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Lee diegrammes suivents illustrent la m^thoda. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^^\(VM/ ^ OtntO V vXi/ OX**. i>%^ THE *-— •• »* ■»* FAMILY DENTIST; /^ A TREATISE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TEETH, ON THEt^ STRUCTURE, DISEASE AND MODE OF CURE, ALSO, MANAaiNG AND REDULATING OF CHILDREN'S TEETH, &C. By J. A. TROUTMAN, DENTIST, TORONTO, ONT. Ent«r«d'acc«rdlng to Act of Parliament of Canada, in cite year l*T«, by J.' ▲. Troutmaut, in th* OtMce of tho Mio'-'ter of Agricjilture, i y /€-•-> „X>v/ ./ r-':-- "v ■ % ■» ■■ : . . •Jf ^ •: t i ■ ■ I' 'S ■'K •■■ ■ t tf- ., .*. <» ,.i>V'..'- * -*** '^■- r >: / I'M ^'fif ( '; T \ ''A - *■ « . • - . *' ■' . ' t y .^.1 • ^■' '"-: ■■ ^,' '•: x.<'^ > ■' li , •* ii-'-" ' # ■ .y '■■ . ' '- ■ i:-'- • ' ^ -,■. • '. ■ ;• . , ■''t ■'•*: > t - A . '■ f. i *i K . :-• .. •:■ .■- ■ -, . . ' i > PREFACE. The presentation of this brief treatise on the teeth to friends and patrons, affords me much pleasure. It contains iustruetiuii upon dental subjects of great practical importance. I have used this metliod of statement in order to impress upon the mind the great importance of preserving the natural organs, and the most simple manner by which this can be accom- plished ; also to give the reader a knowledge of the temporary and permanent teeth m each jaw ; and the order in which they are developed, erupted, and shed, as well as the causes of their decay, etc., in as small a space and condensed a form as possible. Taking reference from the principal works that treat uj^on these subjects, and my own observations, I have selected those points that will come under the observation of ])oth tlie Dentist and his patn:ii-?, and wliicli v;ill bo most benelu'iid to }'Cii'onts. so that i'roiA tl)l;s small book they may obtni:! a knowledge of the great importance of the teeth, how to preserve them, and thebe-^t metliod of su];stituting tliem when lost. J". A. TRraiTMAN. Toronto, 1872. <^: • , appear. THE TEMPORARY OR FIRST TEETH. The Temporary teeth are twenty in num- ber, ten in each jaw, and are cut in the follow- ing order oftime, the lower preceding the upper. Central incisors or front teeth . . 5 to G montliH. Lateral incisors two next in front 7 " 12 " First Molars or first double teeth 12 " 18 '' Canines, Eye or Stomach teeth 14: " 20 Second Molars 20 " 36 1.1, u These comprise tlie temporary set. The cutting of these teeth frequently produces great local as well as general disturbance, often threatening the life of a child, and some- times causing its death. The source of danu;-er to the infant is prin- cipally of a nervous character, arising from pressure cm the nerves, distributed to these teeth ; the pressure is due to the dense structure of the gums, covering the puints of the teeth, thereby arresting their eruption or cutting. The nervous irritation caused by the pressure of these teeth is frequently conveyed directly to the brain, hence brain difficidties of a m6re or less serious character often super- vene. If the irritation is taken from tlie brain « I «i .1 a^ ail of « I «( to the fttoTnach through the r(»tiex ueivoiis action, as it often in, then tliere is a com- plication of Btomach and bowel ditticnltiefi of greater or Ichb severity. At Buch times the gums should at once he ianced, and the time to cut may he determined by the appearaneeof the gums, which look slightly swollen, tense as though stretched over some hard substance, and white in color, the blood being forced out of it by the jiressure of the tooth endeavoring to come through. Biting upon rubber or other hard substance at this stage, affords but tern- porary relief, as danger to the child arises more from the general disturbance than from local causes. After the child has cut the w^hole of the lemjjorary teeth, it is highly necessary that hey should he preserved with great care until the proper time for shedding them, as between the years of two and seven the jaws enlarge most rapidly. At two they have the appear- ance of a half circle, at seven they as- sume more the appearance of the letter U. The maxillary arches or jaws when prematurely deprived of the milk teeth are subject to con- traction. As the second teeth are much larger than the first, they require more room, and the jaws should naturally increase and expand with the growth of the body ; but contraction instead of expansion follows the too early removal of the first teeth, and the jawB are not sufliiciently developed to admit of the second set of teeth ; this is one of the great causes of irregularity of the permanent teeth' < . Parent.!* uttiMi make the remark in regard t<» the fii'f*t teeth, when thoy are decaying, '^ Oh ! ncv or mind, tor thoy are the ohihlV firat teeth, and an^ in a bad (!<»iuliti«)ii, I know, hut he will soon loose them, ami in their places have hotter and stronger teoth, >so it is of no conflequcnce if they do decay.'' Thin in a great error, and is capable of incjalcuhible mi.-ichief, and I would say to such persons that the importance of tlie temporary u[)on the per- m ;inent teeth is direct and uneq ulvoonl. They should be ureserved in the strictest integrity, either by hlliag or oth>r\vis3, best determined by the Dentist, after an examination of the case ; until theli* loosening by the natural absorption of the roots, when they should be removed at Once to allow the permanent teeth to come in the propor places. In their daily ablutions children should always be taught to include their teeth, nor can parents give too early attention to this subject, ..for it is of as much importance to cleanse the teeth, as it is the b^dv. If the child is only taught the uie of tin tooth pick and brush in early life, tlie habit becomes so fixed, that he finds it ever afterwards absolutely essential to his comfort. By observing these rules, irregularity may be prevented, and a fine sot of teeth secured in ninety-nine cases out of every hundred ; that is^ if attention be accompanied by judicious measures. Frequent consultation with a good Dantist respecting the child's teeth, when any malfor- mation or derangement is noticed, would pay the parent abundant interest for the expense f- 1 -1- 9 and Iroiiblf ijicune 1st. To ]>revent siiifering find j ain frcm the exposnre of the nei ve julp. 2nd. To properly nins-ticHi ].rop( ^ takiiiK it into tne stomach. ite tl f«'od T'efore King __ 3rd. To secure tlie pro])er growtli of the jaMP, iM]}t}»ting thcni to the eoniing Ptoond teetli, which are n nch hii"^(.r tlisin the first toctli, othc'iuisc inc<:nlaiitY of the pcrnuinent teetli iis iihiK^^t biire to occur, and thesupposi'tion i& tliat tlie ja-NVP are not large enongh to admit of the peinianent teeth. am: sf-Cokd ok iii;maki:m^ teeth. 27ie ramanint Teeth are thirf j-two in nimiher, bixtctn in cacli ja-sv ; twenty of which (ten in each jaw), liave taken the place of tlie teirporary teeth, the hieuspids of the secend Bet cc(?iii>}irig the places of the Molars in the first Fct, as the deciduous srethasno bicusjpids. The doiiLle or n!e)larteeth,(tweheinall),sixin each jaw are cut Int once, and take up their places hehind the temporary teeth, as the jaws enlarge for their reception. The eruption of the permanent teeth is as followB, the lower preceding the upper: You will here notice that the first per- manent molars or double teeth are erupted before they begin to ^hed the temporary teeth. 10 First "\To1ai-c 5 to 7 years. Central Incisors or fron i teetii. ..t) '' 8 " Lateral Inoi.sors, next in front... .7 ••' 9 '' First Bicuspids, or small double teeth 9 '' 10 *' Second Bicuspids !...'!'*.'... .10 '' 11 '' Canine, Eye or Stomach Teeth ) 1 1 a i < « and sometimes late in life f Second Molars 12 " 14 " Third Molars or Wisdom Teeth.. 1« '^ 26 " There were but twenty of the first teeth, and now the number is increased to diirty- two, so you will readly perceive that a larger space is required for the second, than for the first set. There is a period at which the temporary teeth require removing, that the permanent ones may come in their proper places, and if this is not done at the yj roper time, the new ones will come through, out of place, thus a lasting deformity is produced. If the tooth decay, or ache, and require ex- tracting before the permanent tooth has de- veloped itself sufficiently, the permanent tooth is robbed of a great amount of nourishment which it absorbs from the roots of the tem- porary teath if they be allowed to remain ; thus the permanent teeth aro frequently de- formed, or of a soft nature; therefore much depends upon the well-timed removal of the infant tooth which should be neither too early nor too late, ]>ut must l»e judged according to circumstances and appearances in each in- dividual case. The principal indications for re- moving the temporary teeth are the loosening of the teeth. In some cases the tooth does not U u >eth, irty- rgcer the the the |oper per lit of ced. ex- de- oth eiit m- m ; Ide- lich the to m- -e- k^ lot 11 loosen, and the permanent tooth begins to press outwardis, tliis may be detected by a slight fullness on the outside of the gum's, directly below the temporary tooth ; this fullness fre- quently has a light appearance, caused by the pressure upon the part, and at this stage the temporary tooth should be at once removed to allow the permanent to grow in its proper place. And when there is a tendency to irregularity it may be prevented by timely and judicious interference. The first four molars, two in each jaw, (the sixth tooth from the centre of the arch on either side), are supposed by a great many from their early appearance to belong to the first set, and are allowed to decay under the impression that when lost they will be replaced by others ; tliis i^ a great mistake ; they are permanent teeth, and once lost are ntvpr replaced. Have your children's teeth looked afterabout the sixth or seventh year, with special reference to these teeth. TKe permanent teeth are of great importance, and should be preserved regardless of expense; such investments, if judiciously made, will be found cheapest in the end. We should look with suspicion upon those dental operations whose chief claim upon our attention is in their cheapness, if the price is very low, it is certain the generality of the work will be very poor. In the scramble for business, low prices are often the })rincipal considerations held out, and it is chiefly owing to this imperfect class of operations, that so many teeth continue to decav after being filled, and are eventually lost ; wliile tlie reason asdijned for their loss is the frailtv of the tootli 12 or soiuci cijiistitutional cause. Under theae circumstances, you not only pay your money for naught, (a very small matter), but allow the infliction of positive injury upon the mo3t servic3a,ble and important organs you possess. Questions of a much higher moment should ])e settled when about to employ the services of a Dentist. Is he honest and slcillful ? Will his operations preserve the teeth ? If these and other (jueitlons are answered aftlr- matively, iiis tarili' of prices unless absolutely extortionate should not have tlib slightest influence in determining your choice; for filling at almost any price is clieap, that save3 the tooth, compare I with the one, though it b3 a gift, if it Ao3>s not prLj^orva the tooth. Tlie generous and honest Dentist, however, will alw.iys respect tlie circuin^t luces of liis patient, auil will estimate tlie prici of tlie operation ])efore he begins, if tl^3 p.itient requires or asks it; and in no instance will he perform his operations at tlie expense of the teetli." ; ' J DECAYING OF THK TEETH. The rapiij. and early decay of the teeth may be attributed to two causes, viz. : Defects in the structure of the teeth, fre quently hereditary, and che nical deeom position. Defeats in the atruotare of the teeth are traceable to a defective nutrition during the formation or growing period of these organs. Defective nutrition arises from two causes, tho quality of the food ; and its proper assimilation^ 13 I y ] If during the growth of the teeth the food ■ is deficient in animal, vegetable, or mineral i elements, such as gluten, albumen, and the different combinations which enter largely inter their substance ; or if the food, rich in the above elements, be not appropriated to the ' proper nourishment of these organ?*, thev will be more or less defective in their structure; hence they are predisposed to rapid decom- position. Such teeth may be cunsiderably improved by judiciouB local treatment ; andby filling, be rendered serviceable for many years. In many cases this kind of decay might be prevented by the motliei' taking proper nourish- ing food wliile nursing the child, and above all by seeing that her (twn teeth are in a healthy condition ; for if the mother's teeth are in a bad condition, the ga.se> which arise from the decaying of these teeth is of a very unhealthy nature, and as a great portion of this noxious gas is taken into the lungs it deranges the system, also the food that is taken into the stomach ; and as the child's nourishment is derived from the food the mother has taken, it must be unhealthy, and as the child does not receive healthy nourishment it cannot give it to its growing organs, thus the child's teeth are predisposed to rapid decay, and the cause is simply hereditary. Chemical decomposition may arise from vitiated secretions of the mouth, from chemical disintegrations of food remaining on or be- tween the teeth after eating, or from chemical actions of strong medicine taken into the system without restriction, or caution. The destructive, chemical action may be arrested LiL ' m i iii«msmt:jtLi < a Utilitmm 14 by tlje use of* a tooth-wa^li, prepared expreeslj for clianging tlie character of sucii secretions, and at the same thne thoroughly brushing sufficiently hard for the removal of all foreign substances from the teeth. The teeth are constantly becoming more dense in their structure, the most critical period in the life of these organs is between the years of seven, and twenty ; during this period great care is absolutely necessary, as a greater number of teeth decay during this period than later in life. After the age of twenty care taking is rewarded with an increased certainty of preserving them until old age. CLEANING THE TEETH AND HOW PERFORMED WITHOUT INJURY. It is certaiu tliat you cannot preserve the teeth witliout keeping them clean. No care or attention in other respects, however well performed, if faulty in this, can possibly save tliem, ct7id no cleaning^ however thoroughly and systematically administered will prevent tlie teeth from decomposition unless, when decayed, their cavities are cleaned and thoroughly filled with gold or ?ome other indestructible sul)stance. People frequently make the r»:^mark tiiat they are afraid of brushiiiij: off the enamel it* they use tuo hard a brush, or use the brush too frequently, and if they bnisli them too hard their gums will bleed ; t]m i:- d mistake, for the gums or teeth are n^»t Irar: l.y tue use ot the brush. Caution in this direction is unnecessary, for the more vou brnsli the 1' -. ; ■) :n.<] o-iiiris the harder 15 they become, a,nd iiist'^id of tlie enamel wear- ing off it becomes thicker, tlie enamel is always thicker upon the parts that are in constant use than in any other part of the tooth, and decay is scarcely ever known to begin upon the parts where there is the most friction. The donger lies principally in using destructive tooth powders or washes, not from proper use of the brush. By using the brush frequently, or at least once a day, and that before retiring, you can keep them clean. During the day the constant moving of the tongue and lips prevent the food from remaining long about the teeth, but when you sleep, these organs become inactive, then the small mor.^eU of food that (••et between the teeth after the Imt meal, are allowed to remain, and the saliva of the mouth acting upon tbem, they ferment and throw off a strong acid, which lias a direct action upon the teeth and causes thei]i to decay ; indeed it would be well to use the l)rush after eacli meal. It is also highly important to have a properly compounded tc -^tli-wash. The teeth are often much by usins: hiiirhlv acid or mj T 'Jt> ine tuotli-Vv'ashes fur niakinor the teeth beautiful, which irf manufactured and sold h ible .^y irresponsihie persons. I ha\'e a t',>ot:i-wasli tluit answer^^ tlio re- ([uirement-. There is nothing in thiis wash that injures the teetli iti the least, yet It keeps them perfectly free irom all staiii;-, and free from tartar. It is pleaj^aiit to the tas'e, it purifies the breath, and hardens the guuis. Teeth having green stain^ upon theiu near the gums, or tartar depositO''] a!>out them, 1T» Bhould be tirst cleaned by the dentist, for no amount of brushing would remove these de- posits from them. NECESSITY OF FILLING THE TEETH. Success in filling and presei'ving the teeth, depends upon three things. The quality of the teeth themselves ; the manner in which the operation is perf«)rmed ; and the character of the material employed for this purpose ; or in other words, if the teeth are but poorly de- veloped, detective in their structure, or the operation is imperfectly performed, either with good oi* poor material, the teeth will surely decay sooner or later. I have ^een teeth which had been filled for over forty years, and they looked as well as they did wlien first filled. Four essentials are requisite in the personal qualifications of every dentist. A high order of ii.tellectual culture in the direction of his specialty ; surgical and mechanical ability : integrity and faithfulness. These qualities combined will render him thor- oughly acquainted with the human organism, especially the teeth, will be a 2:uarantee of hi>= ca- pability to perform whatever he perceives ne- cessary to be done; will en able him to determine the line of practice in every instance irrespect- ive of contingencies wliicli will result in the highest good to his ])atient-. and secure in every case the most finislied results in workmanship. Some teeth are frail and require great skill to save them, but more teeth are lost from poor operations than all otlH^r causes combined. It by no means followB tliat because a tooth is t 17 T lilled with gold, that it will be piebei ved ; uiilesB certain results are reached in every step of the operation the teeth will certainly decay afterwards, no matter what the quality of the tooth may be. Of course the decomposition will be more rapid where the teeth are poorly v! organized, but when the teeth have the finest type of structure it is absolutely essential that there be brought to this test, the highest order of surgical and mechanical talent in order to insure their preservation. For when the filling of the teeth is performed as it should be, tlieir durability, usefulness, and beauty may be secured for many years, and the owner w^ill be paid abundant interest for the money ex- pended. In most instances gold is the best material for filling the teeth, other materijil? are sometimes used which are less expensive; but the choice of the material should always be left to the Dentist, unless the Y>atient cannut afford the gold. Certain teeth ought not to be filled w^tli anything but gold, while others iire so far gone that it miii-ht be as well to fill them with some other material less expensive, as tlie tooth would not be worth a gold filling, but (/old is considered the best material that can boused. People would save a great amount of pain and expense by having the teeth filled, wliile the cavities are yet small, for the nearer the decay comes to the nerves of the teeth the more liable to give pain during the operation, and the larger the cavities the more material it will take to fill them, and the more of the tooth that has to be substituted with the filling, the weaker the walk of tlie tooth will 18 be ; therefore to make the most 9at'st';i.'*'>ry till- ing the cavities should he small. Mjin v persons remark that the tooth dues not aohe yot ; but when it does they will go to the Dentist and have it filled, this is a great mistake for the best time to fill it is when the cavities are yet small. Few people know how to appreciate their teeth until thev have lost theni ; but make the remark that as soon as they aclie they will have them drawn, and will have new ones that will not ache ; but this is a great error, for one good natural tooth is worth more than all the artificial ones, and we cannot 1)6 too careful in preserving the natural organs that God has provided us with. ToOTir-ACHE AND IlOW TO TEKAT IT. There are many teeth extracted that might as well be restored to health ar.d usefulness, as to have ])eeu removed. It is not necessary to extract a tooth because it aches in everv case, or even in one half of the <;ases. A person suffering with tooth-ache, by consulting a competent Dentist, can as well have the pain checked and tooth filled, as to have it removed ; that is, if the crown of the tooth is left, and the disease has not gone too far. AVhen a too'h first begins to ache, it is no sign that tlie nerve is disea-ed or dead, for at the first attack of pain in the tooth, it is caused by the simple exposure of the nerve to the chanws of teuii^erature, arising; from the decaying of the dentine covering this highly sensitive structure; and by removing the de- caved bone, f'en :;v covering the nerve with 19 t^o'^.e indebtructible iiun-conductiiig s^ulHtance (for the dentine was a nun-conductor), the tootli can be filled and restored to its normal healtli and functions. But this operation is one that requires great care, for the nerve in a tooth is very sensitive, and the slightest unnecessary pressure on it causes intense pain. Many Dentists claim tliat this capping of an exposed nerve is a thing that cannot be done successfully, and that they have tried and failed in almost every case; and have denounced it altogether ; but in its stead they kill the nerve, then fill the tooth, crown and roots, and of course, the tooth will never ache from exposure again, since it is dead; but why kil the nerve if it can possibly be saved in a healthy con- dition, and the tooth be filled \ Is not a live tooth better than a dead one ? Besides when dead they do not retain that healthy color that is characteristic of our teeth. This style of practice should never be resorted to unless the nerves are very badly diseased or dead, and the tooth ulcerated ; tlien it rc< juires great care to clean out all the decayed bone from the joots, or the disease is not cliecked ; for the sliglitest amount of diseased bone will be an ii'ritant, and cause a discharge sooner or later. Dentistry has advanced more in the past ten years than it ever did before, and the one great point now is, how to preserve the natural teeth in a healthy condition; and with- in the few past years the prufec?::on has dis- covered a new process for treating the ex})Osed nerve, (instead of killing it), and in tlic liands of tlie skilled Dentist, it i> a perfect success. 20 But few of our old style DentistH luive the idea, tliat a3 they learned the profession years apjo, they of course should know all that is worth knowing about it, and the ideas they have arc the bo.^t ; and a> they arc* perfectly satisfied with their practice, they never trouble themselves about the new things put forth day after day, until they actually are compelled to. Now the failure?^ that arise from the capping of the nerves come from carelessness or lack (;f skill upon thepart of the Dentist ; of course there are a few cases, when the nerves have become diseased, and then it is better to destroy the nerve if you cannot remove the disease ; but the most of the failures are owing to the wounding of the nerve while cleaning the (cavities, and not allowing it to heal ; or from pressure of the capping upon thisr,ensitive subF^tance. Nuw, when nature formedthe tooth, slie formed it witli a ca\ ity sufficiently large to admit the nerve without pressure, and when the tooth decavs to the nerve, the tooth begins to ache, and tlie cause is exposure, which can again be checked, by protecting it from the changes of temperature and pressure ; but the unskilled Dentist prepares the cavity, and then presses the capping down firmly, making sure that all is solid, he then fills the tooth, and of course the tooth aches, and he says the capping is a failure ; but why it is he does not know. The reason is simply this, the pressure upon the nerve irritates it and causes pain. The cap- ping should never rest heavily upon the nerve ; if the operation is properly performed the tooth can be restored to health and useful- 1 ness for manv veal's. \\ 21 EXTRA-OTINTI TEBTFI. It is a great mistake to have a toi)th extracted the first titne it aches, unless the crown has all decayed and left nothing hut the roots, for in all cases ot simple tooth ache the tooth can be restored to proper health witb but little pain. We would not cut one of our fin«^ers ' off if it pained us, or because it was inflamed, but would put something on it to reduce the '' inflamition and hoxl it. Then why not treat our tojth in tli*^ saiuo manner, ar^ not tho teeth of as nnic'i importanco as any other paro of the holy. Poople say t1i;U when tliey lose th'^ir teetli tlioy will gel: new ones that will look better, which will not ache ; hut tlioy are only substitutes, and in my esthnation the natural tooth is far superior to tho artificial. Tiiero is no neodof extractin-j: a tootii, unless the whole crown is deoaved awav, the tooth ulcerated, loosj, or tiie process absorbed, so there is no possibilify of tho tooth becomi'ig ' firm aojain, but in aJl other cases the tooth can be restored so that it will be a useful organ for years to come. But in all cases when the tooth cannot be sav^ed it should h^ at once re- moved. Person s'sufFer poor hoalth for years, they experience much nervous auil rheunitic pain about the face, head, and shoulders ; facial neuralgia or tic-douloureux, or inflammation of the ear; are atflicted every few weeks or months with swellings and ulcerations of the jaws; have poor*apetite ; are tortured from indigestion, &c. These are a few of the diseases cause 1 by such teeth. Ulceration of the jaw, and some- times cancer are directly causeu by these teeth. 22 KecrosiH or deptructioi) of tlie iK.ne of the jnw HoijietiineBattendb tlieadvaiiced stages of decay. Other afflictione iniglit ho iiieiitioiu'd ai^ origi- nating directly, or indirectly from the teeth. But enough has already been said to ad- monish the reader, that there is no safety while retaining such teeth in the mouth. Tears, regret, and sorrow may tome too late, when a little timely attention would have averted such sad and distressing results. IRREGULARITY OF THE TEETH. There is nothing that mars the ap])earance of a person more than great deformity of the jaws, and nothing that is noticed quicker; for upon being presented to a stranger the first tln'ng that he will notice are the lips, mouth, and teeth, and from these observations he forms his first opinion of his guest. From the mouth tlie most ex]>ression is given, as regards character, and even though deformed teeth are no fault of the young person, they receive no sympathy from the beholder, and gain no com- misseration from him. But on the other hand, present a })erBon w^ith a fine set of teeth, and they being well cleaned every one will admire them, no matter whether the form is all grace or not. Take a young lady whom nature has endowed v.'ith a beautiful form, and if her teeth are irregular or ^L'one, the greatest or- nament of human nature is gone. This deformity may be prevented in a mannei" which I explained when speaking of the tem}>orary teeth. Irregularity of the teeth may be remedied by pro] er treatment, and 23 18 accoiuplidhcJ with t'lo mo.st e:we hotvvooii tlie vpars ot'tpn and twenty. I have .'errttlui» is attended with more pain than when performed earlier in life, but in all cases of irregularity when the patient is under twenty, I can insure i>erfect success in re- gulating their teeth. In many caaes irregular- ity of the teeth might l>e entirely prevented by consulting a Dentist as soon as you observe the iri'egularity, or even before the tooth has made its a])pearanc'e,and you notice a promin- ence upon the out-^ideof thegum, as though the tooth was trying to force its way through the gum out of its proper place, there would be much less trouble in securing an e\en set of teeth if all such cases were talcen in childhood, or as soon as possible after the malposition is disco\'ered. Therefure visit a Dentist at once, do not suffer the child to ]>uss tlirough life with de- formity, ever present to remind an.l rebuke your carelessness, wliicli timo:y professional counsel and aid would have eiK'.i'ciy prevented, give ])roper attention t<) this la tttcr, and yo'ir children, or those placeusiderable experience with these cases, and have had the opinion and advice of some of the mt)3t prominent Dentists upon these lases, and can safely say that cases ot this description entrusted to me, will receive every attention ; success being guaranteed or no charge will be made. Professional advice in regard to the teeth irlven free <.>f charoje. O 3 o ■4 m.tm,tfir>i r.a m mm iimimmmM 24 AKTJFICIAL TEEfH. The liutural teeth sh<.>iild never be sacrificed with the expectation of finding the artificial a BubBtitiite in every particular, although in some instances the looks are improved l\v the artificial; but their use is peh':'". if ever, equalled. I do not wish to convey the idea that artificial teeth cannot he made serviceable, for the function of mastication can be secured in a very high degree, jt?ror/cA/77me, or all of their back teeth, which are vtry int2<^y'i<(ni in masticating the fc'od. Teeth can be inserted with great success in two days after the rcets are drawn, for then the cavities are open, anel the points ol the artificial will set in the openings, and look very natural for a long time, or until the gums have fallen away sufficiently to admit of the permanent or gum teeth. After the teeth are drawn the gums coutinue to shrink for about a year, and when they have bteome hard, the 25 perinaiieiit teeth are put in to restore the face to its Qatural Bhapo. In some cases gold, in otliers platinum is the best for inserting artificial teeth upon; rubber is used to a great extent owing to its cheap- ness, and it:- being more easily manipulated ; while it is lighter than either of the previous uiotitioned baAes, There is a new uiateritil tor artificial denture, called Pyroxyline, wliich promises very favorably, ir is a base that is aboul one half the woight of rubber, can be made a great deal thinner tliaii rubber, and is a clean semi- tratisparont ba^e, so strong and elastic, that it is ahu)st impossible to break it. It is much easier kept cleun than rubber, as the food has no tendency to adhere to its surface. This base is beginning to be used in the States a great deal, and while visiting some of the Dentists in Boston, they spoke very highly of it. I hav^e had consideral)le experience with it, and can safely recommend it as one of the prettiest and most durable IjasCo for artificial teetli. Great care should be taken in selectinsf a aet of teeth for a person, that you get the size, shape, and color, suitable to the person. There are over three hundred patterns of artificial teeth, and from such a variety, a Dentist should be able to make a very good selection. ^ow there is very nearly as much expression in the teeth, as there is in the face, and to have a natural set of teeth the Dentist should judge the character of his patient, and then select the teeth to compare with the character. There is the generous, the ahrewd, and the miserly t'.>oth, which in many cases diow a?pondil)le in every instance for the appearance, and nice adjustment of the artilicial piece to the niouth and gums ; which is absohitely necessary in order to insure success in linal adaptutio:! and use, as well as appearance. I would say to those lia\:ng cleft palates or defects in tlie palate, thar I can so adapt an artiticial one by Dr. King^ley\s patent, that they will l)e able to articulate in a very short time vv'ithi.)Ut diihculty. I have seen severid of these soft rubber palates worn, and have taken considerable trouble to learn how to make them, and I now have great pleasure in saying to tliose afflicted in mis way, that I can make an artiticial one which will enable them to speak properly and without diffi- culty. to DIGESTION OF Fi>01>. Although the purpose of this work has boeii to present considerations relative to the care and preservation of the natural teeth, it may be interesting to add for reference the following table, prepared by Dr. Beaumont from actual ol)servati(>n of the tii:.- rcjuired for the dii>:e?tion of food ufordinarv dailv use. The table was prepared from observation in the stomach of Alix St. Martin, a French Canadian Soldier, his stomach having l>een laid open to view by a gun shot, and although it became so far healed that its function^ could be pror>erly discharged, it never closed. Tho. averaoje time for the dLj>:estiun of or-linarv food was as foHows : I 28 HourB. Beef with ealt only boiled ....... 2 Eeef Steak, boiled S Fresh Beef, lean, roasted 3 Beef Corned, boiled 4 Beans, boiled 2 Bread Wheat, fresh baked 3 Codtish Cured, dried, boiled ..•••• 2 Cabbage Baw, with vinegar 2 Cabbage, boiled, with vinegar .... 4 Cheese • • 8 Duck, domestic, roast •••... 4 " wild, roast 4 Eggs, wlii|)|ied 1 '' fresh, raw 1 *' soft boiled 8 '' roasted 2 " fried 3 Fowl, roasted 4 " boiled ....,......,.• . ... 4 Goose, roasted 2 Lamb, boiled 3 Liver, Beef, fresh fried 2 Mutton, fresh boiled 3 " broiled •••••. 3 " roasted 3 Oysters Freeh, raw • 2 " stewed 3 Pork, roasted 3 ^' salted, fried 4 '' " boiled 5 Pig Suckling, roasted 2 Pig Feet, boiled 1 Parsnips, 'boiled 2 Potatoes, boiled 3 " roasted .... .. 2 Uinutefi. 45 00 30 15 30 30 00 ^00 ■ 30 30 00 00 00 30 00 15 30 00 00 30 30 00 15 00 00 55 20 20 15 30 30 45 SO 30 30 *-4 J 29 linutes. 45 00 30 15 30 30 00 »00 ■ 30 30 00 00 00 30 00 15 30 00 00 30 30 00 15 00 00 55 20 20 15 30 30 45 SO 30 30 Hours. 3iIinuteB. Salmon Salted, boiled 4 00 Sago Fresli, boiled 1 45 Soup Vegetable, with bread 4 00 Turkey Wild, roasted 2 18 '* Domestic, roasted 2 .30 Trout Salmon, fresh, boiled 1 30 Tapioca Pudding ' 2 00 Yenison, boiled r 1 35 Veal Fresh, boiled 4 00 " " fried 4 00 ■