong guard, to Stonington, where he was allowed the formality of a trial. This local triliunal condemned him to he shot, which sentence was e.\ecuted hy the Mohicans and IVquots. With Cauiinehet the Narrng.'inseft power in reality e.\pired. The Narragansett nation had, doid)tless, produced greater chiefs than the last named, hut none who had possessed a higher or a firmer .sense of his jiower and authority, or who had entertained a greater ri'pugnanee to the iidlux of the Knglish race. C'anonicus dreaded the approach of the loreign race ; hut he saw some advantages in that commerce, which supplied a market foi- what the natives could most easily procure, and furnished them witli articles of which they stiuHl in great need. These circumstances, coupled with the intiueiice of IJoger Williams, induced him to adopt a conservative course, and to prevent his trihe from eounnitting hostile acts. His son, Miontonimo, was greatly his superior, both in mental and personal endowments; hut he possessed a fiery, inigovern- ahle spirit. Impatient under the pressure of wrongs he could not redress, he was too eager to avenge injuries receiveil from his kinsmen, the Mohicans, hy a sudden, im|)ulsive movement, tiie ohject of which might have been attained by more Mohawks might Iiasc heen inclined to aid him. hut liir a piece of treachery which unexpectedly came to light. Pliilip's men had killed a l\-w Mohawk hunters, on their hunting-grolnids in the Con- necticut valU'y. mill the chief had adi'oitl\- laid the hlame on the Kuglish. Hut, one of the men, supposed to lie dead, hail recovered, and re\ealed the tru(> state of the case. It soon hecame evident that I'liili]) entertained no idea of gi\ing up the contest, but was jjreparing to carry on the campaign of I(i7(') with renewed vigor. As the spring advanced, his central position appeared to he at. or about Turner's Falls, on tlic Connecticut ; a noted loralit\' for the catchiui;' of shad, and other species offish ahoundimr in this river. At Longmeadow. on the HCith of March, an armed cavalcade, wliilo j)roceedii)g to church, was attacked, jind two men killed and a nnmher wounded. On another similar occasion, two women and their children hecame so nnich IVightened that they fell from their horses. :mil were dragged hy the Indians into a swamp. iMiK A N(iK i;t w \n. lt'.0 1'liosi', :iiiil iiiiiny dtlicr iill'airs nl' a siiiiiliir cliiiracti'r. in wliicli men witc Ivillcil on liotli sides, renileicil it clear tliat I'liilips main I'orec liarimrcil in tlii.s vicinity, ami lliitlier, tlicrclorc, the Kmilisli tmnps were mai'clicil. cdips alter corps, hotli linrse ami I'diit. uniiei' apiiroNed Icadei's. until tlie lorce swelled tn a ciMisideiaiile luinilnr. 'I'lic JnV"r a precipice of Jiirly leet. A well-directed lii-e 'jaNc them the first indication that i!(, detested l\n-lish — shoutiieu' Mohawks' — were upon iheiii. iSei/iiiL:' their arms, they tiiULiiil distraeleilly. A lar;je nuinlii'i' ol' them liniied inti) their eanoes to cross tlu' ii\er; some ol' whiidi. lia\inii no jiaddles. were soon swept over the falls, and all who were in them, with one exeeption. drowned. It is estimated that the entire loss of the Indians was '1(10 warriors. One hundivd and I'lirly were swept oNcr the TalN. liut one ol' whom was sa\iid. Thos(^ who succeeded in escapinn across the ri\er. joined the others in their lliuht. It was a I'omplete sur|iiise ami a disastrous deli'at. The slauLihter was so i:real. that UlH dead were counted on the Held. After their llij^ht. the Indians ai^aiii rallied. cios>eil heiow the I'alls, and allarked the guard which had been left witii the horses. An Indian eaiitive reported thai IMiiliii had arrived with a reinforcement of 101)0 men. This news produced a jiaiiie. and a soi)aration of the Knglish forces. A thiekly-woodeil morass Hanked the left hanks of tile falls, extendinj;- nearly to Green river. Those who retreated by this route were fd to repeated att;icks. and one of the jiartie^i. whicii attempted to cross it. was cntirelv cut oil", tlie men taken prisoners, ami Imrnt at the stake. Turner lieal hack the pi!''ty which attacked his camp, remounted his iiorses and vigorously pursued the onemy, who, dividing as he advanced, closed in Ijehiiid, and pursued liim in turn. lie fell, pierced In' a bullet, while crossing (Ireeii river, ilolyoke. who had killed live men uith his own hand, now assumed the eommaud. and crossing the plains and iKcrlield ;r^*v'»i: Ifivt. |i. l-.M'. Vol.. \'l—ll I li ? 170 •OK \ N II k 1.1' W \ U I'iviV. Ill' rtllillll lIlMl luWII. clllsi'lv |lll"-^lll li\ llli- lllllllUIM. Ill lIlJH ll'll.'lll III' lust llill U ri"lll inrll. '\'\[\< ililinll. IhiWi'M r. \\:l'i llir llirilill' |'.iilll nl' llir WAV. Till' llliliilM-J, \\llii Will' IImiit (III' IMinilirr kI IIh'II ;i^--:iiI:IM|-^. IiuI ImiM |iO'.|ril III :i riilllill'\ wliiii' llii'\ rmilil i>li|;lUI li';lil\ ^-llli'-i'-lrlli'r. ;llli| lM'r|i lln' ■.lirriillllilni" liTI llmv Ml mIiiiiii Ii\ llirif nirl :ll(:irKs Itrlli'X ill" I Ih'lii-ii'l \ I'-i illV ilirililr. ll|i'\ li I'l .ll I l^-l In rnmr r:l li If'^i. Mini. W lull llir\ l>';r-l rsprrliil i(. li:iil Ini'ii 'iii|iri.. i| li\ :l i'.>lll|i;ll .ll l\ ri \ .-ill. ill lini'i'. M l.ir"i' inillllii r Kill I'll. .11 111 I lir iv I ili--|ii'i Til Tll'\ li I'l Ihm r In 1. nr iV|H'i M urn! mi i liTlilii I Mil i>\ rrl lllii\\ . mill, nut W ll ll'^lilllillll' llir\ l;illlii| .llnl l.'ll'lll ili".|'ri .ilrlx . I In' ilir:|i|.i| culiiliiiiMl ion W.I', lii.'krii ii|>. ami w ;r^ mcm r :illi rwMiili ir lniiinij .Vlirr lliis iill.iir. riiili|>. will" liad iliiiiii:' iii.iiiv lii.nilli. iii.-idr llu. |i!,n''' In-: lir.iil ijiiaili 1^. ilrlrnniih 'I, il .ippiMr ■, l.< rrtrral low. nil- iIh' iiiiilli Tlii'-i rliirl. llif \.iiiiiii-- ;iiitlii>iil ii's stale, ii.iil kipl liiiiiv,.|r ^nmrw lial in ii'lin iiiriil allrr a piiri' liail linn |il;n'i'il n|imi lii-^ lirai! In l In' inin ^r nl a li'w m-.ii-. lir liail rrii S.i'^-.ii'ii'i. M iiinliiniiiiii. mill ( 'annnrlirl. I.ill. irilamh llir Ivnh I.Tinir. willimil inanirr'-l iii" iiinrli n\ iii|i.il li \ Inr tlirir I'ali'. iliaiviii" llii'iii lln' aiil wlnrli In' imw nrr.lril liini-rir lli' lia>l al -n '.rrii lln' I'lili'iui"* --pri' ll. iu^trail oi' ilninni^li Wlii'll iiT 111' nnilil.il'il llii' ]irai'l iraliilil \ nl stnkiu": anolhiT Mi'w .ii lln ll ■I lliiuriil^, alli'i llii' ai'lii'ii al 'riniiri'-; l''alU. nr li.nl irliliiiill'-liril llir iilra ol a I'lll'i'al lot iliaila. llui'ii'li llir liiiilnrv >r ll ival ll naliiMi. .auii aiTii^-^ I In' w ah'i ■■ llii\\ r\ rr. all.linril 111 llii' I'liWiM' 111 I.:i1m' C ll. 1,.„1 IMI laniiilain. i'~ iinl Liinw ii 111 in-viT a", nil. i|. ami lii'^ liii I mil' .nnl nillinan nplii'MV li> lia\ I' liriii-rliii ill iliMalril liliii r.iit. tlimi'li I I1-. uarliki' pill- 111 rl'- ami In- all' well' nnw lioi lioiirli"i'-l\ i>lwi inril. Ill' \\a'< nnl -.^rii^i Ml' nl' ll. ami 111' ili'lrrniiliril ti 't. lli, III' llii' a^^.iiill wliirli liail ori .i--ii'iiril linn --ii Mim'li l''-^. ami »!• :iL lii^ \i'li -iMli '11 llii' M'tl li'iiirnl'^ ; --i \i r.i! Iiiimiivil w.iniiir-- linn" --lill .il lii^ iMinniaii Till' ai'tiiMi al Tinnri -^ I'" 111- in'i'in Ti'i I nn ill.' I ^lli nl' Ma\ (111 llii' .".iiili ,.r ll lui'iilli. I'Oi' Imliaiis alia. Ivi'.l llallirlil wilh "ir.il liiiv. liinnril l\\r|\i' lnnl.liii.'s, :\s-ar.lli'il -r\i'ral pali-.i.!. .1 ihwllin— -. ami kill.'il .i ninnl'i'r nl' lln' inli.il'il.iiil-- ; Iml tin latti r I'l'in": vi-int'i'ri'r.l I'riiin I la .11. '\. --ni'i'i'i ili'il ill saxin" till' Inwn rrmn r.iiii|ililr di'sinu'tioil. .111.1 in iIiimiu; llin Imlian- nut nl il Tin' In— nl' llm i'i>lii|ii-.ts w a- lixn mm. ami llal nl' tin' Iitilian>i 1\\ . nl \ li\ n. Tlin lallnr. in llirir rrlrral. ilrn\i' nil' a larci' luimbi'v i'\' -hrrp anil I'altli' V.:\r]\ iMi llir lunniim: nl' llu' I'Jlii nl" .liiiii'. llm Imlian'^ a-^-.inlU'il llailli'v with tlinir nitiiv Ini'i'i'. n'pnrli'.l al Tin' >\ arri.ir-i. .\n ainlm-r.i.li' wa- rnniu'il li\ llimn. at ni'.'lil. at nno on 1 o\ till' ti ■\\\1. llltn will •ll ll li'\ nnili'av nVn I to ilri'ii\' till' iiili.iliitaiils ill ^''nlll^\\ iiii: ilay. N.M >n 'o.'oiliiii: in llii>. tlii'\ sri'inTil |Hw^lu'lti'r limine: tlm a--aiilt. ami alsn liri'il a I'arii. Tlmy wi'ic. al li'ipjlli. ivjMilsod witli iMit lilllo lns<. In thi- lutinii tin' cnm'i'alcd n'L^iiiil.'. (ii'inral (InlV. npp(':in'»l aiimn^- tlin I'nli'nists likn an aiinaiilimi. niar-hallin'j; tlin I'nri'i"; in tin- lioltn.-t ^f t!u' conllii';. ami. .li'tiT it a.-; n\cr. a;:ain rilirnl to his [ilaci' nt' I'diiccahm'iit. I I' OK \ N (» K li'l' W \ I! 171 riillin ll< vl lilllir<| III : ;ill< iili.iii Id \'\\ I ll . I lir i >li I I Inil'll W lii< li I;|||M<'|| ill lllH I, ,1111 'I',, ||,|. ,ii|.ill<'l' lie IvliMlvl ipi'l ■iii.lIU :ll ill" Ik .!i>' ill ' I'lilll ill" llir I'Miiiiliv, I li'slniN III'' llll' Iml".'. Ill llll' llliliillis. riiiliu III ' lliiir wiiliii'ii ;iliil I liililii'ii. ;iiiil Killiii" llii'ii' \\;iiiiiii-. Ill' |.iv,iil llll' ll rmr ,1 lil^ niiiiii' r.M' :iHil \\u\i' 'Till' llillllill li:i li:ili:i :iiii| -inliiiii. iiillii.nli lii' li:iil mm ,,li"i'|' ;i liM'il hiiiiil ;il wlilrli 111 I'liliM'IH' III I'liillli'll. ami rniilii liul I'nlllil ll|iiill ;i |i|jri' W lii'iv Ills |iii>iill Willi 111 111' s:ili'. Hill iiiiiiiihinii'il :i li;iil"lil \ iiinii. ami r\ im 1 i| iiu .-i"iis ll' ,s|lllllll>-.|iill, lilll. nil llll' I Ilill\. a |M'IM'\i'rill'.' S|illll 111 l|ii'lllll_\ Illlil IllllH'il. Wliilr ( 'liiiii ll w ,1 III llliiiili' llaml, riiiiiitiiKnlii w.i' ilii\iii iVinii lii'^ iumiI IiIm' :i ihi'll. allil ntlnl- 111' III- ||tlril iiMT < 'Imrrli's Inail. Inllnw 111 ll\ a \ nl|i'\ .llll i\ a nail \ mil. Ills r-i'lll nu t |,v IMiilili. l>.i\li"lil liail imw a|i|ii'ari'il. Tin' n |iiirl nr'jnii- alliai'liil llll' alli'iilinii ni llll' cliii'l. an ll. .SI i/,iir_ Ills III /hi//, /ll iiiiil.-. |i iwili'i'linin. ami 'jnii. Iin staili linnii'ilia lil\ In sii-l.iin Ins i|\ amiil ii.irl \ . An I'iii'jlisl iliiaii. iinl kmiw ilrj tin' man. ll llllll nil a M'llllll liirr. lull il niissi'il Hit. 'I'lir imliaiis I'lillnwi'il 1' li'M'lll'il 111- |lii ill lili's, 'I'lii' s:imr 111,111 avail! ill rliai'ji'il liis iiiiiski't al liiiii. si'iiiliii'j lun li.iil- lli- linilv. ami la\illL' him ilrail mi liir s|int. i^nnraill nl' llir I'alr nf till' clliil', tlii'iiii'Ji an Imliaii \niri' was lira 111. lliiimli'iiiiv llirnii.vli till' swaiiiji ■hinln.h : Iniil,,.!, : Ol I wan Oiiwanl . w Imai i r\ luni'ii ill ll I'lniii ,\nna\\iiii. i'liiliji's |ii'im'i|ial war ('a|ilaiii. who iiruiii'-', 111"^ 11" n In niainlani llini' ,i;iniiml 'I'lii' iTsiilt was a lilooiiv rnllllnl, ill wlli'll III. Imlians I'nii'.'lil liUc li:;i'rs. Cliiui'li lin.illN iiiailr a ilrlcriniiicil cliari;" llirmi'jli tl 111. ll iiihl MM ilirilli' s:ir ill :i r ;1 i, Jk ik '■■I ' ^J I < I ■ :i ;«'.! ■I \r4{ ii I'oK A N'MK KT U A |{ , <>ii-!s. wltli ;i|| lii.H I'oivr. Uillili- l.;il liii'll; liiil A llllMWnll.' with iiImiiiI .siviv iMIowiTH. .■MM|1' Th.' il.Mili ,,!■ I'hi \\> Wns. in ,.|i;.c|. III,. IrllllillMtiull nf a \v:,r uliirh I,M,| llliv;,|,.|,(.,l ia< I Ipc'I'II I til." vnv ,.Ni>t.'lic,. .,r tlif iMildiiiis; i;.r. illlliolljli III.. I'.ikiiiinkctM I iiistiniildi-* (if it. III.. |M,w..iriil trilic ..r III.. NaiT;i,i;iiiis,.i|s, nii.l ..iImt Muyil ari.Tni...lli..r. Iiii.l j„in...l tl„. I.'n-ii.. ; aii.l. alllioiidi ^'iircdv two v..ais Ii,„| ,. laps, ,1 ''"' ''"I" ""11' "I' 111'- w.ir. tlio ..iiiiiv lii.liaii |.,,w..r..f lli,.',.,,iiiit sirntl.v ..ii!i>|,..! ,,ii i|„. nnkiu calls iiiiM -a |„.,>nM ..ro,,.,,! iiii,l..rstaii,liii,- an.! kii.iwi.Ml.j.. in ||„. |„.,| || Wi. iiia\ laiiLiit that sml IIIlL ivs|i(.ct fill- ih,. man w li,i. iIkhuIi ill.' >lak(.. an. I civili/.d Imt.m's i.i tli caiiliiiiiim all tin- militar; till! coloi I (.|i('ri:i..s \sr\r 7iiisa|i|,li.',|. hiit w.. .•aiiiiot willili..|.| our uii'.' th.' motives that I.. a. I Cliiist iuiiniii.'iil .|,'a,ii\ hi.'a.'h tivii'jili an. I [loliiical wi-d.an oj' Ills ( lies 111 .l.'ci'lcilly lhi. i;r..alcst pi-iil || laii iiiailM's to was \vt (.a|ialil(. oC "iiiilry. an. I jila.'iiiL,' ir.iii'^h whi.'li lli.'y cv.T [lassci]. ' 'i'llis illi,!' win ill,' lllirli' ,,l' I' nil, I lir.);„i waiii|.iiiii ln'ltJ. S,f |l| 'Mas... Cul., Vnj. I., ,,. liuo. lilij'. :.i,.l, wli.i. ,'ai,l,iiv,|, ,unciul,R,| liis warlike paiiitx, scurii.t lijaiikct ■I i 'i •^ \i . ] m 1 i 1 1 1^ ■: 1 f : U ■ 1 ' M ft ^B 1 1 Uh I 1 m^i yi'H 1 1 S 1 h'i- " 1 i •'; 1 I 1 i 1 if ? «'5 1 AlHNAKl WAR. 173 CHAPTEK VTTI. THE MERRIMAC VALLEY, AND ABINAKI TRIBES. At tlio period ul' tlio first ,«ettlonient of New TmilMuikI hy tlio Eiiiilisli, tlic priiicipnl Iiidiiui jwwtM's l(jciite(l in that territory, wuro, tiio Poiviiuokt'ts, iiiidcr Massasoit; tin; Narra^aiisotts, iiiuU'r Caiioiiicns ; tiic Pof|iiot-Alj:()ii((iiiiis of (.'omu'cticut ; and tiio McriiiMack.oi'Pi'iuiacook, Ijasliabary of Ainoskciii;'. I'lacii ol' these comprised seM'ral siihordinatc; trilies, beariim' se[)arate names, and, ahiiuutiii hound, hy hotii hnn'ual and trihai alHnities, to tin; central trihal novernnient. yet yieldinu' ohedience to it in liu^ ordinary loose manner of tiie hicai Iniiian triljcs. Each of these tiilial circles was ruled hy its particular chief, wlu). altiiuu;^!! he arrogated to himself tlu; powers and iininnnities ol' hereditary descent, yet exercised no ahsohito controllin..' inlincnco, hcyond what the [xipidar voicit aiinwi'd iiini. The colonists were not long in ascertaining who were the principal rulers, nor in taking the necessary ineasui-es to conciliate them. Their mode of treating with the Indians was. to assert that the sovert'ignty and fee simple of the soil were vested in the English crown; hut yet to acknowledge the possessory I'ight of the ahoriglnes. hy presents, or hy i)in'chast', in order to conciliate the local chiefs. When collisions were occasioned hy disputed houndaries. or iiy ((ues- tions of trade, they were adjusted in councils of both jjarties. No dilliculties oi' any gcnenil moment occurred until the origination of the lV(pi()t war. The bloody lend between the Mohicans, undi'r Uncas. and the Narragausetts, under Miijntonimo, was a consequence of the lV([Uot outbreak. The colonies endeavoreil. as nundi as possible, to abstain from any participation in this struggle ; but in a very short time they became involved in oi)en warfare with the Narragausetts. It couUl not he supposed that the Pokanokets or Wanipanoags, who, inider the benevolent Massasoit, had li\ed in amity W'itli th(^ English for such a lengthy period, could sit calndy by, and se(! a foreign people, whose manners, customs, and o[iinions ilillered so widely fmni their own. attain the possession of power, and spread o\er their i ounlry, without experiencing feelings of jealousy anil animosits. The impatient spirit which Alexander evinced during his short reign, and the more delil)erate. secret, and crafty policy of Philip, developed this latent Indian feeling, 'i'hese events have, however, been [irevlonsly n'hited in detail. I ■■ I '!•'! ii i: 1!!^ 'W\ \ Wji i; rjl "1. ]l - ii, ^1f f^ i 11 !. n -^^ 174 A B 1 X A K I W A J{ Tlio .Arcrriinack trili. s. iiiiioii- wlioiu ili.' I'miiacooks appear to liavo hold tiie liii:host IwsUioii. iiaM loca led thr scat of tl ir aiivcniiiu'iit at tlic Aiuoskca!' Falls, a denotiiiL; llio aljiindaiico til" Iiimn cr on that slivaiii. Tlio rul iiaiiii,' iiii;' saclu'iu was Pi issat'oiia- wa y, a CL'li'Id-alod majiciaii. a disliii-iiislicd war captain, an oloipicnt spuakrr. and a wise I'ldcr. l-Vw aljmi,Liinal finds ever MU-passud liini in iiiontal or niauistciial qualidcaliuns. Fnv a lung pcriud, lie piiulcntly niaintainod iricndiy ivlations with the Massacluisctts and \cw llaiiipsiiiiv .■(iloniLs; and his intcrviL'W.s with Jolm Eliut donotu tiiat he possessed a niimk capal.le of -r.ispini:- and ( ipiviiendin.u' tlie trnths of religion. It is numilbst that his most earnest desires weie. to nndu' the vicinil\ of ids beloved Anioskeag his home in old a-e. and liiat his hones shonld be deposited on one of tiie beautiliii is! nds in tiie MeiTimack. lint tlie spirit of aggression IViistnited his wisjies. Tlieie wa-^ a stron- pi-ejndiiv in tlie Knglish mind against the natives, whieli bronght the colonists and the Merrimacks into collision in inan_\- dillerent wavs. Injni y was ivtaliate.l l.y injnry. and blood was avenged \ seeiies. will receive their due meed of praise. The deeds of valor c'nacted at Kenne'rc. .Vorrid-ewock. ( 'astiiu'. .Moidiagan. and Sagadehock. and on tlu' lofty ■\Vambec.' will tbencef ath con-tilnte siibj.cl^ to interest the mind of the reader, and excite bis nnaiiination. 'J'he Abinaipii trihe abo acte.l an iniiH.rtant part in the Indian history of .Maine and >ew Hamp.diire. This word i.- of Krenrh origin, and is too vague lor any (.'thnological purpose, being tiic mere translation of the Indian term f.r Kasilander.' The lan-iiaue of this people de.-^igiiates their Al-ompiin linea,:;e, the latter being distinguished by some orthograpidcal piculiariti.'s. the pi-ineiple of which is the use of the letter r. The early colonists called them Tarranieens ; •• Init. among the JnjijUoi.s, they were known liy the name of ( )na'.;un-a.' About ir.'.ii'. \\hile the coloines were contending with tli<' refractory tribes on their western borders. S'bastian Ibisle. a J(>snit nii>>ionary from (,>iiebee. who had previously visited ,-onie of the Western trihes. made his appearance among the Abinakies. lie orrid-ewock. and earnestly d.'voted his alleiition to the task of located himself at X teaching them tlie truths of ('hri>ti initv. it must b" reii ■mheivd. that the French A iiiinir CmimIi.' WhUv M, iiiii(:iin<. — .!/'. ii'.< IVn,i,iiphi/. • folll ir.ihui' til.' r;|.|, ,,!• |,I,|,-,. ,,f thivli'jllt, IIIhI <(./,■' C. ]!, I'nttrr's sWl.Il, V(,l. V. -Mi \V.«,,rs N.u- |-:ii_:l;in.l I'l'M-iMrt. ;il'lli, 111' hiiiil. Ciil.li'i ■^* AIIINAKI WAR. 175 vcsidi'iifs in Ciiiiiulii aimed to tvjiistnict an cniiiiro in America, hy obtaining influence !xnion,i:>t tlio Indian tribes, east, west, noiUi, and south, wliich might bo turned to political account in tlio hour of emergency. To a jireat extent, the new system of instruction, introduced by liasle. had nut only a ndi'^ious cliaracter, l)ut also a powerful political tendency. The people of New i]niilaud and Xew York, nay, of all the colonies, deemed it such; and numerous and protractcil ue^otiations between the colonists and the tribes, as well as between the respective authorities of the two countries, wi'ro the conse(picnce. Every movement was. either in reality, or was conceived to be, the result of Canadian jealnu>y of the British colonies, or of I'ritish animosity a;j;ainst Canada. If the Indians committed a murder, or per|)etrateil a massacri', it was allci^ed that the French autliorities had inciteil tiiem to the act, or countenanced them in its perlbrmance. Sipiadroiis of ^hi[ls saili'd from Kni^land to avenue these reported injuries, iind, for a long period, the ct)untry, from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to that of the Mississippi, was the battle-ground of the contending nations. This position of aflairs caused Rasle to be regarded by the colonists as a partisan. Throughout Xew England, his lal)ors were deemed to be directed toward iiervertiug tlie Indians, and implanting in their minds the >erds of error, and of hatred to the cnloni(>s. He was cited beliire the autliorities of liustdu; but the negotiations oidy resulted in mutnal misa|>prehension. ami ended in vituprration. The Catiiolics and Protestants were so directly at variance with each other, and so many wiathy men and women had been slain liy the tomahawk and the scalping-knife, that the colonies determined, by a coup de main, to riil themselves of what they considered the grand exciting cause of all their evils. With the caution and celerity, resulting from long practice^ in Indian wars. tlu'V ni;irched a body of troops to the site of Norriduewock, and made a descent upon the village. Tiie Indians were roughly handled in an engagement, which took [ilaco on the greiMi, were driven tlu'nce to tluir wigwams, and cut down wherever tliscovt'red. Among the rest, Rasle was slain, while boldly defending his Hock. His chapel was burned, and the village entirely destroyeel. SECTION NINTH. LEXNO LENAPI OF PEN XSV 1. YANIA, AND CHICOIIA TIUBES OE THE CAEOLINAS. i ;i;;' CITAPTKR T. THE COLONY OF PENNSYLVANIA IS LOCATED IN TlIM TEHUITOHV OF THE LENNO LENAI'l. TIIEIK lIlSToJlY. ^ ! .i m Hii 1% f'^^^'i Tkadition assijrns to tliis pooplo an orrrnni/ntidii aiitonor to that of most oi'tlic! otlitT Tndinii tribes. Mr. Ileckewelder' informs us that llu'y came IVoni tlic ucsl. and tliat, from their ancient traditions, it is fratliered tiiat thcv crossed tlie .Mississiiipi river, in their miLTation to the cast. Antliors have atteinpteil to prove that tlieiroA^ inn/iDii lias reference to a very ancient migration from foreiirn countries. But tliese are merely ordinary pietographs, denoting a simple niod(; of ideograpliic comuHinieatiou. whicli is connnon among the entire Algonquin I'amily, of which the Lenno Lenapi assert they were the head. It is mentioned that, after crossing tin' Mississippi livei'. they were opjiosed l)y the AUegans, or Allegewi. who occupied the })rineipal ranges of the Alleghany mountains. At this epoch, tiie tradition adds, they discovered the Iro(|uois, their apparent precursors, towards the north, who became their allies, and aided tiiem in driving the Allegans out of the Oliio valley towanls the south. ■ The \-estiges of triiiai strife, still extant in that valley, are the evidences of this ancient war.' If the term dtii/, in the word Allegany, denote a stream or i'i\xv, as it a])pears to do, and the river has prior right to the name over the mountains, then it tnay be said the Yoghag'n*//, in which tiio same Am, lli>tniii';il Tniiis , \'i.l. ]. Vi.lo Kill. Uv^. Vul, v.. ji. |s| .\..t('.-- nil till' lnii|iiii (ITG) LENNO LENAPI TKIHE OF PENNSYLVANIA. word fur .stroani is cinployi'il, is iilso ii tunii ol' Allogowi oriuiii. tlio only words of that laiiguago Nvliicli have Hiivvivcd tlio lapse of timo. Tlioso niinoar to 1. ppon 1)0 Tho name of this tril)e lias i)fen said to imply '•original men;" but the orthoiiraiiliy Iocs no t sustain this assertion. Ijcnno is the same as //////( in the iiUnese, and uniini in tiic (.'iiippewa; the letters / and n, and tlie vowi'ls o and /, heinj: interchanjicaiile in the Algonipiiii. Leiiapi (ee) is in the same language, and, under tiie same rule, the ecpiivalent of umln and 'nil>i, a male. The true meaning is '• manly ini-n ;"' a harmless boast to be made l)y a savage tribe, and whieii, in tiie history ol' Kurope, lias the; sauetion of more advanced races.' No reliable philt)logioal or ethnoiogieal proofs can l)e produced in this direction. Tiiere is no tribal name, m tiie V esperie group e ftrib which has the least reference to their origin. Tiie Irocpiois, by the term oni/irr h 'Kill ire. only declared themselves to be superior men. To I)e men was, syudiolicaliy, to Iji; brave; and bravery was the glory to which tiie}' all iispired. Wo must rest satislied witli the Indian traditions, liari' as they are of details. E\-en this mudi is an important contriijiition to tiieir ancient history, wliicli we sliould carefully eiierish, and (or which we are indebted to tlie meritorious labors of a pious follower of Zinzt'iidorf, wlio thought far more of .'^aviiig their souls, than of recording the history of this peo[)le. IJut, wherever the Leiiaj>i originated, and whatever were the details of the history of tiieir mig' ion irom the Mississipjii eastward, they were found, at the earliest dates, to be located ii. ..le valley of the Delaware. In a revised map, puijlished at Amsterdam, in lOo'J (I'late herewith), they are represented as occupying that valley, from its source to its mouth, extending westward to the MiiKpia, or SusnuehannocUs, and to the sources of the rivers llowing into the Delaware, which se|)arate them from the latter; nn( 1 eastward, under the names of various local and totemic dai IS, across th entire area of Xew .lersey, to the Hudson. The Dutcli. who entered the Hudson in K'lO'.', found allili;ited tribes of their stoclc along both banks of that river, to near the pi)int of iiillux of the Tawasentha. When they exteuiled their settlements to the waters of the Delaware, they discovered themselves to be in the central position of the original stock. The fact of their aboriginal occupancy was known to thv Swedes, kho first entered the Delware river in llU: The e\ents attendiii'j; these colonial extensions into the domains of the Delawares. furnish no incidents of history which jiresent new traits in the character of this tribe, warranting any lengthy detail in this ' Till' pliil«iliiL'i>t, liuwi'ViT, will ]u'ri'i'ivo the an:ilnL;y wliicli r.'ii>ts lictwooii tlu' loriii niiy ami tlio iiilli'clii.n-i (ui'uh Mini liiimin, h, iiwaiiinir I'iviT, in tlio (•oiii|iiiiiiiil WMnl-i, Siis((iir/(r;»»i,/-/,- ami U;ippa/i/i»;/or/-. If, tin rrt'. iit, part lit' llir Allr'.'.ni^ itik-imI tu tin' waliTs nf tin' ( 'liosapi-aki', anil Wri'i' ilrivrli tlii'lii'i' tiiwai'iN I in' .-niitli hv tin' liiMiiiii l.i'iiapi ami Iruiniuis, tlirsi' wnrds, nriiriiiallv in tlio trilial list, wuiilil soom tu lioliiiiir, as a piini; ol' Imlian liistnrv, ul' siivrL-'ostivo iiiipni'tam-o, to tin' Siisi|iuliaiiniiL'ks, ami to tlio IViwliataiiio family, bntli (itVslini.ts iVum tlio motlior Ali_'iini|uin. ' Tai'iliis. Tin' liorniaiiio ti'ilios oalloil tliomsolvrs Mi-niinin. iir "all liu'll." ■' ('ampaniiis ; Hist. Suo. I'oiin^vlvaiiia, N'ul. Ill , |iart I., p 7". Vol.. VI. — -j:; ; f ' I 1 M m It ■, m K i\ W' 178 LENNO LENAPI TRIBE OF 1' KXNS Y 1, V A N I A. place. Eiimponn ooloni/.atioii opened io tlieiii a cominerco in tlie skins of animals, stinnilatinjr tiieni to unusual i'xci'lii)ni», whieii. however, exposed them to tlie perils of luxury and indulironoe. It furnished them with the new and superior products of arts and manufactures, which at once took tlu; place of their former imperfect implements and utensils of wood, bono, clav. and Hint. It taught them the use of gunpowder, the ilreloek, and the steel-trap, by which the jjrowe.ss of their young men on the war-i)atli was made more severe and destructive, and the species of fur-i)earing animals were more speedily annihilated. Depopulation, which had long pre\iousJy lieguu to midermine tiie ]iros[)(U'ity of the Indian trilx's, was greatly accelerated by tlie ad\ent of the Europeans. This was the position of alfairs when 'William Peim landed on the short's of the Delaware, in ItiSli. The idea of forming acolony of refuge in America for the poor, sull'ering. and oppressed people of some ])arts of Europe, hail been broached at an early day. The Puritan refugees from the exactions of an English hierarchy, were the iirst, in KVJd, to open the way to the wilderness, where savages stood ready to assail them. A similar necessity for a land of refuge was Iclt by the Catholics, who emigrated to Maryland under the guidance of Lord Daltiniore. in lil-'U. In ItiSi'. IVnn i)rovided a like iiaveu of salety li)r tlu; persecuted (.^hiakers. who came thither, professing principles of ]iiM('e and love towards men of every hue. He was I'spi'cially desirous to jirotect the Indian race, and to treat them with tlie most eidarged philanthropy and charit}'. In the hands of William I'enn, civilization was rendered mild and enticing. Christianity, as taught by those who understand its precejjts. has ever been a law of good will toward all mankind. I'enn did not altemiit any rude interference with the piiuciples and l)raetiees (jf the natives. Persuasion and exami)lo were his only weapons; and strict Justice in all transactions with them, was his cardinal rule. Indian Females, as well as males, were taught the \ irtne of household inilustry. Time was deemed to be necessary, to enable the principles of the new system to take root in such dark and bewildered minds. lie aiiproacheil tiie natives in their councils, as at their hidge-llres, in an open, simple, straightforward manner, which gained him their conlidenee, and made them receive him as a Fkidnd indeed. . 'f i • i \U ii' ;'i, hi. il, V5 i K''l ^^ r.? CUU'ORA TllllJE Ol<" THE CAItOLlNAH. m (11 Al»TKH I 1 THE TlilllAI< UELATIONS OF THE CAROLINA INDIANS T(» THE LEADING ETHNOUUAl'HIC I-'AMILIES OF THE COUNTUV. SiUTii (Jakoi.is'A wiiH ()C('ii|ii(Ml, ill 1(170, ten yc^iirs bcf'oro Pcniisvlvaniii. Nortli Carolimi (liitt's from tlio year ItKit. Hclori? Iji-inuiii^ to ii closi' our iiiirralivc of llic trnnsiictioiis wliidi oi^cuitlmI diirinjj; tlio Hovontcoiitli century, it will bo iiiiportnnt to tiikf iv t'ursory ^laiico at tlio iaiiiiiic'.s of Indian tiilics liuMtud alonir tin? .^oa-coasts, and in tlic; interior of the Cai'oliiias. Tlio Indians infipinu'il the Spaniards wlio visiti'(l tlic'ir slioros early in tlio sixteenth ecntiiry, tliat tlic? iiaiiie of the country was Cliicora, whence their visitors called them ( 'iiieoreans, at pri'seiit supposed to have been identical with the peo[)le now known as Corees, (.'atawbas, &c. Of the ancient existence of the elements of such a f;roup, wo have, however, but little evidence beyond their geographical names. The most important of the tribes who resided in South Carolina, at the time of its settlement, were tlie (Jatawbas, and the Cherokees. The Catawbas could muster nearly loUU warriors, iiulicating a population of alioiit 7")(lO souls. They were a fierce, wuljtli', warlike, and brave people, and comprised twenty-eight Hiiliordinnto tribes : the Westoes, Stonoes, Coosaws, Sewees, Yamasees, Santees, Congarees, &,('. The ('herokees occupied tlie upper parts of tlio State, extending their possessions to tiie iiead Avaters of the Savannah, Consahatchec, Alabama, Tennessee, and Cumberland.' North Carolina was included in tlio general, but nndelinod area of Virginia, which was ih'st discovered by the parti(.'s sent out under the grant made to Kaleigh in loSll, and may, at an earlier period, have contained some jiortions of the adventurous poi)nla- tion of .southern Virginia, who, it is conjectured, might have retired thither after its Huccessful colonization. But the Indian residents of the Carolinas appear to have lieeii regarded as little more than incnnibranees upon the land, to Ijo evicted as easily and as speedily as possible. The earliest accounts' scarce make any mention of them, which may be, in some measure, attributeil to the fact, that in those historical sketches published in London, with the view of directing attention to emigration, the inducements for it would not have been enhanced by tlio introduction of such a topic. The age of ' CaiTdll's South Carolina Hist. Coll., Vol. I., p. 1SS. Nuto. ' iliituiiual Colli.'cliuiis of fcloutli CaioliiKi. h\ l\. 1\. Carroll, - voli, Svu. : Xiw Vurk, ISliG. i ; h ,t IHO ClIICoUA I'lllltl'; <»r TlIK (A UOI.I N AS. :;l 1J!f Iiliil:iii!liii)|iv liir iHiri'.'in il or wi\ii;ji' tiilii'i. ill any part nf lli (I liar tlclails oi' tlic |iiilitii'al ami I'tiiiiiiii'ivial |)|uiis (jf ciiliiiii/atiiiii ol' tin' iiciiiid. 'I'Ih' Cariiliiiii tiilics »'ai;('iiy availi'il tliciii.-'i'lvi'H of tlii' (•iiiivt'itii'iH'c^, IiiMirit-*. iiiul iiiiliilni'iu'c.". ihti'i>i|iii'i'(l iVdiii l']iir()|>f ; ami in an alimi>t iiicriililily ^il(l|'t time, (In- iitllf I'laiiM ami ('liii'l'laiii.slii|H. wliicii .xIri'tcliiMl aitnii: tlic .-liorcn, licfanii' rvtiiict, \h\ ili'wit. an early lii>lcii'iaii. rciiiarks that. attciii|its wen- inaili' tn fliiclil lliciii ajraiiist iinjii.xt I'lKTuacliimiil-^, ami In iirntcil tlu'ir rijilil.-.' lie ilui- wiili-; " I'laiis nl' li'iiily Wfic, witli ic'.-| t to tlioM' liiiliaii tril"'", likewise ail<>[itt'il)lt' pri'caiilioM was lakcii to ^iianl llwiii aiiaiii^t (([iia'cfsioii, ami [urM'tit any nilitlll't' Willi tlirlii Mxpciic'iici' liail >lin\Mi tlial ri'jonais nifasiiics. !*iii'li as liiiinlilii tlifiii Ky loi'i'i' oi' anus, wnc not only very ('\|)fii>i\(> and li|ood_\. lait disa^irrcalilc lo a liiiniaiu' and .uvncnais naticii, and xcldoin accoiniianicd witli any piod cilt'cls. Such ill tivutinciit ri'iidiTcil tlic savaui's cruel. Mispicioiis and distnistl'iil, and prepared llieni lor ri'nowiii,!^ Iiosliliiies. by keepinj; alive their ferocious and warlike spirit. 'I'lieir extirpation. e\en tliiniLili it could easily lie eoinpleteil. would lie a cruel act. ami all the \\liile the LMowtli ami pros|ieiily of the seideinenls would lie iiincli retarded liy the attempt. Whereas, hy treatinu' Indians with irentleness and huinanity. it was tlioiiuht they wiiidd hy deui'ei's lose their sasaj;i' s|iirit. and heconie more harmless and civilized. It was hopeil tliat, hy estahlishintf a lair and free trade with tliein. their iinle temper iild in till le lie so I'tened. their manni'i's altered, and their wants increa^id ; and. insteail of implacahle enemies, ever heiit on dot ruction, tlu'V miiiht he rendered jrc.od allies, both useful and henelicial to the trade of the nation. •• It has lieeii ri'inarked, that those Indians on the continent of Aineiiea. who were, at the time of its discoviry, a numerous and Ibrmidahle people, have, since that |M'riod. hceii constantly decreasinir, .ind meltinu' away like snow ii|ion the mountains. I''or this rapid depopulation many reasons ha\e been a.ssinned. It is well known, that population everywhere keeps [lace with tlu; means of suhsisteiiee. Even vejit'tahles sprin,;; and grow in proportion to the richness of the soil in which they are planted, and to the supiilies they receive from the nourishimr rains ami dews of heaven ; tuiimals llomish or decay accordiii,i; as the means of subsistence' abiiund or fail; and. as all mankind partake of tiie nature of both, they also mnlti|ily or decrease as they are fed. or have provision in plenty, luxury excluded. The Indians beinir driven from their possessions near the sea, as the .settlements multiplied, wore robbed of many necessaries of life, particularly of oysters, crabs, and lish. with which the maritinu! parts furnished them as is apparent Tiic women are not in great abundance, and on which they must have considerably subsisted. from a view of their camps, still remaining near the sea shore only much Uisrogarded and despised, but also naturally less prolific among mile than Ili»turir.'il .\cciiiiiit iif t]i(' Itiso mill I'ru'.'vcsa of llio Coljiiiis of .Sijutli Carnlina aiij Gior^ia : LmiJu ITT'K C iiiilli (' la (\ill( tticiii.-^, |s;j(j. (11 h'oi; A rii I hi; kI' tii k ca itui.i n a IHI ili^liril ll.ltioli". Till' III ill'.'' iil'ii II iiIiiiiikI. ill liiiiiliii'i >>i' will', ii'^ririilliiri', wliicli in till' I'liii'l' iiii'aii>i nl' Mili.'-i: iiiiiiiiil; ii ciMJi/i'il |ii'ii[i|(', is I'lilii'i'lv iii''^li'i'|i'i| hy tlit'iii, uiiil liHiki'il ii|iiiii iiH Mil iM'cii|iiiiiuii wiii'tliv Hilly (if WDiiicii or .«lu\r.«. 'I'iiiit ikli>tiii('tir(' mill liiti'.'iH'. ^\lli^ll llif iiK'ii I'liiiiii'c ill tlii'ir ili>tiiiil i'\i'iir>iiiiiH. iiml tliiit j.'liittiiiiy iiml vmiiriiiiiMiH'?'"* in wliiili tlicy iiniiilL'i' tliciiiscKr.'* in tin- tiiiu'S dl' pii'iilv', iir<* ('i|iiiill_\ liiirll'iil to llic niii>titMti\i>i(iiis 1ln'\' I'iiist' \i\ iilaiiliipj, even in tlir lii'-l M'a.-niis ; Itiil, in ca-'f nfii liiiiiirc ol' linir ci'up.s, tir of tlii'ir lirjils ln'inj; dcslroM'il Ity ciicniirs. tlicy in'ri.-li in iminlpi'rs hy I'ainiiic. 'riicir iialiiial pa-sinii Tor war tlic lir«t l'!iii(>|iriin ccttli'is i^imii iliM'iiM'rnl, ami. llirri'- I'lirc. iiirni'^1 tlio I'liry ol' uiil- trilio iipiiiiNl iinutlicr, with ii view to savi' tliciiisi'lvfs. Wlu-n rnuaiiril in iKisiiliiics. tiicy aiwiiy* iiui.iilil. not so nuicli to liiinilili' anil t'nm| ;cr, as to cxlrriiiiiialc am I ii. till' Ki'ciirli. ami Siiaiii.»li mitiun^. liaviii'' |>liiiit<'lai'i'. ami cacii nation lia\iii'' its allu's aiiioim- tlu' mimil:!"^, was /caloiis ami iiiilcliiti'^alili' in iii>lii.'aliii^' tlii'in iii:aiii>t tlic ailit's oj' iis i ll'I'^llllO I'. Ilciii'o II .Hci'ii's of l)l(Hii|\- ami (listnii'iixc wars lias luin cairii'il on iiiiioii^u; iIil'm' nnlc trilK's, with all tlie raut- ami raiu'or of iiii|ila('iilili' I'liriiiic-^. lint h It laiiiim' ami war. howrxi r i (Ir>|rU('li i\i'. wrii' lint the oiilv causes III ilicir rapi I ili'cay. 'riic siiiall-|»i\ lia\ iiit: inokcn out aiiioiiu llii'Ui, jirovcil fxccciliniily i'atal. liotli (in act'oimt of tiic coiila'^ioiis natiii'i' ol' the (listciniicr, ami tlicir liarsli and iiijmlicioiis atlciii[its to cine it. I>y |iliiii'^iii,L' tiiciiischcs into cold ii\crs diiriin: tlic most \iolcnt stiiLics ol' llic liisoidci'. 'I'lic |ii',>tii(iii'c liiiikc out aiiioiiir sonic nations, |iarticiiiaiiy ainoiij.' the I'ciiiJilicds ill Nortli Carolina, and alniosl >\M'|it a\va\ tlic whole trihc, '{'he Jiracticc of ciilraii|piii,;: llicin. which was ciicoinajicd hy the (irst settlers in Carolina, and si'lliii;;' tlicin liir slaves to the West India planters, helped greatly to thin their nations, lint, of all other canscs, tin* introduction of spirituous liipiors ainonu' tlu'iii, for which tlic\ disciucrcd an aimr/.injj; lonilncss. has proved this most (K'striicti\i'. K.\cess and iiilcmperance not oiil}' iindermiiU'd their constitutions, Init also created imiiiy (jiiarrcls, and siilpjcctcd tliein to a niinieroiis list of fatal diseases, to which, in I'oriner times, they uerc pel li'i't straii;:ei's. JJcsidcs. iIiom' Knropcans ciiiiaiicd in coniiiiercial hiisiiu'ss with them, ucnerally spcakinir, have heeii so far I'roin rcHirinimi ihcin, hy exaniiiles of \ irtiie ami piirilN of manners, th, it they iMlher sci'\ed to corrupt their morals, and render lase, and dehanched, than they were hcl'orc this nropean asiirico and iiinliition have not oiiK- tl iciii more trcaclierons, distrustful, 1 intcrcoiirsi' coinincncci (k 1. I n shoi t, 1- d tl (leliascil the orniiiia 1 nature ami stern \irtiie of that savai:o race, so that those lew Indians tliat now remain, lia\i' lost, in a j;reat nu'iisiire, their priinili\i' character; hut E nropean \ice and hnropt'an diseases, the consei|m'iices of \ ice. have cxtirmin ited th K'onle, insoninch that inanv nations. lormcrU- populous, are totallv extinct, and their F"l names entirelv tlir'jotton lU ii \m !' P :-T 182 CllICOKA T1U15E OF THE OAUOLINAS. ^■;i|; l;; t]i^b : P I 'i The South Ciiroliuii tribos have left but lew tnices or luonuinents of tiieir existence, except tiie heaps of oyster siiells, wliieh iire still ohservaI)le along the alluvial margins of the ri\eis. From thoir ancient places of sepulture, the remains of stone Jiipes, amulets, and other relics of the arts peculiar to a hunter age, are, from time to time, disinterred. There are some mounds still existing on the waters of the Coosahatchee, as at Poki'taligo, and on some other streams, which have been but little examined, or the researches have dexclDju'd nothing of a new character. On the alluvial banks of tlie Congarce. ."Mr. Howe has discovered some curious evidences of ancient inetallurgic operations, which were, a[)par(>ntly, carried on bv the ancient Indians, who also appear to have deposited the bones and ashes of thi'ir dead in vases.' Jlr. Lawson, in his Travels 1 1700), notices some of the rite.s and customs, manners and opinions, ccjininon to the Santees. anil otlirr bauds, winch convince us lliat thi'ir beliefs and su[)erstitions were sinular to those of the more advanced tribes. We are indebted to the same gentleman, also, lor our most complete \'ocabularv of their languages. Their history, however, gives no evidence that they dill(.'red from tla; leading \'esperic groups, except in their names, and in some peculiarities of their dialect, which may be more readily observed in the geograpincal tcrnnuolo'jy. New and interesting details of the history of the Tatawbas, have been lurnislicd in a preceding volmue.' which furnish evidence of our, as yet. imperfect acipiaintance with llu> jiast emigrations, and interchanges of position among our leading tribes. AVhen Xiirth t'aroiina was lirst settled by the whites, there were many small tribes located ailing the coasts, who nundiered. collectively 10,000 souls.' The Tuscaroras ]iriucipally occupied the valley of the Neuse, extending from the sea to the mountains. The unfortunate attempt they made, at a subsequent period, to annihilate the colony by a simultaneous rising, l()rms one of the most thrilling chapters in North Carolina liistory. This bold, cruel, and partially unsuccessful, movement, appears to have been a renewal of the jiroject originated by Opechanganough, of Virginia, in IG'J2; and one cannot help teeliuii' that it w;»s but a rehearsal of the same tragedy enacted in l')!K>, of which the nidortunate. but lost, colony left at Cape Ilatteras, were the victims; the proximity of the Tuscaroras to that locati(ai, giving additional countenance to the su'.'gestion. Cusic. in his traditiouid sketches of the lr()<|Uois, which indicate his pro- found ignorance of chronology, appears to allude to this, or possibly to sona; jirior ev'Mit. which oci'urvcd in the aite-historical period of .Vtnerican Idstory, wherein a Manteo and his English compainons, or a Madoc and his Cambrian followers, ma} be .«ymboli/.ed.^ The archa'ological remains on Mr. Calhoun's plantation, at Fort Hill, in I'eudletoti District, and also those of J'ort Kiennka, attest the power of the ancient Iro(|uois in this quarter, and are yet. probably, in a condition to admit of .satisfactory exannnatiim. Kill. Itfs.. \ol. IV.. TV I'l.'). Williamson's HisMirv of Nortli Carr.lina ' Vol. IIT., p. -JdS. « Kth R.s. Vol V . p (Wl m ' SECTION TEXTII PKOGRESSIVE I NT E IICO U USE WITH THE TRIBES, DUHTXd THE EPOCH, EROM 1700 TO 17 no. I CHAPTEK T. IMniESSIONS OF THE RACE, AFTER THE LAPSE OF A CENTURY FROM THE FIRST LANDING IN VIRGINIA. ExfiLAXD fittainod at once tlie acmo of both lior jiolitical and litcvarv fuiiio, diirins tlio roijrn of Qiicon Anno; wliilo licr Aniorican oolonit-*, uilliin tlio 1700 gloomy shiidows of a distant and savauro uildcrnoss. wore di'iondinir tlKMiisclvr:^ from tlic liori'of.s of impending starvation on the one hand, and •alioiiijinal tri'achery on tlie other. Kiiropean intcrconrse ^vitIl th(> Indians' ha(h (hninir a jiei'iod of om^ htnidred years, pro(hiei'd no ajipreeiahle good eileets on tlieir general nininiers. (i])iiiions. and modes of hie. The tribes located nearest the settlcmmls dress(Ml in blankets and stmiids. instead of skins; nsed nu'tallie cooking-vessels, instead ol' tlic ehnnsy clay litfid elUirts wert> sneceoded by a relapse into their ])riniitivi' state of idleness and inaction, wilhont havinir derived, from their spasmoilic etlbrt. any pernninent advantage to themselves, or liavinu' inllicted any permanent injnry npon the settlements. Dnrimjr the establisinnent of the colonies, the impressions created bv tiiis feverish am 1 chanjii'fnl policy ol' the natives, were md'avorable to their sincerity of character. Wherever atteni]its had bt'eii made to introdnce odncation and the gospcd, and to L'raft it. as it were, on the original stock, they had submitted to it, as if in expectation of derivin;:' therefrom ulterior advantatros. with such mildness of manner, accompanied Ijy snch deep (hijilicity, as to deceive the ,>:nileiess settlers; lint, in the end. their real niitnre develojjed itself in the commission of crnel and troacherons acts. Snch were the results of colonial experience in Viririnia, between tlie period of the earliest successful e-;tablishment of the settlement at Jamestown, and the per[)etration, in ltil!li. of that terrible massacre, under Oix'clian. or (^iiechan^anouiih, when over 4(1(1 persons were killed in one day; amoUL' whom, the first \ ictims were those who, with the aiil artbrded them by the benevolent in England, had labored most zealously and eiliciently to teach the Indians, and to found a seminary of education for the tuition of the youth. Almost efpially horrilic was the plot concocted and successfully executed, in I'hnsetts, in IdTo, by Pometacom. alter more than thirty years had been spent bv ui /ealous ani I ell'ective teachiiiir of the trib Mi Kliot. and his missionary compeei These repulsive traits in the Indian character, did nuich towards re[)ellin'j;, and. for a time, may be said to liave extinguisln'd that benevolent and liumane s[)irit with which they had been previously regarded. In \'irginia, as in the entire South, these acts may be said to have originated a thorough detestation of the whole Indian race. Indeed, the details of these early deeds of sanguinary treachery, iuiving been widely s|)read, throughout America and Kurope. by means of newspapers and nnigazines, exercised an adveise inllncnce, which is felt, even at the present day. It has been fre{iueutly asked, Who shall benefit such a people, and what good can arise tiicrefrom? L'naided lunnan reason tacitly acknowledges its inability to .solve the problem; the gospel aloi I'urnishes a motive lor tiie elllirts of the philanthropist. le Thus far, twelve of tlie original thirteen colonies had been established; Georgia, the thirteenth, being delayed liir some time longer. Events, which Ibllowed each other in rapid suoecssi m. furnished us with a knowledge of Indian character, besides becoming FIJOM 170i» TO IT.'.o. 18.-1 llic iiiiiiii iiiiliicciiuMit I'or tliL" cstiiblisliinciit of (nir iiitiTcoiirsc witli. and the tlovolopmoiit 1)1' our iiolicy lowiirils, the entire L;r()ii[t of tribes, located in the east, west, north, and .south. The hejiinninLi- of the eijihteenth century was marked hy throo events in the liistory of tiio eolonies, wliieii exercised an important inlhieuce on the Indian policy. 1. I'enn, wiio had entered []w Delaware in IllS'J. selected a site for the capital of his eoiouy. in the heart of the lienuo Lenapi territories, and, in ITHl, laid out the city of I'hiladelplda. 2. Frontenac, the (loveruor-Goneral of New France, to the eha,i;rin of the Inxpiois.' directed a post to he established in the country of tlie Wyandots and their allies, in the vicinit}- of the laluel)ee. o. The Ibnndiuj:' of [.ouisiana. 'J'iie tlrst settlement was madi-, in ID'.M), at l?olixi, in the country of the Clioctaws; but tiie province was not ceded to ('ro/;it until 1712; nor was New Orleans fonndeil until ITlH. It was the ])oii(y of the French to establish trading and mission.ary posts lirst. aiiii. subsecpiently. cities. .Micliiliuuickinae, the earliest point of fixed occupanc}- in .MicluLian. was the central i)o,-ition of the western AlgoiKpiins in lii(i2; as was also Kaskaskia. in the same generic group of families, at liMst from the fu'st \isits of tlie priests ol' [^a Salle, in IdS'l. A'inceinies, in Indiana, tiie -Vu Post ol' early writers, was lirst occupied in llilO.- Tlie primary impidses were thus given to that Franco-Indian power, which, like a uigantic serpent, coiled its folds around, and. l\>v a period, tlireatened to crush the British colonies. Meantinu>. the Indians, true to their instincts, did not al)andon their system of massacre. The o[ieniug of tlie century was characterized l)y tiie South (Jarolina war with the Creeks or Appalachians; the daring and successfid expedition of (,'olonol Moore against tliem. within the Spanish territories, in 17(11; the wide-spread and startling massacre of the Tuscaroras, in North Carolina, in 1712; and the Vamasee massacre, in \~\'). Tiu> Vamasees were a portion of some twenty-i'iglit small tribes, of the group (jf (Jlii(,'oras. who occupied the coasts ami ishunls. as well as the banks of the rivers, of kSouth Carolina, and of whom the Catawiias api)i'ar to l)e the only remaining, but ra[iidlv diminishing tribe. It was the Yamasees, reputed for their gentle manners. Ijut bitti'rlv re\-engeful disposition, who liad encountered the earl\' S[)anish visitors to this coast with sncii intrepidity, retorting treacliery liy treachery. TIk' Tuscaroras belonged to the Iro(|Uois uroup; a fact tiiat would cieai'ly appear from philologw were it not also nil Irnied b\- their traditions.^ and bv the fact that, after their iimd defeiit at Kienuka, I list. I I'frlii .1' Mi lli-(.i Disc ( ll.-lc Ktll. Krs., \-nl. V. Vol.. VI. — 21 i if I im m m Ihi! INTKUCOURSK WITH THE TRIBES ii' I.. tlicv Ik'il to tlioir kiiKlrod, the Five Nations, of western New York, and were udniitted as the sixtli eanton.' Up to this period, there iiad l)een no attempt made at roloni/.ation in tlie eonntry occnpied by tlie coiitcMlcracy of the Cri'eUs. or Mnseoiiiducs.' Tiiis peo|)le, a^reeal)ly to their tra(htions. having immigrated from tiie west, crossed the Mississippi, tiie Ahihama, tlie Cliattahootehe, and the Appalaoliieola, extending tliemselves towards the east, north, west, and sonth. At the earliest iieriod of their settlement, and kindling of a conneil iire, or establishment of a government, they were loeated on the river Altamalia. There is no doubt that they conquered, and either killed. incorp(U'ated with themselvis, or ejected, the prior aboriginal inhabitants. Jlawkins inliirms us. that tlie_\ compicrcd and carried the Uchees. as prist)ui'rs. from the southern part of South Carolina. Ogelthorpe, who originated the jilan of the Georgia colony, about the year 17-'!0, estal)lished it in the Creek territory, lying between the Savannah and Altamalia. Like those of the Puritans, the .Marylandei's, and tin; followers of Penn. the Georgia colony was designcul lor, and became, a refuge for t)ppresseil or needy Europeans. The plan followed was, as had been the case in ail previous instances of colonization, to bestow lands upon, and aflbrd employment to. the colonists, to enable them to improve their condition, and, also, to sustain their high anticipations; always, however, paying a due regard to the rights and condition of the idjorigines. The sovereignty and the fee simple of the territory was helil to be vested in the crown ; but the right to their usufruct, until settled by presents, or l)y actual purchase, was absolutely held by the lutlians. The ([uestion was reserved as one lor settlement by the administration, through the usual medium of treaty, as all the colonies had previously done. All had promised them justice, kindness, fair dealing; and all had urged u[)on them the lieneiits to be derived I'rom the promotion of agriculture, arts, letters, temperance, and every other adjunct of civilization. Ogelthorpe offered the Indians similar tei'uis to those tenderetl tlicm liy the Pilgrims of New England; by the Duke of York in New York and New Jersey; by Lord Baltimore in Maryland; and by Penn in Pennsyhania. The rewards arising from a life oi' labor and virtue, and the evils attendant ujion error, were, in their estimation, in the hands of the Indians themsehcs. If the natives ])r('li'rrcd idleness, inebriation, and vice; it', through neglinit. thi'y became the victims of disease, death, and (le[)opidation, it must be c.onsider'.'d part of tiiat great physical and moral law, which entails the j>unisliment as a sequel to the olli'uce. Good men could but regret it. If an Indian would hunt deer, insti.'ad of gui ling the plow; if \\r. preferred alcohol to water as a beverage; and to idle away his time, instead of improving it. the ])olitical economist regretted, without having the [lower to deter him from pursuing his erroneous coiu'se. 'J'lie moral and industrial law proclaimed to the Lidians their mistaken policy, announcing to them, in accents of niomenlous poteian, rip| lli.-iul-v 111' ll,c \'\y.- NutiiillH. ' l!.ir(i-.iii]. FllOM ITOit To ITr.O. 1st tlip ordiiiury iniixims wliu'li Lidvcni society. " Liilior imd tlirivc ; lie idlo and dissolute, nnd die. " '• In the sweiit of lliy liicc slialt tlioii eat Ijread."' Tlie l're(|ueiit errors and deliii(|iieii<'ies of the liuliaiis did not, however, dry up the springs of human eharity ami lienevoU'nco. Every di'eade had its philanthropists; and their bonclicont deeds .shine hrijihtly, even at the present day. Each new colony established in America gave to the Indian the same lesson whicli had been taught him l)y its predocus.sors. At tho outset, civilization had apprized him of its riMpiirements, and. though the Indian learned its knsons slowly, jet it was hoped that he d'nl learn, and that he made some progress in the right direction. Hope induced perseverance, furnished an apology for ignorance, and forgave repeated injury. The bajitism of Manteo, which was performed in Virginia, in 1-j80, may be regarded as indicating the outpouring of light at Cresswicks, in 1744. Such was the state of the Indians when the Anglo-Saxons iirst Ibund them, and located on their borders. tJum^is iii. Ui. y iu ISS INTKIirof IISK WITH Till': TIMI'.KS C'HA I'TEH 11, THE AQUINO^IllOXl, Oil llJOQlOtS. !, I , I ^1 ^ i ' 1 i > TiiK I'loso ol'tlK' scvciitcriilli ('('nlury apjicars to lie ii siiitMlilo opportunity lor tuUiti'^ SOUR' iiotico of ii ])fopk'. wlioso jiowcr li;iil tlii'ii (Miliiiiiiiituil. There were lint two ti'ihes of tliose wliieli raiiucil tlie land I'ast of tlie Missis: conclusion of the peace of Ryswiek (iCi'.'T), that the tribes composing- this confederacy were not oriiirinalh' deemed superior to their neii^hhois. IIi' commences their history at the epoch of the se'tlement of Canada (IliUS); at which time, he depicts them as heiiig inferior to the Adirondacks, or Algon(|uins. They did not eipial the northern group of tribes, either in hunting, war, or forest arts, though they posses.sed an element of subsistence in the cultivation of the /.ea niai/e. B_\' ceasing to war against each other, and confederating for their common defence, they laid the corner-stone of their national cstalilisliineiit. They first successfully tried their united strength against the Satanas,^ a cni(d people, located on their borders, which so raised their spirits, that they, at length, went to war against the Adirondacks, who liad been, primarily, their tutors in forest arts. After some reverses, they iiroved themselves an ovenn;itch for the latter in stratagcin, and. liually, obtained decisive victories o\er them in the St. f/.iwrence vallev. m 1^1 M s Kill. II.vv, \'..l. v.. u. tVM\. (.'mMc-m's Jli>tor)- nf till' I'ivr .\lltil. ^ Cliarli'voi.'i'.s liCtturs. !W I'KiiM I TDD '!'(» IT.-.i». 1H!» Mr. Ciilili'ii I'liniislics us tlic liislmv nf tin' Irniiuois iliirin;; tlii' [n'lioil nl' uliout ii ri'iitiiry ;liiir,i ti> lil'.^T), in !^t) ik'iii' ami [irccisi' ;i iiiamu'i', tliiit our oiilv icirct is. (liiit lie cariics it no liirtlicr. lie |M'r('L'i\os in tliis in'opK' a love of libiTtv. iini! ii sjiirit (if inili'H'Mdcncc, wliicli inirtii'nlai'ly mark tlii'in ; liut is at a loss wliit'li ni()>l to ailniiic, tlii'ii' military anlur, tlirir political iiolicy, or tlirir cloiincni'c in coinicil. Tlio iniion of till' cantons, <'acli posscssinj;- i'i|nal [lowt-is, in one council, was tin' cause of their triiMuiili anionj:' hunters in the t'ast. west, ami north, who acknowled.uvil no jrovennm'nt liut that of o|)inion, ami followed no policy 1ml that aetuatt'd 1)\ revenLie, or nmlelinahle impulse. All the weighty concerns of tlu; IrcKpiois were tlie suhjecl of full deliheration. in ojien council ; ami their di[ilomatic negotiations wei'e manacled with consunnnate ! Mii';lisli. MJiiiii' s,i\ril wi'-lmi Nrw York iVoiii lli'i'oliiillL;- ;i I'Vi'lli'll culiillX. {•'idlM liii' lillli' (if lili' MCtiuii \\i||| Cli.l III | ililill, lIlMt ciiiiiiiMinlcr li:i\ iiij- sii|i|ilii' 1 liis liiiJiMll iillics w illi 'iilli'<. llii- liMi|Uiiis li;iil lici'ii pl'ijll- (lil'i'il ;i.L.'Mill.-r-( ieiin-il at < >iielite, willi wilv dexterity coiinleiMctiii'.:' |plot jiy eoiiiilei'-piot. [ii truth, they deti'iided the ten'itcii'v till the KiiLrlish etiloiiies lieeaiiie sti'unu' (.'iioiiuh to protet't it ihelllseUes. 'I'iie l''reii(|i hail Iniiiid themselves so sexcrely taxed to resist the lioi|iiois. tliat the eoiiehi>ioii 111' llie [leaee ol' Ityswick was most Welcome news at the castle of St. Louis. <'iili|eii oli';. that tile I'lelicll eollimissioiiers wilo coiiseycd the ilitelliiieiice of this peace to liie ( )noiida;;;i, coiiiili'y. and. I>y neuotiiition. secnreil their a.ssi'iit to it. liivcwise estei'iiH'd il a hli-s-iiiL;'. To the l''rencli, heaven could not have sent a ui'eater. " For iiothiiiii." it is remarked, •• eoiild Ih: more leniMe lo<'anaihi than the last war wilii tiie Five Nations. While this war lasted, the inhaliitants ate their hread with fear and trcmliiiiiL;'. No man was sure, when out of his house, of ever returnim;' to it iiLiain. While they lalioled in liie fields, they Wel'e under perpetual apprehensions of lieiliU" seized, or killeij. or carried to the Indian country, there to end tiieir days in cruel torments. They, niaiiv times, were I'orced to ncjlect hotli si'cd-tiine and harvest. The landlord ofien saw ail his land plii iered. his lioiiscs Iniriied. ami the whole country ruined, while they tlioiiiilil their pi'rsons not safe in tlii'ir lortilications. In short, all trade and liiisiiu'ss was often at an entiri- stand, while fear, despair, and misery appeared on tiie face of the poor iniiaiiitants." ' (loveinor Ciiiiton calls the iroipiois the Uoiiiaus of the West." Charlevoix, v\ Jui visited the shores of !,ake Ontario, in 1721. says, that he perceiveil a (ircel; eU'inent in their lanunaiie. ' While formim:' some Iroijiiois vocahularics. in western New York, in IMTi, 1 ioiniil it to possess ii ihial. ' CuMfii, J). -O'J. • l'ii)iial acconnt- ahilit}'. were made on the Indian minds. The Kreiich peasantry, who were in const;int interconi'se \\\l\\ the Indiiins, did not, tlieinsi'Ives. profess or ])ractice a very hiuli .--tandard of morality, and \sere. ther(d()i'e. m: ? fS ii^if 'M p M . 4' ' I llH rN 111 . ii ■ I'.H I NT III! cor I! SK WITH Till', TIIIUKS till' iiiiiri' ii(Vi^|it;ilili' 111 till' ii:ili\i'-. wlni-r i'ii«|iiiii-i, iii;tiiiiii •*, Mini ii|iiiiiiiii-. IIu'V mI niicc iiiltijitiil. 'I'liiv iifvcr I'hliiiilril llit'ir ri'liiiiniis ritf,'*. ninl \'\vi'\\ mIicIiiI llnir wisfs IVdiii till' trilii's iiinuiin wlioiii tlit'V iniriiii'il tlii'ir xiiciilioii. iis lMi:ilmiii, " iiifii'luiiit viuauiMir.x." mill I'limicrs to I'lilU'ct cri'ilits in (lie I'lir tnuli'. Til" run,-!' r i/ii huts aiiil tlif Iiiiliiiiis ri'^Tinlilril caili ntluT in a iliuiisaiiil liiiU- iinliiiiis. ivuariiinu' tapirs, liiinl, ami ili'r>s. Tin' {''iviii'liiiiaii diil iint tliiiiK liif \wj\\aiii ii iliilv III' a ili>'^ii-tiiiu |ila('i' ; lu' Wriit In ua/c w illi riiiii|ilai'i'iii . ut llir Iniliaiis' walicini ami iiirilii'iiii' ilimccf. I If was nut miii' tliat ni'd'uinaiicy iinil .-^[liiit \viirslii|) wcii' allo'ji'tliiT wnuiji': ii'aililv Ifarnril tin' Imlian lauiiiMLfi' ; lUlnicatril I'amii's nl' tlic liiir>t |ialti'rn ; l>rraim' a |>rrlri't ailrjit in tlir-^i' ails; ami xmn ai'i|iiin'il a i'('{iiilaliiin. sii|ii'riMi' III till' Imliaiis. liir iia\ iiatiiiL; llicsi' ll'jlit ami liraiilil'iil ncsx'Is. lie simikiil tin- iiiciili.ma. till' Imlian'M most sai'i'cil wi't'tl. as tlicy Muciiilly travt-llcil touvtln'r ; ami the native. nmliT tin- uiiiilanci' of lils lioiii'j;c'ois. cliaiitcd oiit- of tlic Kn iiriiinaii's miy siinus witli till' livi'lii'st I'liiotiuii. In liis social cliats lie ri'iifcsi'iitcil tin- "(Iramlc .M(iiiari|iir'" as sii|ifri(ir to all soMTriuiis. ami I'onlra^lril tin' iijalivi' [kiwit oI' tlir kiii'js of l']iiLilaml ami I'Vanci'. witii a |iartialily thai |iia(i'il tlir lalliT alioNc all i'oiii|Kiri:-on. To iiifcrcst anil alli'ct tlu' Imliaii, coiivi'isatioii iiiiisl he plain. siin[ili'. ami ailaplid t.i his I'oniiiri'lirnsioii ; and in tlicsc cliai'acti'i-istii's no class of persons have evei' siiipasscil, or e\en eipialleil, tin- l'"ii'iic]i. Tile social teacliini:s ami niamiers ol' liie I'Vencli. so oppo>ile to tliose ol' tiie I'lic^li^li. furnisli a true means ol' estimatiicj, tlie ielati\e p.isitioiis held hy liie two li'adiiiz races of Kurope who were so lon'^' opposed to each other on this contiiienl. ami aie in some measiiic an apoloL;y lor ihe imliini. They are helieved, also, to hase e\eiteil a siroiiu' intlnenc(? on the conrse ol' the Imliaiis. in liie i.'real contest a;jaiii,~t the AiiLilo-Saxoii race. Another apolo;i\ may he niade I'er th<' pirt whiidi the Indians tonk in the wars so lonir L'.xistin.i: hi'tween the European races. Il would lia\e reipiircd >iroii'j presence 111' miiiil and irieat rorecast, to have resisted the iidhiences and seductions which. Ironi time to time, inilnced them to enter the lielil as anxiliaries. lir^t on this .-ide. tjn^n on the opposite. Those who eonld exert the stroiiLii'st powers (if per>iijsion. and most deeph interest the sa\a'.:es. were most sure of their services. It was the darl\ aiie of Imlian history. The Imlian was not the only uiie who lacked moral jjowers; the unciiiith fri>ntier--nian. as well as the imu'e Imyer and seller of lieasi'i' and musk-rat, were not overstocked with it. Had the ahoriLiiiies alwavslieeii lam;hi ihat. lielweeii nation and iKilion.as lietween man and man. duplicity was wionL;' ; liiiesse and trickery, contemptilili' ; decr|iii(in. di.-lioiioraMe ; and treachery, aliominahle : theiv minht have heiii hetti'i' results. With him. war was a passion : he loved to see hlood llow. Hut when lie warred for others, he did so liir nolhim: : a dupe at the outset, he was doiihlv a dupe at the close. Ho eniharkeil in these liirei'^n contests with an entire hlindiiess to his true interests. 'i : ( < , FROM I Too TO I7.".0. VM\ (l;:liliii': iinl liir liiriiM'ir. Iml liir ut Inr-^. Whiihrr l.uiiis nr (Ji'iiivi' prcNiiilcd. wiis nut till' true i|iit'sliiiii. Ollii'i- idiild hiiiuli. Iiiit ln' Milli'ii'd, wIhi'Ih'MT |i;irly Miccfcclril. 'I'likc ii|) lii.x iiii'liiiii'linlv lii-lmv litr tlir hair cciitin'x «c lnwc iimlrr ri'vicw. miy. lor ii mIiiiIi' i'<'iiliir\', mill liicrt' nn' ton nuiiiy cviiirncrM tlmt lie pLiyi'il |||i- |p,iit nl' a tn'il. a ilniiik;iii|. HI ii iiiailiiiaii. Tlnir \vii-< \n> lialllf iiiwiiii'ii Ijc \mi-< i'||m;i .('(I ;f a ll.iiik auxiliary, iii wliicli lin tliil imt Insr ini'ii ; Imt. for cM'ry nni' kiJliil in iiciinii. lie lii.«t li'ii liy fam|i ili>i'aM'.-i. liy Iiai'ilsliiiis. miil liy liic mi^killiil incdii'il iriMlini'iii ol' his iiiii-i/,i. /i'iiiiiirt.' '• Will thi'M- |ialtry |irc.-('iit.x pay." nn'nl tin' vriiciiiMc \Val.i>|ia, •' I'tir tin- lives \\i- iia\i' l(i>t ill liatlli'. and riU'mir warriors who died on the road','"' 'riir N'aiiiaM'i's and tin; 'I'nscanaas in tin' Soiitji were iiul ihr ciily Irilics w hie li, alioiil till' lii';iiiiniii,;i of the scNcnlfcnlh I'cntiiry, i\ inci'd a s|iii ii of hostility, ami nun- iiR'iicc'd II ffrics ol' iiiassMorrH, and ii war of cNtciiiiiiintion luaiiist tin' whili-i. I'artial ns till' Indians were to the French, there weic iwn naiioiis whom (he latter eoiijil not control. 'riiesi- wrl'e the |roi|niiis. iilnl liie ( lllla'jainies. Ill' l''o\es. Who the Oiita'.'aniies were is mil Uiiowii. and their early history is t\ Mank. It Ikis I n inierred. IVoiii their laii'.^iiai.'^e, that they weie AI'joii(|iiins. who n-cd the l.eniio Tjenapi |iroiiiincialion. in which an / is -iiii^tilnled lor //. 'jisini:' to their speech ii imae rKpiid llow. They appear, at an early diy. to ha\e heen cieeled I'mni. or lursakeii \>\\ tlio Al;j:()iiipiiii laiiiily and p. 'ilieal or'.raiii/.aliiin. Tlieir tiaiiiiions ivler to a priniiliNc residence at the site of ( 'atarai|ui. uliere. it may he Mipnnsed. they rorined an inliiniiey uith the Iroijiiois; and. 11' .so, that they were one ol' the Neiiu'el'iil instniiiients of tliosc iiimieiise jiilus of hoiii's, and j.'iirantic o.ssiinricM, spri'ad over the interior of Upper Canada. in ITl'J. this trilie. swayed prolniMy li. the Iioi|nois inllneiice. alteinpled to destrov J)elr(iit. and. :is in all siniiliir cases, their inovenii'iits were secret, and the attack hudileii. There wrie then hill twenty soldiers in the |lat. ruder various pretences lliev frathered in that vicinity: hut the plot was revealed in time lo save the fort. 'J'lie nssaiilt was made on the I'llh of May. hut. on the same day. the cenimaiidant was preeted hy the voices of a numerous party of friendly Wyandols. Ottowas. and I'otta- wattamies, who routed the assailants. The Outa'jamies then retri'ated to an entrenched camp, near iit hand, hut. hecominu linally straitened for limd and water, tiii'y were forced to sully out and take possession of a house nearer the fort, whence they discliarired a most destruclivc shower of li'jhted arrows, which set lire to tjje houses within the works. FiVentiially deteated, they retired to a peninsula jnttinL:' out into Lake St. ("lair, where they repelled a furious asssuilt of tlio French and their savauo VIi'Mii'illi'-lllrll. I'ui' till' wliiili' 111' lliii^ iiiilili- s]irfi-!i. villi' Hi>tiirii'iil Ski'lclus ol' MicliiL;-iii. p. 1(1(1 : ncln.it. 1*>.'1 Villi' OiiiMitii, p. KMl. Vol.. VI. — -Jo V m i:i| INTKlU'oriJSK WITH Til K TRIBES iiii ! ,n' % 1 1 IMK allies. Al'lor M'voi'al days' prcparat'iDii, iliiriiii!' wliicli artillery was hrou.iilit iVoiu tlio tint, tlioir position was stornifil, voi'v many killed, and tin- rest t'oived to tiee to the upper lakt^. and locate tlieinsidvcs on i'"o\" river. Ilowini: into (ireen Hay. Here the seipiel of their history I'nlly accords with the aci'ount iiiven by the ]''rcnch, ol' their eiuiiiiiiti' and perfidious character. They harassed tradiMs at all the portaires le;ulini:' to the Mississip|)i river, and spread war and alarm in all tlirections. as I'ai' as Lake Su[)erior; hut. lu'inir at lenjith hcsieued hy the French conunander, De fionviune}', with a com- ]ietent I'orce. at a selected jiosiiion. since called, on account of this eNciit. Ihitti! di's Morts. or Hill of the Dead, tluy wcrt" ovei'i'ome, and sullercd iimnense shuiLihter. al'ier which, till' snrvivt)rs Ik'd to the hanks of the Wisi'onsin. They were nciirly desti'oyed, and received no further notice in our Indian history, until within the nineteenth century. In 1712. at the tinu' of the Fox assault on the fort of Detroit, the Iroquois nation com]irise(l live trilies. or cantons ; namely, the Mohawks, Oneidas. ()noudaj;;as, CayuLias, and Seneeas. The same year they were jt)ined hy the Tusciiroras from North Carolina, nndsiuLi the sixth canton. The latter, once a powerful trihe. hiid heen nearly annihi- lated In- the North Ciii'olina forces, assisted by a chivalrous liody of men under Colonel liaruWv'U of South Carolina. The accession of th<> Tuscaroras. howe\-cr it miiilit liiiv(? ideased the cantonal goverinnent. could havt' added l)ut little to the elliciency of a people, who had. from the earliest times, jjeen the terror of the Indian tribes. Colden informs us that the Iro((Uois cantons had (irst attained jiower by their confederation,' their wisdom in council, their policy in the adoption of compiercd trilies. and their su[)eri(ir bravery in war." (iovernor Clinton tells us that their acipiisition of ]iower was nuicli facilitated by their advantau'cous locition in western New York, in a reiiion abouudiuu' in iiame, of unsiu'passed fertility of soil, and situated at the lu'ad of nnniy larire and leading;- streams, down which they could suddeul}' make their forays, after the successful execution of which they nii'zht return by land.' All tin' trilies in an east and wot line, betwi'en I-ake Champlain, the Connecticut, and the Illinois, acknowledi^ed the supremacy of the lro(piois. Noi'lh and south their sway extended from the UKJUths of the llmlson. the Delaware, and the Susi|uelianua, to the ^reat laki's; tlu'nce. nn.lir>r .IrFiM ;v,| |„r,,|r llir NrW Vulk bill ncrv .■mil i'ililnMi|illi.-,-|l S..|.irly. I!(>M ITii" 'I'O IT'iil. 105 till" oiilmiists. tiu'v liMil |iri<\niliil ; consci|iicnll\. tlicy were in fact |)i;i'tics to all iniportiiut Indian treaties Ibrnied dm'ini;,- the period of our early history, and, until the colonies linally assumed their inde- pendence. In every neiiotiation invoK inu the question of honndaries. or the termination of a war. the iirst demand was, What will the Iroquois doV They still, in reality, held the halaiice of power. f '■ I i- t;»ri ;M; m 'A\l ! \ if Pi' ■ i * 11 I ill i Ml ^H !: J'? I i! Hi.'! r.i ■ ■■) 1 1 ! ■ ilM ' ;J i i f^l I '■ i ,i I Pit* I'jt; 1 N '1' i: i: (; < ) r u s !•; w i 'i' ii 'i" 1 1 k t k i d k s CHAPTER FV. IN TIIK CONTEST FOR THE INDIAN POWEK, BETWEEN i'l!AN('E AND ENOLAND. THE rOSSESSI ON OF T H E M 1 S S I SS 1 P IM V.\I,I,KV AND OF THE CHEAT ],AKE 15AS1NS liECAMH. IN TIIK KND. TIIH IMUZE CONTENDED FOU. Tin: ol(jso of (lie se\ciiteoiitli ceiitiirv was imirkt'd \>y ovoiits wliicii excite in us ii more tliau iisuiil ilei:ree ul' interest in the al)Oi'i,i,'inal poliev. The settKnicnts niaile at IJoiixi, uiul on otiier parts of the open sliores of tlie (iuif of .Mexico, ihirinu' the iatlcr Years of tliis century, were I'oiiowcil ]>y the location of otiicis in tiie .Mississippi valley. Xew Orleans was foinuieil in \~W. \m Salle. l>y his disecncry of tln' .Missis>ippi ri\-er. hail (levclopcii an important fact in North American p'oiri'aphy. Such a ri\ir. ami such a valley, could only he paralleled, in the in>lory of the Old World. In the Nile and the Ni'jcr: and. in the .New. nnly liy the .Vma/.on. the l,a I'iatle. and the Orinoco, of South America. l>ut. indii';i' those streams, allhuuuh ]ia>simr tlir(inL;h a r("jiiin piissessinLT an e(|ually Icrliie soil, ihe climate anil sanitary advantages df the cnuiitry in its vieinaw far transcended thciii. The I'oitudaliiin of the city (if .New (Orleans I'urni-hnl a depnt tor ihc jiroducts ol" a rt'Liiiin. wliDse extent and rc-iuirces euuld scarccU- h ■ c-iiniaini. 'I'iiis entire territory, extending!- to the sources ol' tin.' Arkansas, tlic nhin. :iiid ihe .Mi--.uiii. a~ wi-U a-; In the iin.'al chain of lakes, was tilled with Indians. ol'\ariows nanie-^ and families, wlm ro\-ed in wild indeiiendeiK'c o\-er its phuns and thronuli its forots. contiiliutiic.;' to a new and most altiacll\e hranch of commerce, the fur trade. To wield pniitical iiilliicnce amoiiLi'.-t tiiein was. in I'act. t'l secure the mo-t diii et means (if |ii(ini(iiiii,i- cdl'iiial success. The line syUan connlry ol' the Illinois had. from the pi rind of it- lirst discovery, ht'cn the imiviM>al theme of admiration. At an early day. posts wero estahlished. not oidy at Kasl^a.-kia and Cidiokia. but. liavinLT hccome the lie,;d(piarters of mild ecclc-iastical and commercial l'nnctionari(.'s. they weiv conliniU'd up the Waha'^h, the Ohio, the Illinois, aial tlai ^Visl•nn^in. where tlie\' \". ere met liy similar cstaMish- meiit^. diver-in.ir fi'om <,Uieliec and .Montreal. \''<>\:\ ihi^ period may lie dated the leiieweil pro>pi'i'ity of New l-'ranie. l-'oi t Niagara, which commanded the Imipiois Imrders. had heen Innnded a-^ early a.s Ji'iTs: .Michilimackinae. mi il,,. peiiin--nla. was ei'ecled in l•'l(■|^: l''ort O^wcl'o. tli(? ri.'iiM iTiH) •]'(» 17.">ii. 107 nnoiont (Iliunn. \\;is Imill in I7'J7: Detroit in ITnl ; Nincoiinos in l"i 10; and, a short tiiiic siil)s('([nciitly. a scries of minor |ins(s. < xteiiilin:^ alonu' tlie laiav ami St. .loseiiirs to till' Miami nC tlic Lakes, and the San resfUle Isle, oi I-ake Krie. An (liisl\\-. ami iheiKVi to the Indian trihos inliahitiii^' these I'cLiioiis, tho with I""i'(Mich killer, French powei' and liheraiity. iind Krench inaiiin'i-s, were sjiokon ol jiraise, and iT".jai'ded with admiration. Such was the i)ro,uivss made hy the now ecclesiastical estahlisliinents, that a coniniis- SlolK r, of liiiih sacerdotal stan iliiii:'. was depnteil hy the ('( nrt of i-'rmce to visit the western posts and trihes. ( 'harle\oi\-. who perrorined this task, and, whose journal and histor\rnrnisii proofs ol' the /eal ami learniii'^' he ilisplayi'd. joiirneyed IVoin (^lelii'c, tliroii'-ih the chain of lakes, to tile .Mi-;^issippi, \vhi(di. in IT'JI. lie desi'ended to New Orleans, lie made many valnalile ini[niries respectiiii;- the history and condition of tli(! tribes, the I'esnlts of which he reported to his lioviM'innent. In his era. the worship of III I eternal lire, the ^riMt di thi^ Gliehir s\stt'in. was still limiid to exi^t anions the Natchez, or ('lii'j'antnalL.'a Imli.ins, who accompanied its riles with in niosiiiLT ceivmonie The iiossessioii ol' the .Mis>is~ipiii \alley was. in reality, the pri/e lor which all these <>xertions were made; and the Jiritish colonies soon became aware, that a chain of niilitar\' posts, extendim:' from New (>rleans to (>ueliec. wa.> about to environ them. In Jl'iST, the Can; idian ;inlliorities. with ureal lorinalily. repi -sed theins(d\'es of lliu Straits of Detroit, (•oinmeinoratinij: the event hy the issiu' oi' a protiu'ol.' Jn 17 (H. the (iovi'i'iior-deneral of Canada caused leaden plates, beariiej: suitahle inscriiitions. to lie nailed to Ire am 1 also others to lie luiried beneath the earth, in the Ohio \- Ulev. as a testimony ol the rc'-occnpaiicy o f that vail. the I- reiicli. T ie\ aimed, at least, to make the recoi'il stroini.' lint a fractiini ()\er fifty years elapsed, when these ]iosts were extended np the Ohio to iis source, nt the junction of liie Monoivjahela and AUeudianv. where l'"ort Dii <>n esile was hiiilt. ill r T le (vnnprehensive and viiiorons movements of the Freni'h si'ciired the inlluence of the tribes, whom thev su'-plied with u'oods. wares mid nieichandi^e at all the po.--ts. \'ir-iiiia. the Caroiinas, Ponns\ Ivania. and .Mar\laiid. were the first to take the alarm. Tl le I'reiicli assnineil the soverei'iiity of the country by ii;.dit of its disco\ery by La Salle, and a loiiir period had not idaiised wlnai the western tribis attackeil the southern and western frontiers, with a \i.:or wliiidi threatened the annihilation of the colonies. In 17'J^. the Shawiiees and Delawaics. pressed by the Iitupiois. and feelinj;' tho encroachmeiils of the adxaiiciiiL'' sellleinenls. lied across the .VllcLihanies to the Ohio vallev. The Iroiplois pi had onu' pr<'\ion>ly ( Iriven the T/enno L enapi in the ime direction. In 17.'ili. the French local aulhorilies reported to their home 'joverninent. In Pari Oii.'Mt.i, 1.. |iii! U'rllM' Allli'OiMM:! V.l II. Ul i 'i ij H wm m I ■ m i |;-- i) *■! ii ii fin 1 Ii -V :';■'' ' ■ ■ i M |i li J ir \i I'.IS I N it; itco r i!s !•; w I'l' ii t ii i: t k i i;k> lliMl lli('\ cxi'ici^cil :i cpiiIimI ii\i'I' Ih-'i I iIIm'-:. ci itii|iri.^in;;' ii Iniiil of I li. Id.'! warrior.-', rr|iri'>riiiiii_; :i |iii|iiilal inn nf Ml.llMll Minis,' Ii III! liiM;.'i'r ailmillrd ula (Icpiiiil. tlial llic (ilijci'l III' llic I'Vriu'li was. liy ih'awiim liii^ liiir aiuiinil llic cnliiiiics, to |iii'\cnl llu'iii liiiiii (Alciiilin'j llirii' iiiissi's.-idiis 1(1 liir wislwanl liruiiiil till' Miiiniiils (iT llic Alli';,:iiany iMiiiinlaiiis. SiU'ii. iiiilrcii, was iju' iina.-l df .snini' ni' tin' Icailinu' liidiaii cliicrs, wlio rr;:arilril llii' KiiLilisli as tin' nation wliicli dcsiLtncil lo inlrin'jc on tlicir linrst domains, 111 iin|msr npon tlirm llu' yoki' of lalior and li'llcis. and lo Mead onl liirir Sfi'v cxisU'ni'i'.' 'I'lir sanLininaiy inroads of llic l'"r('iu'li ami tlicii" sa\aL;c allies on tlio iVoiilicrs, lir.st Iiioiil:1iI iIii' MUillirnl Wasliiimlon into llu- llt'ld. lie was linl .sixteen years oi' ai;e \\lien. ill 1 7 I >. lie maile his lirsl e\|ilorat'iry tri|i in liial ilireelion.' I''i\(' year.s siiliMi|iieiitl\ . lie miderlool; liis perilous ollieial joniiiey In the Kreiieh post on Lake Krie. thus (ililainiiii;- his first kiio\vledL;(' ol' the liahits ol' a siilitle t'oe. whose instaliilily ol' purpose, and enielly ol' eharaeter, reipiireil perpetual \ iuilanee. \\'ilh respeel to llie L;reat iaUc liasins. they wei'e. at an early dale, in po.ssession of the l-"remli. i.,ike ()ntai-io w a.s eonnnandi d liy l''orts Calaraipii. NiiiLiara. and Oswclio; lu'ie was seemed li\ ilie location of l''orl I .e Now. on the ,'ile of the nioileni (iralioi I. siliiated at the head of llu; riser Si. Clair, as also li\ the i.i\ . another at the month ol' the SL.Iiweph's ri\er. and li\ the |iijs| ;ii ('liieaL;o. Small vessels Iransported arms and siipjilies to the \aiioiis pu-is. and ihe liea\y hatteaiix ol' the l''reneh. or the li^ht .Vl'joiiipiin eaiioe. kept up a ronstaiit interiMiirsi' lietweeii ihe pos|s and Tiiissions. Iioth liy niiilit and da_\ . Ihe laiLilish eoloiiial ;^o\eri,ois. aeeiistomed to tin- dilatorv mo\c- nieiits ut' their own reLiiilai' soldiers and sailors, eoiild .seari'ely eiiiieei\e with what etderit\ iiitelliuenee wa.s eoniininiie.ited. ' Ktli. Ki'.-. \m1. Ill . ,, .■..•.:;. •" Irvine's I. ill' lit' \V.i-liiii'_'lMii. • lli.-tiirK':il ami .'^I'li'iililii- SkiU'lii'.s n( Mii-liiu'aii. SUCTION KLKVKMII. ( I' MOMKXTOrs PKUIOI) OF INDIAN lllsroKV. PKKCKDINC TIIK CONlilKST OK CANADA. ("II A I'TKII I. Tin: I'liKNcii POLICY i!i;(;ai:iiin<; tiik tiiii'.al. oi; intki!- NATIoNAI., M()V1:MKNTS o K TIIK INDIANS. 'I'm: jriilciiisy luul li;ilr<'il exist in ;:; hctwccii tlir trilics, iii'i'vcntnl ('\U'ii>i\r linstilc cuni- liiiiMliiiils ;i;j:iiiist llic I'ini^lisii. Mini |irii\cci llic s;ilv;ili(iii ul' tlic riilmiics. |]\ci_\ Lulc trilie. iVdin till' era ul' the setllriiiiMit III' \'irL:iuia, tn that nl'i Icuri^la. lii-ciiiril ilsrll' >ii|iii ini- til all iilhi'i's. \ a III! In I 111' its |iri)ur>s, anil ilr>|ii-ril its rnriuirs, \Vini;ina. I'uw hatan. aipl ( )|)ri'hiint;ani)iii;li, wi'ie hut iirotut ypi's of Sassai'u-, I'Diiii'tariini. ami Allakullakilia. The oontinent liail hern hmti'mii hy prrilatiiry hamls lun'j lu'tiiir its iliMnxn'y hy ]Miri)|ii'iuis, ami, at that pr 'ml. the ti'ihes \\i re li\iim- in a state nf inte>tiiie anarrhy, anil onlwanl wai'. When the colonists hunleil ami heLiaii to Imlil inteieourse with them. e\ery little tfihe exereiseil an imleiiemlent sovereignty. snM lamls, ami |ifoseriii( il wars. Of the several stoeks wlio chiinu'il to live in ;i slate nl' assoeiation or eonleijera- lion. till' lroi|llois alone possesseil ailNthillLT like a i'wrd svstelll. 'I'he MllseoL;ees. oi' Creeks, assiiineil to he ii i'iinfeilerae\ ofs'ven trihes. hut their assiieiatimi was so lo'isely orLiani/.eil. so ilestitiite of L;o\i'i'mni'iilal power, that it conlil not make levies, proriire voliniteers, meet out |)iiiiislimeiits, or tirant rewanls. The .Miionipiins assiniilaleil in their trihal eliaraeter ami peculiar eiistonis. hut esery trihe acteil as it pleased, wiihuiit, respect to any liovernniental rule. The scm'u trihes of tln' Dakolas slyleil themselv is a iiniteil people; the I'ukauokets went to w ar. sin'ile-liaiiil"i.l. a'laiiisl all ."'ew KiiL^laml ; the TuscaroiMs (letermineil to ilestroy North Carolina, at a hlow : the ^'amasees uiiiler- (I'.nt) IP ' ' ii '$1 i :i I I il-n 1 m I f ti # "if !i '! « •200 M().Mi;XT(»r.< I'KUKM) OK INDIAN IIISTOKY. ttiiik III lir;i\i'. il" not 111 i'i)|ii' willi. Suitli ( ';iriilin;i : ami the trihc nf tin' Foxes iiisnl('iitl\ r('h. 'I'he tribal and internalional mo\-ements. ihronjlioiit the entire country, were controlled, with the sole exception ot" thoso of llie im])ortant canlons of the Iro(piois, by the i^euei'al policy ami inlhieiice of the French, and tendi'il to the furthei'Tmce of the French <'olonial interests. it was observed at an early day by the Kmilisli j:'o\ernors. and by the commander^ on the frontier-^, that a cordon of tribes, friendly to the Freiicli. occu|iied the whole of the inunense line exteudiu'^- from (^Miebec to New ()rli;ins: and e\-ery decade of the existence of the J{riti^h colonies appeared to increase the apprehensions ol' evil imiieudinir from this (piarter. This policy of the French was not a recent one. but can be iraceil back to liie eariii'st times. Fi-oni the period when Uonnaeniuia was taken to i-'rance. and Aiiahonn;! 'jreeted as the forest momirch of ilochelaiia. it had been a [irimary policy of the (iallic authorities, to >ecure the intlueiice of the Indian tribes. 'l"wo ureal stocks of tribes constituted the Icadinji' executors of the Fn'nch policy. Along the north shore of the St. Lawrence, from the Three IJiNcrs as far as tiie entrance of the (ireat Otawa liver, the coast was occupied by trilu's of the li'enerie sto(d<. to whom was given the name of .Muompiins.- The southern, as widl as the northern, shores of the St. Lawrenci'. below the point denoted, as far down as (iaspe Ray. including Tadousac and the island of ( li'leans. were coven'd by parties of the lro(piois of the Wyandot branch. The licu ernmi'utal seat, and comicil-lii'e of this triln' were locali'il on tli'' mountain i-land of ilochelaja. to which Carti-r g.i\e tin- name of Montreal. A close alliance was firmcii wiih the Algoinpiin tril)es. and also with the Wyandots. or JIurons. a Freiicli soubri(pi't fn- this tribe, The Wyandots allirm thesnseh'es to have been the parent tribe of the Imipioi-. and. althon'.;h they do not appear to have Ijeen a niendier of the conli'deracv of the Five Nations, they were, then, on the most amir.abli' terms with them. Tlieirolliiici- against the Fi\e Nations was, that they had not only oH'itimI their ;iid to the French. luit iilso to the .\l:;on(|uins, ' Till' iilndirn .S:i:.'Mr];iw< arr nni-aiirs niid rcl'uL'i'i.'.s iVuiii tin: ( 'liij.i.i'Wa stufk, wIim llrd tn, and re-uccilliicd till' (•riL'inal town, atiaiidi)iird Ijv tin' ."«:ail;-. ' Eth. Res., \o\. I. p :>i.i(j. PUECl-:i)IN(i TilK CONOrKST *)V CANADA, 201 tlioir ciKMiiics. As soon us this alliuiici' with the l''ii'iich wiis iiiiilcrstnoil. thi' Fiv(i Nations, lit lirst inoilcrati'lv. hiit al'tfrwai'ds iicrciuiitdi'iiy ami \iiilciitlv. oi'ilcrrd them to U'avc the ishiiul of Iloclii'hiiiii, ami rciiio\c to New V 'I'lic \V\aml(.t-> liaviii"; rcfiiscil to olicv tliis iiiamhito. tho li'o([iiiiis iiiaiii' war iipnii thfiii. ami so harassnl them that they were coiniirllcd to seek shelter iiniler the ;^uiis of (> ilcliec; 111 which ]ila('0 even, they were not safe, hut were linally i'\|iellei| IVolll the Milleyol'tlie St. liawrelice. The Flench tiicinseK'es were lierccly attai'lly alVaid that they would lie drivt'ii IVoni tli(! country." Tlie lli,i;ht of the Wyandots from tlie St. fiawreiu'e valley, in H'i-"^i'.t. iJinduced a iireat displacement of trilies. 'I" . ; parsed up the ureal Oiitawas river, and acro>s f.alstr Ni'i)issinfr, to the Mniiatoiu.. chain of islands, of Odawa lake, which thence received the iippcdlation of Huron, their French nomme de unerre. I»ut the .\e\v York Inxpiois haviiiL:' pursued them thither, they lied to the ro(d\y island of 'riedoudoroua. called Miciiiliinackinno liy the .Muomiuins. witli whom they were in (dosi' alliance, as tlioy had orij^inally heen in Lower Canada. Heinarkahle evidences of their residence ill tiiu interior of this island, and also of their aiiricultiiral lial)ils. may still he traced in the larj^o space; wiiich were cultivated, luul which ;\vi'. yet very conspicuous. Of those, tho area called hy the French. I-e Cirand .lardin. and the nromul ahont Suirar Loaf, and Arched Hocks, will amjily repay a visit from the curious. l>ut. heinu' also followed hither hy the lro(|uois. they took shelter on Lake Superior. Tursuinu' them io that retreat, they wt'ic delisted hy the Aluics at Point Iroipiois in the ('liipi)ewa eonntry. A saiii;uinary hattle. followed hy a massacre, was fouulit on the cape at the loft-hand entranco into that lake, wliicli has siiu.'o heon called I'oint iro(jiiois. Soi' LcttiTS 111' 1.1' .IcUlli' Vol.. VI. — 20 :i If Ktfif !i ll- i. ■M \i. 'JOi MoMKNTorS I' Kill 1) OK INDIAN HISTORY, .i-'i i • i ); ! n (• MATT Kit II. INTKK-KI'OCIIAL IIIST(il!Y OF THE T.AKK TiUnKS, AND OK TilK KXI'ILSION OK INDIANS WHO rilKCKDED THK ALGONQUINS. I'mou to till' tliirlit i^i' tlio Wviimlots iVoin tlio St. riiiwronco, a nation, of Alfj;on(Hiin liiu'ag(>. calliHl liy olil writers rtiiwawiis. mid Atawiiwas. ami hy modern oiu's. Odawas, and Ottawas. ivsidi-il on tlio cliain ol' islands, in fjakc Huron, calli'd Manatoiilinos. or Islands of llio (Jri'at Spirit. Portions ol' this nation i)artii'i[)at('(l in tlic oarlv wars in Lower Canada, and were tauiilit tin- truths of the Christian religion hy the missionaries. 'I'h(> parent trihe had, lor a \ou\x period, dwelt on the islands of tin (!reat Spirit, and the lake itself was. in eonseipienee. called Odawa, laJii'. At tli(> same period, another leaiVuvj; trihe. ot' adverse lineaue. called the Asseunn. or Hone. Indians, ri'sideil on the ujiper part.s of the lake. Tlu'ir council lire and triii;d .-sessions westward and noitliward along the .shores and islands of fiako Michigan. To their position on the Manitoulines, the Ottawas refer, as the oldest traditional point iu their history. Personal liravcry. united with the power of performing niiraculou.s or extr.iordinary feats, through the inlliienco of necronnnicy, were the great ohjccts of attainment, and formed a theme for boasting among their lu'roes. The origin of the trihe they attriimte to a renowned per.sonago, whom they called Sagima. .^agima had hcen celehrated. during his prime, for deeds of j)rowesrt and wisdom, and for his great spirit u.il power. Mut he was now tott'.ring under the weight of accumulated years; his hrethi'en had classed iiiin as an Akiwa/i, or one long ahovt' ground; and he was soon destined to take his long anticipated jonrnev to the .symholical land of the di'ad, or Indian paradise. Sagima resided with his wile, and had lour .sons, namely, Wau-he-nace. Wanha. (.litchey Wedau. and the yoimgcst. naincil after himself. S.igima. It is of the feats of the lattci-. who w;is the favorite son, that tradition speaks; for he was not only the pride of his parents, hut was .also endowed with all the intrepidity, wisdom, and magical power of his father. In his youth, ho was noteil for his eccentricities, and fool-iiard\' exploits: when he reached the |)eriod of manhood, he evinced gival powers of endurance, fri'ipicntly fasting ten days, imJ^ i I t- \l I'll KCKDI Ni; Til K ("ONQlllST (»!•' CANADA. 20S iit'lcr tiistiiii;' ii lilllc I'niiil, iigaiii rcncwint: liis last; iiiid, wIiimi liis I'litiiri' •j^iianliaii »riod the Asseguns and Mascoutins were confederates. The Ottawas and Chippewas, as .soon as practicable, pursued them beyond Washtenau river to Chicago, whence they ' Memoirs nt' T..irty Years. I Lit 1 u I 1 m: fl I M't i'l ii I' if! \' ::■:; m lir tli 4ll PHpi I in v Mi; p.H' m ') ) iM ^ i). •a i ! m ! .li'l $1 ' I I i ^i 204 MnMKXTOIS PKUIOD OK INDIAN IIISToKV, llcil towiird-i till- .-until imd wot ; lifUfi', no I'uillicr tnuv d' llifiii van lie ruiiml in till- Imliiii tr;iiiitii>iis.' Ill ;iii nlliciiil i'f|Hirt 111' till' Indian trilics. iiiiidi' to the uuNcniiiuiit (if ('iinada. in IT.lii, tilt' .Mascimtins arc dt'siiiiiatcd as ocriiiiviiiu' tliu lucalily SDiitli (if (ii'i'di I5av. iind are rated at fii:lity warriors, wliicli wiaild indicate a popnlatioii nf ll)(l souls. r»on(|iu't and llutcliins, ill tlicir tallies. I'ornicd in 17(11. rcjiort tlieiii as occiipvini; tlio same locality, and statu llirir nniiiliers iit odd.' ^lodeni e-liinates inaUe no nu'iition ol' tli(< trilie. Ill traits and lialiits. tlie .Mascoutins clo.sely re.soiiibled tlio KieUiijioos. and they may iios.-ilily have heeii ali-orlied in that very nomadic, prairie-lovinj trilie. UciiardiiiLi; the .Vssnjnns, rel'errcd to in their trailitioiis, as tiie [ircdccessors of the .\lL'()ii<|niiis on the upper waters of Lake Huron, it would he ha/.urdiin.s to oiler any eonjeetiire. e.\ce|it it lie lonnded on philology, their name aiipearinu: to assimilate with the French term. Osagi's. and they iM-ing evidently of the Dakotah or Iroquois stock. To the events precediiii.' the Asseiiim wars, we can add no ciironoloj^y. It seems (ertiiin that they occnried prior to the lliirht of the Wyandots to the lakes, in 1(1 lO; I'or when, in this year, liie latter reached the Manatonline group, they I'oiiiui it \acateil liy the ((ttawa-. and located their residence on it; hence, as hel'ore mentioned, the lake received the name ot' Huron, llaviiiir heeii allies of the Ottawas, and other .Mgompiiiis in the St. Lawrence valley, they were welcomed as friends. Their resilience on till' inland of .Michilimackinac. under .Vdario. in ItiS,^. is meiilioiu il hy all the early writers; and. altlioii::h th^y were oliliu'ed. I'or a time, to t.'ike shelter among tiu! ('Iii[ipe\vas of Lake Siiii'Mior. the growth of the French colony of Detroit enahled tiiu hitter to iii\ite them to locate themselvos hi that vicinity, where, for so long a period, tlu'N' have occujiit'd a conspicuous place, as the umpire tiiljo. ]?y this transfer of the \V\andots to the Lakes, (he Algonquin trilies were, in reality, strengthened ; for they came thither as friends. My the ]irior I'xpulsion of the Assegiins and Mascoiitins. the wide lake basins had been cleared of all trilies who were ad\erso to their rule; and they had secured the free ns(! ol' tiieir lakes, as well as of their hunting grounds. They now began fearlessly to cross the broad waters in tln'ir canoes, and .-ooii fell tliem-ehes established in the ma.inilicent geographical I'lnpire of the great lakes, from the northern limits of Lake liiiion. through the straits of St. iMary U) Lake Superior, and from .Michiliniackiiiac. around tiie far-spreading shores of Lakes Huron and .Michigan, thence, easlwardly to Detroit, and .'southwardly to the Ohio, there were no languages spoken but tho.se wliiidi were derived, more or less receiith'. from the Algonquin. This generic language was of mild and oa.«y utterance, and possessed a full vocabulary, containing but few .sounds not readily enunciated by either the French or the English. The nienibers of these tribes were people of gcjod stature, and pleasing ' .^IllIUl.<(^illt .Null- nil Inilian lILstory aud Aiiticiuiliu.-, \u\. If, iin/,is, ■' Kill. It,.-.. VmI. Ill , ],. r..M I'll Kti:i)iN(i IIK OONQIKST oK (; ANA DA. sjori iiianiu'i's, wild rciiililv mlopti'd KiiropiMin inntli's "f (•iniiluctiii'i tlnir triill'ic, lunl lA' trimsiictiii'i Itiisincss. 'I'licv liorrowi'il Iroin tin- Kiciicli tlic I'oiiiiiliim'Mlary term, llmi J iin\ on ini'i'tiii!,'. liavinjr. in tlicir own liinj:uiii;(>, no ('i|ui\iil('nt lor lliat of good-iiiiv, ir we considfr tlu" Algon((nin jiroup, wliicli extended south IVoni the site of ChieuL'o to KasUasUiii, and tlie jinittion of the Ohio, and north to tin' Crces, or Kelist<'no-<, of the liake of tlie Woods, we liml a sin.iiidar africenient of cliaiacler. There was no trihe, in all the hroail expanse of country ininied, which ilid not, with e(|ual iinlor, recognise the Fienidi manners lis the type of civili/ution and religion. i; m ii-ii iri ' ::;i \x ^ |;i{| ;;i I ni •II 1^:; m n ■ ':i I . y > I ' m L'nd ISlDMKNTOl'vS I'KlthH) OK INDIAN IIIHTOUY, ('II A PTKIf III. TMK .\T,(jo\Qri\s sini: with tiik viniN'rii in tiik (JHK at STKr(H;i,F, I'oll Sri'KKMACV. Tin: Fri'iu'li now ntli'inptcd. in- taUiii'/ formal possessioii nl'tln' Oliii) viilicy, to iiiiito ilitM'strtim' liouiuliirii's ol New Kiiinci'. ami |ii'c\('iit tliccNtriisioii ol'tlic KniiliMli culouii's, 'I'll!' t'\|tiil>' nortii. I)nl. alter tiieir lii'^iit to the .ited Lake lliiroii. and the uppe!' lakes, liiit their liisl journey tlnlher proiiahiy oc( urivil lietweeii the _\ear iiid^. and ('haiii[)lain's surrender ol" Qiieliee to Kirk, in it'pli'.i. Whatever the |ieriod was. the Al-'iuipiiiis appear to have then ext'icised dominion in the country. The .Mascoiitins, who. liy the name, appear to have lieeii ol' .Miioiupiiii lineiiiic. \\r\r then located in that territory. The lllinese oi'cupied the \alley of the Illinois, and als{) tlie let't l)anl\S of tlie .Mississippi, from it.s outlet to the iiitiiix of tiu' Uliio. The .Miamies were seated in the St. Jo^epii's. or (irand rivi'r. valley of Michiiraii, and tlie \arious ijands called -Michiiiamies,' on the shores of Lake .Michiiran. Tlie ."\Ienonionees occupied the northern .-hoivs ol' (ii'eeu iJay. and. even as t'ariy as |(i;)(i. the .'Ma-coutiiis had i)oeii driven to the country lyiii'-:' south of tlie hanks ol' Vox river. The only at'kiiovvledvicd traiis-Mississippiaii Lidian trihe residimi'oii Gret'ii IJay was that of tlii' \Viniiel)aL''oes, whicli. altliouuli ol' Dakotali orijiin. had an AlL'oiKaiiii name, and lived in amitv with the AlgoiKpii 11 '(ri i ■ ! It limy, ]iiTii:i|is, Iji.' tliniiirlit tliiit (hiujis i.s a term ilcrivativc I'mru lIVi.oisx.s- ; it" .■in, lllllc >triss can Ijr hiij on till' Nnpii'psi'il I- iiriiili'n. ' i:ili I!,-.. \:\. \ . 1, :;i IImiI, V..1 v.. ]! I!'l li i K I'lt KC i;i»l NC Till', CONfjrKST UK CANAKA, WT Tliaf llic l''r«'ii(;li miivcimIi'iI in iiniiv iii^' tin- iiiimciDiis and -catlcivil trilif^ of tl in Al'. iiiuuiiis au'iiiii^t Kii'^li.«Ii culuiiifr', is well known lo cmtv ri'ailii' of Aini'rii'o- Iniliaii liistoiy. iMtcicoinx- and lialiitM niadi- tlit'Mi one in li'diny and jiolicv. AllliouLiii it Inis lii'i'ii .-'UL'v't'stcil that tin- Indian trilics a|>|i«>ari'd to lie! a -I'li-c of tlicir aMlitv to t'lMicli \\u' |iiiniilivt' Knuli.xli colonir.x. \i't tlicy lacked tin' power of coniliinalion. to niai^c nny j:fn"ial inoscim-nt fur tliat |pin|io<^('. At wcry |)lia>i.s of tlirir iiisiory, lIu'V t-'lt tlu' iii'iT.sHity of liavinj: a l']nio|iian lia.iis of power upon wliiili to lean. In other words, tln'v soii]i;lit to lio allifs. and not principals, in liic ^jivnii conlots with the colonies; and were, in reality, liu' (jankers, and rarel\.or ne\cr. the main liod\ of (if^litinji nit'H. Kroni this preference for the French hy the AlL'ontpiin fainils ol liu- Lenno Lenapi, the oldest tnend)er of it. aureeahly to some authorities, nniy he escepied prior to ITI'J, In ii pidilic conncil held at Lancaster, dnrin'.;' this yi-ar. they wen- ordered hy the lroons, without havin.;' received autlioritv. They were directs' to take up their residence in IIk^ we>i. and frtini this date thi' IKdiiwures were, i> id luivi heeii, re M'ded as hciiiL' under Kivnch iiilluence. Such ivports mid suspicions <,'atliore' •.treiii^'tii I'lciii year to year, ami tiiis inllueiice l.ijlowcd tlieiii \ve tward. until they ''<\.iiii'' residents of the Mnskiu.iriim nver, wIkmv the (Christian converts were at leiii;lh aassacred. It was the early tievclopecl polii , ..• New France, >^ employ acainst the frontier settlements the Indian liirces at t ;eir < iimand ; a power so eminently calculati^il to iiinioy anil harass, and. witiiout u hirh it does not seem prohaljlc ti. •, "ould have .-o lont; inaiutaiiK'd their ^n'ound af:ain>t the Hritish colonies. Indian warfare is conducted hy a species of jiuerilla force, wdiidi, in ellicacy. e\ceeils all others, not only ou ac<'ouiit of its sauiininary diaracter. hut also the siiddeuiie.ss tA' its attacks, its i-ntire freedom from the annoyances of ImL'naKe, and die alacrity with whidi the warriors chari:v and disperse. Tiiere is no military arm which can at all cope with, or succes-iidK eheclv, these jtuerillii parties, as it is their [lolicy never to risk an open hattle; coii.-ei|iiently. when tin' clumsy infantry and draudon .-'oldier is sent into rhe woods to cope with Midi a supple, and nearly invisihle enemy, he ap|H'ars to be little more than a taruct lor a hall or an arrow. A re\iew of the 1 .• '■ ii colonial policy. I'rom the days of < li iiiiplain to those i>i' .Montcalm, devdojis tli<' fact that the Imlian i>owi'r was one of llwir iiio-f dVectivo lueaus of otfeiice. The L;real conllids on land and ocean did not iirmlnci' the most intense results, ior. dnrint;' all this period, evteiiding over l"i(l years.' it was the Indian war p.'i'ties and marandinir expeditious, which infested the fiMutieis fioiu ViiL:iuia to the Mnall towns of New Kn,i:laiid, that committed deeds thriUinu: up. ^n ilie senses, and lrei]neiitl\' inakinir tlu' heart sick. Men, women, ainl children, --eiit nulK'iali led into eteriiit\-. at midiii'iht. liv tl le war-( \ l> ITilK I,, 174:1 111! ) aiK I scal|)inLf-kiiil(' ; iiia/iiiii' i I ii |i' «%: W (tr •20S MOMKNTOI'S I'KlMon OF INDIAN IITSTORY, II t i r ' I, ^ ;- $1- il I !,. ttiiciiinits. ciiH'l and luolongeil caiJtivitios, doatli at tlic stake, and iniirdiT in its most lionid roniis, fDiistitiitcd the main incidents of this ejioeli. An Indian considers 100 miles l)nt a short distance, and 1000 miles as not a lonjj; one to march, when the purpose he has in view is to j;lnt his venireance. or I'ratil'y hiiiiscll". lie is no!^ a man who pines for the enjovments of home, there is not nnich to attach hii:i to it ; to camp in the woods is his deliiiht. and the wildi'rnoss is, com|)ara- tisciy. liis dwcliini;'. Time passi-s lightly with him. its pace n(>vi'r wearies him: and anxtiiini;' ^v!lich eiieats him of the vi'ry idea of its ])assaiie. is ])leasant. lie is al\va\s at leisure, and death itself receives a rather friendly welcome. To journey to l-'ort |)u (.luesne. Krie. Osweuo. Niagara, or (.^lehi'c, li)r tiie trillinu' present of a iinn. a lilaidvct. tu' a iveltie. a pound of powder, a uoruet. or a llau'. was. in point of enteriirise, consideri'd as nothing for an Imlian chief. To him. to whom time is nothing, and wandering a pleasure, the t.iil is ten times overpaid liy the reward. Il(> natm'ally esteems gifts, and haliituaily lo\cs the giver. France was. to the Indian, the heau ideal of ;ill that was admiraliie in a foreign power. cond)iuing generosity with amiable mainu>rs and kindness of demeanor. The Freiicii. 1)\- multiplying forts on the frontiers, most stn-ely extended their influence. The\' had, from an early ])eriod. occupied positions on every imjiortant western river or lake; and. hy taking formal possession of the Ohio valley, in \~'>-), thoy <'onsnm- nniteil a long cherished scheme, and en\ironed the western colonies with a <'ineture of ,scor|)ions. Western \'irginia and Pennsylvania groaned under thi' new inllictions of savage vcnwance ; and. from this time, the Indian forays on the western frontier.'^ became incessant, being perfectly unexampled in our history for their fre(piency. and the cruelty, or. ratliei'. barbarous inhumanity which eharacteri/ed them; nnn-ders, and)us- cadcs. and tortnrt^s. becoming the terror of the settlers. Not the least important feature in the policy which directed these Indian wars, was tlu' countenance that tiiey receivi'd from the French ollicials at \'incennes, Kaskaskia, Fort Chartres, Detroit, Miami. Sandusky, and other minor posts. It was tlieso depredations, and tiie policy which directed them, that lirst l)rouglil Washington into the field. Tiie (lallic '•.,,.! .\nglo-Saxo.. powers were now fairly pitted against eacli other, and it was e\ ideut that this new pliasis of French aggression 7nnst soon lead to a general conflict. France or Fuglnnd nuist rule .Vmerica. The IJrii -h ministry had. in some measure, prepared fni- this stru'j'jle. The local comnierc(> had necessitated tin- (lection nf Fort liondou. in tiie valley of \'irginia. I"'ort Cumberland had been pre\iously built on the I'ofomai'. Fort Staiiwi\ at the head of the ."Mohawk. Forts ,\nne and Kdward on the sources of tin' UmNon. and Fort Williiim Henry on Lake (ieorge. Thes(> formed the chief deleiiees in the middle of the eighteenth century; ami, from the close iA' (^'ueen .Viine's War. tliey we'e supported by (iccasiimal iletachments of \-eter;iii ti-iKips. who had served under the Duke of .Marlborough, and other di-tinguisheil officers. Tlie>e forts M'lved as delenei's to the tVontici's. enabling the colonics to preserve their e\i>ienee; liiii ilie\ were U' it >uflieieiiil\ powerful to roll back the tide of auiire.-sioii. ,-. i J ii rilKCKDING THE CONQUEST OF CANADA. 209 CHAPTER IV. THE TROQUOIS ADHERE TO THE ENGLISH. To couiitoi'iU't tliis policy, the Kiiirlisli loimd it nccessan- to cull in tlio aid of tlu? Iroquois cantons. 'I'lic Indian is more irratillcd with a present ol' ten (k)llais' wortli of inereliandise. tliMii if he had received twenty times tlie value in money, as a permanent annnity. Karly partakers of the henefits resulting from Anulo-Saxon proximity of settlement and eonnneree. tliey hecame (inn friends to all who l)eloni:'ed to that race. The warlike .Mohawks were the most prominent trihe in the eonlederacy, at tiie time of the discovery oi'tiie Ilndson. They llmiid a very i^ood mnrki't for their furs, wliiidi rendered them alliuent in every comfort of Indian life; and the}- adiiered to tiieir early relations with a perfectly nnaliated and unehani:;imr steadiness. After heim; furnished with ,i;uns. the .Mohawks re\ isited Lake riiamplain. where they eneomitereil da, and. in n, short time, induced all the cantons to join tlie renewed ener'.;u ■s of (' th lem. Another ureal aiKantati- :e accrued to them, at this jieriod. in the eiui)loyment of (ire-arms airainsi their enemies at the south and west. The introduction of gnn[)owder to America re\olutioni/.ed the entire Indian mod(> of life. The expeditions hecame in not onh' more ■11 ;lhv. hut iilso characteri/ed liy i^i-eater fre([uency; and, in a short time, no trihe could withstand them, .\ndiition stinnilated ever\' canton, and, hefon the surrender of the province to the Knulish, in l(i(i th ncil lire, at Onondau'; burned still hriuiiter and more lierc(dy. I'naided hy this inlhience. New York, as w(dl as tiie northern and central IJritish colonies, could not have protected so wide a frontier without any extraneous aid. They frustrate(l tlu> plan for estahlishinji a mission at the old French fudds, in Madison count\.' as also at Onondaiia.' in western New York. Thev lil se defeated the arnnes of Frontemic, and of Di'minv ille An ;i,uency was also estahlislu'd in the Irocpiois country, which, from little hecinniniis, at len,!j;tii systematically controlled this power for the protection and furthi'rauce of the interests of the Kuiilish colonies. This was the one wliich became so celebrated under the maniijiement of Sir William .lohnson. .lohnsou emiirrated to .AiniM-ica in 17."i4, and, havinii undertaken the manairement of an estate in the Moliawk valle\'. for Vol, VI, Notes on till' Iroquoin. i ■■' :io MOMENTOUS PERIOD OF INDIAN HISTORY, I H li'' Sir Peter Warren, embarked in the fur trade, and learned the Indian languaj;;c. Tie frequently accompanied the Iroquois delegates, who went to Albany to transact business witii the government; and therein evinced so much tact, and such an intimate knowledge of the Indian dialects, that, in a few years, the superintendency of tliis department of government in the British colonies was committed to his care. The Iroquois had been constantly gaining in power during the previous century, and the authority whicli tliey now exercised over the tril)es in the north, south, and west, enabled Johnson, through their means, to exert a controlling influence. lie combined within iiimself the faculties of close observation, great i)rudence, judgment, decision, energy, and courage. By ids judicious management of atfnirs and of a largi- i)rivate estate, he acquired a just appre- ciation of Indian character, and great popularity with the Iroquois. His Indian i)oiicy imitated, and even surpa.s.'^ed in elliciency, that of the Krencii. He paid tiie utmost deleivnce to their ancient ceremonial, not to say oriental, niode of transacting pul)lic business. He received their delegates and foreign ambassadors with great <'erein()ny, listened to them patiently, and answered them carefully; made tiiem liberal and judicious presents; and ordered every attention to be paid to their personal wants. No Indian who came to him, ever went away hungry, or in want, from his agency ; and no one ever complained that he had not received an audience. The Indian is alwavs greatly intbienced by the respect with which he is received; no European can be more N». He has a high opinion of himself, of his position, and of his destiny; he does not know that he is a savage; he does not feel the want of our know-ledge. our letters, our ivligion ; he is a patient, courteous, dignilied listener; he regards the features and expression of a man with great attention, and is a good judge of general ciuiracter; he is prone to approbativeness, values approval, appreciates kinilness, and is altogether reliable .as a personal friend. Such were the materials of the power which Johnson midertook to control. He regarded the proud, nol)le, but untutored Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca sachems, with their principle of cantonal representation, and ci>nl(L>derate unity, as. in some measure, a reproduction of the Amphyctionic council. He sent formal messages to them, desiring their attendance, whenever occasion required it. This careful attention greatly pleased them, and, if it was ever delayed, they refused to obev it. Distance wa.-^ iuiiiiaterial to him, as he found it was nothing to them. Meetinu; to-'ether in council. tiii'V transmitted the message to the most distant places. Undi>r the lion(jred title vi' Mingoes, portions of tlie Iroquois stock resided in the Obit) vallev, and seived as diplomatic agents, to communicate intelligence. Tiie most distant \allevs of the west, and the ri'ii 'test lakes of the north, were tlius made accessible; and the relations of tlie Illinois, and of the tribes of Michilimackinac, Detroit. Niagara, and (_)swi go, were as well understood at his nominal seat, on Tribes' Hill, in (lio Mohawk valley, as tiiose of Genesee. Albany, and the Caiioatatea. Tiie high rank whicii he held in the .\ew York militia, caused liim to be employed on some of the TRECEDING TJIE CONQUEST OF CANADA. 211 most iiiiportitnt .sorviws, and lie acliicvcd sovonil momentous victories in the war witli tic FroiiL'li. No one can poruso llu> histoi'}- of Now York, Ponnsjlvania, Maryland, or Vjrginiii, iia}-, oven of the States further south, from the beginning of the eighteenth century to the era of the Revolutionary War, without observing how intimately the Indian policy of these colonies was connected witii the Iroquois supremacy, and liow com})letely Sir William controlled it, through a well-established system of subordinates. Governors of States thought it no derogation from their dignity to meet the delegated Iroquois sachems in general council, and their sanction was deemed essential to all ])urchasos of land, and questions of boundary, even to the utmost limits of Virginia and Kentucky. ■s i '5:i m m •2M MOMENTOUS PERIOD OF INDIAN HISTORY, Mi ■h CHAPTER V. THE WESTERN INDIANS UNITE TO SUSTAIN FRANCE IN THE POSSESSION OF THE OHIO A'ALLEY. TiiK Indians nevor umlorstooil tlio IxMiofit of coiuljitiatiou siidlcioiitly to resist, alone and in tlu-ir own strungth. tlu! iin'oiids of tlio Kuropcan powers; altiiotijrii, in all the early opoclis, they held the halance of power lietween them. The struggle which was at this jieriod brewing on the western frontiers, was not only for the possession of supremacy on the Ohio, but, in fact, as became ap[)arent in a few years. i()i' the control of the entirt' Mississipj)! valley. It was a contest which would decide whether France or England should govi'rn in America. The Indians were so far a party to the contest, that it was necessary i'or each nation to pay their court to them, and there was no surer method of acquiring their good will than by respecting their ancient mod(^ of holding councils, and paying due reverence to their ceremonial rites and customs. To smoke a national Itijie. to deliv(>r a belt of wampum beads, to present a chief with a medal or a flag, were, in their eyes, acts of the most momentous importance. To do nothing in a hurry, to deliberate slowly, to measure, as it were, the importatice of ev<'nts by the time devoted to the perlormance of their ceremonies, were to the Indians very pleasing evidences of capacity for negotiation. When an Indian orator arose and pointed to the zenith, to the nadir, to the ))laee of the sun and moon, and to the cardinal points, he fiincied himself to be sui'rounded by a pantheon of supernal and spiritual influences. He loved this pomp nl' <'eremonies, and he felt comiilimented ti> ,>' ■ - 'cm. Trilles lead to success. ipe: -pec Litdit talk and frivolous manners never failed to be estimated b\- the old Ind lan sages at their true worth. They are considered as evidences of the want of sol)er tliought and fixed purpose. It has been mentioned that the inroads of the Indians, which either preceded, or succeedi il the occupation of the Ohio valley by the French, had the eftect to bring Washington into that Held of adventurous action. We are informed that he was b;it si.xteen. wluMi lie lii-st began his e\|)Iorations on tiie Alleghany and e.\perii-nce in the lile of woodcralt. surveving, ch nin. Five vears of manlv e.xerci.- und exploration, had given him a shrewd insight into Indian character, and prepared ■i J! Irviii^r- bill' "I' W 'i-liiivjlnii. |>. :!.">. H ' I ( rilK CEDING Tin-: (MiN quest of CANADA. 2 1 a him fur fiirtlicr tiiid iiioro iiiii)ortiint. trusts in ii (Ifpiirtiiifiit of s(;rvici', requirin;.', iiIjuvc all otlu'i's. pei'in'tuiil viiiiliinct' aiici iii'ciMutioii. And if, in tliu t'siiniiition ol" tlie Imlians iind tiu; pioneers, lie sui'[)iissc'd tiie others engaged with iuni, it was doubtless owing lo tlu! Indians' appreciation ol" the solidity ol' his chiinictor. Tanacharisson. wiio was the lioiid saelieni of the Mingo-Irocpiois of the Ohio valley, was the jiresiding chief in the ilrst council, or consultation, in which \Va>hiMgton took i>art. In fact, ho was well known iiuiong the tribes, and ])url()rnied. at the [ilace of his residence, the duties of a (Jluirge d'Aflairs in modern diplomacy, as the half king, Scarooyadi, did on the Juniata, iind iSkilelamo on the Sus(iui;luinua. Favorably impressed, from the lirst, the Indian remained a firm IVieiid of the enterprising Virginian to the day of his death. The double interest created by the line soil and climate of Ohio, and by apjn'e- liension of the hostility of its .lative tribes, Mtrongly directed tiie nnnds of \'irginians to that quarter, and. at sundry times, they despatched asrents to visit the country, and jcport its posilion. resources, and the feelings of the Indians. Among these recou- iioissauces, those of Croglian, (iist, and Trent, constituti^ marki d epoch 'n the history of Indian policy and sentiments. The result of tiiese missions, which e.. tended to the Wal)ash and the Scioto, denoted that French iniluenee was ])redonunaut ; and that the Algoucpun tribes gtuieraliy, were in close alliance with that jiower, while the Mingoes »'.\pressed friendly opinions of tlie lOiiglish. From a icmark nuide iiy a Delaware .sachem to one of their agents, it ap|HMred to be a (pieslion, not whether Indians possessed, or wished to occupy any part ol' the country, but simply wlietlier the l''rench or English should ha\i' |iosses.--ion of it.' \ year or two passed in rather fruitless efH)rts to obtain a belter knowledge ol' Indian alVairs in the Ohio, ami in endeavors to adjust matters on a better l()oting. Governor Dinwiddie. at length decnnng it proper to send an agent to the French authorities at the post of Presqne Isle, on Lake F'.rie, connnitled t!ie trust to Washington, whose experience on that frontier, togeth(>r with hi.s judgment and discretion, well (lualilied him for the task. .Vccompanied by a French interi)reter, Washington left Williamsburg, the seat of go\ernment. on the 30th of October, 1 "•"):). He rode on horseback across the Alleghanies. At Cumberland, Mi-, (list joined him as Indian interpreter, and, at aiiotli(^r point, a second interpreter and four experienced woodsmen were addeil to his cavalcade. All the rivers were so swidlen, that he was com[)ellixl to swim the hoises across. He reached tlu^ junction of the Monongahela and .VUeghany rivers (now the site of Pittsburg") without accident, and pointed out that spot as a suitable and desirable location for a fort. In that vicinity lie I'ound a Delaware sachem, named Shingiss, who gave him diit'ctions fur finding Logstown. the residence of Tanacharisson, the half king. He readied that jilace after sunset in the evening, hut the chief was absent. He immediately sent runners to invite him lo an interview, and the chief arrived at his lodLie the next da\. He dis- ,if.' uf W I'^lllML't"!!. II. Ill I" f 214 MOMKNTorS PEllIon OF INDIAN HISTORY, lU ! <1 ll il' his icnitdrial i'i^lil> ll< covoicii iiim to be intclliuoiit. iiatriotic. ami tciiacioiis (U iiis U'riiuir reci'ivi'd liiiii with ('(luilcsy, and ili'spatchi il iiu'ssciii^iis to soiiif ol' thi- other cliii'lH to invite tiicni to a i-oimcil. Thcv arrived liu- lliilowintr dav, when Ik^ hiid hcforo them the |)iir|)i)rt ul' his instrnetiuns I'roni tiie jroveinor of N'iriiinia, and ri'(( nested gnides to conduct him to tiio French |)o.sts, and a sale couthict on tiie way. A pause then ensued. The council htivinj; deliberated Rn'niallyon the matter, the iiaH'-kiniX arose, assumed aa oratorical attitude, and pave his assent, declaring tluit the Knulish and themse'v ■ were one jieoplo, and that he intended to reiurii the Frencli belts; thus, in the usual I'orm of Indian dijilomacy. rejectin,u' their overtures. A diday of three days was required to siunmon the Indians from their camps, and secure their compliance, after which Washinj^ton was I'urnished with the required guides and aids. IIo was accompanied, also, by the liall-Uing, by Jeskakake, a Shawnee, and by another chief, named the IJflt-ki'cjier. or White Thunder. They reached the post of W'uango, a distanci' of .seventy miles, in luur days. This was but an out, -^t of the fortress near Presque Isle. After witnessinj;; .some of tiie peculiar maud-uvrings anil intrigues of lioth French and Indian diiilomacy, Washington proceeded lo tiie latter, wliere he was recei\i'd witii ceremonious iiolitene.ss by the coinmandaiit. St. I'icrre. The purport of the.^e details is merely to demonstrate Iiow the Indian character lluctuated, imder the operation of two diverse sets of counsels. Tanaciiarisson. tiie Mingo sachem, remained faitiiful to his professions, and inlbrined Washington of the rt'suit of a secret council with St. Pierre, in wliicli it was decided that a present ol' goods siiould bo .sent to secure the good will of ins village at L(jgstown. Tlie entire journey was frauglit witli unusual peril and hardsliip. being iierfornied amid the severity of winter; and its results I'urnish us witii a gooil view of Indian cliaracter. as swayed liy tiio alternating euKjtions of liope and fear, and by tiic oi)eratioii of niotivi's of self-interest on the Indian mind. The result of tiie mission was, iiowi'ver. unsuccessful. Early in the spring of 1754 the F'reiich took [xi.s.scssion of tiie point at tiie junction of the Ailogliany and Monongahela rivers, dislodging a party of men engaged in the same work, under Captain Trent, of the Virginia militia, and erected Fort Du Qiiesne. The English liad been overrei—hed, and a fi.xed jioint establislied. whence to control .idian action. The spirits of the Indian allies of the Frencii had Ix-en raised to the highest pitch, and the power of the English colonists defied. ]'11J:CEI)ING THE CONQUEST OF CANADA. n:> CllAl'TEU VI. NATIONALITY OF THE INDIANS IN IJllADDOCK'S DEFEAT. Civilized coiniminitios reL^aril ^^noccss as the result ol' .suiiciior jiidfiiiu'ut ; hut, with the liidiiuis, it iH the elliK't of an iini)ulsive, iri'e.-ssion on tlie solid ci)himiis of u regular army. IJraddock had learned the art of war on the battle-fields of Europe, and di. real art of Indian warfare, lie iiiiderrati'd the colonial troops and frontiersmen, not only because tiiey were not lii-Jdy disci|)lined, but because the}' liad, to some extent, adopted the hunter mode of warfare. His landing at Alexandria, the glitter and parade of war which [lervaded his movements, \m II,!:. |i ■; ^ fni ■*1 if 21t) MUMKNTOLS I'KUlOl) OK INDIAN HISTORY, it •if liis couiii'ils wllli till' culiiiiiiil moviTiiors. luiil tlic wido-spicad fiiiiii' of tlio I'Xpi'dition, wliicli \\:is ilcsii^'iii'il h) I ■ni.'^s tlic Alli'iiliaiiirs. filled tilt' c'litiiv cuiiiitry. Bradduck was ciotlii'd witli till' rnllc.-t [lowers liy tlic kin:.'. Colonial govonioi'M waited upon hitn, and expeet.ilioii had readied tlie lii^hesl piteli ol exeiti'iiient. At no previous [X'riod had such an army lieen landed in America. .Vmong tlui^e who waited on him at Alexandria, was (ieiieral William .lolmson. ehaiLi'ed Ky the Xew Voi'k eolonial ,i;o\ernment with tho eoiitrol of fiidian aifair.-* in the Mohawk \aliey. and ainoii;^- the Iroipiois. IJraddoek aiipointed him .Sii|)erintendent-rieneral of Indian all'airs in Aiiu'iiea. clothed iiiin with ample |)owers, and pro\ideil him with I'lmds.' Uraddock completed his arranjicments. Filling u[) his reuimeiils witii the liest ri'cruits, lia\ inn fi" ample military chest, a well- arraiijred t|nartermaster's departiiK'nt. the most experienced i^nides and pioiieei's, and Washiii,i;ton himself as an aid in his personal stall', it is not strange that he eompiered every delay, and ."•uiiiionnted dilliciilties of a semi-AlpiiU' cliaraeter. in eonveyinu' his troops and cannon o\er the intricate pa.sses of the AUeniiaiiy raiiLie. and in reachinj; the dark and tiirhid. yet [ilaeid watei's ol' tin' .MononLrahi'la. IJnt it /.v woiiderfnl that, after this loiii;' and laborious marcii. dtiriii;:' wliieli a passage for his platoons had been cnt throiiiih forests of thick trees, tangled with hriishwood. and the arlillery had heen sometimes lowered over steep precipices hy sailors, with ropes; and. although lie was awiire that a wild. .Vrah-like enemy was shoutiim around iiim ; it is wonderful that, under these eircuin>taiices. he should not ha\e proposed to meet this siilitle liie in tile manner best calculated to defeat tliein. and that he turned a deaf ear to all the counsels of experience, rp to the fatal '.>th t)f July, tlio army marched thronuii a narrow vista, twelve feet w iile. cut tliroiiixh a dense forest, into which the I'yu could scarce [lenctrate. But. in Mich a forest, it W(Mild have been stranjre, if eiiiht lumdred warriors, led by French commanders, and concealed iieliiiul trees, from the sliidter of which they took sure iiiid steady aim. >hoMld not. in a short time, shoot down every ollicer. wiiose cockade and sword were distincti\e marks, and also (jnickly annihilate the common .'soldier.'^. This was. indeed, tencinu against Hails, and liiihtinjr aj;ainst hope. The forest itself seemed to be armed; •■ Birnam wood" was advaneiiiLr, and tilled with hostile I'oes. In an almost incredibly short time, "Kit men .and their i)IIicers lay dead on the field; the advanced columns, panic-stnick, commenced a tliuht, which nothii'ir could check ; the General Inmself fell, and that proud army which, in early morniiiL'' had crossed the Mononjrahela in L'ldlant array, with drums bcatinu and colors tlyiiiL', lied like sheep before wolves, abaiidoniiifi their cannon, their annnunition, and their wounded to their implacable foes. Washington, who became tiie jiuai'diaii iuisrel of the I'emnant of the trcops left on the field, had two hor.ses shot under him, and four bullets driven through his clothes. This deleat wa.s effected hy the western and northern Indians, the ^ li ;;!l>: ' .Icilinson rptuniril Ih .New Vorl;, and lirtran In :ii( ihkIit liis new ooiumissum in .M;i_v, ls,:i."). — Jjarnnini/ti X y. Ciliiuiiil ll:.l..n/: A11..I11.V. f^.'ill, Vnl. VII.. p. ■.']. IMlKCi; l>l N"! TIIK COMjl i:ST oK CANADA. 217 Cliippowna, OttivwiiH, Pottiiwiittuinios, iiiul Wyjiiidots. who were cliiclly of Aljionqiiiii liiioagi!. Tiio Frciifli Indians, iVoiii tin- liikcs, wen- prcsont in irivat Ihrce ; and it liaM been .surmised that I'ontiao liinisclf was tiicir Icidcr. TIk' li()i|iiois wi-rc not on tiitf field ill their triijal character, altliouf^h sonic Miiigucs' and Senccas were pivscnt. .Tolnison had nrged the necessity of sending tiic warriors with l«i-ndd(ici<, hut tliey declined.' Tiie ntmost result of his ellorts was, that they prDiiiised not to oppose him. It is an error to suppose that IJraddock was the only one who placed no I'aith in tho eiUcicnc.y of Indian guerilla warfare. Kdiiciited military men. in all ages of our histurv, h:i\(' been prone to undervalue the Indian system; and these opinions are held hy oilieers at the present day. If the battle is not always to the strong, it cannot bo e.xpeoted that David, with his sling, will always kill (loliah ; but well-drilled armies must be eflieiently protected on their Hanks, and an accm-ate adaptation of means to ends nmst ever be preserved in the tangled forest, which camiot be penetrated, as will ns on the level plain, where the view is uninterrupted. The heavy, camii-fed. elum.-y- footed soldier is never a match, in the forest, lor tin? light, active Indian warrior. A review of our Indian hi.-^tory. I'rom Braildock's da\- to the present era. proves that a .simiU Indian force in ambuscade, is an ecpiivalent Hir, or will overniiitch. ten times itn number of regidar troops, who adhere to tlie system of lighting in platoons. The regulars an^ cither thrown into confusion, become panic-struck, are slaughtered in large nundjcr.s, or are totally defeated. Such was the result of Colonel Ilarmer's attempt to ford tho .Miami, and of St. Clair's to penetrate the Wabash woods, (ieneral Wayne, who was like a lion, where there was an opportunity to light, as at Stony Point, was obliged to abandon the ground on which l-'ort Recovery was sui)senueiitly i)uilt. Duriiii; two entire years he contendeil against tribes of active warriors, who.-;e fithers, nay, some among themselves, liad Ibught against Uraddock. It was not until caution had niado him wise, and he attained a true knowledge of Indian wood-craft, that he llually prevailed against them, on the Miami of tho Lakes. It was there that he met the Miamis, I'iankashaws. and Weas. luider liittle Turtle, and the .same leaders who had opposed Ilarmer and St. Clair. They were leagued with the Chippewas, Ottawas, I'ottawattamie.s, Delawares. Shawnees, and other Algonquin tribes, who. with the Wvandots, had overthrown Uraddock. It is not, however, certain that, if tho ambuscade .so successfully and warily constructed, in a wide lield of heavy grass, at the Miami rapid.s, had been laid in a dense forest, where horses would have been useless, tbe result would not have been very difierent. W'hat, but the neglect of caution, or temerity in underrating Indian prowess and ' Mimiii-r i.s tin' I)('l;nv;ii'o I'm- irii([Uijis. The Kn;_'iisli proiiouiici'd it Miiii/o, the IHiteli, .ynipni. — /.it. diiil JJisl. dm., nil. Jlifl. Sm:, \'.>1. I., ]>. '^'-K ' Uoc. New York Colonial History, Vol. VII., p. -4. Vol.. VI, — -JS II I • i .li ■ i li ill' >'r| i % ! I r (J 1 1 S18 MO.MKNTOUS l'Rll[(>I> (»!•' INIHAN IIISToRY, nlinrijiiiiiil l.icliis. cim Iio iissijfiicd for the occiirn'nce of the Uiviiclfiil iniiHsacio of iMajor Diidc unci liif^ commaiiil, hy llio SfmiiKili'w'' It Ims liii'ii iisscrti'il,' that tlii-iv wore hut (i.lT [iidiaiis eiij;ii;;('il ii) thi' action which ic-iiltril ill llriiddocU's dcfcMt, Thc.-ic coii.si^lcd principally :on(|niii family, witli the exct'ption of the lliirons, II segregated Iroquois trihe. who had always sided with the Kirncli, and a lew ••scattered warritirs I'rom th" Six Nations." To this force were added I hi Canadian militia, and 7- iTiiiilar troops, who t'oHiiiit acconling to the Indian iiKule. it is inipossil>l(> tlnit such a liefat conid have occnrri'd under ordinary circiinistanccs : ami the fact conclii.-i\('ly attest-; the elllracy iil' an Indian auxiliary force iis a vanuiianl tn ivirular troops, in a w ild liiic-t ciiiinii \ . where iliey can screen themseht's Irom cilisiT\jitiiiii. and hid (lelianco to llie (Icath-dealiii;:' arlillny, or the attacks of dragoons. No event in .Vmiiican niiiilary annals cast such a iilight on .American hopes, as this defeat, .\fter the lapse of a full ci'iitiiry. a thrill of horror still creeps through the veins at the recital.' ;.ir:.nl'~ lii.-ti.i'y nl' I!r;i,M.M'l,'s I'lxii., p. '_':.':!: I'liila., I^.").'). -• Ibi.I. i:ja riMlCKDI N(i TIIK CONQUEST OF CANADA. :i!) CllAl'TKU VII. THK IIIOQUOIS POLICY FAVOllS THE ENGhlSH. 'I'liK .siiclicin coiMiiiisMioiior, TiiiiucliiiriHson, niul liin siKicossoi', ScarnoviKli, liiul <'\ iiiccd a firm (riciiilslii[i Inr tlic luijilisli on the Ohio liorilcr, in coiirorinity witii tlic ,i;i'in'r;il policy of till' New Yorlv Iniqiiois tribes, wliilo tliry at tlii> siiriic time iVfcly (■oiiilciniird tile Kiiirli.-^Ii lor tlit'ir tiiiily iiiowiiit'iits, iiiul tlioir non-adoption of tlic Imliiin nioili' of wiirfiiiv. The ultimutc ('onsi'ijMi'nocs of tin; ilefeat on tlio iMononL'iilicla were tMo>it ili>asti'oiis. ]{uinor rapidly disseminated the news in every direction. an>l all the; colonii's Idt tlie elU'cts of till' hlow. The dread of Indian niassaiM'cs distnrheil the (|niet of every IniMilet ; nor was their alarm without due foniidation. A hand of Ifilt savaues crosM'd the Alleudianies. and ravaired the frontiers of \'irf.nnia and Maryland. Formiost in these forays were the Delawares, under Shiiif^iss, whose ire appeared to liavi! received an additional stinnihis from tlie recent triiniiph of the (Jallie-liidiaii forces. Tlio Delawares liad lonj;- felt the wroii^' which they siilfered in hein.u' driven from the hanks of the Delaware and the Sn.s(|nelianna. althoiii;h it was iirimarily owinu' to their ancient enemies and eonijiierors. the Irocpiois, whose policy had (n'er been a word and a iilow. The Shawiiees, friends and relatives of the Delawares, had heen, from tiie first, a reveie.,a'fnl. warlike, rovinii people. Oriirinatiiifj; in the e.xtreme south, they had llitted over half the continent. fi;,ditini.' witii every trihe they encountered, until they reached the extreme shores ol' Fiake Krie. where, under the ominous name of Sh/iuki-s,' thev ■were deleated by the lro((Uois. and theiKH' lied to the Delaware, and subse(|nently to the Ohio valley. From an early perioi liiieai^e. as well as in languaire, were Al^oiuiuins, and ado[)ted their policy; from first to last being I'ruel enemies in war, in peace, treacherous friends. While the gloom caused by the ilefeat of Hraddock, and the evidences of riidian ho.stility, which assumed a tangible .shape during the autumn and winter of I7-j.'5, still ' Colilcn. This tribe, uml tliis war, must uut be euiituundt-d with that wiigeil ajjainut tlio Kriis, wliieh occurred in \QM ■)■':' I ;!' ;'■*■■■ i i •2i(i MoMKNTdl'S I'KlllOK (» 1' INIM.VN Mt-TOUV 1 1'" *; liimv liki' iii'loiiii nil llif wi'ftlcni rnmlicr, iiii aii?<|)ici(iiix fi;?ii apj" md m tlic Kii!»t. 'I'lic ln"|ii(iis threw tln' wciirlif of llirir inlliicncf in llio Kiinliwli nvtiU>. It lii; inu Imcn ;i part III' tiic tiii^iiiiil pliiii dl' till- ('iiiii|mi^M tr) tiikc Crown Point, on fiiiki' ('liain|iliiiii, tlii.-< I'MtiTpri.Ht' wn« »'ntiu.xtiil to (iciii'i':il Williiiin .lulinsim. an nllici'r oC the New York militia, whose* scttli'ini-nt in the Mohawk valK-v, ami inlhicnci- with tlic liniianr*, htivo Imtu prcvioiislv incntiont'd. .Inhnson wan pliiccd in coininand of ')(l()0 or (i()(M( N«'W Vurk and New I'lniiland inililia, and a chosen liodv ol' Mohawk warriors nnder Soien^iarahta, liieail\ called Kin.L' llenilrick. Alter lavinu' the lonndations of Fori Kilward. he iiroceeded tn the southern shores ol" Lake Siicraniciito. which he renamed Lake (jeorge, in coinjiliment to the niirnini: Iioum- of ilanovi'r. lie there located his camii in such ii maimer as to iia\e tlie lake in his rear, a hicastwork of felled trei-s in front, and some impassable low Lrronnds, or swain[)s, on liis tianks. In the intervals of his hastily-constrncted hreastworks. h" planted some heavv pieces of ordnance. Tho Connt lie Deiskaii, who opposed hiiu. was a hrave, dashini:' ollici'r, |)ossessing ixreat spirit and streni;th of purpose, wlm. had he led men of similar metal, would ha\'u readily taken the Kniilish camii. lie had lel't Crown I'oint to attack tlu' new foit, Kdward, with oOlHI men, of whom -0(1 were drilled jrrenadiers. and 800 (,'anndians. lie had also some 700 Aljronipiin Indians, of various tribes. IJeinj; appi'ised by his scouts, that the enemy was w itliin the ilistance of a few miles, .Johnson dispatched Colonel Williams, with .'500 men, to recoinioitre. This brought on an action; tho militia I'l'lreatiiiL:. pursued iiy the entire I'orce of howling Indians; and, in theii' rear, Deiskau appeared at the head of his compact and disciplined troops. Tin' action was, at first, carried on at long' range, and confined to rattling volleys of small arms. Deiskau then advanced with his grenadiers, and maintained a bra\e, but fruitless contest; the Kngli.sh artillery made such great havoc in his raidis, that (hially the firo III' the French began to slacken, and they fled in confusion. Deiskau was wounded, and killed, during tho retreat. Soiengarahta, who, with lii.s Mohawks, had fought •\aliantly outside the works, also fell. Soiengarahta wa.s a chief of high standing among the Mohawk.s, of approved wi.sdoin. nndoid)ted intrepidity, and a firm friend of the Knglisli. He had vi.-ited Lngland. and had been presented at court, where thu uuneNi'd portrait of him was taken. He united great amenity of nuuiner.«, dignity of l)earing, and mild leattu'cs, to the most deteiinined coiu'age and energ}-. He led liOO .Mohawk.^, who are desciibed by the gazettes of the day, to have, on this occasion, " fought like lions."' This victory arou.sed the spirits of the colonies, and occasioned a feeling of joy far aliove its real merits or importance. Johnson was created a knight baronet, and voted .C'lOOO by the English Parliament. lie was, however, censured for not pursuing the enemy and capturing Crown Point; but he contented himself with buililiiig Fort William Henry, on the site of his camp. Notes on til.' FrofjUoiR, p 413 iMiiiHw;- ](!■ »«■ g' I '! I ;: i ',>; ,! >■ t V ^1: ■ ^. i it .1 1 ' ' 1 \:'' ^ \ r a 3 1 I «!■■ i^ Mf ■I' Mi If U 1 KN 'VA RAi! TA K I N i • \ ? H i i !\ 111 I l'^ - [00 *") '1 i;hk" '(« rRKCKI)IN(i TIIK CONOrEST OF CANADA. CHAPTER VTU. TAK1N(} OF FORT WILLIAM HENRY, ON LAKE GEORGE, AND THE PLUNDER AND xMUR' ^E OF PRISONERS BY THE FRKNCII INDIANS, CONTRARY TO THE TERMS OF CAPITULATION. A SLIGHT review of events will enable us to appreciiite the existing position of afliiirs. Tlie colonists struiziiied on, through periods of terror whieh followed in close succession. Tlie deli'at of Uriuldock, hy an Indian anihnseade, was still fresh in the memory of all, not a twelvemonth having elajised, when the announcement of the disastrous capture of Fort William Henry rang through the colonies witii startling etlect. In 1757, Montcalin. the active Governor-General of Canada, crossed Lake Champlain, the Andiatora of the lro(pU)is,' with a reputed i()rce of KHIU or oOOO men, accompanied l)y a very largo body of diverse trilu's of northern and western Indians, of the Algonquin lamiiy, ei)llecte 1 iVom the great lakes, and from the valley of tne St. Lawrence. A j)er.son present when this force approaeiied the fort, represents Ijake George to have been entirely covered with batteaux and canoes, whieh, conil)ined with their banners and nuisic. fonned a scene of military display and magnihcenee, heightened by the wild and [)i('tures(|uc brilliance of the Indian costume, that has seldom been equalled. The soldiers anxiously gazed over the walls of the fort at the approaching force, as at a panorama. During five days the fort was defended with intrepidity, by Cohniel Munro, who had a garrison of oOO regular troops, support(>d by a body of provincials. It was el(jsel\- besiegi'd, while tbi' Indians, encamped on the siu'rounding helds, nuide the forest ring with their shouts and war songs, and illuminated the obscurity of night with their innnerous I'amp-lircs. .Miout .'JOOd provincials, who were encamped outside the fort, took I't'lngc witiiiu the worlds, as soon as ijie enemy arriveil.- The siege was stoutlv maintaini'd. a iioi"' bciui; entertained tiiat reinforcements, whi(di had been demanded, would airive from Fort Kdward. lUit. unlbrtunateiy- a letter from General Weljb. tiie connnandant of the latter i)ost. apprising Mnnro that no reinl()rcement could be .■^ent. and ailvising him to surrender, fell into the hands of Montcalm's Indians; and, with this letter in his possession. Montt:aliu summoned the garrison to surrender. Tlii.s iiiicii''it MiHMc t'lir ('liaiii]iluiii, iii;i_v be louiul in the Now Vurk His' ..c/il I'lxMiii'.riits Nrw York Cul l).K- , V.;l. VII m I if :!■ liHil' !; m ^ tt- (L r ' l1 ti' ,' iii 'I ' si 1"!: kl *ii d m MOMENTOUS PERIOD OF INDIAN HISTORY, One of the terms of the capitulation was, that the army should march out with tlicir arms, but without auimunition, and, with all the camp followers, should have a safe- conduct to Fort Edward. Fatal error ! The wolves were to behold their prey and not gloat. Circumstances would ssoem to indicate, tiuit not only Braddock, but the British olhcers generally, were slow in obtaining a knowledge of the character of the Indians in tinu' of war; when they are governed by hopes of plunder and impulse ; the desii-e to obtain .scalps and booty licing the groat and only motive which ever induces them to accompany JMn'opean armies, and force alone exercising any restraint upon their (ieudi.-ih instincts. No sooner had the Englisli columns marched out of the gates, and reached tlic plain, tlian the Indians began to plunder them of their effects, and, finally, to strip both oflicers and men of their clotliing. Resistance was followed by blows, and many, stark naked, were glad to escape with their lives. In vain did the troops, destitute of ammunition, claim protection from this outrage. Colonel Munro, after the pillage commenced, took shelter in the fort, ami demanded that the terms of the capitulation !»liould Ije enforced. But the French, who were powerless, have been blamed, perhaps justly, for not efliciently complying with their engagements; yet, it is no easy nuitter to restrain marautling Indians. It has been estimated, that a large numlier of the force which surrendered on this occasion, perished subseipiently ; ' although it is probable, that the fears of an officer, who narrowly escaped from this scene of pillage, far e.xceeded his capacity of cool judgment. His statements of the ('arnage are, certainly, not sustained by any historical authority to which wo have had acces.s. Lieutenant-Governor De Lancey, in a letter, written August 24, 1.7o7, observes: — •■ Montcalm, under his own eyes, and in the face of about .'500(1 regular troops, suffered the Indians to rob and strip them, officers as well as men, of all they had, and left most of them naked."' To strip the clothes from a man's back, and not to cleave his head with the tomahawk, was remarkable Ibrbcarance on the p.-irt of the Indians. The nation that emplo\s Indians in war, places it.self in the position of a person who ta[)s a broad lake, leading the waters, by a little stream, through a sand-bank. When the current swells, he cannot control it, and the augmented flood sweeps everything before it. is Cnrvor. p. 211. ' N. Y. Cnl. Due, ; .\Ibany, l«.5r., Vol. VIl , p. 271. ; I- THKCK 1)1 N»i THE CONQUEST OF CANADA. •2-28 CHAPTER IX. STATE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS TN THE INTERIOR, DURINC THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE DEFEAT OF DEISKAU. AND THE CAPTURE OF FORT DU QUESXE. After the defeat of Uraddock, the Hritisli interest with the Indians rapidly declined. As Indians judge alone from appearances, it Mas not an easy task to convince tlR-ni that the Englisii power had not p(>rniancnt]3' I'ailcd. Johnson, wlio liad, in the spring of 1755. heen appointed by Braddock the .Sui)erintendent-General of British Indian affairs, hetran his new duties as soon as he reached New York, and labored earnestly to restore confidence among the Inxpiois and Algonquin trilies. No one can carefidly examine the records of his proceedings without being convinced tlnit he laboied zealously. He was thoroughly acquainted with the ■ cography of the country, as also with the Indian power and resources in America, from north to south, and as intimately conversant with the true character of the aliorigines. In his speeches, he strippinl tliem of their guises, laid I)are their secret impulses, and pointed out to them their interests in clear and bold terms.' During sixty years, connnencing witli the foundation of New Orleans, in irili',1, the Fiencli inllnencc among the Indians had been on the increase. The noble enterprise of La Salle, and his (ollowers, who passed through the great lakes, and down the Mississippi, singing as tlu'y went ; the gay and sprightly Minnners of the f^'runcdi ; their ready adaptiveness to a nomailie course of life, replete with novelty and li'.i'athing tlie spirit of personal independence; together with their entire political iiud religious policy, impressed the Indians with almost indelible emotions of pkasnri und apjirobation. The French recpiired no cessions of land, built no factories, traded with tlicm in a free anl\s I'KKIOD oF 1M)?AN IIISTOllY, large iiiiinbtr nl" Imliiiiis, .some accounts si\ llltlO, at liis jilace on tlic Moliawk, to wliom lit: coiiuniiiiicatcd the liict of his new aiiixMntineiit. Jle made them olleis in this assenil)]}', lor the piirpo^e of restoring their lost eoiilideiico in the Knglisii, and detach tiieni from the French interests, to inspire tiieni w'th a Just estimation of the power of IJritain. and to interest tliem in tiie Jiritish cause — t)hjects in which he, hy jierseveraui'e. succeeilcd. lie eloiinently plead for their assent to his [)roposal to send a Injiiy of warriors with General I5ra(kloei<. Iiut in this ho was unsuccessful. Got)d di|)loniatists at all times, they met him hy a declaration that tiie governor of Virginia, who was not a favoriti-, had, as in the I'ase of tlie Ohio comjiany, intruded on their lands in tlio Ohio •alley, where their sachem, Tanacharisson. resided; and that it was a snddenl\' originated proposal, wliich required deliheration. They also, for re;»sons statiil, (K'ciined accompanying General Shirley, to Oswego; but agreed to assist him in tlu> coiitrmplatvd attack on Crown Point, to the command of the forces detailed for ■v'liich pur[)ose he had been ap[iointed. The latter [iromise was promptly I'uUilli'il, and, at the defeat of Deiskau, on the banks of Lake (Jcorge, the M<''i.iwks, under llendi'ick, i.'ipMtted themselves in such a manner as to gain a. high reputation.' rhe victory at Tiake George was the turning point in tiie ascendency of the Hritish i.diueuco with the Iroipiois and their allies, which had been at a very low ebb at the commencement of the French wai', in 1711. The fume which followed this victory u\l^^^■^ greatly in raising .lohnson in the estimation of the rnilians. and from this date tiic Indian political bori/.on began to brigiiM'u. fn a lett.r to the [iOrds of Trade, dated Septemlier 28, 17-")7. Johnson ])oint-. out tiieir uue policy, while he warns thiiu of the deei)-roote(l dislike which the Indians entertained against the reckless conduct of the colonial patentees, who had made the I'nrroachments on their lands, of whicii the Indians <'oinpiain. " By jiresents and management, we ma}' he able to keep som(> litth' interest yet aliv'-. and induce some nations to a course of neutrality; but I am (ipprehensi\-e that more expen.se, spei.'clies and pronnses (so often repi'ated and so little I'cgarded), will never be al)1e to eO'ect a favoralile revolution in om- Indian interests, and depri\-e the French of tlu> advantages they have over us by their Indian alliances. 1 would be understo'jd. my Lords, that theiv; is no alternati\e, by which we may possibly a\ail ourst Ui's, so as to keep an e\-en hand with the Indians. — 1!i;t i;i:i)U('i.\g TIIK FkKXCH to oCK TEUM.'^, WOfl.li K.VAHI.i; IS TO GiVi: I..\W TO TIU) L\r)I.\.\S." ' This beca:'" the liritish policy, belts and speeches were inade(piate to the result. It was a ceiitest between Kngland and France, which must be settled, and the nation tliat (1 it would control tlb' !nd lai- 'I' le Iru Soicngarahta lo>t llle, seehM'i 1 1< pre.-.(L;e events uuph at F/ake George, in which action which were soon to transpin Th i II i Had it not liii'Q lor tlu: joiiIdu.sv "f (iiiierul Sliirloy, and his (•(miitcrai'liiiir (.'nuiisols witli tlu' Si.\ Xati^ the fnri, contest tlic .supremacy. No one iiii(lci'st()oil licttcr tliaii .lolmsoii tlin ])osirKiii of tlio two partios couteiuliiig for till' Iiulian swa\-. and, in a \ciy f^i'in'val coiincil. convened at liis ITall o'". tlio MoliawU, April 1'.', 17(17, at wliicli the Sliawnecs, and otliei' Al'jon([uin trihos, as well as tlie Inupiois, won? present, lie handled tlio Kreiich without irloves. " Brethren, listen, and I will tell you the diflcrence hetwcen the Mnulish ami French. 'I'lio .Enjrlish desire and lahor to nnito all Indians into oiio L'eiieral bond of hrotheiiy lov(> and national intei'cst. The Ki-ench cndeaAur to divide the Indians and stii- up will- and contention ainoUL'st them. Those who intend to destroy or enshue any people or Uiilion, will (irst (Midoavor to divide them. This you and all the Indians upon tins continent know has alway.s been, and continues to he. the endeavors of the Kreiuh. l?ut thouLdi this is a fact whicli 1 think all tiie Indians must certainly see. yet the? French have found means, somehow or other, so to hewitch their niiderstandinas, as to irinke many of them helieve they love tlie Indians, and mean w(dl towanls them. "J' is \cvy straiiLTc. iirethren. that any one man, niucli more any mmilier of men, who are not either mad or drunk, can helieve that stirrinu' up hretlii-'n to spill each other's hlood, dividini;; them from one another, and makim:' ]):irties amoim' them, are proofs of love, and marks of friendly desiL^i towards them. Not less nnacconutiilili' is it, hrethren. tliiit the French should lie ahle to persuade tli(> Indians, that liuildin;:- forl^ in till' middle of their country and huntinu-'_''rounds. is for tlwir interest and proleclioii. I tell \()U. hrethren. ami I warn j'ou, that whatever u'ood words the French m;iy ;iivi> you, how nnu'li s(j(.'ver they may now smile u]ion yon. whatever presents they nny now make you. your chains are in their pockets, and wdien their desiuns arc? ripe for execution, they will take tln' a\e out of their lio oecome the dons nl' tli<' b'reneli. and come and uii as they eoiiimande(l them. •• I'.rethreii. if the Indians ilo not return to their senses, they will see and feel when it is too late, that they have ruined themselves. I'lishurd their posterity and lost their roinitry. They will iind their country tiirtilled liy the l-'tvneh. not :ej-ainst the Kn-li-li. Iiut M'jainst the Indians tlienis(d\i's. ■• ih-etliieii. what I h;ive said, and am u'oin^- to say. I say not to you onlv. luit to all Indians; and I desire you will, with tliis helt. make it known amouiist nil the nat you li:i\<' any acipiaintance or eonnections with. '•Tell them, from me. to look at the French fort . h;iilt. and huildintr Ihrouah tlr \.>i,. VI. — -J',! ions m 'II i, i^r- 1) lift MMii ; ii; ml >M MuMEiNTors I'KIUol) oT INDIAN HISTORY luldill.' (if llnir coiitilry. iiiid on tlicii' hi'st IiiiiitiiiL;' liiids. iii't tlicni limk at tlic Kri'iicli llaLjs. living: ill llicir lolls at all the ^Tcat liiUf.-*, aioiij:' tin- uroat rivor.-^. in order to oblige tiii'm to tradt.' witli tlu' Fivnch only, soil tlicir skins, and ta!iitario 111 hatteaux. sur[irise( 1 anil took F(jrt Front eiiac. captuiiiiL; a laiLre amount, of supplies, as well a> arms, and returned triuni|iliantl\ . 'i'he nductiuu of Fort l)u (^lesue was intrusted to (ieneral l-'orhes. lie inarched from I'l iiladidphia. witli an army ol -i ^110 rc-ul: lis and pi'oN incials. and a cniiimissary ami ijuai lei'iiiMsler"s force of 1 (KM) w aiidiiers. \Vashin,irt(jn joined him at I''ort ( 'iimln'r- aml. with Ins I'eLinncn t of V Iranians At I'aystown. Forin's sent Colonel lioiupu liiiuard with "JOdd men ; !>ut. in a spirit of coiilidence. iiouqiiet dispalchcd SHI) of tl foi ce. IIIHUU' Colonel (iraiit. to make ohserval ions III ai Ivaiiee. '{'he latter cominand( d on 1 I- sur[>nse(l on lulls o\eri(ioi\ini d ai the liirt. Ii\- M. .Xnhr.'v. with TOO or SdO French! lien. mil an uiiiiui mhered liirce of Indians, hi-; troops defeated and dreadfully slanuhtercd. lietrealinu to JJoufpiul's positiuii, with the haiiLrajre. tlie camp was iillacked witli .rreat lur\ anil o listinacv. hut l>v a ruse th ■r sustained himself, and retreated sncoess- lull\ wi ( liani's ill his li)vces. after much si'\ere fiiihtimr and manv casuallie Th at iiiimei'ically iireater in proportion to those eu^aLi'd. than was -uslamed a 1 r.iai taken li\ the ll ThirtN d ill \-n\e ollicers ucre killed or wiiuildeil. The iiri pri'^oners ndiaiis. served, as it were, to surfeit their harliaritx' and crueltw and deter them i'roiii )iroceedinji' further, for. after reachini;' Du (^nesne. they s mui dispersed. iiiiii I lescrted the fort. ( )u the arrival of (Ieneral Follies, the coiuliined liirce inovcd on hirit with rc'iii learhcij. am \'. exciting; an ppreiieiiMon am I nl; irm. On the L'lth of Xoveinlier. the armv 1 eiic'impi'd at. Turtle Creelc, within twelve mil es ol tlie lo rt. No Indians were di'scrii'd hy the scouts, and the iiiiiht parsed away without alarm. (In till' ll'ilh. at an early hour, the army was put in motion, and. as the aihaiii'e-L'iiiird iidachi'd the ition of the liirt. thev ohsorved larue columns of smol' il^TMils. heard heavy ex| iliisiiin-- lie indications could imt he mi-taken. Tl, d. at ' flit rit KCIini N(i TIIK CONQUEST OK CANADA. 1-n liiiil lii'i'M iil)iin(l()iUMl iil'tcr liiiii^' fill (111 lire — its artillery iifiiii.' ciiiiiarUcil I'wr tlio Illinois, mill its iiiCuiitry I'di' Lnko I'lric Tin' ildl'iit of (iriuit, uihI tlio prisoners ciiptiiivil, liiiil ^)^ove(l im I'scape viilve tor Iniliaii Imrhiirit}-. Alter iiriictisiii'i the most iiiliiiiiian tui'lures n|)on tlie iii'isoners. wiiuse hleaeliod skeletons lini'd the a[)|iroa(.'li to the liirl. and al'ter riotiiiir in deliaiieh, they had, with their usual iinpatieiiee, ri'tiiined to liieir liirest homes, leiiving (iiMR'nil Forbes to iidvance iiniiiolested. and aliandonin.; l)e l,i"^iieris. the French comiiianiler. On the "Joth, tin- colinnii adsanecd in tliree. and the |{iili.-h llai; was triiiinphantly planted on the lint liy (ieiu'ral Koihcs, who IicsIowimI upon it the iianie of the celeliriited liritish minister. I'itt. The weslern line of llic colonial Irontiers was thus advanced to the river Ohio.' From this iiuriod. Imlian warliire found its principal lield of development west of. aim lieyoiid that liordcr, truly called the Kivor of the IJeautil'iil, by tliu Indian tribes. ' Tlir cii'lnirits (if tills Wdi-il iiro tin' lri«|iiiiis I'xcl.'iiuiiliiiil, uA, lUnl /", ii >iili or INIMAN IllSToliY CM ATTKU X. THE IlloQUOIS AllANDON TUKIH NKITIIAI, POSITION IN TlIK WAR BETWEEN Till: ENUMSJI AND I'KENCII. ']'' : ii At tlic victiifv (ilitiiiiii'(l un I,iikf ncoriic. in 17")"). ii vciiv .-^o disusti'oiis to tlio British army, tlu' MoiiiiwUs aioiu'. of tin- «i.\ Iroipiois ciintoiis, wcio present, with .Tolinson, tlieir l)elnvli. and iield the otiicr ti'ihes in chet'i<. in conl()rmily with tlieii' own and I lie Itritisii interests, tliey wire iidicwarm in takinj: the Iield as the auxiliaries of the Knijiisii arnnes. .loiinson liad endeavored, soon after his return I'roni his conference witii Hraddocli. t.> induce a body of iho confederates to cross tiie Aliei^iianies witli tiiat ollici'r; iiiit they e\;idi(| the proposal. Cherisirmir. from ancient times, an ill ti'idiii'^ towiii' - Assar!i::oa. ilieir name liir tiie (Jox'ernor of Virjiinia. they reiiarded UraddocU's advance as a \ iruiiiia inoM'inent. Tiiey deemed the \'irL:inians land rohhei's. who coveli'd tiie Ohio ! alley ; and tliey were siilliciently good diplomatists to hriiiii' forward severid weii;lil. considerations on the suhject. Jt hapi)ened. while this negotiation was pi'iidiiij. that tiny fiirnislietl .lohiisoii with messenu'ers to the authorities at l''orl Ciiin- lierlaiid. 'I'liese Indi oi runners were tiiere informed that a parly of six of the winiors sen I out hy the .Moha\vks aj.ainst thi' Catahns. hail all been killed. 'I'liis news exer. y :if .\. W V.llk lli.-t. I'nr , \-,,| VII. ■^--4!^ ri! I'.ci: 1)1 N(i tin; coNfMKST OF CANADA, 220 \i <^A 'I'lic lr(H|ii(iis li.iil, iViiiii till' i'i-iiii>ir.>i :mlii|Uil\ , ('iijn\ I'll tlii> ri'|iiitiiliiiii ill' i'liM|iii'nt (iriiti>r.«, iind cxiicrt (li|il(imiitistM. ISiit .IhIiiimiii was nut ii iiinii tn ln' da/.xlod liy woi'iIm ami siii'i't'lics, wliili' llic wci'^litii'i" niiilirr nl' nrtiun wiis in iilu'vami'. In a fii'ni'i'al (•iinrcii'iiri' with till' Oniiniiiii.i and iniirc \vi'>ti'ilv Iriin's, ludd .liinr lOlli, I7">7, nearly twi) U'ais siilisi'(|ii('nt to ills \ irloiy iin Lakr ( ii'iirjiv, in uliirh tin' Muliawks had .••i) ii(il)ly .su|i|i()rti'd liini, lie alliidi'd to tliis nialli r. and iirnri'cdiil lo dispu.xc nl' .xiiniL- nl' tlioir diploinatir siditci I'liui's. •• Mri'tlurn. yiin toll nn- llic reason \ini did udI niako use nl'tlii' liatidict I .-iiai'iicnixl fill' yon last Mnmnicr. when I was at Onundajia. find at wliicli tiini' I also painl'd and i'l-atlicri'd \oui' wairior.-. I'nv ai'lion, wa-. hcransr ymi lianid youiM'Ufs in daniivr I'linn 111!' Missisavfas, and, thrrclini'. wcri' oMiiii'd to Irl my liatr'a't, lay iiy ymi, and taku cai'r III' youi'M'lvi's. •• Urrtlirrn. Tliis is tin- liisl tinu- I iia\i' ln'ard tlir .Missi.sairas were yonr I'nmiii's. and I am sm ' Imw it came aliont. It is Ijiit two years airo, at tin' ureal meetini:; lieie. thai Vi(, ..iiiuiiiit down tile eliii I' man amomisi the .Missisa.Lras, and iiitrodiii'eil Inm to mi' as your uivat friend and ally, and told me that he and his jieople were di'ti'i'inini'd to l()llow tin- example of the Kive Nations. You thru di'sired I wniild treat and I'ousider him aeeordinuly. which I did. and ^ave him [iresonts tohis satisfai'timi, and he took lielts Ikiih nie to his peiiple. I'"iii' what I'eason. thereliiie. you thiidv your- selves in danger from the .Mis>isa,i;as. I eaniiot I'omiirehend. unless it is from some misunderstanding, whieh. I hear. ha[i|ienei| in the woods, some I'ew days auo, hetweeii SOUK' of Miur |ieo|ile and them. •• IJrethieu. another rea-^oii yon uive mi' for your inai'li\it\' is. that you are lew in iiumlier. and you daily hear yourselves threatened hy your enemies. .\s lo your luunhi'is. had you taken my ail\ ice. uiven you many years aji'i). and often repi'ati.'d, you nnjiht now have heen a slronii people. 1 should he i;lad to know who thi'si' enemies lire, and what '^roimds you have for these fears. " Iiiethreu. Mill say thai the Mnulish would fust make a trial auainsi their enemies, and thai, if we louiid we eoulil not do without you. that then we would fall on you for your assistanco. I have looked o\er the ri'i'ords, whuiv all iiuhlie sjieeehcs and hiisiui'ss with the Nations an- faithfully wmU' down, and 1 Iind no siieh thin;:' iheri'. and I am \eiy piisit!\e yon must he mistaken; for. from the first mi'Otin;;' I had with the Six Nations, al'ti'i' my relurn from \'iruiuia. lo this diiy. 1 liave heen eonslantly eallinu' and t'xliorlinii' tliiMU. as eiiildren of the (Jreat Kin.;- of Mu'ilaud. as hrotheis and allies to the iMiiilisli. to join and assist His .Majesty's arms auainst our eommim eni'my. tin' French; and the Six Nations ha\e as freipuiitly assured mi', ihcy would act with us. and lir us; and. \ou must know. \ou have a ui'i'at numher of helts from me on this ihieet. 1 low in yonr possession. You tell me. tliuii'jli \oii dont know from what (piarter, that you expect, in a few months, to he attacked hy some enemy, and thai. preservation requires you to slay at home, and lie on it \i\)l m ii th lei'elore. \oU ihliik \oiir own ^ .^.>. ^ \^ ^ > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k // ^/ ^« >.^ ^ 1.0 I.I |5o ^^" imH Jf lis 122 Sf m 140 = U4 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRflT WnSTIII,N.V. I4SM (71«) 072.4303 '^ ) j^ Mo.M i;NT had men to liiirrison them. iJrethren, MUM' eiiiiilui ■t will, in m\' (iiinuon. '1' inear \erv urn; '.;rateful. and \our reason in '_'.>< verv me(in>i>l(nt to the; JUL your Father, and lo all your lirethren. the Knulish. w hen they (■(ime to their kiiowlediic. as ihev soon will do; wherefore I would advise \ou to reeun sidrr tile malli'r. and I 1K( it into \our most .-erious eousideration. iJreihri'U. You ( aptani Montour and Captain i5utler hrouLdit you a messa.ffc in my name, that I e\|iceted you would use tin- hatchet 1 had |)ut in your hamls auainst the Fnncli ; th.it the message was laid before the council of Onondaga, who said they did not expect >ueii a mcssaii'e from you, as the ("ovenant (Jhaiii was for the comtpon sali'ty. lioth of us and \ou. and that, il' you were to leave }om' country uiijruartlod, it miiiht end in \our destruct ion. Mretl ircu. Il is certain the Covemmt (.'bain was made for oiu" common crooj and ^ili'ty. and it is wt nil/ till S'l.i' Xnlinii iiiii/ 1 1 II; .v/»»// /' //(// sliiill liiirl llii not the l''rciich hurt us? iuowu to you all that it speaks in this maimer: Tlxit flu /■.'nif/lsh s'nli r //i' iii'-i ins lis iiiir j/t'I N(i THE ('(>N(,Mi;S'r UV CANADA. Lin tliM'i' (lilli'i'i lit tiiiirs. to tlirir iissisliiiu'i' '.' W'Ih'Ii'. jiiiil wild, ;ir(' lliiisc fill mil's ymi -o iiiiii'li (IrcMil '.' lii'l lis l.-i.--l;iiici' '.' if vmi mic in iI.iiil:''!'. wc know tlic Cuvi'iiiiiit ('luiiii. anil will lie iciuh to ilcli'iiil or liir with Mill W (■ won t tell Mill, iii.ikc oiK' trial iiy yoiirscUcs, uinl tiiat \vc iiiiist stay lioinc, ami take I'arr of our own pri'scrv atioii. •■ Yciii always ti-ll mu 'lis for our inutiial interest jou ij'o so oftoii to Caiiaila : I am apt to tiiink you have lirouitiit these alarms and tlie.se fears with you iVoin tlicini' •• IJictiireii. I iiiusl tell you. that my orders from the Kiiit;. miir J'aihii. ,mv. lu lake care of and sujijily with necessaries siicii i;iiod and raithriii liidiaii-- ;is \Kill ^m i.iii ami liuhl lia' iiiin and his jieojile; and that such and their laiiilies. iiiil\. !i;i< he eniiMiweied me to arm. clothe, and ])i'o\ide for. which I shall conlmiii' to do In all snrli as will 1:0 out u|)on si'rvice ; and tho.se. I tlare say, will, in the iiid. liiid they !ia\i' actiil more lor their honor ami interest, than tiiose who stay at home, and siimke iheir iiijies. '• lireihreii. You lia\e assured me. that it i-; the unanimous lesoliiiion of the I'Im* Isatioiis to hold last the ancient Covenant (,'hain. maile liy our liin rallieis nnd vniirs. lirethrt'ii. onr end of this chain is hriuht and stron,^-. and we shall not lie the fir.-l to let it tio; hut it st'cms to me that your end is j.n'own M'r\- rusty, and. without 'jicit cue, will lie in daniicr of living' eaten tlirmejli. which I should he \ery sorry to sec. us it would he the means, iilso, of e.stin^^nisliing the lire here, ;iml oversettiiij tic 'J'ice ol' , MoM KNTOlS PKIilnK oT I MH A N IllSTOKY CllAPTKK XI. ("LdSK OK TIN-; \VAI{ 1!V I'lIK <(>N (.^ r KST O K CANADA. 1 r \v;is till" iiiilicy nl' till' iJiitisli cnlonial •^iivrnniicnt. in iv'-t.ililisliinu' a ■jcncrMi mikI ci'iitral su|MTiiili'iiilciit'v :il Kmt .Inliiiscui. mi llic .Muliawk ri\i'r. iiol diilv to altarli iln' Six Nations .re -o mm h siip>rior to the products nf the mile arts Hudson found in their possession in liin'.i. that it is douhtfnl e\en. whether at this period, niaiu' renieniiicred tliat the iriupiois had e\er iiscil -tone kni\e^. a\e<. and pipes; made lisli- hiioks of lioii"-. awlsot' deer's liorn>. or cixikiiiL' po|s out of (day.' Milt, allhomjh a trade so mutually heiielicial e-laliii>lied a liini l'riend [' the siiperinti'iidenc\ of Indian all'airs to the hands ,,{' .Inliiison. tli.il an e|c\ale.l ;iiid true n.ilional fouc was 'jiveii to the sxstein. AVheii .lohn.-oii was placed In tin' pos>(--ion of power, he \ isited their reniotest \illa::es ninl ca-tles. anil liiiilt -tockades in each ot' their to\Mis. to serve as places (if refuse ii" suddenly attacked. In his anxiety to control the AlL'ompiins. and the IJioiioudades, ur (,>na'.:hta'jii^. he had \i-itei| Detroi*. .iiid his ajents li.ad scoiind the Illinois, the .\Iiami. the Walrish and the Ohio. Iicllne the Kiiiich Imilt Fort ' Till' vi'i'v !iiilii|iiilii'S nl'ili MMlrv wrv.- T 'i-'/MttiMi ill tw iitiirii"' : .'iiiil \\i .-iri' iiiili'liliii tu -.i v. rv rnnlllc wriirr III llir .■^iiiilli-ci|ii:iii Triii-;i' liuii>. Inr Ii iliiiL' ii- lli:it lliiettli'il. or a team dris'eii on tbe road, without iucurriiii;' the ri>k of death, or ia|iti\ity. These murders ba\int;' been chielly attributed to the Sbawnees, and Delawari's. w ho wi'i'o still located oil the M)urees ot' the Sus([Ueliaiiiia, Johnson em|ilii\(d the lro((iiois. who. from an early iieiiod, exacted alleuiaiice from them as a coiii|Uered [leople. to summon thiir chiefs before him. .\ (kdeiration of tlii' ]iiiiici|;al men uf these tribes attendrd ill his council carls in the s|iriiiL' of 1 70^. to w hoiii he iraNe a detail of the acts com|'laiiied of. |ilaciiiLr ibi.'iii before thini iu tlnir just bjht. and liiirwariiin^ them ol' the inr\itablc cons.(|Uenccs wllicb Wcuild re.-ult finlu a niietitioii ul' siicli iK'farious acts, and that, not only I'eiinsyUaiiia and .Maryland, bul all the iieiubborini;- colonies would be aroused ii.;.iin-t them. At this council, a dele::ation of Xanticoko, Coiiovs. and .Mohikaiidcrs atlciiiliil. w ho informed him that thry lived at UtsiniiiL'o,' ou the Siisi|Mi'iianna. uhrri' his mesM'iii^crs would always lind them.' Addressiii'_' thesr nomadic members of the disintr^rated and fa>t-decayini:' Ali;()n(|uin i; roll 1 1. as he did the li cjiiois in the lull striuiiith of theii .■onle'lerai'y. ■lolinsoii adoiileil a line of arLiiiment and dijiloinacy fouiuk'd on \\\.i\i [)riiici|)les of national |»ilil\. and uuided by a tnn' csiimate of the Indian character. He lVci|iirntly moved their s\ui|iathy by an Inilian sMubol. wbeiv an argument would lia\e failed. .\11 c;iuse< n[' di>alU'ciion. wlietbcr arisintr I'imiii (|ne>tions of trade, the encroachments ol' settlers. iidiuman murders, or Iroin any other of the ii re^ulai ities so coninioii in the Indian countrs. were handled In bim with calm iudiinieiit : and neod ciHin>els. and the most ellicieiit praetical remedies. throui:li the means of aL;enis, jireseiits, and money, wi're judiciously disiuiised. 'CI le \ ear I ( I.' w as a iinllian I period for the Hiitisli arms. IJraddoek, fioudom iiirle\. a lid .\liereroinliie. had. re>heriivel\ . exercised their brit'f autlioritv lis com- manders ol the {{rliisb I orces III .vnieriea. ami |ias>ei| from the sta::i' of aclieii. leaviiiij; ar field for ihe indncUnn of a new mililar\ nolicN'. .\inher.-t. if iint su rpas>;n:j his predecessors in talent and eiieri;\. was. at least, more fortunate in the dispo>;t of his forces, more succe>sful in the I'XeciUion of his plans, and esiioi'iall loll especiallv so m liio N,H V..rlc lli-i. ('..11 l>..,.. \\.U. \ . II , 111., IV . \ , \"l . I.\, ' N..W Hii.'jIiMiiij.lMii, N V Vol.. VI. — ;;() \.vv V. I \m1 \ii ; !■ Ill I m" •::u Mo.M KNTor > I'lllMoD (d' IMtlAN IllSTuKY. (■lri'tii)ii 111' hi.- Lii'iicrals. Till' iiiilil;ii\ spiril ul' tin" l>iili-li iiiitioii was rmisi'il ; its in<'aii> wcif aiiipli'; ami il- (■iiiniiiainlii-^ iin'ii ul' the liiL;lu'st caiiacity. Kraiici' was aliiiiit 111 III' Miliji'olril 111 a tiHiiliiiii'il allarU mi all iiir stroiiLiliiiliis, wliie'li woiiM .-iiiiiass unvlliiiif: lU'i'viuiisly alli'iii|iti'il. 'I'lu- I'liloiiia! htriiL'.'lt'. wliirh IkhI Iti'i'ii innlraitril tliiiiiiuli a I'i'iiliirv ami a iialf. wa^^ alioiil to tcnniiiatc. Tlic Hi>t .siii'('('s>riil uiiM't was niaiK' on NiaL'ara, wliii'li was ivL;iilarlv itoio-cd liv (iiiuTal I'riilcaiix. wlio was Uiili'il ill OIK' III' llif liriirlii's. wliili' I'liciiiira^iiiii^ liis iiu'ii to iimri' active cMTliuiis. TlirniivU this casiiailv Sir Williain .IhIiiimim siiri'crili'il In tiic cliirl' niiniiiaml. ami vi'jiiruusiy jirDst'i'iitril I 111' jiiaiis ul' his jirt'ilcccssnr. hfaniiiij: that iviiiluri'i'iiu'iits. ai'riiiii|iaiiii'il hy a liody nl' Imliaiis I'rDiii the lakes, hail eiitereil the NiairaiM valley, ami were niarcliiiiLT In the ivliel' (iC the lurt. he sent airaiiist them ii (letaehiiieiit ul" tron|is. tii.;ellier willi a laiLie linee ul' Iiu(|iiuis. wliu \aiiaiiliy met ami ilelealnl ihi.' elleiny. lie lliell "lIlMlllulhil the lial'risuu to Slirrt'inler. wllieh n|ieiieil the uales ul' the lint (III the liiitli ul' July. Within a weeU iVoin this time. l.uiiislMirir. wliirh had heeii invested liy Admiral iJuseawen, siiieiimhed tu the military ['I'liwess and iieruisni ul' (leneral Wult'e. who. liaviiii: been |iruiiiiiliil lia' his uiil.intiy in this sie:.:e, ascended tlie St. l/iwieiice. ami ly a si rirs of masieily imiMiiiiiils. CMiidiieteil with ::reat intie]iidily. eaiitiiieil (.^iieliec. losiiijr his own lili." on the |ilains of Aiirahaiii, where, also, elilii'd lint that nl'his lirave and alile luo. Montealin. The eily snrreiideied on liie l-'itii ul Sejiteinlier. I).' I,(\i. Il iiii the u|i|)i)>ite |iuiiit III' the ri\i'r. vainly attem|)ted its reeuvny. in the >|iiiiiL: nl' 1 Ti'iil. ( inu ril Mnriay lidluwecl l)e Livi n|i the valle\ ul" the St. Ijawrener lu Miinlreal. ami elleelid a landinii' at the luwer |iail ul' the island, while (ieiieral AmheiM and a lari;i- re^iidar linee. toiietiier with Sir William .lohn.suii and his li'ii<|miis. disiniliaiked at I, a ('liiiie, 'I'lie troii|is on the island made no resistance, and. .\\l\i its eom|iiest that ul" Canada was eom|ileIed. Its roteiitiun hy the Kimlish was une ul' the rliirl' results III' the triMty ul' jieaee, suon after culielllded lieiween France and Kniiland. 'I'he terms lA' the ea|iitulalioii included the smaller jiiisls ul' l,e i?ieiir, Ditruit. and .Alichilimackiiiac, which were surrendered in the \ear ITi'il. I Jl 1 Si:( TKhN TWKLI i II. 1>I:RI()I) IXTKllVFAMNG KROM THE CONQLKST OF CANADA TO THE COAHI KN CKMEN T OF THE AMFnilCAN REVOLUTION. (niAPTKK I CIIANOIvS IX THE UEr.ATrONS OF TIIK INDIAN THII5ES. Thk I'lisniiPi lil'tcf'M vciirs of Indian history arc orowilcil witli tlu' records of intcrcstini;' r\cnts. Tlu' trri'at ([nt'stion unions tlic Indian trilics Imd liccn. '• Is 17(10 Eni,'land or Krance to rnlcV" In a memorial to tlic Stati's-fifncral of Holland, (latc(l Octolur llitii, 1(1 111. it is ijnaintly said : " Tlic Indians arc of little I'onsciincncc." ' AViui iicver jiowcr jirevailed was de-lined to rule them, and the controversy Avas now (Iniwiii;.' to a I'lose. As the termination of the strnL;-::le aji|iroaclieil, the aL;cnts of the government had lost their [latieiice. '• Ml- nut any loiifrer wheedled, and hlindliiMed, and imposed on." said Sir William Johnson to the Iroquois, ■• hy the artl'nl spocoiies of the Fri-neh ; for tln-ir tonunos are fidl of deceit. Do not iiiiaiiine the fnio clothes. Jtc, tln'y uive you. is out of love or re.^ard for yon; no, they mv oidy as a hait to catch a llsh ; they mean to eiishnc _\on thi'reliy. and entail tiiat cni'se n[ion yon; and your ehildi'en after yoii will ha\'e reason to repent the day yon hejzot them ; he assnn'd, they are \-onr inveterate and implaeal)|e enemies, and oidy wish for a dilVerence to arise hetwoi'n yon and us. that they mi^ilit pnt you all out of their way. hy euttiuir you from the face of the earth."' Champlain founded the city of (Jnehee in UIOS, adoiilini; th(> Al,i;-on 2(?!1. Now York Colniiiiil History. Vol. V||. ■ 1 "i: 'it '!" ill II L' :'.(! FijdM Til i: <'()X<»ri;sT of pwada ': '■! ■Pi- J h'/ii/,: ■■inko cnn' ot'tlic Vdcli." ' ;i< llh- ;ii)|iflliitiv(' for llic nuclcii.-* nt'tlii' fiitin'c ('!ii|iir<' nf till' I'Vi'iicli. One liiiiidrcd aiu) tiftv-two years, iiiiiikctl liy contiiiiial strili'.s uml iicjolKitions, plots iiiul (•iiiiiitcr|)lots, Imtilfs and iimssacrt's. all lia\ini; lur tlicii' oliicct siilprciiiacy over the Indian Irihi-s. hail now parsed away. \V(iirc and Monti-alni wciv lintli di'ad. Tlic cnipiri' ol' New Krancc. rcacliing IVoni the S(. Lawrcnci' to tlic (Inlf (if .Mexico, would, tlieni-et'ortli. onh' liavc a plaee on llie pa^jvs ol" history, liut had tile Indians (leri\eil an\ advanta^re iVoin the eontt'st ? llail they, in I'ael. strnjii^ied li>r an\ iletinite position, or had they only fouijht on the slron;.^('st side. antieipatinLT better U"aj:e, inoi'i' liicrati\c trade. ;;i'eatii- iiindni'ss. or nioie evt'ndiande(| justice. IVoni one ])aily. than was to \>r ol)tained IVoni the otliei'.' Was this hope well delined and pii'inanenl. oi' did it lluc(uate with evi'i'y eliauiic of |!)i'tiMie. with the prowess of evi'i'V warlike, or with thi' tact ol excry ei\ie. character who timl thelieldV l>id the}' not vacillate with every wind, heinjr steady oidy in the preservation ol' ihcT cliaini'lt'on-like (diaracler. true when raithlnlness was their only, or supposed, interest, and fidse or treacherous when, as iVeipiently happened, ihe enrrent of sue<'ess (diantred '.' 'I'wo proiuini-nt neui'ia ol' Indian trihi's csisird in the north and west from the earlicsi settli'nient ol the colonies, nainclv. the .Vliionciuius and the Irmpiois. 'I'he ALoiiipiins irusle(l to the French toenalile them to prevent the KuLrlish from occupyin;^; their lamls. '("he lro(piois juokcd to the Ku'.dish for aid to keep ilie French olf their jiossrssions. Wlu'U. after till' lonu' siniLiLile was ovi'i'. ;ind the Kn.;lisli linalU pre\ailiil. the Indian allies ol' ihe Frriicli coulil hardls reali/.^' the fact. '["he\ did not think the kinij of France would 'ji\i' u]i the contest. ;ifier havinji- huill so many liu'ts. and fouuht .xo many liatlle> to maintain his position. They disco\eri'd. however, that the F'reiudi luid lieen ileli'ated. and tlie\. at length, hecanie aware that, with iheir o\erthrow. the Indian power in America had also departed. The tnhesof the lar west ami north were rccpured to 'jIm' their assent to what was done, w liieii tliey diil urud'jiuLily. Tiie name of .'^.\(; ANosii had feeii so loiiL'' Scouted 1 1_\ tlieni. that it appeared to lie a L:reat hardship to succumh to till' Fuylish. X.\iiow.\. the .VlLiniiipiin name lor lro(piois. hail also, from the e;irliest tinie~. lieen a word ofl'earful import to the westeiii Indians, and their shout ■was sullicieni to make the wai'riois of the striunicsl \illa'_'es lly to anus, while their families hid in swam[is and fastnesses. ]>oth the fiuLilisli and the IriMpinis were now in the ascendant. In a rc\ie\\ of tie- history of this period, it will he fonnd that nine-tenths of the western Indians were in llie French interest. 'I'he Shawnei's. e\er. duriiii;- their nomadic .--late, a \enL:erul. resiles^, piafnlioiis. ,nid cruel people, had leji central I'cnnsyl vania. as early as 1 T-W'.t. in company wilh. or prccedim;' the Delaware-, .\fier the defeat of IJraddock. and down to thi' cjo-e nf \Va\ne's war, in IT'.*!, tlnir tracks, in the Ohio valle\-. liad heeii marked with !)loi.d. The Delawares. durin- tin' \ear 1711. and 'I'lii' HiaiT* el'llif .St l.aHrtiiif. .'it ilili ij.lr, run >\\ilil\ iii;:iiiisl ]i:!il uf thr ruckv sluire. u T(» ■nn: \Mi:i!ir\N i; !:\ oi.tt inx. •.•:;: Milisc^iiui'iillv . wi'i'r. in tnitli. ilri\iMi rimii rriiii;il l'ciiii-\ l\ Mii'iM. mil li\ tin" (.(iml^crs. Kill li\ till' lirlii' Mini illiliilllilillili' Cc'llii' Mllil S:l Null lie nil III-. I ' ll|i ill 1111:1 |rl\ \i>y tlii.s |ii()[i|r. ',lic\- liail till' iciiiitaliuii 111' >iiliii'i willi llii- I'Vi'iicli. Al'lrr tin' n till' I roiinuis. wild hail miri' lirlil r»wiis' ovi'T llii' wlniii' riiiii>i' nl tin' >iili 1. hark 111 Oiiriihi. anil uIIh r kiinhi'il ciuiIdhs. 'I'lial |iiii linii nT tin' \\i>liiii lnii|niii.- w Im liiiii' till' iianii' nl' .Miii::iirs. ami \M'rr mn'r iiinli'i' tin' iiili' nl' 'raii;n-liari->'iii. iIm- liall'- kiiiL'. and. miI)si'i|IH'iiII\ . lA' Si'arnii_\aili. wri'c sii>|ii'('ti'il nf. ami cliiuLiril with, iinriiiinl- iaiika^liaw >. ami liinss. al'liT till' ."lainl takiii li\ Lniraii. 'I'lii' iimni'inns .Miaiiiii>. I' \Vra> nf thi' \V :ilia>li. wi'i'c. all iiiiliii. I'l'irmlh In llir Fivinll. Till' W \aniliil-. nr llninii-. nrSamlil>l\V ami hi'liml. ulm Innl lnni iliisili mil li\ llii' liui|iiiii« \uili 'jiral I'liTN . ami \v Im limk ^InliiT aiinnij I lir i'lriirli ami llir l''rrin'li liiiliaii>. Innl al^^a\ ^ I ii liii.-tilr In ilic I'liiL'li.-ili I'niniiii's. 'I'lir iiiiiin'ruiis ami w i(li'-s|irt'a(l t'aiiiilv nl' till' ( 'lii|iiii'\\as. Ollawas, ami I'nttawattaiiiirs. hail I'siTli'd a vci'v viirii'il iiilliii'iRi' mi tlic Kiii:li>li I'rniltii'is. 'runiimr niir iin|iiirn's In lln' llliiini> Irilir'^. li;nl tln'v mil. rrmii tin' rnnnir.-i limi's. rnlinil tlirir \\nr>t Inrs ill tin' I rnijllnis '.' i''nr tlii>i i 111' iriiiat inll. n Hl^illl l^aSalli' ami ,Maii|m'll('. 'I'll!' I'riiria>. lln' Cahnkia^. ami llm Ka>kii>i\ia<. hail. Irniii lln' tii>l ili^i'iivt'i'v of till' I'liniitry. iliall with l''iviirli tr.nlris. ami ui'in tliniijht In lir iinliiii'rntiii;^' llir hnlil |ii'aiiii' tiilirs III' till' Daluitah -Ini'k. wi'^l nl lln' M i-~!->i|i|ii. al 1111 |iiTinil wiTi' mil till' Irii'inl- thn K liiliinali' irlaiiiiiis iiail hcvii niaiiitaiiii'il with ihr i\irka [iniis. ami w ilii till' wamli'iiiiL: Irilii'-^ nl' tin' Ma-ki'.;'ir<. hy tin' Wrriii'li iiii.->iniiaiirs ami Irailrrs. .\iiinnj all till' Aljniii|inii triliis. lln' l-'usrs ami thr ."»auks. wlm hail, in ITIlJ. a»ailri| tin Kri'iii'li Ini't at Drlrnil. witi' till' niily i'm'niir> nl till' I'lriii'li : ami tliry. prrx inns tn tin (■om|lli'st nfCaiiaila. hail lirill illi\i'n In llir l''n\ rwry nl' WiMnlisill. On thr Wrst. tin 1-' •I'llCll \vi re ill alliaiii'i- wilh tin- ( >s .M issninii's. l\a nsa-i. (,Jii;i| las. ami ( 'ai ami. DM til ' Miiith. with thr ( 'InTuki'i's. Clnirlaws. ami .Mn< m'iiI llii'iu'c Id Di'trnit. ill I7(il. 'I'liis di'tarliini'iil wa-^ t'nllnui'il li\ ."^ir William .IhIiiimhi. (he SniM'rinti'iidi'iit-dciioral nl' Indian allair.-. wlm pla I tin' iiilrii'iiiiisi' wiih lln- Indians nn a iirn|ii'r Innlinj. iinil'j^i'rs altrrwanN ]iriiri'rili'il In .Mii-liiliinai'kinai'. wlirri' lis |)rii('i'i'din;.'s siiliji'i'ti d him In si'Ncri- crnsiiri'.' Knri- ( haiin-. \ iiiri'init'-i. I'lcsnin Jslc. ami tin; otlicr iniimr posts. wiTi- L'anisoiu'd liy Kir.;lish tn)n|)s. 'I'ln- Indians wni' ^;till niiinci'iiiis. alllum.nh they had snIVi red jiivatly in tli(> war. Tiic liidian trado yet ii'iiniri'd arraiiLTi'iiicnt. and the inmmamlinjr olVu'i'i's nf tliiii-. Viil VII. !i : Hi: IH i!':: * i'ih' j:'.«< itoM Till'; cttNtjr i;s T hk (■an\i>v (Ml ATTKH II. W Ml WITH Till; rilKKOKMKS. WiiiiK \\\<-i- riincl:iiii('iit;il (•liaiiL'r>' wiTi' liikiiii' |il;ii'(' ill til'' nliitiinis nii'l ITt'i* I r(i.«|p(i'|> iifllir iinrllii Til trilirs. tlicM' cf llir >.pui1i irm limil i|Mi(>cciit. ii'l\i!i.r 111!' SCc'lllilV nil till' |1(P\\IT dt' tin- i-'ri'lll'll. 'I'lll' ClllliikcrS, lit tilill tillll', (ic '11 pin I the iiiliTini-iir South <':ii-ii|iiiii. cMt'inrni- I'loiii tlic iirul wiitci m i|' tin' S;i\;iiiiiiili. :ill[' llie _\ear I7-V,t, ( l(i\eniiir i.illli'iciii. Iia\ inu nlilaiiied Ire mi tlie le'^i-l.iime Miilliciiii \ In lai-e a lariie Imil v (if men. wilii wliieil to lirill'l the Iriiie tn tellll-. pri'lllptl_\ lliaicheil illtii liie < 'iieldi^ce ((iuiitr\ at the head n\' Mill prn\ iiu iai-. ami •'iipiiiene>-^. .-.d much intimidated and snrpfiseil the trihe. ihat. heiie: then eiitirelv niiprepaicil tor upen w.ir, they (lid lint iie-itate to Mle liiT peace, which wa- ■granted tllelll ill too niiieh ha.-^te. \\itllollt understanding' tlie true nature ol' iji.- Indian ciiaracter aii'l polie\. At tliis time the leiritoiy ol' the < IkkiIu (■-. esteiided I'loin l'"ort Niiietv -Si.\, on tin? Caidlina tVoiiti'is. and Fort I'rii (leoi'.'e. on the Keowee lirineli ol tile ."^ ivaiinaii, to tiie main soinces ol' tliat ii\er. ,aiid aero-s tiie App.daciiian ciiaiii to. ami down the ( 'iieii.kee. of 'I'elllies.-ee. ri\el'. and it> .-olll lielll hi'ailcllo — a eolllltrs ivplele wilil ail tile resources re(pii-ile ill Indian life, posxvsiiii; a (ieliL;hirnl elimale. and alioinidiiii^' ill I'ertile, >yl\aii salle\s. Tiie tri'if lia.s Ikmh accused (if opeiatiin: a'jainst the sdiithern IVdiiticr under the inlliieiieo oi' the l-Veiich, wild .-iip|ilii d them with iiniis and anniuinitidii. 'I'he treats concluded witii (io\-ernoi Littleton, r( lets to certain articles of amity and r(jminerce entered into with tiie>e people. ;[{ \Vhilelian. ."^epteln lier 7. I T-'IO, a.s Well as to another pacilicalioii of \o\inilier I'.', ITVs, ami tiieii proceed-, with liie precision df tlie leiial phraseology of the old hhn kdetter lawMi-. to rehear>e jrievanees of a later (late, ilir nil wiiieli traiisvires.-ion- tiie trdie -tipiiiales to niake amends, and pidiiii.-es future L'ood con(iiict. 'I'liev iictnally deli\ere(| up iwo ( 'lierol'.ee.- \v iio had commiiled murders. piuiiii>e(| tiie suriX'iider of twenty more, and jrasc tweiitv of tlieir principal Tu Til i; A M i;i! MAN I! I', VuH TloN, •j;'.it fllirl's, !1> lli»l:ii;i'.x tiir llic 'lllr |ifrli'rMl:ll r till' lil'lll-. Ill' till' llTUty. Til llli- lipllii.il ili>i'iniii'iil iIji' ui'i'iii I'liii'i' dl' till- iKilioii, Atial\iill;il\iill.i, mihI Iim' ciihi r |it iiii'i|>al iliii I'-, hi|l>-cijllrn||\ ;illi\ii| llicir ll-'i'lll all'l ^IIIUiinlN. 'I'lli- lllllltt'r lirllli;' lin'i i|ll|ili"ln il. (iiiviiiioi' liittli'tdiM'i'turiH'il vnIiIi 111" iinnv to (liarli^tui, ami llir lii'lian^. altii' a >li. It lian liccn it'iiiarUi'l l>\ .M.iioi' .Maiit<-. iLal "llii' liiiliaii> ai'f <>l >iu'li a (li^^iiortilitni. that iimIchh tlicv rcnllv li'' I ihr iml of cliasli^i- lllrllt, tlli'\ iMIIIIiil III' |irr\aliri| iili In liillt'M' llial \\r lia\i- llii' |io\\i'l' tu illlliii it : ailil. ai'ciii'iliiiulv, \\lii'iirM'r tlii'\ lia|i|ii'iiri| t.i lie tittat'kcil Kv ii>. mi|iir|iarri|. iln'x liail iciMiurM' to a liralv nl |mmii'. a> a Miiild Iiil:!', wliii'li ;ja\c' tin iii liiin' to cnllrci tlnii- M'lvi's. Tliiii, willi'iiii till' li'aft ri'.;ai'(l to tin' ImiitN nl' [lulilic lailli. tlicv. on the lii-t i>|i|i(iriiiiiit\ . ri'iicwcil llii'ii (lc|>iiilatiiiii-. NcLioliatiiiiis. ami liratirs cif |iiaii'. ilii'\ ili'spisi'il ; XI llial till' <>iil\ liii|M'^ to liriiii: tu icaMiii their iiitiai'tiMc iiiiinls. ami nl' iiialviii'^ thi'iii afkiiuwiciLc inii' .-iiiii'iimnN . ami \\\r in lVi('ml>iii|i with us. iiui>l aii>.' rnnii the .scscrilv nl' (■ha>li.-h li'ailiTs. 'I'lii^i allaclv \va< Mili>r(|iu nil_\ in|MMlri| hy a party nl 'Ji'd wariinis. whn (Nli'mlril thrir iii'|ircilatinl|s in ih'' llnliS nl' till' lilnail li\i !■. wiiiTi' ihny SMIjni^ril ainl killcil liirlv iiirii. Iii.-i|iii iti'd li\ tli'ir siici'i-ss thi'\ iiiaili- an atlai'k nn Nim'ty-Sis. Imt ihr lint |irn\iii'j' Inn >tinn-:. llav prnci I'lii'il In ihn Cnnvarri'. sinTailiii'i ili'\ a^talina Imih li\ lirr ami swniil ai'niuiil lie m. I,ill Irlnii. on tlii' rri'ri|it nl ihr i'ailii'>t news ul' thi'M' iniiiilmns. sent an e.\|ire--i tn (leneial Aiiiiici'.-l. asking' Inr I'eiiirnreenu'nls. On the JMli nl' l'"elirnar\ . 1 TtiO. the ( hi'rnkees assenilileii arnnml Fm't Prince (lenv.'c. nn the Kenwee. anil aiirni|ileil tn ^ui'|iri.-e ii. While the i;iirri"^iin was '^a/in!;' at tlie Inrce IVnni I lie ram |ia rl >. a nnlrtl ehii I', ealleil Oeunnasln. aii]irciaelieil. ami ilesii'eil In speak t(i Lieutenant Cnytninri'. the cnnnnanilant. whn ai;reeil tn meet him nn the hanlxs lit" the Kenwee riser, whither he wa- aeemnpanieil liy Knsii;n Iiell. ami Mr. Ceharty. tin- interpreter. Oeninni.-'tii saiil lie wi-lieil tn im ilnwn anil see ih" ( linernnr. anl reiplesteii tiiat a white man lni_'hl lie ulnweil tn aeenmpany him. 'I'his inplesl heiier a-senteil tn, he saiil In an Imiian. -(in ami ealeii ,i Imrse liir ine" 'I'hi.s was nliierieil In; hnt the eiiiel'. inakini;' a I'eint inniinn. carelessly swnm: a hviille which Ic lieM. three tiims arnnnd liis lieail. 'I'lii- lieiic^ u secret siLinal In men lyinu' cnncealeii. a volley was instantl\ pnuml in. which nmrtaily wnumleii ( 'nyt inure, whn recci\eil ii hall in his lircast. ami inllicteil ileep llesh wnmuls on the ntiicrs. 'I'hi- treachery arnuseil ihe inilii;iiation of Kn^i'jn .Miln. cninnnimlinu' the uarrison ul" the I'Dit. who (leterniineii to pnt the twenty Cherokee liostaucs, and also the two inurdei'ers. in irons. ]>nl the lirst allenipt to si'i/e the assas.sjns was instaiith- ivsisto(l ; M:inl.''s llistiirv of llir l.;ilr W a\ in .N.nlli At 1'. J*a : I.Hii 1.11. 11 i I m 1:!'^ hi i' •J J.I ri?oM Till' <'nNQrrsT <•!•' cava da ' I till- siiMliT wIhi \\;|w >i' uitliiii ilii- I'liri. llial nil llic Imxli'ji's witc iintiii'iliali'lv put toilritli. In iIm' r\ iniir.' tin' liidl in^ lii'<'vitli Imt littli- fOict. On >i'ar<'liiiii; till' rooiii xvliii'li liail liccn nt'ciipitd li\ llic li(i»tii^'<'x. hi'vitm! Innialiawks were rnmid lait'ii'il ill till- '.'I'll) 1 1 III, uliicli iiail lioi'ii "tcaltliilv i-nmt'Mil (n the |iriMiii)rr< liv tlii'ir X i'ililli: ll ir|lil«. .Mi'anliiiii'. Amlicrxl. iimiicilialclx' on tlir riM'i'i|it nl' (Idmi ihpi' Lilllitnii'^ r\|iii~ • li;nl ili'viialrhi'il III IiIn relit I' I'll III lii^'lilai'drrs. ami an rijiial iiinnlii'r nl ItuxaN, iiihIi'I' Cnlniiil Miiiiluciiiicrx . On iiacliiiiL' <'liaili'>liin. .MiiiitL'uincrx iiiiiiiiiliali'lx Innk tin- iiijil. 'I'll.' crl> I ilX (•!' Iiis liiiixmii'lll- .1 ■ lill«l llli' < licidkccs tnilk tln'lll i'ii|ll|i|i'tfl_\ liv Miilii'i-i'. Oil till' "Ji'illi 111 Max 111' ivailii il l'"iirl Niint \ -Six. aii'l. .1 uin' I. jia-inl tin" Txxrlxi' mile I'laiii'li 111' ilir K'lixxri'. xvilli liis liair'-'a,i:i' ami >tnic'>. ami, runxcx iii'j' llifiii lip aimi/iiiLil^x rnik_x >|i'i jk. 1ii' pii-linl nil. iiiLiliI ami ilax. iiiarrliiii'.' ci^litx-liiiir iiiili'.'< ill I'lMi' takiiiii a iii'^iil's ri>i. Ilaxlii'j- pii'LircvM'il I'mtx iiiilr- I'lirlln'r. lie cniistriii'lril a caiiip oil an i'ii:jililr sill'. amliiii\ iiiir lii" xxa'jnn* ami I'lllir. xxilii liis trills .«laiiiliii'_'. nmliT a MiilaMi' i;naril nl' prox iiirials ami raii'.'ris. Iir Inok tin' irst of lii-* lioops, liuiillx-aiiiicii. aiiil iliiiiliil lii> I'liiii'M' Inxxanl tin' ('linnkri' loxxiis. 'i'liiis I'ar liif senilis liail iliMoxiTi'il 111) I iiiiiiv . ainl liis rapnl ailxaiu'"' liail lieeii inilieralileil. His llrsl ohject xxas to atlai'k l>la|nc. m tow n smm' I xviiil \ -lix e miles in ailxaiu'c, ami for tills plllpo-e he sel lUlt al i iullt ii'i link ill tin' exenillj. All' I llialrliilij sislreli mill's, III' liearil a iloi; li.'ilk mi lllr |i ll, at ll|i' InXXII nl' Llllln ivoxxer, ;|linll| a i|llaili'r nl' 11 mill' li'oin till' loaii. ol tiie loeatinii of xxliii'li lii-^ '.^iiiili's iiiul not iiilin'imil him. lie imineiliati'lx iletaihi'il a jiiici' \xitli onleis to -iiiroiiml it. ami to liaxniiit exerx mail, Imt lo >paiv till' xxoiian ami eliililivii. 'I'liL- miler xxas sirietix eseiiiti'il ; the iiii'ii I'liii'^ I'niiml eiK'ampiil mii.-iiln tlm hoiisi'-. xxem klllml. ami lluir families eaptuiTil, iiiiliai'iiieil. In till' iiiraii lime the main liii-i'e inarehiil Inrxvanl to l'!^taloe. in xxhieli tlli'X I'oliml lilll li'M or IXXi'lxe lllell. X\ ho XXi'le killi'il. 'I'lii- toxx II eompli-i'il ahout iKK) linii-es. \xhii'li xxiie xxill Mip|iliei| xxilli pi'oxi-inii- ami ammnnilioii. .Moiiljuiiierv. ili'liTiiiiiiiii'j' tn make the nation IItI ihe jioxxer of llir colniiie^. iinmeiliili'lx altaekeil the oilier toXXIi- ill -lleee~-inn. Illllil exn'X one in llie Inxvi-r lialioii hail li"i'n xisiteil ami ihslrnU'i. Ahoni sexelitx ( lierokecs xxel'e killeii, ami, illi'Inilill'-r tin' XXninell ami ehililreii. lialx '.xere laki'ii prisom rs. Oiilx four l'!ii'.ilisli >o|ilier~' xmiv killed, ami txvo nllirifs xxollll'liil. .Miilltjolili r\ ihell ivliinieil lo l''ol I I'llliii' ( in I':", nil the KeoXXee, \\ III |i' he axx ,iil' i| propo>ah- nl' peace linm the ( 'hel'okee<. lull heaiillll' inlllillir I'mm tie 111, h'' ii'Milxiii to make a seeoiiil ii.iiii>inii into ihn miilille ,-' Itli'iiienis of thr iiaiioji. Jle iniii'lied his aniix- from the loii on (he ijltli of .liim'. ami iisiiii: the same despatch .a,-* on the previous oceasion, in three daxs h" reaehed the toxxn 'if I'llehoxvee, I 'I To I'll I, \ \l i; I! ir A N i; i: \ ul.l r InN, ■:^\ 'I'lii' iTiiiil* liiniii;; lii-i'iisi'iiil lliiii' lii'liiiM- ;i- l!ic\ M|i|i|iiiii||ii| liii" |i|.iii', tiHilv Hill' III" tlli'ltl jM'iMllicl'. will) alti'|il|>li'i| tn ;llllil-<' llir c'liJMiii't Willi tin' t;ili' nj' lliril' Ix'ill^' I'i'llilv In -111' fill jiiMcc; lilll Iii'. Iliil iiniilili:^ llic .-|ii|\. Illlllijiiil iMill i' ill-i \ lu|\MI|i| till n iiiili . u Ih'M liir< ailsaiii'i'il ^iiiiril \va-« liic'l mi IVdiu a lliickii. aii>l in iIm' inclc)' its rijilaiii was Ivilli'J. .Miiiil.:iiiiii'i'y, liraiiiii: (lie llriiiu'. iirilri'il t||i> '^ivnailii'i'-. atili'ailil) |iii.>lii'il tiiiwanl llnuiuli an aiiilni^iMili' nl' 'itiH lllill;lll«. rnl|«ill.; tliijii li.iin t lliir CiiMTt-, As tlics Iimi'IhcI llliii.' I 1i\ alril Mini rliMlvr ;:i'iiiiiii|, till' li' iM|>- iliiiM' till' liii|iaii> III Ini'i' ilii'iii III till' |Miiiit III till' liaMiinl. I'lai iiil' llllll-'i'ir It till' III :ii| III III" Inlrr. Iir |iriii't'l'ili'ii tiiWaill llli' tuUII, ti illiiW illj a lllll'lnW ji'illi. \slii ii' il WM^ iiiri'- ill >.'\i ral iliri'i'liulli. wlin |ii| lnl lllcil J.lllaill m rsirc-i, i|ri\ill'^ tlic i'l|r|||\ ac'ii>>> a ii\rr. killing; mhiu'. ami lakiii.' M'M'ial laiiniicis. ulii'ii. scalli'iiii'^ llnif liiivi-. tlit'V iiillii'li'il ii|ii>ii till' liiiliaii-< a M'M'i'i' I'liaiti-riiiriil. IIi'IIh'm ivliinii'il tu < liai Ir^lnii, li\ \\a\ III' till' I'lil't nil till- KriiWi-r. ail>l ri'lnilliii Allllli'l>t ill tin' linrlil. 'I'lic ( 'lirliikri'^ III ill'^ ili-|iiiM-il III rrtaliati' llir»i' M'Srl'i' 1 1 ril| i| ii i||n cif (iilulii'l Mulll- JJiiliH r\. till' llinlllll III' AllJII't liail lliit I la|i-ri| lirliilr tl|i'\ lii"jail In 'ji\i' llllllli-lakiMlili' |i|iiiil> III' iiiialiatril liii>tilil\. I'lal I'liini' ( ii'iii'LH- llii'\ liail liiiiiiil Inu .>-li'iiii'j I'nr iIhiii. Iiiit till' iiai li-iiii III' I'lil't i.iiuilnii. nil till' ciiiitiiics III' \ if^inia. l)i'iiii_Mi'(lin'i'il in iimiiliii-. ami ill uirat want ul |irn\ i>inii<. wa- ininii'iliaU'ly lit'.xit-iftMl. AI'Iit sn-tainiiij llm >ii':;i' until Irillirril In i- s t ivillil \ . I lli' n illl lliainl i lit: ililiciT. |)i'llirri'. witll tin' (■nlirilll liiri' nf all lii- >iilinriliiiati'-. \ii\ iiii\\i-il\ sinri'iiili'iril tlm tl)ilirn.'atinii tn Ins .-axa'ji' liii'. Aii'jn-I Ii, ITiiil. '['Ill' ri'>iili nl' liiis ill-ail\i.-i'i| ra|iiliilatinn sniiii Jii'i'atni- a|i{iari'nt ; till' '^anison anil niiii In iirj iullili»s|\ attarki'il lit'l'mr tliry liail |irnc jnl any ilist.inri' Irniii ilir lnl t. ainl linili nlliriT- ainl |iri\ai'- riiialvalinll lii'lll'^ ilil'' ti) till' intilM'lllinll nl' Attakiilia- knlla InniM'ir. llu' IrailiT ul tin- atlaikini; |iart\. Nntwitlistaniliii'^ tlir ri'ilncliiiii nl' Caiiaila. tin' Imliaiis in ii iinti" ili-trii'ls still inii- tinin il llii'ir n|i|insilinn to tin' Kn;_'li>Ii |inwi r. 'I'lii- was |iartii'nlarl\ tlir I'asr with i' ,• t 'Inlnkl'l'S. 'I'd null tlli^ tlllin. (*nlii||i'| (iialll Wa«. ill I Tl'i I . nlili'lril tn lllall'll lILiaillst lllrlil witll an ai|i'i|llali' iimlv nl' ll'iinli-^. who sniin rninjiilli'il lIli'llI In Mil' jiif praci'.' ^ntliin^i I'lirtluT nl' imti' niaikcil tlic military n|ii'iatinns nl' tliis vmr. .Majnr iJniluirs was M'lit to laki' iin.-,-r.-siiin nl'lln; lint- at l'r('si|iu' Isle ami Dotmit. (ii-ni'ial .Mnncktnii coinniaiulod iit Fort I'itt. il ii M.iiili''i \V;ir. |i :'il Viii \i. ;i :i-' l"I{(».M Tin: CONQUKST W (J A NAD A ClIAPTKR III. 'IIK roNFEDEUATK AL(;()N()T' INS AND irrUONS OF THE Ul'PEU LAKES. INDKR THE 1) I K i;("T 1 ON OF I'ONTIAC, DISPUTE TlIK OCCII'ATION OF THAT RKdION IJY THE KNOLISII. OniKK tiilirs l)osi(k's the Cliorokees, miiuill'sted (U.^sitislaction. or broke out int\v. Detroit, and .Mil liiliiuackinac, b\- wliicli. though t!ie countiA' was oi'cupied, its nati\'e inhabitant.^ Will' not overaweel. F'ort I'itt liad been occupied from the period of its capture, in IT"'"^; but its garrison ha\ing brcii retluced by the Indian wars in the west, it was, early in ITli'l. iiucsted by tlie Siiawiiees. Didawares, and iheir confederates. The (Kliiiiou of tile wrstern tiibes was liuind to lie ver\' great, extending' from the Oiiio \alli\ to. and througiiout, the whole .series of lakes, into the valK'ys ol' tlie Illinois, Mi;uiii and .vabasli. At tliis tiiiK'. there was li\ing. in the vicinity ol' Drtroit. a (diief po.ssessing more than ordinary iuti'lliguuci'. decision ol' character, power of combination, and great ]iersoiial ciieigy. namcil I'oiidiac. or Pontiac. lie appears to have licin tlie originator of tiiis sclieiiie ol' a wi'stern coiili'dciatiou aLiaiiist the FiiiLilish ; for. in ITbl.oii the I Hi Maiito's \\':n\ \, !TII-|SI. '.li I 'h ■'1 i '«!' ,i l!! ^, L-1 ^ Wi h ' ( ■AnAwMAMMuaM I TO TIIK AMKFMCAX It K V () I. (' T I (» N. 2I:5 liist fwl\Mii('(' of lli(> I'dicl' III" {he Kt'dicli .iiarrisoii, wlirii Miijor IJoiIiriM's. who led tin' troops, liiitl rniclu'd tlic (■nti'iiiicf to tlic straits nl' Detroit. I'oiiliac visited liis ciiciiiiip- iiicnt, mid. iMiiployiiiL: oiii' of tiioso hold iiU't:i|)lior.s which tin- Indians usi» to express much ill ii few words, assiiminji iiii air of siiprciiiucy, he cNi'laiiiicd, •■ I stand, in tin- jiath." ' '• 'I'o form a just I'stiinat*' of his character, we iinist jiid'jc him hy tlu^ f'iriMinisfaiiccs in which he was ]ihiced : hy the proloiiud ignorance and l)arl)arisiii of his jieo[)lc; liy his own destitution of all education and inl'orniation : and li\- the Jealous, (ierce, and intraclai)le spirit of his compeers. AV'hen measurcil hy this stan in iiumher. extending iVoni l-'orts I'itt and Niagara to (Ireeii ISay. were simultaneously attacked, and. either hy open force, or liy finesse, nine of them tall. niul Lit. Slu'lclns of .Mii-lii-iiii, ji. 'J I. lU'iiry's Tnivrls, ITii:i :iinl ISUll 2U FHOM TIIK ('ONUlKST OF CANADA m\ -'i '^ i lla\iii'j. ill II previous voluiiii'.' j.'i\in !i ftrart til' tlic cvi'iits winch ti'aiis|iiiv(I. Tiic Icirl was iiiiilci- tin' coiiiiiiaiiil of Major (iiaihv}ii. who iiad a uai'iisoii ol'two coiiiiililc coiiiiiaiiic-; ol' iiii'aiitiy. iiuiiilM'riiiu oiu' IuiikIi'imI and twenty-two privates, iinil riiiiit oll'u'cis.- 'I'lii'ic' wi re also, williiii its wall-. |lirl\ l-'rcnch Iradcrs and cn'in'ji'i's. I'ontiai' invested the place. .May Mh. I Tli-l. w ith a loial force of I "ill w aniors,' w ho had lieen instnictt'il at the coiiinils. (Jiilleil under his own eye. and painted and featlieivd for liattle. But an attack was not his lir.-t nio\e ; he aimed to tal. in elli'ct. to visit the connuaiidant at his (|narlers. accoiiip;niii(l liy u limited nnnilier of as-assins. Ijearinj: concealed weapons, to smoke w ith him tic pipe of peace, and to present him witli a formal address, whicii was to he accom|ianied lp\ a licit of wampum, till' most solenni ami honored ciitom in Indian diplonnicy. This Kelt was woi'lved on one side with white, and on tiie other with L;reen li<'ads.* llaviiiL' finished his speech, with the white side turned low, nils his auditor, tln' re\('i'sal ol it in Ids hands to the Liieeii side, was \n he the si'.:nal of allacli. The plan was well de\iscd. and must h.ixi- succeeded, had it not heen reveal- I to the coinuiaiidani. in a nianucr whicli it is uniui]iortant to our purpose to state. On the ilay ap])ointe(l. I'onliac appeared at the :;ales with his aliori'^iiial fellow- conspirators, di'iuaiidiii::' an audience. lie was fre.dy admitted, hut. in pas-iiej- the esplanade, ohserved an unusual display of the mllilar\'. The •garrison was under arms, and the sentinels douliled. which aroused I'oiitiae's f'lrs; hut hisco\crt iiKpiiries were met hy a reail_\ aiiswt'r. that "it was to keep the yoniiL;' men ' to their dut\. and previ'Ut idleness." The laiiLnncie emphy ed liy one u ho has collated the loivil Iradiiious on the suliject. while tln'ywcre still williin reach, may here lie (pioted. "The hn-iiiess of the council then commenced, and I'ontiac proceeded to address .Major (iladwyn. His s]ieecli was hold and nienacini:'. and his luanmr and ;^esticnlatioiis \ehiMneni. and they hecanie still more so. as ln' ap|iroacIieil the critical niomeiil. When he was on tlu; it to Maior ( iladw\ n (and turninu it in Ids h:iiids| and all joint ol nri'seiitni'j' tin 1 was I) reathless expei'tatioll. till' drums at the door of the council siidde nl\' rolleij the ehariie. the '^nards levelled their pieces, and the ollicers drew their swords from tic scaliijarit I'onti liia\'e man. constitutionalK and hahitualK. lie hail tiiuiiht in man\' a hattle. and often led his warriors to \ictory. l>ut this iniexpccied and si\e proot' that his treachery was discovered and pre\ ented, entirely disconcci ted liim. Tradition sa\s he tiemhlcd. .\t all event.-, hedelivend his lielt in the usual manner, and thus failed to ^ive his warriors the concerted signal of attack. Major (.iladwyn immediati ly approached the idiief, and, drawing; aside his lilanket, diseovert'd the shorti'ned rille, and then, after stating his knowledj^c of the plan, tnrniMl him out of the llirt.'"' K. -., V.l. II (':..-■ |li,.,- M.-:.. \'ul. II . |,. L'lii. < n,i ' VciiiiiL' mill, willi tl]'' li]i|i:iii-, 1- .111 ii|iiiv;ili.hi plini^r I'm- «• irriors. wlirii -pi'.'ikiiii; on mu'Ii i(i|.ic ' L'a.sj5' JJisiuUisc bufoiv tliu .\liulii'jaii llisluiiu.il ."^.jcicly ; jlilruit, l^'^X, p. o-. TO TIIK AMERICAN 1! K V () LT Tl o N, CH A I'TKK IV. rONTIAC HOLDS DETUOIT IX A STATIC <>1' SII'CK DIltUNC Tllll SI'MMKR OK 17(1:!. Foii.Kl) ill liis nttciniit to tnl unrrisoii Ky striitn'jciii. I'mitinc coininciiciMl an (ijii'ii iittMi'k. He had no sooiut Icl't the walls of tlir iiirl, than ln' I'iriMl ITiK! iijioii it. and his li)llo\vi'rs hi'^'aii to assail thi- srattcicd I'lii'jiisli settlers in its \iiiiiilv. while on cxcry sidi' eniild h(> heard the startliiii;' sas to some linildiiiLi's within the walls. Determi- nation of iinrpose mai'ked every act. while the sava'je yells of the nativi's. and the coiitinnal renorts of iniirders and outrages fillcMl the rt. IJy tlii^ advice of those most conversant with the Imliaii character. Pontiac's rofpiest was acceiled to. and ''ainpliell wi'iit to his camp. accom[)anieil hy LiiMitenant McDoiiLial. 15ut all the projects of l'onti;ic wore sot at iiouirht hy an unfor. eon occurrence. In (Mie of the sorties from fho lort. an Ottawa of distinction, from .V'clulimackinac. had been kill(>d. and his nephew, who was present, determiiUMl to reNcn^:'' his death. Meetinir Major Camphell one day. as he was walkiici' in the road near tlii' camp of I'oiitiac. the savai^c immudiatidv lolled him to the earth with his war-cluh. and killed V r:, ' I I ml n m FROM TIIK CONQl'l^ST ol-' CANADA 1 hn liiii). This act was ivjrrcttod and disavowod by I'Diitiai', wlm, liy tlic dctiMition nf Mil jor ('aniplK'H. soiiglit only to riiM'iirc' ulterior advaiitaf^cs tliroiipli tin- pcrsoii of Iuh liostMi:t'. Anticiiiatiui;' succors to he on their way to the fort, tlie Indians kept \it:ihnit watch a! tile iiioutli of tiie river. Tliis duty appeal's to iia\e heeii couunilted to tlie W\aiidots. On one ol' the last (hiys of Mny, a detaeiniieiit of troops from Ni;iL;ara. ha\iii:.; ciiariTi' of twenty-three hattt'aiix. laileu witii provisions and sup|ilies. encamped at I'oint I'eiee. on tiie iiortli sliore. near tlie head of lia!\0 Krie, wholly imeonseioiis tlial any daniicr awaited them. 'I'heir movements had. however, heeii close! v recon- nuilered iiv the Indians, w iio. haviiii.; liirmed an amiur-cade at this place, furiously attacked them near dayia'eak. OiiriuL; the resulting; panic, the ollicer in command leaped into a hoat. and. accoin|)aiiicd liy thirty men. crossed the laki' to ^andiisky. The rest of the detachment were killed, ir taken prisoners, anil all the stores li'il into the I'lieinv's hands. Tic prisoners were reseiviMJ to row the boats. On tlie ilUih of May, the first of the loni: line of hatteanx was .M'eii from the Hut. as it roinided I'oint Union, on the Canada slnuv. Tiie narrisou crowded the ramparts to view tiie welcome sinlit, and a iiun was tired as a sii^n.il to their sup|)osed approacliiii'.: friends, lint the only ivspoiise was the gloomy war cry. As the llrst hoat came oppo>ile to the little vcsscd ancliored oil' tlie fort, llu' soldiers rowiir.: it determined to recapture it. \Vhile tlu' .steersman headi'd the hoat across, another soldier threw ovcrlioard the Indian who sat oil the how. Ill the struL:::li' hoth were drowned, iiul the hoat was rowed under the films of the fort. Lest the otlier captive rowcis should imilati' this example, tliev wtu'i' landeil hv the Indians on llo^: Island, and immediatelv sacriliced. News of the tl'eatv peace I'oi ududed at Versailles. Feliriiarv 10. ITli'I. lict ween I< ranee iial K iiLdand. reached Detroit on the ;)d of .liinc. while these evi'iits wen- ii jiioL^ress. From the Fniuh who were assemhied on this occa>ion. the intellip'ii ri'ieivcd a full anil prompt acipiiescence. as a conclusive so vereii^n act ; hut the ludi;! us cnnlinucil the sieue. I'oiitiac lindim;- he could not take the furl, proposed to the French inhahitants to aid him. hut they refu.-ed.' .\l)(ait this time, tlic vessel which had hceri dispatched to N'ia'.:aia. liy .Major ( iladwyii. arrived at the mouth of the river with supplies and some si.Nty men. The winds heiiii lijiil and hallliicj-. the Indians to l''i-htinu' e river, the di'tciiniiied to cahtnie her. and a lar-e liirce lell tl le sicL!!' am 1 111! Island for thai purpn.-e. Wliile the vessel v\as Iviie: at the mouth of tli Indians had endeavored to annoy her hy means of their canoes, hut the wind had I'oived her to shift her aiichoi-aL''e to this spot. The captain had urdered his men helow decks. In keep the li.dians in ignorance of his stn niith, liaviuL.' apprized them that a loud stroke 111' a hammer on the mast, would he a siiinal lor tliein to come up. As Boon as darkness supervened the Indian- came oil' in their eaiioi's in ^reat liirce. and I ti ' lli.-t. iiiid .Si-iiiaitii.- Skileia-.s ul' .^Ii^.•lliJ;an, )i. llMi'luptc'C()lR'i.'l'ti'ii tllt'lll. 'I'lic IdWii tr tins lurnosc iioii led tknvii biiiiiiii^' laltK, wliicli wore (ionstnii^teil lA' tlic tiiiilifis irom liariiH dostmvcil 1)\ till! rmliaiis. dn pine, and a (|uaiitity nf jiitcli added, to iiiake tlie more euialjui^tilili Noluilhstiiiurmii two siieli lal'ls wero eoiistnieled and sent down tlio river, the ves.sid and lioats e.-caped tliei of June, tlie vessel was enal)led to lioist sail aiK A 1, 1 reaeiied the I'oit in sal'etv. ■ee/.e sprini:in^ n[) on the oDtli (Jenoral Amherst, tlio coininandei-in-cliii'!', tiioiiuli weai\eiu;d hv the lorci- willidrawn i'ur tlie Iniliaii war in the west, was I'nliy seiisiMe of the jierilons position of the western po.sts. in conseipienee of the Indian hostility, anil pre|iared to senil at tlio earliest period, reinforeeiui'nts to I'Niits I'itt, Niaiiara, ami Detroit. 'I'lie relief desliued for the latter [lost was piaeed under tl le or(ter.- of his secretary, (,'aptain Dai/.ell. wl fter ndievin^ Niai;ara, pnjceeded to Detroit in armed liatteaii.x, at the ImmiI of a f(]i( f .KM) men. To the io\' of all concerned, this reinloreenieiil airived at Detroit on tl ,1 idtli of 'U\\\\ when the place liad heen he.sieqed upwan lilly iia\s. Captain Dal/A-l will) hrui i'.:hl this timel\- ion to tl le arrison. nropo-ed a niLilit assault on 'cutiac s rami), which the commandant asseu ted t o, not. liowe\(,'r. wiliioui some misiiivmns. Two hundred and lltt\' men were selecteil for tiiis dut\ nil 1. with this force Captain Dai/.ell left the fort, a.s .seeretl) as possihle, at lialf-i)ast two o'clock on moniinudf the ."ih-t. At the same time, two iioats wen' ik'spatched to keep pace tlU' rem the p arl\'. and. if llece^sal•\. take oil' the woumli'd. The ilarkiiess of the iiiuliL Invd it .somewhat dillicult to discmi the way, and maiU; it a task fir them to till- pri.|H'r distance jjclween the platoon- .\fter niai'i liin^- ahont two miles, when tl van^uan 1 had reached the hrid,^v over the stream, which has sii iieeii Known as J'. i'rook a sill Idel I lire was |i(iiirei I in hv the Indii Ills, winch ci\ atcd a tempor ir\- iruiiess panic iuiiohl;' the troo[is, iVoin which, however, they recoverecl. 'I'lie iiitiMise d; conipletelv obscuring the enemy, a retreat was ordered; when it aii|ieaied that then was a heavy force in the rear, throii^ih which the column Iku 1 the midst of a well-plaiiiu iiei'ii a 1 lowed to amhuscado. TliL' Knjili.sh were, in fact. displayed the utmost hra\ery and spirit in this emergency, hut was soon shot Da ii'j;i' witli it'iii'Wi'il si-or. Ah iIk' M'aMHi I'or liuiilin^; apindaclu'd. tin- Iiidiiiiir' firailiially dir^iiLTfcil ; (lie hir.ro liiiii:ui.slioil, ami wii.s linallv alianiluiicd. 'I'liciv is iu> previous rt'cord in Indian Idsloiy of so laii;i' a I'oii'i' oi' Indians liaAinu licin ivi|pt in tlio tlcid I'or so loiii; a jh riod ; and tins fllitrt of till' AI,i:on(|uin oluif to mil liack tin' tidi- of Knro[H'an I'lniuration, was tliL- must liirniidalilc that was cxci' made liv any ont- inciniicr of tlii" Indian i'mco. Hod^icrs styli's I'ontiac an cniinTor. lie ciTtainly | u (ssfssfd an rncivv of nnnd and powers of combination oxcwdinj: those of any other antecedent or eonteniporary chief. U|)echanyiuioiigh possessed i;reat lirnnie.-s. ami was a hitlei- enemy of the white race; Siissacns oidy foiiL;ht for Irihal rights and supremiicy ; the coinse of I'ni'as was that of a politician; I'ometacom liattled. indeetl. to repel the people whose edncalio'i, industry, ami reliiiion, liiiedoomed his own; hut I'ontiat^ took a more enlaijred and comprehensive view, not only of the liehl ol' contest, luit al>o of tiie means nt'Ci'ssary for the retention and preser\ation of the alioriuinai dominion. At a later jieriod, Ihiint merely li)iight for. and under tho direction ol a powcrfnl ally; i-nd 'I'ecnmseh hul n-enacted the deeds of I'duliae. after the lap-e „\' lilty _\ears. when tlie >cheme of ivpellim: the whites was. in reality, preposti rous. m m To III i: A M Kill CAN K I! V (» 1. 1' T I O N. a4!t I'UAPTKK V TIIK WKSTKIJN INDIANS CONTINUR TIIEIIl OlM'OSITION TO Till] MNdMSII >l l'l!i:.MACY. (joLoNi: I, I'.ol CIIKT MAKCIIKS To TIM", ui:lil:1'' uk i-'uht i'ITT. tuk jiattlk uf bhusuv nvs. TilK Htriiir^'lt' "f till! Iiiiiiiins. in ('unjiini'tion willi tin- Kri'iidi. Inr sllin'cmiicv ill Aiiicriwi. niiiy !»• ,>iiinL;li>ii lirst ITii-l oriiiiiiiitod tlu' idcii aiiKHi'-' llu' wtsIitm trilics. tluit liic \'irL'iiiiiiiis were tiiivinu |ii'i'liiiiiii!ii'y i tlii* |Mt* iviniiiiiitM of I'r'^iiiK'iil.x. wliicli liiul rrtiinii'il, in ii li'i'Mc ainl ."liullrrcil ciiiiilitiiiii, Irntii tin' r^lfiri' ol' llavaiiii. 'I'lic riiiitc lii\ tlimuL'li IViiiix\ l\Miiia. Its tlic \\a\ <>!' riirli>|i' und Fnit lii'dliii'il, mill iiiaiiy lli^«>llllra..'(■llll|ilit'H caiiii' lorwanl >iip\\l\. lie riMrlicil Kml MciiriMil nii tin- '-'"illi ul' .Inlv. ami. |iii»liini: mi tn Fort li>ii iim tlii> liuliaiis. will) licKii'LTt'il Fort l*iit. Iii'ani t}\' Ihm ii|i|)riiai'li. tln'V li'lt that jilai'i*. ami |in'[iairi| tn ii|)|ii)ii' lii> inarfli. ltiiMi|iii'l liail ilisciiciiniln'ri'il liiiiixi'irnt' liix wairoiis. as uIhd nf tiimli lna\\ liajLiajv. al I'liit linii-< mi liiir!liiiii (llstiiiiri'. wiicn llii'\ wtTi' lpii>l\ly attackril nil linlli Hank-*. .\ severe ami (lc-|ii'rati' liattie eiisiieil, wliicli inliiiitti'il iil" .tevt-ral niami'in ii's. ami cleveloped Home iiifitaiiees ol" ltom|iiet'H ^'allimlry. ('aptain!' (iraluitii and .Meliito:''!). of the reu'iilarx, were killeil, ami llxc nllieers woiimled. A-i tlie da_\ iio.«i'd. all eli'valimi \va>< '.:aine(i. on \\ liiili tlie Irooiw lii\oiiai'l< Mirroinidi'd tlie eaiii|>. and eoniiiieiiced a lively fiisiliide, iiiakim: rreijiieiit ^'allies, alternately attaekim; and retreatiiiLr. 'I'lii.x lieeanie very aniiouiii: to the troops, wlio were irreatly lalimird. and de-titiiti' ol' water. 'I'liev rom:lil in an extended circle. At leiiLilli, tlie Colom 1 roortrd to the insi' ol' willidrawiiij; two companies lioiii l!ie miter line, and iiiadr a I'riiit ol' iitiealiiiir. Ity tiiis moveinent. lie di'coyed the Indians into a po-itioii. wheii' liny Wire piMiiiptly clKirued with the liavmiet. anil repelled. 'I'lieir retreat then liec.iine a rout, which also involved ii part ol' the Indian I'orce.s hitherto nnenv'iif-'ed, Moihpiel ihen leliieil Id |!rn>liy Itiin, wiiere ihiie was ;ihniiilanee ol'w.iler; hilt he had hardly pioted his troupe, when the Indians ii<;uiii ('oiiiiiieiiced an attack, which was, however, speedily repulsed. The loss in theso actions aiiiminted to til'ty tiien killed, and sixty vvmnided. .Mtrr these hattles. the Indians did not renew the .sieje of Fort I'itt. hiit withdrew hcyniid the ( >liio ; and. I'oiir days siih^eipieiil to the action at Hriishy linn, IJmiipiet entered Fort Pitt. While the-e events vvcie tiaiispirim:'. the Indians were vet closely hesieuinj;' Detroit, and the uarrismi l)e;:aii to -ullir from I'atiiiiie and want ol' prov isioiis, A vessel, manned li\ twelve men. and in charge of two masters, was despatched I'roni Fmt .\ia'.;ara, diirini: the latter part ol .Vngiist, with stores liir its reliit'. It reached the entrance to Detroit river on the .'Id ol' Septemlu'r; hut the wind heinv adverse, the crew dropped the anchor. Ahoiit nine o'clock in tiie t•vellinL^ the hoatsvvain discovered a licet of canoes .ipproachiii'j'. cmitainim:- alioiit .'loll Indians. The how '.;iin was liivd. hut too late. .'IS the canoes had. hy this time, snrroiindcd the ves.-el. The Indians iinmedi.iielv (111 the cahle. and lie;;an to hoard her. notwithstanding the lire I'rmii the small arms, and also I'lom ii svviv(d. The crew then seized tiii'ir piki's. a new weapon of deli'ncu with which tliey were provided, und. liiihting with great hravery and determination, 4 i II TO Til i; AM i;il HAN l< K V (H, I T I ( • N , ::>i killfil iimii} (if llu Uh'. 'I'lii' liiiliiiii!4 l<-ar<'\ iii'jiii}.' iii'iiiinil, ili!H-lii' WH' ali'il willi a -iUrr iin'iliil.' 'I'lic ^ai'i'i>^mi \ii'\\ni tliii.t |ii'ii\iilril wilii xiipplio, tlic riiillur illiii'ts n^' ilir IihIuiiih |)i'nV('(l III' III) ^rt'ut ('nii»<'i|U('ii('c. Am ||ii> m'iimiiii i'tii' limiting' ii|i|ii'iiai'lM il. iln' luiliiniH iiiii>ll\ ili^^iii'ix'il, cNi'i |i| ^itiiit' >iiiall |>artirs, ulm walrliril tin' I'lii. ainl |>ri sniirii aii\ (■giVKr< ri'iiiii il. n|imi war lu-vi'i' lifiti^ ciinictl mi li_^ tin- iinliaiis ilmin.: ihr winti r, Majiir (ilailwvii iiiailc hiu'Ii ii Jiiilii'iiiiis (linpnsitimi of lii> iiicaiis, as |>ir\i'iiti'ii any Mir|iriM' diiiiii'.: lliat hraxiii. FdI'I Niagara had not Ihtii altarlvrd, altli()U<.'h its ^ani-uii wai uimU ; l>iil lis |irri'iiit'ti wi'ii' riiiiliiiiially iiili>r*ti>d li\ liii>tili' liidiaiis, wliirli iiiailr il iirrri-arN In -I'lht out laij:t' fwnrtji witli cvi'iy train ilr>|iatrlii'il rrnni it To rid tlif Niajara \alli\ nl' this iinniiMincc, iind ii|ii>ii tin- rmiti' tn S'IiIussit, u lictai'liiiu'iit ul' nini'ly iiii'ii \\as dii't'i'tcd to scour thi> sui'i'iiuiidiiii; country. Owjnir to lhi> iiii-niisidiTati' ardor nl' the ollli'i'i' in rniiiiiiaiid. and, al^n. tn lii^ iLiiinraiii'i' o|' Indian Militlrl\ in tiiiic nl' war. llio ili'lai'linnnt was ili'inM'd inln an aiiiliu-i'adi'. in wliiili hi', .ind all his nun. w ilii tin- I'Nci'lilinli nl' tlirri' nr Iniir. Wrlr killi'd. il'ir ' >l:iMl.'. |., .■|IMI. ' ll'i'l . y. .".Hi 25-2 FROM Tllb: CUNQLErfT OF CANADA ClI AI'TKIf VI. riKXFHAL rACIFTCATTON HETAVKEN THK FNGLTSTT. AND TlIF INDIAN TRIDES. FAST AND WFST. TREATY OF PEA OF AVI Til THE 8ENECAS, AVYANDOTS, OTTOWAS AND ClI IP I'EW AS, MIS- 8ISSAGIES, rOTTAWATTAMIES, AND MIAMIES. Tm: ('iiin|i;ii,t;n ol' ITii.'] liad tlie olVoot rather to inspire than to dopross tho ITCil liopcs of tiic Iiiiliiuis. Tiic llui^lish iiirccs had lieon withdrawn to t'in'tiior projects ol'comnu'st in the West Indies; tlius leaving hut few troops on the frontiers. Foi-ts Pitt and Dttruit haih for many niontiis. both been closely invested hy the tribes, who (()ni]iletidy impeded ingress and i-gress. The determination evinced by tlie forces of I'ontiae at Detroit, his aitacks on tlie shipping sent to its relief, the sangninary encounter at Bloody IJridge. in which Dal/.ell was slain, and at IJrnshy IJnn, where (.'olonel Bouquet was so actively opposed, togotiior with the utter destruction of a detaidniient of ninety men and its officers, on the Niagara portage, afl'orded an additional stiuudus to the wrath of tiie Indians. These succi'sscs not only ser\i'd to iullate the Indian pride, but likewise denoted a feeble military administration on tho ])art of the British connnander. (■eneral Andierst wa.s of opinion that more vigorous action, and a more compre- hensive and definite plan were requireil for the cain])aigii of 17G4, while, at the same time, the ministry had crippled his abilities by withdrawing nearly all his regular troops.' Under these <'ii'(nnnstances. he (tailed for nitl from the colonies, determining to send Colonel 15ou(juet with an ellicient army against the western trilies. who beleaguered Fort Pitt, and overawed the valleys of the Ohio, Miami. Scioto, and Wabash, and at the same time to diri'ct Colonel Bradstreot to proceed with a large force, in Ixiats, against the northwestern tribes, at Detroit. To enable him to carry out his plans, lie appealed earnestly to th(! respective (.'olonial K'gislatnres for troops, wliich were (dieer- fnlly supplied. Sir William .Tohnson determined to hold a general convention of the tribes at Fort Niagara, in cdnneetinn with the Bradslreet ino\i'ment. and to endeavor to induce as many iiidiims as ims^ibie to a("company that officer, on his expedition to the \icniage oi the upper iaki II; ivinii^ made these arranirements. Amherst, w ho had /ea ioiish ■Ilieic'iitK prosecuted tin; war aiiainst Canada, solicited leave to return fc Iiiiii.- (I I I ,j ! Tn THE AMKRKAN l!K V OL UTION. •2r>-\ Kii^l mil. 1111(1 was ,siiccoedi.'il in tliu cuiiiiiiiukI liy (jeneral Gago, an ofllcer ol" very iiiU'rior cliaracter. It ]mn'^ iK'ci'ssary to conduct the oporations of Bradstroet's dctadunont l)y wator, tliat oiliccr siiiioriiitoiuk-d tlu- work oi" cunstnictiuir a llotilla of hattcaiix at SclioiicH'tady, on a plan of his own invention, each hoat liaviiif; forty-six feet keel, and bein,;;' siillicicntly eaiiacions to contain twenty-seven men, and six weeks' provisions. As .^ooii as this iinnicnso llotiUa was ready, it was ordered to Oswego, wheio Sir William Johnson liad al.so directed the Indians to assenihle. Ilis force, of all descrij)tioiis, on reacliiiig Oswego, numl)ered aimut J"J()I>. Three vessels were employed to transport the hea\y stoles to the month of the Niagara, and the Indians, in their caiKjes, followed the extended ti'ain of hatteaiix along the Ontario coasts, making the usual landings at tlii! I5ay of Soihis,' and Ir(iiide((Uot. They arrived at I'\)rt Niagara in the beginning of July. Tiiis concourse of boats and men was. however, in reality, the smallest part of the display. A birge niinil)er of the Indian tribes had Iieeii summoned to a council liv Sir William Johnson, who had collected 1700 Indians at Niagara.- Nevi'r had such a body of Indians been congregated under his auspices. The council was iield in Fort Niagara. lie had brought with him the preliminary articles of a treaty of jieace. amily, and alliance, which had been lucpared by him at Johnson Hall, where it had receixed the signatures of several of the leading chiefs. ^lajor Gladwyn had sent Indian deputies from Detroit, anil various causes had combineil to swell the iittendance at this i;ieat convention. Henry relates that one of Sir William's messages reached Sanlt St". Marie, at the liiot of Lake Superior, and induced the triiie there located to send a deiiutation of twenty persons.'' The Senecas, hf)wever, wliose conduct had In^en e(piivocaI durinu' the war. ilid not make their appearance, although their de|iuties had linarv articles at Johnson Hall. Sir William .«ciit to their villai;es on signc I" the Genesee, repeated messages for them, which were uniformly answered liy promi.^es. IJnt promises would not serve, and, conscfpiently. Colonel Bradstreet anthori/.i'd the Baronet to send a linal message, announcing that, if they did not [ireseut themselves in fire (la\s. he would send a force against tl lem, aiu 1 destrov their villages. This lirouiiht them to terms; ne\ iinmc( liateh' attended the convention, and. at the same time dcred tl leir prisolu rs. .V formal treaty of [u-ace was then concludi mm to Colonel Bradstreet di'sired to depart iminediately, but Sir AVilliani bcgg ])ostpone his march until he had fmished with the tribes, and given them their pivsents; for, jilthoujb he had just concluded a treaty of peace with them, he had no faith in their lidelit\, and fand that, if the troops were withdrawn, they wouM attack the '■'■it iiii ' In :i iii;imi-rri|it j..iini;il iif llii- i Ap.ililinii. wrlttrii liy .Inliii M'KiMiiiv. »n nr.l.rly in flic I (tli, or Itdjal Scvit-, mill ill I'lir )i"s-r--iiiM. llil^ li:i\ i^ i:illi'il (1iim-.i.iIii.<. wliicli !i|i|u':irs In In' tin' :ilioriL;inMl liTin. -' >|;iiili\ 11 ."il",!. ^Tnivi'l- of .\lr\aiiiliT lli'iiiT, p. Ilid. II L I i '• il .'!'. 'i ;! 'II 1 . I '. Hi 264 F J{ O M T HE C I) >i (j L K S T ( > !■' C A N A I) A I'ort. ^Vitll tlii.-' iiMiiifst JJriiilstrcet complied, lie at length departed, tiikiuy with him .'jOO Indiiiu wiirriurs ii.s auxiliiiries, althougli he was eoiiscioii.s they accompanied liim rather in the character of isjiit's. Sir William, having acconij)li: h ilkiii.iM- I '.iii-i'irii V •■( I'mIiII:!!', 'Ii.iI llii-i|.il» v, , ill |..r!uriiii .1 ' :i ■1 \ " U :f TO THE AMERICAN U E V \ai-, uuu me uiame wnere properly belonged, and then. ap[)ealing to the theology which recognises God as the great ruler of events, who orders them in wisdom and mercy, promised obedience to the Mritish crown. While spi'aking. he held in his hand a belt of wami)um, having a iilue and white ground, interspersed with devices in white, green, and blue, which, at the close of llis speech, lie dejiosited as a testimonial of the truth of his words. He then, holding foi'tli a purple and mixed Ix'lt, in the name of the Miamics, tendered till ir submission, deiiositing this lielt also as their memorial. Shamindawa then addressed the eouni'il in the name of Pontiac, saying that ho regretted what had Inqipeiied, and reijuested it should lie forgiven, adding that it would give him pleasure to eo-operate with the English. lie concluded b}' praying for the success of the Illinois mission, as though he eoiisidereil it a perilous undertaking. The Hurons. who had been aetividy engaged in the war. next inesented tlieir suliinission, and adixed to the treaty the embleTuatic signature of a deer and a cross. A Miami chief, whose signature iited himself In the name of his nation, to concur in the terms acfi'i h'd to bv lie prcsei Oltaw IS and I'luiip The Pottawatti nines am IF )xes then afli.xed tl irir signature by the lucto; zrapli of a liix. an ei 1, and u bear. The ^1 ississMii'ies Avere representi'd by Wapacomagot, and sigiiilied their acipiieseence by tracing the llgure of an eagle with a medal round its neek. The entire number of Indians present at the eoiielusion of the treats with Colonel Bradstreet. has been estimated at llKid.' M:iiiti'. ]i. .Vjij. Till- wiirrioiv ]iri'~cMt, niul tliuir umm'iio:il I'uti' wriv »■■■ I'dll.Avs : — (ItlnWM* 2l;iI Cliii^prWiis ;!lll( Slink i.'-i i")!) lluioU:; so - fi.'.0 ( 'li 1 iipcnvas I "ill l'..|lMW:ill:iiiiii s (."ill (iOO 0/ Siii,'hi.ieven comi)anies in the fort at Detroit, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel ('ami)hell. Two companies, under Cajitain Howard, together with a detachment of artillery, and two companies of the recentl}' organized militia, were, at the same time, ordered to re-t)ccupy Michilimackinac. To supply the po.-t ellcctually, a vessel, under command of Lieutenant Sinclair, of the llfteenfh regular iniantry. was directeil to enter Lake Huron. 'I'liis, it is declared,' was the first Knglish vessi'l that ever attempted the [lassage,- and the vt)3age ai)})ears to have licen considered an intrepid feat, from which we may reasonably infer, that tiie name of the lake and river Sinclair was thus derived.' Sinclair, tradition asserts, was the connnandant of Miciiilimackinac, ])rior to the arrival of Captain Kohinson, who held the command on on tiie island, in ITS:!.' when a faeade of its nuu'al precipices fell down. The j)ost of .Mi'hilimackliiac was. in 17(1 f, situated on a northern headland iif ' Maiiti', p. .MO. ' It wa.s ori;_'iii:illy inaifi' liy tlir llrilliri, uii4tory. su[HT>titions. and inythology. Traditions which have heen carefully sought out, mention that the Kiiiilish were the first nation who were permitted to occupy its sacred shores with troops." Iiy whom a fort, in the form of a tailns, owinir to the shape of the dill', was placed on its ediic. A villaire was laid out on the narrow ,i;ra\el plain helow. The liaihor. tlnui-li small. pos.sessed a good anchora.uc, and was sheltered from all winds, except those from the east. Merchants, who supplied the traders to a wide extent of cmnitry. east, west, and nor th, located their places of husiness on the island. The traders litte(l o\it .■unui; Ih hy tiiese merchants held intercourse with the trihes of Fiake Su|ierior. Miehi!.;an, (Ireen Bay, the ]\lississippi, and the Illinois. British capital and enteriiriseestalilished this trade on a ni'w footint;', and. from this time forth, it hecame a centn; liir a \ast eountrv. th Al'trr tluir ivnmval U> tin liis Mirs wrri' title, uni;iii;ilini.' iiiiiny years sulisciiuen iiilivrcd ill llic Catlinlie i-linri'liy.-inl ; Iml a i|in-:(i.iii iitlv. I'ausi'.l tliiMM to lie a'_'aiii ili-liirlied. al'lei- wliieli lliev were I'e-iiiteri'i' 1 lit r.iint I,a Cr.issi ' llenrv's Travi I'l .Me Lake .Mii lirs cif Tllirty Veins' l!esiileiie(>, |i. IKi.l 1 1']. VI. — : w i.'iS FROM THE CONQUEST OF CANADA Indians tnivc'lliiiu' tiiitlu'r. a (listiiiicc of ICIDO mill's, in tln'ir t'linocs. ijoariii!! witli tiiciii tlii'ir \vi'a|) MINKS. (lU TUAN.S-OlllO MEM UK US OF THE SIX .NATIOXS IX TIIK WKST. TiiK pliiii of Sir JolTrfy Amliorst to hriiij;- tlic wostcni liuliaiis to lorms, aftt r llic liuiil ouiKiiiL'st dl" ('aiiadii, was wi'll devised. Miiil he dirccluil Imt a ^iiiiilc I Tli 1 oijcratioii against tliiMii, hotli tliu soiitiiwcstLTii and iiurtliwcsteiii triU's would liiive viiutod tu Dpposo it; hut, by sending a rospectahlo and c'luiti'olling I'drcc, nndur IJradstrot't, to tho northwest, through tiie great hdves, to Detroit, and, at tlie same time, anotlier mider Ik)U(piet, from tho present site of Pittshnrg to the Tuscarawas and the Muskingum, against tlie tribes of the southwest, lie elVeetually di\id('d their Ibrce, and demonstrated to them flu^ power and energy of the government (dainnng their submis- sion, wliose militaiy prowess liad caused tho time-honored Freneli Hag to be strnelc at Quol)ee, Montreal. Niagara, and I)u (iuesno. His successor, General Gage, nu'rely carried out this plan, but, if we may credit the testimony of a cotempt)rary ollicer, without much ap[)rei'iation of tho necessary precision in his orders.' The ofler of terms of j)eace, to tlio Shawnoes and otlier southwestern tribes, dubiously represonteil in the month of August, 17G4, as made by Colonel IJradstroet while on his way to Detroit, was deemed to be a vainglorious assumption of i)ower by the other officers in the Held, and an niniecessary interference witii the ei\ie duties of Sir William Johnson, liut Ins ardor and jiromptitudo as a commander created a very favoralili- impression on the Indians in tho region of the lalvcs; and his exi)edition to that, then remote [)oiiit, inaugnrateil one of tlie soundest features of tlie- Rritisli Indian poliex'. Bradstreet did not K'ave Detroit until the 14th of September." and on the IStli he reached Sandusky Bay, where he detached a party with orders to destroy a settK'iueiit of ^lohicans in that vicinity, under Moliigan Jolin ; but tho Indians eluded tlieiii. Single delegates from the Dolawares, Shawnees, and Scioto-Iroquois, accompanied by Tnscarora Indian, here met him. and made statenu'iits which, it is conceived, wore not entitled to any weight, but were dictated by the spirit of Indian siilitlety. which anticipated coming evil. He then proceeded with his army to Up[)er Sandusky, where r M Maiiti', ji. .■)08. ' Ibiii. |,, ,")lif;. I 1 ' !: ' '.'(ID FKO.M TIIK CONQUKST OK CANADA 1 1:. ii \V_\Mii(li)t villiiiii' liiiil lii'i'ii (li'strnvi'il the iPivvioiis vi'iir by ('aiitiiiii Dul/fll. Hero lie nccisi'il IctliTS iVolll (it'llt'Till (l;i;;i'. tlisiipliniv ilij;' liit on niakhii;' trial of tlie SaudnsUy, tlie water appeared to he too low. and his unides led liini to think that, tVoni the shortness ol' the pi>rta,L:-e. his pro\ i.-ious conlil he transported ou ini'n's shoulders. Tiie portaiii' hetween tile ('iiyaliii;:;a and the I'nscai'awas liirk of the Mnskin.irnni, was I'oinid to Ik-, at that sca>>in. cip:ali\ inipracticahli'. In this dilemma, and to enahlo liim to act as a check on ilie Dclawares and Shawnees. ai;ainst whom l{on(piel was marchinp', iiradsleel deierniiiied to encamp on the Sandnsj^y l'ortaj;v. lie opened a comnaniic.ition with ('iiliiinl liuncpiei. who was advancing i'rom Piltshuri:. at the head of his army; and, liy occnp_\ inj; this position he likewise exerted a I'axdralile inlluence toward conclndini^ a -cneral peace with the western Indians, which ellict re,-iilleil from that moviMuent. From Indians whn \isiicd his camp he learned, that the Deiawares and Shawnees were already tiled (if the war. and sought to make a peace on the liest terms they conld iililaiii. Tiny were tiie more an.xions on this point, hecanse of the tlir( at of the Six Naiioiis. who were stroiiiily in the Mniilish interest, to malie war on them. 'i"o them, siicii a wai' was far more to he dreailed than the Km;lish armies, for they tremiiled at liie xcry mention nl' the lro(piois. ]']\erythinj;', indeed. Ibre.-hadowed a faNorahle lermiiiation of the war. lioiiipict. who had atteini)ted, in l7ti->, "to snatch a grace heyond the reach of art,"' at iJrushy linn, and came near annihilation in the eH'ort. had remained in garrison at Fort I'itt during the autunni and winter of ITtl.i-lil. where the Indians did not molest liiiii. J>nt experience had diMiionstrated that the suhtlety and agility of the Indian iiM\ cnienls, and their superior knowledge of the topographical leatnres of the w ilderness, reipiire(l a degree of I'aulion. on the march, heyond what would lia\e lii'en necessary ill (ippo-inj ci\ilized troops. The force destine(l tin' l>oU((Uet reached Fort I'ilt on the i Till of Sepienilier. while IJradstrei't was on his way from Detroit to Sandusky; hut tlie fiiriiier (lid imt l«a\e Fort I'itt until the ;!d of Octoher. lie had under his command I'lOii UK 11. liiiiiishe(l with e\ery needful supply. Having heeome an adept in the u.s(> of field maps, guides, and t()rest arts, he marched slowly and sur(dy, his army covering a large space in tiie iiirest. and indicating great stn-ngth of imrpose, as widl as con- fidence (if siicces-^. All this was oh.served and duly reported hy Indian spies. The Indians, nioreox cr. wcic aware that Hradstreet was on the Sandusky, at tla? head of e\-eii a larger lince. To employ an Indian simile, these armies ai)[ieared like two convergiiiu clouds, which must .soon overwhelm tlu'in. On the Gth of (Jcloher the arinv reached l}ea\er river, \\here thev Ibinid a wliile ; '' :l TO THK AMKIIICA.N K K V «» 1- 1 T I (> N . lidl iiian. wlio liiul ('si';i|it'(l I'roiii tlic liiiliuiis. lie .staled lli ' tlir latliT were iii iiiiicli iilai'in. ami tlioM' locati'd iildiii;' l{iiiii|iict'.s liiu' nf iiiarili lia>i nicialcd t!irni>i'l\i'y. On llic Mil, till' lioiiiis uro.-^^cd tin- Little Mcavcr river, and on the I Itli. eni'aiii|ied on tliu 'I'nsearawas. A coiniieteiit observer, who \isiied the coMntry in 17IS, reiiorteil the nuMiltef dl' Indian warriors in the Ohio valliy, at TS'.t. Of these there were Senecas, hi;l ; Shivwnei's. llJli; Wvandots. IIU; Mohawks, 74; ISlohieans, !•"> ; Ononihi'^ias. ;>•"> ; ('a\uuas. liO; Oneidas. 1"); and Delawares, 1()'>.' These liirnres wonld imlieate an auuri'ffiiti' i)o[)iilation of a IVuctiou inidiT -lOOO, and it is not proiiahle that (he nnniher had varied iniieh in sixteen years. WhiU' eiicainped on the 'I'usearawas. twit men arrived who had lieen sent liv J5on(|ni't from Fort I'itt as messenirers to Colonil IJrad- slreet. On their return they had heen ea|itnred hy the Delawart's. and eon\eyei[ to an Indian village, sixteen miles distant, whore they were detained nntil the news arri\cd of IJoiniuel's advance with an army. From iidormation snh>ei|uently received through Majttr Smallwood, one of the ca|)tivt's was finally surrendei'ed liy thi' Indians, a re|iort l)ein<;; circidated that IJoniinet was advancing: to extir|)ate them. The ellbct of this news on the Indians im[)licated, was to determine them, witli the connivance of a low- minded French trader, to massacre all the prisoners in tln'ir hands. The two mes- sengers, however, were liherated, and connnissioned to lell Colonel lioui|net. that the Shawnees and iKdawares wonid \isit liiin for the pnrpos ■ of ])r()[)iisinL; terms of jieace. .\ccordin,uly, thi'ir deputies arrived two days snhseipiently. and lironiiht information that all their chiefs were assi'inhled at the distance of aiiont eiudit miles. Tiie iitllowiui;- day was a[)pointi'd for a coiiforcncu at Colonel IJonipiet's tent. The lirsl deli'^ation which advanced i;umi>rised twenty Senecas, imder the direction of their chief, Kigaschnta; next came twenty Delawares marshalled hy ("ustaloga and Amik ; and then six Shawni'es. le.i hy Keissnaiitehta. who a|)peared as tiie repri'sentative of .several trihes. Fach chief tendered a helt of wampum, accompanyinu' its presentation hy a speech, which embraced the nsnal subjects of Indian diplomacy; exciisinjj,' what had lieeii done dnriii;:' the war, ])lacing all the ci'nsnre on the rashness of their younj;- men, ])romisinjr to deliver \\[) all their ca[)ti\i's. soliciting a cessation of hostilities, and jiletli;in;^ future lidelity to their agreements. lioiKinet realized the advantage of iiis position, and a future day was appointed llir liis answer, which, when given, emliraci'd all the points in ipiestion. He spoke to them as one having full auth(U'ity; accused them of perfidy ; uplaaided them l()rha\ing [)illaged and murdered Fnglisli traders; and charged them with killing four Fnglish messeiigiM's who curried a commission from the king. He also spoke to them of the audacity of their cour.se in besieging the king's troops at Fort Pitt. The whol(> tone of his address wa.s elevated, truthful, and manly. He concludetl by informing them that, if they would deliver up to him all the prisoners, men, women, and children, then ' Vol. IV.. p. (;o5. 'if ! \ T n i M tJ SII2 FIIOM TIIK ('oN(>l T, ST o !•' CAVAhA ii ,1^ I in their iHPSscs.sion. not cvcii ('\('c|)lih'4 tlinsc wlut Imd iiiiinii'il into tlif tiilicM. riniii^li lliciii with iliiliiinu:, liorst's. mill lll•ovi^'ionM. mihI coiincs' tliciii to l''nit I'itI, In- woiilil ;;r;ml tiicm |ii'!U'i'; Imt. \>y no niciuiM. on iiny otlicr tciins. lie tlioii bi'iikc ii|i tlio ('onli'rcncc, anil |iMt his army in motion lor the MnsUinirnni. it. Ixini; II nioiv cfiitriil position, and ont' IVoni whii'h, if the Indiana laltcri'd in earning (Mil ihi'ir cnL'aiit'nu'iits, hi' roidd thr nunc ii'adily diiTrt his ojicrations aL'ain>l llirni. While the iiriny was i'ni'ani[ii'd on tho Tusraiawas. tla- Dilawaii's hioniiht in i'i,i;htri'ii 11 stii'ks, indicatini' the ninniHT s till in tl ii'ir white iii'isoiitM's. anil aNo eiirhty sina |)ossi's,-:ion. Till' lU'iiiy lunki' uronnd on llio .Muskiniinin on Ihi' 2")tli oi' OftoliiT, and on till' liSth. Cofknawatrii IVter arrived, with letters iVom Coloiu'l Bnidstreet. Dnrinir the eiisniii;; week tir eaini) was a scene )l' eiiiitiniial arriv '.Is and I'M'iteinent. Diiriii' < 'iii the nionth of Novemher, the Indians of the various trilies delivered up their eaptives. Sni'h a scene was. perhaps, never liefore. and, certainly, has never since, heeii witnessed. Tlii'v surrendered, of Virninians, thirty-two men and lifty-eiuht women and children; and of I'eniisylvMiiiaiis, lorty-nine men and ,-i.\ty-seven women and childri'ii. Major Smalhvood. an otlicer who had been captured tho jji-evioiis year, near Detroit, liy (lie Wyandots. was likewise restured to his friends. These comprised all wiio had escaped the wjir-clnl). the scalping-knife. and the stake; old jind youiiu wei'e indiscrimiiiiitely min.itled toiretlier in tho area. A solemn council ensued, at which Custaloga represented tile Delawares. and Kigashuta tho .S'liecas. The latter hei^aii : '•With this licit." (ho opened the waiiipmn) '• 1 wipe the tears from your eyes. Wo ilelivor yon these |)risoners. the last of yonr tiesli and hlood with ns. ]{y this token wo assetiihlo and Iniry the hones of those who have been killeii in this nniiappy war, which tho e\il spirit excited ns to kindle. We Iniiy those bones ilecp. noxcr 'iiero to bo looked or thoui^'ht oil. We cover tho place oi' iiiirial with li'avos. that it i i A' not be seen. The Indians have boon a loin;' time ^talldin;;• witii arms in their hands. 'J'lie clouds have hung in black alioxc us. The path lietweeii us luis been shut np. Hut with this sacred emblem wo open the road, clear, that we may travel on as onr fathers did. Wo lot in light from abo\o to guide our stops. We hold in our hands a siKer chain, which we put into yours, and which will o\er remain bright, and preserve our fiiondsliip.' Similai' sentiments wore expressed by tho other speakers, and a general cessation of liostiiitios resulted; the terms of paeificafion wore agreed on. hostages wore demandoil and furnished, and six deputies ap[)ointetl to visit Sir W^illiam .Fohnson. On the istli of October, liompiot set out on his return to Fort I'itf. which he reached on the 'JSth. From this point tho rescued captives wore sent to their rospocti\-o homes. ISradstroot also returned, by way of Tiako Frio, to Fort Niagara and Albany, a part of bis army having marched thither by laud. An olU'ctual termination was thus ])iit to the hostilities of the Indians against tho Hritish govenimont. resulting from the coiiipiest of Canada. il iDlJ i llHUiJ Ji ii n i i ,i ■ ^m t TO Till': AMKHK AN U^:vuLUTl0^. ■i6:i 1 . I ('II A PTKK I \'. I, OKI) i)rNM(»i{r,s K.\i'i;i>rnoN to tiiksckito A A '■; I lii^H':i! ■\Vh[m ::.f!| ^ jii m '■ tiiwii, Idi'.'iii'il (III (III- Si'iutii I'isi'i'. iit M |ilii :illi'i| llnr.xi'licail Itntliiiii; liiit (.'r<'.><:i|i iililiDMil it. oil tllc lTkiiihI tliill. iillliiill'jji il|>|iiMI'lll|i'i"i mi tile jiilll III' till' Imliillis Wi'l'i' vi'i'v .'•iir'|iii'iiiii>'. ilit'ii- \v;is III) iiiicii Will', mill tliiil. Iwiiiii vrt t'lU'lv ill llic !«[iiiii'.'. it \\i\-* inoi't |)niil«'iit to await ruitlici' ilcM'liiiii'ini'iils, 'I'lii^ aiUici* was tiilliiwcil, ami tlir wlmlr partv iii'<'iiiii|iaiiii'il liiiii ii|i tlii' liver to Wliri'lini.'.' at wliicli iilan- tlicy i'staMi>lirii tlii'ir lii'Miiiiiiaiti'i-*. Tin- uiiiiiIh'In dI' tlic ariiinl cxiilnrcrs wi'ir i|iiit'kly aiiL'iiu'iili'il liy the Minoillliiin^' si'lllcrs; il tint was clrctcil. iUlil. after Mime lie^'nliatinlis witli the eummamler. at l'itt>liiir'_'. aetiii'.' under llie aulliuiit\ tif lnuil Diiiiiiinre. tlie e\i,s|eiiie ol' a ^tale nj' «ar was |iiililiely aiiiiDmu'eij. Tiiis |iei'iiii| III' Imliaii iii>l' Indian race. Thi- victims were shot down in their canoes, while crossing.' the Ohio, not hecanse they were ohiioxioiis as iiidividnals ; not hecanse they were of the family of fiOLTiin ; hut simply on account of their allinit\- with the wild 'I'liianiau race." Such is the .generally acknowleilired MU'simi of this hase ' 'I'liis liiiiiim ( |)ria\v:in'l liiiiiii' is ii ilcTiviitivp fpniu imf. a liiiiiiaii lirail, and /"li' at this |>la<'r ' v.. I. VI., 11. lilt, ■■' l,ii'_'.iii liMil iiiarrii'il a Sli.aw wif.', s|i.il that laicjiia.'"'. livi'.i willi tlii' Irilir, ami wa^j t'ni|iniill_v l'(i:arili''l a.-< a Sliawriir'. ' Vul. IV. p. (ill). II,. II.1...S., ].. no ■■ Vi.lr I{ilii«.n'< IMii|..<,,|,liy ..r frlv.i-v.l rii.t..rv. |. illV.,; II : Ir.n.l.n.. 1 s." I. i Tn Til i: AM r.ll IC A N It 11 \ r» I. T T I o N. ir,r, InuiHaotiiiM. Cnluiicl S|iiiikH, wliil<' ivniicnitiiiir Crcxiii* IVoiii coiniilifity in tliis iliuk triuiHiictioii. cillicr pcrHoimllv, or lliroiijrii ftiiy onliiM or |ll•^mi^<^•i(lll ^rivtii I" lil^ uvix, ri'VciilH Mil tMitiicly new rciitmt' in tiu' <'iifi'. No ini'inlit'i' nf l,(i;.'im'H liiiiiily was in tin* two ciuioi's wliicli Htci|i|i('i| at Maker's nottcnti ; Imt tiu')' wcvi' kiljcil in [.nLfiin's own loilgi', on Miiiu'" Mottoin, ilni'in;.' iii;* alt^'ncc on ii innilinj; cNcnrfioii. TIm' cownnlly li I vvuM done liy kouw oi'V\'('m\)'>* nini, wiio liad htolcn away tVoin liis i iiin|i, i-ontriiry to iiis wiHiic.x, wliili' III- wan jonrni'yinp; IVoni Wlnrlinir to l'itt."*l)ur,L', ami auainst liis i>xpri'.«H ordfi'M, wliicli wcrt', to ri'>'ii('rt I.OL'an'w iC'-iilfncc. and not to attack it. Not only was this ^o, lint, wiii'n ('ri'S!i|) licard the liiin;:, In' innncdiati'ly ran in llu- direction whence the Hiinnds proet'eded, and inteiposed his anthority to .~to[i the nnissaeic' There is alsct another iniHstiiteniiMit wiiieli re(|ini'es eorieetion. The pnsilhininiuns attack mi the ranooM at Yellow Creek was not coinniitted liy the nii'n ol' Cresiip's cotnniand, then on the Ohio, far less liy (Vcsiip hiiiisell', or hy his ordeis. On the contrary, not s., |K 1 111. Vol.. VI. \ IJrantz M;iyi'r, bi'luri' liio Miirjl;iiul ilisl. V..1 IV., I'l •1_>7-L"J. L'it'ty. ii 26C TROM THE CONQUEST OK CANADA govornmcnt, of which Governoi' Duninorc announceil his dotcriuiiiatioii to assume the comiuaiul. By the 1st of September, a force, numbering from 100(1 to 1200 men, was organized, under the immediate command of General Andrew Lewis. After marching nineteen da^H tlu'ough the wilderness, General Lewis reached Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kenawha, where he was to have been joined by Dinnnore ; but, instead thereof, he received despatches from liim, changing the plan of operations, and directing him to proceed to the Scioto river. While preparing to comply with this order, his camp was suddenly and unexpectedly attacked by a body of Sliawnees and their allies, led on by the Shawnee chief, Monusk, or Cornstalk, and a liercely- coutested battle ensued. The Lidians exhibited great daring, rushing to the encounter with a boldness and fury which has .seldom been equalled, and accompanying their onslaught with tremendous noise and shouting. Colonels Lewis and Fleming were killed, and the troops were obliged to give ground for a time ; but a reinforcement being ordered up, the Indians were, in turn, compelled to fall back. The battle raged from eleven o'clock in the morning until four in the afternoon, when the natives retreated. The Indians engaged were Shawnees, Dehiwares, Wyandots, and Mingoes.' Among the leaders of the latter was the celebrated Tah-ga-yu-ta, or Logan, whose elo(|Ucnco has thrilled so many hearts. The Virginians acknowledge a loss of loO men, and the Indians are estimated to have lost 20U warriors. Indian history nowhere records such an obstinately contested battle. The loss of the Virginians would have been much greater, had they not adopted the system of the natives, darting from tree to tree with the spring of a cougar, and taking aim with the precision of woodsmen and hunters. Having properly interred the dead, and erected and garrisoned a temporary fort, General Lewis moved forward to the Scioto ; but, in the meantime. Lord Dumnore had reached that stream by way of Pittsburg, and had established a camp, which he called Charlotte, at the mouth of a small stream, known as the Sippi.^ At this camp, the Indians wore collected, and a treaty of amity was concluded. In the council. Cornstalk spoke with a manly tone and demeanor, which excited remark; all the tribes which had been engaged in the battle, were there represented, except the Mingoes.^ The latter, being under the influence of Logan, who had entered into this war with the most revengeful feelings, were restrained by him from coming forward. Lord Dunmoro sent for the chief; but he declined attending, and transmitted to him the noted .speech,'' which has given to his name a literary inunortality. :■' Till' IrM(|U(iis of the Ohio were thus named. ' Aiiiciii-m arehivos, Itli Si'i-ies, Vol. I., ]i. 1170. ■■ Si/>i>i is the Sh.iwnee iiaiiin lor a oreclc. ' Vol. IV., p. (lir.. " ; TO THE AMKKICAN K K V () L i: T J ON. ::iM C II ATT EH X. THE INDIAN TUADI'] UNDER IIUITISII RULE. The subj ligation of Iho IiuliauH being at longtii effectod, from this period wo may trace the progre.xs of the lJriti.sh toward a monopoly of the Indian trade, whieh ITO "> tremendons engine of power was destined nltimately to operate in elevating or dopre.> {' collecting information, and trannmitting to him the details of every occurrence. To liim the I5riti.>ih government owes a heavy debt of gratitnde. Nothing wa.s more imiiortant in the re-adjustment of Indian aflairs, and for securing their good will, than a proper organization of the fur trade. Prior to the eonijnest of Canada, the Engli.sh traders liad been p.-incipally confined to the sources of the streams flowing into the Atlantic ; but after this era their operations were extended indefhiitely, west and north. Under the French authority, a variety of regulations and limitations had been enforced, extraordinary privileges, and monopolies of particular districts having been .specially granted. Something of the same kind was attempted at tlie commencement of the English domination, after the fall of Canada; the power of granting licen.ses to trade on the frontiers, having Ijeen at first exercised by the com- manding officers of posts. From the time of the capture of Quebec, the Indian trade liad been in a state of confusion, and, before the llnal surrender of tiie remote districts, the Indians had been prevented from obtaining their regular supplies of goods, wares, and merchandi.se, which had now become necessary to tlieir comfort. Tiiey had long previously lost their old arts, and had become familiari/ed to the use of metallic cooking vessels, woollens, arms, and ammunition. The several memoirs and letters which Sir William Johnson, the Superintendent of Indian Aflairs, addressed to the Lords of Trade,' on the subject before referri>d to, are Lood indications of the importance he attached to the correction of irregularities in the fur trade, of his care in placing before them the elements on which an e([uable system could be established, and of his solicitude for its early formation. When the Canadas were added to the area of his jurisdiction, it required some time to establish, on a proper footing, the new relations with all the distant trijjes, which the occasion letjuired. His great object was to secure political influence with the trilx's, and for this purjjose he had per.sonally visited Detroit, Oswego, and Niagara. He kept in pay three deputies, who traver.sed a great part of the West, importing to bin) the result of their observations and inquiries ; and in the New York publications now before u.s, there is abundant evidence that he omitted no occasion of keeping the government advi.scd concerning the true position of Indian aflairs. It was not until after the return of the successful armies of Bradstreet and I?ouquet, in the autumn of ITtU, that an English- man could, with any safety, carry goods into the newly-conquered districts. The ver^' apiiellation, " English trader," was detested by the northern tribes, and instances or. :.rred where Phiglishmen were obliged to conduct their operations in the names of the Canadian guides and interpreters in their employ.' Even the mere imiform of an English officer or .soldier was loathed by them. '"Win," said Pontiae, in 17(i.'5, "do you sufler these dogs in red clothing to remain on your land."' We are told that trade iit Michilimackinac began in 17()0.* In ITd"), Alexander ' X. Y. (\.l. Hist. T),.o., V..I. VII. ' Hist, aiifl Scicii|!f=i' Skotdu.s „f .'Nliilii'.'.iii ' lliriiy's Tiiiit ' ll.i.l, " I ] ■•■Hi TO THE AMERICAN H K V Lf T lo X. 20!) Ilciiry, wlin li;u1 cscniiod the mnssiicrc at Micliiliiniickiiiac, ()l)taiii(.'(l a license graiitiiij^ him tlie monopoly of the trade on Lake .Superior, and, after one year's .sojourn there, retiU'iiei], hriiiging with him 1-"jO packs of heaver, each \vei;^iiiiig 100 pounds, hesides other lurn.' Mr. J. Carver, on his arrival there, in 1700, found this place to he the great centre of the English trade. '^ At first it was limited to Chegoimegon and Comenisteqnoia on Lake Superior, until Thomas Curry, ohtaining guides and interpre- ters, penetrated as far as Fort Bourbon, on the Saskatchewine. and returned the following year with his canoes so amply filled with fine furs, that he was enaliled to retire from the business. James Fiidev followed his track, the next vear, to Nina wee, reaping etpial profits, and was succeeded in the enterprise hy Joseph Froliisher.' 'I'he way heing thus opened, others recikle.ssly braved the attendant dangers and liard.-iiips, and ardently pursued the business. Thus was inaugurated the North-west trade, which, during half a eentiu'y has proved of more real value than any gold nn'nes. Tt is no marvel that every toil was encountered in its pursuit, and lieallh, as well as lil'e itsoll', freely sacrificeil to it. The fur trade in the West also vigorously commenced about tliis perioil. It had been carried on, by the aid of pack-horses, across the Alleglianies, from PIiiladel[ihia and Baltimore to Fort Pitt, from the period of its capture; but, until after the return of the expedition of Bouquet in 17G4, the territory beyond the Ohio could not bo penetrated without incurring the greatest risks. At length, under the treaty of Ver- sailles, British authority was estal)lished on the Mississippi, and, in Septemb(>r, 170'), (^aptain St(>rling left Fort Pitt for the Illinois, with 100 men of the llid regiment, in boats, and relieved tlie French garrison of Fort (,'hartres. The trading posts of Kitskaskia, Cahokia, Vinccnnes, and Peoria, were thus brought within the defined limits for trading ojjerations. The following year. Matthew Clarkson, whose journal is containetl in a former volume oi' this work, opened a trading station at Fort t'liartres, under the auspices of a mercantile house in Philadelphia.* A line of British posts at this period extended from Fort Chartres, in Illinois, by way of Pittsburg to Niagara, Oswego, and Fort Stanwix, and thence, pursuing the line of trade, up the lake to Detroit and Michilimackinac. The tribes being thus restrained, made no further efforts to originate hostile combinations. They had lost many men in the war which began in 175-); they had been foiled in all their schemes, from South Carolina to the Straits of Michigan; and, although they had evinced great energy and activity under the direction of Pontiac, their efforts invariably resulted in defeat. Such evidences of the po.s.session of power on the part of the British were also developed, as to prove to them that, thougii .slow in action, and sometimes erring in their move- ments, yet the latter had perseverance, energy, and ability, sufiicient to balUe all tiieir elVorts. The Indians had likewise suffered greatly, within a few years, in their trade, which had been purposely interrupted. m i;N?l i n.nr>'.- Tr:ivil>, p. t04. •' CarvorV Tiiivol.«. ' .Miiikoiizii' V..1 IV, iJTO KUOM 'NIK ('(»NQrj-;ST <) !■' CANADA I ! ! CHAPTER XI. CENSUS OF THE NTMBEllS, NAMES, AND POSITION OK THE INDIAN TUIBES, TAKEN AFTER THE CONQUEST OF CANADA. II.vviN'c; conquoivd ('iiiiiida. one of tlie first things necessary for the management of Indian alliiirs Ity Groat Britain was, to ascertain tlio names and numerical strength of tlie Indians who had been transferred to licr jurisdiction; which tasii was undertaken by Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent of Indian Alfairs. As a central point, he began with the population of the Iroquois, who were then, and had long been, the ol)jects of his special care. In a census table prepared by him, in ITCi;'),' for the Lords of Trade, he represents the number of men capable of bearing arms among the Mohawks, at ItiO; the Oneidas, at 250; the Onondagas, at !;')(); the Cayugas, at 'JOO; the Senecas, at 10")(l; and the Tuscaroras, at 140. He places the outlying band of Oswegachys (Ogdensburg), at 80, and the Caghnawagas (St. Regis), at ;!U0 ; making a total of '2ooO warriors, who, agreeably to the usual rules of computation, would represent an aggregate population of ll.OoO souls. He computes that, of Conoys, Tuteloes, Saponeys, Nanticokes, and other con([uered and dismembered tribes, tiien living in the Iroipiois country, agreeably to their policy, there were, at that period, 200 men, or 1000 souls. After leaving the area of Xew York, there is less reliance to be placed on the census, Avhich was made up, not from actual enumeration, but from the reports of persons journeying amongst, or trading with, the tribes, and from the statements of parties supposed to be best informed on the subject. Sir William Johnson estimates the Algonquins, or Ailiron i i TO THE AMEUICAN REVOLITION. 271 tliat of the groat west, boyoiul the AUcglianies and along tlio ui)por lakes, if wo oxcopt errors of synonymes, is conceived to have been returned with excellent jiidument. The attempt to estimate the ntnnerical force of the I'ontiae confederacy, diniiij,' that year, nuist Ije considered to have been made under great disadvantages. Tlie Baronet had himself visited Detroit, the seat of this confederacy, in 1701, and gathered tlie elements of his estimates from persons resident there. The Wyandots, or llurons, of Michigan, are rated at 2oO men, or 12o0 sonis; the Ottawas, dispersed in various localities, at 700 men, or llodO souls; the Chippewas, among whom are included the ^lississagies, of the region of Detroit, at .lliO men ; and those of MichilinnicUinac, at 400 men, together nndiing an aggregate of 8o-")0. Tiie Pottawattamies of Detroit are set down as comprising loO warriors, and tliosc of St. Joseph, liOO; both, conjoined, representing a population of 17o0 persons. In the valley of the Ohio, and the region of country immediately west of it, the means for making an enumeration were more ample and reliable. The Shawnees are estimated, with apparently good judgment, at ."lOO men. or l-")(IO souls; and the Delawares. with nearly the same probable accuracy, at oOOO pei>ons, which would give them GOO fighting men. The Miamies of the Wabash valley, under tlieir Iroijuois name of Twightwecs, are numbered at lioO men; the Piankashaws, at lOO men ; and the Wea.^ at 20(1 men, making 2l)oO souls. In the same general district, there are eniunerated 180 Kiekapoos, and 00 Mascoutins, a tribe of prairie Indians, who appear in all the earliest estimates, but who have since lost that designation. The name would indicate that they were Algonipiins. These add to the estimate I ."JoO persons. In the region of Green Bay, comprising the present area of Wisconsin, the Mono- monies are computed at 110 men, or 5o0 souls. This estimate is duplicated under their French synonyme of Folsavoins. But, irrespective of tliis mistake, the number of Monomonies, at that time, wouM not seem to have been overrated at 1100 souls. The Winnebagoes, called by the French, Puanis, are rated at ^JlKt men, or an aggregate of 17o0 individuals, which is not excessive. The Siiuks are enumerated as having ^jOO fighting men, or a population of 1500 souls, a probable excess ; and the Outagamies, or Foxe.<, o20 warriors, or 1000 souls. Tlie.se two tribes had united their fortuiu's, alter tlu'ir unsuccessful attack, in 1712, on the fort of Detroit, which act procured them the hatred of the French. The aggregate of these enumerations and estimates of the western and northern tribes, reaches 24,050 individuals. Add to this the 14,100 of the eastern or home table of Sir William's superintendency, and there is presented a gross population of ;)8,150 souls. Tliis does not include the southern tribes, or those residing on the west banks of the Mississippi, boih of which groups of tribes were beyond his jurisdiction, and, also, outside of the limits of the territory ceded by the treaty of Versailles, coneludeil February lOtli, 170:!. -r^ flip i '■ 11 li Ai •J.1'2 FROM TIIK CONQUEST () I'' CANADA Means lor testing tlii.s ostiiimto wore furnislRHl \>y the ro.spootivi' oxpoditioiis of IJiailslici't and nuii(|iu't, in ITtil. Tlio f.stiiniito of tliu fornuT, an .irivcn In .Major Maiitc. |i. ")2ti. only related to the trilies asseinhied at, or livinji; within, a circle of live or six diiy.s' march from his camp. Tliis compntiition fnrnished data for an a!Miri;:inal pni)ulatioii of .somi? !t."»(IO per.-xliiliit. on the same area, ii gro.ss variance from the corresponding |)arts of thi; Sii|icriiilendent's list. He does not show that the entire Indian force in the west, residing east of the Mississippi river, numbered over JlO.'.toO souls, or (i'JlO lighting jiicn. To those he has added (see note below) ll,.')o() southern Indians, comprising the Clierokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws. and the small tribes of the ('atabas and Natchez, ' TmIiIi) 111' iMiiiparisdiis lu'twi'iii HoiKiuot ami .'^ir William .lohiisun. ItoigCKT. Ni|iisiiiu' 400 1 Ali:i'ri(|uins ItdO J Wyiiiilots ;!I10 ... I 'lu'iiiii'wa'j ,"ill(ll) (lll.iwas 000 ... M ississauii's L'l I0( • ... r.itlawallaiiiii< ;i.")i) nu'ii I'ua IIS 7."i(1 ... Masoiuiclins iMto ... SauKs 400 ... Mi;i»iii"' .'iTiO iiu>ii Oilawari's (•,( m .. Sliawiu'i's Kiil\a|"inS \V,as 1 'iaiika.«liaws Ka-skiuskiiu) (^a tal):i.« ('li(ri>koo.< Cliickasaws .Natolii'z aOO " ;!00 " 401* •JaO (iOO ITiO .',"•00 souU. T.'iO moil. » 'III. eta ir.o '• 4."iOO sou, Wuriiurj ItOO .•!00 JonNsox. Men. £0 ITiOO |,".(l() 1000 ,")(lii() tlOO 400 I.-.OO L>000 ;'i,")0 1750 l.'iO 7.")0 100 .■)0n I,-.o 7r)0 .•i,-,o tioo IV.'iO .'{(MK) .■iOO "r>(io ;iOO 1;)()0 400 2000 •2M IL'O lli.'iO ("lOO 100 noo 500 LTiOO Too 100 ;i7;"iO .500 •100 4500 i. TO TIIK AMKUICAN I! K V(H, U T ION. •273 wlio arc I'stiiiiati'il at '2'2'tQ warriors. As il' to cv'uloiice the peril from wliich lie had I'scaped. or to sliow iho lorct; tiiat coiikl he hrt)ii^ht against the J5ritish I'roiitiers, the Siiiiix. Kansas, and wild prairir tribes of nppcr liOiiisiana, west of the iMissi.ssippi, are introdneed into the estimates. Thus, tlie entire number of lighting men in Ids estimates is .set down at ")('),")()(>, wliieh, by tiie data he furnislies, would indicate ii gross population of liS;i,(IUU souls, a most extravagant computation.' ' Vul. III., p. rj.-jO. Vol. VL — 3i i:l SECTION TIIIRTEENTII. P. ITTSTOllY OF THE INDIAN THIBKS DURINCr THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. CHAPTEll I. THE INDIAN FOIICE TO BE ENCOUNTERED. Ohio was tlio first of tliosc tiilisinmiio names wliidi, ilatiiii; l)a('k as early as 1 7-JO, ill tlio days of Franklin ami Wasliin^ton, iiilliienccil tlic sinvad ofllie Aincrioaii popu- lation over the I'litiic West. Hut tlio rouutry so attractive to a civili/.i'd |ieo[)!o was in possession of fieire sava.L'e trihcs. wlio llittcd tlirouiili tlic wilderness like the freiiii of Arabic fable, aeknowledgiiijr neither tlii- laws of (lod, nor those of man. Knj;lanil was the first to teach to such of thest; western tril)es as hovered around her colonies, the principles of industry, arts, and letters, and the iiiealciilablo advantajies of the liabits of civilization over barbarism. She was the first also, by the aid of her fleets and armies, to brinj!; tliese savajre hordes to effectual terms ; and, adoptinj; their own figurative style, to make them aware that the jjIow was superior to the tomahawk. She exercised a just supervision over a wide and exposed frontier, through the medium cl' lines of forts and ajreiicies, and re-established, on better princijik's, the fur trade, th.it powerful .stimulus to energetic .action among the Indians, which has had a much greater inliuence on the early and middle ages of their history, than anything else. But, after eflecting this object by a lavish expenditure of blood and treasure, and after having compelled the savages to acknowledge the British .sway, this power would .seem to have only been acquired by Britain, and strengthened, that it might be wielded against the American.s; for, after controlling this Indian inliuence during the brief xxriod of fifteen years, it was directIiiliawks Oiuiiliis ami Tusearoras , OniiiiilaL'as <;"y"j;»'* SeiiL'ca.s I. IllliQKllS. WnrriiT.". (Iroi^^ l*n|t. lioonlily. 100 Mi) M„Iiawk Valley. 'too L'OOO Oiiiiila Countv. wcst.m Now York. •_':!0 ll.'iO Oii.iiiiiaL'a (Vtlf, .Vc, " " •JliO 1100 Cayuu'H Laki', \c., " " tl.'>0 ;!i;:iO .>^i.>iKra liako tu Nia-aia, " 1000 iSOOU Wyiindots II. IllncjColS (IF TIIK WksT. 180 000 Detruit ami Sandusky. III. Al.doNCJllNS. Ottowas ('liippowaH Mississ,;:u.s I'litlawattaiiiics Miaiiiii'.^ rianka.sliaw.ii, "j Woa.><, iiiulcr the name of [• Muskptddiis, I'if. ' M (iiioiiK mios Sliawiu'i'.-i IVlawarcs, IVlawarcs, l Munsocs ) ' •tno f)000 li'.O aoo 800 2000 300 mo 10,1 ."lO 2'1'tO Miami riviT to Micliilimackinao. li'iJiOO ],aki\< Huron, Micliiixaii, ami Superior. iJ.'iO North of lakes. 4.')0 2l''iO Detroit, St. .Joseph's, ami Waba.sh. 1500 St. Joseph's uf .Miami, kc 4000 Wabash rivor, \o. 10,000 West of Lako Mithiguu, &e. I.'iOO Ohio, iVc, have been e.xceediiigly active. ;iOOO Mu.skiimuiii, &e. ;-)0,7r)0 M Siuuz. IV. Dakotas. oOO 2r)00 I'pper Mi.s.sissippi. Vol. III., p. iJOO. 876 IllSTOHY OK THK INDIAN TRinES V. Ari'AI.ACIIIANM. Tril..'«. Wiirrinfit. Autliorilit Ctioriikc'i'S , ( liirliMsaWM., ('Iiu«t:i\v^< ... < ,il;i\vli:i« , Niili'lu'Z .. .Mil- ( .\l:llillllia; ( I'liwi'la.').. I. Tr •J. Ii- (if N'l'w Ymk. tm •J.MHt i:.o 7.'>i> into ■l.MMl i:,() T.'id i,-,ii 7.')() (KMt nooo 700 ;i:iOO lIuli'liiiH, Vi>l. III., |i. Sniitli, llutclii ItKCAl'lll I.ATIllN. (lrii*i< 1*>ipiilati<>tl. i|U A! 1000 . lit' till' Wvi ISO iiiris lO.l.'iO f<000 000 ri(i,7."io ■I. |)iik..|i,lis .'i. .\p|':il;irlii;ili.-^, .-^inilluM'ii Iriliis. r.oo '.'."lOo ;!i."io i."i,7.'iO l.'i.."iSO r7,'.Mio It is I'viilciit. IViim .«caiiniiip: llic-^e il(^tiiil.<. tloit ;n'i'('.>i.-i liad Iummi olitaiiicd to pcison.s convoiVii'L with tiio luiMtiiuis aiul iHipiilatioii nf tlu- hiiliaii trilics. Cuiiiiiaifil tn tlic wild irciu'i'al cstiinatc.-* of I!iiii((iK't, maclc in ITiil, tlicv prcsi'iit a sclu'tliili- i".iiu'ini^ jiidiiiiunt and a ronmu'iidalile apindacli to accuracv. If tlu> .strcnjitli ol .soiiu' tiiitcs is owrrati'd. otln'is an n-rs[)iiiidiiii:iy iindfrratrd. li'a\iii'/ tin' axcram' of tin- Indian t'orcc tiiat ciiidd. iiy any innlialiiiity. he linini;lit into tlif (icid. vci'N' near llic tim; standard. TIk- Siou\. lio' in.'^tanco. nii^l . uitli a iiuicli ucariT aiiprdacli to accnracy, Iia\c liri-n ratcil at IH.OIM). Imt tlioro was no |irolial)iIity that more tlian '"iOd wai'rior.s conld. under the most lavoraMi' ciriuin-^tanci's. ha\i' ln'cn lironiiiit into action. In fact, it is lii'lii'\(tiitc'il. ill :i iici|<' nttacln'il to tlic oliiiiati'.' tliat liis ii;iirni' tliat tliis lurci' was ciiiiilovcd in ilic coiilcst. It lias lici'ii I'sliiiiatitl lliat till' iimiilicr of li,i;htiii!,' iiu'ii t'liiiilnynl hv (irnit 15iilaiii iluriiij- tlio war. was 770.' ('(iiiiircss. after its priiniirv or^rinii/iitiuii, (iliiccil the snliicct si()ii('rs. iiiulcr tlif liiit'ctioii of tiic Srcii'taiy nf War. 'i'lic trust was an arduous diic, |n'r|ictiially lliictiialinii- in its as|)iMts. ;iiiil iciiniiiiiLr urcit Uiupwlciluc III' till' Indian cliarai'tci". as well as an acciiratt' cniii'i'iilioii <<[' tiic p'oiiiaiiliical fcatnri'.s and natural rcsoiirci's df the cmniti'v. It was evident, fidm the first, that the Six Niitidiis wdidd .'-idc with the mother conntry, from whom it was earnestly doiied to detaeii them, and to jiersiiade them to remain neuter in the eontest. This was the jiolicy jireserilied liy Washington, and was iiiyeil iipoii tiiem hy .Mr. .'^amiiel KirUlaiid. wiio resided iimoim' the Oneidas. Ih' was eli.ariicd |iei>onally hy the I'resiileiit. to impress iipou tiiem the im|iortaii(M' of |)nrsiiim: a neutral line of policy ; liir then, no matter whieli party pro\cd triumphant, the Indian ii.terests wdiild not reeeisc injury; Itnt if tliey were iimilxed ill tlie strUir.;le, their interests would he likely to Miller. Tiiis reasonini; prevailed with the Oneiilas and ('liristian liuliaiis inuK'r tiie eiieiyi'tie anil ])opiilar chief, Skeiiandoah. .V jiart of the Tiiscaroras also sided with tho Americans. The ancioiit trilie of .Moliieans of the lloiisntonie. wliose histoi'y has heen inipi'es>ed upon popular memory hy tiieir lonu' residi'iiee at .^^tockiiridiic .Mass.. Iiad heen for a lonj; period classed amoiii:' the liillowers of the udspid ; hut. as the imirlial spirit ot tho era .'iroused all their warrior feeliniis, they enlisted themsidves on the .-ide of the colonies, and furnished an ellicit.'iit company of spies and llankers tlir the American army. I)ireetin'j: the view to liie west, there was hut little eiieouraiicmeiit in the jiidspect. Tho Delawares, who iiad linall} ahandiuitd central I'ennsylvania. ill 171'.'. inthieiiecd thereto [)artial'. hy annoyaiiio at the continued encroachments of the .settlers, hut more hy foar of tho Ircxpiuis tomahawk,' were arrayed in i)pi)ositioii tt) the colonies. Till! Shawiiees, who claim a remote .southern origin, appear to have divided in their liriimiry emi,t;ratiuii to the north ; a part of the trihe pursuiui:' the route within the raiiL'o of the Alk\L;hiinies. to the territory of the r,eiino Fvenapi. or Delawares. direelly north, and a part desciMuliiiu; tho Keiiawha, to the Ohio valley, whence they ascended the Scioto river to ChiUicothe. which hecame their wi'>tern centre. Others located themselves a little helow the iiillu.v of till' Walia>ii. at a spot heiu'O called Slia\\- lieetoW 11. 'i'liere is a circumstance of iniieh intorost connected with the history of this trihe. Aecordin,;:; to tho account of the .Mohican chief, Metoxon.' that trilie was originally ■ :' Vol. Ill, ji. .'illl. " lliiil. » I,:iik;i.-I.t ('(iiir,n'iur of ITt I : vi.lr CuliKii * OiuvM. |i. 111.'). •JTS IIISTOUY OK TIIK INDIAN TltlUKS cniiiici'tcd wiili llic l)<'lll^vluv^ Iml lioiii;; ii ivntlcMft ami i|imnfl>'i)iiii' ()i'(>|iIo, liiul iiivolvtMl tliciiiMi'lvcs ill iiu'Ntiiciililf tiiiuMcs wliilc ill tlio wmtli, and. in tin- cliii'l'H liiM;j;uauc, liiid rcliiriu'd ti> r<\l aunin iittwi'i'ii tlic left of llicir grandralliiT. Tluw 111' till' trilii' will) liad rcaclii'd tju'ir rlnwdy ctliiinliiu'ifal iilllIiattMl irlativcH. tlm l)ihi\var('s. Iiad fillicr preceded llic latter, ur aeeninpaiiied tliein. iicio^s the Allef:lianies. Tlial iKiilioii of the Seiieeas. and of othiT tiihes of the lriM|ii()is, who hail einij:i'ated We.-^t, Of who jiossihlv held a fooliiii.' there from leiniite tinie.x, wefe called iMinj;oe>.' They were n-u'arded as jieiierally takiin: part with the western hnlians in their hostilities. When Washiiiviloii \isited their I'liief. 'ranaeharisson, at LoL;>tiiwn. in I7">."i. this sachem i\|M'e>srd himself as iiein^' iViemliy to the \'iri;iiiians ; and it is ludie\ed that this partienlai' branch ol' (hem were not included amoii); those who liirnied the anihiiscade ai:ainst (leiieral llraddoeU. thi'ce years siihsei|nently. Of the ('hip|iewas, Ottiiwas. Mississagies, and other AI,i:oiiipiin nations, eiiihraced in the preceiiiiiL;' estimate, it is not knoAvn. or lielie\eil, that any uf tlieiii were i'riendl\ to till' American cause They iiad heeii Ih'iu friends of the I'Veneh. iiut. alter the oileiiei' wliiidi has Keen mentioned, they transferred tlieir alle_Liiance to the ihitish. It leipiires to hi' noticed, however, that, heiiiu' more remote from the scene of conllict than any otiier triiie, if we except the Mississatries of Canada, there was only one point from which the\- mi'^ht or conld have lieeii emploved against the Americans, \ i/. : from the central location of Kort Niagara, which was otllcialiy visited hy the western trihes, even from Miciiilimackinac and Lake Superior.' Sir William .lohiison died in 1774, ahont the time of the occnrreiice of the tea riot in IJoston. Tiie title and otlice descended to his sun .lohii. whose hall, at .lulinstown. havinir heeii taken dnrin,i.' the followinjr year hy the levohitionist.s, and liiniself placed on his parole, ho lied to Canada, carrying with him the Mohawk trihe. Snhseipu ntly. Fort Niairara hecaine the seat of the royal inlluence. where maraudinir, iilmuUrinjf, and scalpiiiLf-iiarties wero orL'ani/.ed, and, to ii>e the expressive epithet of Sir John's father, " [lainted and feathered" for war.' ' Mr, ili'cki'Wrlil'T iiil'iiriiK >is tli;ii tliis tiTiii is drrivrcl frinu Mi'iii.'Wi\ tin' llrLiwnrr tiaiiio tnr tlio Si.-? N:itiiiiis, iiiiil tliiit llif iKitcli tiTiii .^laai|ii;i is lUrivvd I'ruiii tlio siiui' source. — I'liil. 'IVmii^ , \'iil. I., ///,rilIN(; TIIK AMKUICAN lU: V u I, I' T I <> N , 2TI» (•IIAI'TKU II. I'NI-'11IKNI>KY STATK ol' T KKI, I N(i, AND K l{ UoN KiM S (»I'INI(»NS OK TIIK TlllltKS, l)i:KIN(i TllK (ONTKST. TllK 770 tomulinwks. nml tin- like miiiilicr of Mciilpiii'.'-kiiivi's, wliicli. hl^ici'iiIiIv to tlu' t'stiiimtc' till' Hri(ifose of securing success in an assault, yet they seem to gather I'age in pro[)ortioii us the jirey is weak, when they rival their j)rototypes in wihl cruelty, and in their appetite for blood. Such were their distinguishing traits at Ulster, at Oriskany, at Ciierry \'alley, and W3oming. To conciliate the tribes, therellire. became the cherished policy of the revolted Ciilonies. The Americans represented to them that tiiey winv not paities to the contest, anil that, no matter who succeeded, they could only lie subordinates. They were, tiierefore, coimsellcd to neutrality, which, however, reipiired a stretch of ratiocination beyond tiieir ability. 'I'lie Indian character is formed li\- war; war is the high i)ath to honor and renown; and. e\cn those tril)es which had jtrofessed their lielief in the truths of Ciiristianity. could not lie restrained, or but [)artialiy, from taking up the tomahawk. The Mohicans, of Stockbridge, ranged themselves on the side of the Americans, and jjerl'ormod good service, as scouts, throughout the contest. The Oiieidas did the same. The \oiee of the [loijiilar chiel', Si^eiiandoah,' was heart! in llivor of the rising colonies; and the watidiful attention and ((uick eyi' of Attatea, known as Colonel FiOiiis, carefully noted tlie ai)proacii of e\il loolsicps during the great sti'uggle of 1777. and gave evcrv ' .N\'H- V.,rlc lli>l. li.Kv, \-,,|. \||. ' I'.ira.vkrt.Ol uf llli. 1„;„|'> lilV. -,v \-„| \ \h\<\ "iH!!. : 1 IX'HINC TllK AMl-:iilCAN H K V O 1, C T 1 « • \. •jsi day till' iiKist rcliiiMc iiironiiiilioii dC llie iiiiircii and [)ositiiiii nl' (lie ciii'iiiv.' 'I'lu- rcsiiliii; 1)1' the Six Nntioiis iictcil tlic piii't (>!' Iicri'c I'ocs aloiiii' tin' IVdiiticrs. 'I'lni SliiiwiKTS and Dclawarcs were also criK'l ciR'Hiics. Tlifir t'calty to the llritisli cause it WiiH assi-rtcd, was riirtlii'V (•cniontcd l>y a iiroiniso, that, their allies would stand \>y tliom. iuid never consent to a i)eace whieli did not inuku the Ohio river the boundary of the colonies. Fortunately lor the eiiuse of huniiinity, the great hatllcs ot tjie Kevohilinn were ii)U,^ht on the opeii plains and cultivated jiarts of the coiuitry, which, hein-- denuded of forests, were unl'avorahle to the eniployinenl of Indian au\iliai'ies. The i)atlles of Concord and IJunker Hill, (iuilford, Long Ishmd. White IMains, Saratoga. Monniouili. 'rrenton, Camden. King's Mountain, the Cow|iens. Hrauilywine. ( ierniantown. and Yorl>lown. were the Lireat featiu'es of the contlicl. Kut, whei'ever a detached colunni was marched through iorests. or occn[)icd an isolated fort, the war-cry resounded, and the details of tlie war giv(> evidence tlnif tiiere were other and more (lr(>adeil eneiiiirs to he encountered than the sword and the hayoiiet. the cannon and the honih. Tlie superior military si\ill and success of the Irmiunis gave (hem a [iroinineiit position in Indian warfare. At the period of tli(! llevolution. circinnstances had placeil them under the sway of the noted and energetic chief, 'riiyendanagea. nion; faniiliarh' known as .Joseph IJrant. AVe have perused the speculations of an ingenuous and ready writer.- who labors to prove that IJrant was. hy the ri>gular lin(> of descent, a .Mohawk chieftain, it is. howescr. midoul)ted. that he was not the son of a chief, and that, agreeablv to the Iroipiuis laws of descent, he coidd not he a chief if th(> son of a chief. the right of iidieritance beiuu' exidusively vested in the female line.' Ihant was. in fact, a. self-made man. owing his jiosition to his own nativi> eu(>rgy. talents, and education. The Mohawks had lost their last and gi'eatest sachem. Soiengarahta. calleinion. rci'ognised and rewarded great talent and bravery. In ITTli. no one could competi' with Hrant in these ((iialifications. in addition to his natural |)li\sical and mental energy, he had been well eilucated in early lile. could read lluently, and was a ready writer, liaised within the purlieus of the Hall ef Sir William .lolmson. he never dreamed of (piestioning the fact, that (ii'cat Mritain was. bcyonfl all other nations, powerful, stron-. and wise, and must prevail. IJrant's hatred of the .Vmericans assimilated to that of Attila fir the liomans. i:i .; »cliipiih'ni t't's l.ci'tun' lictnri' tlir .\c\v Vi.rk lli-t. .'^n Ml till' >iiI.\N T K 1 H K S 1 II CIlAl'TKK in CONTKSTS IN WIIK'll TllK INDIAN roKt'K WAS KNC A(i HP. INVASION OF ST. LKCKK. WITH TllK COMniNEO IROQUOIS. M\ ill! 177(1 Sir Wii.i.iam .ImiN-dX died smldciily. IVdiu the cllt'cts of :iii altack (if ;i]iiH)li'.\\ . ill till' voiir 1771. at :i liiiu' wlicii rcllcctiiiL' iiiiiicls di'('iiii.'(l a spiu'dy niptiirt' liciwci'ii till' coloiiii's and liic llritisli cruwii iiu'vitiddc. 'riiis j;t'iitK'miiii had been lurly years in rising to that |iositi()ii in liidiaii ail'airs wliich left him no rival or peer in America. Dining ahoiit twenty years of this period, lie hud heen the oilicial head of tliiit department in America, so commi.ssioiied hy the crown, and acknowlediivd by all tiie commandimi lii'iierals. Intimattdy ac(piaiiit( I witii tiii' mental charac- teristics, the wiuits. the wi I, l" T Id \ . i!83 j 1 (liirin'j tlio \(':ivs "7"i Jind "7t'>. iirovcil llic iiiciiii!icily of Sir Williimis .-iiu'ocssdrs in cDiitrol LH't'iit cvt'iits. 'I'lii' iSix Nations wcic, as ii hoiiv. tiir iViiMids ul'llii' l!rili.-veu years, in \\hieli the Iiidii uis were em plo3 ed ; or even to descri be at eiiglii the |)riucipal events. Tl "J l-;i!i 2«4 111ST(jKY (»F TlIK INDIAN TIMBKS t)l' tliis iiiiml siii-vt-y do not iulniit of it. Hut wc may iiiCer, from tlio circumstances luvvioLisly nK'ntioneil, wliut was the character of the contest then impending. Till' year 1777 lias been made ever menmrahle hy the expedition of General Bur- poyiie, wiio.-se comin;^ was heralded hy a threat to march throiijjrh the country, and crush it at a blow. A line and well-appointed arm}' of J(J,t)(l() men, indeed, ajipeared to be suflicient to make the people ipiiiil ; but it was accompanied by hordes of the lonu:- separated, l)Ut now reconciled, Ali;on(juins and Irocpiois, who ranged over the country, not as auxiliaries on the held of battle, but to deslroy the (piiet of domestic life by their devastations, and to chill the heart's blood of the colonists by their iitrocities. Tiie fate of Miss Jane Jl-Crea may starve as an incident to illustrate the siuuular barbarity of this warfare, and its ellects on the po|)ular mind. Simultaneously with the iuwisiiin ol' the north-eastern borders of New York by Burgoyiu'. St. I-cLivr. acconiiianied by a compact body of regnlar.s, a park of artillery, and a huge number of Indians, nndei- Sir John Johnson, entered it from the west. lie left Oswego with a total lljrce of 17(111 men. Indians inehnled ; the latter consisting cliielly of Seiiecas. Tusearoras. Mi.^sissaiilcs. an Ali;on(piin triije, nearly identical with the Chippewas. from the northern end ol' Lake Ontario, and of fuiiiti\e Mohtiwks, from the Mohawk valli'V. nndei' 'i'byendanairea. or Ihant. who now began to take a uu)re a(ti\c part in the contest. In his xouth he had been a pupiil at Dr. Wheelock's school, was euiployi'il as an intirprrter and translator at the missionary station at Fort Hunter, and al>o as an under-secrctary at Johnson Hall. As the active and inlluential brother of the Indian \\il'e of Sir William, he had lieen constantly rising in the esteem of his ]ieople, luitil he assume(l the [josition of [lopular leader; he must thenceforth be considei'eil as the hero ol' the Iroipiois. He cond)ined. with great jiersonal activity and a line manly lluure, a gimd eonimon i'esM'd, in perlectinn. all the suiitlety, subterl'uLic, art, and. \\lieu he -raspiil (he tomahawk in active war, all the cruelty, of the ibre^t sava^i'. St. Le-cr piu'sued his niuti.' up the Osweuo I'iviH" to the junction of the .Seneca and Oneida, at Three liiver I'oiut ; thence up tlu; Oneida river, through the lak(,' of that name, along Wood Creek and arross the portage, to Fort Stanwix. on the Mohawk. "; ;. ! ■■i ■■■ i DIHINO Till-: AMEltlCAN KEVOLUTlUN, 2,S;1 " i ■\ As ho progressed, his forces were iiugnicnteil Ijy llio Ciiyufras and th(> Oiiondiigiis. Fort Stimwlx was tlie only point at wliieii there was any prohahiiity tliis invading force uould be stop[)ed ; and this fortificiition was not only in a dilapidated condition, but was garrisoned by oidy -lOd Statu troops, which force was snbsiMpientlv increased to some 700. The enemy entertained no doubt that tlie fort would surrender at discretion, und, as the Ibrmal array de|)loyed before the eyes of the uarrison, column after column, witii banners Hashing in the sun, followed by battalions of lif:ht artiller\-. and hordes of Indians, the Americans experienced a leeling similar to that which moved David, when he laid aside his armor and stepped down into the valley to meet Goliah. "The ;]d of Anuust was a day of deep scenic interest, and revealed a military pageant, which made a striking impression. It was a calm and beautiful morning ulien the enemy took np their line of march from Wood Creek. The intervening ground was an oijeii [)lain of wide extent, most elevated towards its central and southern edge. Gansevoorl's men were paraded on the ramparts looking iu the dircctioi whence the Oneida sachem had told them the enemy would appi.'ar. Music soon was lieanl ; the scarlet color of their miilbrms next slmwed itself. They had taken their standards from their cases that morning, and as color alter color came into view, and they mifurled them to the breeze, an intense degree of interest was lelt, but scarcely a word littered. To many of the men who had newly enlisted, the scene was novel. Some of them had served the year before under Montgomery ; others in the movements at Ticonderoga and Crown I'oint under St. Clair. Some \eterans d;ited their service in j)rior wars, under Sir William Johnson, l'rid<'anx, and Hradstreet; tliere were others who were mere lads of seventeen. The Indians, spreading out on the llaidvs, gave the Bcene an air of Asiatic gorgeousness, mixed with terror; for their loud yells were heai'd above the British di'um and bugle. The whole display, the exactitude of the ordi'r of march, the glitter of banners, the numijcrs [)resent, and the im[)eiKling danger of the contest, wore designed Ibr ellect njion the American garrison. Not a gun was, however, fired; the [)anoi'anKi was ga/.ed at in silence." ' Never was an investment more com[)Iete. Tiie artillery deployed on the south, and took u[) their position within cannon-shot. The lioyal (ireens and Loyalists, under Sir John, lined one bank of the MolniwI;, the shores and wo(xls being occupied by IJrant and his myrmidons. Kveiy aNcnue was watched l>y the Indians. Death was the penalty of evei'y attem[)t to ventuu- a distance of over 2 works. iSIany atrocities were committed by the Indians on ollicers, men, and even on children, who were captured outside the i)ickets. The .sentinels .soon became expert in watching for every cannon hred, and by a warning cry announced tlu? coming of shot or shell. It became evident that the calibre of the enem\"s i;\nis was too liulit to nnike an M «,iii "; i m >> 1 f !^! ' lii'Clurp nil tlio .'^i.'irr nf I'nrt Sl.inwix. — .\' 1'. Ilift. Snr., IS-tli, ■2Xi> 11 IS To 15 V (IF TlIK INDIAN TKTHES impression on tlic luit. ImU tlicv inndc np in iliiii'i-nci' wlint tlicy lu('k(>(i in pnwcr. iSonu'tinu'S !i slii'll I'Xpiodi'd in lln' liospitiil, scutli'iini;' ilfstructinn iironnd ; and dccii- sionallv ii man was .shut down on tlu' ramparts, or on tlic L's[)lanaik'. Tlic .L'anison had not cnlliciont amnumition to ivtnrn a l)risl< (iiv ; l)ut tlicru was one tliini: tlii'V nevor lacked — a horoi(' dL'torniination to di'lend tlio worlv at ail iia/.iinis. TIk' stri[)(tl ilag, wliicli iiad lii't'n iiastiiy mado. partly ont of a ('and)lot cloak.' was duly lioislcd and lowered every mornimr an\vjiv (if Ft)it Staiiwix had r • "iiiicd liiit tliieu or lour (la_\s, wliij^ii an Aiiicrioaii scout entered it, with li intelhgenco that General Herkimer, at 1777 the head of an army of militia, was on ids way to relievo It. Consternation had paralyzed tiie inliaijitanls of tiic Muiiawiv valley wliile the daii;:er was yet distant, but the jieril seemed to diminish the moment it came near. A desire for secui'ity eompelled men to talce u]) arms. IT Fort Stanwix IMI. tiio Mohawk xaliey would be swept with lire anil sword; and General Herkimer, who connnanded the militia, issued bis proeiamation, summoninu' tliem to arms. Three regiments, tiie entire strenutii of the vallew promptly respondiu'^-. li)ilowed tliat determined prototy[)e of Hlueher to Oriskany. wiiieii was distant iiul a few miles fnjin tiie fort. JJrant. wiio ligiued as tiie leader of tiie Iroipiois, liad ealled into retpiisition all his local knowledge of tiie route, and all the peenliar art of the Indians in war, tliat lie inigiit deeoy (ieneral llerl \ alley of the Oriskany, August ('). at ten o'clock in tlic> morning. The crossing at this stream was surrounded by low grounds, traversed l>y ;i causeway, and lieyond it were elevated plateaus, covered with forests, which overlooked it. The Americans saw nothing to excite suspicion. Herkiiiier had entered this ])ass. and two regiments bad descended into tlie \ alky . but bis vaii- ' 'I'lic Cliciokres ('ii|)tui'('il I'Viit Ijiiiuliin. in Vii-iiiiiia, in 17^7 ; Init. viuhitin^' llic torni.' of tlio wiiiitulitiun, tln'v iiiiissiuTi'd the |iriHiiier» alli'V tlicv liinl iiiavi'li('(i a ili>Iaiici> nl' ililrty niilcs tVoiu tlic I'urt. 'I'liiio arc in>tanccs in wliicli llic Indians lia\c artnl willinut alliis. In l7.'>-">,at tin' liattlc nl' i,ak(' (ii'iirj:i', the Muliiivvks toniilil tiravc.'ly and fnarli-ssly under Kinir Ilendrick. in tin' I'li'ja'ji'incnt wliii-li ri'snlli'd in tin' ilrt'cat nt' |)i'i>kaii; lint thry had, Imwcvi'i'. a I'nnti'.'unns t'nrci' nl' rruniar ti ps as a iui('li".is. In 17ll:l, I'liiitiat' t'ijiniil..ti'ly di'lVati'd Captain Malzcll, at tin' liatllr (.!' Mi ly l!rid;.'i' ; killini; liini, .'iinl (Iriviiis liis sti'iiiiL' di'tai'linn.'nt into tlio turl. llainnr and .'^t. Clair wnv disaslronslv d('l'i'ati'\ the eiu'iiiy. Ilr was (■(HiipU'tcly t'iitra|)[H'd in an aiiiiaiscadc. and lor a li'W iiioiiiciits tlu'iv was iiolliiii!:: lint coiiriisiou and panic; the men fell tlii<'kly, and tin? iiriiu' was tlii'eateiied with utter aiiiiiiiilation It tliev Hew to tilt! eneoinitev lilio ti^L'ers; jiatriet an I t ui'v Lirapplei 1 with each other in deadlv striii:' 'J'lie dark e\( )!' the Indian Hashed ^villl didiuhl at the pmspi'it el' I'evelliiii,' in li I'lio liad iiinaii hUuid. and till' tory sniijht t(i iniiiioiate his late ueiiihlior. who liail espoiiseil the liated cause of the lievdlntidii. (lenoral Herkimer was wounded, and fell tVoiii Ids liorse early in the action ; a ball had pierced his leir below the knee, and killed his horse under him. His men weiv lalliiiL;' thickly around him; Colonel ('o\ Avas kilk'd, and the yells of the savaii'es resounded in every direction; hut yet the lirmness and eoniposiire of the Cieneral were imdistiiilied. His saddle was placed near a tree, and he wa.s seati'd on it, ids back beinj;' supported by the tree. H<'re iu^ issued his orders; and drawiiij^- I'rom his jioeket liis tobacco-box, and liiihtinu: his pijie, he smoked calmly while the battle raired around. After some forty-li\(' luiuutes had elapsed, the men bej;an to liiiht in small circles — a movement worthy ol' notice, since it was the cady mode of conteiidiuii' successfully with the siirroniulinu- enemy. From this time, the Americans gained f;roniid. A sli;;lit et'ssation in the firiiii;- was taken advalitiifiv of by the enemy, who ordered a char.ue. i>ayoiU'ts were crossed, and a des|)erate striigule ensued, which was arrested by a sudden and hea\y shower of rain, which fell in a niassi\e sheet during one entire hour. The combatants were iluis separatt'd. Herkimer's men then, under his direction, chose a more advantageous position, and formed in a lari:e cireU,'. TIr'v were, from the lirst. as expert as the Indians in firing I'rom behind trees; but the latter, as soon as they saw the smoke ol' the discharjic. ran up and toinahawkt'd tiie soldier beliire he could i(doad. The .Vniericaiis then placed two men behind each trei'. and after one tired, the other was ready to shoot down the advanciiii;' savajie. The lire of the militia beeominii- more elVeetive. the enemy be^an to ijive way. wlieii .Major Watt.s rame on the frround, with another ilctachmeiit of the lioyal (Jreens, cliielh- composed ol' fuLiitive tories, and the liuht was renewed with iirealcr \ii;or than in>li)re. The eoii- tendinii' partit's sprang at each ollu'r from the lines with the fnr\- of enraged tigers, charging with baxoiiets. and striking at each other with clubbed muskets. A diversion was now made which became the turning point in the contest. Oiio of Hi'rkimer's scouts luniicj' reached the fort with the news of his position, its commander immediately resoKed to make a sally for the relief of the arm\-. 'I'he troops were parad<'d in a sipiare. and the intelliiieiice commiinicafed to them. <'olonel WiUett tiieii desceiuled to the esplanade and addressed the men in a patriotic manner, concluding with the words: "'As many of you as feel willing to follow me in an attack, and are not afraid to die for liberty, w ill sluailder your arms, .and step (uit onk. 1'.\ck in i)uuix<; Tin; amkiucan uevolution. 280 t t front."' Two hundrod men volimtuoivd iilmoNt at lliL' siiine inonii'iit ; aiul fifty moro, witli a tlircc-pounder, were soon al'tor added to the Ibroc. Tlio rain storm, wliiih caiiio up suddenly, hiudored their immediate mareh, but as soon as it ceased tliey issued from the sally-port at a brisk j)aec, and, rushiu^j down upon the camp of Sir John, carried it at the point of the bayonet, drove the enemy through the Mohawk, and captured all their camp equipage and public stores, at the same time killing a large number. Colonel Willett then turned his anns against the Mohawk cam[), and swi'pt through it. The sound of this rapid and severe firing arrested the attention of the belligorants, after the ces.sation of the rain. By a change of caps with a company of men, whoso dress in this respect resend)led that of the Americans, Major Watts attempted to nalm oft' on the patriot.s a detachment of his troops as an American reinforcement ; but the subterfuge being quickly discov(M'cd, the light was resumed with bitter enmity. The Indian exclamation of Ooiki/i ! was at length heard, and the oneni}' retired, leaving Herkimer in possession of the field. Those who have most minutely described this battle, relate instances of personal heroism which would not disgrace the Iliad.' The Indians, Avho had suflered severely, fought with great desperation. One hundred of their number lay dead, thirty-six of whom, cimiprising .several chief-*, were Senecas,' who had been present in the greatest numbers. The fighting had become desultory, when suddenly the Senecas, who feared the arrival of American reinforcements, shouted their word for retreat, and commenced to move off, followed by the loyalists; whilst the reviving shouts, and more spirited firing of Ilerkiiucr's men. resounded in evi' y direction. Tims ended one of the most severelj'-contested bnttles of the devolution. It was, in reality, a victory for the Amoiicans, and not a defeat, as it has been usually called, for they were left in undisputed pos.session of the field, which was not visited again by the enemy, either white or red. The victors constructed forty or fifty litters, on which they conveyed the wounded to their homes. Among the iiuml)er was Cieneral Herkimer, who reached in safety his own house, where he died, about ten days after the battle, from the result of an unskilful amputation of his leg. ' Verbiil accdunt of tlio lato ("olcnirl I,:iwivnco .'>i'liiii)lcnirt, one of this uuiiilior. '•■ (iiiviTiifiir .Morris, before tlic New Y'ork lli.storifal Sucioty. CampbuU's Annals of Trjon County. Stone's l.il'i' lit liniiit. •' ,^luno, p. L'4 1 ■I 1 ;■ I'm Vol.. VI. — .",7 « y 1 1 ,t ! f, ^ 900 II 1 8 TO 11 Y (»[• TlIK INDIAN TUIliKS TKRMIXATION OP THE SIEGE OF FORT STANAVIX. The tt'u'L'o of Fort Stiuiwix wiis prosecutoil during Hixtoen days iiftcr tlio 1777 battle ol' Oiiskaiiy. Tlioro jippoariiii; to Ijc no riirthor proHprct of ivliof from till' militia, it was I'l'solved to .xi'ml inHjiniation ol' tlio condition oCtlio lortress to tiio c'oninmndant of tin- army tit Saratoga. Colonel Wilk't voluntoerL'd, with a siniiln companion, to \nidi'rtak<' this perilous duty. Creeping thro\igh the closely-guarded Indian lines, at iii.^ht, he pii'kt'il his way through womls and nnfreiiuented paths to Fort Dayton (now Jlerkimer), wlieiice he proceeded to Saratoga. General Schuyler inuneiliately ordered Arnold, with a detachment of 900 men, nnd two pieces of artillery, to march to its ndief. l>ut liefore this force reached its destination, an apparently trivial circumstance caused St. Legcr to break up his encampment, and suddenly retreat. Among a com])any of tories who had been captured, one night, in an unlawful assembly at Little Falls, was one Ihm Yost, a Mohawk hall-breed, who liad, with others, including the noted Butler, been condenuied to death by a court- martial. When AnioUl arrived at Fort Dayton, the mother of this man, who was a simpleton, but on this account regarded with more favor by the Indians, besought iiiin, with piteous supplications, to avert lii.s doom. Arnold was at first inexorable; l)ut eventually said, that if Hon Yo.st would, in glowing term.s, announce his approach, in St. Leger's camp before Fort Stanwix, he would grant him a reprieve from the gallows. The event proved ^ mold's sagacity. Hon Yost represented to St. Leger that he had narrowly escapi'd, ai, 1 had been hotly pursued ; in proof of which assertion lie exhil)ited his coat, that he had lumg up, lired at, and perforated with bullet-holes. He exaggerated the force of Arnold's detachment in every particular, and, as lie spoke Mohawk lluently, he advised the wiude Indian force to fly instantly. A perfect panic prevailed. The m(jrning after his arrival, which was the 22d of August, the men on the ramparts of the li)rt beheld, with surprise, a sudden movement in the enemy's camp. Not only were the Indians in full retreat, but also St. TjOger, Sir Jolni Johnson, and Brant, with all their host of Indians and tories. The tent.s were left standing, and the wholi' train of artiller}-, including the mortars, was abandoned. The following day General Arnold marched into the lort. with General Lamed of the Massachusetts line, and was DURINCi TIIK AMKUICAN UKVOLUTloN. 801 vt'cc ivctl willi Hiilutt's and Iuiz/uh. During twont^'-ono days liail tlic t^'wiv \)vv\\ clo^'i'ly inaintaini'd, and as rlosoly contt'stcd. 'I'lio lirnint'ss ami ciKhirancc of the ^arciMin cNciU'tl ailniiration throughout the ponntry, and imparted new H[)irits to tliu iVii-nds of till- l\i'vuliitiiin, wlio had bocii so ruci-ntly di'iavsscd ))y IJin^oync's invMsioii. It was the lirst of a series of victories. Iie^jiiniing in the most j^doomy periud ol' the eonte>t, tiie year 1777. When tlie smoko of tiio Kevohitioii (deared away, and memory reverted Ijack to tho times that tried men's souls, tiio site of tliis I'ort was named, ami has since hei'n called, HoMK,' in allusion to the la'avery of its del'em'e. This triumph was followed, in Oetoher. hy the surrender of Ihiruoyiie. Ivirly tht^ i'oliowinir year, on tho Oth of Kohruary, Franco joined \\w colonies, enterinji' into ii treaty of amity, connnerce, and alliance with them, nnd, from this moment, the suicess of till' patriots was no longer prohlomntieul. Oucidii Count V, Now York. »■ i 802 II ISTolt Y (»!•• Til !■; I NDI AN TIM liKS Cll A I'TKU V I. I'UI.ICY or i;MI'L()VlN(i TIIK INDIANS IN ^VAH. I i ;»i N() ooiift'st \vlii(;Ii (icciiiTcil (liiriiv^ tin- fitrii^'i:I(.' nl" tlic Iit'voliitioii, wiis (if so imich iinportiuice to ii wide cxtuiit orcoiiiitn-. us iIkiI nf Fort Stiiiiwix, in wliit^Ii tin- liidiuiiH won ri'lii'il on l)y tlii' lliilisli us iiiisiliiiiii's. uiid iiossi'sscd in rcidity so nuicli iiowcr to control tliL' rt'sidt. It is donl)tl'td il', of tlic I Till) niun, unnonnci'd at (tswi'j^o us oomprisinfr tlio bosif^ing I'orco, nutro tliun JiKKI wen; rt-gnlur troops. Of tlu'sc, tlio royalists, connnanded l)y Sir John .lolmson. Iniincd vin) iciiinuMit ; wliili- the Scnccus, tlio Mississugios, iVoin tlio norlliorn slioros of liuko Ontario, tin? fiiuili\c .Mohawks, undor IJraiit, and tlio Cuyugas and Oiiondagus, should not ho ostiinuti'd at li'ss than 7(M) wai'riors. A patriot, prosont at liiat siege, who was likewise a dose ohseiNcr on the iVoiitiiTs throughout the war, has assi-rted that, in rancor and eriiclty. a rahiil royalist was (Miiial to two ordinary Indians; liir, wliili' lie was uetnatt'd h\ the same general spirit of revenge, lie possessed an intiinato knowledge of iieiglili(irhoo(|s and families, which he attacked in the assumed guise of a savage. The [loliey of employing savages at all in war, admits of no defence. Tin' act of scal()ing, dei)icted in tlio [ilate presented herewith,' and the indiseriminato slangliter of both se.xes. are the most horrid traits of savage life. None hut a weak and liijoted pi'ince, ct)imselled hy a short-sigliti'd and nurrow-mindeil premier,' would have ailopted this system us a part of the exlraneons means of re(lncing the colonies to sulijniion. Thu Indians could ne\cr lie relied on li_\ I5iiti>li generals, or emi)loyid for any other junposo tliiin that of covering their Hanks, and imp;irting to tiie (.'oiitest a more hitter and vindictive character. If tin; hitter was tlio object sought, the end was fully answered. The men of the pri'sent generation have not ibrgotten the acts of liendisli cruelty porpetratctl by the class of itovolutionary tories. It is not designed to enter into a minute detail of the occasions, other than the one just described, when the Indians wore employed, either as Hankers of their armies, in si'paratc e.vpoditions, or, as the accompaniment of a small nucleus of British or royalist provincial troops. From the beginning of the contest, Congress Inid made strenuous efforts to persuade Vol II.. I'li.t,- x . ,, on. ' IatiI North. 1)1 It I.N «i TIIK AM KlllCAN li K V O M' I' 1 (> N', 208 tilt' [iiiliiiii trilics til roniiiiii lu'iilrul. (.'miimisfitmcrs wfi'i' ciilnistid with tlio niiuiiij:i'- lii.'iit 1)1' IndiiiM ailiiirs iii tlic Noilli (Uiil Smilli. Active iiinl iiilliifiiliiil iiifii wen; • li'lt'>j;iiti'(l ti> vixit the miviiguM in tlu'ir own coiiiitry, luul instrncliil to irii^nii wilii lluiii oil the Mniiji'iit. TiicsK visits well! rt'iu'iiti'd in tlio >viirH Skvkstv-Fivk, Skv'Kntv-Six, iinil Si;vh N'IV-Sk.vkn, witli wliiit ii;iiti;il cHi'ctM lias liccn seen; llic Oiu'iilas ami tlnir giicMl.s mill allies, till! 'I'liscaroras ami Moliieans, who liail loiiii' previously aeUnowleilieil llie ;;ooil results ol' Cliristiaii teaeliini:, lieilm tin* only triiies whieli aeiiuieseed. Tliere ■\vas siiiiie ii'asiin to e\|icet titat the Sliawnees ainl Deli iwares svinihl preserve a ni'iilr; lleeesM position; the olijeet was not onu to ho reliiKpiishetl, so lon;^ as ii liopo of s I'eiiiaiiietl. The defeat tin? IiidiiviiM had siilVered at Fort Stanwix, appeareil to open tli(! way llir another formal euiieiliatory ell()rt. With this \ iew, on the :id of Deeeiulier,' tho Committee on Indian Allaiis reported the followinji address, whieh, whili; eoiielnd in terms suited to the eoiiiprehen If they would not spare tlu-ir hrotheis. of the s;iine ilesh and hlood, would they siiare you V If they htirii our lioiis Hill ravii 't' our lamls, could vours ho secure lUit W(> acted on very dillereiit prmciiiles. rar Iroiii desiniiL; you to hazard \our ivt's 111 our ((iiarrel. wi idvised \iiu to r(>miiin sti 111 ease, .uii I Ml ami We even 1 l)v the side ontreated you to ri'iiiain neuter: and. under the sliado of your tree: of your streams, to sniol^e your pipe in safety and eoiitentnieut. Thoujih pressed liy our eneinie.s, and wlu'n their ships ohstruoteil our supplies of arms, and ])ow(ler. and elothin}r, wo were not unmindful of \oiir wants. Of wliat was neci iary lor our own use, we choorfiilly spared \oii •) jiart. More we sliould iiave doui', had it heeii in our power. ■('ayi'gas, Sknk'As, TrsrAiioKAs. a\i> Nhiii\wK<- Open your ears ^w'l Ui'uv our )f our enemies'.' W Wliv have voii assisted (i romplaiiits. Why have you listened to the \i>i Millered Sir .loliii .lohnso , and Mutler to mislead iSt. Loiter and liis w riiors Iroin tiie other side of tlie ^roiit water.s, by givim; tl IVt'o piissa>^o through your country to annoy us; which both you find wo solemnly \Oll leiii a i 1. 1777 Ij 204 II I S TO 15 Y 01' THE INDIAN TUI15KS h I Mr i'l m pi oiniscd sluuild not lio deliled with blood V WIiv have vou sii n'('r(>d so niaiiv of vour nations to join tlicni in tlioir i-ruid puiix Is this a, suitable rotnni for our lovo and kinchii'ss, or did yon snspt-ot that wo wore too weak or too cowardly to dcfond our connlry, and join onr cnt'inios tiiat yon niijilit conio in for a sliaro of tlic phnidor? What has ln'on piinotl by tliis nnprt)viik('d treaciicry ■ iiat bnt shame and disLiracc ! Your fooiisii warriors and their new allies have been defeated and di-iven baek in t'very ipiarter; and many of iiiem jnstly jiaid the price of tlieir rashness with tiieir lives. Sori'v are we to find that our aiu'ie lit chain of union, heretofore so stronu' and briiilit, hoiiid be l)ro!\en li\such poor and weak iiistrimiciits as Sir .lohn .lohnson and Ihitler, wlio (la 1 IV not show their fi inioiiu' their coniitrvnien ; and by St. liCiicr. a stran ivhom you lU'ver knew ! \VlKit has become of the spirit, tiio wisdom, and the justice )f your nations? Is it possible that yon sliould barter away your ancient glory, and break th st soli few blankets littli d. lireak tlirou,!ih tlio most solemn treaties lor a lew blanlvcts. or a iittlo mm or jiowiler . 'I'liat trilies siii'h a" these sliould provi' any temptation to you to cut down the stroiit;' tree of friendshii), by our common ancestors plaiiti'd in the deep bowels of thi' earth, at OiioiidaL^a. your central council-lire! That tree wliicli has been wati'red and iioiiri>hed iiy their children until the branches had almost reached the skies! As well miubt We lia\'e eN|ieeted tliat the mole should o\eitiii'ii the vast mountains of the .MlcLil'.aiiy. Ill' that the birds of the airshould drink up the waters of Ontario! •■ I'AvrcAS. Sdxixws. ()-;oNi).\(i.VS. AXD .MoIIAWIcs: Look into your hearts, and be; attentive. Much are you to blame, and iireatly have you wroiiued iis. He wise in time, lie sorry, and mend yonr faults. The preat council, tiioii,i;h the bhjod of onr friend-', who tell ly yonr tomahawks at the (lerman Flatts. cries aloud a-aiust you. will yet be patient. We do not desire to destroy you. I,oiiu' have we Ijeen at peace; ;iiid it is still our wish to bury the liat('het, and wipe away the blood which .some of you have so unjustly slu'd. Till time should be no more, we wish to smoke with yoii tlu^ calumet of Iriendship around yonr central fire at OnomlaLra. But, Brothers, mark well what we now tell you. 'ict it sink deep as the bottom of the sea, and iiexcr be t'livc'tteii by you or your children. If ever again you lixkc up the hatchet to .strike n.s — if you join our eneini' s in baitle or . luieil — if you gi\e them intelligence, ov encourage or permit them to pass through your country, to molest or hurt any of our ])eople — we shall look on you as our enemies, and treat you as the worst ol nemies. wiio. under a cloi'k of frienilship. cover your bad designs, and, like the concealiil adder, only wait Ibr an oiiportuiiity to wound us when we are most unprepared. nianiiKiiS: lielieve lis wlio lie\er (leceiV( If, after all our id counsel. ill our iMie to iirovent it, we must take n[) the hatcliet.the blood to be shed will lie heavy (in yiiiir iieads. Tlie hand of the tliirtei'ii I'liited States is not siinit. it will reach to the fartlie.-l extent of tiie couiitr\- (if the Six Nations; anil, wiiile we ha\i' riidit on ou, and ])ut it out lur sHle. tlie gooil Spirit, wlioin we .si'rve. will enable us to ptini if your ]io\ver to do us farther mischief. '■i l»l|{IX(i TIN': AMMIIICAN U K V O LU T I ON. 295 "Onkidas AM) 'I'lscAuouAS : Iloiirkfii to wliiit wo have to s;iy to you in particuliir. It rcjoii'os our luMrts tliiit wo liavo no roiison to rciu'oiU'li you in coimiion witli tin; i-ost ol' tlio Six Nations. Wo liavo o.xporifncoil your lovo, ^itron,t^■ as tlio oal<. and your lidolit}'. unclianiivahio as truth. You have Ivopt last Iiold of tiio anricnt coxcnant cliain. and |)rosor\cd it live I'roni rust and dooay, and liritilit as silscr. liiko lirasc nu'U, lor s^lory \du dosjji.sod (hiiigor; you stood forth in tlie causo of your frioiids, and vonturoil 3our hvos in our I)altio.s. Whilo tho sun and moon continue to i;ivo iiulil to till! world, wo shall lovo and rosjioct ^ou. As our trusty friends, we shall |)roteet \on, and shall, at all times, eonsidor your welfare as our own. '• ]>KoTiii:ii.s or Tin: Six Nations: Open your ears, aiul listen attcnlively. It is Imi'^- iiiro that wo <'N[ilained to you our (|uarrid with the people on tho other .side of ihe iiieal water. IlenionUior that our causo is just; you and your forefathers liave lon^' sei'u us allied to those people in friendship. I>y our lahor and industry, they llourished like tho troe.s of the forest, and hoeame exceedingly rich and ])ri)ud. At leniitli, nothing- would fatisly them, unless, like slaves, wo would >/i\\'. tlioni the power over our whole Kubstance. I'ecauso we would not yield to such shameful honilin;e. tiie\- took up tlu. luitehet. You have soon them covorim:' our coasts with their ships, and a ])art of our country with their warriors; hut you luuc not seen us dismayed; on liie contrarv, \ou know that wo ha\o stood lirm, like rocks, and li)U,ulit like men who deserved to lie free. Y'ou know that wo have defeated St. liOirer, and ct)n(|Ui'red liur^inne and all Jioir warriors. Our chii'f men and our warriors arc now li.iihtinj;' aixainst the ri'st of oui" onomies. ami we trust that tho (Iroat Spirit will soon put them in our power, or onalile us to (lri\e thrm all far heyond tho uroat waters. •• l>ianni:i!s : IJilicvo us. that they feel their own weakness, and that tliey are unnlilo to sulidue the thirleen rnited States. Klso. why luivo they not left our Indian hrethren in i)eaco. as they lirst in'dinised and wo wished to have done? Whv ha\-o tiic\ ondea- vorod, hy cimnin;j s[)i'eidies. hy falsehood and misreprcsenlationy, hy stron- drink and presents, to embitter the minds and darken tho understandin'^s of all our Indian friends this LM-eat I'ontinont, from the north to the south, and to eni;auo them to tal< tho hatcla't apainst us without any jirovocation '.' 'I'lio Cherokees, like somcMif \(in, were prevailorL'avo then T I nitei Stat( kind and mercil'ul, and wish li tch ICO with all tho world. We h; therefore, ri'uowed our ancient covenant chain wi ith tl r>i;oTiii:i:: Th awanese and I),d; iwaros ijivo us itaily pi leir nation, hi )f their id dis- l their attachment to us. and nrv. reaily to assist us auainst all our enemie- And the Clidctawi' position am The Chicknsaws art! amonir the number of oui' faithful friends thoiiLih remote from us. have refused to listen to tho persuasions of our eiii'inies, rejected all their olVe!>^ of corruption, and continue peaceabli'. The Creeks are also Mir stciidv friends. (Hiovl.ieo. their ureal an< 1 tl le rest of 1:1' :aeiiriii,s ami ,-ii'. t:i ii i i 206 HISTORY OF TUK INDIAN TRIBES warriors, as the strongest mark of tlioir siiR'oro frioiHlship, have presented the great council witli an emblem of peace. They have desired that these tokens might be shown to the Six Nations and their allies, to convince them that the Creeks are at ])oaoe with the United States. We have therefore directed our commissioners to deliver them into jour hands. Let them be seen by all the nations in your alliance, and pre- served in your central council-house at Onondaga. '• Bkothehs ok TiiK Six Nations : Hearken to our counsel. Let us who are born on the same great continent love one another. Our interest is the same, and we ought to be one peoi)le, always ready to as.'^ist and serve each other. Wiiat are the people who belong to the other side of the great waters to either of us? They never come here I'or our sakes, but to gratily tiieir own pride and avarice. Their business now is to kill and destroy our iulialjitants, to lay waste our houses and farms. The day, we trust, will soon arrive, when wo shall be rid of them forever. Now is the time to hasten and seciwe this happy event. Let us, then, from this moment, join hand and heart in the defence of our common country. Let us rise as one man, and drive away our cruel oppressoi's. lleneeibrward let none be able to separate us. If any of our people injure you, ac((uaint us of it, and you may depend upon I'ull satisfaction. If any of yours hurt us, be you ready to rei)air the wrong or punisii the aggressor. Above all. shut ytuir ears against liars and deceivers, who, like false meteors, strive to lead you iistray. and to set us at variance. IJeiieve no evil of us till you hiive taken ]iains to discover the truth. Our council-lire always burns clear and bright in Penn- syhaiiia.' Our commissioners and agents are near your country. We shall not be blinded liy false reports or false a])pea ranees.'"^ This overture produced no change in tiie i>olicy of the Indians; in public councils, as well as in j)rivate, tin'ir ears were liili'd with reasonings and persuasions of a very dill'erent character. Ever judging from mere appearances, and from what was taugiblt! and visible, they were imi)ressed with the jiower. means, and ability of the British (loveriiment to subdue the colonies. They contrasted their resources with those of till' Thirteen States, struggling, as it were, in the grasp of a giant; and from that eoiniiaiison, drew tiie conclusion that, however courageous and resolute tiie colonist.s were in battle, tliov were few in luunbers. and lacking in means. It being a cardinal principle with the Indians to adliert; to the strong<'st pai'ty, they ix'mained unmoved by arnnmenls which tiicv hardlv understood, and refused to believe. ' Thcli (lio Milt 111' (M'ViTllHlrllt. Juui'ii:il 111' t'liiiLTCss. I ft DUIUNG TllK AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 297 -a ■ 'I CITAPTEIi VII. PROCUKSS OK THE RKVOHTION, AS AFFECTED liV THE AltoKl- CINAL TRir.KS. MASSACRES OF WYOMING, CIIEURY VALI.KY, AND ULSTER. i' ' It (1oo8 not I'oiiuMUo with the i)liin of tho proHoiit work, to dc^^cribc in dftiiil till' scenes of Imlian outnigo luul niassiuTe which niiirkotl the KovoUitioniirv 1778 contest; tlie object beinj:'. to present a condensation of facts. The character nf the Indians did not appear in any new huht ; as the war advanced, tliey sweiit over the coimtrv like a ])estilence ; i'reipiently, like infuriated timers. s[)rin.iiing across the liordei'S, ami spreadinii death and devastation where domestic haiijiiness had previously reijiued. Any liojie that niiuht have been entertained of niollilying their hatred, proved to be a delnsioi- The Iroquois, who w>'ri! tiie princii)al actors in this murderous warfare, were, in nearly every instance, led on liy their hero ehieflain. Brant. Sometimes, liowever. parties of the various tribes of Algonquin linear, from the West, were in the practice of visitinjj the then temporary headquarters of the IJritish Indian Depart- ment at Fort Nia.iiara. At this place, most of the war-parties were formed. sui)plieil, and equiii|)ed. Thither they also returned to report their succi^s; iniiiiiiiii;' their pri- soners with them, to pass throuuli the terrible ordeal of the iiamitlet ; and there, like- wise, thev received the rewards for the .scalps they had taken. It was at Niagara that the plan of the incursion into the \'all('y of Wyomin:^ oriL:inated. Towards the close of June,' Colonel Jolin Butler, the commandinL;- ofliccr of that |iost, ordered ."lOO men. principally- loyalists, to set out on an expedition to the Siisqiii'lianna, accompanied by a body of about ofltl Indians, of dl\c It T :a pi it, tl ie\' em bai'ked in floats, or on rafts, and reached the scene of kri'iMiiij; conliiet the fust day of July. After nnich coimtermarehinj: and mana'uvrinu'. they succeeded d defcatim:- a iiody of 10(1 militia, of whom only (id escaped the rifle. ill siuToiiiidin;; am the tuniahawk, and tli^ :-knifi Th 'ollowinu' daw th is niaraiidini;' force aiipeai ed before Kort Wyoming:', then containim;' only a small garrison, but crowded with fugitive women and children, terms of a capitulation ; but. either becaii The American coinmandant agreed to the prescribed ;e he could not, or did not, comply with them, \nl.. \ I.— .")S 298 HISTORY OF TlIK INDIAN TUIISES if'' they wore ba.scly violated. It was tlieii believe45. ' .-IJli. ■>\w V'urk Ili.-t. tl.ic, V..I. VII. - Villi' (iiTtnicIi' cif Wyi'iiii'iL.'. ' Tlie Indian toini t'ur tliu Six N:iliun.>*. I nUlllNC TMK AMERICAN DEVOLUTION. 290 1 ! CHAPTER VIII. CONCIIESS AUTHORIZES MOVEMENTS TO CHECK THE HOSTILITY OF THE WESTERN INDIANS. AhTiioL'GU tiic Ii'iMiuois ibrined, as it woro, the '• tuutli lojjioii," of the hostile Indians employed in the war, yet the western savages had, I'loui the beginning, 177S evinced their hostility, and were implicated, to a greater or less extent, in the contest against the colonies. Tiiis was more especially the position of the important tribes of the Delawares and Shawnees, then occupying the present area of the tate of Ohio. These tribes had originally emigrated west of the Alloghanies with embittered feeli: gs against the English colonists generally. They had accepted the treat}- of pcac'j offered them, in rather a vaunting spirit, by Colonel 13radstreet, on Lake Erie, in 17(M ; but subsccpiently renewed their hostile inroads, and, in the autunni of the sami! year, on the banks of the Muskingum, again suljmitled to the army under Colonel I}()U([uet, delivering uj), as a test of their sincerity, a very large number of prisoners, men, women, and children.' The Delawares had not held a definite political position for a long period, even from the middle of the eighteenth century. They were supposed to bo in league with the French, and it was an erroneous policy in Count Zinzendorf and the Moravian IJretl.'ren, not to .«et the colonies right on this subject, laboring, as they did, from their advent in 1740, for the benefit of the Delawares, and knowing that there was a suspicion resting on them of being favorable to the French interests. This was the cause of the expulsion of this tribe from Chicomico, in southern New York, in 17-14,^ and of their removal to the Sustpiehanna. It was likewise the occasion of their ultimate llight westward to the banks of the Muskingum, and of the uiifortimate massacre of their people at Gnadenhutten. But though the proclivities of the Delawares Mere uncertain, those of the Shawneoa were not ; they assumed an openly hostile attitude. The latter tribe had, at an early period, been inimical to the English colonies; but, being \;ni- ipiished, they had translerred their hatred to the Americans the moment the revolutionary contest commenced. In 17o">,' they were the most latter as.sailants of Braddock ; in ' Till' MiiTi'iiiliT (if tliL'so prisciiuTS t'uriiis tli(^ most ri'ir,;irl;a'ilc instaiu'C ul' the kind on rocoril, liulli on account of tlir nuniliur of persons libonitcil, ami tlio atli'ctiiiL' lirfunistanci's attending' it. ' Vol. v., p. <>S0. ' IFistory nf ISraddoi-k":- Kxi.idilion : I'liil., Is.V,. i i • !. Si, 1 'r m m 800 HISTORY OF THE INDIAN T1M15ES mii 17")S.' tlioy iniissacred the garrison of S\burt's fort on tlio Potoniae; tlu-y had, from till' vcar 17G;], most strenuously opposed the settlement ol'Kentueky; they had, in 17() I, taken the most prominent part in resisting liie expedition of Lord Dunniore ; and, aceording to tiie hest loeal authorities,^ between the years 1770 and i77l>, tiie activity and l)itter iiostiiity of this eeleln'ated tribe converted tiie left banks of the Ohio, along the bordiM's of Pennsylvania and Virginia, into an aceldenui. Hrave and dauntless, but vacillating, their ruling passion was a love of war, blooil. and pluniler. Tradition aflirms that, in ancient times, they had fought their way from Florida to Lake h. \\ and desperately did they oppose the advance of the Anglo-Saxon race into the Ohio valley. Their central location was at 'Jhillicothe, on the Scioto river — which appears to have been, fronr a period long antecedent, a metropolis of Indian power. Their inthieuce controlled the entire valley, and they lived on strict terms of amity with the Delawans, the Mingoes, or Ohio Iroquois, the Iluroiis, Ottowas, Chippcwas, and Miamies. The Ohio valley, with its beautiful scenery, its genial climate, and its exuberant fertilit}. had been, from its earliest discovery, a subject of contention between the Indians and the white race. Ked men had, originally, fought for it. as is jjroved by its anticpiities, and the whites succeeded to the controversy. The feet of Washington trod its soil as early as 1 7-Vi, when the charter of George 11. was granted for its occupancy. Although tiie primary object of its exploration, and of the eonunissioners and armii's which crossi'il the AUegiianics, and entered its borders, was the furtherance of goveiiuuental policy, yet it is very evident that there were al)original minds of suflicient penetration U> foresee, that the acrpiisition of the territory, and the s[)read of the arts and connnerc(! of civili/ed lite, were tlie ultimate ends in \'n'\v. This may readily be perceived in the harangues of Pontiae to the tril)es of the north-west, in tln> year 170'); of Tenuskund, at Wyoming, and of Buckangaheela, at Kaskaskia. Every movement of the whites towarils the west was regarded, by thinking Indian minds, as having the same object in view. Prior to the expedition of M'lntosh, a friendly Delaware chief, Koquathaheelon, or Wiiite Kycs. had uscmI iiis inlluence to prevent the tribes f m raising tlie hatchet ; but an opposite intiucHce was exercised by Captain I'ipe, and tiie nation became divided. Such was the state of alliiirs among the Delawares, in the s[>riug of 177S. About this time, three noted loyalists, M'Kee, Elliot, and Girty, lied from Fort Pitt to the Delawares, and used their utmost efl()rts against the American cause. Captain Pi[)e was so nnieh iiiHnenced by their counsel, that, in a largo assemblage of warriors, ho concluded a harangue by declaring "evi'ry one an enemy who refused to fight the Americans, and that all such ought to be put to death." Ko(piatlialieelon boldly opposed him, denounced the policy, and sent a formal mi^ssage to the S(;ioto, warning the Indians m IliM, i.r Wrst I'l'll \ irLTIlllM 1^.-.1, 208. ■- jlniMri.l.jr, Wltliri-s De I fa m DURINC TIIK AMEIII(!AN REVOLUTION. 801 a;!;iiiiist tlio counsels of tlio I'ligitives, Girt}' ^'iiil M'Koo. Tliis, fur a wliili', liiul tho clU'ct i>r keeping tliu DelawaruH neutral ; but tlie triljc! liually decided to raise the hatchet against the strujigling colonies. Hoth the Delawares and Shawnecs were greatly intluenced in their councils hy tho Wyandots of SandiisUy, a rellec'tive, clear-minded peoijle, who had once heen at tho head of the Iro([Uois, while that nation resided on the Kanawagn,' and still held a kind of umpirage in western Indian councils. It was against tho local residence of this trilie, at Sandusky, that fii'ueral M'Intosh was directed to procci'd. Ih; had, during the si)ring, with a small force of regulars and militia, descended the Ohio, from Fort I'itt to the IJetiver river, where ho erected, on a commanding position, a fort called M'Intosh. It intercepted Indians ascending i • descending tho Ohio, as well as interior marauding parties, who reached tho river at this point. Tho force assigned him for the eN[)editiou against Sandusky was lOOf men. But. such were tho delays in orgnni/.iug it, and in marching through a wilderness to the Tus(!arawas, that, after re.icliing its I)aidvs, he there constructed a lort, called Liuu'eus, and, garrisoning it, returned to Fort Pitt. ' Lu Ji'uno, :\u-2 lIlSTOltY OK Tin; INDIAN TIMIIKS t'lIAPTKH IX. VIlidlNIA SKNDS AX KX IMl 1) IT loN A(!AIXST T M K WKSTKlfN INDlANy, AND COMuLEUS SOLTIIEIIN ILLINOIS. ■I* TiiK oi'octioii of Kovts M'IntusIi ami liiuirens, on the bunks of tlu' Uciivi r 177.S iiml tliu Tusi'iU'iiwiis I'ivers, tifinonstriiti'd to tin' indiiiii.s that they would he ludd lu'i'onntahlo lor their actions. JJiil a more inii)ortant military niovenient, niH! which has had a iicruianont and predominant inliui'nci! on tin; history of the West, was originated in the year 1778. Western N'irginia having snIVered dreadfully from tiie inroads of the Shawnees, Delawares, and Mingoes, General (leorge Jlogers <'huly the liiver Kenawha, Mliich was his |ioint of rendezvous, with a force not exceciling liHII men. The fort, at tiiis point, wa.s then insesteil hy Indians, whom he successfully routed, with the loss of only one man. Jlis next olijt'ct of attack was Kaskaskia, from which lie was se[)arated hy a wilderness of lOUl) miles in extent. lUit he liad a force of pickeil men, whoui no lack of means eould disconrage, i'.nd whose heroic ardor no opposition of natural impediments could dampen. Descending the Ohio to its lldls, he erected a small fort on (,'orn Island, in their vicinity, which he garrisoned with a few men, and then eontinut'd his coursi? down the ri\i'r to within sixt\- miles of its month, where he lauded his men. and, with only four days' provisions, connnenced his march across the wilderness to the Illinois coinitry. lie was six days in reaching Kaskaskia, during two of which his little army was destitute of provision.s. Reaching the town at midnight, and (inding the gariison and inhabitants asleep, ho carried it by .surprise, taking the commandant, liocheblave, prisoner, wIkjui he innnediately sent nnder guard to Richmond, together with important letters and i>ai)ers. implicating per.son.s in power. The fort was found to be sulliciently strong to have been defended against a force of one tlmusand men. The H)li(iwiug da\. finding horses in the vicinity, (ieiu'ral (.'larke mouute(l about thirty of his men, under Captn>n Bowman, and sent them against the n[iiier towns on the banks of lh(! Mississippi. They took ])ossession of the l''rench towns and \illages, as high ni) as Cahokia; and, in the course of three ilays thereafter, no less than ."JOO of the {"Vench inhahitant.s took the oath of allegiance to tiie American irovernTiient. Leaving a |)li;lN(i TIIM AMl'llICAN 1! K V (i L I' T I ON. 808 Harrison iit Kaskiinkiu, (Iciicriil (.'IdiUc llicu proci'cdcil acrosn tlio ctmiiliy to N'iiiccniiCH, on tlu« Wabash, which liu also siirpri.sud and ciiptuivd. This post was in tlio hrart of tiio Miami rountry, which liad lici'U tlic seat of Ki'cnch trade, and had, acconUni; to jMr. Law,' been estahlisla'd as a mission in 1710, Its imiwitancc was so miicii ll'it \>y (lovcrnor llannlton, of Detroit, that lio HndcK'nly nuistered ii Ibrce, and rt'captured tho phice. (leneral (Jhuiic, wiio was at Point Pleasant, on hearing of this, althon;;li it was then winter, dctermineil to ri'tal\(' tlie post, and, witii a resohite party of men, who, dinini^ tiicir marcii, I'liMpiently waded tin'oii^ii water I)reast iiigli, executed iiis jjurpose ; also making' llamihon prisoner. This man was a ron^ii, bad-tei.ipered, and cruel ollicer, who iiad excited liie ii'e ol" the Indians by his mali^'nancy.'' The ell'ect of tiiese movements on tin" mass ol' the Indians was more important in a i)olitical view than it appeared to be. Kaskaskia and Vineennes had been mere outposts to Detroit, wliicii was a de[ii)t for the [jrisoners taken by the Indians, and where they I'eeeived the rewards for tile seal[)s they bron;_dit in. Tiie elli'ct upon the Delaware Nation of the operations durinji this year, of which Vort Pitt was the centre, was to promote tho conclusion of a treaty of peace, which was siirned, on the ITtli of Si-ptemlier, 177S.' by the chiefs Koi(uathaheelon, or White y^y^'f*. Pipe, and Kelli)iu'l<, before (lenerais Andri'W and Thomas Lewis. This was the lirst of a lon.i;' list of tri'aties with the Iiulian trilu's, in which tiie nations, when pressed by war, sometimes made a virtue of necessity, and conceded points which, on some occa- .sious. the want of popular support, and again, the lack of power in their i^overnments, did not enable them to comjily with, although the al)original tlelegates who gave their .isst'ut to them did so witii full integrity of pnr[iose. It is certain that the Delaware Nation was soon alter eniiancil in hostilities auainst tlio I'nited States; for. besides the miiition of this fact bv the treatv of Fort M'Intosh. dated June 'J I 17s" sup[ilementary article to tiiat treaty provided that the ehiels Kelelamaiid. Wiiite Kyet and oui; or two other persons of note, who took up the hatchet for the United State.- shoiild be received back into the Delaware Nation, and reinstated in all their oriiiim refills, wi tbtuit ly prejudice ' Disi'iinrn' lirfiiiv the Hist. Sue. of lii(li:iii:i, at N'incciiiii's. ^ Titatirs iietwocii llif rniti'il States jiiid tlic Iiulian.-^, p. I : Wa.-liinul'iii, 'Stiinc, Viil. I., p. .^!l!). ' \Uu\, 11. i;. i I ■' i ;=■, i 8(M IllSToUV ol' TllK INDIAN TRIHES ClIAl'TEK X. SI r.TI.KTY Ol' Tin: INDIANS INVESTINCf FORT LAUUENS. ^1?'' ■if: KdiiT liAri:i;\s. cnvtcd on tlic Tiisciirawfts in 1778, by GciutiiI IMMiitcish. 1771I at till' ti'i'iiiiniisur liis iiuircli aiiiiiiist Saiuliisky, wivh k-l't in coininand ol' ('Dlonul (iili-mi. witli a jiaiTisoii of lod nicii. It was the ciistoiti of the ^fari'isoii to jait lulls on ilicir liorst's. aiid scud tlicni out to ^'ra/c in tlic vicinity, wlicrc they wcro Aisitcd and looked al'lir. 'I'liis licinu oliscrvcd liy tlic Iiulians who inl'csti'd tlio snr- voiindinu' I'orcsts. tlicy stole all llie aniui.d-i. fust ii'iuo\iiiLr tlie hells I'loni their necks, uliicli they retained. Selectinir ii s|)ot suitahle for an auihnscade, tlic hells were tied to the stalks ol' st(ait weeds, or llcxihie twiys, and the Indians, lyiii^- down on the jrround, carefully shook theui. so as to sinudate the noise they would make while the horses were croiipiiui' urass. The iiise succeeded. ( )!' a j)arty of si.vteen men. sent to eat to condiat. They then crossed the Tuscarawa.s, and encam]ied on an elevated site, within \'ww of the lia't, where they remained for several weeks, watchinir the .uarrison. Wiiilo located at this spot, they aflbctod to keep up a iiood undei'standiu'.' with the oIVicim's of the fort, tbrou;.;h one of those speakinp; go-hetweens. whom we shall call 1Ii-<)K-.\-to, who have been ,so fruitful of niisclii(.'f in our military history. At leiifzth, their resources failiuir. they sent word that, if a barrel of Hour w:is supi)lieil to them, thi'y would, on the following day, subnut proposals of peace. The tioni' beiuL:' duly delivi'red. the whole fxaujr immediately decamped, renioviuii' to some jiart of lue forest where so considerable ;i body could readily obtain subsistence. It has ever been a fatal mistake, to ]iut trust in Indian tidelity under such eircum- ."tanccs. A ]iarty of s|)ies were left by the Indians in the woods. As the suitplies of the i;arrison bejan to diniinisli. ihe in dids. anionntiu'^ to ten or a do/.en ucii. weii' I |)| i;i.\t; Till', AMKlt IfAN II i; VtM.ITION, i M'lit |(> l'"iirl M'liiiii,«li. iiinliT ;m cv-oirt ul' lili rn imii, foiniiiMinli'il liy ('iiliiin'l ('l:n k. nC till' liiii'. 'I'liis |iart\ liail |iinfrcili'il Iml twn iiiiirs, w hen tlii'V were mkI'Ii'IiI v fiiiniPMinlril lis the liidiiiii,-', ;iiiil nil killcil ('\cc|it Ibiir ; one nl' wliotii, ii ciiipI:!!!!, siiccccili'd in fllictiii.ir li'iM csciijii' lt> llu' lort. Till' L'linisoii iiDW i'\|M.'rit'iict<(i severe Milli'iiiiu' IVdiii liiiiijer, (lie lint lieiiij: in ii reiiiute positiiiii, wliieli roiilii lie .su|)|ilieil <)iil\ liy the iiid nl' triiiii-< ul' imck-lmisex, (■i)||\ii\i'il tlllnll'jil the wililel'ness hy ('\|ii'nsive cseoit-'. I'"i nt llliatcly. (lelienil M'liitiish ;ini\e(l with Hii|i|)lies, Mini Till) men: Iml the j.i_\ [.indnc'il Ky his ;ini\:il well ni::h proMil II liitiil niisloitiiiii', us the sulule (iC mii-l\elrs tiieil limn ihe riiiii|i!irts eiiiiseil II sl;nniiek\. had. in I'act, no power to carry uiitj I'veii if the\- possessed the authority to conclude, siicli a treaty. The erei'lion ol' Fort Laurens wa>. iii Initli. a monimient of the laiiure of t lie militarv expedition in;aiiist Detroit, jirojected willi so nnich ceremony at (hat (iine; and itn ahainlontniMit ma\' he re:iarded as an ailmission of the nselessness of the position a.«i ii check npon the Indian-^. Wiiiie these movements were goiiii:' forward on the Tuscarawas, and in tlie llirests smroundinu' Kort Laurens, (lie Indians perjx^trated ii series of ino-'t lieart-ri'nding murders alon.ir the hordi'rs of the .Monoii'/ahtda.' A recital of these atrocities would Iv serve to prove that lui trust couhl he placed in any jinlilic avowal of friendship on by the savagt's, whether profe.ssed in conferences or l)y formal tri'alie: ' !•(' Itiiss' llistdrv ly, cinlnirUcil ill tiiirty Imtti'iinx. on W'ooil Crcfk. west ol' tlu' Fort Stanwix siiininit. Mini ini^sinj; rapidly tliroiifih (Jiicida laUi- iiml riviT. landed, dining:' tlic iiiulit. at tlic nitc of old Fort nrcwinL'tmi, wlieiicc tlicy juTsscd swiltly forward, n.^iiii:- every |ire<.antiiiii lo |ire\t"il an alarm. 'Die siirjaise would liasi' lieeii eninplete, hut liir tlie capture of a warrior near the castle. .Vs it was. liowesi'i'. thirty-three warriors were killed, aini the re>t lied in ihi; ntniost eoiistoniiition. leaving' hehiini them all their stores, arms, ,'ind provisions. 'I'lie castle and vilhi;:c wore hiinied. and the country devastated within a circuit of ten miles. The army then returned to Fort ."^tanwiv, or Schuyler, without tiie loss of a man. It is doniitl'nl whether sncii relrilmtive nieasiin'.s are attendeil liy any resulting advantages. The ()nondaj;as determining to retaliate. J5rant placed hiinseU' at the head of .■>()() Wiirriors of tliat, iind other trihes, who iittacki'd Schoiiarie and its environs, which iiad so frecpiently, since the coiimiencenieiit of the Hevoliitioii. lieeii I lie scene of every .-species of indiaii outrage; — the [)roperty of the inhahitants plnmlered. their houses hiirned, ami themselves murdered and scalped. It ap[ieared as if the .Mohawk Indians, and their heaii ideal, Brant, could never forgive the sturdy patriotism of the ])eople of that valley. Palatine, in the .Mohawl; valley, was, at tlie same time, attacked hy parties of Indians from the Camilla horder. and many persons kilh'd ; hut no event whicli occnrri'd during this year, made so deep an im|iression on the puhlic mind, as the hattle and massai.re at .Minnisiiik. a lertile island in the Delaware river, which had lon^ heeii the camping and council-ground of the I.i-nMpi. and of the southern Indians, in their progress to the Hudson valley, hy way of lln^ Wallkill. I''evv places have hetter claims to antiipiily, than the town of .Minnisini<. or "The I'jace of the Island." Having reaclie(| the vicinity of this town on the night of July 111, villi si.\ty war- Ml III N (I TIIK A mi; II I CAN II I! \ ( 1 1, 1 T 1 o N , BOT I'iiiis .'iini t\viiit\ -x'M'ii lorii'-*. liiH'iiii-ril us Iiidiiiiix, iliiiiit ntliii'l\('i| it wliilc tlir inliii- liil, lilts well' llsli'C|i. Iillllicil Iwii ilwcUillJ-linllscS, tVM'Uc lullis. il slllllll stnclMulr-lint. ii'kI two tiillN. killiMl scM'nil nl' llii' inliiiliitiuils, \' MToiiil TKi: XII. KOKMAL ]• XI'KDITIOX ACAIXST 'I'lIK IIIOQUOIS CANTONS. Till-: war liail in.w contiiiui'il iii'arly ii\f vcars. iiiul the o|ii'riiti(iiis of tlu> 17711 IJritisli :iriii_\ diiriiiL;' tliiit |n'rio(l. iinrtli. MHitli. oast, and west, liail |if(ivi'il ii st'\('rt' tax nil till' military ivsoiiri'i's ami stiviiiith of tlio ciiinitrv. Hut tln'so tiariilicos tip patriotism ami liii;'!! [ii'iiu:i|il('s wci'c coiisiilcri'd as uotiiiiiL;'. comiiai't'd to tlio suiU'i'iiiLi's caiisi'il liy till' savauc auxiliaries ol' liic Hritisli armies, who wd'o utter slraiiLiei's to liie laws of immai:ity. The Americans hitterly re|iroa('lie(l tiieif loes for |ia\iiiL;' their Indian allies a pfiec llirlh" seaips they tuok ; lull whether the eeiisiuv •was most jnslly ilr>ci\ed liy the ■. in|iloyer or (he employee, is a (|iiestioii lor casuists lo decide. Whether the coveted ]irizi'. for \\hich the sa\a^e watched around private^ (Iwellinijs iiii^ht and da\.was the lileediiii.;- scalp, torn from the head of the infant in its craille. of the wif' in \\c\ chainlicr. o!' the sire in his closet of praxcr. or of the laliorcr ill the field, was not tin' (piestion; that which produced a thrill ol' horror in the hearts of a ci\ili/.cd peiiple. was the fact that these lilecdill^i' trophies of sa\ai;e atroiu;i the Indians, vvas to cany the war into their country.- 'I'liese trihes. iiurliireil in tiie secix't recesses of the fnre>l. were thoroiii^hly actpiainled \\\[\\ every aveiiiK? throm:li their depths, and llieiice pounced upon the miiiiiarded setlleiiients wlu>ii least expected; hut. lik( ilie iiimhli' {'n\. thr\ iK d hack to their lairs in the wilderness hefiie an elK'clive military force could he concentrati'd to pursue them, liy thesi? inroads. Washington oli>ei\es. the ludiiuis had evcrytliiiiii: to .i^aiii, and hut \ery littlo to lo.-e ; whi'reas (he very lever-e would he the case, if their towns and retri'ats wnv ■\isiteil with the calamities of war. Coiiformahlv ti these \ iews. the yea',' 1 77'.' witnessed the march of tlio well-orirani/ed army of (leiieral Sullivan into the heart of the country occupied hy the Iroipiois \"..l. IL, I'blr .\ . ,, llM •' l.rii, r i.i ('nirjn'>.'^. .I:iriii;irv IJlli, 177'.'. } m 'A nriJiNo THK amkuican rkvolutiox, 809 ■: < i-onrciliTiicy. Siilli\;ui luul !i;;ill:mll}- aiilod AViisliingloii in thr captiiro ofTrLMituii. ami was sclci'tccl for lliis sci'vici' after matiux' coMsidonilioii.' His entire lorce consisteil ol two ilivisions, one ol' wliieli, under (leneral James Clinton, inarelied iVoni central New York norl!i\vardl\- tlinaigli the Moliawk valley, and the other, iVoni l\'inisylvania, aseeiided the Susiinehanna. Clinton, with tlvo l>ri;j;ades, proceeded with ,i;reat ra[iidity across the eonntry iVoni Canajoharie, his point d'a|)[)ni on the MohawU. to Otseu'i) lake, earryini:' with iiini 2l20 liatleaux, all his stores, artillery, anions. J'"roni this jioint, he lollowe(l the outlet ol" the lake into the Sus((nehaniia. joinin,;- (leneral Sidlivan and the I'eunsyU ania troops at 'i'ioiia Point. Tlnir total lorce anionntt'd to "idOO men. Alter the delays incident to the collection ami rcLrnlation of such a body of troojis. the army proceeded up the ri\('r. late in Auiiust. and ascended the Cliemuni; liraneh to Newtown, at present called I'ilmira. The enemy, aiilicipaliii.;- the iMovemeid. had pre[)ared to ()|i[iose the army iiy erectinn' a, hrea.-twork across a In'iiii: ula, in front of the [)lace of landing;', thus c)ccnpyiug a foi'niidalile position. ]>rant con!mamlet conunanders of that period. I'liis l()rce was so disposed among the adjoining hills, and screened hy iirnsh, thickets and logs, as to he entindy conceiKd. The army landed on the li'.Mli of August. an Indians, uigevl on the warriors with his voice; and their incessant veils almost drowneil the Hall'.- Ii;ii| Imiii. al lir.-l. |ir(i|>.i,-nl h ■,av':l '; I i I I i „'i 1 ( !' '( .",10 HISTORY OK THE INDIAN TRfHKS •H ■ noise ol' (li(> (V)iillii;t. iiiilil tlic ([nickly-snccccdiii^- iind rciriilar rnvorbcrntions of tlio iirlillcrv DvcrpowcriMl all oilier sounds. Jt was reiii;iiked hv an ollieer, who was ])i'esent, liiat, the roar of tlii.-4 cniiiioiiado was most eoniinaiidiiiir and "elejiaiit." The Indians ^^til! iiinintjinied their pninnd in front. ihouLih the tremendous lire from Colonel I'our's hriii.'ide hail so terrihly thinned their tiank. that a reiid'oreement of a hattalion of ran'jei's was ordered np to sustain it. In \ain did the enemy contest the jiround from point to point. endea\'oiinLi' to inaiulain a position ; this ollieer at leni;:th ascended the hill, mid atlackeil them in llaiik. which decided tli' fortunes of the day. < )i)sei'\iiiL; tliat they were in dan.^cr of heiiii; surrounded, the yell of retreat was soundeil liy the liis, pro-.isioiis. and a ipiantity of arms. 'I'lie action had lieen protracted, and. on their part, santi'iiinary. ( 'oiilrary to IIk' Indian custom, some ot' their warriiu's who had fallen were left on the hattle-lield. and others were found h.astily hurled hy the way. Tlu" American loss wa.s hiit six killed ami lil'ly woinided. This lialtle. as suhseipieiit exeiils |ir()\C(l. decided IJie result of the camp,iiuli. It \indiealed the opinion ol' Wasliiiiiilou. that the Indians must he encountered in their own coMulry ; and. as ;diorii:inal liislory lunxcs, ii I'llectually destro\('(l the Iroipiois coiit'eileiacy. The ivsulls of the cjmpaiL;n may he easdy deuiousiiated. The Indians, ha\iiii:' tied ill a panic, never slopped until they reached the head of Seiii'ca Lake; whence tlicv .■scattered to iheir respectise vilhiLies. Tlie\ did not rally, as they miiihl have done, and oppose Sullivan's forces at ileliles on the route. The Auieric;in army pursued them \ iiiorously. with four lira-s three-pounder^ .■ind iheir entire disposahle llirce. Thi'V eiic.iinped at ( 'alheriiu's Town on ihe lid of ."^eplemhcr. and hcLian to Inirn and deslrov xillaucs. corn-lields, and orcliards in th<' surrouiidiiiL:' eonulry. couiinuiiiL;' their de\asta- tioiis ihriuiLrh the (lenesee conntry and the (iemsee v.ille\. On the Till of the month, the army crossi'd the outlet of ."^eiicca Lake, and iiiovimI forward to the capital of llial tvilie, K.uiadaseauea. now (Iene\a.' This place contailU'd alioul si\t\' houses, sur- leMiided w itli L^ardeii;-. orchards nl' apple and pcuh li'ci's. and luxuriant corn-liehls. Hiiller. the conimanilaiil of the dili'aled ranuers. had endea\(U'eil to induce the Senecas to rall\ here, hut in vain. They lied, ahandoiiiii!^ e\cr_\ thinu ; and the torch and destroxiiii; axe ol their Iocs were emjilDvi'd to level every leiieiiieiit anil living I'riiit- tli'c to the LTlouud. From thi- point the army pioci'eiled to ("anandaii^na. where they found twenty-three hirue and ••ele:;aiil hou-^es, mostly frame, toiiethcr with \cr\ extensive fields of corn, all ol' which were destroyed. The next |>oiiit of note ill the march was llo,ieo\e. a ^illa^;e containing ten houses, which were huiul. Jhre a small posl was established, ' (>iit:irin coiiiitv. Nl w y.irk. DUlUN(i THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 811 iis ii (l('i)<)t. As (jiriicial Siilliviiii a(|\aiic('il lowards tlir \allry of tlir Gi'iu'sci', (Ik; Iiuliiitis (Ic'cniiiiii'd iijjaiii to oppose liiiii ; ami luiving orgaiii/od liicir forces, [iivsi'iitcil thomsolvcs ill Nattle array hi'twccii Ifoiu'oyc' aiul Canosus Tiakc. Tln'y attacked tlie ailvaiicc-jiiiard in mistake, sui)iiosiiig it to 1)0 tlie entire force; Imt liaviii!;; seen it full liack on tin; main army, tiiey did not await the a[)|n'oacli of tlie latter. In tliis alfray they took a IVienilly Oneida, prisoner, who was inhnmaiily hntehiTed liy a maliirnant cliief, named l,iltle Heard. .\t tliis time, also, oeenrred the dreadfnl tragedy which hel'ell Lieutenant iJoyd, who, ,i;oin,u; out with tw('nt\-six men, to icconnoitre Little Beard's town, was ca[)tnred, and most inln'maidy tortured, notwithstanding- his ap|)eal to Urant as a .Masonic hrother.' 'rill' arnn moscd t()rward to the Hats of the (lenesee, where the Ii iilians niaile a show of resistance. (Jeneral ( 'linton innncdiat(dy pi'epared to attack and surmuiul them, 1)\- extending iiis llanks: hut, oh.si^rvinu; the olijeel of his nio\enieul. they I'elreated. The aini\' then crossed the (lenest'c. to the principal town of the Indiai contannnL l-JS 1 louses, \\hlch were hiinied, and the surroiiiidiui: fields deslro\ed. it these li'itile lields which had furnished the sava^res wit 1 I he means oi earrx iiili' on their jircdatoi'y and nnirderons expeditious, (leueral Siilli\an had Keen instructed to make them fe(d the strenglli of the .Vnierican arms, with the hilterness of domestic desolation ; for which piir|iosc. del;ichiiieiits were sent out at every siiitahle point, to lay waste their lii'lds. cut down their orchards, destroy their villages. ,ind <'ripple theiu ill tiieir means. In I'arryiug out these erders, not less than tiirty Indian towns wcr(> liiiriied; and the tourisl. who, after the lapse of seventy years, visits ihe ruins caused forcihiv reminded of the spirit of destruction hv tlic^e acts of militarv veuLiianci'. i.- wnicll (lescenilccl I ii|>on the Ind lan villages an d orchards, liaviii'^- acconqilished tl oliject of the e\ pcditioii. the armc recrossed the (ienesee on the llith ol S.'pteinlier, pas.sed the outlet of the Seiicca Lnke oii the l^Otli, ri'.acluMl the ori'^inal ivndc/,\ oils at eir respective [loinls of de[iartiire. T the .'inth. and w ilhiii a foiiniH-hl returned to th ■^lun.'. Vul II. •V ll'l' " I i ir 'i ' 1 h i ■■^ ■\y'M !tif ■M-l ^ IIISTOIM <»]■' THE INDIAN TRIBES CnAPTEH XTTT. THE INDIANS CdNTINlE THEIR INROADS ON THE WESTERN AND NORTHERN FRONTIERS. 'I'lnvAiMi till' cldsc III' tliis yi'iir. !i, (Irtnoliiiicnt of scvpiity iiicii fVom tlio 1770 Kentucky ilistrirt nl' \'iri;iiiia. unilcr Miijur IIhiIliits. wms siirpriscil liy tlio SliMwiii'cs. wliili' nsi'i'iitliiiLr till- Oliii) ii\iT. On a|i|ir(iMcliin;r tlio luoutli (if tlio IjicidnLT liver, tliey diseDVeieil ii lew Imstile Indians slamlini;' nn a sanil-liar. whilst a eaniie was liein:^' ]irn]ielleil towanls llieni. as it" its (irenpants liesireil to liiiM IVieiiiily intei'i'ourse. liiiil;:vrs. w Im was nn tlie alert, inuneiliately niaile iiis Imat fast to tlie simre. and \vent in ]iursnit nl' tlie Indians he liad seen. Tiiey |irii\eil to lie nnly ;i deeiiy tn lead Inin into an andmseade. The iniinient he landed and eonunenced an assault nn tin' small party, an nxerwhelniinL'' nnndier nf the eneniy issned I'lMin their ciineealineni. pnureil in a hea\y and deadly lire. ;iiid then rnshed llirward with iheir tomahawks, insiantls' killini;' Iind'.'ers and ria'ty-li\-e nf his men. 'i'he reniaindi'r lied towards the Imat. hut the Indians had antieipaled them hy iis eajilnre. iJetreat heing thus cut oil', they tUced the liw. and I'ou'.dd iles|),'rati'ly .'e^ Inn-- as dayiiLiht lasted, when a small innidier sucooedod in eseaiiinii. and linadv reached llarrishurLr. The deiails of the escape of Henliam. who was shot through the hi|)s on this occasion. )iossess a thrillin'-dy romantic intert'st.' I'he e.\peditiou of Sulliwin nsiainst the Irmpiois proved so destructive to ]~bO theiM. that they were compelled to seek food and shelter from the IJi'itisli authorities at Nia^jara. The adherence to the .\niericau cau.-e. of thi' ()neidas and Tuscaroras. liviu'.^' on tlcir lands, had occa.^ioneil ill li'dlnus to he entertained hy the Iroiiuois aiiainst them. Kviiy persuiision had heen used in \aiM to induce them to join the royal staiidiird. Their conduct at Oriskany, and their hospitality to thi" missionary Kirkland. hail In en the snliject of .-harp remonstrances h\- (luy .lohnson, who jieremptorily ordered Kirkland to lea\e t!ie comdry. Alflioui;h hut few ol' tliesi; trihes Joint'd (lenei'al Clintoif.-. lli\i^ion in the (icnesee caui|iai'jn. and those onK as guides, y{. when tiie Senecas ca]itmed the faithful i^uide. Jlonyerry, at J>o\d's delL'at, in their raire they litoi'ally hewed him in pieces, (icma'al Haldiman, of Canada, had, in ' .-'r.,:,.. \,.| II . p. .vr I . 1 1 f ■ i.:t| 1-' : •■■|: fl I I 1 m 1 ! r ii i^5 iiL^ ) ?! i-iR ;>• ■1 i r im ■'^m M^ )!■ il^ J: fl: m ifi . r; 1 ' ; 1 J! 1 li f 1 1)1 ItlNti TIIK AME1U(!AN It K \ () I. T Tl oN. .■n:j a wpccMiil, written n\cs.«aj;»', tln'oatoiii'd vi'iijivuiu'c on llif Oiifiilu tiilH'n lor (Icscrtin}.', um lie li'iini'il it, tlio IJi'itish cause, anil thus ior^^ottinfj; tiio wisi' coinisols of tlu'ir "Itl and roNpi'ctt'il, but (U'l'oawcd IVit'nd, Sir William Johnson.' This puriMisc. notwitlistandin^' lht> 81,'Vi'rily of tlu' winter, ho executed, witli the iissistiince of Ihant and a t'orec vi' torii'M. Suddeidy attacking liie viila;;c of Oneida castle, they drove the Indians IVoin this ancient neat, hnrned their dwidlings, their church, and their siihooi-iiouse, and tlestroyed their corn, as well as every nieiins of subsistence. Tin Oneidas lied to tin; liower Muiiawk, where they were protec^ted and sw[)[)orted during' the rest of the war. In the month of May, Sir John Johnson entered .lolnistown, with i')(l() reL'ulars. a di'ta(diment of his own regiment of lioyal (Jrei'ns, and about ■-(ill Indians and tories. Marehin^r from the direction of (!rown I'oint, throimh tin; woods to fiie Sacandaga, they entered the valley of the Mohawk at midnight, entirely indieralde,'. Tins liiray was one of tin; most indelensil)le and sluM-kinir transactions of the whole war. The Indians rovi'd from hoiis' 'mise, murdering the inhabitants, |(limdering, di'.stroying, and burning their proju Among the ninnber of those slain by the savages were lour octogenarians, whose hx'lis were silvered by jige. including the patriot Fonda, of the Mohawk valley. (Jattle and sheej) were driven oil', and horses stolen from their stalls. Sir John recovered the plate wliicli had been buried in his cellars in 177t), and then retraced his .steps to Canada, after having left a lasting mark of iiis vengeance on the homo and familiar scenes of his childhood, and the country of his youth, notwithstanding his father had there risen to power and greatness iVom an ob>eure original, and that his bones were then; buried. The Mohawk valley had been subjected to the two-llild vengeance of the Indians and the tories. who rivalled eacli other in their deeds of cruelty and vandalism, until it presented as d(;unded an appearance as a swept threshing-lloor. The thiil oi" waifare had beaten out everything but that sturdy patriotism, wliicli inereaseil in strength in proportion to the magnitude of its trials. This attack was conducted in a stealtiiy and .silent manner. No patriotic drum had sounded tiie call to arms. The enemy advanced with tiie noiseless tread of the tiger, and returned to their haunts with the tiger's reward — blood and plunder. Soiu(; allowance nuist bo made for the comiilicity of the aboiigiiu's in this predatory warfare, on account of tlu'ir ignorance, and their natural lack of 1780 humane feelings. This will not. however, apply to men educated in the prin- ciples of ci\ili'/.ation. Kven U'liyendanagea. the t^phon of the lievolution, found industrious a|)i)logists for the greatest of his en(aMniti(!s;- and we have, certainly, high authority Hir the palliation of crime in those who know not what they do. But nothing can excuse the conduct of those who perpetrate crimes, with a clear moral perci'ption of the enormity of their deeds. Scarcely had Sir John John.son and liis myiiuidons returni'd in salety to Canada, than ' Stnll,., V..1. II. V..1. VI -III ' Il.i.l., \vh. I. .111.1 II. \f:'- i I !l 1? I ,i. ' !ii' I'i^i ,11 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 ^M2& Hi 2.2 m 140 2.0 u |l^ Photographic Sdences Corporalion 41^ ^. ^^ ^^<$i 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIISTIR.N.Y. M5M (716) •72-4503 :U4 IlISTOKY (»K TllK INDIAN TIUlJEa h- \ ii tlic nofarioiis business of pliiiulcr. iniinlt'i\ and arson, was resumed in tlio Scliolmrie valley, wliich had cYtT heen tleeined one of tlie richest afrrirulturiil rifrions in tiie vieinity of file Moliawlv. From the year 171 'J, the period of its first settlement liv Kuropenns. it had heen eelebraleil for the Ix'auty and fertility of its hinds, and the rich abundanci^ of its ren-als; the crops of wliich, during the year ITSC, had been mor(> than ordinarily profuse. The troops desij^ned for this foray, and collected at La Chine, were landed at Osweiro. and marched across the country to the. Siisipiehanna. They consisted of three com- panies of Ikoyal (ircens, 'J(l(l rauL'i'rs. a company of yagers, armed with short rillcs, and the eil'cctive force of the Mohawks. They were Joined at Tioga by the Senecas, under Cornplanter. The whole force has been estimated to number from SdO to loOO men, with three pieces of artillery ; each man was su]>plied with eighty rounds of ammunition. Sir .lohn commanded the regulars, and Brant the Iroipiois. Their appearance in the Schoharie valley was heralded by the smoke of biUMiing dwellings, barns, and haystacks, and by the wild tumult of savage warlare. Three .«mall stockaded forts were erecteil in the valley, which were but feebly garrisoned, and rather ilestilute of amnumition. The jiriucipal attack was made on the central li)rt, but the resolution of its garrison, weak thougn it was, sujiplied the place of military skill. A (lag of truce, sent l()rward by the enemy, with a sunmious to surrender, was fired upon ; which act ajuieared to be conclusive evidence to the marauders that every preparation had been made to give tlu'iu a warm reception. The enemy ravaged thi! entire valley with lire and sword. Families were murdeivd ; the houses, barns, and church burned; cattle and horses' diiveii off; while the air re.-^ounded with the screams and war-whoops of the savages. Of wheat alone. Sd.ddO bushels were estimated to have been destroyed ;' 100 persons were killed, some ol' them in the most crucd manner; and many were cariied into captivity. IJrant was the ruling s|)ir't among the Indians. The enemy, after committing all the devastation possible, sped on to the Mohawk valley, where his operations endiraced a still wider range. On reaching their destination, the forces of Sir John were augmented iiv trained parties of loyalists; and the march through flie valley became a scene of rapine and [ilunder. the forces being divided, one portion taking the north, and the other the south side of the river, thus leaving no part of the (loomed ^ectimi un\i>ited. or free from the ruthless inroads of the Indians. While the niirtheni Imlians were thus ki'pt emijlo^ed in plundering and destroying the IVoutier settlements, those at the r-outh also re(iuired to be restrained, in 17S1, the (.'lierokees again became restive, and made incursions into South Carolina. General ' While tlii.-r ilovaslatidiis wiTi' stHl |iriij:r( .v-iiiL', liawrcnco Si'lioulfrat't, a yuuii!: iniiniti'-iiiaii in tlic tin't, liaviiiu a fine Imr^c in a niii.'lil"iriM'_' li'M, Wriit mit In linik after him. lie iilr,<( rveil an luilian, liiuntileil mi the aiiiinal, riiliriL: l^nvarils him. CrMiieliii'L' l"hiii'l a i'lMni|i of hnshe-;. lie tii-cl :it the" savaL'e, who fell fr.im hiir-e, wliieli th'' viiiiii.' iii:iii then I'Mile hai-l; In tin- furl in lriiim)ih. -I..I, . \ J li , I III DrillNti Till-; AMEIIKJAN HE Vo L UTI ON. 816 riekciis iniistcrc'I ii \)M\ ol' 100 Iiursonu'ii, mlviUicL'd nipiilly into tla'ir ruiiiitr}-, sword ill liiiml. U'iUlmI forty liiili;iiis. ami ik'stroyml tliirk-fii of tluir towns. Even tin- si>ff(l iiiul decision of .MoiitguiiU'ry wa.s excelled. Tlu! Iiidiiuis could not withstand the tci lihle (tnset of the eiivalry. who char^'ed them with their .sahre.s, hut lied in eonsterniition, and inuni'diately sued for iwaw. The yuar.s 17.S0 and 1781 were ciiaractorizcd hy tlieso inroads, which could alway.s he traced to the machinations (jf the lories, whose chief ohject was to make the patriots of the lU'Volution sufl'er, not oidy all the evils ol' eivili/.ed, Imt also all liie horrors of navnjre, warfare. lint the Revolution coulil not he suppressed hy acts of savajre veu- frtnviu-e, to which the harharian allies of Kritish des]iotism were impelled In the Indian prophet at his midni,!,dit orjxies. hy unwise counsels in hiirh places, or hy the desire of winniufj,- the price ollered lor deeds of hlood and cruelty. Civilization might assume the fiarh of hiU'harism, and urjre on savage minds, really less cruel than their own. to tin; commission of horrihlo atrocities; hut every act of this kind only incited the ctdonies to make a more protracted and eHective resistance. The motives for entering into this contest were well-gromided, and llu; people had a firm and true appreciation of its cost and conse((uonces. Every patriot who I'ell, whetlu'r hy the scalping-knife, or hy the sword, was hut an adilitional evidi'uce of that strength of purpose and devotion to liherty, which could not ho suhdued. His demise, it is true, uhstracted one from tho numerical force; hut this loss resulted in again of two to the principles avowed hy Lis compatiiots. ;* i mil m I :■'. i •■ ^ ^ 9-1 1 I I i if ;'.it; IIFSTOKY (»l' TIIK INDIAN TKIMKS CllA I'TKU X I v. ATI-: OK TIIK DKl-AWAKKS WIIo ADol'TKI) THE MORAVIAN KAITII, AN1> KM KIHATKD WKST. ITS! HKi'itHK til'' close of tins yi'iM'. it lioiMinc ovidcnf to I'vcMy one cxcciit tlu' !ii(li;ms. wiio iii'itlu'r uinlcrstood nor stmlicil causo ;iiiil (.'Hl'i't, that tin- cliiinccs of iiltiiniiti' siii'ci'ss j)i'c|ionilt'r;it(Ml in tUsor of tlio coloiiii's; but. al'ter the sur- ivnP IIiiss' llislmy iif tlii' Kiirly .*»rltl' im rjt Mini bnliaii War- cf ^\^ >ttrii VirL'iiiiii : i'liiliijiliiiiia :uij Whcilinp, I veil. Si,, . |, in;. Is.M DUllINc; TllK AMKIllOAN IM; VO h IT I ON. ;mt Siiiuliisky mill l)<'tr(iit; iiiidoi' the cviiloiit !i|ii)i'cli('iisinii tliat tlicso ronvorts woiilil iiiiliilR! Ainericaii K-iitiiiiciitH. It was very iiiiinill'st lluit tlicy iieitliiT eiiiru.^ud in war nor wt-re ever oiKioiira^^od tlu-ri'to hy tlicir teachers; but expressly the eoii- trary.' Tlio Munsees, a Delaware tiiln*, iiowever, took reliiixe on the Hiver Thames, in Caiiaila, and tho so called "Christian Indians," pure Dehwares. of the Moravian jiersiiasion, did the same. This appears to have hccn the result of political necessity; and if originally at the solicitation, or throuiih the counsel of men in authority, that motive soon ceased to have nnich eir<}ct. In I 7:!'>. the •• ('iiri>ti;ni Indians" mii^ratcd throu};h the Straits of .Michilimackinae, to rejoin their parental trilje in the We.-l.^ Sonu! of the .Munsees had previously united with the Slockbii(lt:c's at (ireen \h\. in AVisoonsin, and others followed them. The niiijority of the Delawares in the We>l were enemies to the Americans; which made it the more easy to convey the impres- wion that tiie MuskiuL'nm Uelawares were also inimical. Hut, however the (juestion of jjolitical preli'rence of the -Moravian Delawares may 1)0 decided, it is certain that, in ITSl^. the connnon opinion amnn'j' the people ol' we>tiTn \'iri:inia and IVniisylvaiiia was. that they were strongly in the IJriti^h interest. N'othin,^- filiort of this could have justified — if anythin,ir could hi^ alK'ged. even at that excited period, in palliation of that action — the e\[iedition of Williamson ai;ainst the -Mus- kiuiiinn towns, it was to no purixise that the hardy Ibrester was told that these Drla- wares were tauiiht and prolessed the Christian doctrine of non-resistance, and [)i'ace toward all men. A majority of them had nt) faith in such a doctrine, and the rest could not reali/e the fact that an Indian, whose natural element was war, whose vi'r}- nat ..e was suhterfujie, subtlety, and duplicity, could subscribe to the doctrines of peace and good-will, without danger of relapsing into his origimil condition at the sight of blood, or the sound of a riile. It happened that some hostile Indians from Sandusky made an incursion into the settlements on the IMonougahela, committing a series of most shocking murders. Infuriated at these outrages, a body of lUd or "JIKI men, all mounted and e(pii[)[)ed, set out from the Monon'jahela. under comnnmd of Colonel D. Williamson, in rpiest of the nnu'derers. They directed tiieir march to the settlements of Salem and Gnadenhutten, on tlie Muskingum. The vicinity of the latter place was reached after two da^'.s' march ; and on the morningof the following da}', the party divided into three sections, entering the town simultaneously at dilVerent jioints. They found tlu^ Indians laboring peaceably and unsuspiciously in the lleUls. gathering up their bundles prci)aratory to their return to Sandusky. A message from the commander at Pittsburg had apprized them of the march of Williamson's force, ami warned them to be on their guard; but. conscious of their iiniocence, no alarm had been excited by this intelligence. Wil- Uc'i'krwi'lili'r's Murnvi;iM Missiniis. I'lTsuiial MciiKiiis iil'Tliirty Yians' Kisiilciico in tlio Wf.-I : I'hilsiJrIphia, Lippiucott it Co., ls,")L', 1 vol. 8vo. - ! Ml 818 HISTORY Ol" TI[K INK I AN T11II5ES liaiiiHon niiproiU'liftl tlio sottk'iiioiit with IViciiillv prolffNiDiis, jtiNiposcd to tln' ImliiUis ii |ilaii of tli'Iivorimcc iVoiii tlicir ()i>iirc.ssur.i, tin- Wyaiulnt.-*. nl" Siiudiisky. iiiul imliu'cd tlii'iii to tlt'liviT lip tlii'ir anus, axi's, mid working iinplciiiciits. as wtdl as to collect at n place ol' iviidezvoiis, |)ic'paiatoiy to a proposed iiiarcli to I'ittslairg. At tliis rendez- vous tliev lonnd tlienisolvcH completely in tlio power of tlieir enemies, wlio began to treat tliem roughly; l)nt resistance or lliglit were now alike inipossilile. They were next accused of horse-stealing, and other acts of which tlii-y were entirely guiltless. It was then determineil, in a coimcil composeil of Williamson's followers, to decide tiicir fate, lie paraded his men in line, and ihi'U put the (piestion, " Whether tliey ^llollld lie sent t(t Pittshing, or sliot," rei|wesling thoso who wore in favor of their removal to step in front. The majority condemned them to death : sixteen or eighteen decided in favor of mercy. Tin; Delawarcs, wliosi' fate had thus heeii sunnnariU decided, knelt down, prayed, and simg a hymn, whilst a consultation was heing held as to the mode of putting them to death. Not iui imploring word was uttered, nor a tear shed. They sul)miited silently to their fati', and were successively struck ilown with a mallet. Ninety iniarmed Indians were thus slain. Sixty-two of tiie numher ^\^•\•v adults, one of them a woman, ami the remaining thirty-four children. Tho demoniacal troop then returned to their homes, giving plausihlo hut false reasons for tiie atrocities committed, which were iuserteil in the newspapers.' ' Ilofkcwi'Idfr's Nurmtivo of tlio .Momviiiii MisMiouH. -h% |)| lMNriPL:l'e>-iii:,;' IT>- to its cidsi', till' troiips III" liiitii |iaities inoveil tnwarijs the Suiiili. I)iiiiii'_' I lie iH'oii|mtiti r-em. :i (listillL'uisiieil Creek jeailer iif western (ieornia. pnijeeteil a .secret e\|ieililiun a'-'ainsi the resolute Iiero of .'^toiiy Point, who antii'i|pateil no ilaiiL'i'r I'rotii an liuliaii foe. ilisluiil from iiim nearly the entire hrejnltli lA' (ieor^ia. Tiie Iiiili.in cliief. nniliseoveieil, reaeheil a ]ioint near the uhjeet nt' altai'k lieliire ilayhreak, mi the "Jllii of .Iniie. (ieiieial Wayne, who was a eiuitioiis ami wiili'liriil ollieer. Iiail heeii on the alert a'_':iinsl the enemy from ."savannah, wlieiiee he exiieeteil an atlaek ; aiiil his men, who hail heen haras.>^eil hy se\eri' iliity. slept on their arms on the niiiht of tin' 'J'lil. so as Id Ih' really for aetioii. They were siulilenly aron.M'il at niiiiniiilit hy the wai'-wlioii|). ami the warriors of (inristersi^io attaekeil them with sueh fury, anil in sneh iuiiiiIhis. thiit the troops seeineil to he uiiahle to withstanil their onset, (leneral W.ayne ;niil Colonel I'osey, who hail lain ilown in the (leiieral's tent, instantly aruse, ami proeeeileil to the ■sei'iie ; the latter leailinn his regiment oi infaiilrv to the ehari;e. therehy restoiin',^ confidence anil order in the line. Cieneial Wayne, at the same time, eharucd at the lu'ad of the cavalry, who cut down the naked waniors with their hixiadswonls. and. hy tiirnini; their llank, put them to lli.iiht. The Creeks foiii^ht with des|)eration, and none with fireater conraire than (iiiristi'rsii;o, who, hy his voice and exam|>li', ifave aniniatioii to his men, .seventeen of whom fell around him. lie continued to lijht wilii heroic (losporation, nntil he finally lidl. pierced with two hayonel wonnds. and one from the thrn.st of an ctpoiiton. Many of the Indi.ins were killed hy the hiiyonets of the troops, and tlie loss on hotli sides was very considerahle. The Creeks never rallied aftei' tin; fall of their chief, and L'ave the army no further tronhlo,' l.il'.' .,1' <;, II. ImITIcpIM.I- 1'm-'\. |. ■■>] ^\<:ul-' l!i...l;l|,ln. V..1 \l\ l iri 'I m SJX'TION FOl iriKKNTII KVKNTS FROM TIIK I) K K I MT I \ K TKKATV OF 1M:\('K. in I7s:l. TO TIIK Si |{ K KX 1) KR OF TIIK LAKK POSTS HV TIIK HKITISII. I\ 171)11. AM) TIIK CKOSK OF W ASH I NCTON'S A DM IN 1ST RAT I OX. CIIAPTKIJ I. THE INKIAN POLICY. A PKriMTiVK frciity nf jwaco was sii^iioil at Versailles. .Taiinarv 1 Itli. 17S:!. 1 T^'l .\s the Indians liail rnn;;lit tin' no national (ilpject. tliey received no I'onsidt ration in lliis instrnnient. It (vmtained no pfovision lin' tlieir welfare, a I'art ofwliieli till \ iiail lieeii lorc\varne llnir itii|>rii\i'iiii'iil in ninnni-i'f, ninr.'iN, I'lliiiuliun. :inil civili/iilinn. Till' |irii|ii'i' niunii'ji'nii'nt nC Indian iiiliiiis IimiI lurn lui ulijcri nl' iji'i'|i tinil run-t:Mit (Dniiiii In < '()ii:rii>-. .iiiil. Niirlli ami Sunlli. tlir ilutv wif. liir imuis \rar,^. riitin-lrii tn ii linaiil i>r (•i)nnni>>innt'i'.-', roniiiusnl of nu'ii nC tiir liii:lir-l (•xpciiinic. Jml'^Mirnt. ami wiMlc'in. Nor \\i-\v llic means of tlic |irovi>ional ^'ovi'i'innt'nl ii;;liil\ la-ki'ij lin- tin' 'oin|ilislin)rnt ol" tiiis oiijcct. Ih rrli'r<'n<'i' to tin- v n'lls of the Irca-mx ili'iiailnn'iit. liurinL: llii^ linn'. \\r liavi- ast'i'itainril thai. Iirtwccn thr |iriiiii| nl llic jlrchiraliiin ol' IIC( lnil<'|ii'nili'ni'i> an I tlir nil of Maivh. I7s'.i. mil ilii'ai'iii'^ till' (Til ol' till' lli'Miliiil ii'iMi.lO.'r 1 1 wiTi' ili-liiirsi'il on ai'roiint of tin- i'\im'ii^i's of trratii's willi. ami nl' jirr-i'iit-' to. till' Imliaii trilii'-' ; ' ami this wa.s iloiii' wliili-. ijiniii'.; |iart of tiir tiiiii', tlu' ai iii\ hail iii'iihrr ."liui's nor I'lolliinjr. ThiTi- was tin'ii no nirans ol' ohtaiiiinir an ari'iir ad' ai'niiinl of llii'ir iiiiinlHrs; Imt an rstiiiiati'. |Mi'|)aii'i| hy .Mr. .MailiMin, lalrs tlnir toiiil Imri' (liirinir tin' contrst at JL'.J.'Kl li;^iitin'i; nun.' a vi'iy larji' |>art of wlioin wm nmliT IJritisli iiilliu'iii'i'. Tliis cstiinatr may. iis tin; antlior says. Iia\i' ln'i'ii aiiovi' tin' (rnili ; iiiit it was far mori- rdialilr than thf i'.\a'."^i'rati'il cnnmi'iatiun. |iiii)li>hi'il iinl\ ti'n or cii'vrn yars iiri'\ioiis. hy Coloiii'l lJiiiii|ni't. who n'|ioili'il tin' warriors at •"iil..")(iii.' Thf [lolii'y to hi' laiisni'il with tiihrs wiio I'onlrnini'il all tlw nia\inis ami |iiinii|ilrs of civili/.i'il lili', was a iini'stion |irt'si'ntini; many ililliiiiltit's. History hail ilrnion>tiMt('il the instaliility. niU'lty. ami lirai'hrry of llii'ii- I'liaracliT. Kvrr suhj'.'rt to hi' inllni'ni'i'ii h\ ihoM' wlii»i' inti irsl it was to misU'ail thi'm; to nii-tal;i' tlirir iii;lits ami linr iio>itiuii ; anil to III' tiniii'il a^iili* from thr |ini'snit of iioliii' ami pi'iinanrnt oliji'i'ls. to iIiom' that wrii' ti'mjioraix ami iilu>i\r; i i\ ili/.ation itsrll' a|iiiraivil to tiirin as oni' oi' ihr nio-t intoliTahli' ex ils ; anil lliry wrii' as innili o|)|ii)-i'i| to thr ialmrs of thr plow and tin- loom, as tliry \\v\v to thr siii'mc of IrttiTs ami thr iloitrincs ol' ('hrisiianit_\. 'I'lio iiistrnctions of an I'iliot. an Ki I wan Is, a ISiainaril. ami a Kirklaml. wcii- distastrfnl to till' Imlian massrs ; nay. trii tinirs moir so than thr tnost I'lalioiatr li'-^sons in arts, ('(immi'n'i' ..'ui a'lriinltnrc ; ainl tiirrt" cNistcil not a trihi' whii'li. as siii'li. thioirjli all till' liin,L' jii I!' li of iinr liistory. hail snllirirnt moral lirimir.-s to I'xalt itself ahoM' tin' ^laMTV of thi' intoxii'alin'j; howl. Altlmniili till' task was (iillicnlt. it was ncithi'r hopeli'ss nor ilisroniaLiiiii:. and w In'tlnT pleasant. Ol' othcrw i.sc. it hi'i-aim' oih' of the earliest suhjeets liir the exerci.-'e of i:o\ ern- mental powers. The true prineiples of the finidamental poliey were at mire adopled. 'I'd ai'kiiowled,i;e their .sovereignty in the vast territories o\er which they roamed, rather than oeeiipied. would have heeii siiii|ily ridienloiis ; hut the reeoiiiiitioii of their inchoate riulit to the soil, leplaeed in tlnir hands the means of aihaneinu to pm.-peiils and happiness, after the Liaiiie. its only worth to them, had failed. .\s this would he a jiiadiial ]iri)i'ess. snp[ilyinL:', troiii deeade to decade, the loss siillered from the depreciation V.il. IV . .'^i.iii.Miis. 1 \i.l. \ i II t'li'.i.i. v.. I III , )i 'Vnl HI . ,, .VV.I r I. ! I 'ii >i\ ■■ lu '' .'VJ'i ^ . m :i I'lHt.M tin: TItllATY . 'I'll.- |iiiii.i|.iil. mill, iiiili'i'il. tl Illy ival (lilliiiilty «• iiiilcnMl. wiis in tli.- aitiiatinii. iiwinu In ailNaiifiiiL' srttli'iiiciits ; ami lp\ tlii' ti'ni|ilatiiiiis til iiiiliilL't'iu'c ill iilli'in':i|iatiitii. ami sivaui- iiiatim'iM ami cii^tDiiiH. Kii'miiciiIU tin- VfiT ari-iiiiiiilatiiiii of tlu'ir aiiiniiticF' liccaiiu' tlu- iiicaiis ot' tlicir (li'|iri'ssi(iii, ami 111' acfiiiiiiilati-il |n'r|i|i'\itii't. Civili/.atinn lias cvit lici'ii rciianlrd as an iiitiiisivc • liMiii'iit I'V till- Imliaiis ami tlicy liavr llr.l to tin- U'r,( to uvoiil its iiii|)ortiiiiitics. It is piiiiivcd. l»y sfainiiiii.' tlu' >talisii.i of ilic triln-s in thf Wt-st. that tin- uifiiilM-rs of many of tlio.-f triiirs wliiili |io>«..s.-. ili<> laiii.'st funds in -rovfriiinciit scciii-itii's, and |iailiriilarly of iliox- siiiall liiln's wliirh rciTivc jmt ra|iita, tlu,' laiyost annuities ill coin, aiv llic must idle, iuU'ininTiiU', and duinoiiilijiud. f] TO CI.OSK ()K WASH INOTONS A l> M I N 1 S I' 1{ A T I o N, :J23 CIIA I'TKi: II rilWCK or I'osiTKiN (iK 'I'm: IIMM.UOIS. rKSSInXS OK Ti;i!- IMIoKV ItY Til KM T«> TIIK STATK (H- NKW VoUK. T II K A T V ol' (AX AN I'A Iti r A. Tin; liiiiiN (if \'fi>Millrs liii\ii ii;- lu'imr 111!' iiMticiinl (■\i>liii( .r III iiiiliiiiiN, tlicy wen- ('iiiii|i('|li'il tu ni'i:nii:iti- iliii'ttiv \\iili tli" lu'|iiil>lii'. 'I'lic ITS I lriii|llnis. or Si\ N:itiiiMS, uIidIiihI Ih'CM tllc lllit^l (h'ti'i iiiillol ciii'iliirs iil' tin' AiiiciiiMiis, iii.'iiji' IIh' lir>l li'i'Mtx ill wiiii'ji tilt' i|iicNlinM ^l\' liTiiliiiv \\;is iikmiIiiI. wliich \v;is CD lli'llliii'il :iiiil >iuiiiMl ill l''i)ll Sliiii\\i\. Oi'liiiiiT ■_'!'. 17^1. ill ini'srlicc II r ill Hii- inisxiiiiicrs, (Mivcr Wnicott. ItidiMnl liiiilii'. miiiI Aiiliiir l.ii'. Ity lln' li'ini-^ nl' lliis iiislninit'iit tiii'V ct'iliil ii sti'i|i (if liiiiij. Iii'jiiiiiiii:: iil lIu- iiicnitli i>\' (lumwaM' ciick mi I/iki' OiitiU'iii, liiiii' iiiilfs Miiitli III' till' NiiiL'iirii |>iirlML:(' |i;illi. Mini riiiiniii;^ Miiillirrix In till' iiiiiiilli dl' till' 'ri'iiiisMrnrii, III' ISiilliilii ri'ci'k. tiu'Mi'i- III till' i'l'iiiiss K aiiiii liiir. ami iilmiir ils niH'tli :iiiil F-miili liiiiiiiilary. In tlir ( Miin river. 'I'lu'v n'liiii|iii.'>lii'il :iii\ I'laiiii In riiilil ul' ('iiiii|ii('sl. to till' liiiii.iii niimiy \\i'>t of lliiil liuiimliirs . Tln'ir ii.:lit nl" ])rii|»'rly in tin' Icriilury hitiiiiti- in tin' Slate of Ni-w York, fastwanl of tin- (Kiiiiwa_\>' 11 lie, ('iiiiira( iiii: llic li'itili' ri'^riuii itl' wcstfin New Ymk. ri'inaincil iiiiairi'cti'ii. anil lli tonitory of the Om-iilas was f;naranti'ftl to llii'in. IJy this tnaty, the trilii's wlm Inul i()iiv:lit auaiiist tin- culoiiics CDVcnaiilril to di'livcr np all |>risiiiicrs. vvliili' ami Mark, tiiki'ii (Ini'in;; tlu' war ; ami as a i;iiaraiil\ that tliis sIkiiiM Ik- dnn'', six rliirls wen- Inl.l us liosla'jcs. Tliis trcatx' was liiialU cimlirincil liv all tlir 1 iiii|iiiii> >arlirins III u (•(iiincil lirlil liv (it'iH'ral St. Clair, at l''iiit ilaniii'i'. on tin- (Hiiu. .Ian iiar\ I7MI. Ni'W Yolk hail hi't'ii till' arena of till' I'litiri' lriii|iii)is ili'\ilii|iniiiit. ,\ I'l'iniiiii'.; to tilt' rarliest trailitimis.' tliey eiilereil il in tians-liistorirai linu's, l)\ \\a\ of the ( )>\M'i;o river, ami assiiineil sejianite names ami tiilial (listiiietions after ilnir ueiii:ra|ilii('al ili>|)ersiitii over it. 'i'lieir confeileration. iimler tlie title of Aki|ninaslii.pni. is li\ f.ir the most interesting prolilem in the liistor\ of tin' \'es|ierie \i;rini|is of the Norili Aimrieaii trilies. 'IMiis eomhiiialiiin enalileil them to iiltain the promiiieiit |lo.^ition. a< nii.ilars trilies. w hich thev helil when the eonntl'x was (liseovereil. J{\ il liie\ ha il niaiiilaiiii'i V. S. TnvK l.'s. IP. ■-'II. - Ciisir, Vi.l. A'. I'l.'lll. A tiilil r.\:iiiiai',\ ^tiii'j'jli'. It ir* llfl't' lli'fc.-Mll'V In imtiri' tin- tli'illii-^ iiilH'lllili'il witll tin- Stati' nl' NrVV N'lilk li\ llli' lr'>i|lli>i<. Ill I'lilllllllllliratril li\ (iriii l.ll ( ii'iil'^i' Clilllnll.' 'I'llc ri'MillltiiMllU'V wac, lia\ iiij. ill I'lli it. ili^Milsiil till' riiiili'iliTalinii, Icl't tlii' MiMTci^iit v nl' tin' iiiili\ iiliiiil Slati'S iiitart, llirri'liirc. to New YmU aloiii' t'oiilii I'l'ssinii.x nl' li'iritiiry In* rij;litl'iilly iiiiuli'. 'I'lii'M' i'i'>-ii>ii^ lic'.'aii >liiii'll\ alti'i' ilii' iir'jiitlMtiiiii III' till' initial natiniial tiraly at I'liil SlanwiN. Ill I7>l. (tii tlir "J^tli nl'.liiiic, 17^1. at a I'luiMpralinn nl tin- I'liirl's anil .larlii'iii", lirlil at ili'rkiiiii'i'. tin' Oiiiiila^ aiiil Tii^'i'arora.i. in I'un.-'iili'i'atiiin nl' llm |ia\ iiirnt in liaml nl a siim nl' iimiu-y ami vi""'''- I'l'ili'il <'i H'X'I nl \!\uA nii tlir Nrw Vnik nIiIi' III' till' Sii-iiiii'liaiiiia ii\ri', iiii'liiiliiiv.' rnaililla. At a iniiiii'il. lii'iil witll till' Oiinmlaua .sai'lii'ins. liy (li'nri;i' ('lininii. \'.>i^. ami iiis a>«iiriatc' i'iiiiiiiii<«ii)iii r>, Sr|i|rnilMT I2lii. I7>^. llir (Imiiiilaja iiilic cnlccl all lln'ir aiicN \uiliiii till' Mali'. niakniLr >iu'li ii'srr\aticiii< as rnxniil tlii'ir r islli' ainl I'lriili |{y a M'paiali' arlirii' nl' lliis liraty. lliry ciilril In tlin Slain tlin ."alt s|iiiiiL' tiai't. niailt' ill cnin ami pnoils, ami a pi'i'iirtnal annuity nl >^'tiMl in I, ii'_'i' payinciits \\i';i' mImt ;;rantril. |i\ ihi' ti'ini-^ nl' a trraty. rniii'liiiinl with ilir Omida sarluiii-'. at l''nit Slaiiwix. licji.ri' till' -anil' i'niiiiiii««iniii'r. Si'|iti'iiilKi- "J'Jil. I 7>>. llin Oiii'iilas rciji'il all tin ir la mis williin till' Stair, with till' rM'|ilinii nraiii|i!i' vi'M'i\atiniis t'.ir tlii'ii' nun n.^c. ami till' r!_;lit In lia-i' iiart nl' tin' -aim'. l''i\i' tli'Mi-aml ilnjlar-. in iiinncy. •^nnils. ami |irii\isinns wiTc tlnii paiil 'n tlntn. ami a |M'r|M'tiial aniinil\ nl' ."•liiiil "lantiil. 'i'iiis tr''at\ wllli till' (•miila- inntaiiii'il an iiii|'ni taut |iin\ i-inii. ,-am'tiiiniii:.' tin- arraiiLii'im'nts prnx imisly inailc liy tlntn in iii'hall" nl' tin' i'\|iali iatiil Imliaiis nf New Kiiiilaml. ami nthi'is nf tin' Al'-'nininiii 'jriiii|i. wlm liail In en allnwnl In M'ltlc mi tlnir lamls. Till' titli' tn a ti'art nl' laml. tun niilrs in liii'ailtli. ami lliii'c in liii'jth, in tin- Ori.-kany \all''\. w as rnnlinnril tn tin' trilics wliii'h a--uniril tin' iiaim' nl' limtlnTtdiis. amlwiTi' iimirr tin' rari' nf l!.\-. Sanismi Oci'uni.' Aiintlirr tract. -i.\ iiiik's Mriiari'. Inratril ill lIli' Olli'iila iTri'k Nalk'y. was rnlirnini'il tn till' .Mnhiiaiis nl' tin- llnnsatnllir. hraiimj till' iiaiiii' nf Stiirkliriiliii's. wlm wnn' iimli r tin' rliai'-'r nl' tin' llrN . Mr. Sarm ant. ( )ii till' "J-'ilh an\ . ami ci'ilnl all tli'ir l.imls within tlir .'*>tali'. with thr fxri'iitinii nf nni' Iniiiiliiil .-(iiiari' iiiilrs, r.\i'lnsi\(' 111' till' aiva nl'('ayiiL:a iakr. a iTsri'M' nl' a lishini! siln at Sia\rs. ami niif mile ( 'ay H'ja ll'iry. Our inilr si|iiari' was Liraiitnl tn tlin ( 'ayiij.i ihid'. ( )niaiiL'riita. si|nafi' at nr I-'isli ('an ill', 'i'wn liiniti'il aiiiiiiit ami a |irinam'nt .•iiiiuiity nf .<"jn(l. unn iiraiitcil liy tin' Stalt ii's. aniniiiitin^' In .I'liMl ami ?;'iili"i, i'cs|H'i'ti r. S. 'rnalici. p. Ill, Villi- Vul. V . Iti...ji;,|,lc • llli.! . p. II IM'I., p. II. I'. .'* Triiiir.-, p. 17. Ti> rl.usr, <»|' W AS II I N(iT(»N S A l» M I N 1 > T It A T K i N , Kviiji'iici' «'si>ls' that tlu',-«' iiurri'iii.'iit.t tu [lay tin' tiilii'^. in cuiii. l' N. iiml {)i'ovir M'i'ii|)tili)u«ly <'lr<'>|ii'rt liaviiiir licfii iiiaiiili'-liil l.\ NCw \'>'rk till' thi' hahits atiij want:* iil'thc liiiiiaiiH, whn hiivi', likiwiir, i'i'i'i'i\ri| >|M'i'iiil uiatiiitir^. 'rhi"-c liaifai'tiniis niiir'titiiti'il iju' fn^l prartical li'^"!)!! in civil |iiilii\, ami tin' ili'tail.-< til' |inliiif liuninr^.x. Nvliii'h llie lriH|ncii-< I'l'i'i'ixrd. 'I'Ih' ri'^|ii' i piii.! to llirir .«ai'lii'iii« ; till' call' ami accurai'V \\ ilii « liiili tin' I il Ic -^ uf tin' ic'>|i('cli\i' ti iln - in ihi ir I a ml" \\i re iMijnirril into; ami th<- >:iii)il l.iitii with wliii'li liii' Slati' at all tiini's riilliliiil ii~ I'hL'ii;;)'- ini'Ml'^, icnili'iin'.' ami iri|niiin'i i-Mai-liamli'il Jn.-lii i'. liiiinril an r\ani|i|i' wiiich was ndt |ii.«l nil a |ii'<)|ilr, ct'li'lirati'ii, tVniii ^ailv ilay, liir ihcir iinlitical |iii«iti(tn anil inlhii'iii'i'. Civil lili" WHS rcuardi'il \>y tli<'iii with iirnittT rcsiicct than licri'tciliiif. ami it- inlhiriici' ransi'd llii'in til act \sitli a ^liiilrr m'Iim' nl' ii'.i|iiiiiMiliilily than tlii'\ liail iluin' in {ia>t liinrs. llitliiTto. ihi'ir cliic-ri iiml .-ai'hcins hail, as inilr|ii'iiili'nt ri'iirc«ciitali\i's nl' I'li'i' ami |iriiMil trihi's. visitcil tin' snrial ili^tiirts uf laNtmi anil Minlluin Ni'W Ymk. citlu'i liir jHiiitiral 111' riinnni'ri'ial |)nr|iiPM's, wilhnnt |ia\ iii'_' nnii'h ivi^anl In a .-lair nl'Mnictv wliii'ii iliil lint suit tlii'ir |ii'i'riin('i'i\i'i| iili'iis. I!nl. rrmn this |ii'iini|. ili<' a-|M'i't nl' iliiiiLi.s chiinK'ril. Thi'V rr>ii!i'il i'.\rhi>i\rly mi .-mail ii'.-i'r\alinii-, wliirli wrio mmhi >Miiniiiii|ril li\- rariiii'is. tniirlianl.s. inaniirai'lMii'r.s. iiiri'hanii's. and |iin|i'<>innal iiii'ii. wln> |iii'*riiliil to thi'in, d.'iiiy and hourly, an r\ain|)li> of tin- lirni'Hi'ial i-lli'ris nl' thril't. and drinnii- hfratrd that only llu' idli' and vicious hi'jucd hi-hind in tin- uciH'ial lacc to Ihr uoal nl' liro.-^|iciil\-. I'livatc ri'ulils Will' .-tiiclly |iinti'clcii. and lljn-c n\iT u liniii the a'.:i> ol' till' law was rslciidi'd were taxed lor its >M|i|)ort. The deidor ii.id his choice, either lo meet his oiili;j:alioiis, or lie |placed in durance until his creditor was salislinl. There was hut one rule and one law i'nr all. Litlle atleiilion was Mi\(>ii to the Imlian-. \Vise in their own conceits, reiiardinii' proliciency and excellence in tlie arts nt' war and tiuiitinij; as the limit of all attainiueiiN. tliey haled education, deemed \nlunlary lalmr lis ei|iiivaleiit to r, p. I"*. u 326 FI{(»M TIIK THKATY OF I'KACK. ITS;;, i ;« ilivcrlcil tlicir iittciition fur nil fxtfiidi'd pfriod iVnin tluir iir^iial piiiMiits. Tlu'V liad so Iuiil; \vii\laiil llic tanner at his |ili)w. ami tlic planter in liis lielil. that their enrii- lieKls were, in retaliation, ilevastatetl. their on-haiiis lelleil to the frrotnul. their vil- hi'jes hurned. and themselves ol'teii reduced to extreme iiovertv and destitution. The Siale inithorities. however, interfered in their l)ehaif. and. iimh'r the treaties just Miiiilioned, rescued them tVoni want. Iiv the |iavnient to them oi" annuities in money and ufoods. 'I'lie (Jeneral Covernmont also took this view, ami a coniiiiissioner of iii.i;h standing:' was ap|iointed to meet the tril)es. duriu'^- tlie autunni of ITl'l. at Canantlaijina, in western New York. This convocation was numerously attendi'd hy all the trihes who iiad hei'ii actors in the war (except the .Moliaw ksi. inciu'im.'' the StcK-khrid.ires. Tho noted Oneida chief, Ski-nandoa. attended, witii a deleiration of hi.s people. The war chief, Littk' Heard, or Se(|uid()m;(piee. niailo'd for his I'lnidties during; Sullivan's eampaiirn. representi'd the (lenesee Senccas.- I'iie edehrated orator. Assoiriroyawaii- tiniii. or Hed lacket. first distinjzuislied hiniseif at this council. Jlonayawns. or Farmer's Brother, representi'd the central Niajjarii Indians, and Kiantwauka, or the ('(U'nplanter. those of the np|)er .\llei;hany. The Tuscaroras sent the Indian aninilist, Nicolas Cusic ; tiie Ihnisatonics. llendric .\u|)Uinut. The treaty was concluded. Noveniher II.' and reeojfiiised thi' principles of all prior treaties. It jirovided for the payment of a Ltratuity of ."^Hl.dOII in money and .uoods, which wen- delivered on the iiround. .V i)ermanent annuity of ■'?4")()(t. ])ayable in coin, clothes, cattle, implements of husliandry. and in the services of artilicers, was likewise stipulated tor. All the attendant circunislanees of this convocation were imposinir. and its results auspicious, lieinu marked hy the development of a kindly feeiiu"' lor tin' I iiion 1>\ the Indians. ' Tinintliy I'ii-kciint:. Iv-cj. - 'I'll!' wunl Sfii^ka, iir ."'^I'liec;!, li:i> lici'ii a puzzl'' l.i iiii|iiin'rs. Ifuw a Itdiiiaii ])rii|ii'r iiaiiic slumlil liavo Ini'dinc till' (li>linctivi' cciiriiuiiuii tiir a trilic of .Vimrican hidiaii". it is imt cai^y to ,*ay. Tin' I''n'iicli. wlio Hfi-t I'liomiiti'ivd tlicm in western New Vink, ternieil tliom, aL'reeaMy to their .•ivstoni of liestdwiiii; niekninie.«, 'r>nnnnliiwaiis ; tliat is, Hattlesiiake-i. IJeini.' mu' (pf tlie ineniliers .it' tlie five .Natimis, tliev, like ;ill tin' i.tlier-. I'lire llie L'enerie name cil' lvcM|tiipis. Tlie lluteli, wlni reenL'ni.-ed lliem in tlie traile e.-talilislied iin the >ili' nl' Alliaiiy, as early a> llil I, .a]. pear tn have intniiliiecil the term, as the eatih-woni i>( traile, I'lnin which the wuril is (iiiiveil This nuiiieluii^ ami warliki' trihe iipjieais tn li;ive hail a ]iartialily t'nr the iiso nl' veriuilliiHi, 11^ a war paint. Tlii» arliele is ealleil, hy the Diileh, einnahar . vi.le Niew /ak Winirilen iiuek : llnrlreelit, ls;!l ), Frian smiie nntiee- nf the early times, we learn that the prnnnneialiiin nt' the letter /<, in this wurd, was i-hanL'eii to that nl' /.• or//, t'min which, it ni;iy lie inl'irp'il. they were nameil Siii-iii-kur.i. In one of the oldest maps, puhlishcd at Amsterdam, the word is written .V' »-)i< -.•<(,(.«. The dmilile ./ in this laniiiiaL'e assumes the sound of '( in imiLi . and ni in iiiin ; which is precisely the sound still retained. .Ml the earlv .New Kn^- liind writers consulted, adopted llii- snuinl, with little variation. In •• l.awson's Travels in the Carolinas in lT"n," he calls them ••Siii-ii'-i/nr/:," and sonii'liines '•./niiilnf," iind idi'iitilics them as a trihe of the lri)i|Uiiis. The Senocas c.dl themselves \l'NJiiiw.\, or " I'eople of the Hill." from an eniimnee at the head of Canandaiu'ilu Luke, which, is the locality of a popular allecurv, related by .Mr. liradford in Vol. III., p. :;m'. ^ Li. S. Treaties; Si.\ .\alions, p -Is. To CLOSE OF WAS II lN(i TON'S ADMINISTRATION. C If APT Eli 111. TREATIES WITH THE WYANDOTS, DELAWARES, CIIIPPEWAS. AND OTTO WAS. TiiK oriruni/iitioii ol' a ti-nitoiiiil 'jDvormnciit nortli-wcst ol' tlie Oliio. oxorcisi'd a favorahlo intliicnci' on liidiini all'airs. Tlic iiiajorit}- of tin- tiiln's IT^o oil that luinlur wciv tired of war. liaviim' lost as many warian's \>\ disfaso, as by casualtii's in l)attii'. Tlio niaivliin'_' ol' armies Iiad IVi'ilitcncd away the ImI'/c i^ame. and dis()iyanizoh Tl ilso. at an early period, expresseil a desn-e tor peace, On the 'J")th of Noveiid)cr. ITS'i. le Keowa liu'k of the Savamndi treat V was cou(d\ideil with them at lloijew 'I" \^' commissioners were Henjaniin Hawk ley, on His Andrew Pickens, and Joseiih Martin. l?y this treaty a linn Iriendshij) was estahlisiieil, U. S. InJiaii Tiviities, .\. P. 1837. p. 4. 828 KUOM THE TIMIATY OF I'KACE. 1783, >■■' till' MinciKliT 1)1' ]iii-^oiicrs mill nc^irui's sli|iiil;il('il for. ;iiiil a (li'duito hoiiiuliiry lino ostiilili.-litil. williiii wliicli til'' I'lir traiK- .-IkuiIiI lu; ('oiuliicttd. cxi'lusivcly uiulcr an Aiiicricaii system ol' liiviise. or aiitlmrity.' A similar iiulicy govcnicd the ('lioctaws ami Cliifkasaws. Tlic liirmor trilio cnti'ivd iiiti) iiciiotiatidiis \vitli the samo commis- sioners, on tlie ;!e which had lieen tlii' sconrL'e of the frontier.s; no one orj:ani/alion liaviin; evinced snch nnmitijiatcd hatred, anil nnrelontinjr crnolty as the Sliawnees. ISearinjr a name indicatiiii,' a sonthern oriudn. tlie_\- had, i'roin the lirst, resisted with desjierate fiu'v all attemjits of tiio front iersini'n of North Carolimi and A'iruinia. to extend tlieir settlements heyoiul the Ohio river. With the agility and sulitK'ty of the panther, they crept stealthily thron^dl the lorcsts, and sprang suddenly on their \ictims. They fc'm:lil at the liattio of Kenawha with an intrepidity jirevionsly uidoiown in Indian warfare: lhoiiL;h A'irginia had. in every decade of lier existonci' n.s a colony, snccessfidly reiielled their incmsions. After the lapse of twelve \ears from the coiudnsion of their treaty with Lord Dmnnore. on tiie Scioto, in 1771. their cliiels assemliled at the numtii of the fircat Miami, signified their submission, and. January .'U, 1 7Mi.' signed a treaty of peace. ]5y its terms they stipulated to surrencU-r all the prisoners in their iiossessioii. and wei-e assigned a territorial position south of the line fixed for the Wyandots and Delawares. hy the treaty of Fort M'lntosii, of Jaiumry lil, l7S"i. ill^ I' S. Trnili^'.-, jp. -Il.i.1, 1.. !_'. ' IbiJ., p. 1; ' (bill., I), IS. , d' i i._l TO (JLUSK OK WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. ;;j'.> CllAl'TER IV. HOSTILITIES IN THE AVEST. WAR WITH THE MIAMIES AND THEIR CONFEDERATES. O.vK of tho cjirliost ol)jeot.s of iittciitioii on the part of tlio riovcrn- niont, uiuKt the old iiiticlos of ciuifidcratioii. liad Ih'i'ii tlit' iiK'orporation 1 7S!). of tlie liidiiin ti-rritorv northwest of the < )hi(). No sooner had tlie war WAsnixtiTo.v, tenninated, tlian all eves Itojran to he directed to that (jnarter, as the Pkksidknt. futnre land of promise to the Union ; wliicii expectations have lieen most amply fid 111 led ; for it has hecn. eniiiiialically, the Mother of States, the most j)rominent amonir tlu'in heimr the stalwart cninmonwi-alths of Ohio. Indiana, and Illinois. General Arthnr St. Chiir was appoind-d hy Washini;ton the first jrovernor of the leri'ilory. The most imiiorlant topic which caiU'liir iKipi'i'^. Vol.. \"1. VI a:;o rUOM Till': TKIIATV OF I'EACE, 178.1, vli'u'li llicM rhal iiLTCi'ini'iits liiul liccii writlcn. To rciiow and cxtcnil tlicso ()l)llu'iiti()iis Wiis, iici'on iiiir to liidiiiii |)liriisi'olt)L!V. to tiulitcn tlu' I'luiiii ol' Iriciul^liip. Oil tli(^ !>lli of Jiiimary, ITS'.', nearly tlnrt' nionllis iH-t'orc the aildptinn oftlic jirosont C(in>tilntiun. (icniTal St. Claii' conclndcil a treaty witli a lar^c delciration of the Six Nations, assonilili'd at Fort llarnicr, at the niontli of tlie Mii.skinL'iiin. Tlic cliiil' ohjcct of tills treaty wius to renew and (•ontlrni tiiat entered into at Fort Stanwix. in 17S1. T o secure o I'der, a liod_\ of rnili'd States troops was ( neannied tl lere. niidel Colonel llariiier, and tlie treaty of Fort .M-Intoslu of .laiiiiary lilst. ITS't. was re-eon- lirined by tlie orijriniil parties to it. to wlioin was added a delei^atioii from tiie I'otta- wattaimes 111.1 Sa From an explanatory article appended to tliis triMly. it appears that tlie Wvandots accii>e( 1 tlie Sliawiiees ot' lia\ inu laid claim to lands that did not lieloii'; to them ; tin tlie Sliawiiees. who .si,!:ned the trei'" of peai lands lieinu' a part of the AVyandot domain, 'i'lie respected Wyandot chii'f, 'r.Mtiii:, was pri'seiit at the iieiiotiation of this treaty. It was allinned liy the Wrandots, that, included at the Miami, li.id lieeii iiiiilly of injustice; and they further av! .red. that •• the .'^hawiiecs lia\e lieeii so restless, and caused so niiieh tnnihle. both to them and tin- United St.ites. that if they will not now lie at peace, they (the Wyandots) will dispos.sess them, and take the country into their own hands; for that the country is theirs of rij^lit, ami the Sliawiiees are only living upoi 1 it Ijy their permi 111 178'J. (icneral St. ('lair also ne^'otiatetl a treaty with the Wyaiidots. Delawares, Ottawas, Chippewas, Sacs, and I'ottawattamies, through the ehiel's asseinhled at Fort Ilarmer." This treaty iias hceii called "a |iiece of Iiulian diplomaiy, saying the Indians never intended to aliide In it any longer than suited tlu'ir convenience."^ Tlie.M' assenihlages, however, were eoiiveiK'd ill pursuance of the pacific policy of Washington, and had their ell'ect. The positinn of the Indian relations was at this time very critical. iMiiigrnr 17'JO tion llowed over the Allei;liaiiies w itii i;ieat raiiiditv. and the hands to which the Indian title iiad lieeii extinguished were daily tilling up. The nu(deiis of tl le future State of Ohio had heeii established at .Marietta, in 17SS. ('(jllision could not be avoided between two races .so anta^ioiiistic in habits ami fcelim:s sis the An^lo-Saxon and the Iiidi .M iirders were committed, w hiidi were retaliateil b\- similar oiitraLi'es. It became e\ideiit that an open liiili.in war iniist speedily ensue. The Delawares. the Sliawiiees. and the Wyaiidots ha\ iiig measured swords, to their cost, with the Hritish. as also with the colonies, it wa.- clear that the is>ue \viiuld not be with either ol' these tribes. Hostile demonstrations were apiueheiideil from the Miamies, and their co-tribes, the Woas aiK 1 1' iankasliaws Tl le residence o )f this tribe was located in the Wabash vallev. ono of the most favorable anil genial re;:i'ins in the West. Possessing an oxtraordinari U. S. Tivati l,i.l., .\llR'l'il'ail I'inlu'lT, \'nl I , p. 'JS TTl TO CLOSK OF WASIIINOTONS A DM 1 N 1 ST II A T lO \ ll'l'tiU' w)il. wliicli ^ ifldc'tl l;ir;:i' ((iniiilitics (irconi. ^rniii. and I'liiit, an cxulKTiUit forest, iibuiniding in di'iT, Ijeiirs, iind other uniinals. tlioir population was ivmarkaMy vi}j;oroiis, wliile tlii'ir iiisolonci! knew no bounds. Colonel llaiiner was directed to advance into their country, and endeavor to hrin^' them to terms. Such a nuirch, uncumherod with Htore.s and supplies, through a wilderness destitute of roails, was, in itself, an arduous undertaking. The pioneer work of an armj- ha.s always been one of the .severest duties of a western cainiiaign ; it is the toil and the triumph of the ([Uiirtermaster's df'partiiK'nt. lioads nuist be made, bridges built, provisions paclied, arms and .■mnmi- nition eairied; every dehiy nmst lie endured, every dilliculty overcome. Coloni'l Iliirmer rcaclied the eligilile and elevated grounds, forming tin; present siti' of Fort Wayne, which aiv waslied by the Kiver Miami, of the Lukes, whose swift, but siiallow rapids, are easily forded. ()bservatii)ns, made on the rising grounds beyond the stream, di'tected the presence of the i'nem\', who.se demonstrations were intended to convey tlie idea that (hey were in force in that (piarter. But this proved to be only a decoy ; they had crouched down in the thick undergrowth and weeds, and wnv concealed along the western shore. Tiu* army wa.s directed to cros.s the stiiam at tliis rajiid, but had not procei'ded far, when a heavy \'nv of nnisketry was poured in, accompanied by the most frightful (!ries. The nu'n were rallied by spirite(l ollicers ; .Major Wyllis, and other lirave ollicers, lieing killed in this ell'ort. The Indian fu'e was continued, and well sus- tained, they being j)lentifidly suiiiilied with guns and ammunition. The line having faltered, and fallen back, the retreating cohnnns were marched to an elevated position, where they were reorganized. The loss among tlie regular troops ainounted to 75 killed, and three wounded. Of tiie militia, 1(18 were killed, and 28 wounded.' So se\ere a defeat could not be repaii'ed without a reiniorcement ; iind llarmer deter- mined to return to the banks of tlie Ohio, which he did without further molestation from the Indians. ' JU'k'iilf's tViiloctkiii of N'arrativcH of Iiidiuii Warfaru in tlic West: Li'xiiiutnii, Ki'iiliukv, |sj|, 1 vol. Svo., p. lO'J. Y,t I* 11 I 111 I ll I'l. II ^ I;; !!■ m FROM THK TREATY 01' I'KACK. 1788, CHAPTER V. THE MUSCOGEES, OR CREEKS, NEGOTIATE A TREATY OF PEACE. Tvro (listurl)inj^ elements exercised an intluenco on tlic powerful ITSl). ("reck nation diirinj: the I'utire Ki'vohitionarj contest; anil, after pm'- Washixgtdx, suing a tluctuatinjr policy, recjuiring perpetual vigilance on the part ol" 1'kksiijext. the authorities of Georgia and Snitli Carolina, their hostility was (Inally evinced by the loruiidable night attack, made, under Guristersigo, on the cam]) of General Wayne, near Savannah, in ITSli. The disturbing causes aliutleil to. were, the inlluence ol' the Spanish in Florida, and of the French in Lou- isiana. 15ut. when the issue of the Kevolutionary contest i)ecanie a fixed fact, they expressed a wish to enter inti) friendly relations with the Union. For this pm-pose, in the year 171)0, a lielegatioii. comprising twenty-four of their most distinguished chiefs, visited the seat of government, tlien located at the city of New York. This delegiv- tion represented all the jirincipal towns and septs, from the Coosahatchee and Chatta- liooche to the sources of the Altamaha ; it also embraced a delegation of the Somi- noles. and was headed by Alexander M'Gillevray. wlio had. during many years, exer- cised a controlling inthience over this nation. The distinctions of Upper, Middle, and Lower Creeks, were insisted on, they being regarded as so many septs. General Wash- ington received the delegates with comity, and deputed General Knox, Secretary of War, to treat with them. After a full discussion of all the questions involved, the terms were agreed on, and the treaty signed, August 7. 171)0.' The most important of its provisions was the establishment of boundaries. It contained the usual professions of amit\, and stipulated for t\w surrender of prisoners taken during the war, whites and negroes, many of the latter being refugees." To iiuluce them to uiake greater advances toward civilization, a clause was inserted, providing that they should be fur- nished, from time to time, with cattle and agricultural implements. In that genial climate, where cattle, horses, and sheep recpiire neither feeding nor liou.sing, this wise ' I'nitoil States Imliaii Trcnti<<, p. l.",1. ' Tlicsi' ri'I'ii'jres in flii' Imliuii trniturirs, fiiriiislicil tlii^ iiucloiis of slavery anions; tlio Tn'oks, ■'^olninlllo^^, ('liiictaw'i, Clilrkii.-iaws, and ("lu'rHki'i><. 'Die AlVicans wore nnt adopted as ineiiiliers (if tlio tribes, but lield a.s persiUis in servitude ; and, l)v perlnrMiin'j tlii' lield-lalmr. enableil tbese tribes to pursue a^'rienllnre without beini» themselves compelled to enuaL'e in iiiannal lalifir; thus produeim.' the relaticui, continued to this d.'iy, of master and slave. I'or a census of the ('reel; slaves, s.-e Vol. IV., ,'>itati>ties, p. '>~i>. ri .«(/• TO CLOSK OK WASIlINliTONS AUM I N 1 STll A T 1 O N . ;;.'5:5 provision liiis iviulcrod tiic iiatioii wriiltliy in iininmls ami .•■twk ; thus on;il)liim tiii'm to make fiirtiur proiiii-ss in tlu- social scale. After all the nctrotiatioiis wore coiielmleil, the riovernnient appointed a special UL'ont to accompany the dcle^iites to their homes, and ri'port on their condition. This agent performed his task skiifnlly. I)eing a cantioiis and shrewil ohserver; and, after iiin return, he comniunicateil to (leneral Kiio.x a valnahle report, accompanied liy a map' of the fonntry, a detailed aecmnit of their principal places of residence, luid a carefully prepared and coinpn-hensixe vu'W of their manners and customs.' He ^lue the names and designated the locations of (ifty-two towns,' which were estimated to contain I'mm l2.').()()(f to .•](l.(M)0 Minis. Of these, hetween -VMId and 0(100 were reported to l.e -un- nieii. or warriors. It may he remarked, '// y«/ss<(//^ that the confederacy of the Crc ks is wi'll deserving of study, as an element of Indian history. By .s()me of the older writers, they are (billed Muscogulgcs,' a. term which has, ap|iarently, heen shortened to Muscogees; the English api)cllation of Creeks ha\ing Ix'cn derived from a geographical feature oi' the country, which is remarkahie lor its numerous streams.' The a|)pellations of Alahama and (Jkechoyatte. have heen Imruo hy them" at an early [U'riod. Their language' is one of the most musical of tlie Imlian tongues, hut agrees with the other languages in its principles of synthesis, its coaleseenwi of the pronoun with the noun, and its power of combination. Politically speaking, they possess a standing and inlluencu second to none of the other tribes, being one of tin; most strongly characteri/cd families of the aboriginal race, and one from whom we may e.xpect great development. ' V.il. v., p. ■::<■■). " Kiir tills rc'pdrt, liy .Miijnr Caii'tt Swim, niid its accdinpanitiu'nts, viilc Vol, I., Tnpical Ilistm-y, ]>. L'.M. ■' Vdl. v.. p L'liL'. ' * liaitraiii, p. liSl, lie., A. I). 177^. ' Hawkins. " Vol. I., Tribal Orgauizatiuii, p. 'JCO. ' Vul. I\'., l,:'ii;_'uai;i>, p. ^10. ! il u «■ m n I ji I'KOM riM-: rUKATY OI' I'KACK. 178:!, CHAPTEI} VI, KXrKDITIONS OF C KN Kl! Al- C II A ULHS SCOTT, OF KENT TO KY, AND OF (.IKNKUAL ST. I'LAIll, AliAINST THK WI^lSTEllN INDIANS. IJlT tl iri'C tl'llics ;ii :lc(i tl ii- colonii's in till- rcvdliitionarv coiitc^'t : (lio Oiii'idiis, I 7:1! T llSCIU'dl'l .MdliicMiis. Tims I'ar, ticatii's nt' iiciicc Iiail lict'ii I'Diicliiilcd lilli tlic iffivant OiKuidauas, I'aviiij iiiid Sfiu'i'us, in tlu' uoi'lli: tlio ('^'('k^ Ciiickasaws. Cli()cta\ \\arc SI law net': Cliii a I I|H'\V1 id Ciicrdkt'os, 111 tiic soiitli ; and witli tlii' Wxaiidots, Dclii- Ottowi Totti iwattaiiiic: ind Sacs, in tiic west ; hnt tiic scxcn lattrr. wlio lioiv a wvy (incslioiiahlf charai'ti'i'. could not lie rclii'il on, uliilo til" Miaiiiiis. Wcas, and I'iankasliaws of tiic Wahasli, were in open hostility. 'I'licv liad. diiriinr tlii' pri'vions ycai-. dclcatcd Harincr, at the joint sources of tlic (ircat .Miami of tlic Oliio and tlic .Miami of the Laki's. The liiver Miami of tiic fiakcs formed the L'rand iiu'dium of noithern Indian comininiicatioii with the Oltowas of tlu! lower |iai't of that \alle_v, the Wyand(jts of San(lii>k_\, and eastern .Michi::an. anil tiic ('hi|H)cwas of Detroit, as well as other lake AlgoiKjuin trilies, who were in the jiractiec of joiniiiir the Wyandots. Delawares, and Shawnees. in their inroads on the Ohio frontiers. Till' Miamies were an acti\c, hold, and numerous race, who, under the name of Tweetwces, had iiccn the oliji'cts of special attack l>y the Inxjuois, ever since tiio I'ra of the Frcncli occupanc_\. They had hcen ilrivi'n In them to more soutiierly and westerly locations than tiiose which tliey liad iormcily inhahited, and wero now tlie undisputed masters of the Wahash valley. During the fierce and sanguinary warfare of lli^'l, when so many expeditions wore sent against tlio Slnrwiecs, Wyandots, and Delawares, the Miamies rvreived no specific notice, but appear to haw been included in tlie widely-diU'used Ottowa and Cliippewa race, whom tlicy rcscmhle in I'eatures, manners, customs, and language. General James Clinton, during tlie campaign against the Six Nati(jns, in 1778, observed that tlie synipatliy existing lictween tlie races, even wlicre tliey wero placed in antagonistic jiositioiLs, was .so great tiiat but little reliance could be placed on them in exigencies.' Wiieii war broke out, it reciuircd do.se observation to discriminate very i)articularly ijetwecn tlio grades of ho.stility, if Stone's Krniit, Veil. II. To ("I.osi; or W ASH IN(iT(>\S A hM I N [STI! \Tln\. tliiTi' \VM> liny :il nil. cxi^tiiiu iiiiKiii^- tlii> (lilU'iciit iiiiinlcrs dI' iillili;it<''l Irilics. Nur dill till' liicliiuis miikc any ilistiiictiini liftwiM-ii tlic vMrimis iai'< s ol'ilic wliiti's. It was, in liiitli. II war iit' racrs ; an atli'nipt. it' wi' may so term it. ol' the (Icsccndanis nl" .la|ilMt to sliacklc tlic wilil .sons of Slicin. iiml to '• dwell in liis tnit^. " ' Tlic earliest niovenioiit of liny note, in tiie eainiiai'jii of IT'.U. a'^ain-^t tlie \Val>:i>li Indians and tlieii' allies, was iiiadi! Ity tlie e\|)edilion eiitrnsted to (iriieral Cliaiics Sentt, ol' KentiieUy. On tlie -■'M of May in that year, (ienc ral Scott set out I'lom tlie hanks ol' tile Ohio, with a total force of ^"Id men, a part of whom were icjidars. under command of (Jolonel James Wilkinson; lint far the lar;icst ])art of his aiiny consisti'il of Inave and exiu'rloiicod moinited volunteers. The mouth of .lum- was pa-sed in tra\er>ini:' the \ast extent of exnliefant forest watered liy the trilmtirics of the \V;i'ia-h riser. On the 1st ol' August, he readied the vicinity of Oiiialloiicm, liie iari;e>i of tin- Miami towns. This jilaco was proinptly attacked, sexcral \\aniois killed, ami the liiilians. under a severe lire from the rillemen, were dri\eii acro-s the Waliash. their laiidin'.; heiiit;' covered hy the warriors helon^iuj;' to a silhuje dl' Kirka|ioos. who main- tained a constant lire. A detachment, mider Colonel llardiu. haviii:: heeii ordrreil to cross the river at a point lower down, did so nnolpser\'ed iiy the iiidiaiis, and stormed the Kickajioo town, killini: six warriors, ami taking' lifty-two prisoners. The liiljnw iicj; morniiiir, •"•••H iiu-n wore directed to capture and iK~troy tiie iniportant town of Kithlipecaniik, located on the west hanks of the Waliash. at the imnitli of Kcd river, ;i distance of ei,i:liteen miles from the e;unp. After demolishing' the Indian towns and villages, devastating' their corulields and f;nrdens, and klllin;;' tliirt}-two warriors, liesidt; taking llfty-eijht prisoners, (ieiieral Scott retiuiied to the Ohio, which he reached on Auiiust 1 1th, without the loss of one man, and with Imt live wounded.^ This detail is Init a necessary juvfaee to what follows. The Indians lieimr a people of im[)ertnri)al)le character, are not much alU'cted hy tliose le.ssuiis of military warfart> which are not fraiij;ht with calamities of a contiiiiH)iis character. Tliex dexleroiisly avoid the danger tliey c.innot resist, ami. when no lonpM' threatened, they as (piickly return to their former acts of piilauc and iitroeity. Some more liirmidalile ami iiermaneiit elliuts weri' eviilentl\- iiecessar\ to liiiim' the trilies to terms. For this purpose, Arthur St. Clair was ctimmissioned ii major-general in the army of the I'nited States, early in March, 17'Jl.' (Jencral WashiiiLitoii was very anxious oii the sulijeel, and urged on tlie veteran General the iiuportaiice of piocicdiiiLi- with all [nacticaiile prouiiilitiide.' St. Clair was a disciplined soldier, who, havini: served under Wolfe. Moncklou. and Murriiy,' enjoyed the confidence of Washington, as a miui of midoulited luaveiy ' (;,-iif>is ix. :.'7. ■' M'ti'Mlfs Wtii-s. |.. 11.'). ' .\ .\;iinilivi' ul' ii (';uiiji:iii:ii ii^uiiist tlio liHli.iiis, uiuli'i' tlic ciMiiiiiiiiul nl' .Al;ijui'-( lent nil .»<(. Cfiir: I'llihlililplli.l. ISlL', ,,. 1. ' ll.l.l, 1. ^--j:.. Ilii.l, 1'. :!". •.VM FROM TIIK TUKATY «U" I'KACK. ITM.'l, ?il^ ami |ini(Ic'nc('. On tlio I'jIIi i)f May.' ho iciichfil Fori Wnxliiiiirton, now llii* silo of ('iiiciiinali. Tlic tlcliiyH iittoiiilin;; tlic arrival of troops mid Hup|)lk'M, and the ori;uiii/a- tioii of tliu nrmy, giivo riso to coniplaiiitH, tlu' wliolo «timint>r ln-iiif; paxscd away in thin iiiainiiT. Full Ilaniilton, the point offiipport on tiio (Iroat Miami, was not coMipU'tcil until tlic I'llli of SoptrnilHT. and the niontli ofOctolicr had anivcil lidim' tlii' dilU'ri'nt idips ol' troofw anil ii'vios wvw ail nnistfrcd into sfrvico. On tin' l.'ith of October, tlio iiiiiiy had advanced forty-four niiU's from Fort Hamilton, and t'licainpcd on an (dijiihlo .xpot. wliLMi' St, (/'lair Imilt Fort .lelVcrsoii. 'I'lu'ii advancinji with caution and order, on the ;id of Novcmlii'r he arrived at the St. MiirvV river, a stream twelve yards in width, one of the principal sources of the Miami of the LaUcs. It heinf; four o'cKn-k in the afternoon when the army reiudied this stream, St. Clair procci'ded up its banks nine miles, and encamped on an .'li^'ilile piece of ground, in military order, lie had desiL'iicd constriictinir a breastwoiU at this place, for the security of his ba;rgaj;i' ; but, belbre he could I'ffect this ]iiirpose, the Indians, at half an hour Ind'ore sunrise the Itdlowinu- nmniin^ (lth),made a furiuis altaclcoii his lines. They were in great (i)rce, conseipieiit upon the s'owness of St. Clair's nuircli up the Mauince, thu,s allowing them an opportunity to concentrate all the forces of their allies. Uid'ortunately, the Indians, who were led into action by the valiant Wapacomegat,' a Mississagie,^ (irst eiicounteii'd the militia and raw troops, who immediately lied through the line, pursued by the Indians, thus producing the most irremi'diable confusion. The Indians were cheikcd, liowe\('r, by a spirited lire from the front line; but. in a I'ew moments, that and the fccoiid line were vigorously attacked, and the soldiers of the artillery corps, who formed the centre, shot down at their guns. The slaughter was terrific t. Diiir's CainiiiiiLMi, p. 4. ' Tliis iiiMii liiiil iittiMidiil the ^.'outnil peace convention, and submitted to the Hriti.'?b, undiT General Brail>tri('t, in I'lit. Vide Maiitc. ' Metwiif, p. loH. « Xarrativc, p. 51. ' Ibid., p. r)0-ol. TO CLOHK OF WASinN(iTONH A DM [ N ISTR ATION. ;i37 Tlio cotiilint liiiil lastt'd from alnrnt (• o'clock to '.). A .M..' wlirn Ot'iiPiiil St. Clnir Ifd n <-liiu'i;(> tlirmigli tlic iiiiliaii liiH> in tli(> I'ciir, \iii(1it cover of wliicli tlic rciniiiiiH of the iiniiy rclivaliMl in (iistuticr, until tlicy ri'iiclicd Fort JclU'ifton. 'I'liu iinny liiul oiifjiniilly C(in.xist('il of iilioiit I'JOO men, of wlioni it was i-c|ioi-t('d that tXIO wcru killed, includiii|j 01 iilliccrs,' a loss c(inal to that ox|H'ri('ncc(l at UraildtM-k's defeat. Tlio cllects of tliis dufi'ttt wt'io most ilisiistioiis to tlio western settlements. Immi- gratioii wuH checked, and dismay prevailed along the entire frontier. ' The HUH rises in this lutituJo nt 112 minutes pnst ((. • Jletmilf'H Wars, ]>. 1;17. Vol.. VI.— 4:5 n::s FIIOM THK TltKATV <»r I'l'VCK, 17sn. CII A I'TKK V I I ( AMl'AlUNa OK (iKNKH.M. nAVNi: A(iAIN.ST TliK WKSTKKN I M M A N S . I- I TliK oflt'cf prodiunl in Pliiliiili'l|iliiii. Uh'Ii tin- caiiital, li_> tlic iiitcili- 1702. p-ncc ol' this (Ic'lfiit, was rlciMiic. Wasliiii'itiiii liaiii\(iTiiN, liall-way inrasiiics with llic liiilians. and tlii.s rcMill had disapiinintfd PUKSIKKNT. hi.H i'.\|)t'ct!itii)iis. Kniix. Iii' Sccrt-tarv nl' War, liad nn |nTS()iiul i'X|»t'rii'iu'i> III Indi III warfai't It uas III' tilt' utmost niiiini'iit to iiiakf aiidthcr clVort. as curly tin' litlluwiiii: ."iiiiii'.' as |His, j;aiii tiic asct'iidi'iicy ill the West. All cxaiuiiiatiiiii oC the list dI' olliccrs fxpi'iii'iici'd in savairi' iiiilitai'V liinii(«'ii\ ri's. I'csiiltt'd in tho clioicc iii' (ii'iicral Wayne, whose decision of character was veil kiii'Wii. lie hail, ill ITS'J, led a snccessrui ca\ali\ eharw a'^ainst a iii;;lit attack ol' the (' liail II' Savginnali. Finn and cautious, hut ol' chivalrous dariiiL', naliiru Hstowed on him the talents and eiieiyv neeessarv to cope wi th tl le western IM! iP Prior to the march ol' (leneial Wayne, Washiiiffton resolved to imike aiititlu'r attempt to liiiiiL' the hostile Indians ol' the West to terms h\' nef.'otiiif ion. ]•• this l""'l lose. Coluiiel Hardin and Major 'rriieman, two experii'iiced men, were appointed commi.s- sinnei>. and clirected to visit the towns on the ."^cioto. Hut llie.se jri'iitlcmeii were Imth waslaiil and killeioii of Louisiana from Kentucky. For this purpose, he was detained at Fort Massac durimr a poitiiui of the ye.ir ''.):]; after whii'h, he con- tented himsell' with ascondinir the Miami valley, si.\ miles ahovi' Fort JclU'ison, where he cstaliiished himself in a fortified camp, calli'd flitKK.vvil.i.K. It will he uniii-'cessary to detail the jiroccss of orjiaiii/inL' the new army, or the difli- cultio.s and delays it encountered. Wiiynu was duteriniiied not to he defeated ; and this, when opcratii.^r aL'.ainst an enemy so snlitili? as the Indians, jind h) intimatelv ac(piaiiited with the pi'culiar geoirraphical features of the surrounding country, could only he friiarded aj;aiiist hy the most iiiitiriiif^ vij:ilance, prudence, ami caution. Th for acti\e operations elapsed in <'ollectinLr the li 111 a remote frontier. an d briiiiiinir them into the lii'Id. It was necessary to proceed slowlv', a.s roads must TO ri.uSK OF WASH INCTON'S ADMINISTHATIOX. ;:«» III' n|ii'ni'il. liriil;.'i'H Imilt, iiihI lilitckliotiricM rrrcliil, In sct'sc iiH |iiiiiits III' ^ii|i|ily iiiitl t'liiniiiiiiiiriitiiiii. A liir^r ('iir|is iif |)i(iiii'ei'i4 wii'^ i'('i|iiii'i'i| in U' ciiiiMtiuitlv I'liiiiliiNi'*!, wliifli it wiiM iiccf.ssiirv to iiroli'ct liy ii slronn' lini'i' of iMsalrv iiinl lillciiicn. 'I'lm ili'luyH iirixiii;,' ri'iiiii tlicst' ciui.xcN wiTc the Hulijt'ft of iiiiju.<'t (iiiitiiluiiit in tlii\'»^ Waliii>li ; n coiiiitiv well r, hut alioiiiidiii^ ill olii^tiiclcH to the [iroLMi'ss of ii civili/.t'd uniiy, I'lii'iiinlKTcd wilii l)ii^').'''i^'*'< I'liMiiiiii, mid .itiircM ; ulio iiiiist liiivc ii pu^Hiililt' rniid. and cuiild imt ('rii>s ti Hiri'Mtii ol'i'vcii ijic iliit'd iii:i'-'iiitiiil)- witlioiit II lirid'.'t', Tliu iiriiiy was f(i'iiialirally ••iii|ilii\ril ill lliis ilillli'iiit and laliiiiiniis MiTvicc, cvrr dislastt'l'iil to Miliiiiti'iTs, wliu ciiniiinM'd n jiarl III' llii' liii'ci'M. 'riiii* iiilior, liowi'ViT. whh tlu' rori'niiiiiri' of siiei'c.'^.x. I'!vcr\ dav di'Mili'd 111 llii'sc tiiilf. mid to llic dix('i|iliin' of tlii' aniiy, riiidcii'd it iiioii! aclivi'. illl- it. mid lit till' till.' |iiii'|i(isi- ill V li'W. Way IK' tlii'il took pos.Mi's.Hiiiii ol' the lTouihIs nn till' liaiiks of tin- St. MarvV, wlicrc St. ("liiir liiid beoii dtd'i'iitfd in 171)1. mid Imviii" imilt Kiii'l i; riivrry, tliiTf vviiitiTcd Ills iniiiy. On llic ■"lOtli of tlic rollowiii',' .liiiic, this fi)rt wiis invested by ii hii';r(' hudy of IiidiaiiH, wliiisc spii's jiad clii.scly I'ccomiiiilii'd it. while tin- main liucc lay I 71)4 mar li\, iniilt-r cover. 'I'heN' had iiulieed that, at certain I mil's, till' if tl ilieiTs Well' adinitted intn the I'nrl lliii iiii:li the sali\-|iiii'l. ami mi uiie i if tl le.xe oceasimis they followed thein with a ile,«iieiati' onset, kiinwiiin that iL ■ miler ;;ates would he o|ieiied. The tr()o|is. Imwever. iieiir^ well iliseiiilined. ri'|iilli'i| this assault of iiwiiij^ day they iiiade ihc The H IV jiiiiili(,'iuii.s liiici' of the hitherto eonei-aled liiilian forest echo witli their whoops, renewing'' the attack in gfuiiter lince. and with <^\v:\\ er ml ll ley were a;:ain ri'|iulseil ith lo.'^s l'"iirt lu'covery was located at the head of the .Miami of the Lakes, mid loriiied the key of the foiite to the north-west, this valley heiii^, at that time, the irreiit tlioronudj- fare of the north-westeiii Indians, fniiii Di'tioit and the upper lakes. thniU'.di which, with jiieal vindictiveiicss, they had so loii'.^ iiuured their infinialed hoiiles over the fertile rc'-iioiis o f the Ohio valle\. and the scltleinciits west of the .VIlciihaiiN chain. The ji iva if attack eiiiliraced not only the present limits of Ohio, indi Mil I III iiiois. hut al Wl'S fern IVnnsji Ivaiiia. N'iiuiiiia, Keiiliicky, and [larl of 'I'ennessee. It was frmn tlii States that Wayne drew all his levies and voluiit ceis. will) wen; llliliiiei I with such hati tl le sava'jcs. ciiiiscipi'iit upon a \i\iil reiiiembraiice n f Indi III cnieltii that It reipiircil a man Ilk W; \ lie to restrain them »asii courai iiid \iiiilicti\ hut loor (pia ilificatioiis for an encnunter with Indians in a forest, as niain- [•artisan cominander has realized to iiis cost. A fortniuht iiftor the last Indian attack, Wayne eimtinued his march down the Miami valley. .\ii iin|ieiietralile forest lay hcli.r. liim, throiiiih which iiotliiiiL:; Imt an Indian footpath, or a trader's trail could he discerned. But every comjiaiiy of hi.s men wa.s in itself a phalanx ; and the order of inarch was .such ii.s to set surprise at lioliaiice. ]rii 310 F U U M T 1 1 !■: '1" l{ E A 'I' Y V PEACE, 1783, In f()ur(l;i}s lie reached tlie junetioii ot'tlii' river An (iliii/e witli the Miami, wliere he buill b'ort Delianee. ('ro.ssin'j; the -Miami at this point, to its west l)anUs, he eontinued Ills march to the liead of the (irsl rapids, ealU'd l{oche du Uout, or tlie Standing Rock. At Miis ])hii'e a temjiorarv woriv was const lueted, wlierein to deposit tlie lieavy .stores anil bajiga.ire ; and In^ then pnshed forward in the same oriler, and with like vigilance, for the principal Indian towns at the lower rapids. Using the lignralive language ol" the Indians, (ieneral Wayne's army resembled a dark clond moving steadily and slowly forwai'd. lie had drivi'n them 150 mih-s from theii' siiceessfid lighting-ground on the IJiver St. .Mary's, and the sources of the Wahash, and it appeared impossihle for them to oppost; him in hattle. At every point of attack they had found him prepared. Thi'y said of him that he was a man who never slept, and they named him the Stkoxc; Wind.' They had found it impossii)le to stay the impetuosity of his march, and it was doubted, in their councils, whether a general battle shoidil he hazarded.-' but after much discu.ssion, this measure was resolved on.' The place selected was I'resipie Isle, a thickly-wooded oasis, such as is common to prairie districts ia the West, encompassed by low and grassy meadow-lands, the upper jiart of which was encundjered l)y old, fallen timbers, where horses could not bo employed. On the 'Jdth of August the Indians arranged their forces in throe lines, within supporting distance, and at right angles with the river. Wayne knew not whether they would light, or negotiate, as ofl'ers of peace had been made to them. His army marched in compact cohmnis, in the usual order, preceded by a battalion of volun- teers, so far in advance that tiiui'ly notice could he given to the troops to tbrm, in case of an attack. This cor[)s had progressed about five miles, when they received a heavy lire from the concealed enemy, compelling them to fall back on the tnain army, wiiieh immediately formed in two lines. General CharU's Scott, with his mounted volunteers, was directed to turn the right ilank of the enemy by ii circuitous move- ment, while (!aptain Campbell, with the legionary cavalry, effected the same object on the left flank, by following an open way close to the banks of the river, and between it and the clifls of I'resipie Isle. The first line of inl'anti'y was ordered to advance \Tith trailed .arms, rouse the Indians from their coverts in the gr.ass, at the point of the ba\onet. and then deliver a close, we IWi reefed fire. These trtK)ps were promptly followed by the .second line; the martial music of drums and trumpets giving anima- tion to the .scene. The whole of these movements were executed with alacrity and entire success. The Indians lied p.recipitately, and could not be rallied by their leaders. The army pursued them for [wo miles through the wood.s, and the victory obtained was completi'. Wayne hail about 2U()() m(Mi under his command in this con- test, not one half of whom were engaged. His loss in killed and wounded wan 133 'Culnlirl IJu-li lirM.ly. •Si'liii'ilrnirt'..^ 'I'niv.'N ill till' ('.•iitnil l'iiiiinri.i .il' Miv ipjii \'.'ill('v, ]). l!t. ■' ll.id., p. ;■)(). il'J TO CLOSE OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 341 men. ('ii|itaiM Campboll was killoil at tin- lu-ad of liis Icuion, and Caplain Van I'cnscl.irr was sliDt tlivondi tlio boilv, but n'(U)V('r('(l. For a ilistance of two miles, tlie lini'sl was strewed witli tlie dead bodies of tlie eneniv, among wbicl 1 wiM'e reeoi;niseii .•^onie ol tbeir wliite aliie Tl ley we re denied entrance into the Hritisli loil at -Maun tb )l!lei of wiiieb wiTC eonipelled to witness the burning of tlie towns, and tlie destrnetion of tbo Indian .settlements in the valley. General \Va\i le was niuiiK- ineenseil a":ain St tl le garri.son o f Fort Mauniee, and sought to ive tneni cause to open liostilities. Tiiere being a line spring near the fort, the conversations at wiiieb could lie overheard on the riunpurts, the gvneral rode around the fort to it with bis stall', dismounted, took olf his hat, and drank of the water, at the .s;ime time using expres- sions ol lIRl liirniition against tlio iiUit's of the Indian.s, who had fust incited them lo attack _,i.iii.i him, and tlieii closed their gates against then Tl lose wild are aware ol llie al's enthusiastic character, need not be told that lie(!X[)res.-ed himself encrgi'tieall\ Tlu' savages made no further effort to oppose the course of the victorious aniiv, wbicl linallv, returned to Greenville, where it went into winter (juarters. il! i: ' m\ ; 1 ;!4-j l-'llOM THE TllEATY OF I'EACE, 1783, ■i I I Cn AFTER VIII. THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY WAR WITH THE WESTERN INDIANS IS TERMINATED BY THE VICTORY OF MAUMEE. m TiiK ohji'ct for wliicli tlic Indiana had foudit liad jirovcd to bo illusorv, and 1796 tlicir dofeat on tlio Miami of tlio Lakoa terminated their utrniigle lor the jios- s(>ssion of tlie eountry iiortli-wi'st of the Oliio. This rennlt eould not. under any jiossilile cinMnnstanees. Iiave l)een averted. Had they jiossessed leaders who under- stood tiie oHeets of eomhination and discipline, iiiid been supplied with the necessary means. the\ mijrht have protracted for several years this contest auainst the white lace. With ample supplii's. and under competent leaders, this del'eat would only have iiilded fresh streuirth to their determination, and would have been succeeded by other l)attles. triumphs, and dell-ats ; but, as the war was, in fact, a direct issue between civi- li/.ation and barbarism, the ultimate result would have bci-n precisely similar. The reasoning ]iowers of the Indians did not. ])roiiably, enable them to arrive at this con- clusion ; but they apjiear to have intuitively deduced the truth of this fact from their late reverses, as. in a short time thereafter, tiiey determined to l)nry the hatchet and smoke the pipe of ])eace. It had been the recoLMiised policy of Wa-^liington's administration, to use force tigainst the Indians oidy when absolute necessity required it ; and compulsory measures were never adopted until after every otiier means of acconnnodating existing difl'erences had failed. Tliey were, to a certain extent, regarded as [)ublic wards. Th<' assassination of Harden and Truennin on the Ohio, with the olive-branch in their hands, after the defeat of St. Clair, and ])reviiius to the ex[)edition of Wayne, is irrefragable evidence of this conciliatory policy. Kven after Wayne had reached Roche du Hout, and but a day or two antecedent to the ilecisive battle, he tendere(l overt\n'es of peace tr) the Indians, of wljich. it is allirined. tliey wen.' kept in ignoranc(! by I'nreigu agents.' In response to the renewal of these ovc^rlures. the Indians crowded to Wayne's camp, ,'it (Ireen\ille. during the summer of IT'.*-"), Thi' entire iU'ea embraced between tin; banks ol' till' (Jliio and \.:\kv Krie. bixin'iaut with indiuenous veiretation. had been ' Si-liuulrncI'lV Tnivcls in tl,,' ('.nirai I'm-linMs ut' tlic .MisNis>i|)iii X'allry, |i. .')! : New Vcirl;, (Ailliiis and JlaiiiiMV, I*-'i, I \"\. svip., pp. |."iil. TO CLOSE OF WASIITXOTONS ADMINISTRATION, o4o trodden down, bv tho niarcliinij- iiiid coiiiitcriiiiiic.liing of war parties and arrnii's. from the period of the coneltision of the sliani treaty made with liord Dinnnore. in 1774, and tho no less nnreliahlo one signed at Fort M'Intosh, in 17S."); hut, dnrinji- tlie five years which had just eU)sed, it had been beaten with hostile feet until it had beeonie like one of their own chunk-yards.' Tho bitter chalice which they had so lonir held to the lips of the ix-ople of Kentucky. Pennsylvania, and Vir.L'inia. was now beinf; drained by themselves. After \he nnder which they had so long President. LToaned. the {irophet had no sooner jriiided them to a locality suitable lor the experiment, than he taiitrht them the principles of law and government. Private rights and duties were accurately prescribed, and these were again distinguished from political and religious obligations. Among a people so long estranged from the true objects of society, and who had lived in a country where they were surrounded by the symbols, as well as examples, of idolatry and heathenisin in many of their most repulsive forms, it was essential to prescribe laws for the protection of personal proi)erty ; for compensation and compromise in cases of depredations of cattle, or accidental munlerh; to guard the rights of serviints ; and to establish other ]>olitical and social rules. The public tithes, or governmental taxes, and the scale of valuation for animids used in sacrifice, were tixed. Nothing of practical im|)ortance was left to the o])eratious of chance. It was not deemed sullirieiit to t(>ach them general moral maxims id princi|iles, or to u\fi< ly place belbre them the decalogue. It was followed out by the application of its ])recepts in society; and its observance was DisTi'iin .\\n:s amonriod, it embraced a representative system for the choice of triljal rulers. The temple service and the Sanhedrim were united in this system, but never conflicted. The policy of the state and that of the church were distinct and clearly defined, con- eurrinjr only in tiie i^reat purpose of a government, designed to exalt the nation in its industrial and economical wealth, as well as in the .scale of high moralit}'. Can we expect tiie Indian Irilies to Ijo reclaimed without similar means are empioxed? Or are they expected to spring perl'ect, as it were, i'roiii tlie brain of .Tupiter, without any established governments, courts, .sdioois. ciiiirciies. and witiioiit, at least, forty years' tuition, in their wilderness of bari)arism '.' Is tiiis the true signification of tiie promises'.' or is it not a contradiction of tiiem? Can the Indian lie elevated in tlie .social .scale while lie remains a iiunter? or can civilization Ije put on, like a garment, while the trilies are in a noniiidio state? Is tlie waste of large annuities on a nation of idlers, a means of advancing tliem? and are idleness and intemperance conjoined calculated to improve a people? Do tlie nations of Europe expect sucli a miracle from America? Is it not, on the contrary, through their persevering industry, in husbandrv, arts, mechanics, letters, and science, that Europe has risen ? It is by means of tiieir enterpri.se and virtue, and liy a .system of approved political economy, that tlie Anglo- Saxon and Celtic races in tliis Union have advanced and difl'iised themselves over the country. Mr. JelVer.son. on lieing called to occupy tlie Presidential chair, in 1801. felt the importance of tiie claim wliicli tiie existing state of 1801. Indian society had upon his attention ; all his letl(»rs and communi- T. .If.ffkr.son', cations, private as well as public, demonstrate tliis. Even in alluding PRiisinENT. to tiicir iiistory and origin, his views were of tiie most com[)ieiiensivc ciiaracter.' To liim we owe the passage of tlie fundanientai act to preserve peace on the IVoutier.s. and regulate intercourse witii the Indian tribes. By this act, the liouii- daries of the Indian country, and the operations of tiie laws in it, are clearly defined. )'! I i ' Jefforson's Notes on VirpiniH, p. 162. ^ I ~ If, i 1' -i H ! * ,! 848 l>lSTrR DANCES A.MONO TITK TRIBES, l{t'irul itioiis aio (\stal)lisli(>(l for tlio <:ovornmoiit of tlio Iiiilian trade. Tlio torritorv of till' Irilios is [trotectoil from dc'iJi't'datioiis hy the wliitos. wlio n\v porinittfd to vi.sit it for no other jiiirposo than trade, or mere transit throii;j;ii it. Tlie jiiri.sdietion of courts is estahiisiicil, and tlie metliods of iirooecdinj; [larlicidarly pointed out. Tn fme, ii system of pohey is hiid ilown, caleuhited to advance tiie prosperity of tiie Indians, and at the same time secure a just puMie economy. Tiie act estalilisiiinur tiie Nortli-west Territory, was tlic first step towards the induc- tion of tliis |)raetieal mode of teaeliinjr amonir tin* Indians — teaciiimr by example. However sliiilit tlie ell'ect its les.- their |irosperity. I>y oiVering to the liulians the protection of the laws, and the benefits of intercourse with civilized society, the highest assurances were given that we were sincere, and sought only to advance them in the scale of knowledge and happiness. But. as the Indian is an extraordinarily suspicious being, the good faith of this oiler has ever been doubted by him. and some sinister ])iir|iose lias In-en sui)- posed to be concealeil. lie has allirmed that the so-much prized civilization of the white man contains elements which are not suited to his nature; but what these elements are. neither ])liilosopln' nor revelation has informed us. Persian education consisted in learning to ride a horse, to draw the bow, and to .speak the truth. If tlie former com- priseil a militaiy ediieatiuii. the latter did a moral one. FROM 1800 TO 18-2 5. 840 ■!. i CHAPTHK II. (JEOORArillCAIi EXI'LOIIATIONS OF UPl'KR LOUISIANA, AND THE rOUNTRY DHSTINED TO BE THE FUTURE REFUGE OF THE INDIAN RACE. ISO.^. 'P. .Ii:i TllKSON, PliKrilDKNT. To aHcortain the clmrncter and extent of Lousianft, and tlio numbers of the Indiiiti tribes witliin its area, Mr. .Ti-flerson (h'spatclicd expedi- tions uj) the Missouri and Mississijij)i. Tiic fu'st was led bv .Nh'rri- Avetber liewis and WiUiaui ('iari\, eaptaiiis in the army. l)oth of whom were counnissioned for tliat pur|)(>se. They left St. Louis. jNIay 11. 1804. and aseended tlu' Missouri through tiie territories of tlie Osagcs. Kansas, Otoes. and .Sio\ix, to that of the Mnndans, wlicre they wintered. The followiuu- year tiiev continued tin'ir route tiirouirli tiie emintries of tiu! 'I'etous. Crows, and i>liielli rule, and su(>h inodilications were susirested ns would tend to [)lace the natives in a better position, as well as to imiirove the svstem.' The amount of information obtained by the ollicers of this expedition constituted a valuable addition to our knowledge of the liul ins and their country; and the observations of General William Clark, joiiie(l to his acquired experience, Infnrniatiun, Vol. Ill , pp. .'>T0, 571. ' Lewi^ .iml (lark. Vol. II., p. Hi'.'. ' Ibid., pp. 135-470. 4*- i:! I-! m m n">o niSTl'lMlAXrKS A MONO T FI R TRIHKS, luliiiiiMtilv c|iiitlilic'il liiiii liir tilt' (liitii'M of till' tillici' to wliidi ho wan. in iil'tcr time, a[i|i(iiiit('il, thill ol' Sii|).> miles aliDVe til fail.-* of JSl. .\iiliioiiy. wliere tlie aeciiiiiuhiled .•^iinw and ice |ircventcd iiis fiirtlier pronre.-s li\ water. He liieii proceeded, oil Minw >lioc>. to Saiiilv liaise, and was tiience drawn l)V ti'iiiiis ol doLis to Lcecii Lake, llie laiiicsl sdiitlierlv source of the Mississippi river. ( 'oninieice with the Indians \\ as loiind to lie eiilirtdv in the hands of llii' IJrilish traders who wieldeil an inllneiice adverse to the insiiinlions of the United States. Karl\' 111 the vpi'iiii; il' iSdCi. Lieut. Pike descended the .Mississippi ri\('r, arrixiiiir at h IS |l (if depiirliire on ilie .'ililli of April. His esiiniates of the Indian |)opnlation of th I'l" 'ill! M ks. 1- ississii dXes. Iowa iin. cdiiijirisi e a total of 1 1.1 ' mis. ineliidiinr the Sioiix, Chipi lewas. W iiiel)aL''iM's, .Meiionionees, and the various scattered hands of Dakotidis. called Yalietdlis, Sessatolis. alul 'relnlis.' A ( onsideralile addition was tlius niai\ to oiir knowledire of the character and hahitfl of ihe extreine Western aiid northern Iniiuis. and the duties of tiie Indian nepartmont thereiiv i;reall\' increaseil The State ol Ohio was admitted into the l' n ISO.'!, at > hiell >d 11 li'll ilorv of Indiana w Uiianized, and fJeiicral William Heiirv H irnson appn iiited its rioN'eriior. as widl as. e\ ollicio. .'^llpe|•illtelldenl of Indian Alliii Han h d an aid to (leneral Wa\ lie. Ill his I upon the duties o this cijlice with llie additional exnerieii iidian caiiipaiiins. and entered cipiired under thi,-, redonhtahle chief; his skill in military tiieti("s beini: fully eipialk'd liy his knowledge of the alj>session of the Indian trade has cscr exi'icised a controlling influence on the policy of the Indians; which is wielded, not li\- ministers iilenipotentiar^ , or high secretaries of stall', hut hy ihi' little local traders on the frontiers, [letty clerks, ' liilViniKitidii. WA. III.. I'll. i'ltlO-liO. H : Fii 1 ii«oo 'I • isao. 811 intorprctors emiiloycd hy ''0111111. .a hoiist-s. 0,11! coiirit'l'(« du Uils, wlio iu'vcr fiiil to iii;ilu' llicir jiiiiiciiilcH sciuarc •' llioir iiiti 4^ ; mid it is 11 miittiT t)l' little moment to tlio limited miiliit on ol' tiii^ ■ , • li'> inlliaenei! tin; de.stinie.s of courts or ol' nation."*, proviiled tliey he |ieiinilted to omtrol ilie liiUlK; in bcuver ^kin^. Wlule the Fivm li iield ltiana, no Lounter-intercsts diwlurlxid tlio hiirmony of tlieir interi'oui'.se willi tlii' nati\es; lnil. wlieii tliu f^ovi-rnment was vested in tlio S|ianisli crown, the lival inleri'sls of the Sjiani.-h and French mi'ichants had produced discord hetween tiieir suhonlinates, wiiich extended al.-o to the Indians. The cession of fionisiami to tho United States calmed tiiOMu troubles; all dilliiences weic I'or.iiDtten, and the conlendini;' parties readily accommodated themselves to tiie American system. Milt in Floiiilii there was never the least al)atement in this strife iiir commercial supremacy; the thirst lor gain iicUiiowledfiing no nationalit}. On the contrary, during the short jieriod when Florida was held hy the British crown, a new li'ature was ilovelopeil in the character ol' the Indian trade, which imparted to it additional \ i;:iir and system. Wo have, in a preceding' pi'n'') alluded to this lad, which was tlii; inlro- dnction of the Scottish olenienl amoiiy tho aboiij^iniil po[mlatioii. One of its most important results was the intermarriage of the Scotch traders with the native females,' thereby giving a permanent idianicter to their intlucnce, and e.vercising 11 bonelicial ethnological elU'ct on tho chiefs and ruling families of tho native race. Though it produced, or rather precipitated, the inevioiisly existing tendency to the liaination of Iwtxdasses in Indian society, it gave a delinite direction to the Indian mind ; and, while the (iali)liiiis, the Milliilges, and their compeers, reaped tiie harvest of trade, the M'iiiloshes, the M"(lillivra\s, and other chiefs of their raci'. by inl'iising their blood into the aboriginal current, gave to the Creeks, (Jherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws. and Seini- noles. a higher .social and national character. The fact that this intermi.xture id" the races was coincident with the eiiiployment of African .slave labor by the higher Indian class, was niendy incidental. The negroes tied into tho Indian territory to escape servitude! in the Southern States, and voluntarily assumed the performance of laijor, as an ecpiivalont for the shelter, support, and comparative ease and enjoyment Indian life allorded them. Along tho entire northern borders, .southward to tlio lino of demarcation desig- nated by tho treaty of Versailles, and throughout Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois, as well as tho present areas of Wi.sconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, British capital and entor- prise were the great basis and stinitilus of the Indian traiUc. The limits of this trade had receded very far to the north-west after the victories of Wayne; Maiimee, Vin- cenne.s, Ka.skaskia, Detroit, and .Micliilimackinac, no longer formed centres for the trade. There had been, uj) to the coniineiicement id" Mr. Madison's administration, no public ollbrt made to prevent foreigners from pursuing their trallic with the Indians ' Vitlo fiurtiaiu, \>. lSl-?;2. ■ IM I '! ri; I l! 1 it I 'I i, i m 1; 4 K I :l(i '! DlSTl UUANCKS A.MoNd TIIK Till UK 8, iiortli 111' till' slions dl' I/iki's lliiinii ninl .Mii'liiiraii. Oiu' of tlic |it'ciiliiir clmriu'tciis- tit'M of llu' Imliiuis is, tliiil tlii'y iiw wcuil to >;i\i' tlifir iilti'iititui In tin- lowest oiil< r of eoiiiiHi'lloi.s; not bcciiiU'c of any iirol'L-ivncf tlicy liiivi- lor an iiilerior grade of intflli'i't, but thini II niitiirul siisjiicion timt (lerMin!* in liighur pusitionH ari> iilwii}8 govi'nicd liy Miiiistrr iiiotivosi ami sii'-'v'i'stions IriMn tlit'Hc suljordiiiate soiirccs would ajipcar, sniiic- tiiiii'.", to III' iiivi'sti'd with iiii|i()rtam!i', in tliu jni'tisu ratio that they arc riMn >v('d Irom plausibility or truth. Whoever has, oitliur as ii plfuiiiotontiary or ii coininis-inin'r, passed throuLdi the ordeiil of an Indian council, controlled iiy the diverse interests of the triulo, and of the hidl'-brei'il relatione and [irotiJjieeM ol' the tribes, will appreciate the force of this remark. H h ' 1 ' t »l >l ' ii 11 : I :ll 'n m 'f f . ,i,feH ■ I f . i t 1 1 FROM ISOO TO 182;-). ;!:.:'. CIIAl'TEU 111. IRE OF THE INDIAN miESTIIOOD AS A IHSTURinXd POLITICAL ELEMENT. 15ATTLE OF rilM'ECANOE, AxoTHKR power was. ixt this period, in tlie rapid process of develop- nioiit, tliroii.udi the iiiliiionce attained liy the Shawnee prophet, Ellksiif- ISO'.), tawa, over the entire i)0(h' ol" trilies. This person, thouuh helonnioL^ to J. MADrsoN. tlie reservation of his tribe, at Wappccanotta, had located liis residence rHi;sii)i:NT. principally on the Wabash, in the vicinity of the nioutii of the Tippe- eanoo river, wliich became tlie centre of his power, and whence emanated hi.s oractdar revelations. By the recital and interpretation of dreams, by fast in;j', and by an assmncd iiulillerence to all worldly considerations and rewards, he had attained a hi,!ili position and inlhience. EUhsattawa had lost one eye. which defect he concealed by wearin'j a black veil or handkerchief over the disli,i;nred orjian. lie afl'ected great sanctity; did not engage! in the secnlar dntics of war or hnnting; was seldom in pnblic ; devoted most ol' his time to fasting, the intei'pretatioii of dreams, and olTering si\crifices to s])i- ritiial powers; pretended to see into fntnrity, and to foretell e\ents. and ainiounci'd liimself to lie the nionthpiece of God. Tiie Indians (locked to liim fiom every (jnaiter; there was no name that carried such weight as his. They never ceased talking of his power, or expatiating on the miracles he wrought ; and the more extraordinary the revelations he made, the more readily wore they believed and confided in. He jios- pessed a remarkably clear conception of the Indian character, great shn.nvdness, and astuteness. It being essential to his purposes that ho, who was the concentrated wisdom of the Indian race, should have no rivals, the minor prie.-ts ami powwows became lint the retailers of his words and prophecies; and. when one was found who disputed his authority, or resisted his power, he diil not proceed against him in a dire, maimer, but insidiously operated upon the suiierstitions of the Indian mind. In this way, he dis- posed of Tarhe, the wise and venerable sachem king of the Wyandots, who, beinj,' accused of witchcraft, was condennied to be burnt at the slake. The very knowledge that he possessed such an indomitable will, increased the fear ami respect (Mitert:iined for him by the Indians; which was, however, based on an implicit belief in his mira- culous gifts. It has b(^i'n miMitioned that ihi^ ]iroph(>t was not a wari'ior; his sole (II. VI. i; i- -;>■: ! r k i i H, l!li ill it'i'} 854 DISTl'lJ IJANM'MS A M O \ (.! TIIK TKinKS, object was to cinpliiy liis jkiwit in riii'tlioriinco of tlio projects of liis hrotlicr Tocuinsrli.' Tlii'i'o was a lii^licr jiiiriiosc coiiccalcil iiiulcr tlioso iiiaiiircstations of Mllksattawa. }lc U>\d tlio Iiidiiuis tliat tlii'ir pristiiii! state, aiitocedeiit to tlie arri\al of tlio Europeans, ^vas most aj;roeal)le to tlie (Jreat Spirit, and that tliey had adopted too many of the manners and customs ol" the whites, lie counselled tliem to return to their [jrimeval pimple condition; to throw away their Hints and .steels, and resort to tiieir original mode of obtaining fu'o by percussion. lie denounced the woollen stufls as not e((ual to iskin.s for clothing; he commended the u.se of the bow and arrow. Like Pontiae, who, liowever. bad made no i)retensioiis to jiriestly power, he i)rofessed a profound respect for the ancient manners and customs of the Indians ; whether inlhienced thereto by his knowledge, derived from tradition, of the potency of this iirgument. as made use of liy that renowned chief; or, which might have been tlu' case, the idea t)riginated ■with himself. Fifty years only had pa,sscread amomr the tribes in the valiev of the Missouri, o\er those located on the most distant shores of Lake Suiu-rior. and throughout all the Ap[)alaciiian tribes of the South. Tliey were as current on the Ockmulgee, the Chattahootchce, and the Alabama, as they were on the Wabash, and the Miami. He was Iiimself a half-Creek. The speeches of the Indians in their assemblages had, for some time, savored of these counsels, and the name of the Shawnee ])riiphL't was known, and the inihience of his teaching disseminated throughout the country. In 1811, the congregation of hirgt; masses of Indians around the residence of this oracular personage, on the banks of the npper ])art of the Wabash, created eonsideraljle alarm, and (ieneral Harrison, who had closely watched this .secret movement, re[iorted it to the government, by which he was authorized to march a military force from ^'incelnles, up the Waljasb. This army, tonii)rising one regiment of regular infantry, an auxiliary body of mounted Kentucky volunteers, and also volunteer militia from other Western States, left ^'incennes in October, ISll, and, in November, reached the Indian villages located on eligible open grounds near the eoi.liuenee of the Tipi)ecanoe. A preliminary conference was imme- diately held with the Indians, who recommended a locality at a Tiioderate distance inland, as a suitable one Ibr an encampment. General Harrison had no reason to ai ik ' This SliiiwriLC iiiiiiic tiT]iiin:iti-i willi tlio (iri'i'K- .irja; Imt tin; puinilar promuii'iatioii cannot nuw bo dis- tiirbej. FROM IHOO TO l^i2,j. :>jr,0 8iis|u'ct IiKliiin treachery, nor is it (jiiite elear tliat uiiv was ori'iiiially iiiteii(l"(l. IJiit that iiiiilit tiie proiiliel was uliserved [)raetisiiiu: his secret rites dl' (liviiiatinn ; and he reported tiiat the omens were I'avorahlo lor an iinniediato attack. Tlie army was encamped witii tiio skill and precaution indicated hy the teaehinirs of Wayne ; aiid this probable, or even possible. That the Indians had been told that thi'y woukl be able to recover their territory north-west of the (Jhio, is evident from the speech of Tecumseh, made to Genoral Proctrjr, at Ainhertsburg, in ISI:!. "When the war was declared," said the great Indian captain, "our Father stood up, and gave us the tomahawk, and told us that he was now ready to strike the Americans ; that he wanted our assistance; and that he would certainly get us our lands back, which the Americans had taken from us."^ After reciting the long course of maritime injustice and wrong, the Congressional Committee on Foreign All'airs emphatically say, " ForbearaiKie has ceased to ho a virtue." " Whether the IJriti.sh fJovernmeiit has contributed, by active measures, to e.xcito against us the hostility of the savage tribes on our frontiers, your Committee are not disposed to occu[)y much time in investigating. Certain indications of general noto- riety may supply the place of authentic documents, though these have not been wanting to establish the fact in .some instances. It is known that symptoms of Briti.sh hostility towards the United States have never failed to produce corresponding symptom.s among those tribes. It is also well known that, on all such occasions, abundant supplies of the ordinary munitions of war have been allorded by the British commercial compa- nies, and even irom British garrisons, wherewith they were enabled to commence that ' IJattlc of tlio ThaUK'S. " Branan's Uiricial, .Military, and .Naval Lcttors, p. I'JO. ,1 ¥ u A .H' iiii 1 ^ + f I r.r.8 DISTrRBANCES AMONG THE TRIBES, systi'in of sjivngo wiirfiiro on onr frontiers, wliich Ims boon, at all timos, imliscriininiito in its flll'i't 1)11 nil ngt's, sexes, nntl coiiditioiis, luul so revolting to huniivnity." ' '• Siniinier belbre last," [/. c, ISlO.] says Tecnmseli, -* when I eaiiie Ibrwanl with my ri'd i)rethren, and was ready to take up the hatchet in lavor of our Hritish Father, wi' were told not to he in a hnrry ; that he iiad not i/it determined to lijiht the Anieri- eans." - This impatience on the part of the Indians was so ^;reat, that it np[)ear.s they took tiie initiative at tiie battle of Tippecanoe. That ;.'tion thrilled through the nerves of the Americans like an electric shock, and was thu lU'st intimation that the frontiers were about to become the scene of another severe contest witli tlie i)lo(id- thirsty and infuriated savages. But, though the impatient Indians chafed at the delay, it served to give a degree of unanimity to their hostility which even the war of the Itevoliitiou had not witnessed. From the termination of the Appalaeiiiaii chain to tiio gri'at lake basins of Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior, anil onward to the Falls of St. Anthony, the Indians assumed an attitude of determined hostility; and. as soon as tlie ki'v-note was ,H)unded in Canada by the British bugle, an answering yell of (liscord resounded through the lainl, which electrified the people on tiie frontiers, made tho mother quake with dread in her nur.sery, and the patriotic militiaman lly to arms. During the winter following the action on the Wabash, Fllksattawa eontiinied liis incantations, delivering his oracular responses with more than Kjjhesian authority; whde his distinguished brother ^ ...inued those negotiations with the tribes, v, hieh were necessary to prepare them fur conllict ; and we would not have known they were ready to take \ip the hatchet two 3ears previously, luid imt Tecumseh stated it in his celebrated speech.^ Farly iu tlu; spring of ISl-'J. the forests surrounding every military post in the West weu', at nearly the same time, iilled with armed warriors, who watchey Tecuiii- scli, Jiiid .suiiporlod by ii large body of IJritish rcguliiis, looiitod lieliiud teiiipoMiry hreiist- works, wlioiii lie f-iillaiitly cliarf^ed with the bayonet, and defeated. " On the JiUh of the same month. Detroit waH surrendered to an inconsiderable army,' hastily mustered by (Jeiieral 15rocU, who oira^ially intimated that the Imlinns could not be restrained. General Hull observes that '"the history of barbarians in the north of Europe does not furnish examples of more fj:reedy violence than thes(! savajres have e.\hil)ited ;" ' and thii.s consoles himself, by a historical truism, liir a surrender which is a lasting' stigma on the military history of the Union. Decision and address were alone ii'quired for the maintenance of that jiost. The Indians had nelthor the dispcsition, capacity, nor will to contend witii the garrison of a strong fortification; and thi.s fort mounted eight brass guns, beside twenty five pieces of iron ordnance,' and likewise contained li)iir hundred rounds of twenty-four pound shot." On the loth of Angnst. the garrison of Chicago, under Captain rfeald. was surrounded by I'ottawattaniies, while on its march to Detroit, along the oikmi shores of Tiake IMichignn, and all but about fifteen massacred, including the women and children who followed the camp. The stock of stcu'es and baggage was captured.' On the Sth of September, the Wabash Indians invested fort Harrison, then garri- soned by a few men. under command of Cai)taiii Zachary Taylor." They kilU'd si'veral jierson; outside of the fort, and iincsteil it closely for two days. Finding they could not force an entry, they tired one of the blockhouses, the lower part of whicii contained tli(( provisions of the garrison. Attempts to save it jiroving unsuccessful, it .vas burned down, leaving an opt>iiing about eighteen feet in width. With great self-possession and cool courage. Captain Taylor caused the breach to be repaired, tlii>ugli suljected to an incessant fire from the enemy, and tinally beat them ofl'.'^ On the ")th of the month, the savages laid siege to Fort Madison, of ^lissoiiri. on the Upper Mississippi, commencing their operations by shooting and scalping a soldier near the gate. They then opened a brisk attack with ball and buckshot, killed the cattle in an outer enclosure, fired at the tlag-stafl'. and cut the rope which liold the Hag, causing it to fall, and also made several bold and dexterous attempts to set the works on fh'c. On the 2Sth of September, a series of severe skirmishes took place on the St. John's viver, between the Creeks and Seminoles and a party of 2-jO Georgia volunteers, in ' Oirifial Loiters, p. nO. ' Tliid, p. .*!>*. ' lOfiO men. Tbid, p. 59. » U/hl, p. 4L'. « Ibid, p. o!l. ' Ibid, p. S4. ' Tliirty-si'von years ai'tcrwards, tlii.s uHiecr was olocted IVosidoiit of the I'liited States. •OtVuial Letters, p. CL * Ibid, p. 4«. .(! »i'l ! lit ID I>lSTllt ItAXCKS AM ON (I TIIK TUIHKS. wliicli liolli |)iirii('s siilli'rcd ji loss in killed and wounded. The j>riuci|nd liands otigngod wiTi' tliiise 111' tiie l,iptclino:iy iind Alli'jator Indians. Marly in Octolier. (loNi'rnni' I'lihvavds, of Illinois, man lied ajjainsi the Indian town ol' I'eoria. anil the sava,i;i's in itH \ieinity. Ill' was atlaeked hy the Indians in their usual nininior, hut succeeded in hurninu: their towns and dcstroyiiiir their corn, losinj? only ii low men. In the nuuitli of Novondier. the liostilitie.s of the Waliash Indians heeaiue so ti'onhlesoine, that ii lorco of about Ili'itt volunteers, under (ieneral Hopkins, was marched from Vinrenncs ajruinst them. On the 'JOth. 21.'«t. and *J"_'d, ho a|>i)lied the torch to several of their villaws, utterly destroyed tiie proiihet's town, and drove the enemy from their stroie.diolds. w ho, however, avoided any decisive liattle. On the I'Jth of nccemlier. a. jiarly. comiiri.sing L'(.(l or ;)IM( Indians, assaulted tlie eamii of Colonel ('ain|iliell, on the Mississiuiiway branch of tho Wabash, killing; eiuht men and woundiu'j; thirty-live or foi'ty.' fleneral Harrison commemled the inti'epiility with which this attiu-k was repulsed. This event closed tiie campaign of ISl'J. 0!\h I,(tl,rs, i.[,. |(il-|ii!i. Ii! KKO.M 1«00 To 18-jrj. •Ml ("II A I'TKK V. nVKtJTS OF TIIK INDIAN WAR OK 1HI;1. Kacis (Icinoiistriitc? tliiit tlic IiidiaiiH tliroiiiilniiit llio Ifnioii, rnmi Moiitli to iinrtli. Iiji'l I'litcri'il into tlic war witli llic uiciik-.'^t iiiiiiiiimity |sl'l, ami spirit. Tlu-y liclii'vril, as 'IV'cuiiisl'Ii dcclarcil ti> I'locttir. in IMo, ,1. Madisun, tlmt tlicy wiTL' aliiiiit ■■ to uct l)at'i< tlu'ir lands;" ' tliat it was. in a iiifat 1'ki:smii:m. nicasin't'. a contest lii-twi'tMi tlicinsclvcs and the Uiiitt'd Stairs; and tliat tilt' crisis riMidcrcd it necessary tliat tliey slioiild endure e\ery liardsliip and privation I'or the purpose of seciirinj;' victory. Indeed, it must lie conl'es.-ed tlial, adiiiittiii;: tlieir sincerity, tliu , I r i: !)■ i:; !"il ti- P ill I' III I i, ! .'' ,> 'M ( ' 1 ( ' , i 1' : 1^ i 862 DISTI' I! I! \ MI'S AMoNt; TIIM TIMIIKS. lliriii. iiiicliT the |i|ii|i'flinii 111' I liiir .illii's, It w MS I'liiiiwiii'd in ilirir invllinld'^v IIS li;i\ in^r lii'i'ii ii'iiil liv llic liiMril liiTor^ :iiii| iIi'Iiml'imIs, I'iiii'.'oi i'linili'il. ill tlii'ir triiilitimial history, liy tlii< ili'cils nl' a I'liiitiiii' ami n Miiiiiii\iviiia. Till' iii'cat oli'n'ft nl" tlif inaiin'iivn's (if tin- I'liilcd States tniojis was. tn rcmiiii |inss('ssi(m of .Miclii'jaii. 'I'cciiinM'li, wlinsi- licailiiiiailiTs wcic locatcil near Aiiilii'rl*liiir'j. st'|iarati'il lioin ji niily |p\ lln' liiviT iKtinit. Iiad, as has Iiim'ii alii'ail\ iiiriiliiiiicil. (Id'cati'il Majiir \ an Horn at Ma'.'iiaira. on tlir lllinl' AiiLiiist, Islli. ami. liki'wisi'. iiidcil in till' dci.i'inincd rrsistancc made to Coluncl Millfi', at tin- saiiif |ilaii'. on till' I'tli. lie was in hiniscira li">t. and nii;:lit well liaxc cNi'laiiiii'd. in the syniliolical laii'una'jf nscd hy his lautol \ |it'. I'mitiai'. "I stand in the path!" (iriii'ial Winclu'slrr. in his ra'.i'nii'ss to ciinsiiinmatr the |Mn'|M>sc nf the ciuiiiiaijrn. inari'hfd thntii'^li the snows in niid-wintcr. I'loni tlio rapids of tin' Miami, iit tlu' lu'iul ofii L'allant ai-iny. and ri'achcd tlir Hixcr llaisin on the 'J-d of.ianuury. He cncanipcd thcii' in a hinrifd and conl'iisi'd iiianncr. and was dd'catt'd liy a consiild'ahlc force of r>iili>-li irunlars and Indians, iiiiiiniandi'd liy 'rccninsch. 'I'lie eiti/.eiis of the I'nion were lionilied with the details of the ni!is>aere. hy the Indians, of the woinided ]aisoners taUeii on tlii- oeeasion. This scene of diahnlical cnielt_\' was, it is allcLied. the result of the lack of a ])roper controllini; [lower in the white \ictors. for which they all' 'jenerally held to he les|ion»il)le.' ' tii the ni'/lit of the :^7th of .laniiaiy. a lai'Lie hody of ( 'reeks stealthily sei/ed the s'^iilinel-. and then attacked the ai'iiiy of (leiiera! I'Moyd. some lorty miles west of the Chatlahootcln e river. They were perfectly wild with fury, and rushed to within lift\ \arils of the artillery. e\incini: a conraifi' which the Indians had hut once |)re\ioiisl\ display ed. \i/.. in the action aiiainst St. Clair, oil the St. Mary's. They were encoiin- teied with liriiiiie-s. and. as soon as day daw in 1 1, siiccessl'iilly cliari:ed with the hayonet and the hroailsword. (leneral Floyd L;ained a coiiiplote \ictory : thirty-sevoii dead liodii's well' found on tlu' Held, of which fifteen hail lieeii sahred.' The northern Indians asseinhled, niider 15ritisli colors, around Fort Meius. on the Miami of the Lakes, aided niateriall\ in ellectiiii: the deleat, on the oth of Ma\, of rjOII vdlunteers. unilei' (ieiieral (ireeii Clay and (.'olonel Dudley. On the oOtli of Aii'.;ust. the Creeks and southern Indians made an attack on a lint at Tcnsaw, com- manded tiy (Ieiieral Claihonie. They ,-toiiiied one of the gates, after a desperate strniiirle. kiiliiii:' many men. as well as several hrave ollicers, and set (ire to and con- siim. 'M:\ linii iit iIm' niMix' |iiii>iii('(l li\ till- nriti>li ijciK'iiils cliiriii'r llii' MpciiiLr, Hiiinini'r. iiml aiitiiiiiii III' l^l.'i. 'riirir di'ciili'il iiimI uiii'S| trd ili'li'ut li\ < 'kiuIiiiii. in llic ^liiir|i Milimi III r|>|"'i' S{iiiilii-I\\, tlii'ir iiliiiiKliiiiini'iit ol' till' nii"^i' III' l-'ort .Mi'iL;s, mi tin' Miiiini. iiinl willnliviwiil iVniii liic AiniTiciin hlioici ol' Luke Kiic iinil. iiIioni' nil, ihr cuiiliiri' of iIh' Mritifli llii'l li\' l'i'n\. liml iippcurril In llic liiiliiiii-i to 1m' iucmi'.'i's nt' evil As t'liilv lis ill.' iMli ul' Aiijii-^l Iv ciulil l llii'sc ret lilt; I'Mili' iiniNciiic'iils. Ill' wiis llii'ii ill i'jiiiirMiici' 111' flic rcMili ul' iIm' niiviil iiiitllc. wiiii'li liiid iii'cii run ili'il I'lniii liiiii ; I'lil In' rcMicil llii'WDrst. ■• W'l' liii\i' lii'iirij tlic nuns," lie siiiil. •• liiit l\ii(iw iiiilliin;_' nl' wliiit li;is li;i|i|"'iiri| Id iiiir liitlicr willi MM ;iriii.' Our siiips Iiiim' j:niic oiic wiiy. ami we arc \ri\ iiiiiili iisiniii>liril in mc mir I'litlii'i' tyin;; ii|i cvt'rylliiiii; iiml |)ii'|i!niim' to run iiwiiy iiiiuiln'r, wiiliniil Ic'tiii.' iii-^ nil cliiliiron know wliMt liis intcnliiiiis inc. Voii iilwiiys tojil us in ri'iniiin lu'ic, ;iiiil luki' ciiri' ul' tiur liiuils ; it uiniit' our ln'iiils l'IikI to lii'iir tliiil wns \our wish. Our uri'nt, I'lillii r. till' Kiiii ol' l']n;>'liniil, is iIm- liciul, ami ymi ri'|iii'sriit liiiii. ^llll iii\\;i\-; luld iis tliiil N'oii would iii'ViT draw ymir fool oil' Mrilisli '/round. Mill iiow, liillirr, wi' si'i' you art' drawiiij.' Inu'k, and wr arc sorry lor our latlu'r iluiiu,' so willioiit si'ciiif;- tin' ciiciuy," 'riic victory ohtiiincd hy I'crry was llic turiiiii;;-|ioint in ilic (•aiiiiiaij^n. A llrct hciii^ now at tlic ('oniuiMnd of (iiiicral Harrison, lie could ai mu'i' lraus|iort iiis I'litiri' iiriiiN, witli itH artillery and IpicjiiaLic across tin; lake; thus avoidiiii:' loULiiind perilous lutirchcs, tliroiiuli more than scrlioiiian li(n:s. such as that of the lilack Swamp, and the peril of luuhuscadcs in the rorests (Icucial lliirrisou landed his army on the shores of the hike, II I't'W mill's hclow AmhcrL-luiiir, on the 2-'5il of Septemlicr; and, in less than one hour, he marched into tlic town, where not ii sinirle Hritish soldier was to he round. (ii'iieral I'roctor. the commandaiit, hud lied, with all his troops and the ludian iiiixili- aries, ai'tei' l)uriiiny, the liirt. harracks, iiiivy-yard, and pulilic stores. He was [iiiisued the I'oliowiii'i' day, and, on the "illi ol' Octoher, o\ei'taken at the Mora\ iaii town on the riviT Thaines, when a general action ensncd, in ^^■llich he was iii icily defeated. In this liattle the Indians occupied low i^roiinds, hcliind a dense liircsl ol' heccli trees, wliicli coiikl not he peiietrutcd liy horscineii. The position was well chosen, and evinced the judjiiiient of their ureal ciiptaiii, Teciiniseli, who (uimiiiaiided the Indians, and, h\ word and I'xainplc, aniinati'd them to a vigorous resistance. The defeat of I'roctor in front, hy a well-pliiniied eiuirire of (icncnil Harrison, left Teeniiiseli iiupro- Iccted. and he would nocossiu'ily have hcen compelled to rctreiit, luul not the action in this (piarter, which was liercely jnuintained hy ihi' disiiioiinted Kentnckiiiiis. under Colonel Hichard .lohn.son, tenninated in the death of the Indian chief. With the fall of Tecuinweh, tiio Indian league wa.s virtually hroken; the Indians ahandoned thi; ' ('iiiiiniiiiliirt' Hiiri'hiv. I '• I, 'I I M :!(i » h w ; . /. . i' 1 ■ '■■ ■ DISTrunANCKS AMON(} TIIK TRIBES, cnnlcst. and (lisporsod. On tlu- Kltli of Odubcr. (ii-noral Harrison issued .1 piwlMina- tion.' untnlin,!.- an annisficc to tin- Miuniies, Pottawattaniics, Woas, Kol Kiver Indians, Ciiippowas. Ottawas. and Wyandots; each of tlieso tiihos liavinji dolivoivd into liis ous^ tody liostauvs lor tiio laitld'nl piTJunnanoc of their ajjreenient. The sanio tribes, toge- ther with iheKiclvapoos.had jireviotislv sent tlele.irates to Generals M'Avthur t.nd (Jass, eoninianding at Detroit, olfering to eonclude a peace. ' Ollk'KlI I.Otl.TS, ]l. 'J-Ki. 1"I!()M ISOO TO 1825. W CU A TTEl? VI. IIOSTITJTIES WTTir THE fUKKKS. >[ A SSA <'l! K AT K(»1!T MIMMS. V.ATTLKS OF TlLl-l'S II A TC'll I- S, T A 1,LA DK*; A , II 1 M, A II K H. AM) ATTASEK. ,i Hi; Wk must, iKuv turn onr attiMitidii to tlic ^iiiIIkmmi trili(>s. 'Plic iMllncy iA' cnnclniliiiv tvciitics witli an iiriiiiriiiit. will], iinil nonKnlic |)('()|)1(>. dcstitnti' cirsoiiiid inor:il principlrs. WHS never more fully deinonstiMted. tluin in tlie cise til' the A]ti);ilMehi;in i^roup iil' trilies. Tlie Creeks, ii full dide^iitidn of wliom. witli M'dillivr.'iy at its head, \isiled New Ynrl<. in 170(1, and. amid iireat cerenionw tMitereil into solenui e(ini])aets with (ieiier.i! Wash- ington. I'enewinu the same in ITOd. ami ai^ain in I SOl^. as well as in ISll'i. were, all the while, only earryin,!:; out a diplomatic scheme. They hated the Aniericinis. and tin' niinv so. it seems, hecanse they had. as colonies. ])revailod over tlie Ihilish. This iiieat trihe had. in early days, snhdned the once proud rt ("reeks h(die\cd they were on the eve ol' a L:re;it rc\olution, throuLrh which the Indians would once move icuain their ascendeiic\ in America. At the coininenrement of hostilities with them in ISl'i. tin' residents alon- the Mobile and Alabama rivers souuht iirotcction witliin the walls of Fort ]\limms. lormed a relu'jc for A battalion of niilitiii garrisoned it ; and its huts and stockad larL^e nnndier of families. It was not a ]iosItion of nnich niilitai'y strength, and smh laxity of discipline was tol(>rated in its garrison, that in a few months after lis eri'ctinii. IK: the T.nilians observing the carelessness with whi(di it w \s ^ 1!^ sjj ;;■ m S66 DISTURBANCES AMONG THE TRIIJES, the fort anil oapturod it hy r^tratngoin. A IViglitfiil sccno t'lisiicd ; men, women, and childron hcing indiscriminately l)utcliered. Suidi an incident, so early in tiio war, betolvciii'd tiio sanguinary character of tiie vest of the contest. Tiie nortiiern tvihes were, to a eonsiderahle extent, eontrolled hy climatic intlnonces. They could not continue together in large; bodies, williout being liirnislii'd with regular supplies of food, and some of the requisites of a military camp. When, tiicrelbic, tiieir white allies and supporters were del'cated, tiicy were dismayed; but wlien tlieir own great leaders and captains were kiileil. they were placed entirely " liors chi c()ml)at."" Tiiere were no reseives from whicli to lecruit defeated rndian armies; thens was, in truth, no recuperative jiower in tiie Indian ciiaractei'. To some extent, the tribes south of latitude 40° north, were an exct'[)tion to this rule. From 40° to 4(i^ north, the snow I'alls to a greater or less depth lietween the mouths of Xovembcr and ]Mar(4i. North (if 4()°, c(jrn. on which the Indian relies for his supply of vegetable food, nuist be pur- chased from tiie Indian traders who visit his villages during the winter; but a. war with Kuropeans. whose armies can operate either in winti'r or summer, is adverse to hunting and destructive of his means, as the northern Indian can neither raise corn in summer, nor hunt deer, nor .search tlie streams lor i)ea\er in winter. It is fir other- wise with the triiies located between the latitudes of the ca|)es of Florida and the Ap[)alachian ^Mountains. A large ])art of this territory, l\ing between the longitudes of the Atlantic coasts of Cicorgia and Florida, and the baiik;-. of the M! 'ssippi, have a tropical climate, and prodi:,'e trojiical ^■egetation. Here is prodnco of cavalry and inounte'd rillcnicn. Tiio Indian town was ivaeiicd at sniirise, when the licating of the drums of tlie savages indicated that they were prepared to meet them. A siiam atlaciv and retreat, by a single company, elVectually succeeded in decoying them from their houses in close pursuit. This sally was checked by their eiicoimtering the main Ijody of Co'l'ee's command, which charged them, and drove them back to tiieir shelter, where they were in a very short time surrounded by siipeiior nund)ers. They fougiit with great desperaticm, without "shriid. Two hundred anil ninety dead bodies of the enemy, left behind on the lield. proved that they had made a s|)iiited resistance. Jack.'^on iiad .seventeen killed, and eighty-three wounded.' On the lltli of No\ember, Urigadier-l Jeneral James White marched agi.inst the llillabee Creeks, a. distance of ai)out 100 miles from Fort Armstrong. He captui'ed live Creeks on the liittle Oakfuskee, and buriUMl a town comprising thirty houses. Tiie town of (lenalLii), consisting of ninety-tiiree iiouses. shared the same fate. Having arrived at a point within live or si.\ miles of the HiUaliee town, wlii're, he was inioriued. the Indians would make a stand, he dismounted part of his forces, and prepareil to make a night attack. It was. however, daylight, on tlie ISth. before the troo[)s reached the town, which they suctx'oded in surrounding and surprising.^ Si.\ty were killed on the spot, and 2-")() |iersons taken [jrisoners. On the liiHh of November, Urigadier-CiMU'ral .lohn Kloyd fought a general battle witli the Creeks at Attasoe, .some eigiiteen miles from the Hickory Ground, on the ' (\l({fi\—()jihl',ll I'll, IS, p. lijO. ' Ibid., 11. Mo. '' l!lMll:lll. I>. 'J."l'i. * Ulliuial \.,-lWvs. [.. Ij^ ,{. I 368 ])I8Ti:it liANCKS AMONC; THE TRIBES, wiitris ul' till' 'r;ill;i[)(U)sa. His llMi't- \v:is cuiiniosi'd ol' 'J')0 Georgiii militia, between .'SOU ami U)(l iViiJiitlly t'uwi'tas. uikIlt M'liitosh, ami the TuokahalchiaiiH, under their iliii r. Mad Dog. Tliesc loiiiiit witli iidri'pidity when iiieorfjorated with the line of the ti'(>o|is. Alter some ehaiij;es of jilau, iiidiieed hy igiioranee ol' the local geognnjliy, the ai'iiiv a|)[)roaehed the upper town, where the aetion became general. " The Indians pn'scntc'il themselves at every point, and Ibught with the desperate bravery of real I'anaties. " ' IJy the use of artillery and the ba\()net, the enemy were obliged to retreat, and take .shelter in houses, thiekets. and eaves in a high blulf, on the river. The aetion tt'rmiiiated at nine o'clock in tiie morning, when the town was burneil. The loss of tlu' enemy is not defmitely stated; l>ut IHO liuildings are estimated to have been con- sumed.' Floyd's lo.ss was 7 killed and "i 1 wotmded. Ou the li'Jd of l)eeend)er, (leni'ral Clailiorne, with a brigade of volunteers, and a p.art of the ."id regiment of United States tri)o[)s, attacked the Creek town of Kccanachaca, on the Alabama, about eighty ndles above the nmuth of the (.'ahaba. Ueing advised of bis approach, they \\ere [)i'i'[)artMl for iiim. and innnediately commenced an attack; but lliiy were (piiekly repul.si'd, with the loss of thirty warriors killed.' On the northern frontier the Indians ellected little, except as Hankers anil guerilla par- ties, in conueetion with the lirilish armies. Tiie most noted movement of this kind was the attack on Hull'alo. A strong party of them, accompanied by the British troops, criissril tiie Niagara before da} break on the '-'Ahh of Decendier. and laid the village of Jjiill'aio in ruins.' ' ((liirijl 1,. tirrs, 11. -.'S.t. •' Ibi.l !>■ ' (ieiuriil \. \hM. — Oj^cial Lelfrs, yi. 1*89. )iiii: ■ i FROM 1800 TO lH-2r,. 3g;i CHAPTEK VTT. BATTLES OF EMUCFAU, ENOTOCIIOrCO, AND TOIIOPEKA. THE IIOllSE-SIIOE CREEKS SUBDUED. The (Ictorniiniition with wliicli tin- Crct'ks liiul oiiterod into this war li;is no prcccilciit in Indian contests. They had hucn fivf times dcfoatcd 181 I. ill battle; tiiey iiad lost several hnndred men on the hattle-ficld ; and J. M.vnisoN', upwards of forty ol' their towns, sonu; of them comprisinir ninety honses, Puksidknt. liad been eonsiirned to the llames. The f'lioetaws ami rinckasaws did not assist them; and the ("Iierokees. being remote, either stood entirely aloof, or only sent out small jiarties of friendly scouts and spii^s. A limited nundier of the Crocks themsidves. the tribes of the Cowetas and Tnckabatehcs. were friendly; ^et the main body of the nation fought as if their salvation de])ended on deleating the Americans. If. as nia\- naturally he conjeitured. they opposed Narvaez and Do Soto in 1028 and JGll with this determineil spirit, no wonder need be ex[)ressed that the former j)ro- ceeded no farther than the mouth of the Appalachicola.' or that the latter was driven out of the Mississippi valley.' The numerous po})ulatiou of th(! tribe, located in a gonial climate, in which all the productions necessaiy for the subsistence of Indians grow spontaneously, constituted them a powerful enemy. Their intellectual develop- ment and stability of character had also been promoted by intermixture with the Scotch race. It is not improbable, when we consider their heavy losses in battle, that we have never possessed anything like an accurate enuini'ration of their strength. Major Swan, who visitwl the country as an odicial agent in 1701, enumerates fifty-two towns;' and, with our knowledge of their fecundity and means of subsistence, thev' coidd not well be estinuitt'd at less than 200 souls to each towti ; which would give an aggregate population of 10,400. There could not have been le.^s than .'^OOO Creek war- riors in the field during the greater portion of the years 1812 and 181'], and a part of 1814. The tribe appears to have jiossesi^ed an active military element, and the spirit to con(jnor other tribes. According to Hartram, they had been involved in wars and contests, before they cro.s.scd the Mississippi on tlieir route to the present areaof Floiida; Vnl. II!,. [,. -js. Vol.. VI.— 17 \,.l, 11. ].. 'JO. ' Vol. v., p. •2(i2. H. i'l ' f m; ■.if i\ 8T0 DK^TrilBANCES AMONG THE TRIBES, and. I to us laviiip,' iirourt'sscd to the Altiiinaha, still (iglitlng tiu'Irway. tlicv lii'st "sat down.' old fu'lds." on that river. Wlidi? tlii'ir i'oMiicil-(iri tlicir nii'ta|)li()r, at tl wa.s located at tliis place, they siibduod tlio Savannas, tliu Ogeetciios, tiio Wapoos, San- tees, Yanias, Utinas, Icosans, I'aticas. and various otlier trihes, always making it a rule to incorporate tlie reninants with themselves; ' and within the period of our own history, til rpor ev have tl nis unsov bed the Utchees and Natchez. My a scrutiny of the ollicial documents of that jn'riod. we aro led to infer that the Cri'ek war had hecn carried on by spirited and jrallant leaders, who were, however, dedcient in an accurate knowledge of the geography of the country. Military expedi- tions were led into the interioi', under the guidance of ignorant men, who freipienlly misled the oilier am 1 the latter were occasionally content to escape from perilous jiosilions. with the ,'-/.(/ (if a victory wliicli neither seenreil the possession of" the country, nor humbled the tribe. Tennessee, however, [iri'sented an ollicer of a vury dillcrent chiiracter. in Andrew Jackson, a gi-neral of her State militia. He despi.sed fair-weather soldiers and mouthin latriots Hi is olwrvatious of Indian life had "iven him bi'tter delined \iews cf their character; and, like Washington, he saw at a glance that half- measures would not do. The Indian is not a sensiti\e man, but a stoic, b\' nature as ^\el asb y education, ai id (Uiiekh' recovers from calamities which are no )t of 1 ouii' con tinuance. The Indian's akrtness, and (piickness at the adoption ol' expedients, must )e ojipi ised b\ imilar course oi poluy. Tl le general wlio oiirrati's aiiainst tlien.i hould not eiKMunber liiuiself with baggage; must occasionally run the risk of losing all his camp e(pii|)age for the purpose of defeating his enemy, and nuist endure hardships and fatigue like an must be willing and ready to light by night, as well as by day; ; must occasionally run the risk of losing Indi; m. .lai'kson's lirst march to. and victor\- at. Talladega, tamilit liiiii all this. Th ystfiii ol rapitl m(i\cinents am ipel uous eiiarucs. inlrodueed ij\- N uioieon. wliicl o\ertlirew the old military tactics of liuroiie, al; ;o L;a\'L' •cess to Jackson's o}K'ralions iiiainsl the Indi His attacks wt ere (lUicK, anc terriblv el1'ecti\i Tl lattle of Talladciia occurred on the Ttli of Xoxcniber. l^l•■ just four after that of Tullushatches. fought b)- Coll'ee, and was fullowed in i| MICK succession bv th of illllabee. Attas and otlier successful actions leicnt |)arts o f tl le coniitr\, urriim' at various intervals until the "J-ld of Deceinbe N o siLiiis 01 .suumissiou. liowever, appeared, but instead thereof, they assumed rather an attitndi of deliance. The Creeks inhaijiting the valley of the Talla[)oosa iiiaiiitaiued a i-esolute mien; and oven those of the town of Talladega were in no manner intimidated. Very early in January (1811). (ieiu-ral Jackson having beei. •• 'aori/.ed to march ai^aiiist the hostile bands, designated the lOth ol' that month lor the assembliii'.'- of his new le\ies of volunteers, including cavalry and infantry, wlni amounted, in the agufegate. to I'JoO men. They were not, however, liually mustered until the 17th; and on the ' liiirtnini, [i. Is." ■ !!. Il;.«kin> ' Villi' IrUvr uf .laiiiKd-y Js, \-\ \,_(qll,-!,il L,u, >•. p. FROM ]X00 TO 1 S-2r). :^:i IStli .liicksoii riilic'd Tiilliidt.'fzii (int. \vli(?rc In- wiis joiiiod hy ln'twcrn 200 ami ;'iOi) fi'iiMiclly Iniliiiiis,' of wliom 0') wlti; (,'lu'R)k<'cs, aiul lli<; iciiiiiiiKli'r (/n-cks. Ii(.'arMiii,i;' that tin- ciitiro I'orcc of warriors of the Oukfuskt'o, New Yarcau,' and Ufaidcy towns, was conci'ntnitod ftt a creok called Einncfati, in a, bond of tho Tallapoosa, ho detcnuincd to j)roc('od tliitlior. The march was a hazardous one, boini.' over a varied surface, and throujrh many defdcs, which presenteil great diilicnlties to raw and undiseipliiied tronps. On the 20th he encamped at Enotochopco, a Ilillaboe village, twelve miles from Emiicfaii, where he was nuich chagrinetl at ascertaining tlie geiigrapliical igmu'ani'e of his guides, as well as by discovering the insiil)ordinati(m and want of skill wliicli becanie apparent in his troops. They were, howover, spirited and conragenus men; and the following day he pushed on with them to the banks of the Tallapoosa, where he struck a new and well-beaten trail, whi(;h disclosed his proximity to the enemy. JJeing hiti! in tho day, he encamped his troops in a square, doubled his pickets, and mad(! j)reparations to reconnoitre the enemy's camp the same night. At eleven o'clock his spies returned, with the information that the Indians were encamped in great force at the distance of three miles, and either prejjaring for a march, or an attack, before dajlight. At six fudock, the following morni.ig, tiie Indians comnu'iiced a desperate onslaught on . Jackson's loft, both in front and rear, which was vigorously met. The contest ragi'd with great violence for half an liour, and was participated in by the most ellicient of the held antl stall' ollicers, as well as by a reinforcement uf infantry, which inunediately marched to the relief of the troops attacked. As soon as it was sullicii'utly light to discern surrounding objects, a charge was ordcu-ed, which was led liy General ColTee ; and the enemy being routed at every point, were pursued witli great slaughter for two miles. Jackson then ordered their town to Ix; burned, if practicable ; but (leneral Coll'ee, after inarching thither, deemed it unadvisable, and returned. The Indians hero evinced some skill in nniniinivring, for, after (Jollee's return, they attacked Jackson's right, thinking to draw to that point reinforeemonts from tho left, which had been weakened by tiie battle in tho morning; having made this ieint, they immediately prepared to renew their onslaught on the left. This movement had been anticipated by .lackson, who prepared for it by orderin;:' a cavalry charge on the Indians' lelt, and b}' strengthening his own lell with a body of infantry. Tiie entire lino met the onoiny with great intrepidity, and, after discharging a few rounds, made a general charge, the oll'ect of which was immediate — the enemy Ih'd with precipitation, and were pursued by the troops, who poured upon them a g;illing and destructive tire. In the meantime, OolToe, who had charged the left of tho Indians, was placed in considerable jeopardy ; some of his fore? not having joined hiin, and a part, comprising the friendly Creeks, having left tiicir position. As soon as the front was relieved, the I Oflieiiil I-etters, p. 'I'M. ' For the I'tymulofiy of this compound word, sec Caleb Svmu. \\>\. \'., p. - distance of loO to 200 yards, with one six, and one three-pounder, using muskets and ritles where an opportunity offered. Thia demonstration having produced no striking eflecls, a detachment was then .sent from the troops on the opixjsite banks of the Tallapoosa, to burn some buildings located on the apex of the peninsula, which having i)ei!n .accomplished, they then bravely attacked FROM IHdO TO IS -jr.. ;!T:^ the Indian forces boliind the breastwork. Rut this manoeuvre also, though gaUantly exccuti'd, proved inefTective. Jaciison then ordered his troops to storm tlie breastwork. Colonel Williams led on the right, and Colonel Montgomery the left column, who performed this duty with great alaerity, mounted the wall in tl > Ikce of a tremendous discharge, and poured in a destructive fire on the backs of the Indians, who were defeated with immense slaughter; 557 dead bodies being found on the peninsula. Among the killed was Momihooe, the Creek prophet, who had rcci'ived a grape-shot in his mouth.' Many Indians were found secreted under the banks, and shot. Two hundri'd and fifty prisoners were taken, all of whom were women and children, except two or three. Twenty warriors escaped. " The power of the Creeks," observes General Jackson, in his despatch, "is forever broken."" ' Official Letters, p. 3:23. » Ibid. D. 319. ll - ■ - ' Ill ■i I ? 874 DISTI" K ItANCES AMON(> TIIK Tlillil-S. FORESIlADOWIN(iS OF PEACE. TllE wnr with the Crocks wns now (Iniwiiij: riipidly to n Hoso ; tlic ISlf). ontiiv extent of the viille\s ol" the Coosii luul Talhipoosa. tlieir strnni;- tl. .Maimson, 1io1(N. llil\ili:: heen scoinvil. anil thtir alili'st elliel's (K'I'eiited. Wetliers- Pkksidknt. I'oi'd. the iniltiniilalilr i'>laek Warrior. i>n whos' heatl a priee liad lucn fixed, jiavinj-, alter tin' memorable deleat at Knuiefau, or tiie Ilnrse- Slioe, surrendered hiniseil'to the eoniniaitdiii'-^ '.:('n('rai. had heen allowed to return to his nation unharnied ; the ohjeet ol' the war bein;: to convince them that the I'oun.-cl.-* of their prophets were only c\ il. ami destructive tn llirir hest interests, Ri'ason luniuL' failed to make tiiem acipiainted wiih this fact, tin; sword was the only resurl left. Fortunately for the country, this duty was entrusted tn a man noted for his decision, and who idso possessed a just conceptinii of the Imliau character, capacity, and resources. Jiad it lieen otlierwise. liie war would have heen protracted in the same manner an the ^^u^se(plent contest with tiie Semiiioles of i'loiida. and, like that war, would, possibly, lia\e cost the treasury millions of ilullars. One of tlie most atrocious acts couuuitteil hy the Creeks, was the nia.ssacre at Fort Minnns; and many of the ne;:roes taken at that time, as also a woman and her children, were now liherated. Tustidiatchee. kinu; of the llicUory-Cround hand, liillowed the exam|ile of IJlack Warrior. l>y deliveiimi himself up; and llillishajree, tlu'ir jossakeed and prophet, ahsconded. UuriuL; the month of .\pril the army swept, like a resistle-is wliiilw i;id, over the Creek country ; and. hy the early part of May, all its operations Wert' closed, excepliuii' the cautious retention of garrisoned posts. It nnist he noticed, that the Indian priestly inlluenei' was the real orijrin of the Indi;in wars which raiied from the extreme north to the south, hetween the years ISlli and ]8l(j. Tecum.seli had. through the wily arts of EUksattawa. incited this new crusade against the Americans. lie had visited the southern trihes, and was reci'ived with particular favor hy his relatives, the (."reeks. From the oracidar teachings of EUksattawa, on the Waliash. Monahooi' and llillishagee then received tlieir clue, and, thenceforward, became activ(> iigents in the dark mysteries. War had sealed witii (lealli two of the jirincipal ori;^inatois of thest' hallucinations, these servants of the B'ttOM Ih(M) To 1H2."). wotcni ('li('ii\i)>li, mill ili,xci|)l('.s uf ISaal iiiiil Molocli, wliosc ma>!;u; iiieaiitiitioiiji ami ,x|iiiii(s M)iiiiiit.'il a!4 iloU'l'iilty at tlio Holcinii iiiiiliii^lil lioiir, on lliu watui'H of tlu> Appa- liirliiaii h1o|i('s, a.s (licy I'Vir did on tliu biiiikM of tlie Kuphmtcx, or along tlio rivers and plains of PalcstinL'. Ai* the Amorican annii-H acipiirod lu'tliT dis(M|)lini; and givator rxporionci'. llio as>istanfc of Indian anxiliarics on the Hanks of tlie eniMny liecanii' less a ,siil)ji'(a of inliTcst or uppreluMi«ion ; the most important Irihes in the Soiilli, West, ami North having also snllered siieh defeats as caused them rather to Ui'cp aloof fnan thi- eontest. Still, tiiough deli'ated whenever they t()nght without the aid of their Mrilish allies, the) were, as a mass, unfriendly, and ill concealed their seeret Imstility under the guise of ni'utrality. 'I'iiej- did not, however, fail to rally in their sirength, when- ever the presence (da detachment of regular troops promised them protection. In the sharp action fought hy Major A. II. Holmes, on the llh of .March. ISl I, within twenty miles ol' tiie Kiver Thames, and near Detroit, the Indians llu'iuud a jiart of the H)rces which he hail to encountei.' Also, in tlie attempt to retake the H)rt at Mirhilimackinac, in the montii of August of the same \ear, the ('hip[)ewa, Ottawa. ^Menouionee, Wimu'- h.'igii, Sae. and Siou\ Indians occasioned the defeat of the army under the ordi'rs of ( 'olouel ( 'roLih.iu. The lri>ii|»s employed on this .service comprisi'd n regiment of inl'autry and a detachment of artillery, with a supiily of ordnance and aimnunition adequate to the reduction of the jilace. had mil tin? plan of attack been ill advised. Instead of calling directly for ilie harlmr and post located on this clilf-ciow ned (iihraltar of the lake.s, time was wasted in nud\iug an excursion ni) the St. Mary's stiait and river, for the [)urpose of liui'uiug the empt\' liirt on St. Josei)h's Island, and detaching a party to jilumlei' the North-west I'.ictory. This Itirce likewise pillaged some private properl\, and connuitted other a<'ts of ipicstionable public morality. When the lln't of Com- modore St. flair, with the army on hoard, made the white dill's of tiie island, it nuimeuvri'il and sailed aiound it, thus expending s.ime days u.selessly, instead of jiromptly entering the harbor and assaulting the town, which, being but li'ebly garri.s- soned, would have been easily cai)turi'd. On lirst i't. On tlu! mai'gin of this dark fon'st the attack was made. Major Holmes, who had recently displayed such intrepidity in the engagement on tlu' Kiver Thames, laudi'd wiiii the infantry and artillery, and leil them snccessfull}- thruugh the paths which womid among the thick foliage of the undergrowth on that part of the island, and deployed his men on the open ground of Dousman's farm. Meantime. Colonel M'Dowell. wiio hiul but sixty regulars in the fort, n-cruited as mativ of the Canadian militia as he could nuistiu' and equip, marched out to Dousman's. and connnenced liriugwith a six-pounder from an einiui'uee which overlooked the battie-lield. Ill, I ;i i ;ir,i Itiaiiuii. |>. :>tl. if »l i 'i I *•! -I' if 'I h- ■■ 876 DlSTUllHANCES AM ON (I THE TRIBES. ■• Not li'ss tliim •")()(> \viiirii)r« witu on tlir iHlmul, who opponod tlu' liuidin^ from tlicir covcils; ontiit'ly wiirroiimliiig tlio ficlil. ami croiicliiii).; hcliiiid clmniis of trt'cs on ilic plain, I'roni wliicli t\wy pouri'd an clU-ctivi' fn'e. Major llolnicH, as noon mm Ids nion veil' tornu'd. piislird (iirwiinl with jiicat fiidiantry. wavin^ihis sword, and had i)r(i>;n'ssfd bonic hinidrc'il jards, wiion lu' was siiot hy an Indian who was cont'cali'd hi-hind a bnsh. When tiiis olHcor Irll. the troops i'allcrcd, and tlion rrtrcati'd to tho hniding- piacc. .Mr. Madison, in ins nii'ssagc oC ScpltinlK-r 20tii. ISl I, ohscrvi's of .Major Jlolnifs, in alluding to this I'xpi'dition, that "hi' was an olliccr jnsliy distingnishcd j'or his gallant exploits." ' Tho gt'ni'ral hattL's of tlu' Thames and Kiniicliui. Iia\ini: in reality, laokeii np the Indian ('oiiilpinution in the North and .'^ontli. they played oidy a secondary l)art in those events of the war, winch occnrred suhsetpienlly. A lew of tiie friendly Iro- (piois valiantly aided (ieneral 1'. H. Porter's regulars and militia, in the severe and tri- umphant sortie made from FiU't Krie against the Miilish cani|) on the 17th of Se|>- tenilier.-' There were also parties of frii'iidly Creeks, of tiie Cowetas. under M'lntosh. as well as of the Clu'rokees and ("hickasaws. who perl'ormeil good service on the side of the Americans. The hostile Creeks, who had been expelled from the southern plains, ha\ing taken shelter at IVnsacola. in Floi'ida. (ieneral .lackson ileemed it essen- tial to the pri'servation of \)vmv on tla- frontieis, that the governor of thai town, and the cduimiuiiler of the tint theri' located, slinidd have an iippoitunity of making an i'.\[)lanalioM of his policy in furnishing proteitinn and supplies to the Indians. With this view, he appeared in that vicinity on llie (itli of NoNcmlii-r. at the head of tla? army whicli hail traversed the Creek countrv. and forthwith dispatched a field-ollicer to the town, with a Hag. desiring a contl'reuci' ; l>ul. the Ix-arer of it heing lired ou liy the cannon ol' the fort. .lackson iunnedialely ilitermineil upon storming it; and, liavinfl; madi- some prelindmiry reconnoissanci's. he attacked the town with his entire force on the 7th. He was assailed hy a (ire of miiski'try from the houses and surroimding gar- dons, and a hattery of two guns openeil nn his front. This Ijattery was iinniedi;itely stoiiued hy Captain Lavall's company; inid. after sustaining a lu'avy and continuous lire of musketr\ . the garrison of the Hirt suhmitteil unconditionally. The Choclaws wer(> highly commended hy .lackson tor their hravery on this occasion. The l()llowiug dav. the IJariincas was aljand(Mie(l and hlown np hy the enemv. and Colonel Nichols, the governor, retreated to tho ve.s.sels of the JJritish .s(jnadron lying in the iiay. which then put to sea. This action wa.s the closing event of the Indian war in that quarter. " It has con- \iuced the Red Sticks," ' remarks the fieneral. "that they have no stronghold oi' pro- tection except in the friendship of the United States."* ' otlii'uil l.ciiiTs. p. t:;:i. ' 'J'lii.-* tcnn is n>r(\ in n lluiirativf sciiso, tii doiioti' tlio .scjutlu'ni liustilo Inili.'iiis. liraiiaii. |i. I.'i'i. i ll I i : ,! i ■m If I I ' I il ii Hi-.fih; I ^\ i (■',1m • 1 M'"' 1 ''^ 1 i 1 <■■ II i ■] f il I !^ •Mi VJiais xntr ' .etUiX' ! I SECTION SIXTEENTH. EFFECTS OF THE EXPANSION OF THE POPU- LATION WESTWARD, AND OF THE CREA- TION OF NEW STATES ON THE EXHAUSTED INDIAN HUNTING-GROUNDS OF THE MIS- SISSIPPI VALLEY. CHAPTER I. A NEW PHASIS IN INDIAN HISTORY. The close of the war of 1812 not only ended tlic Indian hostilities, but also initiated a thorough geographical exphn-ation of the Mississippi valley; the extent, fertility, and resources of which, were then fully ascertained. Noble river.s, the names of which had been for years only known by their connection with romantic tales, and the narratives of adventurous exjjloits, now attracted attention by the facilities they afforded for navigation. The entire valley seemed to be one vast series of plains, reticulated by streams, which poured their resistless current.^ into the Mexican gulf. These plains, once the haunts of uncounted herds of deer, elk, and buffalo, were now deserted by them, and elicited interest only by their fertility, and by their adaptiveness to the purpo.ses of agriculture. Changes of such a striking character, and apparently fraught with such disastrous consequences to the Indian tribes, produced, however, a favorable eflect. It was the triumph of the arts of peace. This was the beginning of a new era in their hit;tory. The chase, it was seen, must, perforce, be abandoned, and agricultural and industrial pursuits adopted. But the question was, how could this be done by a people so reduced Vol. VI. — 48 (377) t J'' '1 ill !i 8T8 EFFECTS OF WESTKRN EMIGRATION. AND OF ill ciiriiinslniirc's. so destitute of all apparent moans as the Indians? At this time, the populiition of tlic Eastern States hegan to emigrate to the West in renewed foree, creating a demand for those fertile lands, whieh, being denuded of their game, were no longer useful to hunter tribes. By the eession of these lands to the United .States Coveriiment, tlie Indians were provided, through the medium of money annuities, with the means of procuring the requisites neeessary to their advaneemeiit in the soeial .^cale. They became, in a few years, permanently i)os.se,>ised of cattle, implements of husbandry, and schools : n life of industry was commenced. Tims, what appeared, at first, to have sealed their destruction, was in reality, the means of their elevation and deliverance. k h' THE CREATION OF NEW STATES. 079 CHAPTER II. CONDITION OF THE TllIBKS AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE WAR, Till-: iiintli article of tlic treaty of Glient, signed December 24, 1814, left the Indian tribes to make tlieir own terms witli the United States. 1817. They iiad foiijrht in vain, and received so little consideration from their J. Moxkok, late i'.liy at the clo.se of the contest, that they were not even accorded a I'kesidk.NT. national jiosition in the treaty of jjcace conclnded between the beiliixeren* powers; conseqncntly, the year ISl-") • as to them the conimeneeme ;t of a period in tlieir history, of very self-reliant interest. Misled by the false theories of their prophets, .nnd defeated in numeri)ns battles, they had yet believed that they were (luhting to pre.serve intact tlieir ancient territorial limits. They had lost ,i;reat nnnibers of tlieir warriors in battle; the Creek.s alone, in the contests at Talladega, Tnllushatches, Ilillabee, Attasee, and Emncfan. or the Horse-Shoe, had snll'ered to the extt-nt of not less than 1000 men. The losses experienced in battle by all the tribes, constituted, however, but a fraction of what they suH'ered from diseases engendered in camps, superinduced by unsuitable, bad, or scanty supplies of food, as well as by the toils and accidents incident to Ibrced marches. Fevers, colds, and consumptions, to which they are liable, had been fearfully prevalent ; cliicken-})ox and the \arioloid had nearly decimated them.' In addition to this, their families had been left in an unprovided and starving condition at home. In 1S12. the inimbers summoned by the voice of the Shawnee prophet to the banks of the Wabash were immense. They abandoned everything else for the purpose of participating in this new revolution, and many who left their western and northern homes, on this errand, nc-ver returned. The writer has walked over the sites of entire villages thus desolated, whicii had been in a t'vw vears covt'red by weeds, and a young forest growth. This was not, however, the worst of their misfortunes. Their hunting-grounds had been rendered valueless by the operations of the contending armies. The deer, elk, and bear always precede the Indians to more dense forests; the cunning beaver immediately abandons a stream into which he cannot, by gnawing, make the trees fall. ' itr \Villiaiiis..n, \\,\ I , p. •24T Dr Pitflior. Vol. IV , p .=>0:i i iM" iSi ':f 1 I ii ■'■h [I ■t 11 I:'' % 8H0 EFFECTS OF WESTERN EMIGRATION, AND OF !, :J I . t. fl;'« li'W. m oil till' bulk of wliich he subsists; the otttr, which lives on lisii, roinains for a loiT'cr period. But the entire species of runod auiiuiils, wiiose skins form the staple of the Indian trade, were greatly diinini.'^lied, and the vast region of country extendin"' from ."8° to 44° iu)rtli, between the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers, had been rendered use- less as a hunting-ground. Another result of the passage of troops through remote parts of the Indian country, was the discovery of tracts of arable land, of great value to tlie agriculturist ; of water-powers, mines, and resources, offering tempting inducements to tiie iiiill-wright, manufactuier. and I'm- m-. ("oal, iron, and lead, were found in abun- dance, and, sub.xeijueiitly, copper and geld. War, bad seasons, and the depreciation of a vi'i'v extended and inllated paper currency, with a resulting decline in the prices of all merchantable articles, had alarmed thousands of persons in the Atlantic States, who sought to repair their fortunes, or ihid a field for the exercise of their ingenuity and talents, by emigrating to the West ; .so that, by a singular coincidence, when the Indians began to part freely \vitli thi'ir exhausted hunting-grounds, by sales to tiie Government, the emig.int masses clamored for new and ample farms on thc^e ceded tracts, where both they and their children might lay the foundations of happy homes. This was the germ of new States. We have placed the coinmencement of this era in the year Islii; which was as early, indeed, as tiie full cessation of Indian hostilities rendered it siife for tin- emigrant to enter remote districts. The Creeks had signed the treaty of Fort dackson as early as August 'J, 1814 ; and they were followed by other tri!)es, botli in the North and South. On the 8(li of St'pli'inber. ISlo, an important treaty was concluded with the Wyandots, Senecas, Shawiiees, Miamies, (Jhippewas. Ottnwas, and Pottawattamies, by which these tribes were restored to all the immunities accorded them by the treat v entered into at Greenville in 1795; and the three latter tribes reinvested with all the territorial rights which they po-s.-^e.-j.^ed at the outbreak of Tecumseh's war, in 1811.' Treaties were also concluded during this year with the Kickapoos. Weas, Winneb.igoes, Sacs and Foxes, Sioux, O.sages, Chickasaws, Choctaws. and other tribes. These trea- ties were negotiated by coniiuissioners appointed by the I'uited States, who were well acquainted with the territories, eh-racter, resources, local history, and iielings of the tribes. Some of tlie.se commissioners had been military commanders, or had occu- pied liiuh civil stations on the frontiers. No one of tiiem was .so celebrated for his knowledge, experience, and standing, as General William Clark, of St. Louis, the com- panion of tiie intrepid Lewis in his adventurous journeys to the mouth of the river Columbia, in 18(J4. and in I80o and 'G. He had succeeded Lewis as governor of the Missouri Territory, in ISOli, and had acquired the respect and confidence of the south- ■westcrii and western tribes, who were located on the banks of the Mississippi and Mis- souri rivers, llf was a mnn pos.sessed of great sagacity, amenity of manners, and a ' U. S. Trcatio^,, p. 173. THE niKATlON OF NEW STATES. 3HI coniprcliPiisivi' kiiowloilgc oi' tlif fii'djrrupliy ol' the country. In inaiiy rospi'ctH, lie was <'()in[iiinilik' to Sir Williiim Johnson, who so long exurcisod a .similiir power in the North. Indiiin dispute.s were iVequcntly referred to him for Mcttlement by the tribes themselves; and the number of Iiidiim treaties lie negotiated in the course of his long administra- tion of Indian allairs on the frontiers, is a proof of Ids al)ilities in this department. Reference is partieulirly made to the era commencing witli ISUl, when an extensive system of cliangi.'s and movements, the long smouldering elfects of the by-gone wars, difliculties, ami mutations of past years, began to develop itself prominently in the West. The war of 1812, on the north-western frontiers, had brought into notice another man, who was destined to exercise, for many years, an imi)ortant influence on our Indian relations. Lewis Cass was a iirigadier-general in the United States army, and had served in the war of 1812 with great credit to himself A lawyer by profession, marshal of the State of Ohio at tiie conmioncement of tin- war. lie united civil with nnlitary tali-nt. nnd. on the conclusion of peace, held the commission of command- ant of Detroit. Succeeding to the executive chair of .Michigiui, al'ter the disastrous rule of Governor William Hull, and the Kub.so(|uent interregnum, great energy was required to revi\i' and reinstate, on their former i)asis, its civil and social institutions. Six years of wild wars and turmoils had left tiie territory without either civil or military organization. It might have bei'U justly conii)ared to a ri'gion submerged by tt sudden deluge in the geological , "stems, in which the evidences of its former con- dition were to be sought in boulder.^*, drifts, and heaps of ruins. Society was literally down-trodden. Michigan had been, more or less, occupied by the French from the days of La Salle. A fort was Hrst erected at Detroit in 1701 ; in 17G0 it was surrendered to the British; and did not come into the possession of the United States until 1790. Hull surren- dered it in 1812. A fierce and sanguiiuir}- war, begimiing at that time, had so desolated the territory, that to resuscitate its energies was no ordinary tasK, which any person of less strength of character and foresight than the newly-appointed executive, would probably have failed to accomplish. It was a work of time to restore the Indian relations to a permanent footing; to induce the inhabitants to return to their old loca- tions; to apply the civil code to an almost anarchical condition of society ; and, above all, to ascertain and develop the true resources of the territory. ■ ' ' i I ^J i h I'l : J: I t ■1 'tl 1^ i lfl''''i "f ''1 I'- 1 i . ■' 1 . ^ ? ! ■ i' ' 1 , ■ .1 II' f!^l -i i li KFKKCTS (IF WESTKItN EM IG K ATlOJM. AM) OV CHAPTER III. IxNDlAN TRIBES OF MICHIGAN. EXPLORATION OF ITS BOUND- ARIES, REACHING TO THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. MiciiifiAN had bei'ii tlie stnuicrcst nillying point for the Imlians, from tS20. tho clays of IX'iumville. It was lirst vLsited hy La Salle in lliT'J. and J. Mo.vROK, formal possossion was taken of the straits between Lakes Erie and Unron, PnKSiDEXT. in the inontli of .lime, 1()S7;' hut Detroit was not occupied bv an authorized airent of tiie French jiovernment. at (^lehee, until the year 1701.' One htnulred and twenty years had servi'd to spread its tiime and importance in IniHan wars, Indian trade, and Indian all'airs. Hut tiie hand of time had still left it, a I'emote ontiio-^t. surrounded by the original French settlements, among which might, here and there, be found an adventurous American. The houses of the French iiabitanw were .surrounded with cedar palings, as if to resist an attack; and, in their orchards, they raised a[)pie trees, the parent stocks of which were originally brought from Normandy. In their dress, manners, suavity, nonchalance, gaiet\', and loyalty to the governing j)ower. the B^'encli of .Michig;in pn'sentcd a striking similitude to the pea.santry under Francis I. and Louis XIII. It wa.s at thi.s ancient scat of French dominion on the Lakes, that Pontiac li)rmed his confederacy, in ITtJO. and Tecumseh convened the natives, in ISIO-II. The failure of the latter scheme, stoutly backed as it was by the British army and navy, convinced the Indians that their effort.s to resist the onward march of civilization were vain, and that education, arts, and labor jnust triumph. This was the language of Ningw(''gon, in ISlli. This low po.sition of their all'airs, in a politico-economical point of view, in strength, numljers. |i(iwer of combination, and every thing like national capacity, we regard as tlii'ir zero ])oiut ; \\>r it now became* evid(>nt that their whole system was a congerii's of errors: that the p\n'suit of tin; chase only sunk them iu barbarism and want; and that if they were ever elevated in the scale of society, it must l)e l)y the practice of industry, temperance, virtue, the dissemination of education, and the ' Oncota, p. 40(1. ' M. ("adillao arrivotl nf this ?pnf, on the 'J-tth Jnly, 1701, iiiid iiuiuediatuly lominunced cleariu); tlie tjrouud, and preparing to fortify it — Ontotn. p 40S TllK CRKATION OF NKW STATKS. R88 adoption of iiioriil tnitli. Tlimigh tliis view did not slriip the military posts in the West in udvance of the settlements, that they might cover the progress of the new emigrants, and shield them from Indian depredations, tliat gentlenuui cordially approved of tiiis ' r. !?. TmllfN, p. 210 > IMi!} ir ! 884 K !•• 1' !•; ( "r s <) V w K s t i-; li n i, m k ; n \ t i < » n . and ( > v motxxww, to carry out tlic olijccts of wliii'li. an <'X|)('ilitioii coiniioscd oC ii corps of Hcii'iililic ol).serMM'.x, iimlcr tlic escort of a Miiall (k'tiicliiiu'iit of infantry, was or);aiii/.('il at. mill (Ic.-imtclicil from, Detroit in tlic .xprinf,' of 1820. 'Miis cntcrprif'c first liroii'.'lit Mr. Schoolcraft into tlic new field ol' observation on liiiliiin life and manners. Hein;; iipiHiinted ^'colouist to the exiiedition, lie hcciiine its lii>toriogra|iIier, and, duriiifi tlio followiiiii' yeiir. iiulilislieil a joinnal of its jiroirrcss. Its mineiidoiiv and jreolo^ry wcro examined, and tlie copper mines on llie Ontonaiioii river and iiake Superior explored. A detaelie(l expedition \isited tlie !r;id mines of Duliuipie. 'I'lie fivsli-wiiter conclioloiry (if the coimtiy w;is exiiiiiiued ; collections made of the tlor.i and fauna; an elaborate report of its ireoloL'^y presented, accompanit'd with a map; and concholoj;y, us well as other departments of .xciniue considerably aiiL'inented by the addition of now species. From this source wns obtained an accurate kno\vled,i;e of the tribes, their locution, streiiL'tli. and character, anil also df the natural history, climatolofry, resources and l)hysicul gcogrivphy of that region.' The ex[)e(lition left Detroit on the 'J4th of May, in large and well-<'onstructe(l Cannes, of the Indian inoiK'l ; and the explorers circum- navigated the shores of Lake< Union and Superior. From the head of the latter bike, tlicy crossed the interveniiiir highlands to the valley of the Ujiper Mississippi ubieh they entered at Sandy I/.ike, and, ascending it in search of its true source, they passed its upper falls, at Pakagania, as well as the source of licech Lake, laid down by Lieu- tenant Pike, in ISOO, anil thence through Finke Winnebeegoshish to the large body of water in lat. 17° lio' 2.')",' since denominated Cass Lake. This point is, following the course of the ri\er, 27")") miles from the (Jiilf ol" .Mexico, anil was reached on the lilst of Jidy. The Mi,xsissi[)[)i was then descended to the falls of St. Anthony,' and Prairio (111 Chien, and the chain of the great lake basins again reached through the Wis(;onsiu and Fo.x river valleys, at Green Bay, on the western shores of Iiake .Michigan. The extent of Indian hunting-grounds traverseil was nearly 4000 miles, and at only one point, namely, St. Mary's Falls, at the lower end of Lake Superior, was there any demonstration of hostile feelings. The elfect resulting from this extensive exploratory tour was, to comince the Indians that a wise government sought to ascertain the extent of their territory and its resources, as well as to bring the tribes into friendly communication with it. The Chippewas were found, with some slight change of name, to occupy the entire Itorders of Lakes Huron and Superior, together with the eastern side of the valley of the Upper Mississippi, a})ove lat. 44° o.'V 20" north. On the west banks, in about lat. 4G°, the frames of Sioux lodges were still standing, which had evidently been but recently occupied. On the .3(ltli of .Tnly they reached the falls of St. .\ntliony (Plate XV.) ; bi.'tween which and Prairie du ('hien, but nearer to the latter, the Sioux inhabited both banks of the river. The Sacs and Foxes occupied the ' Schoolcraft's Xarrative Journal of an Expedition to the sources of the Mississippi ; 1 vol. 8vo., with a map and plates: .\lbany, 1821. ' Hydrogrnpliical Memoir of the Mississippi river; J. J. Xicollet, 1842. ' Plate IX ; Vol IV.. Plate XXVII.. ri. U''.' ! , I 1 W V 'I II ? il ►E I 1 ' « I ll f :i^\ 'h' M Vsi-ifi ! il' h |ii!i '5!. !.ii:i •'« ' fl m f I fP I-' ; -m. iirl 'i'-! liJffll Sf TllK CRK/VTION OF NEW STATKS. 3,s.'» Mississippi vailt'v lictwci'ii I'i'airio ihi (.'liicii luid Kock Isiuiul, at Ihr cnli'iincc to llii! river J)<>i Muiitcft. Tiu' WiiiiU'l)iim)i's wero in posscs.siuu of liif AViscoiisiii iiiul IIdcIv river \all('ys. Tin; MciKHiioiu'i's wore scattori'il alon^ liio Fox river to I5iilles(les Moris iiiiil Wiiiiiei);ij^'o liaUe, tlieiuu; (iiiite to (jreeii 15ay, and, witli iiiti'rcliiuiiics oi' location Mitii tlu! WinnehajiiJL's, to MiiwauUie on fialce Michigan. Tiie I'oltawatlainies, Cliip- ])t'\vas, and Oltowas, wen; located at Cliicajro, as also in nortln'rn Illinois and stmlliern Micliigan. I'lie Ottowas liwd in Graml lliver valley, as well as on 1/ittle Travers(.' Uay ; and the ('liippewas on tho pcninstdii and .shores of Grand 'rra\erse May. An escort of infantry having accompanied this expi'dition, the Hag of tli" I'nion was ihns (lis|ibiyed in regions where, previonsly, it had seldom or never iieen st'en. This expedition had ^lie ellL'ct. not only to attract the attention of the Indl.nis to the power and \igilance of the (loM'rnnient, hnt also to direct popniar eiiterpri.'^e to this liitherto nnceded part of the I'nion; the vakie and importance of which can already he attested hy an examination of I'lijx'r Michigan, \\'i~^consin. Iowa, and .Minnesota. An instance of the interest excited in tiie Indian mind liy this \ i>il. orcmri'd at AVinne- bago iiake. ^Vilen the party halted on its shores, the i;eologi>t lirojvi,' oil' sever.'d simcimens of some novel rocky formations, with a \ie\v of (h termining their character. A very ajicd Winneltago observing this, said to his companions : •• This is remarkable. Oiu' connlry was long oci'n[)it'(l by tiic f'rench and the Knglisii. who weri> satislicil to trade with ns ; bnl no sooner lia\-e the .Vnierii'ans come, than tiiey mnst examine t)nr very rocks. What can they [lossibiy expect to get from themV" Diu'ing the progress of this memorable eX[)loraLion. several instances were observe(l of till.' Indian mode of coinnnmieiiling ideas by pictographic inscriptions on scrolls of hark.' k>latistics of their po|)ulation and trade were obtained, and accurate knowledge acipiired of their manners and enstums, li'elings, and disposition. One of the pccnliar ( iistoins observed while in the Dakotah conntry, was that of olfering the lirst oar.s of the green corn to the (ireat Sjjiiit;- of which ceremony the party were, by pormi.ssion of till' chiefs, idlowed to be spectators. Plate XV^. In the (.,'hii)pewa teriitories. exteniling from the precincts of l!ock island to the Kources of the Mississi[)pi, the rnling power was fonnd to be exerci.-^ed by ceitaiu totemic J'amilies, who claimed the right liy descent. This right, however, was a.sccrlainetl \.o be nugatory when not supported by iho popular voice of the clans; which act \irlually hi st.)wcd upon it all the force of a representati\e .•system. Tin' ancient seat of the Cbippewas, located at Sanlt Sf -Marie at tin; lower end of Lake .Siii}erior, iiad for its riding chief Shingabawassin, a tall, well-made, grave nrin, who pos.se>>ed iin easy, tiigni- fied, and i)leasing maimer. ' (I'late X\'l.) The Indians residing on the upper shores of the lake were ruled by a chief called I'ezhikee, or Bull'alo, and .Stij im. At Sandy ' Si'luiiilrnirt's Ivvpriliiinii tu llio Soui'cfs of till' Mis>issi]iiii, .secuii'l cilili"ii : Pliihul'lpliia, IVi.'i, j. 4.')0. "I'hitoXV. 'I'hitoXI. V,„„ V 1,-11) ; :ltl i-:i fi ■ I'i %»'• im KFFI^irrS (»!-• WKSTEKN K M f (i 11 A T I O N, AND OF liMkc. (Ill tlic l'ii|i('r .Mississippi. Kiitawiilii'ilii, IJahcsilvuiiilahiiy, iiml (Iiicli.' I'lnt. were llic presiding cliicls. Tlic .Mi'iKlawiikiiiitoiis, or DaUotiili.s of tlic livcr. in'Uii()\vlr(li;fil ilic tiovfi'iinu'iit of tlif voiiiigt'i' Wiiliasliii. Tlio Wiiiiu'luijidi's wvw miIimI \>y Dv ("onji? and Tsliddp, iho i/ittitn j. {)[• " Four l.i'iis," ol' tlu; Frcncli. Tlii' I'ottauiittainit's afknowlcdj^cil tin- sway nl' Topinalico. an ai;i'(l man. who liad siuni'd tlic treaty of pcaeo conelnded at ( Iieein ille l)y (ieiiiial Wayne in ITl'l. At (iraiid river, jiresided tin; Ottowa eliiel". Nawaiii/lii, or Nooii-Day ; at (Irani! Traverse ]5ay, AislKinauoiiahi, or tlio Keatlier of Honor; and at tlio Ottowa towns of f/Arhre t'roclie, tlio very old I'liief, Xislieandjinino. or tlio Aiiury Man, and I'ansUoo/.iemin. or tlie Smoker. 'i'lie Indian liovciinnent hoini; llanided oin'ortaiii ostahlislieih'iistoinsiuul prescriptiuiis, waselearly cunt ml led by pojiular opinion, wliieli changed with tl« passage of time and tlio occurrenco of events. Although the toteniic sovci'oignty was hereditary, ^et the trilial siu'cession could ho set aside at iMiy time when it was thought necessary to rowai'd with the chiel'taiicy lira\i'iy on the war-path, great oiiorgy of character, tiiloiit as a speaker, or skill as a nia'iiciaii i and the trihes were thencefurth ruled liy the newly installeil chief. Treaties were coi inded with the Indians at L' Arlin- ('niclit.' and at Saiilt Si" j\I;irio.'' An incideul oicnrred at the latter which for a time foreboded serious dilli- cidty. The negotiations fortius treaty were coimneiiccd about the middle of .luiio ; at which period of the year, the liimtinLi' season being I'lided. the Indians crowd to the towns nearest the Iroiilii is. to enjoy theinseKcs in dancing, li'asting. and the cidebra- tion .'f ceieinonii's. liut four or live years having (.dapsed since the comdiision (jf tho \\c ■. there wiis >\\\\ a vivid fooling of icstility existing among thorn towards tlio Aino- icans. It chanced that, among the largo number assembled, was tho war-captain who bad leil the Thippewas into action, and an ambitions chief, calh'd Sassaba. of tho !■'.'! L'l I in:;; totem ol' the Crane. \\h()se brother had been killeil lightiiiLr beside Ti'cumsi'h, iit the battle of the Thames. An attempt was made to deter the party from rnrrying the American Hag ihroii'jh the Chippewa country. Sassaba. having broken np a public, council, raised the Uritish tlag on a brow of the height where the Indians were encamped. ;\iid it was oliservcd that, at the same moment, women and children were precipitat(dy st'iit from till' lodges, across the riser, to the Canada shore, \'i\id appreheiisinns were oiitertained of a hostile encounter; the jiarty gras[ieil their rilles. and stood read\' lor conllict (iem^ral t'ass. by his knowledge of the Indian character, his cool sell-posses- sinii. and lai .sicin. ilisconcert(;il their jilaiis. iiml a\ei'teil the danger, riiarmod, and uceompanied only ly an interprelei'. he ascended the ele\ated [ilain on which the liidi;ins Avere enciim]ieil. and. proceeding to the l(id;;e of ,"»assaba. he pulled down the llag. and addressed the Indians in teinisof Just reproof llir this act of lira \ ado. This rebuke \vas reeii\cMl without aii_\ further demonstration of hostility. On the following da\-, iiegotiati.': were I'rMcw eil. and ihe ti'ialy cdiicluded. which recognised the old grant to tho French b\- a ee.~sioii ot' lenitor\' liiiii- miles sipiare.' . i ' V S Tniili.'S, y L's Mi.;.i., |). 'jsi. ' IIm.I , |i. -jsu. W.v>. ■ >V ;«V THE Clil'ATION OK NEW STATES. 88T ciiArTKi: IV AVAR BETWEEN THE (' II I I'l'K W.\ S AND SIOTX. A rEClMAI! MoIUl OF NEGOTIATION ]5ET\VKEN TIIE.M I!V MKANS OK J'KTu- (illAl'llV, OR DEVICES INSC I! 11! K I) OX I'.AJIK. Wiii:n llic Froiicli trailers iiiid missioiifu'ics first \isitO(l tlu' iiciid of fiiiko Sii|H'riiii'. wliicli L'vont niiiv li(> pliiccd as early as tlie year Ifi'Jd. (lie Clii|)|i('\vas IS:J(). mid Siiiiiv were at ^var. 'I'lie iiinst aiirieiit JDcai traditions. Iinth nl' the re(l 111(1 while men. 1 eiiresen t tiieCl llppewa^ to lia\i' iiii-rateii I'roiii th(> ea-t towards th west, and to liavi? coiKiuered tiie |ire-existiiii;' Indian trilies, I'roiii whom they w rested the territories lyint;' west n[' those waters.' Traditional testimony, attesting tlie earlv existeiiee of iiostilitv lietweeii thi's t trihes. was ohtained in IS'JH ISSISMppl. T e two iirominen tiie exiieditioii liironiiii their territory to the sources of tlie .M of the ('oiitest. as ;vell as its (a'iiiin and canst', were investijiated. .step towards etrectinj:' !i pacilication hetweeii the contending trihes. In an olllcial le history as a ]iiv|imiiiary COIU- oiiser\'al ions iiiunieation to the uoveriniieiit. flovernor Cass makes the followiim- re.Liardiiii;' this iiere(litary war, wlii(di are worthy of notice, not only as eiiihod\iii;^ tin; views of aL'^eil and respecfahle chiefs then liviiiL;'. with whom he conv('r>ed. hiit hecause thoy reveal the existence of a means of oonnnimii-ation botwoon them, through the intercliaiiiie of ideographic notes, by devices inscrilied (Ui slips of the inner lun'k of the betiila pa[nrace;i : "An iiiciilent occurred npon my recent tiuir to the north-west, so rare in itsidf. and which so clearh' shows tlic I'acility with wiiicli coiiimunications may be opened lietween savage nations, without the intervention of letters, that I lia'e thought it not im to conmiunicate it to you. •• 'I'lie Cliippewas aniit ii ie\' ( an uive no rational account. .\n inlelli'jcnt (' liippewa chle iiifuruiod mo that the dis[)uled boundary between them was a subject of little iniport- Vnl II , y. 1: '!.:;-! ;!88 Kri'KCTS OK W i: S T K l{ N K M I (! K A T I ON. A N I> OK mice, iiiiil tli;it lln' (|iii'slioii rospcctiim it coiilil lie cii^ily iidjiisfi'd. lie ii|)|H'iii'('(l to tliiiilv tliiit tliiy liiiiL'lit liccMii^c tlirir liillicrs lim^lit ht'lnrc tlii'in. This wiir lias Ihcii wiiiji'il with \ iuiuiis .-iicccss. ami. in ils [Ji'dscciitioii, iiisfancc.-i nl' ('(uiraui,' and m'H- di'Milidii ha\(' Dcciiri't'd. within a few years, which would not liasc disgraced the paiics of (li'iH'iaii or of lionian hisloi'y. Sonii' ycais since, iniitnally weary ol' liostililies, file diiels of'hotii nations met and au'reed upon ii trnce. IJiit the .Sioux, disregai'dinu; the solenni e()ni|iact which they had i'ornied. and actuated hy some sudden impidso, atlac!>i-si|iiii with us. was present upon this occasion, and his life was .saved hy the intrepidity and Lieuurous sell-devotion of a !^ioux chief. This man entreated, remonstrated, .'ind threatened, lie ur!,'e(l his counti'vmen, hy escry moti\e, to alistaiii from any violation of their i'aitli. and. when he I'lunid his remonstrances useless, he attached hinr^elf to this ('ld|)pe\v;i ehiel'. ami avowed his determination ol' sa\ iuLi'. or perisliiiiji' with him. Awed hy his intrepidity, the .'^ion\ linally a-reeil that lis ohiect all the ne shonl( 1 ransom tlio ('lii[p|iewa. and he accordin^:ly ap[)lied to t property he owned, lie then 'accouipanit'd the (.'lii[ipewa on his journey, mitil 1 le con- dered him safe I'roni anv jiarties of the Sioux who miiiht he disposed to follow liii lie >ioux are miicli iiioi'e nunierou,' than the (' lippewa-. and would lia\'e o\er- powered them lonjr since, had the opm'atioiis ol' the f n'liier heen consentaneous. i!ut tlie\' are divide(l into so iiiaiu' dillerent hands, and are scattt red over such an ext -IVe COUIl tr\-. that their elforts have no regular coiuhination i; lie\ lliu It ('(pially coii>i iteiit with hiiinanily and sound policy, that these hoi cu- ller contests should not he .vull'i'icd to continue; satislled thai yoiiwdiilil a]i|iro\e ol' any j)lan of pacification which mii;lit he ailopled ; aiwl feeliiiL;- that the Indians have a full portion of moral and pli\sical e\ils. without adding to them the calaniilies of a war which lifid no delinite ohji'ct. ami no prohahle termination, on our arrival at ."^andy Lake. [ proposeil to the Chippewa chiefs that a deputation should accompany ns to the mouth of the .St. Peter's, with a view to estahlish a permanent peace ln'tween them jiiid the .Sioux. The ("hippewas readily acceded to this pro[)osition, and ten of their [irincipal men descended the .Mississi[i[)i with us. Tl le coniin ited distance from Saml\- Lake to the St. i'eti'r's. is six hundred miles; ,ind. as I have already had tlii' honor to inl'onn yon. a considerahle ]iroportioii o!' the country \\n< heen the theatiH; of hostile enterprises. The .Mississippi here tra- ver.st-s the immense plains which extend to the Mi.^.sonri. and which present to the e_\e a siK'ctaele ;it oiiee interestini' ami fatiLniiuL^ Scarcelv the sli'jhlest variation in the surface occurs, and they are (Mitirely destitute of tiinher. Fii this dehatealile land, the frame is veryahundant ; hull'aloes. elks, and deer raiiL;e unharmed and nuconsciousof hariii. The mutual hostilitit's of the (.'hippewa.s and .'^ioiix render it daiiiicrons lor either. less in stroi):;' parties, to \isit th unless in lis portion ol the connlrw 1 lie coiiseiinence |i,-i rii h been, a jiroat increase of all the animals whose llesh is used lor food, or whose fur m'v TIIK CREATION OF SV.W STATUS. Mn Niiliiiililc ll)r iiKirki't. Wf t'oiiiul licnls of hiillUlDi's (iiiict jiiii'tly li'iMliii'i upon tlio p'liiiis. 'I'lii'i'c is liillc (litlicultv ill iipproacliiiiLr siitliciciilly in'.ir to kill tliciii. With nil cii^'ci- iii'ss wliicli is iKitiinil to nil liimtcrs, niul with nii iiiiproNidciu'i' \vlii<'Ii nhv;i\s n ttrlld.-' thc'-c cNciirsioiis, the aniiiinl is Irciiuciilly killi'd without niiv iiccfssity, uml no otiicr ])iirl of tlu'iii is prc'sorvcil hut the toniruo. '• 'I'hci'i' is soint'thiiit; cxtrciiicly novi-i nml intcrcstiMir in this piiisiiit. Tin' iiuiiicn^c plains, extending as I'ar as the eye can reach, an? spotted here and there with droves of hnlliiloes. Tlio distiuicc, luid tiio iihseiice of known ohjeets, render it dillieult to estimate the siy.e or the iminher of these animals. The hunters approach eantiouslv. ■pinii' to tiie leeward, lest the hiilValoes. whose scent is \ery acute, should 'I'll ohservc them. 'I'lie moment a uuu is lir<'d. tin; hull'aloes scatter, and scmir the lields in every direction. I'liwieldy as they ap|iear, they move with coiisiih'raMe eiderity. It is ililll- •■nlt to divert tiieni from their eonrse, and th(> attempt is always ha/ardoii.-. One of (air party hand}' escaped with his lile I'rom this act of ti'iiieiity. The hinilers, who ai(^ stationed upon ililli'ieiit parts of the plain, fire as the animals pass them. The repi'ated discliarL''e of jriins in every direction, the shoiils of tho>c who are eiiLiavzed in the pur- suit, and the siiilit of the hiid'aloes at full speeil on every side, L:i\e all animation to the scene whi(di is rarcdy e(pialle(|. ■• Tho dro\es which we saw were eom]iarati\ely small. Some of the parly, whom we found at St. I'eters. and who arrived at that place hy laud from the Council IJliills, i'slimiite(l one of the droves which they saw to coiitaiii two thousaml liiilValoes. "As we a[)pr()ached this part of the eoimtry. our Chi|ipcwa friends hecaiiu; cautious and ohservinu'. The IhiLT ol' the United Stati's wiis llyiiit;' upon all our canoes, and, tliaiiks to the (diaraeter which our country ac(|iiired hy the events of the last war. I found, in our proiiress thnaa^h the whole Indian country, after we had once let't the f;reat line of coinmunicati(ai. that this llai;' was a passport which reiulered our journey safe. We conse(|iieiilly felt assured that no wanderinj;' [lartyof the Sioux W(Uild attack oven their enemies while under our prt)teotion. liiit the ('hip]K'was coiilil not niipre- ciale the inlliienct- whi(di the American llair would ha\e upon other nations; nor is it jirohahle that they ostiniatcd with much accuracy the motives which induced us to assume the (dinracter of an umpire, •■ The Chippewas landed occasionally, to examine whothor any of the Sioux had recently visited (hat tpiarter. In one of th(>se excursions, a Chippewa found, in a eoii- spiciious ])hicp, a piece of hirch-hark. made tint hy hein;;' fastened hetvveen two sticks ;it eacdi end, anil ahout eiuhteen inches loni:' hy fifteen hroad. This bark contaiiieil the answer of the Sioux nation to the proposition which had heen made liy the Clii|)- pewas for tho termination of liostilities. So sanguinary has Ihhmi the contest hetween these trihes, that no piu'sonal communication could take jilace. Neither the sanctity of the ollice, nor the importance of tho mcssngo, could protect the ainhassadors of either party from the vengeance of each other. Some time preceding, tho Chippewas, anxious li. ti ji' '■ I ■illi! 1} \ =':l;: !"i ;:!r1 ^ 111' i H ■§ noii i:ri'K( TS ,(>l'' WFSTFKN K M Id I! A T T ON, AND OF I'or llic rt'rliiriiliiHi 111" pcMci . Iiiid Miit ii niiiiilu'r ol' tlicir vtmiii: men into tlir,('iiill ol' liink liud lii'i'ii U't't lmiii:iii.L> to ii li'rt! in im cxpoMMJ ^itllIltion. iiixl liad lu-i'ii liiiiiiil iiml l.ikt'ii nway by a party of tlic Sionx, ••'I'Ih' pi'opiisitioiis iiaij liccii cxaiuincd and di.'^tMisxMl in tin' Sionx viliafrc.-, anil tin' liarii wliii'li wo i'ound fontaini'd tlicir answer. The (;liip|n'\va wlio Inul pre[)are(| tin- liai'lv l!ir hi.s trilio wiis witli a.", ami on our arrival at St. I'eter'.'^, finding it was lo>l. I reipiesled liim to nial.e anotla r. He did so. and prodneed wliiU 1 have no donlil was a prrlect /!((•■ ^////i7( . We JirnnLihl wilh ns Imlli of thes<' /irnjif^. and they a' now in tiie iiands of Captain l)cHi:jiass. lie \^ill lie aMe to ,;:i\'e a more intellifzihle (i« .-eription of them than I can t'rom reenlleetion. and they eonld not he in the po.-ses.-ion ol' one more conipeti'nl to the t;isk. •■The ("hipiiewas explained to ns with 'treat facility the intention of the Sionx, and apparently wilh as nuieh reailine>s as if >ome common character had hecn cstahli,-lied hi'twcen them. •• The jnnctitMi of tlie St. Peti'r's with the Mississippi, where a principal part of the Sionx reside, was icprescntt'd. and also the Anu'rican liat. with a sentinel on ilnty, ami the llai; ll_\ini:. The principal Sionx chief is nameil the Six. allndim;. 1 lidieve, to tlie hands or \illaL;cs nnder his intlncnce. To show that he w.is not pi'cscnt at the lieliherations ujion the suliject of peace, he w a.^ i'e|ircsent' ,1 npon a smaller pii'ce of hark, which was atlachc(l to the othi'r. To identily him. ho was drawn with six heads and a lar:;!' mcilal. Annijirr Sionx chief .-lood in the l'(a'ei:r(MnHl. holdinij the pipe of peace in his rii:ht h.nul. and his weaimns in his left. I'aaw wc could not misunderstand that. Like onr own ea'^le, with the (jli\e hrancli and arrows, he was doirous of peace, hilt ]ire[iarci)vei-i'(l till our arris'al at St. I'eter's. •• The ell'ects of the discox'cry of this bark upon the minds of the Chippewas was visible aii'l inuueiliate. Their doubts and ap|)i't'hensi()ns a[)pearL'd to ho romo\ed, and duriiii: the resiiluo of the journey' their conduct and feelin^.s were com[)lctely chamred. •■The Chippewa balk was drawn in the sanw L^enei'al manner, and Sandy r,ake, the ])rincipal place of tiieir residence, was represented wilh much a<'i)(trticiii will |ircsi'rvi'(l in tlirir Mtti'mpt nl (Iclini'iilioii. Oiii' milt' ..I'ln Alif^Kissipiii, iiifliuliiiii' lilt' iiioiilli nf \\[i\ Si, I'rh'i's. ornipicil as imicii s|i!ii'i' "^ ;ii' wli •! • distiiiu'it to Siiiiilv \.i\kr; iioi- Wiis tlii'iv imvtiiiiiy to Miow tliat (>ii< r I u was iiiMii'iT to til siu'ctator tliaii aiiullicr; yot tin' olijfct of i-ai'li parly was coiiiplrti'ly olilaincil. S|ii'al\iii,u' ianiiiiai^cs radically ilill'iTeiit from each otiici', liir llu' Sioux coiisiitiiti' oin- uf llircc 'jiaiiil iii\i.*iniis. into wliicli tiiccaiiy Kmicli writt-rs liiivi' arnmjrcd tlicalHiriuiiM'sor our couiiliy, wliilc till' < liiiiju'Wiis ui'u 11 la'aut^ii of what tlicy call Al^oiii|iiiiis, and williout aiivcoiivt'iilh mil cliaractiM' t'staldislicd iM'twccii tlioni. these tiilics thus opened innnicalion upon ili(> nmst iinportant siilijeet which could occupy tiicir attention. a coin e nioile l*ropo.', d 1 hidievc it is eonliiiid in its aii[ilicati(jii to that place alone. 'I'lie Iraveljer. in an dini; the M is,-i>sippi. tnriis a projectiiiii' [loiiit, and these Calls Mid.''>nly a] liiear liefore him at a short distance. Km'I'v man, savage, or civil;/ d, niii. I lie >trur with the maLHiilicent spi'clacle which ope to h is view, 'riiere is an assenili la-.! ol' olijeets which, added to the solitary i;randour ol' the scene, to th(; hei'jlit of the cataract, and to the eternal loar ol' its waters, inspire the spectator with awe ami admiration. '• In his ANi:rrtoTi:s or P.xintixc. it is stateil hy ll.n-acc Waljiole. tliat -on tlio inven- tion of fosses for houndaries. the common people called tiiem Ha ha's ! to express tlu'ir .surprisi> on lindin^' a sndileii and nnpercei\-ed check to their walk.' I Indieve the word is yet used in this mamiei' in J']in;land. It is certainly not a little remarkalile that the same word should he tliiis applied liy diie of the most ci\iliy,ed. and hy one of the most harliarous people, to ohjects wliicii. although not the same, were yet caleuhited to excite the admii'ation of the ohserver. •• Nothini;' can show more clearly how falhicious are those deductions of comparati\e etymology, wiiiidi are l()uniled n[)on a few words carefully gh'aiieil iiere and tluM'e I'roiu ' .^^cliuuliTift's Ivviiliiniliiiii of tlio l^mire'L's of tlio .Xlissis>i|ii)i, in Isi'i), j,. l.M. iffii'i^'' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |5o ^^" mi^M Ui Ui2 12.2 It! ■U u 140 12.0 mm\^ < 6" » <^^ >* % Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SI0 (716)872-4903 ^ RV ^ ri>^ o\ '^ (■II .'!02 EFFECTS OF WESFEKN EMIOUATION, AND OF liuiLniiiuics liavinu; no coiiiiiioii ori^^in. mihI wliicli aiv used liy people who liiivi' iieilluT eoiiiiection nor intercourse. The coimnon ilesi'eiil of two nutionsi can never 1)0 traced 1)\- tlie accidental consonance of a l'"\v svllaliles. or words, and th(> attempt must lead us into the regions '.if fancy. " Tiic Sioux lanirnago is probably one oi' the most barren whicii is spoken by any of our aboriginal tribes. Colonel Leaven worth, who madi' considerable (jroiiciency in it, calculated, I believe, that the number of wtirds did not exceed 1(M)0. The}' u.sc more gestures in their conversation than any Indians I have seen, and this is a neces- sary result of tiie poverty of their language." ' ' Si'liiiiilcrafl's Kxjilonitiim nl' tlio .'^nurccs o( tlio Missi.ssippi, in ISJO, p. A'W. I- '» ft ! T ! I !•; C li !•: A T i () .N ( ) L' N H W S T \ T I-, S . ■\'x\ ClFAl'TKH V. rilE CIITPPEWAS, POTTAWATTAMIES, AND OTTAWAS CEDE THHiP. TEllRITORY IN ILLINOIS AND SOUTHERN MICHIGAN. 1821. J. n Rkferkvce lias been |irevionsly made to tlic^ iminif^ration which ram- moiiccil af'ti'i' tliu clo.sc of llio war ul' 1814; wiu'li a transfer of poim- hitiim liail never tlieii been known to Inive oi'cuiivd. In all other .J. iMonkoi;, coinitries. prior to this era. civilization IkuI proecedeil with slow and I'i.-ksidixt. nieasnrxisteiiee as ir 1 y niaiiic. and well diiiitted into the contedenic\' within six \cars after the coiudiision oC the treat \ t t' (Iheiit. Owinu; to tli is (' anse the deinaiid.- luade on the I iidiaiis lor new tenitorv were eontimious; and the circle ol" ci\ ili/atioii was constantly expandini:. wliil that of the Imiiter w IS proportionally conlractiiii. It lid aii\ thiiiir but a lisilit unities, and stipiilatioi IS lor task to trace the resulting se(pieiice of treaties, cessions, an the payincnt of coin, inercliaudise, seeds, implements, and cattle, to tlie savage, in return for his land ; but. whih' an_\' section of their territories alioiinded in game, the Inilians idectc'd to retire tiiither, and bestowed liiit little attention on eitiier gia/.iiig or aiiriculture. There was, therefore, a siiejular concurrence in tlie desir( th. migrants to buv, and in tiie will niKiic ^s of the Indians to sell, their hinds Some of tlie.se treaties merit notice, on account of the wid( spn am I bi intluence they exercised. In the month of August, 1821, the Pottawattaiiiies, Chippewas, and Ottowas, of Illinois and western Michigan, having been summoned to attend a council at Chicago, about 3000 persons as.sembled at that place. On the ITlli of that montii, the public conferoncos were opened with tli<' chiefs, when the Vol,. VI._r>0 5 1 i !, 1 ;■•': 1 ; 1 P'i I, :v.n KKKI'CTS OF WKSTEUN M M 1 C I? A T I u X. AND i)V (■ihiililis-iiiiK'I's hliil lirliiii' tliciil till' lill^iin'-s. fur tlif tl'illls;iclion of wliicli llic ciiiiiii'il liiiil hrcii cdiiNi'iicil. Iliiviiii; liclil till' iiiipDiiitiiii'Mt 1)1' Scci'ftiii'y t(t till' IJiimkI ul" ('oiiiiiiissioiicrs. I liiivc, ill iiimtlirr work.' related in detiiil tlie lu'iH'ei'iliiijs wliicli took place at tlie iieLKitiatiiHi ol' this treat v. Till' venerahle eliiel', 'l"ii[iiiialii'e. who had Iteeii ]iresi'iit lit (Ireein ille in IT'.'"), wliere he signed tiie tieatv tiieii eoiii hided, and wliohad also ii|i[ii'iided his name to tliat liniiied at the liapids of the .Miami in 1>I7, was tin; ]irineilial jiersoiia^o amoinr tlic sacliems and coiinsi'lloi's. The most eiiii>pii'iious speaker was .Mi;ti:\. a Pottawattamie. IVoiii the Wahash. whose tall ami slender person was dislijiiired hy a withered arm, and his siiileii diLinity of manners relieved hy i^parklin;^ biiick eyes, a jrood voice, and ready iitteraiiee. He was tiie populai' speaker on this oeeasion, and, as he possessed eonsideralile lelieetixe powers, his opinions and sentiments may. purha[)s. jnstly lie ri-Liarded as those of the Aluonipiiii trilies ol' ids (lay. •• .My lather." lie said, addressing' tlio doiegati'd iiiithority of tlie (iovernmeiit, ••yon know tiiat we first came to liiis eountry, a \ouix time ajro, mikI wiieii wo sat ourselves down upon it. we met witii a great many iiardsiiips iind dillii'iilties. Our country was tlieii very lariie. hut now it is dwindled to a small spot, imd \'ii wish to piirehase that. This has caused ns much rellection, and we hriiijr all our i liiel's and warriors, and families, to hear you. •• Since you first came aiiioiii: us. we have listened with an atteiitixe ear to your words; we have hearkened to \oiir coimsels. Whenever yuii have had a favor to ask of us. our answer lias heeii. invariahly. Yes ! *• .\. lomr time has passed since we came upon these lands. Oiir old peoiile have all Slink into their <:raves ; they had sense. We are all xouiii;' and fooli.-h. and would not do anythin.ir they could not ajtprove. if livinu;. We are Icarful to ollend their spirits, if we sell our lands. We ai''- fearful to ollend _\ on, if we do not. We do not know how wo can part with the land. •"Our country was jiiven to us hy the fJreat Spirit, to hunt upon, to make corn lields to live oil, and, when life is over, tos[)read down our heds upon, and lie down. 'I'liat Spirit would never liirgive us if we sold it. When yon lirst spoke to us at St. Mar\"s.- we said we had a little land, and sold you a [liece. Hut we told you we could spare no niori'; now, you ask us ajj;aiii. You are never satisfied. * "Take notice, it is a small piece of land wiiere we now livi'. It has hecn wastim^ away t'ver since the white peoiile hecaiiie our noighhors. Wo have now hardly enough to cover the hones of our triho." ' Such figures of speech and expressions were very popular amoiij: the Indians, I)ut they were delusive. They were the iisiiid 'iriiuments employed hy the iiiintertojustily his ' .SiiiioukTat't'H Travi'N in liiu Central I'ortiiMis of tlm .^li.ssissippi valley: .New Vnrk, Collins ami llaiiiioy, 1 vol. 8vo. p. 4;V.t. Villi' I'roii iMliii;:s nt' Tnatiis, Clnip. Ki, p :;,J7. ■ V. S. Triatii's, p. ^M. ' Tnwis, pp :!ll, •'.II'. TIIK CI! K AT ION (H' N K W ^^TATi'.S. [i'X, ti'ii'iiiioii III' iiiiHiiiMs III' Mci'i's, lui' III) lii^^iii'i' iiiir|ii>si' lliiiii III limit till' uilil iiiiiiiiiils (■\i-liiiu tlii'iroii. A critiiiil rxiiiiiiiiiitiiiii liiis iiriivdl tlmt. nut ii .-iiii;lr lu it hI tlir liiml ri'tlril ii\ the linliiilis (if tliis iMtitinU- was iiiiiKt riilti\iit'hili. inH' lifu- iicn^ i<\' lh:it \ II I ;;■ 1 11 Iwc'cii till- liiiiiks ol' till' Waliiisii mill ('liicMuo; iiiiil not uiu' sulitiirN' coniliili ciiillil In- rmiiiil (111 till' triict explored lietweell I'eoiiii iiml tlie iliori ith il i e\v nieili;ie villiit;e; To the iiortliwiini, their hinds stretched il' Lake MiehiLiaii to those of the Meiioiiioiiees of Milwaiikie. and the \ViiineliaL:i)es of (i reel i l>ay ; and westward, their iiiidiviiled territories were hoiiiiiliil ])y those ol' the Sacs and Foxes of the Mississijiiii. It was jiertiiieiitl}' remarkeil \>\ one of the einiiinissioiiers. after takiii,;: an ehihorate survey of tlic vast tracts which (hey |iossessi'i|. that the |uirtiun actually under cultivation hore no '.'realer iiro|iiiitioii In the wll lie. than two or three Hies did to the surface of the Ioiil;' talile heliil'e llieiii After exaniiniiiji' the arsiiiinents lulduced hy the chiefs in the course of the conleieiice, the coiiiniissioners terniinated their analysis of theiii hy alliidiiiir to the ciiiii|ilaiiits made hy the Indians hecaiise all iki'soiis were (hdiaiicd I'roiii sellin:.'' any li(|nor iliiiiii;^ ' 11' wi' wi.-iied to L'lt yniir lands without imyiiii; a jiist tlie si'Ssloll ol the conterelici iferi e(|uiviilent for them, wc have nothini; to do hut to i^it you all intoxicated, and we could jmndiase as much land as wo |ileased. Ymi |ieil'ei'tly know, that when in lii|Uiii' you have not your proper senses, and are wholly uiitit to transact any hiisiness, especialU hiisiue>is of so weii;ht\- a nature W len intoxicated. \()U niiu' he induced to sitiii any paper, yon then fall asleep and, when \(iii awake, lind \ou lia\e lost all \oiir h ids. IJiit, instead of piirsiiiiiii' this course, we keep the whiskey from you. that you may make the hest hai^aiii for yourselves, your women, and children. I am surprised, particularly, that y>uv old men should come I'orward, coiitimially I'ryiiii;, wliivki'N I w hiski'N' I wliiske\ 'I'he discus ■ inns 111 I n( f th Met^ d K wa, ami l\eewa\ 'joo: conlerence were jniiicipally sustained hy 'ro[iiiialiee. .Mef(>a, shkiiiii. with more spirit, freedom, and justice of reasoiiiiiLr, than the Indians ui'iierally I'vince. Full two weeks were devoted to the discussion of the treaty, which was linally siuiied on tlie 'Jdth of the month. By it these nations ceded •"). (111(1, 0(10 of acres lying within the southern hoimdaries of Michiuan ; ' but I'rom this tract 1S4 sipiare miles wei'L' reserved for the Indians. A permimeiil aiimiily of ^^lOOO ill coin was firanled. as also a limited annuity of Si "iDO per annum, which was designed to he used for the promotion of agriculture and the advancement of the useful arts. S; 'Travels, [1. :)ll. = liii,!., p. ;;,-.i r, S. Ti'oalir.i, |i. -J!); ii If ^nl ' : ; ■ ■ m i Ini 1 flJ SECTION SEVENTEENTH iUK POLITICAL CULMINATION OF THE INDIAN HISTORY. Cn.M'TKK I tin: INDIAN.^ KKACIF TIIKIIl LOWKST POINT OK DKI'RESSION AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR, IN 181t!. 'I'm: Milvmit nf Mr. Monroo's ailiiiiiiistrjition. in 1SI7, ill tlic iliTiicstif jiolitics ( uiiirki'd ii iicriod of tniiu(iiillity tlic Union. Attontion was ilcvott-il to tlio internal rt'sourccs of till' ri.initry; lui-incss. (•(inin.crcial cntcriirisc. anil science inovc'l ('or\vai'i>aralleled, and the onward proiiress )cl of onr histor\'. The Indians ol' civiiiziition was never more accelerated durinjr any peril were re'jarded as a people who coiilil not attain to a state of prosperity within the area of the old States, snrronnded. as they weiv, on all sides, hy temptations which they had not the strength ol' purpose to resist, 'I'lity were, col seipiently, directed to th ri^LMiMis heyond the Mi>^issip|ii. as to a rel'ii/e of safety and rest. {•.VM]) X ;\^ 'ir::i> ••■// ■'V/:. ,! 'i >■ \ V-., •jf, >■ A"^ !^'' 1 * 1 ' .\ \' !iv^^ y II V -yl \^ .^. A^ irri^rffr-^ -^^ X i-^, I i OlC ^ ',7 ^•^* AV ,/. X 't^ ,;^-> \r -/ J;^ A:?,' 'V Kl \ \ i }[ 3 P !>.( "1 ilij PI 1 l-Tff! 'f ■■i'i n. I .; '■!■. (1 , !■ ' K i ,. 11 1 \ ■ ■ l'nl,| Tl CA 1, ("I I,M1N ATIUN o l- IMHAN lll>T(>UV. ;!<.7 CIlAl'TKH 11. OFFlCFATi INTKRCOT'RSK IS EXTKNOKD, T.Y flSTAULISII IN(; AN AdKNCY AMONd THE CHII'l'KWAS, IN TIIK I'.ASIN OF J,AKK SUrKIlIOK. Til?; c.\|il()i';itory ex|)o rajiiil fstahlisiniuMit ctf M'tticinciit.s in (lit' valloy of tlio Wahasii, Puksidknt. llii- Indian tiilics inliaititiiiLr it I'onnd tlic iniddii! and lower parts of it, wiiicli thi'v Iiay which tlnn' ceded tlieir reservations and transferred tlieir inte- rests, in consideration of annuities to he paid to them at locations I'irther soutii and west. The .Miainies residing on the head-waters of the Wahash had for many yi'ai>4 reported tiieinselves to, and reci'ived tlu'ir annuities from, the superinlt'ndt nt of thi; agency at Fort Wayne. Tiie old Vincennes agen( y lieiiiir no longei' iiece-^saiy, tlie rresident, hy virtue of tiio ])ower vested in him ,■ ;einove such agencies to new lieids of duty, in the spring of lSl22 transfi'rred it to the ■Janlt St" Marie, at the outlet of Lake Superior, and a])pointed Mr. Schoolcraft as agent, with directions to estalilish an intercourse with the Ciiippewa nation. This oflicer accompanied a detachment, com- prising a full battalion of tiie second regiment of infantry, to that remote iiosition, arriving there on tiie (ith of July. Fort IJrady was erected at this point. Sault St" ^larie, the ancient seat of tlie ("hippewas, had been occupied hy the French as early as K'lll. and liecame the site of one of the earliest Jesuit missions. It was from this point that D'Ahlon and Mar{piette had, at successive periods, explored the country arouml Lake Superior; and the latter n'turned from the shores of tliedreat Lake to tliis j)iace. prior to the establi>iiinent of the mission at Point St. Igiiace and Michilimackinac. At tiie period of the capture of (Jnehec. and of the occniiation of Canada hy tlie iJritisli, in 17t) i;ri':ill\ ictai'ili'il. Wlifii llic Inkc |iii~t-' wimc Mini'iidrivii in IT'.Mi. iil'irr \V',i_\ iif's WAV, till' Amt'i'ii'iiii tla^ rt'|)iaft(l iliat nl' St. (iccniif at .Micliiliniackinac ; luit tlic aiitiuivily nl' llic Iir|inlilic was nut aci\nii\vli'(l'.;('(l at Saiilt St Marii-. aini. in iMM'i, I'lkc l ol' l!iili>li I'actnrs. 'I'iic St. Maiv's ii\i r ainl Laki' Supfrior. iiiilccd. rciriiirij llic linr nl' dcinari'aliun in'twiTn the |{iiti>li rdlnnii.s an, wliicii was rc-Mllinnrd li\ lliat nl (iiii'iii. in l^ll: lint llir liin' ifiinini'il nn-nrvi'\ nl. and. i'nnsi'(|iic'nll\, many pnitiniis WIT.' di<|iiitiMi. Majiij- ilnlnns, wlm \i-ilrd tlir plai e in .\ii-iis|, |s! I. rmdiiii: tliat ill'' Nnrili-\\'c«| ('niiipan\. wlmx' liuli r\ was >itnal<'d at tin' I'nnl nl' llic Tails, mi till' linl'lll >linl'C. wa* cNcltin;: all inlillcncc ad\c|'-c in the I'nilcil Stales, plniideied and liiinii ihc c^ialiliriiiiiciii. 'I'jie lar;:c pri\alc tradiii'.'^ i'>lalili>linieiit nl' .lolni Jnlinstnn, l']-<|.. a i^ciiiicinan trmii the nnrlh nl' Ireland, Ineated nil tlic nppnviie, nr American slinre (iT tiie lalN. sntlcrc(l severely at ihc same time; an impi'e»inn prmailiiii: thai it was ilhcr cniiiicclcd with the Nnllll-^Ve^t Kiii'li ii \ . i>i' thai all iinri'iciidh ll'clin was '.^ellc- I'alcd a'.;aiii*t ihe rninii aiiiniii: the Ciiippcw as. umt w Ikiih Mr. .Inliii-lnii had iinieli llllllleliee It was lint until \^\t'<. that Cnie. ress iieleeiNed that it was iiei'es>ai\ In the pl'iser\ at'nll nl' peace nil the Irnlll iel's. tn pas.M all act plaeill'i this Iraile e\clnsi\<'l\ iilidi the ciiiilrnl nl' Aliieric:!]!.-. and I'ui liiddili'j it^ liciie.^ ear ricii nil l(\' iil'itisli ■ll capital iheii'in. 'i'lie plirpn>e cniilelii plat' (I 1 1 \ this liiea- Mire wa-i nlie which l('i|llll'''d llllle In acen nil; li-li. The I mil. Ill-, iici 1;.: attai'hcd tn th ]!ril l-ll rule, were slnw In \iwv iheir cnlllidellcc tn .\ lliericaiis 'I'he lir>l inipnrtant enterprise, in ('niiiieclinii \\itli lhi< tra Ic. was that nl'-Inhn .lacnh Astnr. nf New Ynlk. W lin \ i>ited .Mnlltl'cal ill I S | (i. ;i m 1 plll'cha-cd all the prnpert\, i|l>i>lillL: nl' tl'adill'_'-linll,-;cs. hnat.-. \c . iS:c.. liilnii ^ill'J tn lie .\Mi-tli-\Vi'>t ( niiinaiiN , Incat'd lictwerii St. .Tnscpli's l-hiiid. aiid the p.ir.iilcl III' r.i iiniih hiiiiiidc ||i nr:aiii/.ci ihe American Fnr ('mnpanx . which oiahli^hed ii< central deiint an it iiliice <^r niitlll. at .Michilimackinac. An impnrlanl reatiiie in the inanLMiralinn nf thi^ new (•ciiiincriial enterprise, wa-. th il the ('aiKclian hniliiien. iiilerpi'i'ler.-. clerks, and miIi- 1 li\ the cniiipaiiy. were preci-el\ the •-.■mic persniis wlm had pre\iniisl\- nlclinaleS elllpinx ei ■I'veil lie Nnllh-Wcsl Cninii.inv. 'I'he I'eelili'js nl' the | ndiaiis W( le imi ca-ilv ehaiiLied, and they weie deejily prejudiced a'.:aiiisl the American character. As an illiistratinii nl' this rceliii.:. we iiia\ ineiitinii that, when (icncr.ih Ihnwii and M; iiih ciiiiie to this place tn recniiiinitre it. ill I .'s I >. and were ijratilyin'j their last e li\- a slinl Ij.'il\e Snpcrinr. their hnat was lired mi li\ Indians, atinvc ihe falls, i)\ t e\pl()iatn|'y trip 1 a previous pa;_'e. Tnu.K .■mil .\ilvi'iiiiii'i- 111' .Mi'VMii.l.T jji'iii'v : .Mlmiiv, l>i»!». OK Til !, I N It ! A N II I S'l'nll Y •.\w we lime r\ iijciicc ilial, >'i l;iic a,> lli.' y.w I'^'^n. ilic ( 'lii|i|i(\vii-'. iViiiii tlii'ir imrinit ciim|iiii'j-;;rniniil. mi lln> AiiH'iiraii Mr of llir riviT, iitti'iii|itcil lu rL'>ift llu' |)ii?x til' iiiiiiiiiif. \\t Ti' ciiiiiu'iilly iH'iTs«niy. 'I'lic cstaliliMlimciit nl' mi ULii'iicy. n Miiilliy, Mllil illl aiMinl'i'l's .-lic)|(. tilt' ^^M|i|ii\ 111 liiiMJ to lili'lll ill llirir ||cCc'S?to\\al of jiri'-ciits, wi'ii' iiii|iciilaiil iiii'aiis, 'I'lic ili-|iiay ul' m) consiilci able a liiici' nn ilir IVnuiiiT, as llic ■jarii>oii ol' lA.rl l>iail\ . ciiiililrij llic auciil to ait tHiiirMll\ . Its actiiu in loii- (■iiiiviHT willi till' iiiililaiy. nil cllirlivc coiitiolliii^' jiowi'i' waH i'stalili>ii((l. .Mmih p is nl'wliiti' iiii'ii \\i iv ili'iiianili'ij iVoiii tin' linliaiis; tin' fomitry w as clraiiil ol' Wn-A nn n. or iliM'liai':;rii iMialiin ii. who liiiil laUt'ii uji a iii'niiaiiciit roiili'iui' aiimirj iIh' linliaiis; I linii^ril liaiirl>. Willi llli'ir lioatlllfll. well' |iiTlli:l I' i| to |ia-- into llii> •Srlllilril. Tllf rclliotc i'l|ifr> sniiii liiLiail to \ i>|||||r a;^rlli'V. anil iioiii' III! (loiiiilry. Anliiit >|iiril> win 'I'lic linliaii^ ail' \i\\ loin I of niaivin.^ visits to ilistaiil jiaits of tin' loimli'v . iiinl ad- at\va\s 'jrniiHi'il wiili tin' coiiiilv ami cri'ciiiony ol ili|iloiiiiiti(' attention. Tliu pa^'ilii' Irsillls III' lliis illli'li'iiiil-r ■^(i.pli lir'jail to a|i|irar. 'i'lii' a'^i'iil ii'iiiliivil liiiiiM ir ai'iTjitalil'' to ilir linliaiis |,y nilur iin aiis. wliiili wru' iiKTrh iiiciiliutal. ill' caiiii' lo tin' roiiiiliy with a strong |ii'rilili'rtioM tor lln' stinlii'? ol' a iiatnr.ili'l ; ami. as ihi' iialixr- aro rlo^r olisi'rviT.s ol' the .-prriis i.| aniinaU. liiiil-, ami oriiaiiir I'orins. rsi.-liiiL; ill llirir ronntry. I>y ri-iiiii'slin;.' tlirm to hrin;^ liiin aii\ »|i.ri- 1111 all; ns 111' llii- kiinl wliirh iiii|iri--i'(| llniii a- ln'i iii'j //'(('. hi' ;iioii«i'il llli'ir iiili'ii-l. ami iiliil thrni a jili aMiialilf. am I mitwlioM_\ iin|irolital>|r. iiii'liniil ol' iiial'.iii.: ihi'ir \ i-.il'- uji'i'calili'. .\iiollirr lausr 111' syniiiatiiy ('.sisli'il. Coniiinin'iii'^. iinniriliairly, an aninit .-Imh ol' till' laiiiiua'^r. it I'lnni^hril a tln'ini' llir im|nii'\ in intcivals wlnii tlir ijitails ol' oiiicial iHisini'ss hail irasiil to inti'iist ; ami irsiaichcs into their eu>toins. tiailii ions iml aiitii|nilii'~. weie inail< TI. II' iiiiiiriiial I'lin |>lliiri| r at ."^anlt St' Maiie. was a tall and (lij.'iiilieil man. callril Shiiiiia- liawas>iii. a leiin (\iile IMati' heieuitlij iisi'd to (le.-ij;iiati' a s|iei'ies of aluadrd ■-lom'S roiiiid on the laUe slions. whiili as-nine various iinilati\i' forins, and are loniieeiid. in llnir iniiiiN. with >ii|ii'i>tilioiis or ni\ tholiiiiiial inlliienees. His armorial liad-e was tin' Cram' toimi. the ili-tiiiLinisliin'i' mark ol' the ivi-niiii:' clan. Shiiiiiahawassin had. in his \iiiitli. heeii on the wai-patli; lint he was at this period priiieipally respeeted lor his [iriidenee and w iMloiii in coimeil. He was ahont six leet three iiiehes in height. strai;:ht in lorm. ha\iii'..r a Koniaii east ol' coiintenanec, and mild manners; he was a -nud iker. hut prone to repetition. lie had three hrotheis, likewi.se ehiers. and a I Ul;!; retinue of eoii>ins-t;erman. and other ri'lati\es, who jjenerally lidlowid him. 'I'he attainment of his goodwill ensured the l'riemNhi|) ol' the tiihe, thromdi whom an e\teiisi\i' in lliieiiee was estaMisInd with the interior ham One mea.siiro wa.s found to he ellicaeioiis in cstiihlishin;;' a svstematie mode of doin ' l\ V Hiitl'l ^IM) Til !•: rnl.lTlC A I, <| I,M IN \ Tl(.\ I lMixiiii'!<^ , this wiiH III t'M |iii|i> Irmi) uii iiitrrv ii-w, iiiul U> u'1\\m' to ti'ai).<*ii(*t iiiij^' liiiHiiicHW nt all witli i|i'iiiilri'valrnt \iri-; ami, wlu'ii rxcitt'd, the Imlian is noisy, and will i>iiiK>iivoi' to liii'ci' liis way into !in\ part ol' tlio private ilwcllin;; in wliicli lie may cliaiifo to lie. Till' iiL'cnt tolii till' Inilians in a ipiict way, tliat tlii' I'rcsiilcnt Inul not ^'l'nt liim tu transact laisincss with ilninUiii Imlians, ami that such persons must never entei' his olVice 111' house, lie enforceil this precept, soon iifter. by takini; Shin^'ahawassin li\ thi' .-lioiililiTs. whi'ii III' was ill iii|iiiir, as well as \eiy noisy, leailinvr him to the (lour, ami pivinu' him a siiiiilen push lia'waiil. wliicli prostrateil him on the 'jioiiini at a lillle distance, ll tin' i^iip.; of the Cliippewas could lie so treated, it was iialurall\ iiilirred that the snhiecl mi'Jit 't Willi harsher usai Tl 10 ri'suilni Iti ellcct was that no liulher IroiiMe i'\er arose I'roin this causo. oh TIIK IM»IAN IIKSTOIIV. I'M ('II A ni-:i{ III. I'Ol.rni'AI. ANh SOCIAL MOVKMIINTS AMoN<; TIIK I'll KUoK K KS. AND OTIIKR SOITIIKIIN THIIIKS. AcKNKli.M. |M'ii<-c \v:is roiicliulol witli tlio ('lionikrc iiiitioii on tlic I Itli of Sc|»tcllllMT. I Shi.' IS'J.".. \>i I'lirly MS tlic _\t'!ir iSd^, the |iroji>cl of driiwliiir ii iliviiliivj liiii- !"•- .1. McsiinF, twci'ii tilt' ii|i|M'r 1111(1 luwiT liiiiiils III' till- ('iifriiki'c^i WHS ln'oiiclicil in lliix l'i;i:>iiiKvi'. iiiitioii. TIic iilcii proiimljrcd wns. to cicit liiir>< (irdctnai'i'iilioii lichvccii \\w liuntcr IiiiikIs ami tiidsi' wlio wi.-iln'ij to [lursuc ii'jrii'iiitiirc. mid jidupt a iimn' ir^iiilar form of novi'i'iiiiH'iit. A ilc|iiitiilicin of Imtli iiartios was nciit to Wii.xliiiitrtoii. to ulitain an iiilrrvit'w witli tlic I'nsidcnt. ami. :is tlicv idcarly fort'saw tin' iiniiracticaiiility of cllrctiii,^ tiicii' nlijict wliilc tiiry I'cniainrd ill tiicir i'\i.-tiii'.' location, to iiidfiiit' Ids Hanetioii to a propo )siil oil tlic part of tile liiiiitcr portiiHi to ciui'_'iatc I o sonic part ol' the territory of tlio I'liited States west of the Mississippi, wlicrc tlicy would lie aide to iiiul .iranif in ;rrcaler aliiindaiiei'. On tlic '.Mil of .lainiary. iSd'.i. IMr. .Icd'crson. wlio was tln'ii in tli(< presidential (diair, returned the clepnialion an answer, and ;:avc his sanction to this plan, in these words: '•The rnilcd States, my children, arc the jriends of iicitli jiarlies. and. as far as can bo rcasonalily asUed. they are williicj to satisly ihe • i-ihes of liotii. 'I'hosc who remain. may he assmrd of oiir patroiiap', oiir aid. and trood iieiLdihorhood ; those who wish to remove, an; [lormittoil to soiid an cxploriiii:' i>arty to rccoiuidilre the country on the waters of tlio Arkansas and White rivers; ami the Iiii;lier up the better, as they will Ijo the lonj^erniiapproached hy our scttleincnts. whitdi will he-in at the months of those- rivers. The regular districts of the uovernnient of St. rjoiiis are already laid oil' to the St. Francis. •• Wiieii this i)arty shall have liumd a tract of country suit in.u' the eiiULirants. ami not (dainied hy other Indians, we will arrain^e with them and you for an c\(diniii;i' of that for a Just portion of the country they leave, and to a part of whiidi. pro[)nifioiied to tln'ir iiiimlier.s, they have a rijiht. K\cry aid towards their removal, and what will I !'il ; 1 M r. s. TiiMiii I'.i'.i. Vol.. VI. — :.l THE POLITirAL CULMINATION ho lu'ccssarj for tlicin tlierc. will tlicii he fivcly iulm'mi.stoivd to tlieiu ; ami. wIumi csta- lilisliod in tlu'ir new scttioiiu'iits, wo shall still consiilor thom ii.s our ehildroii. irivo thom till' honcdt of oxchaniiinjr thoir poltrios lor what they will want at our factories,' and always hold thoni lirndy l)y tlio liand."^ This sanction to tho oiniuration of a part of tho Chorokoos, may ho considered as the initiatory step in tho plan of a general removal of tlie trihi's from tho old States to the westward of tho Mississii)i)i ; one. iiowever. which rocjuired tho national expe- rient'o of sixti'cn years to guarantee,' and fully adopt. At tho (Jherokeo agx'ncy. on tho Sth of July. ISl", this nieastu'e received tho sanc- tion of tho commissioners' appointed to treat with the nation/ This treaty made pro- vision l!)r tho i)ropor distriliution of the annuities of the trihes hetween the East and West Cherokees. and also for taki.ig a full anil perfect census of tho whole nation, durinu the Ibllowing \ear. Other stipulations and agreements wre entered into, discor Is of opinion respecting the faithful and ])rompt execution ol' whi(di, have heon the occa- sion of the internal dissensions which have distrai'ted tliat nation. From the treaty concluded by .Mr. Calhoun with the nation, at Washington, on tho 'J7th of Fehrnary, LSI!*.' we learn tluit the census piv.xcrihed for the year ISIS was not taken. New boundary-lines were designated lor tho Cherokee territories lying east of tho Mississippi ; a fund was set apart for the use of schools; and a division ol' the national annuities made; it being agreed that one-third of tho amount .should ho paid to the Cherokees west of tho Mississippi, and tho other two-thirds to tho.so residing east of that river. The stipulation that white emigrants should be prevented from .> Vol. I , ]>. :iii!i. ' It.id., p. 2!in. * Vol. I., Tiibiil Orgiiiiization, p. .'ill. '!» 1(14 mi': I'OLITICAL CriiMlNATlON CHAPTKH TV. onr.ANizATioN or an Indian ijureau. i Tin: ineroaso in tlio mimln'r of tiviities, ami of the IikH.iii btisinoss 182-1. gononilly, began to press so heavily on tlio 8eerotary of AVar, tiiat lio J. MoxROE, resolved to place this department nnder the charge of a person competent Presidext. to manage its details, referring to him such topics as rerpiired his decision. Mr. Calhoun conferred this appointment on Tliomas L. M'Kenney, Es(j., as chief of tlie clerical staff, an office for the establishment of which Congress siibse- fpiently passed an act. Mr. M'Kenney was characterized by great amenity of manners, as well as ready business tact, and was inlluenced by a benevolent I'eeling for the Indians, whose advancement in the scale of civilization ho sought to promote! 'ly every means at his command. A regular system of accountal)ilit\- was established in all dejiartments of the Bureau, from the lowest to the highest ollicer. From early times, a close connection had existed between the civil and military departments of Indian Affairs; and, while the tril)es stood in their normal hunter state, it was difficult to manage the one. without reference to the other. Sir William •Tohnson, as early as 1757, only two years subsequent to his appointment as General Superintendent, had endeavored to relieve himself from the onerous duties of his office by the employment of n secretary, a man of talents and learning, who was in the habit of preparing the generic reports transmitted to the Lords of Plantations. During the war of the Revolnticm, and subsequent thereto. Congress managed tiu; government of Indian affairs by entrusting it to commissioners ibr tiie North and South, who were always men of .sound practical experience and judgment. The Kxecutive documents abound in details of their acts. On the organization of the present government, in 1789, General Knox negotiated one or more treaties hinisell", and continued the oflice of commissioners. The same system prevailed from Wash- ington's administration, through those of Adams, the elder, Jefferson. Madi.son, and Monroe ; and when the Bureau was organized by Congress, it was continued under the administrations of Adams, the younger. Jack.son. Van Buren, Harrison, and Polk, at the close of whose administration, by an act of Congress, the duty was transferred from the War Departiiiciit fu tli.it nf lln' Iiitcrinr. OF THK INDIAN HISTORY. 405 Among the men wlio have reiulcred long and valuable services in this department, CJeneral Harrison and General William Clark deserve especial mention. As ex-ollicio Superintendents of Indian Aflliirs, wliile performing the duties appertaining to tiie ollicu of Ciovcrnor of tiie Indian Territories, they negotiated a very large proportion of the treaties made, between the years 1804 and 1812, with tlie tribes residing east and west of the Mississippi. After the close of the war, in 1815, tiieir tact and talent in this department appear to have been inherited by, or iallen to the lot of, (ieneral Lewis (;ass. Tliese men took the most prominent part in the negotiations with the Indians, and to them we are indebted for the permanency of our Indian relations, and for making the aborigines ac([uainted with the peculiar features, practices, and institutions of our government. From the time of the return of General Clark from tlie exploration of the Columbia river, in 1800, to the day of his death, in 1838, he was tlie Ma-ceniis of tlie tribes west of the Mississippi. The Indians located on the Missouri, Platte, Kansfis, Osage, and Arkansas rivers, as well as tliose residing among tiie distant ])eaks uf the Rocky mountains, were fre(|uent and welcome visitors at the (iuverninent Council- House in St. Louis. The official records of his proceedings witli the Indians have lieen carefully examined,' and are found to contain a ma.ss of speeches and traditions, con- stituting a valuable collection, whence tiie historian may derive much iuibrination n'garding the sons of the forest. ' Villi' Vdl. I., [iitt;lkituiil Ciiimuity, p. oKI; Vol. IV., Ink'Hcrtuiil ('aiKiiity, p. L'.V.I. in I ■ i 1 =^f (~ 1 If >t ii'l !!lli' 1 1 n|i i 1' I i t ' t ill ,1 400 TlIK I'OMTICAL CILM I NATION en APTKH V l'T,AN OF ("0I.(;NI/ATI0N west of TIIK MISSISSIPPI. IK Two (liviTsc stati's of .<(icii'ty, it is oltsorvi'i]. ciinnot prosperously exist 1 S2o. loL'oliior ; the stroujjt'r type iniist iiievitulily absorb or destroy the weaker. J. MoNKOK, As the Stiites increased in po]iiilation, and einiprratioii p.-gresscd wcst- Pkksidknt. ward, it beeanio evident that tlie Inilians could not sustain themselves amid ii society wiiose every custom, maxim, and opinion, directly controverted their preconceived ideas. 'J'iie Indians, in their tribal character, did not resj)ect the principles of labor, temperance, or thrift. I'ar less tlie teachinirs of Christianity; on the contrary, they not only eontenini'd them, but tlu'v ai.so reirarded them as beini: adverse to their best interests. They believed, and maintained with ^reat pertinacity, at all times and in all a'jes of their iiistory, that tlie (Ireat Spirit liad created them a peculiar peo[ile. and bestowed upon them means of sustenance, manners, and customs, peculiarly ada[)ted to their condition. Tiiey believed themselves to be the esjM'cial objects of his care; and they regarded their jossakeeds and prophets as a (dass of persons who were favored by divine revelations, and, as such, the medium tiirough which tlie Deity announced his unalt(>rable decrees. Wiiere, as in this instance, there was no admission of error, or acknowledgment of ignorance, in arts, customs, pursuits, or opinions, sei'ular or divine, there could be no proizress in societx', no aspiration after knowledge. Indivi(hial instances iiad occurred of Indians adopting the customs of civili/.ed society, and embracing the truths of nncdation, subserpient to the era of Manteo and Pocahontas; but the mass of the aborigines continued to live on, through centuries, without deriving any profit from contact witii tiieir civili/.ed iieiLddiors. Whatever may have iteen tin; sentiments and views of humanitarians, who sought to impri'ss ui)on their minds the great trutiis set lisrth in tiie IJible. which constitutes the moral pmiacea for all classes and races of men. wherever dispersed over the surface of tlie gliilie, no practicable pros[)ect of their reclamation and restoration to soriety was pr'>sented. after the lapse of centuries, except in their total separation Iroiii the evils surrounding them, and a concentration of tlie tribes, and fragments of tribes, as cdldiiial coniniiinities. on territory specially ajjpropriated for OF THE INDIAN HISTORY. 407 tlicir use, wlicri". iiikU'I' tlif (iiicratiDii of tlii'ir own laws iiiul institutions, tlioir better ((iiiilitios niiulit (li'Vi'lo)) tlicnij^elvfs. Tliis plan was lirst siiijiiested Iiy Mr. Monroe, the (iltli I'resiilenl of tlie United States, who, in ii niessagi' comniiini(!iited hy him to (Jongress, on the *J7th of Janiiiiry, IS'J.'>, thns invites the attention of that hody to the topii- : " Meing deepl}' impressed with the opinion, that the remt)val of the Indian tribes from the hinds whicii they now occupy within the limits ol' the several States and Territories, to the country lying westward and northward thereof, witiiin nnr aeknowledg(!d boundaries, is of very high importance to our Union, and may be accomi)lished, on conditions, and in a manner, to promote the int<'rest and happiness of tho.si! tril)es, the attention of the (iovernment lias been long drawn, with great solicitude, to the object. For the removal of tiie trilies within the limits of the State of Georgia, the motive has been peculiarly strong, arising from the compact with that. State, whereby the United States are i)ouiid to extinguish the Indian title to the lands within it, whenever it may be done jjuaceably and on reasonable conditions. In the fuKilment of this compact I have thought that the United States should act with a generous spirit, that they should omit nothing wiiich should comport with a liberal construction of the instrument, and likewise be in accordance with the just rights of those tribes. From the view which I have taken of the sid)je(;t, I am satisfied, that, in tiie ilischarge of those important duties, in regard to lioth the parties alluded to. the United States will have to encounter no contlicting int(!rests with either: on the contrary, tiiat the removal of the tribes, from the territory which they now iidiabit, to that which was designated in the message at tiie connnencement of the .session, which would accomplisli the ol)ject for (leorgia, under a well digested ]>lan for their government and civilization, which should bo agreeable to tiiemselves. would not only shield them from impending ruin, but promote their wellaro and happiness. Ex|)erience has clearly demonstrated, that, in their present state, it is impossible to incorporate them, in such masses, in any form whatever, into our system. It has also demonstrated, with equal cert linty, that, without a timely anticipation of. and provision against, the dangers to which they are exposed, under causes which it will be dilVundt, if not impossible, to control, their degradation and exterminati(jn will be inevitable. *• The great object to be*'ci;omi)lished is, the removal of those tril)es to the Territory designated, on conditions which shall be satisfactory to themselves, and honorable to tiie United States. This can be done only by conveying to each tribe a good title to an adequate portion of lanil, to whicli it may tHinsent to remove, and by providing for it there a system of internal government, whicli shall protect their property from invasion, and, by the regular progress of improvement and civilization, ])revent that degeneracy which has generally marked the transition from the one to the other state. " I transmit, herewith, a report from the Secretary of War, which presents the best estimate whicli can Iw formed IVom the documents in that Department, of tlie number If ! ■ Ml i" : 1 i iir« ir If m u lit lit H ^il' . '■ I ;! :1pm M'' i' I i:' '!l •| ' 1 408 THK POL ITU" A li CULMINATION '^Rip of Indiiins witliui our Stiifcs ami Torritorios. iiiid of the amount of lands hold by the fjovcral trilx'H within each; of tiio state of the country lyinj? northward and westward tiiereof. within our aciinowledged boundaries ; of the parts to which the Indian title has already been extinguished ; and of the conditions on which other parts, in an amount which may be adequate to the object contemplated, may Ihj obtained. Uy this report, it appears that the Indian title has already Itcen extinguished to extensive! tracts in that cpuirter, and tiiat other portions may be acquired, to the extent desired, on very moderate conditions. Satisfied, I also am, that tiie removal proposed is not only practicable, but that the advantages attending it, to the Indians, may l)e made so apparent to them, that all the tribe.s, even those most opposed, may !« induced to accede to it at no very distant day. '•The digest of such a government, with the consent of the Indians, which should be endowed with suflicient power to meet all the objects contemplated, to connect the several tribes together in a bond of amity, and preserve order in each ; to prevent intrusions on their property ; to tench them, by regular instructions, the arts of civilized lile, and make them a civilized people, is an object of very high importance. It is the powerful consideration which we have to oiler to these tribes, as an inducement to relinquisii the lands on which they now reside, and to remove to tho.se which are (lesignated. It is not douijted that this arrangement will present considerations of .^utlicient force to surmount all fin'ir prejudices in favor of the soil of their nativity, however strong they may be. Their elders have suflicient intelligence to discern the certain progress of events, in the present train, and suflicient virtue, by yielding to momentary sacrifices, to protect their families and posterity from inevitable destruction. They will also perceive that the3- may thus attain an elevation, to which, as communities, they could not otherwise aspire. *■ To the United States, the proposed arrangement ofl'ers many important advantages in addition to tliose whicii have been already enumerated. By the est.ablishment of such a government over these tribes, with their consent, we become, in reality, their benefactors. The relation of conflicting interests, which lias heretofore existed between them and our frontier settlement.s, will cea.se. There will be no more wars between them and the United States. Adopting such a government, their movement will be in harmony with us. and its good effect be felt throughout the whole extent of our Territory, to the Pacific. It may fairly bo presumed, that, through the agency of such a government, the condition of all the tribes inhabiting that vast region may be essentially improved; that permanent peace may be preserved with them, and our connnerce be much extended. '•With a view to this important object, I recommend it to Congress to adopt, by solemn declaration, certain fundamental principles, in accord with tho.se above suggested, as the basis of such arrangements as may be entered into with the several tribes, to the strict observance of which the faith of the nation shall be pledged. I recommend ?! ■ * OF THE INDIAN HISTORY. 40t> it, also, to Congress, to jircjvidc, by law, lor (ho uijpointinciit ol" a siiitahlo nutnbor of Commissioners, who sliall, uiidfr tlio dirocition of tlie I'rcsiiit'iit, l)c aiitliori/i'd to visit, and explain to the several tribes, tlie ohjeets of the Government, and to make with thorn, according to their instructions, such arrangements as shall be best calculated to carry these objects into ellect. ''A negotiation is now depending with the Creek nation for tiie cession of lands held by it within the limits of Georgia, and with a reasonable ])njspeet of success. It is ]>resumed, however, that the residt will not be known during the jjreserit se.s-ijon of Congress. To give eflect to this negotiation, and to the negotiations wiiich it is |)ro- posed to hold with all the other trii)es within the limits of the .several stati-s and terri- tories, on the principles and for the purposes stated, it is reconnnended that an adeipiate ajjpropriation he now made by Congress." ' One of the first measures necessary in carrying this plan into eflect, was to ascertain the names, positions, and numbers of the Indian tribes to be removed. Mr. Calhoun. Secretary of War. in communicating the sultjoined information from the newly-organized Hin'eau of Indiau Afl'air.s, thus expresses his views of the entire feasibility of the i)lau : '• It appears, by the report enclo.sed, tiiat there are, in the several States and Territo- ries, not including a portion of Michigan Territory, west of Lake Michigan, and north of the State of Illinois, about 7U()() Indian.^ and tiiat they occupy about TT.OOd.OOO acres ol' land. '•The arrangement lor the removal, it is presumed, is not intended to c()mi)rehend the suudl renniants of trilies in .Maine, Massachusetts. Connecticut. Hhode Island. Vir- ginia, and South Carolina, amounting to .'ifCJ.'). To these, also, may be added the rem- nants ol' tribes renuiining in Louisiana, amounting to loLJ, as they are I'ach of them so few in mnnlier. that, it is bidieved. very little expense or dilliculty will be found in their removal, making, together. '13.'»ti. which, subtracted froiu the I'T.UOU. the entire number in the States and Territories, will leave '.•li,tK')4 to be removed. Of these, there are residing in the northern part of the States of Indiana, Illinois, in the peninsula of Michigan, and New York, including the Ottowas in Ohio, about lo,loO; which, I would respectfully suggest, might be removed, with advantage, to the country west of Lake Michigan, and north of the State of Illinois. The climate and nature of the country are much more favorable to thi>ir habits than that west of the Mississippi ; to which may be added, thiit the Indians in New York have already commenced a settle- ment at Green Bay, and exhibit some ilisposition to make it a permanent one; and that the Indians referred to in Indiana, Illinois, and in the penin.sida of Michigan, will lind. in the country designated, kindred tribes, with whom they may be readily associated. These considerations, with the greater facility with which they could be collected in that portion of the country, compared with that of collecting them ' VmI. III.. .itii)n he ;uln|it('il. llic liiilians in ((iicstioii iiiidit lie .uriuliiiilly ccilU'ctcd, as it licciiiiii' ii('i'('s.I")(). Ironi '.•liJlCd. will leave hut "'.•,ol4. It is proper to add that a late treaty with the (^lapaws stipulates and jjrovides litr their removal, and that they may also he deducted from the nuinlier for whose removal provision oiiirht to he made. They are estimated at 7n(l; which, dedueted IVoin 7'.>.")l 4, will leave 7S.S11 to bo removed west of the State el' .Missouri and Territory of Arkansas, should the views of tin; Department he adoptcil. -Of these, there are estimated to reside in the States of Virjrinia. North Carolina, Tennessee, Alahama, and Mississippi. •">."i.(ili">, eonsistinirof Oherokees, Cri-eks, Choetaws", ami Chickasaws; and claiminu' ahout •■l:'>.">7.">.17t) acres, including the claim of the ("herokees, in North Carolina; '.\US'I in Ohio, and in tin; southern and middle parts of Indiana and Illinois, eonsistin.i;- of W'yandots, Shawnees, Si-necas, Ih-lawares, Kaskas- kias. and Miami anil Kel Rivers; ;')(!()() in Florida, consistinj? of Seminoles anil rem- nants of other trihe.s; and the remainder in Missouri and Arkansas, consisting of Dela- wares. Kirkapoos, Shawnees. Weas. lowas, I'iankashaws, Cherokees, (^lapaws. and ( )saiivs. ••The next suliject of consideration will be. to acquire ii siillleient tract of country west of the State of Missouri and Territory of Arkan.sas. in order to establish i)erma- nent settlements in that quarter, of the tribes which are iJrojKJseil to be removed. Tin; eouiitry between the Heil Hiver and the Arkansas has already been allotted to the Choctaws. imder the treaty of the ISth October. hSliO. The country north of the river Arkansas, and iinmeiliately west of the State of Missouri, is held almost entirely by tiie Osafies and tlie Kan/.as : the principal settlement of tiie li)rmer bein;: on the Osa'.;e rivei'. not I'm- west of the western boundary of Missouri, and the hitter, on tin.' Missouri river, near Cow Island. There is a band of the Osajics situated on the V'er- diiiris. a liranch of the Arkansas, (iovernor Clark ha.s been already instructed to take measures to remove them from the \'erdiirris. to join the other bands on the Osajre river. To carry this object into effeet. and to extinfruisii the title of the O.sage.s upon the .Arkansas, and in tiie State of Mis,>;ouri ; and nlso to extinguish the titU; of the Kan/.as to whatever tract of country may be necessary to eflect the views of the (lovernment, will be the lirst object of expenditure; and would reipiire an appropria- tion, it is believeil. of not less than S.'11),0()0. After this is ellected, the next will be. to allot a portion of the country to each of the tribes, and to eommence the work of removal. The former could be elli'cted by vesting in the President discretionary jiower to make the location : and the latter, by commencing with the n^noxal of the Cherokees. OF THE INDIAN IIISTOKV. HI l'i;iMkiisliinvs, Wfiis, Shawnccs. KicUii|ii IllK 1 Dclawiircf. who now (icciijiy ilin'ri'iMil li'irts ul' CDiiiiln. Ivintf in tlic imrtli-wrj^ti'i'ii itortioii of tlic Arkiiiisas 'I'tTiitorv, and the M)iitli-\vi'sk'rn jiortioii of tin- Slatf til" Missoini. It is hclicvcil lliat tin- Clu'iokccs, til wliom has liom allcitlc4 a ooiinlrv lyini: hctwccii tlu! Arkansas ami W'hiti' rivers, will very iviiilily aiirci! to icinovini,' their eastern liDinidarv larlher west, on tlie <'on- sideration tliat, for tlio hinds tliereliy eeiU'd. they nniy liave assit;ned to them an e(|nal (inantity liirtlier west, as tliey liave e\ineed i\ stronji disjiosition to iu'evcnt. tiie setllu- inent of the wliites to the west of them. It is laoiiahle tiiat tiiis anan'^enient eould I)l> elVet;ted hy an appropriation of ii few thousaml dolhirs, say live ihonsand, lor the expense of lioldinj; the treatv. Nor is it helieved that thei'e will he any ilillienlty in indneint; tiie I'iankashaws, Weas, Shawni'es. Kickapoits, and Delawari's, to oecnpy a position tiial mav be nssij;nod to them west of the Slate of Missouri; or lliat lln' operation will h(> attended witli any jiieat expens The kindled trihi 111 the M;U> s Ol no a nd Indiana, inehidin;:' the Wvandots. the Seneci il the ^Mianiie; d K(d rivi til States; and the K isKa ikias. in Illinois, it is heliesrd. niii;lit lie indneed. \vi hunt miieli dillieiiltv, to join them, a new position. \ves Iter ti lose now resK liii- III M >-oun aie lixe(l ni then t of that State. Of the sum that will he iieee-<;iry for this piirpi it is dillicnlt to fiirm an estimate. Thes*' trihes amount to ■"i.HS: 'l"h ■xtimrnishini;- their title to the lands occupied hv then I. w ill le ex|iense ol hii;h in com- parison with the [iriee whii'li has lieeii iisuall\ jiiveii for lands in that (piarier. as they, particularly the Indians in Ohio. ha\e madi' some adsaiiees in fi\ ili/.ation. and eon- sider!il)](( improvements on thi'ir lauds. The lietter course would he. to remo\-e them irradnallv. connuenciuir with those trihes wliitdi nre most dispo.seii to leave their |iresent settlements, and, if this arranpuncnt should he adopted, an appropriation of ^'Jd.dOU would he sullicient to commence with. '•It mav, iiowi'ver, he proper to remark, that the.s' triln's, to;^etlier AMth those in New Yoi'k. have indicated a disposition to join the (herokees on the .Arkansas, and that a deputation from tiie former, with a deputation tVom tliose Clierokees. are nowoii their wa\' to tlie seat of tidven with regard to the Indians Ul Florida. l>y tii-ltl IT flAJIf i' H jiffl ! f m III 1 ml KKU I 1 412 TlIK POLITICAL t MLMINATION incoiivonicnop will lio li'lt for iimiiy yi'ur.x. citlicr by llii- iiiliuldtiiiitM <>1" Kloriiln, tir llio IiuliiiiiH, miilor tlie nivwiit tirrani-'fiiiciit. ••Of llic I'Dur w)iitli('rii tiilx'.x. t\V(v of tliciii, tin- ( 'licrokccs aiul Cliiiftiiws, luivc iilicmly iilUitti'il to tln'iii ii tract ol' I'oiintry west of tlif .Mi.-'>is>i|(|ii. 'I'liiil wliicli lias liccii allottod to till- latter is Iwlii'vcd to U- Milliciiiitly amiilc liir tlic whole nation, hlioiild tlioy eiiiiiifat*;; and if an aiiaiijrtMncnt. wliieli i.s iielievtd not to lie inipiaoticalile, could he nnide hetwcoii tli(>in and the Cliiekasaws. who are tlieir neiuhlHtr.", and uf hiinilar hahits and dis|i(i.xitionH, it would lie rtntlieieiit tin' the aeeonnnodation of hoth. A fv a portion of tilt' one which it is proposed to allot for the Creek nation, on tliewest of the Mississijipi. Should the treaty prove successlul, its stipulations will provide Hir the means of carrying? it into elUct, which will render any additinual provisional present unnecessary. It will ho i)roper to open new communications with the Cherokees. Choctaws. and Chicka- saws, for the purpose of explaininir to them the views of the j:o\crnuient, and inducim^ them to remove heu)nd the .Mississiji])i. on the principles ane suilicient to render their condition as eligible in their new situation as it is in their present. Almost all of the triljcs proposed to be aflected by the arrangement are mure or le.«s advanced in the arts of civilized life, and i'-I: m n- 'f . I: OF TIIK INDIAN II ISTOIIY. \V\ lliiTt' is M-iirci'lyonc of tlicm wliicli liii\(' not hi'iictilrd hv tin- I'slnlilisliiiiciit ol'^'hodlt in tli<> iiiilioii, alliiriliii'.' lit oiK'c tin- iiii-iiiim of nioriil. r<'lit:ioiis, imkI inlrlli'i'tiiiil iiiipi'ovfiiii'nt. TlicMc .-cliudls li:i\i' lii'cii I'Mtiildi^lii'd. I'ui' llic iiio>t |iiirt. liy rt'liiiimi-i socictit's, uilli lln- couiitoiiinico mill aid of tin' (lovcninn'iit ; ami. on cmtv ininiiiijc of IminMnilv. llio ronliniiiini'c of similar a(l\anlaL'<'^< of cilucation oiiilit to lie cMi'mJi'il to tln'iii in llijcct. is that incessant prcssnrc of onr |io|inliiiiuii. wiiidi foicis tlicin from .scat to scat, witliont allowinu' time for that moral ami intellectual im|ii'o\'e- iiicnt liir wiiii'h they appear to he naturally eminently snsccptililc, To iruard against this evil, so fatal to the race, there oni.dit to he the stronircst and the most solemn assiiriincu that the country }:iven them should he theirs, as a permanent home for themselves and tlioir posterity, without heiiiL' disturhed l)y the encroachments of our citiy.eiis. To such assurance, if there should he added a system hy wliicli the (iovern- iiieiit, witliout dcslroyintr their independence, would gradually nnilt- the several tiil)es niuK'r a simple hut enlightened system of jrovernineiit and laws, fonueil on tiu' principles (if onr own, and for \vhi(.'h. as their own people wnulil partake in it. they woidd. nndei- the inlliieiicu of the contemplated improveinont, at no distant day hecoine prepared, the arranjicnicnts which lia\e heen proposed would pro\e. tothe Indians and their posterity. a iK'rmanent hlessini;'. It is Indicvcd that, if they could he assured that peace and friciulsliip would ho maintained amontr the s(>veral trihes ; that the advantajit's of education wliicli they now enjoy would he extended to them; that they slioulil have a permanent and solemn izuarantce for their |X)ssessions, and ri'ceive the coiintenanco and aid of the Cii)V(.'rnment for the jiradual extension of its privilcfrcs to them; there would be amonir all the triljcs a disposition to accord with the views of the (lox'crnment. There are now, in most of the trihes, well educated, soher, and rellcctinu individuals, who are alllicted at tho presoiit condition of the Indians, and despondent at their future prospects. Under the operation of existing causes, they behold the certain dcL'radation, misery, anil even the fmal annihilation of tiieir race, and, no doubt, would gladly emiirace any nrrangenieiit which would promise to elevate them in the scaU; of civili- zation, and arrest the destruction wliicli now awaits them. It is conceived that one of the most cheap, certain, and desirable modes of ell'ectinir the object in view would be. tor Congress to establish lixed principles, such as have been suggested as the biusis of the propo.sed arrangement, and to authorize the President to convene, at some suitalile point, all of the well-iiit()rmed. intelligent, and intlueiitial individuals of the triiies to be afle(!ted by it, in order to explain to them the views of the (^lovernment. and to pledge the faith of the nation to the arrangements that might be ado|)ted. Should .such princifiles be established by Congn'.«s, and the President bi.' vesteil with suitabh^ iinthoiit\' to convene the individuals, as proposed, and suitaiile pro\isioii be made to meet the i'X[)cnse, great confidence is felt that a basis of a system might be laid, which. ^ f ! i i W \ >ii. :' tt* 4H TIIK I'OMTICAI, (" l,' l,.M I N A T H» N ill (I li'W \rnnt, would cntirt'lv v\]\-vl tin- dlijcct in view, to llif imifiiiil Im'ih'HI oI iIh- (iovcniiiiint ami tlio liiiiiiiiiH, ami wliicli, in its o|icratioii^. uoiiM I'llLTtiiiilU unvA tliu ralaiiiitoiis foiii',xi> orcvoiitH to wliicii tlicy iiiiiNt Im> Hiiltjtrt. witlioiit ii rmliciil (■llall^(! in till' |ii't'H(>nt .x\>tt'in. Slioiilil it III' tlioii^lit ailvimiblc to I'ull Hiifli ii coiivt'iilion. uh oiio jil'tlu' im-aiift (irilK'fting llu' olijcct in vii-w, an aildilional M|i|iro|iiiatioii ol'iJifiKI.IMMt will bo riM|iiirc(l ; niakini:. in tlu' wlioli-. «(lli'».tMl(» to In> a|i|iio|iiiatf(l." Till' iollowiii}; additional dotiiils wi-iv ihiwiiIimI Iiv tin- ni'wl^-orviitt'U Uiii'fuu of Indian AtVairs. ' " Tlii'it' is no land assifriu'd. as will In- seen on it'liTcnci- to tlic tuMi', to llii' Indiana in Linisiami; vet. it is liclii'Vfd. tin- Caddocs liavt- a claini. I)iil to wliat t'\tt CiillH 1- oi' till' Statt' of Ndrtli Caiolin a ; w liii'li. it is liclii'vcd, docs not •xci't'd "JiKLODlt aiTi's. In Ni'w .li'i.-cy. I'cnn.-v Ivania. and iii'iliaps in Maryland, a lew liid lans arc remain in^'; but liow man v. or wlial (|iiantil_v ol' land is owned l)\ llicin. if ai V, there are no nn'ans of aseerlainini. "Tliere aro now iviiiainin;;. within the limits oC the dilVerent ."stiitcs and 'rcrrilories, as is .shown liy the table, sixtv-lonr tribes and roninants of tribes of Indians, wliosu "names" and ••nnmlieis " arc jiiveii ; who mniibcr, in tlio iiu'^fivj^ale. lli'J.'Jdtl souls; ami who elaim 77.1()li."WS acres of land. ■■ It will be seen, by advertiiii: to the table, that the Indians rcsidiii'/ north of the State uf llliiioi^. east of the .Missi.s.si|)|>i. and west of the Lakes, arc eominchendcd in the olimatc of tiie number in .Michi.iran Territory ; althoiiirh, in estimating the (|nantity of l.md iicid by Indians in that territory, tlio |iortion only so held in the iVninsiila of Miehi;.'an, is estimated. It was found impossible, from any docnnients in possession of this olliee, to distiiiL'uish the nnnibcr ol'('hippi>was and Otiawas residiiii: in the ]ieiiiiisula of .MiehiL'in from those residini;- on tlu' west side of hake Michiiran. It is, however, believed, that the whole niimlK'r residiiijr in the peninsula docs not e.xeeed .'(."ilMI; and these, as has been stated, are prineipally of the Chippewa and Ottawa trilx's. •• It may be projier al.so to remark that, of the (1 KMI ,Saes and Koxes. w ho are ineluded in the estimate as part of the I21l,li(i(l, and who oiunipy lands (jii both sides the Mississippi, not more than one-third of that number are supposed to residi; on tlio east nidc ; and, of the "j^OO Osaf,'i'H, who, by the table, are assifriied to Mis.soiiri and Arkansas, it is believed not more than one-third of that number reside within the State of Mi.ssouri and Territory of Arkansas. If, therefore, the number assumed for the peninsula of Michigan be correct, and two-thirds of the Saes and Foxe.s, as is believed to be the fact, reside on the west of the Mississippi, and two-thirds of the ttsajies west of Missouri, and north of Arkaii.sas, tlicrc will remain •• within the limits of the diflerent States and Territories." — eonliniiiL' ttic Miehijran Territory to the peninsula — !»7,;)84 Indians, ' bttttr of TliMiiias L. .'^IKciiiii'y, January, 10th, 1825, :iat or TIIK INK! AN IIISTuUV 4ir. pdNHOHMiiiir (if tlu^ L'KO.dOU m-wx. wliidi uii' lu'licvcd to !»• I'l.iimccl li_v llii- Cln'rnkfcx in Niirlli CarciliiiK '>»' mltk'.li, 7" '■iirj.:j|S iicri'.-« ol' liiiul. '* III •>l'laiiiiiin ''•''* inl'onimtioii, i'i': llic ri-|>ort?( to tliin olVuv. ami to uilirr houitch of inloriimlinii, wliicli ail' iIiimiiimI to Im* tlio most aeiiniti- ; ami, for flu- c|iiaiitilv I'f laml claiimil liv tliriii. ti) tlic lilis ul' this i)Hlrf; tn tlu' (iitjMnl l.aml Olliii'; ami I uiiiiiitatioiis ' finvriill.N iiiailf ridiii tliu lic.xt imiiw, \iy ('oliim'j llolicnli' iii. of llif 'rn|«iL'ra|)liii"al IJniviiu. ••Till- I.IMKI.IKlll 111" ai'i'i'i asMiiiiicil a* tlu' i|iiaiitit_v cliiiin'il Ia iIh' ( 'Inrukiis in ArUiinsas. ulthoiiu'li Iml an cHtiiimto. in liclicvi'ij to In- m'arly cinnrt. Tlu' iircci.xc t|iiantit.v. liowcviT, ••aiiiiot In- anccrtainnl until it is Umiwn Imw iniicli tln-v r>i\vi\ on this n\iU' llir .Mississipiii. liir wliii-li, liy the treaty nl' ISI7. liiry arc to ivcfivi' an ciinal iiumlK-r III' lurroM on tlii! olluT. 1 1 ::l ,! I \m ll n mi I I •Hfi TIIH I'OIJTI <\\1, rrLMlNATKlN N • I Cll APTKK VI. liKMOVAI, rOlJCY. CRKKK D I FKl (' T I.TI KSi. DKATII OF TIIK CIllKr. (IKNKHAI, MINTOSII. TKKATY FOl? TIIFIU FINAI, sirrn.FMF.NT. 'I'liK trcntii's coMi'liuli'd. r('s|)('ctivt'!v. with tlic i'licrdla'os, July Stli. IS'jri. 1S17. with llu' ("liiictnws. ()ctolM>i- ISili. IS'JO. ;mil will) (lie ('ri>fks, .T. M(iNi;i)K. .liiiuiiiry Stli. IS'Jl . I'oiistiliiti'd tlic luiniarx stcjis towimls (lie removal l'i;i;sii)i:\r. of llu" alioriLniics (o tlic lauds west of the Mississippi. I'lidcr tliosc Ircatif-i. till' ImnliT portions of tlicso trilics voluntarily, and of tlicir own accord, assiniicd tlic initiative, and made preparations lor tlieir migration to the .\rl;ansas territory. Tlie limilei' hands, as ci>ntradistinL;iiislied from the aiirieultural hanils ol' the Southern or .\ppalachian i;roup of trilies. were the first to perceive thai this lauil must he their national refuLTi'. Hence the provision in the lirst article of the Choctaw treaty stipulates that tlu'y should he furnished with a western tract, •■where all. who liv<' hy huntiiii;'. and will not work, may he collected and settled together."' This pro\iso was the natural sn'jviestiou of the Indian mind; o\cu. plouijlis. and implements of handicraft, were not attractive ohjects to the ahori'jines, who deliirhted ill the pursuits of the chase, which were hallowed in their memories hy remiiiisciMices .if their fathers. Tlu> whites did not so n^idily perceive that the stock of wild animals liuist soon decline, and the chase prove nnrelialile in the regions east of th(> Mississi[)i)i ; or. if they did tiiresee this result, they were slow to propose the scheme of a p'lieral removal, lint the Kxecutivc power favored such mij^rations as originated with the Indians tlieuiselvcs ; and iiisensihiy. perha|)s. tlie system of removal hecame the policy (if th(> (lovernmciit. When it was discussed on its merits, and he^an to he [lut in opeiation, it hecame evident that the West was not only an outlet to the luuiter population, hut that all the means necessary lor their iiU|)roveiiieut in arts, and progress in education also, in order to he permanently henellcial, must he applied in that (piartcr. Driven from their ori.uiiial residences, or from tin- reservations in the Slates, their allaiuments in ci\ili/ation were shared with thosi' portions of the trihcs resident in the Wi st ; and all the triiies were thus, in a measure, assimilated in manners and arts. ' I'. S Trc;ilirs. p, 'Js;. Ol' 'I'll K INDIAN II ISToi; V ■in Till' i|ii('sti(in of rciiiiivMl lifcMiiii' one ut' iiiiicli inlrrc-.!. ;niii wms tVccly (liscusscil in 111! |i;irls dl' till- rniiHi; llic iinicnl iVu'inis of tlir iii'liiiiis iiKiiiilMiniiiji' lli:it it "i>iilil lia\i' II ifiKlciii'v (o iiKiki' llii'in rclrnLjriulc ttiwnnl l>;irli;nisin ; while tlic miImiciiIi's liir ri'iiinvii! coiitcntii'il liiiil it wimlil ix' M<'('(iiii|i;niiril li\ ilic ln'iiiliiial clliu'ts irlcrrod In. Aiiotiicr (jiicslidii III' ;i gravi' cluirMctcr arose at tlie same tune. \i/.. : tiie I'laiiii to sovereiiziitv. asserted liy some nl' tlit> most ailvaiiced tiilies. over tlie disti'ii'ls tiiey inlialtited. 'I'liis claiiii was, imwever. |iriuei|)ally eoiiliiied to the Ci •eeks. who nail ieeei\e(l a iioweri'id national intimlse ilinini;' the (U'eu[ianey ol' l"'liirida ii\' (ileal ]?rilain. 'I'heir prominent eiiiel's had heeonie wealthy jdanlers lln'oniih tiie meilinm ol' the lalioi's of I'nuilive African sla\i's. fiNim the eonliiiuous Slates, who enllixaled tor tiiem ci'iips ol' cotton ami >rn. 'I"he result was. that tlie\ nol onl\ am issed nehe; hill also attained to acont'siiondeni menial elevation, which led to the introdnclion of two classes ainom; this, and other sontlnTii trilu's. and jirodiiced an a\i'rsion to traiisrcrrinji' iheir laiuls to (leorjiia, and emii:i'atiiii;' westward. Tho people ot' (leorjiia. reeling; the e.\pansi\-e force of their population, clamoreil for tht' (Iroek lands, the Indian title to which the Tnilcd Slates had |n'omisi'(l toLii\e ll lem. us soon as i t could lie ohtained. The ( reeks, wlieii llie\' iicLiaii to appi'ei'iate the beiU'lits of ci\ ili/ation, lhroii;;h their e\peiieiice of the a'.;riciillinal and school systems, resisted all oilers to cede their territory. A law, which was e\enliially passed liy their council, w as enacted, that if any one of the chii-fs or rulers should si,L:ii a treaty eediii;^ lands, he should incur the penally ol' death. (lencral William M'lntosh. the presidinir cliii'f of iheCowctas trilie of the l,ower (^ivoUs, sulijccted himself to the jieiially hy siLjniiiL; the treaty of l'"ehniary TJlh. IS'Jo. Tlie penalty was enforced \)\ the dissentin-:' part of the trilies. in a pt'ciiliar manner. Tli(>v dill 111)1 arraiun and try the Liuilly parly, imt a lari;e nnmiier of armed warriors snrroimded his iionse. and poured into it an iiidiscriminalt' lire, so that ihe onus of the murder miiiht not rest on any one individual. I'"ifty other chiel's, warriors, and head men, had siiined the sanu' treaty, hut they wen- not ludd accoiiiitalile ; ilouhlless. on the Indiiiii principle, thai a crime should In- reveimed on the real insti;;ator of it, whether he or another committed the act. The rnileil States made no attein|)t to carry this treaty into elli'ct. Mr. Moi iroe in a. messaiic iireviously ipioted. mentions the dillii'iilty which surromuK'd the suhject. and expi't'sses a hope that the neiiotiations w ith the trilic. then in proiiress, would result j'avorahly. .\i;reealily to this intimation, a treaty was concluded at Indian Springs, in the Creek nation, March 7. iS'io. three days after the expiration of Mr. .Monroe's presidential term. This instrimu'iit was designed to enahle the (lovernmeiil to coin|)l\- with its contract of .\pril 'Jl. ISU'J, to transfer the Indian title to (leoriiia. as well as to remove the existiiiu dissatisfaction with the treaty of l-'ehruary \-. 1m'"i. liiil neither ohject was attained ; .Mr. Monroe wont out of ollice. lea\ iiij;- the (.'reeU contro- versy iiiiail)usleil. Vol.. VI,-.".;; l;|: i. ll!i ': 1I t'3 ! 'i :t Mi i! Miii •;f^ Si- 11 -I I fa m mM ii • !■«! '"if: : U- 418 T HE 1" ( ) I, I '1' I ( ' A L < • (■ L M I \ A 'I" 1 () N ClIAPTEK VII ASSrMPTION 01' THE JUCJHT OF SOVEUEKiXTY 1!Y THE CHEEKS, li\ (iri'osiTloN T(» (iEOUOIA. Tin: Civck ruiostidii iittuiiu'd its liiirlu-st lutint of iiitcirst iilioiit this 1S2.). liiiio. I'lililii" (i|iiiii()ii was imicii divided; some siding with tlii' Iii(iians J. (^ Ai)\Ms. ill their assertion of tlio li-lit of sovereignty witiiin tlio territorial I'liKsiDiiNT. area of (ieor^ia. and oliiers as di'cidedly (ipposinir it. as a new and iinuhiiissihie claim. Mr. Adain.s, wlio siieeeeded to the Presidency, direeted the attention of the War Department to tiie siihjeet. and authorized .Mr. Uai- hoiir. the Secretary of War. to confer with the ('reek chiefs. Hy the treaty concluded at llnpewcli. in ITSo. the United States had nndertakeii to extinguish and transler the Creek title to tiie Stat." nf (ieor-ia. at the earliest |>racticahle moment. But the lap.se of time only made the Indians clinji- more <'l(wly to the land. The period lor the elia.so liad passed away, anil the plow heuan to he appreciated. Tiie experience of iiatx veais liad so operated as to -ive tiieiii a more delinitt; and just idea of its value, and the\ now undertook to iLiimn- the laws ol (ieor-ia. and to dispute her soveivi-nlv over thecoiinlrv. The jiolitical aspects of the controversy liad lieeii comnimiicated to ( 'onure.ss. (luring- the last few inoiiths of .Mr. Monroe's second term, lie iiad hestowed enlarged thought on the subject, and recoiiinieiided the only plan which appeared ade(|iiate. at once to meet the f|iiestioii of the certain decadence and e.xtinction ol'tlie tribes in the States, and to provide tbr their iiitiiiiat.' welfare and pros[ierity. Such was the origin of the Creek controver.sy. Mr. Adams exerted himself to bring this vexed (piestion to an efpiitable ehw ; th,. Creek nation, and the ]ieop|.' of the riiion being niueh agitated b\- its discussion, and the friends of the Imliaiis a|)prehen>ive that some great iiijiL^tice was about to lie done them, (ieorgia having demanded their expulsi,)ii. the Creeks appeale2-".. and divlares every clause thereof '•mill and void, r. S. Tivatics p ;i!ll. OK THE IN 1)1 AX II ISTOi! V 419 to cvii'v intent and purpose wliatsoover." ' iiy tliis treaty tin' ( reeks ('(.' led laru(! Iraels til' their lands in (leorjiia, and agreed to reinovi- to the NVest. Tlif M-lntosli part\. and all who siiiiied the olijectionalde treaty, were reiM>laleil in their iu^t rii;ht>, and perndtted to send a deleiiution to loeate lands tor tlieii' part\ in the West. A perpetual additi(jnal annuity of.^'Jl 1.(1(11) was ^ranteil. and the Creeks a-reeil to remove within one \ear. Other stipulations were inelnded in the treaty, which was in the hii^hest degree liheral. The removal poliey was thus sustained. I'nder the authority ot' the treaty-making power, the President continned to receive isiicli eessions of the exhausted and surplus tracts of all tlu; trihes. sitnate(l east of tlie Mississippi, as they felt incdiued to make, in view of the linal ndincpiishnient of their i)iissession s anil transfer to tin- West. The treaty of.Iannary 21. 1S2().' was thi' first ellectivo step tidy Mr. Barhour, Secretary of War, made very e.xtensivo cessions of territory, retaining, however, ini|)ortant reserves for the Indians, who were confined to their pai'ticnlar localities. 1'lie llillowei's of (ienoral .M'Intosli. who had lallcii in the contot ai)oiit thi' land, wei'o indemnilied lor the danncLcs sustained hy them, and a deputation of that part of the nation agreed to visit and I'xamine the country, west of the .Mis.-is>ipi)i. d'signed for their residence. This treaty, which secured !m|i(irtant ad\ antages to the Isastern (,'rei'k.--, was the initial movenu'nt toward a, coinpronii.se. It is impossii)le to conceive, unle.^s hy a perusal of the numerous puhlic docmnents printed at tiiat period, how numerous and complicated were the diUlculties surrounding this sid)ject.' .Some of the trihes. more advanced in ci\ili/ation than tiie rest, regarded it as an enileavor to drive them hack into liarliarism, and the inoral ton<' of the com- munity also sympathized wilii this view. Tiie diurnal jiress. as well as tlu' critical rexiews, asserted that the Indian ipii-^lion had reaciied a point where it hecaini' neces- sar\' to ]iause. and piaider on the duties which the nation owed to tiie trihes. who, though at that time acting under delnsi\e impuls(>s, shoidd I he re^ardei 1 witl 1 deeper symi)athy. not oidy as oiu" predei'cs.-^ors in the country, hut also as individuals in whom Christianity felt a deep interest. It was then, as it still is. mi unsettleil ipu'stion, wliether these wandering, forsaken, and heidghted sons of tic forest, were not the pro- hahle descendants of the Ahramii^ st ocK, wliose historv is inseparalilv I'onnecied with th 10 destinies of the liuman race. At this time, it appeared that nothing hut the removal of the trihes from the juris- dictions of the several States to a separate territory, wliei'e they would lie free iVoiii mo lestation, could avert their entire annihilation at no xcrv distant ueriod. Port if tlu' C lerokees seem to h P ili/eij their true condition as earlv as th IMI'J. \ . t'. Tiv:lli.' I' ll.i.l. HI. ■' Vi.l.' I'lll.li.- Ilnrlininil- nf tllO Si'llllt.' ni' ill.' flill.-.l SClU'S, V,,|s. I., II., ill , lUlll IV.: \\:l,-llill. kpii, l!l;iir MM. I Kivis, is III. 4J0 TllK POLITICAL (TLMINVTIOX II i r h IHHtt i f ! I w lien tlicy ohtained Mr. JclVcvson's siiiicliuii to tlirii' pi'ojjosiil, wliicli was siil)sc'(|ii('iitl_v t'liihiMlii'd ill tlio tivatv lU'iioliiitod in iSlll. Kioiii a cliiiisc of the trciits' witli the Sliawiit'o.s, iioirotiati'd bv ( ICIIC alC'lark in ISl'-'i. wc Icani tluit i\ siiia II IraiiiiU'iit III' thai ti'ilii' iiad crosst'd the Missis.si|i|)i into iipin'r liOiiisiaiia. and tluTc located tlu'insclvcs on a traot of land twcuty-tivc inilos si|iiar('. urantftl to thciii liv (ioNcnior CarondoU't. as early as I7!l"). This niovciiii'iit which was at first inort'ly iircciuitionary, and inti'iiilcd to I'mnisli an oiitlcl lor their ri'stlcss poiHilation west ol'tiie Mississippi, was followed by several otiier tribes at a later date, and at various epoelis it became a ])i)rtion of the tribal jiolicv of the Choctaws, the Cliickasaws, the majority of the Chi'iokees. and finally, ol" the (,'ieeks. Yet the disjiersed liimter tribes, livinjr on larije reservations in the westi'ni and northern States, east of the Mississippi, rejiardod the measure with total a\ersioii. They cliinu' with tenacity to the land of their forefathers, in those latitudes, where the varviiiuf climate, and the happy ulternation of spriii.u', siimmor, autumn, and winter, j:ave a jiiquancy to tlie onjoymeiit of life. The chase was tin; pootrv oi' tlnir existence, war the true path to Iionnr. and the traditions and reminiscences of their forefathers the pi'oper intellectual tbod of the Indian mind. Huoks were for scholars, and laiior li)r slaves. This was Indian philosophy. Hut. wliile the Indian iiuluked in his day-dreams, the race which labored at the plow, the anvil, and the loom, and chained the ripjilinii' and murmurinu' streamlet to the revolvini: wheel of the saw and uiist mill, were rapidly encompassinu' him with the l)Oiids of civilized life. There were then no railroads, but the steady and rapid advance of civilization foreshadowed their approaeli. The plan of leniovinii' and conceii- tratiiiii' tlie Iiiili;in population was no sooner aimouiiced, than it was warmly advocated as the ])ro]iei' mmle of arresting' their decline ami avertin;^' their final e.vtinctioii. Tlu; result of careful scrutiny into their condition and future ])rospects by the President, whom they n^L'anled as their uri-at political father, was a provision, while yet the means were at hand, for their future pros|)erity and i)eriiiaiieiit welfari'. As such, the plan was detailed to the trili(>s \)y the otlicers charged with the care of Indian alfairs; not, however, with a view of tiiri'ini:' it upon them, but of submitting it to their calm consideration ami decision. The Indian. i.;iioiant alike of history and of the ])rogress of socict \'. retpiired time to cfinsider any new propositions advanced, and to realize his own true ptisition. All the nt)rtliern triiies e\|)iessed fears as to the healthl'nlness of the soutiiern latitudes, beinu; accustomed only to the bracing nortbern seasons, and to the customs and arts of noitbeni hunters. Their very mythology, singular as it may seem, warned them ot' the seducti\(! maiiiiiis and habits of the South.' It was a dillicult matter for them ti) exchaiiue their established customs for others entirely at variance with them. The intestine wars and li'uds of the Indians had been one of ilie principal causes of 1,I-J(1IM~ ..f lli.lWIltllM. HilliWCW,! iil'.i l('\ OK TIIH INDIAN lIlSToRV. 4-21 llu'ir (k'oliiio. iiml, in soim iL •uses, ut' tlicii- utlor (k'stnictii III. 'I'l ii'sc wars, \vhi('l> IimiI nn liiiiils to tlii'ir I'lirv, iiiid wnv. wnuod willimit aiiv ostfiisiliU' oliici't. Iiciiin l.cl lire ncM WHS (liscdvi'icd. II 11(1 coiitiiiiu'il. at litl'iil intervals. tlir(niuiicnssion with each of tiieir resjiective ai:ciits. a treaty of pe;ici- and liinitation was si'jued ly thrni. Auju>t i ■■'! i \> H t : V' Miir.-o'.s liriimt 111 liii' >'ri.Til:ii\ nf \\;ii-, 1 Mil. >\ii., IIMI |,|i. : .\iw \i:\ CiiiMi-.. Isu'-J !?r w. 42-2 TllK I'OLITK'.VI. (JULMINATION >. lS2">.' 'I'lio j)iiiici|il('s liiTf iiiiimiu'i:iti'(l wciv rarricd uut li_v ii similiir ruiivoiit ion tilfliicls. >\liicli Jissciiil>li'il lit Koiiil (In liiU'. ill tlio lii'iiil of liuki' Supt'iioi'. ill I Slid, iiml w:\x iillciuli'il liy till' I'liii'I's 1)1' tliut n\i:icni. A trciitv was j^iLniod hy tlio.«e ropro.sentiitivos of tlio nortlicrii trilu's, wliifh t'sfalilisluMl )n':ici I'lil irliilions among tlio liuliaiiH, and delinitcly f»ottU'(l tlio lioundarv linos ol' tlioir tonilorios ii}) to tlio forts -ninth ]>;irallol of iioitli iatitndo.'- I'lidor a treaty of a similar oliaraetor. a oonvontion was hold at liultnlrs Mtrts, on Kox rivor, lor tlio jjiirposo of. sottlinu: the nortli-oastern boundary botwoon tht^ Monoinonoos and t'hippowiis, and oortaiii hands of tlio Onoidas and Stock bridges, hotter known by tlio designation of Is'ow York Indians, whioh resulted in tlio signing of a treaty at this place, August lllh, 1827.' These treaties with tlio hinitor trilies of the North sociirod Hir tlioni acciirafo b Miiiiidari.'s. am I th iiiowlodiiinont bv the United Stat OS. as w'o II bv th o other tribes, of their (daims to the territory. They wore likowi.-io of the greatest adsaiitaL''o to them in their subsoipit'iit history, and served to teach tlioin the bonolits of system, when they begiin to exchange their surplus lantls for annuities in goods and coin. While the treaty of IJutte dos Morts was umler consideration, the Wiiinobagoes committt'd some hostile acts at Prairie dn Cliien, on tiio Missi.-sip|ii. They there lirod into a boat, n lundored several individuals, and eiidoavured practically to eiitbrce an olisiileio idea, that tlioy had a right to interdict niorchaiidiso from i>assing the portage of tiio Wisconsin, without receiving some acknowledgment thorelbr, in the nature of toll. General Cass, who, as one of the Conuni.ssioners, was then in the viciiiitv, immodiatolv embarked in liis light canoe, maimed bv skilful Canadians, cr 'osse d tl le jiortago. and. enteriii,., the Mississippi rivor, journoyed night and day until lie reached St. Louis, whence ho returned with a Ijody of troops, whosi' sudden appearance j)roveiited aiu further tronblo from this source. ' f. .<. Tiv:iti,'s, p. .•!T1. ' Ilri.l., p. .'!!1I5. lliid., II. 111'. \j-\ : m ' ill I OF THE INDIAN IIISTOUY. 423 CIL.VPTKR VI [I. GRADUAL TRANSFERENCE OF THE INDIAN POPULATION TO THE WEST. Ai.L causes of intestine quiirrels and dissensions wen; ultiiiictely removed, during Mr. Adams' administration, \>y tlic negotiation of 1S"J8. treaties defining the boundaries between tiic triljes;' and tin' jjolicy of J. (}. .Vkams, western migration was promoted by the force of convincing arguini'nt. PiiKsinKxr. Tiio primary arrangements for the expatriation of tiie ChcroUecs and Choctaws liad been commenced l)y the Indians tliemselv-'s in 1S17 and 1S20. Their transference to the West was, liowever. a tedious operation, and only undertaken after a tiiorougii exploration of their new territory had Ijeon made. The Indian exerci.ses great caution, and is never in a hurry in the transaction of business ; he must liave time to think. One after another, the tribes residing in tiie soutiiern and middle, and. linally, to a considerable extent, those in the northern latitudes, adopted the [ilan, and accepted locations west of the Mississippi, for those surrendered on the east of that river. It was an object to preserve pacific relations with those indigenous triljcs in the wi-st, on who.'^e territories the eastern trilx's were to be concentrated, and who yet pos.sessed the title to the soil. These stern lords of the wilderness, the Osagi's. the (Juappas, the Kanzas and their compeers, required to be kept at ]ieace not only with the United States, but also with each other, and with the tribes einlgrating from the cast of the Mis>issi|)pi. Parties of the migrating Indians re([uired, I'roni time to time, to be directed to the places on which they were to I'eside ; and to be furnished with the nii'ans of beginning life there. It was likewise necessar\' that their aniuiitii's, derived from formei" cessions ot' country, should be apportioned bi'tween tlu' eastern and western divisions of the trilies. in accordance with their respective numbers. Sometimes, the tribes settled in positions, whence tlieii' restless spirit indin'cd them to remove and re-locate elsewhere. ^lurdi-rs not unfre(|m'ntly occurred, and frontiei' wars were oidy pi'cvented by judicious negotiations. iiiilitar_\- watchfulness, and bv the system of compensation, customary among the Indians. These onerous ollicial duties win'o Treiitios of I'mirio ilii C'liieii, ISJ,'), I'on.l Ju Liii:, ISiiii, iiiul liiiUo tira .^Iul•(■i. ls27. m I 1 ] I II' ip, % it I,, I 1 4-24 THE ruLlTlCAl, cri, Ml NATION. alily pciloriiu'd liy tlic veteran Supcriiitt'iKlciit ol' liidiiui Mlliii's at St. Ijouis. 'I'lio imwt iiii|iiii'l:uit ti'ilit's of tli(> Oliii). liidiaiia, ami llliiiois Indians, liad so far cnti'ivd into ananiirini'nts I'oi'tiu'ir icrno val. il. U t(i liiivi' .^'cnt out citlu pion tTs or cnii^n'ant piii'tic'."*. Early in the month i>[' April. I8:i7. KUksattiiwa. tlic Sliaunci' ni'oiilit-'t, arrived at St. Limi.-i. t'roni Walipakeiietta. willi the Shawnee tribe, cm their ro ite to the West. This was tlie eelel)rated man, wiio, assnminj;' the prophetic olliee, ha I. in IMl, incited the ali()ri;;ines to waiie the war a^'ainst the I'nited Stati's, in which the Indian hosts were led to battle b\ 'recnmseh. This war, instead ol' oriLrinatinji' a new era of prosperity lor the Indians, and limitinL' the advance of civilization, as l-lllksatlaMa had assured them, hail pnidnced the diametlicall_\ opposite ell'ect. After the defeat and death of'l'ecnmseh, the prophet had hiniselt' lied to Canaila, wheri' he lived for sonie years, nnlil the lon^ eontinnance of peace renio\('(l all apprehen.sion of further iiMscliief from his oracadar voice, when (ieueral Cass permitted him to return to his tribe at Wahpakenetta, where his people, liavinj;' directed their attention to farming', and the raisinjr of liorses and cattle, had made considerahK' advance in arts, ii.duslry, and civilization. He was a man of oriuinal ideas, strong purpose, and nnich natural sliri'wdness, and was \\( II adajited. by his easy manncrH, and hy habits of extreme iihstemiousness, as well as by his total lack of sidlisliiiess, to attract tiic favor of the Indians. In stature, he was lonsiderably ahovw the average height, his body was very .spare, and his conntenance always wore an austere as[ie('t, which, with the [okh of one eyi-, over which he constantly wore a patch or blind, tended to more deeply impress t!ie Indians with an idea of his sanctity of character. His revelations were promidgi'd with all that carefid ;itteidion to manner, circumstance, tinn'. and place, lU'cessary \o ensiu'e them full credit : anil but lew men of his class, possessing such marked peculiarities, have figured in Indiini history. JJowed down with the accuinidateil weight of _\ears, he wa.s now the leader of his tribe in their journey to a land of refuge; and. as such, was received iiy the Superintendi lit. and ollicials at the West, with friendsliip, respect, and kindness. As-uniing an oratorical attituik', lie said, in elfect, "that he had come, in obedience to llie desire of the I'ri'sident, whose wishes had been coinmunicati'd by the agent. lli> (ireat Father at Washington had seen that the Shawnces owned but a small piece of land, and that the whites were pressing iii)on them so much that they could not long remain on it in prosperity. That, to ensure thi'ir preservation, and enable them ajaiii to iiccome .i great nation, ho woidd give them a new location in the West, where the sun shone as bri^litly. and the soil was as rich, on which they might live forevi'r, iiniler their own laws. He had aihised them to send a Jiarty to view it. and judge of its litiiess. lie had promised to sustain tliein on the wav. and pay them tin' their iijiprii\ements. orchards, and agricultural implements left behind. They recei\ed this voice ,is the voice of wisdom and kindness. They regarded it as one with the voice of the (ileal Spirit, wiiieli he had himself heard, it came over the Aileghanies as the jileasing .sound of many waters. The old men at first objected to the plan. At last, OF THE INDIAN HISTORY. 425 the youiifr iiH'ii rcvit'wcd the siilijcct. and siiiil. I( ' is ^i) .nid look at the land, lie liad yot up mid caini! witli liis pi'Dijlc. Tliort' were . Ml jiur.soii.s with liiiii. Tlii'ii; wt'id some lol't beliiiid, wlio would -.lUo coini-. Tliuy did not conu' ol" tlicir own motion. It was tlio great Ivuler of the land who sent tlieni. It was liis promises tliat lie came to test. He now askud that they should he earried out. They were hungry, and hud worn out most ol" their clothes. Their horses were lean and poor. They must rest to gain strength."' The removal ol" all the Indians to the we.st of the Mississippi went t'urward, partly by their own volition, and partly under the inlluence ol" the (lovermnt'iit ollieials. The movement wa.s founded on the strength of treaty .stipulations alone. The more closely the i)hin wa.s examined by both white and red men, the mori^ favor it received. Con- gress was much interested in the project, and several acts were presented to the consideration of both llouse,"*, which had l"or their object to facilitatt? and give llic force of legal .security to the plan. Fei)ruary 1st, IS'Jo^ the Situate p:issed a bill - ll)r tiie preservation and civili/ation of the Indian tribes within the United States;" but it liiiled to receive the sanction of the House of IJepreseiitatives. DeeendK-r liTth of the Hame year, the House instructed their Committee on Indian All'airs. to devise a plan for allotting tt) each tribe a sullicieney of land, '•with the .sovereignty, or right of soil. in the same maimer that the right ol' doniain is secured to the res[)eetive States of tins I'liioii." In January, iSliO, the bill brought forward in tiie House, at the previous session, was referred to the Sec^retary of War, with the view of obtaining such inl"or- mation a.s the subject d(.'inanded. Mr. IJarbour made a very elaborate report, but no final iictioii was taken in the matter. The principles then dis(nis,sed were, liowever, incorporated in the treaty formed ^lay Sth, 1S28, with the Cherokees, which secured to that nation a permanent home in the West, under the most solemn guaranty of the United States, by which this territory was granted to them Ibrever, with an appended .stipulation that they .should be jirovided with plain hiw.s, and the indivitluality of the right to the land acknowledged whenever it should be desired. ' MS.S. Letters and .Spcculi llouk ut' tho yujii'iiiiU'iHli.iu;v. Vol. A., p. lO'-i, ituhi Vol.. VI. — 51 M' \ 1 1 rri I M - ;:l f i'\ Iral ■ 'E . ';i^ ■ '' '^' ]\l; 1* 'vi ^H m- I-, ■t 1' :. i; ii i! '):■ ^KS I- If r< ^Bf •v ■ f- w i^ >''.■ IBw^^' 1 ft IBiif i! Ura*' !i t|:- lu^ ii ir rail .! jrj ■^ k ■■■' :l i- , ^^H'"-' i '^ rk*;? H^B' - 'L i'R" WB^-' i f I:^- ■«l [^ II 1 sill 420 TIIM roMTH'AT, (' I' 1,M 1 N A T I ON CIIArTKU IX, GKOd i{ A I' in (' A I, !• II I-; N ( »M i; \ a . SOIL. CMMATi:. AND TKHIMTO- KIAl- ADVANTAdKS (»r TlIK Tito I'OS ll D INDIAN COi.ON IKf^. 1S20. J. Q. Al.AMS. I'UKSIDKNT. Tin: siiitiihilitv mikI tin- ;iiiiplitii(l(' of flic territory M-lcctcd as ii. r('('iiL'<' lor till' liiiliiiiis. were toiiics ol'ti'ii mooted, iiiul siH rioifui'iitly if tlif Rockv y^ uiitaiiiH, iIi'iikmI. >itiiiito on the tiveat ircoloL'icMl slo|)e ( ill liititiiiles hut seldom visited, exeeiit liy the hunter and tl..> '(rivellor, inl'orniMtion re, wlio supposed tliat tlie trihes were not only to he removed west of the iurisdictious of the States and Territoric's. hut also he\-oiid tiie isothermal limits, where the a!)seiiee of aralile soils liad ell'eetiially harred the pro liietioii of forest trees. General William ClarU. the veteran explorer, then Suporintondent of Indian Allairs at St. liOiiis, disuhused the ])ntilie of this notion, in a report whiei' he made to the Govern- inent in the vear IS-. Tho I'reat l)odv of the cession." ho oiiserves, "lies west of Missouri and Arkansas, and is so extensive that, ai'tor leiivinjj; tho country of tiiu Kiuizas and Osa-res. a district siiirieient for their iiermanent resideiieo, and after furnish- in,ir homes for the tiiiies. mIiosc accommodation was the immediiito object of the Govei'iinu'iit. and locatinir the Creeks, it will still leave enou.irh to enable them to furnish jiernianent residences for other tribes in ilifleri'iit States, who may he willing to remove to the West, in pursuance of tiio system lor the gradual removal and collocation of the lndi!ms. '• I find, from information derived from persons to he relied upon, that the country embraced in these cessions, is wondkhfi'i.i.v adai'tkd lo an Inihax i-oi'ulatio.v in tiik KinsT STA(;i:s OF CIVILIZATION. Grass is uni\ersally abundant, and the winters, in a great portion of the cession, miltl enough to winter cattle, horses, and otiier domestic animals, to subsist themselves without care from their owners. On all creeks and rivers, tlieiv are liottoms of rich lands, easii}- prejiared for cultivation. Tiie country is divided into woodland and ])rairie — but mostly prairie, and i.s well watered by Hpriiigs and running streams, and is convenient to .salt plains, and .springs of salt water. OK TIIK INDIAN IIISTORV. m from wliioh an iiicxliaiistil)li' .supply of suit cim lii> oliluinoil, [' i Ish) ii*(>nv<'»i -Mit to tlif urciit IJiiHiilo riiii;:t', IVwiii wliicli f^iipplioM ciiii l)c ttlitiiiiu'il, \mt \\f\- ciiii (i.«i»il to tlii'ir own lldi'ks." ' In IS.'Jd, (Im'iiiK a HubscHiuoiit jjirsidi'iicy, (Jcnoriil Kiiton, ScciitMry of War, thus iiuliciitcs liis coin'iirrt'nco in tln'so views; "As it ri';:iinls the iii(|iiliy rt'liitivc to tin- soil, cliniiitc, iind prodiicfioiis of (iu! ('(iiiiitrv, nil tiic inrormiition liiat Ims liccn olitiiiiicil iVom lu'i'sons who hiivo visiti'd this jjortioii iiroiir territory, leads to the eomliisioii that, in notiiin^ oi' tlioso is it inferior to tlin country proposed to he uliandoned on the east of thi! Mississippi. It is llir the most part, an open prairie eounlry, lertiie and easy to bo cultivated, with tiinher snilicient for iil' ajriicultural purposes, and whieli is vigorously and I'reely re])roduoed in the prairies when they are settled and trodden hy the stock. 'I'h(> climate is mild and a;.'reeai)ie. and produces cotton to advantage throu;;hout that portion of it where it is propi>sed to locale the southern tribes."' ' liiiiiiiii ('oiiL'ri.-: lnli in its e\peiiditures upon the siiipject. (liArrnmeiil has eon>taiill_\ drfMled its own policy; and (he Indians, in i;vneial, recidinij further and further to the West, have retained their sava,ije habits. A portion, rut ST UKf'AiU'i DK nii; cni.dN i/. \ tion i-lnn »j:t liDWOVcr, ni'tlii- Miiiitlirni Irilii'ri. Iinviirj iniii'^li'il miii'li uilli llic Aliili'». iiinl iiiihIc ."iiiu' lirO-Tl'f'S ill tlic lilts (if t'ivili/rd lit'c. IlilVf lilli'ly lltt('lll|iti'i| In I I'cct MM il|ili'|li'Ilili'llt ^iiMTiiiiifiit \\illiiii till' liinitH of (ii'in'L'iri and Alaliuinii. 'I'Imm' Stairs, claiiniii'.' to U* till- oiils' ^|^\^'|•(•iL:lls williiii lliiir ti'iritcnics. cNtcnilrd tlirir laws hmt tin- liidiaii>«; \\ liii'li iiiihi 1 tlic latter to call ii|mim tin- Initrd Slatr-i |. wlii'tlirr tin* (iciiiial (invcriimriit liad a ri;:lit to Mistaiii tliii.T |i(mp|i|i' in their |ircti'ii«inii«v 'I'lir ('i)ii>titiilinii ilrrlaics, tliat 'no new State oinill lio liii iiiimI or erected within the imi-dieihiii nl' aiiv nther Stale, witlmut the ciiii'^cnt nl' its Icji^lal ine, IT the (iinnal ( ii>\ rrniuriit i- imt |ieriiiitted til tolerate the cri'ctinn nl' a cunrcderate Slate within the teriituiy el' mie nf tile ineinliei's dl' this I'liion. a'jainst her consent, inncli le>s cniijil it allnw a liirei>j:ii and Illiie|ii'iii|i'nt 'josei imiellt to estalilisii itseir there, (leor'lia hecallie a Illeinher nl' the t'(inreilerac\ wliiih eventuated in nnr I'lileral I'nion. as a .>^overei'in Slate. aKviivs iisscrtiiiir her claim to ceiinin liniit>: which. ha\inj licen -inii nf ISII'J. Alahania was adinitted into the I'nion mi the -niie jiintin'.' with the oiiiiina il iStatcH. with lionndaries which wi-re |irescrilied hy ('onLiios. There is no constitnlional, convcntion.'il. or IcL'al |)i'o\isioii, which allows them h «s power over the Indians within tiieir liia'ders. than is |iossesse(| hy .Maine or New Yi'ik. Would the |irci|)le nf .Maine jieimit tlie I'enoliscot trihe to erect an inilependi ,1 ijoxernnient wiliiin llnir Stale".' iiiid, unless they did. would it not he the duty nf the (leneral (Inscrnmenl In su|i|i(al tliein ill resistimi sncli measure Would tiie lieople nf .New Y nrU |"'nnil eacji remnant of the Six Nations within her horders. to declare itself an inde|ieiideul |ieo|ile. under the protection of the I'nited States'.' Cniild the Indians esialilish a s(|iiiratt' re|iulilic on eacli nf their reservations in Ohin".' and if they wcie .-n di<]in-ei|, wnuld it lie the duty ot' this (Invernment In |irntecl them in the alleni|it '.' it the priuciplo invidved in the ohvinns answer to these questions he aliandoned, it will liillnw that th(> ohjects nl' tills ( In\ finiiient are reversed ; and tlnit it has hecniue a part of its duty to aid in destroyiiiL'' tlu' States which it was eslaiilisheil to protect. '•.\ctuated hy this view nf thi' sulijcct. I inliiriiied the Indians iiihahilim;- parts nf (icoiLda and .\lai)ama, that their atti-inpt tn estahlish an indepenileiit frovernnient would not he countenanced hy tlie Kxecutive of th(! I'nited States; and advised them In (•minrale heyond the .Mississippi, or suhmil to the laws of those Slates. '■ Our conduct towards these pcnjile is deeply inlerestintr to our mitinnal charai'ter. Their pii'sent conditinn. eontrasteil with what they once were. inal\es a miv>t powerful appeal to our sympathies. Our auce.-tnrs found them tin; nnccnitrolled possessors of these vast reiiions. |{y persuasion and force, they liave heen made to retire I'rom river to river, and iVoiii mountain to iiiouiitaiii, until sonic of tlio trihu.s have hccnme extinct, il : i! m: 430 TJII-: I'lKST DIM' A I) K (»K ' \K- Vf ' 't I 1 1?! ' ' ! f and otluTs Imvo left but ivmiiaiits, to picscivi'. liir ii wliilo, tlioir (m('(> tci'rilik' niuiips. Siin'oiiiuli'd l)y flu? wliitcs, witli tlit'ir iirts ol' civiliziUioii. wIul'Ii. \>y dcstroviiiii- llic n'soiirct's 1)1' till! t<;ivii,i:('. doom liiiu to wi'aUiicss mid di'i'av ; tlif late of tlu? Molicuan, tlu' Narrauaiij^ott, and tiic Di'lawarc. is last ovcrtakiiii; tlu' Clioctiiw, tlic ('lu'vokci', and till' <"i('i'k. 'I'luit tills I'atr siirclv awaits tliriii. ii' tlicy rciiiaiii within tlic liiiiit.s oC till' States, does not admit of a doiilit. Ilimianitv and national honor demand tiiat i'\(.'ry flVort siioiiid he niadi' to avert so tireal a ealaniity. it is too lati' to iiuniire wiiether it was just in tiie United States to ineliide them and tiieir teiritorv within the bounds ot'iii'W States, whose limits they eouid control. That step cannot lie retiM<'ed ; !i Stale cannot Ik; disiiieinliered hy CoiiLn'ess. or restricted in the exercise of her eonstitntional power. lUit liie people of timse .'^tati's. and of e\-ei'y State, acliiated hy feelings of justice, and a rcL'^aid for onr national honor, sulimit to you the interestinir question, wiiether something cannot he doiu', consistently with tiie rights of the States, to presi'r\e this much iniured race'.' •■As a means of I'lleetinj;' tiiis end, I snpiiost. for your ronsideration. the propriety of pcttin.ir apart an ample district west of the .Mississi[)pi. and witliont the limits of any State or Territor\% now formed, to he irnaraiiticd to the Indian irliies. as lonu' as they shall occupy it: each trilic Inuiniz'a ilistiiict control over the portion dcslLmated for its use. There they ma\' he scciire(l in the enjoyment of Lro\-eriinii'nts of their own choice, suhject to no other control from the United States than such as m.iy lie neeessarv to jire.serve ])eace on the frontier, and hetween tlii' several trihes. There tli(> henevoU'iit may endeavor to teach them the arts of ci\ ilizalion ; and. hy |iromotiiiL;' union and harmony anuniLr them, to raise up an interestinir commomvealth, d'stiiR'd to per|)etuatt! the race, and to attest the liumanity and justice of this (loveriiment. ••This emigration should he voluntary: for it would he as cruel as unjust to eompid tlie aborigines to abandon the craves of their fathers, and seek a home in a distant land. Hut they should hi' distiiutiy informed tliat, if they remain within the iimlts of the States, they must lie subject to their laws. In return tor their obedience, as individuals, they will, withonl doubt, be ]»rotected in the enjoymentoftho.se possessions wiiicli they have improved by their industry. JJiit it seems visionary for me to suppose, that, in this state of thing-', ciainis can bo allowed on tracts of country on which thev liave neither dwelt nor made improvements, merely because they have seen them from the mountain, or passed them in the chase. Submitting to tlu; laws of the Stale, and rei'civiiig, like other citizens |H-otection in their persons and jiroperty, they will, ere long. hr<'onie merged in the mass ot' onr population. ' ' in the month ol' ,M;iy. Is.'lO. Cungress pa,ssed an act, authorizing tlie iiecessar\ exchanges and purchases of lands t'roin the indigenous tribes west of the .Mississippi. This act legalizes the removal of the Indians, guaranties them the possession of their t ' indiari Coiigro.s.siunal Doeument.s, Vol. IV. Doc. 1., p. 15. 'It. THE COLONIZATION IT, AN, 4;!1 now laiuls, and iiLjrci.'.-i to dorciid tlu'in in tlicir .^^oMTfiLiiity ; uraiits cDiniiciisalioii I'or impi'ovt'mcnls made on their late iiosset^sions, and apiirojniates ?N:")()0,Otl(), witli wliicii to conmience the removal ol' the trihew.' ' An Apt (h juMviilr Inr an i'xcli:iiii.'(' of lands with tin? Imlians iv.-idiiiv' in any nl' tin' Statis nr 'I'lTrilurio, iinil fur tliiir i-unnival wi'sl uf tlio livi'i' ,\li.-.sissipiii. Si 1 IION 1. /{. il inililiil III) III' Sillil/i unil llnllsi- "/ Hi jinsi illillii ,s uf ihr I'lilli.l Shilt.i I'l' .\lili l-iiil ill ('•,111/1-1 ss ii.liall and may be lawful I'nr tlio IVrsidcnt "f llir I'nili'cl Slai.s t.i can-i' mi tnnidi III' any Tcnilni-y ludnni^inLT tn tin' I'nilrd Staffs, wrst cif tlic ri\i'i' Mi>--i."ip|ii. nnt imludrd in any Stati- in- ornaiiizcd Ti'rritiiry, and in wiiiili tin' Indian tilli' lias ln'i'ii cxlinu'iiislii'd, as In' may jiidL'i' nciT^^arv, to l)n dividid intd a siiiialdn inimln'i' iif disli-ii'ts, t'nr tlic ri'i'i'|itiim id' suedi trilii's nr iiatimis nl' Imlians as may ciniiis.' Ill cM'liaii'^i' till' lands wlnrr lliry imw I'l'sido, and rcmiivi' tliciv; and to oausc racli ot' said di-tfiits In be so drs( rlliiil by naluial or artilicial iiiark^, as to bi' easily disliiiLinisliid IVom I'Vrfy ntlnr. Sl'.e. L'. Am/ In I'l /mill, ,■ , 11,1, /,,!, '\'\[:\t it sliall and may be lawl'nl Ibi- tlin I'rcsidrnt to I'xciiaii'.'i' anv i.r III! ofsncli dislrii'ls, so as to In; laid olV and drMribcd, with any tribo or nation nl' Indians imw ri'-idiii'^ williin till' limits of any of tlir Slatrs or Tririlni-i.-, and willi wliicli tin.' riiilrd Stair- bavo .'\i.-tiii- irraiir,-, f,ii' iho wliiilo 111' any ]iai't ol' imi'tinn of ilir Ti'i'iilnry ilaimrd and oci'U|iiril by sin'li Iril ■ naliuii. witliin llio buniids of liny niii' nl' mori' of llic ."'airs ur TiiTiloriis, wdifir tlic land rlaimrd and ni'rn]iird by llio Indians, is owiii'd by tin- I'nili'd St.iirs, or tlio I'nilid Stairs am bound In tin' Stalo witliin wbii li it lirs to i'.\tini;ui.-li tlm Indian rlaliii llirnlo. Sf.r. I!. Anil III- if I'liilli, I' I ii,ii-f,il, Tlial in tin' maliiinj; uf any sm b rM-liaii'.;!' ur i'\i'liam.;v~. it >liall and may bo lawful fur tin' I'l'i-^idriit suli'iniily I'l asMiir tlio tribo or iialinn willi wliirii tlio oxrliainji' is iiiadi'. that till' I'liiti'd Slato.s will fiii-i'Vor socnii' and i;naraiity to tlioin, and tlnir lioirs or sini'i'ssurs, llio I'oiintry mi ('xi'ban'.;i'd witli tlii'in ; and if tln-y profor il. that llio I'liiti'd Stains will lau-o a ]iatrnt or jxranl to br mado iliiil oxi'fUlod to llii'in for llio .sanio : I'n,, i,l,,l uli'-ii/s. That sinb lands shall rovort tn llio I nilid Slal''-, if llio Indians biToini' cxlini't. or abandon tlio -iiii". Ski', t. ,l(o/ //( it /mill, r ,11,1, 1,, I, That if. n|i'in any of llio lainls iinw oii'U|iii'd by llio Indians, and In bo ('xoliaii'jod for, llioro slnmld bo siioli iiii|inivi'iin'nt- a- add v.ilin' tu llio land olaiinod by any individual or ilidividuaU of snob Iribos ur nation'-, it shall and may bo lawful fir iho I'rosidoiit to oauso sui'li valno to bo iiscortaini'd by a|i[ii'aisoinont or olhorwiso. and to oauso suoli asoortaiiiod yaluo to bo jiaiil to llio pi'i'Min or jiorsons ri'.ditfully olaimini; .-nrli iiii|iiovonii'iils. And upon tlio ]iaynn'nt of suoli valuation, tho iin|irovoinoiits so valued :\r„\ paid fir, shall ]iass to tho t'liilnl Stales, and possession shall not afterwards lie p.'rmilteil lo anv of the same tribe. Ski'. Ti. All, I II'- il /m-lii, I- iiiii'-liil. That uiioii the makiiiir of any sueli exelianp' as is eoiitompl.iteil by this act, it shall and may bo lawfid for tin: president lo oauso suoh aid and assistanee to he furnisln'd to tho ciiii'.'ranls as may bo neees iiio^siiiic to (Viiiiiirss. scut (o tliiit Ijody on (ho Jlli ol' DcccihIh'I'. IS^IO. ISoO. Pri'sidciit .Tiu'ksou iiL'iiiii in'cscntiMl this t()[ti(' to tlicir iiotict', :uul. with iiii iippicciative sciisf oi'its iniportaiu'c, solicitcMl lor it their iiiiitiiri' considoi'atioii. '•It j:ivt's inc iik'iisurt' to iiniioiuu'i' to (.'oiilitcss tlnii tiio huiu'voloiit policv of tlif (u)vcriiim.'iit, stoaJily pursued lor neai'ly lliirty years, in relation to the removal of tiie Indians hevond the white settlements, is api)roa('hing to a liappy eonsinnniation. Two important tribes have accepted the provision made lor their removal at the last Hcssion of (\)n,;:n>s; and it is helicved ihat tiicir example will induce the remaining; trihcs. also, to seek the same ohvious advantages. '•The c<)nst'(|uences of a spee(ly removal will he important to the United States, to individual Slates, and to the Indians themselves. The pecuniary advantaircs w-hich it ])i-omises to the Government are the least of its recominendatiuns. It puts an end to all possible danger of collision hetwecn tlie authoiitics of the (ieneral and State Governments, on account of tiie Indians. It will place a dense and civili/.ed popula- tion in large tracts of country now occupied hy a few savai;i' hunters. I'y opening the wh<)le territoi'y hetweeii Tennessee on the north, and iiouisiana on the soiitii. to the .settlement of the whites, it will iiicalculaldy strengthen tlw south-western frontier, and render tin; adjacent l^tatcs strong enough to rei)el future invasion without remote aid. It will relic\e the whole State of Mississlpjji. and the western part of Alaliama. of Indian occupancy, and enahlo tlu)se States to advance rapidly in [lopulation. wcdlli. and power. It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them from the ])ower of tiie States; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way. and tnider their own rude institutions; will retard the progress of ilecay, which is lesseiiing their numbers, and perhaps cau.se them gradually, luider the proti'ction of the Govcriunent, ami through the intluence of good counscds. to cast oil' their savage habits, and become an interesting, civilized, and Christian coiinnuin't-.-. 'J'hese cotiseipu'iices. some of them so certain, and the rest so probable, tnake thi' com- jilete execution of the; ]ilan -anctiont'il by Congres.s at their last session an oliject of nnich solic'! ide. ' ■'ii e . 'I'llH ('(II,(»N IZ ATION IM,AN, Tiiwiinl tlic itliorlLiiiics of tlio comitrN-. no one {'lui iiuliil'^c ;i iiinrc IViriiillv fcclin'. tliaii luvsfir, or woiilil ,i;o I'lirtlicr in attciiiutiiiir to reclaim tliciii iVom 1 icll' WailUrllli 1 1. lial)its. and to niaUc tliciii a liappy and prosperous people I upon llii'ni my own solenni coiiviotions ol' tlie duties and powiMs of the (Ii'iieral (I ia\ e enili'in iiri'il lo impri'^s men t in I'idalion to the State uuthorities. For the justiei' of the 1 nws [■;i-sei l.v th Slates within the seope of their rosorvod powers, they are not respon-ihle to this ( io\'ern- nient. As inihviduals, we may entertain and express onr opinions <. I' their acts: hut as a (iovei'nmeut, we have as little viiiht to control them as to i'oreiLrn nations. we lia\(' to pre>erilje law? With a lull understanding' of the sul)jei;t, llie (Jhoctaw and ('liir!^;i>;iw i nlll'>: h,i\-. with iireat unanimity, determined to a\ail themselves oi' the liberal olli'rs presented h • the act oi' ('oii'-:ress. and have airroi'd to remove heyond the .Mi-.sis-iip]ii ii\i r. 'riv;itie;\ liave heen made with ihem. which, in due season, will he sidnnittrd lijr consideration. In ne'.;iitiatinu- these treaties, they were made to understand their tiue comlition : and the\- ha\c' jirel'erred nniintaininii' their independence in the we--tern I'oresls Id suhiiiit- ting to the laws ol' the Slates in which they now reside. Thrse treaties, hein^- pro- liahK' the last whii>tenee on their arri\-,al at tlcir n^'w homes. If it he their real iiderest to maintain a si'parate existence, they will there he at liherty to do so without the inconvcMiiences and Ai'Xations to which tlie\- wou'd unavoidiihly liave heen suhjecl in Alahama and .^li^sissippi. '• Humanity has olieu wept over the late of the ahoriLiiues of this ennntiy, ami phi- lanlhriip\- has heen hui'.;' hu-^ily eniployed in devisini;- means to a\eii it. l!i;t its pr^'- gress lia'^ never for ii momi'Ut ht'i'n arrested, and, one hy one. ha\-e many powerful trilies disappeared I'rom thi> eartli. '\\i follow to the toud) the hi-l nf hi- race, and to tread on the iupr(dien.-i\'e view of the general interests of the human I'aci". is to he rei:retted. I'hihinlhrnpv eouM not wish to see this contiueul restoreil to the condition in which il wa< found ^ present century, so just to the States, and fo generous to the Indians, the I'lxecntive ieids it has a right to expect th(> co-operation of Congrt'ss, and of all good and disinterested men. The States, moreover, have a riiiht to denuiml it. It was. substantially, a part of the coni|)act which nnide tliem members of our confei'craey. AVilli (ieorgia thei'e is an express contract; with the new Slates ;in ini|ili(d one. of e(pi:d obligation. AVIiy, in autlioi'i/.inj' Ohio. Indiana, Illin^ Slat> .Miss. OIU'I. Mis>is^ iiipi. and Alab.ima to Ibrm conslitut Ion- im 1 1 M'coine separate lid ( 'on'.;ress ineludi witbin then liuii is exteiisi\e tracts oi' Indian lands, ami. TIIK ('OLONIZ ATKiN L'LAN, ill soinn instiinros, powerful liidiiiii tril Was it lint iiiidci'stood, by both partic; tliat tb" power of tb(! States was to lie eo-e\teiisivi? witli tlieir limits, ami tliat, with all foiiveiiieiil (lespateb, tlie (ieiieial (iovenimeiit sboiild extiii,L;iiish tlie Jndiaii title, and veiiiovo every olistriietioii to tlie eomplett! JiU'isili<'tioM of tlie State ^Governments over the soil'.' I'rohably not one of those States would have accepted a sep{irati> existence, certainly it would iie\er lia\e been fjiiaiitcd by ('ontiicss, had it been understood that they were to bo eonlined forever to those small luatioiis of tlieir nomirial territory, tho Indian title to wliieli had, at the tim(>, been extin;:uislied. '■ It is, therefore, a duty which this liiiveriiiiient owes to the new Stales, to e\-tiii,i:iiish, as soon as possible, th(^ Indian tith; to all lands which Coiij^ress themsehes have includcil within their limits. Wiien this is done, the duties of the (ieneral Onvernment, in relation to the States and Indians within their limits, art; at an end. 'J"he Iiulians may leave tho State or not, as they choose. The purchasi! of their lands dues not alter, in the least, their jiersonal relations to the State ( Jii\rriiment. No ait nf tin' (jleiieriil (iovernnient has ever been di'emcd necessary to pivc the States jiirisilictinii over the persons of the Indians. That they possess, by virtue of their soveiiinn power within their own limits, in as full a manner before as after the pnicliase of the Indian lands; nor can this Government add to (ir diiiiinish it. " Mav wt! not hope, tlierefore, that all uneil citi/ciis. and none mori^ zealously than tho.su who think the Indians oppressed by subjection to the laws of the States, will unite in atteiiiptinii' to open the t'ycs dI' thosi' children of the forest to their true condition ; and, bv a speedy reino\ al, to relieve them IVem the evils, real or imaginary, present or prospective, with which they may be supposed to be threatened."' Obvious as these \ lews were, to men familiar with history, and the civil jiolity of nations, the Indians were slow to compndiend, and loth to admit them. Meantime, (Jeoriria and Alabama sedulously pressed the subject on the notice of the (iovernnient, which, at len,;;th made provision for the .settU'iuciit of the (|Uestion. as a necessary ineasurt; tor iirescrvin;:' tlie i[uiet, and promotiujr the prospi'rity of the States. Time was, howi'ver, reipiired to adjust the controversy; the discussions, meantime, beiiin' continiieil with vipir. One \ ear later," the Kxecutive wsuw [iresented the subject to ("oivress, and acquainti'd them of the proirress of the e.\[ieriuieiit, at the .same time I'xpressimi- his deciiled com i<'tion, that colnni/ation was the only feasible metlmd of relieviiiii- liotli the States and the Indian tribes iVom their constantly accuinnlatiu'.i' embarrassments. "Time and experience have proved that the abude of the native Indian within their limits is danji'erous to tlu'ir peace, and injurious to liimsi ■If. 1 1 ml n accontance witli iiiv th recommendation at a former session ol' Comrn in appropriiition of >!")II0.(III0 was mai le. to aid the V(diintarv removal of the various tribes beyond the 1 milt .f tl State: Vt {\w last session. I had the happiness to announce that the Chickasav le iiid Imliuii I'uiigivs.sidiial Doeumonts, Vul. V., I'oc. I . [i )!•. -' .Ml'.->ilL'l', litll llccl'MlljCl', IS.'il. h' ->H"!i iflHillli'tt' mm m ' » i:«M be pnt to rest. It i-^ pleasim;' to relic. ^t thai results so beneficial, luit only to the States Immediately concerned, but to the hariiioin- of the rnion. will have been accomplished by measures erpially ailvantaueons to the Indians. What the native savages become when surrounded by a dense ])opulation. and by mixing with tlie whites, may be .-ecu in the miserable renmants of a I'vw eastern trilies. ileprivi'd of political and civil li-hts. forbidden to make contracts, and subjected to liuardians. dragging out a wretched existence, without exciti'iiieiit. witlKuit hope, and alniDst without tIiou:^lit. •■ r.iit. the removal (if the Indians beyoijil the limit.s and jurisdiction of the Stales, A'u- lint place tl.eiii bcwiiid the reach of |,hilantlirepie aid ;ind Christian in^triictiim. On the contrary. tho.M> wlaiin philanllir(i|n- or reii-iou may induce to live aim.ii- them in their new alindc. will b,' nioiv free iu tl xerci>,. ,,|' thrir benevolent funeiions, than if tiny had remained within the limits of the Slates, embjtrrassed hv their internal re-ulations. Now. subject to no control but the siiiierintending a-vncv of the Cencral ( i(ivernm.'-i...iial |)uciuiii.'iU.-, \'ul. \'[. Doc. 1.'., p. 11. 't. . 1 '. TUE COLUNIZATION PLAN. 437 ClIAI'TKi: Ml, KKl'ECTS OK THE GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF Till: STATES, ON THE INDIAN TIMI'.ES WHO HAD LoNd l,lVi:i) IX .HXTA- rOSITIUN WITH THEM. THE POLICY TO V.li PlIiSIED. hu'^ ¥:• A. .1 \(i;s(iN, ri;i;sii)i:.NT. Petitions with jirosontod to Conuri'ss in lavor of tlio ri^lits of tlio liidiiiiiH, and alw ivmonstranccs a^iainst tlu'ir rrnmval. some oC wliicli ^\•i'\v tlio olahovate iirnductions oi" hcnovolfiit .■^ocictirs. uliilc dtlnTS enianati'd from distiniinishrd individuals, Tlic citi/cns of .Massaciui- setts and Pennsylvania took a pi'Dminont, part in tlio-^o cH'oris. In tlio autumn ol' this yoai-,' tlio Sociotary ol" War. to wliuin was t^ntnistod tiu.' (■,\ociili(jn of tlic act of March 'JS, IS.'lO. ])rcsontcd a coiii|irolK'ii.-ivo ic|i(iil to Conj^ivss. in which tho siilijcct is viewed in all its aspects. spei'iilati\e and [irartical, theoretical and demonstrative. '•The condition and pvosjiccts of the alioi'iiiinal trilies within the limits of the United States, arc yet the sulijects of an.\ious solii'itiide to the ( !()\-eniinent. Circmnstanci.'s have occurred within a few years, wiiich have pi\)duced imiiortant chaiipi's in the interconrse hetween them and ns. In some of the Slate-;, tlicy have heeii jjioiigiit ■within tho operation of the ordinary municipal l;iw^. and their rejiulations have Iieen ahroiratcd hy leiiislative I'liactnients. This pnicedure renders most of the [irovisions of the various acts of Congress upon tliis sulijcct inoperative ; and a crisis in our Indian affairs has i-vidcntly arrived, which calls for the estaljlisiiment of a system of ])olicy ada|itt>(l to tho existing state of tilings, and calculated to fix, upon a ])erinanent hasis, the future destiny of the Indians. Whatever change may ho contemplated in their condition or situatit)n, no one will advocate tlie I'liiployinent of torce or improper iniluonco in ed'octiiig it. It is due to the character of the (lovernment and the fe(dinL''s of the country, not less than to tlio moral and physical imhecility of tiiis unhappy race, that a s[)irit of kindness and forhearanco sliould mark the whole course ot' our intercnmmunication with them. The great oliject, after satisfying ourselves what would l>cst ensure their permanent welfare, should he to satisfy them of the integrity of our views, and of the wisdom of the course recommended to them. There i IS 1 i InJiuu CoiigrLSniiiiial liucuiiiouts, \'ol. VI. Doc. 2., \>. '27. p U ' :l! !l= l-- ir' :i t' .i' ^ii •i:!S TIIK 1-' I II ST DKCADK OF ('n<)ii.;li ill till' rctiMsiv^ot for scrimiH ivlli'ctioii dh our part, ainl lor iiiiplcivi^iint I'ccollcctioii (111 tlii'ii's; iiiiil it is only liy iv (lisinissioiiiiti' exuiiiiiiiitiou ol'tlic .siiliji'ct, iiiul \>y pnuliMit iiml timely iiioasureH, that wo ciui liopo to ivpair tliu I'rror.s ol'tho past liy tliu cxfiiiuiirt of till' I'litiirc. •■Till' Indians, wlin arc placed in immediate contact witli tlic settled portions of tlio I'niti'd States, have now tlio iilteriKitivt* ])ri>seiif(>d to tlieiii, ol' remaiiiiim' in tlieir ]ireseiit positions, or of mi'j'riitiiiL' to the eoiiiitry west of tlie Mississippi. Il' tliey arc inijueed to prefer the former, their jiolitieal condition lieeoiiies a siilijeet of serious consideration. 'I'liey must either retain all those institutions, which constitute them a jH'ciiiiar people, hotli socially and politicnily, or they must heconie a portion ot' that ,t;reat community which is iratlieriiiir around them, responsiiile to its laws, ami looking to them for jtrotection. ••('an they expect to iiiaintaiii that '/mtw' indepeiidenco tlicy have licrotoforo enjoyed V and. could they so maintain it, would the privile:.;e he lieiieficial to them'.' '•The ri,i;lit to extend their laws owr all persons lisiiiL!.' within their honndaries, has liceii claimed and exercised hy many of the States. 'I'he K\ecuti\(' of the United States has. on lull consideration, decided that there is no powi'r in that department, to interpose any ol)>tacle to the assumption of this authority. As upon this co-ordinate hraneli of the (lovernnient devolves ,' he execution of tin' laws, and particularly many of the nio>t important pro\isioiis in the virions acts reu'ulatiii'^- interci 'o ■. with the Indians, it is dillicult to conceive how these provisions can he enforced, alter the I'resideiit has determined they have hi'cn ahroualed liy a stale of tliini:s inconsistent willi their oliliLiations. How jn'oseciitions can lie conducted, trespassers removed hy military power, and other acts perHirnieil, which reipiire the co-(iperatioii of the I'lNccutive. either in their initiation or progress. •■ I do not presume to discuss this ipiestioii ; I find it deti'rniiiied. and the settled pnliey ot' tin' 'iovernnient already in opeintion. \Vliate\'t'r diversity ol' o|)iiiioii there m:iy he upon tht.' siilijeet. those who are most op|iiiseil to these \iews will jirolialily admit that the ipiestion is a doiilitful one. complicated in its relations, and preunant ■with serious coiiseipiences. The claim ol' I'Xeiiiption from the operation of the State laws, which is presented in fa\dr of the Indians, must rest upon the ('oiistitiition of the Inited ."-^tates. upon natural riL:iit, or ii]ioii conventional cnLraeements. If upon the former, it may lie doiilited wlcther that instrument contains any grant of authority to the (leneral (iovernmeiit. which necessarily divests the State lii'.iiislatures of their jurisdiction over any idass of people, liviiii;' within their respective limits. The two provisions which can alone hear upon the siilijeet, seem to lia\-e far dilli'rcnt olijects in Mew. If tl le claim rest upon natural riijht. it may he doiihted whether the conditii iiid iiisl itutioiis of this rude |ieopl(. do not i;ive, to tlieei\ili/e(l coiiiminiilies around ih whom ami aiiiom: whom thev live, the iiL:htof ;iuaiiliaiislii|i over (hem; and whether this view is not fortiiied ly the jiriictice of all other ci\ili/.ed nations, under simil Its: TIM'; COI.dN I/, ATKiN 1'1,.\N, 4:!'.t cii'(;uinstiinci's, ii priictico wliidi. in its oxtnit ainl exercise, lias varii'il (Voiii time to time, as till' relative eireiimstaiiees oltlie jjai'ties have vaiied ; Imt of whose limitations th le vivili/eij commimitii's lia\e he. 11, ami niu,-l hi', the jiu Ami. ir tho liiiliaii ti'ihes are iiiile[ieiiiieiil ol' tin' State aulhoi'ities. on aecoimt of '.he nalural ami relative riuhts of hoth, theso trihes are e(|milly imleiieiideiit of the authorities of tliu I'liiltMl States. The claim, iiiioii this firoimd. places the parties in the attitmle of entire imlepeiKleiice ; for the ipiestioii, then, is not how wi- havi^ divided our pt)litical jiower lirtween the eonlederati.'d (lovernnieiit and its nu'iuljers, and to which wi' ha\e entrusted the exercise of this supervisoiy authoritv, hut whether the laws of nature j;ive to either any authority upon the suliject. Hut, if the (daiin rest n|ioii allej^ed conventional eni^am'ineiit.s, it may then he douhled whether, in all (jur treaties with tho Indian trihes, there is any stipulation inconi|iatilile with the e.xercise of the [lower of lejiisliition over tiiein. For it' there were, the le;:islalive power of Conjure; that of the icspective Stales, would lie annihilated, and the treali the intercourse between tlie partit as we as les alone would le'.'U latt lint. on a careful in\e>tiuation, it wil |)roi)ai)lv Ije loll ud that, in none of on ■ treat ii's WI th the Indian t rcise o f tl ribi's. IS there any f le-i>lat ;uarant\- ol le iiower o loll. These political ri^ihts iiicompatihle with the exe instrnmeuls are generally i^ither treaties of peace, or of cessitai. 'I'lie liiiiner restore and secure to the Indians i'lterests of vvhiidi they were deiirived hy eominest ; and the latter deliiie the houndarii s of cessions or reservations, iiiid prescribe the terms and 1 regulate p'lieially the princijiles of the new compact. In both, consideration, an ever\' so mid rule of coi.striiction reipiires. that the terms usecl lion Id i le exiiouilileil ;reeabl\ to the nature of the sniiject-r. alter, and to the relati bet\ ween the parlies if :eiieral expl'e: ]ac\ioiisly siibsistin.ii; -ions are not controlled 1)V these iirinciiiles, then M' the term 'their lainl. ill' meanin .hat or. as it is elsewhere called, ' their limiting; j;rounds.' instead 11(1 the Indians theinsi'lves. understood, that our own lu'Lidtiator,- lossessorv riiihf, which thev have lu'ielolbre enjovetl. would at once cliam:e our wlioh s_\steni ul policy, and leave tiieiii as I U live to sell, as it would individuals or nations to buy. those large, unappropriated districts, which are rather vi.>iled than possessed by the Indians. '•It may be remarked, that all riiiiits seenri'd by treaty stipulations are wholly inde- pendi'iit of this (pieslion of jurisdiction. If the Indians i\\v subject to the Ie,i;islativ(> authoritv of the United States, that authority will no doubt be exercised so as not to contravene those riiihts. If tlu'v are suliject to the respective States, such, too. wil 1)0 11 le coin se of leuislat ion o ver them. And if. unad viseil aiiv riiilit should be imiiaireil. the Indians liavi' the same resort as own citizens to the tribunals of justice for reilre.- for the law. wliil(> it claine; t! leir obedience, jiruvides tor their seciii'ily, Th sujireimu'i' of the State u(jveriiinents is iieitlii'i" inconsistent with our obliLsatioiis to th Ii iKlians. nor are these neeessarilv i inpaiied by it. It may be ilillicnlt to define pre- cisely the nature of their possessory right, but no one will contend that it gives them i II r llllli^ m !•!' 1,1 '/;l ! I ; *; i II . iijii I ft., I 1 llir , ! !■ Ii mM i' ' f ' I i !'(:!. I I. i Pfl * !i i 1 li'i 440 Til M ri ItST !» IK' \ hi; OK llic ;ilis.iliiti' (illc dl' till' ImiiiI witli nil ill Mttrllmti'M ; Mini every oiii' will iirnhalily cnii- ('('(!,' ih.'ii ilicy Mil' cnlilli'il 111 ;i^ imirli lis is lu'ccssiirv to llii'ir cumliirlMlilc Mili.-istcnco. If \v<' li;i\i' riilrii'il iiii'i :ni\ ^lipiijatioiis willi llicni. (if wliicli. ImwcviT. I iiiM iinl nwiii'i'. incoiisi.-tciil will) till' liiiiitnl jKiwi'i's of tlic (iDVi'i'iiincnt. or iiitfrrfrinu with piiriiiuniiiit (pliliiriiliDiis. tlic n'liiciK- is oliv imi-j. I^ct imipli' (•i)iiijicnsiiti()ii lie inaili' tn tliciu liy till- I'liili'il Stairs, ill a spirit iil'i-'ooii I'aitli and liln'rality. The iincstidii woiiM 1)1' one. Hut (if iii'cmiiaiy amninit. hut nl' national I'liai'acti'f and national olili'iations. "Tliat we may miilici' deceive oiu'sehes nor tlio Indians, it heconu's us to exainino till) actual state ol' tliin'^s. ai:d to view these as they ai'e, and as they are likidy to lie. liOokini.' at the cireunistanees altt-ndin^ this (daini of exemption on the one side, and (if supremacy on tiie other, is it proliaiile tiiat the Indians can sneeeed in their jiri'teu- nions? The nature of tlie (pH'siion. doulitful. to say tiie lea this claim can lie enforced. " Hut could the trilies. and the remnants ol' trihes. east of the .Mississipjii. succeed in the prosecution of this claim. Woi..d the issue lie heuelicial to them iiumediatcly or reniiilely '.' ■■ \Ve have ev( ly reason t reL'ions west (if the .Mississippi, presi'iils the oulv hope of permaneiit estidilishnieut ami improve- ment. That it will he attended with inconveniences iind sacrifices, no one can doulit. The associations which liind the Indians to the l.'ind of their forefatlu'i's are stroiiiu' and cndnrin;:'; and these must he lirokeii liy their mi'jration. V'ul they an' also liroken by our cili/ens, who every day encounter all the diUlcultics of similar chanL-'es in the pur- suit of the means of sup|iort. .\iid the experiments which iiave been made .satisfac- torily show that, by proper precautions and liberal ajipropriations. the removal and establishment of the Indians can be elll'cted with little com])arative trouble to tlioni or US. 'Why. then, should the |iolicy of this measure be disputed, or its adoption (ip|iosed ? The whole subject has materially cliam.:ed. even within a few years; and the imposing ir II' TIIK ((tr.oMZATIoN' PLAN'. 441 roii.sidcriitioiiH it now prcsi'iits. iiuil wliirli urc cmtv i1;iv L'liiiiiii.iT ii(>\v (orcc, cull iipnii tlif (lovrniMiciit ami the (•Diiiihy ti) (Icli'iiniiir wli.it i-. rriiuircd on om' |i.'irt, inui wiint coinx! ."liall lie rcconnncnilcil to the Inilians. if iIkv riMnain. tlicy iiiii>.t (Irclinc. and eviMitiitvlly disiipiH'ar. Sncli is tlic result of all cxpi'iiriici'. If they ivinuve. tlicy may 1)0 fonifortalily estiihlisliod, and tiuii' nioial and iiliysical ('(indition ameliorated. It is i-ertiiiniv botter for tliein to moot tlie dillioiiltios of removal, with the i)rolial.ilitv of n\\ iidi'(|iiat(! and (inal reward, than, yielding' to their constitiitionMl apathy, to sit still and perish. '• 'I'he pjreat moral deht we owe to this unhappy rare is univei'sidly I'eit and aeknow- lediied. Diversities of opinion exist respecfinj;- the proper mode of diseharuinu' thi.s (il)li;iation. hut its validity is not denied. And tlii're certainly are dilliculties which may well call for discussion and consideration. "For nioro than two centmies wo liavo heen placed In contact with the Imlians; nnd iftliis long period has heen fruitless in useful results, it lias not Iteen so in i-xperimentfi havinon reservations, in the \ain hope of resistiu'.:' tlie pressure upon tlieni, nnd of presei'vimi' tlieir peculiar institutions. 'I'Iiom- who are nearest to ns have licuo- rally snU'ered most severely liy the deliasiinr effects of ardent spirits, and i)y the loss of their own piinciples of •■.■straint, few as these are, without the ac(piisition of ours; and almost all of them havi? disappeared, erushod by the onward couise of events, or driven before them. Not one instance can Ik^ |)roduci'd, in the whole history of the inter- coiu'so l)otwoen the Indians and the white men, where the former have been able, in districts surrounded by the latter, to withstand succ(>ssfully the pr();iress of those oanses which have elo\aied om^ of these races and depn-ssed the other. Such a monument of former successful exertion does not exist. "These rcwnarks apply to the elVorts which have been heretofore made, and whose history and failure are known to us. IJut the subject lias been lately revived with additional interest, and is now prosecuted with ,i:reat zeal and exertion; whether with 0(pial <'llect, time must show. That most of those enixau'cd in this labt)r are actuated by pure and disinterested motives. I do not ((uestion; and if. in their estimate (jf suc- cess, they place too high u value upon !ippe;irances. the error is natural to persons zealously enufaged in a task calculated to enlist their .sym|)athies and awaken their feelings, and has been common to all who have preceiled them in this labor of philan- Vot.. VI. — :)0 I' I '!F"1 i l,\, II: TilK rilJST DiiCADK OK c;; ,1 ■', : i i tli'lr' 'i u *r ii >; i , ' f :i ;■ I tln'()|>y. Mini wlin. IVciiii tiint> tiiitiiU'iil ami ilc^iiDiuli'iicy. ••'rii:it tlii-i- I'M'ilimis li,i\c ii'i'i'iitly lii'i'ii |irii(liii'ti\(' nC tumw ail\iiiilii,i.'i\ inny wrll III' Miliiiilti'ii, A r<'\v liiiM- |>r(i1i;ilily lii'i'ii ri'i'hiiiiii'il rimii :ili:iiii|iiiii'(l liiiliil.-i. iitid ^oiiio, |irrlia|is. liii\i' I'cilllv ;i|)liri'fiiltr(l llic illol iliilllilc Mlllli- nf lln' (luclrilli'S wllicll llil\c lici'll iMU'jllt tlirlM. 1 CMll s[)c;iU iVoin |HTsi)lllll dli^cl'V lllidll (illly ill' llii' liul'llli 111 illul ii()i'lli-\vi'>l('ni trilifs. Anmn'i llniii. I am iiii|inli('ii,-ivi' tlic lH'i..|ils will In- rmiinl imt H'W ainl IriiiiKirary. Of llii- ciiiiililinii nl' llic ( 'liiToUi-rs, who lU't; Miiil to Iiavo iiiatli' jii'calcr aihaiiccs than iiiiy ol' tiirii' kiiuiri'il race. I imict jihIl'i' iVoni mirh iiiliiriiialidii as 1 ha\(' lirrii aMi' to |irii('iiri'. Ouiii'j to the in'cvalrncc ui' ^la\l'|■y ami other jn'cii- liar causes anions them, a iimiiliei' ol' liie li;ill'l)i-enls ainl tinir connexionH, iiiid |ierhM|is a lew other<. ha\e aei[iiireil piopeiiy. ami with it, some I'lhieatioii ami inroiniation. Mut I lii'lieM' the threat mass of the tiilie is li\iii'/ in imioiaiioe ami poverty, siiiijeei to tlie iiilhieiiee of tlie principal men. ami siilimittiiiL' to ii stiito of tliiiij:s with which they art; ili'sati>lici|, ainl wliicli oilers liiem no rational prospect of stahility ami iniprove- IlU'llf. '• 'I'lie failure which lias attemlcd ihe i lliiils heietol'oio maiie. ami which will pro- lialily atleml all comlticteil upon similar principles, may he atlrilaileil partly to tlie iiiiiereiit illljiciilty of the iiinlerlakiii--, resiiliiiii^' from cliaracteri>tlcs peculiar to the Imliaiis, ami paii!\ to the moile in \viiii'h the operations lia\e heeii I'nmhicteil. "Withoiil ciitciinj;' into a ipie.-tioii wliieli opcnsawiile liclil for impiiry, it is siilli- cient to o!i,-ei\e that nur primiti\e peo|ile. as well in their Iiahits ami opinions us in their customs ami [lUi-iiiN, ollir olistacles almost iiisiirmoimtahli' to any coiisiilerahli) ami iiiimeiliale ciiaiiLie. Imlnlent in his lialiits. the [nilian is opposed to labor; impro- \ ideiit ill his ninile of I'ie, l.i has little foroiuht in providiiijr or care in prcserviiiij'. 'I'amiht from infancy to ic'\-erence lii-^ own trailitions ;nid institutions, he is satisfied of tlieir \aliie. and dreads the aiitrer of tlie (ireat Spirit if hi' should depart from the cus- toms of his fathers. ])e\(ited to tlie n-e of ardent s[iirits, he aiiamlons himself to its imiiilneiice without restraint. War and liuiiliii'.i- are his only ()ccn[)atioiis. lie can cmliue witlioiil complainiiiv' tiie extremity of human siilli-riiiL;'; and if he caiiiiol ovcr- ciime the e\ilsof his situation, he suhmits to them without repiniiiL'. lie attrihiites all the misfortunes of his race to the white man, and looks with suspicion upon the ollirs of as-i>laiiee thai are made to iiiiii. These traits of character, tlmu-li not uni- versal, are \et i;cinral ; and the practical dilliciilly they present, in chaii-iii'.:' tlie con- dition III' such a people, is to satisfy them of our sincerity, and the valiio of the aid we oiler; In hold out to tlieiii motives for exertion; to call into action some powerfnl fcel- iii;j. whii'h ;-liall counteiacl the teiideiic_\' of previous impressions. It is under such circiimstaiices, and with tlioe dillicultie> in view, that the (iovernment has Keen calleil njion to determine what arraii-ienients shall he made for the permanent estahlishment of the Indians. Siiall thev he advised to remain or removi' ? If the former, tlu/ir fate Tin; COl-oM/ATlDN I'l.AN. it:i Im wrlttiMi ill till- luiiiiils (pf tlicir nii'i'; il' tin- lullrr. wi- tnuy u't lin|i(« to hcc tliciu rcimvati'il in flianiLtiT ami cuiiilitina li\ mir cmuihiIc ami iiistnittioii, iiiiil li^ llll■il• c\l'l•tilln.t. '• iiill. til ili'rc>iii|ili-ll llli>. tlli'V lllll^>t Ik- (Ir.st ]i|;ici'ii IfcMhuI (lie ri:ii ji iil" (Hir si'l ||,'- iiniils. w ilii Mii'ii ciii'i'lvs ii|iiiii tlicir (li.'<|i(isitiiiii tn liii>tilitii'.s a<< nniy lie liiiiiid iii'ci'ssai'N', mill witli t«iii'li iiiil, moral, iiitt'llcctiial, ami )M'('iiiiiaiy. a^ iiiny teach tiicm tlic value of (iiir iiii|ii'iivrim'iil.« ami the reality of our lVii'mlslii|i. With these .xaliilaiy |irecaiitiiiiH, llllli'h >ll(illii| tliell lie jell tu tlieinsel Vi'S. [,> riiiJDW Mliji iiccil|i;ltii)lis ill the |ule-| (if tin' (iclil a,«< llicy may cliocise, \\ ilhuiit Iom iiiiich interrrrence. 'rine' niiil |ir(i-|ic rii \ mii-t he tho .L'l'eat a'.'eiils in their ineliciiatioii. N'ltr have we any reaxm to duulit Iml ih.if. Hiich a ciiiiiliticai wmilil lie altemlcd with its lull >liai'e nl' ha|i|iiiii'>s, imr that their exertitiMs woiiM Im? Mtiiiiiilateil liy the security nl' their jMisiliiiii, ami hy tin' new pius- jiecls hel'dre tlielll. My I'lieu'.lia'iin.;' the .''e\erall\ ol' »iil. Mlllicielit tlMcIs miL'lll liC nssiuned to all dis|iii.scd to (uiltivalc them; and. hy timely assistance, the uiunucr t'liisi* iiiijiht ho hiiMii^ht ti> seek ill their liirms ii less |irt Iliil. a< all others ha\i' tailed, who ha\'e i;one heliire us in this Held nl' lahor. And \m' have already I'alleii into this error of adapliicj onr cH'orts to a state of society, which is [iiohahly }et reiiioto ainon- llie Indian-^, in with- drawing so many of the yj( .1: Mi. '< I' ii ii'It that a satisfactory answer was beyond my roach. To the Government, only, can they looli li-ir relief; and, if this should he fiM'nislied, thoiijih in a moderate degree, they might still become usefid and respeetal)le ; their exainiilo would |je encouraging to otliers, and they would form the best instructors Ibr their brethren. " Tlio general details of a phni for the iiermaueiit establishment of the Indians west of tiio .Mississippi, and for their proper security, would re(iuiro much delil)eration ; but there are some fundamental jn-ineiples, obviously arising out of the nature of the subject, which, when once adopted, would constitute the best foundation for our exer- tions, and the hopes of the Indians. 'vl. A solenni declaration, similar to tliat already inserted in .some of the treaties, that tiie country assigned to the Indians shall Ije tlieirs as long as they or their descendants may occupy it. and a corresponding determination that our settlement.s shall not spread over it ; and every elVort should 1)0 used to satisfy the Indians of our sincerity, and of their security. Without this iuiiispensabie jireliminary, and witliout full conddence on their part in our intentions, and in oiu' abilities to give these efl'cct, their change of position would l)ring no ciumgo of circmustant'i's. "2. A determination to exclude all ardent spirits from their new coimtry. This will, no doubt, be dillicult ; but a .system ol' .iiirvell/diicc u[mu the liorders, and of projier police and penalties, will ilo nnicli towards the extermination ol" an evil which, where it exists to any considerable extent, is equally destructive of their present comfort and their future happiness. "3. The employment of an adequate force in their immediate viciidty, and a fixed determination to suppress, at all hazards, the slightest attempt at hostilities among themselves. " So long as a passion for war, fostered and encouraged as it is by their opinions and habits, is allowed free scope lor exercise, it will prove the master spirit, controlling, if not absorbing all other coiisiilerations. And if, in chocking this evil, some examples should become necessary, they would be .sacrilices to humanity, and not to severity. "4. Encouragement to the severalty of property, and such provision for its security, as their own regulations do not aH'onl, and as may bo necessary for its enjoyment. "5. Assistance to all who may recpiire it in the opening of farms, and in procurin'^' domestic animals and instrmnents of agriculture. " C. Leaving thorn in the enjoyment of their peculiar institutions!, as far as may be compatible with their own safety and ours, and with the groat objects of their pros- perity and improvement. "7. The eventual o!nph)yment of persons competent to instruct them, as far, and as fast as their progress may require, and in such manner as may be most u.seful to them." li r hi r THE COLONIZATION PLAN, 445 The Iiulian, iilthoiiiih slow to investigate and tleeiile, Ijegan to rejrard the plan with a vol' am 1 the better lie unilerstDoil it, tlie more aid h le aiii)rove o f it. r om this period, increased acti\i(_v and ellltneney was inipaited to tiie eoloni/.alion proji'ct. April 1, 1S;;2,' the Creeks entered into a treaty witii liie Secretary ol" War, liy which they ceded ail their lands east of the Mississippi, to the United States (jovern- nient, in consideration lor ii grant ot" 7,O00,0U0 acres in the Indian territory, west of that river, to which they agreed to remove at the earliest practicahle period. At Payne's Landing, on the Oclawaha river, May 9, lS-'>'2. the Si'Uiinoles ces by annual visits to ^lalden, where i)resents were distributed by tlie Hritish Indian Dei)aitment to the tribes, whether residents of the United States, or not. Tales of Hritish supremacy, of their Indian jiolicy, and of the grasping and iicquisitive spirit of the xVmericaus, have Ijocu circulated for yeans by every foi'eign subordinate in the Indian territory, who lias selfish aims to promote thereliy, and who is, at tlie same time, indelited to tii" clemency of the American system for permis.sion to remain in the country, tlie jjolicy of whicii he traduces. Black Hawk had brooded over the early history of his ti il>e, and. to his view, as he looked down tlie vista of years, the former times apiieared so nnich better tiian the present, that the vision wrougiit upon his susceptible imagination, which pictured it to be the Indian golden age. He had some remembrance of a treaty made by General Harrison in ISUl, to II ' Life of Bliick Hawk, 1 vul. ISmo, l.>i> pp. : Uostoii, 1S3-1. \ ; h ' I 11 i ■ 1' • , I ■i4 4 ■ * :, y: \ t 448 THE FIRST DECADE OF wliicli his pooplo had not pivoii Ihcir assent; and his fcidinL's were with dillieuUy controlled when he was desired to leave the Koek Hiver valley, in complianee with a treaty made with General Seott. That valley, however, he peaeefully ahandoiied, with his tribe, on heini; notified, and went to the west of the Mississii)[)i ; hut ho had spent his yonth in that locality, and the more he thought of it the more deter- mined he was to retm-n thither. lie readily enlisted the sympathies of tlio Indians, wiu) are e\er prone to ponder on their real or inia;j:inary wnmiis; and it may he readily eonjeetmeil that what Indian counsel could not aeeoniplish, Indian prophesy woidd. Without donlit he was encouraged in his course hy some tribes, who fnially deserted him and denied their comidieity, when ho took up arms and began to experience reverses. Black Hawk claimed to have such relations with the Foxes, AVinnebagoe.s, Sioux, Kickapoos, and others. Karly in IS.'! I he sent a .symbolical iniiii- atm'o tomahawk, made of wood, and smeared with \ermilion. to the [M'inci|)al war- chief of the ('liip[H'was. This warlilie invitation was received at the ('hip|ii'wa agency, Sault St" JIarie. at the lower end of iiake Superior, ami a report of tin; ellbrt to enli.'jt the Chiiipewas in this confederacy commimicatt'd to the (lovei'imient at Washington. Mr. Schoolcraft was dii'eeled to vi.-it the susi)eeteil distrii't, by passing through tlie inteiior Indian ct)nntry, lying between the south shore of Lake Superior and the .Mis- sissippi, in liulit canoes, manne(l liy Canadian voyageurs, and under a small escort of inl'anti'y — devoting the season to that expedition. He did not di.eared to be a great fandiiarilv with Hlack Hawk's plans, and the tribes in league wilb idni were named. In conse- quence of these disclosures, and of the existing state of alVairs. the spring and sunnner i)f the following year (iS^lli) was. by direi'tion of the (luvernment, devoted to a furtiiir inspection of the Sioux and Cjiippeua tribes towards the nm'tli.' The Mock river valby. and tlie adjacent country, was ceded to the United States, Novend)er .'5. IMtl, by the Sac and Fo.x triiies," witii a proviso, permitting the Indiai\s to continue to reside and hunt on the lands until they were ref[uired for si'ttlement. The Sac chief, .Ma-ka-tai-mo-she-kai-kaik, or (Ireat Kite, called IJlack Hawk, after an nndi>turbed occupancy ol' the lands for thirty-two years, suiiseipu'iit to the iH'gotiation of tliis treaty, all'ected to believe that the chiefs who ceded it. and who wci'c then dead, had not been duly authorized to do so; or, tliat, after sueli a lapse of time, his tribe was unjustly required to comply with the terms of the treaty, by crossing •'•o. Mississippi to its opposite banks. At all events this plea fmiiished an excuse lor gi\.. ; vent to the hostility which he had long felt against the Americans. ' Tlusp visits til till' liislniil iiorllicrii liiln's wi'n,' tlic iiiiiiiciliato oi'c.'isicjii nf tlic ilisi-nvcrv (if llu.' romnto F..ii.ri'f i.f tlir Mi^^si.^,«ip].i : » ili-' rij tiuu uf wliicli li:is Imcii ]ln•vi^ll^l_v 'jiMii. Tin' ilcplli (if walrr (>ii llic v:ist 1111(1 clcv.-itcil .niiJiiiiils liciliL' f:i\(pr:ilil.', tin rii.-iiiii w:is (iiiliniccil Id lr;ii-c tin- M i^-i>vi|,],i i,, |(s iiclii:il .-nurcc ; wliicli w.is iisrcrliiiiicd tn In' ;i cniisiclcn)'!!' Iji^ly (.^f w;itcr, (.mIIcJ lt;i.-(.'ii l.iiko — \ kl(.' Diiruirii/ i,i' tUr ,S'junta .,/ il,' .V.''S,\,;i.j„\ 1 v,.l, : N(_'\v Vuil;, IS.M. ' L'. S. 'J'lvatic.-, )., lUH. * it \A TIIK ('OliONl/, ATI(»N PLAN. 4»lt IJIuck lliiwk was one of tlio.'^t' iilioriiiiiics wlio dwell so lonji on a sinL'lf iilcii. tlint it apiit'ai'.stdlK' possessed of sutlii'icMt inipDrlancc t- ri , rendered to the IJritish armies, and as a means of securing their aid in future , .mtingencies. Hither had 'recumseh come, for the benefit of British counsels, prior to, and during the war of ISl'J. Tiie Indian triiies rt.'garded Maiden as {\w metropolitan centre, which Detroit had lieen, befoii' the days of General Wayne. The writer may be pardoned lijr these nMiiarks. He had served a long time on the frontiers, in tiie Indian Department, dmiiig which period lu; became familiar with Indian ojiinions. on the topics which attractetl tlii'ir attention at that era. The aboriginal chiefs, from Detroit to the Mississipjii, as high up as tiie Falls of St. Anthon}', and to the head of Lal^e Suiierior, never ceased boasting of the i)rofusi> liberality, the wealth, and the power of tlieir British Father. So liir as these demonstrations were conlined to the limits of the British provinces, no objection, certainly, could be made to the policy; hut on the trilies from thi! United States, who constituted generally by far the largest part of tin- assemblages, the elfect was to disturb and distract their minds, and fan the llames of an enmity, which, if left to itself, would have died away. Meantime, the few blankets, kettles, and guns, which the United States tribes received, were no e(iuivalent for the time lost, in long journeys, the occasional losses suHered on the road, and the actual moral degradation to which their families were expo.sod. No theme is so popular with an Indian reformer as conii)laints of the existing state of things, compared with the years that are past. when, it is imagined, the people wen- wiser and b(>tter, and even s[)oke their language in greater purity." The jiast is always relerrcd to by the Indians as a golden age, and, while indulging in reminiscenci's of bvgone pro8i>erity, they are prone to overlook the future and neglect the means of pro- viding for it. This was the ariiuinent used by tiie great Algic leatlcr Pontiac. when he counselled resistanci; to tlu' British, at the period of their coiupu^st of the West from the French, in ITtiO. The same grounds were assumed by the Wyaiuh... Shawnee, and Delaware seers and powwows, when the Americans exfemled their soxerei-nty over the territory in 178.) ; and it constituted the theme of the harangues by which Tecumseli and liis wily brother preached ui) the war of 1S12. The olden time has e\er r;.u ' Life of Hlock lliiwk; Hostmi, 1834. Vnl,. VI.— .-.7 Vul \'. Litoraturo of the Iiuliaii LanL:iia,L'i's, p. i^.'Jo. 450 TIIK FIUJST 1)E(JAI)K OK I t i 1 f •■■ ! Iwen liallowed in Iiuliiui remiiUHceiicoH. Tlio ovils of tli(3 pri-sciit hour arc iniigiiilii'd, uiul tlio liitiiro disrt'giudod. Such wviv Hliick Jlawk's tt'iioliiiigs. In ail ovil Iiour, the cliiol" detoriniiiud to ii'iu-w tliu oxijuriiiu'iit of keeping tlio intrusive leet of eniigraiitu from IiIh native valii'y, and fioin tlie llowiiig lino ol' the Miwsiwippi. Black Hawk was then about sixty-seven years of age.' His featmeH denote great lirinness of purpose, and his wisdom had actpiired him great respect among the united tribes of tlie Sacs and Foxes, as well as the Winiiel)agt)es, lowas, and surrounding tribes. He had undertaken to form a confederacy of the trilx's; a task much easier to propose than to ed'eet, there being no certainty how far the tiil)es, who hearkened to his messengers and counsels, would fulfil their engagements when the trying hour arrived. But little alarm was excited by the details of Black Hawk's proceedings. At the St. fjouis superinteiideiicy, not much importance appears to have been attached to the menaced liostilities, not only because the time was so unsuitable lor the Indians to make another attemj)t to roll i)ack the tide of civilization, but owing to the lack of reliable information, as to how far the other tribes had consented to act in concert with the Sac chief. The ollicials at the Michigan superinteiideiicy, being nearer to the Indian rciidez-vous at Maiden, were more intimately acquainted with the state of Indian feeling, and, consequently, as eonsiderable uneasiness was felt, the agents on the Chicago Iwrders were instructed to watch closely the Indian movements. Everything denoted that there was an active comljiiiation Ibrniing among the tribes of the Upper Mississi[)pi, extending to the waters of Lake Superior. The expedition directed to that (piarter. in June, 18;5l, in'oceeded through Lake Superior in canoes and boats, to Chegoimegon or La Pointe, thence entered and followed the Maskigo, or Manvuin river, ascending through liillicult rapids, to a lake at its source, passing numerous and intricate portages, ami raits of driftwood; crossing a portage into the Namakagiin, or south branch of the St. (Jroix river, and then descending the main stream to Yellow river. At the St. Croix river, he was informed that the combination of Black Hawk embraced nine triiu-s. From the Yellow river he proceeded to Lac Courtonelle, or Ottowa lake, at the head of Clii|)pewa river, and i)y a dillicult jjortage to the Red Cedar fork, whence he descended the latter to the mouth of the Chippewa river, at the loot of Lake Pepin, on the Mississi[ii)i. in his course, he diverted from their purpose, and arrested, a war party of Indians, under Ninaba, who were en route to the Mississippi, to attack the Sioux. The Mississippi river was finally descended to Galena." Indications of immediate hostilities were apparent in the spring of 1832. Black Hawk, at this time, crossed to the eastern side of the Mississi[ipi with all his tribe, took possession of the Rock river valley-, and annouiiced his intention to plant corn. Troops ' Lift' of Hhick lluwk; li.istoii, ls:U, |,. '2. ' 8cliijolcialV.- ixiiiiliiicjii I ) lt;i.-c;i l.ilir. ll;ii|iii- \ Mrnthirs, New Vuili. l>:il,|.. II -( i I 1 IJ r.iio I... r-: //,.«'. ,v M' >i ImmiIi I il; f^j /■,'.-/„ i..iKr\ \ /'/ I \ T.nH.yr.r ^-■~x,- .S, ^./.v.v.iir.i I C^ , /'I'rfiit/r .I///.V.V 0/- ^1 Oirril.ul , //;. 5 /• ;iMri-ii, .■\* ,.'^"". ^ ^DjJiiiiio i)JJ5DJ0-3J/'i^J iijyfii V i i ■ w ■ !.■■■.■ i;m : i ^ ih i '■ '|l r i! \ \h- J 1 m '\ I ■h ill tf^m^ rilK Col.oN l/,AT[ON I' LAN. 46t wore (irilorrd to nscciul iIh' MixMissippi, iiml picscivi' llio |)eaco of tlio frontiers, wliile till' iitiiiDsl cxcitciiii'iit cxistrd in llic cniiliuiiims Illinois Noltli'nu'nts. As wion as tho troops Hero known to l»o im tlicir way, Jlliuk lliuvk's wiiniois piociciliMl to tho I'l'siiliMicc of tlic ii'iriit, Mr. St. Vi'iiin, iit Ilock isliind, wlioin tlii-y n'^riinliil iis tliu instiiriitor of liiis militiiry iniivonirnt, and iniiiicdiattdy nun-iUircd liiin, s('u!pin^^ and iniitilalin).' ids ijody, Ail tiif noi,uid)orin;; laniilit'S rwoivctl liko treatment. Tlio lliinois iniiitia wore proniptiy ordoivd to tlio IVontiiT, and a Imttlo was lon^dit in tlio Hock riviT valioy, in wliicii tiu> Indians a|)p(iai' to Iiavi? iia ? nr' 4.')2 Til K I" I KST l»K.(' A l)K dK MissiNHip|)i. Tlio Bonrcli wan pnrHiicd with llic ai, N'rw Yuri.-, IS.'M IM.I. '. Hi r,.: i i I f I 'ill fl? i KUli I. r ii*' M' h ;? M I ,i' 1 1 ^ ■ M : ; \ « i I 1 .'If i^ii If 1 ;. \ THE COLONIZATION I'LAN. 4r)3 CHAPTER V. LEADING EVENTS OF THE CAMTAIGN AGAINST BLACK HAWK. The efTbct of an Indian war on the frontiers is always appalling ; a few hundred hostile Indians having the power of alarming the inhabit- 1832. ants, and disturbing the settlements throughout a wide extent of A. Jackso.v, country. Their apparently ubicjuitous character, tlieir subtlety, and the President. facility with which they thread the mazes of the forest, the liorrid cruelties practised on the defenceless inhabitants of the settlements, and their wild on.set and noisy outcries when driven into open conflict, always make a deep impression. The ordinary militia are not adequate to tlie task of repelling such inroads. A man suddenly summoned from his plow, or his work-btach, to the field, has not suflicient discipline, or knowledge of camp duty, to render him of much service in sudden emer- gencies. Frequently, he neither knows the position nor the number of his enemies, and rather helps to increase the existing confusion and panic, than to allay it. Such was the effect of Black Hawk's inroad into Illinois and Wisconsin ; and, before a sufficient force of tiie regular army could he drawn from remote points, the most that the militia and volunteers could effect, was to keep him in check. For a considerable time, the headquarters of the Sac chief was located at, or about, Lake Coshkinong, near the upper end of Rock River valley, or at the intersection, or on the line of the Four Lakes, now the site of Madi.son, the State capital of Wisconsin. One of the most singular and appalling incidents of this campaign, was the fact that the Asiatic ciiolera first made its appearance among the United States troops while on tiieir mardi to the scene of conflict. On tiie banks of tiio St. Clair, at Fort Gratiot, at Michilimackinac, at Chicago, and at every harbor for vessels and steamers, the most frightful mort.ality occurred. A characteristic feature of this disea.so was the rapidity with which it terminated in a fatal result — a few hours only intervening between tiie appearance of the first symptoms and death. The best medical men were at liiuh, and had to study the features of the disease before they could cope with it. This calamity added to the delay in reaching the scene of action, and gave the wily chief a little breathing time. Cieneral Scott landed his army at f/hicago with all prac- ti(';il)le expedition, an 1 1 ll \ 1 1 w !• 1 1 1 1 1 1 t I'l ll V ) '^ 1 ill 1 1 1 ( 'i i 1 . J Ij Bh ' ,J It m TllK COLONIZATICN PLAN. 4o5 ClIAPTEK VI. SUBDIVISION OF THE INDIAN TEKIUTOKY INTO TK115A1, I'UO- I'HIETORSIIU'S. CONGRESSIONAL SANCTION OK TllK PLAN. Tin; sc'ttloniont of a pooplo ignorant of letters und liiinrcs. or of niiy mode ol' estimating ((uantitie.s, in a new country, whore nil slnigi^ied iS:!.'!. to obtain the l)e,st locations, revealed another source ol' ollicial care. A. .Iack.-o.v, The proper adjustment of boundaries between the tribes in the new I'uk.sidkxt. territories became a subject of infinite perplexity. As the Indians ac(piired a better knowledge of arithmetical measures and (piantities. they became astute, and strenuously di-manded public action in the matter. It sometimes happened tliat boundaries conflicted, and, whenever an interest or right was surrendered to acconnnodate another tribe, the United States (loverumeut was reiidy to grant an equivalent in land, money, or right of occupancy. Tlie Milunn's of treaties contain an amount of interesting matter on this subject, which is alike creditable to the l\epul)lie, and to the activity of the Indian mind. An acre., an improvenu'ut, a salt-si)ring, or a stream of pine water was held at its just value. On the 1 ttli of February, 18."];i, the United States engaged to secure to the Cherokees, forever, 7,U()(),()(I() acres of land in the Indian Territory, including the snuiUer tract previously granted them by the IJarbour treaty, signt^l May 0, IS'JS,' IJy a separate article, the Cherokees released the United States from providing "a [jlain .set of laws, suited to their condition." On the same day, a treaty was concluded, specifying tlie boundaries between the United States, the Creeks, and the Cherokees, which also provided that collisions between the tribes should be avoided, and compensation maile to them by the I'nited States for the improvements they surrendered, in order to enal)le the Government to furnish the Cherokees with their full ((uota of lands." I{y a ticaty concluded the liSth of March, IS').'), a definite location was assigned to the Seminoles. who had migriitt'd to the West, and settK-d down among the Creeks.^ On the loth of May, the QuM|)aws ixilintpiished their territory to the Caddoes, a cognate tribe on Ked Hiver. in considera- ' L'. S. Tiviitit's, p. jt'il Ibiii., [1. T)!)."). Ibid., ]i. 57;J. i ; I '1,1 m ii m i i u UK' * 1 W f f 1 1 i 1 ^ ii * 1 4oH THE FIRST DECADE OF tioii ol' ii tract (if l'"i(l sections of liind p'luitod tliiMu hy tlio Utiifod Stati's. on tin- Ni'oslio, witli lilicral iloimtions of cattle, oxen, 1ioj;h, ,sliec|), agricultural iinplcnioiitH, arms, annniniitioii, clotliing, the services of a blacksniitli anil farmer, and other advanlaires.' On the IStliofJune, l.SI)3, the Appalacliicolas, of Florida, ceded certain lands, I S.">:5. wit h the exception of some reservations, and were admitted, on the principle ol' a reunion, to share with the Semiiioles the benefits of the treaty concluded at l'ayiH''s Landing. It was stipulated that they should sell their reservations, belong leaving Florida and removing west, in which case they engaged to defray viie expenses of their removal." On the 21st of September, the Otoes and Missoiirias surrendered their lands to the United States, Ibr valuable considerations, agreeing to accej)t another tract in lieu thereof, and to engage in agricnltiu'al pursuits.' Under the provisions of the act passed July 11, ISoU, three connnissioncrs lS',)i. were appointed to proceed to the Indian territory, west of the States of Missouri and Arkansas, to make an examination of its character and resources, and divide it into suitable districts for the expatriated tribt's. 'I'hese commissioners, after an elaborate examination .and survey, occupying nearly two years, made a report on the 10th of February, 18o4, accompanying it with the map herewith submitted. They had set apart, and reconnnended to bo allotted to the tribes, the entire district west of the States of Missouri and Arkansas, comprised between the latitude of Red Kiver and that of the Platte, or Nebraska River, extending west to the line of Texa.s thence north .along the KlOtli degree of longitude to the banks of the Arkans.is, and up the latter river to the Rocky Mountains. (.'ongre.ss having now the reiiuisite data, and being prepared to act definitely on the subject, the Hon. Horace Everett, Chairman of Indian Afl'airs in the House of Repre- sentatives, m.ade an elaborate report, reviewing the (jolicy and action of the Govern- ment from the beginning, and submitting for consideration and aj)proval. .separate acts, for the organization of the Indian Department; lor the revision of the original .act of 1S(I2. regulating trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes; and for the organization of the Indian territory. The former of these lets received the sanction of Congress; the plan of a mixed civil and Indian government, which was prepared, having beiMi omitted. l)ecause it was regarded as in some respects incongruous, and, on the whole, rather in advance of their actual necessities. Tiie act of March 2Sth, 18:J() (p. -I'M), laving the legal foundation of the colonization plan, was the organic law; but the.se acts Ibllowed out the general features of that law, to which we may ascribe the coni- [iletion of the colonization plan originally recommended to Congress by Mr. Monroe, nine years previously. The passage of these acts forms a definite period in the administrative policy of the U. S. Treaties, p. Ihi.l. p. ...^ IbM., p. TiSL'. i j -; . TlIK COLONIZATION I'l.AN. 4r,7 Oovcrnnioiit townnl tlio Imliiins. mikI niiirks iIh- iilisoiiilioii of tlic KxL'ciitivi' powiT by (Joii'TrHs. wliicli Imil l)i't'ii j)voviously illiinitiil)ly I'Xi'rciscd ovor tlic iitl'iiirs of tlic iilioii- "iiiiil trilu's. li\ llit'oi'iiiini/iitiun act, no agent, siHJerintt'Mdcnt.siilHiiivnt.orotlH'roilicial, can 1)0 appointed for tlu' Indian country, witliunt anpocial act aiitiiorizing it. imd fixing tlic amount of his salary. Those appointments are also limited, l)y this act, to tho presidential term of f'ur years. All arti.sans or a;.nicultiiialists employed hy the iiiiviit.'^, ui'der treaty stipulations, must he nominated by the respective ajients under wlmni they aro to bo em[)loyed, and their nomination be conlirmed by the (Jhiefof the Indian IJureau. The acconntaI)ility of the diilereiit ollicials is carefully provided fur; the forms of issue of presents and provisions, prescribed; and additional siile,i;uards imposed. Under tho provisions of this act no person can hold two ollices. or draw pay in two capacities; anil any iluties properly beloiijiiiifj,' to the department maybe assi;j:ned to »)Hicors thoroof, on tho frontiers. Tlie.se definitions had the direct teiideMcy to inipiir' the bonolits of system to the lUireau. ! I Vnl,. VI. .".S tlie I :i:l r ^ I If;: feh, in ai ! 1 I.V I I ,. l: 11* . f ; i 4M TlIK I'll? ST KKCA l)l-: OK (•II A I'TKU Nil. I'lloMINKNT TIIKATY STI IT LATIONS WITH TIIK KMKIKANT AND INDKIKWorS TKIUKS, To I'KOMOTI'; I'llKlU Co N C KN T I! AT I 0\ WKST OK TIIK MlSSlSSII'l'l. Till-: vi'iir is:')') wms (listinjrMislicil hy si'VcimI Irciilii's ol'mi im|i()it;iiit 18.")5. clliirilittil'. llitllfl'to llic illcllDiltr conlt'iiiTilcy n[' the I'otliiwullillllics, A.Jackson. Cliipjicwns and Ollowns ol' nuitlu'in llliiidis, ImkI rctiiiiiiMl i(s Miicii'iit Pi;i;.--iiiK.\r. pd.-itiim in tlu" \ii'inity nl' ('liii'ii:^!), ut the liciul of I,;il\c .Miclii'/nii. On the liliili of Sr|itcnilicr, IS.'.:;, tlicy ccilid to tlic I'nitcd StMtcx tlirir lumls 1111 tlif wrstfin sliuics of tli;il iiiki'. in cxcliiinirc I'or a tract coiniiiisinL;' "i.llllll.lllltt acres in tlic West, in consideration ol' very liuvc aiuniitics. to lie paid in coin and its ei|nivalents. It Mas ftiiiiilatcd tliat S] oii.ddi) slioiiid lie a|ii)ro|iriated to tlie |iiircliMs(! oli^ci.ids and |iro\isioiis ; !?1(III.(I(IU to satisiy tlie (daiins of sundry individuals to certain |-eser\ations ; .*(l")(l.t)ll() to lii|uidate tiie claiins of deb'.ois ai^iainst the trilies, aLM'ceahly to M sclieihiie annexeil ; .-i'jM 1.(1(1(1 to the |iayiiieiit of annuities of .■<1 I. (!(!(( per aiiuuin, l(ir twenty years : .-^1 od.dlKl fur the election of mills, fariu-honses. simps, and the supply of aLiiicultnral iinplenients ami stock, and liir the sii|)port of such artisans, smiths, ami other nu'ciianics, as were uecessar\' to the inauinration of their colonial existence in the West; and !:<7tl. Semite, and was not ratified until the Jlst of Feliiiiary, ISo'i. :nid then only with certain exceptions. 'riie principle of acknowled'.:imi' the iiidi\iduMl ilehls of the hunter trihe.s a.s nation.il (ilili'iatioiis. hail hceii pre\iousIy lecomiiscd in a treaty with the (,lua|iaws. concluded Miy 1.). ls:;;i. hut the amount appropriateil for that oojei't in the ('liicai;() treaty, and the extensi\(' pi'isniial scliednles aei'ompanyiiiLi' it. excited remark in the Senate, and induced that body to ipiestion the ]iropriety of nationali/.ini:- the dehts of the tribes. The experience of the Somite also made them averse to i^rantin^' lariiV resi'i'va- tions ill lands to the tribes, as well as to their Wood-relations, esjiecial local friends and habitual ijenctiictors. out of tlH> tracts ceded: since it was fanid that such reser- vations, beini;-. in a few years, surrounded b\- a I'ivili/ed population, ac(piired such a, value as to render their purchase a^.iin iieicssai;\- liir the purposes of aiiriculture. (leiieral .Fackson. whose experieiici' in Indian allaiis hail been acipiired by personal I I 'I'll r. I,oN 1/ ATFoN I'LAN, 4A0 t\. (iliMiviiiion. (•(•iiMiii'i'il tlii.s |)()li<'v (li'citlcdlv. mid (Iim'iiumI it piolt'rnldc. for many rcnHoiis. to coiiiiicnsatc liotli tlic tiilti's iind tlicii' lildinl-rcliitioiiM with piiymi'iits in inoin'x . In Older to iiccotnniodati' tlic cini^riitiii;^ tril)t'H, it was ncci'ssary to prooni'i' tin- ccsxiou (if lar;.'i' tniots from tlic alxni^iiial natioiiH in the West, wlio roved over iiiimonst; plains, cultiviitinjr notiiinfr, and livinj; principally on tlie (lesii of the iMitliilo. My tlie treaty of October !•, iS.'i:!,' the I'awneos (!eded ii hw^o district iyin;,' south of the I'latte, or Nehraska, which nllorded locations to sev((ral of the eastern trilies. 'I'Ik? Kanzas, hy the treaty of Angiisl ICi. I.Sli"),- cedi'd all their land-i IsiiiL;' witliiii tlir homidaiics of the Static of Missonri, as also the wide tracts lyinji aloiiL' the .Missomi riser, to the west of the western line of the State, comprising the \alle3s of the Kanzas, Nodowa, and Naiiiahaw. 'I'iie tract ceded hy the Kanzas trihe comprehended a large part of the laesent Territory of Kanzas. It is somewhat remarkahle. that while a geographical e.vploratiiin was lieing made of this territory, a. respectiMJ anil intelligent agent leported to the Secretary of War, iMay 12. IS.'M.' that not over one-half the ipiantity of land lying within this parallel of latitnde, north of the Osage reservation, and extending to the Neliraska, was adapted to the [)nrposes of agriculture. So far from this lieing the fact, it is precisely this part of Kanzas which is now heing settled most rajiidly. i.s most estecmeil lijr its fertility, and admired for its s\l\an hi'antv. Such, however, has always licen the case in forming estimates ol'new and unexplored countries; the mind lieing continually appreiiensive of " cimmerian darkness, or serhonian hog." Michigan, one of the liest regions in the West for tlu! growth of wheat and corn, was at (irst jirononnced unlit to hestow uiion the soldiers of the late war as hounty lands. In ItiSd. that stout old joker, and unfrocked monk, llaron La Hontan, called the area of the upper lakes, now an immens(> mart of connnerce and agricnltine. ''the fag entl of the world. " Not only suhseipient to the explorations of tin' several ex[iedition8 to the sources of the Mississip|)i and Ued rivers, in IS2I) and ISlio. liiit even as late as 1S;10, much of the country lying north of (Iri'en Hay, and neai'ly the entire area of Minnesota, at the iieriod when the country of Superior was annexed to the State of Michigan, was considered to lie unfivoralile, if not wholly nnsnitalile for agricultural pur|)oses. A large jiart of the Indian territory, locatess iv rofjivt tliiit tlun "iHi- u>i"iit til iiliiuiilon tlicii' lionK>!<, wliicli tlicy Iimvc lon^ cliiTisluMl mid lovt-il : ami tliiini:li liillicrtd iiiisiu'ci'.xsliil. tlii'v Htill linpc to liiul a cDiiiitrv nilci|iiat(> to tl«' wants ami niili|n)rt of tlit'ir iic(i|)l('. somcwiu'rc west nl' tin* iMis.xis>4i])|)i. and within tlii» ti'iritdriai limits of till' rniti'd States."' ]\\ this treaty they ceded their reservations east of the .Mi>,iissi|i|ii. at the sanu' time makimr some jjersonal, henellciary. and eleemosynary prosisions. They also dirci-ted tin' proceeds to 1h' added to their vested l\nids, and tt,!;reed to send a dolejration to the West to seek a location. This delcL'ation visited the Wi'sl diiriiii.' the year iS.'i'i. anil selected a Icx-ation in coiniection with the (!hootaws, a closely aililiated jieople. inakin;: their own terms, as tribe with trilie. There MOW remained hnt oni^ tpiestion of any importance to settle with the .southern trilirs; \i/.. : that with the ("horokees. who had been the first to smrL'est a we.sti'rn outlet liir their hunter population. The nation hail now hecome politicall}- divided into two parties, the one lieiiiLr ravoriiMe to migration, and the other adverse to it. The latter numliend amonL' its leaders the noted cliiel'. John Hoss. and comprised a majority of tlie nation. Their policy contemplated the retention ol" their lands, the contiiniaiice ol' (he a'.:iicultural labors so successCnlly coiiimeiiced. and the iiisterin): of the ample educational facilities they then ]iossesseil. :, ; well as of those arts and domi'stic indus- trial ]iursuits which had been developed by tlcir location in a region I'lninently fruitful, liialtlil'ul. beautiful to tiie eye. and hallowed 'ly .issociations coiuiected both with the li\inL;- and tlic dead. Tlie einiiii-ation part\ contended that these superlative advan- ta'.ies could not lie pi rinaiientlv maintained; that the riLdit of sovereijinty to the country could not be wrested iVoiii the States wiio possessi>il it: that schools could Ije established and teachers olitained in the West ; and that they were oll'ered an ample and fertile country, beyond the limits of any State or Territory, under the solenni frnaranty of Coiiuress. over which they could extend thi'ir own laws and form of government, and where the arts, industry, and knowledire they had acquired, could not but hasten the ile\elopment of their character, and make them a powerful as well as prosperous people. .\ treaty cedini: their landi* wan concluded at New P'chota, December 2!l. 1S.'1"», with tile party favorabli,> to emifrration. In con.'iideration of the payment of 5!"i, 01)0.(1(1(1, they ceded all their territory east of the Mississippi river, and agreed to remove to thit West, and rejoin their brethren already there. Twenty chiefs of hii;h character, and pos.sessed of inllnence and intelliirenee, sij:ned this treaty; Ridire, IJo'jers, Starr, (lunter. Belt, and IJoudinot beiuL' of the numboi-. .\ (leleji;ation of intluential ( 'lierokees, mem- bers of the opposinu: party, immediatcdy proceeded to Washington, with the \iew of pre\eiitinL' its ratification by the S"nate. The subject e.xcited deep interest, but the validity of the ti'eaty was finally sustained. Some supplementary articles were added iriMli.s, 1.. liil, if ; TIIM COLOM/ATI ON I'l.AN. Kit Im iIic Dlijililll ill-Ill hiclit. Illnl till- Scliillr. Ii\ a n-' illllinii. yrillltril to l!li' ('llcluki'Cf* itii iiilililiiiiial MUlii (if ."riiiUll.lliM). to liijiiiilati- claiin.-i liclil ii.u'iiiii^'l tliciii. In this li)riii. till' tri'iits was (Vc iitiiiiUv laliiii'il, M i\ ls:;(l Other cniivi'iitioiial a,i;ri'i'iiii'iits rulldwctl. A tifaly was rDiicIinh'd witli the Cailihiis as <'ail\ IIS .III!}' I 1(1' tills vt'iir/ thiiii,:i;li not riitilii'd iiiilll i^Ii'i. Thi-- irilic, in whuiii we ri'ciniiiisc one of the buiulH '!!. 5 i i •': 4 'IliSi it I ]M fl 54 I ,MN(JI'IN TinitKS IN TIIK HKJiloN (H-'Tlir, ri'i'Mii i,AKi;s. I''nn\i fiiiiy times tlu- Cliippowiis liiiil, iiikUt tlirir liciici'ii' iipiK'Hiilioii, Is.lii. Mini llii' Miiiiiiis liiciil iiiiiiios of tlicir M'M'iiil siilHlivisiiiMs. coiiMtiliilt'd one A. .Ia( Kxi.v. nl' till' iim^t |«(\\crriil Ixidics of liiiliiiiiM in tiic Noftli-Wol. In ii rci;i(in l'i;i;-iiiKM'. iiiiil' cuNcii'il witli liiki's. to lie ijdnd ciiiiociiR'n, oxpiTt wiirriois, keen liiiiilcis. active iurefters. iiml elmpient speakers, are iiinst itiipiii'taiit (piali- Ili'M lions in tiie ineniliers nf tlie trihes. Tlie name ('iiippe\vaap|ieai's to liaxc im|ieri-'eptii)ly t;ikin liie place ol' lliat of Alii'ompiin. tlie lanunai;e lliey speak. Ila\in;i Keen friends of llie Kivncli. IVom tlie period ol' tlieir landing; in ( 'aiiada. tliey adhered to tla; Hii'tniies of tliat nation nnlil the final snrreiidcr ol' the conntiy to the I'liii^lish. when they traiisrerrcd their attachment to the latter power. They foii'^ht liir the French on the lilo(id\- Held which was the scone ol' Mraddock's dercat. at Michilimackinac. ami at Detrnii ; and aided their new allies, the llritish. at St. Clair's del'eal, and in almo-t (■ver\ liattli' ioiitiiit during: the Hevolntionary and post-Kevolntionary wars. At lemitli, having' lieeii dercated on the Thames, nnder 'IVcnmseh, hy (leiieral Ilan'ison, the\' returned to their several liannts, vexed and di Itlili^ll willlilllW till' |iii.'<| iViilll |)nilllllin||i| |-l;illi|, lit till- I'litiimt'c nl' till' •■'tniits 1)1' St. .Mary, iiiul, irtiriiii; to tlir font ul l,.iki' IIiU'iii. iit l'<>iu'tiiiiv;iiii*liiiiv', |iIiiiiIl'(I lui liiiliiiii culony on tlio ltii'^'t> liiiicHtinii' i'li;iiii ul' iIh' M.iin- liiiiliiii'. vviii'i'c llio trilirs wi'i'c iiiviti'il to M'Klt' liy Sir Ki'imiis lli'inl. witliniil ri'>|irri tn the |i(iliti('!ll hoilMiliilit'S iil'tlu'ir liDlllt' liK'iltioil. 'I'liis |iiilii'\ wii^ ill /|llil;;i'i|. 'I'lii' lliiiuili", iH 11 iKiily. ilid iiiit wish III t'li^'ii,!.'!' ill ii^'i'iciiltiirc, iiiid miic.Ii nn iliil. liiiiiiil tin' M>il wiH |iiiiir. MMil iIimI llirif I'Nistfii nil ('i>iii|)('iiMiitiii^ iiilviiiitiiL'i'H. Mjiiiy nl'tlii' tiilT-^ livi il in the rnitcil SttilcH, iiml rcffivcil aininitii'M. wliirli tliry innst i'i'lini|ni>li liy |ii'rniMnlan. Ilavin.: Ih'iii waniiiis ami linnti'is ilnrini; ail tliat pcridil ol' tln'ii' liisliiry knnwn In us. lliat i", IriMii IlillS III js.'iii. tlii'sc ti'ilii's .Htill cnntiinii'il In |iMisur till' >anii' vciratimis. wiili llic (lill'ofi'ni'i', that llifwiuw in wliicli they liad hern alliisoj' iviiniiians lia\in'.;' IrrMiinaiiii, tlii'y wci'K ilcslilnir nl' i'ni|ilnyinrnt, while, at tin- xanu' tinir. lln'ir liniitin'i-.' nmU wci'i' I'Niiaiisti'il. War had rciliu'i'il their iinnilierH, anil llie iliclinini; I'm' trade liaii lel'l tlieiii in drill. I5nl line i^eiieral tiimli! nl' ncrnitin'i their iiHiiiiH reinained In them : they were |inssessed nl' immense trai'ts nl' lands, miiiii' nl' uhieh \\iii' nf n rii'ji a'jrieiill iiim I eharat'ter; nthers ennlaini'd valnalile mines, and weii veivd with linests nl' timliei-, while the lake shnres were \alualili' lisheries. .Many millinns nf si|iiare miles intervened lietweeii their extreme Imnlers, 'I'li eede a |inrtinll nf their lands, in enn>i(leratinn nl' anmiilies. and In pledge a part I'nr the estahlishnient nl' srimnls, arts, ami a'lrieiilture in their midst, was. I'learly. the prnper ennrse tn he pnrsni'd : ami. liir I lii-< |iin'pnse. a larL:e di'leizatinn nl'the ehii'fs visited NV'ashiii'jtim. dnriiiLi' the antimin and winter lA' |S."i"i-:',ti, where they were Jnined hy a similar deleiiatinn nf the (tttawas. With lespi'i't In the Manalniiliiie selieme. it rei|nired means, whieli tlie Mritish (inxcrnmenl withheld, and industry, wliieh the Indians did imt pnssess, nesiiles. if they were inelined In Inrm indnstrinus haiiils, the mn>t aihanta'iemis pnsiiinii liir their e.\erei~e wmild he that pninted iiMl iiy llie .\meri('an (invernmenl, in the lerlile lieliU nl' the Wot. *A li'W nl' their nldest and iimst sauaeiniis men havin'i heen made In eninpreheml this fact, and iirjred In liirn their attention tn ii permanent state nl' I'liture prnsperily. nthei- memhers nl' the triUs lieeame I'avnralily inelined lnward~ tlii' plan. 'I'he Canada, eolnny eansed snme Ineal distiirhance amum; the trihrs. hut never made ninih pru'^res-. Sn Iniiii ,is ample prest'iits wt'i'e distriliiited. I he Indians went In Canada liir them ; tliev spent till' Slimmer mnnths mi the Manatnidine, hut returiu'd to winter im their lands in the I'nited Statis. 'I"he Chippewa trihe had alwa\s exercised an impnrt;iiil inlhieiu'e. 'i'heso nali\es were, persoiialK, a tall, aetivi', and hraxe race nl' men, renowned, in Indi.in stmy. lia' prowess in war. skill in the ehase and diiilnmaey. and for their exelleiil oratoiiial powers. It was nhserved hy the Freiieh. at a \eiy early period, that they pnssessed a hnd\ nfnral leiieiidary Inre wdiieh made their Indi:!' eirrles attractive, and an imieiiious iiiude of liistin'juishinL'' family ties ;iiii| chuis. hy tolemic devices, or pictnurapiiic s_\ mlmls. r II i I « tt-S' I ■'Sit '. ■« 4mn ( i hnv. ^ I ,- 4t!-l lIOSTll.K ATTITUDK OK SOI TIIKIJN TRIBES, A siiniliir system of i(l<'()j:rii]>liic si.uns was usimI to sii]ip1y tlio pluec of tlio art of iioliitioii, liir ilifii' sdiiLis. 1111(1 liir liricl' inciiioriiils, displiiycd on tlicir cedar Liravc-pcists.' 'I'lii' policy of the L'liited States (loveniineiit hi'iiiii, to remove all the trilies from tlu' St:ites to tiie lands west of the Mississippi, it hecaiue desirable tt) ascertain the wishes and leeliiii;s oi' a tribe which had liiriired so ])romiiieiitly in Indian history. The Cliippewas and Ottowas speak dialects of the same laii,t;iiau:e.- very much resemble each oilier in manners and customs, and either live in juxtaposition, or interiiiiniiie. When the dideiiates of the co-tribes arrixcd at Washington, the Secretary of War, to whom the fjoverniiu'iit of Indian all'airs at that time ]iertaiiicd, and who, haviiii:- tbrmerl_\- residi'd in the West, was aware tiiat the two tribes were intercalated, and held tiieir lands very much in cominou, iliri'cted the (.'liippewa chiefs to be present at the conferences, and entnisted the negotiation to their local agi'iit, Mr. Schoolcraft. The conlerences occupied the entire season, delegates having been invitetl from remote ])i)iiits. and the deliberations were jirotracted ; but. on the 2Sth of Marcdi, they united in a general cession.' The Ottawas and Cliipiiewas of Grand Traverse Bay ceded all their territories, e.vteiiding from Grand River, on the lower jieuinsuhi. to tiie Straits of .Michiliniackinac, tlieii(!i? north of the basin of Lake Huron, along the Straits of St. Mai'y's, to Lake Sii|)erior. and up its sontiiern shores to the inlhix of Gitclie Seebi. or the Great l>i\('r; thence to the river Mi'iiomonee of GiH'cn IJay, and, along a water line, to the place of beginning at Grand Kiver Lake, Micliigan. The cession of lS:!('i was lar the largest ever made by this tribe: including himting- Liioiinds. hoiiU'steads. burial-grounds, and ossuaries, which tiie\' had possessed and cherisiied for cciiliiries. Seas were, in fact. coin]irised within the limits of the territory ceded; lor the character and amplitude of the lakes entitles tlier to lie so called. Aliout |(i. 0(1(1. (lUO acres of tiiesv' lands were locati'd in the iipjier peninsula, or Algoma region, ahaig tiie shores of Ijake Superior, without estimating any jiortioii of those situate in lower Michigan. Ample n-^ervations ".'"l" to be distributed in gratuities to their half-bieed descendants; and presents of goods and clothing, to the anioiiMt of .^1 od.ddd. i.i be made them on the ratification of the treaty. Ample provision was made fur their education, and liir tlieir tuition in agriculture and the arts. Their surjilus 'amis, which had lost their \alue as lumting-groiinds. thus furnished the means, not onl\ for their present sulisistence. but also [\>v their instruction ' .'^niiii' cii' their (li'^rriidiiiils l>_v Iri-li |in'u'i iiit'U's liavi' rviiic'i'i! ropcctalili' Listen, .'unl I'lin^iili'niliK' iiii'iil:il jiiiwcTs in till' walks cit' iitoraturr. .luliii .liilui.oiii, hlsij., a jri'iitli'iiiari IVmii ilic imitli nC inlaiul, iiiti'nii.iiiiril ill lliis nil"', aihl lii-i iViiialf cliiMrrii liaviiiL' n'l'civoil tlirir I'ducatinii in Irclainl. tin rr acc|Mirc'il hiL'lilj' JidILsIhiI iiiaiiinr-- ami liiu' litrvai-y ta>li'<. " Tliu iiitrrcli;nij;c ol' tlu; ('lii|i|M'W,i ./ainl y> tnr ', .il' /. dir /i, ainl tin' Mili>liluliuM uf Imi.iil m I'nr «. in llui ( )U iwa iliali'c-t, is ii cliarai'lcrislic' tniit. ' r S Tr. <;,,. ,,, i;-,'i. ^ ! i PREVIOUS T(» THEIR FINAL REMOVAL. •U)i ill nrts and letters, iiiid liir their adviineoinoiit in every element of eivilized life. Tlio niiiiil)er of ]ier.soiis who iiarlicipated in tiiesc Iienefits was uliout 4o00. In ii rejiort of the superintendent, made to the Government on the ;]Oth of Septomher, 1840, tliey are returned from the pay rolls, as organized in their separate l)ands and villa ((uestion of their removal and dual location in the West, began to assume importance, and b« came the subject of animated discussion among themselves. " It is not probable" adds the agent, '• that any provi.-inn can he made for the aboriginal race, which promises to be so (>flectual as their trans- f rence to, and colonization in, a separate territory, wliere they cannot be reached by the evils now pressing upon them, or thwarted in their peculiar government and laws. If the Indian is ever successfully to assei't his claims to distinction among tlie races of men. it must lie under circumstances which will give latitude to the peculiar bent and t.istes of aboriginal intellect." ' !l Oniciril n.'pnrt: n.'trnif. A. S. T?n-L'. «V(1., luiiiplil.-t, '_'>* y\, ' Ilii.l., p (',. iion. V,,t.. VI. — r,9 Hi :n •! f A:: ill. H r" 1 ' 4(iG IIOSTII.K ATTITl'DE 1' SOUTHERN TltlHES, CnAPTKH 11. lIsDIAN HOSTILITIES IN THE SOUTH. Wiiil.K l!ii> l':i\or;il)l(> ailiustiiicut of tlu> iialiiiinri| A. J \( KsoN, a most tlniMtiiiiii;;' aspect. Tlic cau.scs (li'tlii'sc triinli!i< iiiav li" liiidlv J'i;i:.-iiii:.\i'. rcl'iTnil m. Two (ili-taclcs tit tlii> surci's.^l'ul rxt>c\ition nl" tlir [ilaii ol' n'mii\'al hail oxi-l'il till' s('\rral years; oiii' ul' whieh was. the (lilliciiltics lictvM'i'ii (li'iii'Liia ;iii'i the ('ri''k^. 'I'hi' tiraty I'lUirlmlril with liic ('recks at Iniliaii SpriiiLis. l'\'lii'iiai'\ I'J. \^-'', hail hiTii the souiTi' tit' inni-|i iliscurih haxiim' Ihth lU'tintiati'il wilhnul ihr full cui-'iit i>' all the I'll iris, w 111) shoulil ha\i' |)aiticipat('i! in it. ami rati lied onK' a few ila\ < priur to the i-liwi' 111' till' prcsiili'iitial ti'i'ni. hclorc the nhjections to it were maile knin\n. or i'lilU' linilei'stiiiiil. Mr. Aiiains. in hi- liist nies-a;;e, expresses his intention to eoni'nii- iiieaie to ( 'oni;ress M special Miessaire on the siiliject ; ' anil also re^jiectniL;' the Lieneial ficlini: I'l the Cherokees. Uausis ut' ilis-ension iiail heeii ci'ealeil with tun ol' the ]irincipal tiilies. such as IkcI nut lul'ure uccurreil in our Imlian historw .\rii'r the I.nwe of -e\en _\ear~. the ("reeK iplesliun W as vi rt liallv ailjnsti'il h\ the l|-e|||\ >iui|cil ;il \\':i-Ii- iniitmi. .March "J 1 . l^'-'r^: hut the ilillicultii's were nut ti'riiiinateil, i!y this treat \. tliey reileil .all their hiiiils I'asl ul'tlie .Missi--.-i|ipi. inakhii;' personal reser\ations liir a limit 'il innnliir ol' years. Am n'.:' the ( 'herukees. the tri-aty of New i'iehuta. coiiclinleil Decemiiei- L".i. l^-'i'i. tuL^ether \\ilh tliu pulicy u[' eniiiiratiun, iiail civated t\\o ili-^tinct ami \iulu:itl\ anl:i'jo- iiistic [larlies. ouf of which fa\oreil. am! the utiier opposeil. the renio\al. 'I'lie fadci' tif till' till iiier WIS .luhii l!u,-s. the ruling- chief, who was siip[)()rteil 1)\ inan\' oilier chief-, anil ly ih" iinjurity of the trihe. IJein;;' jittaclu'il to their resi lenc hy lii>tuiical !i-suciations. il.itiin; hack to tlu; era f the (lisco\er\' of the eunntry. |iosses-ii !'..;■ a t'citile soil, ami eiijoyin-- a mild i liniatc. amid a district of iiill and dale whose scenic heatitv is hardly surpassed, this party. ha\inL, in their o.\ii hamls th'' means ot' ci\iIi/,!tioii, ' AiM'-i'sscs !iiiil .\I(■^>;l'_-L■■i iif the I'ri.'siil. Ills .j|' iliu Unit.'d .Stiitr-, \Va]l;rr. .' w V..rl,. |- II. ml, I vul. 8vo., T.'tJ paL'cs: Kilwiinl .■l>ll. liii'l' lirr ■ Ml til,' iiily inn, i s I'ltKVIoCS TO Til KIR FINAF. I! K M U V A T,. 4"! wciv iivt-TM' to oa'liMiii^iiii;' it l'i>r territiirics licyord ilii' .Mi.sii!|ii. with wIidsc cliMi-iiclri' tlii'\ were ini[ic'ilrclly :ii'(|iiiiiiitt'(i, iiiiii rcLiiii'iliiiL;- tlii' cliiiKtlc nf wliicli tli^'V \\r\\' in (liiiilit. Coil^ivss li;nl. Iiy a ri'soliitioil jiaf-scd in .Maicli, lS.';"i. olU'l'i'il ."i^'i.llUll.nno lo ilic Clit'i'oki'cs for tlii'ir hunls. DcctMnhLT 'I'.). IS:!"), a ti'caty assi'iitin;^' to tlic (ioxciiniiriit ]polic\ was I'oi'nu'il at Mew I'lcliota.' witli tiic party liu'orinL;' cxclriiiL:!' and iiii.:ratinn, at till' licad of wliicli was Major Iiid,::i'. 'Pliis treaty tiinw tlii' ii;''ion inln a liniiid- tiiou> I'xciti-'nu'iit, and a inuiici'ous dt'k'gation vi.-itnl W.isliinLilDn t;) (i|i|imlnn.> l(in. Conuros uranled Siillli.ddO liir llie [iin'[iuse of eoveriiii:' tiie inridenlal e.\|Mns > d tlieir removal, and to meet sundry eoiitin^'ent claims wiiicli it was aii'i-eliend' d miulit arise therefrom. The westi'rn Cherokees also apiiendeil tiieu' aii|iro\al of the niea.-ure, without elaimini: any interest in tin.' fiscal provisions of tiie rom[)acl. In thi^ firm, the treaty was ratified hy lin' Senate. May '2']. iN.'Kj. Tiie maleiiiileiit party of the ( 'lieroliiin of their (ipiui(jns In their adlie>iiiu to exi-tiirr parties, and liy the dilli'r"llt views llcy entertained ol' the tiiie pnfcy to he p;ii',-U'd with respect lo the I'litiiiv disjiosit ion of the Indian trilies. 'I'liei'e was another element ol' disturbance. The ' 'reid^s. who. by the tnaiy of April •! . l.'s.'lli. had coiiiproiiiisetl tlic disaLiivcments. and settli'd the raLiiiiL;' discord created by the .M'lntosh treaty, ncjoiiated at Indian Sprim;-. l'"ebiaiary !"J. l.s'J"i. were not disposed to com|)ly wiili the terms of this treaty of Licn/ra! pacdicatidii. Wlietli.'r, ovvinjr to the fact that the Indian iiiind has many coucealiiients and mental reservations, or does not I'^adily comprelcnd the true scnpe and beariuLi' of leLial coiistri'ctions. many and lorn:- continued delavswere interpe>rd. and urudi diif'/iiltv was exjierienccil in obtainju^ a proiniit and L;eii"i'al compliance with the strict ii'nns of lids r,-. aty. and in a Ijustiii;.;- ipiestions ot' reservations and assumed rights, which had not been cuiiceded b\- iliat instrnmen!. ■ I'. .'^. Tiv.iiii's, |i. ii:;:i. f i >' I i^l I I! H : ^ii ! Hi 1 "i i ■ \ •■IH ^i-! 1 1! i ! 1 ■ h ! li 468 HOST ILK ATTITIDK UF .SO UT UK UN TlilliES, C IIAPTER III. OUTBllEAK OF THE FLORIDA WAR. Wiiii.K this .stiito of tilings existed in the Soutli. tiie diiiriiiil press lS;i(). teemed witii niiiiors. which were not only IVeijiiently eontnulictory. lint A. .IacksoN", ;dw:iys iipiiearcd to orii:iiiate iVoin tlie apiu'eheiisioiis ol' exposed settlers. I'lii-siDENT. Ivirh' ill the iiKnilli of .laiiuarv. the astoiiiidiiii:' intelligence reached Washington, that Major Dade and his entire eoinniand, hoth ollioers and men. had been waylaid and massacred by the Si'ininoles in Florida. The Seiiiinoles' are eoimected with the Creeks, both by ties of blood and lanunatie. Their syin[ialliies had. doubtless, been with the Creeks in thi'ir loiijr controversy with 'Ii'(ir::ia. but their action on this occ.ision appears to have arisen IVoin internal dissati>l'action. In an elabnrate re[)oit.' nni.de February H. IS.'Ki. and I'ominnnieated bv the President to Congress, it is asserted that the Seininoles were not satisfied with the terms of the treaty concluded at Payne's Landing. May !), 1S3'J. The extent of this disall'ection was not known. The dilliculty does not appear in this light, in any (if the ri'[iorts made by the agi'iits: ami the (iovernment. at least, was ignorant of it. On their failure to comply with their treaty ;igreement tu remove to the West, and the expiration of the liinr and liui"^ granted for that pnrpose, troops were concentrated in the \it'inity of the Seminnlcs. ami the local ci)inmander, (jeiieral Clinch, directed to organize companies of regnlars. .\.s early as February, lS3o, he was authorized to drasv from the North six additional companies, four cif which were artillerv. .V spirit of dissatisfaction was evinced by the Indians during the summer and antuinn. Sev(.'ial ontrages occurred while keeping up the coinniunications between fort and fort, and it was apprehended that the Creeks secretly partieiiiated in this feeling of animosity. In ' Till' name Si'iiiiniilc ili'si;_'Miiti>< tlii-ir !i.«viiin]itinii of trilial inilrpcmU'iicc, aihl \v;c< iiitcmlrd tu lu' (liToL'aturv ill il.s first appiiiMtimi hy tin' Creeks. H may. as iii.in' ur ^■^s pc- -uri' is iiitcinliil, lie riTnli'n'il " si'jiaralisls, refractory iiioii, rolji'ls, ur n'fiiL'i'i's " 'flu' )icrioil ..l' tli.- .Tiiaratimi is unci'rtaiii. 'I'lii'v witlnlrcw fruiii lln: parent trilje eitlier wliilc re.-i'liiiL' mi tli ■ .\ll.rii:cli.i. .n- at in earli.r piriM.I, lj-|',,iv tliu (,'re'lis liaii naclieil tlio eastern tcriiiinu.i iif their iiii'-'iMlior. W'lirii ilir Seiniuili s left tlie uplanil v,ill._vs of .Maliain.1 ami (iei.r'-ia, tli''V witliiirew tri tlio intrieate recesses of ilie interior lalvos, lagiAjus, liuiumucks. ami (.'veriiladci of Florida. ' .Nilos' ReL'iftcr, Vol XL1\., p IM rit ral it 11 "0. >ls, ll,.; Ilio r i{ i; V I ( > [• s T () 'I'l 1 1: i \i v i n a r, k i: m o v a r- . 400 NovcinliiT, (u'licral (.'liiicli hiiviiig roiinilcil lluU it would Ijc m'ccsMiry ti) cull out V()luiiti'Oi> I'oi' the pruti'dioii ol' tlio frontiers, lie was iiiitliorized to deliver anus from the public st(jri's for tlni;' o(|iiiiinient. The iiiainleiiiuiee of tin.' lines of coinrnuniciition lietweeii distant posts, scpai'ated by a wilderness (;(jiiiitry, interspersed with deep creeks, and frecineiitly with dense thickets and hainniocks, was a dillicnlt and harassing service. The lines wen; attacked at \arious points, and the defiles and (pnigniires ollereil siniinlar facilities for the prosecution of the Indian mode of warfare. Fort Kiiiu', the headquarters of tin; arni)', was situated about lOI) miles from I''ort Hrooko on Tampa ]5ay, the W^'thlacooche river inti-rvtmiiig between them. The Indians burned down a bridi.'e over a deep stream, within si\ miles of iMjrt Brooke, but it was reliuilt. At this time there were u[pwards of (IDO regular troops in the field.' A niail-earrii'r had been miirilereay ; ' Charles Emathla. a ehirf friendly to I'liiigration. had been sealiied; the Miekasnkics were hostile, and held a sironu: position on the Wythlacooche river; the Tallas.sees were accused (if boldiuu" seeivt cinnells; ami the I'lM creek band Were en;.:aged in continual depreilations. Th.' aspect of allairs was extremely thrrateniiiL;'. While matters were in this i)o>ition. on the li.'Id ol' Deeeniber. -Major Dade marched from Fort IJrooke, on Tampa Haw l()r Fort (Clinch, with a detachment of twt) compaifn'S, cme six-ponnder. ami the usual eoniplemeiit of military stores and supplies. The entire force numbered |(l(l muskets. The llr>t day he halteo at a stream, distant seven miles from Fort Ibooke, called the Little Ilill>boro river, the brid^'C over which had been burned by ihi' hostile luiliaii.-. and subse(piently rebuilt. The foUowiiCj: day he ])ro- eressed six miles, reaidieil the l>ii:- Wythlacooche on tin; liTtli. and on the "JStli arrived at the delile, where he wa-; waylaiil by the Iiulians. distant only sixty-five miles from Fort Brooke'. He wa> attacked about ten o'clock on the inorninLr ol' the liSth. it ainieared tnat the Indians had narrowly watched his march. disturbin;.r his barricades al niu'it. but keepinir onl ul' si'jht. on his Hanks, durin;;' the day, until he had proceeded a lew miles beyoiiil the Wythlacooche, where lOU I'ea creek warriors, under tlu' iie_;vn Ibniy. and, as has been estimated, nuu'c thmi double that number' of the Mickasukiev, and of the liands of Fufollab-^ and Alaliers. unde'i' the chiefs Little ('loud and Alli.raliu'. formed an ambuscade on both sides of the road. The column, mail binu' in ordinary e.iien oriier. was smldeiily attacked on all sides with showers ol' allows and balls; Major Made was shot dead from his lior.-e at thi' first onset, 'i'li" coininand iunneiliatidy closed their ranks and unlimbered the ficld-[)iece. from whiib fort\-nine rounds wt'iv fired.' l')ut the shots were fired al random, no bod\ of the ' 'I he .'.'lj'it:iMt I ;,■!'. Til ^t!llos tin: f.iivo at ^>-)'\ On tlio ">lst 'if t»i'i;i-iiiln'r it inolirl'il two firl'l and twontv- I',, 111- (•■nil i:h.v liir. r- — Nilo' Iu"jl^|i r. Vol. Xf,IX., 1'. ■\')'^. ' Nil.-' !;'..;i-i.r \-..l. .\I,I.\.. p. .M. ^ Tfii' I'orci' w.is rstiniiilo I. tit t!i.' tiuK', at •• JOC or lOOU :" viUu .Niks' ltc;;i..-ti.r, V'.l. XI.IX.. p. otJH. ' Nilfs' Iti'ui-tor, Vol XLIX. o :i'jT li !i iii ' I ■ ! I I h ! n ;.i| Ml 'ij r: i '■■' ■ 'l' 5 y:; i'^ ! i|-^ ! 170 I10ST11-1-: ATTl'l'lDK U F S ;) T T Jl R l!i\ TJUIiKS, ('ii(jiii\' lii'iiiLC \i.-il)lt' at one j-pnt. wliili' llidr nriMWs and lialls wcfc discliarp'il iVcni tlu'ir iihufs oi'iHinci'alnienl witli (ii'ailly aiii;. .Sovtii coiinnissiiinc d ulliccis were killed in (|iii('k succession; tlie ranks were riddled, and every etViirt to iv-I'drni the men IUiIimI. The Indians picked n|) and used tiie niu.-kels of the dead sdldiers auainst their siu'vi\ ini^ ciirnrades.' Lieutenant liasin'jer. al'tei' heinn' I'alally wuundeii, had lii-^ throat cut liy a lU'Liro. The most horrid hntejirry occurred. Several of the \\ounded. \\ho knew the lead ;•'■ of the enemy, iijipealed tortheii' lives in vain; iln' cry tor (^uarter Uiis ;iuswered liy the kuil'e or tonudiawk. Not an ollicer nor any ol' ihc coinuuiud I'scaped, except two soldiers who ci'ept oil'. Alter heinir badly woiuided. hul \et remaiuinjr pi'rfeetly conscious, they laid niotioide.-s auiouz tin.' dead until an oii|K)rtin!it_v olIt-re(l lin' escape. Some accounts estimalt' the American loss at llli men. Ilow nuiny men the Indians lost has never heeii ascertained. Such was the massacre (lor hattle it was not) of the ^\'y ihlacooehe. the news of w liich operated like an electric shorl<. and uiaile as (|i'c|) an impression on the .\mericans, a.s the massacre at Caliul did. in al'ier times, on the iiiilish in India. An oilicer, wril;n_ i'rom Foi't Brooke, on the 1st ol .lanu:ir\. fou:' days alter the san^iiinar\- evi'ut. isiiy.s : •■Such are the Indian condiinations. that it is not coiisi'lere'i pr.-icti<"il)le lo force or kei'p open a communication wiih Fort Kin^'. \\ith less than a well-appointed auil instrui'ted I'lirce of lll'iil nieii. 'I'lirei out of limr liriilv- are ih^sti'oNcd. lunl two forils are \ery dil'icul* : and the coui'My may Liener.dls he (iescriheil as a series ol' ami;ii-(ades and delilcs." '■ (>!i the ;; 1st of Deceinher. (IiMierai ("inch, with "-'I'll reiiulars and a la rue force of n iiiii.i \olunleers. mar(died to the Wylhlacooche. and foULdit a sharj) action on the iianks .,!' that >tream. near the steiie (>!' Dade's ddrat. with the same Indians, who mani- li'stfd as nnich dotermined iiiiri'pidit\ as tlie\ had previously e\ini'ed. In this ei:i:aL:e- meiit, O.sceolii was noticed to have been actively eni:iijred in marshallim; the Indians. The ai'tion was .se\cre ; General Clinch had nine rmei| \iin to wha' a deplora!ile sitoati' n we ;ii.- low reduced. The temporisiuLr policv of Ciueral Thomp.son. the Indian Sup.' intendent, and the forbeaiance of inn' (iovernmeiil. h,i\e set the uiercile.ss 8av!i;:es iij,ion our phintatiun.-i, (Uir crops, and our dwellings: ,ind. ' Nilos' K.L'isti'r, V(,l. .\Ll.\,, y ;;t;7 " .Nil.'s' H-ji^M-. V^.l Xl,l\ , ,. :'i;7. ' I'r .luhii Tim iKi> ami It.iii-. uu CI. a!;. ' IM.I , I-. ic,.; II,,, I . , .,, r :t if I i I'nEVMMS TO TIlKIi; riNAI, I! KM OVAL. 471 M'lillv, I do iKil ,-'■(• wlial is In liiM'diiir I'l'iis ami tliis i'(iiiutry. it' lailitarv succors do not i,\nii:i)i.\Ti;i.\ arrive 'I'hc Indians seem to li^; fully licnt on tia,' most dctcnniiii'd irsist- iinci'. and. in the acliiui on the \V_\ llilai'ooclic, disfilayi'd ii (Irnuu'^s and d('S[H'rMtioii never fxccrdcd in the histor\' ol' Indian warliirc." ' A siinidtani'ons oiilhicak t>'ik idaci' tlii'ouLihont Florida. On tlic liStii of Dcot'inlu'i', tlic day of Dade's massacre, a jiarty of ten men vcre dinin.; with Uoiitrers. the sutler at Fort KiuL'. in a dwellim;- distant not 2-")ll yanis from the Ijlock-iniusc. wiieii they were sndd'iidy iieset, and fired on hy a parly of Indians. A hnndreil shots, it is estimated, were di.-ehai'ied tl.rouiih ihe o|ieii window, hy whiidi llie host, who was sltlinjr at the head of Ids lalile. and lour of his u'U'Sls, were killed. Amonu the hitler were (ieiieral 'I'liompsoii, the Indian aL:enl. Ijieiitemuit (.'onstiinliiie Smith. I'.S.A., and two others. Five persons, who Ifd to the I'ol't. escape(l. The oHieiaU and atleinl- aiils ^oll-ht fell lie ill a iiaminoc!\. hnt w ere .-hot do\\ n he lore they I'eaehed it. 'I'hr I '(ink, a lu'.lil'o Woin.ill. \\ ho hiil lurself held n 1 a harrel. ainl silcc eiled in elleclim;' her e-rape, was a speclalnr (pf ail the liailiarilies coiiimiiled. (•~eeola. who wa^ the leader of the jiarly. entered first. o\'ei'threw a tahle. ^a/ed sternly roiiiiil for a moment, ami Ihen Weill out." The hody of Tholil|isoll, the ai^ellt, was I'ollllil to ha\e hei'li Jiierceil with lil'leeii hullels, and sixteen entered that ol' IJod'jvr:., the po,-.t-sllller. 'J'lie ilidi.ins scalped all the deail to the \'ery ears, .iiid then heat in their slvulls. IJelweeii the day of the m.issacre and the middle . if the eiisniici' .lamiary. a wide e.vlent of eounlry was made a scene of de-olatioii. Houses were Ininied. the oceii[iaiits killed, cattle and stock driven oil", thu mail routes iiiterriii)led, iind a jreiieral panic iiiul confusion created. The caiisi'S whiih oiiuinated this w ,• r heeoine ap[iarent. when attention is diiveted to ihe peculiar prrjuili(e> and nc-iital re>er\ al ions of the Indians. J>y the li'aty llciotiated at l'a_\ lie's LaiidillL', on the (.-'clilawaha. .May '.l|h. l>;ll^. the Sclninoles ceded their lands, and all claims i.i i iiids. w liich they held in Florida, in consideration of the pa Mile lit to them ot' a yearly aiiniiily of .":;^1 -i. li'ii. They alM) aiiri'ed to >,:\u\ a dele;.'.,itioii ol'llieir most respected chiels to view the terri tnry iiirnN'd them west ol' the .^^ls^iss;ppi, and to ascei'tain w hetlier the western Ci( civs woiilil allow the Seininoles to rejoin them. It was >tipiilaled in the tre.ity. that the impio\emi;nl- left in Florid. i should he ^>aid f.ir h\ (he I'nited Stales; their cattle he estimated and |iai i for' and the hlack-;i.i! lis' services, sanctioic-d hv a pri >r treatV. he colllilUled to them in the West. I'lovisioii vva-- made that each person, eu reacliiiiii' the new location, should receive ii hlaiily wlioiii tli(>y mtc to In- Mi[i|ilii'(l willi oin- \i'ar's subsisti'iici' ill till' iH'W territory. A treaty eoiielmled witii the (Greeks, at i'"ort (iil)soii, Miiri'li liStli, IS.'J;!. providi'd l"or the rehel trihc an ample country. 'I'lie Scuiinoics li\ in.r north ofthe honndary line, designated by tiie tri'aty ol'('am|i Moultrie, he^ian to remove to the West ; hnt liioso ri'iiiovals iiroceeilod slowly, heinu' delayerl Iiy (Miiharrassmonts. .\t tilt' close of the time .stipulated hy the treaty of .May IMli, I s'l'J. it havinir been decided that the oiniirmiitH i^hoiild proceed hy water, across the (iulf of .Mexico, to their western lionie, vessels I'or their transportation arrived nt 'I'ainpn May. and their speedy eudiark- ation was myi-d. Throni^iiout the year IS;!") there ajipciired to lie slrouL' ohjectioiis to eniijii'ation, on the part of all the prineiiial Seminole hands, and they finally refused to iro. Ill a full re|iort. made hy the War Deparlmeiit. Fehriiary '.•. is^iii.aiid coiiimiiiiicated to Conp;ress.' this f.'eneral dissatisfaction with the treaty of Payne's I.andiiiir is the cause assi^'iied lor the war. In the prosecution of this war. iicojraphicid phenomena sin.;alarly favored the cause of the Semiiioles. .-iiid it may he fr.:iirali\il\ said that the country itsell' fought for them ; every swamp and hammock was a fortress. Nature has ri'iidered the pminsula of I'lorida peculi.'iiiy all i';icti\(> to the Indians. Its taiiiiied iiuu'asses. its dense and iiiipeiietrahle hammocks, ami its >crpentiiie streams, form so many natural defences ai:aiiisf iMiropean enemii's ; and spontaneous means of .suhsistence are also a])iindant. The rivers are covered with the i;reati>st ahundance of water-fowl; the adjoiiiiiij: seas ahonnd in turtle; and the .-oil. where arable, yields a profusion of vci'i'tabU" nourisliiueiit in the contee-[)laiit. wliicii is the arrow-root of rommerce.-' Tiie Florida war was, in truth, a contest wa,i;-ed ai;ainst ;;co;.'rapliical and climatic laws. To elude the pursuit of an enemy in these hihyrinth.s was such an easy matter, that an Indian hid in a haiumock could not be discovered at tlie distance of ten feet. Cattle, oriu'inally iiitroduciMl by the Indians, were timiid to reproduce on the prairie ineadow.s with the L'reati'.-t rapidity. ' Xiios" Hrgistor, V..1. .\bl.\., p, 440. • Hiirtraiii'i< Tmvol.s. i'ui;\ I ors To Ti; i'.\ w v < x \ :, i; ;;M(»\' \ k. 47;) CIlAi'TKl! IV. (iliKilN (IF Till' SKMlNnhK 11 (1ST 11, 1 T IKS. In ;i i|r!i;i;r wliii'li tdok liliicr i'l till' SiMiali' ii!| liir '2't\\\ ilMil 'jTlll III' .i:inii;u \ . 111! ;i 1 rsiilutii)ii ainl a lull nll'iTtil li\ Mr. I, inn. lo niaki' ajiprd- iS-'lii. |iriali(ins tn ^upiiii'^s lin^iililics wiili llic Scniini.lc.--. ''dlnnrl ilrnlun .\. .1 Ark^dN, iiiiiilf lln' lolliiwinL' L'ia|iliii' ivniaik:- conccinin;; tlii' oriLiin nC lin' Semi- l'iii.>ii)i..NT. iiolc war : •■ Snuic \rars auii 1 was a nicnilicr of llic ( 'mnniitlic on In'lian .Ml'.iirs. .\t lliiit tini<'. iIk'^o Inilian.' in l^'luiida wciv in a .^talc of >lai'\aliiin ; llii'\ w.inlil not work, ami il was nccrssarv llial llii'V sIkiuM Ij'' led li\ tiir I'liiliil Stales, im' iIu'v nuist snk.-isl on llir |ilnn(li'i' 'A' imr citizens. 1 am umlrr llir iiniires>iiin thai I'nr tin'sc Indians tiicrt? was a|i|irii|ii iaiiil !iy ( 'oni;i'('.-s a \ery larir snui. ]i('rliap,- .lU.lllKI m' •'^HklKKI. to piact' liicin wlinc llii'V wcinlii !>■ inaMrd to lixc witiiont pinndrrinu. 'riirse Indians are ;l \vv\ had trilii'. as tlicir name siunilies; ilu' wdi'd .'^i:mimi|.i;, in hhlian. liriuL; •wild, riniawav Indians." Ther were llirrd'oi;' ccinsidercd a l)ad lare. ll wa.s (iliviuusiy tliu li si jMiliry l<' I'rinoNc tlir.-r Indians 111 ;i iilacc where lliey woidd lie a'ne lo olitaiii jileiity. 'I'l'ealies Were cDiiseiincntls made willi them 111! the sniijeel >>[' their removal, and the [ifucess ha.^ keen ;..;(iinL' on i'or some yeais ; hnt when ihe lime aniscil when tlie\ shonkl he remo\cd. llie\ d. riared tiial lliey Ini'! no wi.di In uo ; and so a,i;ain last snminer, wlii'M ihei'ewas another alteinpl lo r. ino\e iliem. The di.siinhaMces he^iiu li\- their siiuniin;.' tiieir ekiels. and iVoin ihis inereaMil lo the e.xPaii deseriheil in the leiiovl ol'Caiilain Helton. iViin wiiich. and from |M'i\aie letter-, it is understood that, in the massaeres whieh have taken [ihiee. the innaNsa_\ neiii'oes of the Soulh were the most cun.^jiie.leus. 'rhe\ Iraversed the lield of the dead, and cut open tile throats of tilose who weie e.xpiiint;'. 'J'wo we(dvs a;:wei for. in eompari.-on wiili whieh the p;ist is hut as a drop in a hiieket."' NiK>' ll.:;l-i. !■, NmI. XI, IX,, \>. \'(ii. \' I, (In ill ' ' ■! ! ;ii m '•' % i| I 1,1 i i ,1 I§ -1 1) ' ',« I l'^ ! 'A'' it' f ' i ij II I'll 474 IKJSTILI': ATTIl'lDl-: Oh' S(» l' T II K K N TKIIiKS, CHAl'TKK V. (J(>NTl{(»Vi:i!SY Wnil TllK CIIKIIOKKIIS. Tin; (lissciisiuiis wliicli com iilscd tliis trihc. nriuiiiiiti'd \>y tlic rcinoval iSoi'i. i)()lirv, iviicIrmI tlnir ;iciim' in ISo'i. On llic "J'.ttli cf Dcccinlicr. IS.'!"), A. .lACKSdV, till' iliiy iil'ti'i' till' Dailc miissiicrc. tlic treaty ol' New iv'liotii was I'liKslPKNT. cuncliulcil uitli the < 'ln'rokci's. As this treaty Ih'c.iiih' a I'mill'iil soiirrc of liiscord. a detail of some of the eircninstances wliieii preeiMled its negotiation, is iin|porlaiit to the ri^rlit understandinir of events, wliieh sMhse(|iiently transiiireil in the NV'rst ; e\iiits wliieli liiially led to painl'nl and trairie scenes. 'I'he (.'lieioivi'e nation iiad heen divided in opinion on tlio snl)ject of eiiiiiiration I'roin thi> year 1SI7. at which period the Western ('heroivces removed to tlie West. 'J'lie chiefs and ie idcrs ol' enrh party did not dill'er wiy wiilely on IcaiiiiiL:' (piestions. ihonuh as tlie discussion of tiie project pi'ouiessed. the spirit of rivalry, aronsed iiy their antauonistic posiiion. enjeniK'red consideralile feelinn'. The secret sprinu's of this ri\ahy. and the futterness of the I'ontroversy wore, donbtless, tliu result of the counsels ol' white men. (!ii the l.^lh of .lanuary. ISI'.C. .Iud;_a' Hu.iih fi. Widte of Tennessee, then an €'is[)iriirit liir the I'r^ - li'iic\- iu l"^!?. anil, consnpiciitly. very sensitive to political movements in 'he South, sniimilti'd to the Senate ,i resolution, resjiectiinr a .Mr. Turry. who hail li'-en employed as an aijeiit in the Cherokee coiinlrx. This resoluliou wa> appai'ently introdnc'd only liir the purpose of [ireli'rriu'.^ ill n.itured charges, or of introducin:;' to puf'ic notice some transactions, which were- calcidaied to cast odium upon the administration. From the detailed statement m;ide by him. which he corrotiorated ly reference to letters, it appears, that .Mr. <'urry was an anient liir em'ollini the ('herokeo, and valnini:' their improvements, in aiitici|i;itiim of their emi^'ralion. in which husimss he had liei'u em|iloyed some time; takinu. meanwhile, an activi' interest in the political movements ol" that period, and opposini:' tlie andiitioiis aspirations of -Mr. White. The .ad joininir States of (leorjiia, Alaliama. Tennessee. North Carolina, and .Mississippi, were then deeply interested in the Indian emi,L'ration ipiestion. and whate\er had any KeariuL; upon the negotiations with the tribes, or their remmal from the limits of tlm-e .">tates, became ii topic of general interest. Any I'ln'Vlors TO TTlKIl! FFNAI, I! K Nf O V A T- 4TS (l|>|)t).>c i<{' lin|iulilll;irlf y. Ill liis .•<|if('cli, Mr, NVIiitc ii\('ii'<'il llial liis pnNitioii li;iii Imi'ii !iii.'l dl" I) iiilicr. Is.'l'i. asscit,-. tiiiit a .Mr. .M'CiiiiiicIl, ■• liiif* I'or Hoiiio yiirs. iiiidcr lln- |ir(iciiri'iiitMit olMinluc Wliitr. nf 'I'ciiiic.xHct', liiM'ii n'i'ci\iiiM: pay I'loiii the riiilcd .Slates (Jiivi'iiiinciit. as a snTcl ;iiii| coiiliiifiilial iiut'iit, wliili! all Ills visilili! (illurts liiivi* liccii to lU'lcil tin' iiumsiii'o >>!' tin' n^tciisilil*) atri'iils ill liriiiuiii^i' iiIkhU n trt'aty."' It is also ussitUmI 1i\ Mv. Curry, tliat a |)ii\alii interview touk place hetweeil .Mr. Wllite ami Mr. .lolm Iius-, the pinliuiieiit cliiel' 1)1' tlie rlielukees, will) (ippiiseil tin; exceiltiiill (if tlie New I'lelliilil lre;it_\. IIiilli tlieso nsxi'i'tioiiM of imiiviiliial tiviKjiiury, aiiii tampi'riii,u' witli the iiialeoiiiiiit ilm r. l|iis<, were false." Tlie aeeiisatiiiii anil siiliseipieiit rerntatiuii have heeii Imii.' sinoe lorijidten, mill would not now lie nli'ired to, were it not liir some laets whie'. iiiey iiii ideiitiilly revealed. It iip|)ears that '^ Uoss and his coadjiilors had iiiaiie an ii'ireeinent with a lunctioniiry ol' the , wriiiiieiit. lonu' prior to the treaty ol' l>«l'l.ti. aeeept lor ihe Cherokee lands and elaiiiis. situate east of the .Missis>ippi, wliate\er siiin the Senate niii;lit award, on the suliinission of the (piestioii to that lioily. '{'he .Senate, to whom the ipiestioii was e\enliiaily siihmitted, awardeij .S."i.( MM 1,(11 III. ;inil. on this iiasis. the treaty of New Kcliota was nepitiated. hut not with /lim and /(/'•. it,ll,iiiii(i.s. Dnriiii^ the pendency of the iieifotiatioiis, eertiiin inlhieiices were lirouLilit to hear upon .Mr. lioss, and he hecanie apprized of the fad, that there was a lar>:e lioily of the people of the rnited Stales, who not only concurred with the maleoiileiil party of the ("herokees, in thi'ir ideas of aliorijiiiial sovereignty within the limits of the rnilrd States, lint approved of tjii'ir reliK^tancc; and refusal to excliaiiiie their lands, and deemed the eompeiisiition awarded by the Senate iiiadeipiate. Indi\iiliials of liinh moral and legal standing in the Ns party declined to negotiate. The authority of these commissioners was, at one time. (|uestioiied and denied, ami at another, their character was unjustly assaileil. Finally, the iiid'ie jiarty. who regarded the compensation oll'ered as amply siillicienl. and the removal [lolicv- as one suited to aiUance their pi'iinanenl jirosperily. eoiieliided the I , ! ', II- !' I \\\ li: ! 1!^ ' ^■il.^• l!.".;i>l.r, Vul \i,IX., |> :!TI. ■* li)ill., \1. ">'\ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ^ ^ 12.2 1^ 12.0 lit us u IL25 i 1.4 I m 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WeST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ■4^^ vl^ ^%p A.^ 6^ 'I Pf 1> ^,;' ^. *)-i' > V I 1 l«? i. 47« II OS 'I' I [.K \TTITri)!: (IF Sol'TIIKK'N THIP.T'S, tn-iil V : mill llm.- ! In' < 'hi'inUf.'s Ihmmihc ilisliiu'il\ ili\ idccl into Ito-iitcs inul Kicl.rritcM ; ii ili\ isiiiii wliii li |)iMiliit''(l :i sliitc (iT iliscDiil. rvcntuiilly tcrinii\atiii.;' ill l!ic slinliling (il liiiiiiil. It liMS ln'cli ]n'i'\ iuii.-lv >t.il 'i| that a ijcii' iiltiol) |iri)Ci'i'i|('(l to \Va,-^llill;;toii to olijiosi; tlic ralilicalioii of iho licatv ; llial llic licatv laiil lid'oic tin' Sciiatc Irolii Dci'ciiiiici' until Ma V ; lli:it an iiicrt'a>f ol' Si'iilUjidl) \vms '^ranti'il. to coviT cNpi'iisi's ; ami that tin' litaiiii''l. will) wci'i' anxious to lafilitatc ll lull a^M'Ilt ol' the Wi'SliTIl (llrroKccs was o iiu'asui'o. ami to wch-onn liicir lirt'thrrii to llii' Wi'st. Dni'intr tlic attcndanri' of tlii (Iclciiatioii of tilt' Ko>silcr at W'a- tlT of tl ic iiiMin'-:iii''. wlio I liiutoii. iIh'v ('\iiii .ll till' niorhidly suspicious cliiiiac- |oiilit< wli.'ii III' shonlil ih'ciili', ami lii'sitatrs wlirii hr slninlil act. It is statnl thai, when i: was intiniatcil to the Kossitcs. hy a senator in the I'oii- lidi'iicc of the nlllllini^t^.ltioll. that anew Ir.'aly niiLiht hi' eiitcreil into with Mr. lios.s mill his |iiirl\. if he >l I on ill |iri)iiii>e it. true lo ; . !r iiative instincts, the ( 'herokees assnnieil the positiiin that siieh a iiieasiire. if eontciHil iteil, shonlil lie. ollicially and prd I'nnn.i. ('oniinunicated. The inlliii'iiee ol' th'' delei.'ation at \\'a>liiiiL;toii iiia\ iie deeineil to have |i|-ocureil the a|)|iroiiriation of the siiin to defrax the e\|ii'.ns. - ot' iheir eiiiiLrratioii : luit ('oiiLii'ess dci'ined the S'l.lliin.dilii an aile(|iiat(' iillowancc tiir the icnitoiy relim|nislied. When it i> roiisidereil ill-It. ill addition to this sum. (he nation was i;ratuitoiisly fiiriiislicd \\itli an ain|ili' doiiiain iii ih,' West. o|' a tiTtile character, and aiioMiiiliim in all ilie reiinisites for an aLincnitiii'al i.olnn\.llie coiii|iensation awarded Ic this lioil\ cannot lillt he coii.-ldered a-. Hot onl_\ lilier.il. liut '.nunillceiit The oi'dinary iiietiiod of iie::otiation. thvoUL''ii agents, coiiiinissioners, ami lio'.eriiors. lia\ill'J hecll resorleii !(i without any benelicial result. Iroojis were Oideled into the field under ('oniinaiiders of ackiiow led'jed re|)Ute. There was no occasion liir a wai' ol' extenninatioii. (ieip ial> (Jaiiies. .Iessu|). Scott. Taylor, and others, to whom the coii- tliicliii'.: of the War was eiilru-teil. kept the Indians in check, and t'vinccd their aliili- ties li\ their conciliatory, yet linn, iiiodi' of operation. With the Clioclaws and 'hickasaws no didicnlty had Iieeii eNperieiiced. Tli''\ had joiiiiil the ( 'reeks ill their ho-lilities diniii'i the llexoliitioiiary war. the incident'- of winch lia\e heen particularly iiieniioned. They had in eaii\' times \alimill\ opposed ilie Spaniards; hut. I'lom the lii>t coloni/atioii of Louisiana, they had evinced a dis|ii,sition to li\i' in jieace and eiii;aL'e in ciimiiK'rce. This polii'v thev persevered in ilnriii,; the iii'eat eNcitcincni licjeiidi ii d ainoiej the Indians hy their miuiaiion to the W'c.i. Neither the dillienllie.- with ilie ( reeks iior w ilh tlu' ( 'herokees indiiced them to take p.aii in the contest, llui. while these trihes were |iur.-uini!' the e\en tenor of tlii'ir w.iv. tic war with the Seiiiiiiolrs assiiined a more desperate character; amhiiscades. murders, and predatory iiicm ^ion^■. superseded open eiiuaireiiicnts and uciieial moxcnients; .'ind il reipiired a lar-je force to uiiard a small district. .V ['fw Indians, concealed in a liaiii- iiiock. could a>. or a detached party of -oldier.-. with inil'ict iiiipimily. It was -en. 'rally iniprai licahle io piii.-iie iheiii at once. and. Ii\ tin- lime a ^ TREViors TO Tiii:!i; i'i.\.\: 'imoval M illiciciii Idivc fcviiM lie ilctiicliiMl Tor tin- |iin|io- ihr iiMli.ni- h I'l li".l In, tl II T ri'i'cs.-c nil ll.' -I. '.■Ill 111.. 'IS. >mI Hi- •I 54 i n 'I'iii' solilirr ccMilil scldi'Ui or iicmt nircl liis ii)it;i'^tiiii-t in ihc n|M'ii ti, M. mimI It • riNi;'-! hi.H lili' (liiil\- ill llif .-ifrxicc ol' liis comitry. witli .-^r.irr.'ls ili.' Iiojic i f .ilitniiiiM;.' llr' mTiIi- iiiii\ rcwiirds dC liiiivci \ and Ik roi-^iii. Till' siiiiiiiii'r 1)1' 1^'iii \Mis clijiriictcri/.i'il liy l'iiii;iiinj iiim\i!i..-:. skirmisiii's. ;iiid ;.|i|i;iHini:' nniidiTs. 'I'licrc si'ciiu'd to lie Iml lilllc in'o^prri m1 >trik!ii ;■ an cIIitIuc IiIdw . ,iiid lliiis hi'illuillir tlic \v:ir In a clnsr. Ill Ills last aiiiiiial iiii'--aji' In t ' m ;rcs^.' *!■ iM'ral .l.uksnii taki's tlic folldwiii-: view a :ii.ci'ssar\ aii'l iiiijinrtaiil means I'nr the a('('(Hii|ilisliiiii'iil nl' llial .-iid. In iIm' iniiii'.'nani'-' nl' llic p'.sts pr \inMsl\ (■>laliii-llrd. il) ill. nlirsci^l' U;i^ dlT'.. -ex ial ..linll- ..n;-. nlaci'. ill wliiidi llif liiMVciy and di.rarily ;ii\i'>leil wiili tli.. en;n'.ii ind. an liinp! • I'mre. lin- [!;:• jilirpnse of reslimini: nU'rli^iv.' npciatinns in the Illn.--t e!l,.'lent lliami' r. sn -nin a< ih" reason sliniilii pennil. .MaJ.ir-! I'li'ial dessiip \,a - al-n dli r!.' ;. .!;• l!ie eniir'ii--:')ii .if his duties in the Creek muiilry. In repair tn Florida, an '. assimi ■ tin e'.aiiiiaiid. •• 'I'iic rt-nil li' th'' I'.i'sl i!i..\e!,ii.nt made liy ih.' I'nivr- nnil"!- ii:e di. "linn •!' (inveinnr Call, in < )et(,')..r lasl. as d<'l ailed in ti.e aecnni[iaii_\ iiij- paper-, exeii, .1 n; imi ;-nr prise ami disappninlimnt. A I'nll e.\ plan:'.! inn has Im.ii ivipiir. .1 ul' the eau-e-; w lii.'!i liil tn ilie failure nl' th It ;ii. iv.'iiieiil ; lint il ha< !ii,t \ -t h. -.'ii ree/ixed. inlliei::. m lime, it was ll-:!r.-; alil. a .Ma,n] - (ielieral .lessnp Wa< kll 'Wll In ha\'.' reaehe.l l-'Inri.la. t';ai ellicer was i|i;',-eted !n a--'ini.' the cniiimaiid, and tn prn^etaite all m'edl'iil operatiniis with tlie uCii'-t pr'HiijiillM 1 • and \ ii:ni'. l'"rnin the I'.ive at his dispnsal. and ih" .li-pn-ilimis h" has mad... and 's instnieted tn make, airi I'mm llie \ery ell',.'ient inea-in.'- wiiieh i' is >ine.' a e-'ii lin.'.l lia\e heeli taken li\' < invil imv Call, lliere is reas.-n !•> hope l!iat th.')\\ill snnii l.e eliahleil in redlie'.' ill'' .'ir'Hiy 1. 1 sn!ijerlin:i. In ll... .ii'aii iime. as ;, .'I will ji rrei\.. .'r.ini the repnrt nl' the Serietary. there is iii-'^eiil 11 •cev-ity I'nr hiith.'r appr priatinii- i.i ">llpjire.-s ihes:' hostilities. •• Ilappih liir tlie inl.'re>ts nf hnnianity. the h.,-;i!iiiis \', itli theCi^eks !ia\e 1m m ljvnl|..;llt In a elnse. soiill after ynlll adi.ilirillii' n;. \.ilhnll' that 1 Itn-^inll n\' iiln I ,iii:. (I. 'Cii, I ,,., .,;,.,■, i-.;i,. ! !! I li ! h . H. I: I 47J< IIOSTII.K ATTITUDE OF SOUTIIKIIN TIJinES, at nn.. li,,,,.. uns a|.|.n.|u.n(If.l as iiu'vitaMr. Tlio iin.'.)n.liti..nal .til,inissi..i, of tho iM.slilf party was ll.lluwc.l hy (lu-ir spiMMh ivinoval to tin- c.uiitry assi-ned thciu wvst of tlu- .Mississippi. Til., in.piiry a.s to alii-cl Inmils i» tlic p.nvl.asi. of tlio r...s..rvati,.n,s of tliosi. In.liai.s, :iMo of Hcprm'iitiitivcs. of tho Ut of July last, to he ma.l.. to' tho I'lvsi.lnit. is , uoiii^' on, through th<' awiicy of coimnissioiuTM appoiiiU'il for that pinposo. Tht-i ivport may he cxptrttMl (hiring tlio pifscut session. ••The .iiin.ulties apprelieialcl in theCheiokee oountiy have Invn piv\eiit..(l. i.ii.l the peace aii.l sall^ty of tliat re,i:ioM ami its vieinity elKrtually secured, hy the tiiuely measures taken l.y tlie War Department, ami still eoutinued." ' low V J'r.>id.Tit.s' .Mi'.s.,M);o.s : .N\w \\>lk, ls||, p 671). M' tin •lis ll.' 'ir 1 M PUEVIOUS TO TIIKIK FINAL U K M O V A L , 470 CHAPTER VT. ORGANIZATION AND POLITICAL CONDITION OF TIIK CoLOM/KD TRIBES. The removal of tlio fiioiidly luirtioii of tlie Si'iniiiolcs was ciitnistcd to Cu'iicral Jc'ssii|>, al)oiit tliii iiiiildU' of February, ISod. Tlic wIkiU- IS.'JT. miiiilier of this nation diil not proliahly oxcci'd L'ifHI. Tlu' rrifniily A. .Fackshv, portions i)f tlii' triho S('[);irat('d tlicnisi-lvos from tlu' liostilc, to tho l'iii:sii(i:.\T. nuinbor of totl, and HimI for proti'ctiou to the military post at Tampa Bay. On the lOlii of April, 407 persons were enrolled and mustered, preparatory to embarking on tlie transports whieh were to convey them to tlio West. Of tliis nuiulK'r, 308 arrived at Little RoeU, Arkansas, on the otii of May. After tlie commission of hostile acts l>y the Creeks, their removal was also entrusted tc the efticient management of (jene''al .lessup. Under contracts which secnii'd them every comfort, and the attention of careful emigrant agents, tiiey were located at diflerent point.s in tlie Indian colony, in bands of 2800, of 10"), and of LjOO. leaving behind 700 warriors to operate against the Seminoles.' The removal ol' the (."reeks was commenced through the inllueiice of tlu' chid', Holy M'lntosh, under the [irovisions of the original M'lntosh treaty, concluded February 12, lS2o, as modified by the treaty signed at Wasliiiigton, Jaiuiaiy 21. IS2('p. and finally determined by the treaty entered into at Washington, .March 21. 1S.")2. During the year, the respective emigrant parties arrived in the territory, and were satisfactorily located on their lands. The agent remarks; '■ They have a ricii country, ami those that emigrated with M'lntosh have been engaged l)usily in making corn ; they usually have a largo surplus, as high some }ears ns 30,000 bushels, besides stock of e\-ei\- description. As there is now a large emigration coming into the country, they will Ihid a sale for all they have to sell."' The number of the Choctaws was then estimated at 18,000 in all, a large pro[)orti(iii ' piKiiMiciils iiccimiiiaiiyiiii.' tin' I'lvsiiliiit's Mi.ssaj;i- of Soptomber -d, to llio :i4lli IVnigiV: l{i'|M.i't 111' ('oiiiiiiissiiiiiiT nt' liiili:iri Adliirs. ' .Vmiuiii lli'iioit of Coiiimisiiiuinr of liidian AlTairs, lS;!(i, [i. 14. .\riiuia ■ ; Iv tl: .(SO iiusT!!.!: ATTiiT Mi; oF sorTiinitx Tiur.Ks, nf wli'ilu UiTi' ill llli' Irli iloi'V. iir ill till' [il'oi'r.-s ill' jriiii ivmI Id tllf lilir tnict (il'rdimlry tlii'\- hill ,ir,|iiin ■[ ill il. 'I'licy iiiil. iiiiiiii'ili:il('iy on tlirir iirriviil. turin'tl llicir iifti'iitioii III ImIi ii', ill uliiili lliiyr\iiu> 1 siriUiiiLt [iroliciciicy. Tlicy liiid ailDjitcil n foriii of HMVi'l'limcill. \\!iirli WHS iidlliiliisl Ti'il hy Mil ('it'ctivi' (!()lllicil illlil l)^(■^^i(lillli■ Illfliristlillrs, iiiiil li:iil :i wiilU'ii cndi- uf i;i\vs. Tiicy li;iil iiilroiliii'c'il tlic ciiltiirf iil' ('(ittdii; iTccti'd i'otton-uiiis; i>l;nitrd lu'iri' lii'lds nl' ('tirii ; raised liorses. Imurs. and cattii', wliiidi wcit! l>astiirt'il on tlic natural prairies; erected sniitlis' sliojis ; and pursued varimis nieiliaiiical trales. Tlav cuiidiieted tiu'ii' nun inereantile oiieratinns. iinnoi'tin'^ laf^c stocks of diicli ilie\ cxclian^ii'il their iirodiicts In is: • ». a census ui tii the Cli.i oKces. ( ast ol' tlie .Mississippi, placed their miniher at iS.it'HI. 'I'he western ('hiTukees hail se^'re^ated theinsehcs t'loin the nation under tin pi'i'visinlis ot' the ti.atii's oj ■liilx- S, 1S17. and Fel.niarv 'J7. iSlll. alter which liiii tliey had eiiii-rated tn O.ir AV'st in jiarties under their own or.'ani/atinn. and settled III! the lainl,- wliich wrvr a>si;.Mi"d In theiii. At tile era when the census was taken, thise wotein ( 'liii'dkees ci iiisl it uted. to a fiTeat extent, a separate nationality. 'I'lii! ( 'iii\eninn lit a'.:i'iit. in his report. ' represents tliein "as gradually [inigressiii.u' in ci\ ili/alion and the <'ulti\ation nl' the soil; and di'picts their society as coiitaiiiiiig niany intelligent ineii. He remarks, that they raise com. Iieel'. pork, sheep. tS:c.. to a eon>iileralile extent, and in ti'a\il!iiij throiiL:h their cniintry. yon are ipiite eniiilinialilv I'litertaiiii'd. M:iny nf thein are eiiuaii'ed in trade with their own penple. 'rhe_\ ha\(! .-ii!i;e mills erected anioiiisi tlicin. and. with a wide I'Xtent of cnuntrv . a portion of it liiie!\' w.iti'i-' d. tl.'i'v '.ill f ,ir. w I this r p.ii' itli I'm^alitv and teniiierance. ti ) liecoilie a leaiini'j Irihe t. I'.ie ('h'ictaws. ( 'reeks, and Clierokees, art' stated to ha\e cnlleeti\e!y se\"enteen cliurdies \viihi;i thei;- teri'itnrial limits, \i/. : ten in the (Choctaw, four in the Clieliikee. and thl'ie in the ("reek ccuiiitry.' lie-ardin.: the other, and lor t!ie most part iniiior. trihes. the repcu't jrives data of The Seiiiiiioles. who had rccenth' arri\ed. wens dlich the lull o\\ ii!u !•• a s\ nopals r-p'irteil til he ill pi.>sessi(in of one of the linest sections ot' tlie Imliaii coiintr\-. and, \\ :l h their ail\:;iitajes. eniili 1 s'lnii |irii.-per. The Osaii'es. an indip'iious ] leople. \\''H^ II ali.-nrlll" in till- elia: (■ ; raisiMi lui co rn except what tl leir Women ciiltiwili^d hniited the liuiTalo. and stored ilie jerked nieat for winter use. Tlie\' are stated to ha\( lilil. la- no stoi k ; all their extra means of support hein deri\ed from their annnit Tiie (}iiap|>as. aihaiitajeonsly locati'd (in the hanks of the Xeosiio. are in [lossc-sion of li'iil M'ctioiis in one place, sill \eyed and marked oil', adjacent to the Cherokees and II'" llli,r1i(-i iiri'iilii]! lll\IM_' lllc Ir.-liI'Mlt t'.. Mr^si.ji. i.f .'^rpleihl. r lM. to (li,. litil, (',,11- ]I : i.rl lit' ('iiii.iiii>-i 'II '!• 1 t' Imliiai .MT;iir-, l--'.ii, ]i. 1 [. |i. I'.iiili' !• l.-i. l-:;i'.. 1 I'lrllliM'MN ,111 ■■.lllijivill'. 'O "1 I i'lMl:il--i 'Mi'l' ll/ul.. 1'. i.". .1' hi'li:... Alia 111' Srritrllllni- -'I, 111 IIk' Jh!i (' Allllll:i Animal I'UKVHU'S TO tin; IK I' I N A I. 1{ K M (» \ V 1, •M Osnsros. Tlio Scuccus. ami llic iiiiN<'il liiiiid of Sciiri'iis :iiir (iii.tiiin aci'i'H. Till' Suiit'oas ol' Salulll^l<,\, tiT.UIKl acres, 'riicsc lamU a'lji>iii. aiv Iriiili- ami wcil \vatci'(>(i. Tiio Sciit'cas fiiitivali' tiii! .-nii. iiavi: a iiiili in iJiiiialion. wiinli is III" L'l'ral service to tiieiii. aii'l are iiii]iro\ iiifr. Nino triix's an- locati-d iiortii of liie liistrict jtist iiioiitioneil. 'i'liev comiiri^-e tiio Sliawiieos. Deiawarps. Kicliapods, Kair/as, Weas, Pianil\M>lNias. and Oltowas. 'I'liese nine trilies Iiav^ an aiiirrf-'ate jH)|iidatiiin (A' ll'i" Minis, 'i'iie Slnnvnees and Deiawares. wiei are a'ricni!nrisl«, are indnslrinn-i. leiiiiierale. and llirillv. pdssess a I'ertiie ciinntr\'. and are snii|)lie(l witii sciionis. slhi|i-;. niilU and clmnlie^. Tliev snccessl'nilv cnitivatc tiie varions rereais. ami raise iai''je >iii( i^s ,,[' Imr-e^. cattl'. and iid'.'s. Tlie KiciiaiKiDH iietraii to turn their attention to a'jricidinre in 1 >';"p. anil liotii men and women lal)or as>iidnonsi_\-. Tlic Kan/as. liive tln' O-.u"-^. aie indij'iions, and live \>\ tlie (liase. Tlie .•^nndi iiands of tiie Wea-. I'ianl<:i-li:i\\ -. I'enii is. and Oltouas, are enilivators of the soil. Tiie manners, iialiit-. dre>~. and de.inrlin' in <<\' aii tlie aixricnltnral tribes and liamls. denoto a decideil ad\ance touaiii civ ili/alion. Tiie Indian iiopniation of tiie alinxc-mentioned coioni/ed tiilies. wi'.li the (\(ei,ti(iu of tiie Creeks, was estimated, on tiie ist ol' Ocloiier. I>''pii. al 'IT. 71"^. Tullii- ciiu- jiiitatioii must lie added. ii'i.'iiH) for the Creeks who have eniijiainl. niakiii'-: an M'jjie- jiate of over "ill.ODIl [leisons now on liie soil. Tlie trilies still in tl -I. wlm are niidi i' treatv olilijrations to remove, are luiiu Creeks. -"ilOl) Chickasaws. Iii.noi) ( heidkecs. and tiie Seininoles of Florida, 'i'lie Clii|i|iewas. Ottowas, ami I'ottawallamies. who. ii\ the tri atv concluded at Ciiica'io. in I S.".:l. i ntered into eiiL'aLiements to renio\e. are e.^liniali d at '.14(1(1. It is estimated that the entire Indian iioimlatioii of the territory will, hy these additions, be increased to IKl. 1 IS.' Tiie i.'eiieral result of tiie netrotiations witii llie Indians, dnriiiir ei;:lit yi.'ars prinr to Jannary 1, 18.17. was the cession of l):!. tOl.CiIlT acres liy the tribes, fnr wliieb S'Jt'i.'.iS-J.OCiS were paid, to.'ether with tiie ^rant to tiiein of ;')"J.:;si .(IHII acre< weM of lii' Mississippi, \alned at Silt. I7(i.li")0, tiie total i-ompeiisation amonntim: to Sli7. 1 •"!>.:! I S.- ' Annuiil Hopurt of the Coiuiiiii'.^ioner of Iiuliiui .Mi'airs, 1830, p. 16. lL.i.1 , 1.. ;iit. Vol.. VI. — 01 i 1: , \ \\i ( 'n n !! 1 'I' 1 II .M 1 SECTION TWENTIETH. (M) N S IJ M M A T ION F T H K (J V E 1( N M E N T POLICY OF REMOVAL. OHAPTKH I. TIIK CMII'PKWAS OF TlIK ri'PER MfSSISSIPPI CEDE THEIR TEKIMTOJIY TO TIIK MolTir OK THE CIloW WING RIVER. Mu. Van UriiKX. mi assiiniin^' tlic ivins of frovcniint'iit on the l>>'57 4tli of Miirc'li of this yoar, ifcoLMiiscd (lie Indiim coloniziition plan M. \'an ISrifKN'. a.s a sctllcil policy of the (luviTiiiiiciit. In liis first annual iiu'ssaiic, I'liKsiDKNT. lie inforincd Coniiicss tliat tiicir transfer from tiiu limits of tlio Stales liiui Iteeii steadily piomessinir (hniii;; the year. •• Tiio li. The Presidential inlhieiice had been, from an early period, directed toward aMi'tini: such a catastrophe: but. subxipieiitly to I Mil, this truth became more forcibly impressed uimn the minds of all well-wishers of the aboriijines ; and tiie dread of beini^ I'r. -ninit.s' M,.->;i.v.s p. Ilfj. nH-2) I i roNSIMMATloN or TllK PoMcV n \- ItllMoVAL 4sn siinMtiiiili'il liv ii (Icii.Mc white |)r the Slati's, in the tracts ol' wiidfi iicss on tlir tVonticr hmiliTs of thoM' Slates, or (HI the it'seiN atioiis aliotleii iheni. their |io>itioii exeitcil the |>iil)hi' s\in|ialh_\ ; lait whi'n the wliile |io|)iihiti'in e\|iaMded. and ihe Indians wei'i' l.roiijhl nioie ininiediateiy into eontaci witii inlhicnees whieli de;;i'ade(l lijeni. it iu'eame e\idiiil that thi'V eonld not |iernian<'ntly reside in tlieii- existinir hiealions. When these moral consich'ia- tions were streniithened hy the addition of a |ioliiicid (|uestion. (iri;:inated hy some ot" llie more adviineed trihes, eiaimiiii; the ri/lit ol' I'ramin'^' their own laws, and esl;dili--h- inn iheir own inslitiitions. irres|ieiti\e ol the Stnte sovereijilty. they sealed their own political ilooin. iind their exjinision hin'aiiie iniperatively necessary. Inteil'erence with State rijrlits eonld not he permitted hy the (l.neral (lovernMi-'nt : ami its toleration in ahorii:inal trihes, however advanced in thi' scale of ci\ iii/ation. would li.uc liei'n siili- vcrsive of every ina.xini ol' j;((\erninenl. ami cunlraiy to ;ill historical precrdiMiN. The entire mass ol' tlie trihes. and remnants of trihes, still residing; east of the Mi- ni ssi|)|ii. was still much distnrhcd hy the discussion of the (|ue>tion of their renioval ; ainl the hope ol' impro\iu;;' their s'ici;d coniiiti(Ui liy the acceptance of lands in the We>l, induced them to mal^e rreipient treaties, A retrospect of tin.' succession of these is essential to the proper nmierstauilinLr ol' their history. The important trenty and cessions maile at Wasliin.uton, March 28, 1S.1(), hy the (Mtowas ami Chippewas. and the henelicial eilects of it on the alVairs ol' those trihes, caused tlK'irinore westerly hretliren and kinsfolk, (jn the I'pper Mississippi, to ineditato seriously on pursuim; the same course. The Odjihwas' comprise an inlinity of haniis. scattered over an immense surface c , ■.-iritory. A trenty with the western and inu'thern hands of these people was coiici' 'ied iiy (ieneial Ih'in'y DodLre, at St. I'eters, .Iidy •J'.l, is:;?. 15y this treaty, in which the I'illa-rr tril f l,ic.di lake is lirst introdnced to notice, the ('iii|ipewa nation ceded tiie country from a point opposite the jiniction of the Trow Wiu'j; river willi liie Missi>si|i|ii. to the head of l,ake St. Cioix. and liience nlonir the ridiic dividin.L: tiie ()cha~a\\a ii\er from a northern trihntary of riiippewa river, to a point on the latter, twenty miles helow the outlet of l^ac de Flamheau. From tliis ])oint. tiie cession ahsorhed tlie whole Chippewa huumlary to the lines of the iMeiionionees. on tlie Wisconsin ainl tiie Sioux rivers. 'i'his important compact ceded a larjic part of tiie present area of Southern Minnesota, ' Tliis tcnri liiis Ixm'II .VriL'lii'izi'i! liy tlic ti'rm ('lii|ii>rw;i ; tlic TKilivi" |irHniiiM-iiiliMii iiiiprrt:iiiiiii'.r t'l tin' iihwi rciiiiplr trilpcv~. Till' ipri;jiiiMl tiTiii, I have 1)immi liir.'r 1, n'l'i-rs tn tin' imphit of liiiHit/. ; ■ 1,. *! liM ■HI; > I ilHHHtlliK !'■»>; i i 484 CONST M M ATloN ol" Tlir; ::i ,Ti^ t t willi its \iiliiaMi' piiiorioK, liTtilc |ir;iirii'iTvii'i'-« III iiiccliaiiics and lartni'i><. and ii ."liiiiiiv of a^jrii'iilliiral iniplcincnif*. Tlic fiini of ;?7tt.tMllt wax a|iiii(i|irialt(l Ui llic iiavnionl uf tlit'ir di'lils, and SlilD.iiDil to Im> divided aiiKini,' tlicir liaW lirtrd doccndaMtM. 'I' lis trcatN I'lilli I'ti'd iiiio iini" i:ro lainilit's and liands nt" tlu- fainc stuck, wlm liad jiiilci'i'd iiMT liiindi'i'ds and tinuisands ol' niilis nt' ('uiinti'v, c'tiin|ii'isin:! tlir lai V riMiliiiiL' sliori's (if Lai ^iiiici'ioi'. am 1 til linnet illiiiiilalilc sti pjii'S of tlu' r|i|it'r M l«sl-.-l|l|l|. 'I'll.' I'liii lUrWas u I S.iL'aiiaw, 1 II Mii'lii-'aii, li\ .1 Ircaiv tumlni Inl I)^ k'Cfmlirl' ill. is; Cfdrd tlii'ir lands in tli HI 111' llif Kiinl. till' Sliiawassa. tlic TilaWawassa. and llic i^aL'.iiiaw iivi'is. I! \ (his iriM tv. till' I'liiti'd Stales granted tliciii llu- entire pn of the sales III' iheii' lands ill the pulilii' land olliee. to'.'etlu'i' with an ainoiint of li'i'tile lands in the U'est eipial to those ei'ded. and an annual appropriation lor sehools and ii'iiieultniMl puip'isrs. while resident diiriiii: a limited period in the eoniitr\. The fc^agan iw- had pre\:oiislv lieeii reirarded as refiigoes fruin various liaiidsof the Al^'omiiiiii Hloelx. Tin ir eentral loeatioii had hoeii oecniiied in foriner limes hy the warlike trihe of tiie .'^anks ; heiiee the term Sank-i-iuiiij:. from which orii^imiled the name S.ifiaiiaw. Alioiit the vcar ITU. the Saes united with the l-'oxes, and made an attack on the Ficiieli at |).troil. The f.iiliire of the attempt of these two restless and warlike trilirs. didve iJiciii at first to the hanks of tiie stream, since known as the l"'o\ river of Wisconsin, whence they afterwaiils nii,L'rateii to the west of the Mississippi. On the ITtli of .laniiarv . l^oT. the eo-trilies of the Chickasaws and Choctuw.s entered into a treaty.' under the auspices of the I'nited States, which proviiled thiit tin; Cliickasaws siumld he located in a .separate district of the (Jliootaw territory, west of the .Missi.s.sippi. and should I'lijoy cipial political iij:lit.s and privileges with them, fxceptiiifir only in (pu'stions relative to their fiscal alVairs. In consideiation of this location, and of the riiihts and |irivili\Lres granted them, the Cliickasaws iiiireed to pay the ('hortaws ^io.'KI.IMMI ; .^.'id. 0(1(1 of this sum to lie paid ilowii, and the remainder to be iii\i-tcd liy the I'liited States in stocks lor their heiielit. under prescriiied regulations. This initial step toward the reunion of trihes speaking dialects of the siiine liingiuige, is important, as foreshadow iiig ii further and final triiial reunion. The tendency of alliliated trihes to coalesce, after long periods of .separation, weary \vanderini:s. and disastrous adventures, was first demonstrated in the historv ot' the Iroipiois. w ho. we are informed, in ancient times warred furiously against I'ach other.' I{\ theconlederation. in the lifteontli century, of the .Mohawks, Oneidas.t )noiidagas. Cay iiu, is. niid Seiiecas. a native power was created, which made it.self feared and res|)ected In the other tribes; and, at the jteriod when the colonies were sent west, they hidd a position L'. .*<. Trcatii's p. liOT. ' .V'utes ou till' Iro(|iioi», p. hO. (ioVKKNMKNT I'olJCV (»!' Iti; M u V A h 486 niiii'ii L' till' oflicr Hiivii;:!' tiiliivt wliii'li fullv vi'iifu'd ilic iixiuin. tliiit in iiiiinn tlicrc is wtri'iiutli. Net nil'.' Illllllii :;iiiis Id llii.i nr^riiiii/.atiiiii I'si.iti'd iiiikhi^ tlic Al'j'iiiii|iiiii;<, llii New Kii'-'liiiiil trilK'.i, or the lllinnis. Tliufi' liml lui |iiil)lic roiiiicil. or ^'I'licriil ('(pumh'ii- ticiji, wlu'i't' iiMiPui tiiiil (|iu'«tii)iif< ri'liitive to tlu'ir politiciil iill'uiiN wnc (lisciixficd. 'I'lic I)Mkiil;ili Irilic is also (';til ami politic. Till' Sues tiiul Foxes couIcscimI on a firmer basis, >ocial. it is true, Init so closely niiit'il hy tiie lies of laiii;uaL'e, interniarriafie. customs, and In I'cal iiilliiencfs. tliat tliey lia\c jiri'sorved tlie co-tril>al relation. Very similar, and only wi'iikeiied liy tlieir dispersion over the wide country tliey occii|iy. is tlie coaleseeiK'e, or social league, e.xistiiij; between the ("hiiipewas. Ottowas, and I'ottiiwiUtiimies. 1|i IH V ,\ mw. ]t| i! r' ;i! (I I i ■, 'M ii mf n ■ • . ■ t • j. j '4 ■; t ■ b ■ ■J'; i ! ■^.^', ■jM 1 fd u i i: 486 CONSUMMATION OK T II K (;JIAI»TK1{ II. rilEVALENCE OF THE SMALL IM»\ AMONGST THE WESTEUN INDIANS. TliK simiiiicr III' IS.'IT is rnndfri'il iiu'iiiiii'mIiIi' in IikIIiiii liJKtorv l)y Is.") 7. till' \ i>i I.I til 111 111' dill' dl' iIkwc I'liliiiiiitics wliicli li.iM' fill iiiu(-li ivdiici'd iM. \'a.\ ItiHKN', till' lii'iiaii |Mi|>iiiMtiiiii. \ i/. : till' ravM'.'cn (if till' .>'iiuiil-|iii\. wliicli tlit>ii PllK.-'^lDK.NT. f\\r|p| I li iiiii'.:ii ilir .NI i>,iiiiii'i viilli'v. 'I'lir disi'iiM- ^va^< iiitrodiii'i'd iiiiiiiii'j tlii'Mi 111)111 ji ^||^alllllllat, uliii'li itM'i'iidi'il that river rrmii tlic citv III' St. liiiiiis. ill .liilv. (Ill till' I'lili III' that iiiiuith thi' diM'asf iiiadi' its a|i|)('iii'aM('*' ill till' \illa'jf III' till- .Mainland. ^I'ciit iiiiiiilH'rs nt' whniii li'll victims tn it. 'I'Ik'Hi'i' it Hjn'raij ia|iii|lv iiVcr tin- riiliii' (•(iiiiitry. and trilic at'li-r trilu' was ili'riinalrd li\' it. Till' .Maiidans. aiiniiii: w hmii tlif |irstili'iiri' cuiiiiiH'iicril. an- stated tn have heen reduced IVdiii an estiniali'd iiniuilation nC h'ldH smils to l"J').' The .Mimielurees, or (Iros A'i'iities. lint 111' II |iii|)nlatii)ii nt' |(HM) iiersmis. lost niie-haU' their iiiiiiiher. The Alii'karres, nuilllierilli: .'illlMI. were redlU'ed hv this pestili'liee til I'ldlt. Tile ("rows, or I'lisarnkas, lust L'reiit iniiiiliers. and the siirvi\nrs saved themselves liy a rapid retreat til the inonntiiins. The Assinahniii^. a |ii'ii|i!i' riiiinhly estimated ut !MI(l(l. were swept (itr iiy hniidreds. The ("rees. liviim in the same re^'inn. and luiniherim.' 'ilMIO suuIh. ^'lllle|■l'li in an eipial de;free. 'I'lie disease a|ipetirs at li'ni;lli to liave eNliansted its \ inili'iH'e nil the iJlaekt'eet and Hiunds. a niimerniis and piiweil'iil '.^riiiis nf trihes. One thiiiisaiid IihIl'i's are repnrted to have hei'ii desiil.iteil, and lel'l staiidiiiL', w ithiiiit a sojitarv inhaliitaiit. nn the traets and prairies, iiiiee the residenee ul' this pnnid and wariiUe race : a sad mi'iMiirial of this dreadrnl seourue. Visitors to tlu'sc rej:ioiis. diirinjr the year wlieii this dread pestilence was nvirijiir tlier(\ ri'|iii'seiit the Indian country as lieiiiL' truly desnlate. Women and children were met wanilerini.' a'Miiit withuiit prutecfioii. or seated near the j;raves ul' Ineir hiishands and jiarents, utterinir pitiahle lainentatiuns. Howling dogs roamed ahoiit, .seeking their ' Villi- C .Mitr I'tlcr, Vnl III . p. '.'.'it III l**:!!" this trilii' wiii rrpiTli'd t.i tin' Imli.iii OlVin' nn liaviiiL' a |M,piilatiMii i.f :;jliit : \',.l. Ml , p L'I'.i In l^.'il.'. llii' iiiiimIki- iiliiriiril wa.s :;s.'i : \iil. Ill,, p l'.')l. Jli' Calliii \va.« liii-taliiii. wln'ii In icp.pri' '1 tin i-xliiKtinii ul' tlii* trilir. (iu\ i;ii.N.M i;.N r i-ui. lev vi- ui;.M(»\ v i.. »mT iiiiiHtiTi*. It i^ i'('|iinii'il ill, it Miiiii' III' till' liiiliaiii<, altrr rrciiMi'iiiL' iVmii llic di^riiric, wlu-ii tlicy miw liiiw it liml ili.xll^^iuvtl tlti'ir Iiu'l'.m, tliic-w iIhiumi'Ivlh into tin- .Mi.-miiiii riv<'r. Liui^iiu^'c, lidwuver lorciUli', liiils to ^ivu lUi idoa ut' tliu reality. Uii every hIJi' wiiri ilfsoliitioii, iiiul wriikK ol' iiiurtiiiity i-vim} wlioru |)ri'(ti'ii(t'tl tlu'iimi'lvt'H to llif vit'W. I'riiiiiiiifiil iiiiKHiL' tln'M' was tin' tciiaiillf^M wigwam : no luiim'r iliil tin' curliii^r >iniikt) tViiiii 11.4 locil' lii'liikni II wcli'iHiic, anil its rloM'd tlitor ^avc naii esidrnrr nl llic .-iiriu'i! and dal'knt>^1 tliat ii'l^'Ui'd witliin. 'I'lif |ii'iiiri(' woll' .tmI ii|i it.s ili.>iiiiiil howl. a> it pri'M'd upon till- drcauiijr caicafi'^ ; and tlu' liinrl\ travclli'i-. as In- raiiidl) |)ass«'(i tliroiiuli this sciMic of di'solation and dratli. was liriiin'iitl} stai tird liy tin* cloaking of llic raven, or the terrains oi' the v iiliniv and I'alt'on. iVoiii tri't's or cruris I'liiiniiandin^; II vifw ol' tliesu l'uni.'rt>til sci'iicx. (!) h '■ I 'I, ■ 'III ll! I n U^ 1 1' ^« K« 1 ■■ -^ ll 1 488 CONSUMMATION OF THE CHAPTER III. EMIGRATION OF THE TREATY PARTY OF THE CHEROKEES. THE CREEKS OF GEORGIA, AND THE CHICKASAWS. DruiNT. the your IS.'!?, tlio ronioval of the Iiuliaii trilK.', and the 1837. negt)tiiitioiis with them ibr that purpose, kept pace with the progress M. Van IJi'RKX. nmde during previous years. It was marked by the migration of Pkesidext. separate colonies from the Kidgeitt; Cherokees, the Creeks of (leorgia, and the t'lioetaws and Ciiiekasaws in the south. From tlie northern section of the I'nioii, emigrant parties of the Pottawattamies and Ott.iwas departed tor the West. Tiiere were still remaining, in this ri'gion, the Wyandots of Oliio; the Menomonees. Stockhridges. Munsi'es. and Oneidas, of Wisconsin ; tlie Iroquois, of New York; the Mi.imics, of Indiana: and the Chip[)ewas, of Lake Supeiior. By the terms of tlii' treat\ negotiated by Cu'neral Scott, September loth. lSo2, immediately succeeding the close of tiie Sac war. the Winnehagoes ceded their lands, lying east of the Mississippi, in tlie State of Wisconsin, and accepted a location west of that river, on a tract desiiinateil in the treaty as '• the Neutral Grou!id ;" a fine district of country, abounding in game, and possessing a very fertile soil, situated between tlie territt)ry of tlu' Siou.v ami that of the Sacs and Fo.xcs. As Wisconsin filled up with a white population, and the position of tln' Wiunebagocs. as a luinter tribe, became more and more inconvenient, they were mged liy tiie local authorities to remove to the Neutral (Ii'ounil. which they hesitatecl to do. from a dread of being embroiled in the fierce and sanguinary wars constantly raging lu'tween the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux. Strenuous exertions were made by the (lovernment to quell these hostilities, and the removal of the Winnehagoes was finally ell'ccted during the year 1837. A treaty was concluiled with the Saganaw ("hippt'was, of Michigan, on the 20th of December of this year, by which the tribe ceded their reservations in that State, and agreetal)li>li('il with lijc ( 'Duiinclit's. oi' Niuiias, of Texas, 11. ]K)\vi'rlnl and dominant triin- in tiiat (juartt r. Hut tlie most ardnons iicld of o|ierations foi- (lie adminislialiiin of Indian allairs. was that in the soiitli. 'I'he incrciisinji- |)o|)nlation of the Southern Stiles incs^ed rajiidiy oil the territories ceded ]<\ the Indians. ;\iid made it more and mure ohicctionahle (o haxc, rc-'lin;:' in tiieir midst, a, jieoiile with whom they could not coale-ce. and who were iMiiidly iierishinu' niider tiie adverse inllueiwe ol' tin ir u'eneral haliils and iiidnli^ences, .•^timnlaled Uy the receipt of lari;e annuities. 'I'o complicate these dillicnlties. anil add to the delay, the Seminoles and the Chertikees a— nnied an attitude ol' defiance, which appeared tantamount to a repudiation el' their treaty ol)li';ations. Vol,. VI. :i! V'' : ( ■ . \\ "p < ';■' H I I J, J II I it ) W 1 1 ', il-Jiij [li=» Ivl i 3-1 J« i i# 4!i0 CONSIMMATION OF THE CHATTER ly. ciJiSJs <)]■ Till': ciiKJjoKi;!:; d:ffjcultiks. the army is MARCHED INTO THAT QUARTER l']\i liv uMiV (lt'la\' ill till' ri'iii(i\:il nf tlir ( 'liiTdki'i's. Mild (itlicr 1S:)S. malrdiiti'iit IrihcH. i)u]y iiuTcasrd tin' dill'u iiltics intiTposi'd. and M. \'an I'ntKN'. mIIdwciI till' (ipiiiiiifiits III' the incasuiv liiiic to oripiniili' lu'w caiisrs 1'i;i;--iiii:nt, Jin- |iriiria-tiiialiiiii. 'I'll ci\ ci av.i' till' iiialconlciil.-. and iiivc sii|i|n)r( to tlio flovcrn- iiirnt aiitliorliir-;. lOliii inni. ni'arly tlif I'ntiri' disposaMi' t'oi'ci' nl' tlic army at tliat liiiii'. wi'i'i' kciil ill till' li'ld. Not iin!\' was tin' w ar witli tlic Si'iiiinoics of Florida. ]irotrarli'd i,i an cxli aoi'ilinary iiiaiincr. Imt tin' dilliculiics with tin' ('licrokccs, ai'isinj; out ol' tlir tn'at\ ol' Now Kcliota. at lliis tiiiu' I'caclicd tlicir cnlininatinLi' |)oiiit. Tlio l!iiiinn of dflianci' lo tlio (lovcrnnicnt. Tin' Small' had ori'jiiially asscssnl tin' \aliii' of tlirir lands at S.").l)(i(|.(lii(l. mid. ai'tor LTcaL di'lilrratioii. and tin' allowanci' of .^('itlil.lMIII inoic. to cover claims for improvcnicnts, and I'.'r t'xpi'n.-i's ol' iciinnal. ratiliid tiic iiislnmii'iit. It then licciiinc the imperative i'jht. comprehi'iisiiin. je-tice. decision, and a due rcL'ard for the advancement and ])eiinanent prosperity of the nation. The people of Tennessee. Alahama. and Missis- fiippi haviuu' t'crui'stly demanded the rriinnal of the Churokees. (Icuieral Scott '.va.s CO V !•; I! N ,M KNT I'ol.icv o V lU'.MitN \1- 491 ordi'icil to till' f'liciokcc comitiy, tn nilnici' llic tnii.x ,. iiml prcscrvi' onlor (liu'iiii; tlii'ir trjins|ii)rtiili()ii ; ii ildiciili' ami ililiiculi dut v. w hicli liic (.'Nccllciil jiuljiiiii'iit ol' tliiit oilici-r c'liiilili'il liiiii to iicrliifiii with di riiji'il .-ii(cc.->. Oil rcMchiini' till' scc'iii' 1)1' u|ii'ratinii>. Ill' is>iii'il tlir I'ullowiii'.' [iroclamiilioii to tlio Clid'okci's. ilati'il at tin; Cla-rukct' aLTi'iicy. May H)t|i, |,s:!^ : ••('liiTokcrs 1 The I'lT-iilciit of tlir riiitnl Stat''-; has ,-t'iit inc. with a |io\v<'rriil army. lo I'aiisc Mill, ill ohi'iliciici' to ihr trcaly "f IS.'lo. lo join that jiart ol' voiir |)ro|ili' who arc alri'iiily otaliiishi'il in prdsin'rity on ihc othiT .■■iilc of the .Mi-si~si|i|ii. I'lihapiiily. the two \ cars w hii'li wcii' allnwcil liir that [Mirposc you ha\c >ul!i'icil to pass a\va\' without l'ollii\viii;j. ami without iiiakiii-^- any preparation lo lollciw : and now. in the time that this solemn addiv>> shall reach yoiir distant settlcuii ni-. the ciiii'^iation must be coniineiiccd in luisle. Imt. 1 hope, without disorder. I ha\e im puwer, hy ;:raiitiiii;' a I'arlhcr delay, to coireei ihe error that you Ikinc cinniiiilted. The lull moon of M.iy is alread\' (111 the wane, and hernre aiiolher shall ha\'e pasxij a way. every ( 'herokee man. woinaii, ami child, in tho>e Stat'S. must he in motiou t.) join (heir hiethreii in the far West. " M\' friends, this is no sudden dct<'riiiiiiatioii on the pari of the President, whom Mill and I liiii>l now ohey. i^y the treaty, the emi-ralioii was to hase hicii cumpleled nil or hel'ore the 'l'\'\ of this iminih ; and the I'lesidi'iit has con-tantly kipt you warned, duriiui' the two \eai's allowed, lliroiuli all his oillcers ami ap'iits in this country, that the treat\- would he cnl'orr.il. •• 1 lia\e come to carr\ out tiiat detcrminiition. ,My troops already occiipv many positions in the ciiiiiitry that you ar ■ to ahaiidon. and thousands and thousands -ah' aiiproachin'.^'. Iroin excry (piarler. to render resistance and escape alike hopeless. All those troops, rciiilais and militia, are ymir friends. Iiccci\-e them and coiiiide in them as such. ()he\ tlieiu when they tell you that you can remain no loiiiier in this coiintr\. Soldiers are as kinddiearted as hra\e. and the desire nf every one of us is to eNcciile our painful dnt\ in iiH'i'i'v, Wc are commanded liy the ['resident to act towards \oii in that spirit, and such is also the \visli of the whole po|uiiation ol' America. ••Chiefs, head men. and warriors! \Vill yon. then, hy resistance, coinpel us to resort to arms'.' God I'orhid ! Or will you hy tliiiht. .-<'ek to hide yourselves in inoimtaiiis and forests, ami thus ohlii^v iis to hunt miu ifiwn'.' Kememher that, in pursuit, it iii:i\- he ililpossihie to avoid conllii'ts. The Mood of the white mail or the hlood ol' the I'eil man ma\' he spilt; ami if spilt, however accidentally, it may he impossihle liir the dis- creet and huniaiie anions;' you. or amomi' us. lo prevent a general war and carnage. Think of this, my Cherokee hrethren ! I am an old warrior, and lia\-e hccii present at maiiv a scene of slaii'jhter ; hut s|iare me, I hescccli you, the horror of witiH'ssiucf the destruction of the Cherokees. • Do not. 1 implore you. even wait I'or the clo.so approach of the troops: hut make such i.reii.irations for emi'iration as von ran. and hapten to this ]ilaei\ to I'ess' I,:!iidinj'. |!h m; I ! 1 II ! 11 r « III' i If r i (li till' I ffats'. ■• 'I'll is i> till' addii'>> ul' a wai'i'icii- In uari'iors. .Ma_\ his nitrratirs ln' kindly rt'ccivcd, d iiia_\ till' ( lull ill' 1m >i 1 1 |irii>|irr ilic Ainrriraiis and tin' ( 'lirruki'i's. and iiri'siTvi' lliciii Ion;: in iicarc ai lid riii'nd-lii|) \, illi cai'li utln'i' l»v tlif Irratv ratiliril .Ma\ •J'l. is:;ii. tin' ('lim. twu \ rais. I'laiis' in tlir \rar u . si'Vi'ial iiai i'iri'S had sii|iiilati'd til rrinuvT within tirs ul' thi' Ilid'Ji'iti's had .-llrrr>srilll\- i'iiii::ralrd lu ihrir lH'W lucatiuii. ami lirni iri'i'i\rd in thi' iiiii>l trii'iiilK siiiril li\' tin' Wrslrni CI irlukci' 'I'l H'si' iiai'iii's. Ill t III' au'irt Liali'. wri'i' I'siiniati'd lu niiinli"!' (11 II III ; liiil till' mass ul' ihi' naliuii still ii'inaiiiril. Al'liT tin' arrival uf (ii'iicral Si'ult. and tin- disiiu-iiiun ul' his liiico at siiitaMi' |iuints ul' uiim'1'\ atiun. it was iiu luiiLirr dunliU'd tliiit I 111' da\ I'ur ilcri^iun hid arrisnl. (•ii ill!' li-'id ul' .Inly, in a ;ji'ni'ial ruiinril u!' tlir iialiun. il \vi..- rc.-uhi'd lu |ii'ii|iiisi' in llii' luinnianiliin; uii'in'ial thai ihry liu alluvud lu rimiliirt ilicir uwn iiiiLiiatiuii, anil ilr|i'i;ali's wiTc a|i]iu:iiti'd tu cuiniiinnirati' this ri'i|iii'-i.' To this tin' 'ji'iicral ri'|ilii'il a|i|iru\ iiiLily. if rnlaiii I'undiliuns. lUTi'ssary lu nisiiri' it. wrii' a'.:ri'i'd lu ; thu ini'ira- tiun lu ipi"jin 1111 till' I -I ul' >i'|i|i'iiiiM'r. and tin- |)arlirs tu >iu'i'i'i'd uai'li ulliiTal inirr- \als. nut I'Nrri'diii'.:' liilru days. 'I'lii'sc trriiis hciiiL;' ass 'iiti'd |u. and tli" sli|iiilal iuii ImIm^ ri'|ii'atril. that tliu niijratiun iiuist cuiniin'iii'i' un tin' 1st uf Sr|i|rinlH'i'. and ho ti'i'ininalrd hy thu 'JiUii ul' (Irtulicr. ri'siTvatiuns ln'iiiL'' niadi' llir tin' sirk and siiiu'ran- iiualiil. (ii'iuTal Si'uti iji-niandid I'stiinati's uf tliu cvpi'iisi's altriidinL: tlii'si- ifiiiuvais. 'I'lir Clirruki'i.'s fiirnishril dilail-. cstiniatiiii:' the rcniuval uf rarh l(M)l) |ii'isuns at .si',").>sii,- iind |iro|iosi'il thai liir Indians t'iii|iluy jihysifians. To this in- assi'iitrd. altliuiiLili lio critit'iscd siiini' ut' ilir iinns. adding; that llu' t'litirc cNjii'iisr of their iiiii^ra- tiun wunld In' paid uni of an a|i|)ru]irialion uf (Auiiircss, the surplus of which was diirrlrd lo hi' paid ovrr to lliu Chrrokri's. thus fiirnisliiiiL;' thcin an ini'i'iili\i' lur thi'ir ri'unuiiiii'al I'.xpi'ndilnri' tA' tin' sinn. (hi aiinunni'in'.:' lliu conclnsion of tlii^ imsiiu'ss tu .Mr. I'DinsL'tt, tho Srriitary lA' War. (ii'iirral Sruti rmiaiks. ••Till' Clu'i'ukci' aL'riits do nut think a inilitar\' rsruit nrri'ssarv fur thu pr.itirtiun uf till' 1 nii'..irants un llii' ronli'. nor du 1. Wu aru i'i|nally of the opinion that s\nipatli\- fiiiii kind oirn'cs will 111' very ui'iirrally shewn hy the cili/eiis tliroiii;huiil th.' iihi\e- nii'iil : and the Indians are deslruiis to exhiliit, in reliirn. the orderly liahils wliiiii their aripiired i'i\ ili/aliuii has eunlerred. The parlies {<'[' ahuiit llMI eaeh) will iiiarrii wiliiunt arms, imder Indian eundiirturs and siih-ullicei's. uf inlelliireiire and diseretinn, will) are reiiiU tu proiiiisi; lo i'i'[iiess and to punish all di.sonlers anion:; their own .\iiliil;il lli|i'Jlt uf till' ( 'niiiliii^jiMiiiT I r 111. li. Ill .\II;iii'<. I'ur IsJS. |i. --, 'Si Ibi. p. •-'!. ' 'i (ill \ I. i; N M i;n t I'o I, I c \ (» I' i; |;.M(» \ ,\ |. 4(13 ]ii'(i|)l(', ami, \\ llifV I'uiiiMiil (Uitr;i;i('> mi {\v liti/.r^ns. or (li'iirciliitluiis mi tli'ir |)ni|ii'ily, in^laiill y to iIh' iirari'^t v\\i\ dllicfrs ul' tlic Slaio." ' 'I'liis airaii^riiiciil hriiiii ciitcicil into, llif rcinuval was iiiadf. iimlri' the [im'Sdual .■-u|irriiili'iiili'iiri' (if Mr. Iliiss. On rradun'/ llir Mi-^is-iiiiii. ilir |iailic'< asrciiilcil it to tlir iinictiiiii (iT llic Arkansas, ami. liilldwilm' llii' lallcr. in iliic tinii' arrisi'il at llii'ir m'\v lioiiit's in tiir Inilian territory. No (iisturlianc ccnri'il ai an\ [ininl mi till' rmitr. ami llii'\ cmHlnctfil this cmkIus ul' tlu' trilir with nrdrr anil |aii|iric'l v. In this nianiicr. Ili.llliil ( 'licr.ikris wvn' rriiiosnl: whicii. aihl. d to tin' r.iiiiii w ho hail niii;i'ati'il iliniiiL: llir [iirv ii)ii> \ rar, ruini'iilrs w ilii ihi'l'inniT i'>liiiiatr of llimr ]iii|in- lalimi at IS.dlMl. 'I'lnis \va< a nu-asiiiv liiially aiiil [n'ai'i'.ihly ai'i'iiiii|ih-!ir.|, tn iIh' satl-rartinii i.f all [lai'lii's. wliirh hail ki'pt tlir runiitry m tnriii'iil I'lr si'Nrral _\rai-. mii| ihrcati'in'il snions rrsiills. 'I'll!' I'limliirl 111' ( iriifr.il Sriil I w a^ ml it li'il tn cmiiiiii'iKlat imi : hut tlii'initia- tis.'iil' this linal iiiii\ riiimt was iliic to a hi'^hrr ijiiartrr. .\ ili'li-'jalimi nf the ('lii'- nikri's \isi|i'il \Va^liiii::liiii in tlu' nmiilli nf M.iy. ami calli'l mi iIh' Sr^i'ilarv ul' War. yiv. I'uiiisiii tukl ihi'in that tin' nm-t strrninpii^ illiirts i.f thr ai|iiiini-l ralimi wnniil hr t'M'rti'il. In |irr\ail mi tin' Smithcni Stairs iniric^li'il in ihi ir rrniii\al In ri'ti'ain rrnni [iri'ssiii;.:' ihmn imniiv riiii'iitly. ami Irnni inti'i'li'riii'.: w ith thi'ir ini'^ratimi : that this nii-irati.ai sh'inlil. il' ihry ilrsirnl. hr I'mnlm-li'd hy thi'ir own a'jriits; that hr tlimii;lit till' I'ntiir i'\|ii'nsi's 111' it slninhl In' hm'iii' hy tlii' I'nili'il Sinti'-: ami that a military iM'm t shnnlil hi' [irnviilnl li'i'thrni whiir mi thi' runli'. .Mr. \ an linn-n sancliminl llicsi' trrnis. ami I'lTcisril the ili'lcjatimi with '^rcat cmirli sy. Ih' ri'i'mnnirmlril In ('miui'rss that an ailcijuati' |irii\isimi shmilil hr niaili- In inn-l thi' rxprn-cs nl' ihcir ri'iumal. in such a >|iiril nf lihia-aliiy aiiil '_:iiim1-\\ ill as .--hiinM justly mark all tin' iiatinmil ilraliii'j- w ilh that |H'ii|rli'. Thi' iv-ult w as. an aii|ir()|ii ialimi nf Sl . i I T.lli'i". 'I'his was till' roiimlalimi ul' sin-rrs-. (Irni'ral Scitl ili 1 mil thrrrlnri' '^k in tin' ( 'In riil. in llm I'nllnw imj word- : •• TIh' Clii'inki ts. as it i> kiniwu. wrr.' di\iiK'd into two imliiica! parlirs: riicmN and (i]ilM)m'iits nl' the Ileal', nf New M/hni 1. ( ){' till' I'nriiier. lln'reweiv reuiaiiiinu' ('a,>^t, I !i \iiMii.iI i;.'|iMl ..r 111 ■ ('..in;!.;";. .HIT ..l' lii.l::iii Ml-iir-. I'.r |s:',s. p. -Ji), 1 J04 CONSCM M ATIOX OF THE hi tit 'h I i t '} ;S.S! ' I ill Mny last, about 500 souls: of tlit> latter. iiichKling ."i70 (Jrooks,' a little more than lo.OOO. AI)out 'JoOO of the Muti-trcaty |iiirt_v iMMii:rati'il in Jiiiu' last, wlicii (on tln» lOtli) the movoiniMit was siispciidrd l)y niv order, until the 1st ol' St-ptonilier. on acH'ount of the heat and the siekliness ot' tiie season, 'i'iie siispiMision was approveil hv the War Dc'partnient. in antieipation. Iiy an order to that elVeet, reeeived a tew days later. 'J'iie l-idians had already, with Init mtv lew exceptions, been collected hy the troops, and I was I'm-ther in.«tructed to enter into the arranueinent with the deleiiation (.Mr. .lolni Moss and his eolIea'j-iiesK which uhiceil the removal of the l:2.")()il immediately in tlieir own hands. "The droiiLilit. which conunenccil in .Inly and continued till th'- end of Sejitember. eanseil tlie loss of a ni'mth in the (>xecnlion of the new arranp;ement. Four detaclimt'nts are. however, nxec|)tions were among the North Carolinians, a few of whom, tampered with iiy desiuning white men, and imder the auspices alluded to above. w( re induced to run back, in tin; hope of buying lands and remaining in their native mountains. A |);\rt of tiiese deluded Indians have already been brought in by the troops. aid(^d I)y Indian rimners sent by Mr. Ross and his colleagues, and the others are daily expi'cti'd down by the same means. " In yoin- Slate. I am confident there are not lei't a dozen Indian families, and at the head of each is a citizen of the I'nited States. '•For the aid and coul•te^:e■^ 1 have received from Cleorgia. throughout this most critical and painful service. 1 am truly thankful; and 1 have the honor to remain, with high consideration, your Ivxcellency's most obedient .servant." ' '• Till' wliolo imiiiliiT ('■iiind licrc tin' \:\A ,«miiiiiiT; most of wlmin liiid Iipiil' li'i'ii cloinc.^liciilcil with the Clicrok'-'t':', aiiJ witli wlioni iiKuiy of their w.irriors t'ouiilit by our siji,' :it tlic battle nf tlie llurse-.SJiop." II ( » \ E II N M K N T 1' u 1, 1 (; V ( > 1' H |.; M ( ) \ A L 4U.I CHA1»TEH V P A W N E E f ' K U E L T Y . 'I' H E S A » ' H I I' 1 (' E O F 1 1 A X '1" A . I ' Tim: Pawners liiixc, iVom tlio iMrlii'st tiiii's, i]ii.-sfL l):irliar. iiw tlilic<, 1 S^lS. \)r Siiti). who c'lK'DUiitci'i'il lliL'iii ill 1011. on iv;icliiiiL; liie gra>.-i- M. \.\N MlKlA'. lands, ui' [iraiiifs. wi'sL of tlic hruail Ozail; cliuiii. (;all.- lliciii Apaui. Plii;.>il)i;.\T. 'I'lirt'c ccutiirii's a]ii"'ar ici lia\e |iruiliicc'i im iin|irii\i'iiiriit in their iiianiKTs. Li\iiiL: in (lisccinl wiili liiv tiiljo ar.iniiil llirni. ilicv m'i'Iii to lia\'i' no rci^ard I'or till.' I'L-iiiuti' alliiiilies, wliit-li once linked the inajoiilx of the inaiiic iriljcs tone I lie r, ii' tliey even have the sliiihtest notion of siiih (li>tanl eoniieiliun. Init puisne the savajre eiirei'i' of L'lory. wielding' tlie loiiiahawk ami the si-al|iin^ kiiil'e with unrestrained liny. 'I'lieir wars with the Si.Jiix trilies lia\e. it is a^serteij. e(iniiniie(| llOd U'ars. Their <.n'i'ale>t aiiiliilion has e\"ei' heeii to >ralp a Si(}ii\. and >liake the ;joi'y trophy in deliant triuniiili. shontinu' at the saiii" time t!ie horrid ,S.i<'i-. they ea[)lured a Sioux L:irl, only loniteeii years of ai:'e. naiiuil llaxta. She wa-; pLiv'ed in one of their lodges, on tiie same term.- as otln'r memhers oi' it. and ti'ealed with even more kindness; attention heiii;: paid thai she should not hiek the lust I'ood. wliieh was >npplied aljundantly. ( Ull'i's to |inr('ha~i' her were iiuide by two of the tiaders on the Missouri, hul they were declined. .Vl'ter heiiii; detiiinod as a prisoner about two months, ;i eomieil of the Pawnee eliiels and war <'aptaiiis was convened, lo d'diherate on h'i' late. Their ili'ci>ion was known only to themseUes. being ke[>t secret from evi'ry person who miiihi coinmnnieale it to her. On the bri/aking up ol' this ciJimcii. tiie [irisoiier was iiirmally hrought t'oriii. and led froiii lodjie to luilge, accum(ianieii by all the Indian wtirriors iiiid their leaders. The iniiiates of each lodgi' gave lier a .small billet of wood and .'■omo paint, which sji(> handed to the war chief who conducted her. This course was [lursued imlil the entire village circle had been visited, and e\ery huusehold had contributed its (piota ol' tiny iiillcts and paint. On the lil^il of .\pril. there was a grand assemlihcic of all the inhabitants of tlie \illa::es. to which lla.\ta was invited, sho boiiig ignorant of tiie [uirpoit ol'it. She was conducted by two stout Indians to a [losl butweeii two trees, which grew within li\e !! ^ ii [I '. I I h I] •• (i i .1 um j;; r.ii; y CON.- r M M \ T|(>N oK Til M ('•''I "I' ''^i''!' "lli'T. 'I'liv.v miimH ; ar- 111' w.iimI wfiv fa-l.'M.'d Iimhi tree to tree, ill ii iiin.lriat.' Ii.i-lil alnnv llir 'J ii niiiil. m. a- ti . r. MiM iiict a .-call'iildiii-'. A siiiall liiv w as llii'ii kiiiillfd liriicatli, the llamcsur ulii.'li urrc l.aivly Millicicnt to ivacli. wiih ilicir hiulirst lli,'kcrin-s. m the Tfi.t ..ftlir vi.-tiiii pla 1 mi it. Not until sho was I'diuiiict.d '" ''ii"' I'laci'. lii. , jcciinv the ,,l;i,vi ..!' ||,.r |,iniiciit(.i's. The two sava^ivs. ha\ in" ''"'■'1 li''i' "II '" III'' li'ii-'- >l'""l I'l-i.lr iiri. lioMiii- hrr liiaiilv. 'I'll,, liiil,. liiv licncath was then in.T.'asr.l. and. at tin' .-ani.' liiiir. ih,. mm licid .-i.lintns uf laiinin- pin.! nndrr her arm-pits. Mraiiw hilc the waiiiois and (dii.l'- stood in a riivlc an d hrr. ai'Hicd with Lows and arrou.. and all tlif inliaKitant^ of tlic \iliaji> wciv s|.,'(t.itors. W lien till' li-htiMJ s|ilintcrs wciv phirrd nndrr her aiMH. a si-nal was .ji\rn. and. in an instant. Ii.t llr-|| was pinvrd willi innninrraMr aiTows. shot with snrli nniMiiiiL;- aim tiial tlinc \\a> s.mivcIv an inch ot' liri' hodv nntonrhcd : it was litiTalh riddled widi sharp arrows. 'riu'si' arrow- liciii-- t|iii(l .11 ,i r iltir Mm' i Em ! ■■ t..:' *1 i. m 1'JS CONS I'M M AThtN (M' Til K nl' (tclulicr, iTIiiWcil ihc flii;ilL:rIiM'iit-< I'lilrli'il ililci ainl rlidiilsnl l)\ llir Iri'lltv fiiiirliiilril :il lliii'k l-l,iii'l, ill I ^:'.'J. al'liT llii' I'ln-c III' tin- Sac war, lillil H'jli'r'l In ri>iii(i\i' Id ill'' Nriilr.ii (ii'ciiiinl in rijlit iiiniilli-'. .\> this liiiiilalinii t'.Npircil in tin' M iiiliT. tli('\ siiiii'iicd |ii'iiiii.»-:i()ii. iiiiii \M'ri' iiljiiwctl I.) ii'iiiiiiii ill \Vi.»('niisiii iiiuil S|>iiii'j. A trrat\ wa-i I'oncluiii'ii wiili tjir Sa^jaiiaw.-* \<\ lln' ai'liii:: >ii|ii'fiiilfiii|i'iit nl Miclii'jaii, '^iiaraiilcciii'.' llnni (lie iiiiiiiiiiiiin lairc- lor lliiir lamU crili'ii li\ the lii'atv of "JHtli 1)i'm'1iiImt, IS.'iT; a llu•a^'lll•(' iu'i'tT^>ai_\ to pii'Vciit <(iiiilpiiialiiiiis tn ('oiitinl the .-al('>', wilii'll wri'c c|i'siL>-||c(l 1(1 lie (•\clll>'l\c|-, Ilir tllcir liclll'lit. '{"lie Sii|iiTiiitciii|i'iit 111 liiiliaii \lVair-i tiir .MicluLiaii, in liis aiimial I'cjiurt ' liir lliis \ri\v. liiaki'-* tllc Icilliiu iiii; allu^icilis tci lIu' Sauaiiaws: •■ 'I'liis i.- (iarkfsi ipciidd ul' llitir liislnry, 'I'licv air liciuly, had ti'in|K'ri'd. liiiid dl' drink, and sa\a^i' when under its inlhieiiee. Yet liiev are a pedjiie ol'strdiin' iiieiital trails, dl' indc|]endeiii and 'jeiieidiis reeliii'.:s. and uaiiiily iitlaelied td ilieir ancient, uidde dl' li\ inu and sii|ieislilidns. 'I'liev s|ical; a widl eiiaraeliri/eij dialect ol' the ('hi|i- |ie\va lani:iiai:e. Iioldini; nearly the saine rcdation td liie ureal Aliiic l'aiiiil\- nl' the North that the Seniiiidies do Id the Creeks drtheSduth. Their c(Mniti'y appears to ha\e lieeli a place dl' relll'je Id liie ntlier triiies. 'I'liey silcceeilrd to the possessions dl' the Saiiks. u lid Were di'i\en iVdin the iiaiiks dl' the Saii'anaw ahoiit the clns,. dl' the six- teenth dP lit\i:'iiinin^ dl' the se\-eiileentli centiny. They have lu'cn ohserved liir at least a century to lia\e had a rulinjr eliiel', who exeii'ised more of the powers of a dictator than is iisiial with the nther trihes. They ar(^ known to ha\'e indnliri'd their predaloiy and warlike propeiisilies. hy participatiiiL'' in the scenes of attack ami phnider which inai'ked il arly seitleineiits of westi'in \'ir;:inia, I'eiinsx Ivania, ;ind Kentucky. ••The Cdiiiilry dcenpied li\ the .^aLMuaws is fertile, densely wooded, and ahounds ill streams allindiiiL: \aluahle water-power. It instill lint s|)atsely settled, liut in piopnr- tidii as the lands are taken up. the natural means nl' siilj-istence df the Indians must diminish. altlidUi:h it is stateil that purlidiis dl' the piihlii' lands west and north dl' the Tittahawassa will alliinl a theatre liir huiitini; liir many years. The recent ralilicalidii hy the Senate dl' the treaty df .lanuary 1 Itli. Is.'lT. with this trihe. e\tim:iiislies their title to all their |idsse>.-.idns in Michii;:iii. saviii'.' the liLihl to live liir li\c \ears nii two dl' till' ceded reservatidllS dll SauaU.lW Im\, In 1S.'I7 this tiihe IdSt ."i"il |iel-sdns li\ the small-pd\ : nl' whdiii HlO were men. III? waL;aiiaw and its trilmtaries. The |iresent \ear llie\- lia\e raised, collectively. 7lin hiishels dl' corn, hesides potatoes and vcjetaliles. Two I>;.-,' I.V (;(>\ i: UN M r;N t I'oi. k v (• r i!i;.Mn\ v i, 4))U tins li;i(li'i's |piirrliii»Ml ul' ili.iii. uiihiii till' M'lir. HI Ih'ihs. (i'l (I.tt. :>■"» dttt'O. :l:l iKiiiiul.'t liiMMT. "iTll lim»kl;lN, I 111 lllilll\>. •'>■"• li^lHT-*, III fuse-. ITi'lk. I IlltJO^C, SyO riU'CDtUI."', mill I'.l fill-. Ijdw iiiMiix llii'V Mijil III (illni-. i> not kiiuwii, •■ 'I'lli' lK'|i;illiiiinl iii;iiiitiiiii> I'lir lliciii II Mili-;iv:i|il. nil ilili r|iiv|i'l'. :i IiImiUsiii'iI li Mini llf»si.itimt. Mini ulli' |i||||ri|iMl Mill! m'MTmI SIlliiinlillMli' iMIIIIcrs. 'I'hi'V upiirMr Id Iimm' liccii (ivciioiiktil li_\ |iliilMiitliiu|ii>I.-. iiM\ iiii;. ii|i III liiis (ImIi'. iii'iilicr si'liDols iinr trMcln'i's (if Miiy ili'sci'iptiuii," (>ll llirlilli Nii\ciiiImt. M lliMlv \\M> I'llliTril llltu Willi lllr MiMIIIJi'SMt llir jnlk-^nr tilt' WiiliMsli. Ii\ wliirli ilii> liilif ci'ili'd I Tll.llilil ai'i'i's 111 iv-i r\ alinii^ in iIimI i|iiMrlrr. fur wliicli thi'v ii'i'ciM'il .■j:l:;.'(.iiii(l. TIu'v wi'iv cniiiiirii'Mtiil I'lr nil l(tiililiii;j«. nml iMi|iri>vt'iiu'iil>, iiiiil riii'iiislii'il li\ thr I iilti'ii SiMli's with M liicMtinii ill the ImliMii li'i'ii- tnr\ west (if lllf .Mis>is>i|i|ii. ■• silllirii'lil ill cMrllt, >ui|iil In tliiir WMlits Mini \\i>ln'S." Mini I'linti^innis In iIimI iiciMI|iiril li\ tlir Irilir- W liirll rlllij ralii 1 iViilU till' SiMli'- 111' ( llliii iiinl linliaiiM. 'I'lii'V Murccil to .-finl m i|fl(".;Mliuii to cxiilmv tin' iniiiitrv |iiii|hi-ii| tn In' ^i\i'ii tliriii ; llicir cxiifiisi'.s ti) 1m' (Ii-I'i'mvciI liv tlif (inMiiiiii'iil. 'i'liis IiimIv Mini (■\|il()rMtiiiii K'tl to tin- cvciitiiMl i'i'iin)\Ml ol' this Irilii'. mii'i' tlir ti'irnr of the Wrst. Mini Ml lllllllI'l'UIIS Mini WMllikc tllMl. lllllill'^' \VM«llilli;lilirs Ml|lllilli-ll Mlinll. tlll'V iIi'Ii'MIimI suc- ccssivt' Mniiii> iiinlrr IJMi'iiirr ami St. I 'lair, ami I'mi' xrars prr\riiti(l llir M'tllnin'iit of tin' AiiiiIii-Sm\uii I'mi'i' ill till' \\'i'>t. 'I'lli- tiilii' liiiallv inijiMtfil In tin' linliMii Iririlnrv, (liiiiiiiislicil in iiiiinlici's. ili'.:i'Mili'il in iinH'MU Mini liMliils. WMiiliiii: in iinliistrv , Mini iMikint:; ciliicMtiuii. hut alllin'iit in (iovcriiiiii'iit riiinls Mini amiuitii's. After tlii'ii' I'iiimI ileli'at li\ AV'avMi'. ill 1 T'.'.'i. lln'\ siilMiiillril tn till' aiillnnitv III' till' I'nitril States. Mini Incati'il llnir rt'siileliee ill ulie nl' the lirlnst \alle_\ - (if t he We-l . MliiMlinlilli: ill 'J Mil ie Mini m11 the leijuisites I'lil' llnliMlisulisi.-teini', 'I'lny iHirsneil (he iisiimI cinilse of hunters, hcill'i sMti>lieil il'the cxt'itiiiiis of the _\ear allniileil iheni l!ie iiieMiis of liviiiL; ; little heeiliiii; lliMt they wuiilil NKiii he Miniiinnleil hy an iinlustrinus |ii>|iiitMtiiiii. ami liiiMlly .-u|i|ihiiiteil hy theiii. In this tllOllgiltlcss. CMli'le.-s, iille liiMlinef. they liveil ill the Wiihash valley until their hinils liecaiiif valualiii'. They het;au tn eede their tenitnrs in IMI'.I. ainl ('niitinueil thai ciiursi' ill ISIl. ISIS. ISJCi. ami down tn the ihite nl' their ii'innvMl. llul the hiiye l^UIlls they receivi'il thrnllilll this eliMUllel liMil the elliet tn ilestl'ny their sell'-lt'liaiiee and native iiid(']u'nileii 1' eliaraetei'. to deLiiMile them in haliits and innrals, to iiiti'o- diiee disease, and lead ill every way tn m iMjiid deiinpnlatinii. This liilie. whieh. in ITl'il. was cstiiuated in it> ilivisimis Mt 'iHllil snuU. nr jllllll wMirinrs.' Mini Mt tin- emii- inenceiiu'iil ol" the .\ineiieaii l!e\ olutinii at ^i'lll wiiriinrs. or I Toll souls.-' was redured at the tiiuc of their reiiniVMl In Mlmiu Tim iiersmis; and. when ii census of tliein wms taken ill ISod. they had dwindled to "iHU souls.' who were in receipt of an Miiiiuily of ■^[■unn).-' \nl 111 . ,, II. i. I ' V..1. I . ,,. .-iL"::. • V..1. II.. ],. M<.>. 'J'\ n i i 600 ("oN'fJrMMATloN OF Till-; Ifi fli ii :!i CM A I'TKIJ \ I 1 i .iJ-lL hlSCuliliS lUrrUKKN TIIK KAST1;I!N \NI> UKSTKHN ciikiiokkhs. IJOlKINoT AM) TIIK IfllXIKS A It K A SS A SS I N A I' K D. m if:'? ' ijii, 'I'll I' ili'^soiisiiilis lictwiM'll till- ;mt;l'ji miotic pMI'tic-* nl'tllf ( 'lliTnl\iT,>i. IS:!;), cmII.'iI iIii' IJn^^iirs iind KiilL'tili-^. 111" ci\ ili/;it Kill :lllil lilicriilil y .m't tli'iii ly till' I iiilcil Siiiti's. |iri(ir In their iiii'^iiitinii west, sliniilil hiivc ciiiisMd tli(>ni tn I'nljjrt mII riirilli'l' CMIlM > III' iinillliisity. IUimIiicciI ■.;( mil-will Mini I'l icllillilirs-i of li'i'lillj.', Mini iinliircil ill thi'iii II liijty spifit nf iiuiIiimI liirln'MrMiici'. 'I'll cnmprchcinl the siilijcct. it is iii'crisiiiy In pirini^i' that lie \Vi--ti'rii ( hcrnkccs. wliii hail iiiii'jlMtcil with the sMlnlinn nl' .Mr. .IctliT-^nlis Millliiliistialiiiii. ami IncMtcil thi'ir resilience in AikansMS iis curly as ISIT. IimiI cstMlilishcil a rnriii ul' 'juMTiiiiieiit iiinl ailiipletl written laws. When the tri'Mty parly iiiiiinitcil. iinilcr the Miper\i>iiiii nl' .Mi«-r-. Iliilije anil I'laiiliniil. they iiiiiteil with the iilii settlers, anil li\cil eiiiitciiliil|\- iimler the esialili-lieil niih'r III' tliiiiLis. ISiit the tiialcniiient party, wlm inij:ralei| with Mr. Iiii^-. ill l^-'.S. Willi thither with ciiiliitlereil ami reveiiijeriil li'diiiiis aiiaiii>t the treaty party Mini the nlil settlers, ami rel'iiseil to sniiinit tn the e.sistiiiL'' ^;iivcrimiciil Mini laws iif the W'eslerii ('lieri)kecs. On icacliiiifr the cuiiiitry. ilie Itnssitcs. (iiidiiiLr that the\ iiutiiiiii'.liered llie Itid'jeites ill tlie prnpiirtiiiii III' mIiiiiiI twii ti) line, at once Iiccmhh' sticklers liir lie ilenincralic dnclriiie that niajnrities shuiild rule. it wniild liM\e heeii well if. ill L'ras]iiii.; at |inui r. they had iinf liiruntten rii;lit. Miit it smin hecanic c\iilent that they were deteiiiiined nnl iinly tn i'/imre the nld liiriii nl' unxcriiiiient and laws, lint tn establish new niies. Mild to cninpel the iniiinrity tn siiliiiiit to lliciii, rijilit iir .r t-tt*^ (loVllUN M r; NT I'nI.I r V n|' |{ 11 M n \ \ I, Ml Tl... W.-t.ni (• irlukfi'-. IliiWi'Vi'l'. "O -l-ln>|t lull II lllll-"! i|(-.|ii'li|lc li'ii.l \\.\t I'lil^iiiillr.!. :mi anil union. 'I'lic wunlv, ijinii'rli -poiMn. Iiail no |ilat'i' in tlicir lit'iirtr* : «iiii' |iiirt_\ was nii_\ iiliiiii'.'. ll lin'i' wa-< rurimix and iijrj:r«',><(ii! nt uf ilii'ir iJilVn'iiitiis uas r.i'.i. wliic'li I'l'iiiaiiiril in f^crtsioii liir ciujil or niin' (la\>* li< c|i«iMi>-.iiai-' wiTi' isiitiii'.'. ili«i'ori|ant. aiiij jpilli'i'. 'I'iir IIo^'^ill'!J. wlio wcrt- in llic inajoniv, ri'-nKrij to liuM iln-ir [lowfr. aiiiJ tlir llitl'.'i'itc-' ijiii rininnl nut to .-nc- ciniiii. Wlicii it liicinu' ('\ iilini thai a <'oni|aoniisc' cuiiM not he (lliili'il, tiiriMl-i wire »i»n ImiiIi sides, and of tin' irrcconcilaMt' (•liariii'tcr of tlio ii'iid. ll a|i|M'ars. ridin II ilociiiiiiiil III I'lac II*,' tiial. on tin' cvcnini: w iaai tiii^ inniicii uas di-sdjvcd. ii hi'i'ii'l coiii'laM' III' till' jradi'is ol' tlir Unssili* \va* liidd. wlio Mliclrd I'mtv nn'ii. to wlioin was as'-i'^nid llic diilv of a'-Mi«>inaliirj tlu' liadi'fs ol' liii' llid'^riti's. that liatcl'iil jtaitv will) liad siinn'd tin* tivaty of \rw Krjiota. ol' llir "JMli of Dici'iiImt. |S'J"i. Knr liiiirtt'cii M'iii's IiikI lliis LTiid'H' linii iioiiri>liid in tlu' hrarts nl' llic iiialconlciil jiai'tv, initil It at l.i-l rcsiilli'd in lla' riiiiinii-->ioii of a couardK inindcr. IIowcmt line may lie the a--eiiion rejaiiliii'j tile se^^ion of this dark coindave. it is certain that on llie titliowiii'.' dav the iniinniMn and cnicl niiiiilers of ISoiidinot. and ol' the l!id'/i's. Iiolli lallici' inid son. were |ici|ietralei|. Iiondiiiol was in the act ol' sii|iciiiiieiidin'j tiie ei'cetioii of a linildiinr. when lie was accosted liy I'onr Indian-^, who Milicited him to \i^it a house Home hnndrcds 1)1' yanU distant, and adminisler some niediciiic« ; he heiiii;' a |ih\|ialciiid. The eldei' Itid'je. who was iili>ent on a \i»il into liie adjoiniii'.' limits of .Vrkansax. was waylaid and shot by |ieisons who occnpicd an ••mineiice heside the iiiail ; and his hody. when discoveii'ii hy his rrieiids, was linind to lia\c hceii |)iciced with live rille-liiills. This violence cNciicd ;jnat commotion in the nation, and, so I'ar I'rom chci'kiiii; the zeal ol" llic Uidue parly, it only inllamcil it. Discord I'ciuiicd e\etywlieie, and Mr. .lo'aii Itoss. who was accused of conceriinu' the plot ol' the assassination, siiridniidcd his lioiisc with a .miiird ol" oUD ol" his adherents. .Soverul chiefs of tlie opposite [mrty took ' SlnliMiiitil 111' Sl.iiiil\V;iliT. — ('iiiiijnasinnil Ihnuiinnh. Viii. X.W'I. HI! IHilli Jii !! i '•'' ■I L IP t ^\ k' i H' ■ M ; ■ ■ -4'* ' ■ it:l: : I I' •?> ft ; I 1: 502 CONSUMMATION OF T II K flu'llrr williiii tlic walls ut' Kmi'i (libsou. whort- tliov witc prolcctcd by (u'licral Arlnu'klc, will) also (itli'n'd a rol'iige to Mr. lioss, wliich lu' di'diiuMl. In tlio corri'SjjoiulfiiL'o wliii'li ensued botweini the' eiJiniiiaiidant of the fort and Mr. luws, tlui latter diselosed a subtle, cautions, illogical, evasive [)olicy. Kxtienie positions were taken by botli |iarlies. evincinj: a bitterly discordant and Imstile spirit. Tlu' darkest (d' the ensiiin;;- H:iiisaclions. on tlio part ol" tlie IJnssites. was the eallini;' ol' a convention, or iicneral council, almost e.\clusi\cly coniposcil of their own part_\'. which passed ii resolution iirautini; an anniesty to the murderers! They also, sidjseipiently. declaicd some of the leadiui; Hidjii'iles outlaws. Thoe proceediuiis were disapproved by the local military and ollicers ol' tin' deparlinent. whose suu^iic.-^iions tor elU'ctim:' a reunion were nnbeeded. The (io\ernnicnt at \Vashin:jion in>tructcd i'.s ollicers to demand the surrender of the nnuili'rcrs. that they mii:ht be broiiiiht to trial ; and directed thorn to withhold tho C'lierokt'c annuities while this discordant state of society existed. Ml', lioss. having; evaded an_\ direct issue in the coi'respondence. soufiht to procure an iiivestiization of the matier at a disiant poiul. where wiliu'sses could not Lm; so readily sunnnoned. and. foi' this purpose. >.eiit his lirotlu'r, liowis Koss, and two other Cherokces to Washington. A personal interview with the .Secretary of War was obtained, and an appeal made by Lewis l{o>s in favor of his brother, in which he spoke oi' the murders as pruudr acts, and of the decree of their general |iarty council. I'xtending pardon to the actors therein, as being coiiclusi\»' of the niattci'. lie niged that an in\e.-iigation should be instituted at the seal of (Joverniiient. This Mr. Poinsett denied, remarking that, if John Koss were innoi Mit. he woidil not oppose the arrest of till' murderers, or attempt to shield them ; that, with his known iiilliience over tho iialioii. he mi'jlil have iireveiited the commi.ssion of the savage dci'ds : but he could now contribute to the ends (jf justice by surrenderiii;; the criminals, whose barbarities had bc'ii countenanced, and tliemsiKcs exonerated by the national council. The Secre- tary said that the council had no legal right to >anetioii a violation of all laws, human and e loul di'i'iU until that was done. Mr. I'^iinsett eoii(diid(d b\ >a\in;.:' liiat llie majority ought to rule, while guided \)\ law am! piin- eipli'; but that tiie\ had. by their (a'liel. sa\ai;e. nud law less course, l()rfoited all right to govern the old seitleis. who Were in a miiioril\ ; that they had proved themsi'Kes tyrants in the worst >eiise of the tei-m ; ami the (io\-ernment wiMild nut f()r a moini'nt nphiild (a' .-aiii'tioii tyranny: lea~t ui' all. brutal. sa\',ii;e t_\ r^niiiy.' l'nll,L'ri'.->iuMlll IliiiailUCias, .Nn. '.',\~. Ji. it li \' (iOVKllNMENT I'OLKJY OF REMOVAL 508 C II APT EH VIII. CKOSK OF THE FIRST DECADE OF THE COLONIZATION PLAN. Till-: triiiis.ictioiis of tliis ycur were rosiiltaiit from tli(> fiiiiil |ii'r- foniiMiicc of the rcirijiiniiiix trcnty stiiiulatioiis with tlu> iiiiimr tril)rs. IS ID. wliicli cviilciu'iMl tlu' (■oinpictc icinoviil of iill tlio trilics. imd pMils M. \'.\n 1!i ki:n, of trilics. fiotn tlie limits of tlie Stiitcs iuhI Territories, to ;i ImiuI Phksiuknt. wiiero tlioy coiilil tlicmselvcs exercise tlie so\<'reiiiii power. mikI wiiert' tliev could not fail to, ami iliil, aiuiuaily [irosin'r. IJiit few allusions to tlio (li'tails of this period will he necessary. The Cherokees. whose discordant relatiniis had reached tlnii- acme in IS.'ID, ilevelopini; themselves in the internal disconls and crimes which ha\c heeii described, were convulsed hy political turmoils for some yeai's. diu'iuLr wdiicii immistakeahle tokens irave evidence that, however nuich dissensions |)revaile(l. the ultimate result W(Uild lie a union of all the jarriuLi' (dennuils. and the insliluliou of a peiMuauent Lioverniui'Ut. StroiiiT wills and (dear minds were to he liiund in their councils. The rivalries aial jealousies of the chii'fs had heen tearfully e.\citi' patient. It recpiired time to (piell discords which had distracted the ('herokei' miliou to the centre; and the result has proved that time was the true remeily. No ti-ihe of the same aL;ii'rejrat<' |)opulation had emiiirated. and no other trihe which removed to the tenitory had heen so lonjr and so successfully the suhject of instruction. A people who had invented a new al|)h;il)et. who had Ioul;' jiartiiMpateil in the school s\stem; who had learned the arts of the loom ami spindle, and had reached a coudiliou of domestic society inid manners, the refmement. tastes, and elei;auce of which ma\ iie judirod of liy the hriiiht e.\ample ol' Catherine IJrown.' could not lack clearness of conception, ov the power of distiuLiuishint;' hetweeu the priuciples of ri:ht and wi'oui;'. 'I'o deuv this, as there was a Scottish element in the nation, would he as ah-uid as to aver M 111 i if :i! ; , I Villi- \iiili'rsiiii'>^ I. ill'. iJiistnn. 11 i I :■ 'i > ■! ■ ii 'M CUNSIMM ATION OF THE llint tilt- iiH'iital('!ilibri'ol"tlif Scottish iicoplc iit a distinct oriiol'CiiU'doiiifui history. hIiouIiI bi' juilgi'il h\ till' fXiimpK's of Uo\< Fioy. oi' the actors in the iinitiil atrocities of Ok'iicoc. Tlic siiiallcM' trilx's. wlio yet lingered in the States, may he reiianled as occnpying tlie ivhitivo jiositioii of houlders in the geological system. Tliey had been leniovod from their natal positions, ami locateil in ([nestionahle .situations. The Hood that swept them Ibrwanl before its i-esistless waves was the Knropean race, and it .seemed donbtfid whether tliey woidd e\er ag.iin find a permanent IbotliDld on tiie soil. Mr. Monroe uttered a truth, in ISlil. when he sail] that such a resting place was onl\' to be found west of the .Mississippi ; and in IS.'ld. Congress, b}' clothing it in the langiuige of a legal enactment, gave vitality to tlii' suggestion. One of these boulder triiics. wiio. of their own accord, sought refuge in the coloiii/.ed territoiy. was the so-called .'^tocUbridges. comprising the ronniants of the ancient Mohicans. At thi' period of the discovt'ry of the rivers Hudson, (..'hatenuic, the Mohigan.' of their own vocabulary, and the (.'ohahatatea of the Iroipiois, this people resided on its western banks, opposite to, and south ol' Albany. When the population (if the colonies pressed upon tiiem. they .jro.s.seil the Taconic range, and concentrated tiieir peo[)le in tiie valley of the llonsatonie, in Massachusetts, wlu're for years they ii ceiN'ed tuition iVom the eminent theologian, Ivlwards. They csiioused the cause of tiie colonies dm'ing the Kevolulionary war, their services as runners. Hankers, and g;iii-men. having been highly appreciated. After the I'lii.se of that contest, they removed to the upper waters of the Oneida creek valley, by virtue of an arrangement with the Oneida canton — then under the government of the benevolent Skeuaudoah.' About the year l^'l'J. they eutereil into negotiations with the .Menomonees of Wisconsin, and sui)se(pientl\" removed to. anil settled on Fo.v river, of (Jreen Bay; but ten or twcKe years' residence in this ijuarter was sullicient to satisly them, that the white jiopnlatioii would soon hem them in as clost'ly there as they had ilone in Now York. Tluy entered into freipient negotiations with the (ioverument, liist acc(>|)ting a tract on the liauks of iiake Winnebago; but subsequently sidling tiiis. the_\- stipulated for a locMiion on the banks of the Mississippi. In l>ti) a considerai)le nund)er of tin' tribe, located on Laki' Winneb.igo. in Wisconsin, withdi-ew from the others, and emigrated to till' Indian colony west of the Missouri. They were :iccompanied by the .Munsees. whose •mcestors had lieen their neighiiois on the west bank of the Hudson in ancient times, and by an emigrating party oi Delawares. from tiie ri\er Thames, in Canada. uihIcI' command of the chiel'. Thomas T. Ileuilrick. Th<' entire p.arty. numherin.; 1 71: ])ersons.^ were received by their tribal I'elatives, the Delawares. who fin'nishcd them with a resilience on their large ivser\ation near Fort Lea\enw urth, on the Kan/as river. The oft-tried tenijiorizing and erroneous polie\' of renio\ing Indians from one location, MMlii|.;in.itii'' ' v.. I I\' . !• .Milt " \iiini;il lii(li;ui l!.'|iMrl, ls|ll.. ^J %\i^'^" GOVEKXMENT POLICY OF REMOVAL 506 witliiii tlu' Stixti's, to imollu'r. liuwover reiiiDte. also witliin tliuir liiuits, has uiiirormly proved to he a t'ailur(>. Tlie t'X[i("ii(,'iu'c of tin- Stockhridiics, Mmisot's, and wgrogiited Di'lawan's was now added, to prove tin; evd results arisiiii;' iVoni this policy. Such removed tribes and hamls were s|)ceilily siuTounded by a white population, with whom tliev did not coalesce, ami naturally w ;u«ted away under the intlucnco of adverse manners and customs. Tiie same attenijit to remove a ti'ibe from one State to another was nmdo with the "Winnebaiides. {[avini; been implicated in the Sauk war. they agreed in 1S:]2. at Rock i>l:ind. where the American army was tiien encamped, to leave the east banks of the Mississippi, abandoninir their favorite Kock river. Wisconsin, and Fox river vallevs, and remove to a position west of the Mississippi, denominated the Neutral (iround. For them. howe\-er. it was not -neutral j:round.'" ll was. in i'act, the wiir jrround of tiie Sacs and Foxes and Sioux ; and they iiad. under tiie inllui'uco of the presence of a military force, agreed to a propositiou. which tliey had not the ability, and were unwillin:^'. to perl'orm. 'I'lion^ih ethnoloiiieally of liie Sioux stock, their allinity was not to be relied on: tln'v po^srs-ed a natiouality of tlnir own. anil coukl not, after aires of separatiiiii. t;ilh to si'e tlie Wiinicbagocs removed, with their lai'je means and annuities, l)fyond llie reach ol' a peripatetic pedlar's footsteps, or to lose si'.;lit of the dislriluition n[' their annual per capita dollars. In l^■")7 the WinneiiaLioes renewed iy treaty their eiu;aLri'ment to remove to the Neutral (Irouiid. in Iowa, within eiuht months alter the ratification of that instrument. The treaty was hot ratified until June. IS.'IS. which would limit the period for their rcmo\al to February. IS.'/.I. 'J'liey still liuLicred in the \alleys of theii' ancient hom(\ until the matter of llnir riMiioval ^vas placed in the hands of (leiieral Atkinson. When tlii'y iliscovered tliat the I'liited States were in earnest, the mass of them removed across the Mississippi w ithout causiiiL:- nuieh diilicidty; but, tlioui:li still nrjied to proceed to tlu' Neutral (Iroiin 1. they eiu'amiied on the western margin of the river, wlii'ie tlie\ were alloweil to remain until the folfwiiiL;' year. -Meantime the\' were alUii'ted b\' considerable siekness. and snrroundi'd iiy whiskey shops, toLictiu'r with e\('r\- tem|>tation that Indians, possessing Iiea\y annuities, are sure to oncounter. Their ajeiit established his buildings and shops on the Neutral Ground, whcn^ the trii)!' was eventually induced to settle, by the announcement that there only would tliev In' paid th'ir annuities. It will lie seen in the secpiel. that in a fe\v years it liecanie iii'cessary to reiihne the \\'inneliaL;ii''s from the limits of Iowa. .\ mi-take ol' a similar kiinl x\;i-; made with the united ('hip|iewas. ()t towns, and I'oltawattamies. who eeded their lands in Illinois by tlie treaty concluded at Chicago in IS0.J. .V part of the cr. 'l"iu' |iroi;ri'ss of tlio si'ttlt'iiu'uts in Missouri nuulo tliis tract of liiiul so essentially ii L'coirnipliiciil i)art of that State, anil so neeessary to its airrieuUnral and conuucroial (ii'V('lo|)inent. that Congress annexed it thereto ; which act rendered it imperative for llie (iovcrniiient to provide these Indians with the stipulated '),()t)0,000 acres west of the Missonri river. Oilier hands of Pottawiittainies, residlntr in Indiana, who had ceded their possessions in lliat <|ii:irli'r. were reiiiovcil diiriiii;' tliis year, nmlcr the iiiiniediate surveillance of (li'iuTal Iiiiidv. Tliere were also some acci'ssioiis of the Seniinoles from Florida, and of iVa'^iiicnts of the seiireirated hands of the IMiU'k riv(>r and Swan ereek (Jhippewas, of Michiizan. The whole number of Indians removed in lS-10 was oG71.' Tiie rhcroUee dillicnlties had, this y(>ar. lieen so far compromised between tin; two contend- iiiir jiarties, that Mr. I'oinsett, the Sccri'tary of War, directed the annuities to he paid.' Ammal rmliiiii l!i')iort. is 10, p. 'JO «lbi(!., ,,. .^.1. m ■■r. .1 4 %\ .J? !■* !■ l-i k : § i it ; 1 v;? i ; ; ■ . "■ i i 1 i ii i 1 i ; 1 i u\ U , 1 1 1 1 -■ t i 'i I ' it I' |l '=> I s m\ I ! "I iSi'i m III !1 iliMM t \m :.ri-\ : ' '^k <> I i in 8ECT10N TWKXTV-i inST. PKINCIPLKS (!()NTH\I)i:i) FOR BY TlIK 1\ DIANS DllilNCi TllKKI': (' KML illES. r ir Cll A I'l'Kll I. A XT A(; ON ISM OF !! A J! I". A 1! I S M AXD (M V 1 M /. AT 1 ( )N . '•Why." siiid Apiuiiiict, "tlo you liclii'vc lottors and arts siiprrinr 1() tlic i>iirMiits of till' liow 1111(1 iiridw? Do they more truly lull'il thr \s'n. iiml)iliniis (if file liuinaM licavt. accoi'iliii;.;' to tin; incasiin' of ii'aiil anil .1. Ill riiw.W, Uno\vli'(l'i(', -wliicii (Ictcrniinc tih' actual oonilitious nl' the (liH'riviif I'ki ^iiii;.\T. races of incM '.'' A[iaunii't was u Mohican scholar, wiio iiaii h''tii carefully educated at Princeton, in Mew .lersey, where he was named .Tulni CaKin. iind where lie actjuired a kiiowlediie of classical and JmiliHsIi liileratuie. dl' which, as he had a retentive moinoiy, he was, on suiue occasions, not a little v.iin. Ih- returned to his trilie on the llousatonic, and accoin[iaiiied ihiiii to the hanks of the Oneida, in western New Yoric. where, as he was neither a ininter nor a lislicriuaii. lie hccanie a schoolmaster: hciui^' disa[i|)oiiiteil witli civilization, and discouraged wilii Hie. lie trie(l to ira\v in the way of cis ili/atioii : hut the Indian raci' lacked \\\< iiitelleei. his kiie\v|e.|.je and his ('hri>iiaiiily. 'i'lcir niiiaU were o'l^aired hy the ;:i(iom ol' harliai-i-m. and. w heii aroused to aeliou hy liieir [irojihe(-;. m' e.\citt'il hythe chMjiieui' • of I iieir chiel-; and 1 ^U '4 ' 'f 1 : 1 1 1 !'n 808 I'liiNci iT.Ks ('(inti;m>i:i) i'oh ijv paclii'iiis, tlit-y liciiiiu.' iiiKoiiUiilaljlo ; llioir unliir Itciiig in iv grt'iit laciv-sm-u proijortioiicil to tlii'ir iuiionuuH'. It liiis lu'i'ii I'vrr thus I'lDiM lilt' (lisoovery of tlii;< CDiil'mcnt. Tlioir nll't'otion for niificiit rites, iiiiiinicrs. luul (Mi>toms. was ;i siiccrdiiimin luc imtriotisin ; and llicir old Inidilions siipiilii-il (lu'ii- I'liliri- store of iiiiorniatioii. 'Vlwy ri'i,'ardcd tliciuselvi s as liaviii.i,' oiico lioiMi till- jiecidiar l',i\t to the west <'f the iMi.ssissi|)pi, is adverted to, it may be appropriate to reii'r more fully to ihosi leiiding pi'incipli'S which give nnifornuty to the Indian iiisti>ry. The cnnden.~e 1 \ie\.' of it whicdi has been presented, from the tlay when the lirst Kuropean foot ti "1 the soil of this continent, renders it evident that the contest has not been so much between particular races of Kurope and the Indians, as iietween them and all races wiio npludd civilization against barbarism. It was not so much a strnirile between colonies and tribes, as between condititms of society. True to his instincts, the Indian desired to preserve his territories as hnnting-gronnds, on wliieh the entire race of aninnils might incrca.se, and his otlerings to a class of imaginary gods, at or" propitiate their favor, and avert the penalty of past neglects or ingratitude. He ilid not wish for a religion whose teachings were diametrically o[)[)osite; and coveted not letters, which he did not understand or appreciate, and could not employ in the nomadic life whieli ho led. Industry wa.s to him a weariness he could not cndui'e, and which ho was ever ready to confound with slavery, of which the surveyor's compa.ss and chain, th.c plough, and the loom, were regarded as the talismanic emblems. Possessing a marked character lor secresy, deception, and endurance, lie only tolerated what ho could not resist. The conspiracies of Opechanganough, in Virginia, of the Cliicoras and Tu.scaroras in the Carolinas, of Sassacus and Pometacom. in Massachusetts, of Pontiac and Tecnmsch in the West, and of Tuscaloosa and Osceola in the South, of Black Hawk in 1832, and of the Seminoles in IS.*];;, were alike in accordance with the generic principle which they professed, and three centuries have not varied the i.xsue. What the Indian contended against in 1()2"J and I(*i7"), he tried to resist in 1712, 17(j.3, and 1812. It was civilization he warred against; and letters, labor, and Christianity, wore the potent and mysterious powers he supplicated his gods to resist. Keeping in view this great truth, we have been enabled to present the preceding sketch of Indian history, without breaking it up by geographical lines; for the theatre TIIK IN'IHANS hI'IMNd TIIIIKK ii('iia. Wlictlicr I'luMniiitcrcil on the pi,, < Ni'w Hiiivrlaiid or New \iiil<, or ill tlio viilli'ss ol' tin- SiiM|iicliMmi:i, tin.' \Vul»asli. (U* tlio Mi^^iM.sipiii, it was liic ^alll(' lacc, iiussi'^siiiL' >iiiiilar ciiaiai'(riisli( s. and actiiatiMJ lis lilvc viiiiiicli\o iirini'iiilrs. tlial was lo In' I'liciimilci'cii. Discords like those wiiii'li cxi^li'd amoiiir tin; ('In rolici's, lictwc'cn the Iv'oss niiil Ilid^o i)art\. art' cxci'iilioiiai cases to tins rule. 'I'liis side conli si may lie likeiieil lo llic wai" iietweeii I'lieas and Sassaeiis, wliicli \> as orij,'inall\' liased on rivalry and |icr-oiial aniliilion. 'i'luM' I'eiuls introduced no new prinei[i|e, and do nut diseloM' n new Irait ol' cliaraeler. V K :,l ■H;i i ;t : r.io rit iNci I'LKs cuNTi: N i»i;i> roii nv (11 A TTKU I I. u I'll I Losui'iiU'Ar, i:\AMiN \Ti(»\ ok Till' Ait»; I M i:.\T ON tin: DIFFERING MANNKllS AND CUSTOMS OF TIIK KACFS OF MKN. ■'■ . i I III' . is: Wiii'N. ill li'»77. Sir Frniicis Dnikp visitod tin- Pacifii; const, Iw I'Duli'n'ci! till' iiiiiiic III' Alliinii on :i jmrt of it. wliii'li wiis inliiiliiliil J. ItrriiA.NAN, h\ II trilii' will) iivi'il iiliiin>i ill u st:iti' of ninliiv, >liiiii'riiiLr tlifiiisrhis 1'ki;.>iiii:.\t. in pits I'sciivnti'il in tlir uroiiinl, iiini wiin. iiiiiii^iiiii: tniits of iviinliii'ss iiiKJ siiii|)lirily \vitli tiicii' liiiilMiii' iiiMiiiirrs iiimI I'listoins, cNJiiliiti'il Sitviifri' soi'ii'tv in sonK- ul' ils ino>t siijiLii'stivi' lii;iits. In a liiourMpliy of tiiis iiitri'|iiil mlvi'iitiin'r, writtrii l>_v Dr. SiiniiU'l .loliiison. hi' i'iii'i'l'iiii\- ili'|iii'ts tliosc traits of tlii! Alliioiii'iisi'S, snlijoinini:' tiu' moral roni'liisiuns ili'durihli' IVdiii tin- stale ami conililion (if till' lloiiiMilir races on tlie i':\ri' of tile iriolie, wlliell towel' aliovc tlie orilililirv scii|ii! of liiiinaiiitariaii iiliiloso|iliv. " Wlii'tlier more cniii^liteneil nations oiiirlit to look upon tlieiii witli Jiity. iis less liappy flian themselves, some skeptics lia\e iiiaile, very niinecess.irily, ;i ililliciill\ of (letfiiiiiiiiini'. More, they say, is lust liy llie perplexities than tiiiiiieil by ih,. in^inictioii of science ; we eiilarj;e oiir vices with our know le(l.;e. miil miilti|ily oiii- w.ints with our attainments, ami the happiness of life is better seciiieil by the ij;nuraiice of vice, than by the knowleil;;!' of virtue. '■ 'I'lie falhicy by which such reasuiiers hiive imposeil n|i(iii ihemseh-es. seems to iirise from the coiniiarison which tliev in.ike. not belwceii two men eipially iiicllneil |,i .'ipiilv the menus of happiness in llieir power (o the eml l!ir which I'rov iileiice eunfcrrcd them, liut fiirnisheil in iinei|Mal proportions with the means of liappines.'<. which is the true stale of saviiiie ami polished nations; but between two men. of which he to whom I'roviileiice lias liceii most bouiitirul. de^trovs ll le blessmjis b\' ni'Ltbiiciice ur obslniati misuse; will ill' tile (itlier. steadw diligent, ami \irtuous. emiilovs his al Ibllilies aiiil coll- ^•cllil'nces to their pro]ier end. The i|iiestion is not. whether a irood Indian, or bad Knjilisliinan, be most liajpy'.' but. whicli state is most desirable, sii[i[)iisin:;' \iitiie and reason the .same in hoth '.'" ' W'uvU. \'..l. II . ]. :::!(;: Il;ir;icr\ lirMtluT-. N'rw Yorlc. (l! TIFK INKIANS DIIMNd Tlll!i:i; Ci; NTIUIEH. Ml Ciimnitiit III! .'•iiili II I'liiK'lii-iiiii i-i Viiiii. 'I'lic lilicrtiiu'-* nl' jliilii-iijiliy, wlm fill lln' wiirlil with new tlicoiii's, liiivr not liiilcil to iiiciili-iiti- tlio iilcii tlmt tin' lii'iitlicri niitinii- (if till- '.'lol"' iin- Milijii't ti> II ['cciiliur iiioiiil n'.«[M)ii>iliility, (liHi'ifiit Irnm tlio onliiiary cuilc. iiiid iniiy (li'iivc liii|iiiiiHfH IVdiii dUMliciicu t(i iixiotiiH, I'lu'litl'iil (ir crroiK'niis. imi rccu^iniscil liy tlio ciiiiniix of trM'Intioii. My I'lir the j;rciitf>t pnrt (if the worlil. Kiiin- thi- rill wlicii |iii;riiMiKiii lii'st iircdmniiiiiti'il. an' tliiiH |ilii('iil on n hiisis (liU'ciiii'/ rmiii, and iiiitiif^oiiintic to, the rrst. To riconcilc this notion with iviivim, tin. p. nuist he two ^niiliitioiis of iiitcllci'tiiiil tnitli, twoul \irtiii', uimI two nf mumuI iicciiiintMliility. Thi' liiiiiiiii iiiiist h<' jiiMtilicil. hy llii.-i tht'ory. in his siihiiiiNsioii to h:nliiiiiMiii, hi'ciiiisc it ciiii- .xtiliitrs his liiiiiiiiiicss ; and tlit- skcptii'iil world is siiti-ili'd to witnc-s thf jiru'/n-i-i nl' idnhitry, iiiiil tlif siirt'iid of the fiii|iiiv oj' thr toinaliaw k. 'I'hi'v atlinii that idinatinn nhonhl not he I'onrd (ai Ihr Indians, hccansc it is not an rlinnnt r—iniiai to tlnlr lia|il>iiit'SH ; and tlnit tlio vovtdutioiis oj" ( 'hri^tianily siionlil In' wilhhrM. Ihcmiim ihi \' do not di'slrc to Ix'conio (.'livlstiaiis, I, I I il t ! n r.i2 PRINCirLES CONTENDED FOU BY ^: CHAPTER III. SUBSIDENCE OF THE INDIAN FEUDS. ii't r , Ci.osK association in civil oomninnities for a series of yoara lias had 1S")7. n tcmloncy to allay discords. Tlu^ groat i)rinci[)lc for wliicli all tlic J. Hn HANAX. aliori-iiial tribes stni,i;glod, was to jircvcnt the hnntcr state of society Pkksiiie.vt. iVoni lieinir nvershuiLiiied and anniinlat<'d liy eivili/ation. The hap- piness of the Indian was centred in t'orests and the chase : schools and chnrclios wero ahliorretl hy him. There have been no contentions on this .score botwoeii tribe and ti'ilie. nor Ijctween divi.-ions of the same tribe; internal dissensions ha\e inva- riably arisen friim pri\ate j.'alonsies and lunbit'ons. Tlu'se ha\e been the real. Imt secrt^t source of tribal discords, (tiie^tioiis reiiardiii','' the disposition of funds, and the rciridation of their internal policy. lia\e been discussi'd and settled in both general and tribal ot)uncils. The tjbject tiir which these' bodies are now convened is not, as for- merly, (hiring the hiintei- state ol' the tribes, to discuss the [tolicy of procdaiming war or concluding jieace, and to wrangle with each otln'r respecting trespasses on tril)al boundaries, but to adjust their civil all'airs. .Morals, eduealion. arts, and agriculture, rospcctively. occujiy a share of attention in lln'se [uiblic as>end)lies; and the progressive improvement in the Indian ciiaracter has been so easy and impt'reeptible, that their ciiuncils ami assemblies Inue been complettdy dninued. in a few years. I'nMii arenas for the display of wraui:ling. and disputatious and di'ejamatui'y elocution, to legislative bodies, wiiose meetings are characterized by calm and >ober discussion and dispassionate deci- sion, liefercnce is had particularly to tlii' l'\iiii 'I'kiisk.s. TIu' representative principle lias been generally ailopted for limited periods and deliiiite objects. The lieneficial ell'ects of teniperaiic(>. a \ irtnons life, and habits of industry, on the manners of societ\, and on public as well as private prosperity, have been recognised and aeknowleiigrd as the true elements of political economy. 'I'hesi' Icadnig tribes iia\e. indeed, fairl\- (Mubarked in their national career, which iier-t'veiance. energy, and decision will enable them to pursue triumphantly. The Cherokee disturbance, oiu'e so threatening, has entirely subsided, and it is now evident that the prosperity of the nation was well s 'cureil b_\ the ticaty of \ew Kchota, ■I -.1 THE INDIANS I>I:RIN(! THREE C E N T 1' 1! I E S. r>\:'. iil(!i()iij:li tilt' t'xoctition of tlial iiistniiin'iil liy tlic uiiiiority '^aw tlic ixiliticnl ami piM'sonal prepoiKU'i'aiifc (o tlii' majority, iiiid took tlic ]ni\vi'r iVoni tlic Icaiiiiiii'. iiacilir, and proj^i'OKsivo rliicis. Tiio iict was rcgiU'ilcil hy the iiiiili'nutciit cliicls as a iisiir^iatinii of iiutliority, ami their li'dinirs wen; moi'c Iiiirlily oxcitcd liy the loss dfjicrsoiial jkiwi'i- than hy that of national wealth. Events orcin'ring amonij,' the Indian trihes are .slow in develo[)iiient, and years tdajise belore discords are forgotten, or ojiinions heeoii c nationali/ed. This may he i'nlly demonstrated hy refereneo to tlie history of the (,'hcrokecs. >iiMct<'cn years ha\c jiasscd away, and the l)lood of lioiidinot anil the liio 'cs has not. to use an Indian nicla- phor, heeii washed from the assassins' hands. Tho sanguinary deeds which once har- rowed up the feelings of the nation, and aroused the sym|iathics of the rnioii. ha\c licen snoeeeded by pi'aue, though the atrocities arc not forgollcn ; and the govcriimcnt of the Cherokees, tlu> great hone of internal (;ontcntion for so manv years. rcuKiius in the hands of the IJossite party. A detail of the incidents which occuire(l inChcidkcc history during this period. wt>nld impart hut little additional iiitci't'st tn the narrative. and add nothing at all to the knowledge of Indian character. Ni)twillistaiiiliii'.: the feelings of indignation entertained at the time against tln' p<'i|icti'al()is of tliese I'oiil ninrders, the scent; of the transactions was too remote to enalile tlic (lovcniiiicnt lo act with certainty and proniiititude : and the oliject to he attained, however just and ri.;hl. was too delicate and diiViciilt to risk ; for it involved the sacrifice of the liv cs of a \ aliiaiilc part of the nation, and. at the same time, the lia/ard of tlie possihli; outhicak of a general Indian war in that (|UiU'ter. The true friends of the nation may feel a cou-^olatiou in rellecling. that the wise llirecast and decision ol'chariicter which induced ilie Cherokees to rtdiii(|uisii their ancient residences east of tin; Mississi[)pi. and begin a new career of industry in the West, have laid the foundation of the ]iernianent piMs|ieritv and civilization of the tribe; and that tlie respecteil names of i'llias Uoiidiiiol and .lohn Ridge will long be remembered as the great iienefactors and nior;ii heroes of their connti'v. Those who stained their hands in the patriotic blood of these men. tailed therebv to arrest the onward progress of the Cherokees. The present condition of the Cherokees is one of industrial and educational prosperilv. They are the owners, in fee simple, of T.OOO.OIK* acres of the iiiosi lertile and iieantil'iil lands, divcrsilii'd with ])raiiie and forest, and watered liy the clearot streams, 'i'iiis tract, which is amply snillcient for their growing population for many years to come, is situate on the great level, intermediate between the bulValo ]ilains. at the lijol of the Ixocky .Mountains, and the forest country on the borders of Arkansas; and is favored vv ith a line, eipiitable climate, conducive to vigorous health, and beneficial to agricultuiv. On its prairies, cattle, horses, and hogs are raised, without otiier laiior than thai of ti'iiding them. They cultivate the zea maize and cereal grains, and i)ursue agriculture [jrolltably. liUmbgr and grist mills, and manuliictories, are located in every advanta- geous position. Their si vie of building, and the fences which enclose their fields, aro \'.o. vi.-(;-. M :i'' i 'I \''h \'\i iMl II '1 Ji I; , I: •11; I I ! in ii-''" i'-y '■; If !. tl! 'I r>u PlflNCirLES CONTENDED FOR BY THE INDIANS. alton'c'tlior equiil to tlioso of llioir wliito iu'iglil)ors. 'I'lioy comhiot thoir own mcnjimtilo oporatioiis, send tlicir own proilucts to niarUct, and reeoivt.' tlu'ir iiniiual supplies. Tlic'ir irovcrnniont is a iv[)r('si'ntativ(' oni'. with prosiilini;' oIVuhms, whose terms ol'olliei' are liniitcil. They have romts ibr the adjudieation of civil suits, iind the trial of eriniinal oHenders. The nundjer of their schools and churches, as returned at statetl periods, is found to increase regularly. Their poi)ulation feels the impulses of tlu! industry and vitality imparted l)y iilent}' and prosperity, e(|uitable laws, general educa- tion, and habits of temperance ; and all observers, ollicial and nnollicial, bear lestiuiouy to the fact, that the stabilit\- of their nasci'ut government, the eli!vated tone of society, and their general improvement, become more appan-nt with every decade. Il-l M< I ' i i .■in I m Mt SECTION TWENTY-SECOND. i PRESENT CONDITION AND PllOSPECTS OF THE TRIBES. CHAPTER I. GENERALLY IMPROVED STATE OF SOCIETY AND MANNERS AMONG THE COLONIZED TRI15KS. Attkn'TIOX iiuist now be directed to tlio working of the colonization plan. In the preceding pages, the history of the Indiiins has !)een iSoT. traced from the period of the discovery of Nortli America to that of .1. I5i ciiaxax, the snccessful completion of the plan lor their colonization west of the Prksidknt. Mississi[)pi ; wiiich may !)e considered as having been actually closed with tlie removal of the Cherokees in ISoS — that people having been the last of the great tribes which opposed it — altiiough protracted to ISll. Tliey were also the most munerons, and, perhaps, the most thoroughly instructed and intelligent, of the group of tril}es formerly resident within the limits of the olil States. Their migration was follow ed, in the scrpiencc of time, by the removal of the small and advanced tribe of tlie Wyandots from Sandusky, Ohio, the Miamies of Indiana, the Sacs and Foxes of Iowa, and some minor bands inhabiting lower Michigan and the Maumee valley, Ohio. Sixteen years, comprising lour presidential terms, have elap.sed since the completion of tiiis colonial experiment, during which tlie jiolicy of removal Inis lieen regarded by each successive administration as settled and approved, and as etpially beneficial to the Indians as to the United States. From the jieriod of the coini)Ii'tion of tiu'iv removal, tiie question has ceased to be a theme of discussion in American political circles. Wo may now inrpiire into their condition and prospects, in oi'di'r to determine how far the expectations entertained have been realized. From the Soutli there have been removed, of the Appalachian group, the Creeks, and their alliliuted trihe, tiie 1.51.5) ! U,t! li 1, 1,, t •' k ,• ■ftf] i f\ t { » 1 * M i,f J 1 ■ !' J j.r r I sS .; 8 :.li; PRESKNT CONDITION AND Seiiiiiiok's. (he Clioctinvs and (Jliickasaws. ami tlio CluTokoos. Of tliu wiJol)' ilill'iiscil ic'iic stoclv of the Algonq uin s, ill the Xoi'tli, there liiive been transferred, tlie Drlii- wans. Sliawiiees. southern Cliiiipewas and Ottowas. I'ottawattaniies. Miainies, Wens. I'iankasliaws. iVorias. Kaskaskias, Mohiirans. or Stoekbridires, oMiinsees. and the Saes and Foxes of luwa and Missouri. The tribes of the lro(|Uois Uneajif. and s[)eakin,n' that hinj:uaj:e, wliich iiave inii^rated, eomiirise the Wyandots, Seneeas. tlie niixeil Senecas and Siiawnees. and portions of the ('nvugas ; and of the Dalvotaii stock, tiie (.Miappas. These twentv-l'onr tribes have been tht- objeets of phihmtliropie sohcitude lor two centuries, durinj:' which period, they have received instruction in arts and nuirals. industry and manners. Tlie ell'urt lias been continuous, from the earliest period of Ihitisli colonial history, having lieen originated iji iCil I. by the apostolic lal)ors of .lolin I'lliot. acting umier the auspices of the Tiondon Society for the Propagation t)f the (io.-pi'l; and the new impetus whicii the work received from Edwards and Brainitrd lias been continued to tlie present time.' .Ml liie means for the dissemination of knowledge, which the Indians possessed while they resided east of the Mississippi river, were transferred with them to the West. Their annuities in coin and kind were paid in the West, and their tutoi's in li'tters, mechanics, and agricultmo accompanied them tiiither. Not only was there no diminution of the care ov interest previously manili'sted for their welfare by the Government, 1)V iienevt)- lent societies, and l)y individuals, but, on the contrary, they received increased atten- tion, and were nua'e amply pro\ided witli means. Kvery candid mind nnist admit that the results of their removal have i»een. in every respect, benelicial. It had been ,a|)prehi'nded that the removal of the tribes to tlie wilderness, iifter having receivi'd instruclioii and made considerable improvement, would lie attended with adverse results; that the_\- would again resort to tlie chase to olitain the means of siiljsisteiice ; und that, by contact with the wild, indigenous tribes of the [irairies, they would acquire the inaniiers iinil contract the vices of barbarism. This view appeared more plausible tiiaii substantial, and the apprehonsion expressed proved to be niifounded. Those of tlie tribes who had acipiired indiistiious haliits. and had for years practised them in the East, did not flag in their endeavors jifler their removal to the West. The terri- tcii\ is well adapted to the raising of cattle, liogs, sheep, and horses; the natural meadows, or prairies, siidiitaneoiisly furnishing the most luxuriant pasturage. The eonveiiieiice of dwelling-houses, (jut-liouses, and leiices having become necessarv to the tribes, they did not attempt the experiment of living without them; and education became more inijiortant to them when tliey had business to transact, accounts to keep, and corres|)ondents to answer. The remark of ,\paumet, previously quoted, was no longer applicable, when the \ alne ami utility of knowledge was practically demonstrated. Their condition iiiav be assimilated to that of a valetudinarian on the banks of ii \i(lc .Moral Statistics. I'ROSI'KCTS OF TJIE TRIJJK!^. -.17 vivtT, who, by tlio nilvi I iiln >iciiiii. is Mill Idi'iilv si'i/('(l. ami to liis iilViiulit illU 1 t'diitoniiitioii, plmijrcd iiiidor llio wiitiT; Imt wIki siili.-^cfiiK'iitly i)L'i\'ris( III til lifiR-lits (IcrivLMl tliort'lVoin, that tho wariiitli ami vitality thus ^i'lu'iatcd arc ,-aliitary and hoalthl'ul. In like iiiaiiiiur, the ti'il)C's who dislriisti.'d tju' rciiicdy [)ro[)()si'd to JlCVt'l itfl ii'ir cxtiiK^tioii in the Statos, have I'ouml that tiu; attfiidaiit icsiil s ii'.TinMldv disaii[H)iiit('d their cxjicutatioiis. They have liccii ('oiiiiifllcd to iiiiiirovc. .Iclli'i^ yi iiiiroc, Ad; nils. .lacl Ksoii, am tiu'\' nnisl soon he siirroiuu I t led •ir ivsin'itive SIICCl'SSOl'.- had •onv(;llv I'oi'i'si'cn that d aiinihi lated 111 the Mate iml wisely j IIIOVU led remedy, which, though it seemed to them \iolative ol' their ideas of ha[>iiiiie.~s. laiseil them to tiie diyiiil}- of men, and eonreired on them the privileges ul' citizens and nations. The detail of laets, however, will more elearly [irovo the truth of these assertions. Ill tlu' luitumn of IS.'IS, the Hev. Mr. Kleming visited the ollice of tho agent and siiperiiiteiident of Indian iill'airs in Miehigan. Ilis attention liaving heeii directed lo the removal policy of the (lovernmeiit. the eharaeter of the country, and the ecnidjiien of the triiies, he stated, in a familiar and impreteiidiiig niaiiner, the I'ollowiiig facts : IFe had been one of the missionaries expelled from (ienrgia. after having labored there lour yi-ars, under the direction of the American J'luard of Commissioners for Foreign ^lissions. He had acipiireil a sullicieiit knowledge of the Creek language to be able Ut preach in it, by first writing out his discourse. The order from the political authorities to ((iiit that station had been abruptly given. He had since \isited the Indian territories in the West, assigm'd to tiio expatriated tribes; and had been in the region of the (riiies located on the Osage iind Neosho rivers. He spoke highly of its fertility, and of the advanced state of the Indians who had emigrated; and ilc-icribed the belt of country lying immediately wi'st of tlu; ]\Iis.-ioiiri State line, as decidedly tlu; most fertile spot in that region. In reply to what has been alleged regarding its bleakness, he stated, that there was considerable wood of excellent (juality on the streams ; and on the hills, liickt)ry, liackberry, Cottonwood, cypress, and blackjack, which make excellent lire-wood. He iiore testimony to tlu- general excellence of the territory. He stated that the first party of Creeks who removed iVom Cieorgia, immediately afier the JMutosh treaty, were the most degraded in the nation; but that recently, on the arrival of a largo bod}- of Creeks in the West, they Hjiiiul their brethren, who had preceded them several years, in the possession of I'very comfort, and decidedly more advanced than themselves. The ^lauinee Ottowas. so bi'sottt'd wlu'ii lea\iiig Ohio, had already improved, had become planters, given up drink, and were listening to teachers of the gospel. Thi' Shawnees were in a state of enviable advanci'iiieiit ; tlicy were thrifty farmers; jiosscssed good habitations, well-fenced fields, and large stocks of hor.scs, cattle, and domestic iiniinals; and had public roads, ferries, schoohs, ami iiK'cting-houses. 'I'hey dressed in tho Knglisli style, most of tliciii s[)eaking English, iind their IiorsiMuen were provided with superior saddles, and bridles. To the observer, the settlers present every appearance of thrift and coiitentinent. The industrial and other statistics are furnished under the appropriate head. :D ■' ! . Sfl 1 . itigSw.' y 518 PRESENT (M)N1)[T10N AND !i \ III ctiiitrast to tliin rxliihit may bo plaei'd tlie coiiditiDii of the trilics oast of tlio Mi^sis- .sippi. prior to tlieir roiiiosal, wliicli had been, I'roiii tho caiiiest dates, ailvi'ise to every iiu- pruveineiit. la 1G07 and lOliO thi'y were residing on tlieir aneient loeatii)ns, whicli tlioy iiccii [lied long after the .settlement of the European eoloiiies. Hiii, they made no permanent advaiue; tliey appeared to be doomed to sink lower and still lower in the industrial scale. Kaeh MiKX'ceding century but added its adverse testimony to that ol the [ireeeding. Not being al)le to withstand tiio shock of civilization, many of the ti'ib(>H became extinct. Soutii of the Chesaiicake the Indian ti'ibcs wi're exterminated by their vices within one century. North of this geographical point there were still in existence at the time of ri'moval. some of the leading and most vigorous branches of tiie great AlgoiKjuin and Iroipiois stocks. Some of these yet occupied portions of the very territoi'ie.s upon which they had been lirst found. They had, to sonic extent, resisted the llood of sensual destructive agents. Mhich had swi'pt olV so many of their brethren. Others had, at an early day, commenced their migration to the AWst, always, howevor, llceing further into the wilderness, just in advance of the enlarging circle of civilization. As the settlements advanced, tlieir jiolicy \\as to make new cessions, and further removes, adapting themselves to the pressure, until the land they held iiually passed I'rom their possession. .\t the time when their systematic removal was commenced by the Government, there still remained, within the States east of the lino of the Mississippi and Missmn'i, 11(1..>1',I souls.' At the close of tlio year ISotJ, 45.()tt() of this number, comprising ]):iilioiis of nineteen tribes, had been transferred to the West.^ At this time, there had Ijccii established ibr these tribes, in their new locations, ol schools, at which 2221 piqiils were instructed. In addition to this, \^A'> pii[)ils, of an advanced grade, were instructed at the Choctaw Academy, in Kentucky, and- lour of the graduates were studying the legal profession in New York, Vermont, and elsewhere.' Ill ISoo, the four .southern, or Appalachian tribes, namely, the Chcrokcos, (jhoctaws, 'Jhickasaws, and Creeks, including the Seminoles, had an aggregate population of ()2,17G.* The twenty small tribes and tribal bands, located in the Territory of Kansas, numbered lo,481,' making a total aggregate population of 7^)S)'}7. These triijcs, ])rotected on the west by a line of military posts, stretching from the Red Kiver to the Nel)raska, in a genial climate, on a fertile soil, and po.s.sessing agricultural habits, could not, it would seem, in all America, have been located in a torritorj- more favorable to their advance in every element of civilization. To determine the degree in which the .several tribes, removed from the area of the old States, have availed themselves of these advantages, it will bo necessary to refer to oflicial records, and to details drawn from otTicial report.s and doentnents, for state- ments of their actual condition. ' V„l. v.. \>. 4*0. ' Anmiiil J{i|iiirt of the ('oniiiiis!*ionor of Inrlian Aflairs, for IH.Sfi, p. 11 * Vol. v.. |.. t'.is. ■' Ilii.l., p. 4.'!. * Vol. v., p. 405. il i l; ■• I' > :t M I I t ,:fi I'JIOSI'ECTS (iK TIIK TRIBES. 519 CHAPTKH II (lEoaiiArniCAL aiiea, KKTiATivK lu(;atiun, and advantages OF TIIK TKllSKS. 1 TiiK {^eoj^niphiciu ].')silioii of tlic coloiii/cil tiihcs is sliouii li\ tlio iu'C()inpuii}iiig iiiiij).' TjOL'iitt'(l (II) ii tfiritory iHHiiulcd by tlio IJctl ISoT. Hiver and tlio Nciiiali:!. itr tlio Nuhraska. of Missumi, west ul' tlic J. IU'cu.vnax, limits of Arivaiisixs aivl Missuiiri, tlicy occupy an luvii hotwcon tiic I'liKsmiAT. :!4tli and lOtli dcgRos of north latitiuk'. and tlio IMtli and KHItli dcirrw's of wi'st ioiii^ilndt'. First in tin' ordi'i' of location, connnrncinu' on tlio sontli. aro tli(? (,'liocta\\s and CiiicUasaws. who own. top'thor. I •").()( 10. (100 acris. Next, tin- Crooks and Soiiiinolos. viio possess l.'l. I 1(1,(100 acivs; thou the Chorokoos. who liavo lo. 000, 000 acres aloiiii' tliu norlii hanks ol' tin; main channol of the Arkansas river, with an adjacent tract of .".00,000 acres, makiii'^i' an aiipvL'ato of l;).440.00() acres. These comprise tiie family of the Ansoniaii and sonlhern trihes. Adjacent to them, on the east, are the ()nappas and Si'iiecas. and mixed Seiiecas. who jiossess. respectively, OC.OOO. (u .000. anil 100.000 acres. Tlio Indian colony is located on the i;reat guo.iiraphical slope of the Hocky Mountains, within tlio limits of tlio Ibrost ranuc; oinhracinc;'. in some jjositioiis on its western borders, a portion of the ureat biiil'alo plains. ^lajor Lonu', who. in I S"J0-"2 1, conducted an explorinu' expedition across it from north to south, comnienciiiii' about north latitude, 12". and west loiiLiitudo. 'JO \ passed thromih those vast f^rassy steppes ami plains, where the hison fee.\ist in many localities, and this geological trait is attended with the nsnal accom[)animent of this liirmation. namely gy[isum and coal. The disc(i\ci'y of • •llloreHCcnt bodies of salt on the prairies, oriiiinated tin- onci" prevalent opinion that, masses of rock-salt were deposited heneath the soil. Throngh these heds. wiiieh lie on gtMitly sloping hills and in valleys, the I{cd rixcr. the Washitaw. tlie .\rkaiisas. and the Kaii/.as, (low out of. or from the direction of. the Ilocky nioiintains. and. with their niimeroiis allliients, water tlie entire country ; the .Missouri washes its l)(ir; is luiwlicrc more ]iriifitiil)Iy imrsiicd. lis wntor-powor is siiiri- cii'iit I'm' till' jmrpuscs of inillH iiiid iniiiniractorii's. Tiiat this iifiioii, jios.si'ssiii}:; siicli ii soil 1111(1 I'liiiiiitc. ami iiliDiiiuliiig in iiiitiniil rcsom-ccs, is (Ic-^tiiicd to sustain ii iarj,'i' iiiiliislrial Tmliiin population, can admit of littK; donht; and. iftiic trihcs am but truo to tlic iiiorid, politiral, and indiistiiiil principlt's thoy have cnibracud, tli(.'ir futiiri' history may !»• written in jilowinj!; Iani.'nuj:;c. Hcuarilin;; the ninncrons trilios of Indians wiio rovo over tlio interior of the conti- nent, between the Missouri river and tlu; I'acilic Ocean, ami wiio are yet fascinated with the pursuit of the eliase — who yet reject the principles of civilization, and still deli^^ht til rob and nuu'der — it reipiiics no spirit of prophecy to predict their proj^ress, or tin ir end. v,,i. v'l.— no I I 1 .11 \\\ i'i i 1: vm. w :t !l ;# il 1 1 j- iil H r n E S K N T (' < I N 1 1 IT h I N A N I > CITAI'TKI? in. MOIJAr,. TMn.lTICAL. AM) IXDUSTIMAL COXniTloX OV THF. cliKKKS, ClIKK ASAWS. ClInCTAWS, AND C II I". UdK K KS. A ri'HTiiKU nml mnri' di'faili'il ri'vimv ol' tin' invscnt rdiiditioii of tlic l^^'iT. I'xpiitriMtcii trilii's. tlicir iuiiiiIu'In. ailviiiicf. I'liiinu'lcristics, iiinl cuiiili- .1. r>i(llANAN. tiull will rllMlili' tllC I'lMiIcr ti)Jll(lL'(' ni' their |)r('S('llt slilti' llMil I'lltlllC l'lii:si|ii:.\T. IH'oslicct". At tllc |irri(iil dl'llic inini'iUl'lltidll nftllf |i(ilicy of ('IllJLirM- tioii. many nl' tlir trilir,- who liail Mi-taimil llic shoi'l< of tlu' colonial priiod. hml ilwiiiijlcii away to uww rcimiaiits; otlnTs had ht'cii riiiindy amiiiiilatcd. Siidi of the oi'i;:iiial lilloi'al triln's as hail not falli'ii victims to indidiicncc. idhaicss, and excess, hail le'iinvcd into tiie interior. relrentinL'. from tinn' to time, farther and I'lVthei' inin tiie wildei-nes^. as civiii/atioii adsancecl. 'i"he entile n.milier of Indians remainiii'j in tin- States mid Territories, cast of the .^Iis^issi|)|)i and ol the .Nli-Miuri. at the |ierioil of tiie ollicial comniencemeMt of their removal, in 1S"J.',. \va< I In. (KMl. exclusive of some I'.i.nilti. loident within the limits ol the State if .^Ii■•son^i ami the 'I'erritory of .\ikansas.' The latest returns of the colonial jiopnlation. in the Indian territories wot of the Mississijijii. Li'ive an aei;rei_'ati' of '.'"i.t'io". exclusivo el' 7."i"i"i per.suiis (if the indii;enous trilies within the same territory, coin|irisin'j' ])i'inci|i:dlv the Os.'iiics. Kan/as. and t^iapiias. .Analvzimr the return of the transferred frilies at that date, we find that tlie ap'.:reirat(^ of the ('hoctaws. Cliiekasavvs. I'herokees. and Creeks, with the atliliated ."seminoles, is S'J.ITi'i ]ieisons. who occu|iv the priiicijial locations south of the Teriitory ot' Kanzas. .No census returns havinir Ir'i'U received from this (piartcr liir several years, and the trilies Iniviii'.'. me;niwliile. lieeii lejiorted liy the ajents as iucreasinL'' and piMsperons. it may lie estimated that tiie jjross population of these limr important trihes. tonclher wilii the senii-seiirei^ated Seininoles. reaidies. at the present time, it' it does not exceed, Inn.iiilii. On these four nati.e trilies, transferivd from tlie .\usoniaii. or .\ppalaciiian r:inue. the attention and expectations of the country have lieen piinci|ially cenlereij duriiiir many years, as constitutini:' the prohahle nneleus of a future independent Indian ' \'.\ III . ). r>s(;. '""^iiiiju Uto V. i'it<»s I'KCTs (»i' Till'; TiiiiH': f>2i) piscnimt'iit, \M>t lif tlir ,Mi^-i>^iii|ii, ll:i\iiiu; iittaiipil llic raliu nf ('ciii;^iv«,«iuhMl i't'|ii')'m'iilatii)ii.' II wuiilil a|>{ii ai' iliii' Id tli'ii' aih iiiiC)- itin 1 cliarai'ti'i'. llial iIkn >liiiiill .'•Ii'Iim tnwanl tl ll'll' liTn 'jhiliiiii a.'' Midi -liiiiilil III- tai\i'ii. iK'^irii liir ii|i|ilaii.x(> lias inihici'il llii> >vilil liiiiitcr, lui' I'liitiiiir.-', In niiirciitrali' hi-* III tent inn nil till' twn niilv nliiictt liv wliii'li In' cniilil olitaiii il w liili' in thai >tati'. nanirlv , ji'aln in liniilini: ami liia\ir_\ in \\ai. Tin' |iiii-|iri'ts aiv nnw ri'\ii>iil ; ihr >liiiii;;('.«t liii'i'ntiM'.i In till' rihirali'il lniliaii> in llii'ir picstni cnnililinn aii' inrnlal anil Miiial ili"- tiiii'linii. ir iiiihi.-. ami t'lliiratinii liavc imt i|naliHi'il llnni I'm' tluM', linn lln' eUnil-i inailr Ini' llirii' I'li'V iit iiiii lia\r I II ill vaiii. 'I'lit' j;ii'al iilolai'li' to till' aiUaiiii'- niriil III' till' Imlian cniiitmiiiitii'-^ lias lucii tluir innately i«iiH|iii'iniis charaiiri ami ijii; r-r>liinalr tiirv altaciii'il tn imii'iii'inl I' •iii'i' lii'si" lia\i' III. Ill III III iri'll-i' tl ti'tlciati', l'i'i'lia|is. it' >vt' L'Miiiiini' lliis triljal imli'iirmU'iic*' imni' cIiitIn. it ina\ liu tiiiiiiil tn rrsi'iiilili', ill Miiiir iiifasiiii'. llic clu'risiit'il iinii-intcrli rriii'i' in I'liininiinal li'^lit?*. 'IVilial riiilits Well' strciinnii-ily inaintaiiiril iiml riii|i|inrtril liy all tin' liarliamns tiilir>; ami it is I'lincri ll'll that tlu'sc vi'^hls air innrt' slrnii'^lx rlici i^ln■ll as ihr\ ail\ aiii'' in kimw- ji iIlii'. ami |iii|ni' tln'iiiM'Ucs nii llii'ir uivatrr ('a|iai'ity liir thr injiu iiiriit nl' ihriii. ( 'iitain it is. thill llicy hii\o, lliii,'^ I'ar. o|i|ins('il ('\ri'\ innji'ct I'nr imlitical uiiinii. I.ojjislativc [ilaiis (if tlii> niitiii'i' liavf Ih'oii Hiii..iiitteil tn thmi. ami iir^i'il n[inn thciii, witliniit clli'i't. It is a. iiiattiT \vnitli,\ nl'^ravc cniisidcratinn. ulu'tlici' sniruiciilly iniiiiiti' atti'iitimi has liccn hc- stnWnl ll|in|l till' nlijrcts ilc.-iliil li\ ihi' I IliliailS. nl' sllcll a ilisi rilllilialinll lliaih' lirtWrrll Irilial ami iiriicral [mwi'i's. as the cmm' ilcniamls. I,in'al ami jinlii'c laws [ii'ii|ii rly lu'lniiir W lirlr nlll'nwil systrin lea \ is tllt'lll, tn thr illti'^^ial llicllllu'ls ni'lhc Cnlli [lai't ; ami il is |i iliml. as thr sNsli'iii is ili'\i'ln|i('il, tiiat tin" urratcst iiii[initam'(' is altai'licil tn ilicsi' ii'mtsciI ri'jhts. If the Imlian I'niiiiiiiiiiitirs niulil ai:i'L'o on thr rniniatinii nl' a iiviinal 'I'l'iii- tniial nr Stall' ussi'inhls . nil a liasis siinihii' tn llic Cniii^ri'ssinnal ralin nl' it'im',- ntalinii, Icaxiii'i In cai'li division \ix own trihal foiiiicil, and tribal ii'sirvt'd rij:hts. il is aii|iri'- lii'iidid till' olijci'tiniis nf the trilic's would ho oin iaffd. Thi! laws, iiii|iiisiii,u a tiihal tax I'nr the cniislinclinii nf mails, till- cri'i'tinii of liriiliivs, uuiincil-hniisis. svlionls. Ill' chnri'hi's, to cstalilisli |)iil)lir nllli'i's. and In award thr iiiinishim'nl liir ullrmrs. cniistitiitc so inaiiv iti'ins i'nr sr|iarali' ai'tinii. nii wliifh omtv trilic. sis with iis r\riy State, retains the invalnalile fijilit In delerniiiu' I'm' itself. The adjnstnienl of a llsral ^vstelll, the desitrnatinii of the [inwers and eniniieiisatimi nl' nllieers, the niiiiiaj:i'im'iit nl the general funds, and the rt'uiilatimi nf federal nllieers. cmild he aitin'opiiately emieedi'd tn ;i lii'iieral Indian i^iivi'i'iinient. Tn this i:nverniiu'iil would also lie emiliiled the duly of niakiii'.: the laws hy whii'li the re|ii'eseiitiUives in the Cniiuress nf the I'nitid Sialis shnllld he eleetid ; and tn il would Justly aplU'l'taill the su|iei'\ isinii nf the liinral, .sni'ial. and intelloctiial codes of the country, and the true dcvclopinenl of Indian fix. .1 ,ii tlii- iniii' III ',•:'.. Tn:! 1 n^ j; 1 ! 1 \ I: i'< mm "; I I l:|F I t H •L 524 PllESENT CONDITION AND iiiitioiialitv. Kiicli tribo, or tribal district, would thus a.ssiiuiluto in powor to one of tbi- States of till- Union. The Cliorokeo would no longer distrust the Choctaw, nor the ("lioctaw the t'hickasaw ; or a Chickasaw regard with jealousy a Creek or Seminole, or otiier member of the league. A single territory, organized on these principles, would thus become the nucleus of a State. Tlie plan of separate territories for each of the four tribes, reported to the Senate, is manil'estlv impracticable, even were not its provisions expensive in a four-fold degree, and some of its other leatures ol)jeetioiiable. The industrial cnndiiion and means of these tribes are shown in detail, in the statistical tahle.s, together with a digested exhibit of their moral condition. In an adilress delivered l)efore an ecclesiastical board diwing the |)re.sent year, by the Eev. C. Kingsbury, who has Ijcen a mi.ssionarv among tiie Choetaws during Ibrty years, that gentleman gave a very vivid account of the improveil state of morals in this tribe. '■ My mission," said the speaker, who had giMwn grey in this benevolent .service, " is among the Choetaws, west of the Statt' of Arkansas. 'J'liis mission was jilanted there thirty-nine years ago; then there was no gospel there — not a church nor a school-house ; no Sal)bath. no written language. Ail the Indians were addicted to intemperance. Infanticide was common; witchcraft was practised, and ever}- li)rm of superstition and vice was abun- dant. Now there are lil'teen cinirehes, of the Old School Presbyterians, with JdliO miiubers. all full Clioctaws. twelve ministers, four licentiates, and one candidate. Two of the ministi'rs are full Choetaws — devoted anil useful men. We have six boarding- schools, with ;'rJ() pupils, and pious teachers, where all the branches of good education are taught; habits of industry and |)rinciples of piety are incideated. The native government is interested in this work, and has contributed ^.'JD.OdO to the support of si'hools, basing six besiiles those under tiie control of the nii.ssiouaries. Then then; are a huge nuudjer of Saturday and Sabljath-schools ; thousands of books have been printed and distributed, tracts and bound volumes, dilVusing knowledge and religion among the people. " The Clioctaws give the bi'st eviilence of being a civilized people. InnoiMilof this country is the Sabbath better ol)ser\i'd — nowhere is there a more temperate com- munity. Thirty years ago tlay adopted a law excluding ardent spirits, and it is enl'orced. 1 ha\e seen large assendjlies of Indians on occasion (jf the annuity ln'ing jiaid to them, and, though litpior could be easily procured across the line, there was not a single Indian drunk. "Though we have but fifteen churches, we have sixty |)laces of pri'aching, and the elilers Indd divine service in them ever\' Sabbath-day. At our last meeting of presby- tery, 400 Choetaws attended, camped out in the cold, and remained interested to the close. The collection niade among them for Foreign Missions was $1 !i"i.llo ; one of the Indians giving ^"JO, and two others ^It) ai)iece. One of tiiem said, ' I remember when we gave only 8') at such a collection. Then we were poor, and curried our wood 4 I'llOSI'KCTS OF Til [-; TIM 15 KS. on our b.ii'ki s ; now wo iui: IjL'ttor i)ir, and can ;:i\c' iiiDro, mid we must incroii.si' our md gills as our muaiis mcroiise. "Fatlici's and bretliren, you Iiavc a noble band of niissionaries tbeiv — I do not speak of niysulf, for 1 ani in the service of anotber Hoard — and \(in nnist bold up tbi'ir bands; sonio of tlieni are ready to faint, and need lielp. Send ibeni more men. We are told tbat many would ,u:ij wlio are detained ]>y tbeir IViends' opposition. Li't tbem como. Your missions tliere are standing fair in tbe natinn, and. Avitb tbe eonli- di'iiceof tbe people, and enjo3ing tlie favor of God, tbey ouglit to be sustained willi viiior, and will bo erowned witli still greater success." ' Similar details ('ould be i'urnisbi'd respecting tbe otiur tbree Ausonian Irilies. Tbe plantations and farms are well cultivated, according to our latest information, and tbe farms are w(dl stocki'd and well leuced. Courts ol' justice anil Icgislatiw' councils ai'e establisbe(l, scbools and academies cberisbed. cburcbes built, and funds provided for or[)lians, nmtes, and tin; indigent and unfortunate, A diurnal press is adetpnitely sustained, and libraries enconrageil. Witli tbese cbeering indicia, it is not j)ercei\ed wby tbese rescued and instructed tribes sliould not attain a iiigb state nf ])rosperity and bappiness. \ tribe \\bicii lias constructed an aiplialn-t for tbe exiires- siou of its sounds,- and, in Tiio Oaugbter of 'I'salub. bas presented a brilliant evidenci- of proficiency in letters, grace, and manners, may well be expected to e.vcel in learning and politeness.' Fifty-one .'^(diool:-, two academies, and lotl advanced pupils and stu- dents, lI a single acadi'iny. denote an intellectual and moral vigor, and giv(> e\ ideuce of bigb atlainmeiit.^ J5e it reiuembered tbat tliere are at tbis lime sixty [ibices of pread g, fiftocii cburcbes. and Uilil) cliurcli-iiieinbers in tbe Clmctaw nation alone. If tbougbt and genius could animate a Picl, a Scot, a (A-lt, a Frank, and a 'reiiton, we are actpiainted witb no tbeory of pbilosopby ^vl!icll forbids tbeir vital t'liibodinii'iit iy tlu! sonorous and grapbic languages nf llie>e sons of tbe ibrest. I'lometbeiis. it is assi'rted in mytbological falile, iinisted witb life a IniU's biile. stuU'ed witb bones; wliicb so provoked .lupiter. tbat be deprived tbe eartli of tbe use of lire, 'i'be vital spark was ri'stored by tbe son of Japetus. wiio for tbis purpose visiteil tbe cbariot of tbe sun. Hut, witb tbe actual ami practical power possessed by tbe I'nited States, no Prome- tlieiis is reipiiri'd to say to tbe morally dei'imct Indian tribes. Aijisi:. and stand on tuv h:i;t; Conguks.s wii.i.s it I In closing ibis account of tbe ])resent condition of tbe fiuir tribes wlio occupy tlie most advanced position in tbe progress in civili/ation and refinement, tbe li)llo\viiig smnmarv of facts, Uerivt'il from ollicial sources, is submitti'd : ',( fe- I ' ("iinrs]ii.ihlin(r el' ilir New York OliMfvcr .^I;i_v •-'.'itli. ls.")7. ' J''(.r lliis al|ili;il., 1, mii.I iXMiiiiiIrs ,,f ils u,-,., .^,.,' Vol. II,, p. 'JJS, I'hilcs A ami 1!. ' Lil'i' (if ('.■illiiMinr Hruwn. ' Aiiiuial ltr|i('rl k\( llif ('iiMiiifis>iiiin'r nl' lii.liaii Atlaiis I'nr 1^:;C,. |,|,, ||. );;. I! 41 ri ) i! i)ji; I'HKSKNT CONDITION AND '•Till! (.'hoctaws," obsei'vt-'s Mr. Annstroiij;-, the western superintendent of Indiiin afliiirs, •• liiive long since justly iic(|iiiretl for themselves, not only from the Government of the United States, but from the citizens with whom they have intercourse, a name for lionesty and fidelity, at least not surpassed by any of our Iiulian tribes. Tiiey have, by a steady attention to their own business, since they emigrated to their present liomes. greatl}' increased in wealth ; they iiave not been nnminilful, at tiie same time, of educating the rising generation, and tliey have, i)v tliese means, added to the gi'ueral intelligence and standing of tlie nation. Tliis favorable change is indicated more clearly on Ked river tiian witii tiiat portion of the nation on the Arkansas. The wealth and intelligence ol' the nation are confined mainly to the two districts on lied river. " The Choctaws maybe considered as an agricultural and stock-raising people — farms on Red river will compare with any in the States. They have great advantages over other tribes, as a i)ortion of their country is located in the cotton region. The past year they cultivated tliis valuable staple to a considerable extent; they have eight or ten cotton gins, and slii()peil between "00 and 8(10 bales of cotton. Tiiis year some wealthy Ciioctaws and (.'liickasaws. who reside in the innnediate vicinity of Fort Towson, have turned their attention more to planting corn. This change took place in con.seiiuence of the low \)\\cc of cotton, and an additional market for corn at Fort Towson, l)y the arrival of .i portion of the dragoons on the Red river frontier. The corn rei^uired by contract is about "JO.UUO bu.shels, which will be supi)lied within fifteen or twenty miles of the post, by Choctaws and Chickasaws. Many of the Choctaws live in comfortable houses, and, with very few exceptions, even the poorer class have good, suljstantial log cabins. They own large stocks of horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep : this constitutes the wealth of tliose who may be termed the jioorer class. It is rare indeed to find a family that has not a good sui)})ly of stock. Tlie richer class, in addition to stock, own, nnui\' of them, a numlier of slaves : these are engaged generally in cultivating cotton. Heretofore the Choctaws have been able to find a market for their surplus stock and grain among other emigrants; this tiiey will not be able to do longer, as the emigration vl' Indians is over; the conse(|uence nuist l)e. tliat the price of stock of all kinds, as well as grain, nuist be very low. Tin.' maiuiliicture of salt is carried on at two points in the (.'iioetaw nation. Tlie works owned by Col. David Foisom. a Choctaw of respeetaldlity and energy, are perha|)s the most extensive; about twenty bushels a day are manufactured, a supply eipial to the demand, which no doubt will l)e increased as the article is wanted. ''The Choctaws have nieehanics in the nation, in addition to tlMwe furnished by tin; United States. These cnnf^ist of litur blacksmiths, two of whom ar(> native (.'hoctaws, and all the strikers or a.s^i^tants are youths selected from the nation, who. in a short time, will be able to render essential service. It is important that the nation should have mechanics of their i.iwn. as in a li.'W year.- the tieaty stifinlations will expire, liy PltOSTEr'TS OF THE TIUHES. •I 3 .1 wliicli tlicy arc fiiniislicd. It is oxpoctcil, howover, tliiit tlic new sclionl, wliicli is soon to ui) into operation, will Iw able to Cnniish the nation with diU'eront meelianics. as it is proposed to introdiiee this system in addition to teaching letters. This, however, will bo more I'nlly oxi)lained in a report specially on schools. There is also a millwrijiht, who has lioen en,iiag(>d in erecting mills for the Choctaws. Trade is carried on at snitable and convenient places in the nation. TIk; most extensive trading is at Doaksville, within a mile of Fort Towson. There are live stores at this place, three of which are owned, in part, by Choctaws ; the other two are exclusively owned by citizens of the United States. The stocks of goods are large, and the assortments such as are usual in stores — sugar and collee arc; used by all clas.ses in the nation, to an extent at least etpial to the whites. It may not lie uninteresting to state, that the villagx! of Doaksville is one of the most orderly and f|uiet towns that you will lind in the West. Tu addition to the five stores, there are a resident physician, a good tavern, l)lacksmith's sho]), wagon-maker, and wheelwright; a church has also been erected, in which there is preaching usually once or twice every Sabbath, by tiio missionaries who reside in the neigliborhood ; a temp(>rance society is also organized, which numbers a large portion of the most respectable Choctaws and Cliickasaws. as well as oiu' own ])opulation. I have been at this village a week at a time, without seeing anything like ardent s[)irits or a drunken Indian. These things certaiidy indicate an improvement in this section of country, higidy creditable ♦o tlie people, and will bo pleasing intoUigenco to Tnany of our own citi/.eiis. '• The Choctaws and Cliickasaws. to a great extent, may be regarded as one people; they speak the same language, and have intermarried with each other, even before the emigration of the Cliickas;)ws. My an arrang 'ment between tiie tribes, the Cliickasaws ol)tained what is now called tlie Chickasaw district of the Choctaw nation, niiiking a fourtii district, entilling them to an e(pial representation in tiio general council, which passes all laws for tiie government of the jieople. Tli(>y enjoy equal privileges according to the treat}' to si'ttle in whatever district they may choose, and each to vote and be eligible to any oilicc within the gift of the peo|de. The only diflerenco is, tliat each maniiges their (iwii annuities or pulilic moneys without any interference from the other. The country owned by the Choctaws, according to the treaty and the patent lately received from the De]>ar!ment. commences near Fort Smith, rumiing n[) tiie .Vrknnsas to the mouth of the Canadian, up the s.ame to the limits of the United States, and with those limits to Ked river, down the same to where a duo south line, from the beuinning near Fort Smith, will strike the Red river, which is tiio dividing line between the State of Arkansas and the Choctaws. The line from the Canadian to the lied ri\er has not been run; it is important that tiiis should be done, as that woiilil show where the Texas line crosses l!od river; this the Choctaws. who are more immediately interested, are particularly anxious to know. The limits thus set fortii, embrace a country beyond e\en the imaginary wants of an Indian. It is doubted hy i i! \ 'V ' ill I t ( ' Jti " > ( • Hi t > r>-28 PFIKSENT f'oNDITION AND many whctlior tho Clioctaws would not liavo pnvpotvd more if tlioy liivil been oiivnni.sL'i-ibod by .>rnod by written laws and a constitution ; elections are lield annually for members to tlie general council. Tho nation is divided into l()ur districts (one l)eing tlie Chickasaw). Each district elects, by the qualilied voters, a chief, who holds his odice for fo\n- years, and is eligible for two terms. These chiefs receive a salary from the United States of ^l2-')0 each, per annum, by treaty stipulation. The general council convenes cm the first Monday in October, consisting of forty meml)ers ; a speaker and a clerk is elected; the s[)caker is adchvssed as is customary in legislative bo(hes. and the wliole business of the council is conducted with the utmost decormii. Kach chief delivers a message in person to the council, reconunending sucli laws as he ma}- deem conducive to the interest of the people. As there is but one representative l)ody. all laws that are jiassed by tlu> council an- sul)- mitted to the chiefs; if approved, the same becomes a law; if not. the bill is returned to the council, and if passed by two-thirds. Iiecomes a law. The council-house is a large and commodious building, with connnittee-rooms. also seats for spectators. This building was erected mider treaty stiindatiou. ^ruch interest is manifested by the ])eoplc in electing councillors, and also wlien they meet together; they usually remain in session from ten to fifteen days, and ai'i' paid a per-dieni pay dI" !?-. .Fudges are nominated by tii<' chief of the district, and recei\e a small coini)ensation ; trial bv jury is iiuarantie(l in all capital offences. There is no law enforcing the collccticii of debts. In their present situation, it is rpu'stionable whether or not payment slioidd not lie left optional with the delitor; tliis is undorstood to be th(> condition by every one who chooses to cr<'dit. and to a iireat extent these debts are paid. '• Krom (his sketch, it will be scmmi that the Choctaws have materially bettered tln'ir condition by an exchange of country. Tla^y are fast approximating to our own law.s and institution.s. They feel a de 'p interest in the success and prosperitv of our own people, as well as the perpetuity of ijur Covernment. They have school fimils suHl- ( lent to educate ii large portion ol" the ]ieople. b(\' annuities from the United States, and also an investment of 8"ji"l.iill(l, ;it live per cent., in bonds of the Stale of .Vla- liama. for the benefit ol" the whole pcojile. They have also other soiu'ces of wealth. Their laws are generally respected, and when violated, jiunislnnent is inHicted. It is very rare that acts of violence take place between themselves; every indiviilual feels safe in his own property, 'i'ravcdlcrs jiass through the nation with as iimch sali'ty a,s they do in any country. I consider the location of the Choctaws as one of the greatest safeguards and protection to our own citizens a'.'ainst tlie wild or less friendl\' tribes. ■• '{'he Chickasaws. aslha\e stated, obtained from the Thoctaws a participation in their country. The conditions upon which these privileges are granted seem to imito thorn as one people, excejit that each manages their own public funds. The Cliicka- saws number about 50U0. They have settled promiscuously among the Choctaws; :..! ■^ r!!5^ VROSPEOTS OF THE TIUURS. liitely tlioy aiv iK'giniiing to move up to the ilistik^t unsigned tlioni. Tliis tlicy did not do at fh>t, ovi'ing to the sciircity of provisions and tlui ox|)osc'd situation of tlic frontier. jMany horses Iiavo \>wn stolen iiy the trii)es who resid e near, and some o if th til ('hielvasaw district. Thi.s will now 1)0 remedied hy the military post lately selected on the Wa.shita, and at present oecnpied l)y a eompaii}- of dragoons. This will give proti'O tion andoneonragenient to tlie (,hickasaws tooxtend then- setth'tnents. and tend greatly to preserve order hctween the Te.xans and onr Indians. The (Jhickasaws have ohtaincd greater pecnniary advantages hy the o.\chango of their country than any of the trihes. Their hinds were snrveyed and sold at a time when speculation was at its highest, and when the most enormous prii'es were paid for lands. The funds thus arising wer(> invested for the benefit of the nation, alter each head of a I'aniily had obtained a reservation. Some have profited hy reci'iving largo amounts; hut in most cases, the money having been easily obtained, was as freely .spent, it is. lnjwever, the homo the Chickasaws olitained from the (jhoctaws tiiat compensates them. 'I'liey are now fairly si'ttled in a (ountry at least as fertile as the one they left, aiul removed, to a great e.vtent. from the evils that were last destroying them as a |)eople. Their wealth, snddeidy gained. ^av(> them the means of gratifying their wishes by purchasing articles that could have been (lispensi'd with. The conse(|uence is, comparatively speaJving, liut few individuals have nnich to show of the wealth thus easily ()l)taint'd. 'i'hero are, howt;ver, some intelligent and highly respectable Chickasaws, men of wi'alth. As a people, they are friendly and well-disposed to ourCJovernment. Tiiey unite with the (Jhoctaws in liirm- ing the lijurth ilistrict, and come into the general council of the nation with ;» repre- sentation cerresiionding to their population. The ("hickasaws have am[)le n;itional funds to extend the mechanic arts, as well as education, among their pi'ople. This can best be done by concentrating them in the district assigned them. The impoi'tance of this is fl'lt l)y the intelligent of the nation. Lately a housi' has b(>en erected for their auent in the district assigned them. Tiiis will !)0 the means of bringing around him many ('hickasaws who otherwise would have remained away. That the Chickasaws liiue hail many dilliculties to (>ontend with in a new country, is ceitainly true. Tiiev sulVcred much at first from the small-pox. which unfortunately got among them while emigrating. They hnw. now become acclimated to the country, and are this year nuiking good crops of corn. Some of tlie mort; wealthy are planting cotton, and. with few exceptions, the Chickasaws are getting around them small stocks of horses. cattlt>, and hogs, which, with care and attention, in a country so well adapted to stock-raising, will soon greatly increase. '• TheCherokecs combine more intelligence as a p(n)ple than any of our tribes. Tlun- have intermarried more with the whites, ha\e had advantaizi^s of education, and. by their location, have had an op|)ortunity of observing more immediattdy the customs and nuumers of a civilized [teople than any of the Indian tribe.-. Thei"e are many iiitellii:(Mit and well-educ:iti'(l Clierokces. \Mi, \-l.. i-.T ii V* I'RKSKNT CONDITION AND "Tlic nation consista of iibout 18,0(10 isouls, sproiul over an extont ol' country sixty mill's ,x(|iiare, comprising several varieties of soil. Kstimatin.u,' one wanior to every live souls, would give ;>(j((0. They are iuiiuoviug in intellectual eonilition : they have executive, legislative, and judicial departments; an organized government; a principal and assistant chief, elective every four years; a council and coiumitti-e. organized somewhat upon the i)riucii)le of tli(> House of Kepreseutatives and Si'uate of the United Slates; the ioriner consisting of twenty-four mund)ers. and the latter of sixteen, elective every two years. They sit annually, and are usually in session from three to four weeks. The judiciary consists of ii supreme U'uch. a circuit court, and a district court; the llrst consisting of live mendjers, the second of li)ur, and the latter of eight. They have written laws, and a crinuual code. The circuit court sits s[)ring and fall ; the supreme court once a year; tlie district court whenever an tuuergency ari.ses. Tiiey have juries, and hear pleadings. The judges of the circuit and district benches an- appointed more f)r their probity and personal worth than their legal attainment.'*, ;uid will comi>are. in point of moral worth, to any similar body in the I'nited States. They are rigid in the execution of tlieir laws; generally imiiartial in ilw. administration )f justice, as yet necessarily in a rude state. .\.s nuvny as lour executions have taken place in one year. "As a people, they are very tenacious of the management and regulation of their internal affairs. ■• Thei'e are believed to be about 'JddH i)ri)lessors of the (Christian religion, consisting (if Baptists, .Methodists, and Presbyterians: the former, comprising mueli the largest class, may be considered the lirst class of Cherokees for intelligence and general integrity; tiiere are about 1000 others, who miglit bo classed among the lirst. Much the largest class of the Cherokee people are half-Ijreeds, or what an^ known to be the middle class, who are ardent and enterprising, and passionately fond of gaming. When not under the inlluence of ardent spirits, tiiey are hospitable and well di.sposed ; but, when under such inlluence, their worst passions seem to lie roused. The evil of intro- ducing s[iirits among them, invariably carried in liy the lowest class of whites, I do not hesitate to say. is the cau.>at. rye, oats, tobacco, and hemp. I'UOSI'KCTS OF Til K Tin I5ES. Within llio limits of tiiu nation, tlioro aro two a!)innlant and valuiiMc salt sprin: IS ; (inc )l' tlicni is leased to a Cliorokoo iljr an inconsiderable Sinn, but is not worked to nuieh advantage, either to tlio jjroprietor or the nation. Stone? coal of tiie linest qnality ahonnds in two sections, adjacent to each other, in the nation. '•There is !i small class, termed mountain FudiaiLs. who are iL'norant. and hut sliditly jiroLO'cssed in moral and intellectual improvement; have ft'w comforts, ami plant barely .sutlicient for subsistence. Manvof the GheroUees own slave: ind I nanv nia\' bi' call(( d comfortalde livers; all of them own stock cattle, yi't raise little beyond their own consmnption. The Cherokees hav ived from the flovernment of tiie United States 1 ir.iie sums of money; some have iirofited l)y the money received, while others li;i\(' luxishcd theirs away, leavinir only a desire to be snp[)lied, without any disposition of liciiuii so liy their own laiuir. 'I'hese are evils whicdi have nearly cin'ed themselves, and. leMieeforlii, each individual will be left to ilepend mainly uj)oii himself for support. Tlicir country is well adapted to raising' corn, wheat, oals. ^:c.. with tiie usual \iirieties of iianlcn vep'tables. Farms and neat houses are found in many parts of tlie nation, exiiiliitiui;' signs of wealth and inteliigeiici! unusual in an Indian country. A large portion of tiie country is well watered. 'I'lie coiiutr_\' is divided into woodland and prairit'. The lands are rich and very productive. Large stocks of cattle, horses, hogs, and sliee|), are owned by the natives. Manv have also paid attentimi to planting orchards, which are \ery uiiiisual in an Indian c(juntry. Salt water is (iiiiiid in great abundance in the ('hei'o]l\iug a large portion of our own iM)pulatioii with salt. I'l'ejiaralicais are making to enlarge tiie manufacture of this ueeessary article. licad '>re is also representeil to be lljuiid in the nation. Stone coal is to be lound in several places. II' tiie country was eNamined, it would, uo doubt, exliiiiit great rescuirci's of wealth in minerals and salt water. ••The Cherokees are furnished by the I'nited States with four lilaeksmiths and assistants, iron, and steel; also, a wheelwright and wagon-maker. IiKJepeiuient of tliese, they have mechanics of dillerent kinds in the nation. Tiiey have also a large fund for education purposes, jilaced by tri'aty under the control of the national council. This, if properly applied, will go fai- to eihu'ate a large portion of tiiese people. '•Tin? Cherokees are governed b\' a constitution and laws ado[)ted and passed li\- the people. Debts are colK'cteil in the usual way, by issuing executions; letters of admiii- istration are also granted on estates of deceased persons in the nation, and. iiidiiMl. all the liirins and regulations usually observed in our t>wn States. The "iiemkees. iii tlieir government as a people, are in advance of any of their red brethren. '•Among the greatest evils that the Ciierokees have to eomi)lain of is the present mode of their trial sind punishment for minor olfeiiees, committed (or alleged to bo committed) on the persons of United States citizens, while in their nation, and upon their own soil; which broils are, eigiil times out of ten. [U'ovokeii on the jiart of ^1 '\ i i ! Ij! i ' ii ; n ■ : rUESENT rONDITION ANH itiiu'runt citiwiis iVoiii sill |)iirts ot'tlio United StiUt's, tciiiptctl or indiu'cd tlicic liy umIii. It is too iiiiicli tlio Iiiil)it iihroiid to rry out ' liidiim oiitra^v,' without ii just Unowlcdm' of fiU'tS. '•All persons fiimiliar with that portion of the Chorokccs bordering on (.'riiwl'ord and Washington counties, in Arkansas, know they are industrious, iutellijrent, and neigh- Iiorly disposed. The iuhabitants of those two popidous counties are distinguisiied as a laliorinu, intelligent, high-iniuded, and judicious people. It is not from them the ilillleulties occur, or ccuupiuints are made; hut from a plundering, pi'cdatory class, upon whose oath, liefore a magistrate, the Cherokees are hunted down l)y the military, taken a distance of "JOU miles to Little Kock for trial, and there lodged in jail to await .slow justice. These ari' e\ils of nt> small imjiort. and of every-day oc(';ii'ri'nee. ami which produce angry and emhitteii'd feelings. '• Tlie Creeks are more numerous than any of the tiihes. numlieiing at least 'JO.OOO. The census ol' the nation lias not heen taken since the emigration, the annuity not l)eing paid to the heads of I'amilies. As !i people, they have less education and intelli- gence than either tiie Choctaws or Cherokees. Fiately. they have given lietter evidenc(\s of a disposition to encourage education than at any [)re\ious time ; and it is hy these means that the Creeks are to be elevated. Tliey possess as miicli natiu'al capacity as any of their red liretliren. and have given as strong evidences, since their removal, ol' tlitir attacliment and fidelity to the United States, as any of the trilies. They are a working people in crop time, making more corn I»y their own labor than is required l()r their use. Jn many cases, they work for their red neighbors. Many of the Creeks have separate fields: but their ancient custom of making a town field is still, to a great • •xtent. observed. They raise large (piantities of corn, melons, [lumpkins. bi'ans. and. lately, are cultivating the rice to some e.\tent. It is saiil to grow well, and will be looked upon liy tiie Creeks as a great accession to their living. They were accustomed to the cultivation of rice ])re\ious to their emigration. It is stated, iiy those who have tlie means of obtaining correct information, that the Creeks will make a snr[)lus of from IjO.tMIO to -Id.dOO busliels of corn the present year. They have a inimber of cattle, hor.-^es. and hogs, tiiough not so large stocks as either file Clioctaws or Cherokees. The Creeks reside generally in small cabins — have paid but little attention to building. There are. liowi'ver. a few wealthy and intelligent men in the Creek nation. It mav be objected to the Creek country, that it contains an ovia' portion of prairie ; a consider- able portion of this, however, is fertile. The bottoms are generally very rich, being heavily timliered. and the upland is very productive; altogether, the Creeks own a line country. They complained that the country was sickh" l()r several years after their emigration. They have, however, become acclimated, and now enjoy general good health. Water is scarce ni the (.'reek nation. In the latter part of the summer and fall, tli" streams cease to inn. at which time the only water, with few e.\(!;'ptions. is PROSPECTS (•!•• THK TIIIRES. 588 Ibiiiid ill liir^ic stiiinliii!.' Iiolcx. \Vi li;[\(' lii'vll till'.', mill wiiU'i- obtaiiiod: but, ti) ii coiunion Imliiiii, tliis is iiii uudurluUinn' of Iud niiu'li imii^niliiilo. ''Tlic ('recks liiivc Toiir l)liicksmitlis luid nssistaiils, witii iron ami stoi'l rurnisiuMl l>y treaty stipulations, aud also a wlicchvridit and wajjon uiaUcr. Tlioy Iiavo but few, if any, native incclianics, ami rely mainly tor tlieir work upon nieclianics I'urnislied by tin- (ioverninent. Tlie ("reeks lunc (piite a lai'jze annuity, wliicli is paid to the chiefs, ind liv tlieni divided auioiii' the diil'eront towns. This is done in accorda nee wit II ti> e.\i I 111'' laws, and their own rccpiest, which at least makes it satisfactory to the duels It may, however, be ol)served that, altiioiiiih the whole annuitv s\st em. as Slid 1, IS objectioiialile. the only eipiitable way of dividinii' it is to pay to the heads of families. The Creeks liavtM'oinmenced passiiif^ reiruiar laws, which are recorded liy the clerks appointed for that purpose. The\' do not (dect re|ii'esentatives. their ciiiels ln'iiiir tho law-makers generally. This will bo cliaufred when the elective principle will prevail. So far as a chani^e of p;ovoriiinont has been (dli'cted. it is decidedly favorable. I look upon tho Creeks as the most powerful triiie of red people on this froiitiver, are gradually sulisiding. The principal chief, liolly M'lntosh, is u man of undonbti'd attachment to our (lovermiient. The same may be said of most of tho chiefs. The certaintv tiiat the coiintr\- tlie\- ow 11 is n alh' theirs, does much to reconcile old IWdiugs. (iame has disai)peared, and each lias to depend on his own exertions, aided by the annuities alforded Llirough treaty stipuhilions. for a support. Aside from this, the Creel itii a moderate share of industi'v. liavi- a coiiiitr\ that will aillird all tho substantials of life, to enable them to raise their families. Tiiey have also limited means of coiiiiuencing a system of education, which they desire to do in their own country. "The late emigrants, or what are termed the upper Creeks, although much di?sati>- fied lor a length of time after their removal to their new homes, owing mainly to their sufl'erings from sickness, and the great mortality that prevailed among them, are now a happy, healthy, and contented jieople. and are much in advance of tho lower Creeks (or early emigrants) in tho variety, ipiality, and (luantity of their agricultural products, as well as in the management of their farms. They have larger and better stocks of doiiiestio animals. They are likewise much in aihance of the lower Creeks in domestic or houseludd manufactures. They make (piantities of cotton cloth from the raw material, planted and cultivated u[)on their own farms. The}- have also se\eiai useful native mechanics among them, such as carpenters, wheelwrights, loom-makers, smiths, &c.. and all reside in good comfortable houses of their own construction. In short. I know of no people on this continenl who are more happy and contented, or who enjoy I, 'i , ' m ! i: 'm 6U I'llKSENT CONDITION AND ^( II f;riiitrr [ik'iitv. tliiiii tla'sf ju-oplo do, ol' all tlu' iiL'fi'Hsarit'M of lift* ; and I do imt lu'.>'iliito to my, tlmt tho prt'sent j^rowiiij; crop, il' it iiu'ot.s with no dis!i;-'tor until it arrivi'i' iit niiiturilv. will ('((uiil throi' tiincH the amount that may ho iv(|trnvil lor home conMiinptioii. '•I have }\\>t ivliiniud iVoni a lour ol' visitation and iiiHpt'ction, embracing;!; all tin' ni)per towns; and 1 have dorived jrivat witisraction in being an eye-witness to the improveiiicnts making by these people, and the many domestic comlbrls they have aeeumulated, and are aecumulating, around them. '• The Seininoles havi- from time to tiini' removed, until it is now understood the triiie have generally emigrated. The lew remaining will (K)nbtless continue the war with the same unsubdued spirit as lu'n'toli)re, until the whole are removed. This is the opinion of tho.nr, t'lititlctl to llio siiiiic as tlity arrivf. To i^ivi' ii ,!j;im to ii Scminolo wlio m lati'ly citliiT runic ill. or was captiiifcl in Floiiila. appi'uis all wrong; it in, liowuviT, ii ticiity hti|iii- liition. anil is cuinplii'il with wilhutit iipprchotiHion of ilaii^cr. " Wlialivcr rnav have Im'cii tlic inipoitaiiiM' or disdni'tiou of tho St'iiiinolo cliiol's in Florida, tlicy wi'in to lose llicir frrfatiicMs in tlic crowd of other IndianH wiio an; L'ligaf^i'cl in tlic cnltivation of the soil, '•Tlu'y liavi! a school I'lind sullii'icnt to keep uji a school. \\y this means the risiii'.^ Kcncrution may lie improved. Ihit littU' can he done for those ofmatnrcr years, e\ce|it. to tnrn their attention as I'ar as possihli' to tlie raising of corn and stock to support their rainilics." ' .\nimiil Uc'iiurtsof In. Man .\(TaiiN, I>*H, ISJ-.', ami \HV.i. ¥ i \wi I h. i !' i'i-.- 1 1 ■.:ii; PRESENT CONDITION AND (11 A I'TKIf 1 V. STATE <>?•' THE MINOR TH A NSFEHKED (iHoI'l' oK TIUHES IN K A N /, A S . 'I'm: local ion 111' I lie ((ill mi /I'd trilH'siHdcsij.'iiiitodon tlK'iU'conipiiiiviii.i; • iS'iT. iiiiiii. l>y till- o\l('ii>iiiM of till' ti'iritoriiil siiviTcii^iity ol' Kim/iis over .1. I'd (II WAV. llic tirciiliT iiiirt of tlicsi' trilics. tlicy mow ronstilulc one of tlic l'iii;siiii:.\r. .-oflal liciiiciits ol" tliiit tiTritory. Tlio tiilicx linvc incicasiil in tlicir poiiiiiiilioii. i'('s|ii'('tiv('ly. IVoiii 177 to ."rj(i(» mmiIs.' 'I'licy liavc x'ciircd Id lliciiisclvcs lar^rc L'rants of tcnilory, liy tlic (•(■.■^>ioii ol' mh'iiIiim tracis ill till' liiiiiaii colony, and liavc lliiis indciii'cd ii coni|iclrncy and llic niciiiiH of inslriiction : the sections on wliicli tlicy arc located |)rescnt sonic of the liiiest tracts to he foiiiid west of the ."Mississi]i|ii and Missouri rivers, and the attention they dcMUe to avricnltiire eiisni'c.s an alnindant siijiply of the necessaries of hii-. This icjioii is jH ciili.ii'ly a(la]i;i'il to the cultivation of their native uTain. the 7ca inai/e. as also all the oi'ilinarv cereals and esculents. Horses, cattle, and oilier doniestie slock llirivc willioiit. the iieeosily of liiiildiiiji- houses to shelter iheiii. or of eiittinfi' aiul .sforiiij;' hay for their winter ]iid\t'niler. The twenty-one trihes who have heeii transferred from the old States and settled here, eoinprise the l)elawares. Sliawiiees. Wyandots. .Miainies. Weas, I'iankasliaws, Otiowas, ('liip|iewas. I'ottaw altaniies, Kickapoos. ."-^jcs and Ko\es, Senecas, mixed Scneeiis and Sliawincs. I'eorias. Kaska^kia-:. lowas, Siockliridijcs or .Mohicans, and Mnnsees. and portions of the iinipiois, fonniii;:' tuLielhcr an aL'^ircLMte po|nilatioii of :'ill.M':;. The indi^^eiions trilies residing' in the territory, who are in this iii;iiiner furnished with examples of native industry to sliiiiiilat'' tliein to pro'irc^s in ei\ ili/,;ition, are the (}iiappas. Osav'es. Kan/as. Pawnees, and Arapiihoes, numherin;^- 7-'l")S. '|"he Oloes. Omahaws. Missonries, Cheyeniii's. and some (.tlur iiiili;4(.'n(ius trihes. Iiavi; not lieeii eninneraled. These Kansatic trihes, distinniiislicd from the Appaliichian iiroup, are the siilijecls 111' ;iii experiment in ci\ili/atioii. which has. in the old States, heeii Lieiierally attended w illi depopulalioii and moral disaster. They are surrounded hy a Ihrifly and enter|irisiiig while population, jroveriieil liy a s\-lem of riiiid laws, and eneriietically eiiLra^ied in liirmiiiii, slock raisini;', the mechanic ails, millin,;-, maiiufacturinLr, and eonmiurce. ' \..l v., 'I'.K!.- \ .. 1, I'.i.-j. I'lmsi'r.rTs ui' Til !•; nil hks. r.3T Till' iiidii^'triiii i'li:ii;ii'ti'i' of llu; Hi'lllfrH iiU'oiils to iJu- tiilics tliiil pnictii'iil species nl' llii'll CMIIIKit lUil t, is iiijiiriiiiis, riii'iiisliiiiii tliriii with nil fXniiHc lor jiIIc-iu'hh, iiiul iiroinotiiiu; ii i'an'li.'fisiii.'NS an In tlii'ii' riitiMi' wi'irarc. wliicii luvvciit.s tiii'iii rniiii liiisliaiitliiiii; tl ii'ir ri'.-iiiiiri's. Tlio iiitLi'ntoii (if lliu liiiliaii ami liiiioiicaii rarcs in tlic haiiio Micial cuniiiiiiiiity, iiiii>', lias not always luovril ilcstnictivc lo liic liniiK r ; t'or, liiiilcr tins systnii, tlic Six Nat III- !l'iii|Mni.>i, III' Ni'W York, wlni writ' sililnllllilril iiy a iM'iipli' >timillalc'il liy till' f -|iiiit dl' a:/iiiiiltiiral a il (•iiiiiiiicri'ial cntriiiriM'. I'Vciitiially iiriis|it'icil. 'I'licir I'dUiM' aiiic iia-i not. Iidwi'vc liiTP ■ traiii r iini^ri'ssivi' )!' Til llii'V liavo L'.\|iriicia'i il. -inn' tlic close ul till' war ot I i ii. i.diii lla cdiijiinu'il rllccts ul iiitciii|ici'aiic(', hIIi'IK'ss, ami disease. Iiiivi' liceii ciiiisidi.'i'alii' yet. tie iiimilier ol' teiii[ierate ami imliistriinis |ieisdii.s aiiidiii:' tlieiii, wlio prolitc'l liy tia' •■ uii|i!e iil'tlieir wV'te iieiLdilidrs, has liceii siillicieiit td eiialile llie trilies, ill a ii'W yeais lliiil'tily levoted Id the |iiiiMiils III' ajrieiilliiie. to allaiii \eiy nearly Id the liiu;hest ratio ii!' ''i ;i 'driiier iiiiiiiiiii'al |id[iiiiatidii.' 'I'lieir e\aiii|ile may lie aiUaiila'^cdiisly invseiiti' tn the siii ■" e\[iatiiated trilns ul' Kaii/.as, who lilld tlielll>elves elicld>ei| wi 'PI' 'is terrildl'iai iiii," tilies. 'I'lie atlellllil ti) elr\ale tlieiii ill the Mii'ial scale, and in luce io them a regard liir iiiilu>liial luir.-iiits. and iLe .•.iijireinacy ul' the law. is in a nieasine cdnnter.icted liy a persi.-!''!i -e in the a'jiarian [iraclice dl' annually distriliiitinir their riiiids. per ca|iita, or otherwise, wiiieh ti'iids to ini|)dvcrisli and deiirade them. |{_\ distrilaitiim their I'liiuN. the incentive to lalior is taken away, while, at the same time, tlie prd|iortidiiale share ri'cei\ed ly lacli lUie is very Sddii e\rlianv;iMl I'di' ardent spirits, or ullier imans dl" sensual indidL^eme. On the advaneed I'ldiitiers. cuiii is ton >carce and valiialile nut lu make it an dliji it nl' interest, liir all td attend, wlm have liir sale articles which an Indian wants, ami who conseipniitly turn a willin.u; ear to their solicitations. It is the liu>uiess of the lew, in an Indian country, or on the holders of it, who are in a positidii to iki so, to uphold the cause ul' piet\, \irtue, tlir ' imd temperance. The many regard ilii' experiiiiint ul' leclaimini; till' trilii's with c-;'.:i.)'icenc\. and do nut diiiill\ dppose il ; ''H'. lieiiii;' eiiL'aLied Iii tlu' cdiilliits dt' lilo and Sdciety, which IreipienlU assume a Iwiiiiidahle aspect on the I'ldiitiers, their entire eiiir,u,ies are ahsorlieil hy tiio pinsiiit. The con lilidu nl'the tribes is ivpivsenteil liy the Itical aL;eiits in the .-iilijiiiiuil report, in wlscii liioy are reviewed tiihe hy iiilie, ediniiiencim;- with the .sdutlniii limii- .it' Kan/as. and jiroceedin;^ north, into iS'eiira.~ka. in the Hist place, icsjittiting tlio (iuajiiias, Seiiecas, and Shawiiees. the audit sa^ s : Nntr- "11 llli' InniUliI'* Vmi. VI. (iS 1 I 1 ; ! t. i : ■fi'-' U i r ■ ' > t f ■'*!] 1 ;■; 'Il il ^!! r,:W PRESENT CONDITION AND '■ It is il Lirciit jrriiliHi'iitidM to hi' iililc tt) ^tat(^ tliiit tlic liuliiiiis in tliis siili- nL^ciicy iirc ilccidi'dlv in a lii'ttor coiiilititiii tliiiii they woro iit. the diiti' of my liist ri'iKH't. 'I'lii'v liiivc pMR'ially lai'u'or iit'ltls; tlicy have raisi'd nioiv corn; tlu'varo liottt'i' clotlu'd. and tlu'V ili'inli Irss liijnor. " Tills is I'spccially trnc of tiic (inajJiias. Wlicn I llrst camL' amoni:' tlii'in. these )K'iipU' were in a wreteiied ennditioii, siu-ndini; most of their time in drinl Seiiecas have also heen less infeui," rate, hut from a dillerent cause. Their miller was directed, shoi'tly after the date of my last report, to stop the issues of toll grains referred to in that p;iper. This depriveil them of the means of procurim;- spiiils, and, at the same time, had the elli'ct of iniluciuL' them to raise more corn ; their prodiii'e this year amounting to moi'e than twic(> as much as the last year's crop. The tolls thus retained were applied in part to the discharge of the dehts contracted for rei)airing the mill, .and in ]»art to the relief of such Indians as wen' destitute of pro\ i- sions during the winter. Some df those among tlu'm who were, last yt'ar. the greatest (Irunkai'ds. ha\'e Ik me suher men, maile farms and huilt luuises for themselves, and in oilier r'Spects S't a L'Mod examiile. ??^SiBI iionilly I'UOSI'KCTS (IF TlIK Uir.ES. " Tlio band (if iiiixotl Soiiocas and Sliawiu'cs Inivc n(>voi' hcen as nuicli incliiu'd to inttMnpci'anco as (lie otiior two ljand.>^ aiu I tliiMc has not Ijcen so j^roat a iilian.uc! anionn' tlicni. Tlioy t'outiniie to raise corn, wlu'at, oats, iiinden vi'gotaljk's, Ike, and, on tin uliolo, ai'i' iiniu'oving ratliiM- tlian otlicrwisf. '• Tlio connti'V occnpii'd hy these trilies is lii^iii, i-(iHin,ii', healthy, and linely watered s|irini;s in e\er\' direction, of tli( in streams hiru'e enough to turn hest water. inietnnc ■^liinir out of thi; sola 1 rock a mill. Where it is fit I oi' cuilivalioi I at all, th MMl is fertile; nuich of it is hilly and liarren. worthless except for the tiniher. The lands on the water-conrses are of the hest (|nulity; well suited to the cultivation of tobacco, hemi). corn, and the small jrrains. The npland |)rairies are scarcely inferior. 'J'here is. in i'act, a mnch .ureati'r (pnintity of Ln)od laml than the present occupants will ever use. Tlu> heavily-timlierid holtoms on the I'onniie de Terr(! and the Neosho alVord not only isood winter ran,i;i' for cattle, hut an aiunidance of marsh for lions. 'I'lie (^lappas ha\c a coal-hank innnediat(dy on the Neosho. 'J"he coal is hituminous, of <>(iod (piality, easily ohtaini'd, and the supply is apparently inexhaustilile. In the vicinity of this coal there are several tar-sprin,i;s, or ratiier spriniis of suliihur-water and mineral tar, or petroleum, toL'ethcr, as tin' lattt r sulistance rises with the water, separating from it innnediately aflei- it issues from the earth. "There are neither missionaries nor schools amomr the Indians in this sulp-ai:'ency. The Senecas and Shawnees do not ajipear to wish Ibr any. The <^iappas, howevei'. are anxious to have their oliildren educated. 1 st'ud you, herewith, their answer to the call mad(! upon them lyyoui' order lor boys to .send to theChoctaw academy. This answer is entirtdy their own, and expresses their lomi-settled conviction. Considerim;' the result of former elVorts to educate their boys at that institution, it is not to be won- dered that tlay refuse to send any moi'e there, or to any other school out of their own connti-y. They earnestly reipiested that tlu'ir talk mi:.;ht lie laid before the President. '•Althouirh, as a ijfeneral rule, the e(lucation annuiti(^s of an Indiaii trilie are most advantai2tM)usly ex[)ended by combininji' tiiem with those ol" other tribes for the supportof a central institution, it is rpiestionable w liether it would not be bettei-, with tin; co-opera- tion and under the superintendence of some one of the missionary societies, to establish, with their finids. a school amom:' the ()ua[ipas. ■• One year's annuity, or 81 ""'•. would be siiHicient. with the aid of the Indians, and of the mechanics employed anion^ them, to erect suitable bnildiuLis. and iirocure the necessary stock ami farminii' implements. The fund could then be easily made to su|i- port and educate twenty children. At the Choctaw academy there has been at no tiiiK; m than lour. Such a scdiool. properly conducted, would set before the Indians the advanta.ues of education in the strongest light, and keep tluMn const;intly in view. The teachers would .scarcely fail to ex<>rcisp a powerful influence. One excellent instructor is already secured to them in their farmer. The person that holds tiiat situation at m III »^ Mill :-i ' •( ':i;.>l 1' m > it ' Hi lilii:; ^ J m iilitiii ,8lr ! : ^■1' , ; i ' }' ■ ;i.^ 1 ! i " \ i i ■>40 PRESENT CONDITION AND present is devoted to tlioir interests, and in other respects peeuliarly well (jualilied to advance tliem in agricultural knowledge."' " The Osages." reports the iigent, '" iiavo made hut little perceptible imjirovcMnent in their agricultural pursuits. There are, however, some ten or twelve liunilies of I'a-ha-sca's ((leorge White Hare) and Clermont's hands, that have fenced and plouglu'il their liclds this spring. I received for them in April. ])loughs. hoes, axes, and horse- g(^ar, two hundred of ea<'h. The axes and hoes were divided among the iieople. as they were tools of general use ; hut the ploughs an on their summer's hunt), which I have not yet deliveri'd. At the last delivery of stock, two years since, the hands of Clermont and liittle Osage would receive none, assigning as a reason that they had not made fences, and were not ready to take care of them. The present isf^ue. therefore, projierly helongs to them, though I siiall give !i portion of it to each family that have made improvements. When I talk to them ahout going to work, they reply that it will he time I'uough wiien the eliiel's' houses are huilt, which will deter- mine wlu're they are permaneutly to locate themselves. They are still living, with few exceptions, in large towns, where it will he imjwssihie to make nnich progress in stock-raising or farming. Tah-hu-sca, the principal chief, is himself much opposed to the faruiing operations of his people. In fact, he is a had man. I did at one time prevail on him to hmuovc himself to a distance of three miles from his town, with aliout fil'ty heail of hogs. Iielieving many would follow his (>xample. It was hut a slmrt time, however, until I found him collecting a small town around him. killing and feast- ing upon his little stock of hogs vnitil the last were eaten. He has received the oidy wagon and team issued under the treaty of IS.'iO. which h(> kept hut a short time mitil he sold it. It is now owned by a Inilf-hreed, living near the line on the Mis.souri side, l-'or this conduct I have given him a severe .scolding, with a promise that he shall have no more farming implements. These people have raised hut little else tiiis year than corn, and not an abundance of that, their crops being .short. They say. too, that they have made hut a poor hunt this suunner, having seen but ihw bidfalo. This T do hope will have the ell'ect to push them to raise more corn tlie next season. 'J'hey liav(! enjoyed excellent health tlii! past year. They ninnbercd at their last annuity ]iay- ment, in Aia-il, I'inii men. l2"Jli women, and 1204 children; making, in all. :!7SS .sonls. This dillerence 1 lUi tiie strength of last year is in consequence of Sho-tal-sah-bas (Ulack Dog's) removal lower down on the Verdigris river, within tlie limits of the Cherokee country. He has made rejieated ]iromises to remove home, and I believe would have done so, hut for the encouragement he received from the Cherokees to ' Anrucil Imliiin l!.p..rt, ls|-j, ,, (mi. V n S V K C '1" S ( > !• '1" 1 1 K T R I IJE S . 541 vcinniii wlioro Iio was. Tlieso (Jlicrokeos, I Ijolievt', rurnisli IJlacU Dog's party all tlio tvliiskoy till'}' ri'iiuirc, with wliii'li tlio Clit'i-okeo omiiitiy ahounils. In conscqiionco of liis violation oi" tiicsc jiroiniscs, I did not enroll and \My liis ])co|)li' at tlio last annnity payment. JJlaek Dog and his people so well understood this, that not one of them iipiM'arcd at the payment. They have not, neither shnll the}-, receive any portion of the liirniinji' implements or stock, until they remove, and give evidence of their inten- tion to remain at home. This, I have no douht, will be eoinplaiiicd of. hut it is in strict accordance with the language of the treat}- and the instiuctions of the Depart- ment, ile has aiiout fifty lodges with him. '•The Osages have at length consented to a(lo[it a short code of pi'iial laws for the government of their people, though I have my (loul)ts upon the suliject of tlieir execu- tion. They forbid, not the iiitroductimi, Ijut the sale, of ardent spirits in their couiiti'}-, under the penalty of the destruction of the spirits, and lashes on the ofVcuder. Tlicy meet in general council once in each and every }ear, and are to !«■ assisted iiy th''ir agent and iiiterpri'ter for the ])urpose of law-making, &e. "The chiefs have been in the habit of receiving for the tribe their annuity moiie\-. Never, until last year, was it jiaid in aii\- other wa\-. I diil. however, after much time and trouble, succeed in enrolling and pa}iiig tiiem b}- heads of families. Much of their money was spent among tln'ir whit(^ iieiglil)ors of .Missouri, for provisions and whiske\-. This encouraged many unprinciiiled men to •-tablish tliemsehcs at convenient points near the line for the purpose f)f carryiiiu on this infamous trade. They have been greatl}- disappointed this yeai' by m\- pa\iiig the aniiuil}- money in such a wa\- as to liave it .spent, undi-r lu}- imnu'diate eye. for goods and pro\ isions (the things tliey most needed), of which there was an abundance on the ground, ami at fair jiriccs. '•They are now coining in from their hunt. I have seen hut a few of them. T shall go u]) in a few da}s. and make known to them the wishes and instructions of th(> Department in relation to ilepredations committed on tin- propert}- of reil neighliors; to all i)f which, 1 doubt not, they will clieeri'iilly promise their assent, for tliese cer- tainl}' arc a very proiiiUi iiij ])eo|)lo. " Tiieir two blacksmiths have been engagcil in making, and in keeping in repair, tlieir I'arming tools, guns, and traps; upon the last tw-o of wliicii tluy inaiiil}- depend for a subsistence. The smiths, at times, wlieu the Indians are at home, have as much work as they are able to do." ^' S/i Kan/as ri\er. This tract, in point of soil, timber, and water, is eipialled by i)ut U'W- tracts of the ,«amo si/e in an}- coinitr}-; there is. however, liardl}- timber enough for the prairie. The Shawnees have become an agricultural people; their buildings and farms are similar to those of the whites in a iiew-setllcd country; all their farms are enclosed with rail feuees. ami most of them in good liirm, each strinir ^ I I M ;i i' i ^ li 1> Pii f :< ! rAl rifKSllNT (CNDITloN AND (>r li'iico straii:lit, aiul siillic'ii.'iitly liii;li to scciiro tlu-if inu[).-i, m;iii_\- of llioiii .staked ami ridoivd. '• Tiioy all live in conirortahli; caMiis. pL'rlia[)s liall" or moro of jijood licwii loiis. iioatlj rai.-ud ; tlu'v liavo oiitliniisi's. stalih's, and l)aiiis. •• It is imjio.-isiljlo to stato tiio nuiiilpcr of farms or acvcs (•iiltivati'ys, and chickens. They di'pend on aurienllural pursuits for a subsistence, and most of tiiem raise an abundance, and many a lariie sur[(lus; take the whoU' nation together, and they raise considi'rahly more i;rain than they need for honie consumption. 'J'hc ."^hawnees have a water, jurist, and saw mill, and a larue meetinj:-hou.se, to holil i)ul)lic worship in; the_\- also have a council honsiv •• MAn'vuvs. — The IK'lawares own ;i. tract of country sixty miles east and west, and aiioat twenty-four miles north and south, hounded on the south hy the Kan/as river, and on the east hy the Missouri rivei'. or State of Missouri. The soil, timher, and water, on this tract are irenerally very jinod. ■■Tin- Detawares, like the Shawnees, depend mainly on their farms fur a suhsistence: their fai'ms and liorses are nearly or tpiite eipial to those of the Shawnees. They culti\ate Indian corn, wheat, oats, heans. peas. [)umpkins, potatoes, cahha.'ie, turni[)s. and many t)tlier vepetahles in ahundance; they raise a i;reat many horses, cattle, and ho-s. '• KitkiipiKin. — The Kiekapoos own a tract of country innnediatcly north of the Delawares, ahout sixty miles I'ast and west, hy thii'ty north and s(Mith, houndi'd on the ca>t hy the .Missouri river, or State of Missouri, and on the south \>\ the Delaware country. It is jzratifying to me to he ahle to state that the Kickai)oos still jK-rsevi'iH? in au'rieultural pursuits. 1 am unahle to state the ([uantity of land they have in cultivation. They raise a larire surplus of Indian corn ; they also raise heef and |n)rk fur sale. Their trader takes all the corn. heef. pork, hides, and potatoes, that they iiave to span', at a fair i)riee, for j:oods. This is a very u'ood arrangement for the Indians; ills i;reat encoura,L:emeiit for them to he industrious ; i^'oods at a fair [iricc; suit them just as well, if not hotter, than money. •• >V'y(7,A/-/(/(/' V. — This little hand of Stockhridj:es, hy peiinission, settled on the Delaware lanils. near the Missouri I'iver, and ahout seven miles hid moans. Tlicy caiiu' liiTo jioia', without nioiicy, liorsrs. (ir oxen. They luuiiilit a lew yoke of work oxen, and a few ])lows, on credit. They have hire(l theiusidves ahoul, and have u'ot a, lew milch rows and a few hoj.'s. I deem it iiroiier to say, tiiat they have hceii very iniinslrioiis since they have heeii within this aiieiicy. Clirislimi liiili 'I'lie Christian Indians came with, and at the same tiino as. the Stockhridi.res (lid, and settled anuni'j; the Delawares; the\- hiiilt coniliirtahle lilll. cahins. and made small farins. 1 think this year they raised a plenty of Indian cund. tween till Mi d M issouri and .Mississippi rivei Whil e preiiaring to leave tlu/ir caiiip, one moriiin Octoher, ISII, they were lired on hy a large party ol' Sioiix. who had suriiHiniiei them. Some ol" the IKdawares were shot down ; some of tliosi" that escaped the (ii^t tire. liawn( towns or village; where I l)e Kiekapoos. .^^tockhridges. and ('hi'istian Indians, have no ■aeli person, o r Iliad of a lamilv. selects and makes his location le choose ( lllius iiml ^//.-■■•ii/irKi These Indians a re in a most dep orahli situation, notwitli- •itandiiiL:' that thev lia\'e had the kind and 1 id lieiU'Noleiit hand of the (lovernment extended to them liir many years past, and that. duriiiL' certain [>criods of that time (if we may judge from rejiorts). they bid fair to follow the exam])le of some of their more advanced red lirethren of the west in the pursuits of agriculture and civilization, having hceii ers. Iilacksmiths. and farmers, for these jiurposes ; Imt the e\il furnished with teach spirit found its way. throuLih \ arious channels, into their lodges. an>!' ihcii' .ro'ind. lo onc-rourih of n tile niontii of .liil\ anil carlv part of Aiil;u>i. w iil cnl sliori il llieir West palihes to oi ni their usual pi'oilnce, 'l''he crojw of ihc ( )iioes arc alto'ji'ilnr infiior to tliosc of ihe Missonrias; jicncc. williont tiie assi>lance of the ( io\crninenl. ihev nin-t e\periciice a \i'r\ (lisircssinL;' lime ne\l season, or. in tiie ahseiiee of Mich assistance, make mii iliv 1 nniisnaln' Ioiil; win ter's hnnl on the hiill'alo 'jroumls; and. slionid thevniake a haii lini t. on tlieir rclnrii. the coniplainis of liic liachi-s iiiid to ilier settlers, iicretoli i;r( at. will lie alariniiie|\ iiicieascd a Licncral ciiarai'tcri-iic. the Oitocs. wli hniiiirv, will kill stock wherever ihev find it. re-ardless to whom il iiriv licloicj. I am liiriiK'd tinit. a I'c inlorinei w vears aL:o. llicv killed a nnlcli cow lielMii-im: lo iheir lilacktoek. The twciitv-two barrels of pork received a- part of tiiis year's amiuily. wonld do iiiiicii towai'd aidiiiij them to make a crop next spriiii;. if tiieir present cro|i was even toleralilc ; as it is. tile porl; will do imt Utile toward feediuu' some IMHI persons. '• 1 am liappv lo report thai lioth Olloes and Missourias liave idieerfully assented to tlie rcLiulatioii of tiie deparlment ■ for prev I'litiiiii' d<'predations amoiiLi the Indian tribes,' provided tiie iieiuhboriiiL; tribes siiall place fhemsidves under a like obli-alion ; ami they iiave rt'cciilly entered into un aj^recmeiit with tlie Didawares. wiiereliy they iKiv i;nt con h itkln am» iiiiitiiiillv IkiiiikI lliciiiscKcs III |i:i\ a liirl'citmr i>\ slOliU lur anv murder ('(iiiiinitti'd \>y tlic Indians <>{' rilluT trilic on tliusi' uf tlii' othrr. not \('t iiad an ti|i|iortnnit\' nl' siiliMUttin.;' llic rcjnlaliiin aliovc I'd'cncd to, I li i\vt'\i'r anlii'lpatc mt ii|iiiii>ilii)n iVuni fillnT trilii' lo 111 llic ( >iMalia^ and I'aw Hits ; I its a(lo|ili(iii. •• T/n <)iiiiihiis I'lilliiu llir clia-c as usual. 'I'iii'_\ riaiiii tljr coiniiiv Ijoiindt'd l)y the .Missiiuii ii\('r on tlie east, hy Sliell crei'U on tlie west, liy tlio Uiver I'liittu on llie .soiitli, and on '.lie noi'tli li\ the I'oncas conntrv . ••The l'!lkhmall siii'iims. which lia\'e mori' or less, and at some isolated points, where lice stood near the Missouri river, and ahoiit one Imndred nnles alio\e Kort lji'a\'eiiworth. Several U'ars since they wei'e driven from this location hy the Sioux, and since then have settji il rather temporarily oil the Mlkhorii. a di>laiice of ahout tlfty miles from this, where thev iiow ale poor indeed, not iisiiiLi' even ordinarv sa\-a;ie exertion in the cnltnre of corn. Thi'V iireatlv desire to rctum to their tormer .ilhcje. where, it is said, thev -111! Iiave corn in 'w- ■A'.v. Thoe I iidians are so reduced in niimhei's. and have so few liorx'S. that tlii'ir huntimr trip-; aiv attended with hut little success. 'I'he |)reseiit season llie\' loiued 1 the Pawnee Lonps on the hunt, anil have heeii mon .•ce.ssful. Thev are desirous of sellinir a portion of their country to the (Jovernmetit. in order to olilaiii a ~m;dl annuitv. and assistai ice III their a'jl'ici Itnral pursuits. Should thev not -uc 1 in this arraiiL'eineiii. mi^erv and starvation iiui>i ^liurtly overtake ihein. '■ 'I'hev have an unsettled ditlicnl I v with the lovvas. w hich 1 had liopeil to see adjiisleil t that time the lovvas were not in readine--; with their peace-ma ast spiiii'j-. hut a rejiaratioiis : tiiere is a lair presiimp Kill'. tion. however, tiiiit peace will shortly he ell'ectei hetvveeii iheiii. The Oiiuilias are a well-dispoMMl little hand, and desire to live ii pre| leace w 1 th .all inankind lilt tliev sav I t is hard to hi' struck, and not to he allowed to taliat ••Should the novernineiit iinrchase any portion (jf their lands. I would recomtuend that no ])ortion of the jiurchase consideralion should he paid in money, Ijut rather he invested in iroods and >lock cattle, .idapted to their present cnmlition. iitoitoi*iMMwi'i**agga!iSig T' 1! (> !>: !• K f • T S o I" 'I' 1 1 1' T K I U K 547 liV till- MMltll, •■ 77" Dnriiris. — Till' liiiir |iriii<'iii!il cliic'I's. with ii liiiiiilirr nt'tlii'ii' rc-^in'ctivc liaiiils. liM\c rciiiovi'il to llifir new Ikhiii's mi llic Ldiiji I'nrk d' lln' I'laltr; inul iiltliuii'^li llic'ir (iirmiii'^ (i|)('i'iiti()iis coiniiu'iiccil iit a rallicr lali' inTiiul n\' the vcar, I hey will still siiccitiI ill raisiii'^' a tnlcralilc ('in|p. 'I'lirrc is >till sniiic little (li>.|i()>iti(iii. mi llir part nl' a |inf- limi til' till' trilics. tn rriiiaiii at lln'ir nM \illa'j.- ; Imt llii-; will -limlly wrar away, ami, IIS till' cliiris have ri'i|iii'st('il til lia\(' tlirir luiiiri' aiiiinits |iayiiii'iits iiiadc at llicir iii'W lioiiM's. I li()|H'. ill till' cmirsi' III' M'tllril tluM'r ill praci' ami I'lilll til'' lli'Xt Near, tu si'i- llic iXO I'lirt. 'Pile sc'lmnl. I 1 isiili ati'i' part of tin- I'mir liaiids rill'.;' tilt' sliiii't tiiiii' it has hccii ill i>|iri'iilii)ii. |ii'miiisi's wi'll. anil I ha\(' im ilmilil will, in a littlr tiim'. In- in a vi'iy llmiiishiiii;- cmiilitimi. 'I'lii' lariiii is havr limi iiiili'l'atiLiaMr in tliiir r\rrtimis. ami, takiii;:' into accmiiit tli" .shiirt tiiiii' that has I'hqisnl sinrr ihry luiiicil ii|imi thi'ir (hitic.x. have iit'rlm'incd a lar'ic iiinmiiit nl" lalmr. Thi> liiiic sri'iiis imw tu liaxc an'iv((l wlii'ii the .stock cattk', diir iimlrr llir trraly nl' Is.'!:), cmild Ih' aiUantajii'ously i;ivi'ii to tlii'si' [mliaiis. •• 'i'lii' I'awm'i's ifi'iifi'alls i'\iiirr a |ii arralilr and I'l imdly dis|iositloii. Thrv have (111 iiiisi'tllcd dillii'iilty with the Ottms. 'jiowiiii; mil of iiiiirdi as ln'ri'tofm-i' ('oiiiiiiiticd li\' till' latter on .sonic of their iK'opli'. w liii'h I shall take the earliest opportiniilN t') liave settled." A'(.-/.'((.s/.'/((-'. W'l lis, I'iniilciisliiDrs, ( Hidirux iiiiil ( '/li/i/ninr-i. irisf.iiinl l\itlinriillinni< s. — These trihes constitute the eliafie (if a separate a'jeiiey in Kan/as, The a'jiait i'e|)m'ts their nmiiliei-s at 'im Kaskaskias and I'eorias. Itlll Piankashaws. liOll Weas. lllillOtlo- was, oil eNpati'ialed Chipjiew as. and ■Jllllll I'ottawattaniies. The n'_'eiicy of these trihes is located ahoiit forty miles sontli of Westporl. in the State' of Missouri. The a^^cnt says : ''These trihes have made hiit little cliaii'.;e in their roiidition since former reports. TlicN own some cattle and hojs. woi'k-oxen. farmiiii: utensils. &c.. ami depend entirelv (111 aiiricnltiiral |iiirsuits I'm- a siilisistence ; and. if it was not ti)r the ruinous practice ])ursiied hy those lawless iiidis idiiaU wlm are settled iiiiinediafely on the line of the State of .Missouri, and. in xiulatimi of the State hiws (which are \ery severe), furnish them with whiskey. I am of opinion their im]iroveinent would he rapid. '• 'i'lie Ottowas are still iinprinin'j in a'.:riciiltuial |)iirsiiits; tlie\inay he said to have eiitiri'K' ahandoned the elia^e ; all ol' them li\e in i^ond. cmnf utahle loi;-ciihiiis : have llelds eiudoscd with rail-fences, and nwii domestic animals, 'i'hey ha\i' erected a t;iiod liorse-niill out of their annuity, and many of them are niakiiei preparations foi' snwiiiu ■wheal : and ere lonsr. it is to In' hoped, they will raise 'iraiu enough to supply thein- sehes with Hour and meal for their own coiisumplioii. The ('lii|)p('\vas are a small h;ind. and .■'ire improxinji' in their condition : the I'ottawattaniies. as a trihe. are \ery much improved. 'I'liere are some of th ■ hands that are ahoiit stafimiary. while others have made rapid improvement in their condi;imi. The selllers on Simar creek are iiott)rions for .sohrietN' and industr\ ; tlie\ iieai'h' all live in trood. comiortahle loL'-cahins, .'.IS I'll KSi;\T CON hirinN AND liiuo lii'lil- ri'iiccil wilh mils, iiihl Will .■iilliv;ilid. Mini li;uc plowi'd :niil rciifi'ij ■.\ I.triro i|ii;inlil\ III |iiMiii.'-M|nuMil till- |>ivs,.|il x'lisi.ii; uliili- in llic dllirr M'llirim'iits. |li*> liiiiiiiiis liiivi' iii.iiii-iil ill iliimk('iiiii'. Ml 111,. I'oliawMltaiiii.'s, wild aiv all ilic iiircliani.s lliiil an- •'"•"■'"■'I '" 'lii'^ M,-viir\. |ia\c l.rrii ap|ir.i|irialcl\ riii|i|o\,.d al lli.'ir rrs|Hcii\,. diitirs 111'' I'Mst U'ar. ill iv|i;iiriiiL; nil iiccr>siiv wurlv luMiuhi |<, ih,. .-Imps 1,_\ ih,. Indians. :iiid inaiinllictiiriiiir iMriiiin- iitni-il,,. \c.. Il.r tli.ni. .Ml ilu- iril-.s \\ iiiiin lliis miIk H-ri\r\ sii-laiii a I'liriidlv i( iafioii to nil i.tlicr Iriiirs „[' tli-'ir ac(|iiaiiilan(r. And 1 am li;i|'|iv lo stair that -ciid'ai |i, .ilih has |nv\a;l('.i diiiiii- ihr tun j.ast \cjirs." n, /,,,/•„,,. — 'I'his trilic i> located oil tlir watri- ,,1" il,,. .Nanialia. a Irihiilarv nl' |1m' .Mi-nnri. and tin if prin-'ipal vilia-c is sitiialnl one iiiilc ahuvc tlir iiimilh of the (iival Nininiha. Ten dwrllin-dinii-cs have Ihth nvrtf i| ii\ thr ( !n\ ..riiiuciil. at a n.st nl' i^'i'ino. 'I'll.. iviiMiiiiiiL: hcuisrs. whicli. iii-cthiT. an.nniiiiddali' half the luitioii, Imvc '"■'■11 liiiill In llic h.ua- lhrinMd\.-. 'I'lif i',.|i.irl o|" il„. a-mt stales. ■• This iiataui i- iiiiirh -i\cii tu irtcniiMTaiic... and u iiilr iiinlrr tlio inliucncr nl' lii|iinr '1"'.^ ■■"■' ^'1'.^ '11 l"".ll'd .ach nthrr. a- >'.rll as In th' whites; Innnf the h,.^t lllcll ill ill'' iialinii ha\.' hern kill.-d in !hi';r h iiTJianaliaii mws in the l;i-t t \vid\ .•iimiitli ; nii(< nl' ih.'iM was killed ell la-t SiiiHla\ iii-lit. || i- iiiterl\ iiii|in-. lahnr ulth their sipiaws diirinj the en.|i|iiii-' seasnii. •■I mn.-t res|iee|ti|llv he.^ l,.a\|. In s|ie,ik nf I he mis-i<,mirv csl alilish lllelit at this I''."'''- I ''^I'l 'I'lil.v .i^''!' lliat it is under ilie siiperiniemli'iice nl' as ile\nnll\ pinn- indi- \idiials as I have ever kimwii. h.ivimj iinthiiiL'' I" prnmpi llieiii In aeimii Inn a -incTe ..mlii|.j- liieir childrc'ii ahrnad In he ediiealed. .Many nf them have nr.jed nn me inhawu m.inniildahnr .-ciinnl. like imtn the Sh iwiiee sclnml within .Majnr ( 'nmiiiiiis' aLicm-v, Pit OS i-r. cTs It I' Til !■; Ti! I iti;s MO 111' llic (ilVlll •list (if csliiliii-lii'il iiiiihiil;' tliiiii. I lin\i' iin cluiilil nl ilirir >iiic('rit\ . Mini tliiit. in rlitiiliciii. tlii'v \M>ii|i| ■'(■iiii lil'ty M'lii>|;irM. iiimIi' III II I lilii.ili'. Id .-cliii"! ; tlii^. ill ni\ ii|iiiiiiiii. i-< lln' mily w ;i\ in w liirli tlii'V run 1"' iniuii' 11 Miiirr |ic(i|ii('. It Im iiMi'li'i*."! I'lir inr In si'nlii tlirin I'lr llii'ir ilninlxiiiiii'st ; tlicy ('(inH'sH it IS wiuii.:. lull tniii>^irri'ss iiciliiiiis llif nest il.iv. nr iit liMst ii> ^unh a< ,iii (i|i|)iii'tiiiiit y .•-IliUlliI I'lli'l'. It ir* nlli'I'U' ll,sr|i'.«-< Hir Illf 111 ll'\ 111 kri'|i llii'lii I'l \', !,;■'>• ■ ; llicn' is n fii'l (if ImwIi'ss w rclciirs ^iriilnl nil till' ii|i|iii-ili' ,-iilr 111' till' ri\i r. in Hull ciiiinly. wlm rnlliiW liulliill'j rl.ir liiT II li\ ill'l lnil .-I'llill'.' \S lii>kr\ In ill" illiliaiis. >tr;ilili.: linl'M'S, cunn- trirrilill'^ IMii||c\ »v;('. Till' lili' 111' \iinr iiliiiiI Iims lircn lliii'Mlnu'il nini'i' ll lan nlK'i'. Inr Ili^i i'll'(irl> III |int M sliij) III ilii-^ niilmly triiHii'. On lli" 'Mli uf lliis inuntli. :il nijlil. I Ciiiiiilil tlnri' nii'n wlin Viriv inlrniliii'iii'/ \\lii>ki'y iiili lin' linliin I'miiilrv. linl liirin, |^r|il liii'in for a I'rW il:l\>. ami tmik tlnill In Hull ciilllltS In 111' rnlliinilli'il ; ili-lrail n\' (■nininiltin'j,- llimi. I liail inyi^cll' to li'a\i' in lia,-ti'. tn |nr\i'nt a -^nil I'nr tin' wlii-kis which I hail (IfslitiM'il. The dIU'IkIi'I'. Iiy liiNi' w iliii's«ii's. cmilil ha\i' |iriiM'il ihal In' was nil his \va\- to llii' Pin'ifu' Oci'iin with his liirrcl ofwhiskry •iinl faimr. ami inrnlx >lii|inri| nil llir Imliaii siik' ti k 11 iiii'ar.> \ iri nals. 'ji't a lillli' w nml. nr have a MiriaMn Miinki' with his |Kirliriilar fi'iriiils. till' Sai's aiiil l''n\i's. al iniiliiijlii ; nr aii\ thin.; rUc thai it \\as iii'i'i>~ u\ In ihhm'. •• I have inadf scvnal I'llials in tin' last turhr niniitlis. In ha\r iiiili\ iiliials |iiiiii>liril fill' sclliiii; spii'lls to the iiiilians in Unit I'onnly : all nl whirli, in thr rinl, hasc [iinMil ilholti\i'. ■•Till' Inwashavc iirlitinni'il iiit' to ask thr ( iovi'inini'iit to rrliiiilil thrir mill, it wonlil III' of ^rciit .-crvicc to th"m. ami, in jiislicc, I am constraiiu'il tn say il sliniilil In' (lone h\ till' (lovcnimi'iit. This mill lies cr was such a inii' as it shnnlij Iia\i' lni'ii ; tin' workmaiislii|i \va« iimst shaim'l'iilly sliiihlril; the stones wi'It of im iisn. nut aii^wcrini^ thr liur|iiisi' fir whii'h thr_\ wriv iloi^liril. I am of n|iininn that il wniilil ri»\ aliniit, i^T')!! In jilll this mill ill rn||i|ili|i' nlilnr; lllsn. I li"lii'\('. it wiilllil imlliri' thrsi' |iin|ili' tn ciniilnN a iiiilliT ami lilacksiiiilli. Tliry lia\(' aNn rri|iii'sli'il inc tn ciniiloy ii fai'imT I'nr the next xnar. and have iiamcil a man to takn the siinatinn Inr tlm pri'si'iil \rar. Thi' iiiili\ iiliial naiiiril Inr tlmir faniiiT I'nr thn m'\t _\i'ar. with w Imm 1 liiivf I'miirartiil. ami whom I rt'coimiH'inli'il. is niu- w ho has lixci! loii'j aiiimrj thc-i' pi'iiiilc as a iiiissiiiiiar\' ami Irai'lu'i'. il«' was the chnicr nf ihi' Indians, and I think tlii^ scU'ction a 'jiind mii'. •■ r>\ the ci'iisiis taki'ii hy mi- mi tin- nth of Scptfiiihcr, yon will lind 17n smiU; I a:ii , nil li\iiiL:' in the .-anic hmise or wii^waiii, in perfect harmony. The cniintry inhahited I' ) h i'l '.' .•l> iMi i:si;N'r con i» t c; ■• .n a n i» li\ tlii'iM is ;i |iniiric. Iii.li mill lolliii'j. mtn rirli. ai i ' . Iv WMliTi'd, iiiiil Iik.m ii (tiiHifitin'V III liiiilirr liir nil llniniim |im'|iii>i'.« li>r ii'iilinir-' ti mi', il' laUi"i luii' nl'. •• Tlic Sai'H ami FuM'?* air a pnnnl. inili'|M'iit|i'iit |iiii|il<'. |iiir!*iiiiiL' llif I'liaw iliirinj; ill'' liiiiitiiiir McaKiiii. 'I'licN arc iml ^o iiiinli 'Mx rii In mlt'iii|M'iaiii'i' an ilic low as, ami 11' ll.iiii inilrli iiiiirc i'i'>[i('(| all II i.i'.i liii' llii' \wiil<' man lliaii nn llic lowa-^. I Ih'V III Il M'l ollrli I'l llirir 11 |.'l|il-lll|i hi I nr \N iillr-, ami llu'll' |i('ai'r;, ii|i' il l»|iiislt lull linNUI'il llicir ml In'i'ilifis ; mil ilial llirv li':ii ilnir liroilicr- : ilicv dt'iri, sa\ llicir ureal latlnr will ln' an^'ry il' tlii'_\ .-Iriki-. •• I lias'c lierii ilt'i'i'iM'il li\ lln'-i' I'l'iipli' ill Iwii ri'.-iiici'N ; iiiu'Willi ri"^aic| In llicir M'lullll'J- llicll" I'iiiMlcn In M'liiiiil. aihl III llirir |iliillli-ill.: In lakr iiiir Inir cil llirlr next h' il- Ml 11) 'ji'l llii'lli III semi llirci' rliilillcli to ■ilioiil. Iiiii llu'v |iriiiiiisc iiiiii'li li"lii'r alliT a wliili'. •• 1 am |i|i'as('(l to say. that >iiiri' I liavi' Imtii Ik ti'. nut a lilnw lias liccii fivrii to ii ■ilraii'ji' Imlian. aii'l niaiiv illi'ii-. Iimm' Ihtii m.iilr In •^r\ up war |iarlirs, lint I have aniiniU' in jm lis. 1 ha \ I' nlil\' iic'i'll all l\\a\- lii'i'ii aMi' III jiiil a sinp in it. ami iinin' li ia\i' 'jnlli'. I liavr liail lin ll'iilllili' will) llic >at'- 111 tlii> wa\. 'I'lii'S listrii. ami sa\ llicii' ''ivat I'allii'r will iir iiiiL:r\. ami lii' is ri'.:lit : thai it i- lirst III lir ,il prai'i' willi all ml an : line liiimlit'il ai'i'i's IiihIm' aiiii U'lU't'd ill a M'l'v siipi'iini' iiiaiiin'r. slalii'l aiiil ilniiMi' iiilrrnl ; si\l\-li\i' arrcs nl' wliicli is in ,lM',it. ami is cilli'il Slid I'niii : si\l_\-li\t' aiTrs Ih'Ihu .-rrili'd in wlii'a! : lill\ liiisli ill liirni|is: liall' an arrr in w.ilriim'lniis. 'I'l ic cnin Iri-ll |inla|iir- I'laiili'il ; li'll lliTr; will |irniliii'i' aliniil iliirl \ -live liiislu'ls prr ari'i', ahniit um'-lil'tli nlwliiih will lie waiiti'd til Iri'il wink r.itlli' this Tail ami s|iriiiL: ; tlii> iinmimlrr will In- ^i\'i'n In llii> Imliaiis. Till liiiliaii- lia\r raisiil. ai llicir \illa'.:c. wilh llic help which was ^i\cn llicm hy the lariiicr and assisiMiii in picpariiiu Inr llicir crnps. siirli as Incakiii'i up and planliiiir. iic.ii'U . Ill' i|in Ic. 'JnUli liaricis iif II cniii ; aNn. pntalm's. pmiipkins. sipias .^c. Th III' seven llll'll III this natlnll whn ijesnte ihc wlinle nt llic cmppllii;' scasnll I ■Ipiii'i llicir siiiiaws at all liino in make and sa\c ll TI n laliiil. IC laiincl' has hceii Inn iiiiieh ciiL;ai;('d iiiijMn\ iiii; and iiiakiiiu a mw I'anii In l;i\c llic atlcnlinii In iiisli'iieliiiL' the liiniaiis in a^riculliirc h" shmild lia\c dniic ; llic iie\l year he will have iimre time. (>iir plan I'ni I'aniiiii'j npcralinns annthiT year is ,is I'nllnws: niiieiy acres nf new prairie In I c liinke as early as pnssihle in the spiiiii;' and planted in enni and pillllpkilis ; .si\|\ - li'.c acres in wheal; Iwciils acres in Irish pnlalncs; liiiir acres in iiielnns ; niic liiiiulred aii'c wilh new rails. Iweiily acres nl' which will he put in acres Iclieeil tiiiinlliN' Lrras at the vil III Incitiii'i' llic i'arin near the tiiis^inii. I had maii\' icasnns niicratiii'j: nn m\- niim iiiakiii'j' il ill c\er\ w.'iv ihe nm-l doiraMe silnalinii. In ll -hniild maki' an dlni l in est: iili-li a ma llllal lalmr selinnl aillnli'.' ll nliee Wnlllil ll :i\c ;i lariii amply siiHicienI liir all piirpnso 'n ci event (invcrnilicnt le-e Jienplc. theV al It iiiimeiice vvil ll a'jaiii. a-_\ In keep the |i'iiecs Up: i!ie Indians arc alraid In pull iliciii dnwii. it is so near i'i!t».'^i'i:irf' n I' I'll !•; rit i iiks. 'hlirv lli<> Mll>-:l'.'i'lli'V. f iilnilli'il III "iiv tlillt I |iaii| liiilli li;ltii)llr< llli'ir :Ulllllit\ nil ill)' '.'ill nil . W llirli 'JIM' 1 1 II 'II I uTi'ill .-ali,ir;ii'liii|l ; il i^ III III' I II i| Ml I thill |||i\ lii;i\ Ih' til II- r:illv |>;liii llli' Ili'St M'Mi: I tiilllk il lii'^l liial tin' S.li'^ siiuillil Ii;iM' !«'J()()(I lli liiailUrl.-*. i.S:i'., Ill'l Mrn illllll'k Cllil > II t' a iii.ir^i' i|iialil \ , xlii'inliii;.', k'ii'.. I hi- iiist M'lif. Till' I iiwa.-* illlM' ll'.'ri'rii 111 taUr i^-'ilHI ill '.'iiiiils till' lli'Nt \r\\V. 'j'lirs liaM' ll'il riMllirHliril nil' willl nil iiiMiii'i', liiil will ill II li\\ i|:i\ '." I'lli'M'ii M'ai ■• allrr tlir ilali' mI' iln'-r i'i'|iiirls uT tlir li'i'al ii'-i'iil .i|riioiiii;j I'll'irii'iil llllrliliiiii III liii'il- li'-|ii'rliM' illltir". ailil rnriii-iiill'/ a ilrlaii oi' llir j;|Tat ijlllirllltli'-i I'lli'iillllli'iril III Irailill'-'' III! llli' llili' " III till' I'lilllllirliri'llli'lil iij' a lili' iil' ll'^lii'll I ' Ilia 1 iiiilii*lr\. till' I'liirl' iillifrr III' llli- liiiliaii ItiiiTaii III \Va.-*liiii'^liiii iji'li'i'iiiiiii'il tii\i-i', |ii'r- MHialU till- I'liliilii/i'ii ll'ilii'i. All i'\ll'.irl I'l'iilll Ilis l'i'|iiil'| is Mllijniliril : ••'I'lir iiiinliliiiii 111' till' liiiliaiis liii'ali'il wi'.-l nl" Mi>siiiiii ami luwa is mil as pm jn-- rmis, III' llli'ir aiUaiu'i' in ri\ ili/alimi as lapi'l. as llir nllii'ial ii'{ii>r|s aniiiiallv n'liiv'il I'liiin that I'liil III ihr rnnnlrv vmhiIiI aiillinn/i' ns In rxi 1. I n -■ \iial inlii>. Ill'' 111 III' liiiiml siiini' I'lliii'iilrii. inli'lliji'iil nn'ii : ami many iH'i' alili'. li\ ih" riilli\aliiiii nj' ilii> cailli. Ill sniisisi iIu'UiscIm's, Aimiii'.: llirsi' I'lasscs thn-i' ai'i' sniiii' -inrrn- |iriili'«-iii - nl' I'l'li'^imi ; liiil (III' iiia-^ ul' iIm' Imiiaiis ari' iiiilnli'iil aii\ ihi' (invi rnniriil ami tinml iiirn. thr i'\|ii'i'iiiii'iil lia~ iir a'-iii- aliK I'aili'il. 1,111'. III"! 'jiin ralK mi lai'L;'' Irai'ls nl' land. si'|iafalri| iiiln small amlili-- tiiirt liaiiils. rnaiiiii.'j al will, aiiil w anlri'iii'j' in iillriirss, ihi' iiiassul' ihc-i' tiiln' am ill a iliL:railiil stale, with nn lin|ii' nl' a rnlisiilrralilr ilr'jrri' nl' I'l'lnl'llialinll (I'M'll Willi siii'h im|irn\ I'liii'iits lis arc iirarliralilr in lliiir |ilrsi'nl liiMiiaL^rinriil l. willmiit a fhaii^n nl' rcsidciii'c. 'I'hfir n|iiiiiniis. haliits. I'lisliinis. anil |iiir-iiils. w hirh jui'si'iit an aliiin-t. iiisiinmiiinlalili' olistacli' In ihiir chaiiLii' iiniii a |ii'iiiiili\r slain, liiiil iinw Iml lillln M'sistaiiri': wliili' till' atUiri-nl' tlir ii'ii'iil.aml till' clliirts nf thr Irai'lii'T ami ilix ill!', ari' I'linnlrrai'tiil. In a \rry ^iral i'\ti'iil. ir. iiilhii'iu'rs nf an aiUrrsr chaiai'li".-. ami ^vlli^ll it is |iri'siiim'i| will |ii'i'ilnininali' sn Inii'^- as ihi'sc Iiiilians air |iri'niitlri| In miiaiii wlli'ln thi'\' linw ir^iili'." ' : I IP, AiiMiial ll'i'.'il "I' till' liiili.iii r.inr:iu. Is.'i.;, p In >ii :i* I I 'f 1 ■■'■ : ! I 1 :i ri '■• ! \ ■' v> 1 J'1m;si;nt conditioxN and CIIAPTKI? Y. THE II INTER TRIBES. A coMPKiKNTMiid ('Mrcl'iil (ilisiTvcr liiis cstiiniiti'il that. Inini ocean tooccan. the riiilcil Siatrs was (u-iuiiially orriipicd \,y \{)') trilics. all ul' wliom wiwc Iniiitcrs. or inoiv or k'ss of a iioniadic character; ol'thesi'. the details which liasc heeii suliiiulteil in a |ii-ecediiiu- vohiiiie ' make it apparent that the Indians hicated hetween the Atlai Ocean and the sunnnit of the Eocky Monntains were divided into si\t\-nine trilies. Of this nii-nher. to a greater or less extent connected with the events of our hist itK orv, the condition and [irospects of the linir trihes coniposini;: tlie Apiialachian ^ron|). vi/, tiic Choctaws. Chickasaws, ( 'herokees. and Creeks, liave heen alrcads' noticed, a nd tl decliirtion drawn tiierefroni. tiiat they are [)repare(i to enter on tin' c:ireer of civili/cil ioned sixty-nine trihes. there are also to he dciluctc(l lo are more nr natiuus. Frcni the hefore-ment till' twenty-four expatriated trihes and hands located in Kan/as. wl en-a'jed ill the imrsuit of indu>triai arts, a-riculture. and letters, and have niad( sidi ralile proL'ress in morals and Christianity : thus leaviic.;' ll)rlv-( rcLiariled as iiuntei's. and as still adl ne trihes to he iiiiiii;' III the precarious pursuits of the Koossau in.- Airreeahly to data previously piihlished. the nnmher of liunter trihes located iK'tween the Hocky Mountains and the I'acillc Ocean, a scattered and diversified portion oi the Indian I'ace. co radicallv dillerent lanyrna mpriscs thirl\-six; most of whom ha\e small pretensions to spcidvin,:. It would he inconsistent with all iiistorv and ■rvation, to expect tiiat. without aiii'icult ure. the numerous hunter trihes. who suhsist wholly upon the llesh of wild 1 1 1 1 1 iiaN. should sur- ive the era of the chase. Idleness, intemperance, improvidcn and in luliicnce. exert the most ha.iefnl elli'cts on ci\ili/ed •iet\. which has e\rr' means at command ior its support; hut the ojieration ef these \ ires in savage life pro- iluces rlreadful results. From the .Missouri river to the coa-t of the I'acilic Ocean, and from the 4Utli parallel uf north latitude to the river Gila, tlu're rove trihes whose scanty ' \M. 111.. !•].. lej _'. ■ Till' H.inl A'"/.<<.i. ill till' .\!i.''>ii>|iiiii, llil-llll.livi-. liii' lllHi rtii.li »■,',/ i.s ailjfif i,- till' iiiilicativc, iin's.nt, nf llii. vt-rli " ^) /i"/i^" 'I' o ri'iiiliT It :i i /I Ml II ■,i inM 'ill r:t m< iJU^i IH: II !1 i li!! .'li ! ! y \ 1 :■ I i| r ^•«u« m (VI if' ' *^ Ai m ^ : ^^i i Ymm I iili'i i ■ ! I riH A I li »•■ i I I. '•■ mi 'M'^t^k^- s: Lfei^ ^' ys;:liiiiH m... \t.i' ' ■ !,f 1 HWr 1 ;; , ■ M 1 ; i 'Si , '■ -mjM 1 i 1 1 i. • r •>mkim^. m i ^hM - u \ t i tM irm, m us !■ KCTS ti !•■ T II I-. I i; I illlil llliccilllill Killi-^istciin' is sill iiliiilic'il li\ llic llrsh ol llic iiiiiiiials ili('\ kill m the V tlic niois llir\' ili'/ ill till' inairic^. oi till' firiihlc ii|il:iiiils. Till' i'.\<'iirsi(iiis. or i>. . . \lllll. till' ti'|ii;i. ;inil till' WMtlapilHTL;, ci illllii im' tllcil' M';nitV llli"ll W 111 11 llir lic;ir. tin' (InT. Mild till' l/llll;lli) I'lllllHil 111' liillllil. It is illlpos-ilili' til I'linji rliiri' Imw tlirsi' trilii'S r:ili iipiiii siirvivi' tlic cNtiiirtiuii nl tin' nii'r iiri|iiMilrii|i('tls : iiini' cNislfiii'i' iit iirrsi'iil. with tlic iirci'Miidiis iiK'iiiis 111 ciiininMiiil. Iiriinj all tliiit can In' olitiiiiii'il. N'limi'iii'al iiiiTi'iisc is iiii|)nssilpli' ; altri'iiiitiiiL; Irniii ]ili'iitv In want, ami wainliTiu;^ osrr jilaiiis. nr tlirnipjli lirlili's. snlli'iiii.L: ainl cinliiriii'j-. tlir scale of |iii]iiilatinii ncviT aiU aiiccs. hut is olii'ii riiliii'rij. liir Inii'^- iiciiniN. I)V waiit ami sirkin's-, 'I'licv imi-i ahvavs In-^r inncli iil'llifii |iii|iiilaliiiii Kywar; iiinl tlu'V 'imv. in liii't. Iir ili'ciiifil |iriis|irr()iis, if tliry ilo iint iliiiiiiiisli lii'Miiiil tlii'ir cstiiiiati'il iiiiiiihrrs. Tlir trilir tlial rniiijirisnl .")(|(I nr 1(1(111 warriors iliiriiiL;' till' last cciitiiry. imw niiinlicrs almiil tlir same tiirci'. No I'lidcaxdi' i< mail'' li\- lalinr to iiiiTcasi' ; tlifiv is iiiitliiiii;- to lan'inira^v Inijn', in tin- I'liliirc ; ciiiisri|iii'nii\- ilicic is no basis on wliirli to I'slalilisii or (lrM'lo|i a in'iinaiiciit ]io|iulatinn. 'i'ln'-i' tiilics can oiilv lie cNpccti'il to {■xi.-l. as Ioiil; as their s|iontani'i)iis meaiis of siihsi^teiiee coii- tiniie. ami lllll-t ileclinc or ]ieri-h when these |il'eeaiioi|s sll|iplies ;ive uilhheM. It is simply a ipiestioii ni' lime ; their late is sea lei 1 — they must lahor or perish JJein,:^' mentally ami iiahiinally inratiiateil with savaiie manners ami eiistoms. the )preilatory hiintim^' trihes will Iohl; ho\er on the extreme frontier^, where the\- now are. piirsiiim;' with Imrharoiis ileliLiht their career of plumler. roMiery. ami innnler, 'i'li' i;or;jes allil ileliles ninmioilsly inlersperseil llil'oll'_;lloUl till' hroail ami lol'ty ralr^e ol'the ilocky .Moinitaiiis. airoiil shelter lor ijn'-e wild iioinailes. where, like the ori'jiiial \alle\- trihes of I'el'll. will cllpy ihe ra>tliesses of llie Aude-^. tlcy seem likely to remain, in ilcliance of the civilizeil settleiiieiils wliicli spread aloii^ it-^ fooi. W'jiere hinit''r trilies, li\im:' on the plains or arahle uplands, are i'nally siirnmnded hy a ci'iilized jionuljition. the oiil\- iiractical mode of inllneiieim; them is hy tlie introilnctioi) of scIhihIs. To he ellectnal. these slimild he. as has been previously stated, el' the most sim|de charaeler. ami I'alcniated only liir teachiiit;- the eli'iuents. without iinieh display or expense. Cen- tral schools, of ii normal chai'acter. in the nation, \vliere hi'jher hrauehes have heeii taiijilit to till' natives, to ipialil'y them for liUiu'j- the posts of teachers, catechists. and evaiiiTelists. have ellected milch, and lia\e heen found to h" most henelicial when con- ducted on the luaniial-lahor plan. Academies sho.dd he eslahlislicfl in the Indian territory, iS:c. We lia\e. in withdrawini:' so many of the yoiiiii:' men from their friends, am.l ediicaiinu' liieiii at our hiiilier schools and collei;es. unconsciously fallen into the error of aihipiiiii:- our ell'orts to a state of society which will prohahly not exist anioiiL;' the Indians lor a louu' period. The youths are there taiiiiiit vai'ioiis hrauehes of leuriiinii', ami at some of these institutions they olitaiii a practical knowdedL;'e of the nieehanii^ arts, and an iiisiLiliL into the princiiiles of agriculture. l>ut when this course of iiistnictioii is coiiipleteii. what are their voiinn- men to do'.' If they reimdii aiuouL': the whiter, they limi tbeins(d\'es V,,i.. VI. — 70 « I'ltosi'Kc rs oi' Til K I'll I iu:s. (•iiiniio.McdordcMfrtcrM IVitiii lln' I'lir Irinii'i.-* (ni llic iiiijicr Mi^oiiri, i'i'iii';j:iul<'s I'l'oiu Siiiilii Ki', (li.M'liiii'j^t'il Nililicr.x. and lii^ilivcs Iidiii justice. Siicli [iltnuis chii oidv pi't'V ii|i(iii till' liidiuiiM, III' lie tiiliTaled aiimii^' tliriii, mi Ioii^ as tlicy n'liiatu in tlii'ir i'Ii'm'iiI i^'ini- iMiil ami .-MAiii;!' >tali' ; lifiicc tin' ninvciuiiij clliuls lo lliuail all ;Lllrni|)ls at civili/a- tiiiii. Tlicir I'l'sidt'iicc in tin' Indian cnniiti'v i-< in iijiin v inialiun nl' law; Iml. liriiiLi wlitillv iiii's|)on>ilil(', llu\ lan^li al all alti'ni|ils in i-cinovc ilicin liy ii fisil |)i(ii'i'>>, ••Till' I'iriniiais wliii'li Imvi' Imtii i.^sncd li\ llw j) pailint'iit to incM'iit tin' inlnidnc- linn and nx' of s|iii'ituiius lii|n(H> in llii' Indian connti'v. rulinwt'd iiy tlir [ii(iiii|il niuvi'- iiii'iil III M riiiniiai i\ nrdia'.^iii)iis til llif Ciiuncil IlluH'-. and aiilid li\ tiii' /fainiis arli\il\ nl' till' fi\i ral aiii'nls, liavi- ^uin' llir luward liii' HU|iiiit',>i.siiin n liii.^ iiiii|uiluii> Irallii; on llir ri'imlirr.-'. In tlii' liiinialiM' laininii^c nl' mi old cliicr. wlio w.i." in tiiisciiv not li 'r II' .'•nii>liiiic. till' a|i|iniviiiii >nnle o >r ill!' (ileal .-i'lril. ini.- r! "ari'd iuviiv tin til |M)lMinrU I lulls ani .vliii'li >o Iiiiil:' darl niiii' iiiui.' Ill ii|i mil' dr.-nlatu 'II licld.'^ : its rlu'criiiLi wannlli lia- diinl nn tiii' Icais nl' our woiiicn and fliildirn. will! every iii;jlit oIIit iiji llieir |iraw'is ol' lliaiilvliiinr^s to the (ireat Sjiiril 111 tl le sKies. am I our meat I'allier in Wasliiii'iton Tl le arraiiiieiuenl wiiirli was |iro|H).-.ed li\ llie |)e|iartillelll. lo >ul).-t itllte Lioods ill inoiiev III till' |ia\'liieiit of illllilllt li'>. wullM have iiioxed hi .:lil\ lieiielieial had it met the a|i|iroli;il:oii nl' the Indian^. The mi,iii|s heiin:' |iuri'lia«i'd hy eoiitraei. at tliu liiwe.-t niarkei |irii'e. and issued out In the agents Iroin tiiiie lo time, so as lo iiiee t III wants of the lnili!iiis. would ha\e In en of more real lieiielit to tlieni than roiir times till' amount paid out all .'it miee in iiionev . The Indians, lieiiiu' de>tilule diiriiiL: llie i^ieater part of the Near, are eoinpelled to solieit eriMlits froin the traders, who. aware ol the uneertainty ol lieiiiL;' paid, demand and recu'ivt; the most usurious prices lor tlieir ■^iiod.-. The 111 y which is not paid away to siitisly the traders soon liiids its way into the hands nf the wliisl^ev dealers, who sw'iriii like hirds ol' evil uiiieii around e\el\' place where annilitie- ale In lie paid. A ipiestion or'.^ia\e iinportaiice here pre- sents itself lor the coii>iif'ralioii ol' the (ioveniineiit. viz: wiiether the rights and pri- vile'ii's of ,t;iiardiaiishi|i miiilit iiu[. in r, ,iin'ii r./«.s. he e.\erci.--ed hy the Deparlmeiit. when a measure is proposed clearly calculated to promote the ii;ip|)iiiess and welfare ol' Irihes nolorioii>ly incapahle of ind;^iiiu for themselves V .\ltii(Mi.:h some mi'jlil iiriiinlile liir the time, the saint ua chaiii:(' in tiieir condition would souii teach lliein to thank their Lireat lather Idr his fosterinu' care. ■•Iliiiil'i' Trilxx. — The census of the dilfereiit tril)e> reipiired liv the department will he fiirnislied liy the a,i:eiits and sulKiyents. so far a.s tiieir Jurisdictions cMeiid; those hesoiid. will he found, as near as can he ascertiiiiied. in the |iillin\ in,: tahle : III ' iii^: ► t' w ^^^ ^^^o. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■ 50 ^^" lii^H Z us, 12.0 Hiotographic SoHices Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. USM (716)872-4503 '^ r^ 4 III OOti Pin-ISKNT CtiNDITKiX AND Valll'tllll^ •I'.lMl,^... ( )-i'llalii,- Lmli:.'. li.lll Mill I.IVlllu'i'M ..r I' I-;, llir xmlll Mr 1.1' .M M i|llr ('■■lift. i.'o^iiin, at IIP' iniiulli 7.'iO ■_'.."iiilt l.iiwrr IkiikI III' Siiiii\, liviip,' iirar Vi'i-inilh^n rivi i.'ni :;,(iiiil l..iwrr Ii:iimI ■■r Si. ■MX. mi llir .-uiilli III' .Mi.vMiiiri. rillll l,."illll Siiilix — ili.iln't M lillli' ililVrlvllt— >:ilMc l-cuiiill. 1.1. "ill I.IMIO iii.\ nil (III' ( 'licvriiiu' rivrr, iiml I'l.iili' Vanrtiili:i> Maiiiians AiirKaiiT^ (Ini-^ \ illllrs... A>.-iiialjui.ir.s ... 'iiiil l.^-iMl ll.iiiMI I iiiiiT li.iiiil III' Siiiiix. iirai- Manila IJll :!iMl liivr in ilirt Imli;!-!, mi llii' .^liM^mll■i. l.MI 1 1 II I l.'iil l.jllll ; ('III iiilrv, .\>.-iiialii Cruws Clii'Vi Mlai'l;!',' .Mill I.JIHI 1,11(111 l!a.-ials — mi llip li.ail walii.-. Ill' Vi'lliiw.'-lmii ."idll J.IKKI \V; iiiliriiiir Irilii' mi II iiiarkalilc. lalti' I.iii'.;ii,'il:i' Vitv I'c- iraiialiii.-. l..'inil |,."illli KM.IIMI W'aiiil.l'ili'.; — iir.'ir l''all.- Ill' .\|i-Millli ; l.iilii >iiii's ol' : till' i'i\"i'. .."illll I'lairir iril"'. iirtwi'i'ii llir I'latti' ami Arliaii.-as. (ii'ii.'- \'i iilri"i I I'nirii' ll.id lll'll .'.■■iilil W'aii'li I'lT- III IWrra till' .\|i»miri ;.ii'l Sa>kali.'lio- I.Mi l.diHl I'lmr Mill.', ill tlic llui'k y iiimiiitaiii.^ T.ital. C.'.cj.i •_'."i(l Slid 111 till' inmiiitaiii — tniiK' iiii.>tlv mi Cnl Iii J(»,:i7(i I'll. 7(111 •• The MMiily iiopiilMtinii sliiiwii ill till' li iii'Liiiinu' t:iMi' iii'cii[iv tlic wliuie dl' lliiit iiniiimsi' i\'L:iiiii 1\ iii'j' \V('-l nf tlic Imrilcr Iriiii's, hniiiiili'il liy tiii' .Vikaiisns mi ilic .siiiiiji, till' ili\iiiiirj iiiiilibiliiis lii'lwci'ii tlic .Mi>s.iiiri :iiiil water.-; nl' IIihIsdii I);i\-(:ii tlic liiirtli. liul till-' li(irl<\- llliiniil.iilis (III till' wr.'-l. It is cviiji'iit. iVdiii tlic niiii.s of \illML;( sciUtcR'd aloiiii' tl ic iianl (if till' .Mis.-^miri and its ti'iliutai'\- .streams, that IIr.'^o tk'solatt |)laiiis once ti'cimd with iiiyiiails u!' jiiiniaii llClll^ ^\'t' lia\i' tlu^ :iuth(irit\' ul' an itciliixt'iit IJritish traiiiT. who cros.-^cii iis't'i the .Mis.-Diiri ill tl inter dl" ITS' sa\ iii^f that the ii()|nilatiiiii. e\('ii at that recent date, was jicrhaps a hundred jlild greater thiin at present. The Maud. ins hi' otiinated at 'J-'i.tldll (iuhlini.: men. and the Assina- liiiines at III. (1(1(1. A relerciu't! to the tahlewill sluiw thi> wondert'nl destrnetioii of Innnan lil'e which war and iiestilencc have jirodiiced in this region in li'ss than a <'eiiinrv. The siiiall-po\. v.liieh was liroii'.:ht over lioiii the northern Mexican provinces ahoiit the \ear I Tsii. almost deiiopiilated the coiiiitr\ T lere are niaii\- oh I liidi ins now IVIll'i w ho hear its marks, and retain a \ ivid recollection of Its iiorrihk' ra\inre.' A-i tin. ill IS'iS, the same disease swe|)t oil' at le.ist one hall' of the pr.iirie trilies. Hence tin scanty popiilatioii. which seems almost lost in the vast ('\|iaiise of prairie liy which tlie\ led. It is some Ln-atitication to know that a new •generation must sprim^ are siirio'iiii II p helorc they call he scoiii'L'cd hy another visitation I'roui this fell destioM'r; Imt tl is another consiaiitl\- amoic.^- them almost eqiialK- destrnclive. \ I/.: siiiri tnons liiiiK 111' wlmli' Mil- waiiili II r-^ I'vcrjit ilm^r iiiarKnl with .'in a.'-lri'i>k ( 'l. li 4. I'lMtSIMKTS OV TIIK Till ]\Ki<. r.67 ''"■ Mlcilltli -ilj:il„,i|.,.. It lias liccii asft'itaiiicil I'roiii suiircus ciititli'd to tlio utmost orcdciii't' tliat iipwanl ol' ;")(!() im'ii lii'loiigiiiu' to tliusi' praii'it! tiihcs liavc Ikh'Ii killrcl dni-ini;' tlif last two years in (Iniiikcii broils, wliili' tiie survivors, Tiieii, women, and cliildreii. arc ri'diicud to tlic lowest depths of poverty and deL'radation. The friends of humanity have, howexer, nnii'h to hope from the laudal)le and zealous ell'orts which we have it'ason to lieiieve are now heiuir iinide liy tlii' (iovernmeiit to save the wiccks ol" these once numi'idus and liap[iy jieoplo. '• No advances wiiatever have lieeii made toward civilization amonL' the trilies on the upper Missouri; and so lonu' as they continue tiie wandi'i'iuL;' life in which they so nnicii (leliLiiit. all elVorts directed to that oliject will prove to he oni\' a useless waste of tiuu' and monev. While there remains such a \ast extent ol' terri |cil\-. C()\elril o\cr with innnuienilih^ iierds of liuH'alo and otlit er L:ame, there seems liiil litlle pi'ospect ol V helore their condition iieiuLf materially clumuvd. (leneralions will perhaps pass awa thi.> teri'ilory becomes nnich more cireumscril)rd ; for it' we draw a line runniu'i mirth and south, so as to cross the Missouri about the \'ernulion river, we >hall desijnale ihc limits beyond which civilized men are ne\-cr likely to settle. At this puinl the Creator «eems to have said to the triiies of emiuiation that aie annually rnjlini: toward the West, ''rims I'ar slialt thou uo. and no farthei'." At all events, if they 'jo lieuaul this, they will ne\er stop on the east side of the IJocky mountains.' 'riu; lUler destiluiion of timber, ihe slei'ililv of the saiiiK' soil. toLietln'r with the coldness and dr\iiess ol' the climate. Iiniiish oiistacles which not e\en • V iinkee enterprise IS likeU' to iiM'rcdiii A lieneliceut ( 'reator seems to have intended this drearv region as an as\lnm lor tin ndians when the force of eirciiiiistaiices shall have driven them from the last acre ( thu ferti e ,^oil wliicli tlie\' once po th isseSM.l. 11 ere no iiiduceliu nts are olli-red to ih .•veriest less Sa.xoii breed to elect their huts. Should the bulfalo and oilier i;ame eseiitually disappear Iroin tiie prairies, there are spots ol reliiue in some ricii liitle \ alleys on the banks of isolated streams, alfordiiiir timber siillicieul lo furnish bills and fuel for the few wanderers whom necessity will coiupcd to st'ck some other means of sub>i>tenee. Slioiilil this period ever arri\'e. a few domestic cattle miL:ht Im; introduced into ibe uii(r\'. and the Indians would readih' beconu' w; IU(|erm'.i' llel•^|^mell ■ ibe 'I'arlars of .Viiieiica. 'I'lieir |ieciiliar habits and inclinations Ibrm them tor such pursuils; tlie\- iie\cr can be made auriiuilturists or mechanics. The time may arrive when the whole 111' the western inilians will be forci-il to seek a restiiiLi-place in this L:reat • Anu'ricaii desert." and this, in all probability, will liirm a new era in the history of this sinLinbir and ill-fated race. They will remain a \vanderints of Christianitv. Tl ley are |)r(iclncers of niore than they coiisnnie Tl ii'V arc in the liiirli to national wealth. Their llocks .ind herds covi'r wide plains, and may be said tt wander oviM' a thonsaiid III costnme. in maiuiers and cnstoins. and in all the am enitics of life, these Indians will la\oralily compare with the most promisinir adja- emnraciiii;' some o| cent commnnities of Knropean oriLiin. 'i'liat otluM's of the triln the Kan/.as siion|i. who have licen lom;' niider a conrse of instruction and moral triuiiiu>r, l)ut who have not \et attained their advanced condition, will he snhject to irreat thictua- tions. vicissi tndi aiK I trial s. ere tliev en ter tl le circle of I' if tl tl lev reach it at all. is e(|ually clear. No |)rescii>nce can anticipate the conrse of the nomadic, headstrom;'. mnrderiiij'. r(il)her trihes. who wander over the Missoiu'i plains, climb the ele\aled ramies, and occupy the mountain passes of New Me.vico, California, and Orejiiii. How manv of these lierce trilies. of Tartaric habits, ma v. in time, turn an alti'iitive ear to tl le voice ( )f peace and instruction, cannot be predicted. IJiit without the nccil ccrlai.i. inlcK rrence of chanws nf the most strikinsi tdiaractor. their ultimate destruction i.>» 1< ver since tbed iscoverx' o f America, it has been a iniestion ol" considerable -t. whether any evidence of descent from cast-ofV fragments ol'.Vbrahamic stocks be tr.icealile in an untoward race, whose physical li'atures and p(vuliar traits of character so stroiiirly resemble them. 'I'he tliviue deiimiciations against that peo])le im|)K' an utter aiuiihilation of their nationality: uhile the ]iertinacily with which the Indian cliiiiis to the idiM that hi' is the tiivorite of the (Jreat Deity of the skies, and the faith with which he looks back to an ancient pi-riod. when he enjoyed liiLdi privileges and an exalted state, is a peculiarity undeveloped in any other iieo|)le on the fa<:e ol'the p-lobe ; and then- is >carcely one other, so poor, so wretcheil. so hopeless, so wilfully wroin:. and so despi.-^ed. DIVISION SECOND. Umm OP l\DlSTRIilL A^D SOCIAL DEVELOPME\T, AMI) PRESENT NATIOXAL POSITION; ILLUSTllATED M SOME NOTICES OF THE MENTAL CHARACTER OF THE HUNTER RACE, A\D THEIIl ANCIENT STATUS AND ARCHiEOLOCxY. i !■ i II. '! Ill ( 559 ) ' iif ft !! I #1 i y< I !:'■!:■: .■)rs H Wi riS'iii :;t|| ; !TC Is . I il ^ i M » ■ hi .' m i •1 ■ -J l!!" :1 t i ■ ' -»i Hi I ' m SKCTION TWKNTY-TIIIin). CAIJSKS OF DKCLINK OK TlIK INDIAN TKIBKS. ("IIAI'TKi: 1. CONDITIONS OK \.\VK WHICH nl'i'OSI': THK INCKKASI': oK Till', AI!Ol!l(il N Al. I'dlMI.ATION. TliK Fiulian witlicrs nt l\\v tmifli of civili/Mtioii. Cniiliict with it cNtTcisi's ii blii-'litini? intiiii'iH-c Ixitii upon liis pliv.-iiMl lunl iiu'iitul I'ai'ultics. Niitiirally iiidolt'iit in his liiil)it.<, hi' is ()])|iosi'(l to IuImiv. iiniir()\i(ii'iit, in liis luanntT ol' livin'.'. and has extremely small ruicsiL'ht in |)id\i(liii;i for the I'lituic lie evinces lait little care lorlho jiresent ami makes only slii;ht use of the e\|ierit'iiee of the |pa>t. 'I'au'jht IVoni early inl'ancy to revere tho tnitlitioiis anil institutions ol' his fathers, he is satislied of their value, and drciids tho auL'er lA' llie (!reat Spirit, if lie dei)arts from their teacidm;-*. A ciiiiMt's of this iiiiiiKM'iiMl ilirlini* in llir Iiuliaii trilics of the riiilcil Siu(cs. is, ill 11 iiifiiMin'. |Miz/.U'(l ill tilt' vi'iv iiiitsi't (if lii.H I'xamiiiiitioii ; fur tin* aiii|ililiii|(' oi' ilic cnimtrv. ami tin- oaw willi wliicli tin; iu'Oi'.«Harii'H of life can In- |iii»- niii'ii. wciiilil si'cMi Iti fii\(ir till- iiHTi'ax' iiiHJ iniiltiplii-alidii of tin' raco. Ni-viM- tlii'if.xs. no niatti'i' Imw cin'mnx-iilii'd or I'Xlinilcd the ^ooiiiaphii-al liflil, tin? >muw rt'fulls arc ivt'rvwlicif aiinaii'nt. Tlu' j'vil sccni-i to originate in an ill-lialaiiccd niiml, wliicli L'lasjis at lai'sciit I'lU't-ty. witlioiit rci^anl to llir fiitiin' ii'siiitH. Tliis mental iin':i|iiiritv til ri'aii/c and pi'osidi' for liis fiitnio ncci'xnitii'^, is the icason « h v In- is, at oiii' liiiir. dc-iitnlc of food, and .-nH'criiiu 'li.' ki'cin st jiaiiuis of liuiiuer, wiiilc. at anotliiT. lit' leasts fiom a hoard lilli'd lo ro|ilition with an alaindaiu'o of fyrcst ;rani('. Oiu< of tlic strikiii;: nintalioiis of the ihusi' is. t|i;it want and almndanco siiccccd i-arli oiIht at invirnlar intervals, 'J'iie time lievoted to lli(> linntintr of wild animals is vastly di-|iid|iortion,it(' lo that expended in tlie raisin.' of ('iilije \>y well-regulated industr}'. A sin;:le aere of eorn \ ields more nntrinient for a familv tlian all the wild roots, trnllles, tepia, and \vatta|iineeL', which can l»e jratheivd in a season. The oiiinecj.', or common potatoe. found in \'ir:,;iiii;i wlioii it was (irsl discovered, has never heeii cnllivati.'d \>y llie Indians. Of all liie l\nropean luxuries introdnced aniiin;^ tin- Indians, novdiiiij; has liccn more injurious to lliein tiian tin- use of ardent spirits. Far in the interior of the continent, it has lieeii oIiscivimI that tlie taste of liipior was. at first, repulsive to the initives; lint the appetite for it. once oxeited. Iiecame rajiidly tlill'nsed. Wln'ii under the iulluence of alcohol, the Indian ajipears to enjoy a slate of hcatitnde, in which In; would seem to realize the fanciful theories of his luytholo'iy. in the creation of the world of hajipy spirits, ami of the human race. Indian corn was |danted. to a limited extent. \>\ the Atlantic and Mississippi valley liilies; liut no trader or traveller lias ever noticed its cultivation amonp tlie interior and mounlaiii trihes. On the wesltin jirairies. where it iiii.iiht have heen profitably cultivated, the Inilians lacki'd the necessary industry, cared lillh^ or iiothinj.; for vcgo- tahlo l(H)d, and r lied lljr snhsistence mi the iiiiat of the hnHiilo. 'I'lieic were other causes, however, opeiiitiiiji to diminish the Iiuliau population. Tho most onerous hnrdeiis of sa\aLre lile fall to the share of the females. Long and weary jouriieyin.'rs. freijiieiitly occasioned \iy the necessity of lleeiiifj; before pursuing enemies, and camj) labors, were, ordinarily, superadded to scarcity of sustenance. I'lider fasorable circumstances, one woman has been known to lie tho mother of twelve or thirteen children; but this is a rare occurrence. The average number of children ill each hunter family, doi's not exceed two. (Jhildren rarely, if ever, die of iibsolntC hunger; the small amount of food that is obtained Ix'iiig carefully and scrupulously preserved liir llieni. after the protracted period of weaning; but exposure and its results superinduce many trilling diseases. Irom tiie ellects o!" which numbers of diildrcn die, Avho. in civilized life, would have been saved by the ordinary practice of medicine. TIIK INK IAN Til NIKS. MA l»i(l<'rillll\' liniTl llir Millr 111' Wiiiit of prc)|M"< ilt^'iff IIimii pc.xtiliiicc iiml lii*i'lilom i'ii;.'aj:iMl in it, aiitl, i-.-'iM'ciallv. tho-c who?ariiit. Thrri" is (I iiiunil'cxt iiicri-asi- in tin- ratio of hirlhs in the tiihc?* wiio havo rcriiosi'd to till.' Wi'.xt, whore tiu'v roxidc in p)od Iioumvm, xiiiTouiidi'd hy wcll-tiili'il lidiU and all the cornfortM of agricultural lifo. 1 E 1 r ' 1 ' n\ -.04 CAUSES OK DECMNK OF CHAPTER II. EFFEfrrs OF CIVILIZED IIAIMTS ON REPRODUCTION. TiiK condi'ioii iiiid riitiirc prospects of tlie Indiim tribes of the United Stiites n\v suhjucts of the liijiJR'st iiiorul iiitcri'st to tlu' iioveniiuent iind pfp'o. In many ivspcets till' nice and their prospects are aUke i)eeidiar, tlic histi)ry of the world not furnishinj^ an exact |)arailel. Other races of innitcrs iiad the benefit of the mtorniediate pastoral condition, in pro.iiressinjr from tlie hunter to tlu; civiii/ed state. The wildest Arab triljcs, and tiie nomads of Asia, reaivd the camel, horse, cow, or sheep. But the North American Indians possessed no domestic aninials when the continent was discovered ; thi-y hail fuiined none ol' the maimers resultinjr from such cares, or from the discrimina- tion ol' j)rivate rights; and the ferocity of their character was not in the least amelio- rated liy any such important class of duties. Nor, ,so far as tradition extends, does it appear to have been thus inliueuced in times past. The Indian's golden age is ever the era of the chase; and to this period do all the remini.sccnces of the elders jioint, as to the age of aboriginal prosperity, and superlative iiappiuess. The (!reat Spirit then smiled on him. Agriculture wa.s recogni.-^ed only by the cnltivalion of limited fields of the zca maize; but tiiis was not a reputal)le labor, and the supply of food relied on, from all sources, was so essentially of a spontaneous growth, that it ri'pressed the power of re])roduction, anil a very sparse population spread itself over immense areas, remarkable for their natural li'rtility and abundant resources. There is reason to believe that the native population but little exceeded 1.000.(1(1(1. on the same area that now contains li2,0()0,00() of the descendants of Kuropean races. The question of numbers is. however, but one section of tilt! great inxestigation l)efore ns. it has been well said, in an oflicial papi'r, "Tiiese remnants of the people who preceded us in the occupation of this country, and who have yielded to our destiny and their own. although greatly reduced in their nnnd)ers. have yet claims upon the United States, which their citizens seem disposed neitlier to deny nor conceal. Dillerences of opinion exist concerning the extent and nature of thi valley. Tiie Indian tribes have separate(l tliemselves into two distinct classes, founded on the adoption or neglect of the princi- ples of labor and knowledge. Tiie former have eitiier been colonized in large masses, when; the industrial arts, protected by e(inital)le laws, could lie most advantageously followed, Ol' tliey have submitted to tiie domination of hibor and law in tlie Stales. Tiie latter are still nomadic, and pursue the business of hunting, deriving little or no permanent advantage from civic jJivcepts and exani[iles; while every rational man. who considers the wonderful problem of their long resistance to civilization, arrives at the same conclusion, that while this rt'sistanco lasts, the ipiestion is narrowed down to one purely relative to the time of their eventual destruction and extinction. Tlie ' Doc. 117, llousi" of Ucp., Second Scss., X.Xtli Conijrro.'-s. [il I i m CAUSES OF DECLINE OF 1! ! woiuit'i- is, not that, uiulor cxistiiiu; circiiinstauces, the Indian popnhition has diinin- isiu'd. but that the tribes have not already become extinct. Tiie .single problem of Christianity, unconnected with field labor and domestic inilii.stry, is not ulonc sullicient to accoimt for the decay of the Indian ra(;e. lialx)r is the common condition as.signcd to men, and the violation of this principle in tribes is oi"' great cause of their numerical diminution. When the chase is totally abandoned, tiie most important step toward progress is taken. Q^he female who spends days in digging tepia, or wild articiiokes, would be doubly rewarded for her lajjor by cidtivating potatoes. The raising of cattle, hogs, and sheep, in a few years, places the Indian farmer in a position to obtain IVesh meat, at [iroper times, without wasting his energies and strength in pursuing deer. bullaloc\s, or antelopes, llor.sos are easily raised in the western latitudes, no expensive stables being rcfpiired, nor hay to be stacked and fed out. Fioconuititja is tinis maili' easy when it is necessary to travel from .seUiement to settlement; saddles, bridles, and l)iiggies necessarily following in the train of improve- ments. The rude Indian trij)od is replaced by well-made chairs and tables; cast-iron stoves, for cooking jjurjioses. are introduced ; then a chandier. or a parlor looking-glass, and perhaps a clock. The dwelling begins to display the evidence of female taste in furniture, and nuu-h of the paraphernalia of housekeeping. Finall}', the children are sent to school, and the parents themselves join the church. lie nuist be a dull observer of tiie progress of the settlement who has not witnessed these improvements. Society, as it were, ari.ses and stands upright. Indians liavc done these things. Who will hazard the assertion that they do not tend to numerical increase ? To the beneficial inlluence of instruction, the record of missionary teaching bears ample testimony. Perhaps few exami>les can be adduced which give a more pleasing aspect to the lield of labor than that of Miss Catherine I$rown, a Cherokee of Alabama. Many ymu's have passed since this bright native lemale exciteil the liveliest hopes; and a long time has elapsed since her gentle spirit winged its llight to a better world; but her memory is yet green in the recollections of many. To the graces of person and numners she united high educational attainments. In the language of Mr. Anderson, her mind was of a delicate texture — clear perception, correct judgment, intellectual economy, and good sense, being her strongest characteristics. In the actjuisitiou of knowledge, her mind moved easily ; in the communication of it to others she did so with lelieity and a just appreciation of their capacities. Her delicate .sensibility, her exact view of propriety and dignity, her high principles of action, and her gentleness and swi'etncss of numuer, excited general admiration.' A yary similar delicacy of feeling, sweetness of air ami voice, propriety of expression, ease of conversation, and dignity of niannt'r characterized Miss Jane Johnston, and Miss Madeline La Fraumbois, of Michigan, Mrs. Charlotte (Rev.) M'Murray, of Niagara, Canada, and Miss Mary Life of Callipritip Hrown : Boston, 1S25, p. 150 TIIK INDIAN THIHKS. 507 i ■■5 HalUdiiy, of Syracuse, Now VorU. wlm wore tlio snl)ii'cts of parefiil moral instruction, and maj' be roganled as wild ilowcrs, transplanted lioni the Indian wilderness. Whatever mitigates the evils of Indian soeiety. adds to its permanent means of growth, ami is favorahle to its moral and plnsioal development. It may bo well to lay before the reader the sum of these statistics, that he may scrutinize more (dosidy the character of the Indian mind, and determine its capacity for hearing tlie mental superstructure, proposed to be ba.sed on it through the medium of the Indian colonies; and, by extending this inquiry to what the aboriginal mind has done in past times, without the aid of letters, to furnish some idea of what it may, with cultivation, accomplish. •a i 568 CAUSES OF DECLINE OF (1HAI»TKH III. WHO IS THE INDIAN? HIS CAJ'AOITIES FOR NATIONALITY TO BE DEDUCED FHoM HIS CH Al{ ACTEH. It is not Hiipposod tliiit, tlnring a long period, aljciiiding in opportiniitiofi, any obser- vations or ri'searclies have been nindo to Jnstii/ a eonelnsivo reply to tiio above (|Ucstion. Far IVoni it. Tiie indifin, an enigma at first, is a nnieli greater enigma tlie mure bis bistory and eiiaraeter iire exaniineil. Liive a boulder on tlie surl'aee of tbe globe, lie l)ears very little evidence of tlu> parent i)ed from wliieb be Avas sej)arated by tb(^ Hood of Innnan tril)es and nations. Wbenee be originally came, and wbitlier be is going, are aliivo tlu'nies of absorbing interest, wbieli, liowever, cannt)t be equally judgeil by tbe critical incpiirer and tbe moralist. Hut tbe o[)portunity may be I'lnbraced to allude to wbat tbeorists, wise men. and pliilosopliers liave advanced on tbe subject. Certain ancient nation.s stilled iiupiiry on a subject wbicii would probably have developed notbing very lionoraMi' as to tbeir descent, liy allirming tiiat tbey had come out of tbe gronnil. and tlitis were tlie true atitocbtlioues. Such were tbe renowned PlKenicians. Forster tells us that tbey originatetl from tbe Horites, and bad lived in caves as roblions iind plunderers;' their assertion was not, therefore, entirely hyper- bolical, for every cave is, topographically, nnder ground. No nation is .so rudo in its origin as not to desire the reputation of having had ancestors. Many of our native tribes give an account of their origin analogous to that of the ancient Pha'iiieians.' Even the nomadic Apaehees and Navajoes, at tiiis day, inform travellers that tbey came out of the ground ; adding to the theory, how- eve r. that tbey are wohcs, be;irs. rnccoons, and other (|uailrupeds, in a state of transf)rmation.' Nearh' a century and a half has ehipsed since the French court sent a gentleman, of great learning, acntencss, and benevolence, to America, to observe and report the state of the tribes. P. de Charlevoi.\ personally visited all the leading nations living between Quebec and New Orleans, and. after his return to France, having devoted his attention .inhn UciiiliiiM Knitter's Nnrtlii'rn Vnvn!:p.a, p. 2. ^ Vidi' Vul I., |i. 17 ' \'iclr ^'(ll. I\'., ji. s!l. I • V . I 'i m- I / / / I -■-.■ 3 r/. ^f' ± ii I t i.W \mi THE INDIAN TUIIIKS. rm to the problcMii of tlii^ ()ii,i,'iii of tliis ijcuplc, .so ilis.^iiiiiliir in jiliysiiMl aiicl mentiil tiaits IVoiii tliL' other known Mirictii's of iniin. lio (Ifchiri's liis utter iuiiltilitv to subscribe to any of the theories ol" tiie migration of tlie raeu from other parts of tin- L'lolie, believinjr, Jiowevi-r, tiiaf such nii.nnitions iiail been made. '"After remlin.ir abnost everytiiin!:." lie ri-niarks, '• tliat lias been written, on the manmr in wliicii Auiericji nii,i;bt have lieeu ])t'opleil. we seem to be just wiiere we were before tliis 1,'reat anil interestinu; (piestioa be^iin to be aj^itated, iiotwitiistandinf^' a moderate volume would be refpiisite to relate only the various oianioiis of the learned on this suliject. For the most part of them have given so much to the marvellous; almost all of them have built their eonjeetures on foundations so ruinous; or have had recourse to names, nnmners, eustoms, ndijiion, and etymology so very frivolous; that it would, in ni}' opinion, be as useless to refute, as it is impossible to reconcile them with, each other."' Indian history has ever been an anomaly. At the period of the discovery, the Indian was a mere hunter, armed only with l)o\v and arrows, and worshipping a class of spirits, or diumons, supposed to inhaliit tiie forests. TIk; Ijold mariners who fust visited the coasts, had some knowledge of the llindo(j, and Tartaric types, residing on the shores of Ilindostan ; and, conseipienth', called them Indians, under the supposition that the newly discovered laml formed part of the continent of Asia. Red-skimicd, blackn'yed, black-haired, and sulitle, tiiere was a striking coincidence in the external characteristics and leatures of the two races. Whenever examined, this pliysi('al resemblance has been found to bold goo 1 if ' ' w Wi' 570 CAUSES OF DECLINE OF chase, or by fi.shing. Tlioy woiv tliinly xciitUTed over iiii iiniiioiisc extent of rountn*, fixiiijr their HUiiniier residence iijion some little spot of lertile land, and roaminu with their families, and tlieir mat, or skin houses, thronjrh the forests, in pnrsuit of the animals necessary for food and clothinj,'. Such a state of society could not hut arrest the attention of adventurers, to whom everythini; was new and striuige. '•Of the external habits of the Indians, if we nniy so speak." remarks tiie same writer, ''we liave the most ample details. Their wars, their annisements, their Inmtiii!.', and the more prominent facts connected with their occupations and condition, hav(> been described with jrivat prolixity, ami. doubtless, with iiuich fidelity, by a host of persons, whose opi)ortunities t()r observation, and whose (jualilications for descri|)tion have been asdill'eront .-is the places and the eras in wdiich they have written. Eyes have not been wantiuiT to sei', toni^ues to relate, nor ))ens to record, tiie incidents which, from time to time, have occurred amotiij; our abnri,^inal neighbors. The eating of fu'e, the swallowing of daggers, tlie eseajie from swathed bull'alo skins, and the juggling incantations and ceremonies, by whi('h the lo.st is found, the sick is healed, and tiie living killed, have been witnessed l>y many who lu'lieved what they saw. but who were grossly deceived by their owi\ credulity, or by the skill of tlie Indian wabeno. "The constitution of Indian society, and the ties by which they are kept togetlier, fuiiiisli a paradox which has never received the explanation it reipiires. We say they have no government, and they have none whose operation is felt, either in reward tu- punishment; and yet tlp'ir lives aud jjroperty are pres(n'vi'd. and theii' pnlitical relations amoni: themselves, and with other tribes, art' duly preserved. lla\<' they, tlien. no passions to excite them to deeds of violence, or have they discovered and reduced to practice some nidviiown prinei|)le of action in human nature. e((ually eMieaeious as the two great principles of hope and fear, upon which all other goveriunents have heretofore rested? Wiiy does an Indian, who has been guilt}' of murder, trampiilly fold his blaidiet about his liead, and. seating liimself upon the ground, await the retributise stroke from the relation of the deceased. A white man. under similar cii'cinnstances. would tlee or resist ; and we can conceive ol" no moti\e which would induce him to such saci'itice. " 15ut. of the inornl vhiradcr and frr/hiys of th(> Indians, of their nn n/n/ (/isii/i/i ol' ihv'ir ji'i-iilinr Djiliiions, vn/fliu/oijlcal and n/!;/loii.i, and of all that is most \alualile t 7in(» ill till- lii^iori/ of miut, we are aljout as ignorant as when Jacfjues ('artier fir-t ascended the St. Lawrence."' o ' IlciMiirks ijii t]w ('(imlilidn, ClmnictiT, and Lan}.'iiaL'i's of tlic Xorlli Aimrii'iin Iiidiiuis: lidstnn, IsiiH CuiiiiniiiL's, llillianl & Co. Thi.s puiuphlut has been ascribed to the poii of tlio lion. Lewi.-: (.'ass. coimtrv, iiin^ witli lit (.r tlic 'lit iinv.st 111- sinic iiiiitinL', IVC 1)C('|1 1H'I'S()I1.S, \(' llCOIl a|i|iari'iitly iioiiniilic SDcii'ty. wliicli has Idiil:; ci'msciI ti> cxi-t. liiit t' I'cvcil--. ;is to a ydlih'ii ifi<\ when cNfrytliiiit; wiix ln'tli'f tliaii it iinu i--. A AlL'iiiii|uiii nil Lake Sii|i"rioi'. ol' whom the writer mailc iiii|iiiiii'< iii;iii\' m-av-- [[•mi. in I'clatiiiii to tiiis ancii'iit ciiorli. ri'|iliril tiiat tln'v IkiiI cM'ii <|i(ik<'ii tliiir liiiijii;i;.:(' in fircatcr piiritN . 'riici'i' is OIK' ]iartiiMilar in wliicli tin; Irilics idi'iitily tiiciiiscKcs with tlic 'ui'iiiTa! tra- laiil'viiid. It is in ndation to a '.'I'licral dchiL:r. ii\- wliich tiic 'mci's (jT nun dit ilitioiis (It n Icsti wt'i'i' ilcstro\ci 'I'lic I'Vciit itself is vai'i(jiisl\- I'elat eil l>V (VM Al-oi I'. Mill, an iviKiiKiis. a Cherokee, a Miiseo'jee. or a ('hi(dw inforiiiatioii, the uieat additional declaration was made, that, in the heiiiniiiiifr, (ioil created the world.' This funda- mental tradition of the divine origin of the earth iiiid heavens i.s a striking trait in all the Indian cosmogonies of America. The tradition of the dcdnire is veileil in allegories and fiunrcs. such as a rMJt. a t fee. a luLdi nKaintaiii. &c., accordinii' to the I'eiiins or iinairination of the various ti 1 III That of the Algoiii|nins is simply this: Hiawatha, or Manai)o, having iin'inreii iik enmity of the I'rince of Serpents, a very Typlion in character, who held sway in the l);isin of Lake Superior, the spirit permitted the ice tu break in iliiriiig tiie winter season, while Chiiiiahos, his grandson was crossing from one point to aiioilie iollowim: Slimmer, the deiiii-iiod watclu'd aloii'.; the shore to lind tl T le saiiilN M,i\'. wliere the serpents came out to hask : and havin'r consnlted with a kii iLihsher as to ilie jifecise ' tii'lUV-ls !., 1. ^1 !i ■! V ? \ ^ I m r i!i CAUSHS OK DKCI, INK OF lift'' \i i s|i(il. Ill' liKik lii'^ stMliiiii nil sliorc. ;iii(l liMiisrnniii'il liiiiisi-ir iiilii ilii> Hi>iiil)Iiin('i' of II lii^^li stiiiii|i <>[' 11 ti'i'f, lii'okcii olV \>y the wiiiil. As noon iis ilic I'riiici' of tlic Scrpi'iits iiinl liis ctiiirt !i|)|)i'!irc(l. mill Inid siiiilv into n'|iusi' mi tlu' siirul. he drew liis Imw. iiihI .•>lmt an arrow into his cnciiiv's licart. The scr|H'iits llcil, siTciiiiiiiiL'. into tlic (i('[iliis of tlu» sea ; liut. ill rcvciiL'c for this act, raiiscd the waters to rise, whicli overllowed tlie forests, ami pressed on, after the lleeiiiir ilemi-L'od. until all the land was sul)mer;;<'wl were )ilayiiiu' around him : li)r they were his Inothers. lie ihvt directed the loon to dixc down fur some earth; lint when it rose to the surface it was dead. He then told the heaver, the otter, .'iiid the mink to attempt the same li'at ; Imt none of them foimd liir lii>ttom. At la>t he sent the mii>krat ; " for \our ancestors." he said, "were always tiiinons for .uraspini;- the innddy hottoms of pools with their claws." The animal succeeded in lirin;;in.ii up a mor.sel of earth in its talons; and from this new chaotic mass the .Vliric deity recreated the earth. The ancient nations, who sjiread over the I'ai'th iVom the primary locations of man- kind, in .\sia, when they iiad lia-'jotteii the existi'iice of the true (iod. attrihiited the orijiiii and jiovermneiit of the world to IJa-al. Osiris, Orinusd, ('hemosli, Mrahm, ihidd, Fold, and otlici' phantoms of the iina^Mnation. which \aried with every climate. I'very territory, and every mountain, plain, and valli'y ; while the American tribes, spread over an immense continent, have coiicentrate^ atmospheric plienomena. In the priinar\ conception of a supreme rider hy the earliest oriental nations, they endeavored to relieve the character of tiieir henevoleiit deities hy tlie addition of a dual power, as in the instance of Ahriman, Tvi)hon. Moloch, and I5eel/.ehnl). This dualistic principle, wlierevt-r examined, nnirks the inytliolngy of the \'espcric trilies. who attrihute tii(! ])()wers of evil to a god, antagonistic to the (Jreat Good l^pirit. the universal Indian nnideus of sovereign power, id>iqnity and IxMievoleiice. The Indian mind does not generalize. It has not, from the knowledge of particular facts, derived general conclusions, although sometimes generic ideas are roachi'd hy Tiieans of metonymy, and fre(piently hy the synd)olic use of words. The glohe is called Ake. which is. also, the name for any ponderahle hit of earth. Tiiey consider the continent of America to l)e a large island, and are igmn-ant of the geographical divisions of the earth. It is generally called the Island of the Great Spirit. The Irihes eipially fail(;d to .successfully bestow on themselves a generic name. When •iKs ,111(1 iiiiil >|„.| IS of (|„. I. 'I'll.. •ndcil ji ■'•t. If- • TS .still n.illv it ills illlll 'j:iiiis tn lliMt wliii'ii clmrnctcri/i'il tilt! (iiillic iiml (iolliic trilics (liiiiiiL' tln' Itciiiiiiii rinii|iii'>ls. iil tlic cinn- inc'iioomciit dI" lluf Cliiistiiui vn Til |.\ wi'ic. Ill till" tunc ul' tliii^». uiiiliki' iiMtiKiis. Allii-iiininiii, "all iiH'ii," or (iliir-timti, ••war iiicii." Tin' Dfliiwari's, who lia\t; at l-ast cliiims to ^rcdf^rapliical prioritv (tii the Atlaiitii^ sIkh'cs. calK'il llu'iiisclvcs l.ninn /.nni/ii, lis if \vt' hIiouIiI my jikiIi; or nniii/i/ mm, Imt wliirli a IVt'c tiaii.«latiini ii'((iiir('s tn In' rem Icivil. //(( // ll'/iit iirr )ll( II. 'I'lic trilics livillL' ill till' vailcv nf tin' Illinois tnM til Frciii'h tlicy were Plliil, or nini.' Tlit! Al;.'niii|iiiii trild-s, licmTally, pnniiinnrcil tliciii- ('()ii(|ii('rinir Irixjiinis proiioiincnl 'iv.'S I ihkiiiiiii /«(.tl II' rnlllllHiii prii/ i/r Th pniii I aiii-i tlii'iiisclvi's, nM a natiniialit}', to hi^ Oui/ir! Ih I III VI, ' iiii'ii t'xci'lliii'j: a 11 Utll Till' jrlnlii' lias pn'sciitiil ti'vv races ul" iiicii wlio alliuil stnmm'r I'vidciici's of oriijiiial unity with tlic Ailaiiiic laniily than the Anu'iicaii Imliaiis. CunsiiK'niidi' (lilll'it.'iii'cs of color ill till' skin exist, varyini;' IVoiii the cinnanioii standard to a dark nil. on the one hand, niid an appniaeh to wliite, on the other. Ciiniatic pheiioineiiii and peculiar habits may. aureeatily to Smith, iicconnt for this. Tlie prairie triiies iire L'eiienilly essed with a russet elemontal tiiiL'o of a deeper liii while the tl'ilies residiii'j: impi within the shelter III" vast I'orests assume a li;,diter color. 'I'lii-re are deeper shades in tlie Calirorniii trihes, and still darker shades on the hunks of the Orinoco. IJiit tlie causes of these chan;;es atlmil of a specitic solution. Aceordini: to Dr. Ilarin.ir, a trailitioM is still extant, that a slave siiip havinjx entered the Urinoco. the iU'iL;roes rose (111 the natives, and having destroyed them, .seized on their women for wives, mastered the ship'.s ollicers. and redeemed themselves from liondau:i'. In taking 11 comjireheiisive view of the Indian tribes of tlic United States, nnil of North America, they must be regarded as a unity. Such is the o|)inion of the late Dr. Samuel CieorL'c Morton, who, from a lull and elaliorate examiiialion their jiliy slological traits, and scientilic admeasurements of the Noluiiu' of crania, deriveij froin all (piarters, regards the leading tribes as common to the continent : recoL'iiising only the distinction between skulls of semi-civilized and hunter tri WMU'll. as tlu! learned phvsiologist observes, are •• manifestly arbitrary." ' This distinction is an important one. and should bo borne in mind, althougli it will not fail to bi- observed, when tiie data are investi-jated, that the dassillcation is established rather on ellects. in the )ro(luction of which, mental and moral habits of thinking, tlii^ developineiit of arts aiira ultui am 1 public, architecture, such as the erection of teoealii and palatial lices. are supposed to have exercised no slight inlluence. The skulls of the biinter class of tribes, however, particularly tlio.se of the Vesperic group, denote a greaterdeveioiMiieiit ' TIiIm torm is siiiuiiliir, ;iiiil ri'c|nin-i tin' ii'»'/. to rciiiliT il [iliinl. .\iiinii'_' tin' iiiDro iiurtlicrly .\Ii;'iiii|iiin tribos, tlio Ii.'IIit 11 is iiitcivlian;j:i';il)lt' with /, and tlir |)riiiiM'K'i:iliMii is /ifni. ' ('nl.loM. " Miirtou'.s Cniniri Ainovieanii, Vul. II., p. .'VJ><. " Kvorv atfoinpt to cliissify tlio tribes," he rcmnrks, " iiiuot ciiiiliiiui; to be arbitriiiT, uulil ibi; Ksl of i!i.iiLiic -i'oui/b ul' laiiuiia-ro bo ^ii.iiIiiJ." I l« i' . 'I'ni •1 i 'a I W4 r.MSl'S Ol" DKCIJNK (»K fil'ui'iiriniil ri'iiniiil miIiimh' iIimii iIiohc dI' lln- A/ti'i'i iuhI itf tin- I'lTiiviiiits. iiinri' ('.«t|M'c!iilly tlm-i' (if till' Aliiriimii |iciiiH|.' Tlirjic jii'i'iilijir i liiiiiictfiiMiics Iiii\c liccii donilit'il \ty Dr. Mortiiii ill n roriiitT voliiiiic of iliis woik, ami illiiKtiittt'tl liv liiiixliftl ilniwiiigM of niiiiiii.' Wisliiii'.' Ii> iniikc ('(unimriHoiis ni' ilic cinn'ml voliiiiio nf llu' .several jioiiorie ^tdiiiih III' the N'esperie lainilv. eliif>i(ieil iieeoiiliii',' tn liiiivna^c. I r('(|in'-hiii,L:ton. Iiv Cajitaiii ('liarle.>« Wiike.x, l'. S. N, The re.»ult.-< of tlii.s exaininatiiiM. whieh are \ery inten'stiiiL'. on aeeoimt of the laets ileiliieeil. have heeii fri\en in a preceilin.; vnlinne.' The aiinMasnieinent-* of .Mr. IMiiliips make it evident that tlu? facia! an;.'le varied lull htlle liMMi I'aeh other in llie .>.eri(s of Vesperie >kiiil.x, and dilU'ied iiiit a lew defiiveH Ironi (he eonnnon Kiiidiiean and Aiiieiiean averau'e. In hi.-< .xiiiniiiarv. he a.'^siiine.s tho ,«kiills of the •• hailiai'oii.s trihe.H of Nortli Aiiieriea" to have "tlii dej^'i'ee.s facial allele, and S-H eiihie inehe.x internal eapacity. A- to tlie eimiial vdliiine of the I'niteil States trihes. the adiiieasineineiils place tho internal eapacity of the Iroipiois jrroiip at iSSi cnl)ii! inches; the ^reat, central Alj,'oii- r|nin. and the Southern, or Appalachian firoiips. coincide, in their mean capacity, at i^'-'i't iiiciies; tile Dakotali. or I'rairie j;roiip. a\era,L;e S"i inches, hein;; I I inches greater than the milder AI,i;oni|iiiiis and Appalachians ; '• and these," he adds. " ap|iear to posscHS UKive force of character, ami more of the untaineahle violence whiidi forms the most characteristic feature in our liarharoiis trihcs." ' A siviill of a Wiinieha^o, of this family, is liiriired in the precediiiu' paper of Dr. Morton.' Of tlie more western ^rrou|)s. omhracin.Lt the Uocky mountains, and cxtemling to tho I'acilic. the Shoshonees are rated at Si iuclius internal ca[)acity, and the Oivgonian tribes atSlI; not the sli^ahtest diHerenco oxistin;,', in this respect, between the natural and the artificially llattoneil heads." Tlu; results of these investigations are very interesting, and are the more suggestive, as showing that the native cai)aeity of even the rudest tribes ranges very high. They are alike interesting and suggestive, bearing testimony, as they do, to this great fact in liiunan progress, that it is education, letters, and art.s, that lead to the development of intellect. The degraded and variously devtdoped Chinook skulls' are shown to have an internal capacity of SO ; while the evidences of eraniologic studii's demonstrate that the very elongated skulls, such as tho.se of tin; old Peruvians, disinterred at Lidco Titicaca, denote less volume than those of the North American hunter tribes;' although I ('i;.iii;i Aiiiniiiiiia. " Vi.l. II., pp. :i1.') to:!:lI. ' llpi.l., p :!::l'. ' llii^i., V\:,w I, Ml., ji. •-•.-^i. ' I bill., I'hit.s Ll.N , LX., LXl. ' ll.hl., pp. :!.!l t'l :',:)'}. ° ll.i(l.. p. :!•_';'.. " Crania Auioricaiia. Mpccially !'• ,!.'r<)ii|iH I'liiil. Id K'r uitli .V.lli.iMiil "•r 111 is IM' liccil TIIK INDIAN TIUHES. B7/1 tllo tcMtiiiKtny i);;ny, Min'toii, uml nil otiii in wlio hiivo cMiiniiitil lluir liiittoiT. cinifm' to jmivi' tluit tiiCM' iiiii'ii'iit I'lMUviiuiM. till- A^iiiiniis ol' iikmIiiii tiiiu''*. "Mfii' tin- aiflii- ti'clH r llioir own tomlif* iiiul ti'iii|>li's." iiiiil Wfic not, an kuuk' .xiiiiiio-c. •• intnuli'iH, w lut liail imiii'iHil til)' civili^atiuii, and iipiiniitiiiittHl tliu ingenuity ul' an antcii'iiint and nioi'u irit('IK'»!tiial riu'c." In Hununin^ ti|i tlie diHlitetioiiN nrisin)^ from a Hurvcy of tlio fuctH addiiriil to |trovi[ii'cic's, n'ri'i'i'iu'c is nuuif to tlf <|Uotation.s irotn Lavatci', llmnlioldt, ami Liilhaiii, and to tin* vii'WK of tilt' Aiiwricaii autlmrx, Dr. S. 0. Murtun, Dr. Funvy, and Dr. Tlionia.-* Smitii, D. D.. IIS Hct liirtli in tlu" jirocoding vohnncH.' ' V(.i. II., pp, 315, aui. Vui. III., p. 817. Vol. IV., p. aril. v.ii. v., p. awt. I \r 1 I I, '', ,11 it : iill '' ( \"' t I SECTION TWENTY-FOURTH. INDICIA FROM THEIR ANCIENT STATUS AND ARCHAEOLOGY CHAPTER I. OUTLINES OF MEXICAN ANTIQUITIES. Pkoposing to iiiiikc some remarks on tlic iihuri^iiial !inti(|uitios of the United States, it occurred to the aiitiior that it would tend to facilitate the ohject, and clear it of somo obscuritii's. if the inquiry were preceded hy a conci.se view of the characteristic nionuint'nts of -Mexico, a country distinguished by a similar class of archaeological remains, and which thus I'nrnishes a standard of comparison i'or a peculiar group of relics, and evidences of art and lahor. which have, with perhaps too much precipitancy, been called enigmatical. These indii'ia are, clearly, of the same type of art, under different states of development. Less violence would ap^jcar to be done to Indian history by such a reference of the lower to the higher forms of art, in the same stocks, than by attriliuting them, as is commonly done, to ancient races of another species, of whom nothing is known, but who are suppo.^ed to ha\o preceded the aborigines in the occupation of America. Meantime, such a reference leaves untouched, as a topical suliject of inquiry, of suljordinato importance, the pi'rticnhir (piestion of intrusive European remains, in the ruins of Indian towns, guacas, or ossuaries. If the Toltec race of North American Indians have achieved these triumi)hs of art, in architecture, and in the manipulation of fabrics, it would be no cause for astonish- ment that the Mississippi valley tribes, occupying a coterminous country', should erect mounds and teocalli, or surround their villages with a rude species of castramotation. Having mentioned my desires on this subject to IJrantz Mayer, Esq., a gentleman of close observation, who has resided in Mexico in an ofTicial capacity, and made the topic (676) Drawn and roio"edfroiii thi onjiiual ir. ^KeMuseum f.! Mcxicc 'byBriTila May°.r !SV2 . ;£PULCHPAL VASE AND COVEB.-AN AZTEC RELIC .:i I' HI m :< i .1 i^:^ 1 \\M 1 '^ •*>. ■< INDICIA FROM ANCIENT STATUS AND ARCH AOO LOG Y. .-.77 itsrll' liis study, Iio fiiriii.sla'il me witli tliu siilijoined paper, in wliicli tlu' (jucsliou is trfiitcil in ii .synoptical and condon^/., ainl Koatinn'a ami Liu'kliarl's tniiislatiniis nl' Diaz. ' (lama's " Doscripi'ion Historica y Croiiokigica 77G. ' Tlif .|UPst of .spociinens of .intiiiuitios In' travellers in Mexico, has formed a elas.s of iiiirciiious imitators aiiinii'_' tlio natives; so t'l.'il tin' smaller nlpji'd", e>|ii'eiall\' tliose of pottery, are so eleverly eounterfi'iti'd. tliat it iii|uires skill to detect the iiii|ii)stiire. Many of tlii>e " miHlern antii|iies" have lieeii imp^jrled into our edunlry hy persons who collected during the war; and it is pru|)ur to eautiuu tlic possessors uf cabinets before thev nin'rh them with these shams .1 'U ti . r - ■ S T A T U S AN I) A 11 (' 1 1 .!•; ( ) L (J (J Y. r<7'J 3. Ill the Codex VaticaiuiH, number 37;J8. 4. In the Codex BorgiiUius, of Veletri. 5. In the Codex Cologna. 6. In the Codex Pcsh, Hungary, of Mr. Fejarvari. 7. In the Codex Oxford, of Archbishop Laud. 8. In the Codex Vienna. 9. In the Codex Oxford, Bodleian. 10. In the Codex Oxford, Sekien. 11. In the Codex Berlin, Humboldt. 12. In the Codex Dresden. 1 :i. In the Codex Boturiiii. 14. In the Codex Pari.s, Tell : 15. In the Codex Tellurianus Keniensis. 10. In the Codex Oxford, Jlendoza collection. Most of which are engraved in Lord Kin:.:sl)orough's 1st, *2d, and 3d volumes of Mexican Antiquities, cojjied from the originals, designed and jniiuted on paper made of the (tfjavc Americana. 17. Paper, made of the leaves of the American aloe, or af/nve Americana. T n I K I) Class. iScu/plarcd Stotte, 1. The gigantic is. Donicvstic utensils of all usclul kinds. Pipes. Stamps Tor impriiitiii,i;- iiiaiks or (iiiim's. Images i)!' various small sizes, and consisting of entire figures, Spindles. Cliildren's tojs. S E V E N- T n C L ASS. Mit^rllnni'iiiw, of Sfoiir. Axes. Clul) or mace-heads. Arrt)\v-Iioads. Dressing-tools for skina. Pound ing-stones. Corn-grinding and masliing-stones. Sniddtliing-stones. to he licated for smootliing. Graining-sfones, grooved lor moulding in lines. &e.. .'ic. Eighth Class. Weapons, t^c, ^-c. I. Bows. -. Arrows. .3. Lances. 4. Darts. 5. Miqniiliuitl, or obsiJ^'^n club-sword. C. Shields. 7. War-dresses. i" 4 «. A.. STATUS AND A R r H .1501.00 Y. 681 N I N T 11 Class. Siiait'ific. 1. The stono Cfillod the Calendar Stone, at Mexico; other similar stones, and nstro- noniii'ivl paintingH. The Aztec government and influence did not extend, prohably. over the whole n'L'ion siibsoqiuMitly linown as New Spitin. a lavgo jiart of which is still compi'isod in tlie Mexican Kcpuhlic ; hut tiuMv ai" MuN'rMKNTAt. I'kmai.vs oI" the chariictcr alliulcd (n in the FiKST Class, ('ivil. rcliL'iiMis. and ddcnsivc, in almost ('.-cry (piartcr nl' the ccinntry. These are in the form oC pyramids, stone cdillces. tnitilications, roads, inid p\ililie impr()vement.i jrenerall}, exiiihiliiiLr a considerable kiiowle(lL'e orarcliitecture. ornament, ami the mecliainc arts. The principal of these remains, under the First t'hiss. are to he found in the follow- ing States, as at present geograpliically hounded : 1. Zacatecas. — In the State of Zacatecas there ar(> remarkal)le remains of aboriginal architecture, on a hill cnlleil the ('crm Jelux Eilijliui,.'!, two leagues northerly from the village of \'ilianeuva. tweho leagues southwest from Zacatecas. about one league north from La Quemada. at an elevation of TKtli feet above the sea, and about -'lY of north latitude. These remabi-^ consist of pyramid-:. Ibrtilications. walls, juivcd roads, and large t|uantities of stout' edilices. Tiiey are (daborately descril)ed in tiie Travels in Mexico, by Captain Iaoii. and are noticed, illustrated by a line [date, in the Viiijc PinliiVi yiii 11 AniiiiiiliKiiii, uf Nebel. U. Tamaii.ii'As. — lu the ."^tiiti' of Tamaulipas there arc many relics of m curious and interesting character. They consist of mounds, pyramids, ruined edilices. tondis, images. iVagments of obsidian. jHittery, ntcnsils. hewn blocks, carved in bold relief; and, in some places they are Uiuiid in such f|uaiitilies and connections as indicate the ancient sites of large cities. Tlie jn'iucipal inliirmation we havi' rel;iti\-e to the anti(|uitics of Tamaulipas, is in the *• I!amble~ by l/;ni(l and AVater. or Notes of Traxcl in Cuba mid 3Icxico."' writ'en by Mr. 15. M. Norman, of New ()ile;m<. in ls|o. As tiiis genlleuiiiu's anti([uariau rescai'ches wer(> only ejjisodes of his journey ihrough tin- compaiative wilderness of that tropical region, his work, valuable as it is, serves rathei' as an index than a full descriiitiou of what nuist engage the attention of future investigators. ;i. \\.\i\ ClUZ. — In the State of \'era Cruz thert- are remains of civic aivhitt'ctin'c. pottcr\'. images. car\ im;. \e>sels. ^^c i*\:c.. \e.. at Panuco. Cliacuaco. San Nicola^; ;ii Tapantla there is a well prcser\e(l stone pyramid, Avhich is re[)resentcd in Plate Nl.. Fig. A : at Mapilca there are pyramiils. carved stone.s, the ruins of an extensive town, and a road formed of blocks of stone; at Tusapan there is a ]ni'amid, a .stone fountain of ver\' remarkalile shape, a caual tor navigation, and considerable civic icmains. ') :. .•)82 IVDTriA FliMM TIIFIU A N (' 1 K \ '\M ^Ih jfa tf >!> III ^ iiulicatinj; tlio >\h' oC an siiirii'iit town; on tin- Island dl" Sacrilicios, near tlio City of A'ora Cruz, imtlcry. imagt's, ^■a^('^', toMihH, sla-lctons, and IVauiiuMits of ol),sidian, liavo lici'ii foinid ; at .Mi.-aiitla tliciv aiv px ramids. toniKs. and civii' architortniv in slono ; and near llic National l{rid?(> (/nirnii ii(fii>iiiil] \\\vw is a |iyi'aniid of stoni". I. YiCATAN. — In till' State cif Yucatan. .Mosis. ."^ti'iilicns and CutluTWooil found tlio wonderful nioinniu'ntal loiuaius dcscrilprd and drawn iiy tlu'in. lii'twt'cn IS" and '_M*° of noi'tli latitndc, at .Maxcann, llxnuil, Sachey. XamiMin. Sanactc, Chinilndni, T.alipaldv. Ttin'I)id('. ,Maya|)aii. San Francisco, Tionl. Nocliacali. Xoch. Kaliali. Sahatsclio, Laliua. Kcinck". 1/anial. Saccacal. Tei a\. Alvil. Mani. Macniia. Mccani'lien, I'oto, and Chii'lii'n. in tiio intoriia* of the State, and at 'I'nlooin, 'raiieaf, ami im tlie islaiul of Cozninel. on its eastern mast. o. Chiapas. — In tlic Slate of Chiajias. the same travellers found arcliitectural remains lietweeu 1(1' and Is^ of north latitmle. at Ocoziniro and Palen(|Ue. and they state tiuit in their lom;'. '•irrouul.ir route throu.:h these reiiions, they tliscovered tla; renuuns tti' ih'/i/-/iiiir r. 7. Mkxico. — In the State ol' Mexico, there are no (inliilccliinil remains either at the cajiital, or in its immediate neighborhood. The moilern city has entindy destroyed and displaced all traces of the anciinit. But there ar<< ro//-r//.,w.s, us I have already said, of minor anticpiarian objects in the museum, and in |iri\ate lunuls ; while there are moinnnental and architecturid ndies. at som(> distanci' from the capital, at Tezcoco, Tezcoeingo. Teotihuacan. and Xochiealco. (See Plate XI., Fig. I?.) S. Oa.iata. — In the State ol'Oajaea. there are mounds or tunmli \\\ Tachila; mounds and pyramids !il .Monte .Mban. and at Coyi'da. ,Sau Juan de los (^les. (luengola, Quii>- tepec. and near Tehuantt'pee ; winle at .Mithi. thei'e are th(> remarkidile edilices whi<'h I have described in the recent publications of the Smithsonian Institution, \o\. IX., accoinpaniod by .Mr. J. (l. Sawkins's drawings. ■ ¥. h STATI?< AND AltCll .i;(tl,(»(i Y. ',h:^ 'I'liroiiirhout tliuso ruins tlicrf nn- spi'i'imcns ol' Miil|itiiic. oniMin^iit. and, in sonio instinicfH. appareiitlv. ol' liicrnj-'lvi iccdids; many nl' tin- latter lirin'i cuiiiod in tlio illurttrationH of till' works of Slcpliens mih! Callnruood. In Mcsiio, Yucatan, Chiapas, and Oajaca. tliort' arc nuincrnns fiiruio scnlpturi'd in stuni', of various dimensions; and j];eiieral resendilanct's of tlesi^^n. ('oneeption, ami execution may lie tra<'rd anion;: tliem, with the exception of tiiose naid to hr found in Oajacii, in the neiixlihorhond of Mitla. The style is niori' lloiid as the travidlcr proceeds southward and examines the rcnnvins in Yucatan and Chiapas; nor is it at all improhahle, thai the ciiitr<' of ci\ili- zaliou was comprised within those States, toi^vther with Mexico and OaJa^a. In illu-lration of the first series of this classification of monumental I'emaiiis. I in-i'it a sketch of the two puamids at 'reotilinacan. in the State of Mexico, which are iitrtliinirks. oi' uiln/ir structures, and Unown as the /niiiiflii/i-i//:.iii/iiiil. or liini-y: uf Ihr sim. and the tii<:.lli-iil::ttij(Hil,"Y li'mxtiij th' ni'iini. They lise lioldl_\ iVom the plain, sipiariii;: exactly with the points of the compas.-, and. ihuu-h covered witii vegetation, are clearly distinuuishahle in their outlines. Tlie •• hun-c of the sun" is \'1\ leet hi^li.with a liasc of 082 feet; hut the diniunsions <,>[' the other pyramid are somewhat smaller.' -':i f a £K -^:.»''.-''^»'-s- •^*" I^yriuiii'l- of TcntilMi:ii':in. \\\ reference to Plate XI.. FIl's. A and M. the reader will oKlam an idea of the xlmn' ]>vrainids. whose remains are still preserved. V\'S. .V is the drawing'' of the pyramid ol I'apantla. in the State of Vera Cruz, near the villa-c of Papantla.on the eastern .slopes of the Cordillera, in the midst of a tropical re-ion, of ureat luxuriance. Its l.ase measures TJd feet on every side, and its summit (a'lout I'lil feet) is reached hy a stair, which ends at the to]i of the sixth story. The plain on which it is -.itnated, is coveivd with the ruins of an ancient city, which was more than a mile and a hall in circnii. Manv of the Mexican pyramids were llat-sided. like tlio.se of Teotihuacan ; hul the one at rajiantla was hiiilt in staiics or storys, like that at Xochicalco. in t!ie Stal'' of .Mexico, the lirst and only remainin;.' story of which is delineated in Plat" XI.. I'ii:-. 15. The storv of this ])yrauiid that has lieeii spared from the .U'predations of neijlilionng properlv-hoMers, who have used its stones as a ([uarry for buiMiii,:: i/uriMi,-.e>. is rcclan- 'Soo Mcxicn; Aztec-, .Spiuiish, iiiiJ Hfpublicuii, Yul. 2, [>. liTO, fur a full dc-ciiiaiuii ui' tlics... ruins at Tciptiliu;u'iiii I I I'i •; ! iiilt III I / 1 iii:,' INDICIA Kltd.M 'I III; IK A NC I KNT fiuliii', and I'aee.s nortli, miiiiIi, vhM, iukI wvM, in I'xact eono>iK)iuU'iici' witli tlio cnniiiml piiiiitH. It iiioasurcs .■ii.vty-foiir I'cot on its iiortlicni front aliovc tlic plinth, and lil'ty- fi;.'lit on its \vu.> second classifica- tion, on jiage oTH. The ^^exican pietnre-w riting was ummI only for recording facts, apart from abstract ideas. The ni.aterial used as a \ehi(de was [japer. made of the -t<'iri 'if >vmiliiil<. ilrimiinL;' M'MI'^. inillltlis, (lilXS. scaMills. till' I'li'Illi'llts. ami rVfllls i>l' rii'ijur'it m-, mlrlH r : an rllinl III ilclinrati' |ifr>iinH inul lln'ii' iii'ls; ami a iilinni'tii' >\>ti'ni, wliirli. Ky niran-< nl' iilijr.ls. ciinvi'vcil Minnils llial. i-in'.'ly or in I'lnnliinatiiin. ('\|irr>Mil lln- I'arl- tins wcri' nii'ant til nriii'il. I5iit tiiis iipiicars tn liaxi- Ihi'M tiir lAlmt nl' lln' ait 111' |ii'i|ii'liiatin'^ llir nii'iniir\ nl' Illinois aniiin'j' tin' A/Iiti at tlii- linn' nl' llir nini|iii'-l ; ami a< llir |iiililir ciiilii'i'H wci'i- lull III' tlii'si- iln(!inm'iit~. wliii'li tlii' S|ianiari|i ninsiilnril tin' ■•>\niliiils nl" a |ii'siili'nt sn|iiTstitiiin." ncaiiy all tlir •• |iii'lmr-\\ riiiii'js " wciv ili'i'lin|i nl' .Mr\irn. Till' lliinl I'ias-ilii'alioM irli'is tu ii'inains I'nniirrlril wiili irlijicn. <<[• A/trc \Mir>lii]i. This I'cliL'inii w as inipninul nl' s|iiritiiali.-iii ami ljih-s iilnlalry : liir tin- A/trrs lu'lirxnl ill a Siiiiri'im' l>rit\ . w limii tlu'\ callril •• Trntl. " ( ii»l ; nr •• I iiiiliii'iiinani." •• iji' li\ wlimn \M' linli' l| livi' ;" or •• 'ri.ii|ni' Nalniai|iir." " Id' w Im ha- all in liiniM-ll': " wliili' llnir r\ II thr liainr 111' •■ 'I'lalrali'iilnlnlj. ' till' ••Jlaliniial ()\vl." 'I' • |iint ii',-i' sian lual lii'iii: ari' snrriinmli'il li\ a niiniiiri lilT 111' .-IT ili\illilir-. wlinwrlr lilVii lai il \' llli' inilli-ti 'Ills nl' 'I'l'iil I. TliiM' llnil /ilniiiitrjilli. ■• llii' Lidij 111 war. am n\ anlnllllll. IIS slinlisi'. Wlinsi' I liilv it was tn cnmliu'l till' -iiiil- III" wari'im- will) |l I ■■ Ti 'rishi'il in ih'li il' thi'ir hniiii's ami rcli^^inii tn thi' " hnii.-i' III till' -nil. till' A/ti'c liraM'ii. I Inily iintrhlli. nr Mi'xtli. llii' ijiiil nl' war. was ihi' s|iiTial iimliTlnr of tln' A/t res; am ■\nli'i| as liic\ will' tn war. this ilc'it\ was al\va\s iiiMiknl hrlmv lialllr. ami rrmiii- iii'iiscd iil'tiT it l'\ till' iiUfiini; nl' iiiiiiu'roiis captives taken in emillii't. The inhiiinaii .sat'iilices (ilIiTi il nil such oi'iasinns ju'eseiit the A/.tee character in its wnr-l a-pii't. ami I have elsewln re emleavoi'eil to accniiiit I'nr this linital eharaetevistii' nl' a ) pie appa- I'cnlU SI) civili/i'il in many nther resp 'cts. liy siipp'isiii'.;- tli;it ilie iniinnlalinn nl' liunian vii'tiniswas •• limmleil mi the iilea that the liest way nl' '.:ettiiiir riil nl' culprits, ilan- pTons penple. aiiil pi'isniieis of wav taken in iiiiiiu'nse niiiiihers. iiiiil wlinm it was iinpnssilile tn Miii|init or retain in siiliiectinii witliniit cnnveitiii^ a lariie pDrtioii nl' their 1. the I'loiit. lirolile. tnji. anil small territniN iiitn a J;iil. was to nller tlieiii tn the unils 111 I'late \'lll. 1 have piesi'iiteil. ill Ki^s. I. 2. "i. ami hnltnin nl' all .V/tec statue, nl' iilnl. .-aiil tn he that nl' 'J'enyaniniipii. the wili' nf liiiil/i- Inpiitchtli. whuse riiiicliiins are ilescriheil iilinve. This liiiiiie is interestim;' ami vahialili'. the iarii'st 111 si/e a ml imist elahnrate ol'tlie ancient reinaiiis. In IT'HI it was Ii iiirieil in the 'jreat -ipiare nl .Mi versi xici). whence il was reinoveil to the cmirt nl' 1 1 mliaiis tn renew their aiiciei:! t\- ; lull. IIS it was leareil tlnit it iiii.^ht teiiipt the I itr\'. il was rc-inierreil till iMil. when it was ivs.un e.xhuiiieil ami exhiliiieil In ih mv i'>s;iv iiu Mr.\ii'.'iii lliM.'r\, Aii-li;i'"lii-v, /.;i|iiilcr .Vlrliilnliirr, iVi;., at .^lill, I, III llir .'-iiiUli.-iiiiiiill j.ul.li.-atu.ii-^. ]■; ,|.'. ill \ nl, l.\. ..I' lMllllillUtii.il- \i.l. \ 1. Ill ill I W'Ji ;i* 1 ;;i ■«:;ll '. h t^ li'. '-i'- ki I ( M 1 .'ilil' fi86 I N l»l rl A ri!nN[ Til I' 1 It A N'liii\\M itfi lijmv |M'rli'rllv. " li i-< ii linniil M-M'niipliivr "f liiili'miH <'iiil)li'iii<. Cliiw". liiii'j^. tii^k^i. Hkiili<<. iiiiil rlii' liiriiis iirnniiil tin- >liii|iclc><>* iiiuhh. I''(mii'(i|ii'ii liamls ickI ii|iiiii iIh- Imifil Iiiviistx nl' ,1 li'liiiili'. Ill /ifi>ll/i, it ]•* licit linlilxi' il -i|il:itliir.; tnilil. W Iki.mO L'lifti'llill^ i'\r-^ Mini nliiii' i>r>UiillH aiiij fci'iii'iil-. Si'rii ill this ilirri'limi. 1' I hr I'lll lil'iiilil liiiilltli ('\|i;iliil aliii\ it ii|i|M':ii's III liiiM' iiiiiri' >li!i|ii' ami iiii'aiiiii:: tliati ill iVDiit. On tin' /'>)> it\' tin' .slaliii' tlit'ii' is a i'a\ ilv : ami a-; lli" l|Hai.lr(| iImI'i l.y pillars pi; i| iiinkr tlir Mpiarc priijrclidiis wliiili lire srrll lli'ar I In' rcniii' nl I lie In xlv ." ' I'lati' IX.. I'"ius. I iiii'l '1. slnnv till- stunt', alsci pi'i'siTVod in tin- cniiit til' tin' I'lii- \ t'l'sitw I 'a 1 It'll till' •' Sai'iilii'lai Si i air." — /////< /" ' /// i/iniin ti r mul f/irir I" t /ili/Zi. — nl' liasall. roiiiul ill IT'.MI. ill ill., -ivat ^ipiarr iirar lln' silc nl' tin' aiirii'lll IniinlH, iw |i\ iMiiiiil. wlnav ('uiti/ is ^,|lll Id havi' liail mii' ul' his s,.\(.vflidiili| lin imiri' prnpia-ly falli'il till' ^i'A('//'(/(. /■/<(/ than I In •>! ('/■///''/■'/ ; liiil tlin nailral howl ami liiiIIi'I' ha\i' hiiht'itd imllliTil )iin-t pi r»n|is In Mlppn>i. it i Icdirali 'il Id ill'' illlllli'lalinll nl' \iiiillis. Til.' f' Silrrl/i,, \\ us lirl I'nri iii'il liy a |iiirsl ami si\ .assislaiils in ihr nriliiiarv ti'iiipli'S. ami upnii nnliiiaiy \irliiiis. Tin' s.irrilii'rr ami his arnlvli's I'Mcmi.il lln siillt'i-i'i' acrn^s ihi' I'liiA iiij sill lafi' nf an aii'h'.'il sinni'. w liili' an assistant krpi hin lirinly ilnwn hy thn slnnr \nkis. n s|,|.,.j||,,.|, n|' whit'll is situ ill Fii;-. 7. df I'lali' \' i I As s,,nii :is ihi' \ii'lilii'.s skill ;im| llrsh wrl'i' silllit'ii'llllv slri'lc'lli'il ami tiuhlflird l)\ till: prnt'ess. till' ln/,i/l\lii cut n dfi'p ja-h in lln' hrnasl with an uli^iilitin kii'ifi (I'lalr \'ll., \zi... \r , \r, v.. I 1 . Ila, t.v H. M. ST A T I > \ N h \ i; I II .l.n |,ni, \, I'V' ' !• '""I- llii ii'liii,- III" liiiii'l mill llii' wiiiiiiil. Ini.' mil ilii' |i.il{i ftM7 lllllll ' Ik'iii I, w hi' li lie fillliT tlll'i'W ilt till' I'l'i'l til' llir iilol, ill:) "| I>.<*l' ICihli'i'ii til ii-.lii'«, wliirh Wi'l'i' .>>ill)i'ill\ |ircMl'\ri|. The ciirvin;.' or N'iil|itiirt' mi thi' hir^c ^Imu's niiii|iii»iil in tlii- ihinl i lii^^iriniilitii ii P'lU'l'iill.\ til' It iiU'iliiilii i|iiiilil_>. It i." iM'illii'r M'lv ijiMiil imr \ri\ Im.!. It ciiiiii'il In- Mliil til lirinll;: til ll|i> illlillli'N nl' lilt, iml i- il nl lln' I'llllI'Mi'liI . I'illirl' II- liii|r>ijll 1 1|' i'SCCllliiui. wiiirll XMMlM illiiirillr ;i hijh ,-lil'^" nl' la-li'l'iil il\ ill/.;lliiili. Il i,-, hnWi'MT, M>i'\ lilt' ri'iiiiiM'il liiiiii liiirliiiri>iii. miiiI inlinilrls .'•iij I'lim in >i/i' nini lini-'ii In ihi- riiiiiiiii.'* Ill' till' iiui'thcin tiilii'.-. S|iiiiiiiiii,-' III' Mii'iiiir-. Iximl^ nl' riii'\in^ mc >hii\Mi in I'liilt' N . ; l'"i,ii'. •>. ill tilt' liiryt' lu'H'l i'mIIi'iI ('I'liti'nll. ihi'-itmiI in tlii< riiiiit-Xiini nl' lln' I'iii\i'i'7-il\ n\ McNicn; ill Kiu •">. !i -i|ii;itliii'j' >l;ilii'' I'l'ini Millii. wilh ;i '^liiri I'lil lii'iiiU (lrr>.- Iinil 'jrnti'M|l|i' I'lU'i', \slliill I -krli'lii i| llnlll llir ii|l'jill;ll ill <'iil||lt I'l'llll-n )"?« I'nlji'i'- Ki'jfi. I'l liml 7. Ili-n ill tililt rniliTl inn, tl|i' l:il|iT lirin.; I I Ti tinll : III llH'lltt'il llnllLlh. iliM'tiMTi'il in;ili\ M'MIS il'iii Ml 'I'l ■/rnin, iici II' I'l'ilillli'lll 111' Mil nrnil- I III' hil\i' III' ihiil iiMiiii'. Ill ml It twi'ivi' mill's I'lniii till' ('a|iitMl ; ill IMmIi' I . I''i:i. '■'> : ;in>lin|i|ii'r. mimI Iwn mtih'IiI.*. 'I'lic l''niijiii Class ('nni|iriM'- nhjiris cmi'vi'iI iVnin (./i-i'i/i'ini. nr MiJiMiiir 'j1m«». miiiI ciiilii'Mri's niMsUs. riiiu-', sMi'i'ilii'iiil UiiiM -. Imii >r mi inw-hi'M'l-. iIm' iiil'/ihi/niii/. nr dnli i4\\nr>\ niMli'iiMl Imni whirli tlic.-i' tliiiiji.x wfrc Inriiu'd. is Ayli'C <>li«i'li!iii \|ii-l., ill :i I'l'iv.iU' !■■' N'l'i'h'ii ill \l.'\ii '. "I -tl.irl *i/i' I'f tlh' "liL'iiii Unnwii ;in(l niKlfrsldml li\- tin' ri'Milci', in' will ]iriil):ilil_v Iimxc a lii'ttrr iJcM ni' llic -kill dt' till' A/li'('s. ill (k nl' nlisiilian. \'vn\\\ llm nri-iiial in I'cfiasi'o',- I I I'l-'! I! ' E'Ji 5S8 INDICIA !•■ I! ( » M T 1 1 K 1 11 A N C 1 K N 1' if y-i;;. ? **■•' I ■■ cnlloction. It' \V(! siiv tliiit it is as simiDtli as il' ciist of i;l;iss, in a iiKnild, ami tiicu pDlislii'd with tin; liijiiicst art, wo convey i-xactiy tlio idea with wliicli we are iniprossed on exaiiiiiiiii!' the mask itsell'. Oli-i.li.iii Miiska. Oli^iilinn l!iii''. Clcveiiy done, as are lln' iiiasUs, I have always considereil the riaijx, made of (ilisidiaii. as still more remarkalilr. The one repri'scnted in the ent, (Voin Penasi'o's collection, is six-tenths of an inch liitih. one-tenth of an inch tiiicU. and nine-tenths and one-twentii'th of an inch in diameter. The firacelid cni\es ot' the exterior and interior snrliices. and the hiirli [lolish. ai'e |ierfectl\' pi'oeivt'd. How did they contrive to work a brittle volcanic, snlj- ."tance to such slender dimensions? The arrow-lii'ads. lance heads, and tlie ]iieces n.^ed in their mi>/iiiilni!lli, were not so neati}' cut or trimmed, and greatly resembled the similar weapons found amonji- the remains of onr Indian tribes. Plate VH., Fijr. 1, represents a sacrificial knili- ol obsidian. The FiiTH Ci.AS.-^ comprises nnisical instrnments, specimens of which are seen in Plate \'ll. Ki'i. '1. a llaueolet ; Figs. 4 and o, rattles; and Fiir. S. the drum, or Tepo- na/tli. In the hollow, central part, two thin pieces of wood were inserted, as seen in the plate, and beaten to produce sound. The wiiistles are drawn in Plate III., Figs. 7 and S. Till' Sixth ri..\>s is of jiottery. This is remarkable for shapes, and the limMiess. in man\ instances, of its texture. It coinjiri.ses all sorts of domestic utensils: tor example, •such as are represented in Plate V'l.. Figs. '.], -1, 7, !>, 10. from Mexico; Figs. ."i. (i. ,'^, I I. \-. from the island oi' Sacrifa^ios. and now in the National .Mnsemn at .Mexico: in Plati' ill.. Figs. I. ;"i. (i. '.t. and 1(1; in Plate b. Figs. 1 ami 2, representin'-' the two .■^ides of a vase from Tula, o[' r.rri>" and 7 ul' I'liito l\'.; ol'i^mall iiuiiiics. iilt;ivs. iiiul liiiiuvv. ill I'liito 11. (S limiivM) ; in I'late 111., Figs. J, -J, and :) ; in Plato \'., Fig. 4 ; and n\' .^phifl/i.-^. in riatc Vll.. Fig. ;'.. One of tlic lint'st oartlicnwaru remains I saw in Me.vieo i.s tiie t'lNKUAL Vasi:. wiiicli i.s preserved in tlie Mnsenin at Me.xieo, and |)re. Aziee f"«;il/ls. The one I'epresented in Plate X. is one foot ten inches high, and one foot three and a lialf inches in diameter. Its upper portion was lllled with limnan skulls, and iIh' lower N\ilii la)nes ol' the rest of the frame, while the lop was c(i\cre(| with the eiividai' lid shown in the plate. Tin' hody of tin; vase is painteil lilne. The Imlian lieail. winged antl crowned with a circlet of twisted hands and feathers, the graceful handles. and tie ,semi-circle of sunilowers and ears of corn which ciu'ves heneath (he ciii- tral ornament, are raised in high relief, and hrightly tinteil with hlue. reil. lake, ycllnw . and hrown. The colors were (piite fresji when I made the drawing in ISTJ: and. altogether, this relic impressed me as the most remarkable and heautifnl specimen of terra-cottas 1 saw in Mexico. In many respects, it struck me as helonging to a hi-her grade of art than anything in the Museum, except. perha])s. tlu' n/i.-^ii/imi carvings, iuid (jue or two of the vases whoso forms I have preserved in these [ilates. : 'i it The Skvkntii Cla.ss comprises miscellaneous artiides of stone; as cluh or m.'ice-lieads. arrow-heads, dressing-tools for skins, pounding-stones, corn-grindin'.i and nia-hiiig->liines. smoothing-st'iues. to he heated when used for that [lurpose. graining-stones gr(io\f(| fdr moulding in lines, hatchets, i!cc. The Ibrms of these articles i( sendile those of the similar implements used l)y our own North American Imliaus in furuier days ; many siie<'imens of which have heeii engraved in the ])lates of pnceding volumes. In Plate 1., Figs. 1 and '2, I have delineated an axo and [)oimder, to demonstrate this I'esemhlance The Eic.iiTii Class end)races the weapons, war-ilresses. shield<. &c.. of tlie ancient Mexican^, as they are knnwn to us. either hy a lew specimens picstM'xcd in the -M\iseuni. or in A/t('c manuscripts, or [)icture-writings, representing the deeds of their warri'irs. In order to gi\e the stuiK'nl an adeipiate idea of these I ha\-e gronprd their head- dress, coal, shield, how. arrow, lance, dart, and iiiii/ii(i/in!l/ in the following cut. Of all lhc iirtioK'x th™is,.lv,.s. 'I"li(> Ninth Class comprises tlie only iiioniiinciit.il sriintijif loinain with wliicli I am !ici|ii.iiiilc(l ill .Mexico — tlK'stoiuM'iilicdtiic-CalciKlar Stone." now walled into the side of tile Cathedral, in tlic uroat square of the capital, beneath the surface of which it was loniid in the year ITDO. It is carved from a mass of jjorpliyritic basalt, and is eleven l''et ei-iit inches in diameter, while the depth ol' its circular edw is about seven and a hall iiudies from the fractured mass of rock out of which it was oriuinally cut. It IS supposed, from the fact that it was found heiieath the pavement ol'tlie present plirjt. tiial it loriiied part of ii,e fixtures of tli<' irivat tcocalli of Tenochtitlan or Mexico, or that it was placed in .some of tiie adjoining edifices surroundinj; the great temple. 1 1 1 I i lut ft i i'll J, 1 i. m i ■ 1 1 1 ■ jH ^n i^ 'B 1/ ■ m ;l . i i] li i 111' .■ ■■''^ V'. ■ -•■■'• '■■ .. ,'-; "'■Vf, ■ •■■ '- ' •' ■'■ . ■•■■ . • . '' ■ .-, ;' / . \ 'N I . .• *,<*K*-' V • ■ '0^ .-J fSd', 'A. , i ■/^■r ^^■■ ■^■'•>^, /-■.. I*..* «; ''^?^^- ■■ ■: /^w ^ *^^ J-Sy|lf l%%S^i m^-'^>.A%^^A?fc3 ;^^a^'^ .,,;-,.,, ,,,^^n£5^:;-;^ ^ ,";^, ■;:t iii " ■ ',.! I\ i:l^ i ■*< i i i.. I .! ;!,Ji t 'M' -r-ii-v :-\ -' h Mi'i-iHc ^rr rH:;.AD-^ 'II < vf k [;T ATI'S AND A |[('H.K(»I,0(;Y. r, i: i 'I , f 1 [ I !|j ill i mm T M« 1 ™ 1 592 INDICIA KliOM TIIF.IU ANM.'IENT i \ X ( t T I (' 1', S ( » 1' T niArTKij II, AI'.oKK; l\ \1, ItKMAIXS OF ART AND LAT.OI!, IN 'I'lii: rXlTKI) STATES. Tin: Tciltfp mihI A/lcc iiiiiinn-; in'csciitrd to tlic wdrM (lie iiltiiiiiitc (Icivclopiiu'iit of tlic Imlinn iiiiinl nf Xmili AnicricM, in tlic lii.iilu'st ju'i lection of its arts and minnicrs. iiI'l'T till' liiusi' of innvcordcd ccntui'ics. dii n'inu' \vlii(di it had occupied ii vast iUK 1 IVuitl'i \;dl('\. rlc\ Mliil Tliilil I'l'i't mIio\c tlir surface of tlie Atlantic an1" dui'iiiL!- tlie sixteentli eenlurv, and it lias li.M'u llie siilijicl of the rescar(dies. and of tlie coninients of tiie hriulitest minds, Any a 1 1( •nipt to add to the aeliial sum of ohservation may he deemed a work of siipercro- 0'.;mIioii : Iml. Iia\lii ikfii them as a standanl of comparison, an endeav kor will iH! inaili to draw some eonchisions theielVom. wlii(di liavc not hitiierto Ix't'ii noticed. The accii- miilatixc and eiimhioiis character of tlieir mytholoj;y and reliuioii, tlio iihimdaiice of fooii. and the coiise(|iieiit density of ])opidation in the country, led to tlio huildiii!): of tiiiiplcs in which their ',^iids <'ould lie piihlicly worshipped, ami tlio I'mictioiis ol'tlioir )iri"sthood <'oiivenii'ntly administi'red. The s;imi' state of alliiirs did not exist amoii'j' the Vi'speric trihes. Tlion,t,di descended flolll the same ethnoloLlic st OCK. liosse. siiiu; the same idiaracteristic features, actuated li\ till' saiiii' ideas. s|ieakinM a laiciuauc of the same cumulative stru(;ture, and ibriniiij; a portion of the same -eiieric race. \et the relii;io:i of these more northerly tribes rriiuiri'i 1 ni'ither temples, revenues, taxes, nor a costly priesthood. They wt're. it IS tiMi'. impres-id with a simihii' idea of the iiii[)ortaiice of saerilleial ofVerinjis. but they ncMT lesnrted to human saerilices. They were still ill their more simple, normal state. Tlii\ introduced the W(a'sliip of the sun into tin; northern forests; hut they did not atlrm|it to -raft thereupon those cnad and iniiiiman rites which had cliai'a(;teri/e(l the olliiiii:;- to lliiit/ilapoehtli. or other (K'ities of the Mexican |)antheon. There existed no necessity for it in tleir polity, and neither means nor iiower to rais(,' siudi immense stnic- tuiesas those of Choluia. where the ma,L;iiitude of tlie uiidertaiunn was regarded as a proof of the "I'eatness of I lie saeiilice. Mouniks of earth horvod them as altars cjn which tu ! I Hi • ' » S ?„ ;\i^ f ,r'! '-. f ' ;; ') ^'' I 'V'"! ' '\ ;•" Ci\ I ■ ;1 il ;: 1 ! ■* .IM ^:H: lii 1 - l^.' i' pfl STATUS AM) AHCH/EOLOGY. 59;; light tlu'Ir sun (ircH; on tlii'in tlu'y .siing tlieir wild liynins, imd hencatli tlieir surface thoy eiitoinlR'd tlicir groat cliiol's and kings. Recognising God in elementary lornis, and believing tliat he aiii)enred to them per- fionally, or to their priests, in the character of wood-demons, or in some form of animated nature, slight and temporury structures, made of poles and ijnrk, sulliced for a shelter, beneath which were performed the mysterious rites of their priesthood. These struc- tures were crpially suited for erection in the forests or in the valleys. The summits of isolated hills were frecpiently ciiosen for the performance of their simple rites; and when mounds' of earth were erected, the invariable ])resumptiou is. that the local populati' . \ s numerous. The tapping of th" light hand-drum, or the quick note.-' of the shisliKpion, was sulllcient to guide the measures of the dance whicli preceded or followed these ceremonies; but, if it was a solemn ecclesiastical ceremony, or ii periodical national assemblage, the mikwakeek. or lieax y drum, was used. The private skipetagan, or magii; arcanum of each jjroles.sur of the Meda societx. was exhil)ited, and tlieii' skill in necrouuuicy, or necromantic media, renewed on these occasions; and tlie lectures of the leading priests and directors, conjoined with the strict ceremonial oiiservanees. which were a feature of these convocations, strengthened and established the faith of the seers, jossakeed.s, and professors of the divine arts of magic, medicine, and religion. The doctrine of the worship of the sun was the structure upon which was based the foundation of tiieir general system; i)ut tliis luminary was regarded by llie United States trilies. agreeably to the revelaticjns of Sagitchiwiiosa, as the symbol and representative of intelligence. The fumes of the sacred weed were ollered to him; hynnis of mystical import.anco were sung by the medas; and his rising was haili'd witli a hieratic chant by the priestly classes. No elaborate monuments of stone were needed for the i)ractice. or tlio perpetuation of such a system ; the apex of a mound, or the summit of a conical hill, sulliced. In a valley or on a plain, a few stout pine ))osts served to mark the sites devoted to those a>semblages; where, as at the exhibitions of st)mc occidental caravansera, multitudes asseud)led to gaze and admire. In hut few places had edifices of a more permanent kind been erected I'or the accommodation of these public as.semblages. The Chegantualguas, at Natchez, had erected a building in which public worship was administered, even as recently as tlu' year 1721 ;' in which, also, an eternal fire was then, though it seems not with rigorous strictness, maintained. We have no positive evidence, and can only conjecture by the apparent astronomical positions, and tlie enigmatical ''jrms, of the mounds to be found in the West, that the worship of the sun, at the time of tiie discovery, was still niiiin- tained at Marietta, Kaskaskia. Cahokia. and Grave creek, where the principal inoinid structures and ruins now exist. M.-h (.'liarlt'viiix. Vol.. VI. — 75 :k ■ '■\ u .f ^?: il &l^ m f i 594 INUIOIA FROM THEIR ANCIENT Owing (o the piimitivo ^Imiilii'itv ol' the I'uiv.st iitei<, whidi were practised tlirongh- oiit an iuvii extending lor tiiou.suiuls dI' miles over nnignilicent valleys and plains, no ruins of "temples" were found by the diseovi'rers of this part of the continent. Their rites had not degenerated into the gross systems of idolatry practised at Jlexico, Cu/eo, andChulula; and the stipulated fast and feast, tho sacred medicine dance, or, more jjroperlj-, the medawin, was continued down to the settlement of the colonies, and is still one of their prominent institutions. When a comparison is instituted between the religion of the Aztec tribes and these normal forest ritea of the Wsperic tribes, they present the Indian mind in a suggestive point of \ iew. Wc can observe in the A/tee the sumo i)hysieal features ; the same mental traits and iiliosyncracies; the same iniii)titude to trace eil'eets to their causes; tlie same surrender of permanent I'or tempoiary enjoyment; and the elements of the same word-building languages; but there is a great disparity in the true oi>jects of life and enjoyment; a greater lassitude of moral force; a lack of mental independence; and a greatly tliminished degree of pers(jual and military energy. A tropical clinnitc, abound- ing in fruits, antl e\ery means of sul)sistenee, conjoined witii a listless and comparntively iille life, ilemanding no continued I'xertion, and a long submis.xion to despotic cliiils and l)riests, seem to have enervated the public mind, and left it a prey to the inlluence of ambitious rulers, who iljunded dynasties, exi'rcising a proscriptive and ab.solnte sway. In the time of L'ortez, the connnon A/tec was a slave, who could not even protect his own domestic circle. The despotic sway over the nudtitude was, in a great measure, the result of the influence of the priesthood ; the executive and ecclesiastical races, as we learn from (Jlavigero. having been either of the same family, or clo.sely connected. The two oIKces were generally united in the same person, as was manilestly the case with Montezuma and Atahualpa. The worslii[) of the sun was still the substructure of the Mexican creed, as it was of that of the Vesperic tribes ; but, at the era of Cortoz, it oxerci.sed only a secondary inlluence. Tribes, after having attained iwwer by following their leaders in battle, .set up and worshipped an innige of the god of war. Iluitzilapochtli was the great idol adored at the era of the Conqnost, and to liim the saerillces offered consisted of the hearts of prisoners taken in war, which were torn out of their ))odies, while stretched over the sacrificial stone by the sanguinar}- jjriesthood, and the body then hurled from the top of their teocalli. (Plate.) Among.st such a people, temples became the acknowledged location whence emanated the decrees of their rulers and priests. The nia.s.«es culti\iited the soil, raising corn, cotton, seeds, and fruits; but every item was taxed for public jiurposes witli an uns[)aring hand ; every initive production of the country, from birds' feathers to gold, was laid under contribution. It is inidoubtedly true, though it has never been acknowledged, that, when the Aztecs succumbed to the Spanish yoke, the change was a beneficial one to the former; the government of the Spaniards having been very mild, compared to the tyranny and oppression of the native emperors. •\:-: AN il 'f t\ i i n i ', 1 I ' ' 1' ! t I l-'.i «■ uS"; STATl'S AND A U (' U .E() LO(i Y. ■lor. CHAPTER MI. ANTIQUITIES WEST OF THE ALLEGIl ANIES. FmiM llio proccdiiii^ noticoH of tlic trilios onro ivsiiU'iit in Mi'xico, mid in llit' vnlli'y of till' iMississipiii. we Icani tliat tlifii' wcro two ^iciit otlinologicul liiinilios of iL'iJ men ill Nortli Aiin'iica. ()('(Mi()yiiig dilli rent liUitndi's, si'iiiiriitod by eliinatic harriers, and lioiiiin.L'' ilivciso positions iu tliu scalo of civiliziitioii. tlicy iiilial)it(Ml cotor- iiiinoiis coinitrics, and wvw. in cliarartor, xid nfucris. Tliey coincided in j^eiieral i'oii- tiires, ciiaraetfr, liahits, au'l modes of tiionfilit and action. The vocal)ularies of their languagcH dillerod ; hut the ^'ranunatical structure of tiieiu, and the pliilosopliical i)rin- ci|)les upon wiiieli they were hased, weiv reniarUahly coincident. Tiieir arts and occu- pations were also dissimilar; oni! l)ein,ij; an aj^ricultnrai jjcople, and the other still retaiuinji their normal type of iiunters and foresters. The pieture-writin<^ of tlii^ AztecH was an improvement on picto,i.''rMi)hy. 'I'heir cosmoiiDuies and mythologies were ren- dered inconurnons, and their reliuion converted into pure divmonoloL^y ; tiie latter was founded on a few leading Indian princ pies, which, though similar to those of the North, had, however, ac(piired a grosser intensity of eri'or and idolatry. In mental strength lliey wi're likewise inl'erior to the Indians of the North. The climates, Ihuna, and ilora of their countries were dillerent. The position of one peojile being in the tropical, and the other in the temperate, latitudes, they resorted to dilVerent means for obtain- ing subsistence. There was nothing, however, in wiiich the broad line of separation wiLs more clearly defined than in their modes of government. The American class adhered to a primitive patriarchal, or rt'[)resentative form, under the control of chiefs and councils; the other groaned under a fearfidly despotic rule. I'oth cultivated the y.ea maize and nieotiana; both raised species of the batata, of beans, and of melons. In the northern latitudes, in lien of the tropical fruits indigenous in tho.se region.s. the j)apaw, the plum, and the orange' ollered their tempting products for the use of man. Hut, while the one class of tril)es had not emerged from the simple hunter state, and still roamed through the vast forests of America, tilled with aninnils and birds of every plumage, the otiier class had made important progress in arts, agriculture, and archi- tecture; which, though tending to their advance in civilization, exercised a depressing lii' Mi t ' IJiirtniiii. |P i^ !'•' • i. 1 ■''■ ' t; i' ' '■^' 'ji 1 ' ' ij Jt; Hi bHII ' i;* $ ,■ .1- ft n| pjl ^ f .'"^' ::? i =5 'l,' M Kuii'M 't 1 i ' 1 '■ ' 1 1' : ; '^i ^^1 1 ffii ,M ' 1 '$i iP't if ' ~ Y''^ l^l^l.!' %: ■• . y ii- 1 r^ ^ 1 HI :!! '.oe INDICIA h' l{ ( » M T II i: I II A N (' I K N T iiitUuMici' on tlicir riionil clinriicU'r, niid plmij^i'd tlicru tcnlold dcoijor into itidi- and iiiy.'*tii'i.'*iii. Till" iiivi'ftijrntiiiu ni' tlm aiitii|iio ri'initiim nl" hilior iiiiil art, ncattcri'd ovtT the Imliaii I'oiiiilrv west of till' .\llt'j;liiiiiii's. wliicli was iii.xtitiitt'd with a view nt' prociiriiii; www iliir to llic t'Milv lii>tt>i'v (if the |ir(i|ili' roriiu'ily rt'<:-/.a,L' L'ate. coniormiuir to tin- Tlascalan fashion. |)recisely the same modt! was prevalent amomr the harliarons trilies of Mexico at the period when our southern stocks .seL'rei.''atod from tiiem. So few traces of ai't were ohsei'valile amoni:' th(> V'esperic trihos aloni; the siiores of the Atlantic, from the capes of Klorida to the St. Lawrence, that, wlu'ii the population of the colonies liejjan to cross the AlleLdiMiiies. and descend into tiio rich airricultural valli'ys of the Ohio and the Mississippi, sur[a'ise was expressed to lind. conceak'd heneath a forest growth, the ruins of lahor and arts, which appeared superior to any known to have heen practised hy the ancestor.'^ of the existing tribe.s, Tiie accounts of the lertile soil, genial clinnite, and natural beauty of the Ohio valley, given, about the year I 77(1. hy hunters ami ailv(Miturers, appeared, when recounted east (if the mountains, like tales of some newly-found elysium. or land of promise. The desire for the acquisition of landed property was universal; America rang with the tale; and a collision of races was the con.se(iuent residt. The earliest explorations of a ndiahle character were those which date from the generic era of Washington's youthful visit in \~'A. The first L'rant of land from the Indians was that made to William Trent and his associates, in 17tJS. and conveyed the tract .situate between the Monongahela and Ohio rivers.^ Detached tracts were located, and settloTnents began to he made in 177U ; which is the date of the founding of Hod Stone, or Brownsville, west of the mountain slope at the ' Vide Vol v., p. 96. ' Il.id , p 97 ' JffTi'rgon's Notes. S T A T I ANI> A Hi'll .KolJXi Y, m fiHit ot' fjimrcl Mill. Sonic ntlii'i" loi'iUiciiix wcri' miiili' in llic^'c viilli'vs In'twtH'n tin' ^ciii'h 1770 anil 17' At llic litter pciiiiil, i'\[ilip|crH rciirlii'il tlif imlnl lliits, cuvcri'il willi Iiiiliiin tiininii, tin* Mtn'uin tlimuuli wlmli Ih'iici i Vi'il till' inline III' ( irilM' ( 'I'eeU.' Kurt liiiinier WHS eiceteil in I7.S"), lit tlie jiinelidii lA' tin; MiiMkiii;ziini ii\ir uilli tli" Oiiiu. ^Vitllin II colllile 111' ^eiirs tliereat'ter, ('(i|ijjl'e^>i extendeil its jillisilii'tiiill lioilli-svest (if Ohio, iippoiiited II governor, iiml |iro\iileil n jinlieiiirv ; tlnis estiililisliin,' n leliuUle pi'o- tt'ftioii liir till' settlements. Oil tile 7ili III' .M;i_s. I7>s, I'litmun iiml his .\e« Kn^lanil nssnciiitcs liimleil :it. ami liiit, in one of their most striking ami I'liijiimitieal liirms. Tht') t'lubraeed tin' iiciite roini oi'lhe onlinary Indian sepiilcjir.d monml, Imt were com- posed .)f a r lised |datliirh o|' earth, ol'the general liiiin ol' a paialli lopipedoii, pierced ■with giitos, i,r spiUM s, cleaii_\ ii>ed as [niMiv' entrances; and, if the outer lines ol' tho 11 pickets, and turrets for The height ol' tin' level ia\'e lieeii snriiMiiniteil with \\i riiised work !•'> sup; nsod to I innrksi'eii, the ^'iole iiiust Inive p' sented a palatial di.«| Uoor of this rortiiit'd estiibl ■Jimelit • onld not. pos.sihiy. have e.vceeded seven or eight leet ; and, though its solM < i.li,,'al contents wore coiisiderahle, it was not. prohalily, beyond the iihilit\' of the inhi\hi,.iiils ot' a pi">iilons Indian town to coiistiiict. iirli a slrncliire, Vivised hy the '.'ol-erte(| ruin. v. t', territories of trihes who possessed iieitlii'i' much art or indiislrji, beyond tin- mcri m reipiireinents uf pure hunter trihes, they became II theme ol' conjecture, and excited wondi'i'; the more so. as the discoverers had lle\ i-r M'cll the evidences ol' senii-ci\ ili/.a tioii e\iiiceil b\- the Indian tril it' M eXICO. As the country tided up with [)opiiliitioii, other remains ol' analogous kind were brought to light, most of whi(.-h were in the liiiiu of small .-e[iulcliral mounds, or barrows. itch s. or eiitreiichmiuits once siirmounti iiv ilckets but the\- excited little remark oxct as iiearinir evnieiice o >\- tl le nriiuiarv apiiriiraiice of au liid iau town. tiimnlu^ at (irave cret'k iiad eaiK attr.i i..d llotlCi • ri accdiiiit of it." Tl Tl le Lireat lere was :-cjirc(dv II tiibntar\- stream, from PitlsJHjrg to tlu' mouth of the Ohio, which did not \ ield 10 vestiue of tliis kind It tl lere was nil localitv in wliich tlie eartli-works wen as in the Sciot% Traiisactiuns cif tin' AmoriiMii Ktliiuilngieal Societv. VmI I., p liTO. u :ii IP I ' ii ■ I w I ' I' lii^! ! :1 598 INDICIA FROM THEIR ANCIENT the .aiiti([imrian found specimens of liiiinmered native copper,' steatites for amulets and pijies/ the dolioate niarginella shell.' mica, N)hsidian, and liornstone,' suitable for arrow- Iiciuls. The art of makins; cooking-puts" and vases from tempered cla}*, was understood and ])ractised h^- all the tribes, from the mouth of the Mississippi to the farthest extent north and east. The conch, and other heavy sea shells, were ingeniou.sly carved into medals.' beads,' and wampum.^ An extensive trade was carried on in native copper, mined from the basin of Lake Superior. The fme red pipe-stone, from the dividing grounds between Missouri and .Mississippi, has been found in the antique Indian graves around Oswego '" and Onondaga. Wristbands " and chisels,'^ of hammered native copper, li:i\e been llgured in [U'cceding pages. The tips of tiie horns of rptadrupeds were u.'1. I., I'lato I., p. 400: VuL I., I'lat.^ X.NIV., I'ig.s. 17-24. I., I'lato X.NIV., l'itr.s. 1, 2, ;-i, 4, ,1. » Diicita. '" .Votes on tlio Iroiiuoi.s I.. I'lato XXXI., p. ill'. " Tbid.. I'lato XXI., Fiirs. 2, .1, p. S4. ss. I., I'latc XXXI., |i. ;*!?. ' iimi., I liiir A^\i.. I'lUf*. -, .), p. ."^1. ., I'lato XXVII., Fiirs. I, 2, :!, 4, ;"), p. 8S. » Ibid., I'lato XXVIII.. Fi-s. 2. ;!, p. 8!> ., I'lato XXVIII, Fii;. 1, i>. s'.K "> Ibid., I'lato XXVII., Fip-'. •!, 7, S, p. ^ .. I'latc XXIII.. Fi'."*. :;, 4, .\, H. p. S(i. . I'lato XI., Fitrs. :;. 4 : I'lato XIV.. Fiu's. 1, 2, :i : I'lato XVI., Fil's. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. , I'lato XI.. Fi,L'.-i. 1, 2. . I'lato VIII., Fig-. I, 2, .'i, 4, :< : I'lalo X., Fi-s. I, 2, :!, 4, 5, li. , I'lato VIII., Fiirs. b, 0, d : I'lato IX., Fi.:;s. 2. 4. " Ibid. I'lato XXVI. . I'lato XXIX. " Vol II.. I'lato XXXVIII., Fig. 1 . I'lato XLIX " Ibid . I'laie LXXVI STATUS AND ARCHAEOLOGY. 599 their war clubs,' bowH, arrows, iiiul ("iiiiocs," w(>re (.'oiistnictctl witli as iniicli iiii^cimity as those of the seini-civilizcd trihis ol' I'olviiesia. 'I'lieir IllUSU al iiistniincnls {'()iisi>U'(l ol' a pipe or llute, tambourine, drum, and rattles.^ The attempts they made to sculpturo objects in natural history on their pipes and vases/ exhibited much s|)irit;' and their braided worlc on pouclies, as well as on the stems of tlieir pipes of state,' displayed the exercise of much [latient ingenuity. Had not warfare so completely engrossed their minds, they mu.st have inaile rapid advances in the arts. Stones, on which were carved ligures for embossing skins, or faltrics of bark, intendetl to lie used as clothing, were manufactured with considerable skill. Specimens of two of these, one of which was found in a snndl mound at Cincinnati, and the other at Grave creek, have been previously delineated." The mounds erected bv them, varied nuich in size; specimens of whicli lave been pre sented in IMate \'., Vol. 1. The larwst snherical cir cncmnicrcnce ol :in\' o the momids is GCill feet, and the smallest, 20 feet. The greatest lieight attained is '.Kl feet; and the two piincipal mounds, of Cahokia and Crave creek, could not contain much less than ;),()t)0,(lt)() s(|nare feet of earth. The nidst co|ii( dc lus evidences o f th density of the former populati(ni, and of their cultivation, were found in the Mis-^issii)i)i valley, on the extensive and fertile idhn ial plains in Illi opposite to the present city of St. Louis, thence e.Ktending to Kaskaskia and the junction of the 01 the vallev of the latter into the territorv of the no. ami no lUlClel It Andastes. !• ne: am 1 1 roiiuois. The Scioto valley must have contained a dense hunter and semi-agricultural population, previous to its occn[)ancy by the Shawnces ; and the (irave creek Hats appear to have been the central location of populous tribes. The most striking evidences of agricul- tural industry were disclosed in the forests and prairies of Indiana ami Southern Michigan, during the settlement of the country, between the years lS27and IS.')?. l)rawim;s of thest' curiouslv-formed fields, or auricullural beds, lia\e been suliuiitted." These points of the rich donuuns of the West may be conjectnrt'i 1 tol lave supplii th means of subsistence for the ab d m \\\vv> .f T- d\e Superior. The small urowth )f the forest trees in the ancient mining e.\ca\ations of that ivi:ion, does not give cviilence o that time. f an antM( iti, whicli tlioy were o\ idi'utly compolU'tl to abamloii. Tlie Aztocs (lid not drixe out or coiuiuor tlu' harharoiis trihi's ol" Analuiac, and obtain tlio mastery of tliat valley until l^llio.' 'J'lieie are no reasons for JH'lievinj;: tliat the useful nii'tals wen- known to. or miuiuL;' praetised at all \>y the Chieliiiueea or Acolhuan stork; and until this liraneh of their arts was dexeloped, the northern tribes were in a jiosilioM to furnisii them with supiilics of copjiei', and the erude material for the nnmu- faeture of brt)nze. 'I'luMi' is. likewise, ample reason to believe, that the jirtjeess of mininu; in the nortiiern latitudes of the region of Lake Superior was earricd on, periodically, by piM'sons who derived their sustenance from, or who pi'rmanently resided in. the jrenial plains south of the great lake. The e.\'i)loration, for some cause, appears to have been suddenl}- abandoniid, as if the miners were driven oft' by an iin'oad of barbarous hordes. From an examination of the ages of trees, as disclosed by the annual deposit of vegetable fibre, tlu' termination ol' the ancient mound period ap|)ears to have occum'd in the twelfth. i)v early in the thirteenth century. There seems then to luive been a general disturbance among, and breaking up of the aborigimil stocks. The late Dr. Locke, after counting th(> cortical rings of trees growing on tiie ancient work found by him in Ohio, in 1S38. determined it to have existed t)00 years; which would place its abandon- ment in rJoS.^ Mr. Tomlin.son. the proprietor of the large tumulus at Grave creek, in \ irgiuia, states that a large tree of tlu; species (/nrmi.s (il/mx, which stood on the llat surface of the 'apex of that mound, blew down in 1828, and on counting the cortical rings, they were ascertained to be 500 ; Avhich denotes that the tree counnenced its cortical deposits in lo28.' Oeneral George llogers (.'lark, wliose opportunities for making a personal inspection of the western vestiges of the mound period were extensive, expresses the opinion tiiat these remains do not exceed the age of -MM ) years ; which wotdd place the date of their abandoinuent aiiout the year l.'i8ll.^ The Kaskaskia chief, Ducoign, being inter- rogated on the topic, replied that great Indian wars had prevailed, in which the trilies fiU'jht desperately, and destioyed each other's strength.' This view of their tradition is also taken by the li'ocpiois, as exhibited in the cuiious |)amphlet hislory of Cusic/' The fortifications constructed by the Mississippi valle\- tribes were well adapteil to the particular kind of enemy to be en<-ountert'd. Lines of pickets were placed ai\)uiid a \illage, situated on an eminence, or in the valley, or on tiie plain. Ditches liirmed no part ol' the defensive plan, at least in their teclinii;al military sense. The_\' were sometimes lii- iteil without tin.' walls, and occasiomdly within. In the formercase they denote acon- tingent state of labor in the construction — in the latter, the}- appear to have been intended • V..1. v., p. 97. ' Anii'iicau iltliiiolugiuul Trausactiuus, Vol. I., p. 380. ' Vol. IV , p. i;j5. ^ 'Vol. v., p. (iCIO. * Vol. IV., p. i;i3. • Vol. v.. p. 031. I tlioy were nii'I ohtnin l.li' tllMt tllO >'■ Acolliiiaii ■■< W'To ill a
  • ' iiiiiiiii- "I'liiiniiin; 'I'iddicallv. t'lc gciiiiil I I live hvvn Jiix lionlcs. deposit of '(-■ciiiTi'd in •'I liviicral >'•■ r.uckc, ')y liini ill ahaiidoii- i\e civclv, "I tlio flat I' cortical oiiccd its ii^pcction iiioii tliat date of ii.ir iiitiT- IH' friliog >f' tiicir Ili.s.'ol'J iplcd to 11)11 lid a IK) part ll'lilllCS - .■icon- ti'iid.d i iSTATTS AM) A 1! (' II -K o I. ( Mi V. GOl iis pil.-s of rffiiLiL'. or l()r licroic resistance- Imliaii I'catiii'i' in IlLiiitiiiL;. Ti le iirmcipa artistic leatiuv in tlie coiistnietioii iipijears to lia\i' liccii tiie ,nate. wiiicli was. in ail cases, loriiied according to tlie Tlascalan jilan. tiionLiii varicil in sinidiy ways. 'I'iie principal ohject appears to have l)een to lead the i-iieiii}' into a laliyriiitli of [)assages, in wliicli he would lieconie perplexed how to proceed. Sections of curved walls produced tl le same c fleet ; mil a small moiiiu 11 (l-sh 4" d red oiibl was .sometimes nse( 1. Tl lese various inoiles of constructing the gateway have been generalized and presented tor study, on a single Plate.' Till! tumuli, or mounds, constituted no i)art of the militar}- defence, though fierpiently located at or near the entrenched towns ; hut, i)eing devoted exclusively to ecclesiastical or sepulchral purposes, they were uinler the can- and control of tlu" Indian priesthood. Some of the smaller mounds had lieen mer(d\' circular altar.- •arlli. a few feet in height; l)ut, after serving tiiis purpose a long time, tliey were heajied up with loos(> earth into the shape of cones am 1 left lis iiiei norials of the Indian Th I'st formal attempt made to investigate the ri'inii of western antirpiities was stituted under the auspices of the American .Viitiipiarian Society. Tin' primary volume of the coUei'tions of th is socit'ty was piihlis d in 1S2II. umliT the title of Arclueoli Americana. In this work the descri[ilioiis, ae('om|)anied with [ilates, which were furnished \>y Mr. Atwater, comprise the earthworks and mounds at Newark. Marietta, Cireleville, Paint creek, Portsmouth, in the I/ittle Miami valle\'. at Grave creek, and at other places in the Ohio valky, and in the Western Slates. The descri[)tions and plates illustrating those works are clearly and intelligibly executed. The antiquities of the countrv had not then lieen studied, and for the hast\ th eories aecompanying these de.seri[)tioiis, that society does not hold itself responsible. Still, .Mr. .\twater is entitled to high praise for his 1 and assiduitv in introiluciiiii a snbicct of interestiiiLi' historical research am d ph hical speculation to th uiblic consideration. The attention of ncientifie men in the I'liited Slates had not previously been direeled to the study of anti(piariiiii icmains. 15ut few thought that any thing l"|"t by a savage peo[)le. who possessed neither arts, letters, nor monuments, would rt'iiay elaborate iiapiiry, if worthy of remembrance. Students of history and .scholars were not then a munerous class, and even thev wi'ie nnacipiainted with the e\idences of sui)erior Indian art and skill which had been deseloped ill Mexic(j and Peru. The prevalent impressicai in -Mr. .Vtwater's time, and still partially entertained, was that these anti([uarian vestiges, though they evinceil but little art. wen tl le woi k of sotiie other and more advancei 1 n am not attributable to lie II ncestral line of the existiui;' tribes. Yet there are some wniks if art and labor in the Mississi[ipi valley, constructed during the antitpiariaii period. trrea tlv resembling those of the .Mexican tribes Tl lev had. it IS true, le: timulus to arti.-lic e It and ail in the natural histor\' and eliinatoli)ii\- of the country Th V..1. I , ri;.ir IV.. I'i-. I t.. 11. p. I- Vol.. VI. Ill :'ll! \\- 1 1^:1 .ijHj 1 ; ■ III ~f B h t: 602 INDICIA FROM Til I] 111 ANCIENT ' r .J ; \\ \ ,--1 Horn of tlie iiortli did not coinprisi' tlio cotton pliint, the luscious fViiits, the Ipgumos, the ridi dyes iiiid dnins, and otlu-r jTodiictions pt'culiiU' to the tropics, which liad been elonionts of industry to tliu nativo Indians of Mexico. Its niintM-alogy incUided none of tho native precious metals. Tiie /ea maize was convoyed nortli to about hititude 46°, and dis.seminated to the further sliores of Now Enirhmd, and even to the sources of tlie Mississippi. The tol)acco plant was also cultivated in some of the temperate latitudes; but it is inferred that these northern Indians were seduced into the line of barbarism by the ready means of subsistence aft'orded by the deer and the builiilo, which ranged freely through the forests and plains. In 184S, some twcTity-eight years subsequent to Mr. Atwater's examinations, the Smith.sonian Institution published, in the lirst volume of its Transactions, a full and com- prehensive memoir on the subject, under the caption of" Mommients of the Mi.ssi.ssippi Valley;" the information contained therein having been derived from personal surveys, principally made by Mr. E. G. Squier and Dr. Davis. An elaborate account of these remains is given, illustrated by a large number of engravings. In this work descriptions are presented of the principal earth-works (jf the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, from minute instrumental examinations. Whatever had been previously described, is repro- duced, with much new matter respecting mounds, fortifications, altars, articles of art, and otlier remains of hunu\n labor and ingenuity, found scattered overtho.se vast plains and valleys. The prominent impression produced in the minds of these writers, by a survey of this field is, that the countrj' must have been inhabited by a population vastly more den.se than any which hase.\isted there since its discovery; or else, that these accunudated labors are the results of much longer, and more indefinite periods of occupation than is supposed. Oni' gn'at merit of this work is, that extravagant theories are therein avoided. There is. however, a gloss tiirown over rude and enigmatic-al monuments, which pre- suppo.ses the o(;cu[)afiun df the valley in former ages, by a peo[)le tnore advanced in arts and polity than the remote ancestors of the present race of Indians. This con- clusion, which is product'd b\- the actual declension of Indian art in the north, since its first occupancy, had been the theory of Mr. Atwater in ISliO ; it had been enter- tained bv General Putnam and the Ohio colonists, in 1787, and bv Dr. Stiles, president of Yale college, to whom the facts were re[)orted. Dr. Webster, tlu' lexi- cographer, was of the opinion that the (juestion of these antiquities was solved by referring them to De Soto, during his extensive explorations and semi-Quixotic marches, in the early part of the fifteenth century. Yet the most northerly point ever reached by De Soto was ("oligoa, on the head-waters of the River St. Francis, in Missouri. This chivalric explorer never erected any fortifications beyond temporary sludfers, and the only ditched and staked camp he constructed was the one in which he passed the winter of loll, after crossing the Ozark range of Missouri and Arkansas. This must be located in the [)rairie county of the Neosho, on the Arkansas, west of Van IJuren. A prominent feature in the Smithsonian memoir is a description of the fortified M Ii*' legumes, ell had been ded none of at i tilde 4G°, )iiree,s of tlie te latitudes; f barljarimn I it'll ranged nations, the ill and coin- Mi. ssissip pi lal .survey.s, lit of these iescriptions illej-.s, from d, i.s repro- I of art, and plains iiiid n- a siirv('\ astly more ■•■iiniiilated ion than is ill avoided, vliicli pre- vaneed in This con- ii'th. since eeii enter- >. .Stiles, the lexi- I. f- Wll> mi lIU M II I! II . I ,1 t ^f ^ I I Hi i".: (ti J ri III I i 1- 1' i >*••; ST ATI'S AND A IJ <' II .Tl o l.oC Y. (103 liiH's, crcctfd ;ii'iiiiiii| ihc c.^icniiimi'ht (if iilini|ii liill*. wliidi ('(iiiiiiiiiiiitcil ii view nl' tlic vnlli'}'H uihI iilaiiiH, and giivo givul cupacit} dl' ilt'li'iicc tn ii ('iiin|iai'ativ('l> miiiuII Imily (if iiicii. This ii|i|ii'ai's til liav(> liccn the Imliaii iixiilt' of roi'tiUciiliiiii, i'i'(|iiii'iii.L: lnit littlf liil)(»r ami less iii'l ; yv\ cviiiciiij;; a Htnnij; iialiiral jucliiiiicnt as tu llir i)i'st niraiis of (U'li.>ii('(> against niissilcs anil iiaml to liand wartiii't'. I'ussi'ssin^' no iiiotallii' inslni- ini'iits. tri'i's woro lolled Ijy Uindlin>{ liivs around tlicir Innilo. and iIh'M licatinfr oil" tlic inciriiM'ulcd |iiiits. This iiriiccss of girdling and ringing siipiilicd ihcni with picki'ts to ori'ft around tin? lirous of I'tninonccs. (Jatcs were frciincntly constiuclcd in a y.ig-/.iig Hf}'li'. which iiu/.zli'd tlio oni'iny, and hronght thoni unawares into lahyrintiis. or jilaeed them in a, position where they ('(aihl he cut oil' liy a discharge of arrows.' Anioug the pecidiar earth-works of tho Ohio valley, are the raised earthen plalfornis at Marietta, Ohio, with their geometrical lines and counter lines, and interior rediuihls, which have, on account of their anomalous (diaracter, heen frecpiently referred to. It was thought, hy the early discoverers, that there must luive heen a suhti'rraneaii passago to these works from tin- iMuskinginu river. A nioiuid of acute conical lorm near the Hinaller platlorm, indicates that it was only one of the numerous specimens of the Indian architecture. The drawings made liy Mr, Atwatcr and Mr. S(|uier, exhihit (considerable discrepancies, which it is not attempte(l to reconcile, hut of which the reailer is loft to judge from the accompanying Plate. The whole field of antitpiarian research, as represented in the Mississi|)pl valley inonmnents, may he regarded as the local luicleus and higiiest point of develo|)inent of arts and industry attained liy the red raix', after tlu'ir si'gregation from the nomadic Toll<'c stocks. These nuuiuments were widely scattered, but they assume the same mixed sepulchral and civic character which is apparent in those founil along the Alleghany liraneh of the Ohio, in western New York, and in other parts of the Union. The largest mounds in the Union, and those which are truncated or terraceil. hear the closest resemblance to the Mexican teocalli. They occupy the nuist southern portions of the Mi.ssi,ssippi valley, and Florida. They become less in size as we progress north, and cease t'ntiri'ly alter reaching the latitude of Lake Pepin, on the upper Mississippi, the head-waters of the Wisconsin,' and the mining excavations of Lake Superior. Vul. 1., I'luto IV., p. 4S. ■' Vido Vol. II., I'liito LIl., p. ill. M \ ' f «i '' I m [lib I i^i i; . cni INDICIA riioM Til Fill ANCIF.NT CM A V'YVli IV. A (il.ANf'M AT TIIK I'l (Tod H A Til Y <>K TIIR NolfTil AMKIMCAN' I M > I A N S . Ttwms iiiit alone till' moclimiic arts tluit dt'tcrmiiird tlio ancient status dl'tlie IniliiuiM; tlieii' was also an iiisciiptive art. wliicli desiTxcs attention : naiiieiv, tlieir |ii('tii'irii|iliy, or iiicline-wiitinu'. Iioni Kin.i^slioron.nii, tln-ounii tlie nieiliuin ol his nia,:;nilirent ro\al liilios. attiaeteil speeial attoiitiiin to the Mexiciin picnnre-writinjis, ami f:ave lise to the ex- pectation tliat nnich valnalile liistiaical inlorniation woiilil lie ileiiM'd Ironi this soin'ce. Tlie skill displayed in the execution of the native iiarchnient scrolls, the richness of the colurinLi'. and the systematic method evinced in tiie arrangement of the devices, [iresented an attractive feature in tlie study of the iiistory of Indian mental development ; and it uas conliilently helieved tiiat some phonetic key to these wi'itiiiL's woidd he re\eaieil. Time has. however, fully demonstrated the fallacy of this expectation. These earelully drawn and pointed scrolls are purely ideuj:raphic and re|iresentati\(', containing;' a sys- tem of sii:ns for da\s and years, and an astronomical calendar, liirmed from a loni^ series of oiiser\ations on tiie sun's recessions, hy moans of wliich the true !en,L:(li of the solar year was determined to within the fractional i)art of ii da}', 'i'he totemic de\iccs of clans or families, as they appear in the pictorial writings, are carefully depicted as ijie ea)ile, lotus, seri)ent, iS:c.' A small circle, or a conj;;eries of circles, are the symliols of linu's. phases, and tpiantities. There is no e(|uivalent for dibits, and no de\ ice hy wliicii to ilenole sounds. jMucIi of the subject matter of tliu (lniwinf;s relates to ;i -Iro- loiiical tlieories and horoscope's, oi' which a peculiar and anomalous mythology li)rms a prominent feature. It was. evidently, an art devised and perfected hy the native priests, and constituted the employment of a class of hicro^lyphists, or rude si'iiveners. to whom the suhject was fully ex [)lai nod Ijoforeiiand ; and wiiere the pictof;i;i- piiic art failed. symlioli(> characters were suhstituted, when the device ln'came wholl\ mnemonic. The entire scrolls could ne\i'r havi- heen read witlaait these xcrhal intt ipirta- tiuMs. Tiie SpaMi-:h missimiaries who accompanied the conijueror, lindinu' the sulijects to he desiiiiuii liy tiie natiw priesthood to uphold a system of da'iiioiiolojry, promptly de- ' Vnl I I'll, I'l.it.'s I mimI if ^: "l i: i ! Vi Ml Kil.r M y Is M'i: ^^ rsj f' ?!;?■ STATUS AND A RCIIyE 0L()(! Y. 605 iiounccil it, iiiiil destroyed tli(i seroUs indiseri'iiiiiiitely. witlioiit iittciiiptiiijr to |)i'eser\(' those portions reliitiiii:' purely to liistory. It does not apiieiir tliiit tlie latter i-onsiittited iiiiy coiisidorahle i)iirt ol'tlieir eonteiits. Tlie liite Mr. Ciidhitiii. wlio eliihorately exiiiiiiiied tlio Kiiigshorougli eollection, I'oiiiid it riitiior a ijarron and iniiViiitl'id lieid of liisturieiil researcli.' The term " picture-writinj:" can in truth ho only hypeiholically applied to those semi-mnemonic scrolls, ibr they are a series of paintings, designed to represiMit natural olyccts, and not to express sounds. The system, as it exists amongst the W'speric triljos, has been more correcily ilesig- nated pictogra])hy. No speeime- ■ of it, e(iualling the heauty of coloring whicii chariie- terizcs the Aztec drawings, have lieen found among the northern triln's; noi- any that indicate achievements in astronomy or arts; hut tiie scrolls of hark, the paintings mi hulValo-skin.s, the inscriptions on trees and rocks, the notation of the .songs of their necromancers, medas, and priests, iind their .sepulchral records, disjilay a similar art. It was evidently used by tluMU to ]ierpetuate their war, hunting, sepultuial. and mystical songs or triumphs of skill oi- prowes.s. It was not the practice of the founders of Canada, New England, or l\\v. central and southern colonies, to represent the Indians as ])ossessing an advanced state of art. They were descriljed as active, quick-witted, intelligent races, who were alike notable for their skill and couragi' in war and hunting. The pictogra[iliic element was, however, described.- In lOOCi, when Frontenac nKucheil an army into the Jro(piois country, lu> discoveied a large tree, on one side of which there was a pietographi faces of rocks, was found on a, massive fragment of greenstone, lying on the shores of the Assonet liver, in Massnchnsetts.' An inscription in the character of the Kekeewiu was noticed on the face ol' an upright tabular rock, at Venau'ro, on the River Alleuhany. This has been visited, and a drawing of it is pre.sei'ted in a previous volume, together with a view of the .scene." One of the most extensive and comi)licated instances of ' Tniisiu'liniis uf till' Am. V.lh. S..,i,.ty, Vul. I,, p. :;ii:) : New Vdrk, llirtldt >\: Wiltonl, l^i:>. ".Mr. I!. I'l'vli'v i'liipvi', tlir lM., i.f nii ..irlv (l:ilr, ivpri'S(Mitc(l in till' ^liiriiii' I'l'piirtiiicnl of t'nnii'i'. ' Viil. I., (1. -VM. \ .syniiii^is 111' tliU iii^i-riiitinn is L'ivi'ii in I'liilc XXX^'I^., A'nl. I. ' Viilr i'l:itr.- r.Vlil, :ili.l I.I.N,, V.,1. I,, |,|,. -tUS, -|(i;i. ''Vide Vnl I., \'Uw .XN.WI.. p. Ill, ..!■ IT'.MI; cimrt-a I.y ii IbL'iirnvntyi.- c-....y in V,.I. IV., Pluto MV.. ji. l-.'ii. « Vhw< X\'ll. an.l X\lll , pp. 17l', IT'.. \'„I. IV.. (to farr p. I.'.".). i ; ■ I 006 INDICIA FROM THEIR ANCIENT IS :: iy , till' imr/,/iiKil)ik iiiscriiitioiis exists on a tiil)iili\i' liiiicstoiio rock, on an island in Lake Kill'.' Tin' siHi|il('r forms of iiictourapliy aro siiown on the Indian (u/Jidatlkfi. or jrraA-e jiosts, wliicli ('(iiiiain till- iii('i()gl\ [)hic memorials of tlicii dead.- Its a|)[)li('ation to lunitini.^ (witli tlie mauif indicia of the tnodas),' to travel. D.. to topoL'raijJiy, 15.. and to trade, ('. aro fiillv illnslratt'd/ Sujierstitioiis traditions are evident in the sor|)cnt-u;uiirded kill!:-. Atatariio. and in the lieiv living lieails, and stonisli uiar.!s.' HioLn-aphy. or personal exploits, are thus handed down to posterit} ." The ai)plicati(in of it to warlike excnr- sions is siiown by a copy of a pietograph drawn on tiie face of a rock on Lake Snperior.' The nnstic arts of the pow-wow, or [)rophet. are desiunated." The totemie nses of the art ill distiiiixuishinir families and tribes, are also shown.' Tiie separation of tiie elementary from the eonorcte. in laiignaf^e, pictograpii}-, and whatever denotes mental development in the hnntor races, does not appertain to the liiinter state, but is, at once, one of the proofs of the possession of a logical intellect by civilized man. Yet a modified term tin- the pictographic art is applied to such of their complicated drawings as imply medical, mystical, or necromantio knowledge. These bleiidings of mystical ideas with actual knowledge are not simply culled kekeewiiis. but ke-kee-(no)-wins. The best-executed specimens of the kekeenowiu are those which are apjjlied by the Indians to the notation of their mystical songs. In their drawings they emphiy the ideographic art to represent the living, inanimate, or fancied sulijects of the song, but so combined with tiie mnemonic element tiiat he who sings must iiave been pre\iously familiar, not only with tiiis special branch of Indian attainment in tiie art of divination and magic, but also with the words of the song: the theme alone appeals to his memory. Tlie earliest illustrations which are l)resented of tliis part of the subject, wen^ printed on a iiand-pre.ss, by the late Mr. Maveric. from tiie original drawings on tablets of maple-wood, called "music-boards." obtained from the nieda-meii. resident on the l)asin of Lake Superior.'" The devices were ingeniously cut in the wood, and subse((iiently colored with vermilion, ultramarine blue, and other l)riglit [)igments. olitaiiied through the medium of trade. Tiie Indians possess no art wiii(di is so cliaracteristic of tlieir mental traits as these various furins of jiietograpiiy and iiieroglyphics. the evidi-nces of which are spread front the Atlantic Ocean to tiie Pacific. They are found on tlie sources of tiie Mississippi, on tiie elevated plains of New Mexico, and along the Pacific coasts of California and Oregon. No memorials of their condition whicli will descend to futurity, so fully ! 1 ' i'latr XI, I., v.. I. in.. II. sr,. no f;uv p. fj:!). ' I'lalrs XJ.IX. ami 1,111.. \nl. 1., |, :;sL'. » I'lut.s I„\X.. I, XXI.. an.l I,>X1I.. Viil. I. - I'latr I,V11,, V..1 1.. !■. li";. " I'latr. I,l\-. ainl l.\l., \ nl. II., ,,,,. liiij, Ji'li. ' I'latf.* 1,1. ami 1,11. .M.^la ,in.| Walnna .-.in-". Vul. I , pp. oHO, UTli ' riatr I,., \-..i. 1., ,,. :;:,(;. * I'lal.s XI, IX. aii,l 1,X1.. V..1. I. ' I'lal.. \A\.. Vul. I. * I'lat.s XI,1X. ami \A\, Vol. 1., 15. m iJv,.v/r, bvAC Han, 'wmi'-i cfi^iEvjisLgs^.wiEsir iRj'^'is^if* V crnKinl Vv I i.'^- m PI m h t I ' 1 f 1 , 1 1 1 ' , 1- i 1. 1 i 1 STAT IS AND A R C lliK O LO(i Y. 607 rcvciil tlio present coiidilioii aiiil idio.sviieni.-iies of tlie Imliuii iiieiital develdpiiieiit. Fre(iiieiilly these j)ietoi;riiplis iiiv I'oiiiid trsiced on tlie siirliice ol' a tahidnr stone, on a boulder, on tlie scupi.i t of a hnfl'alo, or on the lace of an inaceessihle elilV. 'I'liey exhil)it the distraetions of ih • sava'ji- mind, between the ideas of a deity and a devil ; and. anionji thi^ nortliern tribes, ai'e most commonly I'oiwid on sheets of the betnia ibarU, while the [jrairit! tribes wi'st of the Missonri have more 'generally nnide use of Hkins. Frecineiitly the entire history of a eiMel' and of his band, are depicted, in pig- ments, on a dressed bullalo loiie. Specimens of these endeavors to perpetuate their fame, or secure a remembrance amonjr their cotemporaries, as found in various latitudes, and amon^ all the existing stocks, are added,' that the widivsprcad jirevalencts of tlu; custom may be perceived. The subjoined fac-simile of an ancient Indian record of a battle-scene, copied by Dr. A. C. Flamlin from tin' face of a rock at Hellowv' Falls. \'crmont. is oin- dl' tin- recently-developed specimens of the pictoijraphic inscriiitions fonml on the rucks of New England. It is acc^ompanied iiy a toteinic device from West river, in which the family (dan of the Eagle record tlieir location. ' Tlnte XLir., Vdl. III., from tlip Hooky mountains. I'liitos XXXI., XXXII., XXXiri., XXNI\ Vol. IV. Plates XV., XIX., XXXI., Vol. V. :f' It ] I I ' ■: tin !.]■ ■ "ll. I'l I P ■ '! U: ?il fith INDICIA FHOM Tllllll! ANi'lKNT CJFAl'TKII V INTUrsiVK ELKMKNTS OK ART I'ltO.M KU IK) I'M AND ASIA. N'WDI.VAVIAN SM'JIIS ;lll 1 rci Olds' inlurm lis tliat, in llic M'.ir IHIM), Wuivu liiiulril dii til'' Aincriciiii shores of tlio iioitli Atliiiitic. in ;i lliit coiiiitiA-, wliicli lir roiiiiil to coxiTcd with I'on e(|iieniiy the Aeiidia of the {''reiieli. or .\o\ a Smtia. ( 'ontiiiiiiiiL^ lireetioii diirini,' two more da\s. lie a'jaiii s;iw land, wiiicii [ire- lil- Ndvaiic III the -aiiie ( ■nted th M'l" aiice of a finelv wooded siiore. with moinitaiiis in the disliince liliii!.; tlieiiee. he iMiiii' to iiii island, and siihseinientlv to a ii\er. which lie entered, id l.iiideil on its hanks. This eomitry received the name of \"inlaiid. It is eoiijeciiire I that \'iiiland coiiijiri-^ed the area at |ire,-.ent (iccn|iied hy tlie Slates el' Maiiii' am 1 New I lanipsl lire ; am the island a|i|)ears to 1 lia\'e heell that of .Monhairan, coiiii'jiion< to th la-l of Maine. An ancient iiisci'i|itioii. t the iioiiited liiinic characters, has lieeii found on tlie fa rac'd ill letters resem le lace oi a rock on Miliar thai island. IVoin Willi. a |ila-ler I'.ast ol' which, transmitted to me li\- Dr. A. ('. Hamlin, of ISamior. the dra on ,1 reduced scale, hi'rewith siihmitted, has heen mad<'. This iii>eri|ition has not heeii critically e\aiiiiiieil. hot appears to heloiiu' to an early, and. perhaps, to the eccentric a'.:e of the art. Dr. Hamlin, in presentiiii;' the siihjeot to the notice of the section on lMlllloliii;y. at the late scielltilic ineetill'.:' held at Aliiaiiy. expressed the opinion that the V iiilaiiil nver. winch the .'>caiidina\ians en lereil. was the Keiiiiehec. the lllolltl which is distant onl_\ ahoiit two leai;nes from tlie island ol' .Moiiiiairaii. !n conlirmal of tills opinion he stated, that when tin' first settlements were made on the Keiiiie!i on It the \riiv llJoT. t ie settlers, as the\- cut down and cliared oil' the t ree<. Ilillllil the ri'iiiains of chiiiiiie\s and moiildere(l ruins, which had Keen overurcjwn li\ the forest. \iitii|iiiiti's .\niiTii' ^< uf t'lr Ai \<-...-i;iti.,ii I'ni- tlir \i\ \';ihri iici.'li I i.r .^I'i.li,.,', T, nlll llirrlihu, .\l ]s.Vi : t'aii]lii-i'l-'i' |. -Jll S'Uf ! Ill mv ifA. STATUS .\.\l> A IKMI .I;()I.(m; Y, i;o<) I'liis new tiKorv of llic liH'iitimi ol' \'iiiliiii(l will nol liiuc to (•iicDimlcr tlic iiiiiitirni and ii>tr(iii()iiii(;iil oliji'ctiims, wliicli liiivc ln'i-n iiivcil n'Miiist tli i'(ii:;rii|pirK'iil |pii.~iti(Hi |i.. ;\iiiiisly ii.^fiiuiicil to it ill Miis,'<;ic'liiisflts ami lilioilr l.~l;uiilji_) the Icanicd ii.ssoriatinii (il'C()iiL'iiliii;ioii; II ioi'iitiou \vlii(!li i.s liirllu'r. In ^cvcnil (l(i_\.s' sail, towiinls tin- Hoiitii iiiid sijiitli-wcst, lliaii till- ,sa,i:iis iiidicatc. It also avoids tin- iiial-iiitci|>ivtatiiiii of tin! liiiiiics mid di'vicL'H oil tlic l)i;^litoii Uock, wliiidi aro not of Scaiid'naviaii oiiL'iii. or of any iiliiliii- lictical value wliiitcvei'; but. as I liavc siij^vcstril in a [laiici' read heroic the Aiiieiiean Ktlinolo^iciil Socioty, in ISI'l.'and also in my Ktliiiologieal lleseaivhes.- are in the ordinary styU.' of the Indiiiii Uekeeuin, or iiiiieiiioni(' pieto^LMaiihs. This kekeeuin is a rude iiU'o;;rajiliic iiioile of eoiiiiiiuiiieatiii;j,' tliou,;:lit. hy whirh tiiuiiiplis in war and hiiiitinj.', di'Utlis, iiiid other siihjeelM, are coninieiiiorateil hy the Imliaiis. ('hiii;;\vall<. an A1-. it to he one of their ancient lun/zinahiUs. made when their internal wars onc|iiiii, versed in this s|iei'ies of the |ieeuliar knowlediic of jiis [ieo[ile. [iriiiiouneed am 1. takim; fi-iire li\ lii:ure. i eailily e\i xplaiiieil it to he the recoril of a \ is were rile ; ietoiA' uained liv the chief of the trilie (prohalily the ancestors of the I'okaiioket.s), over their enemies,' A datrneneotyiie copy of the inscription is herewilh suliinitled.' Diirini;' the est!ilili>hnieiil of tlie settlements maili' in the Oiiondagii coimlr\-, in ■western New York, suhseiiuent to the close of the lie\olntioiiary war in 17n:'i. when settlers were enabled to enter that ancient part of the Iroipiois dominions, iinmeruus monumental traces of Kiiroiieaii occupation were disco\cred. which e.\eitei| a local interest, ^h^st of them, however, wtire liiund In lie the iv-iilt of the labors of ihe irh' rrencli missionaries duriiiL;' the seventeeiilh (■■■ntni\ tir X. me (if these on ce eiiiL'- iiiatical remains could, it is b(dieved. dale farther back than .\. 1). hioU. A ■iii'jle vestiLic of ;in earlier date was brought to liL:ht. .as the a'jiii'ullural laborers (ait down the liirest urow th. T IIS was a houM er. on wliicii was i u^i-ribed the diu'ils l'i2l). Fico VI.. which date is t'ii!;ht years subse(pient to tlw discover} of I'' DiKla. T an hieoloLiical ridic. which appears to lia\'e been I he bead-stone of a i;ra\c was noticed ill a previous work ill IS lO," and is herewith prcsciiled, pit as ri'-hLiiircd irom the oruiinal ■rved ill the .\lbaii\' Academy. ea .Mr. Jelli'i'soii ^'ives a description of an ancient Indian moiiiid, wliich was opened in • tern \'iri;inia.' After the settlements were extended into western Wv. una. antiipiitios of this kind, some of which were of laiyer dimeiisicjiis, were fri'ipiently found ill the forest. At the period ivforred to by .Mr. .leU'erson, they were rej:arded li',- the Indian.- as merely places of honorable intirmeiit for the remains of their L:ieat men; and he stati'S that they ■were, even at that time, \isited by [lartie- of Indians, TrMiis;ii liniis of till' Aiui'i'ii'iiu K m1 ,<(iciotv, V"l. 1.. V. 11 ■• N''w Y..rK-, I-^l;- !■■ |e->: I'liilMilrlphin. l^:.l. \'i'l. I.. ]i, i^>^, wliriT tlu' iii>r|-i]iliiiii is :ai;il_YZcil and ilrxTilwl in I'lill \-nl. I\-.. I'hii,' NIV., p. I-.'M \..\. v.. I'Id. \lll. Vol. \1. — 77 Nl.lCS (IM tl ic Ir.«|iiMis. p. 11: A11..HIV, IM7. rlVr 's Nnti-s (111 \'i|-:;iiii:i. ]>. l."iii I'll m\ \l ■»! ii ' t. lii f '' I 't I I 1^ mo INDICIA ritoM tin: II! AN('!I;NT i(Hiiii('\ iiiLi lliroii'ili till' ciiiinli'y. \'ny tln' |iiii|mim' hI' >|M'ii(liiii; ii ,«li(ii'l lime ii> pitius reili'ctioii iiiid coiiiunmidii willi lln' (Ifiid. accoiiliiiu' to llicir ln'lii'1's. Wlicii llio K'ttii'- iiiciitH ri'Uflii'd tlic Oliiii vnlli'V. wlicri' tlii'sc niih* iiiiiiisolcn ol' tin- iinlinns were very iiiiiMcrDiis. llu' cliMiip's 111' mainici'.s niid ciisloiiis in'oiiLdit idpoiit liy tlic iiiinidiiitiiiii nl" Km'n|i('iiii sDcii'ty. liiid Ird llif Indiiins to (li'iip llic iirm'ticc. liidi;m> nl' llu- iiniiU'ru L;riU'r;itiiill were llli;i('(|il iiil 'd witli the lilM|iiiil ui' llioc nuimids, l{f|)lioM ^ivrli liv tlir older >;i';iiiii)r('s to iiiu'iir.-' jiro[)(iiindt'd, were \in:iic, and iiiiiy Ih' I'l'-iii'dt'ii us liiiviiiij Ih'cm d('si.:ii('d. ill soiiK' iiu'asiin', to icpri-ss tliiit iiu|ni.titivt' spirit aiiioii.u tlic I'lniiiriiiils, wliicli is known to 1m' distastcl'iil to llic nutivcs. and is (■iiiciiIiUi'il toarousf tlit spicious cliaractci'. ami awaken tln' siijierstilioiH ol' the Indians. Diii'inn' tin- pidcess ol'opcniiiu' tlie ,:;reat tiininlns at (iia\i' eroek. in Western ^'irL;■inia. in tlie year iSliS. and tiie t'\ten>iiin nl' a ;^allery to its eeiitre. ii small iiiscrihed stoiu^ was discovered, in •■onnei'tion with tlu' remains of a Inniian skeleton and its aeeoni- panyiiiL:' nienienloes. which ai)pe:irs to possess an alphahetieal value. 'I'liis cinioin relie. a drawinu' "I" which is iii\'eii.' ap[)e{irs to re\eal. in the nnkiinwn past, evidences of Kuropean intrusion into the eoiitinenf. of wliicli no other vestiucs iia\i'. thus far, lieeii discovered Copies of tlie inscription have heen tiansniitted to fiondon. I'aris, ('openha'.;en. and Lishon. .Mr. itafn. with consideraMe coiitidence, pronounces it to he ( 'elilii'ric : liut no iiiterpretatinii lias, howescr. hei'ii attempted. Duriii'i a \isit wliii h .Mr. 'I'homas iMvhank made In Mia/il and Sniifh .Vuierieiv. he hail his notice directed to some atitiipie instruments made of hroii/e. heloiiiiiiij;' to the ancient I'enivian epoch, of which lie has furnished dcsciiptions liir pairi's of this work.- The intriiiliietion of this element appears conclusive. We must re;:aril the iii\ention of the distal!' as one of the nldest forms of human art. 'I'liis ancient implement, as well as the Mow-pipe, wt're certainly I'lnplou'd at the period of tlieir lii;;hest development hy the senii-eivili/ed trihes of Mexico and I'ern. Aniomj till' .\/tecs. the mode of forminL' the spools cif cotton thread from their peculiar distalV, or spindle, which revolved in a howl, appears, from the ])icture writin'.^s.' to have heen a hiliorioiis art, which it was necessary lor the mistress of a lioiuestead to teacli to tin? children at an early ai^c The arts of spinniiui- and wcaviiej-. as now in \ise among tho Navajo and I'uehk) trihes of Mexico, have heen illustrated in antecedent paucs.' The liov. (ieorge Howe, of Columhia. South Carolina, has descrihed, in }avvioiis panes.' what appears to he an ancient Indian ciiicihle for meltiuu' ,i;olii. wliich was foiiud in one of the present iiold iliuuinj:s of North Carolina, nine feet helow the solid surface. i'rior to the intrmlnction of the steel and Mint, the Indians produced lire hy percus- sion. The method ('m|iloyed for this purjiose was to canst' an npriiiiit shaft, restinjf in Vnl. i , Vhu- .\-.\.\' , p. IL'L'. ' \nl. !\-.. Vhu- X.X.Xl.N.. II. i:;s<. M'.il. IV., p. 111. \-,.|. I\ , I'liiiis .X.X.XVI. aii.l .X.XXVil ■ V„l. I\„ ,,. nil ""■' """' in [Moiis \Vlirli III,. >,,((!,,. Iiiili.iiis w,.iv vcrv i'"l(.(lll,.li,,ll ,,l- 'I- "I' III.- i,|(m|,.|„ ■■"■•''''I Its Ii;|\i|,^, ",~ IIh' fiHiurfiiits, "■^''I'l' "picidiis ^Vcsicii, \'i|,,i,i;.,_ " i'lN.TilM.,1 >(,„„, " ■•""I lis iUVUII,. "'■ ''"'ii-< ciiriiiiis " I'''"-!. •■vidciKTs ' 'i"vc. iliiis f;i|._ ' f-<>ii.l(,ii, l>,„.j^^ illniiiKvs it to 1)0 I'f'i Aiiii..n,...i, li,. /■<■■ liclniiMiiin- (,, "' i''',-''-< "I' (Ills I"* "I'lllllliMll ;ir(. '■'I .'It (lie i„.n,„| i'l'''"- AlllDlli.' I'*'<''ili.ir (lisfiifi; ■' f'> IlilVC Im'CM '" ♦"'fii'il to tli,> ii>"' Jiiiioiiir (lio ' pil.liCS. ' ''< '" l'rv\'i„|,s ''. wliicli ujis elow tlio solid ire l)y jiciTiis- d 1^ rPn ■^rivAw\vi»i|ipi \allcy. and hy the huntci' trihes ol' Ni?w Kniiland. To this resume of the traces of I'oivign art tonnd in America. nni>( he added liie evidences regarding tlie mining for native co|ipi'r in the hasin ol' Lake Superior. This topic has heen elahorately discussed hy (,'iiarles Whiltle.-y. K-i(., of Ohio, whose descriptitjiis are given in jirior [)ages.-' Tiie theory uf foreign art is not. howe\-er. wiilioiit t)hjectioii. The prt)ce.sH employed was rude, and does not appear to have been beyond the capacity of the ancestors of the present Indians, w ho, judging from a suivey of our anlitpiities, possesseil a higher state of art prior to the discovery of America li\ the Kuropeans. The excavations seem to have been made dining short intervals in the summer, by parties who camo thither foi' that purpoM' from more southeily positions, ■whence their food was necessarily procured. No degree of art in metallurgy was developed e(pialling, certainly none snri)assing, that known to be possessed by tiie Toltecs and A/tecs. It is therefore a moii- rational iufeience to reler the niinini: art of the northern tribes to that source, than to indulge in speculations which would assign to it a foreii;n origin.^ ' Vnj. IIF., I'latr XXVIIT., r. 2iN. ■ V..1. 1 . ).. ft:>. Vnl. IV., p 1 i:i. Vnl. V . ),. «::.. ■'' In c'liiiMcctidii with till' arcli.'i'iilii'jy "'' 'ln' onnnlry, in its inli'ii>ivi' tV.itiins, iiinl imt ;i> ri-iil|iir_' I'rMm liiili:in iirt. tlio iiiMic'Xi'il ;iiiti(|iii' iii-^iTiiilinn, in lln' nM l'liirnii-i;iii liiii r<. rrniii A-i:i Miipo-. i~ pn^i'iili'il. Si'VcimI III' till'."!" li'UiTs nw iiji'iitiiMJ wiili tliosr tiuiihl in l"^-'is, i.ii tin- liTli;s iiN Till-; I'ACIKM' COASTS (»!•" ()l!K(i()N. !.' !, i it A ciMTirsi, cXMiiiiiiMtiiin nl' the IiuliMii Miitiiinitli's ol" llic United Stiitcs. it \v:is llioii^lit, uiijrlit liiniisli Mnnr clue tn tiie tr;icU (if .•uicieiit iiiiirratioMM. If the \'es|>eiic tiiln's came (lireetly iVuni tlie west, niili'rior to the |ni'ioii nf inniiiiil l)iiil(liiij^ in the Mis.sissi|)|ii vnliey. it wiiiiM lie hut ri'iisDiialile to i-Npi'i't to fiinl vestip's ol' the same kind of antii|iiities on tlir Oregon eoast. Willi this \ iew. eNteiisive in(|Miries were dii'ecteil to tliat (|narler soon aj'ter the I'dMinienceineiit of these investigations ; hnt. thns far. without tlie diseovci'v of an\ sneh remains. !Mr. (I. (lihhs, who lias had extensive o|i]iortnnities of examinimr this coast, is of ojiinion that no analoLioiis remains of the sort I'.xist.' This view is conciu'rcil in hy Mr. (•uileii. ol' Fort \'anconvcr. and hy other persons who have directed their attention to the snliject. (lovernor Stevens, in tlie report of his reeonnois.sanees, dnrini; IS'il, lietween the valley of the Missouri and the I'acillc, ooncurs in the same \iew. lie ri'inarUs : — "A \ery intere-^tim; suhject ol" impiiry has heeii pursiieil hy Mr. SchoolerMJ't. in his endeavor to follow tln' earth-works of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys into the re^^ion west of the llocky mountains. A carefnl intem. althou.;h heiii'-'. so far as is known, a solitary one. it is soiiu'what (pie.<- tionahle. 'J'lie work consists of two eonceiitrie circles of earth ahoiit three feet liiLjli. with a ditcli lietwc'cn. Within are ahout twenty cellars, situated without a[>pareiit design, (>xce]it economy of room. Tiii'V are some thirty feet across, and three li'et, deep, and the whole circle eiirlity yards in diameter. Captain .M'Clellan's |iarty had no time to examine it more particularly, and no tools to excavate. The ground was overgrown with art(>misi,'i hushes: hut. except the form of th(> work, there was notiiing to attract partiiailar attention, or lead to the Iielief that it was the remains of any other m ill! TATI S AND A I! (■ II .i;i> mm; V. Ill: tliaii II Yakaimi \ill:ii:t'. 'I'luir liiiidc luiwcvfr. wlm was a jiicat aiillmrilv ini hiicIi iliiittorH, liii'liirtij tlial it was iiiiuli' vi'i'\ loiii; a'. 1. I'V lllcll nl' wIldlM llin jic(i|il(' klli'W iiotliiiii.'. Ill' atlilfil tliat tliiTi- was III) titlu r liUc it It i~ well imi.s|,.,| lor (iiil'iicc in liiil laii warl'.irc ln'iirj mi till' I'll'jv ol a I riracc aliiMit UriiTii li'd Iii_li. a >iiiirt di-taiu Irom tin- rivrr, iiiid llankiMJ on litlicr side liy a lmiIIcv. Oiit>idr of (lie fiivlc. Imt (|nitt! iii-ar it. arc dtlifrct'liars, iiiumcIosimI. and in no wav ililli'iiii.:- iVoni llio ri'inains nl' villa>;i's l'ri'i|iii'iit!_v nift willi lln'if. Tlic Imlians also pnintcd oiil. near li\. a low hill or sjnir. wiiicliiii roiin iiii^lit Ijc ^ii|)|)(iM(| ((I ri'x'nililc an iiucrlcd caiKic. ami wliiidi lie iiad said WHS a slii|i. It di'scrvcs invi'sti^ation at Irast wlictiii r any iciiitiun can lie traced lictwccn till' aiitiiors of this and dl' the imuiiids in Sacraniriilo \alli\, }i t ncciipicd li_v cxistiiijr tribes. *• In this conncctitm may also In- niciilioiicd ;i coiijilc of modi in rniiirnalioiH, ncctcd liy the YaUamas upon tiir Sniikivc loik. They are situated helwerii two vuiill liiaiiches, ii[)on the siimmils of a narrow ridjic some two hundred yards lonir. and thirty I'eet in Iici.iilit. and are ahont twenty-live yards a|iart. TIk' lirst is a si|nare with rounded corners, loiiiii d hy an eart'.ieii emiiankiuent ca|i|ied with stones ; the interstices hetweeii wiiicii -served fur |oo|i-holcs. ami wiliioiit any ditch. It is alioiit tiiirly feet on tlie sidi's, and tlie wall tiiiee I'eet IuliIi. The otiier i< liuill ol' adolie^. in the t'oriu of a reclaiciie. tweiit\- li\ thirt\-roiir feet, the walls three i'eet hi-li. and twelve to ei'iiiteen inches thick, with loopdioles six feet apart, liotl horiiiir hills. T I are coiuiiianded within lilK'-shot hy neii;' Skloo. as a deli'iice a'.iain^l the Cavil- lev Were electeil in 1^1 i \>\ >kloo. a We did not hear whether they were successfully maiiitaineii. accounts varv inir mcitly in this respect. In the same iieiiilihorhood Caplaiii M-Ciellaii's parly iioiiced sni;;ll piles (if stones raisi'd iiy the Indians mi the edt:es of the basaltic walls which enclose these valleys, but were iiiliii'iiied that they had nu purposi- ; they weiv put up through idleness. Similar piles are. however, sometimes erected to mark llie lorl< of ;i irai!. ;\t points on till e walls there were also many ii'raves. generally made in ivMilar form. covered with : ■■ -,' stmics to protect them from tlie cayotes. ami marked by poles (lecornted with ti. cups, iiowder-horns. and articles of dress. During; the summer the Indians liir the most part live in the small vullevs lvin'.^vvidl into tin' foot of the moun- tains T lese are however, uniniialiitable diiriiiu' tlie winter, and iliev uiove fiirtiu down, or to more sheltered situations. 'I'lie mission which, in siiiiinier. is maintained in the .\-t;i-naiii valley, is tr.insli'i'red into tiiat of the main river."' If the Toltccs had ]iassed down this coast in the eleventh century, with the art .vliich they displayed in .Mexico, it ajipears almost impossiblo that they should not have left some vesliovs of it almi'.;- the route they pursued. .\iiiiual liiili;iii lii'|init, Is") I, |i. 2;! 11^ SUCTION TWI:NTV-I II Til. INDICIA KKOM MANNKKS AM) CISTOMS. CIIAI'TKI} I. 1 ' VALIK OK THIS Sl'HClKS (> I' T KS T 1 M (»N V. \/> I'niTciiAKii. will" lias so fliilwnifi'ly iiivi'sliL'Mtcil tlic imtiiral liistory ol' tlic races ol" iiifii. iilncc's hilt liitlr rt'liaiu'c ini iiiaiiiicrs and ciistunis. as a nutans of (Irawiiiir a I'om- |iarisoii Iti'twi'di the aiieieiit coiulitioii ol' a peo|ile and tlieir modern de\cloiiini'iil. Lord ]?acoi'. speakiiiL' of civilized and relinod nations, relers to their chiuiuiiiu cnslonis, "as if tliey wen- dead images and eiii^tnas." An astute writer, who lloiirished dminj^ the early part ol' the seNcnteenth century, ami had tiavclled extensivtdy anion':- the Indian triiies ol" thi-^ coinineiit. speai^s of their nianners and customs as heiiii: fallacious sources npon which to rely for any iiistorical jirool's. " The manners very soon degene- rate hy means of eominei'ce with fori'iLriii'rs. and liy llio mixtnix' of seviTiil nations unitini: in one hody, ami liy a chaiiL'e of empire alway.s accompanied with a new lorni of u'overnment. How much more reason is there to helieve such a sensible altenition of genius and manners lunonirst wanderinLi; nations In-come savatie, livinir without prin- ciples, laws, education, or civil L'overnment, which nii^ht serve to hrint: them hack lo the ancient manners. Cnstoms are still more easily di'stroyed. A new way of living introduces new customs, and those which have heeii forsaken are very soon forfrotteii. What shall I say of the ahsohile want of such thinjrs as are most necessary to lileV and of which, the iiec(;ssily of doin^' without, causes their names and uses to perish tow t her '.'""' It ajipears to have heeii too freipiently the ohject of travellers to tiiean details hordoring on the min\<'liou-;. and illustrations of a ["ictnresiiiie character, with which t'li.'irlcviiix. (CM) 11 INlih'lA lllnM M\NNi;i!S \NI' rlSToMS. •!|.' ti> iiiiiii«i', nillirr iliMii iii-liiiil ilif ii'iiili r- ol' tlicir jnimiiil^. mul li\ llii-* 'jIh--- In iIimiI piililif :ill"'iitinii lis niiii'li as |tii«silili' iVmii llicir inuliililx . nr railiiii'. In |ii'iMinv ami ili'- sciiiiiiali- Miiiiiil ami irliaMi' iiili'i iiialniii. (li'n.;i ;i|i|iii'al |>lii'iiciini'iia, llic imaiis ut' Hiilisislciirc. ami iIk' iialnral liir-luiv dI' I'miili ii-. cmiI an iiii{ii>rlaiil iiillin'in n ciistdiiis. Naliuii-'. as llh'v aif in'ar In. or iliflaiit IriPiii. lln- i i|iial(ir. rcijiilir or rijifl tin- Use nl' clnlliiii;' Atiilii' li\ iiii; w lnTi' liiais aml«ul\i-i aliKiiiicl. wiiiiM a(i|iiiri' sUili ill rati'liini llin-i' animals. Sca-i-na*! ll■ilM•^ iirr i('lilliMi|iliaL:i. .\> llir ail- i<\' a riKli' |iriiii|i' |ia>-' away \vi ill iIk'Iii. iIii- t'\ idi'iii'cs nl' Midi in|. iiiii-l llljill Ml 111!' rt'lics dl' tlicir inoiiiiils, Ininiiii. ami s('|ailc'liii's. 'I'lins D.-siiaric- ami |ilaccs nl' M'|iiillnii' lK'f()iiH>, lis it wi'i't'. I'viilt'iici's nl' nsii'diii'ix . ami |ircsriil a siiliircl I'di- liii' >lml\ nl' ari'll!('n|njj;isls. A Wroll'jill sin-ll, a \>\\'>'. a Wnhjc nl cnlilMT. a Imiir a\*l. lllll- In cnlin' (•\ iili'Ili'cs nl' snim- (•nllx'ijllcnci'. liaviir.'. nlariil nii ii iil IJir XMlinilH iii-lnliM nl' llir (niH's, as re 'I arils Imiiliii'j. li-liiii'j. ri'a>liii'j. ilanrin.:: ami \\ni> llli' llinll-.'iml |iliaM's ami |insiiinns wliicli llic Imlian a^-iiinrs in llic rnri>l. it will Inii' lir Milllciciii ti> I'l'I'iT In llii'si- inslancis. and llu'ir illii-lialiniH.' Tlir rlli'i'ls nl" clilll.lU' ailil L;i'n'ilM|iliir:il iuiMlinii nil llir ma illli'ls ami cn-lnms nf llli' Imliaiis 111I1--I alway-i liavc iiccii ( nii>iiliiaMi', 'rrilic^ li\iii'j iimlcr llic njiialnr, nr uilliin lilt' Irnpii's. liavi' iiitiI nl' Imt lilllr nr nn iln'>~. NVIinc ihc liaii;iiia. iIm' \aiii, anil nlliiT lin|iiral I'l'iiils. I'lirni-^lnil llir >pniii imcuis nmans tt[' snli-i>lriici'. mily a siiiail aniniint nl' lalmr was ii'i|iiiiv.i. Tin' ainiinl ( ' aiili-, u im irsiili-il in a I'niinlry |ioss('s-iin; a (Iviiriniis I'liinalc, and nil a ii'ijuirrd In -.ii|i|inrl r\i-li'iii'r> Weill aliiinst I'lilirriy iiaki'd, ami Inilcii'd awiiy lil'r in idirin'ss; wiiilr ihi' Al liapasiMs. ot till- Airlii' lalilmlr-. wi'in i'nni|Mll.'d 111 wrap tlnir I'ri'i in I'm-, and In iii\ mi ijir liiiosls I'nr llii'ir iiitirn siippjirs nl' animal and \ i".;i'liilili' I'nnd. I'liii.' wcrn nn v^i'iH'iic dill (IlllclrlU'rs III IWri'll lIli'M' llilir.-, I'il III' im'iilalU nr n livsii-alK. \i anil, liaiislrrrrd in tlu' nnrlliiTii I'nidini's nl' i5i'iii-li AnnTiiM. wniiid mivi'lnp lii-; iind;. ill warm riniliiii'j ; and an .\lliapa>i'an, wlin I'ini'jraicd in St. l)niniii'.jn. wnnid liimw li\ Ids ilk-skin cnat. iMiaisr wnnlli'iis. and nini'('a>iiis. and snnii Call iiiln ilir iH'i'iniiiati' mannrrs nl' lin- snlijrfls of Uiu'i'ii Ana ma. In Vul. I,, .M.iiiiil T\pr, -J'.i 1,1 r.'. Tii!..,! Tniiu, I!':: I.. :;n'.i, M\ili.il..._-v mihI Ti;h!iii..iis :;ir, i,, :;-.".i I'll l.i'_'ni|ili\ . I.. IJI. Ill \'..l I I , (Iriiiiii- \i, w. It ti. -17. I' limii r till' llnliiili l';iliiiK. 1^ I., .'ill ill 111 I'll'. Art 111' lliiiiliii! Il:, .1.1 III .1.1 .'»ll'j:il->l;lklllL:', .1.1. \\:ll';illii l'> I llilililll-, .i W: lUi-l I iiiilniii; 'I'lir \Vi.;«:ii lii, I'll. Ilirllis ;inil ill! ir iiii iilriil-. li'i. jiralli :iiiil it." Iiiriili'iil", liT. 7 I . I iaiiii'i, 7 I . II mil' r'.s I iruiiinls, ■ I 111 71". Ill Vnl, III., 'i'riiii- III' TliiiiKiiij. ."il (till iiliiliMii. .".'.I. 'I'll.' Clri-i', I'll'. Ci-liiiM.', I'l.'i. .\rii,s I'l'.l. 'I'lil.iil 'I'nii-, |s| III :;iii'. < >r;il I'iitMir til ::J'.i, \it. ii'i.'i, M:i'j,', l»:; i.i lii:i III V.il IV.. .M.iiiiii r- ill llli- I'.ir.-I, !■- Ill .il. 'I'niit- nl'tln' Wiiiinli; III ."i.i. Mot-il'-, .'ill. (■ii'^iiiiiif.. Cii-tiiiii- 111' n.iK.'taii-. .v.i 1.1 7'-' nr .\: \:l.||ii-. I _• III ss, |!iiil:,|,i lliiiitiiij. Ii_' 1.1 I III 'i'liliiil iniiis, 1!I7 In -II. I'irtiiL'l- Ui'li'.'iiin, Ii.!"!. llillV. J-ll , -l-i. w nil illii-mili.iiii. .Vrt, |:l.'i, |l: i'iii.iiiii|..':\ Ix'.t M.'.li.-'ij .\v lull'.' iliij it r<'<|niri> to iliHiiHc (I lorci- llt'W hlpi't'ic'.-* ciMT nil till' liiiliitMlili' |)iii'l-< III' till' I'diitiiii'iit .' A ilru\i' 111' liiiLT^i liml lni'ii ilrivi'ii tiiniiipli l''|iiriilii li\ III' Siilii. to Mistiiiii llii iiiiiis iiiiijiT cNi'jriirii's, ('iiri)iiiiilii uiiii|p|iii the Miinii' |nri'iiiiliiiii ill I '• 1 1. li\ ilri\ in.: Ilm'l.s uf >|iii'|i inlu Nrw Mi'sii'it. iinili r tin' jii'iiti'i'liiin 111' liis iiiniy. .Miin\ nl' iIii'm- witi- taki'ii lp\ tlir n IiIumIimI iimii tiilpi's nl' ('iiiida. !i;.'iiiisl \sliiini III' wiiiri'il war willi tlic vii'w nl' riiiii|ii'lliiiu tlicni tn iwi'.'il tin* lociiliuii III' li'i'iisiiri's III" ;jnlil. Till' inlliniiiitiiin l\u'\ I'nini.-ln'il litnl led liini lliitln'r in M'ari'ii (il'iMlicM siiiil til III' ri'iiDwni'il liir pnnji'i'ss in llic arts; llial prn'jri'Ms, Imwi'vcr, miK' ('\i-tri| ill lii-- iiwii iniM'.'iiialiiiii. wlilrli liiru lai'ji'l\ mi tin' liaililiiiiiar\ ralilri nl' Tijuii.' 'I'liii-i llir .\a\ajiirs ami .Mi)i|ui-. iililaiiinl llir luri'd III' ,s|iri|i wiiii'li liavi' Ml ninlli|ili('(| ill tlhir liaiiiU ; w linii'i' Inuc iiri'.;iiiali ijllir I'aUi' ami cstiiu a'jaiil tl tlii'ir I'liiiililiuii ami nri'jin. iriilii's ri'i;a|i|lll 'I'iir lior,a\aiinalis u|' Mrxini, iIimI ail llio Irilir-i III" liiiliaiis. I'ast. wrsl. ami iim| ili nl' llial |irii\ iin'c -nmi Mipiilinl iIu'Iiim'Im's witll this cllicii'iit aiixiliarv til man in liis jiiiinir\> ami lal"ir. 'I'lir |iri'ilatm\- Irilii's \vi'>t (if till' Missdiiri I'arrii'il lliis animal wllli tliriii tn tlir iimtli. ami intrmlm'i'il il iinmi'. IS-CS till' Dakntalis ami Assinalmim's. wliriii'i' il limml its wav in to ( IrcLum llirmiL^li tlic |i of llii' IJorkv iiimiiilaiiis, A .>iii'.iiilar ami iiiarki'il irMill alti'inli'il lln- |iiissi's>imi nl' llic Imrsi' ii\ till' mit'Jiiill;.' Irilir> nl' till' Siin^limiiT .-lnr|\. wliirli i> imi iji ■nmis In till' lirnii'l laiiui' ol' till' lini'kv iiimiiilaiiis — a lianrii ictjinii aliniiiiijiii'i in rii'jiii'il iioaks ami (Il liirs. |nissi's.-iii'_' a vi'i'v limiti'il lima ami laniia. ami Iml li'W ri'Miiirci's. 'i"lir-i' liiijians ari' rmnpi'lli'il to li\i' mi innts ami lai\a. l)ii\iii !i\ ijir I'awn' is aial Ciiws I'rmn tin' nprll i"illlltr\ at ihr liinl nl' llm nimiiil ailK. tlli'V at lilllrs Vrlilin.' ijnwii llii'ir Lmr^i'S lo k till' liiiU'aln: lail llir\ I ia\i' alw a\ s r\ nu'i li a |iii>illaiiiiiiniiv i'|i;ir;irli'r. ami lia\i> li'i'ii 'ji'iH'rallv |iiniiniim'i il In 111' till' lii\vi>l ami nmst ilruradril nf all llic Iriiirs. Yet, till' trilii's nl' tliis inli'iinr sinck. wlm Mii'n'>-riilly ciiii'^iali'il In. ami niaili' tlirir Immi' mi. till' plains nl' Trxas. uIh'Iv limy am kimwii li\ tlir Spaiii-li iiaini' nl' ( 'iimani'lics. Iiavi' lii'i'ii iiiipruM'il. IjiiiIi in lln'ir spirit miil cli.irMrtrr. Iiy llir pnsscv^inn nl' ilm I inrsi" iml liavi' aripinvil so iiini'li skill in its nianaui'ini'iil. llial llir\ mv iviianli'il as tin il'WIS Arali- nl' tln' plain-. TIklsi' pmlimis nl'tlii' Slinsliuni'c stuck wlm (Icsi'inilnl |ln. I nr Sniki' ri\( r intn Orc^:in. Iiavi' also prii'in'ssnl in tin" sni-inl si'aln li\ tln' iisn nl' th linrsn: wliiNt l!ii' liaml- ami si'|'t- inlialiiliii .i llm inli'iinr nl' ('alil'nrnia still ii'lain tl K'lr laii tii'n\i'liiiiLi- lialiil-. ai'' rnnliiimi. anil ilwi'll in cavrs :iml in I'M'avalimis in tlu' niirih .Vntliiiiu prmliiri'-' a nimv iiiiim iliaii' itl^i'i npmi t||r ciistmns i,\' tlio iniliaiis, ll till' intrniliii'timi nl' ilmnislic aiiiiiiaN. All tli" slnrk-raisiiiL' lialiits nl' the N'nrtli Aiiii'riraii Iril""^. as i|i'\i'ln|ii'(| in tlmir altriilimi In llm rcuriii'j- nl' tlm Imrsi'. i| cnw. Iiii'j'. ami slii'tp. (lal miH'stii'. ark mily In till' pminil III' till' (lisrn\cr\ ;|||i| I'niinilcst nl'tl cmnitry. .Anmii'.; llm liil.r- nf ilm L'lvat lakr liasins. cxtrmlin- tlimin. |u t II' smirci's V"l IV 1 ' iJ 1 il 1 Ill 5?i I .■ m t* !?( INDICIA FROM MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 617 (if llic Mississipiii, jiiiil to tlio forest ivfjiious oast of tliiit rivor, tlie ciuioo liiiH supplied the jiliice oC tlie horse. The Siiiiie remark iii)|)lies also to the coiiiitrv situate north of hititiide KP. In all this part of Aineiicii liay unist he cut for the horse, and he must he iiouseil dnrini; the winter. Tliose of the tribes livinir on tlie Atlantic coasts, at the era of th(( estalilishnient of the colonies, navigated the rivers in canoes formed from solid trees, hollowed out hy the alternate use of fu'e and stone picks. In the latitudes in wiiich llonrished the hetuhi papyraeea. sheets of the outer rind of that tree, spread over a fratue-woilv of cedar, fni'nisiied the coniniou I'acilities for conveyance and trans- ])ortalion. Yet, when the .Shawiu'cs and various tribes of the Ali;()n<[uin stock removed from the north to the interior latituiles of Kanzas, they abandoned the art of fabricating the hark-canoe, and relies, among alliliated nations residing on the banks of the Yenissce, Lena, and Obi, where the ^longolic and Tartaric, races predominate. ! I. .\ i ■ Staiili'v's nu'turc. Vm., VI. — 7S M(pr'j':iii's Inii|ui>is |,i'i\'j V..!. IF.. I'l;iti XVI. , p. 70. 618 INDICIA FU(»M MANNKIIS AND (TSTOMS. en APT EH 11. KUCTUATIONS OV CUSTOMS AMONC. THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, AND rACIFIC COAST TRIBES. ■ !i ■i ' ,n i- .'} I i" ,r- ii 3 'fi TiiinAi, cliiuigcs ill tlu; iiioile of dLsjiosing of tlio ik'iid. from intormoiit to exposiiro on scairolding, have been iiie'itioned ; and, it is believed, result I'roin tlio iiiilitiiry element in the Indian elia. I'ter, wliieli seeks to pre.serve, by sepidtnral display, the memory of the brave exploits of the departed. IJiit this is not the most important change in their .sepiiltiiral ou.stoms which lias taken plaee since the disoo\'ery of the eontineiit. No faet is better known than the former existence of the enstom of ])er- mitting the body to di'cay in charnel-lodges. or other situations, above ground, and of subsequently interring the bones, with public ceremony, in trenches; nccompanying this duty with pious rites, in which the inhabitants of entire villages participated. In these ultimate rites, the amulets and charms were carefully re-deposited. These articles of cher- ished value, left by the deceased person, consisted of medals, or pieces of sea-.shells formed into segments and circles, or beads of the same material ; .sometimes of entire shells, bones, animals' claws, sculptured pipes, ornaments made of red steatite, and of other soft or (issilo stones, domestic or warlike utensils, or articles of copper. Kelics, and articles of this kind exhumed from their graves and mounds, have been iiguivd in prior pages.' One of th(^ ancient ossuaries referred to exists on the small island of Mennisais, one of the Michili- mackiiiac group.'. These antique ossuaries have sometimes given rise to the opinion that great battles had been fought at these localities, and the .slain iiromiscnonsly buried. But such an opinion is controverted by the di.-covery of these carefully and deliberate!}- deposited mementoes. The large size and number of the sepulchral bone trenches, found in the west and north, siicii as the noted depositories at Beverly. Canada West, are (ifleii a matter of surprise.' Such ossuaries would ai>[)ear to have lieeii thecharnel- hou.>-es of entire districts. There are localities in the Mississippi valky where the bones liave been walled in with Hat stones, as on the lands aliove the Battery Kock, on the Ohio. In other places, it would seem that the thigh-bones and tibia have sometimes I I Vol. I. I'l.lt.- ' Oiic'it.'i. ]. Mid '■I. \(K js, •_'!», :i(i, .",1, ;;:!, lo, •_'(, '.'."i, :is, I'ii>iiii:il .Mi'iiiiiiis. :■]' INDICIA KKOM MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. fi19 liocii pliici'<, lor wpiilcliral purpu.ses, a Idii;;- distance, llaliit .slowly altered uiiiong the tribes, but may be supposed to liavo been sometimes ailectcd by density of population, or to have given way before the nccossity of labor, or .some ))riiiie didlctilty. Tliev placed their dead in caves where the country was cavernous: parts of Kentucky, Tennes.see. and JIis.sissi|)pi, aH'ordinij; ad, that are bidieved to be always hovering round their friends on earth, ready at all times to carry them to the land of spirits." The same observer, who was present at the burial of an aged female of rank, at Shoalwatcr l?ay, in Washington Territory, gives the following graphic account of wliat ociuirred : "She had been sick some time of liver complaint, and finding her symptoms grew more aggravated, she sent fur a medicine man to iikoikiIt. 7\>-)ii) j;» >. . c~ 1 »)-J0 INDICIA FROM MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. ami ii biilliiuit light kci)t up liy occiisioniilly tliriiwinir oil ujion it. I roiisiJoivil this to bo 11 ."*i)ot'ics of incoufic olVoivil ; lor the saiiH- light roiiUl havo Iteoii produced, if desired, hy a quantity of pitch knots which were lying in the corner. The patient, well wrapped in blanket.^, was laid on her back, witii her head sliglitly elevated, and her hands crossed on her Ijreast. The doctor knelt at her feet, and commenced to sing a refrain, the subject of wliich was an address to the dead, asking them why they had come to take his frienil and mother away, and liegging them to go away and leave her. The rest of the people in the lodge tiien .sang the chorus in a low, mournful chant, keeping time liy knocking on the roof overhead with long sticks they held. The burthen of till' chorus was to beg of tiie dead to leave them. " As the performance proceeded, the doctor got more and more excited, singing loudly and violently, with great gesticulation, and occasionally making passes with ids hands over the face and person of the patii'ut. similar to those made by mesmeric manipu- lators, 11 constant accompaniment being ki'pt up by tin- otiiers with tlieir low chant and knocking with sticks. Tiie patient soon IMI asleep, and tli(> performance ceased, Siie slept a short time, and woke relVeslicd. TbesL- ceremonies were repeated several times during the night, and kejit up for three days; but it was tbund that the patient grew no better, and anothei' doctor was sent for, wlio soon came with his family (some three or four persons), the fu-st doctor n luaiiiing. as tlie more j)erson.s they have to sing, the better. Old .loliii. as the last doctor was iisMalJy called, had no sooner partaken of food, than he sat down at the feit of tlie patient, coxfring himself completely witii his blanket. He remained in this position three or four hours, without moving or fjioaking. Jle wa.s communing witli his T't-tixi/i-iid-iro.i. or familiar spirit. "When he was ready, he commenced singing in a loud and harsh manner, making the most veiiement gesticulations. He tlien knelt on tlie patient's bod}', pressing his hands and clenched lists into her siiles and lireast. till it seemed to me the woman must Iw killed. Every few seconds he would scoop bis haiuls together, as if ho had caught something; then turning towards the lire, would blow through Ids hands as though lie had something in them he wished to cast into the lianies. Tiie fire was kept stirred up, so as to have plenty of coal.>*, on which it appeared ho was trying to burn the evil spirit he was exorcising. There was no oil put on the fire this timi>; for the Indians told me they put on the oil to light up their lodge, to let their dead friends see they had plenty, and were happy, and did not wish to go with them. But now, all they wanted was to have the fire hot enough to burn the Skookum, or devil, the doctor was trying to get out. '• Tiie pounding and singing were kept up the same as with the first performance. Old John first sang to his Ti^-nuih-iin-inin to aid him. Then addressing the supposed evil spirit, he by times coaxed, cajoled, and throatcnctl, to induce it to depart; but all was of no avail, for in two days the woman died. "One of the l)o,st canoes belonging to the decoiLsod was then taken into the woods, a INDICIA VllOM MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 621 sliovt (listiinoo from tlie IoiIl'i", and iin'iiiin'd Ibr tlio ivccptioii of tlii> liody. Tlicso ciiiuK's iiro carved out of ii siiiulo loii of ci'diir. and are of tlid most hi'iuitifid proiiortioiis. Some arc of a .si/e capable of lioldini,' a liundred persons, with all their arTiis and nceoiitrcnients. Tiie canoe in cpiestion was about tiiirty-livo feet long. It was first tliorouddv washed; then two large, sipiare holes were cut through the bottom, proljably for the two-lbld purpo.-o of letting out any wafer that might collect in tlie canoe during rain storms, and also to prevent the canoo from ever again being use, and (irndy secured on the top of the bars, and the whole covered over with mats. '"The object of elevating the canoe was, to keep the wild beasts from tearing the body, and to allow of a free circulation of air, wbicii, by keeping the canoe dry. jirevented a rapiliii;lit variation, was siniu' cvfryinoniiii;: lit simrisc. and cvorv ovoiiinn at sunset. I'ur thirty ilavs ; at tho expiration of wliicli time, tlie lodiri' was pulli'il down, and tho laniiK' nioved to nnotlii-r ])art of t lie hay." In speakins.' of tlie f,'enoral customs regarding sepulclirc among tlie tril)cs of that part of the Paeifie coast, tho same gentleman gives the following account : — " At the expi- ration of a year, the bones are taken out of the canoes, and, after Iieiiig wrajiped in new white cotton cloth, are enclosed in a hox and buried in the earth, usually \nider the canoe; but. in some instances, they are gathered into a sort of family burying- ground. '•There are many instances wliere bones maj' 1)0 found in canoes, where they have laid for many years; but, in tiiese cases, the immediate relatives of the deceased had either dii'd, or gone to some other part of the coast. 1 endeavored to witness the cere- mony of collecting and burying the bones of several Indians; but. as I found the rela- tives objected, I did not urge the matter. They said they were afraid to have me with them, as th(> dead were standing round to see the ceremony. an, containing the dried carcass of an Indian man. and tho skeletons of two children. The body looked precisely as if it had been smoked; and my iniprossion was. that the man was nuich emaciated at tho time of hi.s death, and, having proliably been buried during the sunmier, when there is usually a clear dry atmos[)here. and haviii!.; been placi^l on this promontory, where there is always a (hie breeze, had dried u|) : and I think I am justified in my impression, when it is recollected that, during the summer months in California ami Oregon, meat, when exposed to a current of air in the sun, will dry and not putrify. The idea of any embalming process being used, or the veins being injei;ted with a pitchy substance, as was stated, is simply absurd. The Indians in that section, like all others I ever have heard of, have tho same manners INDICIA I'llOM MANNKUS AND (.'USTOMS. 623 ami eusloiiif* as tlicir iiiiccstor.i ; iii\(l, if it ovor luid lii'tii custoiimrv to oinlmliii IxkHcs at any poriod, it woiikl most ci'ilainly liavo lu'i-ii iit'r|M'tuatc'il liy conimon custom, or liaiulod down liy tiailition : l)i\t, alti-r tlu' most diliu'i'iit iii(|iiii'y amoiiii tlic Indians, I found no evidence of such fae.t. Tiicir universal oi)inioii was, like mine, tliat tlie l)ody had dried up.' "Tliere is, liowover, a [teeniiar prcHorvative (Hialily in llie soil around tlie hay. Ueiuir of a very silieeous nature, petrifactions ahound ; and eanu'lians. aiiates. and t)ther precious stones, are found in ahundance. J liave als(» noticed that, where hodies have heen interred in ei-rtaiu localities, they did not decay. An instance of tiiis kind occin-red at my own place. A youiij; Indian, ahout twenty-live years old. died, and was, at my sujrjrcstion, huriod 1)V ids friends in a lai'ire camphor-wood cliest. such as an* usually hroujiht from (Jhina. Tiiis chest was placed in a i;rave aliout live feet deep, and covered up with sand. The followiiii;' year the relatives were desirous to remove tlie hones to their own hnryini;-si)ot across the hay; ami, on oiienini; the chest, the body was discovered to be as fresh as it was when first buried; and. proliaiily. if it bad been carried to San Francisco, would have excited the admiration of the ipiid nuncs n spoiitinicoiis priHliictions iiloii!; Ilic roiists, or ill till' lliri'sl.s ; ciiiiiiiii;:. Iivaclu'riiiis. luul ri'MMiui'l'iil, tlu'ir ctlints to ri'ilicss (IkmiimcIm's, l>v .xiiddon iittiick.s on tli(( towns and Hctlli'mi'iits, only iiivolvt'd tlu'in nioiv di'('|ily in ,niiMl'ortunc, and in a lew yvuvx aroiist'd against tlu'in ticlinjis of hatred, as dci'p as tlicy woru universal. Kmigiant miners, who were deeply intent on diL'iriii!; for gold in the anrilerous .soils of California, eoiild hear Init little interruption in their liiiior; and when reprisals were made on tlu'ir rapacity, lilooil was the jiriee of the atteni[it ; and war and diseordrt Hoon hocnmc common along the coasts. Thest> sudden ehanges have greatly eonii)li('ated the Indian alVairs on that horder. Mr. I'almer. the superintendent in 1S.")1, found the trilies in a state of disturlianco, alarm, and distraction, which he essayed to allay hy personal conferiMiees: — " 1 visili'd .several hands of the L'nip(|uas. I found many of them wretehed, sickly, and alnmst star\ing. Their hahils heiiig exceedingly improvident, and the winter nmisually severe, they have heen kept from perishing hy the limitcil a>>istaiice alVorded by a i'vw humane settlers. ■• Through the ..peration of the law. lately eiiactt'd. jirohiliiting the sale of lire-arms nnd nmmunitioii to Indians, they can no longer procnre game, rendered scarce nnd liiiiiil I>y the priseiiee of tiie white man; and the etiltivatioii of the soil, togc^ther with the grazing ol' large herds of domestic animals, has greatly dimilli^!led the suhsistcnce derived from native roots and seeds. " They said, truly, that they were once numerous and powi'rful. but now few and weak; that they had always been friendly to the whites, and desired them to occupy their lands; that they wanted but a small spot on which they might live in quiet. Many of their number they said had been killed by tin: whili's, in retaliation I'or wrongs coinmitti'd by Indians of other tribes, but that they had never ofl'ered violence in return. That they should receive the means of subsistence for the few years tjiey will exist, tliev claim to be but just, in return for lands once yielding them abundant supplies. Presents were made them, and agent Martin instructed to secure them small tracts of laml. on which I learn they are now cultivating potatoes, corn, peas, and other vege- tables, giving promise tiiat, under the wise and fostering care of the (lovernment, they may become a domestic and agricultiual peoi)le. The country of the Umpquas is hounded east by the Cascade mountains, west by the Umpqua mountains and the ocean, north by the Calipiwia mountains, and south by Crave creek and Rogue river mountains — an area of not less than ."t>(MI Kjuare miles, much of which is already settled by tlie whites. Of this tract, the Indian title is cxtiiigui.shed to 80(1 sipiare miles by the treaty with the Cow creek band. " Near the Crave creek hills reside the feeble remnant of several hands, once numerous nnd warlike. Their constant aggressions and treachentus conduct has brought upon them the iieavy hand of vengeance, both of the whites and Indians. They INDICIA FROM MANNKUS AND (TSTOMS. spoiik till) UiniHiim liingungc, iiml, lliouj;!! ho (lin'civnt in rliiiriittiT, iiui^ !"• regunlt'tl nt* boloii^iii^ to that trilic'. " I rouiul tlu' IiiiliiiiiM of the Rogue rivfi- viillcy oxcitcd luid uimcttleil. The liontili- ticH of Inst siiiiiuu'r Imd provt'iitcd tlic sturiii winter had inihici'il disease, and death Inid Hwept away nearly une-fiftli of those residiuf^ on the reserve. ConHternalion and dismay prevailed; numy had lied, and others were prepiiriufi to lly to the nimui- tnins for seeurity." It) no part of America have the Indian manners and customs heeu found in so low a condition. The tribes have no a>;riculture at all — a fact which ap[iears to he in part owing to the abuiulanceof Husteiianee spontaneous!)' lurnished on that coast. Mr. Palmer remarks; — "'ru a sparse, roamiuir. savaire popiilatinri, no portion of Oreiron yields II ^n-eatcr almudanco and variety of spoutaneou.s pniiiiictH fur their sulisistence. Muscles ilce|il\ encase the rocks risinir from the ocean near the const ; several species of dams alxiuud on the beach, and crabs in the bays; while salmon, herring's, snidiui's, ami other lish. in pi'rpetual succession, visit tlu' streams. The mountains yield a pro- lusion of i)enies, and the lowlands, in the proper season, swarm with wild fowl." Vol.. V!. — 70 I !i H ' ii ■ i Hi (!•:»! INI»hlA FIloM MANNEHS AND CI'STOMS. ^i . CIIAPTKW III. INDIAN TFIEOnY OF T H F DFIFIPATION OF THE SUN. TiiK iilidjitronn niul lii'i\f!nMi iintioiis of tlip oricntnl wdiM Iu'M tin* Hiimo views ns our iilM)rii:iiii's (111 till' MiiliiccI i\i' tlic ilciflcntidii of miitimls, (o wlinni (illi'rin?!' wen' iiiiiilc Nor were tliev less iiiiiliMl in tlicir idi'iis witli rcL'anl ti> llie invstciions iiiitiire nl' (ire junl III'' -nil IJdili tliesi' tlicdl'les inritiriteil tlie Alliericail IlKJiilllM. Nolli' of llie irellerill ni«tiiiiis 111' tiie Ainerieiiii trilifs Imve hd ^reiitly eliaiiL'eii iis tlmse cniiiiccletl witli (lie cxteiiiiil eeniiiciiiie.H of (In' \\cirsliii> of flic sum — oiiee so pivviiii'iit tliroiii;lioiit the I'oiitiiieiit. Tile jilea of ii friiiarv eciitral seat of lieiit, lijilit. and lid' in tlie sun. was niiee tjic i:eiieral lieliel" of llie entire Iiiiliaii |)opiilatioii of .\nieriea. In Pern it liad oii'jiiiaily heeii llie worsliip of tlie Indians of ||ic old Ataeiiina period. Iieliii'i' tlie i-ra of Manco Capae ; l>nt it was r<'in\ it'orated liy tlie ]io\ver and iiilliienpe of tlie dynastv of tliis. apparently. Persian adventurer, or Parsee eeelesiastie. wlio eoiinected liis per- sonal snpreniaey with the national reiiirion. When Cortez landed in .Mexieo the theory was there still in volmic. and was reeoi.'nised liy the priesthood, who annually renewed the sacred (ire. and thus si'cured their intliii'iiee ; hut its vilalit y was sapped hy a system of liorrid liuinan saeriliees to the .M"\ic!in Moloeli. who was worshijiped under tlio name ol Unit In the Mi /ilaiiiiehtli htli ippi \ alley, the Natchez, or ('lii'_'aiitual'-'as of the Spaniards, one of tho oarl\ L'loiips ,,\' tiilies. pracli-^ed its pinminent rites ti)r at least a decade alter the closo of tlie seventeenth century. As late as the \ear I 7'JI. P. de ("liarle\(>i\. the learned oinoy sent hy the Freiii'h Court to inspect the American missions. Uanid it in e\isteiiciiana or Canada, ('ontrary. however, to the custom of these trihes, their government was despotic. The chiefs pos.si.'ssed an absolute sway ('tiarli'v-,ix, V..1 11.. p er,!). S IN hi CI A lUoM MANNKIIS A NO (TSTOMS, •127 oviT tlir lilii rt\ .Hill |iiii|>i'rl y of tin' |i('ii|i|i' ; liii'ir iiuiimt'i'* ii-'iiiiii'd ii iri'i'iUfr ili'.'ii'i' »)!' Iiim'jfliliiii''." iiiid rii|iiii'iniMiii'.i><. liiiinili'il >>ii iln' iIu'iut "t" tlii-ii' di'-'ci'iit IVdiii tin- i«iiii. Till' t'lli'ClM III' tlii>* li:li| lii'Cil tnilii\i' till' 11111,1" III' till' |in|itllali>i|i iiiiiii- I'l'iilll llic CrlitlMl liK'itlidn, wlit'it' liny wiif Kiiltjfft In hi-iivy t'MicrniiiK. iiiul lo i;iii.«if iIhiii Id li>iiiiil ih'W viilii!/'''' A few yiWK ciirliiT tlic militiiry itii'ii'.'tli nC liir iiiiliun Innl lii'i'ii riliiiiiitril lit t)M)0 \\.iriiii|-s, liiit it liiiil ilwiinii'il III 'Jlillll. 'I'll,. niliii..r ,.|,|,.|' |„,|,. ||„. litjr uf tin- Sun, iiiitl the siu'((':«Miin was \i'«tri| in ilir Inniili' iiif; iii it \v;ii willi liic lrnt|iiiii.-i, nniHIIf wllnlll till' iii'('t.>< til Maltilr him tlirii xn-y iiiiu'iiiii^ with a l\iiiii uf ^alaatii. and In liiiir.' Iiiin :k jmic- tinii III' \\ lial llii'y iililaiiird liy liiiiiliiiir and lisliini;, 'I'lii' llniiiii-, riiai Irsmx I'l iii:ii'l\< d, as well as till- Natciii/. lirJii'M' tliat llh'V di'^'i'iidrd I'liiin tin' ^un ; Iml llnv air Inn jcaliMIs 111' llii'ir |n l>nnai lii;lits In siirruiiili In tin' Nalcln/, f^\.y means nl' three massive pieees nl' wiinil, wliii'h a|>|inillted Ueejiei'S wali'ind ill turn. As in Mexicn and I'ein. liie dnlies and |inweis nl' the eliiel' eveeiltive and head ei'desiastie wt'ie iiniled in nne [lersun. i'I\ery mnriiiin: the Siin-eliiel' stnnd at the dnnr nl' liie temiile. laeiiej I lie ra>l. and addie^^^nl ijie risiiiL' luminal \ llirier ; a tier wilicll he prnstrated him-^eir. and liieii nil'.'l'ed till' ineeiiM' nf liiliari'ii. liy smn|. as practised ainniii; the Keiiisteiios and Assiiialinines' nf Uaiiiy liukc and Lake of the Wnnds, nf the Nnilli. The heads nf families never failed tn carry the first fruits nf all they i:iithereil tn the dnnr nf the temple. The kee|)er. haviiii: first dedicated thcin. Innk tlieiii tn tiie chief. an his prernnative. ()n'eriiii.:s of liread were alsn made at every full innnii ; and the CDiMi luid nthcr finiiiis. liefnre plaiitiiiir. were first limiiLdit tn the temple fnr a lienedic- tioii. Cniiipare this thenry with the lilnnd sprinkleil on the planted corn in the sacri- fice nf Ilaxta. nil the .Mis.sniiri, in I.S."i,^. It is evident. I'rnin tho descriptinii of ('hurlevnix, that the systein was then in its wimc, thnn;ih it had prevailed extensively, mid was y(>t re<'nu'nised hy the Appalachian group of trihes. •• 'i'iie irreatest jiart of the uatinns nf l,niiisiaiia. " oliserves .M. de Cliiirlevoix, "had fiirmcrly the tem|)les as well as the Natchez; and in all these tein- pK'H a perpetual fire is kept up. It should seem that the .Mnliilians' enjnyed a snrt nf ' Vi.l v., p. 111!". ' .\ iiiiini' lir^tntt'i'il \\\ Ml' I'niiz III! llir l'|i>u'l'iW'< Sirlimi \.\.. ('JKiiitiT \', 'II ( SI I -i (128 INDICIA FROM MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. I- ,i 'I .1 I jiriinacv in roliiziini ovor all the other imtioiis in this part of Florida; for, when any of tho tiivs hapiKMied to lie i'\tine nnniln'rs is as eonsiderahle, and lias lieen still more sudden than that of the people of Canada, without it heing possible to assiurn a true reason for this result. Whole nations have entirely disajipeared, within the s]iaoe of forty years at most, and those who still n nuiin are no more tlum the shadow of what they were.' This nnnierieal r\ intr his ])eaceful relations with the French, with whom he waged war. The French under Tjouis XIV. had other notions of political jiower. than to yield to a forest king. They extinguished his idolatrous fire, attacked the nation with irresistilile impetuosity, killed the greater number of tlK-m. and finally y were com|)elled to take shelter in the Crcelv confederacy, of which they yet constitute an element. But. although the deification of tiie sun had, at an early day. been a cardinal jirinciple in the religion of all the Vespcric tribes from the (!idf of Mexico to the Kennebec, the Penob.scot, and the St. Tiawreiive. it had sunk into si'coudary importance, and its worship ^\■;l-: only acknowledged by genutlections. long l)efore the extinguish- ment of its last iiltar-tires at Natchez. Evidences that the system had been difVu.sed among the northern tribes, still exist in their inartistic monuments, as also in their traditions and pictogra]ihs. The essential rites perlbrmed by the Great Sun-cliief, at Natcliez. namely, the offering of the nicotiana in a State pipe, kindled with sacred fire, were precisely the same as those ji-actised at all public and solenm assemblies of the tribes, from the era of the jjrim.'iry European emigration to Virginia, throughout all jieriods of our history. No public functionary resident in the Indian coimtry has failed to notice the I'xtraordinary imjiortance attMche(l to the.se cereintuiies by the Indians. We have. piMsonally, witnessed them in the j)resence of approving tho\isands. wiio lielicved in thi' sacreiiness of the rites, at public conferences held in Wasiiington City, Detroit. Michiliinackiniic. Chicago. St. Louis, at Praii'ie du Chieii, St. I'eters, St. Marys, and III! the vast steppes at the sources of tlu' Mississip])i. Neither the Gliebir. nor the I'arsee could. ap|iarently. evinc(( me children of the liirest. No jierson at all conversant with Indian <'li:ir|iviii.\. INDICIA FROM MANNEliS AND (TSTOMS. C'J't innmiprs and rustoius is i-iioraiit of tl 11' jxn at valiii' llii'V altacli to tlii' fumes of t(il)a('C( vliich tlu'V ivi;anl a.-i an accoiitaldc oIl'tTini:' to tlir (Iri'at S|)irit. The plant ilsi'lf is iniliyiMioiis in tropical latitndt's. Imt it has Ix't-n rnltivatfil as far north as the climate will permit. Beyond those latitudes, it is carried, as the most valued article of trade, oven to the Arctic circle.' Wo have the testimonv of (!harIevoi\. who visited all the tr IOCS HI .New franct Fi betwoon Queliec and New Orleans, and conversed with the resident missionaries. that tlio sun worship had provailed anionii', and was then lielieved in liy the llnrons. and all the other tril It is stated l.v tilt ■ted nitiior ])uhli,shed at IJoston, in 11S"J4, tiial an eterna the island of ("he'j:oiineiroii. in liaise Superior 1 lire had torn th 1 Notes toulii on personal liberty, would 1 American tribes, wiiile they were free to migrate ad liliitiim. America siicii systems had been connected with despotic Ibrins of i;(i\eriimeiit : ai in truth, had been tiie veritable means liy which such despotisms had been esliil)lisbt liotli in r the ro'jio eru a lul .Mexico. '1' 10 verv niairniliceiico of the lorests. rivers, aiu 1 lak lis inhabited l)y the \'esperic trilies. had the oll'ect. as beliire ]ireinised." not only of null ti ply in;:' tribes and dialects, and of tendinti- to K'ad them iiitf) bariiaric and totomic associations, but. conjoined with the \;ist area of the co!iiitr\ which was ai their coininaiid. it mav be considered as ha\ i lieen uiUavora l)le to the urowiii (leveloiiment of the Parsaic forms of reli,Ldon. The Indians, liviiii:' in vast foicsi- honiKliiii:' in (Miormons ti'i'cs. adopted the belief in wood-dr\ads. ilie divmons ot' tl firoeks. whom tiiey propitiate under the name o f M olietos. or local s[)ints. reuardiiri them as subordinate powers ot' the Great S[)irit. As these dryads were i:cneial ' Miii-kcii/.ii''s \'mv;i'_'i's. * \ul. 111,. I'lal.' X.WIl., p -IT,. > Vi.l I . I'lal.' r., I'iL'v !», IT; I'lute 1,11. - \,.l 1 , I'liar .X.X.WI . Ki..'. l:; > Oiitwii. ' Vi.l. Ill . p. Iiis. :. !.■>; I'lalo l-VIIF., Fi.-. l-<. !N. " V..I. 1. m \rm \ I \ 680 INDICIA FROM MANNKRS AND CUSTOMR. m i I'i thought to he of ii inaligiiiint nature, the simple oll'ering to thorn, iit consoeriitoii spots, of tohacco, vermilion, red eloth, or any highly valued article, was adoj)ted as the means of ap[x>asing them. Giants, sorcerers, wizards, and other creations of a timid fancy, were supposed to ho inspired hy these wood-daemons. Another striking feature of their system of dcilioation was the helief tliat the Indian Moneto concealed himself, not only undi-r the forms of men who mingled in society, and were familiarly conversed with, hut tliat he frequently assumed the shape of a wolf, deer, bear, elk, hird, tortoise, amphibious animal, or even an insect. Here appears the evidence ol' a fruitful imagination, corn'sponding witii the ancient forms of dcificMtion existing among the nations resis ol' iloctoi'M, iirojK'rly so calletl. is desijiiiated. The eiirativt' art iiiiist he (Hstiiij^uislieil IVoin tlie pracliccM of the Mlhawlv — 11 soi'iety of iiieii who profess to give ellieaev to tiieir remedies by iieeroiiiaiiey. When the otliee of the hitter is soiij;lit, a course of ahhitioiis. aseetisins. fasts, and oerenionii'H, is iiraetise(l. known only to the initialed. 'I'lie order eonsistsof three (U'grees of progress, from tiie initiate orO'^ima. through the .Saginiu to the Master Meihi. Presiding jiersons, will) form essentially a faculty, suijerintt'ud tiie admissions and i^rant tiie awards of the society. The process of this niedico-niagic association iias hci'n elahorately de.scrihcd in antecedent pages.' Tiie nundier of hotanical remedies enipKni'd by tlie Indian (h)ctors of the Miiskikiwin, in complaints similar to those for which they are recounnended hy our physicians, is enumerated hy Di'. /ina Pitcher in his valuahlo oljsi'r\ations. heretofore published.' The pathological knowleilge possessed by the Dakotahs has been described by Dr. Williamson.' and that of the Wiiniebagoes by Dr. Andros.' In some instances, iho liLMl>doctors, conlbriiiing to the sui)erstiti 'Us of the peoi)le. employ incantations nud rattles, as denotrd in IMate Xli\'l.. p. li'iH. \'ol. 1. Tlie yokullaii, or black drink, used by the Appalachian tribes, is a sti'ong decoction of the ca.ssina plant, imbibed periodi- cally, and regarded as a panacea or catholicon.' The root of the zhiguwau, a kind of tmineric. is chewed by the Chippewas. with the view of rousing their courage prepara- tory to wai' excursions, or to deaden the efVecIs of pain. Charlevoix states that tlio Natchez, had a " meilicine of war." wiiich was drank by them previous to their war excursions." It may be observed of all the tril)es. that medical services, if successful, arc well rewarded; but if the patient <.lies. it fre(piently costs the nntbrtnnate physicians their lives." The responsibility of practising this profession is known to have been great in all ages of their history, and the penalty of failure is. in a great measure, in proportion to the remote position and barbarism of the triix's. A recent observer (Myor. Alvonl), in the military service of tlie government in (Oregon, remarks that the massacre of Indian doctors, who were unfortunate in their prescri[)tions. had taken [)lace in tiie central ])arts of the t'olumbia valley witiiin a short period.' It is not to be inferred, howcNcr. that equal barbarity is numifested by bereaved Indians along the entire range of the North- West coast, while the respect accorded to doctors in California. Oicgon, and Washington, is equalU' high. In those regions, where the civil power of the chiefs is very circumscribed, and no fixed form of governinent at all exists, the [iractitioner of medicine and the Indian ])riest exert the jiriiicipal authority. ■■In all the Indian tribes." says a reciit correspondent, who has spent si'\-eral years ' Vol. \., I'latc :;:', p. 415. ' Vi.i. II r.. p. 4'.i7. ' ll)i.l.. p. J70. ' \-.ii. IV., ].. r.oi - V..1. v., p. 2i;ii. " Vdi. V . p. t;.-,i. ' V,.l. 1„ p. L'lT. Clliirlrvi.ix, Vnl. II.. p. JCS. INDICIA I'HOM MANNKUS AND (TSToMS ill lliiil (iniirtcr. " tlw iliu-toi', or iiii'diciiii'-iiiiiii, liulds ii liiiik fi'coinl (iiil\. uiid iil tiiiii's Ml|irriiil'. to tilt' Till' iirts till'}' c'iii|iloy, tlic iMii^ic tiny iisi'. iiiiil llu' VMiiiil illl'orillillinii llicy must iu'i't's.<;ll'ily iicijiliri'. cnii be nljtiiincd only by [ii'fsi'-sili.;' iiiiliinil -ills, mill iil'trr severe triiilM by liisting iiiul iirivatioii. 1 iiiii of ojiiiiioii. I'lniii ubat 1 liiive oliserveil. that tile iiriiieiiml powers by wliieli tliese doi'tors olttiiiii siudi iiiliuriii'e iiiiioiiir tiie tribi's iive tliose oi' mesiiierisin, and tlie sti'oiiirer the pliysieiil energies lo eNi'i't tlie magnetic development, llie greater Ih the person possessin;^ tl lem eoll~lilel'c'c •• When youiijx men or women are approaeliiivj: matnrity, it is oiistoiimry ibr tlieiii to prei)are tin mselves Ibr llie duties ol" lile by an ordeal of I'aslinj.'. iiy wliieli means they are enabled to determine their future career, and ascertain wlietlier or not they are (piiililied to act as doctors (for. with tiiese tribes, female operators are ipiite cumnioii 1. A younj; man, who had passed ihroujiii the ceremony of the fast, thus related it to me : When m\ fathertlioii'.dit 1 wasold i'noU'j.li toseeU m\' Td-iiki/i- iiii-inis (or Liiiardian spirit) he told me his views, and wished me to preoiire m\s(df. 1 tiioui^ht over the niMtter for th (/■•A iiiir mill nihil iniini liiijiiili iiil,-ii tiniiii, nil ; ol', lliree ( ;i\s I tiiikcil will oolv Willi iilc lil\' a\e anil lll\' wotnlell my heart). At last, when 1 lind concluded. 1 t liowl, and ucttinu into my canoe, 1 paddled ni) the Wliilapali liver to the fool of that hlack-looUin.u,- hill which 30U see (poiiitiiiji to a bliillhill al)oiit six miles up the rivi'i), havinu hauled no in\' canoe, 1 tilled ni\' bowl with water anil went nn to the toii ami of the hill, where I liiiilt a tire. For three diiys and three iii:;lits 1 kept my lire bla/.inii' brii.;litly, and did not sleep at all. nor did I eat. At sunrise. 1 washed myself all ovi'r with water I'mm my bowl and dried mys(df by the lire. I kept awake by sinudnj: and calliiiu to my 7'>-iiiii/i-iin-iriis, and by danciii-j: and jumpinirover and throuj;h the lire. The third day 1 saw (-\-ervtliin,;i: appi'iir as if it was siirrouiided by the sea. and in that sea wtue the dilfereiit kinds ot' 'l\i-iiinli-iiii-iriis, Tiiosi' that we fust see are not the luedicine 'In-iiiii/i-im-iriis — it takes many iiiori' days beliu'e thes ap[ieai'; but 1 was faint, and 1 only saw an inferior spirit ; but lie has made me a ciuioe-liiiililer and a hiiiiti'r. If 1 could have remained loiiLier, I should liiu'e lieeii a. doctor.' 15y this, it ujipears that it is only those that |K)s.sess tlii' reipiisile natural ,i;ifts who can beenino doctors. ••Th 1 asts are tlie most sacred act of the Indian's life. liike the tribes (>iist of tin u)Cli\ .Mo .Ml iiiitaiiis th ssioii-; received diiriim these eereiiionies remain lixed on the iiiiiid and are never obliterated in after lile. The name t)f the Tii-iiit frieml. And it is only b\ iiiero- f;lv[)liic drawiii;.^s of whales, lizards, porjioises. or birds, that an idea can be liii'ined nf ^^■llat the iniaue of the spirit is liki'.or the shape lii wliieb it w k piesi'iilnl to lli" iiiiiid of the seeker. The same li'elin;: of dread is felt at the idea of proiioiiiiciiiL;' tlie iiaiiu; of a dead friend. Years must ela[)se before any one is ;illoweii to speak the name of tiie departed; and this feeling of resiiect for the dead is evi'ii carried so far. that the Vuu VI. — SO ! ! I iltU ('>:U INDICIA KKOM MANNEKS AND (M'STOMS. ' ) I i'' Mir\ ivor.x cliiiiiirt' tlit'ir own imiiu's lor ll'iir tin* spirits id' tlif dciul inii) lie iittnu'ti'tl iit luaiirii.' tlic t'luniliiir souiids Hpokoii which thoy lovod to lu'iir while dwi'llcrs on thu ciirtli. '• As soon us II yoiinfj person nsrcrtiiins tlic tact of possessing tlie power of everting the nii».;iietie inthienee, instruction in viii'ious Ibrnis of the .so-calieil niairii', or power of wtirUini: spells, is iinpiirteil liy some old doctor, us ii professor of mesmerism mijrht insiruct ii pupil. As I have staled in an article on hnrials, this ^ift is of various i;railes. Hence we liiid that some are simple inajxnetizers, possessing; tlu' power to put their patients to slee|i; others are clairvoyants, and profess not only to read the nature of iiilernai disease Iiy ocular inspection, hul to know the foiius of simples to be used to work a cure. •'The Indians di'aw their tropes and fiLtures from siuixumdiiij; objects. Thus the doctors on the coast, surrounded by imirine |)rodnctions. find in liirinvs of whales, sharks, ]iorpoiM's. seals, sea-shiirs. snails, and reptiles, suitable objects with which to personify and clothe their ideas of skookums. or devils, who are supposed to be the bad spirits w ho prey on the vitals of the sick 'ausinj^ death. The canoe among tlicse tribes is tiic colIin. •• Hut with tlie interioi' tribes, travelling on horseback, and chasing the biillido, deer, elk. and other animals, dilli'rent ideas sire associated; and with them, as with tlie coast tribes. I'amiliar objects are maile use of. A diseased liver, supposed by the coast Indians to be caiisi'd by a crab gnawing the alllicted part, is charged by the dweller of the interior to the malignant spirit in the shape of ii frog or a tiiille. These people bury their dead either in tlie ground, or in bo.\es |)erched on poles, or in forks of tri'es ; while auioiig the Digger v-'bes of CaliHa-nia the fnni'ral rites ,i\v performed by burning thu corpse to ashes. A knowledge of simples seems to be pretty general, and they are always resorted to in cases of sickness, bi'fore calling in the medicine-man. A species of crrss, which is found in the dark ri'ce.s.ses of the l()ri'st, and is of a very acrid nature, is used for blistering purposes, and prepar<'d by bruising uj) tlu' leaves and nii.viiii;- them with grease, H)rming a blistering jilaster iMpnil in its elliTis to Spani.sh Hies. Anolher method of blistei'ing, i)aiticularly for any ali'ection of the head or evoH, is to appl_\ a <'iial of (ire either to thi- forehead, tem|iles, or. inoi'e lrc'(pn'iitl\ , to the hack of the neck and shoulders. This severe cauterization is boriii' by the patients with llie titinost fortitiidi', and the sore kept open till relief is obtained. Kuniiiiiy,' .sores and idcers are healed by a salve, composed of grease and the ashes made from burning thu hails of the tiger-cat Iwhieli are supposed to possess great healing powers). Nettle roots and leaves •■ire boiled in water, and the tea drank as a tonic; so is also a teaimide from the bark of young hemlock. Tile polypodium falcatum, or sickle leaf polvpod, or liipiorice fern, is a very valuable alterative, in much repute among the initives lor s( roliiloiw com|ilaiiiis. and as an antisyphililie. 'I'liis li'rn grows upon old trees and decayeil logs; it has a root re.-iembling the sweet Hag, a decoction of which is used. It ii^ INDICIA , KOM N NKU8 VN1> (M STu.MS. n«ri in a HWi'otisli liittcr. !iM(l is tliiHiirlil i .• Mi'iirlv ■ ,iiul to !HiirMii|Mii'illtt. The |i(iln|ii>ily of till' uiick'iit.H, luiiiid 111)1)11 tliu oil' -vui* toriDL'! , iu<|i| in lii^li rL-i)iitu at* ii cuiv t'oi' inadiu'HH. "Tlio bryonia alba, or white bnony, having a root of the nioMt intenBe bitteriicHH, in occaHioiially, but rarely, used in I'tvi'r easen. The root of the wild eelery. iHinses^ini; Mil iijirecal)le ai'oiiialie odor, Im uhimI us a medicine, and is in (^reat repute as a ('lianii to allraet the salmon diirint; liie lisiiinu; season. Tlie liciids of siiears mid l).i.'l)S of lisli- hdoks are niblied with this fragrant root, which is supposed to be particularly grateful til the olfactories of the dainty salmon. The roots and leaves of the eow-parsiiip. and the \ tiling leaves of the yellow dock, are used both as food and for medicinal purposes. There are imdoubledly many other useful and valualile riMiiedies, which have not eome under my observation. "The (loctors have diflerent forms of working their spells, or jierforming their magnetic operations; but, as all that I have seen tend to the name end. the descri|)lioit I have given in the form of burial used iiy the Chinooks, will be sullicieiit to illiisliate their general method."' .Taini's Ii. SwMii. I'm|. if ill SECTION TAVKNTV-SIXTII. INDICIA FROM MYT1I()L0(;Y AND HKMiilON. u, CHAI'TKH T, TOLTEC AND AZTEC MYTHOLOfJY. .i-il t \ ! '11 i1 -f FoK tln' purpose of'()l)tiiiiiiiig iv CDiTcct idi'ii of tlic iiiytliolo'.'v iind |MilvtIu'isiii of tin? A"i'S|icric ti'ilii's.' we iiUi.4 take il ciir.soi'}' i;liiiici' at tlic system n|' llie 'I'ullecs and A/tees. 'I'licse liilies colli iiiued, tVoiii n\Hi to iiLre. to deily men. and !idersouilieations, witlioul any order of gradation, or any attempt to show tlie pre(Mse dependt-nce that one L'od. oi' power, had upon auotlier. Tinnihliiih. or the sulislanee of the Sun. was still, tiieorelieally. iv'_'arded as ih'' jiriniaiy nod; hut the power was so nnieh dill'usi'i! ami divided auioni; othei' minor diitirs. that wlien tla' Spaniards ri'aeheil .Mexico, the system, if we nuiy so term il. was a wild and discordant mass of da'munoloijy and devil worship, so lhoroUL;hly disL'Usting in its character, that the Sjianish priesthood, heinu' nnahli' to tolerate it lor a moment, diicited the rude .statues to be demulished, and the .scrolls of pictui'o-wi'itiugs to he cast into the llames. The mental development of the Tuilians of .\ineriea may he more readily traced, hy ciimpMris(jii of ideas and their inodi's of expressing: them, than hy reliicncc to woi'ds, or identities of nomenclature — at le;ist. heyond the primar\ radices and parti(des; for, in all the sa\aLre laii,L'uai:es of this continent, names, woiils and expressions are niero ai;,i;lomerations of disse\-ered svUahles. Some ;dlusions may here Im? made to a, nivlhology, which endiraccd the traditionary history, not only of the A/tecs and These topics have been (iiscussLil in \'iil HI., patre Isli; \'ol. IV., pii^e 480; \iA. \'.. p. 401. (i;3ti) f I If mi I } 11 ^ i '*! ; tl leory of the transmigration of souls, and l)tdi(>vt.Ml that, after leading tin life inst deserihed duriuu' four \ears. these souls entered into, and animate(l. the clouds, noble beasts, and liirds of beautiful jilumage and sweet song — possessing the privilege while ill this state, of ascending to Heaven, or of descending to the earth, there to s IIK 11 i|t ' (lalliuiii; Tniiis. .\iii. I'.tli. S.m',, Vol. I., p. 1W. 'Till' iiifl.'cliiiii // a]i|irMili'il til tills word, cliaiii;!!!;.; it to Tiof/, \^ iiiorcly oiu' .i|' tlic coiiininn toniiiitivi) |Kirticlrs of till' .\/lc'f laiit;ii:i'_'i'. ' \i.i.' (>iH'oi;i, i«i..'i' tin. ' Coiiiiin'iils on Mcsicaii Mytlinlogv, li,v (':i|ilaiii .1 I' M'Cowii, I S. A, il'^l, . i 1* iH « I 1 t I , ■ ^' rV ;' 688 INDICIA FROM MYTHOLOGY AND RELUJIoN. ami suck Mvcets fVoin llowors. The Tliiscalliins holicvi'd tliiit only tlic souls of tlio iiobk'S animated noble boasts, birds of bcautooiis [jluniaue and soiiirsti'is ; wliilc the Houls of the lower classes entered into beetles and other moaner forms of life. Those killed by lightning, or who were sufTocatod, or died of dropsy. &c., and ehildron •sacrificed to Ilaloc, they l)elieved wont to the homo of that god, whore they lived in peace and pleasure. Their ereeii likewise taugiit that these eiiildieii assisted at the sacrifices to their god on a certain day. and at a certain altar, in the large temple of Mexico. The Mixtecas believed the entrance to heaven was through a cave, which was located in a high mountain of their country. Tlie nobles were buried near tliis cave, in order to l)e close to the place they expected to enter. The Mexicans lu'iieved, furthermore, that all beside those eiuimerated. after death entered a dark aliotle (whoi'o reigned the god Mivf-l-ni-trtKt-li) called Mirtlan. where the only evil experienced was the total darkness. This abode was supposed to 1)0 situated either in the centre of the earth, or at the North Pole. The cosmogony of the Aztecs bears traces of trans-Atlantic, or oriental origin. They posses.sed an account t)f the creation of the world, of the delugt', and of the confusion of tongues, very similar to that given by .Moses. Th(>y averred that but one man was save(l from the deluge, whom they called Coxfux or TiiK'i/inc/li. and one woman, calle-iiii( . and (J-. l-hnnll w Cll-hi-l. i-ciu , were a jroil am 1 troddt whom t!ie\' helieved iidial)ite(l a jflorions eit\ ni lieaM'u. w liere aiiomi ded every [ilea sure, and whence they watidied n\cr the world, and gave to mortals their respective inidinatious — the foruier dii'i'cting men. and the latter the women. The Mexicans rtdate that this goddess had many sons, hut that linally she hronght forth, in child- hirlh. a knili- made of Hint, which the sons indignantly cast to the earth, hut in falling it was transformed into one tliousand six hundred heroes, who had a knowledge of their iiohle origin. The.so herotis (Indiug themselves without persons to .serve them, as all the human race had heen destroyed hy a great calamity (the Mexicans Ijidieved that there had been three universal calauiities), agreed to scud to their motlu-r, asking licr to create men for their service. She refused their reipiest, hut directed them to apply to Mi'/i-/(IV-lf'Hrt-li, the of hell, tor one of the hones of tiie dead, from which wetting it with their own hlood. would spi'ing a man and woman to people the earth. She wariK'd them to guard tliemsidxes against this wicked god, as he might repent having gi\en the hone, and work them sonic evil. Xnlatl, one of the heroes, went to the god of hell, asked for the hone and recei\<'d it; whereupon lie lied towanl the earth, the god pursuing him. Xulofl escaped, hut. falling in his tlight, hroke the lione into many pieces. 'I'lie fragments were jilaced in a barrel, and s[)riiiklcd with their blood. On the iburth day a boy ap|)eared. and on the seventh, a girl. 'JMieso t wo cliildren w( I'e the nu'ans of repcopling the earth 'i'he (dniracter of woman shared largely in their mythology. C!-7iiiti-c()Ii-i((ifl, or (Jiil-l(i::-fl!, was sup[)osed to be tiie first woman who bore twins, ibr which she was (leilied. They believed she often conveyed an extra cliild to some man's cradle. Th 'ir ap )tl )ftl K)iiieosis oi tiK' sun and 1 moon was simply this: To-nti-tinh and Mi::-tH (,> im and moon) were worsliipped by the nations of .Mexi Tl lev relate that the earth, ia\ ing been rcpeop led •la ted. w IS ru leil b\- these d eini-iiods. eacli wiiom had 1 us subjects. The sun having been extinguished, they all assembled idemi-gods and men) near a great (ire, or volcano, when the men werc^ informed that he who would ca.st liitnself into the Haines would have the glory of being converted into tiie sun. A man called Xa-iiii-liiiiil-::lii immediately cast himself in, and went to the lower regions. Waiting to s(H' the new sim rise, they sacriliced ipiails, locusts. &c., near the place soon appeared in the east, rose to the zeiiitii, and wliereiu la; cas noNi'd toward st li lllise Tl le smi le wc; lest th lioiild a'.ra in be li'i't in ilail \ness. til ^y intiuired ol' the sim wiiy it did not stoj) ; wiien tlicy received lor answei that it i I :^ r. H K ' I J« } t \ !^( 1 1 640 INDICIA FHOM MVTlUH.odV AND RKl.KilON, would not stii|i until ;ill nt' tlic lu-rm's wim'c diMil." Tlii^ reply occMsioncd tlu'in fear and urii'f. One dl' llic heroes took a liow. and witli it shot 'ioci' arrows at the sun. Tlie sun, irritated, ea^-t one arrow hack', spliltin'^ the I'oreiieaii ot '''////. who fired the arrows. Sti'uek with eonsternation. and not hein;;' alile to resist the sun's iiower. they ngreod to die hy the hand of XuJull. who kiiieil hiinsell' alter haviuir sat'riticed his brothers. Beiore they exiiired, tiiese denii-^inds lieiiiieathed tiieir unrnients to theii' sulijec'ts. At the jierind ol' the conciuest the .A'exie.ans exhihited I'olies, which they said were (he garments left hy these snid heroes. The people heinir saildened liy the loss of tlieir lords, tiie j:od TtyaHijiorii sent one of them to tiie sun lor iiMisic. to iisi- in the eei(>liration of tiieir Tcisfs or worship; whenee they learned to dance and to jilay on nuisical instruments.' Surli was the oriiiin oi' the use oi" hotii in the worsjiip of their liods. The Mexicans also say tiiat the seif-sacrilice of the demi-iinds led to the adoption of the human sacrilici' so connnon amoni; them. The oriiiin of the moon was accounte(l lor hy a contimiation of the fahle. Other men, castiuii' tlieins(d\-es into the fire, wei'e converted into the moon. wlii(di was less liri;jiit. as the (ir(> was weaker. To tile sun and moon were consecrated the two tianples on the plain of Yi'iitilenacan. (,/iiet:jt/ was hliio. nnd she horn the same name as the mountain near their cit\- on which tlie\- siipposeil she resided, and where they worshiiiped. This is the goddess called, hy 'I'orqneniada. A'iiJi-i-'/ii color of the llanie. and was held in hii^h repute in Mexico. When eatini.' or drinking, the lirst moiithfnl was spit into the lire as an ll'erinu; to tiiis L'od, and. at eei'tain hours of the da\-. iiic oiler eiise was la I rued. \\ \'er\ \('ar this god was honored hy two feasts, one in the seventh, and one in the smeiiteenth month.' hesiiles one on which the magistrates renewed their ohligations of ollice to the crown. He litul a temple in Mexico, anil others at various phieos. ' TIk' >K'.\ii"iii vi'Mi' liiiil twenty iiiiimlis, nf ihirtci'ii thiys t'acli. Vol,. \1.->I i M! i |. w Si;* :M 1. m^ m' 111-: INDICIA KKoM .M VTllOlMMl V ANI» |{ K I. HJ 1 (» N, ■tn,//. tl H' 'JIKlllCf'S ( I' ciirlli mill of i'ov\ I, WHS lllSO CM 1(mI In-iiil-i il-lln-llllil. >lu' \vl U) Mistiiiiis ii>. In Mexico Ww tcini'lcs were dciliciiteil to tl:is ucnlde.-s. mid three li'iists were olisei'ved ill lier liuiior. in tiie third, tlie eiuhtli. mid llie eleventh month. No nation venerated iier so nnieli iis the 'I'otoiiiiciis. wlio looke(l iipon her iis their |ii'oteetres.«. built her ii temple on a liiuli nionntaiii. and appointed to iiei' service many pne^l^ 'i'hev loved her. as the\' 1m lieved she aMiorreil linman saeril ice, niKl woiiiM in lime delixcr them tVoin tl 'I'he -Mexicans, howevi'i'. o le opprei '^iuii of th(> otiier 'i'ods. ihat diinanded linman Mood. llered human victims to her. Mii/-/iiii-ti iir-f/i. OllH' III lie\('c| it to lie the sun: others. aLiaiii. that it was a dislinci deit\. and woishijiped a 1 as th d of sh 'I' In t lis (leNClnlill lent of deities, childhood was not lorirotten. Xnal-li-fill was th frmldess of the cradle, and protee'or ol' children tliroiii;'h the ni'ilit. No name, iiowever. was so i.ineh lionored as the (iod of ^\'al•. It was l.\ war that the Me\ic;in I'lii Ipire ro^e lliiil-:il-<'-l"iiIit-H. or Mi.r-U-li. the mo"^t celelir.lted of all the Mexican deities, and the principal ])rotector of the nation. Some relate that this udd was self-created; others, that he was horn of woman. tlioii;;li l)e;.i(itten hy a d. The eirenmstances of his liirth are related in this wi.se: There lived in Coatpee. ace near 'I'lil;.. a woman much niveii to the worship of the L;ods. She was called a pi anil was the mother of <''ut-:.iiii-li 'nil »lll-/llll One (hu'. as si le was sweepiii.: the tl einple. as was her custom, she saw a linncli of fenthors fall, as if from liea\cii. which she picked np and jilaeed in her lio.sim. wishing' to n.se them to decorate the altar; luit wIumi she wanted them they were uono. at which she was much snr|nisi>il, and nime so. when she foinid herself with child. Iler .sons soon ohserved her condition, yet did Hot doiilit her virtue: hut, knowiiii: the disi:race of the alliiir. they determined to avoid it hy killintr their mother. She. heini: apprised of the project, was much disfres.sed. hut was comforted hy hearing a vuico from her womh, which said, '• Don't fear, mother, I will sa\i' ns, wi consummate their crime. th your iionor and my glory." The sons set out ti in the liiisii On tl leir arriva . thev li)iniil /fiiifr.i/opoc/if/, just horn, with a shield in his lel'i hand and a dart in his right, a crest of green feather: on his head, his face striped with hliie. the left leg covered with fe.itheis. and tin thighs and arms striped, lie c.iii.'\ Will' that lel)r;iteil (if relate that lotteii In a ill ( 'oatpee. wa.'< ('ill led IS swee|iiiiir 111 hea\('ii, 'corate the 1 sui'in-ised, I'ooiiditidii, k'tei'iiiiiiiMl was much lid. " Doirt .''et (lilt til liirward in 'II feathers s. and the wiiich he id, eastiiiu till IMMCIA I'li'oM M VTIIttM)(i V \ N It IM: I, I (I I n N . d! t I ! t! ,')» '- S t l.i--lHI-tii,i, !i L'oil witli ii liliick r.ici'. wiis |ir(ilinlily ii j:(iil nl' iiKMliciin'. m^ i-iclv liiys wcro cinifil Id liis ti'lll|ilr to 1"' CUI'iil. t ',,)/./!., II, , ity ('< I, I f./i 1 11-/11-111 1. wAfi till' !;i)ilili'ss 41!' lli)\\crs. ami liml ;i triu|il<' in Mcxiro (mIIciI r,()|iico. KlowiTS well' olViTcil to lici'. iind ii \''-.\>{ was lidil in Iut liuiior in llic tliinl inmitli. Some iK'licM'd Iut lo In.- tlio inollu-i' of tin' luiiifipiil war jioils. riii-:iil-liiill was tiic 'jnililc'ss ilh' IMi'Nicaiis asked to I'oii^ivc lliciii tlirir sins, and lo save tlicMi I'roni the n'|iroacli atlaclii'il to tlicni. 'I'lic |iiiiici|ial \V(H>lii|i|ii is ol' this jdddcss wcro lascivions men. wlio \ iolatcd tin- riles oi' niatrim liot ni'un sa\s thin was ihc Imvtl Vonns, hut 11 nati\t' wriu-r say.s slic was llic uixidcss ol' wi'dlock. ^\'/'/« . tlio protector of sihcrsinitlis. was inucli veniTaled in .Mexii-o, as they helieved that all who iieulected his wor>hi[) were aillieted with the ilcli and other vile sores. Tiie IImsI to tl lis i;'0(l. ( haraeti ri/ed li\' eniel saerifu'es, was eeU'hrated in the seeoiiil inoiilli. .\'* the 'jdddcss of uiothers. and prohahly the same as Cintiull. Her temple was located where the ehnrrh of Ciaudaliipe now stands.' I'i -liiii-iiii II. as her iiaine iudlcati's. was the mother of the iii The .Mexicans lielie\i'd that they also descendcil iVniu her. 'I'h(> oriiiiu of this LiDiidess. and the sad death of a princess of Acolhiiacan. Iia\i' already heeii related. She had a temple iu -Mexico, and eoreniouial rites were cclehrated in her honor in the eleventh month. She was the protectress of the Tlascalhins. Some .say tiiiit the two last nientiuned aro tl le same. llii-)ii(i-ti}i2>(Ulil/l and ('(lUKi.rl/l. Their vocalmlarv is instructive. Ciii/ol/. the iioddess of corn, was the niondami n or grain s[)irit of the .Miininpiins. ( '"//nlr, meaning primarily a fox, is also aitplicd to a sinal M'( ',,«„•- MSS. (' : III lys Wi'i'o 'ill Mexico uiior in llii> sins, iiml to |iiTs ol' this ni s;ivs liiis ■k. I'y lii'lii'Vfd • vik' sores. tiic second mlanim or to ii .small I I ^'|IP I; :,! ' t t: i 1 ' ■ t ,.;■«■ i>. 1 1 i I ( ■ -J jBs' ;i|| 1' f ';■■ 3 ; . ii .Lj ■Ji INDICIA I'liuM M VTIloLoii V AM' IUILKIUjN, til.- Woir. I'I'SCilllilill'/ nlir jil'ilili'' \Mill', 1^)111 i/ilir(,i/i,/i llCCiinirM (lll|| iil'tlli-r t.itrlllil' I'l'lilllli'i wliicli iir>' riitlicr iiil<'ii>illi'i| dlijccts of tin- iiiiM'^iiiiitiuii, tliiiii '^>ii|n to hr \viii'.-lii|i|ii II', lull is ill! mill ii' iiiiiiicm. A'"/" llicill'li'l'. mill .\'< //"//, 1:1 III 111' iniill-^li'l'S. A'lil/ is \\:i|i'i'; hiliiiill, llir lllml llci i-is ( if II man miimmI riuiu wnliT. in iv liimil. /'«(// is a ^i'I'jh'IiI; l,hii t.n/iiHil/. tho ijiviit m'I'|i('IiI- wi^c inmi. or ti'iiclii'i' iif iiiIm iiihI laws. Tmi'i/lii/i is ilii> siiii ; 'I'liintiuil. sim-'joil. 'i'lic jiiii r llir iiiii viiLMiil |n'rsi)iiilii'il a ji'iiialc wllli liiiii' iiuinliril liri'ii^ls. I'li'i'. wali'i'. lo\i'. ili'atli. rain, wiiiil. ccliii, iiiiiinilaiii<. aiiil lliuvi'is. wi'iv llii' siiliji rts nl' llirsi' niriital illli'lisiru'llliillis. mill riiniisllfil liailli'S wllirll. Iirill:: |HVm'|\i'i| in tlir IllrllliHV III' till' liricsts. or ill llic i':ili'iiilar. scrvril. in a nii'iisiuc. to kti'|i lln- linlian miml in Milijirliiin to Ills .siiiii'r.-tition li\ II mil vi'iv (nicroii>< la\. lint llir nio«l nuni'troii^ a.nl Imnirn' of all till' 'joils ami 'juiMc-srs, .-hiiur-i ol' u 1 imii wi'i'i' li'ri ti'il. was 7; ii/diiiini/in, calli'il also Tiir/iiiiiii / .1 / ami < 'h'uniK rmi (lor ncilliiT iiaiii«'s nor iili'as a|i|irartii lia\i' liail mnrli licrinmiciirr). who was ii'prt'siMitiil iniilci' IIh' forin ol' scriiciits. twislnl arniinil sUiilIs. She was ii'Liai'ilt'il as llir cjiiisi' of faiiiiiM-. sli'iility. ami misery, ami as tin' iin|ii'rsiiiii- liciitioii of all iloiiH'slii- evil. iSn' j'lati'. p. "iS."!.) Till' Tolli'c. anil siili^ri|iiriilly llir A/li'i'. iiiia'.:iiiiitioii. a|i|ii'ars to liavi' rinti'il in lln'sc licrsonilii'atiiiiis of |ia->ioii. i'a|iiirr ainl rriini'. I'lil llii'i'" was a lack of 'jviH'rali/alinii ; 'ii'V franii'il no very loiinrctcil sN^tnn of niytlioloLiy, llir parts of wliicli wcru strictly (l('|)('mli'nt npoii lacli oilier, ami coiistitiit,.iI a whole, i'lveii tlie sun. wliicli seems, uriviimilly. to liave lieell the prillie oliject of \Viir-lii|i. e\elltually eeaseil to iveei\e tlieir liom!ii;e. cNci'iit in tlienry; while, at the (la ol' the ciiiii[iiest, the priiicijial ileity wor- slii|ipeil WHS the uoil of war. to wlnaii hiniian saci'iliees were oll'ereil. The liahiis aiiil iiianners of the people ap|iear, at that time, to liavc! reached their iiltiinate point of (le;:eneracy ; thoy were reported hy the Spiinish cU'riiy to ho .steeped in moral degrada- tion, and conversant with every iiionslrosily of crime. Compared to ihis Mexican iiiytholo'j'y. that of the northrrii tiihes retained 'jieater simplicily. and freeiKim from llie domimilion of ihe Indian priesthood. 'I'lie ciilmiiiatiiiir point of the sy.«tein of deiliea- tion adi)|iliMl hy hoth the 'i'oltecs and the A/tecs Inid. in all prohahility. heeii r(>a(died from the same common hasis. viz: a totemie ideiililication of .septs, hands, and trihes. mnltially contendinu' lor supremacy, who assi;;iied to their deities a local residence in the hodii's of (pnidrniieds. hirds. in.sects. reptiles, and other species of animated Nature, and lastly, in the hodies of men. who. nnder the titles of priests, .seers, and pi'opliets. made it the hiisiness of their lives to teach this system of deillcation. and thus to endeavor In perpetuate and .strengthen their possession of the almost iinlimited ]iower they li.id acipiii'eil. Thus, the first eU'ects of oniancipation from hiirharism. of the de\elopnient of arts, employments, and nianiv is. and of ijiving freedom to tlio power of tlion,i;lil, ainonLr a people who had no lM MYTHOLOGY AND H K I, I(i I O N, 1' ,f 1 ' n ■I' III H ('(111 fii>ii)ii of iilisiml iildliitroiis rites, (viviiioiiics. miil lp('rK.'rs. I'raisc is diu' to tlio S|);illisli pi stliiHuI. wlio Strove to iiliolish overv vcstiiiv of it. 'I'lic lute Mr. (lalliitiii, in coiicliuliiii:' an clMluiratc i il r\l('\V (I I' tlic collection of r,onl KiiiuslioiMiiuli, coiHieinns tiie mythological jiart ol' the pictiirc-writimrs as being a harreii ami iiniirolitalile liistorical study. '• 'I'lie siiliject." lie observes, "is neitiier attractive. iinr line of irrcat. promise. It is not probable lliat the iiiteriiretatinns of the naiiies and altribiiti's of the deities, represented in the several cotliers. cdiild throw iiiori' light on the reliirious creed of tlie Mexicans or on Its 11 Ihieiiee on their social state, than wo deri\e from the accounts of the coiKpierors. ami the Indian traditions collected by early writers. 'I'lieir mythology, as far as we know it. presents a great iinmb(!r of nnconnected gods, without apparent .system or unity of de>ig jihysical researcii or imaginative powei Icctnal laciiltii's of \' man. it is. in everv respc( «igii. It exhibits no evidence of meta- 'wed only as a development of the iiitcd- t. \astly interior to the ndigioiis systems of l')gy[it. India. (Jreece. or Scandinavia. It' imported, it must have been iVom some barbarous country, and have Ikhmi brouuht directly t'rom such coimtr\' to Mexico, since no tr.ices of a similar worship are lljimd in the more northern parts of .Vmerica." ' ' Tr.lll^llrti.ilK nl' ill.' AlMiM-i';!!! t'.l llliul ..;i,:,l S,.iMr(v: Ni'W Vi.il;. Ist.'i. \',,]. I., p. .'!."ll. INDICIA i-'llo.M MYTllol.odV AND U H J, U; I ON. (U7 ("II A I'TKlf 1 1 RKI.KilOrS AND M Y Til (tl,(»(i I (' A L OPINIONS OF TIIK MISSISSIPPI VALI.HY T l!K TiiK iillici' of tlic lii(li;iii si'cr. iir(i|ilict. iiii'da. \v oi' iiowwow. was to iU't us nc;:iitiiiiits (il won Id ikmi. \Mi|iivii. mill v\' llic jossakt'cij. lulfsccratiiiii t.i stylo tln'iii iiH'iliators) Ijotwt tlic I icMinlo a ml the (iriMt Spiiil. Ilciicc. tlio yivat power which tiu'V hiivc wit'hlcd thr(>ii.i;iioiit all jicriods ul' their liistory. WhclhiT this ollicc was hcrt'ditarv or assmiRMl, would hi' a vain imiiiirv. h does not a|i[)('ar to h ivc hccn inherited, lint rather to liave heen assumed hy jiersoiis pcwse: Mm;- n lore than ordinary mental capaeity. viLTor. shrewdness, or ennuin^. and art in praelisini;' and eoncealinj;' ularinLr (K'ceptions. Thev were aided in tlieir erari l)_\ the imlward practice ol' ascetic hahits and tastinii; hv the iiotent inlluence of dreai and hy their proliciency in the art of picloLiraphy I'ary siu'ns was employed in which a system ol' mixed i'e[)rcsentati\'e, sunholic, and arhit lo strcnu'theii the popular I'ailh in necromancy, witidicraft. and di\inalinn No II iKlian liero, warrior. ^l' aker. or rider, il' we excep t r iicas 'rain;-; 1\ Uti Lssoyawatha. vciiaiutoM. anil Th l\i'li(lana?'ea. evel attame(l to disiinetioii without an a[tpeal to tiiis tianii V the Siis(iiieliannah, in 17U. So hatel'ul were the truths and teachim; to those Indians wIkj adhered to their own teachers, that Father I.aiiard was hiirned at the stake hy the Iluroiis. and his colleague, together with his sun, were hurled from Iti'il Jaiki't. liniiit wm 1 1, 1 1 . '1 i ^ c % 1 J > >» i: K y j» t 1 It 1 i' I ll$! (!4S INDICIA I'HOM MYTHOLOGY A X D HKhHilON. !i caiiiic [ntn the s • ■tliinii' \vhI(ms dt' tlio rjipids wliicli lill the river St. riiiwrciuo, Ijciow liMcliiiic. 'riiosi' IImiI'iiI I'li-cMtlc.^ Ii;i\i' v\rr siiirc ictaiiird tlu' iiiiiiR' i)t' his onlor, iiud hilVO IjL'C'll Oillit'll till' lli'-uilit l;l[li(|s. Wo must not, liowcvcr. in unr ivli't)s|i('cl. cnnroniul one niro with anotlier. 'V\w hist, liair century lias vioidi'd rifii IViiils in retin-ii tor tin- l;dior liestowed. and lias clearly demonstrated the Kenelieial cllect ol' ])atiently teachini:' the Indians: of which result, trilies ol' each ol' the u'enerie Ali;()n(|uin. lroi|Uois. ami Aiipalaehian Liroups. have furnished cxaniiiles. J5ut on the minds ol' the native hunters, who constitut(! the lariro trihes uf tliu Dakotah and Sho.-honee stocks, rovinjr over the plains and throni:li tho I'orests of the West, not to mention the vast and (iredatory hordes of \e\v Mexico, California, anil OreLinn. suhsistinvr on the llesli of th(> ladliilo ami dci'r. little or no nnnres>ion has lii'eii luade. The liev. (iideon II. I'ond. ol .Minnesota, who has h experience, descrihes the opinions and rites of the Dakotah tiihes of the [irairies and pi; lins in the followint;' wore The terms \>\ which till- meiliclne-meii are known aniouLr the Dakotahs. sul^ui'sI lioth their character and oecupatiou. They are theses : Wicn.flit \\'il:iiii ( W'ee-chash-tah Wah-i;on). and Tul.-n W'/L-mi i/iiinuntii/ii (Tah-koo Wah-kon e-ham-Man-[ie). 'I'he former term siuiiilie.- mysterious, supernatural, oi' irod-men : and the latter, mysterious, supernatural, or Lioii-dreamers — iiispinvl liy tlie irods. i'.v the t enn • me( licine-maii.' oi' Indian doctor, tlierellire. I ii \> e imi tiikv maki: of tiifm . It seems to he necessarv, first, to advert to the Dakotah divinities, hv whom tl medii'iiit -men are inspired : while, at tl time, tl IIS IS a siilijet t into which it next to ini]iossihle to peni'trate ; iiir little can he ohtaiiied from these men eonceniiiii' it. excei)t hv strata'jem ; and that which tlie\ do disclose is olteii e\i;eedim:lv confusiMl ntradictory. One will allirm. another deny, and a third, pei'haps, inforiu yc aiKt CO that hoth the others are wromr. After a residi :ht eiiee ol eiLilitecn v'ears iiinomx tli( th ami einii Dakotahs sort, the\' are stil I'acimr every opportunity to acipiaint myself with matters of thi in !i "I'eat mea-iire. involveil in m\st erv. The most iiromineiit eharacteristie of the Dakotah d cities, is that wliicli they I'Xpress hy the Word irnhifi. This word si'jiiides. Lieneially, any lliinij- which a Dakotah eaunot comiireheiid. \\'hatever is wonderful. mysieri(His. siiperlniman. or snpei'iiatiiral, is inihiii. The L'eiieric name jiir L:ods is T. that wiiich is mi/.-mi. The Dakotah. thereliire, sees a i;'od in evcrv thiii^;-: to use an expression ot'one of their mo^t INDICIA FltO.M M Y 'ril<)l,()(i V \ N l» I! Il I, I (I M» \ , • ;4'J iiitt'lliiiriil iiicii, ' 'I'licie is nothing wliidi tiicy do not n-vriv sis (ioil.' The cliii'l'. lunl, piM'liiips. till' onlv (iilli'irnco tli;it I'xists iinion,;:- tlic ten tlioiisands of the divinilios of till' Dakotiiiis. is, that sonic iuc irahat to a i^icatcr. and otin'is to ii less dcirrce ; sonio for ono iuu'|)os(", and some lor anotiier; lint iritlcmi cxjucsscs llio cliiut' t(uaiity of \\\v all — tiio oiilv (|ualily, I hcliovc, wliicii tlu; Indian rii S (l('ll\-. I iiiuf nt'vrr Ix'cn al>li' to disco\cr iVoni ilic Dal^otaiis tlii'niscivi's. Ilic loast di'trn.'c of cxidrncr tiiat tlli'\' di\idi' tlic ^()il> into classes of 'jond iind evil ; and am jicrsnati dud llial those pi'i'sons who ii'iircMMit ihcni as iloini;' so. do it ini'oiisiiliTalcU. and li<-iMnsc it natni'al to snliscrilii' to a loniv-i 4ahlisln'd |)oiiular o|innon. I cannot ijclicvc that the DaUolahs cmt distiniinislu'd tiiu Grmt Sjiiri/. iiv (rnot ll'i(/,i//(, as tiicy term it. iVom others of tlicir divinities, till they learned to do so from theii' intercourse with white men; because they ha\(' no chants, nor feasts, nor dances, nor sacrificial rites, which lia\e any reference to such a lieiii'^'; or, if they have any reference to {\w (Irml W'lthni, in any ndi.^ions uct whatsoever, there is siilisfactory evielencc that it is of recent origin, cts of worshi[). which (Jiirvcr d does not l)olonir to their s\sfein of \ 'eliLiion. T to the (Ire, it Spirit, had no reference to tl le tells lis iiarticularly that they iieiiorn Deity, though that traveller douhtless thoic^ht they Innl. It is. indeed, true, that tl Dakolahs do soinetinies appeal to the Circat S|iiril in council with white men. hut it is 10 ilwius as to the heili'.: wlioin the irhili iniiii •iriir--lii IIS "As specimens of the siiperiiaturrd heings. wlio. it is helicM'd. jn'csidi' o\-er the destinies of the Dakolahs. and whose iruL'nii ipialities ai'i' imparteil to the mediuine-nieii, I will mention more parliculaiiy three or four classes of the most respectable of them. '•The Oiihhri (()iik-lii\-lie). — The siiiiiilication of the name of this class of the Dakotah gods is Miknown. In their o.xteinal nianii'estation. they resemble the ox. but are very large, 'l hey can instantaneously extenil their tail and horns so as to reacii id these are the seat ot' their pt>wer. 'J'liey arc male and female, and ;kies. ai ])ropagate their kind like ;inimals. and ;n'e mortal ; which is true of all the gods of the Dakolahs. It is believed that the earth is animated by the s[)irit of the (luLii li goddess. while the water ami the earth beneath the water, is the dwelliiej-iilaee of the male iiod. Hence the Dakotahs, in their addressc: to the water, in \< liiions ac the nam(> of (irancliiither. and that of (liaudmother to t' le earlli. rive to it The >issi| ipi river. A i; w Ncars a'-'o. at the season when the ice was running, it goriicd. and so obstructed the ehannid between tiie Falls and Fort Snelliiig, that the water siidileiiK rose to all e\('eediii'.r- height. When the pn'ssure hecamo sullicieiit tl tl o open tlie ciianiK •1. the water ru~hed down with a ticnn'iidoiis Ibrce which s\,ept all before it; and a cabin which stood on the low bank of the river, near the Vol.. VI. -^'J \. m il: ().'>0 IMDICI.V l'l{(»M M VTII(>l,()(i Y AND 1! I, L I (I I (I \. ! ) I'ovt. was can-icil iiwav. \vitii a snlilicr in ii, who was iirvcr al'lcruarils lioaiil nl'. It is uiii\(M'sallv lit'lii'vcd l>y tin ii/,-l< rl. wlio passi'il ilowii till' I'liaiiiu'l 1)1' llio rivtT at tlic tiiiif, ami that llir soldier was taken hy liiiii fur food, as lie feeds ii|Km liiiiiiaii soids. 'Die follow Iiil:.' chant, wliieh is imu'ii used ill till' iiu'dieine-daiico [wu/lUU tlaiice), siiuws the charaeter of tlii.s clus.s of the icods, ill tiiis ■Jpect : I lio iiiystoriimslv uituss the l;iki Di'ciiyiiii; .sDiiic souls. I.it 1110 I'tif liiiii ;ilivo.' i !! Iin w- '* The saeiilii'es wliieii the Oiil,!' ri rei|iiiii's of his worsliiii|)ers. are tlie down of the ]t'iiiale of t lie >wan and unose. t\\v(\ seaiict. w Idle eottoii cloth. deer-sUins. lohaeco. doi^s, medicine {irii/,-iiii) feast, and the liiedieine-daiice. Siiliordinate to the ( hi/,'/' ri ar<' the serpen it, lizard. iVo'.'. leecl 1. owl. eil'jle. Iish. spir ils ol' the dead. 1*^1'. Thrse Lliids niad( the earlli and men. instituted the meilicine-dance. \-('.. prescriliecl the manner in which earlh-iiainls must l)(> ajuilied. which have a irnl.-iin \iitue to protect lile, and are often worn liy the wanior for this |)iir|i(we on the lli'ld of earna-e. Aiiioni:' all the niuiads ol'the Dakotah deities, the ( hihit ri is the most respected; and it mii;lit he said, without much e\at;L;<'ration, • se\-en tunes a day irods which are his suhiects. lav the}' woisilili 1 Mini, or some of tl le niiiiieroiis The \\'ii/,-i/ri/(iii ( Wah-keeu-\()ii1.- — 'I'he name of 1 his (dass of the u'ods si^ini lies ////. iVoiii the \rv\) /.■iii/iKit. to ll\-. As the iiii:ht-ha\ holl wl< proiliices a lioiiow. jaiiiiii;' soiiiid, liv !i :>enliar motion of ll le Wlll'^s. s.) the W'.i/.- nui'iii p idduccs the thunder, which tli Dakotahs denominate "the voice of the IIT/// I II I/' I II. ll is said that there ai three \arietiesof the external manifestations of these lickIs. and otlu'i's sav that tlu'i'i re four \arietics: in rs a stroll'^- rescnililaiice to rice. .\t tlie wcsiern i-xtiemily of the a circular plain surrounded hy water). i> a. liitiii iiiounlain. suriiiouiite(l liy a lieautifiil inoimd. on (he -ummit of w hich is the dwidliicj-plaee ol' tie' Wiihini/K n. if w Inch opiais towards lucniie:-. at the west il .I'll I iliHir-wa\ ot tlieir iiweiiiic.:. one o Hi AVatclieis are >tationeil at earh each of the four cardin.al points. A Imttertlv stands at tlie ea-t m INDICIA |-|!(»M M YTiroj.OC V AND IM'fJCilON, cr.t Ix'iir. M I'l'iiiilt'rr mI (lie nortli. iiiul :\ hcMvcr mI tlic soiitli. I']\c('|il tin' ImmiI. cmcIi (if tlu'si' wiilcln'is is i'ii\('l()|ii'il in sciirli't (iowii. Thr W.i/.- iii/'iii iirr I'll liilcss iind (li'stfiicli\i' ill tiii'ir clKii'Mctcr, iinil tln-v ('\rr cMTt f licir iiiii;lil \ power fur tin' viraliliciitiou nl' tlii'ir riiiiii'^' ntopi'iisilN-, jit flic I'xpi'iisc of uliMtrviT iii:i\' I'linu' III tiicir WAV. 'I'lli' ('Minit\- wllirli exists III liie cliisses or I'iU'es ol' tlie Liods, if like IIimI wliieli is seen to exist iiinoiiu' tile (iilli-i'eiil liiiliilll t rilie ))iil till' W'l I /,■ I Ill/till Mild (hi/,1' r! lpe;it' ii |i;irlieuiiir lintrecl to eiicli otiief. wliieli is lieredi- tlirv" lllld deeii-l-uiileil. lij^e llnit, wliii'ii exists lietween the Diikot.iji iind Ojiliwii )i;ili(iiis. and neitlier can re>ist tlie luiin-iiii of ejiell otlier's irnhuni. It is niisare Tor either to ell lire sonietlllies liilllii cross tlie other's truck, 'i'lie llissii rcni:iiiis of tlic niastodon. wlii liy the Diikotiihs. tiii'V cdliridentiy i)eiie\(' to he the lioiies i ij' t ln' ( hd.-ti ri : and tlie\- lire Jireserxeil \\\ tlielll niesi s;icre(! I '. . :ind life imiversallv esteeliieil I'liv their ini/.'ti/i •t as a sanative tiiedicin 'I'lie n;,/.- (|nalities. jieini:' ii-eij with woiiderl'nl ejll the nakotaii's chiel' war-'joi!s. iVoni w lio'ii tliev lia\-e recei\ei| the speiir and tonialia\ ii/i/iiii are 1 those paints which will hi(dd 'leiii iVoin linriii Avlieii exposed to the nuirdei'oiis Avea|ions of their oiiemie ■■ Til/,'ii.r/i'il ii.r/:iiii ('{'all-: \oo-siiKan-sii kaiD. — Th IS 'j'oij IS 111 \isilile lllld li!ii(|llitoiis. 'i'llO name si'jiiilies -that whudi stirs. In eininiiiL;' and paf -ion. till' Tikiixkilii.rhiiii eX( !iii\- of the other 'ioils. and lias ,a I'diitrolhii'j' intini'iice o\-ei itli iiitidh'cl and instinct, lionlders (which me hence iiniversalK \eiierate(l 1)\- the D.ikolahs^. iind in tlu^ ' Four ^Vinds.' 'l"he cereiiioiiv of lie resides ill tl le consecrated spear and tomahawk, iii the ' vaiior hath" is a sort of saeritiee to this 'jod. He is ne\-er lietter d th in ulieii men tail in na ttle. or otherwise. 'i'hi iject of that straiu e ci'iemon \ of tilt Dakotiilis. in \\liieh tin' iierl'oriner. heiicj- honiid liaiul and foot with the nreatest cari>. is siiddeiiU niilioiind hy an in\i^iM<' a'_!eiil. is to ohtain an inler\-i<'W with this oliject ol' Dakotali superstition, instead of the (Ireal S|iiiil. as ('ar\rr sn|iposed when lie witnessed its peifonnance. as related in his hook of travels amonu' the Indians. Snhordinate to the 'lUI.-iixl.-'i nxhi ii. are tli(> liii//ard. raven, liix, wolf, and some other animals of a similar n;itnre. "The H,ii<>hi (ll.iy-o-kah^. — Of the llijl'i. like the \\',ikunjei| the electric llnid : and one carries a drum, which is tilled witli the same. l''or a drnni->tick i;-// ntijiii III IS used, the t.ail servniLT hir a handle. One of the varieties of || lese noils. like tlie Tikiixhi ii.r!:-2 INDICIA I'lltt.M M VniM l.ui; V AND I! M 1, HI 1 () N, j( ' ■:ii ':> m' is truth, tiiul ti'iith is ralscli 111 is tJii'ir evil. Mini evil tlicir jrood, I inij;lit procuiM ■with ail aliiiofit ciulk'ss sin'ciUcatioii of Diikotah ik'itii's, imt thuso ulready iiiciilioiiod will sullico liir tho nivsL-iit i) l)ri |)iir|)i "In tlaw. and diviiiilics liivi- these, as various an their iiiinjiiniitions can create, or tiioir wants demand, the l)ai<()tahs lind all that thev tlesire. The aliilities and powera of the Liods, coniliined, are tiii' aliililies and iniwers dl' the wakan-nien. //iiir ill I III! till il lillli-IIH II riilill III fiiissi fsiuii I if Ihi I ,si' liiilfi /'.s . '• Dakotah waUan-nien do not spring into existence under tho ordinarv operations of natural laws, hut, accordiiiu' to tiieir I'.iilh, these men and women (lor females too aro viikiiii) lirst arouse into conx'ious iulellrclual existence in the lorm of winiied seeds, such as the thistle, and are waited. \iy the intelli'icut inlhience of the Kour Winds, tiiroULili the serial rt'uions. till evcutuallv they art; conducted to tlie abode of souk- one of the Tii/,-ii Wii/.iiii, l)V whom they are received into intimate conununion. Here they remain till they become ac(|iiaiuted with the cliaractei' and aliilities of ihi; class of j:ods whosi' jiiiesls they ha|i|pcii to be. and until they iiave tlieinseht's ind)ihed their s[iirit, and are ac(iuainted ^^ith all the chauls. feasts, dances, and sacrificial rites which tho gods dci'in it necessary to impose oii men. In tl lis manner some of them jiass throUi;h a succi'ssinii of inspirations with ilillereiit classes of tlu! divinities, till they aro fully ii-iihiii'rjil. and ])repare(l Ibr himian iiicaiiiation. I'articularly they are invested with the ilivisilile ini/.-iiii powers of the nods, tiieir ireseiil inlhu'iice o\cr iiiiiid. instinct, anil passion leilie and cuniiiiiLr, and their oiiiiii- 'l"iie\- are tauiiht to inllict diseases and heal them, discnxer coiiceaKtl causes, manufacture implements of war, and impart to them the Iniiiriiu power of the liiids; and also the art of niakinir such an a[)plication of paints, that liny will pioli'ct IVom the powers of enemies. '• 'I'liis process of iiispiraiioii is called • dreainiiii;' of tiie i:oils." Thus prepared, and ri'tainiiii:' his primiti\e llirm. tlie ilemi-i:iid now ai:ain rides tbrlh. on the wiii^s of tiio wind, over the leiiLitli and breadth of the earth, till he has carefully observed tho characters and usa;ies of all the liillcicnt tribes of men ; then selectint: his location, ho enters one out to become a mother, and. in due time, makes his apiieaiaiice amoii'i; ii»eii. to fnllil tile my>terious p Ibr which the 'jmls i! esiiiiieil mm it IS iiroper. perhaps, here to >tati'. that when one of these wakaii-ineii dies, he retiir is to tho abode of his Liod, from whom Iw receives a new iiispiiation ; alter which he jiasses throuirh i' p'lieration. accordinn- to tho will of four incarnalioiis (lour is a sacred another incarnation, as beliire. and ser Ves ailo'ili the not Is. In t us manner they [lass tlin Tl ins the nuHlicine-nian nuinberi. and then return to ilieir ori'jiiiil nothingnes comes clotlied with power. ^'Wlial nxC iliiis 111- iiinhi nf il f '■ It would doubtless be impossible for the wiikan-man to substantiate his claims with an iiitolligent and eiilii;liteiieil people, but it is not even dilliciilt to do it aiiioin: such a people as tho Dakotahs. Ignorance is einpiialically the mother of credulity ; and no if IMlICIA FROM MYTIlOt-OdY AND T I", I- 1 (I F OX. (i.-,:>, ulisunlit\- is too tircitt to Itc luMitily iccimvimI hv ini iiiiiornn'L siiviiur. wlicii ])Voikis('i1 liy oiii' ol' iutrul cmmiii.u,', iiiul siu^li llic persons in (inr>tioii j:vncriilly uiv, wlio comliinc their talents lor tlie iK'nelit of tlic cral't. •• 'I'lic Mind siiviine ilnils liinisell' in ii woilil of niysterics, opprcsspil witli a conscious- in'ss tlial li protracted, il is atlribiiiei f th to th the [leople. l)y the mental illumination ot' the inikmi liivs, obt.iined b\' almost I ell'orts, tlie\- discover tlii' movements of an eiieiuv. supeihnmaii abstinence, watchings. am wherever he nia\' be ; of which fact no doubt remains, when the little baiidliil of warriors ire led to \ictorv b\' ill ese uiHl-nieli. At times, t: ie\- apiiear lo ra:-e le tempest ; to convi'ise w illi tl liL:bliiiii'.:s and the thunder, as w i tlu th f. ' sionii or c:iliii iiiiili.ir 11 itinl- ; n.-A INDICIA I'KOM MYTHOLO(iY AND IMlLHilON, 'i 1 mill if mil' di' lliciM liMppciis to he injiinMl or Uillcil liv tlu' ficclric lliiid, it only proves tiic tnilii ol' ill! lit' liiid siiid foiici'i'iiiiiii' the W'l/.'ini/dii, anil his own disolu'difnci' to tlicir niiHidiitcs, To sMtisly tlic ciMvinus ol' llic L'ods witliin tlicin, flicsc ]ior«oiis iV('(|iii'ntly. with irrcat (•cicinony. |iidilicly tciir oil' with their teetli (Mid eat the riiw and lileedinu' llesii of slain;lilered iininiiils, like slarvinir lioasts and liinU of prey; thns divdUiiiiL;- piirts ol' doLis. a lish entire, net exceptiim' hones and scales; and they even (pi.dl'etiiisideialile c|iiaiitities of huiiian iilood ! liytiie iierroniianci' of thousands of wonders smdi as ihosi- eninnerated. these jireteiiders triiiniphantly siihstaiitiate their claims to inspiration, and are lielieviMl to he " the u'reat powers of the pods;' and if some are looked u|)oii as impostors, this fact only sei'\es to enhaiiei^ tiie im|)ortaiu'e of those ssl'nl. I ill) not know an iiidis iiliial Dakotah who ,llO. ].: •iiiu' more era ft \. are siieei' does iii>t \ielil full eredeiiee lo the claims of some ol' these impostors; or if there are il must he attrilinted to the introdin'tion of Clirislianitv ii tew solitary exceptions iimom;- them. •• As a /)/■/» s/. with all th(> assurance of an eye-witness, the wakan-innn hours testimony for the iii\iMilies — reveals their characters and will — dictates chants and prayers — insiitiites dances, feasts, and sacrilicial rites — ileliiios sin and its opposite — imposes n|)on the people a system of superstition to suit his own caprices, with an air of authority which may not he resisted, and with a precision which it would he dillicult to exceed ; Jl s\stem so artful, so WH'll adapted to the condition of the Indian, that it weaves it:^ into e\cr\- act. is ei iiliodied ill each individual, and ensures ids most ol iscouious surrender to its demands. Sin consisis in any want of co!il()rmity to, or transj:ression of. the arhitrary rules prcscrilied hy the priest, or want of respect for iii,' person; and loliness coiiMsIs 1 II conliirmily to these rules, and well expressed respect for (he wakaii-ineii ; while the rewards and ]iiinisliments are of such a nature that they may iprecialeil liy tl le ;;ros>est sens ill the capacity of a ])riest, the inllucnce of tlu? Dakolali iiieilicine-men is so extensive and comiilete, that scar ce an i iidividual can hi I'ound in the nation who is not a servile n rioiiist. T/ii- irii/,'(iii-iii(iii ii'i II irarrinr. — Kverv Dakotah warrior looks to the wakan-nian a n as Host his only I'csotirce. From him he receixi's a spear and tomahawk, constriicU'il after the model furnished from the armory of the pods, and jiainted hy iiis|iirati coiitainiiiL; the spirit of the pods, and also those paints which serve as an aiinatui'e is reipiired to hecome a lor Ills iiiiiU'. 'I'll ohtaiii these tliiiiL's, the proud aiiplicaiit It to the /^/'//(/-(cr(/i(//, while the latter L''oes throuiili those painful and e.xhaiisti piil'oi'mance; .liicli necessary prepiiratory to the hestowmeiit of them; si icli as \apor-hatlis. I'astinps. chants, jira^-ers, v\:c. The implements of destruction hciiip thus consecrated, the pt-rson who is to receive them, wailinp most piteously, approaches the wai-pio|iliet and presents the pipe to him as to a pod; while in the attitude of piaxer, he 1,'iys his hands iipoii his sacred head, and jieiietrated with a sense of hi-- own iinpotency. Mihs out his reipiest ill siihstanee as liillows: 'Pity thou one who is poor and helpless — a woman ill adioii — and hestow on iiie the aliility to perli>rm niaiil\- INDICIA nioM M V 'I'll 1)1, OC V A N I> I! K [- Mi I <) X. r,;,-, ilfi'ils,' 'I'lic |)li)|ili('t tlirii |M('Si'iil.s (lie \vi';i(ii)n.-t ilc-iirt'd. ^i;l_villL^ *(lii limn. ti\ lln' swiii!^' ()(' tliis tosniiliiiwk iiiid llii' tlinist ol' this speiir. iiiul witness llic |iiiwit nf liic .ii'iiil to wiioiM tiicy licioni:-, init win'u in \ict(iry tlmu simlt return, lorLii'l iii)t to |ieiionii tiiy \ii\vs.' Kuril wiii'i'ioi' is re(|nii'e(l to paint iiiinsell' [\)v imttli in the siiine iniiniier thiit liis iirins have lieen piiinted In' the propliet ; iind may never |)iiiiit in tiie sninu iniiiiiRT at liny utliiM' time, except it may he in tiie perioniiiince of extraoi'diinii y rclijiioiis rites. In lliis miinner e\(i_v' yoiiipj,- inun is eiilistt'd for liH' into tiie service of tiie war-prophet. These weapons aie preserscd as sacieilly iiy llie |)al inlhlelice of the niedicine-im n. as a warrior. |ier\iicles the whole cominiinily. and il is hardly possihli' to ovei'-rstiinate it; it is. howexcr. \aslly wi'akeiieil li\ comiii'.;' ill contact with civili/ation and Christianity; and the iiU'dicini'-men tliemsel\-es seem to he wi'll aware of the fact, that tlie dissemination of knowledge ainuiig the [icoplo tends directlv to its deslrnction. ' riir iri(/,' lll-IIIHll !!■'< II ill II ■lur.— l. he capacity oi' a doctor, or iriijiiijii. ll e inlhlelice of the Dakolah iiiedicine-man has si'arcely any limits. Health is hardly more iii'cc»ary to the happiness of the Indian than the wakan-inan is for the preservation of health. It is helii'ved that they have in their hi dies animals Ciodsl. which liaM' lireal powers of suction, and which serve as snclion-pimips. >iicli as tic li/aid. hnll-fro;_:'. leech, loitolsi', carter-snake, v^c. Other puis conlir on tln'iii vocal powers, ami their rhanls ami p ravers are the {.lil'ts of inspiration, 'i'he iollowiiiL:. inserted here as a speciiiH'ii of the chants which are used hv these doctors, is evidently from the irukiiii/iiii uod ; and the manner of the person iisiiiii it is such as to impress all prt'seiit that lie is councioux that it expresses his own ahilitios. IMir AN. " ' Marpivii milii'Vii \vak;iiiy;iii awakinvi' Maka ciiKaya njaiijanwavi'. Talankailaii maka iialiaza wanki', Miyo wail iyaviH'wayr.' 1AN>I..VI Ion. I'lli-irrl'' till' licavrii-: 1 cnliL'l liai ihi' carlh t'l it-i tviiln I lie Imli' n\ 111-; >tniu'jiiii'.; nil ilic larlli [ lay luv arnnv tu llir .-lrirr.i.' Til.' MilV.Tiii- ].: llclll. S'v •Si I M; i 5;: ::l,:,fl ;*i ' 6i'>tJ INDICIA I'lloM M VTII<»l, IM; Kit! I ON. •• ir llic (li)('tiiis .lie Iniii; willniiit lH'ilclii'r. tlicv miIII r j;l(';it iliculivi'iiiriii'i' I'liMii tin' ri'sllo.-iicss ol'llic i;i'oin('tliiiiLi lik(! the followiiii;-. •Tlic uod told nir llial liaviiii^ tliis. I luiulit ii|i|>roa('ii even a ."-ki'lctoii and set it on its rci'l.' lie ircls down n|ioii his kiicis. anil apiilyiiij;' his iiioiith to tin' alU'fti'd part oftlir patinit. siu'ks with an cnri'Liy w iiirli woi.ld .'•ri'iii to he aliiio-t snpi'rliiiiiiaii ; tin' iioiinl-shi'll still rat lliii'/ violi'iil Iw In this iiiaiiiRT tin' >;od whicli is in llic doi'tor |)iiiiips the disease I'ldiii the snlli'i'er. Allci" siickiii'.: thus lor a considei'iilfle time, the doelor I'ises on his I'eet in apparent n'jony. ^I'oaiiin.u; so as to lie heard a mile if tiio atmosphere is still, striking' his sides, \\ rithini. and strikin;; tiie earth with his feet so as almost to make it tremlile. and linliliiiL;' a dish of water to his month, he iiioeecds with a sinii-soiii: linlililiii'^- to deposit in the dish that which li;is lu'eii di'.awii fiom the sick person. This laliMrions and disLiiistiiiLr operation is re|ieMted. with short intervaN. for hours. The operant is thus eiialiled iiol oiiKto i'i'lie\e the snlli rer. lint aKo tn discover the sin on aceonnt oi w hich he has lieeii alllieti'd. tl le s|iint III which he sees ri Isli into ihe liidi;!'. and \ Inlcll tl\' la\' hold lit' the niiliirinnaie sinner, as if he would rend him to atoms. '!" diieliir now niakes an im.eje n|' the oireiided animal whose eiiraiied spirit he s.iw, and e;inses it to he shot li\ three nr four iier.sons in ipiiek succession, when the LTod that is ill liim. leapiii'i out. falU ii|ion. not the im.i'je. luit the spirit of the .■ininial which the ima'je represents, and kills ii, Nnw the sick man licjins to convalesce, unless other olli'iided spirits appear to alllicl him. Sometimes the doctor is overcome hy these spirits and the ]iiilii'nt dies, unless one of jTreater wnkitii jiouers can lie olil.jiiiei' ; liir thi'vare ii'iihiiii to ilill'ereiit di';:i'ees. corresponding;' to the streni.^th ol' this iittr,liute as it exists ill the 'jmls liy whom the\' are respei'ti\ely iuspii-cd. It seems to he the i;eni ral impression that there are wakan-ineii who are aide to repel aii\' foe to health till the superior tiods order otherwise; hut it is diilicult to obtain their aid; liir if tlie\- are not jiniperly respected at all times, and well remmieiated for their services. the\' let the sulli'i'iTs pei'i-li without eNertiiiir their power to sa\e them; liniie:' their work deceiifiilly. it is also helieved that they can iiillict diseases as a puiiishinent lor sins CO minitted a'lainst theiiisehes, and that death is often the ellict of ll leir ii;i/,;i/i ]iower. When they thus kill a person, they cut oil' the tip of his toiijiiie and l.resei\e it as a memento of the fact. The people stand in i^reat feai' of these medicine-men, and when sick will Lri\e all they possess, and all ticy can olitain on civdit. to secure their .services; and will often tiive a horse liir ii siiiirh; [lerfuniiaiice. INDICIA FI!(iM MYTIInhdCY AND » K I, i (i I ON. (!:." 'riii\ nil' iilwMVs trciilfd witli tile iii'('ii1('.-il i'i'.«|ii'('t. mill tit'ii('riill\ riirnisln'il witli ilii> liot i>r i'vcr\ lliiiiii ; iiiiii it' tlu'fc me iin|i(isti)rs. ijiis liict tiirii-i (Icciili'ijls to tlii' iiiU iUiliiLfc nf tliiiM' who ;iri' Iji'iii'M'ij Id li 'I'liiTi' iii'c IViiiii |i\(' III l\\ciit\-li\(' (if llii'si' iiii'ii mill wiMiii'li al rarli nl' tlir \ilhiLivs. imist ot wliniii liasr il lilil' i'lpiitatinii nil il coiiMiliTiibli' i'iii|iliiviiiriit : anil tlial. iml witliHtiniiliiii: llit'sc Iiiilitiiis a II ■ IHIW ic |ii'l'snll.' wIlii i|ii nut rnijiliiN' llll'Ul I'cct'ivin.u; so inndi aid iVoni iiriMins ol mir own |n'ii|ili' wlio lollow tlic iiR'iliriil Ijrol'c.-i.siiin. I do not hilii'M' tiiat an indiv idnal Dakotali ran \ \\\\^ \':\\\\\ lias lieen ilotioyed hy the inlrodiielioii aniollL' tliein ol" seienee and Christianity; and. e\i'n at llii»i day. I as ('•///•/(// jii'jiilers, are \ery i'l'w inderd, ■•Thus the hakotah wakan-ineii, in their \arions (';i|i;u'ities, exert an intlneiice whieli llows lioni the centre to the cireinnlerenee ol' hakolah soeietv — an intliience wiiieh is dce|ily lelt liycMi'y indi \ iiliial ol' tiie trilie. and controls all their alVairs, c\ee|it as it lias heeii pai'tially iiilen-n|iii'il hy coniiii'j' in contact with civilization mul Cliristiaiiit\' ; and. for reason- ti lo oliNimis to need to he iiii ntiniied. tliew as ii class. ■oinhilie their inlinelice III olipOM' the iiitrodnctioii III' knowleiliie 'j-eiieralh', and reiiLiions Kiio Wleih. e in jiai tielll; ir. aiiioii'j' their pi' lie. As wakmi-ineii. each in ])articnlar. and all toLrether. are not onl_\ nt a decided iinil dm'oiirinu' curst! to their nation, on whose ncci<. mentally ami morally, they Inuc tirndy planted the iron lieel of j)riestly despotism : and. until they are put down hy thi' miiihty operations of the Divine S|iiril. throni^h the word of Christ, they will elleetiially hallle any clliirl to elexate and ci\ili/.e the Dakotahs. " ' In these sn|ierstitioiis of the Dakotahs. there is iinicli to remind the historical student of the wild and incoherent theories oiiee eoinnion anionu' the oriuliial tropical trihes of northern Mexieo, To that ipiarter of the continent some nf the northern traditions point, as the p Iheir from the tropics, as we are led to infer from climatic alllnilies. thi'ir ancestors hroii^ht the /ea mai/r .iid the tohaeco plant. It would appeal' that the \ esperic trihes made less use ol' llie tin ory of demi-'iods. impersoiiiitioiis. dryads, or woud-da'mons. and stellar ma'jie. than ilid the trihes who residcil on the eonfnies. and in the heart of Mexico; and we should incline to thi- helief. did wi' not perceive in the le^ieiids and lodiie storit's of the iu)rlhern trihes. which are I'reipieiitly ndatiil as creations of ima'/ination. that demiuods. giants, wiz/.ards. aiul spirit-craft, in all ils wildiiess. eon>tituted a prominent part of the poetic machinerv of their legendary lore.-' \'..l. IV.. p. 111-'. Villi' .M'jic K.'si'iiri'hos ; mIs.i, Tin' M.vlli nl' lllMWiithii : l'liil;i.lrl|iliiii, J,ii.|iini-ntl ,lc ('■ Vol.. \'I. — s;' tl.")8 I Nil I CIA ri!(»M MVTII(»I.(h;V A N I> I! C I. 1 (i I(» V, (11 \ I'TKK I I I AI,<;!i\<)riN M VTIhtl.nd V \Mi S I' I'M li S Tl T [O.N'i ¥ ifir?.. ■I i i^ M' 'rcinin\t'\ •^iiiiii' idcM (il till' tii\ lliold'jv. Iii'liif.^. aiiil sii|H'rstitiniiM nj' |||i> Alioiii iiiii-i. il i- iK'ci'ssiifv Id ri'iiiiirk. lliiit llii'v l.iiiil Ihtc i«i ;i viniip- |M>iM( <>{' ;iiimIi>j\ Im'Iwccii lllrlil ami tlir aiirii'llt idol \MM--l|i|i|MT>l cnlli'cisr |||m lilii\i'l-c lo lie iijiccj with ill\iM'ilc' .-|iirit<. This >|iiiit-lirc thr iiiiliaiis liclic\i. Ihmis lln' sainr ivlatiim In iiiMllcr llial tin' >"iil iliM's Im (Im. Ih»|\. 'I'll.' Al-niK|iiIiis iv-anl s|iiiMliial iiiatlcr ai iiiliniii.siinal. ami li'lii'M' a sdiil alike |ii'r\aiii< all aninialc cri'atidii. |||i< linili //'■ Y /<■//( /■( llml I n ri/ iiiiiiiiiil liiis II .^i,iil ; ami llii' ii 1. a-i wi'il a-; till- liiiiiian. rcc>:sai'\- cdiiscMiurMcc IS, as lilli;lll ■NpiM'tc'l. lid ili-liiii'lidii i< iiia'ld li\' llic'iii li.'lwci'ii llic iiii|.iil-.rs dl' iii«|iiict and the |id\\ ris df rca^dii, I' MTV aiimial i> sii|.]id dl' liini-. lica^N. ivdiilcs. in-rcl--. as wril as dj' v\rv\ oIIiit class of ilii' liriil.' nvaiidii. aiv ijr.aifil td In- ilid it-hIi. \\,,\ ,,1' iii.'iv iiislinci ii'M\i' aiiiinal iiiidiils,. ii|ilaiilc'd and limilccl l,\ I li.' Cival .r. uillidiit iidwrr to rvcccd di- ciiImil:!' tlicni. I. lit dl' a |ir -s dl' ralidriiialidii. Ai irdiii'.: Id ilicir II a I I'Mi' rcasdiis as \\( '!' H'\' i\d|| 'zn a ■ti'|) laillicr. and liclirxc tjiat animals, nart lrl||ai'l\- hirds. can scd intd. and an' I'ainili.ir with. I'litiirilv. and with ll II' va-t dpi'iatidiis ind'jrcsMn.;- in tin' arcana hirds. IIS ii'jcnt dl S llllll lal lilc. linicc ll Id LTIVat I t th csiiCCt tlll'\ s dl diiicn ; ai;( I aNd t d sciinc niiailnincds w li< ISC SI, Ills tlic\ ( th |ia\ Id •.\|li'Ct tl cncdiiiitcr in aiidlhiT wdild. .\a\ . it is a settled I.elicI' aiiidiii.;' the nmlliern Indians, that animals will laiv hett. r in anmher sphere, in the jnvciM. nuii. that iheir lives and ■n/|ii\llients have heeii cllll liji'd ill this Wiirld. llelcill will Ti'iivcd wliat we slial i|' llie sal !! i; i, |i; M > N , t;,v.) lire iill iiiiiiniili' nl>ji'i Is I'i'iiMriii'il ii> iinlnwi'il wiiji llic |>ii\vi'rH III' >|iirilH, lull, :m tin* liin'.'iiiiuv |ii'ii\ iili's iiilli'i'liiiiis of it.s wiii'iIh, IIii'iiii'.'Ii lilt' ii^i< ol' wliii'li III! iniiiiiiiial<> (iliiccls iniiy. liy uniiiiiiiiiticiil triui^rmiiiiiliimi. lie inM^li'ij wiili .-ii|i|iii>ililioiis lit'., liic W ll'ilc ililUlillllllc I'lcaliiill I'ullH's lllliji'l' llir rilji' ; ilirlllilillL;. lis |irii||ill|c|ll ll'Ji'tll.s, ||i<> >'lll.'-s III' ni'l iill lllllii^, lllisl;., rliiiiil.i. iiliil I \li;il;il iM||> ; ||ii' I'll \ - ill lln' Mill llll'i llliinn, lili' lii;lll 111' till tal>. Illlil nil I'jri'llii' |i||i'liulllrllil. 'I'll IIiim' Iilll>t In- Ml|irl;iilili il tlli- r ri'i'iiliiins nf il Irrtili' ilii:i'_Mli:iti<>ll. ill imlrr \,< riini|ilrlirllil lln* liillll i|>liril V mill \ ai iri \ of nliirrl,- riiiii|ii i-i '1 ill ill.' Imlian Mi\ I Imlii'jv . 'I'Im- i'la->ilii'!iliiin nl' >i|li- nl'ililialc >|iilil^ ihin •jiHiil ami Imi|. is li lual kalilv MluUr. ami Jl- \ ai iiUl- a.* llir IiiiihI.s III' illliiv iilllilis ; liir. till' saini' nliirrt V^liicli mn' iIitIih In lie |i|M|,i|ii)il>. llllnllirr will Clill^iilrr liamrill. 'I'Ik' inlrillinn nl' ihr Ih'IMHI Ii\ wii'Mii iImm' iiKii'i'Is all' \Mil'>lli|i{>iil, ur insuki'il, lirii ihr iiiii\ nili' nl' i'las>ilii'alii>ii, liail nirii iiimai'^ lliriii. wlin rnlinw i)i)lli' 'ii I in ii'j' a iariii' riri'li' iiiiilrr ilirir iiilliii'i Wf li nil. i'lMiii till' riiiill'-Miiii^ of fiiiisi'ii,' (hat till' liii'iirv 111' til'- ait |irai'li-riMp\ llii->'' iniii ti arhr^. | luil ilii- r\ii ^llil'it iiii, .lis i-iii'i' . 'II \vli.ri-\ i-r iilijri't is asMiiiiril as a pi'i -niial iiiaiiiln. ami in I'lmirs, as III' ill-lilli'l 1\ air lici'il In ll-. /A. u nim, ill diJ .-.i.hI i\\' \\\:\\ njiircl. Il nilllil liarill\ In' t'oiii'i'iN 111 llial i.-r iili .. Ill' a niii\ir-il .-|iinl nuilil In' rai I'li'il In a Linairr i'\ Iri'iin' nf liitilmr 'i iiisiii mill sciisi! \ ; \,.|. il iiiav 111' aski'il. wiiat iiiniv liciii'^ii ri--iiii rniild liiiN I' I ■ I'll 1 'I I I'll. Ill' ran imw Im- aiil : i n ilnl. finui an i jiinrani aiiii|, 111 I I 111' walrrs. I III- Iniir rarilnial iminls ar.- jii'isniiilii'il. ami t im wiinls Irniii i-arli n| | I Till' Wi'sl. ,■ illr.l /\'.(// " nil. IS iTjaiiliil linilll- .111' I'ai-ll assl'.;lli'.| I ill-lllirl l\ r ■j.'Srriiliii'll a- tlh nfli'-t. mill la-l. iinrlli. ami - illi arc i mi-iiliT.'il in In' his sons K-, n inaiii. u li > inranlinllsK rVpnsril hiTSi'lf to tlh- \M--! vvillil. ////'<■ is llir ^nil of till' lliarvi'lf ill-. ami In liiiii is vc'li'i'i'i-il till' iiatrniily nf iiiaiiy most i'\rra\'a'^;mt tal.'s I'liiicriiiiirj' Inic i aiiil ilnim-slir ail\ riil 111 rs. h'lr.i'.i,,,/, a rniiiili'r|iai'l nl >:ui;>.in. iiilillnl aii'l liiii'Ii-il liniii liiin a liilLli' mass nl rnck. siirh as llm ('\i'lnii~ ra -t al .Mi'lll I 11'.'/"/. I il'sli'i']i. is ri'|iii'si'iiii- I In Iia\r iininrriiiis siuaU iiiii--arii's al /. III! >iiiiiia;iil. I|i> } 1 4l' N.w \.\k •ni.'..l.i.;i.;il !:.\i.-H-. 6()0 INUICIA FROM .M VTIlOf.OCi V AND ItKLKIIOX. S , i. roiuiiuls us of l\)|H''.s fiVMtiiiii of i;iioiiios. wicldiiiL;- ;i tiny cluli, win) claiiilii'r upon tlir forelu'iids of iii(livi(lu;ils niiil oiidwl tliciii to slcop. Duitinh- pcrsoiiirics death. It would !)(' Oiisy to extend this eiiunieralioM of personages; lint thosi' named will serve to indieate the eharaeterof tiiis (da>s of siijiposilitious lieinjis. who eonstjtnte the I'aniiliar jiersonificatioiis of eouveisalion. There is no eharacter of saeredness attached to theui, nor are they worshiiipcil in any manner. Dreams they consider to he a metlinm of direct cominnuieation with the spiritual world; aiul hence the iireat inlluenee which they exert o\cr tiie Indian mind. They are considered as henelicent liidic;itions made to llieui hy iheii' personal udds. An entire army will n'trace its steps if tiie dreams of the olUcialinu; priest are md'avorahli'. To ,^ive a character of Lireater solenuiity to his ollice. the carved or stnlU'd iniajres of iiniinals. charms, and jjones, constitntinu' the sucni/ riH(jnir. are placed in a sack, and never exhihiled to the eonunon liaze, except under the most imperative ciremn- stances. To |)rol'ane the nudicine-sack woidd he like xiolatinu' the alt:ir. Dreams are ohjeets of solicitude to every Iiniiau youth, who assiduoii^h' soks lo produce ihi'm hy liistinu'. These fasts are soiui'limes contiinied a jii'cat nuiulier of da\s. until the devotee Ix'coines pale and emaciated. 'I'hose animals, the imaii'es of which impress themselves on the mind of the dreamer, are assnme(l as personal spirits, and ar(' ever after rej:arde(l as iiuanliaus. This ceremony of faslini.;' ami dreamin'r is deemed as essential hy thi'iu. as tlu> ohservance of any reliLiious rile whatexer would he hv Christians. The naminii- of children has an intimate <'onnection with this supposed niylholojiical ajrency. Names are usually liestowi'd hy some aired person, a I'elative or not. who acts under the presumed unidance of his iinoi'iuL;' s[)irit or spiiits. Names are commoidN' i;eriv(!d from aerial plH'noniena. or from the classes of animate creation, l/ittle Thunder. i3i-ight Sky. Hi:.;- Cloud. Spot in the Sk\. Spirit Skx.are connnon appellations. The names thus hcstowed with ceremony in childhood Mr(> deemed sacred, ami are stddom pronounced, from an apparcmt helief that it woidd h(> dis[)leasinj;' to the spirits uni'ini'd therelor. when there is usually a family feast, is seldom or never uttered hy the parents, who content thems(dv(^s hy sayintr •• m\' son." •• iri\' elder or youuLier son." or •• my (dder or yomeicr dauLihtei'." for which the laii!:uaue has separate words. ^Vhell an imlividual is asked his name he is reluctant to mention it ; a fact noticed hy all writers. It' piissed. his re;d name is stated hy some third person; or. if he atti'Uijjts compliance hims.'If. he connnonlv L:i\es his ■^mi/iri'/ii' /, The Indian •" art ol mystery." apjilied lo hinitiii'j:. is a tissin' of lu'croiiiantic rcdiam'i's. Hi XDICIA KI!(».M MVTIIO 1,0(1 V \ \ |) If K L I (i I O X , M\ 'iMic iii'ixiiiiil sjiirits ;in' imnkcil In |ir(i:iici|i' siicfi"is In llic cIimsc. 'I'licir iiii;ii;('-< iiro I'l'ifii o;ir\<'(l in wooil. (ir diiiwii. li\ tlic nictai'-, (in ImIiuIiu' niiTcs oI' woinl ; and tin' nn-lii' iniMiicnics, II >iilii'(l to tlu'sc ini;ii:rs. or I ii:iiri's. iU'c supiioM'i 1 to oiii'iiilc in sncli iniii 111 tlic iiiiiinal !<(inuiit lor, that In' \dlinitaril\ enters tin- imnli'i's iiatli. When tl animal has been killeii. the Indian I'eels that. altiioiiL:'!) il is an aiitl loi'l/ed an( I iawlul |)fey. U't there is soiuelhinu; like acconntahility. not to (!oi|. lint !o tlie aiiiinal's soiil, All [ndian lias hoeii known to a.-!\ the [lardon ol' an animal he has just killed in tin •hase. 1) finiimnri'. sli ilkinir the ratt le, and d incniLT. are the eonniion aecomiianimenl^ of all their su|ierstili(Uis ohservanees, and are not jieiadiar lo one kind alone. In the walicnii daiiei', whiidi is esteemeil hy tin.' Indians the most lalitiidinarian. Ime-sonus iU'o introduced. TIk! .system of inanelo-wcnship is Tiiai'ki'd hy another ]H'euliarii \', which has an iiitiinatc! heariiiii' on Indian histofy. as ilhisti'ativc of character. hm'iiiL;' the ra>t, and dances, hy which a warrior i>fe|iares him^elt' lor acti\e |)artici|iatinii in ceremoino.- the toils and dnt les ol war. e\ i'i'\ thiiiL'' that savors of el[einniac\ is discarded. 'I'h spirits which preside o\ei' Inavery and war are alone lelied on. and these are supposed to bo oll'ended, if the votaries pay atlcnlioii to ohjet'ts less stern and manly than themsidves. It wonld be considered a complete (l.'-eeralion if a warrior, while en'j;ejv(| in war. wonld prof>< any othei- than I'lalenic Ionc iiir an individnal of the oppo-ii,' sc\. \\i' think this princi|iie lias not been (lid\ olimaled. in the Lieiieral award of praise whicdi history bestows on the cha.-lily o|' Indian warriors. It is not alone piiritvof thom;ht.or an innate phlen-matic temperaniiMil. which lias caused him to pnisiie a course of honorable resp.'Ci lu linnale character; bnt lie has also fdt a fai' of olleiidim;- hi.--wailike nianelos. and of excitimr the ridii ,ilc ol' lii< (oinpanion". \\"e lid record the fact in iiis favor, and award him as fnll woi alreailN Uoniv a meed o I praise as has lieell 'I'lie mental traits of the Indians conslitnte ;i topic which \ve do not intend lo discuss; but it mnst be inanifesi that some of the I'lmdament.il pccnliarilies of their intidlectnal or'jani/.alion iire d.'\eloped by their system of mytludoLiy. and snpcrslilioiis observances. War. pnblic poliey. hnntiiiL;-. sti'em;lh. coiiraii'e, ab-tinence. and endniaiire inider selU'iim;'. form the principal topics of t!;i'ir oratorical efiiirt-i. 'I'lie-^e are dci'ined the appri>priate themes ol' men aim warriois. lint ther<' is al-o a domestic iheaire f >r iniellectiial displax'. where the Indian mind imbeiids itr the rvthin of a senlene.>. and a deli'^ht in roimdim;' oil' a period : the laicMiaje altiirds s.;reat facilities for this pnrp'i>e. by its loie.:' and stately words, and miiililbrni inlleetions. A current of l!ioii;:ht. a lofty st\le. is obseiwable in their pnblic speakin;^-. which is not if ! m 062 INDICIA KllOM iMYTllOl-lx; Y AND UKl,l(iION. I u 1 1 n t iiilic, and collect aii llieir tloatiiii: lahles and tales, in tiie i'eiu'ai>al ol'tiiest'. Iransliirniations arc l'ie(|iieiitly relied upon as the groundwork of tlie I'alile; and some of tliem ai'e as accurately adapted to the oliject of aiiinseiiienl. or iiistniciioii, as if ()\id hiiiisell' ha. retain places in Indian astronomy. It is a eoincideiice. worthy of note, that Trsa .M liur IS ciilh d li\ ihi'iii llie MiMT. 'I'he carlli is also a rriiitfiil theatre ol' transroniiations. .V siidl. Uiicj- on the si loro. was ( 'liaiiL;-ed into the raccoon ; the ])rescnt name of which aniinil. '(/s-A////. siiinilie-; shell, with the inll -etion indicating:' the ])a^t tense; for it is one feaiiiie ill I'omiiioii. ill all ajes. and wilh e\er\ nation. 'I'o be at tin.' same lime a i|e;epj.M 1 and iiia'.jiciaii. wa-; eoiisisteiil with liid laii nliM.- 'I'he iiitelleetnal creations (d' the iiuiiaiis admit of the aj^ency of uiants and fairies. Their Liiaiils. ter;in'd iri' ,,-(/i i,,.<, wiTr .;eiierally eaiiiiilials. who devoured men. women, aii'l children, 'i'heir fairie> comprise Iwo cla^se<. into which they are divided accordiiii:: a~ the lecatiMii of their h, Hints is either on the land, or in tiie water. Tiie favorite ICsHiellCe ( if their land fairies is the vieinitv of piomoiiloii<'s aial w ater-laiis. and in solemn iiroves. IJesides furnisliiiii;' a habitation fir its appropriate class of fairies, tht water i^ supposed to be the residem'e of an animal (ailed niluni-inilm . which ha.- il^ c.xinlerpart. except as to sex. in the nierinaid. The Imliaii word indicales a male (Ihosts are t le do not admit of it. Kiiondi lias hoon stated rci^ardiiitr thorn to indicate tlieir olaims on the honevojent and liiuii-minded classes of the coinmnnitv. Wo will not sav tlie.se claims press exclusively on the .Vmerican chin-ches. as the trihes are ohjecl^ of their streniions el1i>rts: .'dthondi we may. in tlie sri|nel. advert to some considerations winch should have ^^reat weidit with them, in view of their responsihilitics f(f the heathen trihes of our own land as distim:iiished from those of thi> Asiatie continent. ill H' i I ,if 664 INDICIA Fl'iOM .MYTIl()t.()(i Y AND HKI.KIION CUAPTKI! I V INDIAN TlIEOIiY OI' THE ACTION OF THE :\nND 13URTXG SLEET. >f Dkkams exert I tiKire iii:ii'k<'il inlineiice on tlie reliLiicjiis fi|iiiii()t IS iiiid nets of tlio ]ii'ii;ins tliiui iiiiy other o|ier;ilini;' caii^^e. 'I'wo tenns are used to e.\|ii'e to tlial |iaiiovaiiiii of sensations jiresenteil to the ni"iital vision diii'inj: sleep. The (I/ihivk^ ;is eontradistiii;ziiished tVoni IIS. IS ii \isioii. or saiM'cM (ii'eani 1 dr 11 Dreams heiii'i' Lreneridly reuarded us reV(datioiis. are soirjht to he jiroeureil liy alisti- iienee and fasts. Aiiioiil;' excry class tlie\' ave anxiously eoiii'teil, and are ex|ilaiiM'il hy the iiiedas and jossakeeds. wise men. who I'oiislitiite. in Indian soeiely. the li'arne(l class. Youth and atre alike ])ay respectful deference to these nocturnal waniiiiL;-^: and. when the male youth attain the aL:'e ol" |uil)erty. rexelatioiis ot' t!iis kiml are souiiht, with much soliciiiide. and tlu'ir ad\t'iit promoted hy riLiorous fasts. .\s at this time a guardian spirit must lie chosen for life, these llists are continued I'or several clays; no nourishment at all heiiiL;" taken. \vi',!i the exception ofwati'r; and. as the fast constitutes a ]ieriod of ceremonial and r(dii:ious trial. tli<' parents of the youth do ex'erythinu: in their pow(>r to encouraL:'!' him to peiseverance I'lider l! le operation of these cause; some oliject in aniinale nature is iisuall\ jireseiited to the imaiiination in an iinitimr mauner. 'i'his animal is adopted as the guardian or personal inaiieto of the individual durinu' life. This spirit is not. lK)W(>ver. the Inditin's /iifim.nv s_\nitiol of the fmiily lie. or clanship (which is also ^eiii'rally the liiiure ol' soiin' hiril or animal), hut I'xclu- si\ely a ])er-onal inaneto. '\'\u\/'/)i is a I! host or apparition, and the mind is called iu'iindinii. ( HhIi'iiIkiiki is the soul, or seinhlance of tlu' hnmaii frame or or^ani/.:ition. after its dissolution. 'I'lie three terms are. therel'ore. not convertihle, or synonymous. Uut the action of the soul is inseparahle from the o|nMatioii of dreams. It is an opinion of (he Iinlians — 1 know not how unix'crsal — that there are diiplica(«' soiiN. one of whi(di remains with the hody. whijo the other is free tc dep.art on excursions duiin;^' sleep. After the death of the body, the ■ Ml;.: • ^ f I r ;; I ^ 1 1 i M I u 1 1 I II »(d6 INDICIA riM)M MYTIM»l,0(iY A M» KMJ.M.ION. CIIAPTKR V. IROQUOrS COSMOGONY. TllK inti'rpivtiitioii of an lioiiiiois ti'iiditioii rciiuircs ii liiciit (IclM'ci' of ciiutioii. tlion' Ix'iiiL' iilways sniiictliiiit; ckmci'iiIciI liy inctaplior. i>r to \n' cxpliiiiii'cl hy mI'Ici' iiivi'stijra- tioii. The intMitiil ivscrsatioiis of iIm' liiili.iii iirr niiiiitM'oiis. iiiiil his (•oiniiuiiiiciitioiis always clotlitMl in liLiiMiitixi' lini_'iia'ii'. Still irrcatcr circninsiM'ction is rcfiiiisiti wlicro tilt' object ol' rcsciiicii is conrosfiily inyllioloiriciil. or rclntcs to mysterious a;;i'n('i('s. Siilijoincd. is !i coin of a written ni\tiiolo;^y of tlie Six Nations, from the pen of the lati' .laines I)imii. Ks(|.. of ( )iieiiia county. New Yorli. Mr, Dean had. from the |ierioil of his Inyhooil. passed liis lifi' amouir tin' Oneidas. spoi. Tiie forests were full of L'ame. the lakis and streams swarmed with tlsh and fowl. whili' till' ( artii and liidds spontaneously proiluced ii profusion of veuctalili's for the use of man. An nnclomied sini enli\ened their days, and storms and tempests were inikiiown in that liapp\- reijion. ••Tlie iiihal'itant-< wi'i'e straii;j'ers to death, and its harhiiiLiers. pain and disease; whili' their minds, freed IV .m the corrodinir passions of jealousy, liatred. malice, and roveiiLre. were perfertjy happy. '•At leii'jth. Iio\ve\-er. an e\-eiit occiirreil which interrn])ted their tranipiillitw and introdueed c'lre and anxi''ty. till then unknown. .\ certain yoiniir man. of liiLdi position, was ohseiAed to witlidi'.'iw liimsejt' from the cifcle of their soci;d amusements. Tic Solitary re(.sses of tiie ^ro\e liecanie his favorite walks; care and chajrrin weredepietcd INhlClA lIlo.M \l V'l' llul.iM, V AND It K M N . (it. ill lll.>< rdillllc'IIMIIi'l' ; ail'l lli> li'iilv. IVdIII lii||.r ali^linriiiT. |iiv,-r|||i'il (ii the view (if 111- fi'ii'iiiU till' iii'ii' ;l. all wci'i' ready, ami llic fatal lice was lakiii u|i liy lln' lunts. in dniiin' whiidi the iMilli was iici loi'ati'il. and a |ias>a'j;i' oiicncd to llir alp\s liclnw. he roll!' was j)lasec| around; whiii.on ii sudden, to tlh ir hoiidi' and astoinsliinent. lie Hci/.ed n|iiiii the woinaii. tlan eneienl<'. and |ireci|iilaled her headlnUL;' into the darkness bidow ; llieii. rising t'roiii the ground, hi' inliirmed the M>.«einl)ly that he had li)r some time sus|icctcil the chastity of his wile, ami that ha\im; now dis|iosci| ol' the cause of liis mental sulleriiiv', he should soon reiMjver ids usual health and vivacity. All the birds and ani|iliiliioiis animals which now iiihaliit llie earth, tlan oci'Uhied the waliMA' wa ste, to whi(di the woman in h •r fall was lia.'-teninLr. "The loon llrst discdveied her comiii;:'. ami called a council to ia'e|iare for her reception. ()hser\in'i that the animal which a|i|iroa(die(l was a human hein:!. they knew that earth was iiidi«iieiisali|y iiices-ary lor her accommodation. 'I'lie lli'st sulijecl ol' dclili''rati sliviijtli. instantly the other animals '.'allieivd around, ami Heated theinseUes on his hack; hut the he:ir, unahli' In snjiiiort the wei'..:lil. sunk lieiieatii the suil'ace of tiie water, and was jiid'^ed by the whole usscmhly unei|ual to tlie task of su|i|iortini: her. and her |acre(|iiisite. the earth. Se\cral others in succession jircscnted tlieinseUis as c indidates liir the honor, and with si milar ill-success, r.ast all, the tiirtk' modestly aihanced. tenderiii'.:- Ids broad shell as tiie basis of the eartii. now alioiit to be formed, 'i'he beasts then made trial of its streiiirtii to bear weiiiiit, iind tindiiiLr their uniterl ]iressure nnabli' to sink the turtle below the siiiface. udiiidired to him the Iionor of sniiportiiiL'' tin' world. A liiundation beim:' thus providiMl. the ne.\t subject ol' deliberation was. Iiow to iiroci ire earth. it was concliideil that it must obtained from the bottom of the .s<'a. SeM'ial of the most e.\|iert divers went in (|iiest of it ; and unilbrmly. when tlii'y I'ose to the surface of the water, tliey were dead, 'i'he mink at length took the diniL'crous ]iluni:e. and. after ii loiii^ absence, his carcass lloated to the surface. 15y a critii'al examination, a >inall (|iiantity of earth was discovered in )l' bis (daws, which he liad scratched from tin' bottom. 'I'liis bciim- carcl iillv prcserMii. w as placed on the biu'k of the turtle. In the meantime, the woman con tiiiiU'd fallinu. and at length alii;lited on the back of the turtle. The earth had ilrciuK '.irowii to the si/e of a n lan's f(jot. when she stood with one Hiot CO \<' rill'.:- tie Jtiier. Hhortlv after she bad i-ooin for Ixith feet, ami was soon able to sit down. T }tli !■ iJM I'; 111' 11 ( ii (illX IMMfl ,\ M)M M V'l'll<>l,(»<; V AND IM; 1,1(1 l(»N. t'lHili citiitliiiK'd III I'spui'.i, ;iiiil xiiiiii rnriiii'd a Miiiill i^laiiil. xUii'li'il witli w illiiw, mill iitlici' iii|iiiilii' |>liiiitH mill Fr\ , mid iit li'iiutlt it rttrctclicd iiiit into a vvidciy- «'\tfiidid |iliiiii. iiit»Tf<|irrM'd witli rivcin and fhortest route, iiy hreak- iiii:' throuL'ti the walls ol' his pri on : in eU'eetini; whieh he eonst'ipienlly destroved his mother, thus jiiviiei the tirst evidence of his inali,L'nant disposition. 'I"he j^randniother. enraged at her dauiihter's death, resolved to destroy the children, and, takinj: them in her arms, threw them hotli into the sea. .Scarcely had she reached lier wi^'wain, when the children appeared at the tjooi'. The e\periiiient of drowniiiir them was several times repeated, hut in vain. •• Diseourau'cd hy her ill sucee.s-<, she determined to let them live. Then, dividiii;.; the corpse of her daughter into two ])arts. she threw them upwards towards the hciivuiiH, when tlie upper |)art hecaine the sun and the lower part the moon, which is the rea.sin why the latter has always presented the foi'in ol" the human face. 'I'lieii liejran the succession of day and nijrht in our world. The children speedily hecaim? men. and expert arcliers. The elder, whose name, in Oneida, was T/iini-irl.'./,'-ii-l(ni (a term expressive of the itreatest deu'ree of inaliLTnity and cruelty), had the arrow of the turll'- pointed with Hint, and kiliinl with it the larL'est i)easts of the forest. The youm;er, whose name, in the same dialect, was 'l}ni-/iiii-ii/ii/-ini-u' HIT. Tlir.T air tiU' y^inboIiiMl (iriru'lplis cit' (Imjil umi Kvil. INIiMI\ KIluM MVTI|n|,(M;V \ N D i: |; I, | (j I (» N, •;(!!> prrtlllt till' V'liiii.'iT liliillli'l, wll(i«i' lirrnw WHN imt Mllllcirllllv iMiwrll'lll In licflliiN' iiii\ tliiii'j Itiil liii'iU. to hliiii'i' in their iiliiiiiilinii'i'. Ah ||ii-< mhiu'J' imiim uiih mii' iI;i\ wiiiiiliTiii'^ iiliiii;,' llic uliori', 111' sinv ii Mi'il, pi'ii'linl ii|iiiii n Ihhi'jIi iniiji'iliiiL' hmt iIh' \Mitii. ||r aiii'iiiiili'il lu kill il ; lull hi- iiniiw. (ill iIimI liiiii' immiii'.'. Ilrw w iiii' uj' iIm- s\\ llllllllll'..' Ill till' |il:i( III th lllill'k Mini ^:llll\ ill llir Ni'it. II'' ili'li'l'lllilU'il III I'ri'iiM'i' i| ; ninl. A\hi'ri' it t'i'li, |iliint!i'i| III the liiittoiii. Ili'ir, tu hi!> iisluiii^liiMriit. Ill' rmiiiil hiiiiM'H' in a -\i\a\\ riitlii'jc, A vcni'i'iilili' nM niMii, wlm \\;i«i silliiii; in it. i i\i'i| him 'villi n ^taiir<'.i \\ liifli liii\i' i'ii|is|iiiii| III hiiii'j' ytii hithi'l'. I|i|v i.« \oiii' iill'i'U'. :niii Im'I'i' i> iin I'ln' III' nii'ii, w liii'li \iiiiuill liinl |ili'u.-<,'int ami w hiil'-iinir limil. I Imvi' ilchcil th" imkimlnr-s linth ul" vniii' '.-lainlninihrr and vunr hiotln'r. W Mil' III' IIM'.S. till' rarlh fan ni'\rr he |ii'ii|ili'ii ; \iiii nni-t. thrivrnri'. tnkr his lil'i'. When smi I'l'linn hiMiii'. Mill nnisl tiiivi'i'sc till' wlhili' i aith ; nilii'i'l all tin' llinl-slnnr-i iiiln hraps which Mill liml. ami hiiiv;; np all ihr hiiiks'-hoin.'*. 'I'ln'si' arr tin' only things of whii'h Mmr liii'thrr is al'iaiil. or wliirh ran inakr any iinpi'i'ssiiui n|iiin his IhhIv. which is made nl' llinl. 'I'licN will riinii-h \uii with wi'(i|iinis. always at hand. whi'ii'M'i' lir ma\ diivil liis ciiiM'.sf.' Ila\iii'/ iri'ri\ril thc^c and iilhcr iiisiiiii'iiniis iViiin his liithcr. Iii' iTlnriii'd til ihc wiirlil. and hcjaii ininii'dialcU In iilirx his I'alhi'i's diivction- T\ 11- iii'iii'j ilmii'. till' clili'i' at li'iiLilli ii'sii|\(il iiM a hiinlim: cxciiisiiin. ''n tlicii' way tn thi- Inintiii'j:- iii'ciimd. Ill' iiii|iiiri'd iiI'iIm' yiuni'.M'r what wi'i'c the ulijccts nl'liis nicatcst axcrsion. Ih' iniiinni'd him ilaNclx) that thrrr was nnthin;: sn tcnilic to him as IhTi'li-linuolis and liiilriishcs. and iiii|niri'd in turn ul T linii-iri.^h'-ii-liin what he must dreaded ; lie answeied. niitliiiij:' so much as llint-stoncs and hiicks'-hofns, and that nnlhiiii; else conld injnre him ; and that lately he had lieen much annoyed liy them wIu'Ivvit he went. Ilav iiii;' arrived at their place of destination, the elder went in ipii'st oI'L'ame. leiiviiiL' theyoun'ier tositteiid to the menial occupation ol'eiectini:; his lint, and prepariiii; such other accummodations a.s lii'i'i'ipiired. Alter an ahscnce of some time, lie retiinied exhansled with l'atii;ueand hnnLier. Ilavinj: taken a hearty repast. pi'e|iared hy his hrother. he retireil to his wiiiwam to skip ; and when he had lallen into a iirofonnd sinndier. the Miiinu'er kindled a larL'e liie at its entrani'e. Alter a lime, the elder roniid himseir exlreinely incommoded hy the lieat ; and the llinly materials of his hody. expanding.' hy it> intensity, were explodini;' in lar'.;e scales IVom his carcass. In a ureal raire. and hnrniiifi' with revi'n;.ie, he hroke throiiuh the tire ill IVonl of the hut. ha-teiied to a neii;hI)i)rinL!' heech. armed himself \\\\\\ n lai'je lioiiLih. and returned to chastise luid destroy his lirother. FindiiiL;' that his repeated and \ioleiil lilows had no elVect Upon his lirother. who pelted him with tliiil- stoiies and lielalioreij Inm with hiicks'-horns. which caused the llint\ ■ales to fall from his l)od\- ill copious shiiwcrs. he hclook himself to a iieiLihhorini;' nnirsh. wheri' he supplied himself with a liimdie of linlrnshes. ami returned to the contest, hut with the same want of success, l-'indin-;- himself deceived, and failin.u of his purpose, he soii::hl 1% '% i tiTD I.NDJCIA l-'KOM MYTHOLOGY AND IlKLUilON, 11'' I sal'cty ill Ili-Iit. As lie llrd, tliu I'artli trt'iiilik'il. A vcnliiiit jiliiin, lioiiiulcd liy tlic distant derail, lay licliire liiiu; hoiiiiul iiiiii. tiu' carlli sunk in tk'('i) vailfv.s and I'liiihtl'id chasms, or vosr into lol'ty niouiitains ov stii|)cnilous |ii'c('i[ii('es. Thi' streams ceasi'd to roll liuwaid tlu'ir waters, and. Imrstiiig their harriers, poured (h)\vii the elills in cataracts, or loai lied tliroimli their roekv channels to tl le ocean. The yonnjfer brother I'ollowed the t'm:iii\e willi \i^orous steps, and wounded him continually with his weapons. At leiii:lh. ill a tar distant region, Iieyond the savannahs ol' the west, he breatlied his last, and loadi'd the earth with his lliiity lorin.' •• The Lireat enemy of the race of the turtle lieiiiu' destroyed, they came up out of the prouiid ill iiiimaii lonii. and tor some lime niiiltiplied in peace and s|)iead extensively over its surface.- Atahcntsie. the irraiidmotlier. roused to furious resentment for the loss ol' her darling' son. resohed to he reveii'.:i'd. For many days s'ice<'ssi\-ely. she caused the rain to descend in torrents iVom the clouds, until the whole surlace ol' the earth, and e\en the hiiiliest monntaiiis. wiTe covered, 'i'lie iiih.iliitaiits tied to their liiitr destruction. The disappointed L'randinother then canoes, am 1 e.scMiicd t le iliipeiK caused the rams to cease, and the waters to subside, wli dc •n the iiihiiiiitants returned to their roriii''r p aces of aliode. She tlii'ii determined to elli'cl 1 ler purpo>e in aiioihe iiianner. ainl eo\ered the earth with a deluu'e of snow. To escape this new I'vil they helool^ themselves to their suow-slioes. and thus idiided her veiiLreance. Chaiirineil at ppoiiitinents, she tiave u[) tin' idea of destroying;' the whole human leliLilh hv t! lese (lisa ice at once, and ileteriiiined to wreaK lier \fiii;eaiice upon tlietii in a manner w th ,hich altlioii'_:h less \iiileiil. should he more ellicacioiis. Aecordiiit; eniploM'd in L;ratil\ iul;' her mali^ e\ils which are sii she has ever since heiii Lrnaiit disposition. Iiy iiillictiiiL;' upon mankind all those illereil in this present world. Tarenyawiiiion. in Oneida. 7((«-/(H(-//A/y- au-ira/i-'jDiiii. on the other hand, disjilays the infinite heiievoleiice of his iiatiirc by bestowiiii;' on the hiimaii race the blessiiijis they eiijo}-, all of which tlow from liis boiintil'id pro\ idenee. This personaire afterwanls dwelt amoiiir his brethren under the name ipf Hiawatha. The name Tarenyawaiion, literally translated, is 'the Hokk'r. or Sup|iorter ol the Heavens.' Hiawatha was the minister of Tareiiyawairon, and aiienl of his iiDud will to mankind."" ' ,(l by iKf liidi:ms tn t'nnu tlic l.il'lx r:cic_'i' iil' iIm' il.u'liy .N|MUiit:ii|]<. ' Tiic (liiciclas, -11 !'Mi^ ;us lliry w.Ti> l'n'_':iii>, u^>u\ i.i sliuw iln' |iri'iM^i' ^Ilut iiC ltiUIihI, :i «iii;iI1 Ii..|1'>w. wlh tli.'v .-.•li'l tlicir iii)i'i-tor> cniii.' ni. til s E c T 1 o i\ T w i: N r Y - s i: \ 1 : x r 1 1 INDICIA FROM LANGUAGR rn AFTER I. PRINCIPLES OF THE 'inCTCUE OF THE INDIAN LAXCUAOE. LAN(a'.\(;i; is ono of the most rcliaMc n'uls to tin- stu(k'iit of tli.' iiM'iit.il ori:iU!i/:it "n (if tlio Indians. Tiic tribes liad not. until tljc lulveiit of the via iiiimIcvii ('in r.^kir Ciidiiius, in IS-JI. mail.' llie least pro-ress towards tlie invention of >i,LLiis \>y wliirli to Is. hut made use of tlie lowest firm of tlie liierogl\ phie art. In tin'ir ess sonni cxpi attempts iit miienionie picioiiraphy. tlieii' invention was tasked to i(- fnlU-t exleiit m jirodnce ideoLirapliie representative ti'.:uri's — a (rude method of reeonhr.j iuscriplion>. Iiv wliieli some memorial oi p;ist trans;u't:ons \va s liiim'ed on ti arK scrolls, am rocdvs. No efl'ort was maiie to pi'oilii"r a .^-ysti-m of voeal notation. 'I'hc pieto'^raeliir arti.-'t made use of a series of liuures. iia\ in- the eharaetcr of nouns in 'jramuiatical frrilif' fioin tip' |tro\imi'\ ol' ilit de\ieos. Th'' ani'ii-ii' (hd'nntion — action bciiii!' in nations of the Kuphrates employed the einirif.rm ehai-ac;: r in t!io record of their actions; and tlie inhabitants of the Nile po>-es-cd ,i plionctic sy>tcm ; but tlie .Vm-iican tribes, it appein>. came to this eon'iiicni without riilicr tilphabei. phnneti<' >i'.:ii. or , iv.ii. Still, their lanniiages had lixed \ ncabularles. and there were mental law-^. older than letters, iireseribiiiii Ihi' practical bearin_ofone ideanpoii aiiollier. The-e \(icabiilarie- w ere Is. (e particles. iiidicatinL' objects and acts, which denoted iiiadi> up fro.n ])iiniar_\ rounds, (e | alVilialioii. 'i'here was a iiiental rule, wl leii |irescri bed liow the iiouiii.a! i'/e • and peronal plurals. K\en in tli. Iea-t advaiici'd tribe-, the iiece-.ity ol e\p djective .-eiise was experienced. Ulack and white, red and 'ji' en. were re(|ili d to be diMioted; the li.uhl of the sun must needs b .ntr!idi-tiu-uidied from the |.;lo,.ni (t>71) t'l a \ ii I- I li :i; I' I \ 5 M , It ■ I 1,1 Hi ^^s f I! r*. 1 li ML t!7-* INDICIA FROM L A N (il A ti K. 1)1' iiiulit ; .'uul tlii> IdcMti.iii (if an objict. wIu'iIht Iiiuli ur low, aliovc er\c. I'or iiisti'i'ica! data, in lien of im|iosinir monuments of niarhic and hras; On this iiasi^. one of tiie incontroverliM" truths of cthnoldiiA repuses. II jiroM'culinLi an iiii(miA in to the alliliations and liistor\ of tin- Inihan li'ihcs of this ci ■ntiiii'iil. there is certainly nothiiiL;' wiiich |ire>ents so iVnitl'iil a llidd for research, oi promises to yield so L'reat a fund ol' information, as the study of their laicniiiies. Men: manners aiiil en isloms nnist e\-er depend, in a iircai measure, on the aLii'icn tiiral priMliictioiis. liie natural hi-tory. and the i;('OL;ra])iiical phenomena, of a country. 'The iiiiroijuction of liie horse, the >hi'rp, and tlu' hoi;', on this conliiieiit, iiut tliree centuries and a half since, jia-^ \i'ry ureatly champed tlie hah'ts and cibtoms of many of iIk; prairii' trihes. TrilM'.- of the Shoshoiiees. of the IJocky Mountains, hy mii^ratiuL;' into tic |ilains ol' 're\;i>. hrcalile posse>.:ed of the Spanish horse, and their cuslnms liavt! Iiieii chant;ed ly its n-e ; they are now the hold and warlike Comanchcs; while \\io. parent tribe. w.'inderiiiL;' on those bleak anil (dexatril siimuiils. still subsists on lar\■;l^ and roots. 'I'lie same eU'ecls iia\'e foUoweil the introduction of this animal anioniist tiie |iredatory bands roamiiiu hIoiilt the I'ppcr .Missouri, and o\er the vast steppes of Ort'iron ; while the Chippewas. and other tribes of tlie Aijronijnin slock resident on tlie up|ier lakes, wln^re the long ami sc\cre winters preelmie the spontaneous growth of food ada|)le(l to the wants ■>!■ the Ihum'. -t'll rely, for the means of locomotion, on their l'a\di'ite canoe, and for >nbsistence on the products of the wicle-spreading waters of the lakes and streams. These are the ellects of climate, and of the I'auna, on the ilevelo|iment of a tribe, 'i'lie con(|iii iiiil; Iro(piois. whose war-cry was so long potent on this continent, adhered to their priniiti\e mode of watei' conveyance, in their kaowas. and pursued their long o\erland inarches, reijiiiring more than [jaceihenionian eiiduiaiu'e. during IIk; entire ejiiicli v Iiicli witni'ssed the introduction of civili/ation on the continent. Nor d' ' ilcy ad'ip' ilc' use of the liorse until a very recent period, when they discardeil tlio niiiiahaw k. and laiibaikrd in agricultural pui-suit<. A new era has lieen inangiirateil in ihiir liistor\ ; and whuexci' \isits their reser\al ioii> in the we.-tern extreme of .\ew York, will find tl nee prmid ami belli'jerenl iroipiois dri\im:- oNen, folluwim; the ^ INDICIA II.OM l,.\ Nd (■ A(; i-: ct;! |iloiii:Ii, and spi'dkiiiL' tlio iMiiilisli liiiijiiiit'_'c. as a iiocossai'v auxiliary to the transai'tion 'I'lic jiroc'css by wiiicli such results liavc hofii iirodiicocl in this iiatinii was tliiiolouical scnsr, a \t'r\' loiii:' oin' ; hiil it was vcrv scvcmv, ami has Jvcn ol Imsiiic: Hill. Ill an I rciiiarkahly cllt'i'tnal. The alternatis'e present.ril \v;is, siiii|il\-, to ■\V(iKk' or Dii: ; and I doubt wlielher aiiyortlio numerous tribes resident williiii the area of the I'liited States will lie released by I'lovideiiec on easier terms. These, and similar chaiiu-es of mauiiers and custom-;, are essentially the resultant (dli'cts of (diinate, ,i:eoL'ra|iliy and natural history, and alliird no clue whatever to the ancient history of the ndiaiis. 'I'he laiiji'iiap's of the trilies. however, similate a liistorical chart. u[)on which w(^ can trace baidc the tribes to the period of their oriiiiiial (lis[)ei'sioii ovt'r this continent, and mark their liiiiiiiistii! relations. IJy develoijini:' tlio>e l're(|nently obscure connections, we are enabli'il to perceive tliiit asiiide 'jcnus orfamilv of tribes, speakiin: oik^ common laii,L:ua'.:'e. occupied the shores of tlie Atlantic. IVoiii North Carolina to the month of the St. Lawrenci' — thence extended westward throu'^h the -reat lal teni with tin' space at my coinniand. The examples ollered ;ire therefore |e>s full than could be wislii'd. yet nion; extiaideil, ii is apprehendeil. than may be thought interestiiiu' by the liClieral I'e.lder. Till' .VliioiKpiin lan,i;\ia,L!e has been niori' culti\ateil than any of the North American tonuues. ('ontainiii'j: no rounds of ililliciilt utterance, capable nf an easy and clear exjiression. ami with a copious vocabulary, it has been the liunrite niediuin of comniii- nicatioii. on the frontiers, Iroiii the eaiiiesL times. The l''reiieh at an early perind made themstdves masters of il; and. from its uoneral use, it has been sometimes called the court lair^iiaLic of the Indian. in its various etIiiioloLiical forms, as spoken by the Delaware, .Mohican. Shawnee, Miami. Illinois, Chippewa- Ottow.i. IVittawaltamie and Kickapoo. and by many other tribes, it has been familiar to the Kuulish colonists, from tie re-pecti\e eras of the settlement of Vir.^inia. New York, and New Kiijland. 'J'lie plan of thought, rmcaled by an exaniinatiou o[' the Aluompiiu lanuua'je. dillers the farthest jiossible iVom that which an Mnglisliiimii, or an American. cau[iloys. Its object is, not to exjiress elementary soiimN, but to combine, it would .-eem. as many ideas as practicable in a siin;le expression. There is a constant tendency to ac(a'etion in the svllabilication. Words ai ■ ever the I'epreseiitatixes of associated, not simple, thomiht. -V wold ,^rows by clo';.. . the oriiiinal idea with auxiliary and explanatory Vol \ 1 —s". H 674 INDICIA KHoM LAN(iUA(iK. iuoiiiiiii,i;s. J)r. liioluT lius called tlicso liuifiiiiiges j)ul_v|iliraistic. Tlie iiiiliiiii is, at all times, a beiiiff ol' fears. Placed in tlio forest, siiiTouiided In- dangers, he fears, and iw suspicious of everylxidy and everytliiiiji'. Ho notices witii aslonishinj; (jiiickness every sound of the voice and of the elements. This trait is traceahle even in his liiij:;iiistic forms. He fears to he held to account, or to he misai)[)rehended; and when he recites what he tliinks a spirit miuht overheiir and etmdemn, lie omits particulars which would i:ive oU'ence, or invents duliitative lurms. Neither does he suljsc(iucntly compress or ivorgani/.e his forms of speech. As the language is nut written, and he has no scholars, the redundancies of meaning, the delects and inclegancies, go on from ci'iitnry to century, running more into concrete forms, and, with the lapse of ages, diverging farther and farther from the primitive stock. Verbs and nouns form, as it were, but the I'hain of thouiiht, iiiti) which pronoims, adjectives, and other ailjunets are inter- woven, merely as the woof. But it is all of a piece — all are woven together on one plan. It has been said to Ije polysyntheti(V, yet the ,-<}nthesis exhibits a remarkable unity. It is, ,v((/ '/(//';'/,s'. poll \ syllabic indeed, but not pro[ierly polysynthetie. It is rather unasyntlietic ; the ))lan ol' thought is a unity. There is a oui'uess of thought, by wliieli the wiiole ti'ain of Indian eonee[)tious is made to conform to the same rides of grauunar; and this peculiarity in tiieir lexicography links most of our tribes together in one generic i'amily. more closely than mere C(Mneideuces of sound. For, wherever the structure ot' tlu'ir language is examined, tluy are found to think, if they do not s[ieak, alike. Xo tr;iii is moie charai'terislic of our Indian lMnguai:es than their irui/<(iii'j cii/Htri/i/, wliirh is very prominent in the Algon(piin. They re\-el in the power of com- bination. Taking the root of a noini, or verb, they add ))artiele to parlicii', until, like an edilice which has received numerous additions, it is made to cover a Lii'eat space, and often to rise to a height, which rather da/./les the eye than adds to its conveniences. I'lut. liy the jiower of analysis, these words are readily resoU'ed into tlu'ir elements. ;iiid e\ idence the exisience of laws of ('(Mubinalion wlii<'li are regtdar and philosophic. To examine these ndes need occupy but a lew moments" attention here. Tin' Indian, in any view, is no analyst. He estimates tbiiiiis in thr ii modes ol' Ibiniiug the plural, when it is perceived that there are, in realit\', but two. and these ol' the simplest kind ; and, wliih this object is attained, the gender, or class, of words is at the same time designated. '•Tell me," said my instructor, "how the plural is Ibrmed, and I will tell you the class of every word in the language." 1. l'hn\(l II nd i-l(iss in A, as in Day. Ojil'ira, .... A Chippewa. OJilnrn-;/ (.'liippew as (Animate). ,S/iiii//,i A Pelican. Shoyta-■. in E, nx in P'rekdom ; I, ((-i in Machin'i:. . . . A l''ly. ^.i*'-'.l Flies (Animate). . . . A Poplar Tree. A::itnil)r.[m-lui-[i, ... Robins " Ojer, . A':nmlf'i\ npirhec, Ah inn. Mil/iii; INIXCIA KKOM l,.VN(iC.V'il<;. I'liintI anil flatus in [', ,is Itniril in Dlicc ... A yiicii. ... A Duck. /u'l/oi.' .... A Fisli. .1/ S/li sill I II, ''•''-",'/. Sliinliulh-tni, !/iii-i>i/. Shells (Aniniiit.). Ducks Kish The phiriil h.'iiiu' (tsccrttiiiicil, the chiss is (li'icmiiiic(L ]5iU the cinss ( cMii never he iilllxeil imnscriiiiinately to iniv j^iveii wcml ; the Ihuil leltor, tiiictions. ami is seldom or never heard, the iiroiiominal signs. //. /,■. (/•. or,, — renderiic; the word without at least ,.«', or iiiisii. '• u\\ til /v /."xii, •• thv father:" ',.'•. or ,,■-,,/,. •• his or her lidh.M'." In these ( si'ins •■('' present full pronouns, which is a common rule, 'i'lie letters./,. /■ ernis. pronominal the.H' cases, are fragnieiils of tl " she :" \ihicli, in otherconihinati "". and II. Ill le pronouns. ,,,,,;. I ;" /•■, tl ion ; «•,,„. •• h e. or 'onus. But th )t tl u>' IS not tlie ease willi th( heir character, stricth- siitli> Ills, are also employed in their segregated or el positiv(dy ills, iiKi-iihli ]ironoiiiis. wliiel Tl eiiieiitary 1 are. ill Ills, iiiiiilinul siLMiilic' or alinliii'. 'iiii'/iiiii/iiiii,,/ is •■nil/ place of li\in'j: a home or place of !i\ iim '.'/"".'/■ ■■'''','/ Jilace of li\ing;" 'A"/, -/lis. or /„/•. ]ilace of livin-;" and so on. tliroiighout all the i)ersoii> iiiimhei-. In these cases, he employed as intlectiuns of the verb. ,y""".'/. //""//• i*i;c.. are tlu> iii.separahle pronouns. ami can onK ['li.' ■■,■ ii... I- , .|,|,|,ii„,i,.j iii''*J^ INUICIA KliOM LANCilAdF-:. Wlicn vorns arc coiistnictcd I'loiii nouns, tlicy liiivc; their noiniitJitivc in ft, as c/iitnii, '• to pi'(>|)('i," !' .ni rJuiiidnii," a ciimio;" /"^^^//-/.•/■.-•./_'/(7. " to liri', " IVoni jiitiisfi-kl:-.'ijiiii, " a !j;ini. or (iivlook ;" pnhrtiJ, " to strike," I'loni //»/.v lali/im, '• an implement I'or inllictinj;' Mows." me apples" — Miflimiiii mciKidiiii, ••Ap[)les yivt! me." '• l[a\(> you any fish V h'ilifiiii/-i/iii/,-n/,'-<„,,/,/ ,' Diminutives are formed by iiilieetions in nix. n.-.-, (w, aiK. U has been said thai tli Mipcrlalive is formed by a du[)li('alion of the lirsl, sellable, and ihis may be reuardci also as an aiii.;inentati\e. 'I'lie Indian is one wh(\ whate\'er may be thom^lit 1)\- the audiior of what appears to be an nndistiiiiruishablo rliapsody of words, has a (piiek and eorn.'ct ear for bis vernacular sounds, notes the unuranimatical use of Ihe classes, and derides liie imprecision of the jarunii of trade. IK' is an ade|it in the use of accents, (|u;uitic\. and stress of \dice, which are the life of liis lai'Liiia'ie, ami never misplaced b\ him. nor (Miiployed with a false utterance. 'I'he whole forci? of his lani;uaL;(', its \-er\ \ilalil\, depends on the jirojier use of these. The desiu'iialion of the class of objects is the test f.TH INDICIA FROM LAN(5rAr,E. :i :• iii Vi If rifrn ' is 1 i if!.. ■ ! I If I-' ifi il II :: I ' 1 1 Ml r of ;;i'inniiiinnticnl iiccuraoy. and constitutes tlu' true rule lor t'stiiniitintr ii jjood speaker, and, it may be retmirkod, tlieic is no distinetion in Indian soriety so ninrh appreeiated as the leputiitioii ol' beini^ a ^ood orator. Sassaeiis and iMiontotiiino, I'ontiae and Teeinnsoli, may oe(Mi])y iirominent positions as warriors in Indian reminiseenee, hut fJarraniiula and Cannassatiuo. liOuiui, and l{ed .laeket, were lionoied and admired by the lndi;ins as orators and. indeed. I)y tiio entire world, lor tlieir simpli; and eioipii'iit mode ol'expressin;; al)oriL'iiial thoiiiiht. It is doiditfid wiietlier any man, born beyond tho precincts of tlie wif^wani. or not, reare(l under tiie inlluenee of tiie Indian eouneii-llre. lias ever attained to perfection in speaking' the Indian lauL'uaire. in j;i\iu,Lr it tiie projier accentuation and stress of utterance, or in comprehendinL' the minute laws of its syntax, and revellinu:, so to say, in liie exfoliation of its exulierant transpository expressions. I have witnessed tho ell'eets of its stirriuir appeals in tho brighti'iiinjr eyes of an excited auditory, as the speaker directed their thouiriits to themes of thrilling' interest. He seemed to move their hearts with such a talismanic ])o\ver. that tiiey were reaily to seize the lance and rush forth to a pei'ilous encounter, witiiout allowing' a controllini; thou;.dit to restrain them. .Vnd. wiuit is far more remarkai)le. I lia\e observed the transporting elli-cts produceil by tho voice of an Indian convert to Christianity — a Monira/.id. or a .lohn Sunday — who, with an entirely new jirou[) of thounhts ami reasonimr. depicted tho Great S|)irit. whom they had iiruorantly adored in the clouds, imder the true name by ■\\liieh he is n'vealed in his Word. Such men. knowini:; the emptiness of their former beliels from tiieir own experitMice. subdued tlieir hearers by a bold appeal to the power of truth, which they could not resist, and beliir(> which they bowed contritely and suluuissively. I'uder tlie inl!utMic(^ of such feelings tiie Indian no longer regards the (!ivat Spirit as the m(M'e rider of the elements, but realizes the adiiptability of his incarnation to tiie needs of a frail and erring humanity. Having arrived at this conviction, he raises his voice ill the spirit of prayer, uttering that compndiensive petition : " Xuxiinnin fir:fiii/ii,ii/ (i/iii/ini ; Tii/,-!/iJiii'ni»Jlii(t(f ni h objects ol sense, is. liowe\er. adajited to convey th(> leading thoughts of Christianity. It either already contains, or admits of, tli(> formation of words, which are equivalents lor sin. repentance, faith, a Saviour, and man's destitution of innate righteousness. The knowledge of this fact enables ns to comprehend why Kliot and the Ma\liews, in ItiKl, and Mrainerd. in 1711. proiluced such annizing elli'cts on tln> Indian mind, converting it completely to the principles of the gospel, ami winnowing from it. as it W(Me, the chalf of its long-cherished moni'toiistic and demoniac reliances. IJiit this subject requires caution, time, and study : the work of a translator is one of \ast labor. Ill exainiiiinLr the principk's of th(^ .VlL'oiiquin langiKige, its curious jilianey of INDICIA I'HOM LA N(i IIAOK 07 rt f( onus. iiiiil tlu' iip|)ii('iiliility of ilH sylliil)ic power to express new ideas, tln'iv is dan.i^ei' of imprecision, iinil ol'coiiiinittinjr errors in its inturpretalion, precisely in proportion as tlie siilijects are ol' an alistract character, or liave ii novi'l or critical import. I Iiunc seen a version ol'tiio ;;ospel in tliis languaj:;i', in wiiicli the wiinU.' mystery of tlic Incar- nation is iinllilioil by the snhslitulion of the expression -yoMni;' woman," lor " viiirin. ' and hy L'ivini,' to some ol' the ti^nrativo teachin'js of the record a meaning' ntterly al. variance with their import. This perversion ol" meaning' ri'snlts from the employment of interpreters, well versed, it is true, in the nali\ii titnuii(>, so far as is re(piired hy liie necessities of trade and ordinary conversation, hut wIkj, w ith a IJartimean inili>linctness, see gospel truths only as " trees waikini;." A," aindysis of the forms of the ianjiuage would seem to indicate that it was luunded on a limitehieal law nion^ tl lor tl lere is no o ie.se accretions, one nuisl lie dispensed with ; generally observeil in .syllabilieation '.ban the one which dirt'cts that, tiir the sake of niphony, a vowel i st eith ler nreceile or lijllow a consonant. Where two xowels he ultinnite and penultinnite. they are pionounced as open \dv mdepi'udent mem if lb sentence. Hence tlu- rhvtiim of the laniiuativ >ucli onungaliela, are examp words as Outa.io. Oswego. Chicago, I'otomac, Alabama, and .^b of (his pec'uliaiity. A more critical research into the grannnatical structure of tin- languaL'e will di'vele the fact, that the mental exuvia of constructiveness. as also the pertinacious adherent of the Indian- to normal forms ( th Ul'old niu; wnicn is left after lb le edifice is coin- d not the ri'siilts of the ratiocination of ssiitbesis. have iiiveii rise to duiilica. nicies, and other defects, as well as to the almost ini iimieraiile jtlete) tions of meaniii'j', ri'dimd aceumulation ol' forms and inllectioiis, whi(;ii liave originated uliat ba\e been called asiglntinalions. The ear of the Indian is not oiiK' criti cally accurate ni the a[i|)rtciathMi of .--ounds. but bis mind also is I'ascinated by them; and it is evident thai, at no [leiiod in their historv. has the svntax been revised, and the cunibidusness of its fdrins lediu'cd to a comiiact s\stem. According to the natural classiticalioii. nouns and \ei bs 1 lave, strictly spe;iking. but three [lersoiial pronouns. •■ /. //k the epicene. " //< . or .s/n \s tl I I :■ III ' I ; I" i ^dt ./f; IMl.'i . 'I »^ ! I !>] :.!n ( ) tiso IN HI CIA lltuM 1,.\ Nt; I A(i K, Tlu'sc arc cIiiiii'.'imI into llic iiliiriil. imt liy tin' uho (if fudi wonln i\h "wc, //*(//, l/um,'^ liiit l)y tli(> iiiiiiiericiil iiillcctioii of tlii< vcrl)-, fur it is a riilu tliat proiioiiiis in tliu olijt'ctivc fiise nrc (lisliii,i;iiir<:('. Tlic j)i(mi";i is jilsu ivtiiiued in tiic plnasc us wi'il as liic noun; as, '•■lolni. /(' iinis." iM-tion of the sui)stanti\e \eili. 'J'he conclusion was. douhtless, drawn from the fact, that tlie Indians did not einjijoy it in tiieir ordinary colloipiial terms; never sayinj:'. •• I mn sick." '• I mii wfll," \e. ; imt. merely. ■• I sick," '■ I well." X:c. Xeitlier is it otherwise used, at this day. in the .M'jompiin dialect: tlie reason lor wliiedi is. that the verli •'to he" i< appropriated to the ileily. ami it is rei^arded as presintiptive. or di-^respei'tfiil. to ap]iiy il to human passions. /'/('. the Lieneric ■word for existence, is the radix liir tin; Supreme iiein^. in which sense it may he supjio^ed to coii\ey tlie meaiiinu' of"// ami ,/'"/;. in words ol' the .same niiport in the Ilejjrew. INhlcIA I' I! MM 1,.\ Nd lAd !•; -Si • ?<)(', //((//, thrill" |II'IIMUIIIIS ill till! ! miiiilii'V (if tlio jiii'isoii with tli»» s ;" ■• 1 runs," lor s till' iioiiM ; ii>, giia^'c coiiiil iiut ill words of llii- illllltt' clllSH. 'I'll of iiitriciicy, but .siiivMiliir cml ill oi'il I'liils ill tlit> '/. IllllUill'^ Si'M'll if jiluials ill till- iiroiul voui'ls, ill ol' (li'iiotiiiir llio i;iimuii;i(>. 'J'liis uy. I'll : Init ;i iiiiicli >v till' very siiini' L!()iii|uiii lias ]iro- ic |icrsoii tu it. loiiiiiuil siiin. /( ; in ail iiifiuitivo siil)staiitiv(' Indians did imi ;. ' '• I "/// \\tiiiir socidariaii ami ni\>liral soli'is. The )m'| roiniei'. in llnse secret llMooillliolls. when he has lltteicd the phra'^e, Xiii-i/iiir.iiiii-!iiiiii,' or A/-//("//-/-i/o//7(,' iissiiiiies wvy iniich the air ol one wIj'i has littered a sacred, if not >,icrile 'I' or attriliiiles of a (ioil. ;lons. .-elltelici', or as ll'. Ill Ml doill'j', he ii>lirneil till' I" The radix iWr (Ireat Spirit, in llie nniiierons .M'jiUKpiin trihes. i< hkih ,• in thn-e ol' the Iroipiois .--tock. ///" — \ar\in'j' to nln/i mid nin/i. The cdiitineiit i,» deip.iiiinatrd (livat Ulaiid, or Island n|' the ( 1 n.^at Spirit. Till' radix lor an island, in tiie Nal.e \iic;i!iiilarv of the .^lassachnsetts India IIS. was ./' ; ill the Dela ware. 11111(111 ll ; III llie Sham lan nee. nn mi in the ('hip|iewa. ami till' term \,llied in th'' nilllielnlis oilier klioWII .VLoi|i|i|ill dialects. Ill the lld.jll .'ion|i. Ilie railix' \vas in im ; in the .Moliauk dialed. /, (lll'i iin : III ( dieiihl. /.•'(/( iii'iiiic : 111 the Onoiida'ja, /,i(/((''((;('/ ; iiiid ill tiie Cayiiuia. hm'i i'lltin'. (leiier.illy tiiere is a ro()t-lia'ni. or radical particle, an. or iii-niiiiil whicji. as ii iineleii-;. all the iidjiincls or coiitiii'jeiicies ol' a wiii'd are concentrateil. Thus i/w is the r.nlix liir an orl>. or lii.a.\eids ]i|ieiiiiiiii'iiiin. while ijff-.i.i is the snii. and //"-./"';/. the >k\. liy piiitiiiL: the prelix '//A//.'. iiieanin'.i- dark, or iii'.jlit. iicliire tiiis tcriii. tiie niodii is deiiuled. Tim-, al-o. the r;iili\ mni is restricted to ihelii'jher atinospheiic, pheiioiiiena ; hy addiiii.:' the rormative inllcciion. ill/, the word ■••/'"/• is eNpio.-ed; and hy the use of the l'oriiiali\e '/'///(/. we lia\e the wurd rlmiil. It is a, liunriie mode with the linliaii speak'i', in mi acciiiiiiil;iii\e laie:iiaL;e, rather to use prefixes or inllcxiuii-. nr l'ra;;iiieiits of disintegrated term-' in cm. leciimi wil h a radix, than tu employ another and dill'ereiit radix, or to alt eilll III ll .'111 a new Tl IIS .-\slelii denotes lis antli|mlS-. Teii-e is ex|ires>ed as simply and rciiiilarly as niimlicr. The \ci-hs are conjii'^aled. not li\' auxiliary \erlis. hut hy addiiej teiisal inllcctioiis to the terms fir moods. ;iiiil at the same time decliiiiiiu' the prefixed pronouns hy a similar nielliod. Thii'^. hv prefixing; the lirst jironoininal liirm, in or /";'. •' I. ' to the tei;-;il particle i/c. the sense is. ■• I did. or was ;" hy prelixiicj' ;/"//. " I .-hall or will ;" and hy .'/"/(;/". " I shall or will have." The addition of the iiillection ijiili form-i t!ie imperali\e. and iluli the puleiitial mood. .Meantime the verh has its ordinary inllections for niimher. It has a perfect (last tense eiidin.; in /'/(/( ,• there is a siipiilicatory form of the imperative, in ////(/(// ,- and an iiiterrojati\e in imli. There is also a ileelarative liirm in iirli. i>v mrli. th,. use of which is aliuosl entirely coiiliiied to the hieratic circiL ol' their priesthood. Thus n I'lii- i- till' L'l'Mi'i-ii' r.iriii ul'ilii. vrrti "t'l 1"'." witli ii ]uvlixiil r^ini --imi. iiiiulr up 'if tin- lir-t | rlMill. iiml lilr ivi.nl ifvill- l,..,l; 111 ;i .-|iint. ill- ]irrMiii:ili' ;i -|.iril, Vol.. \'l. — Mi ■1 m *^>.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) I.I 1.0 ^1^ «£ Z. lift "^ b° 12.0 Its u /] /. ys / / '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 172-4503 ^ ^y^ '>> ^V^ c^ If Os-J INDICIA KHOM L A N (! I' A (! K. iiKiii Clin. 1)\ ail iiillcctioii, cliaimu his pcrsiiiKility. (wcliiimiiii;', Xi-nioii-i-dnir/i. '• I iiiii ii Maiu'td. or ili'ily." Atii r iill (hut liiis hccii wrilteii on tlio suhji-ct. the root-rorm ol' tiio \cih remains till' .^iiiiH'. ill ill! its iiiiiiierous conjiiuatioiis, , '111(1 aihlilioiis ol' jji'i'lix. siillix. aiui iiillcctioii, except ill tiiose minor aiiiliuhetic disoriiani/atioiis, nMjnired hy the coliesion of li'tters, and the law of onphony. In _/()(/;• Ihitiimiiiil itativo senses. These voices of tile Indian verli tiirow a false narl) of refmemcnt, in distinctions of ]ierson and tense, aiioiit it ; l>ut tiiese are really crudities, and prove that the grammar lias iie\-er lu'eii reliirmcd liy erndilion, or systematized by logical thought. Tlie Aliioinpiin languajjc has no words for the expression of oaths ; an Algonquin can neiilier swear nor lilasplieme. The deity can he addressed, on solemn occasions, but it iiiusi lie (lone with re \eriiice or respect. Oiilirsl beginning tlie stiuly of the language. I endeavored to subject it to the test of that iii3stic text contained in the 1 Ith ihapter of Exodus, '• 1 am tiiat 1 am. " and leceived this aflirmed e(piivaleiit : m:i:n now i.\r wiAV.v. Of this expres>ion, the anti-penult and the penult, the syllables '/"" and /(((/;/, are derivatises from the AlgoiKpiiii verb '■ to bo ;" iau signifying the ]ireseiit and past tenses of the first person. Theie is an anomalous dual in tiic language, used to ex]»rcss the ^vord ^rc, the object of which is to iin-lutlc. or (xvhulr. the jierson or [)ersoiis addressed. If an AlgoiKjuiii should say. •• We agree in what you h:i\e said," or " We dissent from it," the form of the word "■( . and. of course. ;/(/((. iIk)/. and ilicin. must denote! whether the objective person and the speaker be of tlu; same, or of another family, lodge, clan, or tribe. Wtimm'im is the inclusive, hi naintii the exclusive, Ibrni ij\l' the pronoun. As neither of these terms appear to be. theoretically, applicaiile Ui tli.^e., and who would seem to lose all near personality iiy a rigid exclusion. Converts i-nt the grammatical knot by calling the SupreiiK,' ISeiiig, Aiwi', " my fatlK'r ; ' the precise term I'ainiliarly used in speaking to, or of, the father of a iiimily. There is a delicate mode of alluding to the dead, without mentioning the word death. It is done simply by sullixing the jiarticle of th(! jierfect past tense, Iniii, to the deceased person's name. Thus. '•Pontiac;' the nominative, /b/^/i'cv/*;/;;, " the late I'ontiac." Or. to make the rule more clear to the comprehension of an Knglish scholar, suppose allusion is made to an honored name, fresh in our recollection, and meriting our ' Vol IV,. )ip. •JiiT-iSS'^ I M 1)1 CI A KHoM l-ANii-il>itii, ()\i^L'ri\\i:; ineMiiiiig '•tin' lati' Mr. Clinton." Tims, I)}- putting a man's name in the perfect par-t tense, the Inilian tlrntiics liis (leatii. We are of the nnniher of tho.se wlio thinlc that our InJian languages possess charai'- teristics whicli have lieen greatly overrated on tlie oiu; hand, and a'* greatly decried on the other. They form a medium of comnnmicatiou adiniralily adapted to all th.' purposes of Indian life, and capaMe of almost unliiiiiled application and extension. To ;i vocahulary not multiHirm in its roots, tiiey a|i[iiy a systi'm of elimination w hii'ii enables tiie s[)eaUcr, by the I'urmation of derivatives and compounds, to muiti[i!y and re-nHilti[)ly words and expressions in a manner, of whieii tiie Knglish language gives not the slightest conce|ition. No' only the suliject noun, but il-^ (pialilics. and its posi- tion ; the |)i'rsons, nominative and oiijeetive ; and tiie action of \\lii('b it is ihi- arii\i'. passive, or ivllccti\i' object, are all indicated in a singK' expression. This coiH'rete eharactt'r of the litnguage gives to some of its words a copiousness ol' e.xpression, which a rigid, monosyllabic language, like our own, does not j)os.-ess; and tiie meaning cmneyed by some! siimle Indian words, would, in the; English language. re(piire iin entire ,>.eiiteiice liir their explanation. Th(> great art reepiisite is, to st'i/e upon tli(> jirinciiile ofcoiiiliiiia- tion. Tlie objec'lion to this process of word-making is. that the expii'ssions are iiicon- venii'ntly long; which deli'ct is not. however. a|)[)arent in an oral language, but is very strikingly develo[)ed when it coiiie-* to be witten — and written, as it usually is. without the aid of acia'uts, to guide the pronunciation. Many of its concords, too. apjiear Huperlluous; such as its double indications of tense and numbt-r. and doid)Ie ]iosses>i\i's. &e., creating a rythmical llow of langiiage, which, however, has a tendency rather to the verbo.«ie than to tlie poi'tic. One of its most ojectionable leatures appears to us to be tiie extension of the principle of gender, so lar as to neutralize the distinction between mascnline and li'minine. in its verbal forms, reipiiriiig oiil\' a concordance in animate and inanimate objects. This does not abolish the use of mascnline, teiiiiniiie, and even sexual nouns. /'. /'., words restricted in their u.-^e to males and females; but it leaves all the pronouns in the condition of mere animates. Tiiere is no distinction between he and .s/ic. The languages seem to I)e replete with resources when applied to the phenomena of nature. The heavens and the cartii appear to constitute, in the imagination of the Indian, a symbolic volume, which even a child may read. .Ml tli.it relates to light and shade, to color and quality, to purity or impurity, to spirit or matter, to air or earth, are blended with th(> suliject noun, and are indicated at one oxhalation. or prolongation of tiie breath. /// the sky. an the sky. or inn/'r tlie sky; -/// or oil the water; A// or '.;/ the shore; /// or mi the tree; /itut/,- or /i/m clouds; <■/*•((;• or «'!'tricth- iiliiloso].Iiic. or Mst.in.itic. in tli( ir priiici|.l(s. Tiio gcnoral touo oironvorsntioii isnwnv cli'viitcd in point of tliou-lit. tlian anion^' any amiio-ons class oi' iicoplc in rivili/,.,1 iili'. Tlio diction is simple and pure ; and licncc, tlie most oonnuon scnlcnc<-s of their speakers, when literally translated, are reniarkaidy attractive. Kxalteil and ilisinlensled sentiments are lreipu'ntlye\|)rcsspdl.y their si'ntcntionsp.ilysyllahleswitli a happy ell'ect. In attemjits to nnravel the intricacies of its syntax, the mind I- ofien led to uoialer where a peoiile so literally •• peeled and scattered." should have derived, imt the laniiuaire itself, hnt. the princij)les which j^ovcrn its enunciation. \,,Th:._Tli.' liinitMlinn ,,l' il,,' j.ivsnil vi.liiiiic |.iv\viil-. (lie iii-^.Tliuii „||l,r iviiuiiiinL' l^apris ..n l,aii..'iW'c, cnilir.iciiiu' ill ■ \iii-:iliiil:ii-irs, \c. I;. SECTION TWKXTV-i:i(;HTII. ST A T I ST 1 CS, T U I IJ A I. A N I) (i K N \] \{ A I,, CIIAI'TKII I. CKXSrS 1\N •ri;i!!i;s n|- THK INITKI) statks. K' l7-'1ii till' Fi'i'iicli iiiiilcM'todk to !ii;il\' IIm' linliau trilirs. mikI r('|Mirli'il fill' nmiilM'i' ol' wurrlors. nr li'^litiii'j-ini'ii. tn he l(i. lit-'!, w liicli. ;\l tlic iiiit(M| n ]ii)piilnti()ii ol" S'J.lll •"> siuils,' Siilisi'i|iii'iil to iIm' (•(iiii|iit'st (if (':ui!iil:i. Mild iil'lrr ictiiniiiii;- from his Avc^tcrn ('Uiii|iai;2ii. < 'nloiirl l!iiii\ lie ,i(|ii''t cstiiiKitcil tlicir iimnlicrs at "i(i..")ii() \\nn>ini'.<.- (ir '-'S^i.nilll jkmsoii-^. In 17i>>. 'l'lioiii;i-j ]|iitcliin<. !•]-;((.. Siirvcyor-Gi'iicral ol' tin' Uritisli coloiiii's. rati'il tli<'ir military liircc more accurately, iit lit. Sod warrior-. iinlicMtiiiu' an a^iiirciiatc po|iiilatioii of '.''•>. I -'iti souls. 'I'lic latter two ol" tliesi> cstiinatos coiii]ii'i tlic l)as(> (iT tiie liocjcy inouiitaiiis, ami inchidinLi' all the rouioii west of the Alleuhaiiies anil north of New Orleans. At the era of tiie oiijiination of the Aiiierieaii Hevolntion. the niunlier of Indian warriors to he encounferod, as reported to Conirross, tlien lucated at IMiiladcliihia. was I '2.0(1(1. heinu' tlie mnltiplicand of CO.ddO. \'ariiitions, contradictions, and irross incertitudes, have marked the enumerations made at all periods. The ])i'Osent census compri'hends the Indi;ni population resident within tlio lieoirraphical area of the I'niteil States, as now or^ani/.cd. and presents a condensed view of tln> statistics of all the trihes. as reported to the IJureau of Indian Adiiirs. within a pci'iod of ten years. V..I 111 , 1. IMi).. p. Ti'iO. ■' Tii]iiiL'rnpMi';il Ih^iiriptinii. \i-. : I,i.ni!,,ii. ITiW. i If ¥ ■Si 3-- .1 ^ •5 *-'4 P = ■U- ^' 5 t ?i- t Z.: 1 5 i = l i.S ' el I •, i ? j< P! 1 ■■ - s-= 3 >, .- V i -i ^ I1 1 1 : s £ .-,7 - If 2 "J ■ r J ! i I '■ * 7 : -s ;i ?^ - -. •■• = C- 1 ' " S S - s ' - S -i 5 ? 5_ ^5^ li^?: ^,.;: H p ^HHHHHiiSii.^^ i:,:,:^,;;^;:^^' 1212 1 | ;^ - - . «, - i L*. S 5 ? P - ^ "! s ; i« 3 s * tT (-!• 5 ^ • 3 ,^ . . I .!■♦ I- .. .. r ,S . . 1^ ;| ^• (^ t- X !• : f? ?, z'. I :?• : i :i : i M • ^ ^ M ^ ^ i i X. X. li^S i M : :-ri'-tlI [5—3 i3 5*5H-5 Si 1 1 I I Mi 1 1^1 ill Mil iH M I 7 y--^'i ■ "' ^ ' V 3 " b ? .'a 3 1 Jg i ilii^iJiJiyiisM^- - 3 i 1 iii-t'^i-ci-^ r' ^ c ^ rtti Z '2 S Ui-SSTiliriSiiS li ri?ia::'333S s siss (68(1) I I, I •s 1 it! i 2 i 3 1 a. -■ ' 31 E ^ ! ^ .£ '■ I ■jj 1^- = Hi , t i i J C;i I riJ III f ■'■ f ^ S 5 t = H < H > ■/ H = l^ H t^ H H - f^ H ?^ ^ -; rn i H H H - 71 «-^ tt I !5^ = 1. '-■. *- f f T • " f ' ^ ~ - . ' S f- - t^X.X.^ X. x^ ^. ^ ./■ • *'. • z^4^^ -4 4ti 7 :^A'/55.^: i f '£.'£ j'£ (fiST) I I ki n H — a i'<^ .< ^^ • = •3 •stJ f1 h Jci ^I i'SS 'fill]- i-^.i -3 -iJ :i, .1 7 1; r3 ''J^l.^ 1 1 t^t^HH »- HH: lu^Sii^p ■} ijvi^ .5 1 1 = 3 xa ":? a ! - T-T ■ ^ «. « «. W «, I 1-1- • ^ '2 * " " . - ►. * T ^ . . - _ M - • iititiiititiitiiti. -Ji (688) =1 ■s "a '11 Ji 'i !l! 4'! f H Jl ■ S tV S : S^.i > c . " ^^ ; •. ' s ? ! ,? ? 1 1 ^ .5 : S ^ : i 1'' ■ r.-'^i i^c .' ^ - -* ^ - 'X^:: i:y^^ . -J ' .■ -^ *' , > A J; I £■; i> ^i>^i.^;=, i--l--i-l-i-^i.i--l-f ;?:: 7 I '^^ . i 1 , -* -J :i ■■♦ ;■; fl ;. • :| : 5 y. ts — . a: C'/ - i .* 5 P : •/. X 7. y, ■/. w. 7, -J. ■J.-f.'r^i-i-b 's^iV \ = -=. B ■■j.<\ Vor,. — VI. 87 ((!8<.) TAP. Li: I I. A 1' r A I. A ( • II 1 A N T i: I 1'. !•; S, 1S.-.7. Namri. M..n, \V..mrii (1,1110.11 »-•■■''■ v'l'' |,,!;|,.'|,'."';ji T..I.1. , 1..T . ,.i,r j rii.~iitt«' ;).Hlr, ,|,i:, 7.7;;i , i;,.7i;7 1 .i.'.iin I I',i,7ii7 riiifLi-iw. 1,1;;.; l.li; :;.i7o • 'IllMMkoc fmk' i">.''i;i lo.ur.ii Ni'iniiiiili'.* I I IVtiil I.7iri I l.M'7 i:.:'/.7 '.'•J.il'il' l.'ilHI ti:,iii:i I.:! Ill ■•i.."i."i(i :;7ll .■■.»<■.'■.' ' 'Jl.TIi" I Nuiiili.r [.r W.iniiMi mil ('liiMrcii iml u'lu'ii. ilH.-ll I.H'll I Numln'i' <>( Kntiiilii'i mil I'lnMriMi imt Bivi-n. ;7,i;jil T AUU: III. CKXSl'S (»!•' CIMII'.KS. l'";-ty-lln' T.'wn« . Tliirlv-nim' I'nwiH Ilra.l. .Y J!iil.'«. ri*. MrtTr*. r.tlhllli'<. ::,lM."i 11. ' 'l.'l 7.lli Il'l :;, ih il.'.l'.S :Mii7 |-.- 7.'i''-i HI,.-, 1:1 111..; HI W2 11.11: II. ••<. I'liixm,. Vc.i. IV. p. r>-\ s,".i-J T. .1. .M.I1..11, V..1. IV.. |.. oSl. TAULi: IV. I'lil'l LATloV OF TIIF, IKtuil .:..-.. M.'.. Is llirllin \.'ur I ri't itiim. M'.. 1-:.,V Onoi(I:l (tni.Ilil;i;.M .. St. U.'f!i» ... .s^llillvrnck .. T..'l'i\v:l'ln uiiilnr ttiv nuthority of New York, at the ilcrcnnlHl run^us in Wi!>, anil commiinlratoU l.y .\|r lli>iiilli>y. TAlU.i: V. w I N N i:i! .\(i(ii:s, 1H47. [.I. i;. l''i.i.inii:u.'] Trilifi! !>trrm.'lli . •-MuO Nuiiiliir III' ii';;nlar liuiiti'i'-' ;iii(( III iii.'rii'iiltiiralint!) 'J 1 1 ID NiiiiiIk r lit' Ii.'iiiiIh liaviti)^ cliic I'k Niiuilit r iif liiill'liriwls 'I'lilal iiiiiiilii 1' III' iiiIm'iI ami |iiiir ^IV't S iiih' 111' llii' liiiliaii.i Iiavr iliM )i an \iliivali i| llicir nirii with llic |ilnii'jli. Tin' ir-iill li:i« lioon unch an will prnlialilv iiiiliii'<' llir ,.'i'»>'ial iiilii|iliHM ul' tlji> iiimli' df riilluatlnii. Mi. -I nl' llii' ImihIs liavi' ii|i|iliri| III lie t'liriii-'lii'il wllli liariii"-!, \va;:iiii>, ami |>Iiiiil;Iix, wliirli aiilili • liaw In i ii r(iriii>liri| llii iii at lar a< |irai'liialil.'. 'I'wn wa^mi-. Ii'ii -I'l* nl" liariii--". Irii mIs uI' 'jcars tiir |iliiii..'liiii'.', ami tiii iilmi'^li", I n I. .IIU'il tu till Ml. 'I'll.' Imliaii" liaM', ill all r:i«r.-, I'liriii'lii'il llnir mvii Imi'-. ^ In ii«r in llii' |iliiii'.'li mill waL'iiii. 'I'lii'v liavi' tliin _\rar ciillivalril illi.'i airi> nl' laiiil : nl' ihi^, iIh'v liaM' jilmijlii'il i'.'lilN lIll'IIISi'l. i.'i ncTi'i iiavn liii'ii ]ilnii'jlii'il I'lr i ii Ml ; ami il i- otiniatiil tlial llii'V liavi' ivatnl ;ill aiTri willinill |i|nliu'liiM'^. 'I'lirrc aililltinlial liiliN lia\r liiTII |.|iiiiL'liii| aiiil I'i'licnil llii nil I'nr till' liaMi|> wliii llliiVcil trnlll iIm' M l..l.-lll] ami llnni rivi'r<, ami arr innv Imviiiil mi ilm Inwa. Tliiy urn, iiMl-^, imia Im-. Iiraiis liinii|is, s.inaslii-". ami nllnr m ji taMi- ; tliny all. ImwrM r, il.priiil, ill |iarl, nil liiiiillii'.' ami li., I'nr a Mi|i| la mil Ml liart ,uiiii'r:,-niin fnii.-iilcial'li' ri']iaiis. Ii was t'miini ll^(■l•^^a^v In iijiair all ili nil' ami ii>i'il mi tin' I'arMi at tin I'V. 'I'll llii." tariii M aiiiiitinii nl' li'ii ai'ii- li:i< lici-ii niaili' lliis .'•i'a>mi ; llii> was ilmii' w illi vrrv little ailiriliniial I'rm t'lrlv ai'i-i .'I iIm i| ailili'il liaviii'.' Im'iii Inrnnrlv i'iilli\alii I. ■I'Ih'Iv Ii: Ml an avci'a'.'i' |n 1.1' al'iiiit trn liami- rnM-laiitlv al wnrK mi llm I'arms siin'i' ihr miililli' nl' la>t Manli. TIm' iiuMilmr nf a'Tcs ' •iillivali'il \i\ till' liaml> I'liiplnvril, I'vclii-ivi' nt" llm lami iilnii'.'ln'.l I'nr tlm Imli: stati'il al.nv.', is • IS acrrs ill wliral. I'.i acrrs in nat< c-~ ill iiia«, »il ai-rrs m rrn'M, In ai'i'ns m imlatn mil ami tnnii]'-. Tin' laiiii iiiliivaliii in lnaiis ami tiirni]is was inimiili'il t'nr I'nni, Iml tlio 1 Wit, aiiil rmilil iint 1..' iilnM'_'lii'ii in sia^nii Oiir wlii'at ami oats were acns III lio; s|iriii'_' was lali' ami tin' '.'rniim ami vvi'ii' liarvt'st^'il in ;^n ul I'nmlliinM ; mrn ainl |iiilalni's iirnniisi' a linn im'. TA \\\a: \ I. M j'.NttMox I i:s. isn [A. (i. Ki.i.is.-J Trilial strriMjlli Willimit (■;,ltli' ami farms .. I.Ivi' liy iisliiii!^ and liuntiii'j Numiii'r III' nninl Ihl' Imnsis '.'.I'D 'I'll.' Miiiniiiniiii's am a lira\i' ami iiaiii'iil [ii'n|ili', tlin linn tViomis nl' tla- L'nvr mil, ami rolv willi al)iiliii'_' I'nntiiicnc't' mi its jiisiicc and inairiianiinitv. Tlio LTnalir .siian" nl' ll > Aun, Ititp., 1847. p. :151. • Ana. Ilrp., 1**1. p. 41. ii'in ail' liniitri's, living (691) m. \'l .•.i.l».ivrl.> l.v III.. ..I,..,,- MM.I tlir l,.|.. li,.. ; i.,r il„. |,.,| ,|,.._v r, ...rl In tin, „ ll»v. nn,l ihr riv. r- lalliiiu lllf" M. Wl.-f Ihry lak.. ill :ill ,■ ,.,.,n, nl' |I|,< y:,r, l„|l . .|,,..i..ll> ill winhT, Un,- .,ii,inlili.-. ,l„.y..li,| ' ""■ ""' """"I"i"") "I n,mi <„„| Mur«.>..ii. Wli... il». M.i ni., ,l„.ll Uy,< ili,. ,|i..rr« .,f lir-uii "'•'•''"' """■'•' ''I'"''" • "'I' '■•■""• -linlir ImiI ||„ |„li„„,, |„ii,,,. al,|,, ,„ , ,„U„,. ,|,.. ..„|,1 ,„„| ,l„i^u„ III tiikiii); till III, ° •""""■ ''"■'■'■ '"""ll-''l "f III.' .Mr ihil.lr^ iir.. r|,ri,li:,„. „r„| farinrr^ : ll.r iiiiihIht I. iii.Trfi.inu. illtd III.' ml... will M. Uj l,.,.„i,|,. ,u,|,,,,|, ;„p| mImii.Imii ha,,.. Ilii a l.il.- vJMI I ir villij,., I niiMit,..! ,iMy.|tt,. !„... |,„„„... .r, ,.|,.,| l,y llir, Uv., ,„„.| „f |||,.|„ ,.,Miif„rlal.ly liiii.l,,.,! aii.i „,,i.M|. IM..V Imv.. .L.aiv,! „,, |V,„|| ,|„, l,,,,,^^ ,|,„l„.r,.,| lan.l*. hiiiiII ticM,. wlii.li ar,. wrll f,.i„r.|, ami lin.. , i,.|„ iif .■..rii iin.l pi.tal...., .....upy ..yorv i;...! ..f ^.'r.iiiii.l : llin- will rai-.. .iiMtijIi al lak.. I'al, was l„ kmi tin, I year fur tli..ir Mil„i.t,. Tli.. Irani., larn.ii,..- iii.n.il., \r , ... ,,|,|„.,i ,|„.„i l,y ,|,o ^nvri'iii...,., »r.. i„ I I «iHj.l uriK.r an.l l.itflily pri/.,.! : ih,. ,,iiaiiiiiy, aiiimally, ..|i.,iil.| I,.. ii,.r..ii,vU. i ■ 'i taijm: VII. I N I) I A .V .s < » ]•' M I ( • II I ( i A N . lM;-,;j. [II. ('. (ill.llliKT.] I.— ciiii'i'Ku \,-< oi' i,\Ki; .i-;iti(»K. Inii'rii.r lii.|iaii« i --,) l.aki' Imiian.s. j ,.y, Hi.i. l-'i.rt". Iianii., .,.» .^lixl•.i Itldo.l.^ I 1,1,) '''"'"' I.IUO II — .MK'llli; \\ IMi|.\N,-<. Ottawas and Cliipi w.i.^ T) I,'." ('Iii|.|ii'wa,. niid .'>!< .,.,.. J. til r.itlawataiiiJL.s of Ilurmi j- ''■"'■'' (I.illl R|..iii .. .,|,j l!.-iiiin'_' in .\|inno.«()ta | ,)r,^ Ti.'.il in thi. au'ciii.y 1 1 ^,-,[ rfi02) I" A i;li: VIII. INDIANS IN TilK (isAdi; AtiKNCY. IN |si.U-»7. [Al.lKl.D .1. V.\l (illN.'J I'cittnwntniiiii'N >>t' llir rniirl<' 4(H) |)n. ,,r 111,. \Vul.i.>li 7.'l') Uu. i>t' liiu Saint .li.M|,li 7ll> Piitlnwnlainii'M, luial I Hit OttilWIl.H U>1 ('lii|i|><'Wiis 'J7 I'iankrKiiiiWH I II I Wl'MH I 17 CfuriuR and KaKkaaklaii, vHtiitiutod at |;;o Tiiial ;jii;i(i..ipul!i. TAIIU: IX. OTTOES, OMAHAS. ANI> I'AWNKKS, ls4l». [.I. K. I5riiKnw>. ] I. Oltiiii illiO •J. Ouialias IJIIII :!. I'awiiiiH CillO (i.'dlK 'I'll! I'awiii'i", since tlcir L'lV'at In-s liy I'lmlira in I'".'"", niuulirr alinut I'lHI). Till' ()tliH'H M'i'Mi l(j (;i'a4iiall\ il' 'Tiasi', wliilr llic Onialias incr.M^i'. 'I'll!' (tniiilias arriviMJ all )nt tlir Imli iiltiniM t'nini tln'lr ^'^lnlnil•r liiint:<. Iiavini: siiMiriMJ a .-iiHiriency of nil at and .-kins In ilu tlicin imtil tin' a|ipriinrliiiiif winter. On llnir nnirn linn.e they enenunieii i| a war party nl' Imlians, Mi|i|iii>eil In lie eiiin|Hi-iei| '' Siuux and I'lmias, witli wliieli tliey had an eniraire- nient 111' aliunt luiir linnr.-. Tlie Oniaiias, li.avin'.; a laru'e ipiantily nt' meat, lie.iides luiiii; a|i|iri«'d nl' their cin'iny's inlentiniH tile day liel'iire, .•ineeeedeij in llirnwin'.' u|i ^neii lircastwnrks with it .is made them iim|ily ."eeiire liet'nre altaeked liy their enemiis. Alter the ln«s nt' limr nr livi' men, to^'etlier with »ume flirty Imrses, they dmvo the enemy hack, and lieeaine the vielurs nf the Held. The Sinux and I'nnea.s, it i.s mippdsed, had eii;ht or nine nn'ii killed, and snine ten i.r twelve wiinded. Had the Oinalia.s been met dm the open prairie withuut any iMtiee of the appre.nli nf the etiejiiy. and wilhnut the means nf fnrtifyin'.' themselves, they wnnid, frem the snperinr imiidier nf their iiii|innent.», have liien alnin-t entirely annihilated. They have made a \ery i;niid hunt; but, nwiiii; to the fearful ravai;es nf the elmlera, will make no corn. \iiti, Kfi>.. I-IT, I', \C. inn. n.'f., Isl.l, liO.S) I' #f '^ 1 um 1^47. TABLE X. NEW YORK INDIANS, 1847 AND 1849. [W. v. A.NUEI..'] Tuscaroras, rcsiJins in Niagara touuty -80 Onoivias, residing in (JnoiJa county 1'''9 C'ayugas, residing with tin.' Senccas in western Now Vorlc HS Onondag:is, residing in Onondaga county !17o Ouoiidagas, residing on the Alleghany reservation, in Cattaraugus county SS Onondagas, residing on the Cattaraugus reservation, in Kric county 25 Oiiondagas, residing on the 'I'onawanda reservation, in (ienosco county 7 Onondagas, residing with the Tuscaroras -2 Senecas, residing on tlie Alleghany reservation 811 Do. do. Cattaraugus reservation 1201 Do. do. Tunawanda reservation 570 Do. do. DnlTaio 30 Oucidas, Onondagas, and UufTalo .Senceas, residing at Tonawanda 79 Whole number 3751 1840. Senecas 2712 " St. Regis 452 " Onondagas 1:.'0 " Tuscaroras .'! 1 2 " Oneidas 2135 '•■ Onondagas residing with the ,''et a little different — sani" ro- i L'itUl. 12.000 ' ."^ii'UX nn tlic rhoyenno riv,>r, and riatte. 0,000 I'ppcr band ,<{ s, on tlio Missouri. ■'• 1,200 j Oerupy tlio same villacre with the .Alandans.* i f Live iji dirt vilhiLTCS, ei<_dit miles above Man- SOO ■ , ... : dans. ■ j f Wandering tribe between Missouri and lied 7,000 '1 . j j river ot llio nortli. 1 f Lansuat'e same as Cliippewas — eouiitry, As- 800 ! . , . " ^' sinahome. 4,000 I Ii;weals — on the head waters of Yellowstone. i (Wandering' tribe on tlic Platte — lansnniro j I very r.'Hiark:dili\ Wanderins — m.'ar Falls of 3Iissouri ; both I ,«ides of the river. I'rairie tribe, between the Platte and Ar- kansas. Wandi rers between tlie Missouri and Sas- e!iti-hewayne. IjOtiO I Poor tribe, in the Roeky mountains. 800 [ In the mountain — trade mostlv on Ci.lumlua.* 2,000 s 13.000 2,500 2.500 Total . 0.025 ; 2O,.",70 ' I! 1, 700 ' Tilt' whole are wmukTcr.- t'\rcpt tlioiJe markeil with an a.sti'1-Mt i*). (095) I I •'I'll! ' ■■ TABLE Xll.' T KIBES OF TIIK ri'I'KR MlSSOriM, ISIT. [C. (". Matlock.] i I. Till' v;iriiins liuiuls nt' Simix . Arii'k;ir(''''i ( '•vI:ili.l;in< l.li.lSi'». Pnpulftliim. ■J.'iL'O l'.i,i;r.n I'lO I.SIIII l.",() l,:;:,o ■10 ;;(;!> •Jlill 1. I'll III Cliovi'iiiii'S . Crow-: I!l:i.-kr.vt., A^«iii;iliiiiiii' Tocil., :;17 ."i:;ii sio !IMl _,.i:;ii ."i.:;iii( ll.l'-ll (;,m;ii l."i')|il Totiil miinlior of Imliri's ."iT^T, vvhii'li wmiM In' ji t'nu'ti.in ,ivi r ci^'lil .-'lul-' to l]ii' Ii.Il'i'. Till' lipliiiiis have bcrii (■xtr:i\:i'.;iiiilly otiiiKit.'d liy my |irrili cr-.-.n- in hIVuh tlirv li.iviiij- t'stlmiiti'd llir SiiMix :ilniic' at ."ill, null MiiiN; mikI i liiii .-it ;i In.-- In l>!iii\v IVm:ii \vh;il Miiinv lliry drrivid llii'ir iiifnr- iiiatinii. as llu'V ciiuKl imt liavc ulitaiiu il it I'lniii tlir ludiaiis tluiii- Ivi-. 'i'lurc arr iiiiiv Iriln's in tlio ml;'! iii-y. Till' .Vi'ii-lcaroi's aiv situated mi tlic .^li-slu^l■i riviT. Iirlwri n lli.' (Ims Vi'iilros and Sioux, and arc nmcli bettor Indians tlian tiny liavc idiarartci' fur liciiiL;. Tiny air ini-limd tu tivarlii'ry. are (luevisli and irreat lilierlines. yet tliey are lietter Indiums llian tlie IJlaeklei t and A-.-inali'iiin'S. yet lint .sn j;uud as the , i Gros W'litres. I'ciiieas, and ntliers above inenliniied. TiiP I 'rows, lilaelil'eet, and .Xssiiiabiiines liave made im imiirnvenient whatever, teiiaeiniislv aiUierini; to all tlie ferueieils eilstinns and miserable oxpedieiits of savaL-e life. | I Tbose Indians are i'.xee.->ivel\ fond of ardent spirils i witb tlie exeeptien of tlie Crows, ivlio bavo i never been known to drink, or ine -Ipm^' lii|Uoi-); are abo tbii visli, tn'aelnruus. and are oidv t i be ke|it under tliroiiL:li fear; fir tby still enntinue ;o de^ipi^e and bate the wliite man. and iverv elVml made to i/aiii their love and Irienil-hip has been iieid • in vaia. • .Annuiil lU'lUiu l;.'i>nrl, IslS, ji, tin. (0'J()) umaa TAIiLK XIII. HIIOSIIOX I KS, ( TAIIS. lioNACKS: \s\ [J. AVii.sdN.'J NaliH'S of Hand". Siiiisii(iMi:s liONACS I't.mis. viz. : I. Tnn. -. V:iiii]i:i]i:is :!. Kwiriic I. 'ri'ii|irMiiv I tMll." . ."i. I';innil l'l:i!> li, Snin|iii'lii > V. I'llliliU'tl'S I l.,.,ip.,. Ililll) ."iiiip ."ill Tcit^il . r. II II I N". Ii.llli' I..HLr I lliiwn r'„|.ilJ3li..|i. [ I Idlll t i Il^lM -1 UIIIMI t i -Jill I I L'llO I ^ l'llc>lilli:ll. '1. 7i;illl A ii till' t^lui^lionii's tlu'iv .-ire mily t\V(i li:iiicls, ]irii|icrly .'<|ic;iliiiiL:-. Tlic )iriiici|i,il ni- li.ii.r |i;,rii..M ill'i' r:il|iil Sliiisliiiliirs, or .^llllkc-, wim im- rirli rlii.irjll III iiwil \\,>\-~r< ; il lliii-., ilir Slin-lii,ni.>, iMiiiiiil (IV ilii n-l iiwii liiir.-i'^. Till' ]iviiii-i|i:il cliii'ls nf lli. .'^iKi-liiinii's nw Mmiiu, :ilii.iit I'nnv-livr \. :i)-~ i I.!, mi i-iilli'il IVniii ;i wiiiiriil in liis Imit m- clirrk, rmiii ;i lull, tlcit ili^li'^iin s hini ; nml Wilkin, < 'lu-liair. li.illi liMiiils iiiiinliiT. |iriili;iMv. nvii- lllll Iml-is, u{ luiir ]iir-.iii-; i:icii ; i,l' ih,- rrl;iti\r |i,.||i, n .,;' , irli ' ; ImIIiI nil llrlillitr ;1ITI lllllt l-ail \>r •/\\i'l\. Tlicir I:ill'^ll:lji'. wilh llir i'MV |iliii|| nf M.llir I'.it,.:-: ili;i', IViiri -. I j is -.iiiil III lir ihiil i.f llir ('iiiiiaiirln' trilir. Tliiii' i-laini nl' 1 mlarv i<. In llir ra^i. fiMin \\„. j;,. i lluih -;, I nil llir Nmlli l''iirl; nl' llir I'lallr, lu il> lirail in llii. I'avk. |li'i-av.-ii|iu', m' liiiDal.i riiill-|irii. in lli,- \\.. l\ ' inniinlaiiH ; in tin xiiitli, arin— tin' uiniinlain-. nvrr In the V:in|ia|ia. till it, cnhT- I Ir. . n, i^r l'ii!,r,M|ii rivrr, anil tlnii ai rn-s In llin liacklmnc nr liilijn nf nnnintains i-allnl llm lirar liivi-r ninMnlain-. iiuimIiiu iii'arlv iliin WrsI tnwaril< till' ."^mIi l/ikr, sn a^ tn laki' in nm-l nf tlic ,*^all Laki, ami tlii'in-.' in In lln' Sinks nf Mari'vV. nr lIuiiiIinMr.- ri'.iT; ilir imi-ili tn ih,' |i>||,iii|.s. mi ih,. Sn,!,,. iImt. i;, Ori-.ai; ami llll'lll-l' silUtll ' tluir llnrllicni llnllMilai'V l. In tlin lii'l lilltti-:, illrlinllll'j- llin snni nf (irn 11 j-Im V — a li'i'i'itnrv jirnliatily nUM mill s si|iiari'. Iiin-t nf wliicli lia^ In i Iii...|i an rlrvalinii nvii- In 1. • iisnfnl fnv i-nllivatinii nf any snrl. In ninst nf tlirsr inniintains anil v.illivs il fivr/ns f\vv\ ni'jiil in ilm yiar. ami is, in Mininn'i'. .|\iil(' warm at nnmi. ami In lialf-past liiiTi' n'clnck. I'. M. Xntliiii'j wliatrvir will '^imw, nf ;;raiii nr vi".;italili'S, lull tlm iiin^l liiMirianl ami iinlriliniis .^i-a-^i's .jrnw in llm '^I'.atisl aiiiiiiilani-i', j ami till' v.-illnys arn tin' rii'licsl nf nirailnws i Till' part nf till' Salt Lakn vallrys iiiclinliil in lliis Imiinilary. llii' Cai'lio valli'v. liflv liy mii' luimli-i'il I . niiirs. anil part nf tin' valli'y iirar ami lay l-'ml Hall, ilnwii Snaki' rivi'v, laii Im riilti\a|. il, ami uiili L'nnil fi'siilts; liul tliis fni'ms a vi rv small part nf tliis cniintrv. Ilnw tlii'-i' imnpli' ai'i- 1 ■ livn, ^ r i v.n '\ist, Inr aiiv li'ii'jili nl Inn iiiiinl Kv aiiv nii'ans (Icl.rminc. 'i'lii'ir siip|ini't lias, liiTrtnl'iin', In I tly '.jaim' ami ci'i'lain rnnl-. wliii-li. in lln'ir iiativn stain, an' rank pnisini, calli'il 'I'nli n runt; Imt whi'ii ]inl in a Imln in tlic ■irniiinl, ami a lar-n lire Imnnil nvrr lln'iii. lii'i'unn- wlmlisniMn ili.i. Tl:i' Mi.nmiii si'llli'iiii'iit in till' Salt l,aki' vallry lias nnt niily L'ri'ally iliniinisln'il tlnii- fnrmrrly m ry ■. •. it 1-, -niii-i-i' nf nlit.iininn lisli nii( nf the I'tali laki' ami its snurci's, wliii-li, In tin ill. was all ini'iniiant v.'siiirrc. lint llirir snttli'iiii'iit. witli llic urn.il nmi'jr.ilinn llii'i'i', ami In Califninia. lias alrr.'iilv ii' .ii iv ilriv.ai away all tin' 'jaim'. ami will iim|iii'stiiiii,ilily sunn ilnprivr tlmm ali'm-t mlin Iv nf llm nii'v i-lia' s llir\ l!,i\ ' I'll' fniiil. Tliis will, ill a I'i'W ynai-, prmlm-,' a n-iili imi nnly di- i-lri'us In ilnin, Imt i.ii-l I \iiiiiii.i iiiiiiiiii laii.ii. K'j',1. "—J \'ii|. \l.— SS ^liii;-) Mil ilMIM Kri| iiHvii.ilily iii'.ML'i' till' svinpalliii'-i iil" tlif iKilioii. Ilciw lliis is tn lie iivoidi'd is ii ((Mci-tiMii iif mucli (lillicMillv : Imt it is, ii(vci-tlicli'>-i, tlic iiinn' iinprnitivr mi the (iiivcrniiiiMit. imt mily In ilisriiss, Imt to pill ill |ii:i(lii'i'. .-(HIM' iiiii'li' 111' rrliil' Inr tlirsi' uniiirliiiiatr pcii|il> llii> diitsiilr lianiirs, ur iiiclti>iii;r iiiiMiiiiaiiis, III' wlusc wliiilc riiiiiilrv arc nut (irilv nivri'cil. in (■(Hislaiit siirlit, willi ]H'rpi'tiial siinw, Imt in wliMx' liiiL'i's, rwry iii'.'lil ill till' vrar, ii'O is niailc iivrr tin' water lol't in a husin. nl' near MVcn-ri'jIillis lit' an ini-l) in tliirlincss, I'xrrpt in tliri'i' small jilaccs altfaily named as fM-cptimis ; and twn v( tlicso, till' Salt Lake valji'v and the Snake river, an' already taken tnnii them liy tlio whites, and there is little duulit Imt that iho C.acdie valley will s.inn lie sn nei-iipieil. The I'lahs' claim of liimndaries are all suuth nl' that nf the i*>liiisliiiiiies, einliraeim: the waters nf the Ciiliiradu, iriiini: must iiruhalily to the (Jiill' ut' Caliliirnia This is a mueli inure rurliinate lueatien, and larL'e purtimis nf it are rieli and I'ertile lands, and with a •.'mid eliinate. Their lan'_'na-_'i' is essentially CiMiianelie. and althniiLdi imt teelinieally, yet it is suppiised tn he snhstantially the same as that ut' the Shiishdiiies; t'lir, allhiiiiuh nii lir>l meetiie.' they iln nut I'nlly nnderst.-irid eaeh ntlier, yet. I am iiil'nrmi'd, timr or five da\~' as« leialimi eiiahles diem in iMiiver-e IVe^lv to'.'elher. TA 15 ij: \i v. SASITK.VS, VIZ: 1{],()(»|)S. Itl^ACKKKKT. 1MK( lAN'S. (iUOS VHNTUHS, ISiVi. [doV. fsAAC I. Sir.VKNS.] Sii'-Klin-', i.r llln.kf.'i-t lifilloil. Tril'."i nil. I Ilali'N. Itl Is lilaekfe tinis N'eiitr Tula l«ll!i'.. :{."i(i •-'."id :!."iO :!(l(l PoputaUnn. j Warri-irt '2450' ST.-) (i2.-i IT.'iil •_'4.-)ii JflL'll ill) !tl70 IKIII TFII-; IJI.ACKI'KI'.T NATION. The general lueality nf the lilaekl'eet is iiniler>t.ii d tn mean the eniintry in which they reside or hunt, nml is liniinded as fnllnws : — Uy a line lii"jiniiiii'_' un the imrtli. where the .■iHth |iarallel cinsses the Itneky mniintains; thence east nil said parallel tn the liniili meridian; thence smith In the headwaters nf Milk liver, dnwn said river tn the Missnuri ; up the .^lis^(lllri tn the imnitli nf the .Indilli ; ihenee lip the .Judith tn it.s .'.iiuree : thence tn the Knekv moiinlains, and imrth alniiir their liase In the plaee nf 1 nt lic'.Mnniii'j The euiintrv helween the M issniin an 1 the headwatiTs nf the Vellnwstniie IS iinnccuiiK d. It is the I f the IJIackfiet war-parlies tn and linm the Cniws, Klalheails, and Snakes. It is alsn tin L'real rnaj n huntinL'-'jiiiiind nf the {''latl id the Indian Ir 'iierallv nf \Vasliiii'_'liiii Terrilnrv I'ast nf tin Caseades, whn resnrt hither at all seasniis nf the year tn hunt Initl'aln. The Hlackfeet iiati Tl nil IS ilivi led iiitn fniir distinct tri hand s, names, nun nheis, and Incalities. le abnvc' nnmliers nf the fmir Irilies nf the Itlackfeel iiatinii are taken fniin .Mr. IKity'.s eiiumeratinii. than that nf .\|r. St; iiilev, wild V isited the I'ieiraiis in Septcnilicr last, and whnse estimate nf the lie'/ans ennmeralinn. derive lilniids, and Hlackfeet. was l.".;!(l lnil..'es, and In,:!!"! snuls ; and it is likewi ■ r less lliaii lie ,1 fr iisiilliriir all reliahl if infnrmatinii in the Cjiper .\li.ssniMi, and vliieh made the fniir Irilies nf the (ll■.l^: N'enire-. ISInnds, l'ie;;aii IMaekfect, aninunt tn I I.IIMI, nr (6! I I A I \ t [<■ INTIM i:|. 1 .')'j;l(l riiiifi' tlinii till' (■sliTi..it(' 111' .Mr. iKilv. .Mr. I'uiv lia>, liiiwrvi'i'. liad tlio (i|>|i(irtiiiiily uf niiikiii'j iiii \ iictiuil ciiiiMt emlent, saucy, and more unt'riendly to the whiles, than any other lianil of the Ulaikfeet. j I The Kl Is, I'icL'aus, and Hlackfei't, speak the same laUL'UaL'e, peculiar tii the Hlaekfoot nati.in. The (Jros \entres .speak the .Vrnipahoe lanL;ua!.'e, which is not understood by any white nnin or Indian, not of their Irihe, in this country, .^lost of the (iros Ventres, however, speak the Itlackfoot , suflieiently for purpo.scs of trade. ] Thi'ir eharaeler is warlike. They arc warriors and liorse-tliievis liy profession and practice. ;ind are always at war with some, or all, of the nei;;hlionrin;r nations. TA ULi: XV. Ti:X.\S INDl.WS OF NOUTIIKli.V oRKilN. 1n.".1. [Jr.ssK Sti:m.] No. 1 Naineii. Trll'iil Ktri'iiK'tli 141 111 .'IS liil •J II-.' ll:i 1 \ ) s Toliil. w irtiur" 1 1 Tow:i('f':»rrit>^ 47f. ti:i >> l'fl..ii.-e KliliatMt Men. ll.'i l-.'O 111) •J!)7 Women. 10 II.-) •Jim; 111.-) ChlMren. IS 117 .Ml Vakaiiia (cshniiiti') H.ick Isl.iiul Okiiii!i'_'an Culvill.' Siiilniiiiiiiii>li ( Spcikiiiic) Cunir ir.\lcncs Liiwcr I'l'iiil d'Orcilli's ., rpiiri- IVikI (I'Oivillrs.. .^li>^i'lll .\iz I'rii'ts Ciij'usi" l:;o :;iiii \^1 ls| liiii llMIII ::o(i L'aO Totul popiihitiuii ;i''o 1 ... .);].» "IMI 1 Ti'MI 1 tSII "10 tilts 4M ^s^H 38 4(1 12(1 "lO.'i TAIU.K XVII. KASTKliX \V.\.SII1X(;T()X AXI) ()l{K(i()X FN lS5;i. [Ciov. I. 1. Stkvkn.s.-] N" Nanir,- tif TrllH-ji. U«I«i's. Po|>u1atiiili. :;.'iO too L'NO 420 .Mill 1 •; a. 4. ."). (i. 7. s. "1. ill. 11. 12. !:;. 14. 1."). k;. I'utal ... ril.tllra.ls ( 'ipMtrii:i\s anil I'latlinw*; ■ (JO ■ I'end irOivillcs ul' I'pprr Lake 40 I'lMlil .rOr.'illrs iif l.„\v,T l„-lk.' (.•.i'uvi;i:(i()X ix isni.— [dov. .((iskph Lank.] Sliusliniiics — (inc tribi' 7 — tiit;il . I'liiiislita liciiiiioks, Siiiikc river ClllltlMKIV III. II. I-.', 14, 1.'.. It). 17. IS. 1!), •JO. 21. 9:1 211. 27. 2S. 20. ;{0. ai. I''hltlli'!l(ls, 111- S;ili..li ('iilcspi'liri I''(iii(Ki'as, Si(uc'iiilip.s Culvill.', i.r l.iltlc l'latiic:i(l Imlians Cn'iir il'AleiK; SjiDkaMo < )uk iiiajrans Si'Mipi iil('.< Ni'Z IVr('c:< I'aldiis C.'iyu'^o W.'illa-walla DcsClmtcs Wiisc'opan ( 'as('a 2111) 21111 ;)iiii Til) 2no Tutis North of tiii; Coi.imiu.v (now W.v.-^iiiNoriiN). — [.Mu. Tiiounto\.J Mak.nv. Capo Klatloiy Xon.M'laliiiii Duiiiriiia.".-: i«mM|iiaiiiisli lloinaiiiisli Twaniili, Wdiiil'.s (.'anal Si|uallyinisli, \.i.:, of Nisiiually Siiiaiiiisli of Wluilloy's I.-^laiiil . Piui(|Ualaiiiick Skcywhuiiii.^li Ska'.'iits i). 10. 11. Xdukluulr 12. Cmvlitz .. I.'!. Cliiiioiik.'* U. Cholialis. Canioil forward 0, 1,000 1,100 .'lOII oOO 2011 fl.'lO ;;."io .•!."iO ■l.-iO ."iiiii 220 120 120 :!iio iiiO (701) :! I ^ffii ill' I t t hi ^ ■' IE X V 1 1 1 . I.. IJniii'^lit liirwanl (1,, 'it ill l.'i Kiitliliiiiiit I.Ml ll'l TlllllUMIlil '.'(Ml IT. NV_v:iiii|piiiii l;lli !•<. V;ii':iiii;is l.,"i(ltl I'.t. ri^i'iiliiios ;i,"i(l Ti'iiil ^.',l^ll (iiiv. I.aiii' roiicliKlrs : •' SmiimiicliMl, as iiiiiriy o( the liilics and liainls imw an' li_V tlu' wliili", wlmw arts (if civili/atiiiii, liy (ii'titroviiif: till' rrsiiuri'i's lA' tlic liiili,iii>, (lnniii tlicin in |iiivi'i'lv, waul ami iriiiif, tlu' oxliiiiriiisliiiii'iit of tlii'ir title by jiurcliasi', iiiid llii' licaliiii: tliciii in a ilistiict icnnivi'il fnnn tlic sfttli'mciitK, i.- a inca- siiro iif tlu' must vital iin|nirtainr li> tluni. Iniln'il. tin' oausi' uf liiinianity palU Iniiillv fur tln'ir ri'iniival, frnin causes and infliiPiK'e.s no fatal t" llnii- cxistinii'. Tlii* nicasurc is niu' of eijiial iiiteivsl to (lur own jieople." TA 11 Li: X IX. TOTONIC TIMr.KS OV S or T IIM li N' () U KO () X, ] 8r)0. [I'OKT OliFdUl) ACKNCV.] i \niiii- .'f Iliinil". Namimaii ClIorMir.l.KTAN. (^r AllluM.Ml .... S.M.HA.MII.V ('cisn.MKNTAN... Yi i;i Ainu Yah Shi tks.... ("iif.ti.k>si:m\n AVlllSTANATIN .. ClIKAnKK. TiiTiiTK.N SiSTlCIHlSI'A MAIirKLMirKN . Total u IS -JO null :)■> I ("licltalow ('o,|iiillo Korks. ;'i:l 1.') lI'J : 'Jo 1:M .'! Ilaliiillrali l-'lnn-i Crnk. Til" I ' ... .Ml i-;ik llivcr. '.I '.I li :: :;? I Chatalliakrali .. I 'oit ( >rford. L't -11 is I'.i lliJ 1 .Mi.-li. >..',■ Vii,|iia Cr.'ok. :i!l l.'i -Jt lU l'Jll'-_' Calwawr^il lio-ni' Hivcr. 1(1 1.". 11 '.I r>l 1 Kiictn^. ri>ioi iiivi Is Jll IL' 1(1, (ill! I N.-lvrl!ilin.>k:i.. \\lialr'< 11,'ail, 117 l^ L'L' I'.I ITi; 1 Toliusliaii .< . Clirl Ko. I'J l-ll 1 'ralinanrti>a .... Six miles aliovi' tin' inontli of I{o'_'iic' li. :;!i 17 L'L' 1 .').'! Ill 'Jo HI l.'ii! I YailianiM'i' ;;-J .> 17 17 I -J I 1 TallialtiH .. Aliiivr till' IiIl' Im'IhI of lio'.'iic liiviT. I'Viiiiti'iii null's aliovi'iiioiiili of l!o._'ni' li. On the soltlcnu'iit of Orriron. the most coMsiileralile of tlie Indian tiiln's. spread over that portion of I the I'onntrv, were llios.- slieteliiiej: mirtli nf Klamatli river, of ('alilorni.i, ami the northern lioumlarv line of I this State, ii]i the I'aeilie eoasl. They eoiisisted of thirteen h.inds, Ijeariii'.' sejiarate names, the most I eonsiderahle anil |ironiineiit of which were the four liainls eliisterin',' ahout the eolifluenee of the river, I whieh. from their had failh in tr.ide, had ln'en called hy the early French traders, ('oi|iiillc. or l{iii:iie ' river liidi.'ins. These four hands hore the nanus Nas-oina, ( Ikrcletan, Yah ."^liiites, and Tototens ; and. as the ! whole L'roup of these scaeo.isl trihes speak dialects of the .same laiiL'iia'.'c, they may he frroujied toL'ether under the name of TuTnMi . Ahoiit the year l.s.'iH, they were united in a Icaonc for defensive purposi's, at the head of whieh there was a chief of some note called Chal Xah, and the eombiliation of trihes. it is attinned, hore the name of Tiitoten. 'J'lii; iirincip.il wars have hecn with tlie>i' Totom's. wlio have suHercd a rapid declension of their niimhcrs. p.-irtly owiie.' to internal disetirds, and p.'irtly throii'.di hostilities with the settlers. The naiiies ami niimhcrs of the hands, with their principal chiefs and residence, is cnihraced in the almve tabic. (702) TV 15 Li: x\. INDIAN TlilllKS (>K \V A S II I N t JTo N TK U I! I T< > li V, KAST oK TllH CASCAhK MAINTAINS. l,s,-,|. [|UT I'lli IiiiiiiIh, It I.nwtT (.'liirii ('lilnk rn„r..lli trlU'lnncI MiMiki', Hvi. (*i. 'r;liliiMl|t;iIl iJllinililN'. .W' '■1 !«.«, rliiliii]i.i ri' N..III,. '..Kill/. riv.T. :ilhl Iho Clii- luill*. til»i\ I- llu' Siil>.r. 11- rill. 1 Kiinl. ] I'lllif l-'iiil(.T\ nil. I \ I. iiiiiv Siniil.. ,.l rii',- iiiilli . I'i.rl ■r.,iiii-.Mi.l . I'nrl III-,,, I. TV.. mil 1 lti-mark<. 2011 h;,\vlil/.. "i Illi.'«. i- iiil.Tliiarri..| null th.' ('..»lil/. ; III I. I Willi Cllillllll!.. :;i.ii i:. 'Mil- tW't tinvt' li.'i'nini' n ■^< lluT ililcrliiiiiri.'ij. l.-lilll;ll.'. Miikilli-.., ."'M.illiiiii Kill. hi Kn.| M.'lllllllll N.ll IlllIlLi.'li' ■« ... •Ml ..lIliTS I'liI... I i;,li.->, .i,.., H,.|«..r.l.. I'llilllilklilii I*.. II r.iivii^.Mi.l Tc.lilll fl : II i-.MI,;,l ■■^Ii"k..iiii.h j II {-f .■aiinl. ii|.|i,r I II. I yiii'ik-'iiiiiiii-li j i'.,.,'-f iiil.i. .w S'll.ill.iiiiiiiii,-h I ('iiii'« iiil.i. A,. ."^illl.'InMlllli.vJl I lllllUlll.T.'lv'x iiil.'l. ,V.' .>i||«iiiiii.-li , ■r..ll,.iiV iii'l.-t. Ac s.|iiiii:iiii i i:i.r.- iiii.i. A.' Si..|i..|in-i'iiiii.iviiiiiisli [ Liiki' I'lirk, li\viiiiii..li liv .'''lllllllllli^ll .-'ki'li'ililiiiisli 711 li'i.'i ...... ■■•■■ _.!.. .''iiiiKi'iin> 1 1 1:: ,1- ' II I'j 2i'. 2 1 ■' 170 '■ £ i ■I.I 20 I.' Kstimate. -inf..ftlii' wiirn. n ntiiiltril iti tin- .■..iirii : I. lit .'.-ti- li::itr'l. S)iiiki>iiii>li, i->titiiiU>'il. ' ' "I ( ..,.,, -.1 I I"" Ivsliiiiate. I.. . i:. , y.'. J Siii.'|k:iiin.-li .... Ski>)K-filiiui^h.... Slk;iiiii>li , '■iiialmniisti i 3i). ■10. 11. rj. I Sliiliiili\v;irnisli Cf. ! Kiki:illi- I(. Sliji-it I'. ^■lHl;l^lll^nli^h 111. StiiitU'liliii 47. j sMif'k.'uwlni | ■»8. i .h.... 50. I SwuiMmi^h 51. .■^iM;inlniii.-!i I .■.:•. Siuni.-li ..;;. N.M.k.^ink .M. I.innitii j.'>. , Sliiiiiijihinuu l>\vami.-h IiiKo, Af ;:o ID] I ;:.-. llm-l uf WiMt.' riv.T S Ili-ml of (irc'Ti ri\rr , ;,ii , j t Main Wliitr liv. T ::ii j .Soulli rii.l .-f \\"lnil._\'.-< i-lainJ. I li | l;{,s j ;i.mi ) \ Part of tlic wiiriu'ii omittcil ; Siniilinini^li riviT. l„it iiM-hul.-a in tlio (utul. \'l-i|iifliuruiii.-li river. \>- Kikiallitimiil.'. I. Ill l.ill l.iil (-•18) I 'I iif-f; m m I 1 1. 'fj ^ TA i;li; w I. \V I N N !■; 1! .\»i(>i:s IN IS.MI, [.I. Iv l'i.i;rnii;if.| Tril'ill -In ...Hi III l> \Vinii,l.;i.;H WliwU l:l. :i!i T"i,l. it:. I \l a ri'ii-U' rii'riitlv l;ikrji. lliiTi' wrrr ^lArlilii'ii liilinlicil :ililr- I'llt. Ili'illL' II" imriM"!' Ill' tllillv llilli' mMT lllr MIIHiImT l-ipul-trd |:i«t \i:ll'. Tlir iiiiprnVi'iiiciil'* iii:iili' liiiM' l.illiii I'lr -lii.rl hI' mil' iiilfiilii'h». \\ v li;i\c i.iilv niiK' liiiihlri'il iiiiil t'oi'lv-llin I' Mt-ri"* nl l:iii>l pImii::Ii>'iI. in I'hi'|\ -iw.i \\•■\^- nf ijilVi niil "l/rs, all nl' wliirii :ii'i' iimI \rl iiiiI.itiI. \Vi' li;i\i' livr |||.i||'4:iimI >i\ Illllhlr' 'I :ll1il r'll\ 'I t' II. 'I'w.i liiiiiilri'il iiiTii li;i\r li, ni iiiJiiv.iinl in wliinl. Ill'ty iirrc* ill iiMto. IH'ii Iminln'l niiil lliiiiirn iiri'>"< in inni, mn' liiimli'i'il :ii:il M'M'nl\'il ill |M.iiitiii'«, mil' linii'li'i'il mill iiinr :iri'i'' in rul:i l>ii'^:i :ini| U'liilc liirnlp<, ami ^i\ .'hitx in u lICl'i ii| liiii'kwlu'at. Tlir lii'li.in^ iiillivaliil ll ili'i'il mill I'i'jiil \ -I ^111 Ml ll » o| ilic .'ilm-. land iiI'liT il wa- plmiulinl I'm' lliriii. anil aK.i iiillival.il iiiinn r"!!-" isinliii-. Hliicli llnviln^ iiii Uiiri'i'. with Ilii' I'S. I'liHii >>t a I'll' t ..r ill, I'll. Hill !„• a la ii<>'il III till' ailjai'i'lit I'minli'^ 'I'lir liiiliaii> ii-ri| llii' m'\iIii"< l'iii'iii>|ii'il llii Mi'a'ji' witli ill,' II',, |i, :i |iai't 111' ilii'ir anniiiu I'U, iilhl liavr niaili' 'ilimil uin' liiinilrr,l ami lll'ly I,iii4 ,,|' liay, ami Iwn liiiihli'iil iiinl M'V.niv tmi» li; I'i'ii inaili' \i\ I'liijilnM' w. lliiii;-!,' A li|ark>niilli «lni|., willi iwn I'm'i;! «, a i'ai'|,i'iili'r nIii,|i, a wanlimiMi', I'miilr 'ilM'>, a M'hiinl limiM', an I a t'i'VV ,lalil ■•. ai'i' lilt' ; .nil 11 ll li Illlillll'^S I'll' i.'.l Till i.r till at III.' -i» mill \va> a -rri.iii- .Irawl.ai'k .m mil' iii.aii» I'.ir liiiil.|ii|,_'. 'I' 11' llllll 1^ IIHW 111 |,|,('l'.lll,,ll liinili. iiiiiii'.'. ami llir In.liaiK will li.' ii>-i.li'.| In l)iiililiii._- Iii,ii«|,h |!ii» lall. 'riii> nil"', at llnir l.'i-t Iw.i annuity pay iilicv. I wa." ilircrtcil In hIim iii'nt». rrnivi |ii'i' fapita an iiniisiially lai'.;.. ainminl nl" imiiii'V witli ri'i.nmiiy, Imt willi tin' iii,'ij.,ril\ ili,' n -nil I: Mill l','|"i|'t till' 1 ll'ii't ],|',„liii-i',l Smiii' I'l'W have li'.'ii'iinj In u«.. ihi I.- l..'1'ii til I'liii'iira-ji' iillmiiN^ ami iliM>i|,all,,i |ii,liry I'l' I'ayiii'^ annnilv |,i I ll,l:all^ III nimii'V i> i>l,| l,ii'i'li.'n..l'li'. Nl ~ii\ nil iM I"' 1,1 I' I I'll iiiainlv ill I'll'i'i'tiii'.' tliiir rivili/ali.in. Tin \ ar.' iii.|..|i'iil I'r.mi iii'linalimi ami lial.il. anil will ii,.| tlii'V I V liMM' aii\ nlllil' ill'l.l ml. ni'i' I'll' ,1 ll\ Ml; TA liU: XX I I. rXDIAN TIMI'.KS IN T II K I' N I T I! I ' .>^T A T lis W t'ol l;sK WAS KKI'T (• I' 1!^ ACKN r 11 WHOM I NTi:i;- IN IS...... .%,ii,. .■! rr.br. I'l... r :-t It.i. Ir,..r I »..,,t.r ..| l,i(,.r !. Al'\' Nl> Ai'vin- Ai'»i III '. . . *..INHI .\\:\< K\ia.M . Al.K VI tlliiK-. Ill (• hii »r ... t'M'tx'l ', ^\^^ "IMS SIKI .'I.IHMI .•rtXI '» 1 hi 1 h- \\H\ V.-w M.-M.i. r.-rr'ly.. lU'\,-ri ..|- Ihf li-Mrrimr "f .S.» \U-\l„, I-. Ti-XH* i^ti- ■ \(i-«.-!il4-ni-. • \rk:iii.ii. ri*.T KHliiiialMl l-\ \ :.iit Wliiit'.-M. IVI. I I'l'iT Mi«-i>iirl li. . .. KijuTt I.r Aifi-tit \iiii.:liiiii. I-.i.i. Arkiii)Mi.4 ,v I'liillc ll. I-:otjiii:«ri-l Lv A.-;-ril Uliiir'ii'M, \<-i, VfXH* i;.-ii-ii ..r \.'.-tii Mil!, iv I I'i'I'iT ^li■'«l'nrl i: .... W.-l I I \rk;mv;i-.... \. rttnliiin, rniiM— or^'iH. hikI AI.iIm W.-i -if Arkii Ui^t ..I Aikii I'i. ( Min-m \« "f I.AKt '^i i-n'i 'ti . IT. r>IIMI » »■• ii» l.»M *l I'MiI '» ,. 1**, < llll'lt " \- "I l,\k» M I't III 01 . I" I nil'. V *■» ■■► Tin ^li"i--ii'ii.. MiniifM-iii TtTrll'-rv I II.l.'.il I.r Ai;v|it \iiU;*liaM. I",', II.l...rt .1' Aj.-m lllirliT. l-'VJ. |{i'|...rt iif Ki'tvliil BilWitd. IVM, IV..'> Midnti'llt liiiKir l<> Ihf (>Ilk-i>, ts.'i.i. Aiiiniiu v.iv n.ll, Iv.l .^tiiti-iiu'iit niii'lf l>v iIm' I'tlli'i-. |o.'>.l. Aiiiiiiiil n|M.ii ..| \:.iit i.itUrl. l" Aiitmily p'lv riilit. })...rr "t ln.liaii linn lui, l^>'><' ;(M) \ Ml fi|r#«l Nmi !••■.»•. Ilr ii'.-lti r.inihr.| i;.'l'.-r' .f .\ -.■ht i.iIUt), I*. <>t ?« \N ii'tm, *i' I'litii-iuN', I'H Mt««ri« , t U*M . , t»i'ttitt« r-Mtviift mi Ki>»w»ii«, i'-MtS IIM ,. ,. ... 40. 41 4.' l.l 1( 4- 4''. 47 4H. 4!>. < 'll>. Il»« i un t\Mi Cun.hM* Tiitwi'» 1 I |I»M«\ IRRi i tiH'W ViNrntt . . .. . ' l-'M.. ! iii.Mi.,v;;*;;.;";;""!:!;.. ..;;;.;;;;;,;;!. I Ki'K»l t I Ki"tt ti-. .. Ki 'wm ... K*SM4. ., KtM iil»:<, iViitii", (Ml I'.-w \i uiR>* Kl*K fKU'* \.ii\\' MUMUH I XInwii". MtM'VN* ....,.-.. ^l^\^r^ll^^'* l|i >i'». <'K .Vr\iHM ' ^^^u..., OMIl'*- 1 tiNMfl* I iiMiim ort .,, ' (trrtu 11 ttittw »* . ' MrtMi . tMi »i(.-..| I'll »»•» - ncr'."N r HI .r"i:^ I'ri^i^ . . . I'lS. I. I'll t\w u I mil - T'lrirt wi \MK- "I III iiH\ rut'T iw in \MI»* l'o*s • tlVW*. \\ I V-. I'li'llllH, \Mi i\\ IT- . ^t'l \ >ti III! ^h— ikiii-1-i Mi'l \ ..) 11)1' Mi^^'Hil .■•I I' \ -y I 'f I'l MN-* .*r. i;i<,i> lM,i\N- . SiNM »-.. SIS'. \« , s^^"l *K\ ' . Si N . \. t\ii .-ti t» \i > > . I.i \it«i->»N mhum > ■* ... s*.« iMt |.""\iN.ii lilt. Mi"i-..ii'ri . .*d \M» K.>\>- >»>■ Till- Ml'*'«"< in >^ Mrs. '1,1 '* StM'N-l 1 -i I'l -i'U;.iK*H ■t'H«V UIIM!* T -\K\H V" . , I'rui Tiumronv TiiiiiK-' ! Imhh ' VNAfiM.-.. ' \V|,..IMs Wrv-. V IVNl IUli.)t.> \Vl^^llu■.■HH \\> IS W vmS'-i'iN TiMitr' 1!^ TrtM* . . . . U ism ttn-i Im'HS' "1 ("m^s. in^ I'tii- \. >sr. \\\' i-rii' ti I'l;;- ; - . .. 11. "rr ri .^ai'tit i'li<'iitihli. I'M. Ii.(..n ..f ,t-.-,i J. hii>' . IV ■J»l N .•>.| ^ 1 ..r -Inn II h. (.11- rrlTH.TI .i.;it.i ' 1 r .'!• ^IbMiiirl It WHt .. I \,-w M.-M.M r.'rr'r\ ' \rt'iiifit« rt*!'!- ■.','«*" \r\ III*!* \ riiit)» II. ill yf 1 .:if..rnl;i (">-' K in.n" r''rnl..rv ... J. 11 I'l.ivr Ml-...iirl II ■|..»ii. ■ II K,.i...i«'r.rrll..r> 'I'l'Mi* iHTili-r ■r..v. •^."•111 .\rV,ili...- lH..r 1..-I;.. lMui.t« 'l".rrlt..ry ... . ...1.1 T. M- Kmi.im Ttrrll-'ry ... IV\.i. '.""T Kiiti-.i« I'crnl.-rv ... . In.llMiii ■,':iii 1 l|.f Ml-..iiti 11 l.'.'..'i \\>....>i>iii ^.l r. ., 1 I.Tnlnr, K:iii-i. 'I'l rrtt.TN 1 ' ■I Vi- 7 nil NfW ^Il-Kl.-.tT-.-T l\ :t.t 1 V..W Yiirt '.''■■* \MM.nii.lii 4:j S..W V.rk M||.|!|.|.1 i» iMh-.. IVrrl- Tl »,. \>).ri.'..i )• iitl. vt U'H 1 .. .. «.. 1 . r \rl..,ii 1. .. 1 . "■■■■I Mr.. .•..II rfrrlt..rv ,."1 N..|.ri.;,ii li-trll'T* '^:.>i ( Ml.hl.'ilil - . ll.llil Kiiti.|l« TiTFH'-rv .... |..«i \.lr,.-k:i IViMi .,v ._,,, K ih-ii* TriTilMrv .. . 1.......1 N.,>- M,.vi.., IVrrlv. .11 V\. 1 ..f lrl..,ii.». . 11 , l\.iii.!i.'riTril.-r> l..>.l I.., III.'. I1||.', H.'..t. .Xiiiniiis |. i:. 1' I II. |".il ..| (..nl t.i.i.l.nii. !•.'. Il.r.n .1 •. 1 ..I.lil M.l.-li.'.l, I'li !•«•'■ tii>i.l..hk ir ll..|.. 11 .r \ii..|il ll..aiir.l, I'-.' Ntiiiit ..r ii.i i,.[...rt..| ». . • M.tii.l.Ttitii IniUnl.*" Il.|..'rl .1 \;.iil Ml.iin.'l I. I'l t:-rl..f ^..i r..i..n ot •l.tl.*. rrulif. nilii. I*.' Uuiii.i\ |.ii^ r..|l, l» -I ll..|»Tl i.f (.r.'iil \..ii.| HI. 1- v f...' ■ Xhii.l.ilik.....' .». .XtilMl.ly |.»v I'lll. I"..!. ^||tllU<.. II. >t r..|').rl|..l : ..ii i I I.. Iv l.nl i.-h ^ ('..IIUIII. 111-. Hill Kl.tHilV ' llil'.rl I I' ». «liirii.i.l, I-,. I M.1I..111..UI III. ill.' I'l II 111...'. I>..X ll.'l "I \.."iil Hill. ; :• I'.. 'rill'. A'. Il.'l'.irl . I V.'.iil II..11H1 I I .1 .\niiiiit\ j.iiv r..il. I*.. I .'Inl.'lli.'lll liir. 1.' I V .111..'. b..n. |i.'|...ll .1 \ 111 ViiilwMi.li. I^'.'i. Ili-i I't . r iiiiii.ii ml.-. i>''i \nii.iiu I'iit r..ll, I'.'.l -. . ' iiriii. . ,11.1 \||....iirl.i." - rhil.lliii., . r \l ■■ 11.).... I ..r \...i.| II' »..r.l l-.V i;. i".ii . I* III. I...I. i-ii.i. . f \. w XI. \i..|i, IN.'..".. I.. I'. I'l 1 1 1.1. 'Ill .l.'l I.. I~' . i:..i'.'i .1 v.. Ill lliiiikiii., l"... I.. I- I'l ..I .\.'. Ill •l.llltl*..ll. 1^..... »... ' 1 111) I "... ... 11. 1 lltl.Hltl. " M.lt.'ll.. Ill liia.li> I I .III.. I'. I«...'I \i'iiiiiu |n> n.l Iv.l li. (..'I'l "I A ■ 11' lli'i'ii.T. ih:,'. \llllll,.< I l> 111. I~.l- |:..|...M i.t Li'tiril'T I ,11.', 1«..|. Iii-i"i> ..I lii.h.ii I'm... I'l.i. l;.'liiiri III Afi'iit i.ill.ri 1> ... : Anliiillv lav r.'ll. 1^' I ll.'|"rt 111 \ "111 II. i'U.i'. I-'.'.. Aiiimil.v I'ly r..ll, l-'il li.'l«.rl . r Mi.'li..l.'rii"r . 1 v.'« M.'xi.'.i IS... *tal. tii.iil mil I.. i.\ .III ... !• ..;. Ai.iiiiiiv I ti\ r. n. I- 'I 1 .11111 i 1\ 11 tll'i'. Iv.... Xllllllllt |av ti.ll. I" .J. ti.'l'.'ll . 1 XJ. Ill Xalljl I" .'1. liii'Ti .1 v.iii «i,iii,.:i ,-..1. K..|..ri ..r >.il..i"'iil M.a.l. I'lll. 11. 'I., n . r \,.iii .1. iiii-i'ii, i«;..'.. Ai.iii.iu I'ai r..'!. Is4. W.'.l ..f Vrla ll.irili \i.« Xirl, . i.'Ml- Mill' 111 iiia.i.'i- 'ni'-i' iv.-i. .I.l.li-"ll. I-.-... II.Ki ar.l. li, I'.il . 1- \ S'. ' K.a.l.l ll.'l"'rl . f \ llah •r.'i.|'l|..n . Ili.l. ri ,.|- lii.h.iii Till--. I'.irl H . N.w Mi'Mii. hii-'lv li.-i'iit ..t II v,rn,'r„! Now >li' I'l'Xii. :... S K,.,..'l,i,..'.k,', " Il.'i'.rl .1 At.'iil III". '•>.''J. Kiiii«it« Ti.rrlt.TX , >..• " I'iiiiik. -ti.iw-." Ac Mliiiii..i.la li'i'rll,'r.\ . Niinililv (ay r,,ll. 1^ '1 Kiiii.a'i li'rrllnr.v .."-.. ' li.'i'tTl .-I Aui'iit Viiii.l,.r.lW'. b'';!- " " ViiiMiitv (mv r.ill. l''..!. \Vn.lilii..-l,.ii l',.i'riv K'l.iTi '1 i.iiv. ii..'i' .-1,',,,... 1" I 11,1 ,r N,« XI, i«;..x. xii'o. I".;,: Ni'w M.'xi... li'ir i\ U.'lai .i| l>... ' iH-Miiii.'l IV III II r"|",rt ,.r III,. .^I'lTi'tarv I'f sint,. ,,f r,illf..riiin. mi 1I1.* r.'ii-iH i'l !'>.'■■-. in wlii.li 11,,'\ iin- ili-Mcnali'l a- "'t"tii,.-li'ai..'l 1,1 liaii-" Mii''niit..|iil,'iil II,',!,'. ill Niii.MiU'r. ti-.-.'J. ,.sli,ii;il...| III., lii.llaii )i,.| ,il.ili..ii ,.|' I'lilitTiiia at lr..iii 7...i,H, I.. l,Ni.,Hi,i. I'.. inn, I n.i'* llail.nr linl X\../..ii.'riill. in xl .1 1.. is .1, ■.' ......n. 1.. .iln.iin.l; l|,.ii,.;li lli.ir i-';i.'..i'il.'. l;.'.|i.'k XI'U,... |:..| . m Mi., -aiii.' linn' .|,il,',l II, al I,,' I, a I liil.'in.ali'.ii nl.;i li « ill 1 tnalli r. Una' lliat nniiila.r. Ami Hi.' S| .iiii-li iiil..i..iiarv .iiilh.fl'i'". I'.'l.nrl.'.l il 1" I"'. 1,1 l-"-;lJ Jll. T:... .'i'il-il> ul llu' -l.lU' ,1 1 diliinla 1. U'n li'l In Iv ill,' ui"-! ri'llul'l.'. \'mi. \'I »!) (71)'- m TA II u: will. IIMK.M (US OK NKW YOUK. WA. [('. IV Wxsiiiii ux.] ,«7 OiiciiluH III (Irii'iilii 171 " lit I >niini|ni.'ii ■n •' lit ('lltlll^lu^'Ull .'i Tutii! (liiiiilii.H ill N'rw Viiik 'Jl:! Tiilal ill N'l w Viirl< Mib-iiL'i'iiry 1177*' taiuj: \\i v. OTTOKS, MISSOlKIAS. AND o.MAIIAS. Is47. [.FdllN .Mll.I.KH.'] Illni'h.nillli wi.rh. 1^'M li>*. I'm ki>ltli*«. riit>«. Mi..ti-l- ()ll„.s„„J Missonrias Vim ) |^,, ,,„^, ,^^^, < liiiiihiis .. Illllll I Aitliiiii'.'li tlicsi' llirro trilii',1 luivi' lin'ii liviiij.' I'liniiifiiMii- In. mnl li;iil inii rcniirsi' witli lln' wliilrs, llii'V iintiirtiiniilily iilitiiur miiv to liuvi' liiiiiiiil llicir viris. Tin' (Ininliiis, as I liiivi' lircn inl'iinncil tiy lluir iiili'ipiiti'r, liavc i;ivi'ii, in tin' la>l twclvi- iimnllis, .»iiiiir oil Ihu'-cm fur wliiskry, mil u'llliiii: iiinri' lor a jioiiy llian from two to four 'jailons ami liiat wi'll WHtcri'cl. TImm traili' lias biTii carricil on liy tliu I'otlawatamio lialf-liriiil", on tin' opiinsiti' .-iili' of tlio river, Tlir river was frozen over for llie most part of |ii>t wiiiler, wliieli i;ave lliiiii i:reat faeilities in erossinir for tlie article. It apiiears aliniwt impossible to prrvi'iit tlieiii from >.'ettiiii: it. I am sorry to >i.'ite llial there are min wlio live on or ni'iir the Stall' line of .^Iis^ouri, who keep whiskey, as I am told, to sell to these lialf-lireeils ami Imlians. Tliese unformnatt) ereatiires, when spoken to alioul tlie impropriety of ijrinkin^, frei|iieiitly repiv, tin' wliilo man makes it aiwi sells it lo iis. Notliin'.' short of ilivinu or siipi'rnatnral power will reform or euro their thirst for whiskey. I am in j;ri at hopes that the l»t»! amemlment tu the law in re'.'iinl to inakiie.; an Imliari a eompeteiil witiie-s, will have a salntiiry influeiiee in the linlian eoiiiilry ; ami eoiihl it reaeh those base men who keeji it aloiej the line, for the purpose of selling tu the Iniliaiis, it woulil, in a ;;reat ile^'ree, eft'eet the desired cjlijeet. The Oinalias were once a considerahli' Irihe, hut, from the ravai^es of <'luilera. smallpox, and wars, they arc reduced to but little more than ipiie lliouNind. .\t present there area >;reat many eliildreii amonotheiii, ■ Ann, Ki<|i„ 1848, p. LIT. - (706) 1^ TAIMJ; XXV. INIMANS UK NOIITIIIIHN SIPKUINTKNIHINCV IN |m:,i1 [K. II I KUM IIMANN 'J I Mi'tiiiiiiiiiocii l.'.i.'lo 'J (MirlilllN |I7« :t. StHi'kliri(l;-i'M iitnl MiiiiM'i'<< 407 I. Wiiiiii'hii^'iK'H '_',ri|il .'1 <'lii|i|ii'Wii'< <>r MiM'-i?-'iilali Sinux •-M':il •J.:!7!l X. Slliill.ill I Wllplllnll Si.iUX 1,1111 I !l. ('lii|>|»'WiiH, |{iii«t'iirl. mill Itcil |j:iki' I. I'll II I 111 V.inkliiii, Til'iii, mill Clicvriiiii' Simu (, I I. Cliiiiiiiwiis 111' l,:iki' Sii|iiriiir, Miniir.-nia, mii| Wi.M'ip|ii.iii ,,. I,:jll>^ IJ Sirulling I'lHtiiwutuiiiici timi •Jii.'.ir.i TAIMJ: XXVI. INDIAN I'OFM'LATION (»K TllK STATK (»K N'KW VOllK IN IH.IV, AS KX- lIliUTKI) AT THE TKKATY OF JANUARY V,. \>.\x. [K. r.ii.i.i,TT. Ksy.] l!ll Run Tuscnrorns -jva St Hc'tM ill \('W Viirk n.'io OiK*i(l:i!4, lit firt'iji Hay (iiii) ** ii) Nrw Vurk (i-.'ii '.'IT MutlHiM'.M I.'IL' ItrotluTtonn ...... :;i;ii Total .M^.'i liCSH Wisconsin i)noi(liLi<( linn Total iss;^ ' Ann. Ucp , \ft rmir itt'ni'*. (707) m i ii ; n 'i' taimj: XXVII. TEXAS IN 1)1 WS IN 1,S4!). [R. S. Ni:u;iiii(ii;s.'] riiiij^iiicli< Culd.i liiiiii's ) Ki rcllil'S ... . AN'ic'liilas AVai'.is Taliwai' T..nl;ali l>i'lawa; Sliawiio -A< i(iciatc\- A. ■oi'iates , MK'iatOf No. of ."^oul^ .'0,(1110 l..'iUO .'lOD 1,400 300 1,000 Ci.'jO l!.'iO I No. of W jirrior.^. ■l.OIIO Clu'n.l .ii<|Uatiip.'< I Iii.^calcriw ( Apaclic liaiuls utal su|i]insiil iiuiiilier lOll 2S0 00 JOO l:;ii 10 ■10(1 liOO J"),'.) 15 lis otiiii.air is Mia.ir fnni, tlu' lu'.^t iMlonnati,..! that n.uM Ijo ,.l.laiiic>,l fn.i,, llu' IiuliansI: in((iiirv (Ml tlio Mil'iii I. )y t'ivi(U('iit Tlio.so I the firiMtor |Kirlion (.ftlic year, and .s.vk siioltor il iicliaii.s laTip' proiiiisciiuiish- acr..s.s uur I'n.iitii'i-. rrnni K.'d rivi'r to tl H" l>i<> (iiin uo, (lunii'.; otwoi^M till' Iii'ad waters .if tlio Cdlnraild Ill-ill}.' tlu' wintiT in till' iipiior I'mss tiiiilii-rs uf 'I'l'.xas. river and tin- Wlidiita iiit those dili'erei .^lost of the tribes are d ndeiiiiiity, they elaimim; to be the aL"j:rievivl party lees .sali.-faetorily, without iiKjiiey or pn isposed to eu Itivati' the soil ; ;iiid, 1 ly proper eneoiiraL'emeiit could be indneed, in a short period, to settle down and turn their attention to farmiiiL'. I!y the laws of this .^tate, tli riirht of .soil i.s denied the It advance of the white settle ndiaiis; eonsei|ueiitly lliey have made but small l)niL'ress in farmini.'. TIk le wlilte setth'iiic'nts, >\nro the annexation of Texas, has bi'eii so rapid, that the Indians weip led fo believe they would ultimately be ilriven out of the country. ' Ann. Itrp,. I^^lt). p. 'Jfl, \k. (708) s'ij«;~-yimss:sasss^^ s^Ae TAIM.E XXVni. PUEBLO INDIANS OF NEW .AIEXICO IN 1851. [Gov. J. S. C.M.iiorx.] rnnii a note aiMrosscl to (.'(.vcninr Miiiin.<' l.y O. II. Mrrritt, HKirslinl, 1 Icnrn tliat llii> a-'iv.-ntr 'I of til,' i>n|uila(inn of .\ow .Mcxiw. anicuiits I,) l!l,."iTt, iiicliuliiiir, lis I Ikivc ivnwn to suppose, snldi.Ts, • j j (iovoninu'iit Iranistoi-s, iiiul I'liclilo Indians. Tlioir aiv not. in my opinion, lidll Aiiii-ii.'aii oiii.a^ns iii this Tci-riloiT iinconi tod willi iho army, and many ot' tluw romain ii| ronipulsmn. 'I'Ir. pnpulati.-n | of tlio Torritory lias siillorod ciiiisidoraldo diniiinilioii dm-inir tlio |iast year. The imusos I liavo alioady '. plai'i'd lioforo yoii, and tho s:uiio <'mi,sos aro yoi in lull I'l.rco. " " ; The niarslnirs ivtMiai of tli, nsns to tlio doiwirdiiont will sliow, as I am iMloniiod by tlio aN-i>taiit niarslials, tlio population of tlio I'uoMos iiamod bolow to ho as folhiws: " I Taos ] 'ioaris San .1 uaii Santa Clara San Ihlofoiiso J''^o,h,uo ''''..!.^^^^.'^'^.''^^'''^'^^'^^^. '!!!!!'!'!'! Tl'SlllplO Naiidio Ziini I.a^iiiiia Aooma Lontis Islotta ..'.''^..''''. ..'^............Z.. Saiidia C'ia ..ZZZZZ'ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ...Z'..'.'Z. Saiitami Joiiios San I'Vdipo . j ] 1^ Santa Doiiiiiij.'o cijij Cochiti -ji^i '>•}■) Tills IS II'.) Ill .Mil) 71 '.1 :'.:,() ■.Ml) vrii oD!) ;ii'i.") Total . I SI) 7 This, you will rcnioiubor, does not include tho two I'uoblos below El I'aso, i.or the seven Muoue Pueblos. -\'j:L're;rafp of eensiis return ()l,."i7l I'ueblo Indians 7.s(;7 I'otal 53,707 .Vineric.aii.s. .Me.xiean.s, and all others, .">;{, 707 u ^ t 1 ^ 1 7091 TAlU.i: AX IX. INDIAX TRIBES, OK I'.ANhS. OF THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY, OALIKOliXIA. [A. JoIINSdX.j Name of Tribe, or Ban< . C'l SMXAS Taoas' NlMSfs' Tot 111 iirorn I'niuiliition. liOration. so Suttl'r'.H Lniul. ISO Vulia iivi>r. ftO I'Vatlicr I'ivi'i'. TO Fc;itliiT rivi r. I'riltlliT Cilv. so ]>UttlM' civck. itn I'littir'.s H:iia-lio. (ion Simtli ViiIp.'i. Huttc'i' creek. Suiiia rei;iuii. 1 ino The lMili:in~ nf llie Valley iil' the Saeraiiieiit.) ;ue ii"! a warlike ]ieii]ile. Tliey possess im wai' ellll>s, scaliiiiiL'-kiiile, or tonialiawks. sn universallv used liy the Imliaiis ea>t (if the Sierra Nevada. Tliev are nupstlv inddleiit, dneile, and traetalih', Imt many of tliem are thievish ; they are t'oiid uf dress iit' almost aiiv kind, and readily learn the mure simide arts of aLrrieulture. The c-oii-iruetion of thoir huts and vilhe_'es is mueli the .sanii'. They are constructed liy exeavafinf; the earth, the size of the room or lodp> they desire, some live feet rii d. their prinnval sporl.» of hnnlini.' and fishin;:. Almost the cnliri' tribes of the ('o,..tanoes. or Coast Indians, have ]iassed ;iw;iy. Of the numerous tribe,- whiidi but a few years au'o inhabited the country borderim; on the liay of San Francisco, scarcely an imlividnal is left. * NuiIltHT llllklK.WIt. (710) iliiii.>«rtiii'i'" 'V in*"-i"'iiariiy- tlioy II oi and I'l' (if inor. lim-ii A li>h MZITU'S llilCS, hiiiis, r^ of IISIO TAr.Li: XXX. rALn-\H{xr.v coast timi'.ks Noirnr ok san fhaxcisco, isr.i. [1{. M-Ki.i .] 1. Til tlio vallov^ iif SiitKirn ami liussiaii river llioro may be in all, say, '2. Oil Clear Lake ami iiiniintiiins adjaeeiit I'JOO HUMJ :>. Ill tlie twii lirsl valleys ii( sniitli I'l.rk ,it' I'.ei river, willi lai|eii;e^e ami i-iistuiiis similar tu I tlie aliipve, ami wlm sliniilij lie enldiiized with tlieiii, I'rinii IdlKl tn IIOH, say 1100 I 4. <^ii the euast fnnii the cild liiissia-i sc'ttlenieiit at {•'urt Itnss, dnwii tci San l-"raiiei>eu, ami | around the bay. liy St l!i|iliae|, l'el;it,i!iia, \-e .".0(1 1 "). On the mountains and valleys of Kel river. South, Middle, ami \'aiiders(pn's t'urks. and about its mouth fiOO i (1. From the immtli of Kel river snnlb, on • river. Cape Meiidneino, ami to I'wl Ross, say tllO | 7 On Humboldt bay, and north to Mad river, a mile or so above the lufld of the bay Illltl Total riiKM) Fu California 1 have found the Indian iiiipulatinii almost universally overrated as to numbers, and umlerrati'd as to intelliL'eiiee ami ea]i;i(ity fur improvenient. I'"rom iufermation at Ui'iiii-ia. SniionKi. \e., 1 w.xs led to expect that 1 should find soim' JIIUM ,,r :iO0ll rmlians on ltn~siaii river, at least :;n m Clear Lake, ami •J-'Hill or lidOII on Kel river. .M'ter jiassius thronuh their eonntry, ami eiiiintiii'.r every soul in some half a dozen niiicheros, to test the aceiiraey of their own estimates as well as timse nf thi' whites. I make the aetiial number less than one-half, ;_'i'iierally about two-lifths of the number Usually estimated by the settlers below. Havinir as yet visited but one or two ramdieros on the eoast, T do not offer the ab.ive estimate with inui'h pontidonee. thoiejli I think it approximati's the truth, while it is only about one-third or one-lnurlh of the number generally estimated by (lie old settlers. I'or many years past tin' rndian population has been rapidly diniiiiishiiiL' by diseases introdueeil by the whites, internal dissensions, ami. in si me eii-es, )iy want of food. At Humboldt liiiy. and at oilier plaees on the eoa^t, where they depend alnio-.t wleilly on iisli and cnibs, many sieken ami die every winter; ami if the liene\oleiit desi^jns of our (lovernimnt for their preservation and ini|irovement are not sjieedily set in operation, and vijierously proseeiiled, llie Indiiins. now WParini.' out a miserable existeliee aloin;- the eoa^t. will all die olV. Hack on the rivers and mountains, the Indians are jrenerally a hale, healthy, viirorous-lookini.' people, tlioiiiih of small stature. They arc all docile in their habits, and evinei' a irrc.it desire to learn our lansjtiiaiio ami the arts of a^'rienlture ; with propel instructions, ami assistance for a few years, 1 have entire contidcnco in their reclamation from iirnorance, idleiies:-, ami licaihenisni. and their iibility to maintain theinselve.s and families. IXTERTOR TRIBKS XOKTH OF S .\ X FR.WCISCO. Ti ilii's iin.l i.riiirii 111 Chii-fj. Mm Nai.iiii. Carlotsapo :;n Cllii\vi:rii \K. Chcdoch.i'.;- 'J.'i ClIciiTKi , .^lis|||ah :;i li.viiiWA. TnwaiKih 2'.< S.VMlMiA. Cachcniih l.'i Total W.'tiu'ii. •'ti lliililr. .. .. I'.l n. Tnlnl. VI \:\ ^'.1 •".) •_'S I'.l ... SO ' •'•"i ... r.!. :>o (711) TABLE XXXI VITAL STATISTICS oF ()S.\(iKS [X Isr.O. [II. n.\iivi:v.] n' J £ It ^ i I lilal ]i(i]iiiliilion I).:itlis llliriM',' tllO Vr;ir iiiiinily, Mi'ii , Wnllirll Chiidr |>lr>^s lll:il< t'niiMlr CrippK's, ontiivly lic'I].lfss Tiit^l, ri'i|iiiiiiii; to Ih' taki'ii can' ut' Tlio L'l'cat iinil liltli' O? l.-.c, imnibo aii'l whii'li is brlii'Vi'il t.i lii' carri'ct. 4;")iil .-niiN. 'I'licv 1 "i''li!i-^ I" ll |>a.v-r..ll" r \.:\\c iiiadi' ciil wiili nmdi r.:v y liavi' II. I lanu-s cxc'iit tlio^Li iMi.iiL'iii',' to tin liall'-lji-cfl-, tlir lirinl c'liirl' (n...!-'..,- Wliitcliair, ami a I'.w (.tlin--. Tli.' Iiail-lircnls Iiianai;!' tlii'ii' la w. II ; lull, owiiii: 1:1 lln' (In.UL'lit tlio |iast suiiinicr, tlio cnrii was all niirinl. .\I,i~t „\^ ili,. Imliaiis \v|:n lia.l no -nmmi ciu'Ium'iI. plaiiUal lols of corn aloiit; tlic \valcr-ci,iii-scs, wlicrc tlicy couiti (IIl' tlic irruiiml Willi lioi-. and ti,n< ciiltivalc lln' c.ni. and that, iit so L'lvat a ilislaiicc I'roiii tiair villa-is, a< lo lie out .if dan..'rr from bciiiL' dcstn.Ncd liy llicir lior.s,.s. im.l wl.at little otiicr sl.i.di tlicv have. These loH ..:' f.,rn lh.il- w.pineii culiival..|, luilil ;ill w.nt ..ii tie ir ■• ..nni r hunt," bnt on their iMuin. r.'e.MilK , th.'V f..iiii.l n., c..rn. Iml all eiitiivly riiin..!. I think I may .safely .say. that there were n..t . inchnliie.- . the niis-i..naries an.l h.alf-hivedv wh., len.l, ,1 il„.ir cn.i.s well .. il.Mt Inishels of corn raised within tie- limits of th.-()-:eje nati..ii this s.;.s..n. This i.- a s.a.l allair for thc.-e Indian-, iln.l leaves them in a very destitnt.. e..iiiliti..n ; as inneli s.. as tli.y w.'iv in a few years sine.', when the llo.id sw.'pl their orii ..if. That suhjeel then claiine.l the favourahle att.iiti.iii of -..v.riiinent. which I h..],e will imw he the ca.-e, ill this c,|iially ealaniitoiis ilisp. tis.ati.m of Pivine l'r.i\ i.iiiii.'. I The Osa^i's havi' heeii r.'inarkalily hi'ahhy tlm pivseiit y.ar, which will appca- fr..ni ihc mindicr of deaths, which hav.' lieen ascertained and will he seen in this r.'p.irl. They have drunk very litth' li.pior in the nation, as may rea.lily he inf- :;.-,ii .". '■ L .'illil ir,o :, 1. o olM) ito .■,1 '» "^11 — - _ 1(11 III ;!:ii).'i Iii'liiui4. L'l;:, i.;:.') ."p>;ii 770 ."iL'dll I i In rrfrrfiic,. tn tl„> po,,„l;„i„„ „r ,1„. I,„li;„, iril,... willili, tl,,- r,,,.,,. „f tl,i. ,,n.,„-v I ,v,.uM „lK..rv,- tl,!,t. fn,.M a earefiil fminu.nttin,, „l' i\n- Si,.„x 1,;„hI>, .l,.„n,„inair,l ih,- ()-.,.1I;,Im ;ut.l llrul,'- l,„„N .,f tl,,. I ifr I'liitt... In t.o,>„li>,..Ml,.. ln,L... wl,,.,, tiifv fa,,,.. l„ r iv. tl„. ,„„,„itv •.'■«..!, ,!,„. ,„„K.r t,v,tv .stipulat.,,!...-, a„.l „I-., nf th,. Ar:,],.,l,u.' 1,:„„1 „f tliis a-encv, I lin.l .M.-.MirMtfly/iliiit tl„. ();ri'll:ila linnil li.is ... Unili'' l);iinl has Arapalidr Ijaml lia> . Clii'vi'iiin' lian.l lias 'l'..tal 1.1(1 ICd HO |(MI(I loiIiTPi '11.,^ ,.m.„,>Tat„>n ,.f tl,,. ClifV.-n,,,- lm.„l w;,s n.a.l.. „„.. yrar ...... .\s to ,h,. nttmhor „f poi-ons f,ir oaoli ],.,1l'.'. I an, nf tlif iipinion tliat a fair av,n,.j.. will ,„,t ,.x, ,{ |iv,. „„,1 ,, |,„l,- (.^> ,„alcin..- ■, t.it.il , (if ....(10 SM„1.., ,„.-„, w„„„.„, an.l .liilihvM, f.i,. IIMMI |,„1.,,,. Tlio ,u„„l„.,- ,if warri,.,-.; „r tl,...tM-ainble i ot „<„,..' til.. Low a„,i am.w against tlirii- cncaiirs I >hoi,l,l ..-titnato at two f.u- rae-h l,„l..v n.akino- ' 2I1(MI warriors for llilKI l,i,lp..s. Tl„. ,,.,,i„lati.iM is only about uno. p.T.son to tw..„tv-livo .s,,uaro miles" wind, IS a .spai-.so po|mlati,m own for an Indian ciuntry. Tlio wliit,' population is li,nit,.tl to tlu- In.liai, trailers and tlieir eniployOes, in all not exceeding 1(10 per.son.s, and to the ..'ar,-i.sons of the military pos|s at I'.irt l.ai-aniie. and the bridire cro.ssinu' of the North l'l;,tte, wliiel, will averaee not far iV.im KiO I men Total whites, TitKl. In truth and in faet, there are no actual .settlers nnr settlement.s within the a^'eney. The ri^l.t ,,f soil still remains with the Indian tribes. Vol.. VF.— 90 !-; W ' ii ■ s- •, ^71 ;i) 1 |a; ■ TAIiLK \XX III. A IJST Of" ^/a' tlijf'ifiiit X(ttitina iiiul Trilnx of Indiaun in tlir Xcirt/wnt Districts nf X(jrt/i America, ■with tlir iiunilicr of t/nir Fij/{tiii;i-iiuii, .(•<■., ^tv. — Hv Tllu.MAS IIltciu.NS. — Tofo- liriiplii^'il Di'fcription, i^-i\: Li'tulon. \~~^. Xo. N;'Tin>«, iNo of eai'h.i 1 MiiH". K*i It'll „ ■1,MI f Tl'sr.lltnitAS .... Ondmiacuks 1 ■.,•„ ' 5. C.vvrc; \^ :iio ' >km:i-\< Arr.ugr-.Afi AS \ wTirnKi's ,. M-'IH' Ki'VS ... r.Nnls M-N..... ]ii;i.AH .\\:\:> hri. iw VIM < l.'l "ll \iv \\.u> ll'. W.\VoMj..[ 1 17. Mnnr Kov. 1 s. '■itjriwu \< T.'. 1 w i(;in wi:i L'l'. IvH K VI *; ■I l.iiOO. IIIO) 1(10 I :;o) I-.o) ::ii ■ l,-.o I ,-,00 ." 3U0 I ■■iiO I r.,n i I.UOO i :ijl 1Tm\< . •.':f. ■-'1. SO. 31. 32. :n. 31. 3S.' 3ii. •10. ;i. ■u. I'l.iMUS \lMirih; \\i \s Wiv-imiotth "rr.wvAs Pl'T \ VV \TIMI S ClIKIMUVS AM" Ottawas KiCKAPOMS riirpAAv^s ■] .Mys-IMANM.-* S \I K lY'i J I'rr vvv \ ii\ll;s ...... Ottawa^ j IVH K*r SKS .... ' OrTrAGOMins i i Mr.; .. .AlS'iv V Kli.-* .. Al. \i;mnki\<... \.\ >l i: (^JrrAiv vs ClIKI'AW.VS Tutiil 300 •J.-.O) .1011 . i.-.o) ■J 00 400 .' ?00 1 l.oot Mil .' I ■;on 111(1) 1 ." lull I L'l'll ■ I. •' ;3.s3ii Their UHi'UiiiiE-crotUKlii. Tlirir IIunliiitrvrntiiK^^. .^I"||(.^■I( tii.T Hi'tivi'oii .Mt'Iiui-k river :ui-l l.iilio *iciir^o. I'li^I .-iilt> ol' Oiu'i'iii l.iiltr. jiikI on till* liL'iiil I I ,1 , I ,1.1. .... ,. . I , ..^. , ■ In till' I'Miiiitrv ivhrr'.' llirv live. WiiI'T.i 111 th" lMi?t liniili-n "I .'^il.-ilileliilllliii. I Hvlwecn tlie diieiilil.* ami nn.iii.iii;,M» Il.lween lliiriiii l.iilie iiml I.:ilv;,r ll„. 0,Mil.lm-:i I.ali.. , ,„|, ,.1 ll,.. -viin-,, rii er. IUM|- 1 l-vveKu. Illl In. "iiiilll liilii'» iilll.'l Ihi' ('i.viii;:i<. ii".ir 'v .1 ,i i 1 r» i Ih- Nnnli i:iiin,-l, ,.1- .■.,i.,|n,.li:i,i„a i •^'^'■' "" '"' '''■'"'''' "' •-"•M"^l'a...i... li.'innu, tlio wiiUT-i i>! \.:A,- Ontario. ;iii'l ■ ■ -- . > j nil the \wrMU .>r Oliin riviT ) '• llii't l>r.nnli "-r .■■nv[mliiiiin:i riv ■r. iiml i>ii J <>n th.- I^.i^t lirjitn'Ii of Su^i|UL-!i:iniin, .■\u;;liilii;i::;i *( Jitiil dH Au^1i'|U;ii|l;;i. r.;i!*l Liiinch nl >ii!:mii'.'Ii:iiiii,i ] j i j At liiali.TL'o mil orlii'r villiii:'"* up tin- Nnrtli ' ,.-, ., ... - , I 1 .■ ^ I ' • W lion' tliry rijipootivi'ly roaiili'. l-rmu'li ol Mi^'iiKhniiiin j i j Il-Mv.M'ii tho Olili. iu..\ I.aJw- I'li '. nil. I nn | till- Itriimho-! oriJi;i\ I r i-n'cli. .Miiskiii;riiiii, ■ IJetwoou llu' (ijiid rivtr iin>l L:ikt.' I'ric. ill!'! (;ii;;i'liiiL*" I On Siuto ami n lirnnt-li «'f .Mu-kiuL'mii Bot\TeL'n the Ohio rivor unJ Lnke Krie. I In vilhiiros near Hiimln.-kv -On ijie head branches (if ."siolo. I Minmi river near Fnrt T-Iiaiiii t*ii tlu- pround wliere they resiile. ,...,,.,.11 , ' lIcrvv.MMi the mouth of the Wabash unj On tlie « al,:i.-li ami ... liraiidu. j ,|,^, ji^^,,,; ^j,.^,^,^ Ni'.lr tho seltlciii. ills ill Iho IHiiiu^ euuiiirv. In the Illinois ciiuntry. Near I'crt Delri.it | .Vbout Lake ICrie. I 'In .^airinaw hay. a i art i-f I.alio lliiritn ' On .'*a;;iiiiiw hay anil Lake Huron. .Vear thi. .■iilrui.e ..f lako Sn,.eri..r. an.l | ^, Lake .\. .Mary > 1 J * Near Itay I'unii. ti ].;irt u\' I.riUf Mirlii^ran... About Kay Puan nntl Lake .Mirhi^'an. ». ,, . ^. , , . I The ei>uiitrv bt'twet-n Lake .Miehi;;an .Near Fort .M. .I..„.,,li ,« j ,_,_,, ,|,^, ,,,„„,; f,,^,^ On I.akn Michigan, an'l hetweon it nn.l llie „•, , respectively rc.i.le. JIl«.-i-.-ii )ii .11. I .\t Swaentchey in .•.maila. ami on the river ; _,^.^.,,r „.,,„,, ,„ey live, .'^t. Laurence i ^ Near .Montreal Near where they live. -Vear 'I'l' :- liver Near where they live. M-eMvvar.l of Lakr .~„,.eri..r ami iho .Mi-.^i... I j^ j,^^. ^,,__^_^,^^^. ^^,|^^.^^, ,|,_,,^. ^^,^.^,^,^ Mn t: ,. ,.a-t vjil,, ,,r L: Mi.hij.Mn, tvvenl.v - I In the e -•• '•>■ between Lakes -Miehiiran I II- iiiil,.s tintii .^Ill■tn;lllla■■killa.' i a'''! (In: ii. • Ill I aUe . .1. I ii.M.V.] The number of Indians now cullecti'd ami ivMiliii;.' n|inii r. ■ivvations is — At Klamath L'.MiO At Nonje Laekc -imo At Menihioiiio TiiiO At I'rcsno iillil At Tcjon Ti"i At Nome (!ult valley (attaeheil In NUmi' Latkei At Kind's river i attaeheil to Krisiin) ;;iiiiii ■lull II Makini; in all ten thousand. I The nniiiher of Indians not eoiiiieetcd with the rrscrvis e:\nnot be cnvreetly estieialrd. I The followinu' statement is made iip iVnm tiie most n'liable information I have been able tn nbtiiiii : : On and attached to the resiM'vation as ab.ivc' llt.lWO In ."^an I'ie'.'o and San liernardino eouiitifs S.IJIM) In Jios Amreliis, Santa Barbara, San Luis (tbis|Mi, .Aloiiterey, Santa Clara, and Santa Cm/, coniUies li.OOn In Tulare ami Mariposa eountirs "J..")!)!) In 'ruohmine, Calaveras, ."^aii .loa(|nin. Alameda, and Cmitra (Josta enuntiis l.llMt Jn Saeramriito. Kldnrado. and I'laeer enunlies :j..")lll.t In Sutter, Vuba, Nevada, and Sierra enunlies ... , il.riiill I In Butte, Shasta, and Siskiyou eounlies .■),.'iiMi I lu Klamath, Humboldt, ami Trinity ennnties i'i..')im i III .^Iendoeillo, Colusi, Yolo, Napa. Sonoma, and Marin eonnties 1."). 111)0 .^lakin'J the total numbi'r of Imliniis williiii this supi'rintemlemy til.Cilln. At the date of my assumiiiL; the duties of superinteinlent of linlian ali'airs fir this State, the svstriu I of eohiniziii;.; and .subsistitiu' Indians upon resi^rvatioiis selected fur that )uirjiose. and instnic'tiic^' t!iciii ill the arts „( aixrieultural labour. \e., had been commeiieed, and a reservation selected at tlie 'I'l'lon J'ass, ill tlie northern part of the Slate. This reservation is in a pros|ierous enmlilion. The nuiiiiier of Indians who reside Ihm-c is 7(iii. The ipiaiitity of land in cultivation this year is about seven hundred acres, live liundred of which are in wheat and barley, and the remainder in corn and vi'L'elables ; most of the latter beiin; the exchisive properly nf the Indians, cultivated entirely by them, and in their own way. The Indians work clu.'er- fiilly, ami perform all the labmir upmi the firm, white men beiiii.' only employed as overseers and meidiaiiics. OwinL.' to the extraordinary droiitrlit of the jiast season, in that portion of the State, the ]uodiiet of the farm is mueh less tlian it should have been ; enouLrh, however, has been pnnlueed for the eonsnniption of the place. ■ 'i i ■ (715) II tl «3 S.3 »^5s '1 1 f' *! 1 '11 > M i J ,i 1 A A A > • '■'\n\ii:i>i Till i-i' iii-c mi llh' icxM-vi' li-lil Milnlif luiililiiiL the lir,-l of wliicli i.i nrn' liiiinhvil I'.'ct in liiijli hy twoiily-liiiir I'l'i't in l)ri;i(ll!i, IHM i^tiprirs luL'li ; il is u<'i\ iis a unmiiry iiml ^turi'liuUT. 'I'lic m'cmimI is till' vc-.siilini'i' 111' llic niri'iil, :iimI i-i >i\(y tVit in Irn'^tli liy Hvcnly t'ci I in Im ;ii||li. Tin' I'l'iniiindir iirr ITslilenri's of tin' linliaii "liii'ls, iiml arc iiliuiit tin'ly iVit in l.'ii'.'lli liy Iwiily !••. ! in Im'aillli. \ll iIm' labour of ImiliiiMir (Ik'Sc liniisrs was pi'rinnin'il liy Imliaiis, I'Xfrpt tlir ini'rliaiiii'al part nf it. Tlii' mill i- ill ruiiipli'li' Di'iirr, anil by it all tlio irrain pruiliii'cil npnii tin- plan' is nianiit'artiinil iiil'i iinlinlioil tluur Iji'lniv it is i»iu'il ;.i tin' Imlians. 'I'lir pr.rpiTly n-nl in (•iiiiiliiilin;^' llir I, inn i~ (\vriily->i\ Imrsi'd, tliirty-oi'jlit niiili's, si'von iix''ii, li.'lil wa'j'HK, ami Imirti'i'ii plniiulis. l-'llKsM) AN II KiMi"s lin 1 11 l-MiMs — ( IwiiiL' to till' ililliiiilty of prin'iirim.' a siiitalilr liu'alioii lor n reservation in tlio ei'iitr.il pi.ni"ii 'iilli.' Slai.'. mi permani'iil ^.'li'i'lioii lias yni Imtii iiiaile ; Imt, in onlrr to pl'oviili' Inr ill'' llMlialls ai-c'nplill'_' in the illli'lll inn- nl' l|u' '.'iiMTllllim I , lall'l lllls Ijri II nilti'l al Fri'Siiii ami Kim^'s riv.r, ami tlir Imlians I'ullri'ti'il ami Mili>i>tril at iIum' pniiil- in tin' sanio inaniirr as I upon pi'riiianonl rosiTvatioiis. The I'vnps con-ist ot' 7"(l arns ut' wlicat ami liarli'y, ami ll'O acrrs of I'orn. Owim;- to tlir ilmu'^lil, tlir win at ami l.arli'y crop was an mtirr failiilc. Tlir I'nrii, liaviii'.' In rii irriirati'il, will lie an nnlinarv i'IM]'. Tliis fiiliii''' nf tin' rrups will lie a soun-e of sirions ililVn iilly to I the superiiitemlrm y. Tlore ari' almiit tiiri"' lli'Hi-.iml Imlians in the vicinity nf tlir.-e firms, all nl' ' wlioni eoiiKl liaxc Irc.ii i.ruxi.li.l willi fmil l^ail lli.' iT.ips lieeii -neers-fiil. Tie' ilrnii'.:lit liavim.' lievn p'mral in tlii- iT'jinii, '^rain I'aii mily ln' ,.iiri'lia~i'4 at exnrliitant rati's, siieli as woiilil not lie jii-tifialilr exri'pt tn pri'Viiii ^tarvatinn. Kviry |iii'cautinii, Ii.iwimt, lias Ineii taken to avoiil tlie eniiseipii'iiecs of this iiii>tnrtnm'. The au'ints have bem iiistnieteil to turn the atteiilimi nf the Imli.ns to tinir iihmI.' of livim; lii'fnr,' tin' e.iii' nf tin' 'jnvrrnimnl hail Ipr.'ii eMnmlnd nvir tlnin ; ami parlies liiive been seiil to the ninuntains, in varinii- ilii'i'iti.ms. lu i-nllncl a''nriis, lurrirs. ^ri'il>, ami sinli ntlier fmil as they Were I'nrimrly ac-rii-Inineil In -uK-i-l upnii ; ami. as if to 'iniiinh.-.|rati' tin' I'aet that I'rnviili'm'i' never leaves any i".rtinii nf the iiiiniaii family eiitii'ily unpi'nviileil witli the means tn Mi.-tain life, the plieiio- inenmi exists thai the .silmoii, wliieh for several vears have tailed to make their appraraiien in the San nai|iiiii river ill any niiiiibi'rs wnrtli inentiiiiiiinj, an' this year abiimlanl in that strnaiii, ami the ]'rnspci't .Il IIS t'l be thai thi' tlin ati'in'il famine will be in a L'I'ea at ile'.'i'i'i' averli'il bv t IIS pi'nvnhntial supply nl lisli t'r'iiii th an. tin i-h il i- ilisiant iVniii tin' mast, by tin' iiiranil''rinir of tlm stmaiii, snnie tlireo ] liunilreil iiiihs. A ]i..rlinii nf ihn Imlians Irmii the farms have 1 leen removeil tn an 1 riieainiiril ntmr ho river, and rvi-rv fanililv fiirni-lnd tlmin fnr eatehiiiL' ai il lish, wliieh, siniiilil tin ippiy iiiiliniie, will enable ilniii tn prnvide a sutlii'h'iit i|uantity for a LTcat jiortioii of tlir winter. Aimiln'r sniirce, whiL'li is ii.pw we.-t nl ih.' iip'iii a- nf ^iiMi imp. i the Tiile lake, hin;;- almiii lifiv miles imrth- iii .In.iipiin river, w hieh .■ib..iiin|s with fi-h nf .'xeillent iiiialilv, ami is, dii iiriiej; the winter seasnii. llie re-nrt nf an iiiiliniiled niiiiiber nf uild '^ee-e ami diieks. from wliieh the Indians have here- tnf.iie, win II undi-liuh' 'I by lie- while-, ..biained a eniiil'ortable >iib-istenee. A'^eiits (,e«'is and liidlev are now exaininim.' the lake enuntry liir a suitable loeatimi, to whieli, if t'niind, it is inti'iideil to remove .some tell nr lifieen liiiiidred nf the Indians fnr siijipnrt dnrim: the winter. .Milimi'^h the pmspeet fnr these Indians seems to be Ldnnmy, _\et 1 h.ive '.^reat eniili'lenee that, by iiidii-lry. enep.'v. and jmlieioiis niana'.'eni.'iit. we -hall b.' enable.l tn pmvide f..r tlnni in siieli a way as tn prevent st;ir\atinii, .'iml pre- peaee III ill.' e iiintry. illL' froiii tile 1' re-no, we liave a iiineli nmro liieenii'.' iir pr.sp it at Nl iiie l,aeke reservatmn, at whieli place there are enlhc-teil abniit twn tlinii-:ind Indians. Land in eiillivalion, niie llmnsand aer.-; estimated prndiiet nf wheat, lilteeii tineisand bii-lnl- ; enrii, pniiipkiiis, nielmis, turnips, and niher j Ve'ji'table- in i^reat abiiiidanee .VnlhiiiL' in the pursuits (if industry eniihl have be.'ii innre sati-laeinrv ' or iiitei'e-tijiu than the harxe-lim; nf the wheat ernp ; ii was .-ut entirely with small lleriiiaii re:ipim_'- I ks, whieh were ii-ed liy the Indian- with extranidinary ih'xterity. .Mmiit twn Immli'i d men. fnr- iiisheil wilh l!ese -iekles. eiit the winar and threw it intn Ininehes, and were fnllnwid by a snlheient j miniber of wnineii and Imys t.i bind it intn sheaves ami put if into .-tanks ready for threshiiii:. In this I way. anil at their leisure, in almnl ten days, takim.- it as .'|eeird. wlin Wniilii eiii ami lak" eai'e nf a- niiieli 'jniiii a- any lifly wdiite nan imt re'j-iil.u'K I'lir- cicllt 11:111s l.irlv X \ \ \ lU'CllStollllMl til tlli-i llr^iTi|ilinll i.f hllii.lir. Culi.-I , |MiMiMi:ii] L' llio f:ict tlial llirsc Iniliiiii!! cijilitrcri inniillis ii'^n woro iMiliri'ly wiM, aii.l tiitullv i;j;iHniiil ..1' 1 vrrMlmii: fdiint'i'tivl willi iiulustriii! Iialpits, tin' liibi'iir tlwy liiiv ]u rrnniic'il, ami tin' .-lull ami ili'xirritv with wliicli lli"y piTfonii llnir wuiL, is lIclMl' a SIllVll'iiMll Ui«lriirr lllilil I'l'i'i'S ran I"' |irciiliii'ri| tur tlnir -iijiiinil. 'I'lirrr ai'i' nn llu' Nnini' |,:i"li(' rc-irvr lliri'r ailnln' linii-rs, iiMi' tlnnrin_' niill, ami rnurtvii t'ranin linn-n^. In aiMilinii to lln -r ini|irnvrim'nls, tin'n' is in the niiii'-i' lit' nvi'tinn an a.l'.!. ' ImiMiir^ intcnilril fnf a I'lrtiliratinn. ll i> In |j Immlri'il I'l'ct «(|iiari', with a tliirk ailnlir wall till I'lrl lii;.'li. Ill tin' criilri' will lir 1 ii vli'.l a twn-slnry sniisiaiitial iiiIiiIm' Iniil.liii'j', wliii'li will ll.' iisi'il as a L'uanl-liiiusi' ami pri-nn. 'I'lir |ir..|.ri-iv iisiil in i.'nmliirlimj; tills I'ann an' twi'iity-livr Imi'-.'s, i'i:;|,| null' -, s-vi'iity-si'Viii n\rn, tw. nly-nni' iilmmlis, mnl live waL'nns. Klamath ri'siTvatinii is Inralnl nn tin' river iif tliiit lianii', wliii-h ilischaru.'s its\v;it.'rs intn tin- i'ai'ilic oi'ran twrnly mil.s sniiili nl' I'r.-ri'nl cily. 'I'll.' Imlians at this |ilari' nnmli'r aliniit iw.i thniisainl. 'I'lioy ar.' iimiiil an.l smni'wliat ins.li'ht, ami nut im-limil in lalmnr, al|i"jiii'.' llial. a- Ihry have always h.'r.tnt'nrc liviil iiimn tin' lish nl' tlm ri\i r. ami ' till' runts, licrriis, ami scnls nl' th.'ir native hills, they .'an cinlinm' In .In sn il' I. 'ft unnml.'st.'.l l.y tin' whites, wli.is.' eiiei'iiai'linieiils u|iiin what ih.'V eall tlii'ir eniiniry tliey are .li-|ins.'il to resist. 'I'h.'ir prejllilii'i's ii|inn lli.se |iiiinH ar.' I'asl :;ivii;L:' way lielnre llie |i.i|iiy nl' the L'nV eriini.'lil, ami iin seri.ins ] ilillieiilly will hi' I'lii'iainl. r. 1 in iiiitialiie; lli.' sysl.'in <■( lahniir ainnie.;- them. The laml nn llil- rixer is ]i.i'iiliarly aila]i|.'il I'l lie' -rnwih .if ve-ri:,!.!,-., ami il is .'Xii.'.'h'.l that |inlalnis ami nlli"i' v."..;.lalil.' fn.,.!. 1 I whieh can h.' pr.nlne.'.l in any almmlanee, tn.^elh.'r with the salmiiii anil ntli.r lish whi.h almii'iil plen- tifully in the Klamath riv.'r, shall emi'-liliae tin' priii.-ipal I'.inil I'.ir these Imlians. ll i« , lithnlly cxpeeteil In this way In av -hi lie' par. h.i-' nf I f, whi.'h f.irnis sn exjieiisive an it. 'in at these phie.s wli.r.' tlieri' is nn ~iili>tilnle fir it. Tin- e-lalili-hin.'iit nf the Klamath r.'s.rvi- has nmlniilileilly preveiiteil th.' spr. ail .if lie' Imliaii war- nf lli.'.'.'ii ilnwn iiiln imrth.'rn ('alifnriiia. 'I'h.'r.' .'iri' nn this reserve livi' III' Innis.s, s.\en Imanl hniis s. f.uir slali hnilses. nn.' sin.i|>.'-hniisi\ niie piinliry-linn-e, ami thirty linlian huts. The pmp.'rly 11-eil in I'nmliielim.; the I'ariniiii: eperatinns is twn niiil.s, thirte.'n (ix.'ii, ami six plmejilis. Meinln.'imi reservalinii is hn-Mliil lifly mil.'s s.'Ulli ..f I 'ape .>l.'nilni'inn, nn the I'a.'ilie enasl. This reserve has lii'.ii liiil re.'.nlly .'siatiH-h. il. Th.' niinih.r nf Imliaii- at pr.s.nl enll.ele.l ih.r.' is ah..iit live hnmlre.l. Tiny snh-isl alnmsi em r.lv npnii li-li ami niii-eli-. Tli.y are fiirni-h.'il willi Imats. .spines, ami all llie n.'e.'-sary taelil.- f.ir li-liimj .\ -aink.'-hnii-i' lia~ lie.'ii er.'ete.l, ami th.' a'.'.'iil has a j lar^v iiiinih.'r nf Imlians i'n'.;ai;ei.l in eal,.hii,'j: ami enrim./ lish I'nr th.' winter sii]iply of fnnil. There an- I .s.'v.'ral riv.'i's ilisehar.^im.' iiiln ll ee:in ihi'nmjh this r.'-erv.', in whieh, at all s.'iis.ins of the year, an I aliiimlant supply nf li-h .an h" tak.ii. Tie' .'.:ast at this pniiil is snmewhal sh.ialy, ami tli.- Ii.'a.-li is I ' enverei'l with imis.l.'s, nv. r whi.h lie' li.l.' .Mis im.l th.w-, an.l lliey ar. x.'i'.'.l with an in.'Nhini-tih!.' 1 ([Uanlity nf nnis.'l.'s. Inil litli.' inr.'rinr in liiv air ami rii'''in. ss tn n\ i.'i's. Th.'si' Iw.i arli.'l- s w''. always, I in oas.' of a failiir.' .if ernps upon the r.'s.rve, aU'nr.l sii.-l.'iiaii.'.' to the Imlians wiihnit any . :her foml. 'I'll.' lainl nil this r.'s.rv.'. lik.' thai of the Klamath, will prniln.'e .-.irii, vheal, nais. \e., Init is ji'i'iiliarly ailap'. ll In till' prn.ln.'li.iii nf v.".;.'lalil"-. The i|iianlitv nf kunl nl' this ihsi-riptinn aimninls I 1 s.'V.'i'al lliniisaml a.-r.s, tin' pmilm-ls ,ii' whi.'h. wiih the li-li ami mn-.'l.'s nf th.' rivers ami .-nasi in pl.'iitifnl aliiimlani'i'. will allnnl suppnrt f.ra v.ry iai'j.' niiiiil.'r 'A' lii'liaii'-; whi.'h I .'niisi.l.'r sal'.' In es(iiii:ili' at not h'ss than t.'ii llnai'-aml. Imleeil. I kmiw of m> Ineatinn, .ilh.'r in ('alil'nrnia or els.'wh.'r.'. s.i w. ]l a.lapt.'il III the ]iiirpiis.'s of ,'in Imlian r.'<.'rv.'ili..ii as .^|l'nlloeim.. Tli.Te are on this reserve eiu'ht linusi^. The prepirly ii-.'.l lo 1 -i:ililivh ;,n,| .-Mrry nii ..p.r.ili.nis at lliis |,l:ie,' 1... |i\e horses, twn mnl.s. tw.iitv- I , four oxen, on.' earl, ami Hvn plnieuhs. ' '1 (717) M U If A A A * . I'liMiM 1.11,1 III ro^riinl l >„ l„r miwcimI.mI .MiiivK' li.T.iti.l inv rx|MM'tali,Mis ai.,1 is, in ni.v ju.iu'iii.'iK, tli< Iv'syslrm Hint cMii 1m. „!• „i,_v r,n! Innriii tu till. liMllaiH. It rhiiMr. il„. ,t'MV..riiMi..|.t t.i wiilnlniw tll..nl I'n.ni tli.. I'liiilainiiiatiii}.' inllui'iicis ,il' mi iiiinsiiMin,.ii inti'ivniii-Mc witli tli.. \vliiii.>i, niid jrivrH nil n|)|M.r(iinitv tu lii.iviclc.. for tlinii jiKt siirh, luiil II.. ni..rr, ii.>i,taiii... lliaii tlicir wauls fn.m tiiu.' in liin.. may acliiallv ri'i|iiiic., Indians .«li,.iil,l l.,.|n.at,.,l as wards, aii.l ll„. ..M\-,.nim,.ni sln.iild act as llicir u'liardian, jnd..'in- (ur tli..iii at ail times nf il„ir rral wants, an< OF Ni;\V VoKIv, 18,53. [M. II. .lullNsny.'] Nami>> of TrilH'ii nu.l Lwiilinn. ."si.|iecas at f'altaniiiL'Us.., Soni'i.as at All.'L'liaiiy . ... Suiicras at T..wiiawaiiila . T..t;d IS I 17(1 I Women. Chll.lron. j uf M..ii, Wnrauii T..'nl I .•|.ulf.f...n I •li.l riillilrfil. < "' '"''' "'""' I . 111,') JSO 117.'!) 7.'i7 - II.". I ) 2!)S1 (),-.7 7i'ii IJII4 Sciiccas at ( '.ittnraii'.iiis liy a.li.pti.in. Iiiit nnt .■iititicil to animilic's : .'sii.san Kinj.n-liitv's I'ainilv 1 i :i On..ndaL':is at ( In.iinlaL'a Castlo i SO <|« I 144 <• da.jas with Scmcas at ('attarau..'iis ' W \ tl 17 (liKiiida^ras witli Sciii'i-as at .\lli...diaiiv Ill It ' ,') t Uni>iida..-as witli ."^I'lK.c.is at 'r..n;iwaiiil,i | i ;! (tlioiii|a..;as with Tliscamras at Tuscan. 1.1 ■_' ,"i i •'(! T..l:d CayU'.'a- willi .■".ii.'. Til-rar.ini- af Tii>.': Il(» l-'l !:i8 Oni'idas at Onci'la t'asll.' Oni'idas with .'scnci.i.s at ('.•i(laniM._'ii- Oiii'idas witli Oi dai'as at On.inilaL'a < 'a.«tl...... Uiu'i.la.s with .".^riic'cas at 'J', ma Wanda ; .'t!l i lis I •1:1 I l!i :!1 7;; (i:i I 151 4t ' S!i I I L'l '.'ll I 11:; liS'J 17(1 172 •'Sl; T..tal ijii 711 im Ad.! Sii-:ui Kiiii.ic.kf'ty's I'aiiiily, wh.. ar.' iml I'lililli'd t.i 1; Is aiiiiuitv T..l:d iiiinih..r ..f.si.v .N'.iiii.ns nl' .\..\v \',i|-K- Indians. ' | ' .^nniinl I(cpr.rt of lu.lian I.uri'iiu. ls:,.1, p. ."..s . V2 {71;'. ri8) CIIAPTKK II FISCA L .STATI.STli:S. Tin; policy of lilt' Aiiii'riciiu L'ovi'riiiiu'it rcspi'ctiiiL Ihr I IllllllllS, IS III llutlllll'l IlllllO niiirUod tliiui ill tlu' just luid oloviiloil lone dl' its liuiinciiil tniiisMctioiis witli tliriii. Otlii'i' nations, who preci'ilcil tlu; pivsi'iit govfi'iiiufiit. in their iJealiiiL's willi the iinliniis siilisrR'd their soiisL- ol' justice iiud heiievolciice liy peric)(li<'iil pK S[);rni. put tl F iuice. an •Ills mid iiriiluitii'-:. id (ireiit IJritaiu iicted upon this iiriiu'liik'. The lievolulimi of ITTil chit'lM lis matter on a dillci'eiit iootiiiir. a ipi The t Mhes Were asselllhleil III eo uncil- \iv Iheir M and principal warriors, and treated with as lorei^n nalKiiis. liiese treaties \m>i laid licl'oi'c! the Senate lor its raiilicat ion. \VI u'n .so ralihed lie\' wero prochiliilei .1. ol' uiir nation il tlipl oiiliic\-, other treaties, and puhlished to the worKI. with the rcci Such has lieen the practice down to the present day. This record Toriiis one of th most nolile e\ ideiices of the national justice to th'' pour, iLinorant, and tecMe hunt tribes of America. The iiwanls thus mad" to them lor their lands have rapidly iiicriasi'il IT with tl le j:rowtli and [iro-i.ri il_\ ol' the >tate: tl le s\,- •III is destined to '.;() on. in ttu acce lerati 111 1S2(I. alio, while eivili/.ation reiiuires lands, which the 1 nilians ciiii sniiiilN'. total mi reipiired to im ■t tl le p :i\iii"nl of Indian annuities was m Ind ,i)i->. Nothiiit: lietter evidences the increased ilemaiid for. and v due ol. th( lan lands, as also the [)roi;ress ul the iiilerc se with the trihcs, than the raiiii d re(piired to he paid in iiinlti[ilicatioii of the annuities paid to them. In ISol, the sum fiilliliiient of treaty stipulations was .sSt^S.S:!;]'!) t ; in iSoJ. .sl.()lll.-Jlll-74 ; in 18" $l,472,00-j-o8; and in I80I. i^'JH"), 17 1'li: I) unii!. tlR ■aiiie perioil tl lu atrureiratc of lalii iries and cost of iiiaiia,i,'eiiient. rose from •'Jl 17.0;>o'lo to .'$l'Jo,oOU'l)8. In tl 10 \ea r 18 ■J-t, the ippropiiation to meet the ivipiirements of treaties was Sl,oOo,7()2wl) ; and in 18")(j. sl.Mll.3")"J')J. The entire appropriation, for all objects, during the XXXIst. XXXIId. and XXXlIld Congressi'.s, was respuctivtdy, 8-J.5")0.8oO-;!(i. .S},7S2.09:;j|. and So. !)>'.». .•'.7-V.l 8.- The distriliulioii of the.-e sums unionist the dilVcrent tribes, and the amounts vested in pul)li(! stocks for their liencdt. lo. the Treasury Department, are set forth in the Kiibjoined tallies, numbered I.. 11.. ill.. l\'., V., \"i. ' TaUU' II., p. (i'.lO. ' AiinuMJ K.MKirt nf tin' lii.li;in Miir.'.iu. ]^:N STOCKS mil.I) MV TIIKM IN IMT. Nnmri of Triliff, Atnnimt pnnMitl i li» lr™i> ll.r III- , ■Prliuvn ^^■'.''••It Chippi'tt-n!! mill UttiiwiK ! lilMi.iiiiii Siciiix III' >li»>i-i>ii|ipi ;|iMi,(i(Mi Hlll'S Mild l'"ilXi « iif SliKCnliri ... , IT.'i.liii' Haul mill r'nM- III' MiH'.i-.-iiiiii ^ |,iiiiii,iiiiii nntii Ami'iiiil iif lllll'^ r*l niilillitlty u)it'''i<|-riiilKi). Authnrltjr If ulilrh inula. Wliiiifliii'jorn , liiW'IIM ()«;i).'i'i (' Siiiri-:i,« III" .\i w \ i.rli ('Im'cIiiw.i , i l.jllll.llOll i.iT.riiio 1 iliM'.'ii I :).'iii,iiiiu CI.I'ilMI Tnt;,l , SlS.'ilti.TUO ^.',;!Ml l'_',iiii(i l.'i, 1111(1 >.;:•> .■lll.lMKJ ri."i.(iii(i 7,^7.'> 17,.iiiii ;;,T.Mi -,hti <«l-7,s:;:. TiTMlv, Hi'ptniiluT 'Jll, IM'JK, lli'Hi.fii. SMiiiiti', >liiv-'7, HlllJ. Tnalv, SiplniiliiT J'.i. I«';{7, Tri'iii'v. Oci.iliir Jl. 1>':;7. Tri'.ilii.s Oit.ilirr '.'I, I"<:i7, mill ',.|i;ii,., .Imii. lii, ls;)H. Tn-.ily. .Viivi'iiilicr L'.'l, iMi^, 'I'liiil'v, M:i\ Jll, Is I.'. Tri'iitV, Sii'iti'iiilicr L'7, l^o't. TA 15 1. 1: II. inti:i;kst i-.md Indians in i^r.i. N.uiii'it of TrilK's. IVIawiiii'S ('liipprw:i< iiii.l Olhnviis .... .'>ioiix, >Iis>i>.ippi Siii-< .■mil l-'iixi's, .\|i>siiiiri Wiiilirln-ncs .\in«iint i>ri«|iI(Hl I'J Iriiilv It lii- ii-liiifnt. Jllll.llllll ILito |n'r i"'iil. Alni'Uiil 'if Itilor. f.l .itiiiiiiillv n|||.r"|.fial.'.l. Aiillifjiity li.v wlii'h it I' lliii'le. Sacs and I'nxcs. Mi^>i,'.>i| luwas . . ()s;i"03 ;;ri(i,iiiiri : ... j 17."i. (nil I ... I l,l"^.'l.l"lll I,n00.(iuo 1.'l7,.-l(MI Creeks Si'iieeas, New Vurk .... K;inz:i.i I'.iltawattainies .. Cli,iet;uv> liO.lu'il .'l.'id.lKHI 7."l,ll(lll 200,000 I (ii:i,iHiii h7J,'Mi,i Tntal :),L'7:i.l'0 I !?J.:;(H I TivMiv. Si'pteiiilicr Jll. isjit. tJ.OiMi l!.-,i|'iiti,,M iif thr Sinatr, .\|ay J7. l>;:ii. I l.'i.iiiiii Trraty, S.'pti'iiiliiT L'O, I*;!7. I s,77i' Tivat'v, OctiiliiT Jl, |s:;7. I Ml.L'.'ill I 'i'rralirs, NijvinliiT |, l^lij, nnd OriiiihT i;i, i-n;. ! .'in,(i(iii I TiTiiii, ^ Ocdilirr Jl, |,-:;7, iiiid I Oiiiilier II, Ml'. , 7.'-7.'i j liiKiiliui. Ill 111' till' .'^rii;ili'. Janu- ary lit, |s;;s. .'l.l.'iil I lIiMilnti r ill.' Sriiate, .laim- I an- 111. I.s.';>. ; I7..'iOO j Tivaly, NnveinliiT j:i, |s:!s. ;!.7.'iil I Trealy, M:\\ Jn. lv|j, :,ii,l law ' III' Coll'_'l'r», .Jlllll' "^7, l'-l(J. I lli.llilil I Tivatv, .lamiMi'v 1 I. l-h',. .■iLMTiO I Treaty, .lime ;">', l>li;. ■l:i,i;MO j Treat V. Septeliil.er J7. IS.'iU, I ami law.'* of Islj ,.,nd ISt.',. 8i;(;"),ii,Vi I ' Ann, l!i'|i.. IVil. (720) TA IJLi: III. run CAIMTA I'.VVMKNTS M \I>K Tn l\l>l \\ Tl.'Il'.KS 1\ H.M. t .No. NnliKOMr Ttll'i'i. Tntnl I iimlwr I'li^mwfii yr t T'-tiil »in'>uiit or iii'iiitiii. ''ii^^itii. I i>iti>i. 1 iw n;. 0, 111 II 1L' IS 14 1 It! 17 \ I ^l< iiiiiiiiiiiii'M Siniix lit' Mi,-.Hi>-ii|i|ii, vi/,. : Sr^.'ciiiiiii mill U'iiliiiMvlniiii liiiiiil Mri|;i\viil<,intiiaii iiiiii SViilipiiK'nutiili Wiiiiii'li:i;.'nc''< ('Iii|i|ii\v;i> 111' l,iiki' Siiprriiir : 'I'liri'r liMinl" 'I'wi lltV ll.lllll-i ('Ili|i|lrw;is lit' >ii»!<'M»i|l|ii I '.it 111 Wilt 111 III ii'i Siir- mill l''iixi ■< III' AIi!'!iiM"i|i|ii ('Iii|i|ir\vii'< mill OltMHii", viz. : Sixlrl'll limiil^ Six liiiiii|< Tin liiiml" TwiIm' limiil* (IlliiWil-. liiUllirll lilllllU ('liili|i.H:i», OlliiW:i.i, JMil l'iitt;iWiiltliliiir>i .. I'litlllW.ltlmililn III' lllll'iill ('lii|i|iiw:is 111' , "•Willi rri I'li mill ItliU'k riM'i'. ('lii|ilii'\Viis 111' Siipiiiiiw j Diliiwiiivi \V\illll|l.tM I'.i.'lO ?liT'« ' fb.^lTiiii IX. 111. •Jii. •-'I. L'l. 2ri. L'li. 27, 2K. •M. JiO. Sliiiw ■< SliirKliriil'.'i s in till' 'I'lrrilniT nl' KiiiiziM Cliri-liiin liiiliiii'^ Kii'liii.-liiiis, I'i'uriii.'*, Weil", mill riiuikii-liiiw-' . .Aliiiniir- wr.-t .Mimnli's ill liiiliiiii:i .Nl in mil"* 1)1' Ivl river . ScllI'l'lIM SiMiwiis anil Sliawiii L'.- .. Osill^CS Chii'kasiiws Sai's and lAixi's ul' >Iissumi lowas K ii'l;ii)nii i.-i ( hiiiiliiis Si'ni'c'ii.s 111' Ni'W \ iii'l' Total I.lllll IMIO ;;ri,(ii:; .".I :;,;!7'.i •j:; .'ill .'..'i.'.ilii 17 '.'..'iiil l.'i nil :;»,ll.'i Mil i;inl a sit •';;ii2i»4 2,I7!> •-' 1 » :i.;i-.';i 21 L'/JIHI 1 ■:•.". !i,;!7'i-'iit :i,»Hi i« ,'.i( il:i." i;7.'i .'i. 1111-22 I.IM'il !l>."i lii.l."i7 U l.TI'l S T.'i l.'i,2!i:; .'.i; I.Jl.' 1 1,1 1 1,7(111011 'jilil ' i 7 J 1 l,.-,v7.-,ii ■t.') s ^^ Inti'iiii 1.1"< L'I7 ;iti(itiii l.:;|ii 1 I'll L'. Jim III' '.lllj 1.' -.'I ;;'>.:;:;.'ri"i ,",.-l 1 llii iiii I'.i.'.itl till >>\ ii7,'ii' .'il,iiii7-.'iii I:: li;o .Ml-MI >l ■I nil |iii'>>(i •JL'II :;si'ii N.:!iiii.iiti 'J'lT i I'm; ml I2,i'il2 nil 1.' 7 1 '• 1,M '.ij 42.7-i>> '.IX l-J |>«:;-iiii 2,r.ii'iiiii Ivll li-.MI |,-_'.'iiiiiii ■J7I A (III 1 1.'.i|ii:i7 l.ii'.i"* •i:,» |ll.2t.'>llll 1.7^7 ' iti-tit.i j 17.S7UIIII |MI s:;-tiii l.'i. null. till |:!:; / ;'i7.iii» 21.11*1-1111 :;n 1 72 ■,■.!» J.'l.lllM|.|lll MM) 1 L'.'i-dil i •Jtl.lllHMMI i;--.i J n l.l''.l 112 ■J.I Hi ;; 1^ 7, ir.s IIS 4tl.:ilii 8l)XII,'.ls.'r l.s "', t^i Vpi VI. (721 1 i ■r ^ fi ^y ft -It ^ • = f I X I- I- r- ^i tc !?» M a r> o I- CI r — I, .■^ o ..-i p: 5 «t « r» ai :i -a

    '. •cSJ .iX I Z!- ;-' l§ y< 1^ 2is C0 : 'O o e7 : : : -o : : 'J ^1 .-. -. -c tc i ■^ ^^ t* "J fl i iC -•' o r" CI 'C o s : '.J- 1- ^ '"■ :^ :f; : ^: a : : - : ^'i ' ^ - ** ,_, : - : ■ ^- - - : -: : : " : ;i; ■-> S :C « ..; : ^ ! " i '^ . : ; : ** '^ : ;;.^ " >: S ^ -r ci I -^^ i c i : « rJ i .2 :«>;??? '^2 t-.Z-?. ?-5SSf:- ■ ^ ■— ; '• -' n " tr •"■- ,r, r: T a- " - :: S '^ S: vi c i i v ?, i i ?= S ■■,■?'■ e -f. S '. :: « I ^ i r § ,: r-^ -^ /; r: . i U S C C C C '. (722) !,::*■ «!:' 1? TAllLi: Y. AWriTIKS I'AII) To IXDIAXS IX 1«r,(i. |l'Ki:i'Ai!i;ii liV TIIK INDIAN- 111 KKAl'.J 'f.MtliirliTril..|i!,i,l. 'I'll lUr ('ili|.|icW;LS nf Sa'.'iiMlW. S Willi iTirk . Illlll lllack liv.T To till' (llti.Wils :ill.i ('|li|.|i.'\v:i> 'I'll till' rultiiwiitiiiiiiis M'lii]i|i.'\v;is, ()li:iw,i~, ami j'.il- tllWlltaillics ill Mirlli;;:ili ) 'I'll till' I'nlliiWMliiihii'.-. (.r Ihn-Dii 'I'd tllr .Mrlliininllii - 'I'll llll' Si\ N.-Ilinliv 111' Nin \,,\\,. \i/ : ' Siiii-kliiii|.jr~. Criva liiiv SJl ( I Sliii-kl.nil.L:.>, W.-i ' r,ii [ OlIiiiLis, ( li, ill H,u ss-J 'I'll lllr Six N.lli.lll- of \,AV Volli l||,ii:i|w 'I'll till' ('lii|i|M'H:i'. o|' \.:[Uv Siiptrior, iiTalir> 1^:17. ISI-J, :,i„| |s;,| Til till' ('lii|,|n'H;l> of >li>-i-.-i].|,i. II, :i|ii< ,,1' 1'»:1T, INIL', Mini is.-,.-, Ti, llic I'illa'iiT ■■iii.l Lak.. \Viiinol.ij"-lii~ii l.an,! ol' ('lli|i|irW:! llhliah- To till' OilawalT'. To iho I'olt.iwalainir- To till' S.ir> ami l'o\i> ol' Al is-i>.-i|i|ii To till' ()ltawa>, Wr-I Til till' .'Nliaiiiii'^, Wi'-I i To till' Ka,-l;a~kia^ ami I'lorias. ami Wras ami I'iaii- kasliaw~ \ Ti, the .'^ai's ami l''o.\r> nl' .>li-M,iiri To till' f)iii:ilia,- To till' Olio,..-, , III, I .\!i»,,mia> Til tliL' .'^liawiii'i' ImliaiJ.s 'I'll tlii> \V_\ ami,, t- T,, tlio Ki"i'lia|i,„,s 'J'li till' Kari/a- To till' (' im-lii's, Kiowa^. .'iml .Vpai-h, - ■ T,i 111,' lil.ii'kl'i'i'l Imliaii^. ill iiooil.-, |,r,,\ i>i,,iis, \,'. ... To ill,' \\ iiiiirli.ai;,,!',. T,, ih,' .'^ioii'v ..)■ \li,M"i|.|,l To till' ('ii,>,l:i\v- T,, III,' ('i,',k> ■ To ill,' (■|ii,k:iNi«.- Til till' OsaL'is [][ > To lilt' .'^I'lU'ra'- To ill,' .'^I'lii'i'as ami I'^liawmi's Ti, liii' ."•iiii'ia- 111' .N'rw ^ ,,rk T,, ill,' l''l,,riila Imliaii.'i, oi Si'Miim.lis I'',,r Irilirs. ii.irlii's to li-oatii's .-it l''oi-| l,ai'amii' Ill M„IM" t-|ii.:;iiiiiiii I..'i''7 .'lo liMi nil L'U,tJUUUU l.l.-.L'HO I'.i.iirii'i r,7 lii.Tiiir, liii 1 i.>.-,IMMI lii.iij;,!! .^II.Sll-J .",11 ij.riuiiiiii .•;r,.i;7l lii '.I. null no 1 .1.1 II II 11 II I .'I7.71111 on I .',,7.',ll III! I.IIIIIMI|) rji'i.tiili; i'i7 L'li. Illlll nil s.nnnnii liL'.s'.i'.i-L'l ',Hi.n7s .-,1.1 il.riiiii'iin Lll,.-innnii o.lMMMIII lL',ii(iiinil l.iiiiniiii I.IMIII III! I l.'.lllL'.-ill ;;.iMitMKi So.Ci'.H .'iD •-' 1,1177 17 '.i..s.-,:i;,-, 7.!i:;:;-7.-, 1^.117 i'7 L'.-i.'.lll.i .-ill l!i.:;vi;-_'ii i'l,ii7lll •J, lino no s.tlnoiiii L'.iilin 00 ■ls,Jo;i7S III rnivlsiouu. !^;;,iMin no '.•07,i>0L'l)r) lOii.sifj s;! -.iiiii, r,7 l,.-,nnnn lii.onnoo I:;. mil I nil liO.ltilrtiV i728i • I I i i !■ 4 II t i!' ■ II. lii I II 1 t5 -": r T. 1- — •- -\ '"■ 7,' 1' "J i; 1" "' -' 1- ?! :\ ~ /' /" •M ■: 1 -r = -r 7 1 . -: -. vr -« vr -1 1 - .-: iJ •'-■•'■"■■'■'" ■f '^ -^^ V ~- ^ ^ '' '" TT i !r ^ •" 'y^ 71*3"/ ^ ^ '' •^^ :: 71 — 7j — 11 c;' -' 7 i ■-' ~ 7 i «" 1^ c -^ j- = 71 y; C7' 71 71 7 1 71 iT 00 r/5 l! — vc ^>^ 1- — -.r \I M — ri r; :f ;r o rt -; -/ :-: i-ico — 1- .- •- :? y. -M ~; t "^ t 'L'~. 1": ■M ;0 O =^ O » -l< -T :7 '.f = '.^ — 71 "• 1' ^ V "^ ^ '' C5 n y^ IT 71 7? 1^ t — ^ ft r? ^j '^' -1" n-' 1^ !-z if /-' ' "" » ^ X (/J o s ui I:j Ed x; o © Pm '73 j Cft' •.c 77 'S: : 75 71 ■/- o y? c : 1^ 1- S i? ■? : "^ ?^ :';":£ '3 : '- '■£ '-'ri~~r It-—" 71' 1-7; 7ri.-7' '■■^c^ ci r^ T^ S ir{ -j' t~ ■ ■7 -f ■-5 : — o I- c 1- cj : =■ '-^ sy. — y. ~ 1- 1.0 ^H . — rH I— ir-lr-*^H '711—1 rH7l'— 71 f-^^H -f -f -t- -t - -t — CO 77 y 77 ;-77 •-T ?1 "* 71 7) -- i.- 71 «.- 71 : t r? 1- .r: I' «-: — .— :7 ^— c — ■ y I* .— 1- ^M : *ti -^ 71 71 71 71 71 tTi ^ t- - 1- . — -^ a 7 1 /. 7 1 = 1 - -f 71 1- 71 i- '* -^ 1.7 -r >7 -^ : 71 -^ c ^' " 1— ( • i." x> >* X. '" X -f X' 25 el : « 71 . 1- ,,— ..7. r /. »— . ^^ — . C't 7-i V 3 3 >.n ;? -3 - V J. n *^ ..mm '/ I- j^ .ii .2 -> X •- : F^ It -5 ■■=•■« ■^ » '-a 71 •£: ;^ iJ — 71 »• •C ^ 2 - - *'■ _- _ £|-- 1, 5 = = y:|- I 'Jj< o c « - - f ? s :: n ri 3 a ■ is S (724) s : I 23 - II i I I J I f— I I' o> -t t;- I 71 V.' i T' O _ 1- o T-' -f o O r> C3 ■C 1- -J. -y. •— < ■M c* y o; *y^ 1 ifT *' ■ .0 3 : *" o ; r. H *f" V- .--'/. -^ ■-' ew ^ v- .0 ■, , ',=! O =*< o ->- ft ir. ti. '-1. iL-* 11.-' t( ;^ : -ft < *r; I- I- ' — / —I a- ■5^ fi I v: -> 1 u^ •.r 5. -^ ■=1 3 ^ 1.. . 1 ■/. H '^^^ ? = f. A /- ^ ' /. — "- t ■>! « -'r '' - "T '^. 1 a" tJ.< — -M f/j = m' •=1 «> -_ - 71 — v. " (-■ C-i L^ i<^ (7251 If ( . ,J t^ * >; If ; I 55 M /-I 41, H I X < tE S j oi{i u| suiH-j J.I. •r|si]iib»niv -loBiii a; a j:.- 71 p' 'j, ^ j-.-'U: 'I -f b t" ^ H C ^ jZ'-*- > = ^ "? ^' *^ - ^ _c •n : :: i t ^ i.o j ; j ; ic (726) s I 5 CO 73 w H <1 09 P CQ O i .3 ■ii'i'i"ii.(.'JnJ.i.Mis ■J . •* I Ti : : : : : ri "IT'S inir.snii ■xn^ ,,,,,| : i'- : ; ■tlon.i.7i!j{ ■i!'n«ii ■■■■1)10 : =. • ■ : '^ : • •mns^OfJo : : : i _ . -,*~~ y t"? — -"." : '"^ : : -t^ ; ■?■? :? ._ ; ; . Z ?i — . .^ r_ : ■ ^ * : 5 \ ^ OC z . -* • — T • ; .-T •^ * ti * 1- M ; ■ -1 : ■— X : : ^ ri •q^onli-init ■ 1- • •:! r IZ I i 1 1 ^ i J i t ^ ?, I i J J "^ ~ ~ '^ < ^. -7 ~ < < yl — -C L^ I I ' d. i(i (7-27) ' fi i u us CO ta o o 2; > -s :« 5 53 H O O I 5 ■I".! «wjj ^^ n 1^ '-• T -r " -M C". 1- c- -* i.T ry;. " •"* M i'll -111".) J.HTMll o •JV.'II .'IMl « 'l!Tl"H iiw3U'»uiv ^ IS I 1 s — 1 £ Tt l '" S •=1 1 I ^ I i I -/r r — 1- 1- 5 3 (728) — .— — , f ,, , ^^ \r B ►- ^ S W = - 'fe^ o = ^ O S3 » p "^T* 3 3 b. n-29) 1 ii ij I }: 1 ,'i 5J & a. o ? a e ^ en Si o 14 ^ MH 'y. H 00 s 7t H o i sq •-H '-r, << i*c; H " '^ H^ '^ ? ^ >i ^ ^ ^ -^ '^ H -a -* :i5 o !^ •j2 h. a ^ § D . 1 -, 1 »".4 JiPIrt i 'i 1 t ^ ■1 '*" j 00 o . O r. _ 1 : 1 1 -t : -3 : '^ ire -« 00 : M .» o ire M ?l o IV>\\ : ire rt : 1 o ; X C5 •^ - 5 ^ N • » j: >4 t f— 1 ei ' 2 •^ •J s ^ ?! Xt ^ ij. (J O^ •re a t-^ M 1 f» F- 1 o ■o ■lo.i jo»ng ■^ rs -1^ 1- '■a »-< h; ■r -t o o T'l •Unniij! 1 c "■? -t ire " •"■ ■M '«aM|d poo 'Biw ire 'nUnj 'jajlo »0S 1 oc QC 1 i ■jailo "3S ? X § ■re o 1- ^^ o o •TO.i pj)I o CO lo o OT '" 'J 1-H 1 OQ 'M 8 ?7 c 71 * a = c 00 i-H » c- J; r- C" CO CI i2 ^ '- ■^ > > ^ ^ > 1 H c 1 1 2 r 2 ^ tr- *f h2 ^ •f h-; r^ z ^ ire ire ;i - If: - <■/ oc GC ^H (78(1) STATISTICS, TIHiiAl, AM. (i K NK |{ A L. CHAPTKK IV. STATISTICS OF EDUCATION AND CHRISTIANITY t- I TiiK revision l.y mo of tlieso topics, in contrMnplation two years since, when tlie fifth vohnne was submitted to the puhlie, was found to I,,- impracticable, owin- to the accu- nnilated labor arisinjr from the eondensati.ms rerpiired of ,ue. At my request, tiio subject has been investigated by Mr. Lan,i;'doM, who has evinced therein a spirit of appreciation and research, resulting in a degree of success, l,elieved not to have been previously attained in this department. Whatever may be advanced respecting the manners and character of the Indians, nmst necessarily be of subordinate importance to the details of 1i,cir morn! stains' However uuich we may .ieplore the Indian's decadence, hope for his reformation, and desire his restoration to the family of civili/cd man. it is only l.y reference to moral data (.f the kind here exhibited, diat we are able to understand trulv. b..th what he now w. and what he is destined to /«■. Mr. l-ang.lon's prominent activity in the vital cause of religions associations of the young men of the country, designated him as being eminently fitted for pursuing this investigation, and the results are presented in the peculiar form of tables, in which, by a mvp d\ril. the n'ader will be able to grasp all the facts, as detailed in Mr. Langdon's own w.rds and mode of illustration. i^ i m \ till 1^' ! A SUMMAIiy OF MISSrONS TO TIIK NoitTII AMKIIIC.VN INDIANS. [BV W-M. ClIArMY I.AN(i|iilN, A. M.l The following page.s present a summary view of the eflbrts to civilize and evangelize the Indian which have been put Ibrtii by Christians of various creeds from the eadiest days of North American colonization. While it is manifest that, whatever am.)nnt of time were devoted to the labor, anv hope of rendering complete a statement of this kind must be disappointed, the few weeks which have been allowed for the present investigation and the varied and scat- m ' V,.l. v.. T;,l,l.. .\1. !i I i3L' STATISTICS. TKIIiAl, \M> (IKNKKAl,. terc'd HDiirci's tVom wliich iiirormutioii has of lU'cessity Iwoii soiif^lit liiivc toiiCmi'd tlic iX'siilts attiiiiii'il to an approximatimi wliicli, liowovi'i" I'ar it may lull .xluirt of wliiit may !)(• (l('siiv(' and of what iins hoon attcniptud, it is yot lu'lieved will bo found nioro lull and coinplote thim any coniijilation wliicli luis horctofoiv kHjn nuule, and will Hervc as a iisi'tnl liasc for a future invi'stiiralor. Di'lii'itMit liowi'viT as thcso pa.iics may lie and arc in miii/t/itt inns, every ollort has hccn made to attain aminiri/; and it is holievcd that, if tlioy contain ci'rors, the fault lies with tho authorities upon which reliance has been placed: and that therefore while they may often prove valueless as luijulii-c testimony, their jmnilivf evidence may be; accepted with confidence. The following tables are restricted in their (ield to that part of North America at present possessed either l)y the I'nited States or by (ireat llritain : and tiiey present, tho one, the comparative chronology; and the other, tlie statistics of the various mis- sions within that Held for neaily three innidied years. These are, in each cas<\ grouped chronologically under the several organizations by which they were respect- ively estal)lishe(l. or to which they owed a fostering care ; these organizations being tlieuiselves ari'anged in the order of time in which they first took active part in this work — althougii. in a fi'w instances, this arrangement has be«'n held subordinate to that of derivation. There are two CiiKi)N(.)Louit"AL Taulk.s, of which the lirst embraces the missions of those organizations v 'i0.se labors were confined to, or iiave extended from, the colonial period; tlu; second, of those whose initial labors are within the iiatiomd era. The //"»(•// lines on the chart represent the organizations themselves; tho fii//ifrr lines, their several missions: in either case, their lateral extent over tlu; lines which mark each fifth year showing the period of the active (iccu|)ancy of their respective fields. Tin- rrrfifiil lines represent transference, or the migration either of missionaries, of tribes, or of both, as the case may Ije. The duttal lines represent the continuance if a mis- sion under other ausjiices than tho.se in ([uestion. Of the Statistkai. Taiu.k.s, the one in like manner extends into the colonial, while the other is confined to the national era. The column of ntalimis embraces '"stations" and "out-slations" of all kinds; that of cowrtrfe in no case, so far as known, embraces baptized infants; that of /kvow.v is iniM : Ilovtoii, 1S;!2. J'Vs.scii(li.ii'.i KiK^yclciiciliiK,!' ItiliL-imis Kiiowlnl-c : Uratllcboru', 1835. ■ N<'wi ]l)'s (')cliii.f.lhi of Mioiuii,^: Vow Viirk, Isrij. Allun's Ainiriiaii Hid-rai.hi.Ml Dictimiary : ;i(l .ditiori, Uostdti, Ih;,;. (T" tl»; "utlH.r uf which uckiM.w L'ui.nu .,huuld ho tunJo for valuable .nanusoript information ) Histuiri' (jo 111 iViiipairiui' ijc ,(.>iis: I'uris, jsj}, '' Lettri's Kilifiimtcs I't Curicusc.-i : |,yuiH, |S1!(. Shra's History ijf ('Mtholic .Misr,'i:.m .Mi>si,iiis: .Nuw Vork, IHl". Kckitidii lie la Nduvcjlc h'rariuc, \,is. : J'ann, llUT-lUa". Mathcr'.s MuLMialia : llarlli.nl, l^l•^>. .Mathii's l,il',Mif lOlicit; liii-tijii, Hilil. iMayhew's liuliaii <'(Piivri'ls : l.nmliiii, iTl'T. Andci-sdii's llislary of tho ('(ilMiilal Chm-oli: l.niulun, 184,'). Stylf.s' l,ifr(,f liraiiicr.l : linstuii, |s|J. Wh,M.|M,.k's Xarralivc „f tl„. Indian Charity Sol,,,,,! at Lobannn, Connocticut : K.,.st,)n, 170;!. Wli,','l.„di'M ('iiiitiiiiiations ,.f th,' .-iainc: l!,,st„ii, 17t!ri am! 1771. \Vh,.o|,„k's Continuations of th.' .suno. an,l at llanovor, Xrw Hampshire: lioston 177;i-]775 Briot -\arrativ,,,f \VlK','lo,-k's Indian Char:,y.>^,di,jol; London, 17(111. Lothroji's Lit',. ,,f Kirklaml.— . ■Sparks' An,cri,'an lti,,i.'niphy : lt,,st„n. 1847 Loski.'l's llisi,,ry ,,f .Mi.ssi,,ns of tin; I'liit,',! iiivthrcn : l,,;ndon, 17114. N'ortli .\ii„'rii'an liniian.s ami l'"rii'nds ; Loii,li,ii, Hif lio\vo ul' llii' Hi'AMail KiiAN>'iiii'«Kit witc tliu fiulicul, I N'i'Xl, nrw ili.i"!' of tlic KuKMii mi- Ili'iMlli'i'l" |iM' Iti'liii'iiii"! Kniiii'i-iMiii«) iiii'l ii I'cw, ('ii|moliiii'<. IIcIwim'ii llii' "Vi-tviiiii |iiir-iii' I liv till' .S|iiinii|i iiii'l Kri'iu'li |irii'»l» tliiTi' with iiiiirl>i''l 'lilli'ii'iioi'i. tt'liili' llii' iiii--iMii» u\' llu' Icriin'r wi'ri' liii'ii, iVniii il» lir-l liMiilhij: U|'Hii III il III' Ai'iiilii, -Ii'inlv i'imi'|1Ii'«I •prcihl ►littl.v "iir tlii' bIm.Ic I'liijiiri' ul' till' V"i'lh mil Wi-i. Wliilr III.' r.irim'i- h.niulit juiuliv lu cvmnti'li^i', I" civili/c, iiii'l to iiiili.iii.:!iti'. In |ii.iiioiT» lii'iiiK <'Hiii{iiit I luiil Itiinic, l>iiriii|{ till* I'oliiiiiiil |H'riiiil ijiiclico wm«, iiikIi'I' iiiillmrit.v I'l'iiii l{- rulimi" iif till' .li'-iiilit ^ilVl' Ihii-i' III' I,iiiii«iiiiiii. 'I'lii'-i' liiiliT ili'|ii'iii|i'i| ujinii II Sii|i('riiir nt Ni'W Orli'niiM. ■•' '{'III' .\lii'iuii|iiiK iiiinniliuii- III' ITll'l mi'l I7J I «i'n' I'mm Miiiin' In I'liiiii In llii-l. ^ Till' ^^^-l*■l'tl lliiriiii- iiii^i-iiti-i| ill ITliJ I'l-iiiii r|i)ii'r III l.iiwi'i' Miclii^iiii ; in ITi'il (<> I'Miin. * Till' lllliiWM" III' l.iiki' Sii|ii'iiiir inii:i'ilril in l><7l lu Miii'l.iii iw. ■'' Tlii- Illii'^iiitl nl' till' Ksiiumi Kii^IAN t',M'l|iil-U" III till' rtiliilll:u' IllilimiH nwiul its OXi'tenci' In till' eXITtinlli nf j Lnl'il liiillilliiilc. •Till' ini''«iiiii'< ninri' nr It'" r.i«ti'ri"l in llmir ciirlv ilnv" liy Ilii' SniiKr\ mil nil I'lml'Mi M mn i>>' tiik. liii»i'KL in ' Sl.w r:.Mii.AM> liiinii, ihi'niiL'li tin' I'ltlii'i' miivi' riniii Tlinniiii Miivlii'W, M'. , I flrit liiivi'nini' III' till' rnnni'V i-lmiil. Ill' tlir iiriii\ Clni-limi liii|i:iiii »lin a-«i-ti'i| Ilii' Miiylii'Wi in tli.' niiiiii'ln-, llio limiii' nl' IliiK'iiniiic" HI Ic i«i ?>liiiii]liiiii|-. Ill' llii.i tiiln' fuw, if iiiij', rviniiiii ] , 111 till' j.n'-i'iil liny. I ' " riyniiiiilli Cnlniiy «ii« tlin lii'M nf llii'«i' ili'Vnh'il iiii>>iiiniii'ii"' — In wlii'iii i-lnnilil In' mlilcil mniiii iiU'iitinii of llii' lli'v. i ■ .Ml'. Titi'li, Willi, uImiiii tliii linii'. lift |iii'iu'lii"l tin' i.'n-|ii'l to tin' MnliirniK nf ('nnin'Oliciit. '" Till' iiii>-inn tn tin' l|iiii>iitiiiiiiiili nr Slnrklii-i'lui' lii'liiini an thry iiri' imw (innnUly I'liili'il. Iiiii imt Ihii'm iilmii- , ilniii'il; lull iilli'i' tlir I'l'iimviil nf IMwmili wai rniiliiiiii'il liy llic ili'si'i'inlmili of tlii'ir lii>t inis-iniriiy. .Si'i'iirmil, in ■. Ni'W .'|-. ■ • " Till' ."i^i'iiirr. mil iiii riniim, viinv .n ini iIi.-m i, i.n I'iiiiiha I'mith Im-. hilli in tin' In^t i:i'iitiiry nml in liiln yen-". |itiii| iimro utii'iiiinii i.i |:iij;li~!i iMilnuisn llimi In niitivi' iiii'"ii)ii>: mnl nliiil /nu lii'iiiiilnno fnr ilif liuliiiiis iiinli'i' l ill miKiiiui'-. Iiiis niri'ly iifi'ii ili-liii;;iii,-lii'i| in lln' i'i'|inii" of llii' Sm'ii'ly linin ilm rcMilta uf cnloiiiiil mis^inns. Still ' I tliiTi' lini lii'i'ii iiinrtliinir iilti'in|iti'*, ill \'iii;iiiiii : aiii' ini-^innarir" frniii 17ii| In tin- War nf i till' Ki'vnlnti tni'vaii^ii'li/i' till' .Mnhawlis In wliii'li tiilic Iliu alti'iitinii nf tlii'i Sni'ii'ty i- iinw iliri'i'ti'il in Caiiiiilii \Vi'»l. i '•Tin' llllN. ."inrlKIY IX .''iiiri.AMi lull I II i: I'lliiI'MIA Tlil.N IlK ClIlllSI IAN KmiWI.I.Im.I:, liki' till' la»l llU'lltinlli'il IllU ! oil!', iliij IIIIIIV. llll'nllj;ll in rnlllllli'"'inllll at K'liinaniiii'i'k iii-ar .Mlimiy. aii'l llii-n in Nrw .li'i>i'y ami I'l'iin-ylvaiiiii iipar I tliL' ^'n^k^ uf till' |ii'la»:ii'i' aii.l mi lln' .•fiiil thi'in ntV in luiiri. one of I'aoh, In i-laMi-h iclinnU ami In prKU'li iiiiniii-' tlin Iriln- nf Ni'w ^ nrk iiiiij IVnii-ylvania. Tin' i-i'lionl at l.i'l.annn wai. tliei-i'fnri' a nnriiial iii^tiititinii. latliiT llijiii a nii^'-inii in ilu'lf ; iiinl mk-1i " .Mnm-'s I'harity Sclninl," in t"'lalili>lii'i| ill i-nniii'i'tiiiii with Ii.niiiinnlli r.lli".'". wa-. aipl. in Ilii'iiry, ilill i.'<. .\iiinn); hr. Wlnu'lm-k'.i |iii|iils at I.i'liannii wi'fi' 1)1'. .Simiii'l Kirklan'l ami .''7. "Till' ini-iinii nf tlii, Chiiri'Ii ■ininni; tin' .Nnrlii .\iinTii an Imliun liai I'vi'r in'i'ii a iiii|;iilaiiy nii|.'rating niu' (nwiii(j to tlie ilistiirliain-01 nf wari. ami tn tin' ciicrnai'liiiii'iiti nf ilm wlnli'i). ai will a|ipi'ar I'mni tin' riironulocienl Table, Tlio iiiission.'irici usually ai'i'nnipaiiii'il their ininratiiii; I'nnjrri'fMitinin." — C'tniiituniritlion frnin the Sfcretnn/. J (7:i4) k. i" ' i l A W \. \] I ( II II .\ I, i; 1 (' \ I, SI M M MISSIONS OF o i; (. A .\ I / A T I O \ S K s T A I! I. I - II K ■r..: \ \ 1 / \ 1 !<• \ , I'r^riiii >f\T I. ' \:irr . n TMr.e, ^1 n ^i ; ;? .^ ;i ? V:i'ri I.. Mi.-i ■:> . \ 111 .■ 11.1,1 .(?., r '.:'.'. AVn;*;-!* ^lis*iiii Ilup n . r n v,,i, 1 1 Mif IrO"4u. i» MiMloa 0:tiw.t >I.»»i ti «n I. MI'S 1 \iu l: i :\ MitjLi\:» r:li r«5r. ..t;ii-. i; ,rri !■, \ l;^.■_,^;■ ll.<. \!»ir.,-» J ,:;,, , i J l.n I . ;' ■Ti.o Ci', 1.' 1 -hii- I It ..-. • ^-ini i*-; 1 r- .11* J ! II '■fr,'.-!- ; 1 J- i^illiaD K-i».irji" ri:.-: M^tivin Hiin»Ai>'' ' . tl .■ Ml Ml,.-. .. •. Ml.- .1 t;...i,.> , ■ ' . (.1 / .; lliir.'ii,. 11, 1 .1,. ;„ w, ,■ 111 „ ,..,/.. ill Mi.Im,-,,, ,,,1 ,11.1 iM-,-,ii. Ml Nut V rS, , M 1. . ... Ill •• 1 ; ..^ .n 111 r .ii^li ^\«.vj / ■ .. . 1.1. !• /:.,■: . . '■■ ' ' - vpi..-...n.; ,; \i. .,„■„> M. ' . II •.',-■• ., .. in ir,,. ..,,_, '• '.. > .1 .' .. , V 1. '■ !.■ , v. .,, 11 Vr ,„. ■ ...-1 IV. I,-, ,,11, .,.,,.. ,.„ -I .1 . l.|,,.r 1. ■-■ '■' • •'.l r - ; ,- i , i.ii.. 1. ... I li .• ". I ; .-.. If... 1 1 ■ V -E . . i I. ....... . .1.-. i . tlifi n.iT .^Iji.-i. ; . ; 1 -. ■ <• .V .1 ,,.1. A' i.K... .rf /.i-ii ..1 7Vi /■ ' . (. ' I .111.; i'-.!.-.. 1.-. j:a«.,i. Ill,; l.,;i,.\.i,l.. \ii.M.; .1 li: .. ;. .1 vital,.,-. \.„,,iri N '. .. Ii, :. I.. , f »!>...,. ,,a. ,11. 1 .,l.,.y M.fi, . . \ r 111.1 »., I !■ iiii,„ill, l'....,i,v rSi;., 11. h 1 i,< II - ..iliirli'lk . r ,.l.,t|,lri li;.. Iiiliau. .., r R I*E.jr»r,4?i 'y ,rO *rti, i> ) .iiiK.ii I'tur..'! I '^.■' i i' ■ 1''"'* I»»iii Ilril.ii-r .'* , , , ,*iri.s*ti. '.* IT,;.'. I*" ' I'.niiij.iii V I'k K *■ ITi'i I: .('I'.l* cl'ii.r^.'y In Ni-w V.it. M, l.:i«i,. Ml \"..» V ;,. . . . ]••.<. .14 a-i,i ir,i.i/fii 111 i!.i, Utt tr.ti li..„ii»iilil.. ., N- ■ V, ill (.. -, M.i.-... ■! I", l.'ii Itat...* ..til N. w J.,r»i M. i.l-il.. »l I., 1,0. .11. I .1 1 it Vt lI-iii"i«T. ^■-w II .u.j-.l.iri- ,. ,-.1 .-.,. Ill :■■■» V iri. .ili.iin* ■' '* . , - . I'lif-. t.n*. ''..k.. A In iM-i,r.-i;. \l.,ti aim aiil W iini,.inr n.« In \ Y..fk mi li'-.tir.. li. ;iii.i.iri.« Ai- . K.i.t l*i.iiii.i.!iiiiiiit.. I'r,;iwsrr« I^.^ll. I*. A.-, \\K.t I'l.nii.vlianiu A. . VIi..i.mhi;iii Vn! ,.> . ... ^al.,|ll.KT laii-f "ill'. Iliir.n UitiT. ^lii-liiiail. ,,. •' f-iiith •(..in. ..f Uiki- Krii- *' III 'll.MlJl II',..! " 1,11 W 1 III! UhiT !i...iaii« , , •1 111 K't'it'ii ( li.-r'-Ww< in li.H.riTih tri Mill ,f|.iifnji=ii 1 (Til /iux i\i0€ 'z^.} T A n 1. 1: I . ) (i 1 (' \ I, SIMM A 1! V, N 0. s K .- r A I! 1. 1 - ii i: I) 1) r i; 1 N (. t i IK (•(>:,() N 1 A L K i; A ■^ -i ■] ^ ^ ?•/?■? f ■? - :: n ■■! - ^ ?i '-". ^ ;' £.'^ U T A B L E I I . C II R N L G 1 C A I S U M M A Jl Y, N 0. I I. Missions of or(j AxNmzations kstablisii hd during the national era R A N r Z A r I N . Central Pe.it, pOC.FOn PROP.GospKt, AMONG IVPKNS nF N. AMIIII'M. ' UoSTON .. Z. ^layln-w, liiijUis it- Ttip SiTiji'iints rrfiiptpnlly .•^uniiu't Kiikhiift EIphzlt Williiuns I'htnvas Fish.... , ■ W.S t-'r K = '♦- - o £.d 1 17^7 I7'n Locality or. Tjiinr. The SociETt OF FniKvr* .- Vtvirly Mfi'tinsof I'liiljiairlpliiii IMriUDririiu... Yi-nrly Mi'ffin^' of n^iltimnri' Yearly >U'fiin;;a of llnltimort', Ohi" aiul Indiana . H\l,TIM(ir.E I'.M.TIMOItE ..- , .1/ l/./r//i.(V r.;>,ml .'^UniJiii'l'-'f Itutiuiifi, Mji>>r!irsiipi'c. Ma"«nlnilitii)f< S'l'inii,.^- i,i }\iui.iiis [ lirctlu'ilnii in»v Vurk.. I 'Mu'liIiLS in \(.'W Vi'fk ; L Onnn.la^n-; in ■■ ,.,.. f }'.nnh/,:.l.< in M-iinr I t l';L;-ani;unn.i.l'.ly lii'li.inri in Maiin'.. '■•ROTESTANT EPlSrOPKL rriURCIl OF U. S,, Dicict'.>if of Now Yr)rk,, Norlli-wi'st lUiirt'.'.u Dtoccso of .^lidii^an AMm. Board of Commissiovkks for K'ir. ^lissioNs. lt"ST<>\'., HikLIi^ (hifi.htf (it li>(.:'.- iWfh. M;f-ii.iin ^Ii'iminf'noi's nt ('trciMi Itny, ^Vis^^^n•■i^ Oj'hirnf in M.inie^'.fit I h-T'k«^-* ill TfMii., 'ii'i^r^ia aH'l A\ili:irn!! ''/ur-'.rf-t in Iniiian Ttrrifhnj ("h^i'taws in Mis.-'iN'ii'pi flt'-f-iics in huii'Mi '!■ rri' ■•'•;/ c'tluwufl In Ohio 'Isaies in ArUiuisa- an^t >lis-.mn Ojibwas al Sault :^U: yiuvw J. Inyiunis in II..-?../? y. y r!:. ^ ■■"'''•'■' ("■lii.'ka.=nw« in Mis.-i'-ipj.j.,. .-totklui'l;:!' In(iiiin.'< in \\i- rr-vks in In.liaii IVrriioi y , lijil.HUis on /.((,'.(- Siii--rii':. p.ffi-taJis in ,V(')(ii< ."..'» Mfn-t'iuis in C ' I liD.'laws nml Clii.-kasaw? lri"iu<.iis in .New Yi)ik Crifk.-J in Ucur^-ia , ^^Iiiiwnec-;... OJiOtcas lit SliuU .S;v. ^V-rnc Wyandnt.s in ('iiin ^ylJalld'lts in K in.-"is Moiiawks in Canaiiii \\i'.-t Om-iilas, Onimihiijas ami .in\N' MiS'*iii\\nY .^oriiTv,. liVAIlY .'^n.rriY MlT}t. Ki'is. ritliicii Sul'Tir.. ^Ils-ItlWUV S.l.-tETT. >tm;\ h'm(:.;\ >!i-m..vu;t S.^htv I'lTT-iin TV r.vw'jFijfM. AIis'Jii.wnT Poarrv. ;i' \.\ Mi>-ii>\u;v A-;s,i, rviiiix vrrivv I\DHN Mlv-^nwRT Ass-KUTKiV ... ■'lETir MiSK. II(URnSOfTII. llArTISTCoWENTK^V. ; Maiuov, An. £ i 11 =TI I.ocMJTY oa Tr.iiiR. o i-s J ._^ j I l'ri'uk.1 111 .Miiliiuim anil (icor^'i:! I ' Mi-.-i.-snui-m nil l!.Cr.Hlit, Ciinaclii \Vf..l... ; I njilin.in in riuimlii W.'st ' ; I'.illuilHUr.liiir. .... j I riiMctiiws 111 Mi.^iu Ihhnnirr'! ni K-t>i^<'s Fl.itlii'iuN ill oriv"n H.lrr4n(;raihi fi-i\;rifi Ihuj HrL>t!ioi!'in In. linns r.ii L;..,o \VinuuI'a"'> .y-'itttvLs III fuh.uU HW? 1 ■■• ■ ! Mim^iawj'xs nn /{. C.:,l,t, f\t,i.„U in„.; j ■■■■ ■ ^ OJiUms ill f'lnwiu H'<;1 ; ■■■• ! ' MiSiiom in Ifwlf-.n li.nj tn nii-l f,\-r.t>,' '>'':' fW'S inul A'("'.'(i5. /\i:!.'tfir^ix ! (J-Tol..:.-:t i-i IwUdi Tn-riu.rij ' ri<"-(urs it, hi'li-ni T. rntury U-'O \<2-2 I ll-fh-m l},.ji\.-^ rnrit'nj i i ' I^:vi 1 is:;- is;: \ I'ul'us and Sur ' (yU'wns ami Otl.ni\is ' r/,>>rtAi'-s - ()/.■- Oiiinfms S>'iiii}io'':s..... ' f '/(/c'.ir.'.M'"!.., i Kic!.ui>:;s...- 15^.1 I ISIS I (>,■'■''!;■'(.'• in M''iii!f.^::/a Lot'isviiu: IS4J isci ! ■■ I ■-■■.- i Pottiiwaltnniiot ■ I ; ...... I Shnwrn'OB ■ i j Wtvis, IMunkaf!linw«. Xo . ' ' ; riinctim;' ... i Cm'ks CIUTOkl'L'!' ... ' .Mi;uiiio.'« ISIO I \<.b I ... i l't.tl irt Z> ;■? S .-. O 11 ■'l ■J : : ? :i ;j .. i ■, , , "I 1 n ill H -■, i I ,< i: ■■ nir ^'' I" ! 1% > u B i • 3 o H M (— ( QQ I .a a s '^ "fe" i^ «! - ^ lli 3 J ■t£=i if-il H I 5i»-r. .2-3 -i r ■: = S ■" ; J: /: J " J .s 3 5f< f I 1 ? ^ i f'^k'j'^ |g 5 ; ? =i.5^4? si;^ yjt irip i!,,^t f.2.:c|*^^,.-;;-? TUi-^3 Sif;= a?il l~y^r .'.sT^ .s^.5^-22-=c^ iTsJ?-^ ■;^5-^ £~;s j=sl :;=■•;- i =; t^ :i7Tj;3 3»5='^M iiii I lif^y'T] I 'i ill i'^1 'li1j;ocJs JO (iij ■Ill3.1d0nj0-0l^ ...++ + J-+ , = 1^ ? i I'. l-««i.XO ■ailiJO ja »j>(l :*i > I- = : •3 ^ feS !1 : i = :- = .•;: S (T.'lo) U ;ii" ^' I I i i a ^ 1 S Is B c .- / 7 V i ^ . n - ^ ; a ^ • " " 1:1 ;^ri|?^;tlEl =^^^ E-r,^' • V j; » J -"" "6l Ii2/-^. ill! .a.. "^ = ?9=J it L ^3 = 2 > s R a Z i 1 ^ i m i II; IS C 1 ■C 1 ! t 2^ ; •* t • 'i; i a Si H a.i E? = - ?= . ■i:l*! nji n a-? - i.'C%^ it) I H I- H H ^^? fJt|oqigja -oii; I H 2 lir ;s : ; ; ;rlil S ' ti?in3-^ . :|. '•a : '£ ;? e? Cj ; ?i ti : ^m J " ?* i' ' r "" - ?i t' ■'^ **• *""• ■i ! * r. %r -J -^ '.B I - "3 i^ as.2^i;:5 •: Jit •i " ;- ' W 5 '■■ " * — "7 i.- • r C '- ■ i a i t V J f .S ? 1^ hiiii f. mm fi ^ J^^^fli ft "• •^•c i i c »- -i • <*, a -A .ii it rri - - '^^5 "=5-ii'E2i lit. iv^irlS-? I f i«- *s'- i^.i 'CS: ?■='■-■- s^ici £ -i •- 5 '■ _: t: = r3 ifl -T ^ „ 5r ^ c *_-t , 5 3 a ?>5 ■•""'H J» "K lUJliii.) JO 'u^ iiiii>jlM^I u { r I OS u I U! I ! •lumiritj J.) ■ I.; ■JiuJ.) ju ditii I < 5 i o-o : MIL — - ^ B -3 ;.l^ I 5.- ; ~ ^ .i*- B>,.. , lis'"'' - » i . rt if ; ;1^5-i| ■I'Z < ^ - . : ^ ? s s III' * a. s ^, Vol.. VF — on '737) f 'I Hi* '■ 14 is ,6 2 ij ?i I 1 i; "ii IIJl I I !? = Hi! ,S •.: 3 ; A o ,- ■ - H -rr t p." 9 w a £ c 9 :■?. A t tl.MI • ? 9 '■ a - S " ■• V L it n ;.!v;Iiif 5 ;r i i • i i ■ : i i i I i ; j i T It »5 .7 J M i M ; ■ • I ! S T rt V ^ 2 S I ;j nn I € I " i: E i J » I ■« i- 5 , = 51:111 ';.i •[ i i- i V P ^ i i i : i i : -X3 IMU^-^— N * ^ 3 I I I : I I : I : ; : *'* ^ ?* "'f • I "' *^ .« i 1*1 : : i .1 : : i : I i M : i : : I r t t : 5il2;^: ^5?l ■^n in J£ 5 'a i j V f I=5^u 3'^ -■-■£'-" 1; t- « * i i i ! ; ! i ! I i I I ! ! 7 <} ■; J- / * I * t J Sfl^^il?;^; :Ui2-:|:|;n/,;rn sr: :i ;2 — "" ? ■ ' =.i>.^.=i: = :-^:? .Cti-it-i'-?^ : 5 s?^l. to; > C S^?)5i if; :t5: : - 5 r = ^ i :||f=| t ;£- IMiil^M (7:W) ! 1 ■' i ,;: j ^: • i i if] !i 740 TAIUJ-: V. HTATIHTFCS OF MOUAVIAN. Olt I'MTKl) HIM-TnKKXS ('irriMH. IMA.'.. Ceiimlry. Amkhk-a (!iH;.\r HiHiAiN AMI IriKi.ANr) <'nM'lNi-:M' or Ki 111 .■y, - AKDINv: •^rilOubS, roimiry. Am mill A I ] (illKM' UkIIAIN am. IllKI.AMl CoNTINKNI' TuMis 8rbivili, 14 4« Ti'wlnri. I'lll'IN. tt'-' i s;iM L"JO I IJIMI .'157 ' :.';t,ss MISSIONS. C'nuntry. flllKKM.AM) I.AIlll AlMill I.MilANS Sr. Thomas (_\V. I.) Sr. t'lmix, .St. .liA.N, " .IVMAICA, Amkii A, Sr Kins, " Hauiiadiiks, " 'I'nltAlid, " ('HMItAI \ MKllICA .. Si UINAM S A III. -A Al .-iHAI.IA MliNdlil.lA .... 'I\.ta Add Hoiiic ('onj;ri'i;iili(jiis Total mombt^a ut' Mdraviiiii Cluircli 4 4 4 :i .1 »> la 4 4 I s s 1 I II!) MlMlomtlra. C.interU. •J-J -MM!) :!l l.oll-J 1" (i -.'-"" l:t ."l.Mtl ♦i l.il.Vs ;i4 li'.7ii4 -'4 M.ii'7 X .UiiJ 10 ••iviJM 11 2,11:7 r.i i :.*(i.r>(;7 .■.1 :i li.lKiT 7 1. 0)12 :;o,54r> 774T)'" STATISTICS, TIUIJAL AND (lENEllAL. CUAPTKH V STATISTICS OF HISTORY. A ('llItoNOl.dC.U'AI, TaIU.K DK KVKNTS in TIIK lllJ. lis". AiT'iiiliiij; to Alva, the Toltoes reach IIuilmi'tlaliKillaii, in .Mexico. 4!is. Tiu V luuiiil Tula, .'illi. 'I'liey lieL'iii tlieir niniiareliv. ^'>K Tlie riiriie Islaiiils are kiinwn and visited aliii\it this time hy the Northincn.nnd by the CAt» from the coa-sts of leehind and the liritisli irrim|i. ST^i. T!ie natives uf Iceland discovered hy Xaddiid, of Norway, who, in an attempt to reacli the I'iiroe Islands, is driven un the coast hy stiirnis. 053. The Toltec monarchy end- in Mexico. !t(i:l. Tlu' ('liicheme<-.s and Aci'llmans, or Tezcocans, occujiy the Valley of .Mexico; and XolotI, tlieir first kiriir, hcjrins his rei,L'n. '.I^;i. (ireenland is first settled hy the NortlinicM, Mnd<'r Inirulf; liuvinj; been .seen by their bold navi- L'alors, and recniiniscd, a centnry hi'lnrc 9S0. Lcif Krickson descries parts of tin' Xorth ,\mericaii coiLsl, lieinLT driv< n this year from off the eenhnid enast tnwails the Siiuth ; but he dues not lanil. 1000. idii candmavian .M'.'rica i~ iliscuverei land. lie lands 1 hy Lief, tin Ml siinie imrt alnnir the cna Eric the Keil, in a vovaL'e from (Ireeu- st, between Ndva ."^rvitia a vl .^IassaellUs^■tts, and n .•iche.« to about latitude II ' .'10' .N'nrth. The cuuntrv is named \'iidand. lOlfJ. The I'!si|uiuiaux are almut this uuw supposecl to (iccu)iy the Vinlaud coasts. They are called - r ellin;:s. ii r Ihvarfs. but are described as fierce anil ( onrauciius. ll'Jil. Kric I psi undertakes a Christian niissiim from (ireenland to Vinlaiul. Iluitramannaland (\'ir .) is, at this jii'riod. rcporti'd to have a t'cltie element of popuhitii lino. The Aztecs leave Aztalan. I'JOII. A\'eleh tradition afhrnis that a ciilony if liritons. led liy I ly I rmce .'laili .Made ■iailed west to .\i llJIti. The 'i'oltecs arrive in the N'alley of .Alrxico. I.'iJt. The foundation of the Indian city of .Mcxii-o, or Teliuchlitlan, is laid. loTo. Aeam.ajiichtoi elected kiuL' 1st Kil I :!!•»;. lluitzilihuitl succeeds HIT. Chinii Ipo] lalpoiiocii I4i;T. Yleoatl 1440. Montezuma I. ■><\ , .-id 4th ath tith 14ll!l. Aeayacatl 14S2. Tiziic Ttl I til 14H0. Ahuitziil Sth between the rise of the Tollrc and .\ztec monarch the di-eoverv of .Vnu'rica, the Missi> sip)ii vallry is supposed to have been iiecu|iiei on destructive wars airainst each other. I by numerous active, warlike tribes, who carried STATISTICS. TklHAI, AND (iKNK RAI, A. I) Ititi'. Si. I). niiii'.'.i, ni- ||:,Mi, ih,. (';„-iKs anil llir ('anl,!,,'!!!. I>l;ii„|s XT Il-'tli, (). S. ), after li; (Octol t'l'Dlii thu study (,!' tlic isv llitT. Calidt ilisL'i,vfr.-i tlio Alniiiii|iiiii nniiilirs (,f the \urtli A iii: cuiili(K'ntly prodictod tliu .■.xi.stt'Mw of land |ili> and liydroj;ra|]|iy (,f tl.o Lrluljf. ari' discuvfivd )iv ('uUiiidnis 111 tills (|iiartiT tliiis lays tli(5 cl.iiiu i.f Kn-laiid In tin li:id ail iiiliii-vii'W willi llic Indi.in^ iiii-'ncMii cuast, from J,at. .OtW Id :U\\ and iitry. Ho landed at Xuwfoundlaud, nanied it, and l.'«IM(. Atutiir I.'>IIL'. .M„nt Ml is siipjiusi'd lu rule I lie Ir, |ii(iis at this ]ieriiM.|. lulL'. I'diico du L( eziinia II. sueeced- to tin. head of llie .M.xiean hid (iiilf lif Mexi, lands in i'lnrida, and liestmvs tlii laii eiii|iire. name on all .Noith .\ nieriea, noiih of liie 1^)17. Ciirdn a di.sciivers Vuealan and the Viieata ITilS. (irizalha l;inds on the Mexiean euasts Ahout this perind, Vas,|ue/. D'Allyon lands on llie Atkntie coast of ( with the eoinmissi(m of Atalantado — trathes with the CI Combal lee river, who, in return for former ti-e.-ielh ina.ssaero his erew, and I 15I1I. .M 10 is drivi'ii, mortally woiu ucora, now Soutli Carolina iii''ira Indians, at the nioiuh of ih, ■ries ill earryin- ,,IV the natives to St.. Unmin-o e,\ieo is invaded liy Cortez, who defeats tl; iMleil, on hoard his vi .\|e.\ieo, wheiiee he is eventiia lb- le n.ativ.'S in .very eiieniinter. and eiil,.rs || seacoa.st, where Narvii r.\pelled. after desperate li-hliliir, and hastens 1 l;")2(l. Cortez defeats \ z IS sent from Cnhu with irvaez, founds \'er,i C nil army to arrest him eiiter.s liy razing- tlio bii iriL'O. Mont, 1 ;■)■-' J. V ITiiis, !• lie adv :ind re-appe:,rs 1„,|;„.,, ,h,. ,.i,v „(• y^ le iltv ol n^ liaelc to the .\ieo, whii-li 111 ziiiiia is killed liy a dart, and the eitv falls errazani visits the liarlior of New Vork, and is visile. iim|iliilio de .Varvaez lamls in Morida with Al- ehi.-ins, and snifers fn.in warn ,,f an .■iriiiy. where he is lier,H'l I'hieola, and pmee The niothev of llirr lirovisions. II y resisted liv the Aiipala west alone; the (Inlf e eonstrnets hoats at the eoast^, wheiiee ho is d mouth of the .\p,-ila- ir);i4. ('.artier d wards lo.S;'). Cartier ili: 1:V!T. Cali.i de V iliai;ua Is torn to ))ieees. in l-'lorida, hv SpanisI riven to se;i, and lost. iseovers the St. Lawivnee, where he holds int on aseendiiiL' the river, with the \\" 11 III IlioumI yan.loi. or Huron tr erviews with the Wn III ini|uins, ■■ind .afl. r- rilie ol il loelielaea, oi .'\Ioiitreal. and Camid.-i lro.|iii.is. lea, who had eseajied with three iiiiMi from the wreck of the h, nine years waiiileriiiL:s JiinonL' the Indian tril :its of .\ar vaez. alter ITi.'tS. I'erdinand de Soto, who h.ad d les, roaehos Compostella, on the C IstiiiL'ilished himself in tl irido coast. the w.irs ,f tin with a well-appointed army, in Klorida. With extraoidinarv fo I'inest of I'eru. lamN. wliiel eh comprises the present States of !•' ,v lortiludc, he ir.iverses tl lorida, (leoi-iria, Alahi sissippi, lieiiiu; oppo.sed, with widl liiirli defeat liini, at .Ma li.y tho Choetaw.s and their eolifederat e vast ima, Louisiana, and .\|is- os, who allaek, and lillii, at .Camilla. I ;');)!>. Tuscaloosa perishes in the I'ontlai^ralion of Maiivilla. 154(1, Kranecsco Vas,,uez Col ado is placed liy .Memloza in eomniaml of an armv, for ,l,e iliscoverv and eoii,|„est ot the country since called .\ew .Mexico, l,y which our knowledge of the Ind'iui tribes 111 that (juarter is much I'.xtciidcd. Do Sot., .liseovers the Mississippi Kiver, on its left banks, in the countrv of tho Chickisaws witliiii the present boundaries of tlii' State of Tennessee. " " ' IMl. J)e Soto dies at the nth of the Arkansas Uiver, and his bodv, ent.imbed in a tree is sunk in the .Mississippi. ' ■ ■ '" 1542, The expedition of Coronndo, and his compeers, returns, and abandons the eoinitry The expeditmn of Do Soto terminates, having- sull'cred by hardship, disease, and death- th, n, Miander himsolt having' fallen a victim to his intrepidity; the survivors de.Mvnd th,. Mi.sissi,,,,; in boats, ami ri'Mch Tanipieo. ' 'I 15.12. liibault enters tli,. St, ..ohn's Itiver, in n.,rida ; then sails t.,, ami enters IVrt Ib.val, ami builds i-ort ( harles, at ..r near JJcanfort, S..uth Carolina. 15(i4, Laudonniero visits the Hivor St. .lolin's, h'l.iri.la, and erects h'ort Car.ilino. St, .\u'j:ustine founded. rM STATlSTICiS, TRIBAL AND GENERAL. A. D. lolij. I.j(i7. las:;. U!07. KidO. 1010. 1018. 1020. 1022. 1027. 1630. 1631. .\diniral Coliiiny resumes the settleinciit of I'lurid.i by 1'nitest.Tiit.s. SccdiuI V(iyai;o dt' Uibault ; lii.s capture by .Melendez, under a false puLsc, and tlie treaclu;rou.s nwussaorc of Uibault and lii.s iiieii. (_ruurj;ue.s reveiii:e.'< the outraf^cs perpetrated by Melendez. Indians are Iddiiajjiied un the New Ivigland eoast.s. VirL'inia is discuvered, and named. Tlie enast is oeeupied by Algonquin tribes, under tlio rule (if I'owliatJin. The colony uf Virpnia is founded in the midst of tlie Powhatanic tribes. Hudson enters the Bay of Now i'ork, where he holds intcreourse with the Mohican family of the Al^'oni|uins. lie discovers it to be the rece])tacle of a large river, which he ascends to the boun- daries of the Iro(|Uois at Albany Pocahontas dies in Kugland. Powhatan dies. Enirlish ships, freii:hted with emifirants fleeinir from ecclesiastical tymnny, land in ^lassachusefts hay, and tind tlu' co.'ists occupied by Alsronquin tribes, of the Mohican sub-type. They are under the rule of Massasoit. The Indians of A'irL'inia, under OpcchanuanoHLrh, rL^^e, by preconcert, ajrainst the colonists, and commit an ap]inllinir massacre. The Maine and New Hampshire coasts are visited, and found to be occupied by .\h,ron(|uins, Tammany, or Tamenund, is supposed to nile the Ijonno Lenapees, from the Delaware Hiver to Slanhattan Island, Maryland is colonized in the territorial dominions of the Siwquehannocks and Nanticokes. i i| INDEX VOLUME SIXTH AniNAKi tribes, 173 Able anil omnprchonsivo rfpnrt iti IS.'?!, 437 Aboi-itrinal rcTiKiins (if art and labor, 592 Al«iri;;iiial t!imi;;lits on ^onl(>;rv, :)8J Ab(iri;inal triij's feiM tlioir power, 191 Abin-Ijrines of Chesapeake bav, 1:28 Alisur.lities preforretl, Oi'i Aecomae, 101 Aceount of Slonx anJ Chippewa wars, 387 Acfpiinoshioni, HS Aet for eolonizin;:, lot Aetion of Turner's Falli, ISO Ant of Inilian siibtloty, ;!01 Aet orinlmman torture, lit Aet of personal perliilv, .Vll Ailams, presi(h'ney of, bei^ins, 41S Address of L"onp;ress to the Six Nations, 293 Administration of Washington beiina, 329 Advanced eonditinn of the tribes, 517 Ailverse inlliienees to bo cneoiiiuered, 551 A;;e of minuuls, A-e., 000 Ajrrienltnral state of the Ohnetaws, 520 A horse for a doetor's fee, 050 Albionensis. eomments on, by Dr. Johnson, 510 A learneil Indian, oi.)7 A lej;al distinction made liy nn Indian, 133 Alponrpiins, 31, iOi'i, 27 '> Allii^ator Indians attaekeil hy fienrj^ians, 359 Altitudes of the eountry, by Fremont, 519 Amherst, (len., 2'iO, 2'i2 A missionary's testimony, 517 An aseney esfalilished at Sault Ste, Marie, 397 Aneient feud in the I'erpiflt tribe, 119 Aneient status, 570 Vol.. VI.— 94 Andastes — their history, 137 Andrew Lewis, Gen. — battle, 200 Annawon, a ehief, 171 Antai;;oriism ofljarbarism and elvilization, 507 Antinuarian remains of l>e .Soto',s expedition. 50 Antirpiities discovered on the Con^'areo river, L-!2 Antiipiities west, of the Alle^'hanies, 595 Anti(piity of Chippewa and .Sioux wars. 3S7 Anti(|uily of opinion cherished, 300 Apaumut on civilization, 507 Appalachians, 32, -H, 27'i Applause, niistakori iina of, 523 Aiiunseojo trii.e, 92 Ar;ip-ihocs, 550 .AndKColn^^y, 559 Ardent spirits — tlieir polencv, 502 Ar-unirnt for the removal of tho Indians to llio West, .1:; (, J:;:,, 4:;; Arickareis, .jm',. 5:,ii Armstnm^'s <;allantry, 372 Arthur .'^t. Clair, is eouiniisMiuied, 335 Arts of the Inilians at the Discovery. 593 Assarajoa, 22S Assassination cf Vir;;inia farmers ir. 1022, 135 Assepnns. 2ii3 Assinahoines, 4^0, 550 Assouet river, inscription at. 005 I Assumption of ri;:;ht of soveroiinty, 418 Assurance to Cherokees in 18U9, -101 Astor, .Tohn Jacob, ;;9S Atwater, theory of, Oiil Attasse. battle of, 307 Average number of children to an Indian family, 502 Aztec arms, shield, and war-dres.s, 591 ^45) ii\ 710 INDEX, B. livroN, l.onl. anlir|iinri;in romnrk, 014 l!;inils ri'innvi'.l in I8-I11. rii)i\ I'.urlarisni ami civiiiziUidn, 505 Itarbannis tribes trout, -IS'.) r.arlioiir, tronly cif l.><'jij, 419 r. Ill; I'lt.'rs, :\<'t K:inji\ il" Cii^tino, I'l") r.:i>lialiarv ul' I'oliani'kot. l->0 Iiaiiii'.'i'r, liii'iit., iiKKsaori' of. 170 Uattl.' of Bl.i.aly Itri.l^n, llIT lialtlosuf F.jinu'fau, 'rolicipckii, f:r:. .''OO liatllo of I.ak'- (ii'rir;;o, I2'J0 liattlo (if.Miiiiii«iiik, I'.Oi) Hattlc fif Ti|ipi'i'an(io, "<'<3 J'.atil'M.ftlM' Shotiieki't, 120 liatllc nn llio Mauniop, :>10 ii,..ir,.r,i,c-ii 15"ntnn, Tnl.. I'vijin of war. -ITil lii'tala iia|i_vrai'('a. i'loo^rayiliio nntps, .387 Hililo roujiinleil ai n talisman, ."^7 IJililo teat'liiiif:'', 4(i i l!lii-r,a]iliii'al facts ,.f l!!a.'k Hawk, laO Bitli'r frrliii:; rf trilios oil t!u' uutbrrak of tlip Ucvolii- tidii, 1!7'.* Blackfc'Ot. .V.ll Ulackfc-. Miiall-pox, 4Sf. Black Hawk war, 447 lildOlls, 4,'-l) lilonily liroiik inassacri:" in \. E., 159 lil.io.ly liri.l.i:c, Jlichifran, :;5l.' Hoast.i of till' wakaii-iiian, 0'i4 I liiiM .syinliolic lanfrnat^c of I'.intiac, 21.1 limii' lii'lians, ',2iiii I lii.iiiulary-liiic tri'alic<>, I'll r>t. Col., action at Drnsliy Run, 250 1!"W ami arrow pliil.'soiiliy, 5ii7 I Dradstri'Ot, Gen., 252 Urant, liis cliaractiT, 2S4 Ijrant:'. .Mayor'- Mor.i-iramla, 577 , Jiravcry an oviriiiatcli for science in war, ,370 ■ lirock iiiv 'tribiu.',|, 12:1 Cajitiire ami 'ieatli "'' Itasjo, 175 Capture of .'^liontoninio, 120 Carib inii^ic, 'M Caribi, :iii Cariier 'li-covers an, lien., ;i>;t Cause ofilecline of Clieyennes, 501 Cause of tlie lu'liaii failure. 15.1 Causes of Ji«cir'l, .1511 Cayu^ra saebems ceilc tlieir laniN, .321 Celt an^l Sa.Koii element of Pennsylvania, 2.37 Celtiberic inscription, sujr',;estion of, 009 Census of Inilians in 10511, 27il t.'ensus of the Clierokees in H115, A<() • 'ensu.s of Sajrinaws in l^-lls. 411^ Cession of the 2.-l|li of .March. ISIIO. 4fi4 Cession.i by Iroquois to N'ew York. .32S Chaneo's warniii;:, 99 Clianp.' of resilience iliscu^sod. 440 Character of liraiit, 2^4 Character of Sassaeii". 1 1 1 Characteristic term for In. ban laii£;iiaws, 074 Charles Scott, (ien. — expeilitioii. ,'1111 Cherished opinions of the ab.u-i;;ines, 1100 Cherokee war in 1700, 2:is Clierokees aj;ree to remove themselves, '192 Clierokees, jiresent eonditiun of, 522 t-'herokees treat in 17>5, 1127 \ Chesapeake tribes attack the Ilnjilish, 9i'> Chesajieakes, primary notice of, 90 , Cheyennes, 550 I Chiapas, 5^2 Cliicap) nm=sacre, .353 I Cliica5;o treaty of 1S2I, .39,3 Chickasaws and Cboctawa unite, politically, 4hl Cliickasaws, present state of. 522 Chicora imliaiis. :i2, 7,3 Chicorii tribes, 17',| Chinanlualgas, 020 Cliip]iewa and Sioux «nr, ,387 Cliipp, 'vas nnd Ottowas pell Michigan, 4G2 I NDEX. 747 I'liippewusof Uppi'i- .Mississippi, 482 CliuL't.iws luiil t'liifliiisiiws ti-LMt ill 17,s."), ;iJ,S C'lioctiiws, pn',-.,.iu Mate »f, o-2-2 Cliristiaii liiili^iis, .VI;'. ChristiuM pliiluiDphy of r.icjtvJ, :,uA !l <'liriitiiiiiity Iriuiiipli.iiit in four uf the iari'o 'j;cst triljL's, <'il.(]!:i, 7il fiviliziitiuii uftlic. \. I-;. Iiiiliiius (lisous^fil, 107 t'liiiKit.', i-oil, ,ic., uflnili^iii cmntry, |-.;i'i <'liiu;iliL' phi.Mujincna of Indian turriti.rv, >"il'J t'liiifli, (iun. — I<.ittle, 170 Clinton, (Il'ii. J;iinos, 30'J Clintcin, (ioiir;;.', transmits treatieyi, .l-Jl t'loso of l-'ii'3t l)oc;uIo ot'ooKmizatiiin, TiOii VotTi'c, (m'ii., marolics iigiiinst Crocks, 'Mu Culij;ni plans tlio settlement ol' Flnriila, 72 Coli.L;(]:i — utmost nurlli point of De Solo, 002 Colonization, iilaii of, -loij Colonists who lied to Croatan, '.).! Comanehes lirst nc;;otiati', 10 1 Confwloraeyof I'liilip, 151 Coiij;ress iiutliorizes eulonizuti.m, 42S Condition of Indians snrronnded liy Whites, 430 Condition of tribes in ISli'p, :!7'J I'aiik's nia>sai.ic, 4(59 i'akutaij ;;ods, I'll'.l l>akotali lanL;lla^l' harivn, .';il2 I'akotahs, ;;4 I'alzell, Capl., is .-lain, :J 17 Darlin^j; principle of the Indians, oOS Date of Works ini'orred from yrowtli of vegetation, GOO Death of Coytinore, :J.;7 Death of Do S„t,., o7 Death of .Mcintosh, llti Death (d' Phillip, 171 Death of Queen Klizabetli, 95 Deatli of Sas.sacus, 121 Death of 'r.-cunisch, ^Jil.'i Deaths Iiy drinkiiij;, in two years, ."),37 Dcljt, mural a kiiuwiedf^ed, 441 Decay of the Indian raoo aueountoj for, 50G Decline, cau-cs of, .V'll Defeatof St. Clair, ;i,!.i Defeat of the \arrai;an.sotts, llJ3 Deilicati.iii id' tlie sail, (J20 Deiskan, Count. 220 Delawar. s, I7il Dclawares, peac' v.iili, 2VJ Dele;4atiuii of t'lirrDkccs proceei De Leon, 'M Deluo;e, tradition ni", .'^l Dcuision of territorial Ijarrenness, 455 Denunciation liy .Mr. I'oinsett, 502 Depopulation hy smail-pox, 4^11 Depressed condition of Indians, 551 Deneont, Indian principles of. 2>ees, 474 C.i|iper niinin?;, ancient. Oil Curn-t.iik, a Shawnee chief, 200 Coronado's expedition, I'.'.i Cost of removal jtn- luipil,,, 4'jo Cotton, hales shipped hy Indians, 520 C(aineil at Fort .\iajrara, 253 Craiiiological traits, 57.'! Creek delegation vi-its .\,.w York in l7,-'j, :;;',-y (-'rei;k diliicnlties. Hi; <'reek prniihc^t, ;i7;i Creek war opens, .01)5 Creeks attack the American camp near .^Javamiah, i'.l'J (-'reeks, present condition of, 522 Creeks strike the la-t blow in the Crees, 55i'i Cresap, his eharaeli r, 2G3-205 Crows, 55t' <'rude v war, 31 'J iranti^iuities, 002 D. Dessaniopeak Indians, 92, 93 Desperate courage of Creeks, 307 Uesolati(jns of small-p.ix, 4,>i0 l>etails of reiiiDVal, 50:; Details of the r.inuval of Cherokees, 493 i D.'strnclion of IVipiot power, 119 1 Di'l til... rrench convert Hio Indians, ur did thev convert lle.'I'rench.' 221 l>i.;cst of an Indian -.ivrrnin.ut, 40,-* I Digliton liock, !l:; Diplomatic sulit.rfo.^.-s ,.f th- Indians exploded, 230 Discords, intense, 5i)il Discouraging' view id'O.ages, 541 Discovery of the l!ay !, 055 Doctrine uf null-resistance exemplified by Delaware-, 310 Doniaigiia, 54 Domain and relative position of the tribes, 519 D.jnnaconna, 50 Drake, ."sif l-'raiicis, 5 111 Dreaming .d'the gods, a rite, 052 |)i;al god, 572 Dudley's d..|cai. .';ii2 Dunniore, liov. —expedition, 205 Dutv 1,1 (he Slates, 4.i5 j I 748 INDEX. E. liviii.insT Olicniki'i" movomcnt west, 401 K.irlv ioiiiinriry ul" IriKiunis iniinni'rs, 87 K.irly vii'W of lihll.'iii pilify ill tin: Siutli, ISO K It I'.iH ||.>>|| all. I lUli, liV «;vkaii fruiizy, (jJ4 KIllLMlii'll ll IIUMIIS HMIlslVri'Lvl, I'lM Jlil'ccts cil'tii'ii. I'lark's niuvonioiitj on the buundury, 30i! KlliL'iii'y iif !i cliarjjo nf iiuniiitL'd nu'ii, u07 KIriiK'iitary ffi'la, .VXi KIriiicnis (if civil piiwui', liow noquiroJ, 325 Kliut's labours, 107 Klksatlawa enii^rati's, tJt Klli^aitawa, sjuvi'li <.(, [2[ Kinii;iMti.iii uf CiM'iMliOL's linally, 488 Kn^'lisli elcini'iit (if civilizatiun, S- iMiu;li>li trailLT in ilaiii;LT. "Ji'iS Knui-ini»iis puwcr of Ju^'^Iim'S, 057 lOiUei'prizo (if .Narvac/. in c. '.il JiiiniiKM'atidn of Imliaiis. '2'i'i Kpoclis of sultloincnt, 1>.") Kra of llio curliest untirpio discoveries in tho West, TiOO Kra of tlio settlement of Coouecticut, 110 '>io war, 14S rronuons llK'ory of iintiquiii(>«, 001 rror of territorial iippreeiation, 4.)9 rror of underratinj; IiiJiun giierilliv warfare, 217 l3, 301 Kwbank, Tlionia.s, discovers anti(iuo bronze inatru- nicnt-.-, 00:) Kxecution of Spanish priMiners, 80 Kxpcditioii of I)e Solo, 5S K\peditLon of 1-52, 451 Kxpeilition of (u'li. (leoi-t;!' Und;;ers Clark, 302 I'xpedition of >loiiti;onu'ry against C'licrokecs, 240 Kxploiis of Ciiinr);ncs, ~\> Kxploratinii of I'liowan river in 15.-0, 'A) r.x(cn>ion of the fiir-trade liy the Knglisli, 208 Kxtent of Cliippcwa territory, 385 Kxtinct tribes of Florida, 74 Kxteroal habits, 570 F. r.ii.i. of the N'arrasan^etts, lOS I'alse version of Scripture, 07'.' False views of antiipiity, bas(Ml on Do Soto's exp., 56 Fame, liie Indian's (;oal, 523 Farniioi.' (4 S i.:s and Foxes, 550 Fat'' ol til.; t'roitan colonists, 03 Fate of tlie Siis.piehannoeks, 134 Father of Ijo^an, 2ri4 F'east of First Fruits. 3>5 Females, distinguished in teacliing, 500 Fire, h(uv oljtained, 010 First child born in Vir);inia. 03 First description of the St. I.awrcnco natives, 49 First Kuropean acipiaintanee, ;'0 F'irst inovi'ment west, in 17',*5, 120 Fitness of the soutliern tribes for independent govern- ment, 525 Flatheads. 550 Fleet of eanoes, 250 Fli-ht of tlie IVipi'its, i2l Florida, a vague geographical term in early times, 47 \ Florida is ravaged. 470 Flotilla of boats captured, 219 Force at Pade's massacre, 409 ' Force under I'ontiac, 271 ■ Foresliadowings of peace, 374 j Fortilication of the I'eipuits, 119 I Forty assassin.:, 5l>l j Fort Charles built in Carolina, 73 I Fort Chartres garrisoned, 209 Fort dn (inesne is built, 21 1 Fort Freeland invested, 307 France and Spain contend for Florida, 72 French report of the strength of the tribes in 1750, 198 French war, 20.S Fundamental principles adopted, iKX Fundamental treaty on Indian relations, 344 Funereal vase, 5^9 Fugitive I'eipiots settle nt Scaghticoko, 124 Furious attack on Cicn. Floyd, 302 Furs of SaginawH, 49.S Fur-trade in 1(*10, 397 fi.4si'KR Hay diseovere'l, n."! liates of Indian fortili.-ations, character of, 001 Gen. Clarke lestininny "f the eountrv, 420 G. flen. Schuyler captures Johnstown, 284 Gen. St. Clair appointed governor, 329 Cei. Winchester, 302 INDEX 749 (ioiiprnl viow of hnils and compnnsntion, 481

  • ricrii' cliiinii'tcr ul' Iiuliiiris, .lOO (lonoi-ii^ ;;niu|i.-i, -JT.) di'iiurii' rciiiiiikrt (iii Indiiiii l;uisun;;o, C,s3 • Ii'ricric trails. ('iIKi (ii'o'^i-Mpliii'iil aiv;iiif Chornkcc, wnit, 513 (il'n^riipllif;il l„inn I'.lllllMllllvl f,ir, I'JO (ii'n;;|-;l|illirii|iliy, (jl)i tilcMiiiH of ancii'iit tiMilition, 571 CiloDiny stiitc of the culoni.vs in 1755, 215 • ■loss (.riinti.|iiity tlinnvn ..vei' Aiucnc;m rcinaiiis, (iiiuilcnIiiittiMi iiiiissinMr. I'ltj Giiilili'ss 'lV'oyiioiiiii|ui, 5?<5 Uh,1s „f 111,. Mexifiins, 585 (iuSlluM, 'JIj I"iti2 (inspcl, it» offocU uii the Indidii.s lOo ticitliiu f.Touity of lroi|iiois uliunictfr in wiir, .''„■! tlour^'iii'S petal iiitcs tlo; iM-uultioH of .Mciiciulez, 78 t<"V. (iilnicr, Scott's U'tior to, 4'j;; Ouv. I,ittlcton — treaty, 2.18 (iov. .SicphciiH, rohmrk hy, 012 (ioviTniiii.nt policy — coiiMimmiitioii of, -182 (Ji'ii'liial transfoiT.uipi. of population, 122 s Herriot'.s account of the Virginia Indians in 1580, 87 lleyi'ka, a<;oil, li51 Hiawatha, 070 Hicro^rlyphies and pict.i-raphy a trait of the America trihes, OHO High agricultural state of tiio Ch.ietaws, 520 Highest development of Indian art, 592 Hirrahaga'.s mother torn to pieces hy hlooJhouiids, 41 Historv, ''iring the American Revolution, 274 History ol the I'efiuot tribe, 110 Hochi.|aga discovered, 50 Holmes, Maj., ,i,.fcated at Michilimackinac, 375 Hon Yost, a. Mohawk, 290 HiJiiesty and liilelity of Choctaws, 520 Hopeless state of hunter-trihes, 520 Hojiowell, treaty of, :;27 Hopkin.s, (Jen., 300 Horrihio image of w.irship, 580 Horseshoe battle, .■;72 Hostile tribes on Scioto, 203 H,)stilities in tlit! South, lOil HiiStililii.s ,,l'rhrr,ik,vs, 2:i8 H'lt pursuit of assassins, 135 lliids„n ihs.-overs New York, 100 lluit/ilapochili, saerilices to, 594 Hull, (ien., 350, ;;59 Human sacrifices, 195 Hunter-trihes, view of, 552 I. Illinois tribes ci'de their lands, 393 Iinportanee of law to civilization, 340 Im|iortanee of the Indian priesthoo.l, 047 Important treaty of March 28. 18,';0, 404, 483 Impressions of the raci^ in 1700, LS,'! Improved manners and customs, 015 Incense offered by the Indians, S8 Inilian deatli-wail, 021 Indian doct,ir on the Paeilie enast, 01!) In.lian history, anomalous, 509 Indian mode of fortilieation, 002 Indian mummy, 022 Indian popiilatiiin of the Hudson, 147 Indian pidicy. 320 Indian princely method of reception, 50 Indian Springs, treaty of. 417 Indian substantive verb "to be," 29 Indian trailo under T^ritish rule. 207 ;5it IN I) KX. ! -: Imllaii iriliun iit llriililin-k's di'l'iMt, "Jl'i liMii:ii\i iiilH|it thf |in'.'.'|il .il'iiijii-r.'si.il.iiii'i', ;il'"i liiiliMiiM iitiiu'U .liU'k^nn'd i'iiiii|), il" 1 lii'll.iiij fiiiiii'it li::lii iiiisii)i|Mirti'cl, ]!•<' lh>liallS ill LMllllcil I, Ulll'.i'll willlnllt '^InVCS •-"J') lii'liiiiis ri'iK'li ill" U .vosi piiiiit dl' ili'|"i|iuliiti"ii, il'll) lii'iiniirt ri'llinvcil Ir iM'.S, !'.>" lii'iii'iii, IVdiii iiiiliniiity, riVl'i ; IV.iiii iM:iiinir-< iuhI cus- loins, till; tVom iiiytlh'IiiL'V ami fili;;i.iii, I'M; Iriiiii liiiii^nii';;!', 1171 ln::i'nuil_v nl' mliaiis in aris, ;V.)S, 'I'.l'.t Iiilr;;i'iiy "I' N'l'W Y'irk ill iloaliii;; with Iiidiiiiis, li'Jo Iht.-lli-l'lU'i' lif riioi-HkiM's, ,WJ liili'i'ialati-'il iribt'^', "■"' InUTS|jursiuii 1)1' nicud, iioT liilrc|iiil elmriii'tiT of .Miinlifniiini'V, UJO liitiv|>i.liiy (ird.'M. Clark, .lil'J Intiixi.'atioM iiili'i»liii'i'i|, liKi liisi'riptinns ill |ru'lii'^ra|iliy, a iji'in'iai' tiMit, liOCi IiiKlliU'liiins III liTi'i't out li ■slilil liiiroiliii'tory iMiisiili'vationi, '27 llllnl^ivl' cli'iiiiMils of Kiii'o|ii'aii liivi'.'-tnii'nt cif (''irt I,aiin'iis, o',M liivi'Miiii'iit ol' Koi't Staiiwix, 'J>] lowan, "i IS Ire of Iiiiliaii |irii'.iti, i'.o.l Iroiiiiois, ;',:!, i,>is, ai'.i, i;io, -Ji;!, Iroi|iioia ilc'Ci'iHli.'r.s ol' wrstcni Now Vork, IW Italy ]>vuiliici.'s j;ivat iliseovorors, llanca Lake di'it'ovurcj, 4Jl2 lli'I'll' tIMl ir., I". I art, i'pIW J'JS, lIT.'i, ■w Voi'k, J. Jack.«ox, rn'ii., miiri'lics aj^aiimt tlio Crioks. .'Ki7 tiaoksiiii's ailiiiini'"'- •lai'iiuos r.iriiiT. 4S Jaiip Mil'iva, U> I .Ii'll'or.n.ii'fi aJininistratiiin liegins, ;!-l7 Ji'ijiiip, (loll., i-i'inovei till" Si'iiiiiiolos, IT'.f •loliii .Ma'ioii, 1 17 .lollll Olti'Z, till Joliiisoii, .>kaskia, UiW, :iii'.: Iva«kaskias, o 17 Ki.kc;i?wiii, a iiio.lu of iuscriptiun, IJ05 Ki'iini'ljoc, early ruins at, llUS KiMitiK'ky I'litors tin.' Iinliaii country, west 33 I Ki'owoc, i;.'!S Kirka|,oo-, .-i|-J Ki^.i-'liiiia — spi'i'i'li, '2ij'2 Kill- lli'ii.lrick, 'J'Jil l\iin;tat(}iiioiit "f, in ISJ", Jl!4 Kiowas troat, I'^'.l Knox, (it'll., truat.s witli Indians, 3o2 Koiiuatlialioclon, 3tJ0 r.. L.\M)1M; of Calvert. liiS L:in;^iia;;e, prineifiles of, 071 Lake Krii' — in-eription, IjAO Laki: Superior — antic.|uities, llll Lar;;e eession of lands in l>-;;i'i, lilt r,ar::e Indian force at (Iswo^o, 'Si'i Latitude of ('a I Law, an ol.iuent of eivillzatinn, 3'J."i Law iiiiiial to colonization, 1:11 Laudoniiieri! visits Florida, 71 Laurens, Fort, site of, ;;ill Leaving tliu homes of their ancestiirs, 131 Lenno Lenapi — their history, I7(j Letter of (len. Scott annouiicin:; ilie removal of the ("hcrukees, -111,'! Lewis and Clark's expediti.in, 311 Lil.cral arraii;;eiiieiii of the President, -193 Limits, treaties of, lill List of trihes and |"ipiil,ii;.>n. -l^ List (iftrihes removed in lSJ7, 515 Littleton, (idv., L'.IH Lo;,Mn, lilV') Loii^', .Maj., traverses the Indian country in IS'Jl, ,')r,( Lord of Roanoke, ^<'.l Lord's pr.'iyor, (17^< Lost colony of lioaiioke, 93 Loudon, Fort, captured, ■.'S7 Lucas Vasipiez D'Allyon, 39 1 N l> !•; X. 7fit M. iMAnisriN's mlrniniitrntion liopirn 5r>:i Mii;;u! oliiuit (if Waliiriyiiii, C."j,') yi:>'Xu- Uli-dlAl\i\ ('.19 •MaJ. Catiiplirll [issassiniiti^l, 'J I'l Miihipn.iHH iiiuvoiiicnt oC l.nr^l liunmnro, Ui'iO iMilll'hllls, ■);'il'i Mun.liiris, iittiiokoil liy sni:ill-]i(,x, Isil ManliiillatMs (ii.si'dvcivd, \in Maiiliiitania, 11',! !Maiiipiilntif]ii (iripi.Iian ,|,,r(.,r, CO) MaiiiiiTs anil cii>l,iiiis, CI 1 MaiincrH nnd ptistum< (.!' ili.. ^r,,|ii,.ans, in;i ."^lanncTH (.ftlip Manlathl lii.lltni--, Us Maiitco, 87, s'.i, ;i(i, (I I, (i;!, ii;, js; MariMs do Niza mid tin" ("il.ola tMwim, IV.) JIariptta, disiMvorii'i at In IVSs. ,-,07 ."Mari|ii('ltc', wliiTc biirii'd, L'".7 iManland Indians WMi-^hii, nk^p, i^,,j Mascotins -'M Masvaclm'-.'tts 10.! JFas^jarrc in Viririnia in ]>>l-2. 9,S MassacTo of Knrt .Mimni'i, ."I'l") Jlassacro of lilliault and liii inon, 77 .Massaoi-p of uniTsi-^ilnL; I'liri-tian Indians, ,Tir, Massaiioir, In:!, 11 | MK'dvvaii, ('apt.,!, R, i-r.iai-k^ of, r,",7 Mi'liillivrav. :):;2 Mi'Klnn''v, I'stlniaii's of, -111 .■Mi'nioranda on Mcxi('aii antii|nitl.'s, ri77 M.Mipiuirz tak.M Fort ('arollnc, and hanus tli,. IV .to<(. iiuu. 77 Mi'naloui'ii, '.i| MiMialonoii and liin ptorv, 00 Mental lial.it-.-, r,'!) MfiiUi\ trait-i, 'ndioi-i of, CA t M(-i«af:o (d- .Mr. .M..ni-no r'wpo,ninp; tho Indians in lS2r, dH7 >Iossa,i;n of I'n-sidrnt in l'^,^0, .132 Mi'toa, a spnakcr. ,'!0 I MivKican pi.'tnrc-writinfc. opinion of, COri M.wioaii picturc-writin);, .vtyl.' of, hHi .Mi'\ioo. 5Si! Miainis of tho Wal.asli, troatics with, 499 .Mianiis opposo tho I'nitod States, 329 M:! MiamiH, ficnan with, 2'i9 .Mii'Iii;;an at ii low ohl,, ;1S1 Mii'liiliniaokinao, liatt'.'id', ,".7,-] Mioliilinia'-kinao. massncm of, .Military paiKn'amii,' si-imio, 'Js'i Military panoraniio \\v\\\ '2'2[ Jlinjrons, poaco with, i;,"i') Minnisiidv, liattlo i Miontoninio, li-l .■Mi^aiiprrlii.nsi.in.^ of Imllant in 1770, 279 .Mi--.airi tril)Os vi-iitcd liy !o^oos. ;;;{2 Muscorjnii:;!'!'", Isi'i 5Inskio;;nni niassacro, ,",10 Musical instruments, 5S0 Mnzzinabik, a modo of rock-inscription, 005 N. N INTfcoKFS. l:!l Narrairansett war. 12S .N'arvaoz, 1 1 Natidov, Indians, 020 N'ntchez, their religion, 593 \awdowissnnes, 34 Nemattnnowa, or iJack of the I'ealher, 98 Xeosho Senecas, 538 Xenler Xation, 14 " N'eniral (ironnd" policy, mistake of, 50.', TM I N I) K X Now eiinfi'cliTm'y of liii'tili" IniliiiiiM. I'J'J N'l'W plmm'K (if Imlinii liiiinry, •I"' Xi'W prciciri (if [ii«tiir_v (Voiii iuiti<|iilt!i'', .'lOn \l>W KiIkUihI lll(lillll», .Mlltll(>r'l4 IKVMIIIlt nf, lOS NiiiUiini, (rrciit cumicMl iit, L'Vl Nini'tv iinrcHistin;; Imli^ini niunliTOil, 1)1.1 \in;»H'op)n, •I'^J No nrrnn^Min'tit tn lio mi\i|p, not Imicil on the Indinn intoroKti, 112 I Norniul iitiili! uf xioiety, 27 Xiirtlicrn Imliinn iit Kort McIki, .fC'i Niirilicni irihcH w(irilii|i tin' hum, .'i',i;i N()li.'(< (iT Kcliiiiil", lien lotnirK, cliiirclu'ii, JS.'i XiirnliiT (if Itnliiiiis iit llra.l.lm'k'n dofciit, '-MS Xilinlii'P (if nniilliiirii Indiain romnvcil to tlio Wrtl in is;;:., .-.is Niimliorn to l)(i pomovpil in lS2.'i, .|09 o. Oajaca, r,H'2 Olijfct (if |iit« iiixiilp tlio fiirtiflcniii'iis lii:; (ll)«i'rv;\tiiiii8 nf lliiilsdti (111 tlio Mi'liiiMiu, IHO Obsiiliim nmMi|iiP, 'i^V. Ci-"*.'* Oi'ciipiuicj- (if N'ow Viirk liy lli.i Kn);ll«li, I lii Ocimniitiii, isl Oiliiwii iiini;ioiiin, llll'J Officers ."liiiii lit St, I'liiir's Jcfcat, .■l."itj 0:;clliilin, 'I'll'i Oliid iKTiil'ln )>opiilnti(in in tlio M'lvt, .T IS Oliiii Viill-v an iiliji'ct nf cnntiintinn, oOO Ohio v:ill( y aiili'idilii^s (li-iMvi>n"l, ''W OkicM. Ol" ('iniiiiitl, .M(>si('an ijh'I nf Fun nn'l rrnlic, I'lM Oiniiliiiwu. a liiiiiiiii^ ti'ilx', .'ijii Oinini — linmiiiy, I'J'.I Onciiliii (•■■(l,. ilnir laii.l in I7>S, 32» Onktcri, Hiki.tiili irml. ''l'-' Oii'Miilaii iii7 Osaji.'s and Kanzai Iml'l tlio cniinlry wcit in l.'>2.'), -lOO 0.iaj;i's, ^tatll nf, .'i Ifl 0iit:(;;aniics, I'.i.t Odtlo-eak id' I'lori.la war, li'iS Ovrrtlirow of the I'einints, 119 Ozarks vi.sitod in 1819, 519 r. P.\cirir coast, without nntiqnilios, 012 Parity of custnni". Mexican and Venporio, .')94 Party entrapped liy l)'?ll-rin;;iii^. 30-1 Pa^saeniiauay, 174 Pawnee eriielty, -195 Pawnees, .'il7 Payne's Lan lin;;, treaty of, a oatise of tho war, 472 Peace, (;eneral in 17*'Jlit, I'uHsiliJi' cliiM til MiuIoii'h I'litii, Ul I'lulCipliiiiiliiiiii liistory, '-I I'linl-Ki'viiliiliiiiiiiry war, iil- I'nllllUllttlllllil'H, .'lIT I'liiiiiwiittiiiiiii'.H I'i'ili! tlii'ir liiniJH, .'l'.l:i riittiiHiilliiiiiii'.i, I'iiImii |»iliry iirri'uiuvill ul', MlS I'liltiT's wIiitI, initnifi) of, 1)11 J'ullory, ^i>i> I'liwllllllUI, ^'.1 I'liwiTs I'i'wukiiiix, lilH l'ii\v«ii\v« exiin|iiTiiluil, lot! l'n'|in>iiiiiiiiLl ncnsi'B, limv cxprcHsoJ, (177 I'l-i'-i'iit I'niiilitiiiii uml iiriis|iiMt«, iVt'., liJ, .M'l I'rcsiili.'iit'!! Niirvi'y iil'tlii' Flm-iijii wur, I" l'ri'Viili'iii!L' iil'iimiill-iiiix, iM.'i I'rii'Htly iiilliii'iico ill liiiliiin wiir», o7l •''*4 l'riia'i|p|i'M 111' iiiii Id L'lil. mil's, 411 I'riiii'ilili' I'linti'inli'il lur liy tlm linliiiiiK, ■|H7 l'riiu'i|ili'N iif 1'i'iiii'h liiiliuii |iiiliiy, I7'"> l'riiii'i|ili'n ul'llic liiiliiiii liui(;im;^i.',-, 1171 l'rii;.'ri'»i«ivi.' iiiti'i'i'iiiii'Kii, IK', I'miiii'tlii'iiii piiwer, I't'M I'miiiiiii'iit truiity wliiiiiliitiuiiN, 4.'iH l'rii|ilii't ul'tlio ('fi'i;|t,s djiiiii, ;;7,i I'lii'lilii, ;')h'J I'lirluiiiiiij; iif u >iilvi'r I'liji ill I'lM'i, M) rii^illiininiiiiis ili'iith ill' II iiiilili' I'liiul', |J7 ryruiiiiil ul "I'l'iitiliuiii'uii, 'i^:' RO, 103 Q. S2.5, -JOO Ql-.VH- liluuil, Ci.-il (^iii|ipiiH, riiis (/uii»i-iiiiK'pi'iiili'iii!i', stiiti) ul, A'.iH (^iDi-y iil'tliL' imtumi rinlit of iii'i'iipiiiii'v, liiS (illl'Slillll 111' lui'lllliill «i'>t ill l^'J.'i, (III (^lil-'k »lll.'i'l'>>i.ili ul trilllllpIlK ll;;ilill>l ('|•l'l■k^. ."mO 11. K\i)ii'Ai. Wdi'ils, i;7Ci, tiSI llllllipilllt llisL'llI'll, 'lOl Hiipiil ili'cliiii' 111' II trilio, -I!!'.! Kii'.lii I'siiililislii'.H liiinMrll'iiii till,' N'iiniil;;Hiii'k, I'lil " lli'il Stiiks" ili'l'i'iiteil, .'hIi l(i'li);i(iii mill iiiytlnilii;:v 111' till' .Mis^i•.^ip|,i inHi'v Irilii'i 1.(7 RcliKiiiM, linpiirtixnt t'l tliciii, 11:! lii'li^iiiii ol'tliii Moxioiiiis, ;>X'> Ki'lij;iun, piipiiliitiiJii, anil I'lmrnoti-r uf Cln'mki'i's, .VJs KoiiKiiiis 111' roi'iiril rlmnu'tors, Ci'S Ki'iniiiiM'IU'i's of tiin Iniliiiiis, -M'.t Iti'iiiiiMil III' tlie SiKitluTii Irilies, -111 lli'iiiiival pulii'V, 41t'i Ut'imiviil piilii'v ri'einniiR'iitk'il fur tlic .Mii'lii'aii IniJiaii'* 4<'i.-. Ki'moviiln in ls:;-<. 4',i7 Roiimmt'il Imlian li'adt'i'H, T.liy Ki'piirts III rtgciitH, ."ilU Kopui't iit'liL'n. .Soult, 4'.).'i Ui'piirt nn tho stall! iil'tlio trilica in Is;; I, I;;; Hi'pruiluotiiiii, liiiw )iri>vi'nti'il, ril'il Ui'siiltt ul'tlio ciilunizali'iii plan, ^il'i Ui'.inltH 111' till' I'xpi'ilitiiiri iif is'jo, :;s:;-:',si'i Ui'viilutiuaary inaHiiii'i'i'-i, '2'.^' Kiliaiilt, 7'2 I!iil);i''<, assassination ul', 'iiiii l!i;;lit iif chii'ftainsliip. limv I'xistiii;;. ."i"*'! Hi;.'lit ul'suvori'isnty, 4.'ls lliianiikL' is I'liiiiuk'il, Oil Itui'k riviT valley ceili'il. lis Hiiss siipcrinti'iiils ruiiiuval ul' Clii'i-uki'i's, I'.K'i Kiissitcs ri'iiiuvi', .'iliil liiiins iirciiii'liitai'ali. 711 Kiiliiij; I'liii'ls, .'is.') Iliinie i.'liarai'ters siippuM'il lu In' ruiiinl. I'liis s. Sll ulllflAI. stillll', .'i',t4 Sai's an»l Fuxrs, ri.'iO Sai!s aiiil Kuxi's niiitinl, 4S;'i .^aRanaw Saj^imaws, Chill ni'vvas, 4S4 iililiiin of, 498 v,.i,. VI. — ;i: , Sa;;iniii, '3fJ I .Sassaliu, liustilo I'liiiiu'il limki'ii up liy (ion. ('ai ; .Siis.saoiis, war willi. 111 i .'^anj^iiinary violonoo, 'lOI Siitimriiina, 70 It'll 7.Vt INDEX. , ri'Mln ill lliy"liTi""<. 'I'll lill<< Sc'iiinliniiviiiii true .*>.'iiniii_viiili, 'J.iT .S'liiijliT ('ii|itiiri"< •liiliiKi'iwii. '.''>l t^i'iiilil, rx|>i'illtii>ii Id, '.'iVI S.'iitl's pnii'liiiimtinii III ('liiTiiki'i'ii, 4'.'l .S'lilpliiri"! "l"iii'. 'iT'i, "i""'! S.liii.tiiiii llmli'. IVI S .|Miii trilM', !>•.' Si'iTc'f vl«it 111' KIImiiiIi. 7ii Srmilhilc, l'tMl|ii|.i;;y nl', 4li> Sc'inliiiili'x. tlii'ir Kliili', .'I'JI Sl'lli"-:!. ClVlllnlil^rV nl', .'I'.'li Si'iii'i'Hs 111" Nt'usliii, .M[s Si'tic'i'iiH aii'l Mi:i\vii('i'«. .Vl',! Sc'i|iii'l urSiisi|iii'liiiiiiiiM'k liistiiry, I'U S'ldi'il piilicy o| miiiniti.iii, Til'i Mrirp iii'timi witli SlmMinMw, ;iii7 SImWIIOI" IlilvUTICM"'. 'i II Sliiiwiii'r )ir"|ilic't, K) h 111, IJ'J Mmwiii'ci. II Ki'iiiiri;i', .'IJ- Miii\viipi"i, pi'iii'i. wiih. \l'i:> Miikilinin, 'JiJl ^*llll»lllln■•l'«, .'1 1 Sli';;n 111' I'lii-t l,iiiiiTii>'. I'.OI Sic;.'!' iif Flirt Siiiiiwix. Ll' Siiiiix imiiK" 111' Si. Aiilli'niy's rilli. .i'.U Sltr 111' Kurt Mi'Itil'isli, ■:,!>{ Six .Nuliiins lit till' rliKc 111' till- lli>\ii|iiliiin, Sixli'i'ii y.ir^' |i:iii«i'. 'il "i Ski'iiaiiiliiiili. il r.incvi.i^ii. |:;i'. Ski'|itii'!il ."yiiiimtliii'H I'lir liiiliiiiiM, ''iln Skcti'li iirciiiii'liiwi., ."ij'i Skie'ii. 01 Slimiy. Ill iv liiiniiliii'i'il iinniin; tli Imliari-, .l.'l'J Siiiiill-|i'i«, ili'"iiliitiiiii« (if, '-il SiiiiiliK iiiiiin liiniitiitiiiii ri'i'x iiiiliii>H iliii rpiiiniii^. liii;; Sniiiklii;:, a |iiiri>ly hnliiiii i!iikIiiiii, M, DO f*liukl'«, .'I'lli Smilli I'ariiliiia triln". IT'.) SiMillii'rii liliiiiii'' i« iiti'rriin Ml'-' Siiwann, 'I'lii Sp.'c.'li (if .Mmca, :\'.i I St. Aiiiiii-tini' i» rniiinli'il, 7ii St. ri.iir'K I'xpi'iliiiiiii, .'!,■!,'( St. LririT*!* rmiti', liH.J StallKtii'ii. .'iV.l Stallnlii"'. trilial uml tti'iiiTnl. ('<•*{ StatiiH. luii'ii'iit, .'ij',1 Siri'iiL'tli ami I'liiiililinii nftln' I'ri'ck", .'i.'I'J Siriiiittli' pr liiiL' till" (MiiipicKt (if I'litiiiija, I'.l'.l Siili.livi-iiiii lip Iniliaii ii'rriliiry. I'l'i Siiliiiili'iii'i' iif lii'liaii li'inli. .M'.' .**iili"*taiitivi' ti'rininatiiiii, .'i77 Siiliil" I'liarai'tiT nf liuliaiix, 'JI'J .'•iiilivairH rxpnillliiiii a'.{aiii«l tin' Six N'mimi^. ."i(N Sinn s|iiint In pai'il'y tin' linliani in lli" war, .I'JI Summary (if Sii'liiry, I I'J Siiniiiiary vii'w nf Imlian triln'i. .'i.'i'* Siipi'rinti'iuli'ni'y (if .^Iil'lliJ;llIl, rcpirl nf, ■I'.l'^ Siipi'rlativi' ('niiiitry, '.111 Siippioi'il iiiiiiniDy, li'J'J Sii'('liiwari', li!" S\viii;;ili'.; tliii liriilli', il.",'' Syiiiliiilii' tcacliiiiL', llii'i Syii"p«i'( (if New Kiiu'laiiil ImliaiK, 111 Syiiiipticul vii'W (if iiiiiiiir Irilii'i, l»il .''(irvpv nf till" war in Is.'K'i. 177 'I'. Tmii.k< (if Imlian fmri' in 177l'i. -"'> Tali^aynta. -I'li'i 'l'ai;;nnai.'ny, 'i I. .Vi Taking' (if Fnrt Willi mi ll.'iiry. 'J-JI 'I'ailaii.'^M ami Tnllii-lia'cl liattli'> nf. :'.ii.'. 'I'uTiipi'ritii: Willi till' Imlian-", ii.'iS 'raiiiii'liari>siiii, L'i'i7 'rcciiniKrIi''' s| I'll, .'I'n Temple nf the Siin nt Nalclicz. ('.'.^ 'I'l'nacily nf Imlian lieliefM, iJli Teiiaeity nf Indian jirejinlii'i'. '<[.'. Tentiliuiican, fiS;'. 'rerininatinn nf tlii! .«ii'^i' nf l-'nrt Sianwis, 'J'.'H TeKt (if liyyinne pnliey, \',>'i 'J'otnns, .O.'ili Teidiinnny nf I'ainpi'iiini ri'>|iii'iin^ tlie .Mim|iia>. IA2 Texas trilies treat, 'ISII 'I'uzon'i* [iturv in l-'i.'Jn, ^li ireaty aninilleil. Il'^ I The .Mniiiii lliipe pluf, l.'i.; Tlieii|ii;.'y nf Vir;.'inia Imlian-. >-7 Tliyemlana;;i'a, -S I j Tippeeaiiiie, .'l."ii'i ' Tnliaceii plant earrii'il ti'nin \ ir;:iiiia, >*7 I Tnlmpeka, liatlle nf, ;!7'J Tnltei'H ami AzIeCM, .V.IJ 'rra;:eily nf Philip's war i.s npi'iii'il. I-'il Transaetinns nf Is.'l-*, .|',I7 Transferred triln'S, stale nf, .'ii I Traiislalinri (if the New Tesiann'iit in li'i'il, lil,"i 'i'reaehery ( f Saehem's I'lain, IJ7 Treaties resniiieil, '■>•" Treaty nf Fnrt Manner, .'I'-'I Treaty nf Fnrt .Slaiiwix cnnlirnied. ',>'2',) I M I !■; \ . TriMiiy '.r Miiivli '.N, iM.ir,, Id I. \h:, nil ffW, ill iH'J.'p, liiiliitiiii, Oliiii, \'".v Nurk, iiirl Mil 'rrili"it ill Ni'w K.Mnliii.l ill l^Ji, I'i'.i 'I'l'ilii'it ill till.' UM .Siiiii'.i III l^::.'), I(i:i 'I'rilidt ill I. piiiMiiiiii ill I"!'"!, In.i IIm' |'M|"t in H.!", A'*>^ 'rriL.H r ivi'.i III ^'*^*, r.i; Trili"< wliii HIP' I'T |pi!up'i' lit liri'.'iivill'', illl 'I'm.pIpp. pprpl"i'p"l I'P till' I'lHT'pkp'i) ripiiiitn, •!'."• 'r-iiliili. pjiiiinlilur pil', .'pJ.! 'rillllllli, lint ilp'I'p'lllivil \viii'k», OHL lii>i'iu'a\vik«, mil u. li.Kim. Iiiitili' mill iiiiiH-ijL'i'i' 111", :U)il I Itiiiiiil'^ iiipi'ili'Tii |p'piiil "!' !• ' SiM, (ill; rimlli'iiilili' rliiiriiiiP'i' ipf liiiliiiii', 'pi'i'.! I'liili liilii i'I'iiIihK IipI'iiIpI" priiiil iiiM rrriiitih' i.r III" , Iplll ipI III" -.1 III, II I I'liiiiii iil'trilpii, iiii'l iiii|p p|'l^iii>;p' 'il, I'^l Inilp'pl Siiili't liiiliiiii |ppilii'}', :i-ll I ipiiv ppI' liKliiiii liiilpiry, li'pw "liuwii, 'iiW lUtV 111 llltP'I'i'Pill 111 iip> iiiisi'i'Mi'i, 'ir> I'l" •Ml. |P|PP, ('lli|l|ll!Wll ppi; -iw |<|ppp\viii', a \ ir^iiiiii I iiliiiit, I -•' ppI Wllkllll |1 PVMT, ii.J- l-siiiim, ^" I'li'liw.-, M \ \i.vy<. tip lln' liiilipiii, I 111 \aii lliii'i'ii'.s iip|iiiiniP' Siiln ill l'>:i'<, -S I.r 11 u.i«p.'l t.'iiilii'i-. VJI V..I1111 iitiil. .57 I'lii' I'.iniH 11 I'linl imi ;;i'.iiiitii:ir, \ liVll^'l'l 1) r liil.aiilt mill l.iii'l.iiiiiii'ri'. >v \VAi)SHiiirnr> .li'li'iil. Ii'p' Wukiiii I'liint. ip'iii M'nkii Wak I" ikaii-nii'ii 1'^ Uaiiil..!'. 171 11! 1.1 llip' \iarrinr. li.'il Wai.i |.i-:i, a 1 llVM, ■War is I l.i'lari'.l ill 1.^1-. ".'i' M'm- Willi rnniriai-uiii. I'lH War willi llio Narra.;mis.'ii'<. I'J.'i Wiin'aj.'liiyaj;ay. --■"< W.i.-. lliLTi' a iiiiiKsaiiri' at K.irl Willi.iiii II. my AVa-liiii'„'l"ii I'lil.'i'^ llii' li"lil "1 lii'haii mIp. Wii-I ;l^|piii;;liiii !i ii|pi k ayiii' i'i'|i \ IMpilll' ■Is till' fr. 'aiii{i:iij:ii il ,V,-.. i"iS(i I'l li^litiii,:; liiiliaiiK, .'iH"' l•k^, ;i:;7 111.' \\ .-I, ;;:;.-< w, ill, 'S' i'a-1, I'p'a.'i' \vi Wi'>ti.'l-ii t'lii'i'iiki'i's, ilili' I'l'lir-i iiii;;r:ili .'illO W.'sl.ni Imlians 'ifJ Wi'-iiTii liiiliiiii- ii|.|p..M' ill.' Kii'_'liKX. Wlicro iiiiti>|iiiti('M I'l'iisc, (lO.l \\h\U\ 11,111. Ilu-li 1,., 171 Willi is llii' liidiiiii? ,'ili7 Wlii.lo liiiily til Iw riMiiovt'il ill IS'.Vi, Kl'.l Will.'t's f^iilliintry, ilSS ^VillillllllSlll^s iiiliiiniaiiity, .'Uli Wiiminii, S7, S'.l, ',11, ;•:!" Wimii.'liiif'o (iiitliri'uk in I^U'i, A'1'2 Winnobago biiko un .iiiu'ritaii cliiiriu-lcr, "M Winiii'lin^dps ii^roo to rtMiiovt*, ■IS.'^ Winii('lijvi;o('s, I'lilsp (Milii'v nl' loctitinii, "iO.''i Wisiu'r, ('ill., cnit'l iiiunliT iil', wIumi wiiiiiiiK'il, 'JDS Wililii'liiws llr.st iii';;iitiat(', liil WitliliuMiu'lm mii.s.siuTi', -lli',) Wiinls, iiuiiiiiiniMils, i'n- Wcinls (if 11 (h'litli-laim'iit. I'C'l I WyiimUii.i, Iri'iily willi in 17.S'>, ',VS! I Wyoinlnj; miissiicro, 'J'.'7 X, XiiAi.iicrni., puMi'ds «( rrailk's, (i-Jli .XiirliicliiilLM, |iyriiiiiiil iif, M4 ] Xui'hi.iui'l/.iij, thv .\/.lrr \'a,\ i'i:',> I .\i'liill, a iiii'SM'iifiiT t'l lii'aM'ii, a^kill.; a lnn'ii, (ii ^AKAM \. SUpl'iiliil alltil|uitil'K ul', lil'J \'ainaM'i's, l.*<' ^'aIlkIllnH, .'i.)(i Vi'ar l,"<;'.?i, iraiisai'liniii nl', I',)' Yi'llow iM-ri'k miinliM-. 'Jli.'i Yoiu'tunaH. llti,'> YiH'ataii, .'iS'J YucatciiiiH, (li'siM'iiili'il IVoiii Tulti'i'^. lill z. Zm-aticis. ;>)<[ /.iir/.i-iiilirf, l!'.!'.! Ziiiii, ~i1 i; \ I' t>r vol.. \ 1. IDS :;'.!