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BIOGRAPHIA NAUriCA: OR, MEM O I R S ♦OFTMOSE ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, T O W H O S E INTREPIDITY and CONDUCT THE ENGLISH ARE INDEBTED, F OH , The Victories of their Fleet's, , The Increase of their DominioHs, The Extension of their Commerce, AND TTieir Pre*eminenc£ on the Ocean, INTER5PERSEDWITH The mod raaferial Circumftances of NAVAL HISTORY, from the Norman Invasion to the Conclusion of the LAST War. By JOHN KENT, Efquire. IN FOUR VOLUMES. VOLUME THE FIRST. ♦* England is a Land which can never he conquer edy xvhi/Jf " the Kings thereof keep the Dominion of the Seas," Sir Walter Raleigh. LONDON: Printed for J. W a l l i s and C. Stonehouii, at Yorick's Head, Ludr^te-iheet. MDCCLXXVi. A ^7 .^ 1 The EXPLANATION of the FRONT^PIECE. WHILST Immortality is adorning, with an intermi*. cd Wreath of Cyprcfs, and of Laurel, the funeral Urn of Sir Charlhs Saundkrs, (a Man who will be *♦ pratftd^ •* viiftt^ and honturtdy^ until all Senfe of public, and of pri- vate Virtue (hall have left uj, Britannia 'who {lands mournnw over his Lofs,) is inattentive to Minirva, the Goddcfs of Wii- dom, and of War, pointing to a Medallion of Admiral Keppel, the valued Friend of our departed Hero, With a Look in which Sorrow for the Dead fcems relieved by Expedations from the Living, She cx)urts Britannia to obfervc that another Foun- tain of her Naval Glory is not yet wanting. The Dragon, and the Lion reprefent Vij;ilance, and Intrepi- dity : The E;igle appears as a taint Emblem of Immortality. If, availing mylclf ot it in this Defign, I ftould not be allow- ed to plead the Opinion of Saint Aujiin^ (who obfcrves that this Bird renovates its Youth, by rubbing its locked Beak up- on a Stone, until it acquires a natural Motion ; and that it^ then, begins to feed, and thrive as ulual,) I mull apply to a greater Authorit}', which informs me that David* j Tenth mas rtne .^ 'A_ INTRODUCTION.' II over wliich they threw a Covering of Hides ; r.nd add, that their Commanders, fenfible of their Inability to grapple with the Enemy, had never even given Orders to attempt it. Notwithftanding this Account, there is Realbn to believe that the Fleets with which the 5r/- t^ns afTifted the Gauls were well built, and powerfully equipped ; and that thefe leathern Veflels were for tlic Purpofe of fifliing on their own Coafts, as to this they were afterv.'ards applied by the Romans, If it be true til at the Britons had no Ships of Force at this Period, we mufl impute it, not to their having been previoufly deftitute of them from aa Ignorance how to conftruft them (g)y but to the irreparable Lofles which they fuffered in common with their Allies, the Veneti. In the Relation of the next Circumftances which fall within the Province of a Naval Hiftory, Ibme No- tice mull be taken of Caius Caraufws. He was by Birth a Menapian, ignobly defcended, and meanly edu- cated. A natural Intrepidity, which he had frequently exerted in the Naval iiervice of the Romans recom- mended him to Maximian, who then reigned over tlic Weftern Parts of the Empire. The Seas were, at this Period, much infelled by Pirates, and a Fleet being fitted out m order to dellroy them, Carauftus{h) was . -v;Ja^ • ii-r-^-^iv chofea (g) Selden. — Hlftolre du Commerce, et de la Navigation des Anclens, p. 202. See alfo Strutt's Compleat View of the Manners, Cuttoms, &c. &c. of the Inhabitants of Eng- land, &c. Vol. I. p. 6. — Of this elabomte Performance, I (hall frequently avail my felf in the Cou.fe of the follow- ing Memoirs. I am not, by a Multitude, the only Reader who will gather InihutStion, and Amufement from the Rc- feurches o? this unwearied Antiquary. To fuch Characters a Tribute of Refpeft is due. Withou; them, the Page of Hiltory could not have been fo much ci)lighteiieJ as it is. [h] A D. 238. .. • ., ., . . . , ^^ i% INTRODUCTION. .4 chofcn to command it. Not to inquire whether the In- fmuation that he proved treacherous to his Employer, neglefting to take them u|itil they became rich by their Depredations, and then feizing on, and converting their Ships, and Cargoes, to his own ufe, be juiUy found- ed, 1 fliall only obferve, that Maximian, by endea- vouring to have him privately affaffinated, either fug- gefted to him, or confirmed him in th^ Refolution of afpiring to the Sovereignty of Britain* The Steps which led to the Execution of his Prqjeft wci^e the more eafy, and rapid, as the Policy of his Conduft, and tl\e engaging Gentlenefs of his Manners, had made him at once the Favourite of the Soldiers, and of the Sailors. The Majority of thefe fy effectually fe- conded his Reliflance to the Oppoiition from Maxi-_ mian, that this Prince was driven to the Ne?eflity of acknowledging him Emperor in Britain (/). Jt would be difficult to advance a better Proof of the Importance of our Marine, at this remote .^ra, than the Inability of the Romans to defeat the Meafures of Caraufms. It could have availed but little that the Britsns were inclined to receive him as their King, if the llrong Squadron with which he croffed over to their Ifland, had not reduced Maxitnian to a Submiflion but ill agreeing with his Define of Revenge. Caraufns^ convinced that the fureft Means of acquir- ing Independency, and Power, would refult from the Augmentation of his Navy, was unremittingly atten- tive to all the Points which were the mofl^ likely to, pro- (/) This is apparent from the Coins of C;;r2Miius, fom^ of which Hill exift. They reprefent, on one Side, his Head, with this Infcription: IMP. CARAUSIUS, P. F.AUG? and en the other Side, the tv/o EkHperors, joining Hiand"; in Hlkiion to this Agreement. INTRODUCTION. ij promote it. His Subjefts, to whom he had endeared himfelf by the Mildnefs with which he governed, bc» held witli Pleafure a Syftem of Operations fo evidently calculated to render the Kingdom equally refpe£table r-nd fecure. They feemed to feel a Prefage of their future confequence, whilft their Sovereign gave orders for the fortifying of their Coafts, and entered into an Alliance with the Franks^ and other formidable Nations, feated on the Thracian Bofphorm. In one Article of the Treaty, it was ftipulated that they fhould fend a powerful Fleet into the Mediterranean^ which, failing tlirough the Streights of Gibraltar^ fhould join his Ships in the Britijh Ocean, and, together, attaclc the Romans. Conjiantius, and Maximian were not idle Speftators of fo alarming a Confederacy. They loft no Time in recruiting their Troops, and manning their Navy. With the firft, Conjiantius marched, and laid Siege to Bouloigney from whence Caraufim^ having, with a fmall Number of intrepid Followers, forced his Paflage through the Camp of the Enemy, embarked, and foon afterwards landed in Britain. With tlic laft, confift- ing of a thoufand Sail, equipped from the Magazines on the Rhine^ Maximian proceeded to the Affiftance of liis Partner. Whilft Caraufius was engaged in fit- ting out his Ships, his Harbours were blocked up by a numerous Squadron under the Command of Conjiantius ; and the reft of the Roman Fleet, pafting through the Streights of Gibraltar^ came up with, and engaged the Frankij over whom (if the teftimony of an ancient Au- thor {k) can be relied on) they obtained fo abfolute a Viftory, tliat not a fingle Individual remained alive. The brave Ardour of Caraufms wac not to* be extin- guiftied by Misfortune. He redoubled his Perfeverancc 1:1 (i) Kutrop lib 9. H INTRODUCTION. 1 I »n the Preparation of his Naval Armaments, and ha :Jti3 endea- (y) Some held more than fixty Rowers. *"('z) Hen. Huntingd. Hift. int. fcript. poft Bedam. pr jje, 351. — Reg. Hoveden. p. 420, 421. — Chron Saxon, p. 98. — Chron. Joan. Brompton int. 10 hiftor. ad A. D, 897. INTRODUCTION. ^9 endeavour to prefcrve their Station between the Enemy, and the Shore, as he lurpc£lecl that tliefe Invaders wou)d, if likely to be defeated, attempt to quit their Veflcls, and feek a Shelter in the Woods. The Execution of his Orders was fruftrated by the Condu£l of tlie Pirates, who ran three of their Ships aground : the remaining three ftood out to Sea, and refolutely engaged tlie Eng-* lijh Y\t?X ; a fatal Temerity, as two were taken, and every Mati llain j the other, having lofl all die Crew in the Attack, except five, efcaped with Difficulty. The Royal Squadron the*" came to an Aftion with the three Ships which had nm afhore, and killed fcveral of their Men. At the Return of the Tide, the Enemy put pfF to Sea, but in fo fhattered and leaky a Condition, tliat they could fcarcely reach the Coaft of the South Saxons, or Sujfex, where the Crew of two of the Veflels difem- barked, and tried to fave themfelves by liight ; the tliird Veflel, although moft of the Hands on board were much wounded, had the good Fortune to efcape : tlie Fugi^ tives who lurked ill the Woods were foon afterwards ap- prehended, arid conduced to JVincbefter, where, being tried, they were all found ^ilty, and immediately ex- ecuted. On tlie Southern* Coaft alone, fuch were the Succefles of the Engltjh Navy that, in the Compafs of the Year [as^ twenty Ships belonging to the Enemy were taken, and all tlie Men on board llauffhtered. -,■*♦•- Alfred y who well knew that the noblefl Purpofes of a Fleet are not confined merely to War^ and Vidory, when no longer molcfted by Invaders, turned his thoughts towards the Extenfion of Commerce, and the Difcovery of remoter Countties. We learn from ah account f^}, . > B 2 . • , written {a) R97. {/') Copy of the Sa*on verfion of Orofius, e::tant amongft' the M.iuuicript8 of Junius in the Bodleian Library, This t!f' ¥"> 20 INTRODUCTIO'K. writrcn by this Kirtg, that Ohthefy a native of Ha^O' lmd{c)y rich, ikilled in Navigation, and much conver- sant with the Northern Tratle, had, by his Order, made a Voyager to the Coafts of Norway and Lapland. On ' his Return, he delivtrtd to Jlfrtd an cxaft R.elatk)n of the natural ProduftioBs of that <" atry, the Man- ners of the Inhabitants, amd the M^ .^f condu£ling tlic Whale-fifhery ; prefcnting him, at the fame Time, with fome Teeth of the Hoife-whale, Commodities liien in higher Eftimation amongft the Engliflj, than Ivory. Alfred foon afterwards fent Wulfjlan^ ©ne of his flubjeflsi to thofe Parts, whofe Defcription of them agreed perfeftly with that given by Ohther. Thefc Adventurers will appear intitled to no tittle Share of Credit, if we examine tlie entire Conformity of thfeir Narratives to a Work, oH the fame Subjeft-, compofed by Olaus Magnus {d)Fy and publilhed alx)ut the Middle of the lixteenth Century ; but our Admiration of their Exaftnefs, Perfpicuky, and ftrift Adherence to the Truth, will be redoubled, when we dilcover, as we cfcr- tainly may, that they do not differ, in any matepial Particular, from the moft refpe^lable Authorities of die laft, and prefenc Age, relative to thcfe Cciantrics. About this Period, Alfred embraced the Opportuntiy of throwing a brighter Euftrc over the Arts of Corti- mcrce, by making them fubfervient to the Purpofes'of Benevolence. The Chriftians oi Saint Thomas^ inhabit-* jug the Peninfula of India^ being feverely diflrcfl^d, y ■':.•,■' '.J'-:..'' --vs- -^'' ".- '- .-;.';_ -.. Sigel- . ■" V -J- ' * ' ,' (as a noble Author j.uilly obfervesy) is one of the mofl- cu- rious, and valuable Remains of our Saxon Antiquities — Ap- jpendlx to the Latin Tranflation of Spelman's Lite of AU- trcd, publifticd by Walker. . ' • > . \- {c\ 66° north latitude. {^) Hiftoria de Geniibus Septentiionalibus. Romae r^Jj. folio. See alfo thcEngliftj Tranflation, in 1658., .?* INTRODUCTION. St Sigelmus, or Suitheim, a Pricft, was fent to their Relief. His Orders were to bring, on his Return, fuch valuable Articles as he could honourably procure. The Succefs of the Voyage exceeded his moft ia^iguinc Hopes. He delivered to Alfred an immenle Trcalure, coniifting of Precious Stoines, ricli Bales of Goods, Perfumes, and various Curiofities. Many of thefe were imn-ediately prefented to foreign Powers, and the Importer of them rewarded with the Bifhoprlc of Sberburfiy in the Ca- thedral <^ which he depolited fome fplendid Acquifitiona from India^ to ferve as future Tcftimonies of his Ex- pedition (^}. The next Grcumftances of our Naval Hiflory may be traced in the Preparation of a fonnidable Squadron^ cpnfifting of an hundred Sail, fitted out by Edwardy .t{ie Son and Succ^ffor of jfJfredy and Rationed near the coaft of Ktnt, .to intercept, and attack the Northern Pirates. In the Aftjon which followed, feveral of the SJiips belonging to the Enemy were driven on Shore* And here enliied a bloody Conteft for the Viftoryj; .e^ch Party difen>ba;:ked, and drawing up in Order of Battle, fought, fqr fome Time, with equal Advantage^ at length, tVf- forces ^f Edward^ jilthpugh much di- m^ifiied i)y a,dreadful Carnage, entirely defeated the Invaders, and left nwft.of their chief Captains dead up- ,o;i the Spot. jitheljtan, w4»o afccndcd ^e T^irqrie (f) at the deceafc qf his Fat;lier, Edward the I^4er, ;giaintained a power- ful Fleet, with a grand Diyiiion of which he laid vvafte tlie Coafts of Scotland, to revenge himfelf on Conjian- tiruy who rather than violate tlie Laws of Hofpitality, '.- 7" -V-,..' >■„.-- ^ 3 . ■ by (e) Gul. Malmelbur. de geftig pontlfic. A;igloruro. 1. 2. o ^4.7, 248. li INTRODUCTION. by perfiilioufly ddivering upGoafriJ^ his Gucft, advlfcJ him to cfcape. We arc informeil that Con/iantine^ re- duced to SubmifTion, paid Homngc to Atheljian for his Kingdom!'^). This Circumftancc is not improhablc ; but we may doubt the Authenticity of an Addition to the Narrative, which afcribes to the Saxon Prince an Obfervation, glowing with more true Heroilin than could becxpefled from One who turned his Arms againft a neighijouring State, merely becaufe the Head of it difdained to be a Traitor. It is recorded that Atheljian^ preflcd by iiis Attendants to purfue his Advantage over ConJIanthie^ and feize upon Scotland^ replied, " There ** is more Glory in he [lowing^ than in conquering King- ** doms{h).''^ I hope the Reader will pardon me for having made a fhort Digreflion, although it be foreign to the Purpofe, to remark that a Monarch either did utter, or Ihould have uttered fuch a Sentiment. • •; ■ To return to my Subject : We do not find any par- ticular Mention of the Englijh Navy, from the laft Pe- riod, until the obllinately conteflcd Engagement be- tween the /leet of Atheljian^ and the united Squadrons of the Scots and Danes (/). The King gained a com- plete Viftory, both by Sea and Land, five Princes, and fevcn Danijh Chiefs perifliing in the A£lion. Henceforward the Reign of Athelflan continued unmo- lefted, and he found himfelf at leifurc, amidft his At- tention to Public Affairs, to adminifter a ftrenuous Sup- port to the Intcrefts of Commerce : Of this we have an Example, difcovcring a Degree of Policy and Refine- ment Vv'hich Icarcely could have been expefted in fo dark an Age. He ena£led that a Merchant, making thrcQ * fe) ttoveden.'-p. 422. ' *^hti^ .VJ^lxnlM ,fcO x^) (h) W Malmefb. 1. 2. c. 6. — Anglla Sacra. V. 1. p. 212, (/} A.D.938. ^ _ .,, . . '-&■ ,'ii^- "f'r INTRODUCTION. ai dircc Voyages beyond the Brltijh Channel, or the Nar- row Seas, on his own Account, fliould be raifcd to the Dignity of a Thane, or Gentleman (*). It would with Difficulty be imagined, that the Cufloms of the cigh-- tccnth Century could fuffer by a Comparifon with the Manners of the tenth ; and yet the Subjefts of a Na- tion which prides itlelf in lx;ing more jx)lifhed than the reft of Europe^ are, in this Refpcft, lefs liberal than ^iheljlan, who difdained the ridiculous Idea, that Trade was a Blot upon Nobility. Edgaty who fucceeded (k) his Brother Edwy^ and who nianifcfted lb inconteftible a Claim to the Veneration of his Subjeds, and of Pofterity, was, through the Courfe of an illuftrious Reign, unwearied in his Zeal for the Advancement of his Marine, and the Prori:)erity of his Commerce. Of the Number of his Ships, the Englijh Hiftorians have given widely different Accounts. "Where fliall we fix, when Computations fo ill agree that we find tliem amounting to four Thoufand eight; Hundred (/) ; or to four Thoufand (m) j or to three Thoufand ; or to three Thoufand fix Hundred («)j or, only to three Hundred (a) ? A Writer (/>), whoip I mufl B •Mvv/' t^-r con- (*) Ej li Mercator tamen fir, qui ter trans alrum Mare per facilitates proprias abeat, Ille po^ea jure Thani fit dig-, Uus. JuJifin iA-yitntis Lundonia^ p. Tl.'—lVilkint Leees An- gio-baxonic^, (/) MatthseusFlorlleg. \ ^ ? * («?) Chron. Joan. Brompton. p. 8og; in) Roger Hoveden. p. 4z6. ., (e) W . Thorne. .., .• . (f) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. I.'p. 65. This Author hath paid too gr(;at a Deference to the learned Sel- 4en, who majies the Navy of Edgar amount to the fame !^uinbcr * . A noble Writer f, who ^ if H INTRODUCTION. coni'ider as my moil: unerring Guide, in the Courfc of rills Woi-k, allopts an Idea that the Fleet of Edgar confjfted of three Thoufand lix Hundred Ships : but, with Submiffioh to his Judgment, we have Reafon to iinagine, according to the Opinion of a celebrated Hif- torian (q), that, as the Saxdn 'Chronicle obferves that the Fleet of £ the/red vvzs the greateft which had ever been fecn in England, and, as it muft have been fliort of a thoufanci Ships j fo the Number menfioned by Willi am Thome comes the neareft to a faithful Lift of the Ships belonging to Edgar, Be this as it may, the King ranged his Fleet into three equal Divifions, one of which was ftationed off the Eaft, a fecond off the Weft, and a third off the North Coaft of the Jfland. With this powerful Armament, a Terror to his Ene- mies, he annually made the Circuit of his Dominions. In the eaftern Divifion, he fteered weftward, cruizing on the Channel, and putting in at the different Creeks, and Bays, from the Mouth of the Thdma, to the I/raid's End in Cornwall. In the Weftern Divifion, he failed for the fume Purpofes, 'to the Northward, on the Coafts of Englanil, 'Scotland, Ireland, and the Hebrides ; then coming up with the Northern Divifion, he pro- •= •• ■ ^ • i '■ ■ • ••• • • • • ^ ceeded • ^/rnvf.'*- ■ ■ • ■ ■ • .,.,.... ■ " - , , _ \ipon tvtY)* Subject \yhich he inve(liga*e9» obferves, that iV theft Ships' had been built' upon the fame Model as thofe of Alfied, the Number of Rowers aboard of them, allow- ing but' one to each Oar, would have exceeded two hundred thoufarid, befidas the Mariners that Were neceflarj- 16 manage the Siiils, 'and the Soldiers" for Battle. But fuppofmg that ihree in four of them were df ^a hidch fmaller $'i/c, and carried no more than four and twenty men each, which wa? ttife loweft Gomplemeftt of iany that ive read of in tliofe Days, the Number is ftill' greater than England, riot united either Wi'th'Scotlahd. or Wfiles, ^ould pcfllbly furnilh, to be kept, as it is faid th^fe wefre, in cdnflant Employment.* *■ (j; Hume's Hiftory of England. Vol. I. Note C. . •• ' I m INTRODUCTION. ^S eceded In it to Uie Mouth of the Thames (r). Thus wifc- Jy did he train the Sejynen to a perpetual Practice of rtieir fevqral Duties, and \o effcjftuaUy eftablifti his Na- val Superiority on tlie furrounding Ocean, that his Ejne- mies, although they baheld its rapid Progrefs with a jealous Eye, were too difpirived to attack him. As for tiie Pirates, who, until the reign of Edgar ^ had proved tlie Pefts of almoft every Sea, they were lb violently intimidatetl, that not a iingle one had the Relblution, during a Period of fixte^n Years, to approach the Kland. The Danes, alfo, who were then in England^ reprefled their natural Inclination to civil Tumults; nor hazarded an Infurre^ion, the Confequ'jnces of which, fo firmly rooted was the Power of E,igar, would probably have ciofed with their total Extirpation {s). The Naval Superiority of this Monarch was too -boundlefs and exalted, to leave Uie tributary States the Power of refullng it the moft unconditional SubmifTion. So implicitly was it acknowledged tliat, if we can give Credit to our Hiftorians {t\ Kenneth, King of Scotland^ Malcolm, King of Cumberland, Maccufius, King of Man^ and five petty Sovereigns of Britain, confented to row Edgar iii his Barge, along the River Dee, from Chef- ier, to the Abbey of Saint John the Baptift, where t^ey folemnly bound themfelvcs to remain his ^^'aiTnls, and to engage, whenfocver it might be neqeflary, in ^i (r) H. Huntingdon. Hift. 1 5 — -HoveJcn. Annal p. 426, 127. — AKired. Beverlac. Annal. 1 8. (j) It will fcarcely leflen our Idea of that 'ilmoft perix"- tual domeftlc Tranc^uility ertjoyed by Ed^ar, when we ob- fcrve that, during his Abfence in the North, the Britons ravaged the Weft On his Return, they were totally fub- dued — V. Ranulph. Higden. in Polychron. I. 6. " •(/) W;M^lme(b: I. 2. c. 8.-- Hoveden. p. 4c6.- H. Hunt- ing. 1. t n. irfi- • '* *-^- #'•'*:'■ ' ■ '> i*^*" : p. 356. 26 INTRODUCTION. the Defence of all his Rights, by Land, as \ 'cll as or^s the Ocean. To th? Supremacy fo amply conceded tq him by tha neighbouring Powers, he, on every Occa-- lion, renewed his Claim, introducing his Edifts with an Alfertion that he was Lord of the furrounding Seas («). From the Death (x) of Edgar, the Declenlion of the Navy was fo rapid, that, in a fhort Procefs of Time, no P'orce could be coUefted to oppofe a Squadron of on- }y feven Dan'tjh Ships, which appeared {y) in View of Southampton, and landing the Troops, at no great Dif- tance fiom it, lay waiting their Return from the Com- miffion of the moft mercilefs Depredations. In fix Years afterwards, they arrived again, and, unmolefted, gave a Loofe to the fame Excefles. Allured by the Facility with which their Countrymen ranfacked the Weftern. Coafls of England, the Danes meditated a tliird Jnvafion, and coUefting a powerful Fleet, failed toward* the Borders of EJfex, on which they made an uninter- rupted Defcent, carrying Fire and Sword throughout all the adjacent Provinces (z). They were bribed to quit, the Illand by tlie imprudent Payment of an ignomini- ous Tribute (a), the natural Cpniequence of which was a ^jurth Danijh Invafion, in the following Year, when the eaftern Coaft became ^ Scene of Slaughter, and Devaftation ; as if thefe fierce AlTailants imagined tliat the Price of their Departure would rife in Prpportion • ■■- : ■ : "■■' .:''.:^W. to («] He ftiles himfelf, in the Preamble of an A''{,;' INTRODUCTION.! #: to the Barbarity of their Conciuft {b). I dwell upon thefo . C ircumftances as, at length, rouiing Etbelrcd, and his ' Council, from their hitherto difgracef ul Inattention, they » occalioned ihe Equipment of a Fleet lufficiently power- ; ful to bear away the Victory from the Danei [e). H<*re, then, [we trace another fonnidable Marine EftaVlifh- ment. The Plan of Aflion was great, and calculated to wipe out the Shame with which the Nation had been too juftly branded. It imported nothing lefs than the total Deftru£\ion of the Danijh Ships within their own Harbours. But what the Enemy could fcarcely have prevented, was fruftratcd by the Conduft of a Traitor. /Ilfric Duke of Mercia, (whofe Name ihould ever be pronounced with Execration,) for Reafons all equally unjuftifiable, but needlefs to be enumerated here, deferted to the Danes, with die whole Squadron under his Comrhand, the Night before the intended Aftion, and thus expofcd his Country, a defencelefs Prey, to thefc ferocious Robbers of the North {d), ' Of the next Fleets which Ethelred fitred out we find but a reproachful Mention j it is remarkable that they cither came too late to attack their Adverfaries, or were fliamefuUy defeated. When the national Cala- mities {e) called nloud for tlie Eftablifhment of a Naval F^'orce, a Law was pafTed, to oblige each Proprietor of three hundred and ten Hydes of Land to furnifh a Gal-' ley of three Rows of Oars, compleatly provided, for the Defence of the Coafts. In Conlequence of this ■-■'.: * Mea- (h) In this th^y were not miftaken: the Compofition arofe at laft to forty -eight thoufan4 Pounds ; in that Age, a moil enormous Sum '• ^^jf^ *. - • ,--, (c\ Lhron Sax. p. 126. [d) Chron. Sax. p. ii7.^QuL Malmlb. p. 62.— Higden. j>. 270. ^ "' '"!"'■ {e) A. D. iQoS, Chron. Sax. 2t INTRODUCTION: .;i I Mcafure, the Number of Galleys amounted to fevea hwndred and eighty five (/) j yet fuch was the Violencp of Parties, and fo bitter were the Anunofities wjth which the different Members of Adminiilration ftru^led t^ circumvent each olher, that the Care of the Public Good was funk in the Contention, and the Naval Ar^ maments became almoftas ufelefe as if they never had been eftabliflied. Nor was the Perfidy of Jlfric with- out a Parallel : fVolfnothy Governor of Sujfexy deferted to the Danes, with a Squadron of twenty Sail. This was but the Pr' lude to Misfortune. A Fleet of eighty Ships, commanded by Edric, whofe Inftruftions w^re to take • Wolfnvth, was not only irreparably damaged in a Storm, but ftranded on the Coaft, where it was fuddenly attack- ed by the very Enemy in P.urfuit.of whom it was fent out, and totally deftroyed. From this /Era, until the Reign of Canute, the EfigH^ .Ships continued to rot un- noticed in the Harl^ours. Before we enter upon t^e Danijh Qonqueft under Ca- fttite, it m^ \?e prqper ^p J;^ke ibpie farther Notice of the Navy of the Angb-Saxtm. Their immediate An- ceftors, a feroqous Qa^g o^ Pirates, fubfifted chiefly hy their Depredati(;)iis on the Norther^ Coafts. Their Veffek jire reported to have been built (as tliofe of the J5r/Vonj were,) with light Frame* of Wood, over which .w;as il^^et?ch^ a Covering of SkiiiiS (^ \Vith fo in- iigni^ - (f) The Hydes In EngUnJ were in Number .two hundred anu forty three Thoufand and fix Hundred. Every clghjt Hydes were to find a €oat of Mail, and a Helmet. This Armour was worn by the Soldiers who were ^employed aboard the Fleet, as Marines. (g) '* Quin et Artmorieus piratam Smxofra traidonius Apollinarj|, - .'S to {bvto. /iolencp th which 5gled tp ! Public ival Arr sver had •ic with- ferted to his was y Ships, ; to take ' , Storm, attack- «ras fent intil the rot un- idcr Ca- otice of ite An- chiefly Their of the r which ^n hundred y eight This i aboard * # I i \ «f) t» 'it. I* ll^tRODUCTIOfT. n ilghlficant a Maritime Equipment, we are at a Lof? to" iiccount fo. ^he Succefs attending tJieir Invalions. But sis we have nd Traditibn of theif havirtg built any large Ship* of War, in that Age, the Reader muft be left* to' Kis own Conj«ftures*. Thfe Authority 6i terfttgan {h)y who affirms that nine thoufand Saxons came to England isti three long VeflMs, called Keelis^ W too- ridiculous to' merit our attention. Of the Naval Architef^re df thtf Jngh-Saxms iif its more improved State, fome Judgment may be forrti- ed frofti the Dcfcription of a Ship conftru^ed (at a lefsr early Period,) with Planks of Wood, and fumifhed with a'vrhole De#^, Matthew of Wejlminjler applies the Name Navuulum, In two Years after the Cr^Wrt had been feized by Ca- nute {k)^ he paid off the greater Part of his Fleet, exa£l- ing, for that Pprpofe, an enorrtious Sublldy, or Dam- geld^ amounting to eighty three thoufand Pounds, of which eleven thouland Poulkis Wefe delivered in by the City of London. P'orty Ships only were retained to guard the Coafts, and the reft, failed back, to Denmark, it appears tliat this Navy was loon augmented, at the Expence of his £'«^y(/7j Tlianes,. from the Account of his Expedition [I) to Norway, on the Qoalls of which he difefhbarked a powerful ^rmy from fifty "five of his Veflels, and returned victorious to England, in' the fol- lowing Year. Not long afterwards, he fitted out a Squadron againft Malcolniy King of Scotland^ who, re- duced to Subrniflion, ackno,v\ledged himfelf liis Vafl'al, and bound his Heirs to the f^me Fealty (»i). A learned Antiquarian [n) hath colleft^d indifputable Teftimonies, to prove that he maintained his Dominion on the Ocean, with a Degree of Firmnefs, and Perfeverance, at no Mra. exceeded, and but feldom equalled by his Predeceffors (o). ■ Wc -n {k) A. D. 1019. Chron. Sax. . (/) A. D. 1027. Chron. Sax \m) Alur. Beverl. 1. 8— Gul. Malmefb de gell. reg. Angl. 1. 2. c. 2 — Higden, — Chron. Sax p. 150, 154.. («^ Selden. MareClaufum. I. 2. c. \z. • (0) It may not be inapplicable to the prefent Subje nv . the :i^^ . ■■■ ': .-' : ■ ■ .V r>^'^r^fr^' (d) A. D. io;2. , » • {e) Simeon Duiielm. p. 186. (f) Chron. Sax. p. ib6. — The DanegelJ^ which v^as not levied, in this Reign, to be paid to the Danes, but to fup- port a R.efiftance to their Invafions, was, until the ninth Year from the Acceffion of Edivard, fet apart as a Naval Fund. A great Famine, raging in the Year one thoufand and firty one, occafioned a Remittance of the Tax,— Domefday Book — and Herming. Chartul. Vol. i . . (g) Chron. Sax. p. i66» A ', ' - ,r 34 INTRODUCTION. £■! the remoter Periods, they were confined ro Bark«5 carry- ing Banks for twelve Oars ; At lengih, in-pro, Ing in thef maritime Arts, they conftru£led Vefl'elsof greater Force and iiurlhcn (' ), aixl we read that, in the eleventh Cen- tury, they had I'evcral capable of holding an hundred anv. twenty Men. The Royal Ships were of an extra- ordinary fize ; and the greateft of all thelc, was Jiat fitted out for Harold Horfagre^ and named the Dra- gon {i)* The Long Serpent built at the Command of King Olave Trygguefon, (and fo called from having the , Figure of that Creature carved and richly gilded, on its Poop,) was furniihed with thirty Banks of Oars, and on its Prow were Ornaments of Gold. The Ships of Ca^ nute were equally magnificent ; their Sides were decorated with gilding, and with Silver ; on the Top of the Maft was the Figure of a Bird, that turning on a Spindle with the Wind, indicated the Point from whence it blew. At tlieir Sterns, were eitlier Human Figures, or Lions, or" Dragons, or Bulls ; and thefe were caft in a Metal which «vas partly gilded, and partly covered with Silver [k). The Naval Hiftory of England can fcarcely be faid t* contain one interefting Event from tliis Period, to the Acccflion of Harold (/). Left I fhould fatigue the Rea- der by too tedious an Introduftion, it may be proper X% ^vave the Mention of all lefs material Fafts, and to en- ter upon a Subjeft which mc « direftly leads to the O- pening of this Work. WiiUam, Duke of Normandy^ having prepared a formidable Armament, bent his Courfe towards England^ with w Delign to feize upon the Crown, The Royal Fleet mull, at this iEra, have been confi- f V- .•' { , fidera- ""[,-■' V*) Northern Ant. ; - (i) Torfa^us Hill, of Norway. v;; • \k) Encom. Emma. p. 166.— Strutt's Sea Affairs of the ;.'-;,, O.D^nes. V.I. p. 85. » {J) 1066, January, . - I INTRODUCTION, 2i iderable, fincc, not long before, a Viftory had been gained by 'it over the King of Norway y who failed u[) tiic Humbery with three hundred Ships, all of which were taken, and (excepting Twenty, returned by Ca- pitulation,) applied to the Increafc of the Marine (m^. The Norman Prince had coUcdlCd togetlier three thouiand VclTels of different Sizes; and this Number, great as it was, but jufl ferved to tranfport his Army, amount- ing to fifty thoufand Horfc, and ten thoufand Foot («). The Ship which carried JVilliam had been conftrufVed at the Expence of his Confort Matilda, Its Prow was or- namented with a carved, and gilded Figure of a Boy, who pointed at England with hig Klght Hand, and with !iis Left, applied to his Mouth an t\'ory Horn (•). T'-e t\hole Fleet (p), with tlie Troops oil board, aiTembled, C 2 in y {m) trul. Malmefb. de gefl. rcg. Ahgl. I. 2: p. 94. — Chroni' Sax. p. 172. — Ingulph. hift. p. 900, — Hovedcn. p. 448. [H) Piftav. geft. Gul. D. p. 197, 199.— Orderic Vit. 1. ^. p. joc—Geniiticen. 1. 7. c. 34. — Gul. Mulmelb. 1. 3. dc Gul. I. f. 56. (c&L. 50. (0) Taylor's Gavelkind, at the Erid,— probably In the' A6t of blowing the Nort/tan Call to Battle. Thus Harec, ort' being informed that his Son was llain by Grymer King of Siueden^ exclaimed : ** Let the Bugle Horn found to Arms," Bic. North. Antiq. V. 2. p; 257. (p) The following is an Account of the Fleet which cam<{" over with f'^illicht^ from an ancient Manufcript, ('a the Bn- tijb MufeufH^) judicioully corret*i^ed by the lat'j excellenc Lord Li 1 1 let on. —^^ Wiliclmus Dux Notraa'-.norum vcniert in Angliitjn, ob adqulrendum rcj'^oum jure fibi debitum, habait a Willelmo dapifero, filio Ciberni, fexaglnta Na- ves. Ab Hugone poltea Corute de Ceftria totidem, Ab Hugone de Monfort quinquaginta Naves, ct fexa- - ginta Milites. A Romo, vel Rumi elemolinario Fefcan- ni, pollea Epifcopo Lincolnlenli, unarn Navem cum XX Militibus. A Nicholao Abbatc de Sanc% Audocno XX " ** Naves cum C Miiitibus. A Rubeno Comite Augi fex-* " aginta Naves. A Fulcone claudo XL Naves, A Gc* •' roid* « if. 4( K ' INTRODUCTION. 36 in the BcGrinning; of the Summer, at the Mouth of tke Kiver Dive, where they were detained by unf^ivourablc Wmds. Thele at lali ihifting, they lailed along the Coalt, until they arrived at Saint f^alori^ near the Somme, on the Eve of tl»e Feafl of Samt A'luhaei, the tutelar Saint of Normandy y and on the next Day, lauded, with- out Rtliftance, at Peverfey, in Sujfi'x [q). •'•' v'=7 We have been amuled by Hiftorians with extraordi- nary Inftances of that Prefence of Mind which enabled IP'illiam to convert the fuperftitious fears of Soldiers, in all other Refpefts valiant to an Extreme, into the firmeft Confidence. When, leaping from his VciTel, he fell upon the Shore, improving the Omen, he exclaimed, *Thui doih the Duke of Normandy take pojfejpon of Eng- land (r) : When the Attendant who was arming him, ... V . • .. had ** roldodapifero totldem. A Will: Comite d'Evercux o.** — '1 he noble Lord rupi)ofes, that by the Wordo " P^o pua *' f(,£i!o Dux ioncj/it (tiitm MatUdi iomttntum Cantup^" tlic WriuT moans that he aligned her Lands in Kint for her 3)f)vver; the Country being given by him to his Brother, 04lv^ BinHt[j ot Bayfux, {(f) September 2B, io'^>6, {r) Altliou^h the fairhful fl'i/i'iam of Mct^njt/hury records tlijs Orcunii It. 44 i tuto itaiKC, yet we are not bound implicitly to believe n /ijncay^ tiic Obiervation ot Citfaif when [»( llum-* I ^4 ill b INTRODUCTION. 37 ^,ad turned the Breaft plate upfide down, he drew a iurky Prelage from the Miftake at which he faw fome Officers in his Train concerned, andfmilinglyobferved: Bv this I know thai the Strength of my Dukedom will be converted into the Strength of a Kingdom (j). The laft Anecdote appears i^ore authenticated than the former j but I prefent the Reader with lx)th, as, if true, they are diftinguilhing Strokes in the Charaftcr of a Prince who makes fo confiderable a Figure in the Naval Hillo- ry of England. The Normans, reipoving their Troops and Veffels, took up tlieir quarters at Ha/lings, Thither //^/re/idifpatch- ed a MelTenger to IVilUam, witli an Offer of a coniider- able Sum, provided that he immediately fubi'Qitted to depart the Kingdpm. The Terms were fcornfuHy re- je£led, the Duke anfwering, that he fliould leave his Opponent no Alternative, but p meet him in the Field, or agree to one of the following Propofals : a Reference to the Arbitration of the Pope ; an Enjoyment of liis Crown on the Condition of doing Homage for it j or a Determination of their Caufe in iinglp Combrft. Harold replied (/), that as the Pope was his bitter Enemy, he ihould not be an Umpire ; thatuthe Crown of England was independent, and ought always to continue fuch ; that a Challenge muft be reftifed, as he was already in Pofleffion of tlie Diadem, ^nd IVilliam had none to ftal^e againft it ; and that of the reft, the God of Armies ajqne muft be the Judge. Nothing now remained but to prepare for Aftioii :,Yet ^ C 3 "the |[lumb1cd, and fell at his landing, fcems to have given rife to ^he Story of the Duke of Normandy. WiUiam of Foi^ou^ a fontemporary Writer, makc$ no mention of it. (s) Piaav. de Geft. Gul. Ducia.-Orderic. Vit. .Qui. Briulmeib. * '(/) ^an. Higden.'— Qui. Malmelb. 38 INTRODUCTION. I ]■■ ^1 \n\ if the Engl'tjh were fo remlfs, that they pafled the Night irt Revelling^jwhilft the Normans employed it in Prayet, and the various Solemnities of their Religion («). The politic Duke, again working on the Superftition of his Followers, informed them that in his Dream, a Voicd cried out, [William ! thou ha/i conquered ; thou, and ih>/ Dejundanis Jhall reign in England. A Monk alfo, who is recorded to have praftifed the Art of flying, afFe£led to be inlpired, and prophefied that the Normans fhould gain die Vi£lory(x'). By fuch pious Frauds was the natural Intrepidity of the Troops augmented to a De- ' gree of Phrenfy, and they refolved to overcome the linemy, or perifh in the Conteft. ' At Seven in the Morning (y), the Signal was given by William for his Forces to begin the Battle, when they advanced, and with violently loud Shouts (z), madfe ^ defperate Attack upon the Englijb. Harold dikovcrtd great Skill in the Difpofition of his Troops, placing the Kentijkmen in the Van, and the"" Londoners in the Center, where, with Grifhus and Leofric^ his two Bro- thers, he fought in Perfon. In Obedience to his Or- ders, the Horfemen had difmounted, and thus all his Soldiers formed a deep Phalanx of heavy-armed Infan- try. Being advantageoufly pdfted on a Hill, they fu-- rioufly availed the Normans, as they afcended it, dif- charging on their Heads Showers of. Darts, and pon- derous Stones, from lofty Scaffolds made of Wood.' Perceiving this, the Duke brought up his Cavalry, and advancing wit' thefe, and his Foot in the Wings, reached the Summit of the Hill, where the Englijb in- ilantly engaged his Army, Hand to Hand. After a dd^ . peraW (a) Gul. Malmeflj. p. toi. — Be Ged. Angl. p. 33?, (jf) Gul, Malmelb.— Ran. Higdcn. — Order. Vitalis, ( y) Saturday, 0«f>ober 14,* 1066. -^ - • .., . <., « («) iVtav. geli. Gul. Due. p. 20?, ^ , „«4i .,. Night 111 V^j*j and' Tiie [n of his la Voice and th-f fo, who afFefted' J fliould was the 3 a De- >me the s given , when' ), made ■overed placing' in the 3 Bro- all hi?; ' fnfan-' 7 fu-'- , dif- pon- ''ood.' . and ings/ ■ 5 in- dcA -rat^ I it? INTRODUCTION. j^ peratc Combat, the Normam fled j but IVtlliam Im- mediately hailening to their Relief, fo animated them by his Conduft, that they recovered their Ranks. The Battle being again renewed, the Englijh were forced to " retire, with great Lofs. Yet Harold drawing together tlie Flower of his Troops, made a vigorous Refiftance, ' and the Nomuim would probably have been totally de- feated, had not JVilliam^ by a fucccfsful Stratagem, fe- duced the EngUJh from a Ground on which they fought " with fo manifell a Supcjiority. He commanded his Sol- diers to feign a Flight : Their Enemies fuppofed it to be real, and purfued tliem to tlie Plain, where the Normans faced about, and drove the Enghjh back to tlie Hill, The Lofe on the Side of Harold was very great ; njid yet the little Remainder of his Men, animated by his Frefence, and Intrepidity, prefervcd their Ranks unbro- jken, and continued the Engagement. In the Courfe of it, Harold, and William were equally expofed to Dan- ger. The Firft fought on Foot the whole Day, killing feveral of the Normans with his own Hand. The Se- cond had diree Horfes (lain under him. Aldiough the Englijh were fo fiercely aflaulted by the heavy-armed infantry, and i'o perpetually galled by the Arrows of the Normans, they ftill remained immoveable in their Polls. Thus undecided was the Victory, until the Clofe of tlie Evening, when Harold, receiving a Shot from an Archer, fell bravely fighting at the Head of his Troops. With him, periflicd his two Brothers,, and a- bove iixty thoufand private Men. Thus ended tlijp Battle of Hayings, which, ho^yfocver nightly conne£led»it may be with the preceding Naval Ei.pedition, is too mem(7rablc to juflify my Silence. The Decillon of the Fate of a powerful Kingdom, by a Monarch with a Part of whofc Reign this Work will 0PCQf is intitied to our Attention j and where the ma- *M si I 4 4<5 INTRODUCTION!. i li hi! ritime, and the military Charafter unite in tbc farnc, Jndi/iduul, it might be wrong entirely to divide thtm. I fhall often be obliged to follow the gallant Seaman to his Viftories upon the Land. We are informed by a contemporary Writer (• . I fhall conclude this Introduflion with fome fliort Remarks on the Infancy of our Commerce. Or" fucli little Value were the' few Pofleffions of the earlier Bri- tons, that the Greek, Phenician^ and Roman Merchants, who landed on the Ifland with a Deligri to Trade, faw no Articles of Exchange, but Tin and Lead, for their Cargoes of ivory. Earthen-ware, ' Brafs, and Iron (r). At this iEra, our Anceftors,' neither enjoying, nor co- veting the Refinements of Exiftence, were contented with the Fruits of their Labour^ Thus, generally bu-^^- iied in Hunting, Tillage, Agriculture, and the Feeding of their Cattle {d), except when they prepared for War, in Confequence of their inteftine Factions (^j, and the Invalion of the Romans, did tliey remain but iTight- ly engaged in Commerce, until tliey fell under tlie (Jo- • ;■- . ' ' verh- {a) PIftavcii. geft. Gul. Ducis, apud Duchefne. p. 2ou (b) Lord Littleton's Revolutions of England. \c) Strabo. (d) Solinus. — Diodorus Siculus. (/) Tacit. Agric. v -' ..,,>.,•' , ^ j>'V< ■.■*-■ f INTRODUCTION. 4^ vjrrnmerit of JuUmJgrkola. By this ilhiflrlows Ge- neral, whole Abilities were equally adapted to War, or I^eacc, they were taught to raife a N umber of Com- modities, die Overplus of which tliey bartered for the ]Merchandi/e of foreign Countries. Yet their Trade feems to have daliiied from the Moment that they loft the Affiftance of the Romans, and, at length, re- ceived an irrecoverable Stroke from tlie Conqueft of BrUairiy \iv the Saxons, who (t^ ufc the Words of a g^eat Writer (/j, " thrtw every thing back into amimt « Barbarity:* " f^onithis Peric 1, until the Reign ofJl/redxhe Great, we do not meet widi |^any audientic Accounts of the Progrefs of Commerce, and q|iuft therefore, with the Exception of fom^ Inftances, reafon entirely on Con- )efture. The Leagues of Amity which were ratified by the Saxon Princes, and die Sovereigns on the Con- tinent, are powerful Arguments in its Favour. It is not natural to fuppofe i\\?i% Charlemagne would have entered into an Alliance with Offa ; that the Emperor Charles the Bald would have given his Daughter in Marriage to Ethclwolf'y tliat Emma al Normandy would have been fuf- fered by the Duke her I^'at^ier to efpouie Ethelred ; and that the Females of our ancient Royal F'amilies would have become the Conlbrts of illuftrious Monarchs, if th'e Report of their Dignity, and Worth had not reach- ed the diftant Kingdoms, through die Means of an ex- tenfive Commerce. Thj Elegance of the Public and Private Buildings of the 5^x0/;^, (an Elegance which, under cue Allowances for the Age in which they were conftrufted, we cannot call in queilion,) as being ge- nerally the EfFe^s of Qommcrcc, fecms a convincing ^ Proof of its Exiftence. We may infer froi.i onr early Ciaim to die Sovereignty of die Sea diat our Merchant- (f) Hume on the Heptarchy, ^'^1 I 1 4» INTRODUCTION. men wweconvmually failing on it to the difFerent tra, ,,^i.;,™\^,.,; • {«) A. D. 688. ,>^. ^,.^ ,„A [0] A Weight of nearly fourteen Grains. 44 INTRODUCTION. hundr^, and fixty five Pounds of Gold, and two thour fand, eight hundred, and eighty leyen Poinds, and ai\ half of Silver. « The Saxons y (like Ibme Barbarians of the prefent Age) dealt in Slaves. During the Reign of Edward the Con-« feiToi, Gtthy the V^ if c of Godwin , EarlofAVw/, accu- mulated an immenfe Fortune by her Concerns in this Traffic. Great Gains were alfo dravyn fron[i it by the Merchants of Brj/iol, who, about the Middle of the eleventh Century, yielding to the benevolent Counfels, of Wulfftany Bilhop of IVorceJiery ceafed to purfue a, Cuftom fo difgraceful to Humanity (/►). I'hc Ex- portation of Horfes appears to have been another Branch * of the Saxon Commerce, and carried,^ during the Reign of Atheljiany to fo pernicious an Extreme, that a Law was enafted by this Prince, and his Council, wtiich forbad any Subjeft to fend Horfes beyo.nd the Seas, ex- cept for Prefents (^). The Arts of Weaving, prepar- - ing Furs, and dying Linen of different Colours, were pra£lifed by the Saxons, It is probable that they ex- ported Silk, and Cloth of their owfn Manufa^ure. Mr. Campbelly after having jufUy obferved (r) that the Cloth- Trade was eftablillied in this Kingdom, at a very early Period, add§ that no Recifrd if extant tojhew when it wdt introduced. Taking the Words according to their li- teral Meaning, he may be right ; but, although there Ihould not appear any Record of the exa^ Time of its Introduftion, we may conclude that this Branch was carried on within, the Ifland, in the feventh Century, as the An^h'Saxon. La^jirs (j)^ valued thc^Price of Wool at (/) Holingfted, (^) Leges JS^ihtX'X, (r) Lives of the Admiral*, V. L p^242. (s) Lrg, Sax. — Strutt's Manners, and Cuftoms of ^e Anglo-Saxons, V. it p. 74. INTRODUCTIOK* 45 at two fifths of the Price of the whole Sheep* At this JPcriod, the Saxons (/) flieered their Flocks ih the pro- per Sealbn, and dreifed the Wool, which was afterwards Ipun, and tl»cn woven into Garments. i){ Alfred^ we have already treated ; yet it is but Juftice to add that, as of every thing which flamped a Value on Humanity, fo he was the great Encouvager of Trade. In his Kingdom, the induftrious Foreigner found a generous Welcome. Inventors, Artifts, Me- chanics, were all courted to repair to it, and none de- parted unrewarded («). His Navigators were fent to the remoteft Countries ; and his Ships returned froi« the Mediterranean^ and the Indies, not Only laden with the Treafures of Commerce, but with the Elegancies of Life (x). tvery Subjeft felt the Bleflings of Jnduftry, and reverenced tJie Prince who taught him to obtain them. (/) Laws of Ina — Strutt's Hulbandry of the Ai»glo»Saxpnsj V. I. p. 4 3* (to) Afler. p. 20. \x^ Gui Mahnefb. I. 2. c. 4. ME- ..^if u H o . :'.,* fi «' f » i w * '.,* '&■ ■ f'h m— MEMOIRS O F Illustrious Seamen, &c. The FIRST PERIOD. I From the Conquest, to the Accession OF Kenry the Fourth. IT does not appear that when JVilliam took pofTefKon of the Crown, his Naval Armaments were incon- iiderable. We are informed by feveral Hiftorians that, having landed on thcCoaft of Englandy he im- mediately gave Orders for the burning of his Fleet, that his Troops, deprived of the Power of retiring, tnight be the more feniible how neceffary it was that they fliould conquer. If I millake not, tiiis Anecdote, (like the other, which was probably copied from the Commentaries of Cajar,) feems grafted upon a limilar Paffage, in an Autlior who wrote at a much earlier Epoch than that of which w are now treating {a). The circumftance is incoiififtentwith the natural Policy of {a) See the Introduflion, (page 14) where Ctf»/? ^ui porierent >viie$ et tres. A tantcs Nfs pout Ion favoir : Qi»e mult i pout grant Gent avoir. V. Cotton. Libr. Royal. 4. c. 11. f. 17. d. MSS. (f) ** Claflem *iJ tna mitlium Navium feftinanter, et be- ne conftrui juffit, et in Pontivo apud Sandum Valericum *' in Anchoris congrue dare fecit; Jngentem quoque Exerci- ** turn ex Normannis, et Frandrenlibus, ac Francis, ei Bri- •' tonibus aggregavit, atque preparatam ClafTem tain valen- *^ tibus £qui8, quam robufbflimis Hoininibus cum Loricis, et ** Galeis replevit." Genietic. Ann. Monac. I. 41. c. 34. t » << i ' 5^ /> MEMOIRS OP the Annaments of the Greeis againft the Trojans (gj. Some of thefe muft have been fmall Veffeh, or Trani^ ports ; anH as We have no fatisfaftory Evidence to the Contrary, it is impoflible to alcertain the Number er of Ships {rn) which were fo fuccefsfully employed in preventing Earl Mondr, and his Party in the IJIe of Ely, from receiving any Succours, that thelc Revolters jodged it fafeft to furrender at Difcretioh : a fatal Ignorance of the mercilefs Difpolition of ff^illiem ' wiio ordered the Hands to be cut off, and the Eyes to be put out of many of the Prifoners ; and thus, were they fcattcred over the Kingdom, as horrible Examples of his Vengeance. . ; ; , .. ...^ jW - D 2 In li) R. Hovedon., p. 450. ' "''' > (/) 1070. («) By his orders, the Ifle of Ely was, at the fame Time', furrounded with flat-bottomed Boats, and u firm Caufcway ©t two Miles in Length, made through the Majlhcir. This facilitated the Entrance of his Troops, j W ■4-t tfgi M E M O I R S q F In the Seventh Year of his Reign, amidft his Mili- tary Preparations, He fitted out a Naval Armament againft Makohriy the Sovereign of Scotland, and attack- ing him by Land, and Sea, at the fame Time, com- peUed him to accept of Peace on any Terms («). Tlie Fleets of lyUliam now became a Terror to Invaders, and the Danes vvitli two hundred Ships, under the com- mand of Canuius, the Son of Swain, precipitately changed their Courfe, after they had even entered tlvc. Mouth of the ThameSy and without, committing any Holtilities, retired to Flanders (o). From this Period, the King renewed his -^tcntion to the Concerns of the Navy, which was fo formidable in the twentieth Year of his Reign, that it may be doubted vs hed:er Canutus with his fixteen hundred Sail (p) of Ships could have Succeeded in an Attempt to conquer England 'y but He was prevented from making it, by the civil Difturbances which arofe in Denmark, and deprived him of his Crown, and Life. The Danger of an Jnvafion being removed, IVtlitam failed in his Fleet to the JJJe oj Wight y *r'7j- and, i -H • ~ ■ (») Chron. Sax. A. D. 1072. — Alured. Beveri. Anna). 1. 9. ( . \. '■. Sq (r) Introdnftion, p. 42. lipea 12, 13. . (j) Lord ■ Littleton' J Second Book of the Hiftory of the Vifc of King Henry the Second. : . ^\ .■'• :'■■ •- ; (/) Dugdales Monafdcott, and Baronage. -> < t ■ ILLUSTRIOUS Seamen, &c. 5^ So flight an Attention was paid to the Cojiccms of the Navy, by H^iHiafA the Second, that few Occur- rences of his Reign need be related here. The chief Increafe of his Marine was owing to the Liberty which Hf granted to his Subjcfts of fitting out Ships of War, t9 rid the Sea of the Veffels belonging to his Brother Rohriy which were (iHed with Troops, defigned ta fupport the Pretenfions of that Prince to the Crown (a). Thefe were intercepted by the Engli/h who, gaining the Victory, killed and drowned a great Number {w) of their Enemies. In the fourth Year of his Reign, tVilliam invaded Normandy by Sea, and Land, and ajfter committing fonie Depredations, was perfuaded to con- clude a Treaty of Peace with his Brother, and then returned {x). His next Armaments were prepared ia order to attack Malcolm, King of Scotland, who, avail- ing himfecf of the Abfence of IPtlliamy in NnrmLidy^ had invaded the Kingdom. In this Expedition (;•), Uc was unfortunate ; His Ejects were fhattercd by Tem- pefts, and moft of his Troops, and Horfes perifhed with Cold, and Hunger. DxxkQ Robert, theComn>and- er in Chief, yielding to the Intreaties of Edgar jftbrl-' ing, and perhaps more prompted to liften to Terms of Reconciliation by the Confciouiheis of his own Weak- nefs, figned Articles of Peacp with Malcolm, who was ^4 ^^,.' bound («) Hoveden, p 461. — Broni]?ton. Chron. Int X Script. (w) *' Anglid rero piratas qui curam maris' a Ri^je fu- ** fceperant, innutnerabiles ex illi» occidterunt, et fubmer- ** ferunt." — Brompton. ** Sed WiHiebnui junior jam mare raimicrat fuis Piratis, qui ** venicntes in Angliam tot occiderunt» et in Mare me ic-. ^* runt, ut nullus lit Hominum, qui fciat nun\erum pereun- ** tium". — Hoveden. - ' - (jf| A. D. 1090. (y) A. D. 1091. Chron. Sax. p. 197. Alured. Bcvcrl. L II. \ ■prf' MEMOIRS OF lik! bound by them to do Homage for his Crown, to Eng" land. The next Naval Kxpcdiiion of IViLiam was to Normandy (z), from whence he returned witliout per- fornvng any Thing of Con'equcnce. Towards the Clole of his Rcign {a)^ having received Advice that Hslie, Lord of La FUcbe^ a fmdl Town in Anjou.^ had made himfelf M after o{ Mans, He was to inccnfea that He immediately quitted the new ForeiL, where he was hunting, and galloped at a vail Rate to JOarttpiiuth. There, perceiving a Ship, He fuddenly embarked {b) : As the Wind, was unfavourable, and the Sea violently agitated by a Tempeft, the Mariners warned hiih ot his Danger, and implored bim not to, fail i but He exclaimed : Proceed upon the Voyage ! You, Jurelfy never heard that any King was drowned {c) : He was obeyed ; and arriving Toon atterwards at Mans, retook it j From thence, at the Head of an Army of Norf/MnSy He |S\irfucd i/f/zV into his own Territories, where, whilft He was laying Siege to the fmall Caftle of Majoi, He received a Wound which obliged him to ^^„ r, , --^ • . vdelif^ 1 s^- -H W-"-..-^ t iulr (z) A. D. 1094. \-' : (a) ib99i . (A) Malmefh,— Huntingdon.— Gcmiticcnfifl. (c) Malmclb/de.WiU. fl.. f..7o.'-H. Huntingd- p, 378^ — ^M. Paris, p. 3I5.-- Ypod. Ncuft. p. 442.— -This feems- to be another Imitation from Ancient Hiftory, and ground- lefsly applied to l4^ilUam Ru/us, in whofe Cha»-?.£ter we may, iiotwlthllanding, trace forocftriking,fnarks''ofHeroifni. ** AV ^* timtas; Cafurem njehis,^'' is faid to have been uttered by ai\ illuftrious General, on ji limikr Occafion. The contem- porary Writere appear to have been fond of giving a Roman Caft to the Manners of the Nurman Princes ; yet it. is not cer- tain that the Expreflion (if it ever fell- from tritiiam) merited Applanfe. A difcerning tiiftorian wps of Opinion that it ra- tlier befpoke an intemperate Courage, .than a fober Refolu- tioa to maintain his Dignity ; wnich would have been better prpvided for by. keeping a Navy in conjlant Readdnefs. — Ro-, gcV Ilcveden, p. 405.— Alut^d. Bev. Annales. K 9» < # fl! ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, 5cc. 57" d^fift from farther Hoftilities, and return to England,' In the following Year (^), He fitted out a confiderablc Fieet, railing, at the fame Time, a. powerful Army. His Objeft was to take Poflef'iOn of the valuable Pro- N'inces belonging to William^ Earl of Poitiers, and ]j>ukc of Guienfify all of which were to have been mortgaged to hirti for a large Sum of Money ; But this Intention ivas defeated by hisfudden, arid violent Death. An Arrow difcharged at a Stag, by Psalter Tyrnl, a /r^»^^ Gentleman, glanced from a Tree, and ftriking William, wounded him to^ the Heart. He expired im- mediately without a Groan, Htnry the Flrft, who,' gaining over feveral of the Nobility, and Clergy (^), aflunied the Royal Autho- rity , immediately after the Death of IVilliam RufuSy was zealoufly attached to 'the Nival, and Commercial Ititerefts of the Kingdom.' Underftandihg that his Brother Duke /JcAffir (who hsA entered Normamly, in 7>iumph,) V/3S making* it&e neceflary Preparations for recovering the Crown^ He' augmented his Fleet, and ordered the Super-intendants of the Coaft {f) to exert tiiemfelves in oppofing the PaiTafge of the Normans to England (g): Unfortunately for* Henry, the Com- manders of his Ship^ were fccretly engaged in the Caufe of Robert, and dcfcrtingwith the greater Part of the Royal Navy into^ the Service of that Prince, facilitated his Landing, with his Forces, at PortJ" mouth (h). Although' tlic two Armies drew up in light > '■ ■ , / • ••. -^ V ' ■ .' i- ''■ " of (. 408^ 469.— Florcnt. Wigorn. a4- A. D. 1100,. , , \ ^ .[ \ {b) A. K l!OI. , ' A rnf^l ■:<^;- .•^ 58 MEMOIRS OF of each other, they were prevented from beginning the Attack by the Tnterpolition of ytnfelm, Archbifhop of Cauterbury^ and fomc of tlie moft cUftinguiflicd Prelates, and Nobles. Thefe prevailed on Henrys and Duke Robert to accede to Articles of Peace, by which it was ftipulated that the Laft fhould wave his Claim to the Throne of England, on Coufideration of receiving ^ Yearly Stipend of three thoufand Marks ; and that if Kidicr fhould chance to die without IfTue, the Survivor iliould immediately become the Inheritor of his Realms. The Adherents to each Side were pardoned, and reftored to their forfeited Earldoms, and Baronies, whether in England, or in Normandy -, whilst the two Brothers agreed never from thenceforward to abet, l^arbour, or proteft tlic Foes of either Party (/). After having re- fided fix Months at the Court of Henry, apparently fa- tislied, Robert departed to his Dulggdam ; where, He is recorded to have broken an Article of the Treaty into which he had entered with his Brother, encouraging, and receiving the rebellious Subjects of England (^k). it is iiowevcr a doubtful Point whether the King was not the firft to violate a League of Amity from which he certainly might have reaped the greateft Benefit. Whether Henry had really experienced the Infidelity of Robert, or whether he glofled over his Defign to feize upon the Dukedom of Normandy with the ftale Pretence of having been provoked, is not ablblutely material to our Purpofe. Certain We are that He equip- ped a Fleet, with which, accoiiipanicd by a powerful Army, He palled over to the Dominions of his Brother, He took Pofleffion of the Town, ajvd Caftle of Ceun, ' ■ ' reduced (/) Chron. Sax. p. 20Q. — Matt. Paris, p. 58.— W. Mal- mtlb. 1. 5.— Alurea. Bevcrl. Annal. 1. 9. ' (-i) Holinflied.— Matt. Paris.— Ord. Vital. Eadracr. K ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &:c. $9 retluced Baytux to Afhes, apd then mar?hed to Fak'ifs^ where his Tropps were bravely repuhed ; this Circum- ftance, added to the Inclemency of the Weather, forced him to raife the Siege, and depart for England (/). Jn the Year folIowii\g (zw), He confiderably incrcarcd his Navy, and With a great Military Armament, crofled the Seas to Normandy, attended by thp Chief of the En^lijh Nobles (n). Tlic Stk-uggle between the two Brothers was terminated at the Battle of Tfnchfbray, The Viftory feemed to declare in favour cf Robert, whofe Troops, catching the intrepid Fire of their Lead- er, had broken tlie Ranks of the Engltjh^ and thrown all into Confufion (c) : But, on a fudden, the (hameful Flight oi BtlUfme^ deprived the Normans of tlieir Forti- tude} and the royal Army to wliom they rdlgned themfelves ail eafy Sacrifice, put Numbers to the Sword, and made near ten Thoufand Prifoners. Amongft tlie laft was the linhappy Duke, and the Few of thofe illuf- trious Adherents who ^lad furvivcd the Battle (^p.) Henry^ having reducJed all' Normandy, returned into England with Rjob.ert, as his Priibner i and fuch this Prince con- tinued until his De^th, whicl^ clofed a melancholy Pe- riod of twenty-eight Yetf, exciting the Inhabitants of the City of Con/idnce to an Infurreftion, Hinryj^ in or- der to quell it, failed with fdipe Troops to Normandy (^). ,, i-f' Having •Vjr? (/) A. D. 110^. \m) A. D. 1106. (fi) Oderic. Vit. — Bpompton. — Oemlticenfis. — Hunting- don. • ■' ■ . (ff) Mat. Paris, p. 43 — H.Hunt p. 379. — Brompton, p. lOOZ. (/>) Eadmer, p. 90,— Chron. Sax. p, 214.— Order Vital. |>. 821. . . v' , • ' ; 1 (?) A. D. nil. • • • V t f'i %0 MEMOIRS OF J Having made Peqce, He returned ; but was fhorlly af- terwards obliged to prepare for another ExjJcdition, in Confcquence of frcfh Difturbances, within his forclgit Dominions. He accordingly fitted out a Fleet, and proceeding on his Voyage, foon landed with a great Force in Normandy. This Dutchy He totally fubdued, and then departed for England (r). Henry, who, whilft He was profecuting the Conqiieft of the Territories belonging to his Brother Rcbert, had experienced the Advantages refulting from his Naval Armaments, grew anxiou"^ to maintain upon the Sea a Dominion which the Rival Powers mii'ht not be able to wreft from him. For this Purpofe, He introduced a for- midable Marine Eflablifhment, without which it is more than probable that he weald hv^ve fallen a Viftim to the warlike Preparations of Lewis the Grofs, of France^ who, joining the Counts of Anjou^ and of Flanders y endeavoured to difpdflefs Henry of Normandy, and af- terwards bellow it on ff^illiam, the Son of Duke Ro-^ hert. But the Englijh Fleet, (together with the Army- levied on the Occafion) was more than fuffitient fo*" the Defence of the Dutchy. Of this, Letciis had been fe- verely convinced, and therefore willingly agreed to Terms of Peace, which, being ratified, appeared to fix the Power, and Profperity of j/7/ffry upon a firmer fiafis than beforcr (/).'"''' Yet the Monarch who in the full Career of Pviblic* Succeflfes was at once jurted, dreaded, envied, and admired, became the melancholy Objeft of Coippafilon, and felt how clofely Grandeur may be allied to Woe. Having adjufte4 all Matters to his Satisfaftion, Henry fet fail from Barfieury and bent his courfe towards Eng- "'--•■ i..--—i; -c • i^ -■■'■ -'^ '"" Cv^-'i ^ \ ^^'- land to A. D. in 3. (s) A. D. 1 1 19.— Order. Vit. l^i},, l^^xh. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN ^c. 6r tand.(t). His Son Prince J'^ilUam, feveral of the Royal Family, and other cllllinguifliecl Perlbnages were to fol- iow in a new Ship, («), built on the Occafion. Thefe embarked (tf), with favourable Wind and Weather. It is recorded that the Prince, who had direfted Liquor to be given to tlie Crew, propofed diat they lliould en- deavour to out-lail tlie Vellel which carried Henry ^ and promifed that if they fucceeded, they fliould be liberally rewarded. With this Intention, (and perhaps too heed- lefs of Danger, when their Spirits had been railed by Drinking) tliey kept fo clofely to the Shore that, at length the Ship flruck upon a Rock, called La Cafteraze (*•), near tlie Norman Coail, and immediately founder- ed. The Long'boat washoifted out to lave the Prince, who, jumping fuddenly into it, ordered the Men to put off, and make towards the Land, Thither, the Wind being gentle, and the Sea calm. He fafely approached j when affefted by the difmal Shrieks of his natural Sifter, the Countefs of Perche, who, in the firfl; Eager- > nefs of Self-prefervation, had been forgotten. He return- ^ with Hopes of faving her. By this Time, the Veflel, filled with Water, was on tlie Point of plupging to the Bottom. (/) A. D. 1120.— Ord. Vital. 1 12. p. 867, 868, 86g.— Malmeft) de H. 1. f. 93. 1 5. — Chron. Sax. p. 212.— • Matt. Paris —S. Dunelm, Sub. Ann. x 1 20.— Alured. Be- . verl. p. 148— H. Huntingdon. — Hoved^m. — Brompton. («) Yet Odericus Vttalis^ obferves that Thomas Fitz-Stt* phettf a Norman Pilot, claimed the Privilege of efcorting • Henry to Engiandy in his Velfel, named the U'hite Ship^ be- caufe his Father carried over William the Conqueror, on his Kxpedirion againll Harold^ and that the King refufed, hav- ing ordered another Ship to be made ready for himfelf ; but permitted Fitz-Stephen to take over Prince ti'tlliam. See Lord Littleton''^ Notes on the Hiltory of the Revolutions of Eng- land, {lu) November 26. \x) Cutes Hillory. A 62 i'» MEMOIRS OP Bottom. Jn the general Danger, the Crew loft alf re- gard either for the Rank, or Sex of their Fellow- Suffer t cr, and alarmed for their own Lives, precipitated thcm- fclvcs by Crouds into the Long-boat. Tlius overladen, it funic, and every Soul pcriflied (y). Prince tyilliam ; the young Countefs j Richard, (a natural Son of Henry) who had fignalized himfelf in the laft War; the Coun- tefs oiCheJier, Niece to the King, and Sifter to tlie Earl of Blois ; kUhard Earl of Chejiir, her Huft)and ; Othtr, his Brother, and Governor to the Prince j a Nephew of the Emperor Htnry the V. Tixteen Ladies allied either by Blood or Marriage, to Royal Perforiages ; and above an Hundred young Nobkmen of the firft Families in Eng" land, and Normandy , Were inv6lved, with fifty Mariners, and the Officers of the Ship, in this untimely Fate. Two only had reitiained on board j the One a Boy, the Son of Gilhert de jfquila j the Otlicr, a Butcher of Rouen. Thefe, when the Veflel was finking, tlimbed up tlie Maft, and being fituated at the Top of it, kept their Heads above the Water, which in diat Part was ftiallow. The un- happy Youth, whofe tender Frame was not inured to Wet, and Cold, foon loft his Strengtli, and dropping into the Sea, was drowned. The Butcher more hardy, and warmly clad in Woollen, refilled die Inclemency of the Night, and clung to the Maft until Break of Day, when He was preferved by fome Fifliennen, Who came from Bnrfieur. It is recorded (z), that Fitz-Sttphen, x\\t Captain, ^to whofe Careleffnels, and Intoxication, this Accident was owing,) rofe out of the Water after he had funk, and recovering his Senl'es, alked the Butcher if the (y) Robert of Gloucefter's Chronicle, p. 438. — The Number of Perlbna loi>, amounted to more than two hun- dred ; from Hence, the Reader may form fome Judgment concerning the Bulk, and Burden of the Ships, io that Age. iz) Orderic. Vital, p. 868. ' tLLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN &c. 63 the Prince wafcfafe ; on being aiifwcred that he had pe- rilhed, He replied, " Then Life would be a T;.rmerjt t9 I will ntt furvtve him" and plunging underneath nu the Waves, came up no more [a). The Royal i rea- fure which, probably, conlifted chiefly of Plate, and Jewels was, with tlie Remainder of the Cargo, taken out of the Wreck; but the Divers were unfuccefsful in their Search after the dead Bodies ; Few were found j and thefe the Waves had driven afliore to a conlidcrable L-in::^nce from the Rock on which the Veffcl ftruck j One, by the I>refs, was known to be the Earl of Chejler. The Corfc of Prince fVillinm was not amongft them, and all Endea- vours to difcover ift proved in vain. During three Days, Hinry had flattered himfelf that his Son was cither detained by contrary Winds, or arrived ^.tadif- tant Port in England, Hope, for a while repreffeJ the Uncafincfs of his Mind ; but when the lamentable News was pofitively confirmed, unable to relift the Shock, He loft the Fortitude and Compofure which, till that Moment, had fo ftrongly marked his Charafter, and fainted away in the Arms ©f an Attendant. Such a Burthen of AiHiftion was too heavy to be removed ; It broke the natural Chearfulnefs of his Temper, and He never after was obferved to Smile {b). The other Events during the Reign of Henry are (with few Exceptions j beyond the Limits of tliis Work. The Fleet (if we fet afide the Ships which were either ftation- cd to Guard the Coafts, or employed to attend tlie King on his Voyages to Normandy) ^ remained ina£tive, but not {a) A noble Author fhrewdly obferves that there is fome Improbabilitv in his holding thisConverfation if he could njt fwim ; and if he could, how happened it that he iunk at firll f — Lord Littleton's Notes on the Hiilory of the Revolu- tions of England. \Jf) Hoveden, p. 476.-- Order. Vital, p. 869. 64 MEMOIRS OF not neglefted. The Public Tranquility rendered tJjw Augmentation of Naval Armaments unneceflary, and the Prevention of- their Decreafe was found fufficient to ftrike a Terror into the rival Powers, who could only be reflrained from invading England by a Senfe of her Su- periority on the Ocean. Such were the happy Fruits of that indefitiigable Zeal with which tliis Prince attended to the Care of his Marine ; nor was He lefs afliduous in promoting the Interefls of Commerce by the Eftablifh- ment offalutary Lawsj of Which one reflefts an equal Luftre on his Difcemment, and the warm Feelings of his Heart: Ke ordained tliat every Wreck, having any living Creature on board, fliould continue to be the Pro- perity of the Owners. The merciful Tendency of this Law was to abolifh die ancient, but difgraceful Cuftom which gave to the Lord of the Manor a full Right, and Property in a ftranded bhip, and all its Cargo, unlefs thofe who efcapcd Ihould return to it within a limited period (<:.). Even at this remote ^ra. We meet with Accounts of Voyages undertaken by forae illuftrious Subjects of England {(] Seldcn, Ian. Atigl. mt. opef. Tom- 4. p. 1009. — The Treatment which the unhappy Perfons who are caft away upon our Coaft fo frequently experience from the Barbn- j ians living near it, is a melancholy Proof cither of the Inef- iicacy of the Laws, or the criminal Neglect of Thofe who ihould enforce them. A Motion glowing with Humanity, and calculated to remove the (hocking Evils which have ari- len in Cafes of Shipwreck, was, to the Ailonlfhment of their Conliiruenta, thrown out by the Houle of Commons. We liave been informed that this Proceeding originated from a AJiJiake. It is a gentie Term. In the courfe kA another Sef- lions, we fhall perceive wh'.'ther it htju/i. One RcpuHe will not intimidiite an lllullrioi's S^noior *, whofe exalted Under- llanding hath been acccmpanied, in its fplendld Progrefs, by public Virtue, and Benevo!';nce. * Mr. Edjnund.Burkc, ,*. •^ ^ b'' -IL «- -1*.. & --e ILLtfSTklOUS SEAMEN, ^-c. 65 Englandy tlie which as not being alifolutely Foreign to our Hiftory, Ihall be briefly mentioned to tlie Reader. Edgar^ the Grandlbn of Edmund Ironfide, Brother of King Edward the Confejfor^ went to the Holy Land (^d). The Chronicle oiJerufaUm records the valiant Atchieve- ments of many who attended him on the fame Expedi- tion. In a few Years after^vards, a warlike P'leet of the Catholic Nation of England, reinforced by Naval Armaments from Denmark, Flanders, and Antwerp, pro- ceeded to the Haven of the City of Japhety or Joppa^ ftnd from thence to Jfrufalem {e). The following Circumftance is a ftriking Proof that the neighbouring Powers had conceived the moft fan- guine Ideas of the important Advantages rcfulting from an open Commerce with the Englijh. Morchad, or Mur- thertus G* Brian, King of Ireland, had exerciled, at his \Acciffibn to the Throne, fome unwarrantable Severities againft our Merchants vifiting his Ports. On their re- turn Home, they complained of this Outrage to their Sovereign, who difpatched a Mefl'enger to Morchad, by whom he was menaced, in the Royal Name, with a full Interdiction of all Commerce with the Subjcftsof Eng- land, if he thenceforward prefumed to moleft them in tlieir Negociations. The Jrijh Monarch alarmed at fo fpirited a Proceeding, and awakened to a Senfe of the bad Policy of his Conduft, fubmiffively intreated that the Denunciation might be withdrawn, and promifed to give no farther Umbrage to fuch valuable Allies. On tills Condition, his Requefl was granted ; and as Ire con- tinually reaped frelh Benefits from his Jntercourfe with England, fo he augmented tlie Privileges which had been Vol. I. £ ^. demanded {d) A 0. 1102.— Gul. Malemlb.— Hackluyt, Part 2, p. ti. [e) Hackluyt. — Thefe Vcirela were called BulTes: nearly fcvcn hundred Perfous were on board cf liicn). :^ .OBS^ 66 ►MEMOIRS Of ciciilancled for the Suhjcfts of that Kingdom, who choftf totraiif on his Coafls {f)- The Sum of One Hundred Thoufand Pounds difco- vcred within the Coffers of Henry the Firft, immediately iiftcr his Death, iS another Proof of the liourifliing State of Commerce, in the Middle of the Twelfth Century. h n ingenious Inveftigator of this Point oblerves (^), thaf fuch a Qiiantity of Money might be coined, at the pre- fent iEra, to thricfe the Sum i and that, if referred tor its intrinfic Value, it fhouU be eftimated at near a Million. He mtitxiuces the Ground of his Opinion by informing Ci that, during the Reign of this Monarch, a Subjeft, who held of him under the Obligation of fuff niihing Bread for an Hundred Men, was permitted to compound, by paying one Shilling in Money. He did'cnts from Bifliop FUetwoad, who fuppofes that this was Bread for a iingk Meal ; and rather imagines that it was Bread for a whole Day ; as in Countries where this Efiablifliment hath always prevailed, a Ration of Bread is ftill fo accounted. He pteiumes that, five and twenty Years- ago, the Value of Bread for a Day might have been fixed at Ibmewhat more than Twopence ; an^ confequerttly that Bread tor an Hundred Mett muft have coft about fixteen Shillings, and eight Pence •, fothat what could have been purchafed, in the twelfth Century, iit the Rate of one Shilfing,, would, in the Middte of the eighteenth Century, fell for almoft feveateen Shillings. Yet, from hence, it is not to be raflily concluded that lihy given Sum of Money, at that Time, ought to bo touttiplkd by fcventeen to find it equivalent in otff TiiTte. Tlis Shilling in thofe Days, being thrice as ^eavy -^ c^ .rs, was in f a£t worth three Shillings ; and Therefore iiitaJ coHiiig lixreen SiiilHngs, and eight PcncC| Cf) Malmefl). dc. Geft. Reg. Angl. 1. 5. {g) Canipbtiir$ Liv<;$ of the Admirals, v* t* p« 128^ Illustrious seamen, &c. 6; ^ence, might have been bought, then, for as much Sil- ver as is in three ' of our Shillings. According to this Computation, one Hundred Thdufand Po'undi Were not in that Age worth .entirely fix Hundred Thoufand Pounda in the prelent Age : But if we refleft that a great Part bf this Sum mull have been in Gold, and that it is very reafonable to believe the Compolition was not cxaftly made, or flri^ly fet, it will appear that the Eitimation ot this Writer (h), is cither agreeable to Truth, or not. very far from it. As, in many Parts of tliis Work, it will be riCGcflary to introduce fame Accounts of tht Commerce carried Od by our Anceftors, Wc fhall, for the Convenience of the Reader, infert the Mode of Traffice, the cuilomary Payments, and the Value of Gold, and Silver, in the Times of which We are now treating.. Although rhes lower Ranks of People who purfued their feveral Trades in the different Parts of the Country were but little con- cferned irt tl>e Receipts, and Difburfements of Money, yet the Ordinances paffed for the Determination of its Value, were of fingular Advantage to them in their Bu- fmel's. As they fixed the Prices of moft of the nego- tiable Co^mmodities, they, of Courfe, facilitated the Prafticc of Exchange, a Difference in which was paid either in Silver, OT Gold, fuitably to the Rates, at that /Era, eftabliflied by Law ; and thus, the Pofli- hility of the Comiinflion of an A£l of Fraud in Public Dealings was generally prevented (;)« Payments ad Scalam, and ad Penfum were by Weights The PouikI amounted to Twenty Shillings, and tlie Officers took Sixpence over, which was called Vantage Money. This Mode of Payment was very Ancient : E 2 whefl^ (h) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals. Vol. r (0 lb. ia6# 178, ^ MEMOIRS OF When the Payment was given in ad P^nfurHy the Pr.ycr was to make good the Weight, akhough he had allowccf the Sixpence over. To guard againft any ba<"e Prac- tices eitlier willi Refpf ft to the Frneii^fs, or the Weight, n: Part of the Morey was melted down j and this Pro- tefs was termed Corabuftion. There were two Sorts of Payments by Cotnbaftion ; Real, and Nominal ; Real, when a Sample of rhe Money was put into the Furnace j Nominal, when a twentieth Part of a Pound wai taken, and accepted, in lieu of a£tual Combuftion. When Mo- ney pfaid in was melted down, or the Supplement made by adding One Shilli ig to each Twenty, the Fcrme was laid to be dealbated, or blanched : thus, one Hun- th-ed Pounds fo paid into the Exchequer after Com- buftion, was called One hui>dred Pounds blank, Thi* wasoppofed to Payments given in hlumeroy or by Tale, a* at Prefent. Computations, or at leaft Payments were made ' \r Pounds, Marks, Half-marks, Shillings, Pence, &c. Silver by Marks, Half-marks, Ounces, and Half-ounces of Gold. The Mark of Gold was equi- valent to Six Pounds of Silver, or Six-fcore .•'hillings : the Ounce of Gold to fifteen Shillii^s of Silver ; the Pound of Silver was twenty Shillings ; the Mark of Sit- ver, thirteen Shillings and four Pence, and the Shilling twelve Pence {jk). The Difference between the Saxov\ and Norman Money will, on Examination, api>ear lefs than might be at firft imagined. The Saxons divided the Pound-Weight of Sil- ver into forty eight Shillings j die Nor?nans only into twenty. The Saxons divided their Shillings into Five- Pence ; the Normans into Twelve. Hence it follows nbat the Number of Pence >n ihe 6V\i»r, and the Norman Pound was the fame j and tiie Pounds ilieniielvts weru cxa^ly of .... .■ • ■» . (i) Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, V. "i. p. 127,. » ., , . -.V ;■ "*■■ " ■ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN jM-cfti Orders by going oxer to Ireland^ iflued a Procla- mation "<\ hlch Ihlf^ly forbad all Commerce with it/ . . V . . .. . > fi-ciQ. {a) Girald. Cambn p. 7^1, 762, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 73 from any Part of his Dominions, and threatened with perpetual Exile, and the Cbnfilcation of their tftates, ilich of his Siibje^ls as might ncgleft to return before the enfuing Feilival of Eaflcr (c). This Edia wa* afterwards repealed^ in coiifequcnce of a fubmiflivc Letter from the E-arl, wher6in he affured his Sovereign /hat ** Us He owed to his Royat Muhific^rice every Ac- ♦* quifition \n Ireland^ To Ihould they all return to Him, ** and be difpofed of acfcording to' hi^ abfolutc Will, " and Pleafiire (W),*"' The artful Henry now irppcared ibftened kita a Reconciliation with Strongbotv, Hecon- defcended to accept of flie Renewal of hi« Homage,' and Fealty j and referving to Himfelf the City of i>uHwg with its adjacent Cantreds, and all the Maritime Towns^ imd Fortrelfes,' feizcd on by^ the Earl, \n lulandy tc Tented that his other Poifcffionsin that Territory fliccjJ remain to Him, and his Hfcirs, as- Fiefs dcpendar », 1 \lie Crown of j^w^Ayi*/ (/j. 'Matters being ihv.. id" jufted, the King rclblved to viflt Ireland^ atid repairt.J^ yvith Strongbow m \\\s Train, to Pembroke^ wl ^ 'ic kept his Court, vhilft the necelTary Preparations were making at Mi If, * a Haven for the Equipment of a FJfeet intendeu lo confift of four Hundred, and Forty large Ships, and to cfcort from thence, mXXi Ireland, Hipi, ^d his Troops, compofed of* nearly five Hundred Knightsj all h?avyarmed Horfemen-, with their Ef- quires, or Attendants, forming a lighter- anned Caval* ry i and a numerous Infantry of ikiSul Archers (/). i ; • Every {t) Hlbern. Expu^at. lib. i. c. 19. — Lord Littleton'* fourth Book of the Hiftory of the Life of King Henry the Second., ■ . :. .. . ''; . ' ♦ /.v. '-i - . • • i ' {d) Ibid.— Ibid. . .'W * (/) Neubrig. 1. 2. c. 26. (f) Hibern. Expugnat. I. 1. c. 28, 29. — Hoveden.— l^cncdid. Ab|?a3, ^d Ann. 1 171.— I nih Annals, — Lord ,. V ...*#,,'.. . . . - littleloo'*. -a, .■-•■..' 74 ^ MEMOIRS OF ■J J Ji Every thing lieing ready, the King failed from Afil^ ford-Haven, efcortcd by all the Fleet, with the Troop* on board, and after a favourable Paflagc, difembarkcd near to H^aterford, on the Feaft of Saint Lukt, in Odober of the Year eleven Hundred, and Seventy one. We need not follow Him aiiy farther until his Return to England \ Let it be fufficient to obferve that Ireland^ ^ifpirited, and torn to Pieces by domeftic Tumults, was neitlicr ai^le, nor inclined to raifc thofe Naval, and Military Armaments which were requiiite to oppofe this formidable Invader j and that the Conqueft of A Kingdom, fo anxioufly coveted, was atchieved without the Effuiion of a ilngle Drop of Blood. During the whole Winter, and Part of the Spring, a Period of five fucceffive Months {g), fo perpetually levcre, and tempeftuous was the Weather, that no Mariners durft venture out to Sea ; and Henrj had the Mortification to find himfejf deprived of all authentic Intelligence con- cerning tliofe momentous Circumftanccs, which had afifen within his other Dominions (h). But no iboner did the Storms fubfide, than Meflengers were difpatched from Normandy to the King, with the alarming Advice that the Cardinals Albert^ and Theodine, (appointed by Pope Alexander the Third to make an Inquifition into the Death ofj Beciety) had waited during fome Months, in Normandy, impatiently expecting his Arrival, and menacing that unlefs He fpeedily appeared before them, ^e Sentence of Excommunication ihould be pronounced againft LittIeton*8 Fourth Book of the Hiftory of the Life of King Henry the Second. d") A. D. I »72. {b) Benedift. Abbas.—Ho^eden.— Brompton, fub Anno 1171.— Lord Littleton's Fourth Book of the Hiftory of th^ ]^c of ^g Henry the Second. J L L U S T R T O U S SEAMEN, &c. 75 agninft liim, and his Dominions laid under a general, Interdift (/). Henry felt die prefling Necellity of re- pairing immediately to thefe haughty Legates, and, therefore, commanded |iis Troops, and Attendants to proceed to IVaterford^ where the Fleet was then ftation- «d, and to embark diredlly. For Himfelf, and a imall Retinue, He referved only two Ships, with which he iailed from Wexford^ and arrived the fame Day {k) at Portfirman^ in S9utb Wales, His Forces had already landed «rt Pembroke. From England, the King haftened into Normandyy taking with him Henry his eldeft Spn. t^* We fhall (lightly pafs over theCircumftanccs relating to the unnatural Rebellion fomented by Eleanor, and the young Monarch, to whom his Father had not long before imprudently transferred the Crown of England, Richard, Duke of A^uitaine, and Geoffrey, Duke of Bretagne, fcduced by tiie Artifices o^ their Mother, con- fented to be Aftors in this guilty Scene (/). By lb ialarming a Confpiracy, Henry was driven to the pain- ful Neceffity of making War not only againft the Kings of France, and Scotland i the Earls of Flanders, Boulogne^ and Blois ; but againfl the Partner of his Bed, and the pledges of thejr mutual Affeftion. The Earl of Flanders, with a powerful Army of Flemings, was preparing to invade England, when Hen- ry, convinced by the Infonnation of the Bi(hop of IVincheJler, that his Affairs in that Kingdom were daily becoming more defperate, proceeded with great Expe- dition (0 Girald. Cambrenfu.—Epift. S. T. 88. L 5.— Gul. IjTeubrig. 1. 2. c. 27. \k.) Eafter Monday, A. D. 1172. — Lord Littleton** Fourth Book of the Hilbry of the Life of King Henry th« ^cond. (/) HolHnfhed.— Brompton.— Pol. Virgil, — Hoved^.-* Diccto.~M. Paris. ' 'I- 1^ MEMOIRS OF dition to "BarJUur^ taking with hirn thofe Prifoncrs of Rank whom it might be caficr to detain in fafe Cullody tvithin his Brit'tjh Dominions, than in France. Thele {bcfides ot]iers qF Icis note, J were the two Queens, EleanoTy and Alargarety his own, and his Son's Con- fort ; the Earl of Chtjier \ and tlie Earl, and Counted of Leicejier. As the S)iips were lying ready to cfcort them, the King, attended by all the Reft, embarked immediately (w) with favourable Wind, and Weather. 3ut they had not proiceieded far upon the Voyage whci^ fuch a dreadful Storm arofe that tiie Mariners fcemed to defpair of Prefervation. At this alarming Moment, Henry with that Chriftian Fervour which refle£^ed a JLuftrc upon his Character, extended hi^ Hands to Hea- ven, and declared it to be his anxious Wifh, that, if the great Ruler of the Pniverfe had ordained that Eng" land (hould be rent afunder by inteftine Tumults, He might never be allowed to land upon its Cqaft ; but that if it was mercifully decreed that his Prefence with- in this diftraded Slate fhould introduce jliat Peace which He fo paflionatcly defircd, it then became his humble Prayer fhat He might be fuffered to reviiit it («). So excellent a Difpofition was amply gratified. On the Evening of the fame Day, He reached with a Fleet which was not the leaft damaged by the Violence of tlie Tempeft,^ tUp Harbour of Southampton '^ vvhilf^ his Son, and the Earl of Flanders were detained at Grave'- linesy either Wind-bound, or afraid of venturing out to that agit«ed Ocean on wlii6h //. " / A Of X <«) July 8, A. D. 1174. («) Diceto Imag. Hift. col. 576.— Mat. Paris — LordLil^* tleton's Fourth Book of the liiftor^r of the Life of Kiue Henry tlic Secoiid". •■ ' " »^ ILLUSTRIOtrS ^EAMfeN, &c. 'jf The other Part'-rulars are immaterial to our Purpofe. Let it be fufficient to obfervc that the young King, an, Cornea Andegavite, Archieplfcopis, Epifcopis, Abbatibue, Piiotibus, Comitibus, Baroiiibus, Juiliciariis, Vicecoinitibus, Praepofitis, Minillris, ci omnibus Ballivis, et Fidelibus fuis, Salutem. Sciatis quod pro Salutx Ani* mac nortrac, et Animarum Antecelforum, et Haerediim nof- trorum, et ad malas Confuetudines abolendas, Conceifitnus, ct Fiac Carta noftra ConHrmavimus pro Nobis, et J^sredibus nodris in Pcrpctuum, quotlefcumque de caetero coiwigerit aliquam Navcm periclitari In Potclrate noiha, five m Coftc- ra Maris Angliar^ live in Cofttra l'i<^avije, five in Coftera In- fiilse Oleronis, five in Collera VVafconix, et de Navi taliter pcriclitata aliquis Homo vivus evalerit, et ad Tcrram venc- rit, omnia Bona, et C:or. I'.irs 2. c. c. in Anj'lia S;icra. - L< id Lirilctoii's Fitih iiooli <>\ the Hillury of the Lite ot Kii.x Htnry the Sccoxiii. f2 MEMOIRS or fupported it upon his own Bofom, Hffiry turned hrs languid Eyes towards hinj, a'ld hiiving with Diffijulry reftrained tliofe l>eavy Sighs which aimoll robbed hint of the Power of Utterance, He called him his ^Uare^^ Child, " You (continvjed the dying Monarch,) have never, amidft the Vicilfitudesof my Fortune, fw<;rvcd cither from the Love, or Duty which you ovrcd me. As you have approved yourfelf the Beft of Sons, fe> ** would I, were it the merciful Will o£ God that I " fhouki recover from this Sieknefs, become the moft AfFciftionate of Parents. If I live, no Subjeft with- in my Territories fhall equal you in Might, oi Dig- nity. But if this bitter Cup is not to pafs from me, it is my earnefl: Prayer that your filial Piety may be recompenccd by tha;t gracious Power in whofc Ho^jda are all the beft Rewards of Virtue,*' — " Muy the Ahiiighty, (replied his Son,) yet grant yow Uckh^ and crown you with Profperity ! I form no Wif?i but for the Sak« of you whom moft I love, and honour." A Flood of Tears prevented him from proceeding, and He left the Room. Thrtlier, on being told tijat the King approached his laft Moments, He foon returned ,v but ia Time only to obtain his Bleflling, accompnied with a Ring of immenfc Value, zM an Order for the Receipt of another ftill more pF^.s-us. which had been dejX)lited in his Treafury. After iK's, Henry funk into tlie Arm* qf his Son, and immediately expired (z). The Royal Corfe, attended by Geitffrey, was carried from Chinon, to the Nunnery of Fontervraulty where it lay in State in the Abbey-Church. On tlie Day fol- lowing (a;) Oft the llxth of July, in the Year eleven hundred, and fighty-nine. Mr. Campbtlly who Teems to have followed Mattheav Farif, obrerves that Hfnry lived fixty-three Years; whereas he died cither iu the titty -fevenih, or fifty -eighti* Year of his a^ e. t< a « <( (( <( <( pointcd by R'uhard, were the Archbifhopof Auxerre ; the Hiihop oi Baycnne ; /?;- bert de Sabul ; .Richard de Camville ; and lyiUi.im de ^u- lerun. 1 heir Armaments conlifletl of more than one Hundred capital Ships, and about fifty Gallics {//. Sucli a Force is recorded to have alarmed the Jealoufy of Philip, who, from that Period, kcj)t a watchful Eye on the Operations of Richard, and coniiciercd Him, not as tlic friendly AlTociate, but as the formi'.hible Rival, F 3 who (d) G. de Vino Salvo, p. 305. A. D. 1 iqo. June 29th. (e) The Naval Laws enaiifed by Richard before he pro- ceeded on this Expediti(jn, are too lingular toj);ifs unnoticed. \V'hofoever commuted a Murder on board a Stiip was fen- tencedtobc tied to the Hody of the Perfun l!:dn, and thrown into the Sea. — A Mariner, or Soldier, killing another on (liore was adjudged to be fallcned in likt Manner uiive to the Corfe, and, buried with it in the Earth — W'liofoever was convided by a L' gal Evidence of having drav/n a Knife, or other dangerous Weapon, intending therewith ro Ibike any • Perfon, or having llricken any Pcrion to the jhtdding of the leaft Blood, was condemned to lofc his ILiud. — Whoiocver l>ruck any Perfon v/ith his Hand, although no Biood might have-iflued from the Part fo llricken, w;;3 fentenced to be plunged thrice into the Sea. — The fame Punifhmcnt \vu9 in- flicted on Players ;it any unlicenfed (Janie. VVhoibeveraJ- drcHcd any reproachful Language to another Perfon, or vented Curfes againll him, was tor evciy fucii Contumely, or J Curfe, fined an Ounce of Silver. — Wholiicvcr vv';is Lawful- ly convicted of Healing, was fentenced tv) have his He.id (horn, covered with boiling Tar, and Feathered ; and after*, wards to be driven, with thefe known M irks of Punin\mcnt to the next Landing Place, and there left. — Hovedci'*.— Matr, Paris, '"'M — -:5; •I . M E M O I R S O F 4-^ who waited only for a favourable Occafion of changing the Scene of War to France. ■ •' The King of England repaired, at the Head of hi^ Troops, from Fezeloy^ to MarfeilUfj at which Port He expected, bur in vain, to have found his Ships arrived. A violent Tempcft had feparated thefe, and driven ma- ny on the Coaft of Portugal, the Sovereign of which employed ihem by Force in his Service, and for the Kdief of the City of Santaren, at that Time l-)clieged by the Africans. Having waited more than a Week, a Delay but ill agreeing wrth the Fire, and Impatience of RUhtird^ He relblved to proceed on his V'oyage to Mef- ftnoy in Zh'dy j and, therefore, coUcfting liaftily twenty "tjallies, .ind ten large Dulies, He embarked, about thQ Beginning of Augujt, in the Year eleven Hundred and Ninety, with a Detachment of his Troops, and Num- l>ersof Pilgrims, who were permitted to attend him tq the Holy Land, In nearly a Fortnight from their De- parture, the Royal Fleet reachiid AiarfeilUsy and pro- ceeding inflantly with the Remainder of the Forces to rejoin Richard, came up to him at tlie Mouth of the ^lyber^ where his SI ips then lay at Anchor. The King gave immediate ''>id:.3 for failing, and landed, on the twentieth of Septanuet, with tlie whole Army, at Mef- fina(f). ,,.' We fhall pafs over the Contention between Richard^ and Tancred, the Sovereign of 5iV^j, as not immediate- ly relating to our Subje6\. Tl:c Compofition which re- inovcJ it is of a more intcrelting Natuvc. "We find the hnglijh (f) Here, trendir.2; for once in the Steps of his benevo- Jent Treile' cllbr. He pHflcd an Ordinance wlilch fecured to anv i^crlon 'efcapli)o iroin a Shipwreck the Knjoyincnt of all his Got.'ds ; and which, in cafe any Perlon died on board, vcft'.' i hi« Kfa'toin the nearcll Heir ; or; in failure of Heirs, j>rucl.um(.4 tlscjp tu be the Fro^ctty of the Crown. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Sec. 9y Englijh Monarch obtaining by it an Augmentation to his Fleet of four large Galleons, and fifteen Gallies, befidei fixty thoufand Ounces of Gold. Thuji prepared, He c r iercd his Ships to be formed into two Squadrons, ^nd f t forward on his Enterprize {g). Sci'rccly had He quitted the Port of Mtjfina when i violent Storm difperfcd his Fleet ; Three of the largefl Ships vrcre lofli On board of thcfe pcrithcd, with a Multitude of Others, feveral Gentlemen of the Royal Houfehold, and R9gtr Malm Catullus, (Vice- Chancel- lor to the King,) whofe Corfo wa* afterwards found with the Great Seal hanging about its Neck. The Few who cfcaped were appreiicnded immediately oa thsif Landing, by an Order from Ifaac, the Tyrant of Cy- />rir;, and thrown into Prifon. This iitrle Potentate, wiio ridiculoufly arrogated tohimfelf the Title of Em-* peror, had the inhuman Effrontery to refafe an Admit-* tance within the Harbour of Limijfo for a Ship, belong- ing to Rjcbardy damaged by the Tenipeft, and carv- ing Beringaria^ Daughter to the King of Navarrf, to- gether witli the Queen of Sicily^ and many Ladies of the iirft Diflioftion. Richard, who arrived foca after, idemanded an E$tTaHc«, and the Releafe of fudi of his Subjefts as had been put under Confinement. To thin ihe Tyrant anfwered by an haughty Refufal, which fo irritated the King tihat He inflantly made a Defcent, wvith all hi J Forces, upon the Ifland, and, after two Viftorious Engagements, errtirciy fubdued it. Jfaec, who furrcndered at Difcretion, l>cgged that He might pot undergo rhc fgiiomioy of being loadcrt with Irons ; a Re<]ueft which, in the Opinion of tliis vain, and Fa foolillx {g) Dicero.—Hoveden — The Natal Force of'Richardern- ployeJ on this Expedition confuted of ofic hundred and fltVy bhipsofWar, fifty-rwo Gallies, ten lurge Ship^ laden with ihc different Stores, and a t^umber of fmall TraDfpoi-ts. S8 MEMOIRS OF I foo|lfli Prince, was generoufly complied with, when Richard^ perhaps in Mockery at liis Pretcnlions to tlie pignity of an Empcior, guve Orders that He Ihould be l)ouud Willi Links of Silver (/>). Having folemnized his Marriage with Btren^ario^ Daughter to SahHiusy King of Navarr,^ and celebrated her Cororution, PJch.trd proceeded on his Voyage with a Fleet fo greatly increafed as to conlilt of two Hunr!icd and Fifty-four large Ships of War, and upwards of Sixty Gallics. VVhilft He was on the Seas, He fell in with, engaged, and took (i), a great Veflci belonging to the Saracensy laden with Military Stores, and bound to Pto- Urtniu Mattkew Parti (i) names it Dromundoy and likens it to an huge Caflle floating on the Waves, and apparently Impregnable. Aboard were fifteen hundrecj IVIen ; and thcfe (if the Hiftorian hath not given us an exaggerated Relation of the Barbarity of the Conquer* or (/,) were, with the Exception of only thirty-five, thrown into the Sea. Haying preferved, and after-r wards diftributed amongft fome of his Troops, the Car- go of the Veffel, He fet Sail for Piolemaisy where He arrived on the eighth Day of June, and immediately began to affift the Military Operations of the Beficg- fsrs. During the Attacks made by the Army on the Land, the Englijjj Fleet lay at Anchor before the City, in prder to prevent it from rcc9iving any Succour. The Jnfiddi failed up 'o the Mouth of the Harbour, and fiercely engaged their Enemies ; But, at length, overpowered by fuperiour Numbers, were totally dc feated {h) Kened. Ab. p. 650. — Vinifauf. p. 328.— Ann Wa- ' Verl. p. 164.--W. Hcming. p. 5^3, (/) June, A. n. 1 191. [k] Hifl. Angl. p. 163. \l) Vinifauf. - ' , , ^ ^ ^..^u .^^ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 89 fcateJ, lA'uv^ moft of tlvjir Shins laden with Provifions, ;uiJ a grcac Qi;nntity of VViinike Stoics. The Troops of RiJ)nrf/y animated by his Prclence, obtained ^oori aftcnvanN a dccil'ivr Vif^ory; and PtoUninii furrcn- dered on the twelfth of July, when the Conqueror wa« declared 0.])tain General of all tlie Chriftian Forces in yfftu'm). The other Atchievemcnts of Richard whilft He re- mained in Pnlfjiine are P'oreign to our Jubjeft. Wc, thcn'fore, proceed to inform the Reailer that, aware »;f the Danger of pairmci; through France, He Tailed to ihe /Adriatic, and was fhip-wrecked on the Coafl of I/lria («). There, He with Difficulty faved a Life which was afterwards rendered a Burden to him, by an Indig- nity fo atrocious, and unprecedented, that All who did not gather an Advantage from his Misfortune, received the News of it with equal Horror, and Aftonifhmenti At Aquileh, He difguifcd himfelf in the Habit of a Pilgrim, intending to travel fecrctly by Night through Germany. To avoid the Purfuits of the Governor of Ijirioy He quitted thedireft Road, and croiTedthe Coun- try to Vienna. Here, he was difcovered ; fcized by Order of Leopold, Duke of Auftria j loaded with Irons ; and caft into a Dungeon This ignoble Vengeance pro- ceeded from a Recolle£lion that Richard, incenfcd at his having prelumed, (when fighting folely under the joint Command of that Monarch, and Philip o^ France,) to place his own Banner on a l^owcr wjiich He had taken at PtoUmais, gave Orders that it fhould be torn from the Staff, and trodden \inder Foot. When Leopold had al- inoft glutted the Barbarity of his Difpofition, He fold hi* Prifon- »•' , [m] Matt. Paris, v. i. p. 163, 164 — Gul. Neubrig. 1. ^» %. II. — Roger Hoveden,— Vincfauf.— Mczeray. {«) A. D. irgz. 5^^,.,- -1 _ ^^ . ^, .% ^ V ^ V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // // «? '^^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 1.2 Hi im 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 U IIIIII.6 % <^ ^ //, ^7: '>:> O / M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 p /^^ pr^ ( I ! I 90 MEMOIRS OF Prifoncr to the Emperor Henry the Sixth, a mercllers Tyrant, and of fo covetous a Nature, that it is not pro- bable that He would have purchafed him at the immenfe Sum of Sixty Thoufand Marks, if He had notdefigned to gain a move enonnous Price for tlie Reftoration of his Freedom c After a Icvcre Confinement of Fifteen Months, Richard was permitted to treat for his Dif- <:hargc, and at Length obtained it at the Expenee of an Hundred and Fifty Thoufand Marks, which were nearly equal to tjiree Hundred Thoufand Pounds ofourprefent Money. Of thefe Marks, an Hundred Thoufand were to be paid down previous to the Grant of his Liberty ; and the Security for the Delivery of the Remainder was to confift of Sixty-three Hoftages of dillinguiihed Rank, and Fortune (c). A Part of the Money having been raifed from a Tax of twenty Shillings on the Fee of each Knight in £ng' hndy and the Deficiency fettled by the Liberality of Sub- jcfts, who, pitying the ignominious Bondage of their Sovereign, melted d^wn their Plate, gave a Fourth of their yearly Rent, and contributed a Tenth of the Tythes, Bkanor^ the Queen- Mother, and IValter^ Archbifhop oi Rouen, proceeded with an Hundred Thou- fand Marks of the Ranfom, aivd the Sixty-three Hof- tages, to Mtntz m Germany^ whcrc,, delivering them up ta the Emperor, and tlie Duke of Ji^iria, they had tine Pleafvre of rde^fing Richeru, ^.. ' ' Scarcely had lie quitted the Prcfcnce of thefe flagiti- ous Tyrants than Htn^y, who began to repent that He did not accept the Offer of a Bribe equal to the Ranfon^ irom PaiUp of France^ on the Condition of detaining • .. : i \ . , ' • Richard ffii^^-iJr: '.1' (9) Mat, Paris. Hift, Angl. p 171, 175, 174* — Nic Til- vet. Annal. v 1. p. M7.— Gul. Neubring. lib. 4. c. 33, 41.— Roger Hoveuen, Annal. p. 728.-— Rynaer, v, ir |) $!• ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN &:c. 91 Richard in Prifon, chiving another Year, difpatched a ftrong Guard to overtake, and arreft bio). This Party caixie to Aniwfrpy m Time only to learn tliat the King had juft before embarked with tlie utaaoft Precipitation, chufing rather to vcjiture his Lite upon the Seas, amidft contrary Winds, and the Violence of the l^mpeft, than truft, a fingle Mpment, to the precarious, and pur- chafed Mercy of his Enemy. After a dangerous Paf- fage, He landed at Sandujicb, on the twentieth of Marcli, in the Yeai: eleven Hundred and Ninety four. The Eng^ iijb received him with a Tranfport of Joy, applauding to the Skies tlic Hero who had extended the National Glory to the utmoft Liijiits of the Eaji } and (what re- lieved a lliU b- 'ghter Luftre on his Charafter,) fupport- cdtlic amazing V iciiEtudes of Fortune with that Dignity of Mind which fcarcely ever is pofleffed by Thofe who fall from the Pinnacle of Human Grandeur, to the Depth of Mifery (/>). The Emperor grieved, and irntated at having loft his Prey, direftecl the Violence of his Kcfentment a- gainil thofe unfortunate Individuals who were ftill with- in its Reach. He gave Orders that the Hoftages Ihould lie caft into loathlbme Dungeons, and treated with the moft implacable Severity. It the covetous and cruel Difpofition of Hfnry, together with the punftual Pay- ment of the lirft Dividend of the Ranfom, were no€ upon Record, it might be imagined, from the Beha- viour of tlus Tyrant, that the Compaft had been broken bj tl^e King of Bngl^d^ ^d that, tlierefore, • • *■ V his f^) That Rjchard now a^t Liberty was dieadeJ a» much Abroad, as he was beloved at Home, is evident froirt a Pal- fage In the Letter which /*/>»///> of f'rJnce wrote to his Ally Prince Join: " Take cirt of yourfdf : the Dfvil hatk braiuM 92 MEMOIRS OF his Enemy was rather en Taged in the Retaliation, thaa the Commiffion of an unpardonable Injury. '^»'v)" Having paid a neceiiary Attention to the Public Af- fairs of his Dominions, Rkhard meditated a War a- gainfc his virulent Adverlary, Philip the Second, King of France. He fitted our a Fleet conllicing of an Hun-- dred Ships, with which, attentted Ly a large Body of Land Forces, He failed to the Relief of yernfuil, at that Period befieged by the French. The Particulars of his Viflory are as litUe deferving of our Notice as the bkir- milhes which fucceeded it. Of a Naval Engagement, during a Struggle of five Years between the two Mo^ narchs, We have no mtmorable Account. A Truce was at length agreed upon for the like Space of Time(y). Yet, immediately afterwards, each Party, taking frefh Offence, prepared for the Renewal of Hoflilities. Thefe were, with fome Relu£lance, i'ufpended at the Inter- ceffion of the Cardinal of Saint Apiary (r); And it is pro- bable that his good Offices would have wrought upon the Competitors to accede to more durable Articles of Peace, if the fubfequent Death of Richard had not ren- dered it lefs the Intereft of Philip to accommodate his Differences with the En^lijh [s).. Vidotnar, Vifcount of Limoges, and a VafTal under Richard, having difcovered a Treafure, prefented to him a Part of it. 7'he King, concealing an infatiable Ava- rice under the Pretence that it was necelfary to main- tain his Claim as the fuperior Lord, exprefsly command- ed him to give up the Whole (/) j and, without waiting foi^- i'n.: ■ Ak-^wl [q) T. Waifingham, Ypodigma Neufl:riae.~Matt. Paris. —Roger Hoveden. (r) Rymer, V. L p. 109, no. (/) A. D. 1196. (/) Roger HoYcden, p. 791. 1— Knyghtcuj, p, 2431.-* A. D. 1199. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 9^ for a Reply, beficged him in his Caftle. Vuloma^ of- fered to furrenderj \>\xx. Kuhara^ adding the moft favag* Barbarity to the Flagrancy of Injuftice, declared that lince He had taken the Trouble to march fo far, He would enjoy the Pleafure of ftorming the Garrifon, and hang- ing every Soldier on the Spot. After fuch a Menace, an obftinate Defence was more than juftiiiable. On the fourth Day of the Siege, as the King, attended by Marcadee^ Commander of the Mercenaries, was endea- vouring to difcover the lead defenlible Part of the Caf- tle, Bertrand de Gourdon took fo unerring an Aim at him, that he fixed an Arrow in his Shoulder. Ri- chard^ too heated to withdraw, and perhaps fuppofing himfelf to be but (lightly hurt, renewed tlie Affault, which was foon followed by the Submiflion of the Gar- rifon to tlie Mercy of the Conqueror. All, however, except Gourdon^ were ordered to be hanged ; and the Life of this Man was intended only to be ipared until ibme dreadful Method could be devifed for taking it away («). The Wound did not at firft appear to be in a dan- gerous State J but either fuch was the Unfkilfulnefs of the Surgeon who extracted the Arrow, or fo inflamed Was die Blood of Richard, that a Mortification enfued, and Death became inevitable (w). As He approached his f: :, J ■ifC*- ■'■■'' («) Ibid —March 28. ^;^ (10] This was probably owing to an injurious Method of treating the Wound ; and not to the Venom in which fome Hiilorians fuppofe the Point of the Arrow u have \>tcn. clipped. The Cafe of the Duke of Aujlria (who detained Richard in Prifon,) is an extraordinary Irftance of the' Igno- rance of the Surgeons, at this Period. He had received a violent Bruife on his Foot, by a Fall from his Horfe, at a Tournament. When the Phylicians were confulted, they er done to jujiify thy Attempt upon my Life ? "- (( (( (« and -the Forty^feiondof his Age(z). ....,...:■ • „> We Life. The Surgeons of the Court were called in ; and Each^ acknowledging his Inabilities, declined the Operation. Dur- ipg this Exigency,- the Chamberlain was applied to, and al- though uflikilled'lh the Practice, commanded to ftrikc off rhe i'oot of his Sovctei&n. With a fliarp Axef, He, at three Blows, performed his Office. ExceflTve Torture threw the Duke into a Fever, which baffled alt the little iVfedicat Knowledge of that Age, and fooa depirived him of bis Life. —Rob. Glof. invit. Ric. Pri. p 4qa. (y) Ro^er Hoveden, Annal. p. 791. — Brompton, p. 1277. — Knighton, p. 2413.— IvLut. Paris. Hill. Angi, p. 195— Nic. Triv(*t. Annal. Vol. L p. 124* («) A. D. 1199. . 7, ILtUSTRlOUS SEAMEN, kc. 95 We fhall conclude our Account of this Prince with a flight View of his Military, and Naval Charaftcr. In the Firft, He was Superior to Misfortune, and Brave to an Excefs; but Fierce, Cruel, and Vindictive. In the Laft, the fame romantic. Hcroifm, the fame deteftable Barbarity, and implacable Revenge, were dreadfully confpicuous. To gratify thefe. He trampled on all the facred Privileges of Human Nature as mercilcfsly as He violated the Laws of War. It was folely when He difcerned in Others thofe extravagant Flights of Refolu- tion which were the dillinguiftiing Marks of his own Conduf^, that He checked his natural Ferocity, and embraced a Conquered Enemy, who, by daring him to be cruel, protrafted, and (if the intended Aft of Clemency had not been fruftrated by a Traitor,) would have efcaped the Punifhment which Submiffion might have haftened. Of the Eng/ijh Commerce He was a fpirited Proteftor j and fo firmly did He maintain a per- petual Superiority on the Ocean, xhzt Philip of France , left the Confexjuences of it fhould have proved fatal to himfelf, formed an Alliance with Canuius the fifth. King of Denmark, whofe Dauj^ hter He efpo\ifed, on the tTondition of being furnilhed with a Fleet fliificiently powerful to relift, if not fubdue, the Naval Force of Richard [a). This intended Expedition was, however, prevented from taking Fiace by the grofs Affronts to which JfemburgOy Queen of France, and Canutus her F'ar- ther were expofed. by tlie Inconftancy of Philip. It is fome Satisfadion that amidft the Public, and the Private Vices which have rendered the Character oijohn fo odious to Pofterity, We can perceive a Gleam of Pa- triotic Virtue in his Zeal for the Advancement of tJie Naval Glory of tlie Englijh. Not long after He had ipountcd the Tlirone, the Pe^rs were fuinmoned to ' ^■■' '-,, ;; V attend. [a) Gul. Neubrlg. lib. 4. c. 26. *■ ^ MEMOIRS OF attend liim at Hu/iings, where (/>) in Conncll, it was tn-' a«^lcJ that if the Commanders of bhi])s beiouging to th* Royal Fleet, ^lliould, at any I'hue, l)e ialijited, by the Mailers of Foreign Vellcls approaching to liieni on the oeas, witli a Refufal to Strike to ihe Hritijh Flag, then fuch Veflels, whether laden, or empty, Ihould, ifpolfi- ble, be taken, and thereafter deemed good, and law ful Prizes, notwithflanding that on inquiry it might appear that the Owners of fuch Vcllels were tlie Subjcfts of a Power at Peace with the Kingdom ; and that all OiH- cers, Mariners, and Others on board tliefe Veilels fliould be fentenced as Rebels, to be imprifoned, at the Difcre- tion of their Judges (*). A more manifefl Proof of our Superiority on the Ocean is not to be adduced (t j ; and "We may reafonably infer from this Pretenlion to it, and the Nature of the Mandate here annexed (f) Ann Innisf. MSS. — Leland's Hiftory pf Ireland,, Vol. I. p. 192. , . •• (fl) Auguft 20, A. D. liio. *' lao MEMOIRS OF In thi: \'car one Tlioufancl, two HiinJiecl, and' Twelve, the Pope, Inving pronounced, in a Conliflory of Cardinals, the Sentence of Depofition againll John, intruflcd the Execution of it \o Philip Augujlu^^ of France. n his Monaich, allured by the plenary RemifTion of his- Sins ; by a formal Bull, invcfting Him, and his Heirs for ever with an abfolutc Right, and Title to the Crowa of England -y and, above aH, by the Profpc^b, howfo- cver faint, of adding another Kingdom to his Domi- nions, accepted of the Ch.argc. He levied a powerful yVrmy, and fitted out a Meet confifting of feventeea Hundred Sail (/>), to oppofe which John collected a fu- perior Naval, and Military Force, encamping fixty thoufand Men on Bat ham -D own t, in Kent, and flation- ing his Marine Armaments (wbicli were more confider- ablc than any pofl'efTcd by tiie Englijh, at a preceding i^li-a,) along the Coafts, ready to defend theitifelves agaiuft their expeflcd Enemies {q). Yet a Part of lliefe Troops, and Vcflels v>'ei'e afterwards difmificd, as iheir Number was too great to be conveniently main- tained. Tlic naval Preparations of Philip were the earlicfl Ef- forts towards the Eflabliiliment of that Marine in France, which, increafed by llow, but powerful Dc- [;rces, became, at length, able to contend with Eng- land for. the Empire of tli« Ocean. During the Reigns of tlie tii^T Sovcing alfo in its Intoreft, He availed himfelfof this happy Concurrence of Circum- ftances, and gave Orders for the Improvement of liar- •l)Ours, and the Equipment of Fleets. Aboat tlie famu Time, Eiijhcey a Monk who preferring War^ and Plunder, to the Inaftivity of the Clcnllrr, had engaged in Piracy, fought the Proteftion of Philip^ and pre- sented to him his VciTcls. Submitting ^) be dircflcd by this Man, the King was employed, during a whole Ye ii , in fitting out his Armaments. They amounted to fevcn- tcc.n Hundred Ships, or rather light Gallics, navigated vith Oars. That they were unfit for A(ffion, m.ay be collc£i:ed from their Numbers, as it was the Pra^licc of that Age to mak« np in Multiti^de what was wanting in Strength, and Conveniency. A celebrated French Writer ('') obferves that this Fleet copl^fted of Mer- chant-men of fmall Burden, with little Ammunition, iind yet fliled Ships of War. To thefe were added ma- ny Tranf}X)rts which ferved only to receive Cargoes ; not for Martial Operations ; and increafcd the Equip- ment without rendering it more formidable. They were Barks, and fiat- bottomed Boats which carried Provifions, and Baggage. Svch was the Navy dcfigued to aflift in the Conqueft of England. ]n the mean T'ime, John, by the moft abjefV, and unconditional Submiflion to the Pope, obtained a R.;- verfui of the Bull ; in Confequencc of which Pandolph [r) .Hilloire de la Rivalite de la France, et de rAngleterrCi rat M. Gaiilard, Tom. n. • '- ' . , f ■ ^' -'•-., T / ' -^'^ ■■•' %> ♦ % '202 MEMOIRS OF the Legate pailed over from England, into France^ and forbad Philip to procec<|onhis intended Expedition (i). This Prince declared with equal Scorn, and Indignation, that having laid out the inftnenfe Sum of lixty Thou- fand Pounds, in Preparations for an Enterprize to which He had been infligated by the Holy See, He was refolved that no Menaces fhoujd prevail on him to decline it; Ke complained in the bittereft Terms of the Duplicity, anc Avarice of the Pope, who, engrofiing all the Ad- vantages, had thrown the whole Burden of the Expence on him J and now, that the Profpeft of ^uccefs was be- come certain, had the Effrontery to command hini to relinquifh the Purfuit of it. He added, that S^ fliould be feen when He had affembled his VaflTals, how little Refpedt would be paid to a Prohibition fo replete U'ith Hypocrify, and Fraud (/). Accordingly, He fummoned a Parliament to attend him at 'Soi£bns (a), where the BarOns of France ^ prompted by a Paffion for Glory, and Riches, made a Vow to fupport him in the Enterprize, with their Lives, and Fortunes. The Farl of Flanders alone (who ie- cretly engaged in a Treaty with John^) h^ the Confi- dence to declare that the Proceedings of Philip were im- pious, and unjuft (jr). He was immediately driven from the Court, by Order of the King, who threatened that, of all the Enemies of France^ Hefhould firft feel the Violence of Hoftility. Eager to execute his Purpofe, He marched immedi- jitely, at the Head of a numerous /irmy, into the Domi- nions (i) Maft. Paris. Hifl, Angl. p. 237. — Nic Trivet. Annal. Vol.1, p. 157, ija.-rRobert of Gloucefkr's Chronicle, p. 507. ; (/) Nic. Trivet. Annal. Vol.1, p. 160. («} A. D. 1213. (;r) Matt. Paris, p. 166 — Hlfloire de la Rivalitc dc !a ffancc, etd^TAngleterre, Tom, IL ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 103 liions of thii Lord, {ubduing Cajfd^ Ypre^, and all the Country as far as Bruges, His Fleet proceeded to Gravelines, and from thence to the Haven of Dam, Here, it was attacked by the Englijh Navy, confid- ing of five Hundred Sail, under the Command of the Earl of SaHJbury, natural Brother to King John (y). The Aaion proved fatal to Philip : Three Hundred of his Ships vjrere taken; an Hundred more were cither ftranded on the Coaft, or burned i and Hs was reduced to the Neceflity of de^roying the Reft to prevent their falling into the Hands of the Enemy. Tlie only Means left to revenge himfelf of the Earl of Flanders^ were to fet Fire to the City of Dam j and thefe He ef- feded (z). Such was the Fate of the firft French Navy equipped, and fent out to Sea, fince the Time of Charlemagne (a). The fcing of England now appeared delermined ta purfue his good Fortune, and, in hiis Turn invade the Tcrtitories of Philip. Accordingly, He applied to the Barons for their Affiftance in the Enterprize, biit was refufed under the Pretence that their Time of Service was paft, and all their Provifions expended {b)» y^hn^ who ridiculoufly imagined that if He i)roceeded on his Voyage, thefe Lords, afhamed of their Defeftion, would follow witli the necelTary Equipments, embarked, attended by an inconiiderable Force, and failed to Jer- fey (c). Here, He \Vaited to no Purpofb, and, at laft returned tp England, declaring that it Was his firm In- '\ .' G 4 tention fy) A. D. 1113. / {x) Matt. Paris, p — Nic. Trivet. Annal i66.-Chron. Dunft. Vol. I.' p. 59. Vol I. p. 157. (a) Hiftoire de la Rivalitc de la France, el de I'Angleterre^ '^om. II. (b) Matt. Paris, p. 166* (^i Ibid, A,D, 1215. -' ' - ^^•-f . I !|04 MEMOIRS OP tention to chaftife his difobedient Subjcfts. But the Archbifhop of Ca'nterhuryy a Confederate of the No- bles, forbad him to think of an intefline War j anJ fa terrified him with Denunciations of the Papal Ven- geance, if He ptrfifted in his Refolution, vvhilft the Kingdom was expofed to the Sentence of an Jnte difV, that He promifed to abandon the Attempt (^d). Jn the following Year, the King Jitted out a power- ful Fleer, and embarking 2X Port/mouthy in the Month o{ February, \\'ix\\\\i^ Army, landed at Rocbelle, pafTcd oyer to Poi^ou, penetrated mxo jlnjou^ and crpfled the Loire. Whilfl He was befieging a Caftle, an Informa- tion was brought that Prince Lewis, the Son of Philip^ dni Henry Clement, Marflial of Prance^ were advancing,, from no confiilerable Diftance, at the Head of a large Body of Troops, to give hhn Battle. The Timidity of y^/;« was hiftantly alarmed, and -witholit waiting a linglc Moment for the Enemy, he repalTed the Loire with the utmofl Precipitation and Diforder, leaving on' the other Side of the Hiver^ his Tents, Baggage, mili- tary M aclii lies, '^nd a Part of his Forces who .were cither cut to jiieces, ordiowned [e). About the fame Time^ a' decilive Vi61ory was obtained by Philip, at Bcvines, over the Emperor Otho.i who had invaded France^ with an' Hundred and fji'ty Thoufand Germans. On thi§ Occa- iion, the Provinces of Poi^ou, a-nd Anjou declared in: Favour of the Conqueror, to whom the fajthlefs P^/J7f- iiins would probably have delivered 'John, if, by ac- ceding to a diihonourable Truce, He had not prcierved his Liberty. When this was concluded, He retiiri^ed (/}' ■ • v >. • ,, ignominiouily (fl) M^itr, Pyrls, p. 167.. [e] Daniel. — Hilloire dt-la Mil. Franc. — Hiftoire de iaRI-« Vfjlitp de la France, et de 1 Anglccerre. Toiij. II. ■ ; .,.'•• //) November, A. D. 1214. •_ , •. '. . ^ ' '^^ .'■^) < «... ....,.» , J % ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Sec. ip| jfcjnominioufly with his Fleet, and tiie Remains of hia Army to England {g)» This was tlie laft foreign Expedition nndertalcen by the King. The Reft of his Reign was one continued Scene of civil War, in which no Naval Circumfcance occurs, except the Equipment of a Fleet, conlifling of fix Hundred, and Ten S)iips, by his formidable Rival, Philip, The Place of Rendezvous \yas at Calais, wherQ Prince Lewis of France^ appointed to the Command, arrived, and failed with it foi* £'«^i^«//. He firft dcfign- ed to land the JF^orces, at Stanhore, in \\\q.' JJIe o'i Thanet i but not perceiving any Preparations u oppofe them, H6 proceeded to Sandwich, and there difembarking, was iitimediately joined by the Barons, and feveral of the Ibreign Troops in the Pay of John [h). At this dan- gerous Cp*{is, the King raifed a conliderable Army, with which He advanced to repel the Enemy, and make a; final Strusr&le for his Crown. In his Progrefs from Norfolk, into Limolnjhire, He was obliged tO mafcli along the Sea-fliore ;' and here, ncglefling to retire at the Time of High-water, He was furprized by the Tides which fwalloxved tip all his Carriages, Baggage, Trea- ilire, Regalia, and a Part of his Forces [i). This afflifting Stroke, by increafing the Violence of a Dif- temper under' wy'ch He then hbourcd, foon' brought him to the Grave. It was with Difficulty that He reach- ed die Caftle of Newark, where He expired in the Forty- Iiinth Year of his Age, and the eighteenth of his Reign (^). • ^ •-» ■■■■ ,'..■• ^. • VVhilft {g) Chronique Abregs c!e<3 Rois de France, p. 79 '-Me- ieray, T. 2. p/625. — 'Hilloire de ia Rivalite de la France, ct de rAnglcteire, T. 2. — Rigord. *- [h) A. p. i2i6-^Nic Twvet.Annnl.Vol T. p. 16?, 166. —Matt Pari?. Hill. Angl p. 2 8i.~-Mezeray,Vol.II.p. 269. . (/■) M.ut Paris. Hili Ant^l. p. tS;. . . . {Jt) Nic. Tiivet. Annal. V. i. p. 1 66.— Matt. Paris HiH:, • Angl p. ?.S8.-»-Roberl of Glouceder's Chronicle, p. 512, ^Jj — A. D.I 2 16. .., .. f ., J \..i • :> . •J*-/. ;^ 106 MEMOIRS OF Whilft We abhor the general Conduft of this flagU tlous Prince, it mull not be denied that the Support of the Marine, and the Increaic of Commerce, were the frequent Obje£ls of his Attention. Here, let us con- clude the Char.i6ler : — To inquire farther is too painftll a Tax upon the reelings of Humanity (/j. The prudent and fpirited Conduft of the Earl of Pembroke, Marefchal of England^ fecured the Throne for the young Prince Henry, whom He led immediately to Gloucejier, where, in the Prefence of Ct»<7/ ready to take the Com- mand, and embark. The Naval Equipments, either owing to Negleft, or Defign, were found, on Inquiry, too inconfiderable to receive them ; and, therefore, the Entcrprize was poftponed until the enfuing Spring (^j, when the Sovereign, and his Troops proceeded to Saint Makes (^), where, on dieir landing, they were received by tlie Earl of Bretagne, who gave up to Henry the Pof- feffion of his Garrifons, and Caflles. This inglorious Monarch, far from purfuing a Cam- paign which opened fo advantagev:>ufly, engaged in the molt expeniive Parties of Pleafure at Nantes; whilft the French^ unrelifted, carried their Conquefls into Bre- tagne. The Normans^ and the Poictevins endeavoured, but in vain, to roufe the Inaftivity of Henry^ and de- clared themfelves in Readinefs to aflift his military Oper- ations, from the Moment of his Appearance to condu£l them. The King proceeded reluctantly to Poictouy wiiere die Caftle of Mirabeau immediately furrendered to . J T^r 5i» 36. {c) Hackluyt*s Voyages, Vol. 11. \d) A. D. 1 229. \e) May 3. — Matt. Paris. Hift. Angl. p. 363. Waverl.— T. Wikes.— Holingnied, Vol.11, p. 21 r rcl, Vol. II. p 867. Ann, u± M E M o i"h F br to him. From tiience, He marched into Giiienrre^ and received the Homage of his barons. His warlike Ar- dour was now cxhaulted, and He returned to tlie Enjov- ment of his Diverfions at Nantes, where the OfricerS, ■ imd even the common Soldiers, imitating his Profullon, difpoled of their Arms, and liorfes, a- ujuandered away the Money in Feafting, and Del .lery. The French who, profiting hf the Supinenefs of Henry, had added a confiderable Reinforcefiient to their 'Froops, approached with an 1 Mention to attack him. The Pro- bability of a Battle was to the EnpUfli as terrible as tlie Reality : They fled with Precipitr.tion to their Ships, from which they landed, atnidft the Public Scorn, and Indignation, at Portjmduth, after a difgraceful Ablence of tivc Months, alt palFcd in one continued Aft of Cowardice, and Diflipation (f). In the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Thir- ty-one, the F leet^ commanded by Peter des Roch^if Bifhop of IFincbejier, returned from the Holy Land, This Prelate dilcmbarkcd in great Pomp, and entered, with a folfemn Proceflion, into the Capital of his Dio- celei'^). , . . ^ .. -^ . . .' : • The earlieft Naval Preparations from this Period, uere made (/;) by Richard, Karl of Cornwall, and John^ liarl of Salifiury, the Brother, and the Uncle to the Kino:, topether with i'everal Perfons of Diftin£lion. Their creat Obieft: \vas to ailifl the Chriflians in their "War againrt the Infideh in Siyrm. They were foon re- inforced by a powerful Armament, under the joint Com- mand of ^Imon de Aionifort^ Earl of Le'iceJUr, and "John^ Earl (f) Nic. Trivet. Annal. Vol. i. p. 183. — H. Knygh- ton, p. 2439. — T, \\ ikes, p. 41. — Tyrrel, Vol. II, p. *70. (g) II.ickluyt's Voyages, Part 11. * -^ mv*. // (h) A. D. 1240. _,:;,< .: I i Lit; STRIOUS SEAMEN, 5cc. ii^ •k'.AYl of Alhimarle. Thus United, their Entcrpfizes werfc iVtquenr, and vid\orious (/). . Henry, having formed, at the Inftigation of his Fa- ther-in-law, the Count de la Marche^ a Projeft for reducing Gafcony to Subjedlion, extortsid the neeeirary Succours from his equally opprelVed, and difcontented People. The Fleet, and a Imall Number of Troojls being ready, He failed widi them from Porlfmouth (/r)^ and landed foon afterwards at Xaintange^ where He was joined by his Ally. Here, as ufual, the Enterprizes of Henry were marketl by Misfortune, and Difgraee. He was overcome at Ti3///^^5;/r^ ; abandoned by his Confederates j ■ftripped of his remaining Provinces in PoiSfou\ and at length compelled to return into Enjiland^ without hav- ing performed the leaft Exploit of Confequence fufficient to fecurc him from the Murmurs of his Subjects (/). At this unhapi)y i^.ra, the Naval Force of England was fo cxcefhvtly reduced that the C/wyz/^ Port'., too "defencelefs to contend againft the Norynans^ anc Bri- ions, applied for Succour to other maritime Towns, which, at the Accellion of Henry, had rendered an ef- fential Service to the Kingdom (w). The Dt^preda- tions of the Pirates (aitiongft whom were Subjefts of great Rank,) had alfo rifen to an alarming Height ; nor was their Jnlblence fo effe£i:ually checked as might have been imas^iined bv the Execution of IVi liam Alar- fhali, tl\cir Chief, and of the noble Houfc of Panhroke. This daring Adventurer, who had fortiiied the linall Vol. I. H^ Ifland (/) HolingHieJ. \k) May !<;, A. D. 1247. "^ - ■ - • * • ' * ^ (/^ Mitt. Paris. Hift. Angl p. 391, 30^, ".qS, 300, 40^. -W. Heiniiiwf p 574. — Chrou. Dunfl V(;l. 1. p. 153. ■Nic. Trivet, i^nnal. Vol. I. p. 194. — Grafton, p. 124. -F.ibian, p. 50, 51. \m) Campbell's LitCa of the Admirals, Vol.1, p. iGo. ti4 MEMOlkS 01? ! Idand of Lundy, near the iVfouth of the Severn, hecaftiel fo much a Terror to the adjacent Coafts tliat the Inhabi- tants Implored the King to fend a Squadron to their Af- llflance. Accordingly, fome Ships were fitted out, by JMeans of which Mar/hatl was taken, and conveyed to Lcndtn^ where He was tried, and fentcnced to lofc his Life. The Punifliment, notwithflanding the Rank of the Offender, was immediately infliftcd («). The pecuniary Gtants which Henry had obtained f<-om his Parliament, ahhough requefted to fupport the Expcnce of a Criifade, were laid out in Prepafations to reduce the Gafcons, encouraged in their Rebellion, by illphonfs, King of Cajiile {c). When the Fleet, con- fifting of three Hundred Ships, belides Tranfprorts {p) Was entirely c(juipp^d, Henry repaired to Port/mouthy and embarking, with his Arttiy, on the Sixth of Auguft^ m the Yc'ir one ThouGind, two Hundred, and Fifty- tliree, arri' d, after a Paflage of nine Days, at Bour* deaux» It is fiifficicnt to relnarl^ that, differently from the general Refult of his Meafures, He was not unfuc- Cefsful i But the prodigious Debt contrafted on this Oc- calion, by Himfelf, and his NoblfSj ferred only to in-* llame their Difcontents, ^nd expofe him to greater Danger from their Emerprizes {q). To avoid a tedious Paflage on the Sea, He direfted the Fleet to fail, and • wait for his Arrival at Boulogne, To this City, He proceeded, (by the Permiflion of Lewis,) with a nu- merous Retinue, through France j but not until He had been inagniiiccntly entertained, during eight Days at Paris («) Campbell's Lives of the Adrtln-als, V. i< p. 160.— fiolingftied, p. 230. — Matt. Paris* Hill. Angl. p. 584. (e) Matt. Paris. Hift, Angl.— Ann. Burton. — Ann. \Va- verl. — T. VVikes. (p) Holingflied. (f) Mau. Paris. Hifl* Angl. p* 6i4« ■* m ILLUSTRIOUS SEAM£N, &c. xfj Parts (r). He reached England on the Fidiof Jfanuary^ in the following Year. ()). The next Event iminediately relating to our Subjcft appears to border ujH^n Fable, and is mentioned by Only two Hiftorians, Ralph Holing/heJ, and Matthew (a Benedi£1ine Monk,) of IVeJlminfler. We prefcnt it to the Reader in the Words of the Former : " About this *' Seafon (/), were Certain Ships driven by Force of '* Wind, and Weather, into certain Havens, on the North Coafts of England^ towards Berwick^ which Ships were of a very ftrange Form, and Fafhion, but mighty, and ftrong. The Men that were aboard the lame Ships were of fome far Country, foe their Language was unknown, and not underhand- able to any Man that could be brought to talk with " them. The Freight, and Ballad of the Ships were " Armour, and Weapons, as Habergeons («), Hel- " mets. Spears, Bows, Arrmvs, Crofs-bows, Tiwd " Darts, with great Store of Viftuals. There lay alio, " without the Havens, on the Coafls, divcrfc other " Ships of like Form, Mold, and Fafhion. Thofe *' that were driven into the Havens were ftayed for a ** Time bv the Bailiffs of the Ports. But finally when it could not be known what tiiey were, nor from H 2 whence^ << (( (( (< C( (C <; (r) At a toyal Bafiquet, given by leiiis^ that Prince would fo have placed Henry ^ that the King of France (hoald have been feated on his Right, and the King of Navarre on his Left-hand. But the Englijb Monarch was determined not to confent to it, and faid to Lewisy " // belongs to You alone •' to occupy a Place avhich is to regulate the Prcedence cmongji ** Kings ; for You are my Lord^ and ali<;ays Jhull he fuch.''*—* Hiftoire de la Rlvalite de la France, et dc rAnglecene, par Monfieur Galliard, V. 3. p« 2. (i) AD. 1255. " ^ • (/) A.D. 1254. • («) The Habtrgfon was a Body-armour, corftpofed of Lea- ther, and fenced with Iron, or Brafs-croilets^ Ii6 MEMOIRS OF •i w whence, they came, they were licenfecl to (Icp.ift^ '** without Lofs, or Hafm, lii Body, or Goods," Few of the fucceedinj.!; Circumftances of this difgrace- ful Reign are within the Province of a Naval Hiftory. Amongft thofe Which appear to be the moft material is the Equipmeiit of a Fleet by the Cinque Ports (jr), vvh6 ■joined the Barons then at War with Hcnry^ and pleaded in their Vindication that the Exprcllion, in their Char- ter {y), for the Service ef the King, was to be interpreted ,, ,.>' . {x) A. D. ♦26t.- (y) As the Privileges of the Cinque Ports were confidcvdbi'jr augmented by Ruhara the Fiift, and Hinry the Third, in Or- der that they mi^ht be the more enabled to increafe their Services to the State, it cannot appear improper to prefent the Reader with aTranflation of the Latin Cujiumal^ or Re- cord of liie Town? of Hith^ as it Hood at this Period.— —Sec Hackluyt, Parti, p. 17. Record of Hith. Thefe are the fire Ports o^ our Sovereign Lord the King, having I^iberties which are not enjoyed by any other Pons : to wit, Hajtirgs^ Rometialy Hiih, Dover^ and Sandivtch. The Services due by the Samej Ucflings fliali find tvventy-une Ships ; and in every Ship twenty-one Men, and a Boy. The Members of this Port lire th.e Seaihore in Sea forth, Penjfrjbey, tic eny, i'PinchtlJea^ Rye, Hhame, Bekejbourne, Grengg. ISorthie, and Buinxierheth Ri'/nenr/l fliall rind five Ships, and the fame Number of Men as are to be found by tlcjlings. The Members of this Port aie Prombfliy. Lede, EidJlxKejiont, Dengemetjis, and Old Ro/fi»ev. /■i.//j Ihrdl tind the fame Ni mb^r of Ships, and Men as r.te to be toond by Run>enul. 'I'ne Member of this Port is H'iji-lhih Z>- lludl find the fame Number of Slilps, and Men as are to be found by Hr-fiirgs. The Members of this Port are F-ilkejIone, Ftverjhutu, aud Saifit AJargwetj, not for the Land, bm for the Goods, and Chattels. Satiflfwich llvall lind the i'ame Number of Ships, and Men, iis are to be found by Roiunal \\\\>X iiu.'.» The Members of * *li^ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 1x7 for the Service of the Kingdom. This, in their Opinion, was heft promoted by dclcrling the royal Caufe, anci guarding the Coafts to prevejit the Arrival of any fo-- reign Armaments for the Support of Henry. Their I^avy amounted to hfiy icvcn Sail, witli which the Commanders, forgetful of the great Purpofe of their Jinterpri/e, attempted tpfeize, ipdikrin^iaately, on all bhips, whether belonging to Aliens, or to Keljio\v-Su!)T jcfts i and thus, the Public Welfare was meanly la- fLriiiced to the Confiderations of private Intereft. Al- lured by the Prol'pe6> of Plunder, Simon de Montfort (who having furrendered, vvith other Rebels, at Ax- holme, was pardoned on the Condition of leaving Eng- land,) attached himfelf to the Pirates of the Cinque PortJ, and was chol'en to comrnand their fleet. The Mer- chantmen of every Natiqn were expofed to their At- tacks, and generally rifled. At length (z), ernl3olu.ei)- ed by Succels, they, to revenge the Deaths of fome of their Allbciates who had been hanged, by the Com- mand of Henry, reduced Portfmouth to Allies, 'f'hefe H "i Adventurers this Port are Ford-wich, Recuher, Strre^ and Deal y not for the iJoil, but tor the Goods. The Ships are in Number Fifn-le'enj the Men onp Thoufand, one Hundred, and Ei<;hty-feven '. the Boys Fit- ty-feven. This Service the Barons of the Civqut Ports do acknow- ledge to owe to the King, upon Summons, Yearly, (if it bap- pen,] for the fpace of Pitteen Diiys together, at their own Coils, and Charges, to he reckoned from the Firlt Day they; Ipread their Sails to depart for the Place appointed by the King : and to lervc after the fifteen Days, at the Pleafure ul' th£ King, He paying them. A more ancient Record mentions only five Days Service, upon forty Day j previous Notice, and that they were to pay theMafter, and Conllable, fix Pence per Diem each, and the Mariners Three-pence.- -See Lediard's Naval Hiftory, Yvi. ^. p. 31. • \«) November 25, A. D. 1266. Ii8 MEMOIRS OF Adventurers were afterwards quelled by Prince E/J' ward [a) vvhofe Squadron engaged fome Ships belonging to the Harbour of fVincheiJ'ea. In this Aftion, Num- bers were either killed, or drowned, and Henry de Pe- hune, tlieir chief Commander, taken Prilbner (^). The Others,' wrought upon by Perfualions, returned to then- Duty, on the Conditions of a general Pardon, and the full Ratification cf all the former Privileges of the Cinque Ports [c). In the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Se- venty, the Navy was fo miferably reduced that Prince Edward could only collect thirteen Ships to efcort the Troops (op this Account, confined to one Thoufand Men,) under his Command, to the holy Wars againflj the Saracens (d), Thefe Jnfidels, unable to withftand the Valour of Ediuard, in the Field, employed an Af- fafiin todifpatch him with apoifoned Knife. The Vil- lain failed in his Attempt, (although he wounded the Prince flightly in the Arm,) and was killed upon the Spot (e). The Plague, to which the King of France^ and one of his Sons had juft before fallen a Sacrifice, began co rage in the EngHJh Army, and fwept away great Num- bers. This Misfortune, added to the Want of the necelfary p. 221. — GuL Riftianger. Contin, («) Ecd. Ann. {B) Annal. Waverl. Hift. Angl. p. 1064. (c) About this Period, Thomas de Moleton was appointed. Captain, and Confervator of the Sea, and Maritime Fort? . ' (d) Nic. Trivet. Annal. Vol. I p. 229.— T. Walfing- ham. Ypodigm. Neullr. p. 47 1 .—Chronica de Mailros, p. (*) W, Heming. p. 520. — Matt. Paris, p. 678, 679.— Annal. Waverl. p. 225, 226. — Gul. Bi(hanger in Com. Hift. Angl. p, 1007.— Nic. Trivej. f^fijaaX, Volt I. p. aj?..-^* li^^kluyt, Vol.11, p. 36/ i>n ILLUSTHJQyS SliAMEN &c, 119 lieceffary Supplies far the Continuance of the War pre- vailed on Edward to accept of the Truce proppfed by the Sultan (f). Immediately after the Racificr.tion of it. He embarked \\ith the Remains of his Army, for Eng- land, ar.d had approached tj^e Coaft of Sicily, when he veceived Advice that Henry was no more. Weighed down by public Cares, and natural Infirmities, Hf had expired at Saint Edmondjhnry^ in the Sixty-fourth Year of hie Age, and the Fifty-fixth of his Reign, In the Naval, as in the Military Department, the Weaknefs, Diflipation, Negligeii(;e, and Timidity of Henry were fatally conlpicuous. At Jiis Death, the Maritime Importance of the Kingdom drew near to its Decline ; and might entirely have fallen, if a Prince Sefs bold, and vigilant in accomplilliing its J^ecovery \;han Edward, had fucceeded to the Throne. Before we enter upon the Engl'ijh iEra, it may be ne- ^eflary to introduce fome Ihort Remarks concerning the Navigation, and Trade of the Nornmnu The largeft of all the VeiTels conftrufted, at this Pe- riod, were called Buccas, or Burciis, Carrying three Sails, they were more ferviceable than, the Others, which are defcribed by the Nor/nan Hifk)rians as fur*- niflied only with a fingle Sail. A Ubcrious Antiqua- ry {g) hath not been able, amidft all his Refearches to dif<;over, either from writen Teftimpnies^ or any De- lineation w;hatloever, thjE true Form of the Buua, or wherein it differed, except, in its thr^ Sail?, from other large Ships j neither can Hq detennine whether thefe Sails were all on one, or divided on feparate Mails. TTie next largeft VelTels were dlftinguifhed by the Name of Naves Oneraria, or Veljclji of Burden. H 4^ . Afte^, (f) A. D. 1272. (g) Strutt's Shipping, aiwi Naval Affairs of the Norinanf, Vol, II, ^. 10, ~%i 120 MEMOIRS OF .U d d -i. -4, * After the fc, were reckoned the Ctfn"/f^5, or K'/lkes (J)), ; The Gallies were of two Sorts; the One navigated ♦' with Sails, and Oars ; the Other, with Oars alone (/).' » Roger de Ihveden^ in his Defcription of tlie J.anding of • Richard the Firft, at Cyprus, obrervcs that He quitted" • the great Ships, and entered the Boats, and CTallies,' '• w^hich were rowed to Shore with great Violence (k)i The Former of thefe, frecjuenrly called Galiones (/),• _* were larger than the Laft, which were fometimes of a ' fufhcient Size to carry fixty heavV-anr.ed Soldiers, ex-' clufive of an hundred, and four Rowers, together with' the Mariners (m). Several of thefe VeiTels were fur- ^ niflied with triple Banks of Oars, placed, in the an- " cient Manner, over each other. We learn from . Geoffty de P'inefauf that the only Ships of War then' in ufe were G allies ; and that the Velfel called by the" ' Romans^ L'lhurna, was, in his Thne, named a Galley ;• being long, narrow, and low built. . • ^ When Richard the P'irfl had conquered Cyprus, the Number of hrsGallies lying within a Port belonging to that Hland, amounted to an Hundred, incUilive of five' which He had taken from the Cypriats. A Fleet fo fine," . , • • • • ■ • and ' (/.) Ibid.— HolingfVed. \t) This appears irom the following Lines in an old Poem, wliere it is recorded ot /^/f-^ar^ the FirlK that ,. . . , . *' Were the Maryr.ers glad, or Wrothe, . ' *' He made them feyle, and rowe bothe, '' '«» .v *' That the Galley geyde fo fwvfte, .M v. '^ ** So doth the Fowleby the lyt'te." .; M. S. apud. Bib. Harlianiae infig. 4690. (/() Exicrunt e Magnis Navlbus in Naviculas, et Galea';, cc rcinigando veneiunt iKl'''T^rrain', Stc. Hovedeu, 393, B •>(■/) Galeias noftras, et Gallqiies^ (M"tt. I'aris, p. 2^^.) Gfinones-, i. e. Grandiores Galeise, ab Italic© Galeone ; ^ i^uilirmy t X Gli.fji. in Matt. Paris. . ' • {«/) Sirutt's Shipping, and Naval Alliiirs of the Normans, Vpl. 11. p. ic. , ... ...» . , i *^-^ \ *i» »»>, * ( To face paaf i9'j <^7 /^ rrvrj- C ^* yrffl/nan ironJii/^n'n/ ^/a//ry{ ». H ** ^pa^e nv ILLUSTRIOUS SKAMEN, cVc. i aiicj properly equipped, had never been obferved before. Richard^ at his J!)epartiire from the Harbour of Mef-^ fiiia^ in Sict^^ was attended by an Hundred, aiid Fifty la/ge Tranfports, beficics the alx)vemcntioned Gallies. AU' thefc hid been collected from the Navy pf England^ Normandy, Poiilou^ and his other maritime Territories. A' noble Authbr («) obferves that, probably, mofl of the Gallies were built before the Deatli of Henry the Second," as they could not otherwife have been ready to put to Sea in fo fliort a Time after. Of thefe, Fifty Were Trireme's (o), or Gallies of three Rows of Oars; and, amongft the other Ships, Thirteen, each of which carried three JVIails, were diftinguifhed by the Name of B'iJJ'es. It is prefumed that the more 'nu- merous Fleets mentioned at an earlier Period of the Kngltfti Hiftory, conMed of VeflTels much fmaller than theie belonging to i?!/V^(jr<3/ (/)), T he Earcis were, probably, flat-bottomed Boats (y), and appear to have been chiefly ufed on fwift Currents, to efcort the T^-oojis to the Shore. Befidcs thefe, were the iVflmw/t^, or fmall Craft (r)l ' In the common failing Sliip, (which, moft probably, was decked 0V(*r,i the Kedd, and Stern feem to diifer but very little in Form ; a Circumftance which hath induced a learned Antiquarian to infer (j) that, if it had (n) Lord Littleton's Second Book of the Hiltory of the Life ©f King Henry the Secohtl . • ' \o) Manufcript Chronicle of the Age of Henry the ThiixJ, quoted hy Spelmnn in his GlofTary, under the word Bujfa. (p) Lcrd Littleton's Second ficjok of the Hillory of the Life of King Henry the Second. — GaUV. de Vino Sulvo. C. 35..C. i2.-i-Hovedcn, P. 2. f. 393. •(f) Multos Naves cum quadara Barca, Matt. Paris, p. 264. Anchor, with which,^ during an Engagement, the Ve^Tel ojf the En^my wa*. drawn clofe abreaft, and, in this Situation, tlie tvv<\ Parties cotitended for the Victory, Hand to Hand^^ Such was the laft Scene of Aftion : the Firft opened at a moderate Diftance fj^om the Foe, againil whon^ the A^lants (hot Arrows, either hjeadqd with PhiaU full of Quick-lime («), of charged with fome com- builible Matter, pr^vioufly lighted foi; the dpuble Pur- pofe of more dreadfully woujiding tjie M£n> and con- fuming the Rigging of the Ships {k). The fmajler, Gallies, being fhort, and confequently moved withi. greater Eaf?, were ufed for the Purpofe of fcattering ^ ' K,in4 of Wildrfire amongft the Enemy. The following Particulars, relating to a Sea-fight^ near the City oiPtolmais, will furnifh the Reader with^ a com^ 1 (/) Galfr. 4e Vino Salvo. — Matt. iParis, 2^1. —Lord Lit- tleton's Second Book of the Hiilory of the Life of King Hen- ry, tjie Second. («) Et Phialas ple^as Calce, Arcubus per parva Haftili^ admodum Sagittarum fuper Hoftes Jaculandas.— Matt. Pa^" lis, p. logi. {x) Miffimus igitur fuper eos Sptcula Jgnita. — Ibid.--< Strutt*s OlFenfive Weapons of the Normans, V. I. p. gS.-^ See this Work, Page 107. ^ ^ ^ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. nj t ■ ■ a competent Idea of the Naval Operations purfiici (during the Time of Richard the Eirft {y). As tbf Turkijh and the Chrijiian fleets approached to the Enr fagement, the Latter were arranged in the Form of a Irefcent, in order tha; the Enemy, when attempting to pafs the Extremities, might be inclofed within it, ftnd confcquently overpowered. In the Froi^t of the Crefcent were ftationed the Strongeft of the Chrifiian G allies, prepared eitlier vigoroufly to begin, or to repel the Attack. On the upper Deck of each Galley, the Soldiers, having thei? Buckler? clofeliy joined, were difpofed in a Circle. On the Iqwer Deck the Rowers fat all together, to prevent the Men appointed to fight ^bove from being incornmoded during the A^ion, which began, on both Sides, by a general Difcharge of Stones, and Arro,v\'s. Immediately afterwards, the ^hrijiians ro^ed fwi/tly on, and with the Spurs, or Beaks of their Gallies gave a violent Shock to the Vef- fels of the Turis ; From this, they proceeded to clofe Fighting ; the oppolite Oars were mixed, and entangled together ; they faftened the Gallies to each other by grappling Irons thrown out on both, Sides ; and fired the Planks with a Species of burning Oil, commonly galled Greek fVtldfire, ' Of this Preparation, it is ob- ferved («) that with a pernicious Stench, and livid Flames^ it confumes even Flinty and Iron : nor can it be extingu{/he4 by Water ; but byfprinkling Sand upon it the Violence ofii zn'ay be abated', and Vinegar poured upon it will put it out (a.) ' Thi%' (y) Galfr. de Vino Salvo. — Lord;LittIeton's Second Book of the Hiftbry of the Life of King Henry the Second. (a) Ibid. Ibid. \a) If this Account be true, Mr. Lediard*, the ingenlou» Author of a Naval Hiftory, moll probably miilakes, when «x- ♦ Vol. L p. 1^: '•■-^ ' defcrihiog w* MEMOIRS OF This Wild-fire was probably the fame as that uCe^ by Richard the I* irft, in his Naval Engagement with the Saracens. We learn from Robert de brunt that in the Barges, and Gallies belonging to the King, wcrQ Mills, turned by the Wind, and calling from the Sails, Fire, and Stones, which laft were procured from th^ Rhinf, ** In Bargeis, and Galleis ** He fet Mylnes.to go, ** The Sailed as Men fais ** Som were black, and bio. IL ** Som were red*, and grene, The Wynde about them blewe^ A felly Sig^t ti> fene, ** Fire the bailes threwe." , ti ), and to have ftill been ten times cheaper than at Prefent (q)." That the Woolen Manufaftures flourifhed under moft of the Sovereigns of the Norman Race, is clear from the annual Payments made to the Crown by fevc- ,ral Gilds of Weavers, in different Parts of tlie King- dom (r). In the fifth Year of the Reign of Henry the Second, the Weavers of London were charged in the Exchequer Rolls with four Marks of] Gold, on the Farm of their Gild, for two Years. At other Periods, dur- ing the Life-time of this Monarch, they w^ere rated at Vol. L I Twflvc- <( .,. Twelve-pence ptr Annum, It is evident from the Rli^t tnges likely to r'^lult from the League, anc! particuTarty fnentions " the Safety, and Freeditm of Commerce betwixt *< their re fpe£iive Kingdoms.*' ' ^ Another Branch of the Trade (art tlii^ Epoch,) with Foreign Nations, was in Com, fof the Exportation of which from the Counties ofNof/olk, and Sufot^, to the Kingdoms of Denmark, and Norway y a Licence was Granted, in the Twcnty-fcventb Year o^ Henry the Se- cond (a). In the Reign of John, the Danijh Merchants vvcre liberally encouraged to- engage in Traffic with the Englifljy and pen-mtted to have Dealings i» every Part of the Ifbnd, on the moderate Condition of giving, whenfoever they came inta it, an Hawk to the King. During tiw Life-time of this Prince, the Trade of Bojion in Lincolnjhire appears, from a Comparifbn of the Cuftoms in both Places, to have approached very near- ly to the Trade of London, too imprudently neglefted, whilft the Royal Attentiort was confined intirely to the Out- ports. The Commercial IntercouTfc bet^,veen the Anglo-Nor" mam, and the French^ howfoeyer infignificant it might have been before that iEra, was confiderably extended, during the Reign of Henry the Second. One chief Ar- ticle of the IiT^rts cor\fifled of Foreign Wines, which were ufually brought from France (^), We learn from the Roils that King John received, in the Year onp Thoufand, two Hundred, and Thirteen, Ehitics for Wines of Anjou^ Auxerre, and Gafcony, exclufive of others entered under die general Term oi French Wines, Mention is alfo made, in the fame Account, of the Wines of Saxony, which aie imagined by ?. celebrated Hifto- (fl) Ibid.— MiwJoxV Hiftory of the Exchequer, c.i?, p. 323) 324- (I) Ibid.— c, 18, p. 527, ILLUStltlOtJS SfeAMEN, &c. 133 Hiftorian (c) to have come into Fafliion amongft the Englijh, in the Time of Henry tht Second^ after the Duke of Saxony had married his Daitgjiter. Yet, He would! have it Obferved that the Liinits of that Dutchy were then extended to the Rhim -, and therefore thefe Wine^ might be ij^^w/^. A ixiore general Account of the Commerce of this Age is XJb be found in the Writings of IVilliam of Malntifbury {d)^ whp obferved that "The City of Lon^x ** don was illuftrious, and eminent for the Wealth pf <« its Inhabitants ;" that " Multitudes of Merchants and <« FaftoTS, refortcdt' ^ it from' every l^ationj and par- ** ticularly from Qermany\^ and that " it proved in ** Cafes f Clippings which had been carried in' the Tirae' r^N (#f Gambdcn'a Retiria^ns, Chapter OH Moiicy. — ^jftiop Jftcholfort's Hiftbrical Libhiry. V^ Campbell's Lircs of the Admirals, V. it. p. 237. ' *• «.- * j}f ^ ^ M E M Q I R S OF '' common (and at this Period in ufe,) of circulating Mo- ney by Taie, became luddenly forbidden ; and Orders were iflued out for Payments, ^nd Receipts to pafs by Weight, accovdingto the Mode already fpecified. John, in the Opinion of foine Writers, was the Au- thor of our Standard; but this as it is Obferved by ai| accurate Inquirer, (g)^ " muft be with regard to Fine- <* nefs, efpecially ; the Sterlings or Efteriing^ (whic^i ** was the Name of a Penny made pf good Silver,) *' having been introduced in his Reign." Relatively to Weight, the Hiftorian {h) acquaints us that in the Year one Thoufand, and pighty Three, William th^ Conqueror enq£led a Law which fixed the Weight of a Penny, at T|iirty-two Grains of Wheat, out of the Midft of the Ear. The Words of the Statute in the Fifty-third Year of Henry the Third are to the fame Purpofe. Yet We trace a Diftinftion without a Dif- ference. The Grains of Wheat werp perceived to vary pften in their Weight; on thofe preferved for the Kings Balance, the Changes of Weather had afenfible Effeft. To prevent fuch Inconveniences, Twenty-four Pieces of Brais, equal in Weight to the Thirty-two Grains of Wheat were fubftituted in their Place ; and thence- forward, the, Penny-weight was faid to contain Twenty- four Grain?. ; The Affluence of the Nobility, and Clergy, during the Reign pf HligeU to ft,U three, or tour Gallons, for the fame Money, in the Country. " At Prtfent, fuch Commodities, by th(5. ^' great Coitfumption of the People, and the large Stocks o| ♦*, }^<^ j^i Ciue*." v V II.LUSTRIOIJS SEAMEN, &c. 137 ♦* great a Dif&rence between the Prices of Corn, and Catr ** tie, as that of Four to One, compared to the prefent ** Rates, affords important Reflections concerning tht *' very different Stat-e of Induftry, and Tillage in tlie " two Periods." It juuft be granted that the Progrefs of Commerce, at this particular i^ra, was exceedingly obftru^ed by theufurioui Intereft taketi for Loans of Money; the violent Extortions praCtifodi againft the Jews who ad^ vanccd it i and the total Negleft of the Laws enaftcd for the Puttifhmcrit of Robbers. An Edift, iflued out by Philip An^ujius of Prame, permitted tlie Jews in that Kingdon» to tals;c Forty-eight per Cent {p). An Allowance equally endrmous was granted^ to thii Race in England, - Yet in both Nations, were they ban- baroafly plunderad. 'Not Ho tire the Reader with Ex- amples, let it be fufllcient io obferve that idi the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred^ iand Forty-threp, Henry Jaid upon them a Talliage of fixty Thoufand Marks (^), a Sum equivalent toi the whole aimtial Revenue of the Crown. The Dread of that Torture which had been inercilefsiy iniliCted on feveral of their Tribe, induced them to Comply, and refign; tiieii: Property, to fccure their Lives. - . • ^ Bow far the Impiii^ity ^^'»th which Robb^Fies wei^ committed affected the Stat^ of Commerce, may be ga- thered from the following Inftance. At a Period prior to the Infurredjon of the Barons, and the lircaHing out .of tlie Civil Wars, a numerous Gsttg of Plunderers, who, in cbnfequente of the CarelelFnefs of the Police, "ivere daily reinforced by M*ultkud©s, proceeded to the .. ^ CoL^mifiion (p) Bruflels Traite des Fiefs, V. 1. p. 576. iq) Madox. p. 152.— For the Particulars relating- to this . $Hbge6J the Reader may confuU Matthew Paris, p- 1 6oy 572, *4io, 525, 606, —. Bruflels,, V, i. £• 622 j af^d Uij^ O'Aa^ ■«■ >38 MEMOIRS OF Coinmiffion of the moft atrocious Afts of Violence (r). All Property was thus rendered uncertain ; and every Voyage, and Journey dangerous : The Country, ceafing to be a Phice of Safety, was dcferted by its Inhabitants ; whilft Houfes, and whole Villages were ranfacked by the Rob])ers. In the Year one I'lioufand, two Hundred, and Forty-nine, two Merchants of Brabant waited on the King at JVinchefter^ aud complained that their Goods had been taken from them, by Force ; and that the Perfons guilty of this Crime were known both to themfelves, and to him, in whofe Court they appeau- cd almoft daily. Too feniible that the Magiftrates con- nived at, and were frequently accefibry to the Out- rages, they added that as they could not hope for Re- drefs from the feeble, and perverted Execution of the Laws, it was their earneft Intreaty that they might be permitted to avenge their Caufe in a Duel with tlie Thieves, Henry gave Orders for the Trial of the Of- fenders, and twelve Jury-men, of great Property in the County of Southampton, were fummoned to affift at it. Having been the Confederates of the Felons, they gave a Verdift for their Acquittal. The King, incenfed at their Behaviour, committed them to Prifon, and threatened that they fhould be more feverely punifhed. Mean-while, a new Jury was empanelled, who found the Criminals guilty, and reported to Henry that feveral Officers of his Houfhold, not then proceeded againft, had been either Abettors, or Accomplices in the Rob- bery. Their Vindication was that their Sovereign, by not difcharging their Salaries, had cruelly reduced them to the Neceffity of plundering Others for a Main- tenance (j). This Plea (which, however, was of no -. ... .„ ^ - avail ■*!: (r) Chronicle of Dunftable, Vol. f, p. icc, (j) " Dicatis Domino nolVo Regi, qiiod Iple noftra Mors f * eft, et Caufa Mortis piaecipua, qui nobis Siipendia debi- .^ M I ■. vi IfK oc » 1 Lnt > 'r M VoLI.p.iQi.i'j9. <■/ f y//r If I >///• 'fJf //////// 1 //u// /// //if ^nr/<^/f fy/(A/r/uf i/i ■/If' aviii it ^.V: I L r> U S T R I O ,U S S K A M E N, &c. 13^ av;iil in rctaiiiing the Execution of thofe of inferior Rnnk,) fcems to liave proved fervieeable to the more powerful Malefactors. We learn from the Di£ium of Kemlworihj that ** Knight s, and Efquires who were Rob- <* berSy if they had no Land^ were fentenced to pay tht ^' Half of their Goods, and find fufficient Security to keep ^' thencejorth the Peace of the Kingdom*' , As we have reached the Englijh i^raoF Naval Hif- tory, it may l)e proper, in Order to throw more light on the Circumftances conne6lcd with it, brielly todel- cribe the Marine |£quipments during the latter End of tJie Thirteenth, and the Whole of the Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries. The large jailing Ship in the Reign of Richard \\\^ Second was furnifhed only with a fmgle Maft, and Sail : The Shrouds (unlike thofe of the Norman Vef- Tels which ran from the I'op of the Mall to the Head, and Stern,) were fixed to each Side : In the Norman VeiTel, the Head, and Stern were alike : In the Engli/h Veflel, the Stern was flat bcamd, ?nd the Head riling, and terminated nearly in a Iharp Point. In the Time of Henry the Sixth, the failing Ship was built on a more improved Plan, having a flufh Deck, and a Bo\yfprIt, With this Laft, the Gallies were furnifhed, as appears from the rude Lines of a contemporary Bard defcribing theEft^asofaStorm. H^' . : ^^^i^v ,- . - ,^ ij^iiii i ,r.f>! *' And brake her Schyppes, Mafte, and Ore, ^ ^* And all ther Tackle lefle, and more, ** Bovvfprete, Ancre, and Rother, " Rop.es, Cables, oon and oother." Towards ..Ui u i* ta per longum Tempus retinuit Indigentibus : Oportuit *' Igitur nos furars. — Rex hasc audiens, confufus doluit, ct " ab imo longa traxi^ Sufpiria."— Mat. Paris. Hill. Angl. p. .„ . V i4^ MEMOIRS OF r: Towards the latter End of the Reign of Henry the Sixth, and during the Time of Edward the Foiirtli,, Richard the Third, and Henry the Seventh, the Sliips, confiderably improved, carried four Mads, (befides a Bowfprit,) with each a. Sail; and thefe were two Hinder^ or Mi/xn-mafts j the Main-niaft ; and the Fore-maft; An ingenious Antiquarian obferves that the Fore-caftle, and th Cabbin in the Stern, were like two Towers, the Communication of which in the Middle, is as it were the bafe Court to twomonftrous Keeps (/). The Bow- fprit was apparently intended to ferve only as an Hold- fafl to the Fore-maft. The Ships of this Conftruftion failed with a fide Wind : an Advantage which the Qtl^ffs of a former iEra wantdd. ITic large failing Ships were often icalled Carikes («) . The Hulket were, proh).ibly, Veflfels of large Pvrden, without Mails. We are infonned by Grafton {m) that in tlie Thirteenth Year of the Reign of Htfiry the Sixth, the French funk four great Hulkesy fviU^ of ponderous Stones cemented together by Lead,, within thd Harbour of Calais^ m ordei^ to dcmolifh it. Having imprudent- ly performed this Bufinefs during the High-'Fides, they had' the Mortification 9f perceiving that at Low- Water the Hulkis were left dry upon the Shore j and that the Inhabitants, improving the Opportunity, made a Sally from the Town, and carried the Timber and_ Stones into it for their own Ufe [y]* , ;,] Li (/) The inncKFortj,. orlaft Reform of the b^ficgcd'. Thus Ae inner Fort of Dover Cafllc, cojiftrudted by Henry the Se- cond, was called the King's Keep (») Strutt's Marine Affairs, Shipping, &c. of the Eng- Jifli, V. 2. i>. 74. ■ (a-) Grafton's Chronicle,, p. 571, , , * ' (y) Strutt's ' Marine Aflairs, Shipping, &c. 0/ the ^ag- lifh, V. 2. p. 74. ■ .. ' • . - a;* ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. Uf Caxton (z) takes notice of the Gaifyetis which may" have been fmaller Gallies. The Barges were large, and heavy Boats 3 of ufe to tranfport Troops acrofs the Ri- vers ; to form Bridges ; and to hold Scaffolds, from the Tops of which the Slingers and Bow-men aflailed the Enemy with Stones and Arrows [a). We learn from Robert de Brunc, that Edward tlie Firft availed himfelf of thefe Bridges of Boats, coYcred with Planks of Wood, to facilitate the Paffagc of his Army at Snowden j and that V.SV ** Botes he toke, and Barges the fides togidere knytte *' Over the Water that large is, fro Banke to Banke :i i;r. rouglit itte, • .. ' ^ .'.<• - '. r.'-iudh *- *' Thei flcked them overthuert, juftly for to li^e, *' Over the Water fmcrte, was fo ordeynd a BriggcC^)." ■ ^.--^ ■ > i "' .1. J . 1 iu 1.: It was fufficiently capacious to receive fixty armed Metf qaarcbing in front ',c)» v- • An additional Confirmation of this Pra£licc is in the Words ofStfiw{d)i '* When King Henry tiie Fifth :t *v* ■^'1 -^^v- r-r.(i. } ." came (2) Addition to the Polychronlcon, p. 409. chap. 14. [a] The Force, and Velocity of the(e Weapons are fcarce- ly credible. Jiurtlius Cicuta^ in his Book of Military Difci- pline, prefers the Arrows of the En^Hjl}^ for thefe two Ref- peds, to thofe of every other Nation ; and Fntririus * aftirins- that a true Engli^j Arrow, llightly covered at the Point of the Head with Wax, would pafs through any ordinary Corfler. V- * Patrit. Para!. Paite fecunda, L. 3. fol. 37, — See filfo . r , ^ J. Bingham's Notes on the Tadics of i^ilian, p. 2 5, .. u 26 : and Strutt's Manners, and Cuftoms of the Eng- hlh, V. 2. p. 40. (h) LangtofF's Chronicle, Improved by Robert de Brunc, — * ■• * p. 241. (<■) Hollngdied. {d) Stow«'s»CUronicIe, p. 359. -^iJ'/' I Ht MEMOIRS OF C6 ii *' came before Melun^ which Town was fituatecl on ah 5' Ifland between two Arms of the Sea, fo that ther»^ " was no coming at it by Landy but by tlw Bridge ; and by Water wo Vclfels could come, becaufe the Bed of the River was fo thick fet with ftrong Piles j '' Befides this, the Town was defended widi ftrong high " Walls, and well furniflied with Men, Ammunition, '* and Provifion. Then the Kin^, when He had well ** confldercd the Strengdi of the Place, caufed hisfmalU *' er Veflels to approach, and clear tlie River of the *' Piles, which was at laft with infinite Labour per- *' formed ; 'I'hen, *Ie fattened all thole Veffek together ** v\4th ftrong Chains of Iron, making a firm, and fub- *' ftantial Bridge, and built thereon ftrOng Towers of '* Wo6d, to affault the Town ; but when thofe within *' faw all thofe Preparations, they capitulated, and the **' Town was yielded up." It appears alfo from Grafton [e) that in the fileventli Year of King Henry the Sixth, the French retired froni the Fort under the Teore along a Bridge tvhich they had formed of Tons. Th^ Balinger was a fmall Sailing- Veffel. Bedded ihefe, \NtxQ Crayers, or Fijhhig- Boats; \l\e Ship- Boats, flrong, and well compared j and during the Wars, light Boats conftrudled with Wicker, or thin Timber, covered with Leather (/) } in thefe, the Troops were conveyed acrofs thofe Rivers which would otherwife have oppofed their Progrefs. Not unlikfc fuch Boats were the NaiJJeiks alluded to by Froi£ari, and ufed ty Edward the Third, during his Warsr, in France^ They were made fo artfully of prepared, or boiled Lea- ther U) Grafton, p. 556.— Strait's Manners, and Cuftoms oi the EnglKh, V, z. p. 47. (/) Ibid, p; 74. — Stowe 5 Chronicle, p. 356* , . ^. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. .4J thcr(^), that each conveniently held three Men. Boats of the lame Conftru6tion were alfo ufed by Henry the Fifth, during his fecond Expedition againll the French (h). .■ » We have already remarked that in the twelfth Cen- tury the Method of preparing the Greek Wild-Fire was known to feveral Nations. It cannot abfolutely be de- termined whether this identical Compolition was ufed by the Spaniards, and the Englrjh; But it is certaia that they affailed their Enemies, during their Naval En- gagements, with fome combuftible Matter of almoft (if not intirely) the fame Nature. It is obferved, by an old Hiftorian (i), of the Spawjh Gallies, during a Sea- fight, in the Reign of Henry the Fifth, tliat • ' eche Day ther gan us fynd. With Ores many about us they dyd wind j " With Wyld-Fyre oft attackedc us Day, and Night, ** To brenne our Shippcs in that they could, or might. . Pablan defcribes the Naval A£llon againft the Flem- ings, in the fifteenth Year of Edward the Third ; as iiaving been maintained " with hydous, and fereful " dynne, and noife of Gunnes, with terryble flamyngc " of Wylde-fyre {^)." And Harding obferves in his Account of the Warlike Atchievements of Henry tlic Fifdi, that ,. . ^. ... - . ** With {g) " Faittes, et ordonne-s fv foubtillement de Cuir boully."— FroiflUrt, Vol. IJ. (h) He provided ** Boatcs covered with Leather to palTc ever Rivers.'* — HoUngflied, p. 1171. (i) Harding's Chronicle, ch, 216. fol. 12. (i) Fabian, Vol. I, . . x \ ■ i44 MEMOIRS or » T -r , « With his Gurines callyng, they made the Towre to fal, : " And their Bulwerke brent with Shot of VVyldc- If the preceeding Quotation from Fabian (an Author bf tonliderable Credit,) be foun'*l on Truth, tlic Englijh made ufe of Artillery, fbme Years before the liattle of Creffy J a Period from which many Hiftoi i- ans have dated the Invention [m). They are recorded {n) to have been introduced imiongfl the Italians and Spa^ niardSf about the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Seventeen ; and to have been called by the Wri- ters of that Age Dolia Igninoma, or Fire-flafliing-Vef- fcls. Polydore f^irgif, an elegant, but deceiving Au- thor, affirms that the French were fcarcely acquainted tvith t!ie ufe of Cannon, until the Year one Tlioufand, .'four Hundred, and Twenty-five. On the Contrary, we have Reafon to imagine that this Nation employed •tliem before they were known to the Englijh, At leaft, there is not a Record extant to difprove the Faft. An Account delivered in by BartheUmi de Drach, tlic French Treafurer at War (»), and dated in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Thirty-eight, is drawn Mp in fuch exprefs Terms as to leave tlie Point beyond a l;)oubt. It Ipeciiies " Pour avoir Poudre, et autrts ** ihofes necijfaires aux Canons qui ettient devant Puy ■■*' Guillaume{p)r .. , *. t. .-. * . ■ ;; » From (/) Harding'4 Chronicle, ch. 222* p. 210.— Strutt's War- like InOrumenrs of the En^jlilTi, V. 2. p. 31. («) Hume's Rei<;n of Edward the Third. — Jean Villain. Lib. 12. cap. 66, &.c ike. (w) Srnitt 8 Warlike Inlbuments of the Englifli, V. 2. p. lU \o) Ducange. Glofs. in Verb Bomrorfi.i. [p) Hiftoii^ de la Querelle dc l^hilippe de Valois, ft D'Edouiird 3. par M. Galliard, T. 1. p. 298. , ILLUSTRIOUSSEAMEN, &c. 145 From hence it may be inferred tliat Fire-arms were known at leaft eight Years before the Battle of CrcJJy» The Teflimonies for their fnperior Antiquity are foine- what more equivocal. And yet, We might turn back on the mofl plaulible Grounds to the Middle of the thirteenth Century, and thftover the great Bacon (whofe Faculties were as much above the Conception of his own Times, as they fuq^alFed thole of nioft of the later Philofophers,) dercri!)ing the Compofition, and the EfFcfts of Powder (7). According to the gcner^il Opinion, this Invention proceedcil from one Schwartz, (a Monk of Germany) in the Year thirteen Hundred, and Eighty. But this Idea may b« eafily reconciled with thole which are more particular. An elegant Hi l- torian [r) obferves with great Juftice tliac in an Age io ignorant of the mechanical Arts, the Pro?rcfs of a ncvv Invention m* ft have been very llow; ana that tic At- tillery, firft framed, were fo clumfy, and of fuch diffi- tult Manpgement, that Men were not immediately fen- (ible of tiieir Ufc and Efficacy. He prcf"um*s tliat (as the French were not unprovided With Artillery, at the 'Jime of the Battle of Crcjjy^) Philip^ in his Hurry tcf overtake the Enemy, had probably left tlic Cannon Vol. f. K be- (y) In omnein DilUhtiam qudm volumns poflTumus artifi- cialiier componere Ignem comburemcm ex f:ile Perrx, et aliis — Soiii velut tonitrus, ct Corulcationes polhmt fieri in Acre ; imo ni:ijcri Horrorequam ilia qux flunt per Naturw^i Nam niodica Materia adaptatu fcilicct ;id Qiiantir;irern luiius PoUitis, Sonum facie horribilem, et Corulc:itionein olitridlt vf^hementem, cr hoc fit muhis Mcdis, quibus Clvita?, uUC Exercltuii deftriuuur ad ModUin Artificii Gedconis, qui I.a- gunculis fr.i6ti3, et Lainpadibus, Igne cxfilienre cu^ Frago- rc inertiinabili, infinitum M-.idianiturum d. Iruxit lixercitum cum trorputis Hominibu? — Roger. Bacon, de ^eciec. O^^x, Art. et Katur et de NuUitate Miigiie. (r) Hume's Retgn of Edward the Third, 146 MEMOIRS OF behind him, which He regardfed as an unneccfTary In- cumbrance. It hath been obferved that Roger Bacon perceived to what ufes Powder miglit be apphed. The iii-ft Experiments were, pronably, incomplete ; as it is natural for tlie Arts to be llow in their Progreffion from a State of Infancy, to Maturity, and Perfeftion-. That a whole Century fliould have elapfed before the Uft; of Fire-arms was common, and convenient, is no •extraordinary Circumflance. Perhaps, the great £fFcft of the Englijh Cannon at CreJJy may be conlidered as the. Epoch of a material Improvement in this Art ; and" Schwartz may, alfo, in Thirty-lix Years afterwards, have brought it to fuch a State of Perfeftion as to have acquired the Reputation of having introduced a new Art, and approved himfelf the original Inventor (j). Thefe Guns were alio ufed at the Siege of Calais, in the Year fuccceding the Battle of CreJJy^ as may be ga- thered from the Record (/) which takes Notice of the Fay given, at that Place, to the Gunnarii (u). At tlieir iirft Introdu£lion, they were loaded with Arrov^'s. We learn from FroiJJart {x), that John Bucq^ Admiral of the Flemin^s^ was on board a Ship furniflied with tliree Canons^ from which, during the Engagement, Darts, or Quarrels (Cerrleaux,) were fhol, 10 large and iieavy, that wherefoever tiiey fell, they did great Exe- cution. A Chronicle (y) w^ritten by Dowglafs, a Monk of '4. (s) Hiiloire de la Querelle de Philippe de Valois, et dEouard III. parM. Galliard, T. i. p. 299, 300. (/) See Camden's Remains, p. 241. \u) Strutt's Warlike Inft»-ument8 of the Englifli, V. 2. p. 32 — Thefe Gunnarii^ (in the Lill of the Army,, in an old Englijh Manufcript i:i the Harleian Library, written about the Year fourteen Hundred, and Tweaty-two j and miurked 53,) are called G«»wrj, and Artillers. - -i. (^) Froiflarts Chronicle, Vol. IV. (y) MSS. in the Harleian Library',. Marked 4690. rn- icon rhe it i:? rom iom ; the s no iFea LS the ancJ rards, have new m'j, in be ga- of the , At rTOV\'s. Idmiral Id with iment, Ise and It Exe- Monk of llols, et ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 147 of Glaftonbury^ alfo, informs us, that, in the ninth Year of tlie Reign of Henry the Fourtli, the Earl of Kent was mortally wounded on the Head, with a Quarrel ne Thoufand, four Hundred, and Thirty-fix, from the French, " a great Gonne of Brafs, which was called *' Dygeon, and many other greteGonnes^ and Serpentyns.** A learned Antiquary fuppolbs thefe laft to have been a fmaller Sort of Guiis {d). Towards the Middle of the fourteenth Century, the Cannon were bound with feveral ftrong Hoops, in Or- . ; -^ K 2 . , der <( i( . 2. p. an old In about roiu:ked to. (x) MSS. Ibid, Marked 24, Folio 170. («) MSS Ibid, Folio 1 7 J. \b) Sirutt's Warlike Inftruments of the Englilb, V. 2. P- 32- (c) Caxlon*s Addition to the Pttlychronicon, Chap. 20 fol. 4«5- {d) Srrutt's Wiirlike Inllrument^ ot the Englifli, V. 2,, » P- 32. .48 MEMOIRS OF I ~ der that they might the more efTeflually refill the Force of the Powder (e). They were foon afterwards much improved, and Teem (if a Judgment can be formed from the Reprefentation of them,) to have approached very nearly in Conftru£lion tothofc of the prefent Time (f). It is obferved in the Dtin/iabU Chronicle, that when Henry the Fifth, in the Fourth Year of his Reign ** Prepared to go over Sea into France, He Jlocked himfelj ** with all maner of Ordinyance, that is to fay Jrmourey ** Gunnes, Tripgettis, Engines, Scales, Bafielles, Brugges *' of Lether, Pavyfjcs, Botue, and Aroues ; and thither ** come unto hym Shippes lade with Gonnes, andGonnepow- ** der fg).'* The Tripget was a Machine for throwing of Stones j the Bajielles were wooden Caftlcs. Both of thefe were ufed in Naval, and in Military Engage- ments. The Scales were fcaling Ladders ; the Brugges were fmall leathern Boats \ and the Pavyffei large Shields to defend the Bodies of the Soldiers, when in Action, and during a Siege (^). (/). ]t was the Mode of thofe Times to decorate the Ships Vvith painting, and a profufion of gilding. The Veflbh belonging to the French Fleet (iitted out to efcort the Troops deflined to invade England, in the tenth Year of Richard tlie Second,) were fupcrbly blafoned with the Arms of Charles the Sixth j the Banners, Pejions, and Standards were all of Silk ; the Mafts were painted from Top to Bottom, and u-,v gfittered with ,.,-.. Gold {e) Ibid. — Montfaucon, V. 3. p. 228. (f) Strutt. Plates 43, and 44. {g) MSS. Harleian Library, Marked 24. [h) Strutt'fi Warlike Inllruments of the Englifti, V. z. p. 32. (0 From the preceeding Paflages, it ftiould feem that the elegant, and accurate Author of the Univerfal Dn^Honary of rhe Marine, (however right He may have been in obferv- ing that the firll Mention of Artillery in our Navies is made m the Account of ii)c Sea-Engagement between the Spav^jh^ and ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, ^c. 149 Gold (/),The Lord Guyoi Tremoyll\\?& fo extravagant In ornamenting the Sliip in wHicl> He li^iled, that the Charge of the Painting, and Colours amounted to two Thou- fand Franks ii> French Money, which, in that Period, was more than equal to uvo Hundred, and Twenty-two Pounds of the current Coin of England (/). On board of tliis Fleet, and in feparate Parts, was a Wall of Wocxl, conftrufted to the Height of twenty Feet ; at every twelfth Foot, was raifed a Tovyer, fjafhciently ca- pacious to hold ten Men ; ai^d lofper by ten Feet tlian the reft of the Wall, which, whei) fet up, extended full three thoufand Paces {m). Tlie Purpofe of tjiis Ereftion was to icreen the Troops from the Arrows of the Englijh Archers. When the French Ships were taken, this Wall was brought to Sandwich, and there fet up to be a Place of Defence againft tlie Enemy who c»;;«?; lit -rtvis>,f::itt'' ■■ "^ '■;-• -■ "^ and the united Fleets of the Englijh, and Poi^e'viftf^ a-breaft q( Rochfl.fy in the Year thirteen Hundred, and Seventy-two,) )\a\i\\ paid too implicit a Deference ro Le Blond, who affirms in his Elemer^ts of W^r, that ihc Ufe of Powder was not cllabli{hed in Battle till the Time oi Francis the Firll, and ^hjj Emperor C/t«r/« the Fifth.— See Falconer's Marine Di. ", {k) Froiflart. .. • / . • ' . (/) Grafton, p. 364. [m) Walfmgham, p. 315. — Holingflied's Chronicle, p. 1053. (n) Lambarde's Perambulation of Kent, p. 139.— Strutt's ■yV^arjikelnllrumentsofrhe Enj^liih, V. 2, p. 36, 150 MEMOIRS OF daye of Oflobre, in the twentie -third Yearc of our Soverayne Kinge, Henry the Eighth ( ^ftppe^ a Btock of H^ood fixed on the Decks, or Bottona of a Ship, and having a Hole on the upper Side fitted to re- ceive the Heel of a Maji^ vr Capjtirn, ' ■ - ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 151 about i Itcniy a nyew Maync- Yaerd of Spruce, of oon Pece. " ■ ■'■' '■'■ ^ ■ ' ' '•■" Item, the Takyll pertaynynge to tlie fay. I Mayne- Mafte, fix Takylles on a Syd. Item, nyn Shrowdes, and a Backe Staye (4) on ey- ther Syd. Item, in all the fayd Takylles, fix Shyvers («) o-f BraiTe ; that is to faye foure Shyvers in thcyr Pcn- nantcs (5), ^nd towe in the Bowfere (6) Takylles* Item, a Payer of Thyes (*•}, and a Payer of Hayll- yaerds j Item, a Gyver (y), with towe bralyng Shy- vers; Item, the Mayne-Parrel (7), wyth Truflys, and towe Dryughs (a) j Item, towe Lyfts («) ; Item, towe K 4 Braefys ; (a) Shyvers, or Shtven ; the Puliies which run In the Blocks, whether Bra/sy or ff^ooJ, (x) Thyes, ox Ties i the /?o/« by vvhich the Jar^j hang. (y) Gyver ; a Block in which the Sheevers run. (z) Lyjls ; Lifts, or Ropes, which belong to the Yard-Arms^ (4) Backe-Stayes are long Ropes reaching from the Top- Mafi'Ueads to \)\t fiarboard and larboard ^'v^ti of the Shij), where they are extended to the Channels: (or Flanks, proje*'t- ing Horizontally from the Ship's Out-Side, a-breaft of, and fomewhat l^hind, the Majis.) They are ufed to fupport the top-Mafts, and fecond the Efforts of the Shrouds, when the Mofi is drained \iy a Weight of Sail in a f»-e(h Wind. ( 5 ) Pennantes, or Pendents are (hort Pivucs of R^pe fixed under the Shrouds, upon the Head of the Main-Mafi, and Fore-Majl, from which it depends as low as the Cat-Harp- iigSy (or the Purchafe of Ropes employed to brace in ihs •S^roKi'i of the lower M^jfts. behind their I'ar^'j, &i.c.) having an Eye in the lower End, which is armed with an Iron Thimble^ to prevent the Eye from being fretted by the Hooks of the Main, and Fori-TatkUs. (6) ^oxiy^rr;— the Application of the Tackle to mechani- cal Purpofes is Termed tloijting, or BoiK^nc, (7) Parrel; a Machine ufed to faften xht Sail-Yards of a Ship to the M<(/?/, in fuch a Manner as that they may be Calily hoifted and powered theieon, as Occafio;i rcfjinres.^ ^ • II **ffc 152 MEMOIRS OF Bracfys ; Ttem^ towe Tregcts ; TleiTiy a Maync-Kcrfe C6) \ liew, a Honnete (. / ■■ ' ■ ' . . ' foure X (b) Katt-Honvkes ; or Cat-^tch, to faften the Anchor, {c) Fysjht-Htmke \ belonging to the Fj/h\, and therefore fo called. > • f The Fy/h is a Machine employed to hoi ft, or draw up the Fiukes of the Ship's Anchor towards the Top of the Bo'w in order to rtow ir, after having been heaved up by the Cable, — See Falconer* $ Uni.i^.** Vf. "It muft be bbferved that the Commiflioners, to whom this Remonftrance is addrefled^ neither had, nor claimed any Naval Jurifdiftibrt vvhatlbever, but were appointed to hear, and determine whether the Pre- rogative of Edward the Third as Sovereign of tlie Sea, had lx*en invaded by Reyner Grimbaltx^ in contravention of the iirft Article of the Treaty fubfifting between the i2YO\xnso( England, ^ind France, whereby the contrafl- ing Parties covenanted to maintain the Prerogatives of each other ; and, confequently, the French King was bound to maintain this Prerogative of Edward, which gaveoccaiion to the Commilhon." VII. " We owe the knov/ledge of this whole AfFajr, "not to our Hifcovians Vol. I, 4 but to our Records L whence we maT j62 MEMOIRS OF may fafely deduce this Confequence, that the want of Fa£ts to fupport fuch a Jurifdiftion throughout the pre- reding Reigns, ought not to be urged as a juft Objeftion ; becaufe mod of Thofe who applied theniftlves to wri- ting Hiftory, were v«ry littk acquainted with thefc Matters," *• Another Circuraftance relative to this. Affair, and mtitled to our particular Attention, is the Plea put in by Reyner Grimbaltz^ in anfwer to this Remonftrance. He did not either call in queftiou the Sovereignty of the K :;?; r'' Ingiand, or pretend that any Power wa;* vefled '^ Kuv^^lf, by Virtue of the Commiffion which Hg held rv ,-^'. *-he Frtnch Monarch. The Point, on which he inliftc . vas tlic third Article of the above- mentioned Treaty ; liy this He underftood that, as- Edward had 'jontra£led not to give any Aid, or Af- liftance, or to fufFer any Aid, or Afliftance to be givea to the Enemies of Philip v and alfo aftually iflued out a Prohibition of luch Practices ; To, of Courfc, it fol- lowed tliat all Perfons wliatever relieving, m Defiance of' this Prohibition , die Flemings^ either with Merchan- dize, or otherwife, were to be confidered as Enemies ; that He (Grimbaltz,) having feized on the Perfons, and Goods of only fuch Delinquents, was of Opinion that his Condufl might be juftified by the-fuid Prohibition, in which, according to his Interpretation, Edward had fignified that He would not regard it as an Injury done 10 him, although the Ships of fuch Offenders Ihould be taken in his Seas, by the Officers of the King of France. Not to enter into the Reafonablencfs, or Vali- cnty of this Defence, it is fufficient to obferve that it contains the ckarefl Conceifion, on tlie Part of Franciy that can be delired : becaufe Grimhaltz derived the Le- gality of his own Aftions, if they were legal, not from ^he Commi:!]ion of the Prince He lerved, but from rhe Prohi- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc. 163 Prohibition of the King of England: fo that, in rerlity. He afferted himfclf to have afted under the Engtijh Sovereignty, and from thence, expelled his Acquit- tal {k)r The Flemings are not txprefsly mentioned in the fore- going Rcmonftrance ; yet they were equally of Opinion with other Nations that the Sovereignty of the Sea was vcfted in the Crown of England. To tliis Truth, the Ambafladcrs ot the Earl of Flanders appear to have formally aflented in the following Manifefto (/j. " Whereas for the Reformation of certain Injuries, in an amicable ,Way, done by the Subje£^s of the Earl of Flandtrs, to the Subjefts of the King of England^ and by the Subje£ls of the faid Kingdom to thofe of Plunder Sy fince the Time tliat our laid Lord, th K>ng undertook the Government of his Kingdom, 6;c. .' A whereas the faid Ambaffadors had been admitt .. 'ly faid Lord, the King, to treat anew of thi. .Ii .\d Injuries, thefe Ambaffadors, or other Ambafliuor the aforefaid Earl, in the aforefaid Treaties other Particulars, which they required before all Things, make Supp'iv^.icion that tlie faid Lord the King would, at Lio own Suit, by Virtue of his Royal Auiliority, caufe Inquiry to be made, and do Jullice about a certain Depredation lately committed by the Subjcfts of Eng- land (as it is faid,) upon the EngUfl) Sea, of Wines, and clivers other Merchandizes, belonging to certain Men of Flandersy towards the Parts of Cranden, within the Territory, and Jurifdiftion of our faid Lord, the King, alledtiins: that the aforefaid Wines, and Mcrchandi/csi taken from tl>e Flemings, W'cre brouglit within the Ju- rlldidtlon, and Reulm of the laid Lord, the King, and L 2 '" '' . that ur of of among I f I {.i) Camheirs Lives of the Admirals, V. t. n. 17c, 18a. — -Seiden. MareClaufum, Lib. 2. c. 27, 28. Raf. F. 14. lid. 2, par. 2. Mem I. ran. 26/ L*; :X tii MEMOIRS OF that it belonged to the King himfelf fo to do, for that He is LoRd of the said Sea (m). Having explained the Nature, and Validity of the Claim made by the Englijh to the Sovereignty of the adjacent Ocean, We need only add that all Foreign Powers bear Teftimony to the Juftice of it, by an A£t of Homage. It is an Article in the Maritime Ceremo- nial of Salutes, that when any of the Ships belonging to the Crown of Gnat-Britain fhall meet with any Ship, or Ships, in the Service of any foreign Prince, or State, within the Englijh Seas, (which extend to Cape Finijierrty) it is expelled that the faid Foreign Ships do ftrike their Top-Sail, and take in their Hag in Acknowledgment of the Sovereignty oi England^ in thcfe Seas ; and if any fliall refufe, or offer to refift^ it is enjoined to all F lag-Officers, and Conlmanders, to ufe their utmoft Endeavours to cottipel them thereto ; and not fuffer any Difhonour to be done to the Nation. And it is to bf* obftrved tliat in the Englijh Seas, the Englijh Ships are in no ways to ftrike to any j and that in otlier Parts, no Englifh Ship is to ftrike her Flag, or Top-Sail to any Foreigner, unleis fuch foreign iihip fliall have tirft flruck, or, at the fame Time, ftrike her Flag, or Top-Sail to the Englijh Ship. '1 helc Honours, received during a Length of Years, and ftill p Edward [o). The People without, to whom this Prince liad endeared himfelf by his martial Ardor, the SuccelFes tiiat attended it, and llic Modera- tion with vvjiich He purfucd the Advantages rcfulting from jiis Victories, wr^re overjoyed to acknowledge hint ibr their Sovereign. Kven the Malcontents adopted the general Language of the Nation j and, by an imme- diate Submillion, rcftorcd to the Government that Tranquility which, during the laft Reign, they had fo violently diflurbed. The new Monarch was on his Return to England^ when being informed by Exprelles (fi'om fValter Giffard^ Arclibiihop of Tork, the Earl of Cornwall, Son of Richard^ ^ii^g of the /Jcwawj," and the Eailof Glau- ctjler, appointed Guardians of the Realm, that all in- teftine Divifions had totally fublided, He changed his Courl'e, and proceeded to i^fl;?;^ J from whence, after a iliort Stay, HepalTedintO'/v'a^f^', and did Homage to Philip iov .Guiettne, and the other Provinces ceded to tliti Briujh Crown, by the Treaty of Abbeville, in the Year, one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Fifty-nind. *■ During his Abode \n France, Edward adjuftcd, at Jllontreuil, a Difpute with Af'//, Countels of /'/» - ders, and Heirefs of that Territory ((>). As the Par- ticulars of tills Event are not unconncded with our Sub' ^ 1, (h) a. "D. 1272. (0) Mitt. VVcilmonnft.—Rymer, V. 2. p. i.-Nic. Tri- Vet. An nil. p. 239. — VValfingham, p 4J. ;; . . ^ (j) Rymer, Vol. IL p. 3-, 33. ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &:c. 167 Sul)jc£l, VVc r all bricHy lay them before the Reader. . It had been cuftomary for the Kings of England to grant ■certain Pcnfions to the Earls of Flanden^ that they might be ready to enter wiih them, on all necclTary ^Dccafions, into an ofTcnfive League againft Frame, When this Power was at Peace with England, ;lhe Pcn- fions became ufelefs, and were accordingly withdrawn, Margaret J in refentment for the Lots, directed Iver Sub- jects to feizc en tlie Effcfts of thofe Englijh^ and Gafcon Merchanti who fliould be found within her Dominions- Of every S|)ecies of Violence this is the mofl abfurd, as continually drawing after k a Retaliation. The Flemi/fj Merchants, then in England^ were plundered, and imprifoncd ; whilft z Law forbidding the Exporta- tion of Wool to Flanders^ threatened Ruin to the Ma- nufaftures of that Country. In fuch a Situation, Mar- garet felt the Neceflity of fuing for a I^eace ; and ob- tained it on the Condition of making full Amends to the Englijh Merchants, for the Outrages to which her im- prudent Orders had expofed them. Having regulated his Affairs in Guienne^ t.dward proceeded on his Return to England, where He landed, 'Anth his Confort Eleanor, amidft the Acclamations of his Subjeftfi, on the Twenty -lifth of July, in the Year, one 1 houfand, two Hunditd, and Seventy - four ; and was folemnly crowned at Wejlminjler, on the nineteenth of the following Mc . ., \i^ Robert Kilwarhy, Cardinal, * ■and Arclibifliop of Canterbury^ in the Pi-efencc of Alex- ander the Tliird, King of Siotland, the Duke of Bre- la^ne, and all the Nobles of the Realm {q). From t. s i'Era, the fivft material Occurrence which falls within the Province of a Naval Hiftory, may be traced in a violent Contention between the Englijh, and L 4 , .. the (^) Annal. Waverl. — R^ipir^. i6S « MEMOIRS OP J i'V : I the Normam near the Port of Bayonne, As the circum- flantial, and moft probable Account of it in the Wri- tings of IValter de Hemingfordy hath been tranilaterl by the Author (r) of the Lives of the Admirnls, We fhall prcfcnt it, with only few Variations to the Reader. " In the Year, one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Ninety-three, a fatal Quarrel broke out between the Engl'ijh Seamen bejonginc to the Cinque Ports, and the Mariners ferving the French King, in Normandy. The- Particulars are as fcllovy : An Engltfl) Ship, putting into a Norman Port, remained there fome Days. Whilft it lay at Anchor, two of the Crew went to get fr'efh Water, at a Place not far diftant from the Shore, where they were infulted by fome Normans of their owii ProfcfTion j fo tliat, proceeding from Words, to Blows, one of the Englifhmen was killed, and the Other, efcap- JFig to the Ship, informed his Fellow- Sailors of what "had happened ; adding that the Normans were' in Purluit of thcin. In Confe^uence of this Notice, they immediate- ly let Sail, and with Difficulty bore away from their Adverfarics. The Inhabitants of the Engl'ijh Ports, ap- prchenfive of a future Attack, fouglit Affiftance from iheir Neighbours \ whilft the Normans retaining ftill the fame Inveteracy, augmented their Naval Force, and gave Chace to all the Engl'ijh Sliips of which they came in Sight. During a Cruize, tlioy fell in with, and en- gaged l;x Englijh VeiTcls, two of which they took, and after having killed tiic Manners, hung up their Bodies, wirh an equal Numi-)er of Dogs, at tha Yard Arm. In tliis Maimer, they failed, for Ibme Time, nCar the Coaft, as fignifyiiig to All, that they made no Ibrt of Diflxrcnce between an Enghjhmdn^ and a Dog." " When the Inhabitants of the Cinque Ports were told of this Indignity, they immediately prepared to i-c- vcnge (r) Mr. Campbell, V. i. p. i68. ' ' ' I L L y S T R 1 O U S S E A Kl B N, &:c. 169^ venge it. Unable to find tlieir Enemies on the Seas, they entered tlie Harbour of Swytty from whence they took away fix Ships ; and at the fame Time, killed, and drowned, Numbers pf the Men. Several Enter- prizes of a like Nature were carried on by both Parties, At laft, tired of thi§ pyratical War, they fixed on a certain Day, for the Deciiion of the Difpute, with tluir whole Naval S':rength. Accprdingly, a large eni]:.ty Ship was ftationed in the Middle, between the Coafts of England y and of Normahdy^ t<^ mark the Place of En- gagement. The Englijb againfl the Time appointed, procured (bme'Aid from Ireland, Holland, and other Countries j and the Normans drew to tlieir AfTiftancc the French, FUminp, and Genoefe, On the fourteenth of April, the two Fleets approached each other, whilil the fcveral Crews, full of Refolution, prepared for Bat- tle. As their Minds were cnflamed with Rage, fo a like Spirit feemed to agitate the Element^. Storms oi SnOw, and Hail, together witli violent Gufts of Wind, were the Preludes of an obfiinate Conflict, in which the Vi£Vory was, at length, obtained by the Englijh, Many I'lioufanch of their Enemies vvcie liain ; and Others perifhed on board of the large Number of Ships wliich were fu^k in the Courfc of tiic A£lion. The EngUJhy attended by their Prizes, confifling of two Hundred and forty Sail, returned in Triumph to Uieir Ports." ■ • ; . • " When Philip received this News, although his Brother Charles had been the Author of the Battle, yet He fent AmbAiTadois to the King of England, demand- ing Reparation for the Wrong done to him, by pu- niOiing Such as were concerned, and by th«; Payment of a vafl Scim for the LolFe^ whicli his Merchants hail fuftaincd. To them Edward prudently anlwrrcd that He would karch into the Matter, and give Notice of his . Relp- J7» MEMOIRS OF 44#' P^efolntion, by Mcflfengcrs of his own. Agreeable to this Promife, He fent (i) to requeft the French Kiog, that Time and Place might be fixed for the Coniinifli- oners, on b/Oth Sides, to meet, aiid enquire into the Circumflances of the Faft, in order to its being arnica^ My adj lifted : But this, Philip objtfted to ', and by tlic Advice of his Nobility, fummoned the King of England to appear at hi& Tribunal, on a Da,y affigned, and an- swer for what had pafled. The Day came, but Edward refufed to attend. A new Citation was iflued for his Vrcfence, at a more diftant Time, under Pain of for- feiting all his Dominions beyond the Seas. The King, before the Expiration of the Summons, fent his Bro- tlier, Edmund^ Earl of Lancajier^ and the Earl of Lei- ce/Ier, with Inftru^ions for the making an End of this Affair : Yet thd'e Ambafladors, althougl^ they pro- duced proper Credentials, were not heard, or. even ad- mitted ; but Judgment was given that Edward Ihould lofe Jquitairty and all his tranfmarine Territories, for his Contempt in not appturihg (/)." — . — . To this Relation, which doth rot vary, in any ma- terial Point, from the candid Accounts, delivered by the French Hiftorians (k), it may be added, that the Death of the t^drman Sailor is obferved to have been occafion- cd by his falling, during the Scuflie, on his own Dag- ger (*■) : That when his Countrymen prefentcd to Phi- lips a formal Complaint againft the Englifl), He, with- out attending to \\iC Particulars of it, commanded them ta (j) The ^mfeaflTudor of EJtoard^ on this Occafion, was JRichard de Gro'v/entl^ Bifliop of London, {/) Hemingbford. Hiftoria dc Rebus gcflis Edvard, I. &;c. Vol. I. p. 39, 46, 41- («) P. Daniel.— Hiftolrc dc France, V. 4. p. 358.— Hifr toirc de la Rivalite de l;i France, et de TAngleterre, par M. Gaillard, V. 3. p 122, 123, \2^, *' ' . ■ ' (jr) Walfinghani, p. 58. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 171 to purfue tlie Dl£latcs of their Refentment, and not trouble him any farther (y) : That the Norman Fleet (the Deftination of which was to the South, for Wine, ,incl oilier Articles,) confided of two Hundred VelTels, which, on their Return home, were intercepted by an Englijh Squadron of fixty Sail, and of a Force fuperior to theirs : that in the Adlion which followed, no Qiiar- tcr was given, on either Side : and that the Nurribcr of the Killed, among the French, amounted to fifteen Thoufand Men: Thefe were tlie Soldiers, proceeding, aboard the Norman 3hips on their Voyage, from the South (z). •■ ''■■ *•■' ^'' '■'■ v-^-' The 'Traniaflions wjiich followed this Event, as leading to a War that occaf "cd the Employment of the Naval Force of Eng/an/f, 'are vVorthy of our Notice. It liath been obferved-that Edward refufed to obey the Summons which He received from Philip (a), v.iio, to punilli him for his Contumacy, fcnt a Body of Troops (under the Command of Ralph de N^^e,) to feize upon Guienne. This Officer reduced the Province to Sub- million, without a Battle: 'a Circumftance extraordi- nary in its Nature, and for which the two Parties have varioullv accounted. ■' The French allege that the peaceful Surrender of >a) Territory, into the Hands of /'-^/V//', was no more :;;m an Artifice, refulting from the Policy of Edward, who, weary of Dependancc, laid a Plan for the Extinftion pf . . . ■ _.■-„.».-. ,-..: : ' ". :.:,..- -..^,. his (y) Walfinorham, p. 58. \!z) Jbid. p. 60.' • {a) A French Hi dorian, wliofe grent Abilities are equalled by his Candour, acknowledges thut if the Ljuvs of Fealty toiild have been rigorouUy enforced againft a King of Eng- iand^ that King mull have- proved, of all Vail^ls the moft wretched ; as likely to be compelled by every frivolous Ci- t.»tion, to crofs the Seas, and ncgled the Care o\ his Domi'- iiions.— Sec Hiftoirc de la Rivalite dc la Frmicc, cit dc I Angletcrre, V. 3. p. ;26r " -'• • '^i • *< 172 MEMOIRS OF his Fealty, by appearing to fubmit to it. He fuffcred the Lord to levy the Forfeiture on his Provinces, that He migiit ceate to hold them, as a ValTal to France^ and, in Time^ retake them, hy the Ajjijiance of God^ and cf his Sword. He had flattered himfclf that fuch a Conqueft would be ^afy, and atchieved either by the Englijh Troops, or tliofe of his Allies. From •■hence- fovward, it was his determination to poflefs his Domi- nions, by tlie Rights of Sovereignty alone (i). On the Contrary, the Relations of our Hiftorians are that Philip impoled upon the too eafy Faith of Ed- ward {c). The Earl of Lc^ncajier, Brother to the King, during his Abode, on this Bufmefs, at Parity had a private Conference with Mtiry of Braham, the Qiieen Dowager of France, and Jane of Navwre, the Wife of the reigning Sovereign. Thefe PeHbnagcs fccretly informed him that howfoever exafpcrattd Philip might appear to be at the Violences comixiitted againft his Subje£ts, by thofe of the Crown of Engbnd, yet He would accept of any Public Reparation, on tlie Pu.rt of Edward \ and that Nothing more was neceflary than for this Prince to furrender to hint die fix For- trcflfes of SainteSy Talmonty Turon, Pumirol, Penne^ and Montjlanquin, togeth'^ -vith thofe Aggreilbrs whole Condnft had ^^icn thv laoil difpleallng to the French C^ourt. It was added mat tlie whole Proceeding was intended merely as a Matter of Form, to preferve the Honour of Philipy who, in thp Moment that Satisf{ic- liou (hould have been ipade. was determined to revoke {b) Hilioire de la Rivalite de la France, ct de I'Anglcterre, V. 3. p. 128. (f) Kymer's Fccdera, V. 2. p. 6ig, 620. — Walter Hem- '^norfbrd, V. 1. p. 42, 43.— T. Walfingham, p. 61.— Nic, Trivet. Aniial. Vol» i. p. 276, 277, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &:c. ijj the Suminons, to give back the Towns, to fet the Pcr- fons deliverd up at Liberty, and grant a iafc Conduft to Edward, from whom He would receive the necefTary Homage, at Jmiens. To thefe Terms, the Earl ot Lancajier, by Virtue of the Commiflion from his Bro- ther, acknowledged his Readinefs to fubmit, provided that tlie two Queens would fign, and folemnly ratify them upon Oath. This being accordingly compliecf with, Advices of the Succefs of tlie Negociation were difpatched to Edward^ who, rejoiced at the Event, and anxious, when on the Point of waging War againfl; ^cotlandy to obtain a folid Peace \w\Xh. France, relinquilli- ed more tlian had been afkcd, impowering the Earl to furrender to Philip, all Guieune, on the Condition tiiar in the Prefence of reipe^lable Witnefles, He fhould promilc to fulfil the Treaty figned by the two Queens. When Application was made to the French Monarch for this Purpole, He aflcmbled his Confort, together witlx Mary of Brabant, Blanch of Navcrre, the Wife of Eii- mund. Earl or Lancajler, the Duke of Burgundy, tlie great Officers of the Court, and the Englijh AmbaiTa- (!ors, before whom He pafl'ed his royal Word for the; Performance of the Treaty, direding the Biihop of Orleans to publiO), at the fame Time, the Revoci'ica of the Suminons illued out to Edward. When "iii- Bufinefs was concluded, the Earl fent an Exprels to -ir John de Havering, the Sefiefchal, and Sir jfohn df S-i'^t John, the Deputy -Governor cf Giiienne (dj, com* mnnding them to deliver up that Dukedom to the Coj ftabl", Rj/ph de Nefle, Who was charged to take p<^i» Iclhoh of it, in the Name of the King oi Fumce. P : - vlous to a Compliance with lliis Order, liie Sent ; thai o' .ct- ('i) The Order was fent from Pa^i.^ and dared oji the tli'rJ of February, in the Year one Thouiind, two Hundred, u. 4 Jiiuety-three. — Ryracr's Feed era, Vol. z. p 6i^. '74 MEMOIRS OF objected to .t Surrender which He deemed inconfiftcnf with the fecret Articles of the Treaty, as they had been explained to U\m by the Earl j but de Nejle replied tliat He was an abiblute Stranger to any private Agreements Ir-twcen the two Powers ; and that as He had receivei! particular Dircftion, from his Sovereign, to feize upua Guienne^ as belonging to the Crown of France^ fo He fhould not wafte his Time in liftening to Condi- tions. The Senefchal who, although He liad taken the Liberty to remonflrate, felt the Neceffity of obeyirg, gave up the Province, and immediately withdrew to Fans, ' No fboner were the Terms of tlie Treaty acceded to, on the Parr of England, than tfie Karl of Lancajier a])- plied to the Qiicens, Mary of Brabant^ and 'Jane of Navarre, for the promifed Refbitution oi Guienne. He was anfwered tliat Philip had not yet fufficiendv difiemblcd for the Advancement of his Purpofes ; and that He muft ex|>ei5t to receive from that Monarch a public Denial of his Requeft, after which, they had the royal Authority to afifure him that all private Stipu- lations Ihould be fcr»ipt,oufly complied with. Duped by thcfc iVvtiJiccs, He was prevailed on to attend he Council, in tiic Prcfcncc, and with the Applaufe of whom, Philip hauglitily refuied to give back to Ed- xoard, tlic Dukedom of Guienne. The Earl of Lan- cajhr, inllrut^ed by the Qiieens, fecmed overwhelmed wkh Indignatl •■ii_, and Aftonilhmen% In this pretend- ed Humour, He retired to the A nti -chamber, expedl- ing the Arrival of the King to gratify the Dcfircs cf E:i:vard, by tlic P:rt"ormance of a iblcinn, although u ivx.'L riomiie. Here, He waited for fome Time, un- iiuiicud .' At length, the Yi\\\\o\>^ o{ OrUans VixA Tow nny vvc.c Icr... lo acquaint Him that He was at Liberty to :gland fliould be publicly cited to appear, and aiifwer to the Charge advanced in the Summons. During tiiis Traiifaftion, the Earl was abfent from the Court ; yet the Ambafladors Hugh de Vere, and John de Lacy demanded, in the Name of Ed- ward, an immediate Audience, at wliich, they remon- llrated, in the fevereft Terms, againft a Proceeding fo contrary to the Articles of the Treaty, and unlawfully extended to the Renewal of a Citation which had not only been annulled in the ulual Forms, but even from the iMouth of Phi,ip. They were difmilTed '.vitli aa abfolute Refufal of the lead Satisfaftion, and their ear- ned Interceflions that the Court would poftpone, for a finglc Day, the final Determination of the Matter, in order that the Earl of LancajUr might be again con- fultcd, were fcornfully rejeded. The lad Sentence was pronounced valid, and the Dukedom of Guienne became Confifcate to the Crown of France (f). Such are the Caufes aligned by t!ic Hidnrians of tlis two Nations, for the rapid, and eafy ReduiTlion of riic Englijh Provinces, on the Continent^ under tlie Power of Philip. Yet, We may rcafonably infer (with a dif- cerning Writer {g) the Improbability tliat EuiLard, if able to fecurc his tranfniarinc Territories, would have connived at the Seizure of them, in the precariou>» Hopes {t) Rymci's FocJcra, Vol. z, p. 622, 634. (f) Mutr. Wcitinonaft. p. 421. — Rymcrs Focdera, Vol, 2 p. 6zo. — T. VVallini^hain, p. 61. — Nic. Trivet. .A'lnalt V. ^, p. 278. (f ) Hi:'loirc dc la Rivalite de la France, et dc I'Anglctcrrc, par M. Gaillard, V. 3. p. 131. Jlyt MEMOIRS OF Hopes of rttiiking, and afterwards pofleffing them hy i more advantageous Title. The Surrender of a w'nolft Dukedom to an Enemy who demanded only iix For- irclfes, is, in the Opinion of the fame Author (/;), a Ciicumftance which may ftagger our Belief. But this hath been accounted for by the Fp^ are a Con- firmation ot the Particulan, in the. preceding Narrative. " Our AmbalFadors Ihall fay thus to the King of Franct** ** Sire ! Our Lord, the King of Erglun,'^ Lord of /r/- ♦* land, and Duke of /fquitan., did You Homage conditional- ly : namely, according to the Form or" the l^eace made betwee;^ your Ancei^ors, and His, which You have not kept. AJoreover, that all Differences between Your Sub- jeds, and His, might be ended, a fecret Treaty was made between Vou, and the. Lord Edmund^ his Brother, as You *^ may 4( «( 4i ti %» 1/8 MEMOIRS OF From this Epoch, the two rival Sovereigns, £7- warcl^ and Philips j)rcparcd for War. 7 he t irfl, fen- fiblcthat the total Lofs of his foreign Provinces had ren- dered him unalilc to contend lingly, for their Recovery, agaiuft the Power of France, fonncd Alliances with A- iiolphus de NaJJau, King of the Romans {p) \ A made m. Count of Savoy \ the Archbifliop of 6W(?^»7ton College, at Oxford^) is more ex- plicit : There, alt honji^h without the Infcrtion of a N^'mr^ the Admiral is defcribcJ as a valiant Knight oi Ireland, and Jelccndcd from the noble Houlr ot Oimoiiae * Naval Hiftory of England, V. i. Folio, p. 34. (/) Hiftoirc de la Rivalitc de la Frajjcc, tt de rAngletcrre, parM GalUard, V. 3. p. 133. («) Abb: Vclly. [x) Hiftoirc de la Rivaliti de la Franc?, ct de rA.ngl.'terrS| .par M. Gaillard, Vol. 3. p, 134. ■ (y) Ibid. p. 135. ' i. . - IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // et de TAngleterre, par M Gaillard, V. 3. p. 135. ' ' , . : . («) Joinville. {b) Hiftoirc de la Rivalit^ dc la France, ct de TAnglcterre, par M. Gaillard, Y« 3' P* '35» ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. iSi af^reed to farnifh Philip with two Hundred GaliieSj equipped (as moil of thofe conftrufted in that itra were,) with Sails, and Oars; an hundred Tranfportsj and fifty Thoufand Soldiers. He did not, however, fulfil a fingle Article of the Treaty ; and France con- tinued without any ferviceable Northern Ally, except the King of Scotland (c), Belides the three Squadrons already mentioned as having been api")ointed by Edward to proteft the Coafts, a Fleet was equipped, conlifting of three Hundred, and Twenty five Sail {d), which, on the Twenty-fiftli of January^ in the Year, one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Ninety-five, proceeded, under the Command of Edmund^ Earl of MncajUry attended by Henry de Lacy^ Earl oi Lincoln, to the Mouth of tlie Garonne (e). Here, an Army of feven Thoufand Men difembarked, and penetrating into Guienne, took the Towns of Bourg, and Blaye : From thence, they repaired to Bourdeaux, and, after having raifed the Siege of that Place^ marched to Bayonne, which they won by Afl'ault (f). in the fol- lowing Year, three Hundred Sail of French Ships, commanded by Matthew de Montmorenci, and Jdhn de Harcourty appeared off Dover y where a conliderable Military Force made a Defcent, and affifted by Sir Thomas Turberville, a Traitor in Arms againft his M 3 Coun- {c) Hlftolre de la RIvalite de la France, et de TAngleterre, par M. GallUrd, V. 3. p. 136. (d) Rymer's Fcedera, V. 2, p. 688, 6qg — Matt. Weftm. — T. Walfingliam. — Mr. Secretary Burchttt (who is, proba- bly, mirtaken,) makes the Fleet amount to three Hondrc'd, and Sixty Ships. {e) Father Daniel obferves that a Body of the Troops, carried out on this Expedition, fiirt difembarked at the IJJt of Rhee^ whore they put the Inhabitants to the Sword, and re- duced their Houfes to Afhes. (f) Nic. Trivet. Annal. V. i. p. 280.— Walter Heming- ford, Vol. ;. p. 56, y#V iS2 M>E M G I R S OF Country, attacked, and reduced that Sea-Porf t^' Aflies (g). At Length, tliey were feverely repulfeJ 'by the EngUJh, who, flaying eight Hundred of their Men, compelled the Reft to tke for Shehcr to their Veflels (A), It hath been obferved (/) of the Troops levied, on this Ocealion, by the King of France^ that they might have conquered England j but that they did not fucceed in any Enterprize, except the DemoUtion of Dover. In the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Nine- ty-fix, a Fleet, equipped at Yarmouth^ failed towards the Coaft of Normandy^ on which the Forces landed, attacked and plumlered the Town of Cherburg, together with its vakiabie Abbey, ami afterwards retreated to their Ships (^). About the fame Period, the Portf- mouth Squadron engaged, and took fifteen Spani/h Mer- chant-Men, and brought them, with their rich Car- goes, inta the Harbour of Sandwich (/}. The Com- manders of the Naval Armaments employed on the . Expedition againft Scotland were lefs fuccefsful. Ar- riving before Berwick, with above twenty Ships, and perceiving the Army of Edward drawn up in Battle Array on the adjacent Plain, they fijppcl'ed that the ■ Military Operations were on the Point of being directed hnmediately againft the Town, and therefore, toohafti- iy, gave Orders for failing into the Port, where an A£lion enfued, during which tlie Sects deftroyed Four ,-. . . . .. ■• - . of {g) F. Daniel. {/?) Nic. Trivet, Annal. V. i. p. 284, 285. — Mczeray, ' V. 2, p. 789. — Walter Hemingford, V. j. p. 59.— H. Kiiyghton, p. 2503, 2504. (0 Hiftoire de hi Rivalite de la France, et de I'Aiigleterre, par M. Galliard, V. 3. p. 144.— Guilliaumc d^ Nangis. {k) Nic. Trivet. Annal. V. i. p. 284. ll) Thorn. VVahinghaiiv, Hift* Angl. p. 64, on w '•epulfed >f their fo their i roops V^i that fhey did pohtion 1 Nine- :o\vaids: landed, ogether a ted to Portf- 0} Mer- h Car- ; Com- oii the . Ar- ps, an(? I Barrle lat the i reeled ) hafti- ere a^ :l four of :7.erav, i.-H. 2tene, •gis. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, c^c. 1S3 of the 'E.nglijh Slilps (m) : The Reft efcaped with Dif- iicuhy («). , The King, having compleated his Preparations for tlie invaiion of Flanders, failed from IVmchclfea {o\ with a powerful Squadron, on board of whicli were one Thoufand, and five Hundred Men at Arms, togcdicr widi fifty Thoufand Foot, (thirty Thoufand t)f which were Welch (p), and landed lliortly afterwards in the |*^eighbourhood of ^Itiys [q). Here, a violent Conten- tion arofe between the Mariners l)elonging to the Ships which had been fitted out by the Cinque Ports, and the Crews ferving on board the Tarmouth Divifion of the Fleet. Edward, rembnftrating againft the Criminality, and Weaknefs of fomenting a private Qiiarrel, in the Moment when they were called upon to allift in tlie Defence of their Sovereign, and their Country, endea- voured to reconcile the Parties. I'Vom Jntreaties He proceeded to Commands ; But both were equally in- effcftual. A defperate Action eafaed, in the Courfe of which Twenty-five of the Ships in the Tarrtmith Squadron were burnt, and mofl of the Sailors drowned. Three of the largeft Men of War in the Royal Navy, (one of which was laden with a Part of the Treafurc) ftood out to Sea, and were fortunatclv preferved (r). At this Periodj Philip was extending his Conquefts through t!ie Territories of Flanders. Whilft the Eng~ lijh Monarch remained at Ghent, engaged in componng M4 tlij (w) A D. 1 296. \n) Hollngnied.— H. Knyghton, p. 2512.— Waltc Hcm- ingford, Vol. I. p. 90. — 'i'hom. \\ .dliiiutiaiu. liiit. x\iigl. p. 66. (0) Auguft 22, 1297. ' ,. ' . , (p) H. Knyghton. (?) Augurt 27. p IS4 MEMOIRS OF 1 the Differences which had arifen amongft the Flemings, He received the News of the Surrender of Li/Ie to the French Troops, after a Siege of three Monthc. The Capture of this Place was foon followed by the Reduc- tion of Douay^ and Courtray. From thence, Philip proceeded to Bruges^ the Citizens of which threw open the Gates to admit him. Here, He directed the Count de FaloiSy his Brother, and the Conftable de Nejley to re- pair to Dam^ and burn the whole EngVtJh Fleet, at that Time, lying at Anchor within the Harbour. The Ex- ecution of this Proje£l was fruftrated by a Want of Se- orecy in the Count de Valois j and Edward, acquainted with the Deiigns of the Enemy, provided for the Secu- rity of his Ships, by giving orders that they fhould im- mediately Sail for ^wg'/a^-s^ (j). Thither, at the Clofe of the Winter, He returned with his Army, after hav- ing yielded to the Neceffity in which the Treachery of bis Allies involved Him, and concluded a Tiuce with his Opponent (/). By this, it was llipulated tliat Ed^ ward (hould marry Margarety the Sifter to Philip ; and th^t Ifabelloy the Daughter to the French Monarch fhould become the Wife of Edward^ the Son of tlic King of England. This Truce was frequently renewed, and, at Length («), fucceeded by the ConcluHon of a Peace (x), the third Article of which exprefsly declared that the two Sovereigns were bound to refule all Aflift- ance whatfoever to the Enemies of each Other, and to prevent them from receiving any Succour from the In- habitants of either Kingdom, who were forbidden to griant it, on Pain of loling their Lives and Properties. No (j) Holingfhed's Chronicle, p. 304.— Nic. Trivet, Annal. V. I. p. 305. (/) A. I). 1 299.— Rymer's Focdra, V, 2. p. 840. (a) May 20, 1303, (jf) Rymer's Foedra, V.^ a. p. 925* IK! ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, ice. 185 No material Occurrences connefted with the Sub- jeft of this Work arofe during the Sequel of the Reign of Edward, who, in the Bitternefs of Revenge, prep:' r- ing at the Head of a formidable Army, to enter Scot" landy and deftroy, as He had threatened, that King- dom, from Sea, to Sea j was flopped in his Progrefs, by a violent Indifpofition, at Burgh upon the Sands, in Cunt" lerlandy where He expired, in the llxty-eighth Year of his Age, and the thirty-fifth from his Acceifion to the Throne. In his laft Moments, He advifed his Son ne- ver to ceafe from the Profecution of the War, until He had entirely fubdued the People againfl whom it was di- refted : " And, carr^,'* (added the vain-glorious Mo- narch,) " my Bones in the Front ofycur Army. Thus /hall " Tou be fecure of V't^ory* The Sight of them will intimi^ *' date thoje Enemies whom I have fo often conquered (y)** In the Opinion of fome Hiftorians, thefe Words ex^ prefs the feelings of a gallant Mind. But the Scots (and their Courage is acknowledged,^ muft have been the moft pufiUanimous Race exifting, if this Death-bed Obfervation was lefs abfurd, than arrogant. The martial Charafler of Edward bears fome Re- femblance to that of ^/VW). Whatfoever refers to nging to the Abbey of Saint Edmunjhury (d), that in the third Yeai of the Reign of this Prince, Gregory Rockley, at that Time, Lord Mayor of London, and Mafter of the Mini, obtained a Regulation that in a Pound of Mo- ney, there fhould be eleven Ounces, and Two-pence- farthing of pure Leaf Silver ; and only feventecn Pence, and a Half-penny-Farthing of Alloy. The Weight of the Pound was fixed at twenty Shillings, and Three- pence in Account ; each Ounce being Twenty-Pence, and every Penny twenty-four Gtains, and a Half. In the Twenty-eightli Year of Edward^ an indented Trial-Piece of the Goodnefs of old Sterling was lodged in the Exchequer, and every Pound- Weight-Troy of fuch Silver was to be fliorn at twenty Shillings, and Three-pence, according to which tlie Value of the Sil- ver in the Coin was one Shilling, and Eight-Pence-Far- thing an Ounce. Ten Years before this Period, feveral Foreign Mint-Mafters were invited to refide in Eng- land : With thefe, came William de Furnemire^ from Marfeilles, and one Frefcobald, of Florence, from whom was gathered the Account of the Manner of making, and forging Money. P'irft, the Silver was caft from the melting Pot into long Bars; Next, thofe Bars were cut with Sheers into fquare Pieces of exaft Weights ; Then, with the Tongs, and Hanmier, they ^ere forged into a round Shape ; After that, they were blanched, or made white, by Boiling ; In the laft Pro- Cefs, they were {lumped by a Hammer, in order to make " them perfe6l Money. The Additions to the red Book of the Exchequer inform us that tlicle Mint-Mafters had (d) Camden's Remains. — Chapter of Money. 288 MEMOIRS Ot •* I hac^ thirty Furnaces at London, eight at Canterlurf, (where tlie Archbifhop had alfo three,) twelve at Brijioly twelve at Tork, and more in other capital Towns, in all which Places, the fame hammered Mo- ney of Silver was fupplied by the Changers l>elonging to the King who, according to certain Rates prefcribed them, took in the clipped, rounded, and counterfeited ^donies to be recoined, and bought Gold, and Silver, of the Merchants to be fabricated into new Monies. All Perfons were, at the fame Time, forbidden, on pain of lollng their Lives, and Limbs, together with the Confifcation of their Eftates, to clip any of the new Coin {e). This hammered Money was continued through all the Reigns of the fuccecding Kings, and Queens, until about the Year one Thoufand, lix Hun- dred, and Sixty- three (f). - / Amongft the remarkabk Corruptions of the Coin, the ancient Records of this Reign mention the Impor- tation of feveral Kinds of light Money, which bore either a Mitre, or a Lion. Some were of Copper blanched, to refemble the Money of England. Others were lil«e that of King Edward. The Reft were plated, and called Pollards, Crocards, Staldings, Eagles, Leonines, and Steepings. Two Pieces of thel'e were only of the Value of one Sterling Piece, their Compofition being an artificial Mixture of Silver, Copper, and Sul- phur {e) ** Proclanietur per totum Regnum quod nulla fiatTon- *' fura de nova Moneta fub Periculo Vitre, et Membronnr., ** rt Anilflionis omnium Terrarum, et Tenementorum," &c. — Sec Madox's Hiftory ofthe Exchequer. (f) Ibid.— Evelyns Numifm.-— Stowe's Survey of Lon- n, Chap. Tower. — Chamberlains Not. Angl. Edit. i6. don p. i», 12. — Statute of Articuli fuper Chartas 28, Ed. r.— Coke's Inilifures, Par. z. p. 575, 577. — Camden's Remains. — Bilhop Nicholibn's Englifh Hiltorical Library ; folio, p. 255. — Rapift'sHiHory of Englaad, 8vo. V. 3. p. 328. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 189 j)hur (g). The Merchanrs, to avoid the Search at Dover, and Sandivnh, concealed the Parcels in Bales of Cloth, and brought tliem in, by other Ports. To fuch a Length were tliefe fraudulent Proceedings car- ried that tlie Coin of England was daily finking from its Value {h). A Proclamation was accordingly iflued which cried down all Money nqt coined in England^ Ireland^ or Scotland. It alfo direfted that Perfons ar- riving from beyond the Seas fhould fliew the Money which they brought with them to the Officers belong- ing to the King ; that they fliould not hide it in Fardels, •upon Pain of Forfeiture j that the light, and clipped Money fhould be bored through, without Contradic- tion ; that the fame fhould be received, and paid by Weight, at a certain Rate; and that the Perfons hav- ing fuch Money ihould bring it to the Changers, who, as well as the Ivlallers of the Minty had feveral Offices ere£ted in divers Parts of the ilingdom, at ivhich the Silver of the bad Money was brought in, that the Pol* Jardsy Crocards, and other counterfeit Coin, might be effeftually cried down (/). A Writ was alfo direfted to the Sheriffs, prohibiting the Importation of clipped, or counterfeit Monies, and" tlie Ufe thereof in Mer- chandize, or other Negociations, under fevere Penal- ties, and commanding thofe that had luch Money to bore it through, and to bring it to the King's Change to be new coined (-^.) The ig) Coke's Inftltutes.— Ibid,.— BI(hop Nicholfon's Engllfh Hillorical Library. — Ibid. (h) ^* Les queulx Chofes fi ellcs fuiflent long terns foef- ** ferts, Klles mctteyrent 1^ Monye d*Angliterre a rienk — V. Libr. Ruhr. So. {/) Que les Pollards, et Crockards, et les autres mauyaifc3 Monyes contrefaits feront abatues.— Ibid. (i). Jbidj.— Rapin. *' ■ 'it. ■J. ill 4- # 190 MEMOIRS OF The Pra6\ices of clipping were the mofl frequent ^amongft the 7^Tf i, two Hundred, and Eighty of whon\ were hanged, at one Time, for this OfTcnce. Fifteen Thoufand were at hft driven out of England. Of Thefe, Numbers embarked on board a VelTel belono:- ing to the Cinque Ports, and, r.ftcr having been plun- dered by the C.r,>tain, and the Mariners, of all their Property, were thrown into the Sea. Many of the Barbarians who committed thefe Outrages were tried, condemned, and executed (I). If the Jews had re- preflcd their Ufury, and Adulteration of the Coin, it is ^' prob.'ble that the Sentence of Banifliment (m) would never have l)een enforced again^ t'lem: And We may, •befides, fuppofe that their Power of purchaling, by immcnfe Sums, the Prote£lion of the Crown, was al- moft exhaufted, as, only from the feventeenth of De- umber, in the fiftieth Year of the Reign of Henry the * Third, until the Shrove-Tuefday in the fecond Year of -the Reign of Edward the Firft, they paid into the Toyal Treafury, four Hundred, and twenty Thoufan4 Pounds, fifteen Shillings, arid Four- Pence («). Before We quit this Subje^, it may- be proper tQ obfervc that the Dowry which Ediuurd fettled upon the • Princefs Margarei, amounted to eighteen Thoufand Li- •vre?, per Annum, or four Thoufand, and five Hundred Pounds Sterling (o), by which it appears that four French Livres were, in that Age, worth an Englijh •Pound. A Naval, and Commercial Writer (p) with great Juftice, fuppofes that the Knowledge of this Cir- cumftance (/) T. WiVes, p 1 2 2. [m) PafTed January 14, I29'i.---T. Wikes, p. 118.— Prynne's Brevia Parliamcntaria Rediviva. («) Coke's fecond Inftitute, p. (;o6. "■,."* \o) Rymer*s Foedera, V. 2. p. 854. V (p) Campbell's Lives of the Admrals, V. i. p. ^40*'' IL ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 191 cumflance is of much Coiifequcnce in the Explanation of the Tranfadions relating to a Part of the thirteenth, and fointcentii Centuries. " This comparative Vakic *' of Coin (He adds) is a Subjeft hitherto hardly con- *-* fidered ; and yet ancient Hiftories arc uninteUigiblc-, *' without a due Regard being paid to it (y)." The Indulgence granted by Edward to the Mer- chants, are convincing Proofs of his Determination to advance the Welfare of Commerce. In the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Eighty-fix, a Permif- lion was given for thoie who came from Abroad to rent Houfes, and to buy, and fell their onn Commodities, without the Intcricrcncc of Agents: Until this Period, they hired Lodgings, and 'their Landlords, who were appointed the Brokers, difpofed, in their Name, of tlie different Articles of their Trade (r). They alfo en- joyed a Charter wherein the Protcftion, and Privileges to which they became intitlcd were clearly afcertained, and the Cuftoms, and Duties to be cxa£led from them, on Account of their Imports and Exports, precilely fet- tled. Juries, confiding Half of Natives, and Half of Foreigners, were allowed them on their Trials ; the Security of their Perfons and Properties, was alfo in- trufted to the Care of z Jufticiary in London^ and an eafy Method cftabllfhed for the Recovery of their Debts (j). Yet thefe Advantages were counterpoifed by- a fevere Condition: Every foreign Merchant was made anfvverable for the Debts, and even for the Crimes of his Countrymen, trading within the Kingdom (/). TJiey were lik.ewife fubjedt to an additional Duty of two ' ^ Shil- I' v» ^ ' [g) Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 240. ► (r) Fabian's Chronicle, (j) Statute of A6ton Biirnel, fo called from a Parliament holden at this Place, in Shropfliirc. (0 Anderfon's Hiftory of Commerce, V. i. p. 146, t^l MEMOIRS OP n'i Shillings on each imported Ton of Wine ; and forty Pence on each exported Sack of Wool, bcfides the old Duty of half a Mark. In the twenty -fourth Year of the Reign of Edward^ the Society of Merchant- Advtnturers was firft eftablifh- ed, for the Improvement of the Woolen Manufacture, and the Sale of Cloth, abroad, particularly at Ant- tverp («). From the Remonftrance drawn up by Humphry de Bohun, Earl of Hereford^ the Conftable, and Ragir Biged, Earl of Norfolk, the Marefchal of England, and prefentedto the King at Winchelfea, when He was preparing to embark for Flanders, We learn that Wool was a Commodity equal in Value to half the Lands in the Nation. If the Complaints of thefc powerful Lords were juftly founded, it muft be con-r feffed that Edward was, at Times, as much the arbi? trary OppreiTor of Trade, as, on fome Occafions, He had approved Himfelf its ftrenuous Pro.teftor. The forcible Seizure of Learfier, Corn, Cattle, but efpe- cially of Wool, (the Cullom of which was railed from twenty, to forty Shillings a Sack,) \vas not only a daring Violation of the Great Charter, and that of Forefts, but a ftrong Obftacle to the Progrefs of Com- tnerce (*•). Yet, Be it remembered that this Prince, at length, confcious of the Neceflity of appeafing thofc Subjefts whom He had opprcfled, confirmed at Ghent, on the fifth of November, in the Year one Thoufand^ two Hundred, and Ninety-feven, the Charters of King "John, by an authentic Aft, tp. which He affixed thp Great Seal of England, as alfo tc the Claufe divefting Kim of the Pdwer (until that Period, fo wantonly exer- cifed,) (a) Rymer's Fcpdera, V, 4. p. 0i. This is a Confirma- tion by kdnvard^^ Third of the Charter granted by his Pre- deceffor, Ediuard the Firft. (x) Anderfon's Hiftory of (j!ommerce, V, i. p» 1.37. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 193 <[ifed,) of impofing arbitrary Taxes upon the People. Two Explanations in this iitature are Evidences that the Freedom of Trade was replaced upon a firmer Balis. The Firflenafled that no Officer belonging to Edward^ or his Heirs fhould, in Future, take away the Corn, Provilions, or any ofher Goods whatfoever, without the Confent of the Owner : By the Second, it was ptovided that Nothing fliould be thereafter demanded for any Sack of Wool, under the Name, and Pretence of Cuftoms [y). The fucceeding Events conne£led with the Ratification of this Charter are extremely in- terefting, and place the tyrannical Difpolition of Ed^ wardy together with the laudable Anxiety of the Eng- I'tjhy fof the Frefervation of their Liberties, in fo ftrik- ing a Point of View, that We fhould not reft fatisfied with barely recommending the Purfuit of this Sub- jeft (z) to the Reader^ if a farther Inquiry were not foreign to the Nature of our Woi k. As the foiiowina: Circumftance muft have afFcftcd the Progrefs of Commerce, in that Mxd.^ it may be necel- lary to relat^ it. In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and three, the Exchequer is mentioned Ko have been robbed of the enormous Sum cf one Hundred Thoufand Pounds. J'he Abbot, and Monks of fVeJi" m'lnjier were charged with the Fa£l^ tried, and acquitted. We are not informed that Edward was ever able te . f^nd out the Criminals. To fuppofe that Frefcobald, and his Florentines (of whom We have already treated,) were the guilty Pcrfons, becaufe they we're in difgracb with the King, immediately after the TranfaCiicn^ is reafoningbn too flight a Ground {a). Vol. I. N In (y) T. Walfingham, p 74 — Wsrirer Hemingford, V. r. p. 143.— Knyghton— Coke's fecond Inltitute, p. 5^2, (z) See Humes Hiftory of England, odiavo, V. a^ p. 292, 2Q3, 294, 295. («) Rymer's Foedera. V. 2. p. 930. t94 MEMOIRS or In the laft Year of tlie Reign of Edward, the Numi« having received in England large Sums of VIoncy for the Pope^ WIS not fufFered to export it, in Spec'.c, but obliged to refign it for Bills of Exchange {b). An admired Hiftorian (t) confider? this Incic'jnt as " a Proof that Commerce was but ill iinderftood, at that Time." The Silver-Mines which had been wrought in the County of Devon produced from the twelfth of Augujiy to the thirty-firft of Oohher^ in the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Ninety-four, three Hundred, and fcvcr^ty Pounds Weight of Silver; in the next Year, five Hundred, twenty-one Pounds, and a Half; and in the following \ car, feven Hundred, and four Pounds. They afterwards yielded more : How much is not mentioned ; neither are We told at what Period they were worn out. The fame Mines were once more opened, in the Reign of Elizabeth^ and have been wrought llncc ; yet not in fuch a Manner as to anfwer theCoft of Working {d). Of the Courfe of Trade, it is obfcrved {e) that fomc Judgment may le formed from an Inquiry concerning the Sums of Money which Edward borrowed, for the Purpofe of profecuting the War againft the Welch. On this Occaiion, the City of London lent eight Thoufand, and the Port of Tartnoutb one Thoufand Marks. An idea of the Wealth poileU'ed by fomc particular Members of the State, may be gathered from the Ac- count of Fines, impolcd by the King, on thofe Judges who had been declared guilty of Corruption. Sir Ralph de Hengharn, Chief Juftice of the High'-r Bench, was {h) Ibid. V 2. p. 1092. (<) Hume's Hiltory of Enj3;Iancl, 8vo. V. 2, p. 325. [di Campbell's Li v-es of the Admirals, V. I. p. 241, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 195 was lentcnced to pay feven Tlioufand Marks; Sir John Lovetot^ Jullice of the Lower Bench, three 'I^houfand Marks ; Sir fp'illiam Bramton, Juflicc, three Tho'^fr.nd Marks; Sir Solomon Roche/ler^ Juftice of the AHizes, four Thoufand Marks ; Sir Richard de Boyland.^ four Thoufand Marks ; Sir Thomas Seddwgton, two Thou- fand Marks ; Sir Walter Hopton, two Thoufand Marks (f) ; Sir William de Sahim, three Thoufand Marks ; Robert Littlehury, Maftcr of tlic Rolls, a Thouland Marks ; Robert Leicejier^ a Ti^toufand Marks ; Henry de Bray, Efcheator, and Judg*^ for the Jexvs, a 7"hou- fand Marks ; J/lam de Strettorr, a (Jlcrk of tiic Court, thirly-two Thoufand A'larks of new Money, exdudvc of Jewels, and Silver Plate {o). By the Confifcation of the Eflates of thefc Offenders, Edward obtained above an Hundred Thoufand Alarks. About the twentieth Year of the Reign of this Prince, the Compafs, an Inftrumcnt of the utmoft Im- portance to the Purpofcsof Navigation, wasdifcovered by Flavio Gioia, an Inhabitant of Amalf, on the Coafh ofduit Part of die Kingdom of Naples called Terra di Lavoro. More than a Century elapfed previous to ihe Acquiiition of any Advantages from this extraordinary Invention. How it was received, at what Period firft ufcd upon the Sea, and vvlien divulged to other Nations, arc Points as yet remaining in Obfcuilty (/). The Events during the difgraccful Reign of Edward the Second are {o l]ightly conceded wuh tiic Snhje£): of our Work, diat We fliall haflen, after a Ihort Detail, to an ^ra wherein tlie Naval Reputation 01 the Eng- N 2 lijh (f) Thcfe laflFour were Jnfliccs Tilncrjint. [^) T. VVahingham. — Ana. VVaverl. — T. Wikcs. — Chron. tleDMullable, MSS. (/») Introdnil'.tlon to the Co11c»nirn of Voy:igCS, V. 6. Fc- uo. - Lediaru'c Njval Hill. V. i. tolio, p« 35* ^ 196 MEMOIRS OF mm i^ iijh was carried to that illuilrious Height, above whlct* h hatli fo often rifen, and from whence it fell {o kU doin, in fuccceding Times. The only Period, during the Life-time of this Prince, at which the Fleet is re- corded to have been employed, was when Ifabdla the Queen, togetlier with her Son, were (on their Refufal to return to England,) proclaimed Enemies to the State. On this Occaiion, War was declared againft Frarue (/■)) and the Sheriffs of the feveral Counties, in Con- fequence of Orders frcwi their Sovereign, funnmoned jfehn L'E/itttmy Admiral of the North, NiMas Kyriel, Admiral oiF the South Seas, and Ralph Bajfet, of Dray- ion, Conftablc of Dtvtr Caftle, and Warden of the Cinque Ports, to obftru£t the Landing of all Invaders, and to attack, and eiUier deftroy, or take fuch French Merchantmen as fliould be found upon the Seas (i). To the Prudence, ind Intrepidity of ihefe Officers was owing the Capture of an Hundred Sail of Norman Ships,. all of which were fafely brought into the Englijh Har- bours (/). " Ifabella having concluded a Treaty with the Earl of Hainault and betrothed to his Daughter Phiiippa, the young Edward, in Oppolition to the exprefs Injunftion? of the king, his Father (m), alTembled the Forces which had been raifed to attend her on the Enterprize, againft England, and embarking at Dort, proceeded towards Orewell, in Suffolk, where She landed on the twenty fecond of September, in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Tw ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 1991 him, at any Rate : In the Letter which incloferl it, A- dam de Orleton, Bifhop of Hereford^ and the flagitious Minifter of Ijabella^ put a Latin Line, wherein, by a, contemptible Equivocation, they found themfclvcs en- couraged (according to the difrcrcnt Mode of Reading it,) either to commit the Murder, or to refrain from it i yet it ismore than probable that they were dirci'il- cd, and inclined to accept of the Exprellions in the laft Senfc (/), and that their Conduft was far from being the Refult of Ignorance. At this Time, the Lord Berk' lejy in whole Caftle E(hva^d remained a Prilbner, was prevented by lUnefs, from atten ling to liis Charge (//). Gurney, and Multravers^ embraced die Opportunity to execute their horrid Purpole. They rufhed into a Chamber, where they found the depoled King, in Bed, and, preflinghim violently down to it with a Table, to hinder him from flruggling, placed within his Funda- ment a Horn- Pipe, through which they conveyed a burning Iron (at). This execrable Crime was imme- diately difcovered to the Inhabitants of the Caftle, by the loud Shrieks of the tortured Ediva>d^ whilft his Bowels were confuming^ Hi j Body w-as fliortly after- wards buri c!.. without any funeral Pomp, at GicU" cejitr {f), ■-'■t^ ,; h^r.'i » J.. Thus periflied this unhappy Prince, more a Martyr to Indolence, Jrrefolution, and a Want of Judgment, than to Vices. The D'ftra<5tions of his Life prevented •' -r *• .'^ t- - N4 : • . him (/) *' Edvardum occidere NoHte timere : Bonum eft. ** Edvardum occidere Nolite : Timere bonum ell." (a) Cotton's Abridj;;nient, p. 8. {x) September 2 1 , A. D 1327. (yj Anonymi Hilt. p. 838. — Adam Murimuth, V. 2. p. 70. — Thorn, de la More Vit Ed. 2. p. 002, C03. — Thorn. WaUinghLiml. Ypodigmci Neuliriae, p. 509 — Chron. Godftovian, p 1O9.— H, K.ny^htoa, p. 2551.,— Graftou \ Chronicle, p. 2 iB, 219.. > : u 200 MEMOIRS OF him from either fupporting the Marine, or advancing; the Commerce of the Nation. That He was inclined' to extend his Ptotedlion to the laft, appears from his Charter gi-anted for the Encouragement of the Manu- fafture of Wool, the ftaple Commodity of. the King- dom. But the Vigour of Trade was confiderably im- paired by the Famine which raged' fo violently during ieveral Years of this Reign. The Coldnefsof the Wea- ther, and the incefTant Showers bydeftroying the Har- vefts, and caufing ia Mortality amongft the Cattle, had, raifed the NecelTaries of Life to an enormous Price. At this y£ra (zj, the Parliament ftrove to lower it, *' not fenfible (bbferves a difcerning Writer (a), that fuch an' Attempt was imprafticable, and that were it poffible to reduce the Price of Provifions by any other Expedient than by introducing Plenty, nothing could be more pernicious, and d6ftru«aLve to the Public. "Where the Produce of a Year, for Inftance, falls fo far fliort as to afford fuU Subfiftence only for nine Months, the only Expedient for Inaking it laft all the Twelve, is to raife the Prices, to put the People by that Means on fhort AUbwjince, and oblige them to fave their Food, till a more plentiful Year* But, in Reality, the Lncreafe of Prices is a neceffary Confe- >•"..,: Of the Wealth, and alfo of the Hofpuality of the Nobles, at this i^ra. We may form fome Judgemeni from a Circumllance mentioned by Stows, in his Sur- yey of Lort^on^ and gathered from the Accompts of ths Cofferer, or Steward to Thomas, Earl of Lancajier. It appears that the Expences of that Loid during the Year (/) Rymer's Foedera, V. 3. p. 770. — Hume's Hillory of England, V. 2. 8vo. p. 367. {>n) Ypod. Neuft. p. C02. — Walfing. p. T07. («) Nic. Trivet. Anna! Cent. p. 2 2. —Adam ^furimuth. P- 5".— Thoin. de la iViore Vit. Ed. 2. p. 594.-^Ypodigmft Neulirlae, p. 503, 204 MEMOIRS OP one Thoufancl, three Hundred, and Thirteen, were, for th^ Pantry, Buttery, and Kitchen, three Thoufand, four Hundred, and five Founds. For three Hundred, and Sixty-nine Pipes of red, and two of white Wine, one Hundred, and Four Pounds, &c. The Whole was fcvcn ThouCind, three Hundred, and Nine Pounds; which are nearly twenty- two Thoufand Pounds of our prefcnt Money ; and, allowing for the Chcapnefs of Commodities, near an Hundred Thoufand Pojnds. Whether Edward the Second coined any Money, i» uncertain : Relatively to tliis Matter, our Laws, and Hiftories arc tilent {o). No Conclufions refpefting the Riches of the State can be drawn from the Allowance of one Hundred Marks a Month, (or eight Hundred Pounds, a Year,) granted to the depofed King, in Pri- fon (p). If the Authority of the Writer who records the Fa£l were not unqueftionable, it might have been imagined that the mercilefs Ifabella had deprived her Hulband of all Maintenance whatfoever. Yet, in Com- parifon, how fhort doth this fall of the Eftate amount- ing to fie Hundred Pounds a Year, and tenderly given by Edward, for the Sake of his ^uen, to the Lady Theophania, (a Native of France) who had been htt. Nurfe (q). ' ...... We fliall pafs over the Occurrences yirhich immedi- ately fucceeded the Accefiion of Edward the Third to the Crown of which his Father had been deprived, and enter upon a Relation lefs foreign to the Subject of our Work. In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Thirty-fix, the King having refolved to turn his Arms againft France, formed the neceffary Alliance* with the Emperor Lewis of Bavaria i, the Duke of Brabant^ {o) Biihop Nicholfon's Hiilorical Library, folio, p* 25(« ) T.Walfingham. ( ) R^qicr's wedcra. : * ^ - ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc. 00$ Brabant ; the Eails of GueUer^, ami Hainaulty his Hro- t!icrs-in-La\v i the Arcliblfliop of Cologne \ levcral Lords of Flanders^ Holland^ and Gd/cony ; to^^cther witli James D'Arteville, a Brewer of Ghent (r). So power- ful was the Influence of this Man, that the Flemings (at whofe Requeft He had alTumcd the Authority, after the Expuliion of their Sovereign,) fubmitted, on all Occa- fions, to his Commands, regardlefs of the Spirit of Barbarity, and Violence, in which they frequently were conceived. VVhenfoever He walked the Streets, He was accompanied by a numerous Retinue, who, on a Signal given, immediately alTaffinated the Objcfts of his Vengeance j Magiflrates were either removed, or appointed, according to his Plcafure ; Of the Revenues belonging to the banifhed Earl, He difpofcd in the moft arbitrary Manner ; Every City in Flanders was crouded with hi* Spies i and the Perfons informed againft by Thefe were either driven into Exile, or put to Dcatii. The Nobility were under Apprehcnfions of falling st Sacrifice to his Oppreflions, and forefaw their own Fate in that of Others who loft their Lives, and For- tunes for having difobliged him -, The laft, exclulive of a fmall Allowance given to the Wives, and Children of the Sufferers, were converted to his own Uk (j). Such (to borrow the Language of an admired Writer, j (t) were the firft EfFefls which Europe faw of Popular Vio- lence, after having groaned, during fo many Ages, under Monarchical, and Ariftocratical Tyranny. To this feditious Individual, Edward, with an Alli- duity, and Refpe£l, not extended to die Reft of the Allies, applied for the Aftiftance of the Flemings. A Requeft made by the King of England was too flattering V to (r) Ibid.— FroiffartChron. L. i, c, ^5. {$) Ibid Liv. 1. chjtp- 30* it) MdUJume. ^^■r led UT^M O IK S OF <' .' ■■^H to be rcfnfed ; and D^ArtevlUe at once cfpoufcd the Caiife of Edward^ ^nA preflTed liim to pais over into the Low-Countries. In Confequence of the Invitation, a Parliament was immediately fummoned, in vvhieli the Sovereign aiFefted to afk their Permiffion to profecute this intended Enterprize, and eaiily obtained it («}. ' i\t the amc Time, He procured from them a Grant of twenty Thoufand Sacks of Wool (.v), a Commodity acceptable to the Flemings, and with the Price of which He hoped to fatisfy the Dcinands of the German Powers, in his Intereft. The other necellary Supj^lies were ob- tained by Loans, by the Pawning of the Crown Jew- els, and by tyrannically plundering all tlie Lombards^ who, exercii(ing the 'I'rade before monopolized by the '^ews^ lent out Money at an nfurious Intereft (y). The King, previous to his Departure from England, fent a powerful Force abroad, under the Command of the Earl of Derby (z), who fubdued the lile of Cadjant. In Confeqnence of this Succefs, tiie Chief Cities in Flanders declaicd for Edward, whofe Prefence they ea- gCily folicited :«), At Sea, the £rft Ad of Hoflility is recorded to have been committed by the French, who imder Pretence of fending Succours to the Chriftians at War in the Holy Land, equipped a formidable Fleet, and failing for England, fliortly afterwards difembarked ax Southampton-^ which they took, and reduced to Allies: -■''' -' . ,: ■ , ' V /o-.j'"? ■■ , r v-*?^ lli ■** («) Cotton*s Abridgmnt. {x) Nearly equnl to an Hundred Thoufand Pounds. (y) Diigdale's Baronage, V. 2. p. 146. ' • (2) H€ was defcendcJ from Henry the Third, King of England. His Father and Uncle, were Earls of Lanc/^ftet. The lad \va8 beheaded in the Reign of Edward the Second. — Leland's Coll. V. 1. p. 668. {a) Froiflhrt, chap. 30 — T. Walfinghnm. Hid. Angl. p. I 56. — H. Knyghton, p. 2570. — Pivul Emylq, p. 512, 5'3- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, 6cc., 207 In tlieir Retreat they werelefs fortunate, three Hundred of their Men, together with their Commander, the Son of the King of Sid 'y^ being flain upon the Spot {i). On the fifteenth of July, in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Thirty-eight ; the King^ at the Head of a numerous Army, proceeded to Orwell, in Suf- folk, from whence they embarked on board a Fleet of five Hundred "bail, and in the Week following, arrived at Antwerp, Here, as the Allies were not prepared to fecond his Attempts, He remained inactive until the month of September in the following Year, when he marched, with his Forces, towards Cambray, tlie Bifliop^ and Lord of which, under the Prote£Vion of tlic Em- peror, prepared with his Garrilbn, confifling chiefly of French Troops, to oppofe his Entrance. Having halt- ed, for Ibme Time, before the Walls of this City, He received Advice that Philip de Valoii was advancing to give him Battle, and direftly crofled the Schelde to nicer him(c). The two Armies continued encamped near to each Other, during a whole Week. Mutual Defi- ances were given, and a Day fixed on for the Engage- ment. At length, they drew up in Order of Battle, made their Obfervations, and retreated. From hence, EdwardXMXwtd^ back into C^w/^r^y, Rnd the rermnndeis, fome Villages of which were plundered by his Troops, and afterwards razed to the Ground. In the mean Time, the French, together with their Allies the Scats, appeared wltli a ilrcng S(|iiadron off the Coaft of England. Diicmbarking at Hajlings, they burned the Houfes of ihe Fifliermen, and llvivv the Inha- bitants [h) T WaHinghami. Ypodigma Neuftritje, p 512.— Fa- bian's Chronicle, p 206. — Uupleix, Hilloire de France, Tom. II. p. 451. — Le Gendre, Hiftoire de France, Tom. III. \^ 449. . (f) Froilfar^— T. Vvalfingham. ^o8 •MEMOIRS OF i I bitants ((!/). Near to the Harbours of Devcnjhirey anft 7 hefe were Sir Thomas Alonlhcrmer, Sir Thomai Laumer^ Sir ^ohn ... y. ' Eotei(if ip) FroifTirt, Chap. 50.— Fabian, p. 210, 2il, (f) See I'cige 208. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Sec 215 BoteUr^ and Sir Thomas Poinings (r). To render his Vi6lory indilputablc, the King remained three Days at Sea, with his whole Fleet, and afterwards, dilcmbarking with the Forces, proceeded to Ghent, where He joined tlie Confederates (j). In this Engagement, tlic French loft two Admirals, twenty Thouland Men, and nearly their whole Fleet {t). Edward is mentioned to have been wounded in the Thigh («). " It appeared," (obfervcs a Foreign Wri- ter) [x) " as if this Prince had palled his whole Life in the Sea-Service. The moft experienced Naval Officers were ftricken with Admiration at the Dex^^erity which He difcovered in gaininr, the Wind of the !• nemy.** But, We muft allow (with an Hiftorian of fuperior Pe- netration (y), that the true Caule of the Vi£^ory ac- quired by the EngUj}) refuked from their having a Na- tionaF Marine, commanded by their King; Whereas the Crews of thole Foreign Ships of which the French Fleet was principally compofcd, felt a Reluftance in obeying the Orders of their Admirals who were at Va- riance with each Other. Thefe were Barbevere j Kyriel, Kerve/, or ^ueret j and Behuchet. Barbevere was the Admiral of the Genoefe, who were the ablell Mariners in the Fleet, and, perhaps, at that Time, the only good O 4 Marin- (r) Walter Hcmingford, V. 2, p. 319, 321.— Froilfart, Chap 50. t 30.— T. \Valfinglum, p. 148, — H. Knygh- toii, p. 2578. — Du Chefuc, L. 15. p. 651. — Grafton, p. 242, 243. (j) Chron. Godlbvlan, p. 112. — Ctmt. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Muriinuth. Awiul. V. 2, p. 96. — T. Otterbourne, p. 129 (/) Hiftoire de hi Q^icrclle de Philippe de Valoi'J, et d'Edouard ;, par M. Gaillaid, T. i. p. 2151. [ti] Hifloire de France, Tom. T. p. 491. {x) P. D'Orleans. Revolut d'Aiigletcrre. (y) Hiftoire de la Qi^icrelle de Philippe de Valois, et r' Jrf f , obferves that He was hangeci for his ill Conduct.- This infers that He w.is executed in Confcquence of an Or- der from the h-fncb King Mr. GaiUant |', is of Opinion that Ke fell a sacrince to the Refentment of the Erglijh. " Be- *' huchcr, aycint e'e pns., fut pcndu au Mat de fon Vaif- *' feau. Grande Horreur tres commune a la Ge.enc." I am at a Lofs to determine which Author is in ihe Right. * Voi.I. p. 19S. t T. III. p. 495. X T. I. p. 252. [a] Hill-oire de la Queielle do Philippe de Valois, et d'Edouard 3. par M. Gaillard, T. i. p. 252. .. > ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 217 all. In a pretended Rage, He reproached the Er.^iijh with the moft abandoned Cowardice. When the King rcqniied a Proof of it. He aniwered : " Thrfe Dajlards " wanted the Spirit to quit their VeJJlls^ and jump, like *' the brave French ^ and Norman: ^ at once, into the <' Ocean {h). Concerninir this Sea-Fight, a French Hiflorian ob- fcrves (f), " Firft, that no Mention is made (in our Accounts of it,) cither of the Rojirum, (which \va5^, in more Ancient Times, the principal oflfenlive Weapon of the Ship,) or of Gallics (d), orofRtnvcrs. With Rc'pcft to the Mode of v;oi*ls^ing Ships, by which the Commanders of one Veflll attempted to break the Oars of Another, the Writers of the Naval Events of this Reign are equally iilent. By the Latins, tlie Pra«Slice was called Phonos detergere. The Ship was brought as near as poiTible to that of the Enemy, in a parallel Line ; and then, at a Signal made, driven violently on, and (whilft th^ Oars v.'ere either lifted up, or fuddcnly withdrawn,) daflied full againft it, -in Cuntequence of which the Oars of the Veflel belonging to the Enemy were broken : After this, the Ship which had given the firft AlTault, tacked about, and cither gored the Other, with its Roftrum, or proceet^d to Grappling." '' Pience it follows that, on this Occaiion, the Eng- lijh and French had not only relinquiflied the Cuftom of the Romans who, in their Naval Engagements, al- ways had rccourfe to Oars, but thrown allde the beaked Veffels, (b) Vecordes Anglicos. — Quia in Mare faltare non funt r^uii, ut fecerunt nollri Nonnanni, ct Galiici generofi.— — Waliingham, p. 148. (f) P. Daniel. Hilt, de la Mllice Franc. Tom. II p. 468. [d) This appears to be a Miflake, Gallies are mentioned, p. 214. . ^ ;,-.- ..• . ' - ■■* 2lS MEMOIRS OF Vclfels, or Naves Roflraia^ which were in Ufc durmg the Rcigii ot Philip ylu^u/ius, towards the Conchifiou of tlic twelfth, aixl tlic lieginning of the thirteenth Century. Neither tliis Rojiruni, nor the Eperon^ or Unak-Hcad whlcli afiervvards rupi)liecl the Place of it, toulvt he managed but by mwclns of Oai s (f).'* At this ^.ra, the French Meets were (like the Nuv'y €)^ England^) compofed of all Kinds of Ships, piocured iVom the ieveral Ports of the Kingdom ; and amongfl Tliefc were Gallics, tlie Number of which was, how- ever, not equal to tliat maintained at a former Period. At tlie Battle o( Guarnjly, which was fought foon after- wards, the /V«'?/r^ Fleet, commanded by Lewis o( Spain^ conllfted of Two and '^I'hirty Sail ; Nine of which were longer than the Rcfl, and three of thcfe, Gallics. The others were high-decked Vtllcls, whicli, in an En- gagement, made more Ulc of their Sails than of theu- bars." *' This miift be underflood of Sliips in the JVeJlent Ocean, the Scene of A£lion between the French, and ths Englijhy and not of Ships in tl^e A^editerranean •y as There, only Gallies were in Ufe : This hath been the Cafe, even in later Times, whether the Battles have been fought in that Sea, or wliether upon any Occafion, dicy have come into the Ocean." " When therefore either .. the Reig^n of P/-'////> the Fair, or of Philip de Valois, (at the Beginning of the Fourteenth Century,) Mention is made of the Men of \V ar of France, or of England, or even of Spain, in the Oi;can, it is always to be underftood of luch Ships as ar& {e) Mr. Lediard *, fuppofes that Father Daniel means vj. a Calm. Otheruife, a Ikiltul Perloii at the Helm might, with a modenite Wind, certainly manage more dexteroully, ai4 (hlft nimbler than a great Number at their Oars. * Naval. HiiL V. i. Folio, p. 48. lean ; as ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, c\c. 319 u.rc worked by SaiU, and not by Oars, except on a Re- treat, or to i^aiii the Wind." ** froijfart, partial to the En!;lijh, takes no notice of the Order of liattle on tiie French Side : Hut it is vc - yy prt)bable that iheir Fleet was arrangcil nuieh in the fame Manner." " We learn, firft:, that tlie King of England placed all his Siiips of the grcateH Force iu the Front ; Hence itmav be concluded that He formed at lead two Lines. Secondly, the Ships whiih were placed at the two Ends of the fufl Line are mentioned to have been filled with Archers. This was that they might continually annoy the Enemy with their Arrows C/j: And for liiis Reafon, We may infer thatThofe in the Center were filled wit! Men at Arms. It is alio obfcrved that He placed a Ship with Men at Arms between every two Ships of Archers ; ;he Defign of w hich was probably to be ready for a clofc Fight. Thirdly, We are informed that He kept another Squadron at a Diflancc, as a Body of Referve: This, without Doubt, liad orders to detach Vedels, from Time to l^ime, to the AlTiftance of Thofe whom They fhoukl oblerve to be the moll preflcd {^)." " What is here remarked concerning the EngUjh Fleet being ranged in a double Line, flrengthens our Afltrtion diat the greateft Part of the Fleet confided of high-defked Veifcls, and not Gallies : The common Way of ranging Gallies was in the Form of a Half- Moon, the two Points, or Horns of which, advanced towards the Enemy ; and the two Fleeta lay with their Prows, or Heads, facing one another." " Thus, as our Gallic^, at this Time, have their Guns on their Prows, or Forc-Callles, fo Then, they '^r . ■ placed ff) Fiither Dnniel is not extremely novel In this, and fomc of his following Conclulioi\S. {^) Secl'a^c2»4. . ^ . ;: , -_ 22* MEMOIRS OF placed their Machines, and chief Inftrumcnts of Dc^. fence, tlicre. On tlie other Hand, in thefe high-decked Ships, tlir Archers, Siingers, and the Ba/i/?(S (^Engines to throw DartSj or Stones) were ranged upon Deck, and they conreq^::enrly fought Broad-Side, to Broad-Side, in the fame Manner as Now, whether in the Attack or the Defence." " In this ^ra, they were generally more ready at Boarding, afier having difcharged their Arrows, than at Prcfent. They fought irregularly, not much regard- ing whether they broke their Line. But as this Fleet wns ranged in more than one Line, it is natural to im- z-Jme that the Ships of the fecond Line continued in Or- der of Battle, while Thofe of the hr.ft Line grappled, and boarded {h)J* Edward^ eager to purfue his Advantages, repaired, with a numerous Army to Tournay^ which He invefted, whilft his Confederate, Robert of Artois^ be{ieged Saint Orner^ which was defended by his Rival, the Duke of Burgundy. In a Battle fought under the Walls of the Town, the Vi£lory was obtained by the French ; and Robert, to whom the Fleming! had been of little Service, judged it prudent to raife the Siege (/'). When Philip de Falois arrived with his Forces to re- lieve Tournay, He received a Challenge from Edward^ who offered to decide the Qiiarrel, either in fmgle Com- bat, an Engagement of an Hundrel againft an equal Number, or a general Battle. The King of France re- plied, that He knew of propercr Methods to correft the Infolence of a rebellious ValFal; that Nothins: on the Part of £(^Tf^r. p. 49, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, cVc 221 Edwardy at the fame Time, would put the Kingdom of England^ on the lllue of the Duel [k). llius ended theie Bravadoes that, probably, were not deligned to have been executed ; and Edward {dkcr a fruitlefs Siege of three Months, during which He was harraffed by Philip, and deferted by his Allies) acceded to a Truce (/), on the Conclufion of which, He embarked, with his Queen, for England, where They landed on the thir- tieth of November, in tlie Year one Thoufand, three Hundred and Forty (m). Scarcely was the Truce expired, when Edward, en- c;aging in the Caufe of John de Mantford, (whom the Nobles had declared Duke of Bretagne, in Oppoiltion to Charles de Blois, Nephew to the King of France,) gave Orders for the Equipment of a conliderable Fleet, which failed, with a large Body of heavy-armed Cavalry, and fix Thoufand Archers, to the Relief of Hennebone. They were, for fome Time, detained by contrary Winds. At length, under the Command of Sir Walter de Mannie, one of the mofl valiant Captains of the Age, tlicy entered the Harbour, and fo eifciSlually aflifted the Garrifon, tiiat the Beiiegers were, with great Slaughter, driven from their Ports («), and compelled lo relinquilli their Attempts nearly in the very Jnflant, when the Place was on the Point of furreiKlering by Capitulation. *'■■■' ^ Not- [K) Robert de Avclburj'-, p. 60, 61. — Walter Hemlng- ford, p. 325, 326. — T. Walf:ntrh:ur), p 149.— Du Tillet. Rccueil de Tniitez. — Nouvtlle Hiftoive de France, T. 8. p 381, Uc. — Hiftoire de la C^iercUe de Philippe de Valois, ct d'Eouard 3, par M. Gail lard, T. 1. p. 254, 255, 256. (/) September 25, 1340. («) Contia. Nic. Trivet. Annal. Adam IMurimuth, V. t: p. 96. — Wulter HcmingfDrd, V. 2. p. 3 "4. — Froifiarr, Chap. 63, fulio 35. — H. Knyghton, p. 7.578. — T. Wal- fingham, p. 159 — Gi^^ui^. Hiit.Tranc. L. S. p. 138, 133. («} A. D. 1342. , , * 222 MEMOIRS OF Notwithilanding thefe Succeflcs, the Party o^ Charles it jy/tf/i prevailcii : h\\ Event neither founded on Jiifticj, nor In the Icafl agreeable to the Indinations of the in- hahitants of the Dutdiy [o). On the firft Advice of thcfe Proceedings, EdwardXc- vled a numerous Reinforcement, and bcftoxving the Command of it on the Earls of Devovjhire, and North- ampton, dirc6led them to fail immediately for Brittanny. The Objcd of this Expedition was foon chfcovcred to Philip de Falois, who fent Orders to his Admiral, Lewis of Spain, to proceed with the Fleet, (which confifted of Ships hired from dilTerent Nations,) and cruize near the Ifland of Gucrnfiy, in Readincfs to intercept the Englijh Squadron On this Occafion, the Naval Armaments of Philip amounted to Thifty-two Sail. Amongll: thefe, Nine were Ships of great Force, and Three, powerful Gallics. On board of them were a Thoufand Men at Arms, and three Thoufand Genocfe, commanded ur.- dcr the Admiral, by Carolo GrimaUli, and /fnionio Do- ria. The Englijh Fleet coniifted chiefly of Tranfports, in Number about Forty-iive, and carrying a Thoufand Archers, together with live Hundred Men at Arms, The French Squadron attacked them, uncxpe£ledly, at Sea, near Four in the Afternoon ; and the Engage- ment lafced until Night, when they Were feparated by a Storm. The French, and Genoefe, whofe VeiTcls were large, fteered (with their four Prizes) off from the Land ; but the Reft of the Engli/h Fleet kept clofe to it, and found an Opportunity to difembark the Forces {p). Their iirft {o) Mezerav, V. 3. p. 17.— Hiftoire de France, efcrite yiar Ovdre de M de liarlcy, premier Pretident du Parlement de Paris, Vol.1, p. 4t>4- — Froiflhrt, Ch. 8c, 81. — H. Knyghton, p. 2581. — T. Walfinghanii. Ypodigma Neuf- tiia;, p. 5'5' (p) Holinglhcd's Chronicle, V. 2. p. 363.' — The Conti- luiatiuu of Trivet's Annals is there cited In Support of thefe Fadj, :*f ngnge- ILLUSt RIOUS SEAMtN, &c. 223 firil Military Operations were direfled againft Fannes, where Robert of Jrioiif who hatl been created Earl of Richmond, received a mortal Wound. The Death of this unfortunate Prince induced Edtuird to pafs over with an Army of twelve 'T'houland Men, into Brit- ianny. He landed at Morhian, near to Vanncs, and immediately opened the Campaign with three Sieges, in all of which He proved uniuccefsful. The Duke of Normandy, cldefl Son of Philip de Valois, fur- rounded the Englijh Troops v/irh tliirty Thoufand In- fantry, and four Thoufand Cavalry, In fo critical a Situation, £(Vit;m-^ availed himfelfof tlic Aiediation of the Pope, who, by iiis Legates, the Cardinals of Palef- irine, and Frefcati, obtained a Treaty for a CclTation of Arms between the two Sovereigns, during tlirce Years. Edward, foon after the Concluuon of it, rctarned with his Forces to England {q). To which of thefc Rival Po- tentates the Tnf ration of the Truce was owing, is im- material to our Pur}X)fe. Let it be fufTicient to obfervc that Edward complaining (r), but with little Ihew of Juilice [s), of the Punilliment infii^led by Philips on Oliver de CliJJor, John de Montauban, and other Nol;les of Briitafjv, addreiied Himfclf to the Parliament for fuch Svnplies as might enable Him to renew the War. No foc.ier had He obtained them, than Heralds were dif- pcitched to Philip, v/ho, in the Name of the King of England, informed Him that the Treaty was confidcred as already broken, and that He muft prepare for his De- fence. H. TTeuf- Fai^s, which yet arr» not inentioned in that Continuation publillicd by the Uevca-nd Anthwny Hall, ;it Oxford, iti 1724 — Stc Camj)l>e i's Lives of the Admir.;!^, V. i. p. zo\. [q) Robert de Avclbuiy, p. ^oi. — Walter Hcmingfird, V. ?., p 35^;. — Contin. Nic. Trivet. Annul. V. 2. p. 97. — -Froiiiart, L. i.e. oc. — T. Waliiniihiim.—Chron God- Itovian. (') l^)'!^,^'"'^ ^°^!^'^"' ^^- ?• P'^^SSi 4s'i, 459, 1-66. . (0 Iruiliiird, Liv. 1. cliap. 96. p. ic3. 224 ^MEMOIRS OF fence. The Eavl of Derby was, at tlie fame Time, fent v.ith a Body of Troops, Into Guienne, where He was direwlecl to proceed to Hoftilitics. This brave, and accompllllied Prince, was vidlo'-ious in every Entcr- pri/e, except the Siege of Biaye^ from whence, as it was a Place of fmall Importance, He judged it more prudent to retire, than ufelefsly to v/afle his Time. Ber- gerac^ and a gre?.t Part of Bcrigord^ yielded to liis Arms. Near Auberoche^ He attacked the French Troops, com- manded by the Count de Life^ and amounting to ten Thoufand Men. His own Forces confifted folcly of a Thoufand Cavalry ; and yet He totally fubdued the Enemy, taking the Count, and fevcral of the Nobility, Prifoners. In this Adion, the French loft between fe- ven, and eight Thojfand Men (/). Kc next con- tj^uered A'lonjegur^ Villefranche^ Monpe/at, Tcnnins, Mire- mcnt, Angoulcme^ the Fortrefs oi DamaJJ'en^ and that of Aigu'illon^ deemed impregnable, but lofl from the Frenchy through the Coivardice of the Governor («). Having ended the Campaign, the Earl of Derby returned to Bourdeaux, loaden with Spoils, During thefe Tranfa6lions, Philip de Valois was en- deavouring to difengage the Flenjings from the Intercfc of England. Alarmed at the Event, Edward hafteneJ over to Flanders, refolving cither to oblige the Earl to fwear Fealty to him, as his Sovereign, or elfe to de- prive him of his Dominions. Having reached, with a fmall Squadron, the Harbour of Sl//y!, He fummoncd a Council, (onboard his great Ship the (7t2//;,2;z/7/',) at which James D'JrtcviHe, the Brewer (and the Fh'.rJnys devoted to his Caule,) affifted (a). This iMan, wliilft V He (/) Hiiloire de la Qiicrelle dc Philippe de Vulois, ct d'Edou-ard 3. par M. Gaillard, T. i. p 272. («) Robert de Avelbury, p. 121. — Froilliut, Lib. 1. chap; 103, 104.. nc, 1 12, {x) A.D. 1345. #' ■ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 225 He continued to defend the Liberties of his Country, was idolized by the People : But they conceived the Refolution of depriving him of Life, from the Moment that He was fufpefted of an Intention to betray them. At this Interview with Edward^ He had propofed to lurrendcr Flanders to the Englijhy and advifcd that it lliould be ere£led into a Dukedom for the Prince of IValtu The Flemings, although defirous of humbling their Sovereign, and fixing Limits to his Power, were unwilling to exclude his Race. On this Account, they viewed the Conduft of D* Arteville witli Horror, and Detestation. The Tr itor perceived his Danger. He folicited from Edward a Guard of five Hundred IVelch-^ men, who, to proteft his Perfon, furrounded it when- foever He appeared in Public. The Fuiy of the i^o- piilace, like tlieir former Veneration for this Apoftate, was not to be retrained. Led on by Gerard Dennis, a Flemijh Weaver, they forced their Paflage through the Centinels who furrounded his Houfe, and dragged him from the Place of his Concealment. A Cobler, with an Axe, beat out the brains of D'Arteville, whilft the Reft of his Aflbciates were engaged in the Plunder of the Houfe, and the Maflacre of the Family (y)> Ed- ward, (who had not yet failed from Sluy*,) although grieved, and exafperated at the Condudl of the Flemings judged it politic to dilTeinble his Refentment. He feem- *ed fatisfied witli the Excufes of the Citizens, and, with- out endeavouring to punifli the Murderers of his Ally, returned to ^w^/aW. / rt^^^^nd ,f- : <, i < As the Death of D'Jrteville had introduced a Cliiinsre o in the Affairs of Flanders, tlie King refolved to confine Vol. L^^v ' --■ F' --'- .i*— i-^-,^' all . i>.\.'*V'C-;5.-'"i (y) FroiflTart, Lib. \. c. 116 Gio. Villani, p 855 — Dupleix, Tom. II. p. 473 -r-Holingflied, Vol. II. p. 36!^. —Stovve.— Speed. r 226- MEMOIRS OF all his warlike Operations to the fupport of Gultnnf^ The Diske of Normandy^ at the Hea'l of bixty Thou- fand Men, had penetrated into this Province : On the Approach of io formidable an Army, the Earl of Derby. made a prudent Retreat to Bourdtauxy and gave the Knemy an eafy Opportunity to attempt the Recovery of their FortreiTes^ Teveral of which they took Poffcf- fion of, arnl afterwards proceeded to the Attack of Jiguiion, Thia Place was nlled with a Garrifon of choien Troops, under the Command of the Karl of Pembnke, and Sir iVaker de Mannie, Such, alfo, was its natural Strength, that it became impoflible to take it (if bravely defended,) by AfTault. Of this, the Duke of Narmandv (from repeated and inefFeftual At- tacks,) was fufficiently convinced; and therefore had deteniiined to reduce it by Famine. In order to pre- vent the Execution of this Enterprize, Edward (in- formetl of it by the Earl oi Derby ,) aflembled a con- lidcrable Force, with which He refolvd to haften to the Relief of his Subjefts, m Guienne , . . The Reader hath perceived, from feveral Circumflances in his Reign, that £<:/«;i?r, embarked at Soutbampton, in the Summer of the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty- Six (z). Soon after their Depaif- (c.) June 4, ■ "'"" ' r Thou- Oii the If Detty, ;avc the ceo very PoiTcf- tack of |rifon of Karl of Ifb, was to take lis, the ual At- "ore had to pre- ^rd (in- d a con- laften to f Reader s Reign, np, and t necef- n which e King appear , being f IVales loufand loufand rkcd at DUifand, T their Depaif- ILLttSTRIOUS SEAMEN &c. 227 Depam^re, they were driven back on the Coaft of Corn- tually by violent Storms, and contrary Winds (a). Here, they lay at Anchor during fix Days* The King, now, exprefled his Apprehcnfions of not arriving in Time, at Guienne ; and, and at length, determined to change his Courfe, and make a Defccnt on Normandy. Tliither, the P'leet was ordered to fail ; and, in the following Week, He {b) landed with his Troops, at La Hague. Whilil bis Admiral, the Earl of Huntingdon deftroyed all the Frinch Ships in this Harbour, and thofe of Barfleur, and Cherburg, Edward fpread his Army over the whole Country. Montebourg^ Valognts^ Carentan^ Saint Lo^ Harfitur^ and other Places in the Contentin were ♦^aken, and pillaged, without Refiftance, The next Viftory was acquired under tlie Walls of the populous, and commercial City of Catn. At the firft Attack, the French Army, commanded by the Count* of Eu, and TancarvilUy fled with Precipitation. The Englifli entered the Place, and after an inhuman Maf- facre of the Inhabitants, without the leaft Diftinftion either of Age, or Sex, began the Plunder, which con- tinued during three Days. The Plate, Jewels, Silk, valuable Cloths, and fine Linen were referved by Ed" ward, for his own Ufe, and fent in one of the laigeft Ships to England, together with three Hundred of the moll opulent Inhabitants of Caen, the future Price of whofe Liberty was a material Objeft (f). - - ' Edward continued his March through the Bifhopn<» of Lifeux, and Evreaux, and after having burned, and plundered the Towns, upon the Road, arrived at PoiJ/i, from whence He fent an Herald with a Defiance to Philip, This Monareh, who had formed the Dcfign of (a) Robert de Avelbuf}', p. 123. [b) July 12. (O FroilTart, Lib. i. c. 125, 126. vru;^j ^^^ in- '-.if I 22S MEMOIRS OF mclofing his Rival between the Sfiijf. and the Oyfe^ t^ nirned for Anfwer that He refufecl the Challenge. Ed- ivardy fufpefting his Intenfions, dccaipped ficm Poijfi, and arrived at the Horclers of the ^omme (i). On this Spot, He was furroundcd by Difficulties, in Appearance tOo great to be furmounted. Every Brif'ge on the River, except that of AbbevHU, was either broken down, or ftrongly guarded. GodtrrMr de Faye waited on the oppofite Bank to attack him, with a formidable Army. Philip, attended by an Hundred Thoufand of his Forces, was advancing from Saint Denyt, In this dreadful 'Kxtrcmity, Edward oftsred a confiderable Re- ward to any Perfon who fho^H inform him of a Paflage- acrofs- the Samme. A Pcafant, called Gc^in Jgace, fc- duced' by Avarice to affift the Enemies of his Country,, difcovcred to them the Ford of Blanchetague, which had .1 found Bottom, and might eafily be paiTed at Low- Water {e). It was the fole Refource of Edward. He plunged at once into the River, and followed by all his Troops, crofled ov€r to tlie Shore. The French, at- tempting to oppofe hi» Progrefs, were driven from their Station, and purfued with great Slaughter, towards the adjoining Plain. On the fame Evening, He encamped at the little Villiage of Crecy, \\\\\\^t Philip (w^hofe Army reached the Ford, when the Rear-Guard of the Englijh was paflingit,) croHed the Somme, at AhbemlU^ and im- ^mediately prepared for Battle. " ' > The Army of Edward was advantageoufly pofted on a riling Ground, and divided into thi-ee Lines. The King had given the Command of the tirft Line to the Prince of IVahs, then, in his fixteenth Year. Under Him, were the Earls i^i Warwick, and Oxford-^ Har- court J the Lords Chandosy Holland j and other Nobles. .. . . . , The {J) Ibid. c. 121, (/) Ibid. c. 127. \ ■% r \^ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 22^ The Earls of Arundel^ and Northampton ; the Lords IVtUou^hiy, B-jJJety and Roos^ together with Sir Lewis Tufiin were at the Head of the Second Line. The third Divifion was rommandcd by Edward, who in- tended that it fliould ^£1, either as a Reinforcement to' tiie two firft Lines \ or, in Cafe of Danger, facilitate a Retreat; or, on the Point of Viflory, purfue the Enemy. Left the numerous Bodies of the Frtmh lliould attack his Army in Flank, He threw up Trench- ■es to fecure it ; ufing the fame Precautions for his Bag- gage, which was placed in a Wood, lituated in the kear (f), Philip, burning with Impatience, and Refentment, would not permit his Troops to reft a Moment from their Fatigue ; but led tliem on, direilly to the At- taci; (^). They, were divided into three Bcxlies, the Firft of 'whidi (coniifting of fifteen Thoufand Genoefe Crofs-Bow-Men,) was commanded by Carolo Grimaldiy and Antonta Doria. At the Head of the Second, was Charla, Count of Alencon^ and brother to Philip, \\'ho engaged Himfelf to bring up the third Divifion. Three Sovereigns fought alfo on his Side : The King of B ILLUSTRIOUS SKAMEN, &:c. 23;^] The next warlike Enterpri/c of Edward w:i% dlr'^ftctl • afrainll Calais, to the Siege of which He marched with his wliolc Anny^ and drew up before the Place, on the tliirty-firft Day of Auguft, in the Year one ThoufancJ, three Hundred, and Forty lix. Here, the King of ^fl^/flWpurfued a Conqueft of the higheft Importance, as its Succefs not only gave hlrn PQirelfion of the Key to France, but opened a Communication with the Earl- dom of Ponthieu^ which then belonged to Him. John a of Vienne, the Governor of Calais, aflifted by the brave Exertions of the Townsmen, and the Troops, fo ef- fectually repelled the Afliiults of the Enemy, that Ed- ward felt the Neceflity of reducing by Famine, thofe whom He could not vanquifh by Force. His Army was adv?intageouily encamped ; Entrenchments were (Jrawn arqund the City j and, for the Advantage of the Soldiers, a kjrid of Wopden Town wa^ erected {k), wherein were Mj^gazines for Provilipn?, and Military Stores, together with extenfive Warehoufes $Jled witfi Wool, and Cloth, intended to fupply, bya conftant Trade, at two fettled ^iarkets, the Sinews of War ; and, as the mofl falutary Refult, to keep up a conftant Payment of the IVoops, and thus infpire them witk greater Chearfulnefs, in tlie Exercife of their Duty. ^ At the fame Tirjie, the Harbour of Calais vvas block- ed up by an EngUJh Fleet, confifting of feven Hundred, and Thirty- eight Sail, on board of which wer? fourteen V — Froiflart, Chap I2q, 126, 127, 128, &c. — T. Walfing- hain, p. 166— Hume's Hill, of England, 8vo V. 2. p. 430. 43'» 432, 433i434» 435' 436, 43.7— Rapin's Hift. of England, 8vo V. 3. p. 458,459,460. — Hr Knyghton, p. 2588.— Hiibire de la Querelle de Philippe de Valois, et d'Edouard 3. V, i. p. 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295. — Villaret -D'Orlean's Revolutions d'Angleterre. tk\ FroilTart, Chron. L. I. c. 144, 145. — Robert de A- velbu'y, p. 161, 162. ' ' ^34 MEMOIRS OF Thoufand, nine Hundred, and Fifty-fix Mariners. Of thefe Ships, feven Hundred belonged to tlie Subje£ls of Mdward, and only Thirty- eight to Foreigners. From Hence, We may reafonably conclude that our Naval Armaments during this iEra, were more numerous than Thofe of all the other Powers. The Fleets ferving un- der Philip were, chiefly, hired from the Genoefe. John of Vienne was foon reduced to the fevereft Ex- ' tremitit To increafe the Subfiftence of the Reft, He drove out of the City all the ujelefi Mouths. Thefe, amounting to feventeen Hundred, were humanely en- tertained by Edward, who, after loading them witli Gifts, and Provifions, gave Orders that they Ihould be condu£led in Safety through the Camp (/). As the Famine became more afflifting, the Governor made a fecond Attempt uj^on the Compaffion of Edward, and difmified from C<7/fl/i five Hundred of the Inhabitants. Thefe, however, were barbaroufly neglefted, and ^- rifhed between thp City, and the Aripy of the Befieg- crs. The Conununications from the Land were fo ftriftly intercepted, that "John of Vifnne was deprived of Oppor- tunities of difpatchine MefTengers to Philipy with an Account of the SufFenngs of his Subjefts, At length, rcfblving to run all Hazards^ He fcnt a Letter by Sea, and, after having defcribed the Wretchednefs of his Si- tuation, aflured his Sovereign that unlefs he was imme-' diately relieved, it was his Determination to faUy forth at the Head of his Troops, and pcrifh in th? Conteft with the Englijh. This Itttcr was intercepted ; ^ Qe- nteft Bark which carried it had efcaped from Calais , h\x% was purfued by a Ship belonging to the Fleet of Edr ward^ and taken. When the Captain perceived the Neceffity pf furrcndering, He tied the Difpatches to an Axe, J.?'. ■ f ' ' « ■».> {I) Froiflart^ lers. Of bjeas of From Naval )us than nng un- |eft Ex- e Reft, Thefe, ely en- m witli ould be As the made a 'd, and bitants, md ^- Befieg- ftriftljr Oppor- ivith an length, )y Sea, his Si- imme- f forth 'onteft d the to an Axe, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Sec 23^ Axe, in order to facilitate their finking, and threw them overboard. At low water, they were found upon the Sands, and brought to E'iward, who dircftly for- warded them to Philips and commanded the Melfcnger to acquaint Him, with Taunts, and Defiances, that if He did not inftantly repair to the Afliftance of his Friends, they muft be forced to yield Themfelves, and Calais, to the Mercy of the EngliJJj. The King of France, aflembling an Army of an Hundred, and Fifty Thoufand Men, approached, by hafty Marches, to within a Mile of the Enemy, whom He found fo ftrongly entrenched that all Attempts to force their Lines muft have proved abortive. In this Exigency, Philip had recourfe to a Challenge. His Advantage refulted from Numbers j That of Edward from Situa- tion. It was therefore propofed to the Laft that all Su- periority Ihould be give« up by each Party, and that they ihould proceed to Aftion, beyond thQr-Entrench- ments, with an equal Number of Troops. To this Edward only replied that Calaii was his Objeft, and that if Philip judged it necelTary to prevent his taking it, He muft purfue the Meafures which were the mofl likely to accomplifh fuch Defigns. Unfuccefsful in his firft Propofals, the French King fent two Cardinals with Terms of Peace, and offers to Edward, of Guienne, the Earldom of Ponthieu, and a Marriage between their Children. He was anfvvered tliat the Melfage was al- moft too ridiculous to be honoured witli the leaft At- tention ; that Guienne, and Ponthieu already belonged to Edward, who, as He was on the Point of taking Pofleihon of Calais, ftood in no Need of the great Bounty of Philip. The laft abfurd Refourcc of this defpairing Adverfary was announced by an Herald who, in the Name of liis Sovereign, required a Decifion of the Qiiarrel by a Combat of ::ix on each Side. When " i 136 MEMOIRS OF He added that the King of France would appoint Time, and Place, the Earl of Derby anfwered, " That mujl be *' Edwardy fince He is the true King of France,'*- By fuch a Pretenlion, was the Propofal at once deftroyed, and Edwardltit to purfue the Objeft of his Wiflies in the Rcduftion of Calais, The Queen arrived foon af- terwards from England, witli a Reinforcement of leven- teen Thoufand Men. On this Occafion, it is recorded that Edivard offered to quit his Entrenchments, and give Battle to Philip, provided that He would engiigc that "o Succours flioukl be fent into Calais until the Vic- tory fhould have been ' •^ined by either one, or the other Party. Philip rtfulecl to comply with thefe Con- ditions, and being informed at the fame Time, that fome Store-Ships, proceeding to the Relief of Calais, had been intercepted, and taken by an Englijh Squadron, He retired, to avoid tjie Anguifh of feeing the City fall into the Hands of die Enemy, whofe Lines were fo powerfully lecurcd that the Attacks of an Army eveu more formidable than his own would have proved inca,- pable of breaking them. Famine, and Fatigue had, by tliis Time, reduced the Fortrefs of Calais to the laft Extremity, and John of Vienne, the Governor, fenlible of the Neceffity of fur- renderipg, appeared on the Walls, and made a Signal for a Parley. Sir Walter de Mannie Jiaving been fent by Edward to know what was in Agitation, received this Anfwer: ''^ Brave Knight! Almoft a Year hath ■ ** elapfed fince the Engllfli hegan to lay Siege to Calais, '* with the Command of which Philip de Valois is pleafed ** to intruji me. /, and the Garrifon have done our Dijty ; ** We mu/i at lea/l have merited your EJieem, Hunger, ** and the total Want of the common Conveniences of Life, ** oblige us tofunender, J only affi the Conqueror to fpare ** our Lives, andfuffcr us to depart "•"Mat\me, replied, tlia; ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 237 that He was too fenlible of the Refentment which Ed^ ward bore againft the Governor, and his Confederates, for their obftinate Refiftance, to think that He would liften to thefe Propofals, and therefore ventured to af- fure Him, that He, and all the Inhabitants mull fur- render ^.t Difcretion. " Refiea'* (anfwered the Go- vernor,) " that thofe who have ftgnalized themfehes by In-' ** irepidity, and Perfeverance are intiiled to a humane^ and *' honourable Treatment ! J aSied as the King of England *' would have expected his Knights to have aSied^ in the ^^ fame Situation. The loyal Services which the Burghers " «/" Calais have performed for the Defence of their Sove^ " reign, and his Fortrefs, demand the Jpplaufe of every •* Prince, but of no Prince fo particularly as the gallant ** Edward. If even the meaneji Citizen mu/i perijh, ** Be ajfured that IVe will all perijh ; and the Price of our ** Laves rnay be more fatal than You imagine. To prevent *' thefe terrible Extremities is equally the Inter e/l of each " Party. From the Jujlice of the King of England ^Ve ** tx^eSi an Alteration in his Sentiments ; and our OpinioHy *' Brave Knight ! of the Generofty which marks your Cha- *' raSier willnotfuffer us to entertain a Doubt of your De- " termination to exert your Inter eji in our Behalf.^* " • Sir IVelter de Mannie pleaded, on his Return, the Caufe of the Befieged, v^ith fuch Refolution, and Per- feverance, that Edward now convinced of the Danger of Reprifals, fhould Fie ex^rcife too implacable a Severity agaiaft the Inhabitants of Calais, was perfuaded to abate tjie Rigour of his Demands, and He only infiftcd th^t Six of the Chief Citizens fliould come to his Camp, bare-footed, and bare-headed, with the Keys of the Place in their Hands, and Ropes about their Necks. Thefe were to furrender themu'lves to be difpofed of as £cyu;flr^^ ihould th'uik proper. On fuch Conditions, He promifed to fpaie die Lives of all tlic Reft. ' - Thi 23^ MEMOIRS OF The Feelings of the Inhabitants of Ca/a.'f, when iheV received Intelligence of the Reibluiions of the Conquer- or, are not to be deicribcd. All was Silence, Horror^ Aftoniflimcnt, an-l De-pair. At length, one of the Chief Burgliers, Eujiace de Saint Pierrcy exclaimed ; *' / offer myfelf as a J/'i^im io the Fury of Edward.'' He was immediately joined by John of Aire. *' Neither*' (added jarr.cs de IFtJJant,) ** IVilt ! he j crated from my *' Coufms, H?, alio, was followed by Jfeterde tViJfanty liis Brother. The Names of the two remaining Illuf- trious Viftims are unknown. The AnnaKs of Calais in- form us that they were drawn by Lot from amongft more than an Hundred, who offered thcmfelvcs all at once. A celebrated Tragedian (/«) imagines that the great Number of Competitors may have hindered the Prefervction ol the Names of the two lafi of riiefe Bur* ghcrs. This Circumftance, which is neither related^ nor denied, by Froijfart, is obferved («) to have been as probable in itfelf, as it is honourable to the People of Calaii ; It was not poffible to admire luch Heroifm, without a wifli to imitate it. Scarcely had Eujiace dt Saint Pierre declared his Refolution or offering himfelf a Sacrifice to the Vengeance of Edward, than all his Fellow Citizens (to borrow tlie lomple, but beautiful Expreffion of Froijfart,) ran in pity to adore Him {o). 1 his virtuous Individual, and his Aifociates, appeared before Edward, bare -fooled, in their Shirts, and with Kalters hanging from their Necks ; They found him, not foftened by their Magnanimity, but fo violently ex- afperated, that when He had taken from them the Keys of Calais, He dire£led, in fpite of the Defue of the • .. Prince , (m) M. deBelloi. (») Hiftoire de la Qnerellc de Philippe dc Valois, ct d'EdoiiHrd 3. Vol I. p. 32^. [e] ** Chacun falla adorer 4e Pitie." # ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. aj^ Prince of Wales, and all tlie Nobles, that they fhould be led inftantly to Execution. When their Fate was judged inevitable, the Queen became their Advocate. Her Tears and Interceflions prevailed over the^Refolu- tion of Edward. He confcnted to give them Life, and Liberty. The generous Phtlippa invited them to her Tent, from whence, after having been treated with neceffary Refrefliments, and fupplied with Money, and Apparel, they were conduced in Safety through the Camp(p). The hiftoricalConjeftures of Mr. Hume, feem gene- rally built on too folid a Foundation to be overthrown by any Details which are not at once the moll pofitive, and incontrovertible. Having expatiated on the Cir- cuinftances relating to the Siege of Calais, We (hall, therefore, not to omit placing before the Reader what- foever may be likely to allift his Judgment, infert tb^j Subftance of a Note which hath been written by that admired Author. . »■-. . He obferves that the Story of the Six Burgefles oi Ca- lais, like all other extraordinary Stories, is fomewhat to be fufpefted j and fo much the more, as Robert de Avef- bury, in the one Hundred, and Sixty -feventh Page of his Work, where He is particular in his Narration of die Surrender of C^/tf/V, fays nothing of it; but, on the -A .«"X (f) For the Particulars relating to the Siege of Cmittis, Confult Robert dc Avefbury, p 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141.— Hiftoire de France, V i. p. 503. — Mezeray, p. 29. — Froilfart. — T. Otterbourne, p 132. — H. Knyglton, p. 2595 — Dupleix, V. 2. p. 388 — Hume's Hiflory of Eng« land, Oftavo, V. 2. p 457, 45^, 440. 44»f 44», 443.— Rapin's Hiftory of England, octavo, V. 3. "i 461, 462, 463, 464, 465. — Hiftoirt' de la Querelle de Phuippe de Va- lois, et d'Edouard 3. V. i, p. 312, 313, 314, 3(5, 316, 3«', 3'^ 3»9» 320» 5 = -» 3-, 323, 3^4, 325, 326, 52^, 3/8,329. .>-/ 240 '>/ MEMOIRS OF the contrary, extols, in general, the Lenity, anti Gc- nerolity of the King to tht Inhabitants. The number- lefs miftakcs of FrorJJarty proceeding cither from Ne^r- Ilgence, Credulity, or Love of the Marvellous, inva- lidate very much his Teftimony, even although He was • a Contemporary, and alth()ut:;h his Hiftory was dedi- cated to Queen Philippa herfelf. That Princels, had Ilie carefully perufed the Work, and taken the Pains to corrcfl his Miftakes, could have fet him right in a Hundred other Particulars. For Inftance, F^oijfart makes the Scots, u'ith their King at their Head, beiiege Salifbury about this Time ; but the Queen could have told him that they never got farther than Durham^ and tliat it was near this latter City, She defeated them, and took their King Prifoner. It is a great Miftake to imagine that the Patrons of Dedications read tlie Books, much lefs vouch for all the Contents of them. It is not a flight Teftimony that fhouid make us give Credit to a Story fo diflionourable for Edward, especially after tliat Proof of his Humanity in allov.mg a free Pail'age to all the Women, Children, and iniinn People, M the Be- ginning of the Siege : At leaft, it is fcarcely to be be- lieved that if the Story has any FoundaticiJ, He feriouf- ly meant to execute his Menaces agaiufl the iix Townfr men oi Calaii{q). Edward took pofTeffion of Calais (r), and obliging all the former Inhabitants to retire, direfted the En^- lijh to occupy their Houfes. He made the City a Staple of Wool, Leather, Tin, and Lead, the four principal Articles vendible at the Foreign Markets. Thither, all the Englijh were commanded to bring their Commodi- ties, * (f) Hume's Hiftory of England, Svo. V, z. Note H. p. 511. > V i* (r) Auguft4, 1347. , ^ : id Gc- umber- He was as dedi- efs, had Pains to rht in a obliging the En^- y a Staple principal hither, all i^oinmodi- tles, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. . 241 ties, which were afterwards purchafcd by the Mertliaiits of other Nations. Such an Inflitution is, on the Whole, fuppofcd to have been advantageous to the Kingdom, as at this Period, the Pofts were not eftablifhed, and the Communication between Sta^os was as yet exceedingly imperfeft. If any Detriment arole, it was probably con- fined to the Navigation of England (j). Having ad- jufted his Plans of Governrnent, and Commerce, the King returned Home, and fpent the Remainder of the Year ill fplendid Triumphs, and Tournaments. We muft allow, with a Naval Hiftorian (/), that a Fleet compofcd of fo great a Number of Ships as were made Ufe of for the Blockade of the Harbour of Calais^ may, at the prefcnt i'Era, when a tenth Part of the Number would be fuppofed to form a large, and power- fii' Navy, appear Ibange, and incredible. But the Wonder will ceafc, when We refleft upon the extreme Difproportion between the Magnitude of the Ships cm- ployed in the Maritime Wars of the fourteenth Cen- tury, and of Thofc which now belong to the Engl^Jh Fleet. To give the Reader a juft Idea of this Difpro- portion, it may be pro^x^r to lay before Him a State of tliC Fleet attending Edward on his Exjx;ditlon againft Calais, From a Record in the Csttonian Library, it appears; to have amounted to feven Hundred, and "I liir- ty-eight Ships, on board of which were fourteen Thou- fand, nine Hundred, and Fifty-lix Mariners, of whom Fach was allowed at the Rate of Four- Pence per Diem, But of Thefe, no more abfolutely belonged to t!ie King than Twenty-five Ships, carrying about four Hundred, and' Nineteen Seamen, which at a Medium, was not above Seventeen to each Ship j and throughout the Vol. L - Ci . ' Whole, (i) Hume's Hiftory of Engbmd, 8vo. V. 2 p. 443. 'i *- n •{/) LeJiard's Naval Hlilorv , .6 V. I . loho, p. 5Z. ^ ^-^. ^,- # 442 MEMOIRS dp' XVholc, taking One with Anot'ner, there were only Few whicli had above Twenty-fix Men. Tlie Ships furniflied by the Maritime Ports were larger than Thofc belonging to the Royal Navy. Such, elpccially, were the Ships fitted out l)y Z.(?«<'/d hy The KiiifT London .i- Milford, {Aylesford) — Hoo, {Mome) — — Maidftone . Hope ■ — — New Heyth, {Newhithe) Margate — — Motme ■ Feverfham i Sandwich — — • Dover ■ • Wight — -^ Winchellea — — Weymouth . Lyme - — - Seaton ■ Sydmoutii Exmouth «■■' -— - Tegmoutii — — Dartmouth — . Portfmouth ■ Loo • • Yalm, {TaJyf) — Foy, (Fowey) • Carried over Qi^tlon Libr. [x). Ships, Mariners. 25 419 25 662 2 24. 2 24 2 5 15 2 2 22 21 13 21 20 4 2 3 10 7 31 5 20 2 47 4 160 504 336 220 596 264 62 25 62 J 93 120 757 96 325 48 770 Hackluyti (y)» Shipi. MarinerS4 419 ' 25 25 1 2 2 5 15 2 2 22 16 13 21 4 2 3 10 7 31 5 20 ' 2 47 662 M 24 5^ 59 49 160 22 25 504 33^ 220 263 62 193 120 757 96 315 47 770 Ix) M. S. in Bibl. Cotton. Titus, F. III. 2* fyj Hackluyt, Part i. p. iiS. »44 MEMOIRS OF FutHified hy Brouglit over Brlftol Tinmoutli Haftings « Romney ■ Rye ■. Hieth Shoreham- ■ Seaford ■ Newmouth ■' Hammowle-Hooke • Hooke ■ Southampton ■ Lymington ■ Poole Warehanx ■ ■ ■ Swanzey i— Ilfra-Combe, {Ithercom) Padftowe, (^Patrick-Stowe) Polerwan — Wadworth ■ CardifFe, {Hendejfe) Bridg\vater — Caermarthen " Cailchefworth Mulbrook — Cotton Libr. Sbipt, Marintrs, 24 2 5 4 9 6 26 5 2 7 II 21 9 4 3 I 6 2 608 25 96 75 156 112 329 80 18 117 208 576 159 94 59 29 79 17 60 14 51 15 16 12 12 HackTujt. Ships, Mmriairu 22 a I 4 9 6 20 5 7 II 21 9 4 s f ■■« X X I X I I I 608 as ■t 156 122 329 80 117 208 J 59 94 ^ ■'' 51 IS 16 12 12 Total of the South Fleet 493 9630 493 963a Th* ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 14 j The North Fleet. Fiirn'i/hfd ly Bamburg ■ Newcaltle ■ Walvvich, {IValkrich) Hartlepool r— — Hull -— York . Ravenf])urg, [Ravenfer) Wooclhoufe ■ Stolkhithe, (Stroke-hithe) Barton ^iinfleet, ( Swyne- Fleet) Saltlieet • Grimfby, {Gryn-FUet) Wain<^ee.t ■ Wrangle ' Lynn — — Blackney ■ Scarborough Yarmouth Dunwich - Oxford GofTord, ifiofforord) Harwich — — Ipfwich . Merfcy, {Merten) — P rickeUea, { Broughtlynfea) Colchefter ■ Whitbanas ■ Derwen «— Carried over (^; Cotton lJbr» jShips. Marintru 9 I J 5 16 X I I I 3 I 2 I If 2 I 43 6 3 13 }^ I 5 5 I I 4H 12 466 9 28 12 10 30 ji 49 71 44 482 38 19 1905 102 62 404 287 239 6 61 17Q »7 15 Haciiuytm Slifi. Mai i Iter $* 9 I I 5 16 I I I f 3 I 2 II 2 •I 16 2 I 43 6 # 12 I 5 5 f r 314 12 14s 466 9 27 22 10 30 49 49 8 382 38 19 1075 102 6e 303 283 239 6 6? 90 '7 b^]: U) The Lift in Hackluyt fays 1950, or 107511 246 MEMOIRS OF Furttijhidby Brought over Bofton ■ Suinhumber ■ ■ Maiden Barton - ■ — Cotton Lilr. Shipi. Mjiineri. J? I 2 5 361 3^ 61 Ha9 ^iw 248 mi:moirs of it The wliolc Number of the Men at Arms, exclufive of the I/ords, amounted to Thirty-one Thoufand, two Hundird, and Ninety-four. The MaO-ers, Cap- tains, Mariners, and Doys for feven Hundred Ships, v,ere in Number, fixtccn Thoufand. The Sum Total of the War, including the Wag es of the Mariners, fromtlie fourtli of Junr^ m the twen- tieth Year of Erlw-ird the Third, until the twelfth of Oiioher, on the twenty- firil Year of his Reign, com- prizing the Space of one Year, and a Hundred, and Thirty one Days, amounted to one Hundred, and Tvyenty-feven Thoufand, one Hundred, and one Pounds, two Shillings, and Nine-Pence {a). Edwara^ on his Departure from Calais, had entrud- ed the Government of it to Aimery de Pavie, an Ita- lian OfRcer of eflabliihed Courage, but mercenary, and perfidious. The Lord de Charney, (who commanded the French Army, encamped near Saint Omersy) ac- quainted with his Difpofition, undertook to corrupt Him, and reflore Cakis to Philip. The Bargain was concluded for the Sum of twenty Thoufand Crowns. The Secretary of the Governor, having difcovered his Infidelity, fcnt Notice of it to Edward, who, imme- diately, on a different Pretence, fummoned Airnery to London. Here, He taxed him with the Crime, but pro- mifed him a Pardon, on the Condition that He fhould implicitly follow his Diredlions, and become the In- flrument 01 deceiving his Employers, by facilitating, in the fame Moment, the Dcfigns of Edward. T he Governor, now twice a Traitor, contented, and re- ijurned to Calais. On the thirty-firft of Decrmher (h), and near to Midnight, (the Time appointed,) DeChar- -^,-* [n) Brady's Append, V, j. No. 92. L. i. c. 37. — Lc- diiird's Naval Hiilory, foilo. V. i. p. 55. *• i^b) 1348. •. . .-.. V. N • , , •»> ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc, 249 vv, according to Agreement, marcliecl fecretly, at the Head of a chofcn Party, to the Gate, where, paying the ilinulated Sum, He was admitted by Aimery, who informed them that all was ready. On a ludden, the Garrilbn of the City ruflied forward, and attacked his TroojW. De Chayny, furprized, but rot difmayed, returned the Charge. A Kniglit belonging to his Train, and named Eujiace de Rtbaumont^ diftinguiflied Himfelf, on this Occaiion, by fome extraordinary" p'eats of Valour. He had been engaged, for a con- liderable Time, in fingle Combat with One who, in Appearance, was a private Soldier, under the Standard of Sir Walter de Mannie ; Twice had He brought this Englijhman to the Ground j hut being at lengtli thrown by Him, He was obliged to deliver up his Sword, and yield Himfelf a Prifoncr. He was foon afterwards con- duced, together with Dc Charny^ and . other French Officers, into the Hall of the Caftle, where They were mngnificently entertained at Supper. When the Repaft was over, a Perfon advanced towards Ribaumonty and faid " Sir Knight ! Behtld a Soldier who is proud to bear " Tejlimony to ycur Valour, and acknowledges that in con- " tending with Tou for the Vi^lory, He was twice in Dan- ^^ ger. It is, perhaps, to good Fortune that I am indebted *'' for the Glory of having triumphed over f> illufirious a " Warrior. Tou are free. In Return^ I folicit your " Ejleem, and Friendjhip. As a Token that You are pof- ^^ jcjjkdof mine. Receive this Gift ; I know you to be gay , " and amorous, and, therefore wijh youjhould acquaint the *' Ladies that it was bejiowed on Tou, hy F^dward, the So- *' vcreign of England." As He revealed himfelf. He unbound a String of valuable Pearls from his own Head, and threw it over that of Ribaumont, The King had arrived unfufpe£lcd, the Night before, at ^alaisj from Dover, attended by the Prince of Wales, 250 MEMOIRS OF and Sir IValte*- de Mann'ie^ with three Hundred Men at Arms, and fix Handred Archers {c). in the November of the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty -nine, a Spanijh Squadron iailcd up the Garonne^ and in V^iolation of the Peace, at that Time fubfifting, lei/ed on fevcral Englijh Ship , wkhin the Harbour of Bourdeaux^ freighted witli Wine, and after having inhumanly murdered the Mariners, re- turned Homeward with their Prizes. Edward^ medi- tating a ff;vcre Revenge, gave Orders for the immedi- ate Equipment of fifty Sail of Ships, with, which, at- tended by the Prince of Pf^ales^ the Earls of Lancajler^ Northampton^ Warwick^ Salijbury^ Huntingdon, Jrun- dely and Glouce/hr, together with feveral Pcribns of Diftinftion, He proceeded to intercept the Spanijh I'lcet, near the Poit of Sluys. The Enemy appeared in Sight fooner than vvas expected, and flood towards the Coaft of Sujfex. The En^H/h \,o\t rerolutely down upon them, and the Signal was dire Him- ic) Mczeray, V. 3. p. 31. — P. Daniel, V. 4. p. 175. — Conti.i. N"c. Trivet, et Adam Murimuth. Annul. V. 2. p. 01. — Froillart, V. i. c. 140, 141, '42 — Robert de A- vefbury, p. 181, 182, 183. — Hiftoire de la (^lerelle de Phi- lippe de Valois, etd'Edouard 3, par M. Gaillard, V. I. i' 540, 341, 34'> 343» 344- \d) Augull29, 1350. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 251 Himfclf tc be reprefentecl on a gold Coin, Handing,, widi a drawn Sword, in the Midft ot a Ship, deeming it an Honour to have his Name tranlmitted to Pofterity, as the Avi-.NGER OF Merchants (e). We have; already tollowcd Ed ward ^ at once a Naval, and Military H(.ro, from Sea, to Land. On either Element, the vi^^orioiis SucccHes of his Reign are fnlcndidly conspicuous. Regardinj^; him as an Englijh Admiral, a Title acquired by his Engagciiicnts with the Frenchy and Spaniards, on tlie Ocean, it might, perhaps be proper to attend Him always to his Jiattlcs, on the Shore. But tlic Triumphs of his Armies, un- der his own Command, and that of the galiant Prince, his Son, are too numerous to be included within the Limits of our Hiftory. It is fufficient that the memo- rable Aftion at C'ecy, and the no Icfs remarkable Siege of Calais have been circumftantially related. Even with Pointier s in our View, We muft ccal'e, hovvfoever reluftantly, to wander at a Diflance from our Subjeft. Yet, in Order to i'upport the neceffary Connc<5tion of Events, it muft be obferved that on the Dcmife of Philip de Faloi^, in Awi^ufi of the Year one Thoufand, ihiec Hundred, and Fifty, his Son John fuccccded to the Crown, and, at the Commencement of his Reiirn» by inverting the Dauphin with the Dukedom of Aquituinty incurred the Refcntment of Edward, who adjudged this Dignity, together with the Territory, to tb.e Prince of JVaies, and lent Him, at tiie Fiead of a chofcn Body of Veterans, to alfcrt his I'itle. On the \\\v\q- Un^uih. o{ September, in the Year one Thoufaiul, three Hundred, and Fifty-fix, He gained the celebrated V^ic- tory, [t] Contin. Nic. Triver, et Adam Murimuth. Annal. V* a. p. \oz. — Robert de Avelbury, p. 184, 185. — T. W>t!- iinghnm, p. i6q. — H. Knyghton, p. 2603. — Fabian, p* 228. — Matth. Vilhini, L. i , cap. 99. 251 MEMOIRS OF tory, at Pa/r.', taking Pri Toners the Kmgot France his Youngef^ Son Philip, and the Chief of the Nobi- lity. With \ hefc, He foon afitrvvards, landed, in 'Jriumph, at Plymouth, from whence, He proceeded ^o London, vvh'-re Henry Picarcl, the Lord-Mayor, and his Kcllovv-Ciijzens, tettified their Refpeft for Him, by ibliciting to 1)C honourctl with his Pretence, at a Dinner. Wliat is remarkable, He came accompanied by foup Sovereigns : the Kings of EngianJ^ Fr unity Scotland, and Cyprus (f). In the Year one Thoufand, three HundiHxl, and Fifty-nine, the T "uce expired, when Edward prepared for the Continuance of the War. He levied an Army amounting to an Hundred Thoufand Men, and fitted out a Meet of eleven Hundred Sail, with which, at- tended by the Prince of Wain, ilemy, Dul^e of Lan- ta/hr, and moft of rhc Nobles, He crofled the Seas, to Calais. With thcfe Forces the King ravaged a great Part of France, proceeding to the Gates of Parts, Here, He was induced to conclude a Treaty, whicli, on the eighth of Aioy following, was fucceeded by the Peace of Bretigny. Edward \cx\wnci\ immediately after- wards to CV;/^/.f, and embarking fo»- ii'/^/tfW, landed on the eighteenth of the fame Month, at Rye, By a Claule in the Treaty, it had been flipulated that the King of France lliould be fet at Liberty j wherefore a Fleet was equipped, which in July efcorted that Monarch to Calais. He was accompanied by the Prince of I rale a, the Duke of Lancajler, and feveral Perfons of Diftin£lion. Edward fbUowed in the fccond Scj^uadron, (f) Coiitinuat. K'ic. Trivet, et Adam Murlmuth. Annal. V. 2. p. 107. — Robert de Avefbury, p. 210, — 252.— Ano- nym Hilt. Edward 7. c. 0. — T. Walfingham, p. 17a.— Froiflart, c. 1O4 — Paul yiimyle, p. 540. — Duplcix, V. 2, p. 504. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 253 and having folemnizcd the Peace, on lue twenty fourth of O^i^f'tr, returned foon afterwards to England (/). In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Sixty four, John, King of France paid a vifit to Ed- ^ard) i" Order to concert with Him the proper Mea- furcs for the Execution of fome particular Terms of the Piace (h). He was lodged in the Savoy^ where He fell fick, and died on the eighth of Jpril, His Son, Charles tlie fifth, furnamed the Wife, fucceeded to the Crown, and foon refolved to violate a Treaty fo detrimental to the Interefts of his Kingdom (/"). The War did not, however, break out until the Yei\r one 7'houfand, three Hundred, and Sixty -nine. V/hen Edivard received Advice that it had been formally declared againft Him, the Parliament of England was aflbmblc(l, and acquaint- ed that their Sovereign would inflantly refume the Pro- fccution of liis Claim to the Dominions of Charles^ Being anfwered that they were ready to fupport his Pre- tentions with their Lives, and Fortunes, He gave Or- ders for the Equipment of a formidable Squadron, on board of which the Duke of Lancajier, and the Earl of JVarwick^ accompanied by a numerous Army, embark- ed for Calais, and foon afterwards made a Defcent on the adjoinmg Coaft. At this Period, "jfclm had collc£lcd togetlitr a prodigious Fleet, and was on the Point of giving Orders tliat it fliould fail, witli a jiowcrful military Force to invade England, when He heard that the '■.i t?) Rymer's Fcedera, V. 6. p. 229.— Cont. NIc. Trivet, et Adam Muriinuth. Annal. p. 113. — Mezeray, V. 3. p. 5(3— P. Daniel, V. ^. p. Si.—FroifTart, c. 213 T. Wul. finghanii. Ypodigma Neullrix. p. 524. — Fabian, p. 243. {h) Froiflard, L i. c. 214.- -Hume's Hiilory of England, 8vo. V. 2. p, 471. (/) Paul iEmyle, p. 548, 549. — Gaguin. Hift. p. 155, 156.— Duplei-':, V. 2. p. $}6. . . • * 1 7.54 MEMOIRS OF ihe Troops of Elward had juft hndcd in his Kingdom ?.nd were on their March to give Him Battle. So ter- rifying an Event conflrained Him to relinc^uifTi his Dc- iign, and draw together the whole Body of liis Army, the more efiedually to repel the incurfions of the Ene- my. Whllft the Earl of lyarwick was employed in the Military Operations on the Land, the DuKc of Lanca/ier H:(X)d out to Sea, and advanced with Iiis Squa- dron, towards Hurfeur^ intending to burn the whole Ftvnch Fleet, then lying at Anchor, in the Port; But the Vigilance of the Count dc Saint Ptf/ prevented the Execution of his Projeft (/f). In the Year, one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Seventy-two, the FUTnings, in Alliance with France^ were defeated at Sea, by the Earl of Hereford^ who took Twenty-five of their Ships, the Crews of which Were all either llain, or throv n overltoard (/). The Lading of this Fleet (comivinded by "Jolm Peter Jon^) conlifled of Salt, a valuable Commodity, brought from Rachelle, and carried with his Prizes, by the Earl, to England. Peterfon^ and his Mariners fell a Sacrifice to their Temerity, having, firft, attacked a Force too powerful to fail of conquering (w). At this ./Era, Henry of Tratt/laware, cle£led King of Cajiile in the Place of the dethroned Tyrant, Ptttr^ furnamed the Cruel, entered into an ofTenlive, and dc- feniivc League with France. By this. He was oblige J to maintain a Fleet at Sea, for the Pur[K)re of annoying the [k) Cont. Nlc. Trivet, ft Adam Murimutb. Annal. V. 2. p. 123. — Anonym. Vit. Etlw. 3. c. qg. — Froiflart, c. 269'. ~T. Wahins^hani, p. 183.— Mezeray, V. 3. p. 82, 83.— P. Daniel, V. ;. p. 171. (/) Walfmgham. " ' («) Anonym. Hiftor. Edw. 3. c. 60. — Froiflart, 0.29*. f. 177 — T. Otterbourne, p. 14.7. — Jacob. Meyer. Annal. Flandr. L. 13. p. 190. « • - • ' • ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 25.5 the EniiU/h, on tlie Coufts of Gulenne, and Poictou. A part of this Armament, ilipportcd by fcveral French Ships, proceeded, with a confiderable Military Force, to lay Siege to RochelU. Edivard^ informed of their Defigus, fent a flrong Squadron to the Relief of the Place, under the Command of the Earl of Pembroki, a Young Nobleman of approved Valour, and Fidelity. In preparing for this Euterpvi/e, it t\as ncccfl'ary to be expeditious, and, therefore, the Ships were limited to Porty, and no more Troops employed than could be immediately drawn together {n). 'J he United French^ and Caftiiian Elect confiHed of forty large Men of War, and thirteen tight Irrigates, well fupplied in all Rel^ j)efts. and commanded by four experienced Officers. Thus prepared, 1 hey crui/ed near the Entrance of tlie Port of RochelU, in Order to intercept the Engl'tflt pleet (^). - ^ - * - ' On the Eve of the Feillval of Saint 'John^ in the Year one Thouland, three Hundred, and Seventy- two, die Earl of Pembrcke arrived, with his Squadron, before RoJuHe, when Boccanegre, a Genotfe^ and the Ad(niral of the Frrw^:;^, :[nd Caftiiian Fleets, made the Siijnal for the Attack. An obllinatc En^rasrement im- tliately enfucd, in wJiich the Earl of Pembroke loft two Storc-Ships. Niglit: coming on. He was feparated from the Enemy ; but in the Morning, the Battle was continued, and after having lafi:cd during the Space of two Days, ended with tlie total Defeat of the Englijh. They were purfued by the X'idorious Squadron, almoft as far as Bourdeaux^ Vv here tiic Earl of Pembroke felt the (») Contln. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Murlmuth. Annal V. 2. p. 127, izS. — V. \\ uuinghiini, p. 186. — Anonym. Hill. Edvv. 3. c 60. p 4>9. (0) Paul jEmvlc, p. 550, 551. — Duplcix, V. 2. p. 665. — Le Gendre, V.». p. 547. , ^ r « 256 MEMOIRS O t* tlie Mortification of fccinc^ all his Ships, cither taken or lunk, and was hinifclf conveyed a Pri loner into Spam. On l)oard of an ErtgliJ}) Vtifel, wiiich went to the Uottom, were twenty Thoufand Marks, in rcadv Money, intended for the Payment of the Armv, and tlie Railing of the neceflary Forces for the Service of Edward. It is remarked liy a French Hiftorian (p) that the Caft'tlian Fleet coniifted of the fame Kind of Ships as Thofe deftroycd near the Harbour of Sluys^ in the Yc;u- one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty. They , ^'\q T . of Balifta^ and other Machines for the Pur- •JftyU • i throwing Bars of Iron, and large Stone*., in OlV \ i.nk the Vefl'els of the Enemy. They were alfo armed ...h Cannon; and this Battle is, i)v mod Writers, imagined to ht the firft wherein Mention ij made of Artillery in our Navies (y). The ingenious Author of the Lives of the Admirn!> (r) obferves that the French Hiftorians pretent! that the Peopl: of Rochelle were not difpleafed at the Misfortune \9hich alighted on the Englijh : And as a Proof of this, allege that diey did not engage in their Defence: The Contrary of which (He adils,) appears from thofe Wri- ters who give us a Lift of the Rcchellcrs who perillicc! i.i tlie Fight (i). With Submiflion to his Judgment, it may be an- fwered that the Lift is no more than a Proof that n Pait of the kochellen were zealous in the Caufe of Edivani. The (p) P. D-aniel Hilloirede la Millce de France. [q] See I'iilconer's Univerfal*Di*^'tionary of ihe Marine, un- der the Article Enoagtumit, (/-) Mr. Campbell, V. i. p 2t2. (j) T Walfinghaml. Vpodigma Neiiftriar, p. qzg. -^^il- hflmi Wvrcelrer. Annalts. p. 437. — T. Oticibomne, p. 14.7. — Froillurt, c. 29S. — Gagulii. Hlrt. p. 1 ^S.—iMezcniy, V. 3. p. «7, 8S.— P. Daniel, V. 5. p. 189. f I cr taken, ito Spam. It to the in reailv my, and CIV Ice of that tlic Shi])s as the Year Tlicy the Pur- toncs, in hey were hy mod cniion is Aclmirnli :l tliat the lisfortunc f of this, ce : The lofe Wri- erilhcii ia th«». \ y be an- lat a Pait Edicard. Tlic arinc, un- i 29. - Wil. loiiine, p. IMezcriiy, ^^^^^ iimii.H,H.,..:;iJiiiiHm";iH»S;r; i^' .-^>. .FhfmaDnamtf *A. n^MBpa^ ' ::.= i''««H«'?^-niiii|||P . ■ '•••«•■•■•■•■•■■■■•■*- \b ^'^?*?^'-. :::3r- HomaDrawutf pm Ttutfmdmt^ >uie m »mmaauM.SS.uidu.C>ltnt£iir,ms/JliedJuJiuJ HIV- rf* r t L L U S T k I O U S S E A M E K, 6cc. 2 J; The Clrcnmftanccs which follow muft convince tis that all ihc Inliabirants were #ot defirous of remaining under the Government of the Englijh. Having obtained the Victory, the C.v//i7/^» Fleet re- turned to Rochtlle^ in Order to block up the Port, and, Pt length, rednce this important Place under a Subjeilion to the French King. Several of thcTowns- men had engaged in a fecret Correfpondence ^A^ tlic Enemy, and intimated their Rcadinefs to defltf- the Englijh. in Confequence of this Offer, the neceflary Meafures were immediately adjufted, and John Cauda- rier-y the Mayor of Rochelle, undertook to withdraw the Garrifon from the Citadel. He invited Sir Philip Man- ftl, the Governor, to Dinner, afier which He produced a forged Order, declaring that it came from Edwardy and appointed an immediate Mufler of the Trooj>s, on. lome Spot without the Citadel. Man/el , who could not rej(d, was fatisfied with the- Appearaqce of the Seal, which He did not lurpeft to have been counterfeited. He drew out the Troops, when the Mayor fhut the Gates of the Citadel, and would not fufFer them to re- enter. On a Sudden, they were furroundcd by the Enemyj and furrendered at Difcretion. The Town immediately capitulated, obtaining Terms fo advan- tageous that the Exchange of Sovereigns was not con- fideredasa Lois. All former Privileges, and Liberties were confirmed, and even augmented by Charter. Their Cattle, indeed, was razed to the Ground : But^, in Return, they were allowed a Mint (i), and fre^d ' from the I||^poiition of any Tax againft their own Vol. L K Con- m (/) Froli&rt, L. 1. c. 303. — ^Rapin's Hift. of England^ 8vo. V, 3. p. 521, 522. — Hirtoire de la Qucrelle de Phi- lippe de Valois, etd'Edouard III. par M. Gaillard, V. *. P* 210. 6 * ' 'A^ ffi MEMOIRS OF % Confent. The Redufiion of /?0f^///« was followed Bt that of Xaintonge, and the Skd of Peicttu. The French, encouraged by thcfc Succefles, beficged J the ibrong City of TVttarj, which engaged, byCapitu- ; tation, tofurrendcr, on a certain Day, in Cife Edward, or one of kis Sons ciJ not come to its Relief. The chief Officer employed by the Frenchy on this Expedi- tion, was Sir John Evans, z Defcendant from the an- cient Princes of WaUsy and in Arms againil the Eng- li/h, to revenge the Death of bis Father, who had been beheaded^ in purfuance of an Order from Edward. In his Youth, He had been Page of Honour to Philip de ^ Valoii. After the Coiiclufion of the Peace of Bretigny, r the Duke of Laruafttr, who probably, only regarded * Him as a Soldier of Fortune, ckofe to attach Him to his Service, and entrufled Him with the Command of the Caftle of Btaufort^ between Troyes, and Chalons, When the French, and Englijh again proceeded to Hof- tiiities, Evans embraced the Opportunity of gratifying his Refentroent, and delivered the Caftle into the Hands of the King of France, He fhortly afterwards equipped fomc Veffels, at his own Expence,. and made feveral fuccefsful Defcents on tlie Coafts of England, and the Ijie of Man. By Charles the Fifth, He was fent into Spain, to treat for a Naval Armament. Here, He met the Englijh Admiral, the Earl of Pembroke, and the other Sea-Officers who had l)een taken Prifoncrs with Him, in the Fight, ut2kx Rochelle, 7 hey were led, in Triumph, and loaded with Irons, through the Towns of Spain; an Indignity which misht naturally have been expe£led from that inhuman Nation («). "VVhcn Evans perceived them. He haughtily commanded the Earl of Pembroke to pay Homage to Him,, as Prince of PVales, («) '* Autre Courtolile nc favoient les Efpagnola faircJ* — Froilliu-t. a • ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc. 259 JValeTy for the Lands which He held under Him. Pent' broh, who had never fcen Him, until that Moment, fuppofed Him to be mad. Evans ftill arrogantly e\- pliiined to Him his Prctenfions. At length, an Englijh Knight, in Company with Pembroke^ inHamcd with Rage at perceiving this Lord fo cruelly infulted, in Misfortunes, cried out : " IVell f Prime of ^Valei,'* " Throw down thy Glove, and I will take it f//)*' — ** 7^»a'* (anfwered Evans,) ^^ art a Prifoner. It can " be no Honour to defy thee.'\ . . It hath been juftly alhed whether it was more honourable to affront Him, and his brave AlTociate, in Diftrefs (x). This oftentatious IVelchman (of whole Charaflcr fome Idea may be ga- thered from the preceding Anecdote,) ws, notwith- ftanding, endued with great Naval, and Military Ta- lents. To exert thefe, in other Services, He was re- called from the Ifland of Guernfey, on which He had made a Defcent, and almoft reduced the Place (y). This Circumftance is mentioned to prove that the Ma- rine of France was far from being inconliderable. It had arifen (as luch Eftablilhments frequently muft ' rife,) during a lingering War. But the Na^"^ cion of this Kingdom had alio extended itfelf to a great Degree. A French Colony was planted in Guinea, a Country difcovered, about this Time, by the A'^ler chant -jldven^ turers of Dieppe. A feeble Marine had been intlrely dcflroyed during the Reign of John. Under Charles the Fifth, the Na^''! Power of France was protjjfted, and increaled (2), , , R 2 Ed' {x) Hl^ore de la Qnerelle de Philippe de Valois, et dEdouart III. par M. (jaillard, V. a. p. 212, 213, 214 — Froiflhrt. l)u Tillet (y) Froiffart. c. 305. — Holingflied, V. i. p. 407. (x) Hiftoire de la Qiierelle de Philippe de ^''alois, et d'Edouard 111. par M. Gaillard, V. 2. p. 158. 266 MEMOIRS OF Edward had been employed in the Eqir.pment of 2 formidable Fleet, and a fufficient i^J umber of Tranf- ports, to efcort his Army to Cal/jls^ but, having re- ceived Intelligence of the Terms on which the (Jity of Touars had cipitulatcd, He rclblved to Tend his Ships, and Forces to its Relief. With this View, He em- barked a confi.lerablc Hody of I'roops, on board a Fleet of four Hundred Sail, and, eager to preferve fb important a Place, civlcavourcil to repair thither, at- tended by his three Sons, the Prince of JVales^ the Duke of Lnncafter^ and the Earl of Cambridge^ to- gctiier with the chief Nobles. On this Occallon, He was again unfortunate, lx;ing tlctained almofi: nine Weeks, at tea, by violent Storms, and contrary Winds ; and, after l)cating alxjut to no PurjX)fe, com- pelled to return to England, in the Beginning of Oiiober, in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Sc- vcnty-two. On his Landing, his Dil'appointments Were embittered by the allliAing news that Touars was abfolutely loll, and that the French were become Maf- ters of all t'ol^ou (a). From this Inftancc, it is appa- rent that notwithflanding the utmoll Care, and Dili- gence, in fitting out Fleets, and in Spite of the Cou- rage, and Coudu£l of the moft accomplillicd Com- manders, Expeditions of this Kind may ealily fail: In luch Cafes, the Confcquence is generally the fame, as that which fell out, here : 7'he People murmured at the vafl Kxpence, and began to fuggeft, thiit, now, when the King grew old, Fortune hatl deierted Him. Edward^ whofe Spirit was not broken by thefc re* peated i^ifappoinimenls, refolvcd to try every pofTihlc ^t .... .*.. . - Expe- {(i) Cont. Nlc. Trivet, et Adam Mmimuth. Annal. V. 2. p, 129. — Anonym. Hil\ Ediv. 3 c. 60 —Yet, bwth thefc Writers cbferve that this Expedition was for the Reliet of Ruchille.- Irwinait, c. "^05.- Arj^enue liift. Ue Brctagne. L- 7. c. «.-^Me2eray, V. 3. p. 8y, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &:c. 261- Expedient for tlie Recovery of what He had Lofl ir> France ; but being flrieken in Years, and worn by P'atigue, He contented hinrelf witli fenilmg a formi- dable Kle<"^t, and a numerous Army, under tlic Com- mand of the Duke of Lancojlrr^ to Cnlaii (b). 'I'iie French Writers, and moll oK our Hiftorians obfervo that the Number of the Troops amounted to thirty Thoufand Men ; y f Fyo'tjJ'urty a conrcm}>orary Author, affirms tliat it did not exceed thirteen Thousand, of which tliree Thoufim ! were Men at Arms, and ten Thoufand, Archers. It is, probable, that, on tlieir Landing, they were reinforced. At ti\e Head of this Anny, the Duke of Lancajier marclicd through the- Heart of France^ to i^ourdfuux, not wiihfl.'uy ling the Oppofition which He met with from the Enemy, who, although determined not to riik a [lattle, improved every Occafion of throwing Difhcuities in his Pro- grcfs (i). Thus far, the Expedition was equally glo- rious, and fuccelsful : lUit in the latter End of it, tiie Armv, overpowered by Fatigue, was confiderably di- iiiiniihed, and, on this Aoount, the Duke of Lan- ca/ier gladly confente I to a Truct, vvliich was pRilontr- ed from Time, to lime, during the Life of i:V/:c;-'.'r<'/. On the eighth of JwiCy in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Seventy lix, died the Prince of J'Vales^ after a lingering lllnefs, and at the Age of Forty- fix. He was pofllircd of all the Virtues which (Signify Humanity. With the Intrepidity, and C on- duftofthc Soldier, He united I'uch (knerolity, AlFa- Hliry, and Moderation, that it is thiHcult to determine whether He was mod beloved, or ih'eaded by the I nc- ' ■. '.,/, »- ./ T.'rity committed tQ them, by thefe Delegations (A). ' ' The Parliaments of Edward alio take V^tice of this Point, in the Preamble to their Hills, oblcrving that it was a Circumftance well known to Foreign Nations that the King of England^ in Kig!\t of his Crown, ;s Sovereign of the Seas (/). In the Preferring of a certain Bill to Pavli.'ir nt, in the Forty-lixtli Year of the Reign of Edwar 'c is ob- icrved that He was ufually accounted, and ftilcd, by all States, King, or Sovereign of tlifi Seas (/''; >> i6« MEMOIRS OF Amongft; the Impediments to Commerce, thtre wa? not One mort detrimental than the Article of Purvey- fttcf. It became (to n(c the Language of the Parlia- ment) an ouirttt^eousy and intolerahlt Grievance, and the Source of Infinits Damage to the People (*•) The Par- liament attempted to annul this Prerogative, by for- bidding all Pcrfons whatfoeyer to take Goods, without the Confent of the Owners j and alfo, by changin" what They tenn the heinous Name of Purvtyvj, into that of Buyers (y). Yet fo arbitrary were the N^cafurcs purfued by Edward, that the Evil foon returned, al- though militating againft the Gtcat Charter, and fevenl Statutes of the Realm. An enlightened Author (s), of whofe Remarks I muft again avail myfclf, obfcrves ^hat this Difordcrwas in a good Meafure derived from the State of the Puh> lie Finances, and of the Kingdom; and could there- fore the lefs admit of any Remedy. The Prince fre- quently wanted ready Money ; yet his ramily.mufthc iiibiifted. He was, therefore, obliged to employ Force, and Violence, for th " Purj^-jfe, and to give Tallies, at what Rate He pleafed, to the Owners of the Good^ which He laid hold of. The Kingdom alio abounded fo little in Commodities, and the interior Communira- tion was fo iirjT»erft£V, that, had the Owners been jlridly prote^ed liy Lav.-, they could caiily have cxaft- €d any Pi ice from the Kmg ; f fpecially in his frequent FrogrciTes,'^ when He came to diftant, and poor Places, where the Court did not ulually refide, and where a re- gular Plan fo" Supplying it, could not eafily be cflab- l:.1icd. Not only tlic King, but feveral great Lorrfi infilled {■^) 36. E.V.v-. III. &c. (y\ 3&. Ed'.v. Ill Cap t. . ■ • ■ {%] My, HinnesHiftory of England, V, 2. 8ro. p. 453- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN &c. 167 infifted upon this Right of Purveyance, within certain Piftrias(a). Of the Conditiou of the People in that iEra, and whether they were able to engage prpfperoully Ir. Com- merce, the Reader may judge from the Meafures re- curred to, during the Building of IVindfor Caftle. The Workmen were not employed cither by Contracts, or Wages; but Edward, as if He had been levying an Army, aflefled every County in England, to fend him a certain Number of JMafons, Tilers, and C»r- The Frequency of Robberies ftill exifted, an Ob- ftacle to the Progrefs of Commerce. We learn, from the fame Hiftorian (f), that the Barons, by their Con- federacies w|th thofe of their own Order, and by fup- porting, and defending their Retainers, in every Ini- quity (d)y were the chief Abttrors of Robbers, Mur- derers, and Ruffian:; of all Kinds; and no Law could b« executed againft thefe Crinrtinals. The Nobility were brought to give their Pronife, in ParUamcnt, that They would not avow^ retain, or fupport any Kelon, or Breaker of the Law (e) ; yet thi& Engage- ment, which We may wonder to fee exacted from Men bi their Rank, was never regarded by them. The Commons make continual Complaints of the Multitude of Robl)erie8, Murders, Ravilhment of Women, and other Diforders, which. They fay, were become num- Iberlefs in every Part of the Kingdom, and which They always afcribe to the Protection that the Criminals re- ceived («) 7. Rich. IL Cap. 8. (h) Alhmole's Hirtory of the Garter, p. 129. (<■)' Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 2. 8vo. p. 494. (owertui Nobleman continued flill to be of more Importance than the Protc£^ion of the People. The King alfo granted many Franchifcs, which inter- rupted the Courfe of Jufticc, and the Execution of the Laws (k). In the Opinion of this elegant fnveftigator (/), the Commerce, and Induftry, during the Reign of ii^W the 1 liird, were at a low Kbb. He adds that the had Police of the Country alone affords a fufficicnt Reafon. The only Exports were Wcx>i, Skivjs, Hydcs, Leather, Butter, Tin, Lead, arul fuch unmanufactured Goods, of which Wool was by far the moft confiderable. Knygbton has allcrted that an hundred 'I'houfand Sacks of Wool were annually exported, and Ibid at Twenty Pounds a Sack, Money of that Age. I3ut He is wide- ly miftaken lx)th in the Qiian'city exported, and in the Value. In the Year one 'i h'-'ifand, three Hundred, and Forty-nine, the Parliament remonftrate that the King, by an illegal Iminrntion of forty Shillings, on each Sack, exported, had levied lixty Thoui'and PoumU a Year (w) : Which reduces tlie annual Exports to thirty (f) Cotton, p 51, 62, 64, 70, 160. ' ' ■' ^ (g) VValfinghatn, p. I7r. iti) 10. Edw. HI. C.ip. 2. — 27. Edw. III. Cap. a. (/') Cotton, p. 7 5 (k) Ibid, p ^4. " (/) Hume's Hillory of England, V. a. 8vo. p< 495* \m) Cotton, p. 48, 69, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 269 thirty Tlioufand Sacks. A Sack contained Twenty-fix Stone, and each Stone Fourteen Pounds (n) ; and at % Medium, was not valued at above h ivc Pounds a Sack (tf), that \), The Parliament prohibited the Expoit:iiion of Woollen Goods i an impolitic Mcafure ! Paiticulaily vvhiift the Exportation of unwrought Wcol was fo much uifFered, ^■^A promoted, A Law, ccjually abfurd, was cnafted to prevent the Exportation of Manufa£liired Iron(y). VV'e learn from a Record in tiie Exchequer, that in the Year one Tlioufand, three Hun.Ircd, and Fifty- four, the Exports of Aw^/aW amounted to two Hun- dred, and Ninety-four Thoufand, one Hundred, and Eiglity-four Pounds, fcvcnteen Sliillings, and two Pence. {») :?4. Edw. III. Cap. 5. \o] Cotton, p. 29. (p) II. Edw. III. Cap. 2, 5. — Ryincr, V. 4. p. 723.— iMurimuth, p. 88. j (f) 28. Edw. III. Cup. s- a;^ MEMOIRS OP Pence. The imports came to thirty -eight nioufr.nr^ nine Hundred, and Seventy Pounds, three Shillinc" and Sixpence, Money of that Time. This is juftly obferved to have been a great Balance, confulcrin" tha it arofe chiefly from the Exportation of Woollen Goods or ratiier of raw Wool, and other rough Materials (r). The Import was chiefly Linen, and fine Ckxh, and fomc Wine. England appears to hare been cxtrcmciT drained, at this Time, by Edwar^^ foreign Expcdi- tions, and foreign SuWidies, which, probably was the Reafon why the Exports io much exceed tlie Im- ports (j). Tnc Progrcffi of Commerce was atfo confideraMv checketl by the dreadful Plague, which in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty-fix, breaking out amongft the People of Cathay^ in Jfia, fprcail through that Qiiarter, and then pafled into Grtecey A- fricay and Europe, raging with great Violence \ti France, and England. During the Courfe of the Year, more than fifty Thoufand of the Inhabitants of London were fwcpt away by it [t]. After this melancholy Event, the Parliament mack an ineffeftual Effort to reduce the Price of Lal)our, and of Poultry («). The daily Wages of a Reaper, in the firft Week of AugufV, were two Pence, or near Sixpence of our prefent Money ; in the fccond Week, they were a Third more. A Maftcr Carpenter was limited, throughout the whole Year, to three Pence a Day ; a Journeyman Caq^nter to tw Pence, Money of that Age [x]. It is remarkable that, in (r) Hvimc'sHiliory of England, V. 2. 8vo. p. 49^- {s) Ibid. [t] Stowe's Annals, p. 246. — Brady, — Rymei's Focdtr:i,j v. $. p. 65c, 6q8. (tt) 37. Edvv. III. Cap. 3. \x) zj. Edw. III. Cap. 1, 3» ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 27% in the fame Reign, the Pay of a common Soldier, an Archer, was Sixpence a Day ; which, by the Change, both in Denomination, and Value, would be equivalent to near five Shillings of our prefent Money ^jr). Sol- diers were then inliftcd for a ve*y fhort Time. They lived idle all the Reft of the Year, and comiTionly all the Rcil of their Lives : One fuccefsful Campaign, by Pay, and Plunder, and the Ranfom of Prifoncrs, waa fuppofcd to be a Imall Fortune to a Man ; which was «k great Allurement to enter into the Service (a). Commodities feem to have rilen fmce tlie Conqucft. Mead of l>eing ten Times cheaper than at Prefent, they were, in the Age of Edward the Third, only* three, or four Times clieajx^r. This Change apj^ears to have taken Place, in a great Meal'ure, fmce the Reign of Edward the Firft. The allowance granted by Edward the Third, to the Earl of Murray^ then a Pri- foner in Nottingham Caftle, is one Pound a Week ; whereas the Bilhop of Saint yfndrews, the Primate of Scotkndy had only Sixpence a Day, allowed Him by Edward the Firft {a). Tlic Staple of Wool, Woolfells, Leather, an) 27. Kdvv. iir. {(} Cotton, p. 117, , :.: . IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // /- f/u % i.O ^1- H^ I.I 1.25 ■ 4.0 WUu 2.2 1.8 U ill 1.6 (^ /] #.:> ^. /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4. ^^'^ t/j iji M £: M d I R s b ^ ibn of this rreat Anxiety for fixing a Stnple ; \it\\;:(i perhitps, it imUed Foreigners to a Market, when thev knew beforehand, that they fhould there meet witJi great Choice of any particular 'Sj^eties of Commodity. This Policy of inviting Foreigners to C'jlais was carried fo far, that all Engjijh Merchants were ]'rolii!)ited by Law from exporting any EnglijT) Goods from the Sta- ple ; which was, in a Manner, the total abandoniri'T' «)f all foreign Navigation, except that to Calais [d). A Contrivance feemingly extraordinary {e). The EngllJ}} Navigation was not extended as far as the Baltic, until the Middle of the fourteenth (f), nor toi the Mediterranean^ until the Middle of the Hfteenth Cen- tury (^). ., . - A Proof of the exce/Hve Ignorance c/f 6ur Ahceftors (under the Reign of Edward^) with regard to Geogra- phical Points, may be collected ffom a Story mention- ed by Robert de Avejhury. \i\ the Year one Thouland, three Hundred, and Forty-four, when Pope Clement the Sixth, _ Created Lewis of Spain, Prince of the Fortu- nate JJlands^ by which were meant the Canaries, then newly difcovered, the Englijh Aftihaflador at Rome, and his Retinue, w'cre alarmed with the Idea that Lewis had been created King of England, and hailcned Hom£ to acquaint Edward of this important Circumftance. Yet, fo infatiable was the Rage for Learning, that the Nnm- ber of Students in the Univcrfiiy of Oxford alone, amounted to thirty Thoufand. It liath been flirewdly obferved that the Occupation of thele young Men was to learn very bad Latin, and Hill vvorfe Logic {h). The {d) 27. EcHv. III. Cap. '^, ■ ^ •- ■ ' \e) Hume's Hiftory ot En|>land, 8vo. V. 2. p. 498. (f) Anderfon's lliftory ot Commerce, V. i. p« ^S'* \g) Ibid. p. 177. \h) Hume's Hiilory of England, 8vo. V. 2. p. 499* ILLUSTRIOUS S E A IVI £ N, &c. 273 'Yht following Oufeivations concerning the Com- iherce of tliefe Times are taken from an inftru6tive Writer (/), and although not coincident in fome Par- ticulars with a refpeftable Opiilion (/^), have a Claim to oar Attention. ' ' • " III the Year one Thoufand, tliree Hundred, and Thirty- one, Edward granted a Protection to John Kenty a Cloth Weaver, who caiiic over from Flanders^ in Company with feveral Fullers, and Dyers, who had been inviteJ to fettle in the Kingdom (/). It appears probable that the tl-uc Rcafons of thefe Encouragements were, firft of all, to inftrufl cur own People, to the \itmoft Pcrfe£lion, info capital an Art; and next to draw tlie Workmen over to England, that as We rofe in that Manufafture, our Neighbours n.iglit alfo gradually de- dine." ^ ^.,^,.- . " As Edward, a rhartial Prince, engaged To fre- quently in War, fuccefiive Inipoiitions were levied on liis Subjefts ; dnd Thefe amounted to fucli vaft Sums, as very clearly prove that, at the Beginning of his Reign, England was far richer than in the Times of Any of Iiis Predecellbrs.*' " Some Attempts have been made to Settle, by the Help of the Taxes, in this Reign, the Manner in which they were levied, arid the Produce of them, the Value of our Wool : And, without Doubt, fomerhing very near the Truth may be difjoveredi In the Year, • one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Thirty -eight, the Laity [m) granted Edward one Half of their Wool, and the Clergy nine Marks a Sack upon their beft Wool^ Vol. I. S We (0 CampbcH's Live3 of the Admirals, V. r. p. 242, Zee. (i) Mr. Hume. >■ ■ (/) Rymer's Focdera, V. 4. p. 496, (w^ The Computations mentioned in the Text aie tg b? found in the Hiilorlcal Account 0/ Tale*, p. lo"?. ^74 MEMOIRS OF We know not what Number of Sacks the King re- ceived : But it is faicl that He fent over ten Thouland Sacks into P^-ahant, which produced Him four Hundred Thoufand Pounds ; that is at the Rate of forty Pounds a Sack, One with Another, from this Circumftance, fome Writers think themfelves warranted to compute the Produce of our Wool, in foreign Markets, at leaft, at forty Pounds a Sack. By the Help of this Calcula- tion, they eftimate our annual Exportations at a very large Sum. We will fliew, firft, what this is, and then confider whether it be right, or whether the Price Ihould fiot be reduced." " When it is obferved tliat We know not what Quantity of Wool the King received by that Grant, it muft be underftood that We know it not from the Hif- torians who mention the Grant. But it appears froin the Records, that it amounted to twenty Thoufand Sacks. By fuch a Mode of receiving Taxes in Kind, the Sovereign became, and that to his great Pi-ofit, a Sort of Merchant. Thofe who made the Computation to which We have alluded, compute the Exportation of Wool, that Year, at forty Thoufand Sacks, which amounts to one MiUion, and fix Hundred Thoufand Pounds ; and the Aid to the King comes to Half that Money, which (as well they might,) they obferve to be amazing, and prodigious. But, when a Grant was afterwards made to Edward^ of thirty Thoufand Sacks of Wool, We find it ellimated far lower, namely, at fix Pounds a Sack, the very beftj the Second Sort at five, and the worft Sort at four Pounds a Sack ; which, however, was exclufive of the King's Duty, or Cuf- lom. This Computation was certainly very fair; and this Grant to Edward^ was in the Nature of a Land- Tax, which is the Reafon that the Produce of it was «X)mputed at the Rate of the Sale of Wool, in England y .,. ^ ' although ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 275 although there is no manner of Doubt, that by export- ing, and felling it abroad, the King made much more of it. We will try, however, if it be not praflicable to extraft fomethiiig more certain, out of the Fa£ls mentioned by ancient Authors ; becaufe, if it could be done, it would be verv fatisfa^tory." *' A certain Writer has preferved the State, or Ba- lance of ti;e Englijh Trade, as found upon Record in the Exchequer, in the twenty-eighth Year of the Reign oi E(Jward t\\Q Third. Its Authenticity feems unquef- tionable («). Jn this, the Export of our Wool is fet S 2 ■• down («) " This Account was publllhed In a Treatife intitled the Circle of Commerce, (p. 1 19. 120.) and printed in the Year one Thoufand, Six Hundred, and Thirty-three. Af- ter drawing tiom it the Remarks mentioned in the Text, I thought it would be more convenient to the Reader; and, at the fame Time, elucidate my Obfervailons, if a Place Were allowed to this curious Paper, in the Notes.** '. t - • ■ '■ ' ■ "jr- ' ■> ** The Balance of the Eng/i/^ Trade, in the Twenty- eighth Year of the Reign of Ed-wan/^ the Third, as fuld to be fpund upon Record in the Exchequer," Exports.. Thirty-one Thoufand, fix Hundred, and Fifty-one Sacks, and a Halt of Wool, ut Six Pounds Value, each Sack, amount to Three Thoufand, Six Himdred, and Six- ty-five Fells, at Forty Shillings Value each Hundred, at Six Score, amount to Whereof the Cuftom amounts to Fourteen Lai}, Seventeen Dicker, and Five FFides of Leather, after Six Pounds Value the Lall Whereof the Cuftom amounts to Four Thoufand, Seven Hundred, and Se- '/ venty.four Cloths, and a Half; after For- > ty Shillings Value, the Cloth is - > Carried over 189,909 6,073 81,624 89 6 2 -'7,2 Si o 1 8 1 i 5 o 17 6 o o 5 3 2>76 MEMOIRS OF* down at thirty-one Thoufand, fix Hundred, and Fifty- one Sacks, and a Half, valued at lix Pounds ; but then, the Duty is excluc ^d. It appears likcwife, from this Account, that a conliderable Quantity of Cloth, both fine, and coarfe (and of Woril:ed, alfo,) was exported. We Brought over 287,251 5 3 Eight Thoufand, and Sixty-one Pieces, 1 and a Half of VVorlleJ, after Six Shillings, V 6,717 18 4 and Eight Pence the Piece, amount to ) Whereof the Cuitom amounts to 2'5 «3 7 Exports 294,184 17 2 »<. >' i.. M= I Imports.. t)ne Thoufand, Eight Hundred, and ^ Thirry-two Cloths, after Six Pounds Va-V 10,992 o • lue, the Cloth - - - j Whereof the Cuftom amounts to Three Hundred, Ninery-feven Quintals, 1 and three Quarters of Wax, after the Value > of Forty Shillings, the Hundred, or Quintal ) Whereof the Cuilom is One Thoufand, Eight Hundred, and Twenty-nine Tons, and a Half of Wine after Forty Shillings Value per Ton Whereofthe Cuilom is - _ - * -^ Linen Cloth, Mercery, and Grocery 7 Wares, and all other Manner of Merchan- > 22,943 6 lo di/.e - - • • .*-. 3 Whereof the Cuilom is - - - 285 18 3 '] 91 12 759 10 19 17 3,659 o 182 o : ','. -n-MfT m— - / Imports 38,970 13 8 •i*. Balance 255,214 13 8 •■frrK-i ** N B The Totals do fiot flnfwer the Particulars exact- ly : But, at tins Diliance of Time, it is impoflible toaim at corrci-ling them, with any Degree ot Certainty." ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 277 84 17 2 /. //. z • I 12 • 9 10 t 9 »7 9 19 2 ^3 6 19 35 18 3 70 13 8 We cannot, therefore, doubt, that when the Commons, granted to Edward, thirty Thoufand Sacks of Wool, it was, at leaft, as much as giving Him one Hundred, and fifty Thoufand Pounds, in Money, out of their Pockets. But, if We are inclined to know wiiat it brought the King, W^'c may, perhaps, find the Means of difcovcrinGT it. In the laft Year of his Rci2:n, the Citizens of Tor^, complained that a German Lord had fcized tliirty-fix Surples of their Wool, which they va- lued at one Thoufand, nine Hundred Pounds, for a Debt pretended to be due from Edward, whom He had ferved in the Wars. According to llie foregoing Reck- oning, Wool was worth, in that Country, thirteen Pounds, a Sack, and fomething more : So that the Aid granted to the King could not produce much lefs than four Hundred Thoufand Pounds, which, in that Age,- was an enormous Sum. When this Complaint was made, fome Ships belonging to the German, were at Anchor, and laden with Goods, within our Harbours. Thefe, the Citizens of Tor^ dcfired might be confifcated, as a Reparation for llieir Lofles.'* " But We muflnot part with this Account, witliout drav.'ing from it fome other Obfervations. We find the whole Impojts of that Year con^puted at fomething lefs. tlian thirty-nine Thoufand Pounds ; Whereas the Ex- ports amounted to above two Hundred, and Ninety- four Thoufand Pounds : So that the clear Balance, ii\ Favour of this Nation, was above two Hundred, and Fifty-five Thoufand Pounds. Yet this Is not all. We mufl confider that, in this Account, there is no Mention made of Lead, and Tin j probably, because the Accounts relating to them might not be brought; into the Exchequer ; that is, not into the Exchequer at Wejlminjier ; which will raife the Account very coa^ fidevabiy : Infomuch that there fccms good Reafon to S ^ l)?» 278 MEMOIRS OF m believe that, the intrinfic Value of the Coin, in thofe Days, being compared with Onrs, the whole Balance of Trade fell very little, if at all, fliort of nine Hundred Thoufand Pounds, as our Moricy is now reck- oned ; which i-^, indeed, a very large Sum, and much beyond what Thofe who had never looked into thefe Matters, could poflibly have imagined. Yet the Pro- bability, at leaft, if not the Truth, of this Computa- tion might be fbewn in another Way ; that is, from the Coniideration of the immcnfe Sums that were confumed by Edufard^ in foreign Wars, and Alliances ; whicli it is impoffiblc this Nation could ever have furniOied, if, the Balance of Trade had fallen any Thing fliort of what it appears to be from the foregoing Computation.'* " That Commerce was much the Objeft of the At- tention of the King, and Parliament, appears fullv from the many A6ts, pafTed within the Compafs of his Reign J for its Regulation. It is, indeed, true that fe- verai of thefe Laws are contradi£lory j ''at what was cftablifhed in one Year, was fometime - turned in the Next ; that frequent Alterations wi.^ made in the Staple ; that the Guftoms w-ere fometimes high, fomc- times low; and that the Standard of Money was twice varied. But, nbtwithftanding all this, the former Affertion will ftill remain unimpeached ; fince there can be Nothing clearer, ' than that even thefe Variations arofe from the Regard that was paid to Commerce, and! perhaps, the Alteration in the' Coin was made necefl'ary from the CondufV, in that Particular, of our Neigh- hours. We like wife, find that towards the latter End of the Reign of this King, there Were great Frauds, and impolitiohs committed in obtaining Licenfes {0) ■' " '■ ■■ ' ■■-' '■■- • for --^i ■?'•«.. -'% ^', {e) ** An inquifitive Reader may cpnfult the Hiftory of the Reign oi Edijgard the Third, written by Sarna : A'et the ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc. 179 for the Exportiition of Gootls, and in otlier Refi>e£ls ; pf which Conipiaints were made in Parliament, againft the Lord Latimer, Chamlxirlajn to the King, and Rich' ard Lyons, a Merchant of London. They were con- vifted, and punilhed." We muft, now, prefcnt the Rcarler with fome Ob- fervations relating4o the Coinage. From the following Claufc, ill the Charter-Mint granted to the Ablx)t of" Reading, it appears that a Penny was the largeft Piece poined until after the twelfth Year of the Reign of Edt ward the Third—" Rex dilefio fihi Johanni de Flete " Cujiodi Gambii nojlri Londini. Salutem — Cum per " Cartam nojirdm Cancejferimm dde£lis Nobis in Chrifto-^ *' Jhl/ati, et Monachis de Radyng, quod Ipft, et Suc^ " cejjores in Perpetuum haheant unutn Monetarium, et ** unum Cuneum^ apud diBum Locum de Radyng, ad " Monetam ibidem, viz : tarn ad Obolos, et Ferlingos^ *' quant ad Sterlingos, prout Moris eft, fabricandam, et ^^ faciendam, prout in Carta nojird pradi^d plenius con-7 *' tinetur : Vobis Mandamus quod tres Cuneos de duro, et ** competenti Mel alio, unum, viz : pro Sterlingis, alium }^ pro OboUs, et tertium pro Ferlingis, pro Monetd apud " di£lum Locum de Radyng faciendd, de Irnprejjione, et ** Circumfcriptura quas diJiui-—Jlbas vobis declarabity Sumptibus ipftus Abbatis, fieri, et fabricari Faciatis in- dilate, et eos ad Scaccnrium no/hum apud VVeftm ; *' quamprimum Poteritii, Mittaiis, iia quod fint ibidem a " DieS. Martini prox: futuro in xv Dies, ad ultimum, " prafato Abbati ex Caufa pradictd liber and : T. J. de 1* Shardiche, apud Weftni : xvii Die Nov : Anno Regni 84 « nojiri u ii Records are fuller, and clearer. It would he of infinite Service to the Nation were the Fads which they contain, di- gefted into chronological Order, and pablifhed. This would ?lle£liially refute many grofs Milhiiies, univerfally believed, ?tnd difciofc f^veral new Truths," 28o MEMOIRS OF I I M <* nn/lri xii.*'" (p) Whence a learned Amiqr.arian (^) infers that *^ it Ihoukl fcem, either, that the Abbots^ and other great Men were only permitted to coin fmnllcr Pieces, ufeful in common Exchange, in the lame Man- ner, as later Kines have been accuftomcd to errant Pa- tents for the Making of Copper Halfpence, and Far- things ; whereas the Sovereign ftill referved to Himfclf the Ibis Power of minting the larger Money ; or, (as is oblerved above,) that there was not any greater Piece than a Penny coined, until after the twelfth Year of his Reign." In the eighteenth Year of Edivard, the Standard of Gold Coins was the oldeft Standard, or Sterling of twenty- three Carai^, three Grains, and a Half, fine; and half a Grain Alloy. For the lilver Coins, the old Sterling was eleven Ounces, and two Penny-weights, iinc, and eiglitecn Penny-weights, in Alloy. It was the fame in the twentieth, twenty-third, twenty-feventh, and forty-fixth Years of his Reign. In the eighteenth Year, every Pound Weight of Gold of this Standard was appointed to be coined into iifty Florences^ at fix Shillings each, which made in Tale fifteen Pounds, or into a proportionable Number of half, and quarter Flo- rences, 7"his was by Indenture between the King, and Walter de Dunflower^ Mafler, and Worker. Thefe Florences were fb called from the Florentines, who, in ti e Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Fifty-two, firft minted fuch Pieces ; fo that the Fiorenus was ge- nerally ufed all over Europe^ for the chief gold Coin, as it is now for the heft Silver. Fahicn calls" the Floren, a Penny ; the U^lf-Floren, a Halfpenny ; and the Qiiar- te;, fp) In Reglfl. MS. Monaft. de Reading, ollm penes T. Tanner. (jl Bl(hop Nichplfon's Engllfh Hiflorical Lilprary, follQ. fH.7- ' ••■•.■ ILLUSTRIOUS S K A M E N, &c. 28T ter, a Farthing of Gold. Thefe \'^orcls frequently occur in old Hiftories, and Accounts, applied to feveraj Coins, as Reals, Angels^ 8cc, where is to be underftood by Denarius, the Wliolc ; by Obotus, the Half 3 and by ^ladran^y the fonrth Part, or Farthing. In the eighteenth Year of Edivard, a Pound Wci2[ht of Gold, of old Standard, was to contain Thirty-ninp Nobles, and a Half, at iix Shillings, and Eight-Pence each; amounting in the Whole to thirteen Pounds, three Shillings, and Four-Pence in Tale ; or a propor- tionable Number of half, and quarter Nobles j which was by Indenture between the King, and Percival de Perche. By this Indenture, the Trial of the Pix was eftabliflieu. The received Opinion was that thefe were the firft gold Coins, but it hath been lately proved that fbme were ftricksn, in the Reign of Henry the Third (r). The Gold Coin, or Rofe-Noble of Edward is fo beautiful, and rare as to obtain a Place amongft the fineft Medals : On a Half-Noble of this Prince, He is reprefented crowned, and Handing in a Ship. With his right Hand, He grafps a Sword, and with his left, a Shield, It muft be obfervcd that from thefe famous Rofe-Nobles, every imaginary Half- Mark was after- wards called a Noble, the moft early Ufe of the Word in that Senfe being in the French Kings Parole of Ran- fom, in the thirty-fourth Year of the Reign of Edward, The Florens did not much differ from the Rgfc-Nobles in Weight, and whether they differ at all in the Im- preffion, is uncertain. In the twent'-^th Year of the Reign of Edward, the Third, a Pound- Weight of Gold, of the old Standard, was T-^ -F.. [r) Obfervations on the more xincicnt Statutes, p. 37c. *dEdit. ^ 282 MEMOIRS OF was to make by Talc, forty-two Nobles, at fix Shil- lings, and eight "cnce, each ; and a Pound of Sil- ver of the Old Sterling was to make twenty-two Shil- lings, and Sixpence. At this 1-eriod, Percival de Penht was Mafter. In the Twenty-fcventh Year of Edwardy a Pound- Weight of Gold, of the fame Sterling, was to mnke by Tale, Forty five Nol^ks, amounting to fifteen Pounds ; and a Pound-Weight of Silver, of the old Sterling was to make by Tale, Seventy five GrolTeji (that is Groats) amounting to Twenty-five Shillings; or an Hundred, and Fifty Half-Grofles, at I'wo- Pence, each; or three Hundred Sterlings, at a Penny, each. Then, // X^ On this Subje£V, which is relinquiflied for the Pre- fcnt, the Reader may imagine that We have expa- tiated too freely. The Apology of a Naval Writer (t) muft be ours. He thought that " fuch Obferva- tions could not fail of proving acceptable, in as much as they greatly contribute to the Illuftration of the principal Points with which this Species of Hiftcry is concei-ned. Naval Force, and the Sovereignty of the Sea, being the Refult of extenfive Commerce, What- foever contr* jutcr, to explain the Rife, and Frogrefs of That, muf: fliew how the Former are to be kept, as v/ell as demonftrate in what Manner, they have been obtained." . Either in, or not long after the Clofe of the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty-four, the Ifiand of Madera is recorded, in the W^ritings of the Portugiiefe Hiilorian<5, to have been difcovered by an Fnglifhma-n^ whofe Name was Macham. The Circum- fiances are as fellow : This Adventurer, being enamoured with a Lady of his own Nation, contrived to fteal her from her Pa- rents, who oppofed their Union. He embarlced on board a Veffel, with his Prize, and failed for 5/)rt/«. A Storm arofe, which ) obfcrves that they were collcfteJ in Virtue of the Prerogative; but our Re- cords, which Hill exift, are Evidences to tlie Contrary. Before We treat of thefe irrefragable Proofs of the So- vereignty of the Englijh, on the Ocean, it may be ne- ceiTary to prefent the Reader with an Account of thofe Meafures, which were purfued by former Kings, on funilar Occaiions. . •' in die lixteenth of John, (as We find it recited upon Record, in fubfequent Reigns,) the Town of IVtnchel^ jea was enjoined to provide ten good, and large Ships, for the Service of the King, in Poi^cu (/) ; and, at another Period, twenty Ships were demanded. The Quota of Dunwich, and Ipfwich amounted to five, Each, Otlier Ports contributed their Proportions, and all, at tkeir own Expence {k). Edward^ the Firft, received from the Merchants, a Twentieth, and, afterwards, a Seventh of their Commodities (/) : He impofcd a Cuf- tomof a Noble upon every Sack of Wool (w), which^ in the Reign of Edward, the Second, was doubled. We learn, alfo, that, under this Prince, the Sea-Ports Vol. I. : T . were [g] Vita R. Ricardl II. p. 6— T. Walfingham. p. 2U. Hohngflicd. V. 2. p. 4,19 — Wcevers Funeral Mcnuments. p' 64.— Stowe. [h] Sir Robert Cotton's Anfvvers to Reafons for Foreign Wars, p 46. (») £x Joan. Everfden. Pat. An. 3. E I. M. 26. [k] Rot Cluuf An. 26. Hen ill. (/) Rot. Vafcdnice, An. 22. Ed. 1. M. 8. («) Ex Hirtorla Joan. Everfden. — Brndy, under the Reign of£iv;«r^U\eFirlV. 390 MEMOIRS Of were charged to fet cait, during the Space of Twelvt Years, Ships fuppliecl with Ammunition, and Provifion, fometimcs for one, and frequently for four Months. I'he Number of thefe Armaments was appointed to be cither more, or lei's confiderable, as Occafion might require («). Edicard, the Third, increafed the Sub- fidy of Wool, to Forty- fix Shillings, and four Pence, each Sack (j ■ M«*-**t.rf y [x) Contin. Nlc. Trivet, et Adam Muriinuth. Annal. V. 2. p 143 — Vim R. Ricardi II. p. 6 Holinglhed, V. 2. p. 4(9. (y) T. Walfingham, p. 212, 213.— Vit. R. Ricardl II, p. 7. — Contin. Nic, Trivet, et Adam Muriinuth, Annal. V. 2. p. 144. r->\ .a. •Aix KJl»i''.:;* .jsiukjf!?? r»' ILLUSTRIOUS S K A M E N, kc 29^5 give liim Poflelfion of Cberbuyg. A Supply of Shij)s, and Men was granted to Hiin, with which, although not eafily. He obtained that Fortrels, and luirencleicd it to the Engliji: , In the cnfuing Month, Sir John Arundel was fhi}>- wrecked on his Voyage to Bretagtiey with a confidt-'rabie Reinforcement. O.m. Diviiion of his Meet was driven on the Coaft of Ireland; Anoiher on the fVelch Shore ; and a Third on the Borders of Cornwall. With Him, perilhed a Thoufand Men at Anns. A melancholy Lofs ! which awakened the Regency from their Inat- tention, and occafioncd them to convene a Parliament. Frefh Supplies were fent, in the following Year, to Calaisy under the Command of the Earl of Budingham, Sir Robert K»ollySy and Sir Hugh de Calverley. Thefc Officers marched afterwards into Bretagne, and were employed by its Duke, in befieging Nantes, a City which refuicd to acknowledge Him. Here, fuch was the criminal Negleft of this Potentate, that they ex- jxrienced the Wa^nt of the common, Conveniences of Life, and w:ere, at length, fo miferably reduced as to proceed through France, on their Way to England, not like Soldiers in Arms, but Mendicants, happy to i)b^ tain a poor Subfiftence from the Charity of the Inha- bitants. Some Fr^w<;/(» Gallies appeared, in, the Interim, off the Coaft of Kent where the Troops landed, and re- duced Grave/end to Afhes (z).. In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Eighty-three, a different Kind of War broke out, \m-^ important indeed as to its Confequences, yet not abfo- lutely foreign to our Subje<^. At this Period, Pope Urban, the Fourth, wliofe Title had been acknowledged .. ■.■.^' - T 3 aii («) Contin Nic. Trivet, et Adam Murimuth. Annal. V, 2. p. 147. — 150. T. Otterbourne, p. 150. — W. Wyrceilpr. Anuiil* p'4;4i« — Mezeray, V. 3. p. 1 11, 112. K " \ 194 MEMOIRS OF at Ronify proclaimed a Cruf^de againft his Antagonift, Clement, the Seventh, who wa? received by the I'cople of Avignon. The diftercnt Powers of Europe^ cfiwuleci the Caufe of that Pontiff, from whofe Eftnblifhment they were in Hopes of reaping an Advantage. The French were attached to Clement ; The Englijh to Th'^nn : Tim laft Competitor, attentive to his interc^' and eager to try the Zeal of his Adherents, appoin i Httir ry de Neville, Bifhop of If^inchejier, his (leneral in Eng- land. Invincible Rcfolution, and the Talents of In- trigue, united with exalted Birth, and powerful Con- nexions, had rendered this Prelate the fit Leader of fo prduous an Enterpri/e. Senfible that the Flemings (then rifen to oppofe their Sovereign,) were prepoflefTed in Favour of the Englijh, He determined to open his Mi- litary Campaigns, in that Country. Accordingly, proceeding to Calais.^ He there, afi'embled an Army fonfifting of fifty Thoufand Foot, and two Thoufand Horfe, with which He cut to Pieces a Body of twelve Thoufand Men, in the Service of the Earl of Flandm, and took Dunkirk, Graveling, Bourbourg, and Mardikt. The Fleet was equally fuccefsfuh After having obtain- ed thefe Viftorlcs, the Bifhop appeared with his Forces, before Tpres, when the King of France marched to at- tack Him, at the Head of a formidable Army. I'o avoid a Conteft, to which He judged himfelf unequal, and the more fo, as He had fuifered by the Defection of the Flemings, Henry de Neville raifed the Siege, and ^ven foUicited from the Enemy a Permiflion (vvhich was aftervyaids granted,) to retire, in Confideration of fur- rendering all the Places which He had taken. Thus, •ftripi^ed of every Mark of 'Conqueft, He failed witii his few remaining Troops to, England (a\ \ Con- Id 'i.ui. yy ,\'v -:^- .■;aJ .' {a) Frojffart.— •Walfiugh.im.— KnygbtoQ, IL L U S T K I O U S S E A M E N, ice. 295 Concerning a Naval Engagement timing tliis Exjjc- dition, the Lord Btrnen hath given us the following Account, in his l^anllation from FrosJJ'art, " The Englijh had feveral Gallics, the which were ** well arrred with Bowmen. Thcfe firft heQ:an the " Fight, (hooting their Arrows ; yet they did but lit- " tie Damage \ for the Flemings flooning down, were " enfhrouded by the Borders of tlie Vellel, and the *' Arrows flew over their Heads, while, they, keeping ** carefully before the Wind, the Crofs-Bow-Men who " were on their Side, out of the Reach of die Englijh " Arrows, with their Quarrels advantagcoully ihot *' forth, did great Execution. Then approached the *' Earl of Arundely and the Bifhop of Norwichy with " the large Ships, flrongly oppoling the Flemijh Fleet 5 *' but they, fpirited up by their Admiral, John Bucq, ** made a courageous Reliftance. The Admiral him- " felf was in a great Ship, ftrongly armed with three ^* Cannons, which call forth Darts fo long, and large, " that they caufed dreadful Hurt, and Damage, where- ** foever they fell: But the Englijhy getting the Vic- " tory, took the Ship, and the Admiral. Mean " while, the fmaller Ships, and Merchant- Men got to " the Shore, and faved themfelves by the Shallpwnefs " of the Water j but all the Reft were cither taken, or " deftroyed." In tlie Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Eighty- four, the French equipped feveral Squadrons, for the Purpole of infefting the Coaji. Forfomc 'I'ime, (fo fhamefully were the Concerns of the Navy facri- ficed, amidft the Violence of intefliac Tumults,) their Enterprizes were fuccefsful ; and they intercepted, and took feveral Veflels, paffing between England^ and Flan- ders. At length, the Inhabitants of Port/mouthy to ^^QAvince their Enemies that the martial Spirit of the T4i '. ^ ^^^ 2C)6 MEMOIRS O K Nation was not cxhauftcd, fitted out a Fleet, at their own Expcncc, and engaging the French, with c^ual Force, fci/,ed on every bl;ip, and killed all their Crews, excepting nine Pcrfons (/•). So very apparent is it (to borrow the Language of a Naval Writer) ft) that if our Affairs go wrong, this ought to he alcril)cd to the Kulers, and not to the People, who arc naturally jea- lous of our National Glory, and ever ready cnougli to facriiice, as is indeed a Duty, their Perlbns;j and their Properties, in its Defence. - • . .'=... Charle.', the Sixth, King of France, having, in the Year, one I'houfand, three Hundred, and P^ighty- five, formed the Defign of invading EnglamI, in Order to compel Richard to relinquilh his tranlmarine Pro- vinces, purchafcd Ships, at an immenfe Charge, from the different Allies, and, at length, drew together a Number which (accordinir to the Account of a contem- porary Writer,) amounted to twelve Hundred, and Eighty-feven Sail, and might, if necelTary, have form- ed a Bridge from Calais, to Dover (d). To oppofe this Enterprize, the King of England levied a vaft Army, and equipped a formidable Fleet. Thefe warlike Pre- parations were of little Confequence. Difputes con- cerning the Time and Manner of employing them, arofe between the Dukes of Berry, and Burgundy, Un- cles to Charles, the Sixth. It was, at laft, agreed that the Expedition Ihould be deferred, for that Year {e\. This Proceeding is, by one Hiftorian (f), imputed to the {b) T. Walfinghami Ypodigma Neuftriae, p. 535. — T. Ottcrbourne, p. 156, 157. — Vit. R. Ricardi II. p. 44, 4^. — Dupleix, V 2 p. 605,606. — p. Daniel, V. 5. p. 30IJ, (f) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 224. , {d) Hirtoirede Charles VI. A. D. 1385. {e) Frolirart, V. 3. c 25. (f) Mezeray, Abrege de rHiftoire de France, V. 3. p. i2g.» ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 279 the Duke of Burgundy ; by Anotlicr (f ), to the Duk« oi Berry. In the next Spring, the Attempt againft England was on the Point of L)cing renewed, yet quick* ly dropped in Confequencc of the Treachery of the J)ukc of Breitj^fitf i\u I the Cowardice oi the Admiral, Jehn lU' Viennc. This unvurlliy Nephew to the intre- pid Governor of Caiuis had been fent, with a Fleet con- filling of Sixty Ships to Scotland, in Order to excite, and enable the Inhabitants of that Kingdom, to make a Diverlion, in Favour of the French. Mere, his Con- duft was ignominious to the lafl Degree. Jnflead of giving Batlie to the Englijh, who were wafting, with Impunity, the whole Country, He funk the Soldier in the Lover, and llghed away his Time, at the Feet of a Princefij of the Royal Blood of Scotland. We learn from JHezeray, that her unpolifhed Countrymen were Strangers to the Gallantry of the French^ and fo cxafperated at the Liberties ailumed by Dt yienne, that ihcy compelled Him inftantly to depart the Kingdom. On his Return, He alarmed his Sovereign by affinning that die Englijh Army amounted to ten Thoufand Horfe, and a Hundred Thoufand Foot. At tlie fame Time, the Conftable of France, who had been appointed to tlie Command of the Troops, ready to embark for Eng- land was, for fome ilight Offence, thrown into Prifon, by the Duke of Bretagne, This Accident, joined to the Reprefentations of the pulillanimous De V'tenne in- duced the Enemy to relinquifli the Profecution of their Delign. The Candour of a French Hiftorian {h) hath induced him to acknowledge that it is difficult to determir\e whetjier tlie Treachery of the Duke of Bretagne was moft f48 (g) P. Daniel Hiftoire de la ^ilice dc France, V. 2. p. \h] Ibid, % .^. <»•?■. 29^ MEMOIRS OF moft ferviceable to the French^ or to the Englijh, as if this Projeft had mifcarried, the greateft Part of the No- bility of France^ engaged therein, would certainly have perifhed. Several Shijw belonging to this vaft Fleet, failing fron the Haven of Sluys, were driven on the Mngli/h Coafl, and feizcd : In the preceding Year, the Earls of Arundely and Nottingham had attacked, and taken more than an Hbndred French^ Spanijh, and Flemifh Merchant- Men, together with moft gf their Convoy. Svich was the Fate of thefe alarming Prcpa* rations, by the Mifcarriage of which the Naval Power of France became fo violently enfeebled that, thence- forward, throughout the Reign of CharUsy the Seventh, a Space of nearly half a Century, few of the Maritime Enterprizes conduced by this State, proved fuccefsful i neither, during the fubiequent Courfe of fifty Years, were they attended by any Viftories of Importance {/). At this Period, an united Squadron, fitted out by the Inhabitants of Portfmouth, and Dartmouth, entering in- to the River Seiner funk four French Veflcls, and took an equal Number, lader with Wine, befides a magni- ficent Bark belonging co the Lord of Cltjfon. The Ma- riners of Calais alfo infcfted feveral of the Harbours of France^ during this Year, and carried off many of theic Ships {k). Eager to profecutc a frivolous Claim to the Crown of Cajiilf, tlie Duke of Lancajler applied to Richard, and tlie Parliament, for their Afliftance. Having obtained it. He began his Preparations, and levying an Army conlifting of twenty Thoyfand Soldiers, amongft whom were two Thoufand Men at Arms, and eight Thou- fand Archers, embarked witli them,^ on board a Fleet, ■ ';/ .-.. \:j . .'i. : iii' V vvhich (/) P. Daniel.—Hiftoire de la Mllice Fran9oife, V. 2. p. 448.— Stowe. —Holingftied,-— Speed.— Brady ,~Tyrrel, $;<;s (4) Hqlingihed, >V. ^; ._ I L L U S T R I O U S S E A M E N, &c. 299 which included nearly all the Naval Strength of Eng" land, in the Month of May, of the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Eighty-fix. The Duke took the Coniniand of the Forces, and Sir Thomas Puny a£led as Admiral. On this Expedition, the Former was attend- ed by his Wife, Conjiantia of Cq/iiU^ and his two Daughters, Phiiippa, and Catharine. His firft Enter- prize was before 5r//?, where, althougli with fome Lofs, He compelled the Duke of Bretagne, at the Head bf the French Troops, to raife the Siege. From Hence, hav- ing obtained Provifions, and Recruits, He embarked and failed for Corunna ; at which Port, He arrived, on the ninth of Auguji^ and fafely landed the Army (/), He Ihortly afterwards took feveral Places in GaUkiay ^nd, at length, reduced Compo/iella, where He entered into Winter Qiiarters. Yet, amidft thefe Succefles, His Troops had been diminifhed by Sicknefs, and the Famine, which was the Confequence of thofe Devafta- tions fprcad over the whole Country, by the Forces of John, King of Castile, In Procefs of Time, the Sol- fJiers, and alfo the Duke, who had long languilhed un- der a fevere Fever, recovered their Health, and carried on the War with frelli Vigour, and more Advantage. John perceiving that his Dominions were laid walle, and that his Allies, the French, neglefted to fend the necef- fary Succours, judged it prudent to enter into a Nego- ciation, which was foon followed by a Peace (w). On the Part of the King of Castile, it was ftipulated tliat He iliould pay to the Duke of Lancaster, about feven- t ■ ^ . ' ■ - . ■ ' -.♦, ■■• ^ (/) Marianae Hifl. Hifpan. Tom. IF. Lib. 18. C. 10. p. 155. — M. Faria y Soufa. Lib. 4. C. I'l. — T. Walfingham, |). 321, 322. — H. Knyghton, p. 2676. — Vit. R. Ricardi IL p. 70, 71. {«) Fenerat Hift. de Efpan. p. 8. — Se£t, r4« — De U Clede Hift. de Portugal, Tom. L p. 336. — T, Walling* ^^am^ p. 342, — W. Wyrcefler. Annal. p. 4 4 2* 3CO MEMOIRS OF «. » {I U feventy Thoufand Pounds to reimburfe the Expences of the War j and fettle on Him, and his Dutchefs, an An- nuity of ten Thoufand Pounds. The Eldeft Daughter of the Duke was, at the fame Time, married to Henry^ Vrince of JsturiaSy and the Heir of Jokn-j Hisfecond Daughter efpoufcd the King of Portugal. Matters he- ing thus adjufted, the Duke of Lancaster, with the Re- mains of his Army, (obferved by a French Hiftorian (n) to have amounted to about a fixth Part of the Forces, which He carried abroad,) returned towards the End of the Year, one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Eighty- nine, to England (0). The Abfence of the Duke of Lancaster, with fuch coniiderable Naval, and Military Forces, and the in- teftine Commotions by which the Reign of Richard was lb miferably diftra£led, prompted the Court of Frame to haften the neccffary Preparations for the Invafion of England. Charles, the Sixth, having formed an Alli- ance with the Flemings, ordered a numerous Army, to- gether with a powerful Fleet, to be in Readinefs at Sluyi, and engaged all the Nobility to aflift in the En-r terprize. The Number of Veifels intended to have been employed, amounted to twelve Hundred, and Eighty -feven, a great Part of which were Ships of War. On board of this Fleet was a Wooden Fort, (already defcribed (p) ), intended for the Defence of the Troops, after They had landed. It is remarked by an Hiftorian (y), tliat if tlie Duke of Berry, Uncle to the King of France, had not, by Mnneceffary Delays, impeded the Progrefs of an Attempt, to which, as it (») Mezeray, Tom. III. p. 134. (o) T. Walfinghami. Ypodigma Neuflriae, p. 544.— T% Otterbourne, p. 177, 179,— Froiflkrtt (p) Page 49. ' ,• ,, ,. , , (f) Meaeray. • . . '' ItLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 36^ did not originate from Him, He was exceeding averfe, the Enemy would have found the Englijh unprovided with a Military Force, and incapable of Reliftance. But the Duice did not repair to Sluys, until the four- teenth of Sepiember, before which Time, Richard, ap- prized of the Deligns of France, was in Readinefs to op- pofe them. In October, of the fame Year (r), the welcome News arrived that tiiis formidable Fleet was fe- perated, and greatly damaged by a Storm ; that many iliips foundered at Sea j that Others were loft on the Englijh Coaft j that leveral had been taken by the Go- vernor of Calais ; and that the Reft, although efcaped into their own Harbours, were too difabled to venture cut again upon the Ocean (5). , , ., , , Early in the Spring of the Year, one Thoufand, three Hu Jred, and Eighty feven, Richard Fitz-Man, Earl of Arundel, and Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Not-' tingham. Admirals of England, proceeded on a Cruize, during which They took an Hundred, and Sixty French, Spanijh, and Flemijh Merchantmen (/), laden with Wine. They failed afterwards to the Relief of Breji; and from thence, to the lilands of Rhee, and Qleron^ which were both plundered by the Troops. They re- turned to England, expelling to receive the Thanks of Richard for their Services. But tliis infatuated Mo- narch, mifguided by the Infmuations of his abandoned Favourites, would not even vouchlhfe to fpeak to them j fuch Imprellicns had He received from the ridiculous Suggeftions that the Capture of thefe Ships muft, in the End, expofe Him to Misfortunes too affli£ling to be borne. The Admirals cxafpcratcd at this rude Re- ception, (r)A.D. 1386. .: ,..ir-U ,i V v%i>liJ:.i.. ! * (i) FroIUart, Liv. 3; C. 41, 53. — T. Walfingham, p. 322,373. - ..... . ■- ,. (/) H. Knyghton, p. 2679. .'. • '*' • «. '"' 361 MEMOIRS Of ception, threw up their Commiffion, which was Immr- diately beftowed on the Earl of Northumberland («). A ^Tnice of three Years was fhortly afterwards concluded between the two Crowns. Of Arundel^ it is but Juftice to obferve that tte ne- ver failed to chufe the beft, and ftouteft Sailors, tof whom He honourably made the full Allowance: the cleareft Proof that He defpifed the Practices of the other Naval Commanders, who permitted fuch as were Stran- gers to the Sea- Service, to enter on board their Ships^ and giving them but Half of the allotted Wa£;es, pur- lomed the Reft (*•). The fucceeding Circumftances during the Reign of Richard are fo flightly connefted with the chief Subjefts of our Work, that, without trefpaiSng any longer on the Reader, We Ihall inform Him that this Prince, at his Return from a difgraccful Expedition to Ireland (y)y was deferred by his Adherents, and, at length, folemn- ly depoftfd in Parliament (z). This Event was follo\v- ed by his Murder (a), in the Prifon belonging to the Caftle of Pomfret, where He was ftarved to Death. It is recorded that He languiflied, daring a whole Fort- night, without the leaft Suftenance. Thus periflied ia the Thirty -fourth Year of his Age, and the twenty- third of his Reign (^), a King whofe Conduft, although criminal to an Exeefs, was not proportioned to his Mis* fortunes. ' In the Time of Richard, the Second, many Laws Were ena£ted, relating to Trade i and it appears to havo 1 been y\ ■}• ,')i (u) Walfinghaift. {x) Ibid. (yj Leland's Hiftory of Ireland, V. i. Book 2. C. 6, («) September 28, 1399. • m ; • {a) Auguft 14, 1400. {b) T. Walfingliam, p. 363.— Vit. R.Ricardill. p. 169* •— T. Otterbourne, p. 228, 229. 9 ILLt^STRlOUS SEAMEN, Sec. 30J been a controverted Point, whether Foreign Merchants Ihould, or ftiould not, be allowed to vend their Com- modities, freely in London, and other Corporations. The Senfe of the Legiflature was in Favour of the Fo- reign Merchants ; But the Clamour ftill continued, and Parliaments were feldom holden without Petitions for the Redrefs Of tliis, which was called a Grievance. It was alfo requefted that the Staple of Wool might be removed from Calais, to fome Town in England, On this Occafion, Michael de. la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and Chancellor, (a Nobleman converfant in Trade, by which his Family, like many Others of Rank, at this ^ra, had acquired an immenfe Eftate,) declared pub- licly, and in Parliament, that the King's Subfidy on Wools, yielded a Thoufand Marks, a Year, more when the Staple was in England, than when it was fixed at Calais : a full Proof that the Exportation was greater (f). The Foreign Wars of this Reign were neither im- portant, nor vigoroufly profecuted ; fo that whatfoevet Sums were levied upon the People, and in what Mannet Soever, they were diffipated by an extravagant Prince, yet, this being limited to themfelves, and the Balance of Foreign Trade continuing, and, perhaps, increafing, the Wealth of the Nation muft confequently have been much augmented. To this, fome Writers attribute the Diftuibances, during the Reign of Richard, in which, if there be any Truth, it muft have been owing to the unequal Diftribution of Property. Thus far is certain ; That the Commons inveighed loudly againft the Oppreffions of the Lords, and of the Lawyers; Whilft, on the other Hand, the Nobility, and Com- mons were much exafperated at the Clergy, whom they accufed of Haughtinefs, and Avarice. The ''^■'■"■' ^ Church- I (0 Campbell*3 LiTcs of the Admirals, V^ i, ?• 249. #•> 364 U Jg, and dividing amongfl them- felves, the Revenues of the Church (d). The Coinage underwent fo few Alterations, during the Time of Richard^ the Second, that our Remarks concerning it may be limited within a narrow Compafs. In the eighteenth Year of his Reign, a Pound- Weight of Gold, of the old Standard, was to make, by Tale, Forty-five Nobles, amounting to fifteen Pounds, or a proportionable Number of Half, or Quarter-Nobles : A Pound- Weight of Silver of the old Sterling was to riiake, by Tale, Seventy-five GrofTes, or Groats, amounting to Twenty-five Shillings, or an Hundred^ and Fifty Half-Grofles, at Two- Pence, Each, or three Hundred Sterlings, at a Penny,Each, or fix Hundred Half- Sterlings. At this Period, Nicholas Malakine^ i F/orgfitine Wtis M after, and Worker. The other Coins were the fame as thofe of Edward, the Third. The exceffive Prodigality of this Age had fo vifibly increafed the Importation of Foreign Commodities, that the Parliament judged it neceflary to interfere. Ac- cordingly, towards the Clofe of the Reign of Richard^ a Law paiTed, whereby it was provided, that every Merchant fhould bring into the Tower of London, an Ounce of Foreign Gold Coin, for every Sack of Wool exported, or pay thirteen Shillings, and Four- Pence, for his Default ; and alfo give Security for the Per- formance of this, previous to his befng fufFered to traniport the Wool to foreign Parts. Another Law, of this Reign, permitted any Perfon to manufafture Clodi, without Reftraint either as to Length or Breadth : A Proof ,, y Tale, is, or a bles : A was to Grodts, [undred^ or three rlundred er Coins b vifibly :ies, that e. Ac- Richardy at every ndon, an of Wool r- Pence, the Per- Fered to Law, of re Clotli, adth: A Proof "♦ li H9« ^W* ILL! Proof th: ble to en the Exp Principk: the Stapl fuch vaft they kne\ of Wool Wefhj A Lisi - vanc( enjoy Dene 4 to tlw I Hen. ] 22 Edw. ; ^"SfcT' .*. „.-*■„. ■i.vjfMi.llMI^- #v ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 355; Proof that in fHbfc. iSay^, tW htvj^Jh 'oetieved it poffi- ble to encourage, the Cloth Trade, witliout prohibiting the Exportation of Wool ; an^ this, upon the plain Principle of doing Nothing that might fink the Price of the Staple Commodity which brought in continually fuch vaft Supplies of Bullion; and which it is likely they knew not how to obtain, in Caft the Exportation of Wool W been .put under any fcvere Reftri^ioi) ^). We Ihall cpnqlude this firft Period, with >J8 A List of thofe Perfohs who have, eirfier been act-' vartced|lo the Rank of Lord High AI)]4iral, of enjoyed that Command, under any odber Title, or" , Denomination, from the Acceffion of Henry IIL to the Deinii^ of Richard II (J9. * '^ 1 Hen. III. nf CHARD de Lucy Is faid to have Ma* ritimam Jnglia. 48 Hefl< III. Tfmuts'de Moletm was eonftituted Capita- jjfuSi, et Cujlds Maris, et Portuum Man- thnorurn. (Captain, and Guardian of ..^thevSea, and of the Maritime Ports.) 15 Edw. I. William de Leylurn is ftiled, at the Af- kmhhf 2it 'Bruges, ^ March 1^. Edw, • ..^..3l« 1286. Jdmirallus Maris Anglia, (Admiral of the Englijh Sea.) 12 Edw. I. ^ohn de BoUfort (or Botetort) Admiral of >, the North, for the Coaft of Tarmouthy . and that St^^tion. A certain Irip Knight, Admiral of the Weft, and the Pjirts^reof (^). VoL-L ^ U AD- [e] Campbell's L^sof the Admirals, V. 1. p. 150. (f) Spelraan.—Lediard's Naval Hiftory, folio, V. 1. p. Ul. t (^) SetPage 179, Note U)* .7 \ 3p6- — M E M o I R s a r ADMIRALS^/*/ North. West. Viz. from the Mouth of Viz, from the Mouth of the River Thames /^^ ^y^/^r Tham£» Northward, f - PVeJiward, 34 Edw. I. Edward Charles. Gervafe Allard, Z Edw. 11, John Botetort, JVilliam Cranis. 10 John Perbruny or Sir Robert de Leihurn. Ferburn, -. •,. .-X 12 Edw. II. y^Z* y/- they. 15' John Perburn, Sir i?ff3/r/ - ' John de Felton,. 20 10 TValJingham ftiles thefe three the Admirals of the three Coafts of England^ viz. oi Yar- mouth, Portfmouthy and the PVeJl. And here, we are to obferve, that the South Coaji is comprehended in tlie PVe/l, John de Sturmy, John de Sturmy, John de Leyborne* Nicholas Kyriel, Nicholas KyrieL XL I E 8 5 10 El ' { It 12 iC '3 • .A ' i6 i8 20 I Ed. -)4«rr ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 307 I Ed. IIL John Pirlurn, 8 ' •'" "John de Norwlco. JO Ed. in. Thomai Ughtred. John de Not who, ' '' \ V Robert Ufford, tOM., JohndeRooi, j| ^ i r Walter de Mamie ■ . Jt 12 '• '^ ■' '•• Thomai de Draiton, TVarff, de ValoniU. 7 Edw. in. miliam de Clinton. Roger de Hegham, or Higham. Walter de Say, Baron- et, r William de Manton. Bartholomew de Burg' herjhe, Peter Bar dm, or Bard, Wc find this Ti^tfWflj mentioned elfewhere, -w»»0 tiM 'i'liot as Admiral,' but only as Vice- Admiral •0 luJi to Walter de Mannie, tt^l v, II xCs 'r'^^V. Robert deMorley,'B:i' Robert Trujfel. ^1 n t JO "tviMc ron of Hengham. tmm.^ .^fck« ' i4Edw. III. ^/cWfl^, 15 f^^^' Robert Morley, 17 i& ^^^1^: William Trujfel. ■\ V> 18 i *bid>^,i?dA/frf //^ L//^r//, .vO '{ *: "E^ixi oi Suffolk. the Son of Alanus^ Earl of Arundel. William Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon. Robert Baupel. ^j. y^An de Monte Gome' rico. Reginald de Cobham, 2Ci 19 Edw. III. Richard, Tv v-j^sEft: the Son of Alanus, ' - "EixXoi Arundel. Robert de Vjford, Richard, the Son of Earl of Suffolk. liV U 2 Alanus, Earlof./^- rundel. 21 ' *--*-r •% t t tl MEMOIRS OF • M kt *.t \ ^ . • { Sir 'John dt Howard. Sir John de Monte Go'^ .k <).ft>u merico. ,r,t^':>\ -Sir Waller de Man^ Sii* Reginald de Cffh* nie. Baron, ^\ Sui- ham. •"ii""."'d r'(^*'ft • VetiO, . .. iiivw, ', , '■,: t4 Robffi de Cau/{oH. John de Bella Campo, .^«Vv«^V. •,.) ivtoMM'^* , »^\Hy ( Beauchatnp ) Kn' -:• . , : ^.,f , ■:■ ^ .i*!??. ot the Noble Or- ^.-^ttU'S-;:^ '-; • vWv ; der o£, the Garter.. 4| ^ff^/r^ i . . J(? ^tf Brian. Sir Ga/^'tf -aV 5r/tf». ,'>, «. ^J0• ..'.V V Robert de Morley, - » 34 .•-■■>o . ,s Robert de Morley. ■^W^A- '; The above-mentioned John de Bella Cam- <...vv*;'j *•.,<<)';,' po was conftiliited High ./ "Imiral, as well of the North, as of the Weft of England^ on the eighteenth of July. At which Time, He was alfo Lord VVarden of the Cinque ,\^'r'.y.\i >i t'H Ports, Conftable of the Tower of London^ .-'v*U'«.'i. 'to r^. titid of the Caftle of Dover. He died on V^^,wu'''\ : the fecond of December, of the fame Year, in Pofleflion of thefe Dignities. Sir Robert Herle, Admirallus omnium FIo- tarum utriufque Partis. (Admiral of all the Fleets in every Station.) ,38 Ralph ¥^ n *} - #♦• • • ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 309 38 43 44 45 7 ,w Ralph Sptgornely Ailmiiallus utriufiiuc Par- til. (Admiral in every Station.) j Sir Nicholas Turn- bir Robert Jjion. worth. ••»tT5jK»\ John Nevily fiaron Sir Gitido dt Brian, of Raly. »-T«\ •. . Ralph de Ferrari is. Sir Robert A (ion. Philip Courtney, JVilliam de Monte <7- cutOy (Mountague.) -r i 4' .r.?. 46, 47, 48 PP^iUiajn de Nevil. 50 ^ Ifl/liam de Uffordy Earl of 5ft/c/^. 50 : 51 Sir Mich, de la Poole, Dom. de fVin^'field, Brotlier of Robert de Hales, Prior cf the Hofpital of St. 'John of Jerufalem, I Rich. JI. Thomas de Bello Cam- Richard, tlie Son of p9, Junior, Earl Alanus, Earl of A- of IVarviick. rundel. Thomas Percy, Bro- Sir Hugh Caherly, ther of the Earl ^ of Nurthumberl'^. •.^^-''' 3 : 4, Sir Ti'iliiam de Elm- Sir Philip Courtmey. , ham. 5 Sir JVilliam de Elm' Sir John Roches, ham, 6 Sir IValter, Son pf Sir John Roches, or de- S\rW alter y Dom,, Rupibus. de fVoodham. ' ^ Henry Percy , Earl of Edward Courtney, E' Northumberland. of Devon, 8 Thomas Percy, Bro- ^s^'x Radington, Pri- . ■ ther of //r«ry, E' or of St. y<7/>« of of Northumherl^. Jervfalem, 9 " Sir Philip Darcey. Sir Thomas TrivK. 19 Richard, the Son of Alanus, Earl cf y/r««- ^1 ^ tuted High Admiral, as well of the North, . , Av>lvti?;as of the Weftern Parts. --^ ^ ' 21 ') y^^w Beaufort, Marquis o( Dorfet, and Earl -*■ i : i ^ v^-p of Sommerfet, the Son of John de Gonda- .Vii v«r, Duke of Lancajier, Admiral of the r . V.,.i North, and Weft. 22 Thomas Percy, Earl of Winchejler, Brother of //(f«J7, Earl of Northumberland, con- . - .. : c,.V;v ftituted Admiral of both Parts, Si >^ TtV^S^,^ - If,'**'."' .x% '^■'(•^•t^ftvl ^u-.A'^i 1':?. 3 ■'< IV V *•/ £: a- ;v.2 feu-i: MEMOIRS 1 \ :4 *,. ■" ,.,!■.■ W. « «iv / 1^; »':>•■;''' \{Yi r '.' ',-'-"' <*"•• C ^■^^'^ V'-% MEMOIRS O F Illustrious Seamen, &c. ■4; The SECOND PERIOD. f. ^'-i From the Accession of Henry, the 1 Fourth, to the Death of Richard ... /i.-v., .."i,rf THE Third. ' - ^ • - t;'^;"« f*> T' Y" TTENRY^, Duke of Lamajier, furnamed of / I Boiingbrokey from the Place of his Birth, was crowned on the thirteenth of Oftober, in the Year, one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Ninety- nine. The firft Tranlaftions of his Reign are immaterial to our Purpofe. We, therefore, proceed, at once, to die Narrative of Events connedled with the Subjeft of •thisHiftory. ^^ - ■■ ••^^*' w'-f<'»M:,' ±' : • Whilft the whole Court aflifted at thofe magnificent Entertainment? which foUowed the Solemnization of the Marriage between the King of England^ and 'Joanna^ of Navarre, Widow of the Duke of Bretagne, tlieir Feftivity was interrupted by the News tliat VaUran, Ear) f)f Saint Pol, of tlie Houfe of Luxemburg, and Brother- iu^Law to the depofed Richard^ hud appeared with »i •. »■ 312 MEMOIRS OF fniall Squadron, off the Ille of Wight, when his Troops made a Defcent, and plundered feveral of the Villages. At length, the Inhabitants, although not aflifted by any Military Force, attacked them with fuch Refolution, and good Cr^Kkicl, that they were compelled to retire, with Precipitation, to their Ships, in which they failed, iiDmedii^tely, for France (b). The Refentment of Saint Poi (who pretending to avenge the Death of Richard^ was Ihamefully deferted,) broke out into ridi- culous KxcelFes. On his Return, his Ships lay to, near Calah, to the Gate of which He fent a Party of Jiis Men, (in the Middle of the Night,) who, accord- ing to his inftru£lions, erefted a Gallows, on which they hung in Effigy, the Earl of Somerfet, Brother to Henry, and Gpvernor of the Town. When this Inva- lion, and the fucceeding Affront were complained of to Charles y tlu Sixth, He only anfwered that He was de- termined to maintain the Truce. The ErtgUJh foon af- terwards ravaged the Boukno'n, and the Country adjoin- ing to Calais, under the Pretext that the Territories of the Earl of Saint Pol were lituated in that Diftrift. They, alfo, replied that tlicy h^ no intention tq break the Truce (/). * X i The Inhabitants of the Dutchy of Bretagne, offend- ed at the Marriage of Joanna, h?d recourfe to their Naval Armaments, with which they failed to Plymouth, ;^nd reduced the Town to Aflies [k). The Weftern Squa- tirou vnder th? Command of William de Wilfard, Ad- ■ -*'■ fCf ^,\, ft- miral [h) February, 1403.— Walfingham.— A<^. Pub. V. 8. p. 342. (<) Holinjirfhed — Monftrelet. — Walfingham. — Hiftoire de la Querelle de Philippe de Valois, et d'^douarcl IH. V. 3. {ik) A. D. 1403.— T. Walfingham, p. 367,' 359— W- Wyrcefter, Annal. p. 452. — Chron, Godftovian, p. 131, .^^. ..... faries, made ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &:c. 313 niiral of the narrow Seas, was ordered to purfuc the ti?emy. In the Battle which followed, forty Ship5 uere taken, freighted with 'Vine, Oil, Soap, and Jion. De JVilford proceeded afterwards tp the dif- ferent Harbours of Bretagne^ in which He deftroyed the like Number of VcfTds ; Then, landing the Troops at Pemnarc, and Saint Matthfiv, He plundered the Villages, and ravaged the Country, to a vaft Extent. Having completed iiis Conquefts, He returned, laden with Spoils, to England (/). In the mean Time, the Lord d/f Ca,lely Admiral of Breta^ne, not difcouraged by the Succefs ofhisAdver- faries, made an inelFcdual Attempt, to land the Troops, on tl\c lilc of li''ight. Yrom Hence, He failed towards the Coafts of Devonjhire, where, fafely difembarking, He, with his Forces, marched to the Attack of Dart- mouth. Here, He was encountered by the Militia, who gained a compleat Vidory. Of the Enemy, four Hundred were llain, and two Hundred taken Prifoners. Amongil the Laft, were the Admiral, and feveral Per- fbns of Diftindlion. The Sqadron of De Cajlei flill hovered near the Englijh Coaft, and, aflifted by the Flemings^ took feveral Ships, all the Crews of which, they inhumanly e) cuted, in Teftimony of that im- placable Hatred which they bore againft the Subje^s oi Henry ^m). . In the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Five, the French^ re^rJrdlefs of the Treaty fubfifting between the two Crowns, invaded the Dukedom of Guienne, and, at the fame Time, fent to Owen Glendour^ . . , Suc- {/) T. Walfinghami Ypodigma Neuftrine, p. 561. — Stowe, p. 32g. — Holingftied, Y. 2. p. 524. {m) Rymer's Fcedera, V. 8. p. 38a. — T. Walfingham, 370 — T. Otterbournc, p. 247, 248. — Argentic, Liv. Iq. Chap. 5. .... I 3M- 'til ■> i T ** M E M O I R S 6 F .i -i Succours confifti.ig cf an Aamy of twelve Thoufan^ Men, and one Hundred, and Forty Ships, commanded by the Marfhal de Montmorency^ who diferabarked at Milford Haven, Here, his Fleet was attacked by the Loid Berkley, and Henry Pay, Admirals of the Squa- dron, belonging to the Cinque Ports. Fourteen of the French Ships were taken, and fifteen deftroyed. The Reft, dreading the Confequences of this Defeat, failed back immediately to /'Vtfwrtf (»). . *^ Meanwhile, a Fleet cr!iimanded by tlie Earl of Kent^ jentered the Harbour of Sluys, and burned four gre^t Ships, which were lying at Anchor. They next en- gaged, and took, after a gallant Reiiftance, three Genoefe Merchant-Men. Proceeding along the Ngrman Coafts, they fearched the different Harbours ^ nwdc Defcents on feveral Places ; reduced Thirty- five Towns to Aflies ; and then, witli an immenfe Booty, returned, in Triumph, to Rye {o), . ; In the fame Year, P.ohert, the Third, King of Scots, embarked on board a Ship, his Son, Prince James, with a View of fending Him to France. He was taken, with the Attendants, on their PalTage, by feme Mariners belonging to the Port of Cley, in iVor- falk, and afterwards, conduced to U indfor, where, altliough Henry detained Him as a Prifoner, He was treated with the Refpeft due to his exalted Rank. The Scotch Hiftorians confider this Detention, as a Bread; of Faith : The French Writers inftruft. us better. They acknowledge that Charles, tlie Si^th had, not Jong before, renewed liis Treaties with the King of Scots, for the Purpofe of maintaining the War, againft . ' ' ■■ the yV: 566.- («) T. WalfinghaiTii Ypodigma Neuflrije, p. Stovve, p. 333. — Holingfhed, V. 2. p. 531. (0) T. Otterbourne, p. 253, 254. — Fabian, p. 5?2fT" Hall, fol. 24.— HolingO-.ed, V. 2. p. 528. ' ^ 2 ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Sec. 315; the Englijh, At fucli a Junfture, the young Prince Ihoulcl iiave been furniflied with Letters of lafe Con- duft ; and the rather, as He was proceeding on liis Voy- ao-c to the Country of an Enemy, whofe Fleets were perpetually committing Hoflilities againfl the Subjefts oi Henry (p). ..4 r..< ,■,, u-V.^f To affift the militar)^ Operations of Glendour, the King of France direfled that a fecond Fleet iTiould pro- ceed to Wales. Only Thirty of the Ships reached the Hace of their Deflination. The remaining Eight were taken by the EngUJh ; who, foon afterwards, feized on fifteen French VellHs laden with Wax, and Wine. A more important Service w» ■ next rendered to the State, by the intrepid Heriry Pay, Admiral of the Cinque Ports, who, with his fmall Squadron, re- inforced by only fourteen Ships, attacked^ and took the Rochelle Fleet. coniUHng cf an Hundred, and Twenty Sail, valuably freighted with Iron, Salt, Oil, antt Wine {q). A Naval Writer (r) (by whole Laboure 1 ^m fo frequently allilled,) obfervcsthat thele Exploits, in Veirds belonging to Merchants, Ihew that, beyond Contradiction, Trade, in thofe Days, was not alto- gether {o inconlidcrable an Objeft as, by moll of our Modern Writers, We are taught to believe. The Inhabitants of London were expofcd, in the Year, one Thoul'and, four Hundred, and Seven, to a terrible hague, which fwept avvay fuch Multitudes, that Henry, ularmed for his Safety, retreated, with Precipitation, t;o 'i . , Lcedi AC t^^ JA (p) T. Wainnglumi Ypodigma Ncudriae, p. 566. — I« FoVdtin. Stofichroh. Conrinuatio.' p. 1162.— J. Majoi- dc Gelhs Scotoruin. Lib. 5. fol. 125, 126. — Hciitor. Booth. Hill. Scot. Lib. 16. p. 339.— P, Daniel, Tom. 5. p. 404^ [q] T. Walfingham, p. 376.— Stowe, p. 334.— rHoling- (hea, y. 2. p .;53. [r] Cauipb.'ll';; Lives of tl.e Admials, V. i. p. 261, .10 MEMOIRS OF Leeds Caflhy in the County of Kent. Having pafTed the greater Part of the Summer, at this Place, He be- came delirous of removing into EJfex, and, for that Purpofe, failed from ^eenlorough^ in the Ifle of Shepey, with only five Ships. On his PalTage, and within Sight of Land, He was attacked by fomc /^rirwc)^ Pirates, who had been waitinf>; near the Mouth of the Thames, in Rcadinefs to execute their De{ip;n. After a fliarp Engagement, They took every VclTel, excepting That which carried the King, and immediately pro- i^eeded with them, to France, On board of one of the •Prizes was Sir Thomas Ramjhn^ the Vicc-Chamberlain, pnd, in his Cuftody, all the Royal Furniture, and Apparel (i). Thus, was Henry Convinced, by dear Experience, of the NecelTity of maintaining a more formidable Fleet, at Sea ; and, therefore, gave Or- ders that a Naval Armament, under the Command of the Earl of Kent, fhould foil in Queft of thefe Adven- turers. After feveral fuccefsful Actions, He flood over to the Coaft of Breiagne, and landing, with the Troops, on the little Ifland of Briehac, ftorm'^d, and took Pof- feflion of a Town (bearing the fame Name) into which the Enemy had fled for Refuge. Here, He put all the Inhabitants to tl^e Sv/ord ; but, in the Sklrmifh received a Wound, which deprived him of his Life (/). In the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Eleven, an Englijh Squadron, conlifting of ten Sail, and commanded by Sir Robert Umfreville, Vice Admi- ral of the Fleet, proceeded to the Firth of Forth, and during fourteen Days, ravaged both Shores, burning all the bhips in the Harbours, and amongft the Reft, the * C J lory of the Scotch Marine, called the " Grand Galliot f" m ■.^, .:^:A {s) Hall, fol. 26, — Grafton, p. 431. — Stowe, p. 534. {i) T. Otterbourne, p. 264. — Chron. Godlbvian, p. ? 34, —Cooper's Chronicle, fol. 254.— rHall, fol, 28, ■ 3 ■ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 3!^ in Blacknefi. Of thefe Prizes, fourteen were brought to England, fo richly laden with Corn, that the Value of that Commodity, until then, extremely high, be- came, at once, fo reafonablc, that the Admiral was honoured by the People, with the Appellation of ^^- itrt Mendmarket (u). ^^ ,,v. .\.- r -• ^ Charles, the Sixth, embraced every Opportunity, during the few tranquil Intervals of his "Reign, to fa- cilitate his Deligns againft the Englijh. Henry, no lefs anxious to provide for his Security, maintained a Cor- refpondence with the Chiefs of the two Fadlions, then forming in France -, and following the Diftat.es of his Interefl:, by Turns, relieved them all. In the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Eleven, He fup- plied the Duke of Burgundy with a confiderable Body of Auxiliaries, who afterwards attended Him, during his Triumphant Entry into Paris, So fignal were their Services that the Malcontents in either Oppofition-, perceived that the Affiftance of the Englijh would, more than any other Expedient, incline the Balance to their Side, Accordingly, the Confederacy, under the Dukes of Berry and Orleans^ difpatched their Emifla- ries to London ; where they concluded, with Henry, a Treaty, by which they allowed his Claim to tlie Duke- dom of Guienne, and promifed to Iwear Fealty to Him, for the Lands, and Caflles which tliey held, therein. In Return, the King ftrengthened their Party, by a Number of Troops (*•) which embarked, in the Montli of July, in the following Year, under the Command of Thomas^ Duke of Clarence, and Son of Henry. Our Hiflo- («) Hall, fol. 26. —Stowe, p. 338.--Honng(hed, V. 2. p. 536. (*) Rymer's Foedcra, V. 8. p, 738. — Dupleix, Tom. II. p. 699. — p. Daniel, Tom. V. p. 5C0, $0J. — T, Qt- teibourne, p, 268, 269, 270* 3i8 , M E M O I R S O F ,,;,,, Hiftorians remark that the EngUjh were, on this Occa- fion, fo elated with Hope, as to imagine tliat the Ex- pedition would terminate in the Conqueft of France. The firft Accounts from Clarence informed them of their Error. 7'his Prince complained that when He- landed with the P'orces, in Normandy j He was coollv advifed to return Home, as the Duke of Orleans, amf his Confederates had concluded a Peace at Bourses (y). Clarence, offended at his Reception, laid walie the Lower Normandy, and the Province of Jnjou. The 3^ebt from the Duke of Orleans to Henry, in Confider- atlon of the Succours, amounted to three Hundred, and twenty Thoufand Crowns of Gold, whicli being more than the Former could procure, it became neceflary that his Brother, the Count of Angculcme fliould attend Clarence to England^ ;is an Hbftage fpr tlie P;^yment of tlie Money (z). "'' The War agalnft France was not flackencd by the Peace of the Confederates ; and Sir John Pender^aji^ Admiral of the Fleet within the narrow Seas, took fe- veral French Ships, laden with Proviiions. His Vic- tories endeared him to the People who, at a cheap Rate, purchafed the Fruits of them. The Nobles (as ufual,) were guilty of the vilcft Arts to wound his Reputation. Of tljefe, He had already experienced the fevcre Effefts. Having, on a preceding Occalion, been appointed to the Command of a Squadron, wltli v* hlcJi He cleared the Sea of all the Pirates, He cxpc<5lcd, on liis Return, to receive the Thanks to which his Services were in- titled. On the Contrary, fo powerful were the In- trigues of the Courtiers, that He was charged, although witli '^ tfTf>\ ,0*.^^ i:.%x f. (3j P. yEmylc, p. 607. — Gflffuni, p. \<).U — Mezera.)', Tom. III. p.' iSi.— Hc'lngdied, V. 2. p. 540. — Hall, %!• S'j 32. — P. Dunie!, Tom. j;. p. 505. ^^n :, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 319 tvith manifcfl Injuftke, of having committed fuch Depreciations, as rendered him equally criminal with the Enemies whom He fublucd. Withdrawing from iifs Pcrfecutors, He took Sandluary, at Weflminjier^ and ere£ting a Tent within the Porch of the Church, re- fuietl there, until Henry^ convinced of his Innocence, rcftored him to his Rank, and entru.led Him with the Command of a Fleet, the fortunate Operations of which iiave been already mentioned (tf). .i^^^. i ., This was the lafl Naval Event which occurred during ilie Life of Henry, who expired {b) of an Apoplexy, at Wejlminfter^ in the Forty-fixth Year of his Age, and the fourteenth of his Reign {c). On his Charadter, it is needlefs to expatiate, as the Train of Incidents, by which We are enabled to form a Judgment of it, are notconnefted with our Subjedt. A celebrated Hiftorian {d) is of Opinion (and per- haps, juftly,) that, as in all tlie preceding Keigns, fo during this, the Englijh were but little verfed in Com- merce. 7'he Jealoufy harboured againft the Merchant- Strangers was carried to Lengtlis as im[X)litic, as thev were violent. It was abfurdly ena£led that they fhould expend in, Englijh Manufactures, or Commodities, all the Money ariiing from the Sale of their Goods ; that they Ihould not buy, or fell with one another ; and that all their Merchandize jfhould be difpofcd of, in tliree Months after Importation [e). The Parliament, in a fhortTime, became fenfible of the Inconvenience of thc' laft Claufe, and prudently repealed it. >,. ;'.'j ,,: r ii; 5i^,;C!.:o. ;' >i?.'r;.jf ■.■-"■ * .^j/rj :/«■ Soon (a) T. Walfitighaml Ypodigma Neuftri^, p. ^yl. — T. Otterbourne, p. 27*. — Holinofiicd, V. 2, p. 530. [b] March 20 — 141 2. \c) T. Walfingham, p. 382. — Chron, Godftovlan, p. 135. — W. Wyrceiler. Annalcs. p. 452. — Stovvc, p. 342. (d) Hume's Hi flory of Enulaiul, V. 3. 8vo. p. 84. (#) 4 Hen. IV. Cap. 15. and 5 Hen. IV'. Cap. 9. ^.^ '■.^ t\ 320 MEMOIRS OF Uvi Soon afrtr the Depolition of Richard the Secorn!, i/z/iry was defired by the Parliament, to rcfume what- foever had been profufely thrown away, either during the youthful Prodigality of his Predeceflbr, or the in- attentive Dotage of Edwurd the Third. In making this Requeft, They were aftuated by the laudable Motive of inducing the King to coriiine his Expences within his private Income, and not perpetually recur totheop- preflive Mode of laying Imj>ofitions on hi& Subjefts. This excellent Ad Vice appears to have been loft on Hen- ry, who fi-cquently demanded, and received conlider- able Supplies from Parliament. We find that in the eighth Year of his Rfeign, a Tax was fo impofed as to prevent the Knowledge of it, of rather, of the Man- ner of railing it, from defcendmg to Pofterity. The Houfe of Commons ddired that, after the Accounts of Such as had rrceived it, were examined, they fliould be deftroyed ; that w hat they had, on one Occafion, been moVtd to by their Zeal, might not pafs into a Precedent for fucceedlng Times, 7'he great Exporta- tion of Wool, upon which conliderable Sublidies were granted, at different Periods, to Henry, mufl have made a very large Addition to his Revenue : In this, Refpe^l, for Reafons with which We are unacquainted, He much favoured the Itaiians, allowing them to export Wool, on the Condition of paying no higher a Dutv than that levied from his own Sub)e£ls (/). The Coinage of this Reign did not undergo tlie leaft Alteration : But, in the Year one Thoufand, and four Hundred, the King was xjbliged to prohibit a kind of bafe Coin, which had gained a Currency, throughout his Dominions, to the great Prejudice of his Subjefts. Thefe were brought from Abroad;, chiefly orji board the 'Vt't:' O (f) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i* p. 284. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 321 Genoefe Gailies, and were, from thence, called Galley- Halfpence. In about two Years afterwards, Henry or- dered a Coinage of new Money, hut precill'ly after tlie old Standard, as well with Rcfpe£t to Finenels, as to Weight (^). Henry, the Fifth, furnamed of Monmouth, the Place of his Nativity, afcendcd the 7'hrone, unmoleftcd, and even loyally acknowledged hy thole Faftions who had appeared the moll violent in their OpiX)iition to the Houfe of Lancnjier. So firm was the Reliance which the Engiijh had placed on their new Sovereign, that con- trary to the eftabliflied Cudom, they offered to take the Oaths of Allegiance, previous to his Coronati m. This Teftimony of their Affcftion was modeftly refufed, and Henry ftill flrengthened his Popularity, by declaring it to be unreafonable that his Subjects Ihould be bound for their Fidelity, until He had firll folemnly Iworn to go- vern them with Equity, and according to the Law : a Condition with which He could the more chearfully comply, as He felt, and fliould indulge the warmeft Inclinations, to promote the Welfare of his People {h). At this Period, the immenfe Riches, Vanity, Inlb- Icnce, and Ambition of the Clergy had cxafperated the whole Nation. To avert their Ruin, Henry Chuhely, Archbifliop of Canterbury endeavoured to fix all the Attention of the King, on the Profecution of the War againft France, to the Crown of which, his Rights were declared to be indifputable (/). Henry, the Fourth, had, on his Death-Bed, intreated his Son not to permit the Englijh to remain long in a State of Peace with Fo- VoL. L reign (g) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 28,. {h) Thorn, de Ehnham Vita, et Gefta Hennci Quinti Anglovum Regis, Cap. 14. — Tit. Livius in Vit. Hen. V. p. 6. — Chronicon Godliovian, p. 136. , ■ (0 Hall, fol. 3), 36. • . . . 7 321 MEMOIRS O t ..reign Powers ; .19 it affoalctl them too many Opportu- nities of engaging in cloincflic Broils; but, to employ them in Kxpcuiiions the inoil honourable to HimreU, arul the befl calculated to attach to his Perfon, tlic No- {)lcs who vvoulil he picalal to iluue his Danjj;ers ; togc- Jhcr with that Mulritmlc of rcftlcfs Individuals who ,catch lb eagerly at Ohjefis wiiich promife a fufficicnt ExerciCe of iheir Difcjuiet (/). live Situation of tlx; French appearetl favourable to .the Deligns of Enpbnd. Charles ihc Sixth was frc- ..qucntly in a State of Madnefs. The whole Nation wa^ divided into two Faftlons j the Firft, headed by the "Dakc o{ Burgundy ', the Second, by the Duke of Or- leans. Two Dauphins liad, within a fmall Space of 'i'ime, been difpatchcd by Poilon, and the Third was not far advanced in his Minority. Henry ^ until his .Proje£l became almoft ripe for Execution, difgiiifcd his Intentions, and even liflcned to a Propofal of Mar- riage, with the Princefs Catharine, Daughter of the -King of France (/). In the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Fifteen, Charles, the Sixth, fent his Ambafladoi's to England, where, at llieir final Audience (w), Henry is recorded (but on too llight an Authori- ty («), to have demanded a Truce of fifty Years, when the Archbifhop of Bourges, ablblutcly infifting on a de- finitive Peace, put an End to the Negotiations. . .;•■'. From this Period, b(3th Parties prepared for War (s). .Henry, intent, not on the Redu^Vion of a few Garri- ibns, or the Devaluation of a Province, but on the Con- • . ..;.„.;.:: ,.; ■ .; >. .' -. .. vv qucil 1 {k) Stowe. — Hume's HilTory of England, V. 3. p. 92. (/) A6t. Pub. V. 9. p. 150, 182, J 83, 184, 186. . (»») July 6. («) P. Daiiiel. Hiftoire de France, V. 5 p. 536. {0) Mezeray, V. 3. p. iq2 — Thom. de Elinham, p. 29, 30. — Fabian, p. 390. — Hull, folio 9. b. — Grafton, p. 449, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 323 queft of the wliolc Kingdom, levied an Army, amount- ing to at lead, fifty 'riioulluul Men, amongft whom were fix Thoufand Men at Arms, and Twenty-four Thoul'and Archers. For the more convenient Tranl- portation of Thefe, fcveral hirge Veflels were hived from Holland^ and Zealand^ wliich, vvitli the Ships be- longing to liis own Subje£ls, rende/voufed, in the Month of Auguft, at Southamptoti, when the Flctt was increafed to lixteen Hundred Sail. With this formida- hlc Armament, Henry, attended by his Brothers, the Dukes of Clarence, and Gloucejier, his Uncle, tlic Duke of York, the Earls of Dorfet, Kent, Corniuall, Snlif- bury, and Huntingdon, together with many other No- bles, landed witliout Oppofition, at Havre de Gracfy in Normandy, on the fourteentli of tlie Month of Au- The Conftable d'Alhret, by wliom the French Army- was commanded, retired, with an exceedingly fuperior Force, at the Approach of the Englijh. For this Con- duft. He was afterwards tried by a Court- Martial, ?.nc{ acquitted ; as it appeared, from his Defence, that his private Inftru£lions were, not to hazard a Battle, oil any Account whatfoever, but to leave the Engiijb to exhauft themfclvcs by long Marches, and tedious Sieges, A French Hiflorian (.,••) regrets that this Maxim was not as fteadily purfued, as it was prudently inculcated, " Therefore, the Policy of France*' (conclud^^s a Na- val Writer (r), ) " is to cheat Us, whenlbcvcr They " make Peace i and, when We break widi Them, to X2 (( up- [p] Thorn, de Elmham, Cap. i8.— Tlr. Llv. p. 7. — Po- 1yd. Virgil, L. 22. — Speed, p, 630. — T. Otterbournc, p. 276. — W. Wyrcefter. Annal. p. 453, - Chron. Goiinovian. 4) 136, — T Walfinghami Ypodigma Neuilrice, p. 58^. (y) Hilloire de France, Tom. 7. p. 53S. (r) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 267. 1 S24 MEMOIRS OF ti (C (( ** deflroy Us by Means of a dilatory War ; the vvhicfi^ although troublefome to Them, becomes foon infup- portable to Us : And thus, their Cunning gives them Advantages which They never could derive from the *' Force of their Arms." ;, T'he firft warlike Enterprize of Henry Was drrefled againft Harfieur, a Maritime Town, the Reduftion of which was a Point of a fingular Importance. This Place, well fortified, and defended by a numerous Gar- lifon, was attacked from all Quarters, and, after a gal- lant Rcfiftance,. furrendered, for want of Succours, to the Englijh. The Difficulties attending the Siege, add- ed to a Diforder which raged' throughout the Camp, and was occalioned by the unufual Heat of the Seafon, had fwept away iwch. Numbers of the' Troops, that Henry, aflembling a Council of War, determined to leave only a fmall Force, at Harjleur, and proceed wi*Ji the Remainder of the Army, through Pkardy, to Ca- lais (;). This March appeared extremely dangerous, as the French had not only taken the Field, but were advancing towards their Enemies. According to our Pliftorians, the EngUP) Troops, amounted, in the Whole, to nine Thoufand j but the French Writers siffirm that They confifled of two Thoufand Men, at Arms, and eleven Thoufand Archers. The Army of Charles more than trebled that of Henry, who anxious to prevent the Effufion of Blood, and, perhaps, fear- ful of the Conferuences of a Battlc_ would have ac- ceded to a Peaccy on any Terms zonMent with his Honour. P]is OiFers were haughtily refufed ; and the Conflable, judging himfelf Ibcure of Viftory, fent three Heralds to warn him to prepare for Battle, and chulb t «. /» (j) Thorn, de Elm linm, C. 22. it feq.— -Tit. Liv. p. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. — T. Walfmgham, p. 391, 392.--Stowe, p* 348^349. — Ilolin^fhcd, V. 2, p. 552. — Speed, p. 611. x^iufe i Henry a March before j the Ap Jefs. A Way, a iliould fi; TheS poflible ] Accordin Plains of the Morr Engljjh ol oas Confe Hiftorian, and the Pi Jn this to France\ were flaii Amongil Count of. to the Brother tc the Duke A^-chbilho Diikes of iindome, mt. Th exceed F( (/) Tit. zwiiy, Toi Sfetd, p. < V«) Oe% :>} P. D ^'^L ILLUSTRIOUS SEA?v^EN, &c. 325 diufe immediately the Time, and Place. To this Henry anfwcred, that as They knew of* his intended March to Calais, They might have attacked Him, before J and that if They, now, clioofe to engage, the Appointment of Time, and Place was need- lefs. As for Himfelf, He had refolvcd to purfue his Way, and, if They ventured to interrupt Him, They iliouldfind Him ready to oppofe Them (r). Tiie Situation of the French Army rendered it im- poflii^le for the Englijh to pals by, without figiiting. Accordingly, They drew up in Battle-Array, on the ' Plains of yfgincourt^ where, after engaging from ten in the Morning, until almoft five in tlie Afterrioon, the £n^//;^ obtained a com pleat Viftory \u). Such glori- ous Confequeuces (to borrow the Expreflion of a French Hiilorian,) refulted from the Bravery of their Troops, and the Prudent Conduft of their Officers {x), Jn this Battle, than which None was ever more fatal to France, or hououiable to England, ten Thoufand were flain, and fourteen Thouiand taken Prifoneis. Amongft the Former, were tlie Conftable D'Jlbret, the Qowv\X oi Never s, and tJie Duke of Brabant, Brothers to tlie Duke of Burgundy, the Count of Faudemont, Brother to the Duke of Lorraine, the Duke of Alencon, the Duke of Barre, the Count of Marie, and the A/chbilhop of Sem, Amongft the Latter, were the EKikes of Orleans, and Bourbon, the Counts D^Euy i^mdome, and Richeruont, and the Marefchal of Bcuci-» (Out. The Number of the ^w^///^ who periflied did not exceed Forty, amongft whom the only Perfons of X 3 Note [1] Tit Liv. p. 15. — Dupleix, Tom. IT. p 712. — Me- zeciy, Tom. IlL p. 19^3. — P, Daniel. Tom. V. p. 540. — S^^ecd, p. 631. \u) Oaober 25, A. D. 141. " ;^) p. Daniel. Hifloire tie Fraiicej Tpm. V. p. 541, 542. 3^6 MEMOIRS OF Note were the Duke of Torky and the Earl of Ox-. f9rd(y). After this Viflory, Henry continued his March to Calais^ from whence, He paired over into England^ with the Prifoners of Rank. VVhilft He was on tlie Seas, a violent Storm arofe, during which fome of his Ships were funk. It was with difficulty that the Veffel in which He failed could reach the Harbour (2). He land- ed on the fixteenth, and made his Entry into Londoriy amidft the Acclamations of his People, on the twenty- third of Novt. Tiber, in the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Fifteen The French, notvvithftanding uieir ill Succefs, were, indefatigable in their Preparations for the Siege oi Har- Jiiur, Having hired a formidable Fleet from the Cafi'i- I'lms, and Genoefe, They firft failed towards Port/mouth, and Souihawpion, making an Attempt on the Ifle of lyighty in which They were beaten back, with great Lofs. At their Return, They were joined by a powcr- fel Squadron, under the Command of the Vice Admi- r.il De Nar bonne, and furrounding the Port of Hot- jieur, cut off all Communication with it, vvhilll the new Conftable D* Armagnac inverted it by Land. The Place was gallantly defended by its Governor, the Earl of Dorfet, who, reduced to Extremities, had deter- mined to capitulate, when a Fleet appeared in Sight, -' - . . , con- (y) Thorn, dc Elmham, C. 27, 28, 29. — Tit. Liv. p. 17, 18, 19, 20. — The Batayllof A gink Corte.— Ah Ancient MS. in Rhime, in the Cotton Library. — Viteilius, D. XII. Fol. 214.— Mezeray, Stowe, &c.— Saint Remi^ Chap 62. — T. Waltingham, p. 392. — Le Laboureur, Liv. 35. Chap. 7. — Monftrelet, Chiip. 147. — Jean le Fc/re, Chap. 64. p. 97, 98.- Goodwin's Life of Henry V. p 91, 92. — P. Baud. HiiL de Bret. p. 45 1. — P. de Fenin, p. 461. [x.) Thorn, de Elmham, Chap. 29.— Rapin's Hiftory of England, V. 4. 8 vo. p. 231. 27, 28 Tom. uitl, ■ {*) (0 ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc. 317 confiding of four Hundred Sail, on board of vvludi were Johfiy Duke of Bedford^ Brother to Henrys and a Bo- dy of Troops, amounting to twenty Thoufand Men. As it was inipofTjble to throw any Succours into the Garrifon, until a Paffage had been forced through the French Fleet, the Duke of Bedford made a Signal for engaging, when the A£tion became general, and laflcd, with great Slaughter, during feveral Hours. At length, the French were totally defeated. Five Hundred Vef- fels were either taken or funk ; and amongft Tlicfe, three of thofe large Carracks, which had been furniflied by the Genoefe^ who ridiculoully imagined that the EngUJi) would have been too terrified at their Appear- ance, to attack Them. The Army, on the Land Side, when informed pf the Deftiuftion of their Fleet, de- camped with Frecipitation, and left the Earl of Dorjet^ now powerfully reinforced, to continue his Devaftati- ons, through the Towns of Normandy {a). It is obferved by a French Hiftorian (b)y that the Carracks, which He calls unwieldly rnonjiers, were not known, until this JExtl. That He is raiftaken may be feen from the Relation of fome Naval Engagements, during the Time of Edward the Third. After telling us that They were conftrufted by the Spaniard;, and Ge- noefe, He vainly adds that They were of fuch Force that the Englijh durft not appear before them. The cleareft Refutation of this Falfity is, the Account of their Defeat ; the which (as it hath been called in Quef- tion,) We fhall confirm by a remarkable Extract from a Chroniclf;, in the 'Frinity Church of IVinchtJUr {c). ^ -' X 4 ' ' " Eo- (fl) Thorn. deElmham, Ch?,i.. 30.— Tit. Liv. p. z%. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 51.— T. VVairinghijin, p 394. — S Dupleix, Tom. II. p. 719.— Mezeray, Tom. III. p. .96— P. Da- uitl, Tom. V. p. 551, 5:^2. '..•.• ■ (*) P. Daniel. Hiftoire de la iVrdlce de France, \c) Hackluyt, Part i. p. 1^5. '-^.. 328 MEMOIRS OF 8 * ** Ecdcm Anno quo Viftoria potitus eft, videlicet "* Anno Domini MCCCCXV, et Regni fui Anno *' tertio, pofl Bellum de Agincourty condufti i Francis, *' vencrunt cum multis Navibus recupeiati Harfietium. ** Sed Rex Angha mifit Fratrem fuum, "Johannem, Du- *' crin Bedfordia^ et Andegavia, qui pugnavit cum Eis, *' et vicit, et Naves cepit, et Quafdam fubmevfit: ** CsEteri fugerunt cum Hi/pants Navibus qui venei it ** cum Eis, Anno Giatise, MCCCCXV I. Sequent! *' vero Anno redierunt Potentiores, et, iterum devifti, *' perpetuam Pacem cmn Rege compofuerunt, tt prop- ** ter Eorum Naves fecit Rex fieri Naves quales non ** erant in Mundo. De his lie conduftis a Francis, ita ** metrice fcribitur. ** Rcgum belligero trito celebcnimus Arvo **^ Gallos, Hi/panes, 'Jams, devicit, et urget, *' V.-ftat; TurbantuT caetera Rcgna Mctu. *' Havali Bello bis devifti quoque Jani." Henry having agreed to an Interview with the Duke of Burgundy, at Calais, embarked on the fourth of September^ in the Year, one/Fhoufand, four Hundred, and Sixteen, from Sandwich, in Company with the Kmperor Sigifmond, who had been, during fome Time, in England, arid was, now, convoyed with a Squadron of forty Ships, 'to Calais. Thither, on the Firft of Oc- icbir, came the Duke of Burgundy, to whom Henry had difpatched a fafe Conduft, together with his Bro- tlier, the Duke of Gloucejlet, as an Hoflage. On the following Day, the Treaty of Alliance againft France was concluded; and the King of England appointed Commiirioncrs to receive, in his Name, the Oaths of Ji>hn, Duke of Burgundy, • and of Philtp, Earl of Charoloisy his Son. This, \apwever, did not prevent ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 329 Henry from entering into a Truce with France, to laft until the feconJ of the enfuing Montli of February. He, afterwards, departed for £w^/fln^ (^s^) . In tlie Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Seventeen, the Earl of Huntingdon^ cruizing with a formidable Squadron, came up with, engaged, and de- feated the united Fleets of France, and Genoa, In tlie Force, Size, and Number of their Ships, they greatly exceeded thofe belonging to the Englifl), Amongft the l^rifoners of Rank was the Admiral de Bourdon. Four of the Genoefe Ships taken in the A£lion were fo richly tij;^ighted, that a Sum of Money was difcovered fuffi- cient to pay all tlie Expences of the Navy, during three Months (^j. A Writer (f) who jireats of the Naval Wars of the Genoefcy hath been more particular in his Account of tl)is Engagement: He obferv^s that " Fregofe, the Doge of Genoa, having, by Virtue of a Treaty made with France, furnifhed the French with eight large Car- racks, as many Gallies, and fix Hundred Crofs-Bow- Men, commanded by John Grimaldi, the two Fleets of England, and France, each confifting o^ above an Hun- dred Sail, came to an Engagement, in the Mouth of the Seine, The Genoefe fuftained for a long Time, the moft vigoro\is Attacks 'of the Enemy, and the Siiip commanded by Laurence Foglietta defended itfelf againft feven Englijh Ships, until She was, at length, difen- gaged by the Dexterity of a bailor, who cut the Cord- age that held the Stage which th'^ Englijh had thrown over to her Deck, from one of their Ships. But, not - withftandirig all the Efforts of the Genoefe^ the French ' ■■ ■■'." ■■ " ■ • ■ • loft (J) Rymer's Foedera, Vol. IX. p. 3qd. fe) Thorn, de Elmham, Cap. 36. —T. Otterbournc, p. 278. — Stowe, p 353. — riolingilied, V. 2. p. (fj Mr. Secretary Burchett.' ' • 5,5^' 33^' MEMOIRS OF iJt the Battle, in which, John de Franquemoni^ the Son of the Vice- Admiral was flain, and the Baftard ot Bourbjrt, who commanded the Fleet, remained a Pri- foner to the Englijhy who, alfo, took. Four oi the Ge- noeje Carracks, on beard of which was a Sum ot Money, for the Payment of three Months Wages, for tlic Whole Fleet." As all Obftacles which might have prevented the fafe Landing of the Enghjh Troops in France^ appeared to be intirely removed, Henry began, in the Spring of the Year, to prepare for an Expedition, from the Succcfs of which He expected to obtain the Crown, and Terri- tories of France, As this Event is, in fome Meafure connefVed with the Dominion of the Sea, which is a Part of our Subjeft, We fliall be more particular in the Relation of it. The Army was compofed of Troops, in the Pay of Henry, and of Forces levied by the Ba- rons. The firft amounted to iixteen Thoufand, four Hundred : The Laft to nine Thoufand, one Hundred, .and Twenty-feven : Of this Army, a fourth Part was Cavalry. To efcort them from Dover^ a Fleet was equipped, confifting of fifteen Hundred Ships, of which two were remarkably magnificent. They ap- pear to have been Admiral Ships. Their Sails were of Purple, embroidered with the Arms of England and France. The One was called the King's Chamber: The Other, his Hall. A Proof that He kept his Cour-; at Sea, and conlidered his Ships-Royal as a Kind of a Palace. With this Armament, Henry failed (g) from Portf- mouth, and landed foon afterwards (/;) with his Troops, at (g) July 28, 14:7. {h) Auguft I. — Thorn, de Elmham, Chap. 38. — Tit. LIv. P- "^i* 32, 33* — T. Ottcrbourne, p. 279. — Fabian, p. 396. —Hall, folio 23. b. — Grafton, p. 464, , ;, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 331 at BdvilUj in Normandy, Here, He difmifled the wiiole Fleer, excepting a few fmall Veflels, to tranf- port his Artillery. Every Military Operation fucceed- ed. He reduced Cher hour g^ Caeriy Lizleux, Fala'tfe^ Evreux, Pont de rJrche, Ba/eux, Cerentan, &c. With- in thefe, He eftabliflied Gairifons. To all the French who fubniitted, He extended his Prote£lion, but g?ve the Territories of thofe who had been conquered by Force, in fmall Lots, to Evglijh Adventurers. Thus, by a flow and regular War, during the Courfe of two Years, did Htnry fubdue the greateft Part of France, and, at length, force the unhappy Charles to afk for Peace, on any Terms (/). That the Troubles by which his Kingdom was agitated, contributed, in a great Meafure, to the Succefs of the Englijh^ is not to be denied \ yet much muft be attributed to the Opera- tions of the Fie I, which perpetually annoyed the Coafts, whilft the Troops were employed in ravaging me more diftant Quarters of the Enemy. By this Treaty (^), Henry was acknowledged to be the Regent, and Heir of France, which, with all its Rights, and Dominions, was to lemaintohis Succeflbrs, for ever. In Return, the King of England efpoufed tlie Princefs Catharine, Daughter to Charles, the Sixth, and engaged to leave that Prince, in the Pofl'cff.oii of tlie Crown of France, during his Life (/). The Dau- phin was, alfo, adjudged incapable of fucceeding to the Throne; and, afterwards, on a Civil Profecution, at- tainted, and conviftcd for tlie Murder of the Duke of ^ Bur- (/) P. ^niyle, p. 617, 618. — Gaguin, p< 200. — Dupleix, V. 2. p. 755. [k) Concluded, May 21, 1420. (/) Thorn, de Elmham, Cap. 90, 91, 92. — Tit. Liv. p. 85, et feq. — Mezeray, V. 3. p. 209. — Le Gcndrc, Tosii, in. p. 628. — Rymer's Fadera, V. 9. p. 394. — Stovve, p. 360. — Holingftied, V. 2. p. 573.— Speed, p. 641. 3 'J. 332 MEMOIRS OF O A Burgundy. By this Proccfs, He was rendered incapa- ble of all Succeflions, but more particularly of That to tl^e Crown of France, and fentenced to perpetual Ba- nifhment (>^). When the Marriage was confummated (n), Henry ^ and Charles, accompanied by their Queens, made their Public Entry into Paris where, in the Month of De- cember following, the Treaty was ratified by the States. Henry, thus fortunate in his Negociations, prepared for his Return to England, and palTing into Normandy, where He convened an AfTembly of the Province, con- tinued his Journey through PUardy, to Calais, from whence He embarked with his Bride, and landed at Dover, on the Second of February, in the Year one Thouf^nd, four Hundred, and Twenty-one (»). It ileierves to be remarked that the French Hiftorians in- fer, with great Juftice, that the Departure of Henry was purely to obtain a frefh Supply of Treafure, and Men, all his Refources having been exhaufted by the ^preceding War (p). The Command of the Troops was entrufted, in the Abfej^cp of die King, to his Brother, the Duke q^ Clarence. Henry, having accompli filed his Defigns, and ob- tained, notwithftanding tlie extreme Poverty of his Sub- jc£ls, the ncccflary Supplies, reinforced his Army, and equipping a formidable Fleet, returned to purfue his Conquefls, leaving the Qiiecoi far advanced in her Preg- nancy. The Uauphin was flill fupported by a conlider- able Party, and feveral fortified I'ovvns, together with fome im) Hlftoire do France, par P. Daniel, Tom. V. p. ^83, .585. :- • . ..: ' -.' . - .^^ •• \fi) May 30, 1420. (0) Thorn, de Elmham, Cap. 108, log, — Tit. Liv. p« 9i.r-Chroii. Godftovian, p. 143. (/>) Mezer.iy, Tom. Ill p. 211. - » ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 33;^ fome extenfive Provinces, continued to cr}X)ufe his In- terefts. In an Adlion againft a large Detachment fron* tlie Englifh Army, He had gained a iignal, and to the Duke of C/tfr/»f^, a fatal Viftory, as that Prince, and feveral Perfons of Diftiii£Vion were killed upon the Spot. This Circumftance determined Henry to redouble hrs Aftivity in the Profecution of the War, in Order that the whole Kingdom of France might be totally fubdued, and the Dauphin compelled to withdraw, for Safety, into Italy (j). On the (ixth of December y in the Year, one Thou- fand, four Hundred, and Twenty -two. Queen Cq" therine was delivered of a Prince, at Wind/or . In the Month of May following. She repaired to Henry, at Paris, In this City, which was the Reiidence of both Courts, She remained with her Father, whilft the Kini^ of England marched at the Head of his Troops, to raife the Siege of Cojne, on the Loire, before which the Dau- phin was encamped. On the Expedition, Henry was kized with a Fiftula, a Malady, to the Cure of which, the Surgeons of that ^ra were unequal. This, and the violent I''ever which attended it, proved quickly fa- tal. He died (r) at yincennes, in the thirty-fourth Year of his Age, and after a glorious Reign of nine Years, live Months, and eleven Days {s). We muft aflent to the Opinion of a Writer (/), wlio obferves that He expired with as much Glory as He had iq) Thorn, de Elmham» Cap. 117. et feq. — Tit. Liv. p. 92 — T. VValfingham, p. 404. — P. ^Emyle, p. 618. — Ga- guin, p. 201. — Mezeray, Tom. III. p. 213. — P.Daniel, Tom. V. p. 593, 5.94. _ (r) AugUll 3!, 1422. ■" ' " (s) T. Walfingham, p. 407. — Thorn, de Elmham, Cup. ' '27.— Tit. Liv. p. 95.— W. Wyrceilcr. Annul, p. 45 <; — - Dupleix, Tom II. p. 7^4. — Mezeray, Tom. III. p. 214^ — Stowe, p. 362.— Speed, p. 648. (0 CampbelTs Lives of the Admirals, V. r. p. 274. 334 MEMOIRS OF had lived, employing his lafl: Brcatli in giving tliofc D?- teftionswhichvvere ncceirary for the Safety of his King- doms. Had his Rules been invarial)ly purfued, his Fa- mily might have proved as highly inilebtcd to his VVif- dom, for the Prefervation of /'Vfl//^^, as they were to his Courage and Condudl, for the Pofleflion of it. From the Excellency of his Genius, and the Solidity of his Judgment, it is but candid to fuppofc that had He lived to terminate his Wars, He would have made the moft .ciFeftual Provilion for the Peace and Happinefs of hii Subje£ls. Few Sovereigns were more tenacious than Hcn-^y of their indubitable Rights to the Dominion of the Sea. lii Preambles of Public A£ls, We find his Naval Titles, and Authority exprefsly mentioned («). To fup})ort the Lafl, and add a Luftre to the Firft, his Squadrons were perpetually ftationed near the Coafts, and inter- cepted the Ships of Foreign Powers, in League with France, The Trade of FianderSy alfo, in Conlequence of a firm Alliance with the Duke of Burgundy was, in a great Meafure, engroffed by the Englijh. Yet, notwithftandiug thefe Advantages, the People, through the Interruption of foreign Commerce, and the immenfe Taxes laid upon tli m for the Support of the War in France, were ib extxffively diftrefled, tliat, in the eighth Year of the Reign of Henry, the Chan- cellor lamented, m his Prefence, and before the Par- liament, om (a) Of this We have a Proof In the following Extra£t fn the Record of Parliament. " Itim^ priont les Commens que, par lou tres foverain *' Seigneur Le Key, et /a Nobies Progenitors Ae tout Tempi orJ ** ejie Seip.eurs del M/:r, et ere, &c." -— " IteWy The Com- *' mons do pray that feeing our Suvereign Lord, the ICn^ani ** his hobie Frogi filters hanje e^ver been Lcrm if the. Sea, and now, •* &c." Rot. Pari 8 Hen. V. Memb. 3. Art. 6.— See al- fo, Selden's Mare Claufum, Lib, 2. c. 23. ' » ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 335 iiaincnt, that the Feeblenefs, and Poverty of the King- dom had lb long been treated witli Inchlference, and implored Him (as the only Remedy which could prc- ferve his Subjects from Ruin,) to cbnclude a r|)eedy Peace, and moderate thofe Expences which no foreign Acquifitions were capable of retrieving. Tkc King proinifcd to Comply with this Defire, and feemed affect- ed by the Charge, to the Truth of which He could not remain infenfible, having, not long before, pawned his Crown of Gold, to Henry de Beaufort, Bifhop of IP'iri' chfjler for a Sum which would not, in the prefent Thnes, have been efteemed confiderable {x). To thele Meafures did the King recur, in Order to obtain lis French Dominions ; and yet, during the Life of his Succeflbr, the wifeft Politicians fuppofed it more expedient, to lofe than to preferve them. That the Affluence of the Subje£l can have no other Source than Trade is a fundamental Maxim of Englijh Policy, which Time, and Experience have always juftifled {y). The beft Support of tlie Majefty of the Crown muft arifc from a firm Truft in ihe Love of the People, and from a perpetual, as well as a fuperior Power, at Sea, which is tlie Confequcnce of their extenfive Commerce. Such is the Voice of Nature, in making our Country, an Ifland : Such, alfo, are the Diftates of found Rea- fon, which (hew that all Force is leffcned by an unne- celfary Extenfion. Thefe Truths have been inculcattx^, not only by our Hiftory, in general, but by the Oc- currences under every Reign (z). ,'-'<-•' . . • With Regard to the Coinage, it may be proper to obferve that, in the ninth Year of Henry^ the [x) Sir Robert Cotton's Anfwers to Reafons for Foreign 275, 276. Wars, p. .59 (y) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, p. i«) Ibid. 33^ MEMOIRS OF Fifth, a Pound-Weight of Gold, of the old Stanclanf, was to make, by Talc, fifty Nobles, or a hundred Half- Nobles, cr two hundred Quarter- Nobles amount- ing to lixtecn Pounds, thirteen Shillings, and four- Pence in Tak. A Pound- Weight of the fame old Standard was, alfo, tomakc, by Tale, nineteen Grolles, or Groats, or a hundred and eighty Half-Groats, or three hundred, and lixty Sterlings, or feven hundred and twenty Mailes, or fourteen hundred, and forty Farthings, amounting to thirty Shillings. At this Po- Tiod, Bartholomew Goldbeater was Mailer, and Worker. In the Rofe-Noblc, Henry appears Jianding with'm a Shipy holding in his right Hand a Sword, and in hi. Left a Shield, bearing the Arms of Frana, and England. Gold Monies, called Saluts, were likewife ftamped by Order of Henry, at Paris, and in Normady. Du Frejne reckons the Salut amongft the proper Coins of France. In this Reign, the gold Coins were fo debafed, that it was neceflary lo order that they fhould be recoined, at the Tower, gratis. The lilver Money was moftly (as the Statute direfted) coined at Paris, altliough fome of his Pieces have Civitas London : in the inner Cirde of the Reverfe. White Money was alfo coined by Henry, in France, after the Viftory of Agincourt ; his Stile being then, Rfix AnglIuE, et H^res Frau- ciit. Thefe Blanks are obferved by Sir £(;/i(;ar^ C^/f/ (fl) have been worth about Eight-Pence. On Ac- count of their Bafeaefs, they were deemed Gaily Half- •pence ., Sujkyn, and Dotkyn, and prohibited by Aft of Parliament. It was alfo made Treafon to clip, wafli, or tile die right Sterling Money (A). ^ •', ^-i--.,};; ' As [a) Coke's Tnftir. Lib. 3. Cap. 30. p. 92. {b) Madox's Hill, of the Exchequer.— Tit. of Hon. Par. I. Cap. 8. p. 1 34.. — 3 Hen. V» Cap. i. — 3 Hen. V. Star. ?. Cap. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 227 As it is a CIrcumdance by which the Commerce of the Kingdom muft, in fome Mcafure li.ivc been a t- feftccl, it may l)c nccelTary to prelent the Reader, witli unauthentic, and exaft Account of the ordinal y R :- venue of the Crown, during the Reign of Henry, the Fifth. The whole Amount of it is only Fifty-five Thon- land, fcven Hundred, and fourteen Pounds, ten Shil- lings, and Ten- Pence, a-Ycar (c). The Revenue of Henry the Third was nearly equal with this, and, in the Coiirfe of fuch a Number of Years, the Englijh So- vereigns had not experienced any great Increafe, or Di- minution of their Riches. The ordinary Expcnce of the Government amounted to Forty-two Thoufand, five Hundred, and fcven Pounds, Hxteen Shillings, and Ten-Pence : Therefore, the Surplus, being thirteen Thoufand, two Hundred, and fix Pounds, and four- teen Shillings, was for the Support of the Royal Houfe- hold, of the Wardrobe, of EmbaiRes, and for other Articles. The Hiftorian (d), of whofe Refearches I avail myfelf, add'= that this Sum was by no means fuf- iicient, and that, the King was obliged to have frequent Recourfe to Parliamentary Supplies, and was, thus, even in Times of Peace, not altogether independent of his People. But Wars brought with them a great Ex- pence, which neither the ordinary Revenue of the Prince, nor the extraordinary Sujiplies were able to bear; and the Sovereign was always reduced to many miferable Shifts, in Order to make any tolerable fi- VOL. I. ^r- T n' -^.V ,?''?' 'j^- g^^'<2 2. Cap. 6, I r. Smt. ;. Cnp. 7. et Lowndes, p. 3-.— Eve- lyn. Numifm p. 86. — Coke's Inftit. Lib 3. Cap. 30 p 92. — Bifliop NicholfcJns Hiftorical Librar}-, folio, p 259.— Kapln's Hlllory of England, V. 4. 8vo. p. 293, 294. ,t (f) Rymers Foedera, V. 10. p. 113. i (f/j Hume's Hiilory of England, V. 3. 8vo. p. 120, 8 33' MEMOIRS OF g^irc in them. He ufually applied for Money where- io€ver there was a Chance of railing it. He frequent- ly pawned his Jewels, and (as hath been already ob- fervcd,) the Crown itfelf (^). To the Army, He was generally in Arrears; and He was often obliged, not- wiiliftanding all thefc Expedients, to flop, in the Midft of Victory, and to grant Truces to the Enemy, The Tjgh Pay given to the Soldiers agreed but ill with lb ilinted a Revenue. All the extraordinary Supplies, granted by the Parliament, to Henry ^ during the Courfc of his Reign, were only fcven Tenths, and Fifteenths, about two Hundred, and three Thoufand Pounds (f). It may ealily be conceived how foon this Money was exhaufled by Armies of Twenty-four Thoufand Archers, and lix Thoufand Horfe, when each Archer had Sixpence, a Day (^), and each Horfe- man, two Shillings. The moft fplendid Succefles proved commonly very fruitlefs, when fupported by fo poor an Income, and the Debts, and Difficulties which llie King thereby incurred, made Him pay dear for his Victories. Neither could the civil Adminiftration be ever regular, even in Times of Peace, vvhilft the Go- vernment was fo unable to fupport itlelf. It was not until the laft Year of his Reign, that Hey^ry had where- withal to difcharge the Debts, which He contracted, when Prince of IVaUi (h). In vain did the Parliament attempt to curb the arbitrary PraiSlices of a King ren- dered lawlefs by his NecelHtics. For Inllance, al- .'► ■' ■;>•,♦■• rr:!T» ♦II tiiough (*) Rymer*£ Fcedera, V. lo. p. 190. " (f) Parliamennry Hillory,^ V. 2. p 168. (j^) We learn from fcvenil PaiTnges in Rymer^ fparticubrly V. 9.. p. 2!;8.) that the Kinj^ paid twenty Marks a-Ycar for an Arcli«r, which is cjnfidcrably more than Sixpcuce a- Day. Tlic Price iiad riien, as is naiural, by railing the Dc« nomination ot IVioney. — Hume. ^b) Rymer, V. 10. {<. 114. - . ?.;«*• «-.,;■/. . ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc. 339 though the Right of levying Purveyance had been ex- prelsly guarded agiiinft by the Great Charter itfelf, and was frccpently complained of by the Commons, it wss found impra£licable to abolifh it ; and the Parliament, at length, lubmitting to it, as a legal Prerogative, con- tented themfclves with enabling Laws to limit, and con- line it (/'). We are informed that the Duke of GIou- cipr, in the Reign of Richard, the Second, enjoyed a Revenue of Sixty Thoufand Crowns (/•) (nearly equal to thirty Thoufand Pounds, a- Year, of our preient Money,) and was, of Courfe, if all Circumftauces be duly conlidered, richer than the King himfeif (/). It was Henry ^ the Fifth, who raifed the Denomination of Money, and coined thirty Shilhngs from a Poun.l Troy [m). His Revenue, therefore, muft have ben alx)ut an Hundred, and ten Thpufand Pounds, Money ot our Times, and, by tlie Cheapncfs of Provifions, was equivalent to more than three Hundred, and thirty Thoufand Pounds («). We may reafonably infer that the Vigour of the Eng- I'ljh CcTmmerce was conlklerably impaired by the An- nual Expence of nineteen Thoufand, one Hundred, and ninet«.'en Pounds, with which the Crown was bur- thened for the Prefervation of Calais {0), a Place, un- ferviceable tu the Englijh^ in all Refpefls, but as a con- venient Opening to the Country of their Enemies. Ireland, alfo, coil two Thoufand Pounds a Year, over, and above its own Revenue, which was certainly very low (p). Y2 The (/) Hume's Hiflory of l^ngland, V. 3. 8vo. p. 121. {k) Froiifart, Llv. 4. Chap 8(3. (/) Hume's HiUoiy of England, V. 3. 8vo. p. 121. \m) Fleetwood's Chronicoi^ I'reoiofutn, p 52. («) Hume's Hiliory of Enghuul, V. 3. 8 vo. p. 122. (0) Rynicr's Fccdera, V. 10. p i 13 (p) Humei Hillory of EnglanJ, V. 3. 8vo. p. 121, f. V 340 MEMOIRS or The Thrones of England, and of France were, novr^ filled by an Infant, in his Cradle, Henry, the Sixtli, of JVindJor, who was proclaimed, firft, at London, and foon afterwards (^) in Paris, on the Demife of CharUs the Sixth } although the French acknowledged the Dau- phin for their Sovereign, by the Stile of Charles, the Seventh (r). In the Minority of Henry, the Admi- niftration of Affairs devolved on his Uncles, whole great Abilities were judged equal to the Truft is). Ot Thefe, John, Duke o( Bedford, {the Regent of France,) was appointed P'rote 'or, or Guardian of England, and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucefttr invefted with the fame Dignity, during the Abfcnce of the Former (/). Pro- perly to curb the Authority of thefe Princes, the Par- liament eftabliflied a Council, and enafted that no Mea- ilire of Importance fliould be ca-rried into Execution, without their Advice, and Approbation («). The Vigilance, and Affiduityof the Duke of Ghu- cefler, wlio reinforced, and amply provided for the Army in France, gave a favourable Appearance to tl)c Commencemervt oftliis Reign. The Duke of Bedford, brave, prudent, and enpcrienced, fought every Oppor- tunity of fecuring the Friendflvip. of the Dukes of Bur- guwiy, and Bretagne, and^ through their Afliftance, kept FolVeflion of all the Dominions which had beea left by Henry, the Fifth, to hi? Succeflbr. So feeble was the Power oi Charles, the Seventh, when oppofsc! to thefe formidable Confederntes, ^at notliing but a Dilib- {q) Oclober 21, 1422. _ . ^', (r) Dupleix, Tt-ni U. p. 576. — Mezeray, Tom. III. p 215.— Le crcnu'e, Tom. IV. p. i.— Stowe, p. 363.— bpeect, p. 651. (i) Thom. de Elmham, Cap. !?q.— Tit. LIv. p. 95.— Chron. Godlh)viaii, p. 145. — T. Wallingh;im, p. 40-. (/) Rymer's Fccdera, V. 10. p. 261.— Cotton, p. 564. t») Cotton, p. 564. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 341 DUTolutlon of their Union, could have proved the leaft detrimental to the Interefts of England. This fatal Cir- cuniftance, at length arrived. Gloiuejier^ the Lord Proteftor, having taken JaqueUne^ of Hainault from > her Hufband, the Duis.e of Brabant^ married her, and, in her Right, claimed extenfive Territories in the Low- Countries ; and collefting a Fleet, and Army, attempt- ed to get Pofieffion of tliem, by Force. Thefe Pro- ceedings were refcnted by the Duke of Burgundy, who entered fo violently into tlie Quancl of his Coulin, the Duke of Brabant, that, from being, at lirft, only dif- a{Fe£led to the Englijh, He, at length, totally deiertcd them (x). On the flxth of Novemiber, in the Year, one Thour- fand, four Hundred, and Twenty-nine, Henry was crowned \n England; and next, 2X Paris, in the De- cember of tlie following Year : But his Afcendency in Tranae was verging to its Decline, .and funk irreco- verably, on the Death of the Duke of Bedford (y), v.'hofe Refolution, Sagacity, and Addrcfs., had (more than any Circumftance vvhatlbfer,) contributed to fup- port it (z). In the fucceeding Y/^ar {a) the Regency of France was given to the Duke of York j but tlie Delay in fign- ing his Patent, ?dded to the Oppofition which a Prince • fo little beloved by the EngUjh was expofecl to in colled- irg the Supplies, proved of'Service to the Enemy, who had reduced Far'u, previous to his Arrival within tlie Kingdom. TIk; Duke of Burgundy, alfo, at the Head Y3 of (*) Dupleix, Tom. IL p. 78+, 78;.— Mezcray, Toiu, WI. p 236, 237.— LeGendre, Torn IV. p. 6. (y) A. D. 1431;. («) Chron. Godilovian, p 14?.— W. Wyrcefter. Anqal. f« 45 5» 456, 457. —Cooper's Chronicle, p. 258, 259. (fl) A. D. 1^36. ••V- 342 MEMOIRS OF of a numerous Army, had invefted Calais {b). To re- lieve this Fortrefs, the I^ord Protestor, with a con- fiderable Body of Troops, and a Fleet of five Hundred Sail, under his Command, departed, in Hafte, from England, At his Appioachj the Flemings raifed the Siege, and retired into the'r own Territories ; whither They were purfued by the Regent, and his Forces, who, after living, for fome Time, in the Country, at Difcretion, returned, with tiieir Chief, to England [c]. The Harbour of Calais, in order to prevent the En- trance of the Engltjh Ships, hnd been choaked up with Hulkes, laden with large fquire Stones, joined together by Lead. Thefe, at the Redux of the Tide, were burned by the Troops of the Proteflor (d). Towards the End of the Year one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Thirty- feven, the Earl of ^ (,dj Monllrelet, folio (^t. (e) May 28, 1444.— Ad-FuD, V. II. p. 58, . '. .,. _ (fj April 22, 1445. '■•_i £ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, he, 3+3 ficlerable Fortrelfes. Howfoever feverely They ii.jght have felt the Burden of Expeiices incurred by maintain- ing Tliem, yet, They could not without Relu6lance, and Complaints, fubmit to the Lofs of Cities, and Pro- vinces, fo dearly purchaled with the Blood, and Troa- fure of their Anceftors (^). The Frtnch^ anxious for the more elTeftual Reduflion, of an Enemy, the Progrefs of whofc Arms had been of late fo fatal to Them, prepared, even in Time of Peace, to make a Defcent upon the Coafls of England, The Relation of the Circumflances which preceded tliis Expedition is too intimately conncfled with the Subje£V of a Naval Hiftory to be omitted. A lefs dif- cerning Prince than Charles the Seventh mufl have per- ceived with equal Jealoufy, and Vexation, a Foe fo powerful on the Ocean as to fuccced almoft in every Conteft for the Viflory. Senfible that no Dependance could be placed folely on his domeftic Succours, He prudently applied for Aid to foreign States. Chnjiiern^ The Firft, King of Denmark was induced under certain lucrative Conditions, to enter with Him into a League ofFenfive, and defcnlive, and to fupply Him with a pow- erful Fleet, confifling of at leall forty Ships of War, the which, together with an Army of feveji Thoulancl Men, were to aft., in Concert, with the French againfl the Englijh. By the Breach of an Article in this Trea- ty, the foregoing Agreements, for which alone it was concluded, became entirely cancelled. C/'^; /.'j had en- gaged that the King of Scots fliould fatisfy the Danes, for the Infults which Tliey pretended to have received fjoin Him. It foon appeared that He was unable to perform this Promife j and, therefore, Chrijiiern refufeii Y4 tQ (^) Rymer's Focdera, V. u. p. 59. — Stowe, fiolinglhed, V. 2. p. 624. — S^^eed, p. 661. P' 3^3 344 MEMOIRS OF to furnifli Him with the ftipulated Succours. In the mean Time, Margarety of Anj'jUy the Confort of Hey^- >•)•, had entered into a fecret Negociation with the King of Scotland, to fecure whom from the Attempts of the Engl.Jh, and forward her own Defigns, She conceived tlie Ref>lution of encouraging the French Invafion. "With this view, She applied to her Relations, at the Court of Charles, who ealUy perfuaded Him to embrace the Meafure. Accordingly, a Fl*:et was equipped in Normandy, and, p.ocecding {h) from thence, for Eng- land, appeared off the Coalt of Kent, at the Diftance of about two Leagues from Sandwich, where the Troops amounting to eighteen Hundred Men were difembarked, with Orders to attack the Town, whilft the Ships fhouki lie before it, in Readinefs to allift them. A French Hiftorian (;'), Avho hath circumftantially related this Event, acknowledges, with our own Writers, that the Engiifh, although attacked by Surprize, defended themfelves with lingular Intrepidity, and that the Spoils, conliderable as they were, together with the Advantage (too inhumanly prized, at that Period,) of having re- duced the Town to Allies, did not compenfate for the Slaughter, on the Side of the Invaders [k). He ob- ferves that thus, a Prince, who, thirty Years before, was, by the En^lifh, contemptuofly Itiled the King of Bourges, became fufficiently powerful to infultthem, in their own Ifland, and to threaten their Country with the fame Calamities which they had, heretofore, brought upon France. This Partiality might be lefs ridiculous, had there been no Difference between t!ie Demolition of the Town of Sandwich, followed by the immediate JRetrcat of the Conquerors j and the Reduftion of {h) Augui'}, 1457. (/■) P. Danid, Tom. VI. p. 292. (i) Fabian, p. 462.— Hall, fol. i^^.-^-Giarton, p. 63Q. ^^ % ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc. 345 Paris, v.hidi vvas^ (Juring feveral Years, in the Poft- feflion of the Englijh. So arclei)t is the Zeal of this Hiilorian for the Reputation of his Coontry, We fuhicribe to a liberal Opinion (/), in fuppofing that it may vindicate a greater Error. The Fiencb?i[(o invaded the Coafts of Cornwall, whilft the Scots were ipreading their Devaftations along the J^orders (m). But thele Enterprizes, far from acce- lerating the Deiigns of Margaret, and lier Adherents, ferved only to heighten that general Difaffedion whicli, now, broke violently put, and was proceeding to the lift Extremities. 7 he Partizans of the Houfe of York were afliduous to cultivate an Intereft with the Englijh Manners, and the Inhabitants of IreLmd. They pcr- fuaded the Former that the Proteftion of the Coafts was infidioufiy witlidrawn, and they infpircd the Latter, by the moft alarming Defcription of their impending Ruin, with a Determination to be revenged of their Oppreflbrs. The Ead of ^f^anpick^ the great Support of this Confederacy, had procured for Himfelf, the Office of Lord High Admiral; and, as an Inftance of his Zeal for tlie Aavancement of the Naval Reputation of the Kingdom,, gave Orders for the immediate Equipment of fome powerful Squadrons, the Command- ers of which were furnifbed with Inllruftions the moft likely to promote, in their Execution, the Accomplifh- ment of hi-s Defigns. " '•••■*•• .- ■ On the Trinity- Sunday of the Year one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Fifty-eight, a Part of this Navy, fell in with the Spanijh Fleet. The Ertglijh were lirft attacked^ and immediately proceeded to Hollilitics. In the Adion which lafleJ witli great Slaughter, for a con- ♦ fiderabjc (/) Ciimpbellls Lives of the Admiral?, V, i. p. 280. [m] Dupleix, Tom. II. — Buchanan. Lib. 11. — Hall, fofio 89. b, ' " ' ' t. I • * > 346 MEMOIRS OF liderable Time, fix of the Spanijh Ships, laden with Iron, and other valuable Merchandize, were taken ; and Twenty -fix vyere either funk, or driven alhorc («). Several of our Hiftorians confound this Knterprize with that which follows, and which, in Point of Time was fubfequent to it. Although We cannot exaftly fix the Date, yet it unqueftionably appears that they were diftinft Engagements. In the Firft, the Earl of IVar^ wick was not prefent : During the Laft, He command- ed in Ferfon (a). This brave, nd f ■)mpli(hed Lord had been ap- pointed, by th ?;: lament, to the Government of Calais. Margaret ^ *ying Artifice, and Flattery, attempted to detain riim a tj Court. But, perceiving that He was fixed in his Determination to repair to France, She laid a Scheme to deprive Him of his Life. Endeavours were ufed to execute it, within the Palace ; and Warwick, who had efcaped with Diflficulty, took Shelter on board a Vefifel which belonged to Kim, and proceeded inftantly to Calais, Soon after his Arrival, He felefted from a powe'-<\]l Squadron, lying within the Harbour, fourteen of the largeft Ships, and cruized near the Channel, to prevent Margaret, of Jnjeu, from re- ceiving any -Succours from France, and to aflift, if an Opportunity fliould prefent itfelf, the Duke of Tork, iHid his Adherents. Sailing near the Coafts, He had the good Fortune to intercept a fmall P'Icet, confifting of three Genoeje, and two Spanijh Ships of War. Tlicir Commanders, well fupplied with Men, and Ammuni- tion,, fuflained the Attack, with great Condu(^, and .*. ,-•'•■_ ■ . ■ •, ■■ ^ ReBu- («) Fr)bian, p. 464. — Stowe, p. 404, — Speed, p. 668. (0) The Reader may compare the Account of this Enter- prize, by Mr. Secretary Burchat, rind Mr Ecbani^ with that of Rapin^ and with the Relation of the fucceedi:5g Ac- tiorijs in Hdingjhed, ' . >' %% ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 347 Refolution, during the Space of two Days. At lengtli, the Earl of IVanuick was viAorious, taking, and carry- ing into the Port of Calaisy tliree Ships, the Cargoes of which, valued at upwards of ten Thoufantl Pounds, were fold to the Inhabitants of that Place, who were permitted to purchafe them, at a rcafonable Rate. Or- ders were given to purfue the other two Ships, which Jheered off towards the clofe of the AfVion ; but Thefe, being fwift of Sail, were not long within Sight of their Enemies (/>) (a). Henceforward, all Modes of Accommodation were abandoned, and each Party prepared openly for a Deci- fion of their Difputes, by Force of Arms. Whilft the Duke of Tork retreated into Ireland, Several of the No-« bility palTed over to Calais^ and joined the Earl of War" (p) Stowe, p. 404.— Holingfhed, V. 2. p. 648. — Speed, p. 668. (a) An Engagement between RicharJ, Earl of TVarn/.ici, and two large French Carracka, is defcribed (although not ex- plicitly,) in an old Manufcnpt, from a Drawing in which, a Plate hath been engraved for this Work, — The Arms of the Earl are quartered on the S'-**! . The Streamer is alfo or- namented with his Bad^': * the Bear, and Ragged Staft': The Space beuveen the Forecaftle and Cabin, at ihe Stern, is filled with Englijh Archers. The French^ likewife, have their Crofs-Bow-Mcn. In the Galleries, on the Tops of the Mads, are Men appointed to call down Darts and Stones, upon the Enemy below. On the ,ForecaiHe of Wamv}ck''% Ship, is an Archer aiming at the Man, who appears in the Oaller}'. on the Mart of the oppofite Ship, whilrt the Other, with a Stone in his Hands, is transfixed with an Ar- row. On the Forecallle of the Front Carrack, is a Man at Arms, with his Spear and Shield, ready to ftrike at the Archers in the Earl s Veflel. The Canons are pointed over the Side of the Ship, but do not appear to be of Ufe in the clofe Battle. — The Reprefentation may ftill farther explain our Account of the Naval Architecf^urc, and Operations of this iEra. — Strutt's Compleat View of the Manners, Cuf- toms, &c. of the Iahab'n,ums of England, V, 2. p. 76, 348 MEMOIRS OF Wtck* Againft this formidable Chief, now Maftcr of a numerous Fleet, and ftrengthened by the Attachment of the Englijh Mariners, it was not pfjflible for Henry to direft the feeble Naval Armamer^ts which yet remained W'ithin his Harbours. The Lord Rivets was difpatched by Margaret^ to Sandwich, and direfted to fit out, a$ jhe laft Refouce, a Squadron which, engaging with tlie 3'leet of fVativickf might, if yiftorious, aflift Him to deprive that Nobleman of the Government of Calfiis. IMo foonerwere thefe Ships in Readinefs, than the Earl gave Orders that a Divifion of his Fleet fliould fail, under the Cpmrnand of Sir Jo^n Dinhaniy who, reach- ing Sandwich, ^bout Break of Day, furpri/ed the Offi- cers in their Beds, and carried Them, with alj the Vef- fels, and Marmers, to Calais (^). l^he Earl of i?/Wj, ?ind Anthony l^f^oodvillcy his Son, were detained Prifon- ers, during fome Time. The Ships which had attend- ed the Duke of Sojnerfet, to Flanders, iikewife, revoked, and went over to the Earl of IVarwick (r\ On die Side of Henry, Sir Baldivin Fulford undertook to burn the Fleet of his Adyexfary, within the Haven of Calais A rafli Promile, which He found it impoflible to exe- cute. The Earl of IVarwick, next, failed with a jx^w- erful Armament to Ireland, where, at an Interview with the Duke of York, He concerted Meafures for their mutual Defence. On his Return, tlie Duke of Exeter waited, with the royal Navy, to give Him Battle. Yet when the Fleet of IVarwick appeur«d in View, the Sailors in the Service of Henry, were fo averfe from an Engagement, that the commanding Officers thought proper to decline it. IVarwick, equally unvviUing to IW »v [q] A. Pub. V.ii. p. 4.p. '■' (r) Fabian, p. 465, 466, 467.— Hall, folio 91.— Graf- taay p, 635, 639— Holingflicd, p. 1297. J. ILLUSTRIOl/S SEAMEN, &c. 349 begin the Conteft, paffed by, without offering the leaft Hoftility. Soon afterwards, the Earl was invited by the In- habitants of Kenty to land uix)n their Coafts. Arrivintr with his Fleet, near Sandwich^ He found Sir Simon ^4ountferd, the Warden of the Cinque PortSy with a ftrong Stpadron, in Readinefs to oppofe Him. A Bat- tle immediately cnfued, and proved fatal to the Royal- ifts. All the Ships were taken, and Mountford flain. The Victorious Party, having plundered the Town, re- turned with their Prizes, to Calais (s). This appears to be the laft Naval Event, in the tu- multous Reign of Henry, who was, foon afterwards (t) dethroned, when the cldeft Son of the late Duke ofTorJ^ was proclaimed King of England, under the Title of Edward thQ Fourth (w). The Reader will naturally imagine that, amidft the Violence of domeftic Faftion, the Commerce of the Kingdom was hafteningto Decay. The Profuiion, and Mifmanagement of Henry, were Obflacles in its Pro- grefs too difficult to be ftirmounted. In the twenty- eighth Year of his Reign, He had contracted Debts to t\\c enormous Sum of three Hundred, and feventy-two Thoufand Pounnds; whilft hi« ordinary Income was funk to five Thoufand Pounds. This occafioned a Re- fumpt'ion, nt the Requeft of the Commons. The f:\mc Remedy (if it dcferve the Title,) was frecjucntly applied to the fame Difordcr. At length, it became incurable, and all Expedients which Poverty, or Defpair could (Jidate, were, in their Turns, recurred to. The King mort- {s) Stowe, p. -^07. — Hollnglhed, V. 2. p. 6^2. — Speed, p. 669. (/) March 5, 1461. («) Stowe, p-415. — HoHngfhcd, p 661, — Hall, folio 101. b — Gmtron, 656, C57. — Coopc'i's Chronicle — Pol/- docc Virgil, Lib. 23. 350 MEMOIRS OF mortgaged the Cufloms of London, and Southampion, to the Cardinal of IVlncheJicr, and, in Order to render the Security more eligible to that Prelate, had bound Himfclf, by an Indenture, to confme the Trade, a* much as poffible, to thole PorU. In the thirty -lirfl: Year of his Reign, He fei/.ed all the Tin, at Southampton^ and fold it for his own Ufe. He alio, granted Licences to foreign Merchants, to tranfport Wool, in Violation of the Statutes (v). it appears from the Records, that, during the Sove- reignty of the Houfe of Lancaster, fuch extraordinary Privileges were granted to the JJanfe-Towns, that they were enablcti to engrofs (ox, as they ftile it, manage a conllderable Part of) our Trade (y). The Refl v.as, in a great Meafurc, abforbed by Florentines, and other Italians (2) ; a Circumftance partly owing to the Ne- cellitics of Henry the P'ifth, during his /^r^«f/> Wars ; and partly, alio, to the weak Adminiftration under his Son, efpecially towards the Clofe of his Reign, when, through the Artifices of the Queen, the Intereft of Fo- reigners was conflantly promoted. This occalioned fre- quent Tumults in tlie City of London, and was one 4:hief Caufc of that extraordinary Revolution, in Fa- vour of tlie Houfe of Tork, who (as hath already been obferved,) payed their Court to the People, by a marked Averfion from Foreigners, and by cherifliing the Seamen of whom little Care had been taken, in this un- happy Reign. We fliall, in the next JE.x2i, perceive the Englijh refuming the Sovereignty of the Sea, and riling to Importance by the Frequency of their Vi£lo- ries, and the Pro fperity of their Commerce (a). In (*•) Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 286. (y) Molloy de Jure Maritime, p. 341. («) Fabian, p. 459. — Hall, folio 87. b. — Grafton.— Slowe, &c. (a) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 287. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 351 In this Reign, the Parliament permitted the Exporta- tion of Corn, \\hen it was at lov/ Prices ; Wheat at lix Shillings, and eight Pence, a Quarter, Money of that Age ; liarley at three Shillings, and four Pence (h). Ir appears from thefe Prices that Corn ftill remained at near half its prelent Value; although other Commodi- ties were much cheaper. In the eighteenth Year of //.Tjry, the inland Commerce of Corn was alfo opened, by allowing any Collcftor of the Cufloms to grant a Licence to carry it from one County, to Another (t). At the fame Period, a Kind of Navigation Aft was proiX)red with Regard to all Places within the Strcights^ but the King rejected it (d), We next, uroceed to the Coinage. In tljc firft Year of Henry, tlie Sixth, a Pound-Weight of Gold, of the old Standard, was coined into Forty five Rials of ten Shillings, or a proportionable Number of Half- Rials, and Qiiarter, or Farthing-Rials, at five Shil- lings, and two Shillings, and Sixpence. By the fame Indenture, inftead of Nobles, and Half-Nobles, were coined, Sixty-feven, and a Half to the Pound, An gels, at lix ShilVrngs, and Eight-Pence, or a propoi- tionablc Number of Angels, at three Shillings, and Four Pence. Confcqucntly, tlie Pound Troy was coined into Twenty -two Pounds, ten Shillings, by- Tale. The Mint was a while continued at Calalsy where the Mafter was obliged to coin ^alf-No- bles, and Farthings of Gold; \ a. Groats, Half- Groats, Pence, Halfpence, and Farthings j tliat tha " Common Peof>U might have /mail GoU, and luhitc Mo- " ney, as They rcafonabh Jkould need.** And yet, the very Year before, it waL nafted that the Kings Coun- ' ■■■■ ■ ^.^ [l) Statutes at large, 15 Hcu. VI. Cap. 2.-23 Hen. VI.' Cap. 6. \c) Cotton, p. 625. " >■ (Jj Ibid. p. 626. 3S^ MEMOIRS OF .! cil might order the coining of Money, at fori, and Brijhly or wliat other Places They thought fit. The Salut was a F)-emh Coin like that of Henry, the Fifth, and very much refcmhled the filver Groat, which He likewifc coined in that Kingdom, faving that the Groats wanted the Angel, and Virgin over the Shield, and inflcad of Christus )/incit, had Sit Nome.v Domini Benedictum. By the Indenture of the fame firft Year of Henry, the Sixth, the Silver Money v\as of the old Standard, one Fiundred, and twelve Groats to the Pound, making in Tale, Thirty-feven Shillings, and Sixpence, or a proportionable Number of Half- Groats, Sterlings, Halfpence, and Farthings. Thefe were moflly coined at London, but there were other Mints, befides Thole already mentioned at Dublirt, Canterbury, and Dunwich. Care having been tlius taken to fupply Ptrluns with good Mopoy, it v;z-:. made Felony, to receive, or pay Blanks, which were r. Scrt of white Money, coined by Henry, the Fifth, in Fran e, after his Vidory at Jgincoutt. ^\x Edward Coke oh- ferves that thefe Pieces were called Blanks from their Colour, and to diftinguifti them from the Salus of pure Cjold, coined at the fame I'ime j but the Blanks (He adds,) were only valued at Eight- Pence, and, on Ac- count of their Bafenefs, decried. By Indenture, the fouith of this Reign, ihe Value of GoUl was brougiit down ajjain to lixteen Pounds, thirteen Shillinp"s, and Four-Pence; and the fcilver to thirty Shillings. By another Indenture of the lall Year of this Reign, it was vaifcd .ngain to I'hirty-feven Shillings, and Sixpence, 'f'hus it continued almofl fifty Years. In the Thirty* fevent!i of this Reign, Brafs-Money \\a.\ firlt coined in Jrelam/, of whicli, however. We have no perfedt Ac- count from any Author, whohath fecn it (/). ^ (/) M;idox's Hillory ofthc Exche'iuer.— I Hem VI. Cap. I.— 2 lien. VI. Citp. 6,9, 12. — Cumd. Bii*'. inSutfolc- j. W'cever ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 353 From the Moment of his Accellion, the young £V- Underftanding(*). ' ' ' '■' ^'" ' At this Period, the Security of Edward was fatally interrupted by the Dcfcftion of the Earl of IVarw'uk, who, joining the Lancajirtam^ proved the Inftrument of replacing their Sovereign, on the T' rone. The Majority of our Hiftorians (/) afcribe the Refcntmcnt of IVarwkk to the Duplicity of Edward^ who, pre- tending an Inclination to efpoufe Bona of Savoy ^ tlie Sifter to the Qiiccn of France, difpatched the Earl to Parisy with Orders to demand that Princefs, for Him, "in Marriage, The Piopolals hud been accepted ; tlic Treaty [b) Grafton, p. 659. — Stowe, p. 41 rt. — Hollngfhed, p. J 31 3. — The Reaton why Rapin queftions this Y-att, is, be- cavife the French Hiilorians have not taken Notice of it.— The Author of the Lives ot the Admirals *obfcrves that *' this feems no jurt Objcdion, while Brttagnt was Subject *' to its own Duke " * Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 290. (/■) Hail, Folio fgr.—Fraam. ad Finem Sprotti. • \k) Hume's Hiftory of England, 8vo. V. 3 p. 22;. (/) Hall, Folio 193. — Fabian, Folio 21^. — Habingron, p. 437. — Holingfhcd, p. 667. — Grafton, p. 66q.— Polyil. Virg. p. 513. — Biondi, p. 11. — Rapin s Hift. of England, 8vo. V. 5. p. 22, 24, 26. — Hume's Hill ot England, V. 1. p. 226, 227, 228. — Hiftoire de la Qucrelle do Philippe dc Valois, et d'Edjuard lU. &c. par M. Gaillard, Tom. lU- p 481, 48^. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Sec. 355 Treaty was concluded ; nnd Nothing remained but her Union with the King. Thus tar llie Negociation ap- peared fucceisful, when IVanvick received Inr^Uigence \\\2it Edward h?i(.\, during, his Abfence, given his Hand to the Lady Eirzabeth, daughter of Sir Richard JFtde- vdltj, (by Jaqueline of Luxembourg, Dutcheis of Bed^ ford,) and Widow of Sir John Gray, of Groby. Ed- ward, at a fuccceding Interview with IP^arvu'tck, was too haughty to make the Icaft Acknowledgment of his Error, and converted a once powerful Adlierent, into a danger- ous Enemy, by fuftering Him to depart the Court, in- flamed with Rage, and Indignation. A Naval Writer (/«), after having obferved that the great Power of the Earl of lyarwick arofe from his be- ing Admiral, and Captain of Calais, pror-^eds to an In- quiry concerning the Errors which arc imagmed to have crept into the Accounts of die Caufes of his Defertion, and " the rather^ (He adds,) as tlie Matter is new, and " not only afFe£ts the Englijh, but fome, alfo, of the " mod accurate amongfl foreign Hiftorians." We Tnall prefent tlic Reader witli tlie Whole of the Re- marks on this Subjeft, and leave Him to his own Con- jeftures : Yet, not without obfcrving that there are no Traces in Rymer of the Embafiy o( fVa>tvid{n). " Mr. Hearne hath publiihcd fome Memoirs of " this Reign, written by a Pcrlbn who not only lived " tliercin, l)ut was alfo well acquainted with the King, " and the chief Nobles of his Court (9). He vouches " tlie Circumftancc to be quite othcrvviib ; and that this '• Story wasdcvifed, in after times, to hide the Truth. Z 2 " Accord- (m) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p 291, («) Ibid. (o) Printed at the End of " Thomse Sproltl Chrjuica.'* ivo— Oxtbid, 1719. as6 ^lEMOIRS OF* *' According to Him, the Earl of IVarwiik had not *•■ been in France, before the Kings Marriage, \vhicl» was on thefiiilof May, in the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Sixty-three j but four Years af- terwards, namely, in the Year, one Thoufand, four " Hundred, and Sixty-fcven, He was fent to treat '* with Lewis, the Eleventh, King of France, with ** whom He began to hold privately fome Intelligence ** for the Reflo ration of Henry, the Sixth, to whofe ** Party, the French had always been inclined (p), In- *' deed this feems to be the Truth, and accords much ** better with Fadls, and Dates, than the other Story, *' lince it is not eafy to conceive how a Man of the ** Earl of Warzvick'i violent Temper lliould diilemble *' his Rcfcntment, fo many Years together (^)." *' The true Caufe, therefore, of his quitting the *' King was his immeafurablc Ambition, and the Ap- ** prehenlions He was under that the new Qiiecn's Kin- *' dred would fupplant Him, and his Friends ; and this, ** notwithttanding the great Oflkes of which He v;a.'i *' poli'clTed, and which brought Him in twenty Thou- ** fand Marks, per Annum (r) (i). Having declared in Favour of the Houfe of Lamnf.er, JVarwick ihcngthencd his Party, by the Acquilitiou of a powerful Allbciate, Georgt, Duke of Clarence, and I'econd Brother to Edward, As i... ^ "Inable Reward of his Attacinnent, the Earl gave t;i-i Pincc, his eldeft Daughter, a Coheirefs of immenfe Fortune, in Mar- riage (/) J and then retired with Him to Calais. Here, extra- (p\ Anonymous Chronicle, cited above, p. 297, 298, 299' (?) M97- (r) Ibid, p 300. ' (.'^ CanipbeU's Lives of the Admirals, V. r. p. 292. [t] W. WyrceOer. Annal, p-jii. — Hall, fob 200.-^ Hrbington, p. 439.— Polyd. Virg. p. 515. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, cVc 357 fxtraorJinary as it m^y feem, Tliey ftayed during the Commencement of the Rebellion. Soon afterwards, they arrived in EKglan.'/y made Proteftations of their Loyalty to Edtuar{iy were gracioufly received by Him, and even trufted wirii Offices of Importance (w). When Sir Robert ll^eUes^ at the Head of thirty Thoufand Men, rofc in LincahiJJnre (jr\ Edvmrd^ was fo far from har- bouring the Icaft Sufpicion either of IVarwUky or of Clarence^ that He granted them Commifliions of Array, for affembling Troops to aft againft the Infurgents (y). It was on this Occaiion, that they threw off the Mafk, 'cvied Forces in their own Name, and declared againft the Cjovernment. Thefe, however, were haftily dif- baaded on the News of the Defeat of IVeUes^ who was taken Prilbner by the King, and immediately beheaded, A Proclamation was alfo iflued for apprehending War" w'lcky and Clarence (z), who fled into Devonjhirey and from thence embarked for C/^/j/V (tf), attended by a Squadron of eighty Ships (/>). When the Earl approached tlie Harbour of this Tov.n, He was furprizcd at receiving a MeiTage from Vauclair^ the Lieutenant Governor, who not only rc- fudxl him Admittance, but would not fufFcr the Duchefs ov Clarence to land, altliough informed that She had i)cen delivered on Ship- Board, but a few Days before, and was cxtremelv weakened by her Illncfs. The only Favour which coul 1 be extorted from Him was two Flaggons of Wincj for the Service of the Ladies. ^ Z 3 ^. V •. The (fc! Rymer*sFoev -ra, V. II. p. 647» ^|9. 650. [x] March, 1470. — Hall, fob 204. — Fabian, fob 2l8.--» Habiuj/ton, p 442.— Holingftied, p. 674. ('l'/ Rymcr's Fccuera, V. n. p. 652. \z) Ibid, p. 654. [a] Hall, fob 204. i^i Mpnilrelet. Contin, fol. i6^* . 355 MEMOIRS OF I The Ptnon who brought tL;: infic^nificant Prefent was- conimandeci to inform the Karl that Vaucluir was iliU devoted to Him } but that the Neceility of tiic Times conftrained Him to alTurae the Appearance of an At- tachment to E/lwarJ^ l)y which Artifice, He hoped to accjuire the Confklence of that Frince, and unmolcftcd keep PoiTeffion of the Fortrefs, until a proper Oppor- timity ihould offer of delivering it to the Earl (t-;. If^arwtck affe£led, at leaft, to rely on his Sincerity, and, after having feized fome Flemijh Vefle^s, which were at Anchor, near the Harbour, let fail for Dieppe^ where He fafely hnded widi his two Daughters, and the Duke of Clarence, From thence, He departed for Amboife, where, at an Interview witli Lewis, the Eleventh, He obtained frcm that Monarch a Promilc of fuch Succours as might be neceffary to facilitate die Refloration of Henry ^ to the Cixnvn of England (d). Whilft the Army was levying for the Service of the Earl of If^arwick^ a Drvifion of his Fleet flood out to Sea, in Readinefs to commit iJoflilitics againfl the Flemings, v.hofe Sovereign, the Duke of Bur^undy^ cfpoufed the Caufe of Edward. To retaliate upon his Adverfaries, ^vho had taken feveral of his Ships, this Potentate collet^ed a formidable Navy, and proreedim^ with it to the Mouth of tlie Seine, blocked up the Fleet belonging to the Earl of IVarxvick, in their Harbour. Towards the Be^iimning of the Month of September, in the Year, one Tlioufand, four Hundred, and Se- veiity-one, theKingOf/V/z^f^i' had furniflied Margaret^ of AnJQU, the Ouke of C/tfr^« 3i4,-~Holhgfl:ed, V. #." p. 674, • , • I L L U 1 Naval, ani Refiflance Soon aften fions i the miiuih\ wh to fupprefs Brother-in gundy (u"1i( in a Cond tice to Ed cd Him moll likel; brave to a Jcfs, 'ufFe£ Notice J ! ly anfwef( Him difer The P fortunate made fuc flocked Days, The Eai J /ixth, i tliat his Ufurpe EdwaA to avoid •Fown, Lf) ^" ii\ \\ 1 cc ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 359 Naval, and Military Force, which, bearing down 'all Refiftance from the Flemin^^^ fet fail for England, Soon afterwards (^), the Troops landed, in two Divi- fions J the One at Plymouth \ r id the Other, 2X Dart- mouth -y whiift Edward^ was in the North^ attempting to fupprefs a Rebellion, excited by the Lord Fitz-Hughy Brother-in-Law to JVarwick (f). The Duke of Bur^ p/ndy (uiiofe Navy, fcattercd by a Tempeft, was not in a Condition to purfue the Earl,) (g) had given No- tice to Eduard, of his impending Danger ; and exhort- ed Him to accelerate thofe Meafures which were the moft likely to avert it. But the King, who, althougli brave to an Extreme, v/as vain, confident, and thought- Jcfs, uffefted to confider IVartu'tck as unworthy of his Notice; and, without preparing to refift Him, abfurd- ly anfwefed that He wifhed for nothing more than to fee Him difembarked upon the Englijh Goaft {h). The Popularity of Warwick (/'), joined to the moft fortunate Concurrence of Circumftances in his Favour, made fuch an Impreflion upon the Englijh that they flocked in Multitudes to his Standard, and, in few Days, compofcd an Army of fixty Thoufand Men, The Earl immediately gave Orders that Henry, the uixth, lliould be proclaimed King of England, and tliat his Subjeds fliould aflift in the Expulfion of an Ufurper (/) Edward, who, on the prcfent Occafion, was anxious to avoid a Battle, encamped at Lynn, a fmall maritime Town, in Norfolk", and retiring within the Caftle, di- Z 4 rcaed (/•) September 13, 147 1. (f) Fabi'.m, p 500,— Mall, fol. 17, 18, 19. — Speed, p 6^1. — V deConiines, TomT. p. 154. ( ^) (*. do Comines, Liv. 3, Chnp. ^. \h) I-h"ul. — Hill, fol, 208. {i\ Hall, fol, 2:s. ' ' A Il)kl. 3Co MEMOIRS OF rcflv-tl the. Gates to be fliut, and the Bridge llrongty guarded. At Midnight, the Army of the Karl of IVar- wick approached the Quarters of their Adverfarics, and, with loiid Shouts, prepared for Aftion (l)» Awakened by the Noife, thr King ftarted from his Bed, and en- c]uiring into the Caufe of it, \Nas anfvvered by his C)iaml)erlain, the Lord Hajiings, that the Enemy were at Hand, and that He had no Alternative but to perifh, or fave Himfelf, by Flight. Edward^ incapable of Refiftance, withdrew, immediately, by a private Paf- fage from the Caftlc, and leaping on his Horfe, hailcn- cd with a fmall Retinue, to the Shore, where, fome ''lips being, fortunately, ready, He embarked (w), snd, without Delay, fet fail for Flanders, On the PalTage, his VeiTels were defcried, and chaced, by a fmall Squadron, belonging to the Eajier- iings^ or Hanfe To vns, then at War with France^ and England. From thefe Enemies, they efcaped with Dif- ficulty, and, at low V/ater, entered the Port of AU- maer, in Holland. F rom thence, He procf^eded to the liaguey where He v/aited for an Interviev^ with the Duke of Burgundy, His Queen, on the Point of her Delivery, and furrounded by DiftrelTes, took Sanftua- ry at IVeJimlnJier (w). At tliis Place, was born [o) Prince Eiward^ :he Heir, and, afterwards, the unfor- tunate Su cefTor to the Crown {p). t When the News of the Succels of the Lanca/iriam was conlirmcd to Finichiry the Lieutenant Govcinor of Calais f He tlcfcrtcd the Ciiufe cf Edioardi and with every (/I Hall, fol. 208. (/») Odtoler 3, i47«. («; Oftobcr 1, 1470. \o] November 4, 1470.— Sandford, p. 425, ip) Grafton, p. 688, 69o.--Stowc, p. 422.— . Cooper's Chronicle, tol. 267. — P. de Commines, Liv. 2. Chap. 5. Hull, folio 2oy. — Ilolin^(l;ed, |). 1324. .1. ■'■«.■ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &:c. 361 every Demonftration of Attachment to the Earl of Jf^ar* , wickj put the whole Garrifon in the Livery of that lA)rd (^), and received a Body of four Thoufand Troops, which were ordered to wait until a fit Opjwr- tunity Ihould prefent it'Mf of joining the French^ and invading the Provinces \ the Low Countries (r). On Notice of the Flight of Edward, JVurwick haft- cned to London, and releafed Henry from the Tower, The Adherents to the Houfc of York, and amongft them, Richard Duke of Ghucejler, were attainted. In their Executions, the viftorious Party difcovered a Degree of Lenity unufual in the Revolutions of inteft'me War, The only Perfon of Rank who fuffered on this Occa- fion, was the accomplifhed John Tibetot, Earl of /f*or- itfier (j). The Regency was entrufted to Tf^artvick, and Clarence, until the Majority of Prince Edward, in De- fault of whofe Iflue, the Crown was entailed on Cla- rcnce, and his Heirs (/). All tlie Attainders of the Lancaftrians, the Dukes of Somerfet, and Exeter, and the Earls of Richmond, Pembroke, Oxford, ^nd Ormond were reverfed ; and Whofocver liad l)ecn deprived either of Dignities, or Eftates, for an Attachment to Henry, was reflored to his Pofleflions. The Duke of Burgundy, fearful of giving the lead: Offence to the prevailing Party, and yet delirous of re- lieving Edward, cquipfxid, in the Names of private In- dividuals, four large Veflels, at Ttrveer, a free Port, in Zealand, With equal Secrecy, He hired fourteen Ships ff) Their Habits were ornamented with the Eurl's Badge. White Crofles, and ragged Staves, were alfo fixed on the Outfide of every Houfe. — Phil, de Commines, Llv. 3. Chap. 6 [r] Hall, fol. 212, *' [i\ Hall, folio 210.— Stowe, p. 442, (0 F.ibian. p. 501,— Holinglhed, V. 2. p. 677 Speed, p. 681. 3^» MEMOIRS OF Ships from the Eajierlings^ to attend his Brothcr-ln- Lavv to England^ and cruize near the Coafts, durinnf a Fortni;ilit after liis Laoding, in Order to conduft Him Iwick, if the Failure of his Entcrprize fhould make it necclTary. At the fame Time, He prefcntcd Him with fifty Thoufand Florins (m). Edward^ now proceeded on his Voyage, ** thus afling" (obfcrves a Naval Wri- ter (a), ) ** like an EngHJh King, who ought rather, to " die in the Field, affcrting his Right, than difgracc <* Himfelf, and his Subjects, by living long as an " Exile, in foreign Parts." Scarcely had Edivard A](- appcarcd, than the Duke of Burgundy ifTued a Procla- mation, inhibiting, on Pain of Death, all the Flemingi from giving Him the Icaft Countenance, or Alfiftancc (y). An Artifice which could deceive neither Partj'^ and might have drawn on him the future Rcfcntment of //;«» which conquered. Edtuard^ whole wliolc Military Force did not amount to more than two Thoufand Men (z), intended to have landed in Norfolk^ but was prevented by a Storm which oi)liged Him, after beating fome Days, at Sea, to Tiin, with a fmall Squadron, into the Port of Ravtn- Ipur, in Torkjhire (a', where, when He i>erceived that tlie People, prevented by the Magiilrates, were not in ReaJinefs to join Hiir, He iflucd a Declaration (and even ftrengthencd it by the Solemnity pf an Oath,) tliat He did not come to challenge the Crown, whid\ Ho was contented to give up to Hmry j but only to claim, P P (2) Hall, fol. 24. b.— Stowc, p. 412, — Gaguin, Liv, 10. p. 260, 261. " • {a) March 25, 1 47 1. ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 363 claim, as Duke of fori, tlic private (and unjuftly coii- tillata!) Inheritance of his Family (A). Deceived by tlicfc Pretences, his Adherents flocked in NumlKrs to his Standard ; and his Affairs hccamc lb [>rorpcrous, rhat, fr >ni a Confidence In his Army, He relumed his Title to tlic Throne; and then, taking a dilFcrcnt Roati, paffcd the Troops of the Earl of IVarwUky un- molcfted on his March to London, where the Gates' were ilimwn open to receive Him, and Henry, once more tjie S]x>rt of Fortune, was delivered up to Him, as a Pcacc-Offering, by Gto*^ge Neville, the faithlcls Bro- tjier of the Earl of IVarwuk, and Archbifliop of Tork, I^dtua r d ga.vc Orders that iV^/zr)' fliould be immediately committed to the Tower {c). The next Hattle, fought at Barnet, (d) was decifive in Favour of King Edward, IVarwicky and his Brother, the Marquifs of Montagu^ were llain, in the thi<:te{l of the Engagement (r). Alx)ut four Thoufand are fuppofed to have fallen, on l)oth Sides (f). This Vi£Vory was followed by the ]!)cfeat of Margaret, and her Son, the Prince of IVaUs^ ^iX-Ttw^Jhury (g), where the Latter was bafely murder- ed l^y the Dukes of Clarence, and Gloucejier, the Lord Hojlingt, and Sir Thomas Gray {h). Thus pcriflied the Earl of IVartuUk, High Admiral o{ England, and known, from the Circumftances of his Life, by the Apj^ellation of King-Maker {/). The Naval, [h) Stowe, p. 423. (f) Grafton, p. 702." {d) April 14, 1471. t') P. de Commincs, •Holingfhed, p. 1332. Liv. %, Chap. 7. (f) Stowe, p. 423. — Wq follow the more moderate Ac- counts. Hall (folio 218} fixes the Number at ten Thoufand. (^> May 4, 1 47 1. [h) Hall, folio 221. — Habington, folio 453. — HoHng- (hed, p. 688. — I'olyd. Virgil, p. 530. — Stowe, p. 424.— Speed, p. 684; {/) Fabian, p. 503, 5©4. — Hall, fol. 28, 29. —Grafton, p. 703, 704, 705.— Polyd. Virgil. Ilift. Lib. 24. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 1.0 t^ I I.I 1.25 M 2.2 12.0 1.8 U III 1.6 6" % ^ ^>; ^ 'c-l "> ■> /A ^J^" V •/ <# Photographic Sciences Corporation ^^>:v^ r^-^v v,.1* 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 K ^ r Is :\ \ 364 MEMOIRS OF Naval, and Military Bodies, to whom his Bravery, Gencrofity, Magnificence, and Sincerity had endeared Him were devoted to his Interefts. Yet not Thefc alone, but the Whole People regarded Him with Af- fcftion. So extenlive was his Hofpitality, that no Icfs than thirty thoufand Perfons were entertained daily, at his Expence, within the different Manors, and Caftles which He pofTeffed in England. By thefe Retainers, his Will was confidered as a Law, and more reverenced than the Orders of the King, or the Edi£ls of the Parliament. It is obferved {k) that " He was the great- ** eft, as well as the Lafl of thofe mighty Barons who *' formerly over-awed the Crown, and rendered the *' People incapable of any regular Syflem of civil Go- *' vcrnment." In the mean Time, Thomas Neville, fisrnamed the Baftard of Fauconhridge, and who had been appointed Vice Admiral of the Channel, during the Adminiflra- tion of the Earl of Warwick, availed himfelf of the Abfence of Edtuard from the Capital, and affefting to hold the Fleet for Henry, proceeded to the CommifTion of feveral A£ls of Piracy, Having formed a Defign to furprize London, and enrich Himfelf by the Plunder of it, He failed towards the Mouth of the Thames.^ and, landing (I) with fevcnteen Thoufand Men, marched on to Southwark, which He reduced immolefted. A Part of his Troops were direfled ta crofs rhe Rj ver, and force their PalTage through ^Jdgate, and B'tjhopjgau. At the Head of the Remainder, He attempted to take Pofleffion of the Bridge j but the Cit'zens made fo gal- lant a Refinance, that He Was compelled to retreat, after having lofl Numbers of his Troops (w). Infor- mation {It) Hume's Hlftory of England, 8vo. V. 3. {/) May 12, 1 47 1. («) Hall, folio 3 3. —Speed, p. 685. p. 182. n. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 365 mation was now brought to Him that the King was marching to give him Battle, whereupon He turned back to Sandwich, and prepared for his Defence. The Royal Army, with Edward at their Head, proceeded to Canterbury, when Fauconbridgc difpatched a Meflenger to acquaint Him that He was willing, on certain Terms, to fuhmit, and refign the Fleet. The King not only granted his Requeft, but knighted, and continued Him Vice- Admiral of the Channel. He did not long enjoy thefe Honours : Frefh Crimes were proved againft Him, and He was led to Execution (k). Edward, having, in fome JMeafure, reftored the Pub- lic Tranquility, and placed the Navy on a refpeftable Eftablifhment, determined to grati y his Refentment, by an Expedition againft the French, whofe Sovereign, lewis the Eleventh, was then at War with CharleSy Duke oi Burgundy {0). To the Afliftance of the Lat- ter, He departed from England, with a numerous Ar- my, attended by a Fleet of five Hundred Sail, with vliich, in July of the Year, one Thoufand, four Hun- dred, and Seventy-five, He entered the Road of Calaisy a'ld difembarked the Troops. This Armament affords a Proof that the Marine of England had not fallen to De- cay, even amidft the Violence of inteftine Tumults j as it muft have been impoilible, after a general De- ftruftion of the Shipping, to equip, within fo fliort a Time, a Naval Force fufficient for this Enterprize {p). This, probably, was a Part of that Fleet which, dur- ing the Quarrel between the Houfes of Tork, and Lan- {(liter, adhered to the Earl of fVarivick, . ■ - On [n] Stowe, p. 424. — Hollngflied, p. 134T. (0) Phil, de Comincs. Liv. 4- Chap. 5. — P. ^iryle, p. 669, Gaguln, Liv, 10. p 267. (p) Fabian, p. 508. — Grafton, p. yig.— Cooper's Chro- Jiide, tolio 267, b.— Poly dorc Virgil, Lib. 24. ■, 366 MEMOIRS OF u. On his Arrival in France^ Edward was mortiiiccl to perceive that the Duke of Burgundy^ and the Conftable de Saint Pol, the chief Promoters of the War, were not in Rcadinefs to aflift Him j and therefore, although his iirft Determination was to attempt the Conqucft of the Kingdom, He deemed it more prudent to accede to Terms of Peace. Thefe were, that Lewis fliould pav to Edwardy within a Fortnight, from the Signing of the Treaty, the Sum of feventy-five thoufand Crowns, and from thence forward, fifty thoufand Crowns, Yearly, at two Inftalhnents, during the Lives of the two Kings : That He fhould, alfo, promife to marry the Dauphin, his Son, to the King's eldeft, or feconci Daughter ; and allow the Daughter-in-law lixty Thou- iand Livres a Year (f). On thefe Conditions, the Em- bafladors were empowered to promife, in the Name of Edward, that He would return to England, with hii Troops (r). Edward, juflly fenlible of the Advantages refiilting from a formidable Marine, applied a conliderable part of his Penfion to its Equipment; and by maintaining Squadrons perpetually at Sea, fo intimidated the King of France, that, for the Security of his own Doniini- ons, He annually diftributed immenfe Sums amongll the EngUJh Privy Council (s). At this Period (/) the Naval, and Military Force of Edivard, proceeded, un- der the Command of his Brother, the Duke of Glouctj- ter^ on an Expedition againft the King of Scotland, who, alarmed at the Appearance of fo powerful a Fleet, of- fered {/]) Rymcr^s Fcrdera, V. 12. p. 17. (r) Dupleix, 'J'om. 3. p. 87. —7 Mezeray, Tom. 3. p- 327, 328 — P. Daniel, Tom. 6. p. 461, 462, 463. — Phil, de Comines, Liv. 4. — Gaguin, Liv. 10. (/) Fabian, p. 5C9. — Hall, fol. 46, 47. — Grafton.— Ho- linglbed. \t) 1482. v' . • ■■ . 1LLU5TRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 367 fered to accept of any Propofals of Peace which fhould be made to Him («). During the Ablence oiGloucefter, the Profpcrity, and with it, the Popularity of Edward, had been diminilh- ed by a Scries of unfortunate, and difgraceful Circum- ftances. The Duke of Clarence had, not without ftrong Sufpicions of Injuftice, been tried, condemned, and executed. The People beheld, r.ifo, with Dif- pleafure, and Unealinefs, the Condu/i of the King, who had refufed to fend any Succours to the FlemingSy the natural Allies of the Englijh, and from whom they annually gained large Sums, by the Balance of Trade. Add to all diis, that it became every Day, more and more apparent, that Lewis never intended to fulfil the moft elfential Conditions of the laft Peace, and in par- ticular. That, relating to the Marriage of the Dauphin^ with the Princefs Elizabeth. At this laft Breach of Faith, Edvuard was fo irritated, and alarmed, that He refolved to feize the earlieft Opportunity of waging War againft die French. • . ' On this Occafion, He deemed it more prudent to con- fide in the Strength of his Naval Armaments, than in the Promifes of his Allies. How little they were en- titled to Dependance, feemed evident to the difappoint- ed Edward, from the Perfidy of the Emperor Maximi- lian, who, notwithftanding that a powerful Squadron had been fent, under the Command of Sir ^ohn Mid- dleton, to his Afliftance, made a Peace, and entered in- to a clofe Union with France, not only againft the Inclinations, but even without the Knowledge of the King of England (x). The Afliduity with which the Edward (/<) Stovvc, p. 43?.— Speed, 6S9. — Lenonl de Rd)us gef- tls Seotorum, Lib. 8. p. 321, 322. — Buchanan, Lib. 12. p. 399, 40c. ^ O J iLO (x) Grafton, p 743. — Srowe, p. 431. — Speed, p. 689. — -Corps diplomarujue du Droit des Gens, Toiu. 111. I'urt, U. p. 100. — llapin, Folia, V. i. p. 625. hi,', » li 368 MEMOIRS OF EJ'vard prepared for War, and his indefatigable Atten- tion to ths Concerns of the Marine, proved fo pleafing to his Subjcfts, I. at they appeared ready, and even defir- ous to join in the Expences of the War. But when the Preparations for this important Expedition were on the Point of being concluded, Edward was feized with a Diflemper, of which He expired ( v) in the forty-fe- cond Year of his Age, and the tweoty-third of his Reign {%]. The French Writers (a) have abfurdly affirmed thar He died of Grief, becaule Elizabeth, his eldefl Daugh- tei, whom (after the Ratification of the Treaty of A- tniens,) He always ftiled the Dauphinefs of France^ had not been irarried to the Spn of Lewis the Eleventh. We muft, however, except an Hiflorian {b) who can- didly acknowledges that the Death of Edward was a great Deliverance to France, and freed Her from the Terror of beholding once again, an En^HJh Army, un- der a vi£lorious King, proceeding to the Gates of Pa- ris. It is probable that if the warlike Operations oi Ed- nvard had been conduced on the Ocean, We fhould have found Him, as in the P'icld, brave, yet cruel; and enterprizing, but imprudent. It hath been ob- lerved that He formed juft ideas of Naval Power, and of the Confequences of an extenlivc Commerce (c). He fupported the Firll, throughout the whole Courfe of his Reign,' and encouraged tlie Laft with more Zeal tlian could (y) April 9, 1483. \x) Hall, fol. 59, 60, 61. — Grafron. p. 7;^^ —Cooper's Chronicle, fob 286. b. — Polydore Virgil, Lib. 24.. {a) Dupleix, Tom. UI. p. 130— rP. Daniel, Tom. VI. P 55'» 552. — LeGendre, Tom. IV. p. lob, i®;?. {b) Mezeray. Abregc de THifloire de France, Tom. III. p. 346. (f) Campbell's Lives of the Admiral;', V. 1 . p. 299. tLLUS ^ould have; nvij Tumul His Trcaticj and witii Mt iieficial to th Few griev during the F Tork. In the Seventy-four Tenth of Re is remarked t( it produced c ind fijcty P6 vvhole Fiftecr The Spirit of on this Occa] enafted, that 1 not be paid in i-eligious Hctuf <;d to the Peoj for the Pu/pol iindertakeri (A thefe Suppliesf <>therUres, de ner, hy Benei moft optilertt they would leJ contributed ; were feduced the Reft, becj Vol. I. ^d) 1466, z\ {e) Humi^'s (fj Cotton, (g) Hume's {^) Hall, fo^ t L L U S T k i O U S SEAM EN, kc. 369 tould Have been expefted from a Prince engaged in nvil Tumults, and ftruc^olins forhis Lile, and Crown. His Treaties witli Denmark, Lurgkmly^ the /Zr7;;y? Towns, and with Henry, King of Ca/iilc (d), were equally bt-. iieficial to the Mercliants, and ro the People. ' Few grievous Taxes VAere drawn froiTi the Eng'ijh, during the Reigns of the Mcriarchs of the Houfe of York. In the Year, one Thouiarfd, four Hundred, and Seventy-four, the Parliament granted X6 Edward a Tenth of Rents, or two Shillings in the Pound. This is remarked to have been very inactruratcly levied, fince it produced only thirty-one Thoufand, four Hundred, ind fiJcty Pounds (?). Tb this Supply was added a vshole Fifteenth, and three Quarters of Another [f]. The Spirit of the People fiifficiently difcovcrcd itfelf, on this Occafion, by a Parliamentary Qaufe which Cnafted, that the Money levied by the fifteenth fhould not be paid Into the Hands of tlie King, but kept irt. religious HcJufes, that it might be immediately refund- (:d to the People, in Cafe the Expedition agatnft France^ for the Purpofes of which it Was raifcd, fhbuld hot be iindertakeri (g)* Edward, who cithef perceived that thefe Supplies were infufficient, or converted theni to MherUfes, devifed a new Expedient of obtaining Mo- ney, by Benevolence (/;). He addrelTcd, in Perfon, the moft opnlerit of his Subje^s, and, ffankly dtfired that they would lend Him as much as tliey could fpare. All contributed; Sortie chearfully ; Others, not until they were feduced by the Flattery of the Petitioner j and the Reft, becaufe they were apprehcnlive that a Refufat Vol. I. A a might [d) 1466, arid 1467^ • • • ' - \e) Hume's Hiftory of England, 8fo. V. 3. p 263 (f) Cotton, p. 696, 700 —Hill:. Croyh Contin p. 558. (g\ Hume's Hiftory of England, 8 to. V. 3. p 203* (^j Hall, folio Z2&. 37» MEMOIRS OF might expofe them to his Refentment. Thus, aItfior)gr% the Confent of the Parties was pretenclecl to have bcca gained, it coukl not be deemed imirely voluntary (?), Vet, much of his Succefs was owing to the Beauty ot his Form, and that graceful Air of Gallantry, by which He won the Favour of the Ladies. Jt is related that accofting, with a familiar Politenefs, a young Widow, of confiderable Fortune, and dcliring to he indebted to her Generofity, He was anfvvered : "Yes! ** My Liege ! for the Sake of that fweet, and comely " F^ce, You fhall have twenty Pounds." Pleafed with this Teftimony of her Attachment, He kiffed his Benc- fadrefsj and Shc^ not kls delighted, prefented Him with twice the Sum (^). In the third Year cf Edward^ the Fourth (/), an Ordinance paffed, directing tliat all Bullion of Gold, and Silver,^ paid for Merchandize at the Staple, fhould be coined at the Mint of Calais, An accurate, and indefatigable Hiftcrrlan, whofc V ';s are defervedly efteem.ed, appears to have been iKcn, when He remarked {ni) that " this Kiog.cauled a nevy Coin to be ** made whereby He gained much ; for He made an *' old Noble a Royaly which He commanded to go for *' Ten Shillings. Neverthelefs^ to the fame J?ijy<7/ was *' put Eight- Pence of AUay ; and io it weighed the ** more by Eight- Pence,, being fmitten with a new ^' Stamp. He, likewife, made Half-Artgeh^ of live "Shillings; ?.nd Farthings of two Shillings, and Six- <* pence ; Angileti of {\r^ Shillings, and Eight- Pence ; '* and Half-Angsleti of three bhillings, and Four-Pence. (C He (0 Habington, p 461. — Grr.fton, p. 7i9.—FabIan, fol. 22!'. — ^Hume's Hiory of England, Svo. V. 3. p. 263. \k) Hall, fol. 226. V) St. 3. Ed. IV. Cap. I. '. . ; ^ .,vn;H « ^.i; -Tl • H Stowe's Chron. p. 418, 419. .>,. _, .,; ^-^^ , ; ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &:c. 371 *' He made Silver Mpney of Three-Pence a Gfpat, " and fo, of other Coins, after tliat Rate, to the " great Harm of the (Jommons." A learned Antiqua- rian (»), hath clearly dilproved this Aflertion, and by a Reference to the indentures, ll)e\vn that diis Alter- ation was not introvluced by EJwarJ, the Fourth, bpt ililitd from his Predecellor (0). By an Indenture of the fourth Year of this King, a Pound-Weight of Gold, of the old Standard, was to make by Tale, twenty Pounds, lixteen Shillings, and Eight-Pence ; and a Pound-Weight of Silver, old Sterling, was to make Thirty-fevcn Shillings, and Sixpence. By other Indentures of the iifth, eighth, eleventh, fixteenth, and twenty-fecond Years of the Reign of Edwardy the Fourth, a Pound- Weight of Gold, of th€ old Standard, was to make Forty-five Nobles, going for ten Shillings, Each, or ninety Half- Nobles, or one hundred, and eighty Quarter-Nobles, or Sixty-feven, and a half of the Pieces imprelled with Angels, going for iix Shillings, and Eight-Pence, Each, and confequently was coined into Twenty-two Pounds, and ten Shillings, by Tale : The filver Mo- nies were fhorn at Thirty-fevcn Shillings, and Sixpence, the Pound- Weight Troy. Thefe Indentures woe made between the King, and his Chamberlain, the Lord Ha/lings, Mafler, Worker, and Warden of 3II his Exchanges, and Outchanges in England, and Ca- lah. The Groats of Edward, the Fourth were more tlian twenty Grains lighter than thofe of Edward xha Third. The Jri/h Groats fall Ihort of the Eng/rfo Groats, near ten Grains ; and it was during this Pe- riod that the firft Difference aix)fb between the Standards of the En^lijh, and Jri/h Money. The Mirit^ for the - . A a 2 . Coin- f' Si I' i 'il^a («) B'fhop Nicholfon's Hillorlcal Library, Folio, p. $6 {0) Lowndes's EUay, p. 4c, 41. .. 57* MEMOIRS OF Coinage of the Laft were withdrawn from other Placrt, ^ncl confined folely to Dublin^ Droghtda^ and fVater- ford. A DifFererice between the Coins of the twt) ICingdoms was preferved dnring the lucceeding Reigns, an Irijh Shilling pafling in England only for Nine-Pence. The Value of the other Coins funk in the fame Pro- portion fp^. ■ • With Regard to Land, (in the Value of which Com- merce is materially concerned) We find an Inllance of its being fold, at this Periotl^ for about ten Years Pur* chafe. In the Proclamation (y) againft the Duke of Clarence, and the Earl of IVarwicky Edward offered a Reward of a thoufand Pounds, or a hundred Pounds, a- Year, in Land, to any Perlbns that would feizc them (r). in the Reign of Edward, the Fotirth, feveral Lavfs Avere pafled for the Encouragement of Trade j and ex- tcnfive Privileges were confirmed, by Charter, to the Englijh Merchants fettled in the Netherlands (j). By fome of our Hiflorians, the King hath been cenfured for permitting Sheep to be tranfported out oiHereford- Jhire, into Spain , from whence (they obferve,) arofe that Plenty of fine Wool, for which this County hath been lince renowned. The Aflertion is more vain than jufl. That the Spon'tjh Wool was, long before this Period, in great Requeft, appears from the Authority, given, in Confequence of their Petition, to the Weavers of tondon (/), entirely fal: Mixture of L^rd- Mayor prevailing > that without made: and, tlieir Fleec« proved fit Pi A little ' tuled " Z)^ , Rhyme, co State of Coi Century. ". tion be made Hungerford Work. To tie. That ti " Here b^ « the Libel " tAND to "Sea: Ihe ** what Wc " all Engli In this In ufpful, and the Domini S'igifmond wl (p) Sir John David's Reports. — Cafe of Mixed Moneys— **feelden. Tit. of Hon. Part i. Chap. 8. p. 1^5. — Stat. 17. Ed. IV. Cap. 1.— Bibl. Cotton. MS. Tiberius 11 i.— Ma- dox's Hiftory of the Exchequer. — Rapin's Hiftory of Eng- land, V. 5. 8v6. p. 128, 129. — Bifhop NichoUon's liifto' rical Library, Folio, p. 260, 26 !j 262. M) H70. \r) Rymer*s Foedera, V. II. p. 654/ [f) Hackluyt. {t) 3 1 Hei («) Hall's Fourth, fol. {x) CampP 310. (y) Collej («) Bches 4»9- ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, ^c. 375 london (/), that vvlierever they could difcover Cloth entirely fabricated of Spanijh Wo-^l, or even with a . Mixture of Spanijh Wool, they might carry it to the Lord-Mayor, who was to caufe it to be burnt («) The prevailing Notion amongft the En^lijh of that Age was, that without their Wool, the bcft Cloths could not be made : and, indeed, if there had been no Excellence ir\ tlieir Fleece, fome of our Sheep woi:ld icarcely have proved fit Prefents from one Sovereign to Anothe»- {x). A little Tre^tife (preferved in Hackluyt (y)^ ) inti- tuled " De Politia Confervativa Marh^* and written in Rhyme, contains a circumftantial Account of the State of Commerce, about the Middle of the fifteenth Century. The Author is ppknown j although Men- tion be made of his Patron, the accomplifhed Baron of Hungerford (2), who examined, and approved of the Work. To each Chapter is prefixed a particular Tir tie. That to the Intjroduftion is as follows : " Here beginneth the Prologue of the ProcelTe of " the Libel of English PoticiE, exhorting all Eng- " LAND to keep the Sea, and namely, the Narrows " Sea : fhewing what Profit come^h thereof, and alfo. *ubje£t of the fourth Chanter. He ihews that thfc Scotc/jWoo[\w?.s then in the fame (that is, as low) Efleem as the Spanijh Wool, and unfit to be wrought without a Mixture of Englijh Wool ; for the Truth of which He appeals to the Knov.iedge, and Experience of the Ma- nufafturers, and' Merchants, adding that tJicy well knew in what School, He was taught tiicfe Secrets. He A a 4 fur* {<•) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 3U, 3/' MEMOIRS OF k « further obferves that houfehold Stuff, Haberdafliery, and all Utcnfils of Hufbapdry, even to Cart-Wheelsj ^nd Wlieel-Barrpvvs were, by the Scotch Ships, carri(;4 Home, in Return for their Staple Commodities : From whence, He infers that Evgland^ being polTefled of the Sovereignty of the narrow Seas, and a fuperior Nav *<» -J. ^ ^ •.^:;v/ fl . ninth {d) Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 312. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 377 ninth Chapter, We tlncl a copious, and exaft Account of the Commodities, and Commerce of Ireland, except that the Author fpeaks confidently of Gold, and Silver being found in that Kingdom ; an AfTertion which Time hath not verified. Towards the Conclufion, is introduced a Proje£t concerted by the Earl of Ormond^ jnd fiiggefting that if die Kxpcnce of one Year, in the Maintenance of French Wars, were employed in the Rcduftion of Ireland, it would anfwer the Purpofe ef- feftually, and produce a conl'iderable Profit, annually, to the Englijh Nation. Yet this, as the Writer com- plains, was flighted from Views of private Profit, to the great Detriment of the Public (f). The Trade carried on to Iceland, from Scarborough^ and of later Years, from Briftol, to the fame Place, i$ defcribed in the tenth Chapter, at the Clofe of which jthe Author difcourfes concerning the Importance of Ca* lais. In the eleventh Chapter, He defcants on the Na- val Power of Edgar, and the mighty Fleets of Edward the Third, and Henry the Fifth, who (He obferves,) built larger, and {Wronger Ships than any of their Pre- ^eceilbrs (^). : '^ "•■ ' • * '■' The twelfth, and laft Chapter, is a concife Recapi- tulation of the principal Matters treated of in the fore- going Parts of the Work, and concludes witii a pathe- tic Exhortation to Englijh Statefmen, thoroughly to confider the Importance of thefe Points ; and el^^cially of that which '•egards the Maintenance of the Sovereio-n- ty of the Englijh on the Sea, and mult contribute the moft eflentially to the Peace, Plenty, and Profperity pf die Illand (^).. ■ We t: * •* » t ' (f) CampbeH'a Lives of the Adniirals, V. 1. p. 313. \h) Ibid. ^'^ . ? .. ■ r M', \ I %>- i.. v - n 338 ^H M E M O I R S OP We fhall drop the Subje£V, with the Obfervation^^ of a Naval Writer, (1) to whofe Refearches "We are in- debted for the Account of this inftruftive Treatifc. ** One cannot help wondering, on the i^erufal of this Piece, that no Pains have ever been taken to make it more ul'eful, by re- publifliing it, either in modern Verle, or as it now ftands, with Notes ; fince it is evi- dently written with equal Science, and Spirit ; fo thai it is not cafy to fay, whether it gives us a better Idea of the Author's Head, or Heart. Bclides, it is a full Proof that Trade was, then, a very exteniive, and im- portant Concern ; which will appear more clearly to the Reader, if He confiders the different Value of Money, then, and now." " It likewife (licws that die Reafon, and Grounds of our Na\al Dominion were then as thoroughly under- ftood, and as clearly, and plainly aiierted as ever they have been fince : which is thz Reafon that Mr. Selden cites this Book as a remarkable Authority, both in Point of Argument, and Antiquity (k). But We are now <-oming into brighter Times, wherein that Spirit of Commerce, which this Author fo earneftly wiftied for, began really to appear: and wlien there feemed to be a C6nteft between private Men, and Thofe in Admi- niftration, who fhould lerve the PubHc moft : A Spirit to which We owe our prefent Corrcfpondence with all Parts of the World, our potent, and flately f leet, and, in particular, our numerous Plantations^ th^ chief Sup- ptrt of our maritime Strength, as well as the tfioji conftder - abU Branch of, mr Tradfjlill rtmaitdr^g (/}." Ct,::n!;'!r,x vf; (/) CampbeU'sLivesof the Admirals, V. i. p. 314. {k) Mare Claufum, Lib. 2. C .2-. (/) The LiliChefs in the latter Part df'thV Pic^ture, which was drawn at the Beginning of this Reign^ rs nt)W^ |)erhapsj " 'ir';^c«-« ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMENi &c. 379 The Occurrences, during the Reigns of Edward j tlie Fifth, and Richard^ the Third, are in general, fo- reign to our Subjeft. Let it be fufficient to obferve that thislaft Prince difcovered the Prudence of his Condu^, when He ftatidned, near the Coafts, a Fleet fo power- ful, that Henry^ Earl of Richmond^ perceiving that it was imprafticable tc land, without engaging, judged it neceffary to avoid a Battle, and bore a\Tay to Dieppe, where He fafely arrived, and from thence, paflTed into Bretagni (w). The Folly of Richard was equally con^ fpicuous, when, becaufe the Enemy had retired. He ordered the Ships to be unrigged, and laid up within the Harbours (»), as if after efeaping one Danger, He 3ieant to invite a greater" (o). We now prefent the Reader with • ^ , • A List of tbofe Perfons who have either been ad- vanced to the Rank of Lord High Admiral, or errjoycd that Command, under any other Title, or Denoitiinatioh, from the AccelHon of Henry the Fourth, to the Death of Richard the Third (/>;. , ,^ ^ ^^ ., _ ,,. ... ., ).;:::< ADMIRALS of the " North. *^''^.." V/est. 2 Hen. IV, R. Gray, Haron Sir Thomas Renijian, . ,f of Cadenor£, ,. »., - .' "-^ '•'" .. '""'"■ ■'. "• 5 Heii. irrecoverably loft. Every virtuous Engl'rfljman muft be niixi- ous for the Union of America^ with his Country. The Gc^od of both Parties are truly, to be pitied. They wifli, and They tiefpair. \m) Campbell, (V. t. p 304.) from HoUngflied, V. 2. p. 745. — Argemre Hiftoirc de Bretagnr, Liv. 12. — Meze- ^^''y, Tom. iV. p. 357. — P.Daniel, 'Join. VI. p 601. (») CampbeU*&Live5 of the Admirals, V. i. p 304. (0) Ibid; {t!) Si'elman.—Lediard's Naval Hiftory, Folio, V. i . p. 1 3 if. MEMOIRSOP »j^*i r-. ^r JJ^r'^^-r<^ ther oijohn Beau- fort, Marquis of j.-jS;>.. ^ ^." Dorfet, .'■'-'-'■^ '^moFlh. , « ..V ' NicMas Blackburriy Richard Childerhow^ Elq. ^ ^^^ Efq. 5-^v ^•nd, ; i^Admirals of ENGLAND, ^e, 6 Hen. IV. Thomas of Lancajler, the Spnof King //,^^, %^ -^-, i • J^dmund Holl nd. Earl of Kent, Admiral- lus Angliae. (Admiral of England.) The abovcrmentioned Thomas Beaufort, Admirallus Ai^gliae. (Admiral of Eng' land.) 4 Hen. VI. John of Lancajler, Duke of Bedford, Earl of Richmond and Candale, High Confta- ^2 V>le of England, Son of King Henry IV. Admirallus Anglian. (Admirs^l of ^9^- land.) John Holland, Duke of Exon, Earl of Huntingdon, conftituted, together with r his Son, Admirals of England, Ireland, and Aquitain, for Life. JVilliam de la Poole, Marquis and Earl of Su^olk, m^de Admiral of England, Ire- land, and Aquitain, during the Minori- ty of Henry, Duke of Exgn ; who, witli, his Father, had that Office, by the .■.' ft ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. ^ti King's Grant, ad terminum Vitee eoruffty l^c. (for the Term of both their Lives.) a8 Henry Holland, Duke of Exon, Admiral oi England, Ireland, and Aquitain, 1 Edw. IV. Richard Nevil, Earl of Pf^arwUk and Sa* lijhury, k^mixdXoi England, Inland, T^A. jiquitain, 2 JVilliam Nevil, Earl of Kent, and Baroa Falconberg, Admiral of England, Ireland^ and Jquitain, 2 Edw. IV. Richard, Duke of Gloucefter, Brother t6 the King, Admiral of England, Ireland^ 2i.vA Aquitain, * , 42 Hen. VI. Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick, and Sw lijbury. Captain of the Town and Caf- tle df Calais, Conftable of the Caftle of Dover, and Guardian of the Cinque Ports, Admiral, as above. II Edw. IV. Richard, Duke of Gloucefter, aforefaici, conftituted Admiral, as above. X Rich. III. John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, Admi- ral of England, Ireland, and Aquitain, MF.MOIRS f^? .o'Z ' M 3 H'-"k It z ito \ ir t 'J .1 ,-^rt^^ «.^rl v>'-4H^v ■>. :' a>i- i^fii Cfi :L} Tol . *.-! Ti:^'\ \.:-'\ . «iia\isti"?'- •-'*'- !-!^^''---'* A h^ -^. 'f' 5tiiV»' ♦t\ ■< ■ U^^A .'Tw; ;.-?%V)i»'^>^ ^tv^if- ■ li^-iii^ :':'. <«• f i *v- .^ li^> I j;^'ift3 hm t^'^i^ ■r . »'-^/ \.W i>^A:V iv '*.T..riJ>i^ fV A .n^^^ I -n^v-r^i i -1 2 *, 5. .^. :'/i.V. rncA .tir'-t i^ M ^ V, . > . V #«\*l .^^ <^«i-i 1 to "3 M' .5:.A:N«»rir 'V.> n^^Mmtt^mn 5»t^vH> 11^ ki^iC \ .o'fOi'. Mtii^h .tm'^v 1^ i ««•: ,bhih.r,h i'tV^Vi^fii^i > vt. 6jl.»rtl ^i JisMr .'« ■ -n '-vf ,y.iW-lti'i' l(; 9*cw^''f 0' '^#fe*:^^^^%^^ •:<^- k .r.u .^•Bt^v bs^ v%^* ^'^^fejv^*^ ^ "i^ ■*' s ». I .< !;A...t ■ .Ui id^M I- H ^■'■'',^' :■> P ^ V'i^tiU 'rr> ^ « Vi*> 1,0 .... .•»/ T >f '9':< T, 1 ^ u ^ -.--ijl ? . » •» - v: .,i.: MEMOIRS '. V O F ■i^ifri\ J^^s ..■ Illustrious Seamen, &c. The THIRD PERIOD. ' From TflE Accession op Henry, the Seventh, to the Demise of Marv> ., ,-THE First. kO .-iJt'J;, »';..».■- TH E Battle of Bv/wirtb {a) in which the Royal Forces not only loft their Sovereign, but w^re totally defeated, at once fecured the Advance- ment of the Earl of Richmond to the Throne. The Camp of the Viftorious Army reibunded, on every Side, with the Acclamations of Long Live Henry the Seventh (l>) / At the fa^ie.Moment, Sir William Stanley, liaving dilcovered the Grown of Richard SLvnon^ the Spoils, advanced with it towards the Conqueror, and placed it on his Head (c). An Inquiry concerning his r ^'►^f ^ /i^l^T^^O* 'ft ^v^«r^ . -vi: :<■;■' --v-'^--', -^tii Title (a) Auguft 2 2, 1485. {b) BacoD, V. 2. Edit, 1753 p. 268, &c. (f) Hall, fo!. 34. — Grafton, p. 852.— Stowe, p. 470. — Holingflietl, V. 2. p. 760, 779. — Dugdalc'sBarouige, V. 2. p. 2^8. 384 MEM0iRs6¥ ' Title to the Regal Power is foreign to our Subjc^. We Ihall only 1 cmark that He did not hefitate to accept cf it, and proceeded immediately, by ilow Journies, towards the Capital. Here, He found the Citizens, and People, unanimous in their Expreflions of Satisfac- tion, and Allegiahcc. On the Day foUovCing (//), He iblemnly renewec^ his Oith to m'arr^ tlie Princefs Eliza- beth'f and foon afterwards (^), the Ceremony of his Coronation was performed by Thomas Bourchieiy a Car* dinal, and Archbifhop of Canterbury (f). The firft material Naval Tranfaftion of this Reign occurs in the Year, one Thobfand, four Hundred, and Ninety-two, when a conliderablc Fleet was equipped for the Purpofc of tt&nfiX)rti tig to Fraf(cey the Troops which were to invade that Kingdom. The chief Mo- tive which led Htnrif. to engage ini this War arofe froi]i his unbounded Avarice, to the Gratification of which tlic Parliament, and the Citizens of LiMdcPn'&.tmxti^tX' cd by liberal Supplies^ and CcJntrJbutions. He croffed the Seas, and, on the iixth of October, arrived at Calais, with an Army amounting to twenty Thouiand Fo«ot, and fixteen Hundred Horfe, the Command of which was given to the Duke of Bedford, and the Earl of Oxford, Not to fatigue the Reader by unneceffary Details, We fliail only obferve that Henry, wliilfl: i^e openly profelTed his Detemiination to carry oh the War, whh Vigour, prevailed fecretly oft the Marquifs of Dorfet, and Twenty-three Perfbns of Diftinftion, to prefent to him a Petition for fubmitting to an Ac- commodation, with France ; in Cbnfequence of which the Bifliop of Exeter ^ and Lord D*Auheney W(ire ordered »o meet the Marefchal de Corbesy at EJIaples^ and adjuft the [J] Saturday, Auguft 27, 148 j;.':-^ '{e) Oftober ^o, 1485, S r" ' '• ('/; Hall, folio 3. V ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, ^c 385 t!^e Terms of the Peace. To the Demands of Hemyy wliich were fblely applied to the Acquiiition of Money, tne King of Fiance imm''diatcly agreed ; blndino; Him- felf to pay feven hundred, and forty- five thoufand Crowns (^;, pahly, as a Reimburfement of the Sums ndvanced to Briitanny, and partly, as Arrears of the Peniion clue to Edward, the Fourth ; and He alio flipulateu to Henry and his Heirs, an Annuity of twen- ty-five thoufand Crowns (A). Thus, (to ix)rrow the Language of his Hillorian (/'), ) the King made Profit u}X)n his Subjects for the War ; and upon his Enemies for the Peace. Ori the fevcnteenth of December^ Hen- ry returned to London {^k). ;. . --, • III the faine Year, Maximilian, the Arch- Duke ap- plied to the King for Aid againft the Count de Ravenjlein^ who, breakihg out into Rebellion, had perfuaded the Citizens of Ghent, and Bruges to rife in his Support. Having reduced die Town of Sluys, He equipped a con- iiderable Number of Ships, and Barks, with vvhich, infefling the Seas, He took fuch VefTels as were unable to relift Him. Not led by a Refpcft for any Nation to Withhold his Piracies, He had attacked, and plundered feveral of the Englijh Merchantmen, On this Account aione, it was the Intereft of Henry to arm in the De- fence of Maximilian, A Motive flill more powerful was the Expediency of enabling this Prince to oppofc the French ; at that Period, the common Enemies of Both. Accbrdingiy, a Sqiiadron conlifling of twelve Ships, fupplied with Men, and Ammunition, was or- dered to proceed, under the Command of Sir Edward ''':: Vol. L ^' ' V Bb .'.,, ' .• Poyn- ^ ig). Nearly four hundred thoufand Pounds Sterling of oUi jpreient Money. {h) Rymer's Fcederaj V. iz. p. 497. (/) Bacon, p. 605. • (i) Hall, foUo 12. — Speed, p. 736^ ■.-•■' 386 i.f E M O I R S OF Poyni'n^s, to S/uys. On his Arrival, He was Informcrf that the tled^fjr of Saxony had marched, at tlic Head of his Army, to the Aftiftancc of Maxi/ni/lany and was pieparing to invefl: the Pbce, by Land. The Mihtary Operations were fcconded by Poynin^s, from tlie Sea. The chief nrcngth of Sluys conllftcd in two Ciftlcs ; and, thefe He attacked during the Space of twfjnty Days, whilil they were gallantly defended by iic- ileged, Num!)ers of whom periflied in the ciions. At length, availing Himlelf of tlic Darknefs of the Night, He fet Fire to a Bridge of Boats, which fei-ved as a Communication from one of the Caftles, to the Odier. This Accident fo terrified the Enemy that they lirren- dcred the Town to the Ele£lor, and the Caftles to the Eftgiijh (/). At the Clofe of the Year, one Thoufand, and Nine- ty-five, tlie Arch-Duke Philip, to whom the Govern- ment of the Low-Countries had" been refigned by Maxi- milian, f^nt AmbalTadors to Henry, with Inflru^lions to negociate a Renewal of the Commerce, between England, and the Flemings. The Treaty was conckidal in the February following, j and by one Article, it was enabled that no VelTels wrecked on the Coafls- of either of the two Princes, fliould be liable to Confiieation^ pro-^ vided any living Creature vvhatfoever were to be tound onBoard(w). , ,,:>..„," . i,:, . About the fame Period, Henry entered into a League with the King of Denmark, whereby He fccured to his Subjeft?, and parlicularly to the Inhabitants of Brijie^, the T'radc to Icela^ff, in the Enjoyment of which they had, not long 'before, fuffered fome alarming inter- ruptions. On this Occalion, it was llipulated that the Englifti llici:\ld, unmok.ilcd by tliC /)^w/.<-, be permitted tp 1- ',"i'' .;t {/) Holingfned, V. 2. p. 781. ^o.i .. \m) Uymer's Fccdev'J, V. 12. p. 695^7»3• . -' #■ *-i ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &:c. 3S; to fupply that Illand wit^l all kinds of Provlfion, coarfc Cloth, and other Commodities. This was an elj^cial Privilege not granted to any Other Nation ; neither* perhaps, could it have l)cen obtained, if the Trade o( Denmark had not languifhed under a coniidcrable De- crcafe. The Care of thefe Tranfaftions proved the IVlcans of introducinfr to Henry, Sir John Cabot who, in his Service, firfl difcovcred the Continent of Jmerica, and that Country which is now called Newfoundland (n). Of tliis celebrated Venetian, We Ihall have Occafion to fpeak, hereafter. On the Twenty-fecond of April, in the Year, one Thoufand, live Hundred, and Nine, Henry expired of a Conlumption, at his Palace of Richmond, after a Reign of Twenty-three Years, and eight Months, and in die Fifty Iccond Year of his Age (0). On his Death- Bed, He mentioned, with the bittercft Remdrfe thofe Op|>reflions to which his Subjects, the guiltlefs Vi£Vims of the Rapacity of his Difpofition, had been perpetually expoled j and, by a Claufe within his Will, directed that the fuUeft Reflitution fliould be made to All whom He had injured. We now prefttit the Reader with a brief Detail of thofe Circumftances which may enable him to form a Judgment of the Condufl o^ Henry, fo far as it relates to the Subjects of this Work. * '"* ' ' ''' ''" Avarice, die Mafter-Paffion of this King (and not a real Inclination to prom ' that Kind of Commerce, from the unfettered Prolpei ity of which, die Adventur- .;'•'. ■ ^ '■'"''- ' ■ '■■ "Bb 2 '— -" - '7 crs {n) Foed. Dan. 11 Hen. VII. .Art. 4. quod in Tabula Legationis MDCIL etiam habemus. — Rymer's Foedera, Vol. XII. ^p 381.— Seldeni Mare ClaufuTH. Lib. 2. Cap. 32. (tf)*Dugdalc*8 Baronage, V. 2. p. 237.— Hall,- fob 60. b. — Grafton, p. 947, 948.— Stowe.— Holingflied.— Sfeed.— Lofd Bacon's Life of Henry, p. 3 5 J* . ^ ' il 388 MEMOIRS OF «rs in it might reap, and, in Security, pflTcfs confi- dcrablc Profits,) was the Bafis of a Multitude of Laws which, contrary to tiieir Intention, rather checked, tlian encouraged, tlie induftrious Exertions of his Sub- i^"£ts. The Views of ////jry were certainly dire«^ed the inoft towards an Increafe of his Cuftoms, when He oommantled Morton^ the Archbifhop of Canterbury, and Lord Clianccllor of England, to dwell in the Speech, at tlic Opening oi the Parliament, on the Neceflity of tak- ing into their ferious Conlideration, the Protection of the Trade, and Manufafturers of the Kingdom (p). That Henry aflifted tlie Merchants with the Loan of large Sums, for which He took no Interefl, in Order that they might engage in tlx>fe Enterprises to which iheir Property was before unequal, is not to be denied, and refledls a Credit on his Condudl, howfoever mixtj it may have been with Plans of private Gain(^). But the cxaftion of Intereft, (at this Period called Ufury) and even the Profits of Exchange, were forbidden by feve- ral Laws (r). Every cvafive Contraft calculated for the Advantage of the Moncy-Lender was prohibited with equal Striftne ^ [s]. It is obvious that the Exe- cution of thefe ridiculous, and unjufl Laws muft have proved impofTible, or, if poflible, pernicious to the Sub- ject, in his Courfcof Trade. TliC Exportation of Money, Plate, or Bullion, was ilriftly provided againll, and all foreign Merchants im- porting Commodities into the Kingdom, were obliged to invcll^ in Englijh Commodities, tlie Money raifed by their . (p) A. D. 14S7.— Godwin! de Prceful. Angliaj Conimen- tar. Cantab. (743. Folio, p. 121. — Bacon's Hi rtory of Hen, YIL p. 289. — Parliament. Hift. V. 2. p. 417, 418, 419. '. (q) Hall, folio 01.— Polyd. Virgil. (r) 3KenVa. Cap. 5. ' " Ti. " , . ' is) 7 Hen. VII. Chp.'S* . ' " 4 ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc. 389 their Sales, in Order to prevent their conveying]; it a- vvay clandeftincly (/j. Thefe Precautions againft tho Exportation arc judicioully confidcrcd as fcivingonly to incrcafe it («). ^^^With ctjual Abfiirdity, as it clifcouraged the Breed, and introduced a Scarcity, was it enafted that no Per- fon fhould carry, or fend any Horfc, or Mnrc, al)ov(J the Value of fix Shillings, and eight Pence, out of the Realm, on Pain of forfeiting the fame, except it was for their own Ufc (a-). Jnftead of being left free, and intruded to the common Courfe of Bufmefs, and Com- merce (y)f the Wages of Labourers were regulated by Law (z) ; and Prices affixed to Woolen Cloth (a), and to Caps and Hats [b). It may appear aftonifhing that the Price of a Yard of fcarlet Cloth fliould be li- mited to twenty-fix Shillings, Money of our Age ; that of a Yard of coloured Cloth to eighteen ; the Jir/i a higher Price than the Commodity bears at prefent : and that the Wages of a Tradefman, fugh as a Mafoji, Bricklayer, Tiler, &:c. fliould be regulated ^t near ten Pence a- Day ; which is not half inferior to the prefent Wages given in fome Parts of England^c). " La- bour, and Commodities h;ive certainly rifen flnce the Difcoyery of the IVeJl- Indies^ but not fo much, in eve- ry Particular, as is generally imagined. The greater Induftry of the prefent Times has increafcd the Number of Tradefmen a.nd Labourers, fo as to keep Wages near- <;r a Par tlian could be expefled from the greater In- B b 3f . , creafp Kt^^ '^'t ' ( : fi? •t J {/) 3 et 4 Hen. VIL Cap. 23, 2^;" ** \u) Hume's Hirtory of England, V. 3. 8vo. p. 40I- • (x) 1 1 Hen. VII. Cap. 13. (y) Hume'isHillory of Englandj V. 3.. 8vo. p. 402^ (z) n Hen VIL Cap. 22. ■ (a) 4 Hen. VIL Cap. 8. • \h) Ibid. Cap. 9. , : • • ' \cy Hume's Hiltory of England, 8yo. V. 3. p. 403^ «»i. 390 MEMOIRS OF creaCe of Gold, and Silver. And the additional Art, employed in the finer Manufactures, hajj even made ibme of thefe Commodities fall below their former Va- lue. Not *^Q mention that Merchants, and Dealers, be- ing contented with lefs Profit than formerly, afford the Goods chcai:)er to their Cuftomers ^d)" We learn from a Statute in the fourth Year of this King, that Goods purchafcd for lixteen Pence would fometimes be fold by the Merchants for three Shillings. The Commodities, the Price of which hath chiefly rifen, are Butchers Meat^ Fowl, and Fifh, (but particularly the latter) whicli 0( Increafe ■enafted i Farm He flowed o ftand Ag Commod People ei] porting P prietors, ; tury and Renewal whence V executed, provided .1 Anothei be traced I favourite People (/f Mercanti his Coffer: which is cannot be mounted n ready obfe duced by win the F: bolifli it revived, few Years powering i^6. (') 4 Hf| <-*) A. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc. 391 « Detire of promoting Hufbandry, which, however, is on no Oceafion, more effeftually encourni^ecl than by the Jncreaie of Ma.uifaftures. For a like Reafon, the Law enabled againft Inclofiue?;, and for the keeping up of p'arm Houfes (/), fcarcely defcrvcii the high Praifes be- ftowed on it by Lord Bacon, If HuJbatidmtn iinder- ftand Agriculture, and have a ready Vent for their Commodities, We pe,ed not dread a Diminution of the People employed in the Country. All Methods of fup- porting Populouinels, except by the Intereft of the pro- prietors, are violent, and incfFe^tual. During a Cen- tury and a Half after this Period, there was a frequent Renewal of Laws and Edicts, againft Population.; ivhence Wc may infer that None of them were ever executed, Thp nutur^l Cpurfe of Improvement at lalj provided .1 Remedy. .,• .1. .....,, .^tC , - . ,» Anotlier Obflaclc to the Progrefs of Commerce may be traced in the Benevolence which Henry ^ eager in his favourite Purfuit of Money, had twice levied on his People {k), Tlie Sum$ were colle<£led chiefly from the Mercantile Part of the Kingdom, and being hoarded iii his Golfers, diminifhed, and impaired that Circulation which is the Life of Trader The Exaftion (for it caanot be called a Contribution) from Lotulon ^ilone a- mounted nearly to ten tliouland Pounds. We have al- ready obferved that this Mode of Taxation was intro- duced by Edward the pQurth. Richard the Third, to win the Favour of the People, judged it prudent to a- bolifli it i but Henry^ preferring Riches to Popularity, revived, and even enforced it with unufuail Rigour. Ju few Years afterwards, the Parlinment paffed an A61 im- powcring the King to levy, by Courfc of Law, the! Be- B b 4 ncvolcnccti (i) 4 Hen ;• Cap. 19. (4) A. P. 1491, 1 504. — Rymer's Fflpdeni, V. 12. p. / • 3^^ MEMOIRS OF. P:'.: _)',*•( nevolcnces which different Perfons had promifed to ipz,y Him ; Hence, obferves an old Hiflorian (/), may We perceive that what is once praftifed for the Utility of a Prince, and brought to a Precedent by Matter of Re- cord, may be turned to the great Prejudice of the Peo- ple, if Rulers in Authority will fo adjudge, and deter- mine it. Mortorty the Chancellor, in his Charge to the Commiffioncrs, direfted them to employ an Arti- fice by which they Ibouid overturn the Evafions of Thofe who might be afked to contribute. To Individuals who pleaded the Moderation of their Expcnccs, as a Proof of the Narrownefs of tlieir Income, it was an- if.vered that They muft have faved Money by Frugali- ty : To Perfons more coftly in their Way of Living, it was inlinuated that their Difburfements were unquef- tionable Marks of their great Riches {tn). This con- temptible Device was called, Ipy Some, th? Chancellor's Crutch ; and by Others, his Fork. Nor were the;fe the only Extor4:ions by which the King opprcfTed his Subjects, whofe Hearts He loll, whilft He acquired their Wealth ; and thus, by a fevere, and unrcafonable Extenlion of penal Laws, became rich as a M?n, but poor as a Fririce {n), Thefe A£ls of Tyranny were the more fatal to the Intcreftsof Com- merce, as they generally fell on fome of the chief Mer- chants in the Kingdom. Sir li^iUlam Capel, an Alder- man of London^ whofe opylent Fortune was employed in Trade, flood condemned, by an arbitrary Perverlion of Juftice, to pay the enormous Sum of two thou- fand, feven hundred, and forty- three Pounds, for having, in his Mayoralty (2 2. t ' ^ . . ' («) Bacon, p. 602. (») Campbells Lives of the Admirals, V. 1, p. 32$^ (0) A, D. i^oj* ■ V • ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, kc 393 and not inili£led (what was called) due Punifliment on the Perfon acculed of having coined it (/>}. Being ei- ther unwilling, or unable to advance lb cxorHt^nt .>;. Jine^ He was committed to. the Tower, from whence, after a long Imprifonment, He was releafcd by an Or- t!er from, Henry, who accepted of a Compolition amounting to lixtcen hundred, and fifteen Pounds. From this Period, the Fa£l became a frequent Pre- cedent, and fupplied the Place of Lavv. The Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Knefworth and his two Sheriffs, were imprilbned for pretended Abufes, in the Execu - tion of their Oflice (q), and not fet free until They had payed fourteen hundred Pounds (r). One of tlie fuc- ceeding Lord Mayors, Sir Laurence Allmer, and like- ivife both his Sheriffs were fined a thoufand Pounds, and i prifoned for Non-payment (x). Qhrijiopher Hawesy a Mercer, and Alderman of London was, on the fame Account, committed to the Tower, where He died of Grief (/). We are concerne<:l to perceive II Naval Writer («), with liberal Ideas, and a cultivated Underflanding, apologizing for the iniquitous Rapacity of Henryy and obferving that " thefe A£ls would have appeared flagrant Oppreflions in any otlier Prince." It is added that " He made many wife Laws for the Pub- lic Good ; and fucli Laws interfering fometimcs with the Methods Men had been in a Habit of praftifing for private Profit, He alvvays took Advantage of the highefl pifFenderSy as yielding moft to his Coffers, and from the ■.I ■ I I'iivi} >A' . bl [p) Stpwe, p. 485 » (y) A. D. 1 505 . ■ [r) Stowe, p. ^5.— Bacon, p. 635. (j) Il)id. {/) Fabian, p. 530, 536. — Hall, folio c; 7, 5??, 59, h. — Grafton, p 942, 946.— Stowe, p. 485. — Speed, p. 750.— 3acon, p. 6^6. "" [u) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 329. 394 MEMOIRS OF T / 1. » Terror of their Pnnifhment, imprefling univerf?* Obe- dience: For, in moft of his Profecutioiw, the Welfare ^f the State was the Apparent Ohjcft, and the due £xecutioi\ of the Laws the invariable Pretence. He was, therefore, the Laws being made by Parliament, a rigid Prince ; but, ailing ever by Law, efcaped the Odium of being a Tyrant." Thcfe Obfervations, fo contrary to thofe of all other Hiftorians, refute them- selves, arid it h fufficient to anfwer that the Decrees of a Farliatttertt, hdwfocvcr formally ratified, may be ille- gal^ iii particular C?afes j and of Courtl*^ tiiat it is ty- rannical to carry them into Execution. The great Law x>i tlie Land is unalterable by Legiflativc Bodies ; and W^ karn from it that a Mercliant fliall not be amerced lor a fmall Fault, but for a great Crime, and in Pro- portion to the Heinoufnefs of it, faving to Him the Means of his Livelihood, and what is neceflhry to carry on his Comnaerce (*), Yet, left it Ihould be thought by fome of our Read- ers that Htnry was rot a lawlefs Tyrant, it may be ne^ €e(&ry more particularly to defcril^e the Meafures taiven to^opprefs the People. The flagitious Inftruments em- ployed on this Occaftoo were Sir Richard Empfoftj and EdtTtund Dudley. The Firft, pofleffed of Genius, and a Gonfummate Knowledge of the Laws, was fkilled in gloifing over widi apparently juftifiable Pretences the moft arbitrary Proceedings. Thefe Abilities, added to a noble Defcent, had (notvvithftanding that He diir graced both,) rendered Him fomewhat more refpeftabfe than Empjon, who, fprung from the Dregs o/ the Peo- ple (;'), and endued only with mifchievous Abilities, Jifplayed that Inlblence fo common toUie Mean in theii^ Pror|>t (x) Magna Chaita, Clatife 25. ,* ' ■ (y) He was a Sieve-Maker's Son. Bacon, ^. 6^$^* ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMilN, &c. 395 profperity, ?.nci boaftcd openly of the Succcls of lii* txtoitionis. •: .' • ' •. t'''i'*»' "> Thele Men, ffill left criminal than Itinry^ ^^ofe Authority they were fuffercd to j^rvcrt to execraHc Purpdlls, caaled fiicli as were rqnited o|Wlent to be rn- (lifttd for Tcindry Crimes. If the Grand Jury found the Bills, ^he accufed Parries were comiTiitted ; yet, t\dt brought to ariy Trial, until of their own Accord, rfiey- (iefired to c6mpouhd with the King. If they were te- dious in making this Requeft, Emiiliiries were tmptoy- al to pe'rfuadd tiietii that their Ohftinacy ffli^t exjjofc them to a capital C6avi£tion. Anxioufi to prelervt their Lives, they fubmitted to Cbmpolitions by whidi. they lofl the greateft Portion of their Property. Ti> tliele, the Agbnts of Henry applied tlie gentle Term df Mitigatiohs, add lavished their Encomiums on thh graciolis Diipolitiort of the Sovereign wha thus allayed the Rigour of the Laws. Tkeip wetfe tllc firft, ahd confequently, the mofb moderate Proceedings in Cafes of Extortion. The neift Entetprizes of the Minrfters ivere lell Icrupulouily con- duced; and even the common Forms of Juftice Weite daringly rieglefled. They iliued Precepts to attacB, aiul cite Peribns before them, at their private Houfcs, where, ereftirig tliemfelves into a Court of Commiliion, tliey, after a turlbry Examin:ition, witliout adducing cither Proofs, or Witnellcs, jiaiied Sentence on the Vidims of their Opprc/IIons, and condemned them in enormous Fines, for the Ufc of Henry. Thus, tramp- ling on the Right of Juries, and every Mode prefcribed by Law, they arrogated to themlelves the Privileges of determining equally in Civil Controveriics, and in Plea^; of the Crown. Jt appeared as if all criminal Caufcs had belonged to that Kind of Jurifdiftion, which, al- though fcldom adverted tc, in the preceding Reigns^ ♦vau become ufual in ihio, ■ >^ . , •. The !i!l 39^ .■;j'S MEMOIRS OF > i . t The Lands of the Subjefts vyerc charged with Tenures in Capitiy by Suits inftituted againft them for falf^ Offices, Wardihips, Liveries, premier Seifincs, and Alienations (z). Thefe the profecuted Parties were, on divers Pretences, and Delays, forbidden to traverle, according to the Law. Hence, arofe a Variety of Pro- ceffes, .. whereof the Minifters (who decided conllantiy ia Favour of die Crown,) were the fole Judges. ,. The Kings Wards were never permitted, at the Ex- piration of their Minority, to have Livery of their Lands, without the previous Payment of exceffive Fines. Such as vvere outlawed in pcrfonal A£lions were not al- lowed their Charters of Pardon, until they had pur- ebafed them at an enormous Rate. So ftri£lly executed was the Rigour of the Law, which, under this Predi- Cimcnt, demands a Forfeiture of Goods. It was even averred that die King might juflly claim the Half of the Lands, and Rents, belonging to the profecuted Par- tics, and convert them to his own Ufe, during the Space of two Years. The Reader will qot wonder that in Order to facili- tate the Succefs of thefe abominable Meafures, the Jurors were compelled, on Pain of Citations, Jmpri- ibnment, and Fines, to return a Verdift, agreeably to the Inclinations of Henry, and his Minifters, whole principal Working is, by a Noble Author (• in ,i .■) How ^■if' (2;) Bacon, {a) ibid. \b) lbi(l. — Hail, folio 57,":— Rnpin*s Hiftory of England, I Oi^avo, V. 5. p, 342, 3. 613, 615. C ILLUStRtOUS SEAMEN, cV^ 3^7 How greedily this avaricious Prince purfued, and feized on trifling Profits, is evident from a PalTage in the Accompt-Book, kept by Empfon, and ruljfcrlbcd by the Kings t>wn Hand at the Bottom of almoft every Leaf. The Words are " hem. Received of fuch a " Perfon five Marks, for a Pardon ; if it do not pais, " the Money is to be repayed, or the Party otherwife "fatisfied.*' Oppofite to the Memorandum, Henry had written in the Margin, " Otherwife fatisfied (f).'* To give up a Subject who might, perhaps, have been rendered ferviceable to the Community, was lefs difficult to this mercenary Tyrant, than to relinquifli the Bribe which He had wrung from Him, by bafely encouraging Him to hope that his Life fliould l^e prefervcd (d). To the fame rapacious Temper, and not a rigid Love of Juftice, muft We attribute the Execution of Sir William Stanley, a near Relation, and One to whom He ftcod indebted for the Crown He wore. It doth not appear from any hiftorical Evidence that this unliappy Viftim had been guilty of High-Treafon. That He in Confidence, fhould have told his faithlefs Friend, Sir Robert Clifford, that if He were pofitive that tJie Youth who appeared in Flanders, abfolutely vpas the Son of King Edward, He would not bear Arms againft Him, is not fufficient even to jullify a Trial j mudi lefs the Condemnation which fucceeded it {e). This Crime, muft, furely have been venial, if Stanley hz(l not ftood poflcfled of more than thr«^e thoufand Pound-i a Year, in Land, and forty thoufand Marks in Plate, and I- :hii .ft .^. (f) Bacon, p. 630. i :•■ • >^ {d) Sir iJ/Vi^ar^^w^wj's Book of Accomptshad been fjen by Lord Bacon. That between Henry and Dudley, came into the Pofleffion of Sir Robert Cotton. {*) Bacon, p. 619, 6 H. — Hall, fclio 35. — -Stovve, i). 47S— Holingftcd. "*^"; ;, -, 3^5 M £ i\f O I R S OF and Money, cxclufive of Jewels, and otlier Pcrfonji^ nf immenfe Value, all of which were coniircated by Henry (f). It hath alreacTy been oKcrved that the (^ifcerning Reader may gather foine Ideas of the State of Com- incrce, in the remoter Ages, from an Examination of t|ie Prices affixed to the Ncccllaries of Life. A very cxa£t Account of thefe, together with the unpolished IWanners of the Nol)ks, in the lifte^mh Ceptury, is contain^ in a Houfhold Book of an old E^vl of Nor- thumberififiJy rpiintcd by Order of the prefent Duke. Deiirous of reducing every Thing in the leaft copncfted with our Subjeif^, as much, as jxjflible into one Point of View, We fhall, without referring to the Extrafts inferted, from this curious Work, amongil the Notes of a celebrated Hiftorian (g), tranfcribe the whole Paflage ; and, as they j^re fmgular, not even prnit thofc few Particulars which appear foreign )ip the Deiignof this Hiilory. .!/ /,, /i r "i..t: ' •'.^^irvf'- -r The Family confifts of one hundred, and fixty-fo Perfons, Matters, and Servants: Fifty-feven Strangers are reckoned upon every Day: On the Whole, two hundred, and twenty- three. Two-pence*haIfpcnny are fuppofed to be the daily Expence of Each, for Meat, Drink, and Firing. This would make a Groat of our prefent Money. Suppoling Prpviiions between three and four Times cheaper, it would be ecjuivalent to fourteen Pence: No great Sum for a Nobleman's Houfc-Keeping, efpecially conlidering tba. the chief Expence of a F'amily, at that Time, confifted in Meat, and Drink : For tlie Sum allotted by the Earl, for his whole Annual Expence is one thoufand, pne hundred, • ■ • r- ■•.-.'.. -5 1 and . • ' • '"^^ t'- •■ (f) Ibid.—February i6, t49?. (g) Hiimc*s Hiftory of England, V. 3. 8vo. p. 460* Note O. and cighf-; Pence; M^ and ninety-i more than tv mily, it is 1 pence of the nefs that is gardly, infoi muft be cut Pork, Veaf, ■ mined, and 1 itifferent Clei »ant is abfent on my Lord's eight Pence a. Pence in Sum Pence a-Day , fifhis Horfe. allowed for ev ^Vheat Is eftin Quarter. Tw are allowed, ieads are to b< about a Bottle, Jndtiie Beer •ind nine fat ^ide, at thirl ^nd twenty- fcf '''"'s, at eight ■^ito the PaftuJ lummer to Mif [/Time that ^"e Reft of thel W P«ge 5. ■ p. 460* ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Sec. 39^ and cighf'in Pounds, feventccn Shillings, and eiglxt Pence; M^at, Drink, and Firing, coft feven hundret^ and ninety-fix Pou-nds, eleven ShilHj^s, and two Pence ; more than two Third* of the Whole ; In a modem Fa^- mily, it is not above a Third (h). The Whole Ex- pcnce of the Earl's Family is managed with an E:;aft- nefs that is very rigid, and feems even fomewhat nig- gardly, infomuch, that the Number of Pieces whidj muft be cut out of every Quarter of Beef, Mutton, Pork, VcaJ, nay, Stock- Fifh, and Sahnon, are deter- mined, and muft be entered, and accounted for by the different Clerks^ appointed for that Purpofe : If a Ser- vant is abfent a Day^ his Mefs is ftrick-en oiF: If He goes on my Lord's Bulinefs, Board- Wages arc allowed Him* eight Pence a Day for his Journey in Wiater, and five Pence in SuHMTier, When He ftays in any Place, two Pence a-Day are allowed Him, beiide the Maintenance of his Horfe. Somewhat above a Qyafter of WIfieat is allowed for every Month, tjyou^hovit the Year ; and the Wheat is eftimated at five Shilling?, and ei^it Pence, a Quarter. Twa hundred and fifty Qyapters of Malt are allowed, at four Shillings a Quarter. Twa Hogf- heads are to be made of a Quarter ; which amounts to about a Bottle, and a Third of Beer to each Perlpn.(i), and tiie Beer will not be very flrong. One hundred, and nine fat Beeves, are to be bought; at jHWoUqw Tide, at thirteen Shillings, and four Pence, a' Piece : And twenty- four lean Beaves to be bought at Saint He" Msj at eight Shillings, a Piece: Thefe are to be put into the Failures to feed j and are to ferve from h/lld- fummer to Michaelmas ; which is confequently tjie on- ly Time that the Family eat frefh Beef: During all i the Reft of the Year, they live on fulted Meat (J). One ^. . hivn- ih) P. 157, 158, 159. .^,sj|4H :*; (') Page y ' " --^'^ (V (^) P=»ge 5. 40O MEMOIRS OF V JJ fiundred, arrd fixty Gallons of Muftartl are allowed in a Year j which ieems, indeed, rcquifite for the fait Beef (/). Six hundred, arid forty-fcvcn Sbccp arc al- lowed, at twenty Pence a- I'iece j and thcfc fccm to be all eaten faltcd, except between Lammas^ ana Michatl- mas (m). Only twenty-five Hogs arc allowed at two Shillings a-Piecc ; twenty- eight Veals at twenty Pmrcj forty Lambs at ten Pence, or a Shilling («). Thcfc feem to be referVed for my Lord's Table, or that of the upper Servants, called the Knight's Table. The othci Servants, a$ they ate falted Meat almofl: through the whole Year, dnd with few, or n^ Vegetables, had a Very bad, and unhealthy Diet : So that there cannot be any Thing more erroneous than the magnificent Ideas formed of the Roaji Beef of old England. We inuft entertain as tn :ah an Idea of their Clean- linefs : Only feventy Ells of Linen, at eight Pence an Ell, were annually allowed for this great Family : No Shtcts were ufed : This Linen was made into eight Ta- ble-Cloths for my Lord's Table, and one Table-Cloth for the Knights [o). This laft, I fuppofe, was wafhed only once a Month. Only forty Shillings are allowed for wafhing throughout the whole Year, and moft of it feems expended on the Linen belonging to the Chapel. The Drinking, however, was tolerable; namely, ten Tons, and two Hogfheads of Gofcony Wine, at the Rate of four Pounds, thirteen Shillings, and four Pence a Ton (p). Only ninety- one Dozen of Candles for the whole Year [q). The Family role at Six in the Morning, dined at Ten, arid fupped at Four ifi the AfRcrnoon : The Gates were all fhut at Nine, and no 1 (.. ■>r ;. ) u ■ '1 K* -'- {l\ Page ig. («) Page 7. •//) Page 6. (w) Tagev;. (0) Pa'ge 16.' {q) Pagei^v ILLUSTRIOUSSEAMEN, &c. 401^^ farther Ingrefs, or Egrefs [jcrmittcd (r). My LorJ, tinid Lady have let on their Table, at Breakfafl, at llv.r » ven o'clock in the Morning, a Quart of Beer } as much Wine ; two Pieces of ink Eifli, fix rcU Httrrings, four white Herrings, or a '•Difh of Sprats. Jn Hefh Days, half a Chine of Mutton, or a Chine of Biq^f boilc^ / ; (;)» Mafs U ordeied to he faid at fix o'Clockj that alti;.; my Lord's Servants (lays the Houlhold Book,) may rife,,,^ early (-■). Only twenty-four Fires are allowed, belidcs the Xitcben, and Hall, and moft of thel'e have only ^^ a Peck of Coals, a Day allowed them («). After Lay,) dy^Day, no Fires permitted in the Rooms, except Half- • Fires iir my Lord's, ami Lady's, and Lord PUrcy*Sf and the Nurfery (x). It is to be obferved that my Lord kept Houfe in Yorkjh'ire^ where there is certainly much cold Weather, after Lady-Day. Eighty Chalders of Coals, at four Shillings, and two Pence a Chalder fuf- fices throughout the whole Year; and becaufe Coal will not burn without Wood, (fays the Hout'e-Book,)-'' lixty-four Loadu of great Wood ai'e alio allowed, at twelve Pence, a Load {x). I'his is a Proof that Grates were not then ul'cd. Hei'e is an Article. It is devifed that from henceforth no Capons to he bought but only for my Lord's cwn Mefs, and that tht faid Capons jhall be bought for two Pence a P'tce^ lean, and fed in the Poultry ; and Mafier Chamberlain, and the Stewards be fed with Ca- pons, if there be Strangers fitting with them (2). Pigs are to be bought at three Fence, or a Ciroat, a Piece : Geefc at the fame Price : Chickens at a Halfpenny;-. Hens at two Pence, and only for the above-mentioned Tables. Here is another Article. Item, It is thought Vol. L ' C c -r -u ; -. good (r) Page 314, 318. (/) Page 17Q. _ {x) Page iOi. .i {x] Page io;i. (i> Page 73, 75. (*/ Piige 99. OJ P*ge 22. , M 402 ^ .'. M E Ki O I R S OF I i.l/, f good that no Plovers bt bought 'at no Se^fo/i, but only in Chriftirt'as, and principal Fiajiiy and my Lord to bt J'ervtd ihirntlthy and hit Boat d- End, and none Other, and to b€ bought for a Penny a Piea, or a Penny Halfpenny, at mojl \a). Woodcocks are tio l^ bought at the fame Prke. Parrt Jges at two Pence \b) ; Phcafants, a Shilling; Perfcockfi, the fame (f). My Lord keeps only twenty-feveu Horfes in his Stable at his own ClfaVge : Hi^ iippcf Servants have an Allowance for maintaining their cywnH'dtfcs f^^. Thefc Horfes ^re, fix gentle Horfes, as thfcy are called, at Hay, and hard Meat thi-oughout the whole Year, four Palfreys, three Hobbies, and Nags^ three Sumptcr- Horfes, fix Horfes for thofe Servants to whom my Lord furniflies a Horfe, two Sumpter- Horfes more, and three iVlill*Horfcs, Two fbr carrying; the Corn, and One for grinding it: Whence We may infer that MilK-, ehhef Water, or Wind- Mills i were then unknown : Btfides thefe, there are feven great Trotting- Horfes for the Chariot, or Waggon. Hie allows a Peck of Oats, a Day, bc- fides Loaves made of Beans, for his principal Horfes j the Oats at twenty Peace, the Beans at two Shillings, a Qiiarter. The Load of Hay is at two Shillings, and eight Pence. When my Lortl \% oh a Journey, He carries thirty- fix Horfemen along with Him ; together with Beilsj arid other Acccmmodarlon (r). The Inns, it feems, could afford nothing toierable. My Lord paflfes the Year, in three Country Seats, all in York- foire, WrvfJ'fl, Leckin^jitld, and Topdyffe ; but He has Furniture only for One: He carries every Thing along with Him, Beds, Tables, Chairs, Kitchen Utenfils, all which We may conclude were lb coarfe that they could not be fpoilt by the Carriage : Yet fcventcen Carts, and . - , , one (/i) Paget'^ 3. (<■) Page ior>. [e] Page 1:7. {b) Page 164, \6i., {dj Page 1 26, -■ i. i u drte fuffic w. clevei Chan Vetl dredyi Were c Comp even r notgJ> of Mdf; fietneth (adds t] and ele Italian \ the Itai *»i Won tions ai Excelled tarl is i fcr Infti to my the fame Mentiof Hifing Have bo'^ (f)n (i) Pal , (?) Pa "iade of Called (Jni SculJeiy, Cooks. ('■} Mr| W P ILLUSTRIOtJS ^HAMEN, kc, 40J bne Waggbn (\JifRcei for the Wholcj/;. Ortc Car^ fuffices for all his Kitchen- Utcnfils, Cooks Beds, &c^ (^). One remarkable Cirtufhftance is that He haa clever^ Pi'icfts in his Houfe, befides (^venteen Pfcrfons,' Chanters, Muiicians, ^c. belonging to the Ch'apcr: Yet He has only two Cooks for a Family oftwo.huii- dredj and twenty-tliree Perfons (A). TKeir Meals Were certainly dr^fTed in the llovcniy Manner of a Ship's Company. It is amuiing to obferve the pompous, ai^d! even royal Stile oblerved by this Tiir/flr Chief : He does aot give any Orders, though only for the right making of Muftardj-but it is introduced with this Preamble: // feeintth gUtd to Us, and our Coumii, If We tonfider (adds thejiklfcio'us Commtntatbr (/), ) the magnificent, artd ele|^nt Manner in which the Ftnetian, and other Italian Nbblemen then lived, with tKe Progrefs made by the Italiani in Literature, and the fine Arts, We (hall hoi wonder that they regarded the Ultramountaine Na- tions a^ barbarous. The FUmiJh alfo fecm to have much excelled the Englijh, and even the French. Yet the Earl is fometimes not deficient in Generofity : He pays, for Inftrfnce, an annual Penfioh of a Groat, a Year, to my Lady of fValfingham, fbr her Interefl in Heaven j the fame Sum to the Holy Blood, at Hales (k). Nd Mentrori is any where made of Plate; but only of the Hifing of Pewter-VeflHs. The Servants feem all td have bought theif owri Clonths from their Wages. '^ i •.vj(t\v ' .. tyi.u C c 2 ' ■'" ' * ' * '■' Jn , ^ %- ^-5 1 >v r n\j f m » ig) I^age3?88; " ;- .. -• ;- ^ (fli PiiJ^e 32q—Ih another Place, (p. 388.) Mention is m^t of tour Gooks : But I fup]X)fe that the two Servants Called (In p; 325O Groom of the Larder, and Child of the Scullery, are (in p. 3S8;) comprehended in the Number of Cooks. (0 Mn Hume. ' '. - •si'tii: .. (i) Page 337. frtif MEMOIRS OF A , In tlie year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Six^ a llreaty of Commerce (I), exceedingly lerviceable tof Henry J and his Subjefts, was concluded between the Crovvns of" England, and Cajille, at a Xii^c when Philip^ of Aujiria, the Sovereign of the Latter, driven. by a^ Storm, on theCoaft near JVeymquthy involuntarily paid a Vilit to the King who, under Pretence, of doing the neceffary Honours to fuch illuftrious Guefts, detained Him, and his Gonfort, during three Months, and un- til He had reaj^d every poffible Advantage from the, Acciklent whidi obliged them to land in his Dominion^ (w), , This new Treaty annulled an Article i^n the For- mer, by which it had been ilipulated that the Subjefts of Philip fhould be permitted to, iilh on the Coalls of Mngland. The Inhabitants of the Low-Countriei there- fore called it Intircurjus Malm, or tht bad Treaty. We learn from the Preamble of a Law, ena£led during this Reign (»), that the Company of Merchant- Adventurers^ in London, were authorized to prohibit all- other Merchants, who did not pay them nearly feventy Pounds, froiii trading to the great Marts, in Flanders^ It is aftonilh-ing that fo burdenfome a Reflraint on tlie Freedom of Commerce ihould ever have bQcn devifed, much more carried into Exccutioa. . ' On the ninth of December, in the Year, one Thou- sand, five Hundred, and Two, the King granted a Patent to 'Jamei Elliot y and Thomas JJhurfi, Merchants* of Brijiol, to yohn Gonfalez^ and Francis Fernandez, Natives of Portugal, impowering them to proceed with Englijh Colours, on a Voyage for the Difcovery of iinknown Countries^ and the Settlement of Colonies^ I »•..• :. 1 (/) Rymer's Foedera, V. 13, p. 142. \m) Hall, folio 58. — Bacon, p. 633. (») 12 Hen. VII. Cap. 6. ther^n li'i:] .nV. •■) ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 405 therein (je^s, how limited, foever their Incomes may haive been, were in their Turns, compelled to gratify his Avai»ice ; and ix, mi^y alfo induce us tp entertain a Doubt whether the Engltjh, of that iEra, \y9rc as poor 9sinoft Writers have reprefented Them. '• We have already obfer.ved that, .to the Detriment of Cfynmerce, the Circulation , of thel^ iramenfc Suais Jaetartic flopped, from the Moment that they were fcizcd by Henry, With what Relja£tance He parted fix>m iiis Money, even on thofe iQccafiona, when it w?^ neceiJary for his o\vn Honour, that He fliould reftrain his Avarice, is evident from liis Conduft to his Daugh- ^ter, the Vj\iiC£h, Margaret ; and to the Lady yinne, the Sifter of his Queen. When the Eo^er was wedded to the King of Hatlmd^ her Portion amounted Oinly to thirty thoufend Nobles, or ten thoufend Pounds (a); and He could fcarcely be perfuaded to fettle abopt an rhundred, and twenty Pounds a -Year upon the Latter, .when She efppiired the Lord Thitna^i Howard (jr). It appears by an Indenture pf the ninth Year of the Reign of ^*pry, the Seventh, th^t a Ppund- Weight of Gold, tbj2 old St;9ndard, was coined into as many, and the fame Pieces, as in the fifth Year pf Edxvfirdy -the Fourth (y)' The gold Coins of Henry the Seventh, were a Sovereign, a Half Sovereign ; Ryal, Half- Ryal, and Quarter Ryal, Angel, and Half-An^el. His Oliver Money was Groats, Half-GroiTes, or Two penny JPieces, 'Pennies, Halfpence, and Farthings. The old Pcnaies which bore divers Spurs, or the Mullet hctwixi C c 4 iff) % W^r's Fcedcra, V. 13. p. yjt [x) Stowe's Annals, p. 4S3. ^ (y) ^^^^ 27i/olfthi».Wprk., ,., ,^^ij X\i^ 4o8 vZ X MEM O I R^S OF J ,1 1 1 the Bars of the CroCs were to go only for Half- Pcnnlw. To avoid Clipping, for the Future, the King caufej new Groats, and Two-pences to be coined, having a Circle round tliis outer Part, and ordered that the Gold hereafter to be coined, fhoutd have the whole Scripture, or Infcription, about every Piece (z) (a). The fiift Shillings were coined in the Reign of this Prince, They were large, fair, and (as forty only were in a Pound of Silver,) a full Third heav^ier than the Shillings of the pF.tent Time. Of the current Va- lue of a Shilling, al>out the Middle of the fixteenth Century, the Reader may form a Judgment, when He is told that a fpacious Houfe, within the Prerinfts of the Court, in Channel- Row, at Wejlminjier, was let to the Comptroller of the Houfhold to Edward^ tlie Sixth, for thirty Shillings a Year (^). .nssiiU.ul io •»9^;; - ■ The Coin of Henry, the Seventh, whether Gold, or Silver, was, in generalj of due Weight, and Finenefs ; Yet, on his Expedition to Scufogney He either coined, or tolerated a bafe kind of Moneys called Dandy- Ptatts; but of what Metal, Value, or Fafhion, is unknown (c). A Naval Writer C^;) obferves that this was, per- haps, good Policy ; but it proved a bad Precedent, arid afforded his Son a Colour for finking the Value of his Money, beyond all Example, j- t'^*^^ '^^.-^■■'f -'i' i-. ■ .-^•- ,..,..-■_•. - 'T 4x-'%' '"The («) Stat. 19. Hen.VII. Cap. j. ^ {a) Madox's Fliftoiy of the Exchequer,^ Stat. 4. 1 2 Cap. t, 19 Cap. 5. Hen VI I.— Coke's Inftit. Par. 2. p. 576.— Stowe's Survey of London, Ch. Tower. — Camden's Reni — Rapin*8 Hirtory of England, 8vo. V. 5. p 365, 366.— ffi- ihop NIcholfon's Hiftoncal Library, Folio, p. 26X, 263. {6) J. S. Life of Thomas Smith, p. 1 26 (r) Sir Robert Cotton '3 Difcourfe of foreign wars, p. — Nummi Britannici Hilloria, p. 47.- Fleetwood's Chi con Preciofum, p. 47. . . - ■. {dj Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 33}. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 40^ The Parliament, holden at JVe/lm'mJier, in the Be- ginning of the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Ninety, enafted tliat no Finer of Gold, or Silver, nor Parter of the fame hy Fire, or Water, fhould allay any fine Silver, or Gold, or fell either of them to any any Perfon, but only to the Officers of Mints, Changes, and Goldfmiths, within the Realm ; and that all Sil- ver be made fo fine that it may bear twelve Fenny- Weight of Allay, in a Pound-Weight {e), (e) Stat, 4. Hen. VII. Cap. 2,— 'Bacon, p. 596, 597* <'-, jv .''•'t '•/-'sr tf®^/ >v ■ .■,, , ..iJ . , i MEMOIRS .i^4- t *.-4^t^ .^' » «» *-+ vA '•■• J. O I A T ^ J r 7 1). •-» ■,>:.\\^' »'.<>-:♦ /IS W'%y 'i'^' '.c 10 V-***** V M fit •t'vjn (p^ v/ ".■:*i-;o ?1:-. ^^.'v-n '»|i t <;' /■*"■ anrn'> ^it/«i*Vi i^>. r^ r : *j;ih rnn -j'k i:..'.V 'y? ^ '^ v' -C- >*■? C;* wr t f^f? o:-*i. J si iW- '.: r«^ iMfiTf,'^ .^ ' -.X- kjjh. -1>:j<)V -a . - ) '/* l^i *i i: 1 ; i J *< ri (ergot hi s Fat fioond Volufr cond Volume the 'third Vol Harri j's Voyj the Admirali tgrjr. - i ^ » • • "j.li.tri'rx-'s^ .^ .. 't » J *'''rl tn Jrvjt »*K^ ,|y5bfi"bs'*>^ vri<- ^ff'T .^ > M E M O I E 5 Abas ^ % r/t:'!v1 ay,) ■}• ■>\]mn 'Xf3. ,* CHRIST0BHER COLUMBUS. '■rM'^-' •' •; • r'l^- - * . t^i.w ;■) -rtK' ill. • r TO tlMR jyoftrious Voyager (a), every Nation Tn Europe is indebted for thofe remarkable Diicpyetics ■ which, laying open the Treafures of the Weftffii World, improved the Arts of Navigation, allured Man^ kind to Induf^ry, by Profpe^^s of Advantage, and cij- icnded, whi]ft they eftablifhed, for Centuries to coi^e, the various iBlcffings which ar^fe from Copiniercc,. Tliat this ferviceable Citizen of the Worjd is not a Ijative of our Ifland, muft be imrpatcrial. Tlie Engtijh ftill reap, in cpmiiibn with other Powers, t;hc Benefits whidi have rcfulted from liis Enterpri/^ ; And this Circuii^- ftance ^lone inti^les Him to tlieir Attention. l.iii^lli A. /».j'iVi£ H*>'^ • I ^4 ».^ _i ■ y b 1 . 4 f I ■• {a) The Material? f(>r this Life are chiefly taken from the Hit- (erg of his leather /Naval Traits ^-' Sir fh/iiam Mm/Iji ; the fiioond VoKifrie of ChutchiU\% Colleftion of Voyages ; the fc- cond Volume of Lord Bacon\H\^oTy of Henry the Scx'enth ; the third Volume oi Hackluyt\ Voyages ; the firft VoUime of Harris's Voyages ; the firft Volume of Cqmpheli*i Lives of the Adiniraii ; and tlw i^u& \>lum6 gf Lediar^i Naval Hif- torjr. - '•• • . ■ . ^ ■ ■ ■ ' 4i2 MEMOIRS OF ChriftopheTy the Son of Dominick Columbut^ was horn at Genoa. His Father (v*hoin Mr. Tindai, without quoting his Authority, calls a Wool-Comher (*),) was nobly dcfcended, but not affluent in his Circumftan- ces. The earlieft Part of the Life of Chrijiopher Colum- bia was {pent AtPavia^ Ifvhere Hp fiudittJ Cofnaogra- phy, Aftro^ogy, and Gecffiietry. Having; rSn over thefe Sciences, He made fome Voyages to the £a/f, and If^e/i. The Particulars of them wert little known to his Son and, therefore^ our Information muft be gatliered from his Letters written to the King of Spain. . ^ \) \A "^ In one of tliefe (c), He/ays : ** I w^iJt to Sea very young, and have remained a Voyager to this Day. The ^rjt .of Navigation infpires thofe who praftiie it wiHi .earneft VVifhes to difcover the Secrets of this World. .During the Space of forty Years have I been failing to qll , tlte Regions which are now frequented. I have tj-acled^ and conyerfed with fuch of the Clergy, and Laity, as were eminent for their Wifdom, amongft ^the Latins y Greeksy Indianiy and Moors, together with ^ieVeral other Se£ls. By the Blefling of Heaven, J have "acquired a Knowledge of Navigation, Aftrology, Geo- metry, and Arithmetic. To the Supreme Being am I indebted for a Genius^ and Hands, fit to delineate the Globe, and on it (Each in its proper Place,) tlie Ri- vprs, Harbours, Iflands, and the Cities. Throughout this Period, I have frequently feen, and always endea- voured to fee, the Books of Cofmography, Hiflo-ry, Phi- lofophy, and other Sciences. — Filled with . a , Delire of failmg to the Indies, I waited on your Highnefs. All ,wha heard of the Undertaking rejefted it with Scorn, ]n your Royal Breail, alone, Faith and Conflancy pre- fcrvcd their Scat." ,.. , ; \^ "i.n [h] Rapin's Hi/^ory of EuglanJ, 8vo. V. 5. Note a*, p. 290. »■-' (.) Djrcd in 1 50 1, CHRISTOPHER GOLilMBClS. ^tr^ " In the Month of February, in the jYcpr,. pufe' Thoufand, four HundrjEcl, and Sixty-feven, 1' f^jletl an,; Imntlred Leagues beyond Thuie (d), the Northerq -.Pait: of which is feventy- three Degrees diftaqt .fr9ni tlpc Equino^ial^, and not (as ibnie Geographers liavc aiTfirt-' (d,) fixty-thrce Degrees. Ncr does it lie iipon.tlie Line where PtQUm/i Weji begins, bu much irtOTQ. Itt thcr: lH^tflward. The Englijh^ and particularly the Mer--.- diants of Bri/ioly trade to tliis liland, which is as larger »s their Kingdona. During my Abode, here, the, Sea/ las not frozen. But the Tides were fo ftrong that in. fome Places they role lix, and twenty Fathom ; and. fcllasmwdi.'* , ^ M-w.iv. 1 "'o i^'-fi " I was in the Fort of Saint George drla Atlra^ be*? knging to the King of Portugal, which lies ii|ider tlie Equinoctial; and (in Contradiftion to the Opinion of Eany Writers,) 1 can truly bear Witnefs ihAt.itis ha- l)itable." *' 1 have followed tlie Sea-Service from my fourteenth Year. Three, and twenty Years was I on this Element, without quitting it for any Length of Time that can Jderve Notice. Then, I faw all the Eaji, and all the Wtft J aid, I may add, towards the North, or Eng- kl I have likewife, been at Guinea ; yet never did I lehold the Harbours fo commodious as thofe of the m/i'lndiet:* Fram the preceding Circumftances, the Reader muft bve formed the moft favourable Ideas of this memo« rable Adventurer, to the Relation of whofe DifcoverieSy it may be neoeffary to prefix, the earlier Particulars of kisLife. . f-,::iv ., ■? U.v.A'AX V-'^"?' ■ Vr-fit r;^» .-"'.r'r The firft Expfedition of Columbus was with a Sea Commander of his own Name, and Family. Their W Iceland. -r '" "' '■''" -••--•^ • ■• 414- • *^ MlMbl'RS dp ^^'' ' V^flel (irt th* SeVvice of the CnoWh of Portugat^) vrasl attacked liy fow large VeHttia^ Galties, and, unfor-l tuttaiel^, toi6k Fit^, in tfie Widft ht the Engagement.! Tkfe Crtw,' to^ prcfetve theif* Lii^s, feapcd intt> th< Oc6an> ahd, with Diflictjlty, giihcd the Shore. Amonj^ Thcfe, wis Cdlumbmy who rcpairtd to Lifien, a Cit\ att whfch Miiltitudcs of hi« C6tntrym*n^ the Genoefii were iccuftoftied torefiide. Here, He fhartlc^d the Daugh-i ter of Prter' Mi¥it% Pertftrelhy a celebrated NavigatorJ whb, with tWo other Caj^tain^, difcdverftd Madera m Poft^ SdHm W€ tnky reafonibly infer th^t the Jour^ lials, and Sea-Chiiif^ of Pereftreik were, in the Opi. nion of Columbus, the moll valuable Part of the Por-j tion which Ht" received with his Bride. Soon aftcr- wilfdlt> He bcicrfme' a Widower; but ihortly embraccf the Mafridgft Sfite ^gain. Tlie Fruit of this fecond Unidn was Ferdtnahd, who appedrs to have been wclf cducj.ced, and who wrote his Father's Life. How foof Citmhui QTt\hm:tSi\t€'OYiti\on that neVO- Wbrlds mightj be difcdVewd; Whtthei^ He wai influcffc'i^d by the] Exathptfe 6f Petkjtklki Whedier his fu^eftions arofej frdtn a Gon^deYatfeh 6f the fpherieal Form of this] Body of EartW^ Aiid Wstcr, believing that there mufti neCeflarity be" feme' other great! Traft of Land, between I thii* Wefitrn Crafts of EurHfey and Jfrica, and the Eaftern Coafts of Jfta, to counterpoife our vaft Conti- iient ; or Wbet'her (as fortte Hiflotiians all^^j h6t^^'ith- ftanding tJiat Fifdifkntd pa^s over thi% Circ'u'iTftftance, | in Silence,) He Wa3 poffeffed of the MemoH's of an an- cient Marineii, (vvho had been driVen by Strefs of Wea-I ther, on the Coafts of Hifpaniola^ and died, fonre Time | afterwards, at ^hc Houfe 6f Columbuf^ in Madera) by I which He v^as aflTured of die Exiftehce of fome unknowir Country to the IVeftwari, are Points which iio Writer] on the Subject hath eluciJ. ted. CHRlSTGPHtR COLUMBUS. 4^5 Relatively to the lail Circumilancey it is ' ob&rved . that a certain Pilot, a Native, and Inhabitant of the Town of Gueha, in the County of Nithla^ \ in Anda-^ lufuif called Abnzo Sanchtz de Huaha^ or, according to Others, Buxuluy was accuftomed to convey his Mer«* chandize, in a fmall VefTel, to the Canarits ; On his lai^ Voyage from thence to Spaitiy a itrong Levant aro(e, which, in twenty Daysy drove him towa^rds one of the Illands of Bnlovento, or tlie IVindward lilands, which was fuppofed to be Hif/>aniala. Here, moll of the Ships Company perilhed for Want, and jfUnz»p with the few Survivors, dteading the fiime Fate, ftooid outtc^; S«a, and arrived at Madera. Beneath the hofpitable Ysxti oi Columbus^ the Pilot, found a get. jrous, but un^- availing Reception. Worn out by the Miferics which He had eklduiredy He expired in the Arms of his Bene«> , factor ; yet not until He had prefentqd to Him, as a Debt of Gratitude, his Journals, and whatfoever Ob« fervations He had made during the Courfe of his Voyages. The Whole of this Account is, witji great Appear- ance of Juitice, imagined to be a Pinion invented by the Spaniards, in Order to traduce tlie Memory of Cc- lumbus, who, if He really had been furnifbed with In- telligence, would fcarcely have perlifted in tliofe Opi- nions Avhich expofed his Undertaking to fuch plaulible Obje£tions. i, i . . , .• .; ... Be this as it may, CotumhuSy who regarded it as 2 Certainty, that extenfive Trafts of Land miglit be dif- covered to the IVeJiward of the Continent, was deter- mined, as only Sovereign Princes, or powerful States, could patronize his Deligns, to apply to tlie Republic of Genoa, of which He was born the Subje<^. On this Occafion, He felt the Pain of perceiving his Project e, that Tli(ey fliould be ppt in Irons, and fent to ^piiin. Here, after a i)iort Periecution, Chtijlopher was reftored to his Rank of Admiral, but, in Violation of a folemn Co^traftn dq>rived of bis Government of tbe IVefirlndi^i ', yet aipufed witl^ Promifes that it fhould be reftored tjo Hix^. On the Ninth of Mayj in the Year one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Two, Columbui, antl his Jirotiier departed from Spain, on their Lift Voy.'ige of £)ifcovery, witli four Caravclles, and one hundred, ami feventy Men. On th'i twenty- ninth of June, the Admiral arrived before 5a«/«-Z)tf- ntingo, in the //land oi Hi/panft^a ^ but was pi*evented from coming to an Anchor within the Harbour, by Orders from the Governor, Nicholas de Ovdndo, Thus difappointed. He, on the fourteenth of July, proceed- ed to the IVeftward, and dilcovered the Ifland of Guanaja, Northward of Cape Honduras, in nineteen Degrees of North Latitude. Here, He trafficked with the Natives, by whom, when He enquired for Gold, He was directed towards the Eaft. Thither He fteered his Courfe j and the fii-ft Land at which He arrived was Caftna<, on the Continent, in the Province of Hjmduras, where his Brother difembarked, and took Pofleflion. Sailing farther to the Eaft, He came to a great Point ; fix>m whence, proceeding along the South Vol. I. Ee Coaft, An: W i' f v\ m- 434 " '^ MEMOIRS, 6CC. ^^ HO Coaft, He touched at Porto Velo, Nombre dt Dio:^ BeUn, and Veragua. Thence, he returned to Cubp, and Jamaica j but, wanting Vcffels, could not con- tinue his Voyage to Santo Domingo, His Crew, now, mutinied, yet were reduced to Submiffion by Bartho- iomew Columbus. The Admiral, after having expe- rienced a Variety df Misfortunes and Drfappointnients, went to HifpanioUij and fvom thence, returned to iipaitiy m May of' the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Three. Whilft He v/as preparing, at Valladolid^ for a fifth Voyage, He fell ill, and expired on the twentieth of May, in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, a*^ Six; and at the Age of Sixty-four. His funeral Rights were, by Order of the King, mag- nificently celebrated in the Cathedral of 5m//(f ; and, on his Tomb, was engraven the following Epitaph : nj A Castilla, Y a Leon, » iiUv Nuevo Mundo dio Colok. iC '•■■.V'J ' . ;:x-' ^* Castile, and to Leon, ^,^, | .^/ ;,fjf, h'i'ir.'i Columbus gave a new World, 1 u»; »>T ^n;rvf*; ;":f*r lo i 1 .»'- sw>,-\i^^ ' ^V . ■«■■'. fvj:lj-vr. .' -V A' ;• i;,»j^ '»V'i -. , ' • • » * . 4 f ' . 'Hi' '■•./ >■., . ' t ( ; ' * MEM0m3 > *. ' is^l -f o '' ". I u J ;-' Av Vici'. ; »i MEM O I R S Slr*""j O H N CABOT.' n-^-^j iiB r.O'»ftOi1ii;:.':L m ..■.oji. .,. >t:i '•I i I AT this ^ra, ag in the preceding Centuries, the commercial Superiority of the Venetians over all the Powers of Europe^ is evident from a Multi- tude of Inftances. Their Harbours were continually- crowded with foreign Merchant-men, whilft their Vef- Tels proceeded to every trading Port, and returned freighted not only with the Conveniences, but with the Elegancies of Life. Their Factories were eftablifhed within the different Towns, and Cities of the Northern Kingdoms ; and wherelbever They deemed it advan- tageous to preferve an Intercourfe, their Agents were appointed to reiidc (tf). '.. '^ "^ Of Thefe, the greateft Number had fettled at Lon- don^ and at Briftol. Iti the laft Place, lived John Ga- bota, Gabot, or (as our Writers ufually flile Him) Ca- boty by Birth, a Venetian ; but of whofe Family, there are no Accounts on which VVe can depend ; A Circum- llance of little Confequence in the Life of any Man ; E c 2 and [a) Libel of Englilh Politic in keeping the narrowe Sea, Chap. 7, 8, 9.— Sir William Monfon's Naval Trads, p. 442, 443. — P. Charlevoix. HlUoire de la nouvelie France, Tom. 1^. p. 4» *-iV's''i - ' ''i^i/i' /^ * m ♦«v 43^ MEMOIRS OF and Icfs fo, in thai of One v.ho feems fufficiently ennoHcd by his iLfrtc prizes. It may reafonably be concluded that John Cabot had rclided long in Englandy as his Son Sebajiian^ a Native of Bri/toi, was olr'i enough to accompany Him, on his fixSk Voyage (b). Being much verfcd in the Arts of Navigation, and the Knowledge of Cofmography, (to which alfo, He had trained his Cliildren,) He was in- duced to imagine, from the Succefs of Columbus, that Lands might probably be Jilcovered to the North JVeft, Imparting his Cdnge^^tfres to Hemrf, tfcc Seventh, fliat Prince, who feized, by Intuition, on all Occafions which promifed an Licreafe of Wealth, direfted Him to prepare, immediately, for hil Voyage, and, at the fame Time, invcfted Him with a Commiffion (f), of Whicli the followrng is a Trcnfl^ion. .• HknAy, by the Grace of God, Krng of lB«^/tf»(/, ahd France, and Lord of ireltind, to A!l'20«vhom thcfe Pyeferits ft all c*ome, Greeting* Be It known that Wc have gi'ven, an^ granted ; and, by thefe PVefents, do give, and grant, for Us, and bnr Heirs, to our well-beloved yohit Cabot, Cititen of fftniee, to Letvis, Sebaftian, and Sdniiiui, Sons of the ftid fabn, and to thcit Heirs, and Afligns, and Every of Them, full, and free Authority, Permiilion, and Potver, to fail to aH Piirts, Cottntries, and Seas of the Eafty of the fViJi, and of the Northy under our Ban- her^, ahd Enligns, tviA five Ships, of what Burden, ■ or Quantity foever Thfey be, and as many Mariners, or Men, as They may defire to have with them, in •t.< > J ,Xb) Petr* Martyrls ab Angitna de novo Orbe, Dec. 3. tib. 6. — Lopez ie Gomarn Hilloria General de las Indias, Lib. 2. C. 4. — Navig^ationi, et Viaggi Raccolti da M. Gk), Baff. Ramufio, Tom. III. in Procmic, (f) Rymer*8 Feeder a, V. 12. p. 595.— *HackIujts Cot- leftlon or* Voyages, V. 3. p ^. Sir JOHN CABOT. 437 the faid Ships, upon their own puper Ccfts, and Cbai:g€s; to feek out, difcover, and find whatfoever liks, Counti:ies, Regions, or Provinces of the Hea-i then$, amd Intidels, and whatfoever They l)e, and in what Part of the World foever They be, which before this Time, have been unknown to all Cbrijtions. We have granted to Them, their Heirs, and Aifigns, and to Every of Them, and have given Them Licence to ict up our Banners, and Enligns, in every Village,^ Town, Caflle, Ifle, or Main Land, of Them, newly found. And that the aforefaid 5^«A», and l»is Sons, or. their Heirs, and Alligns may fubdue, occupy, and poficfs, as our Vaffals, and Lieutenants, getting unto. Us the Dominion, Title, and Jurifdidion of the fame Villages, Towns, Caftles, and firm Land fo found, on Condition, however, that the aforefaid J^brty and his Sons, and Heirs, and their Deputies be bQund> and obliged of all the Fruits, Profits, Gains, and Commo- dities arifing from fuch Navigation, for. every their Voyage, as often as They (hall arrive at our Port of J^ijtol, (to which Port only They fliall always be obliged to return), (all Manner of neceflary Cofts, and Charges, by Them made being firft de- duced,) to pay unto Us, in Wares, or Money, tlie fifth Part of the capital Gain fo gotten. We giving, and granting unto Them, and to their Heirs, and De- puties, that They fhall be free from all Pay men': of Cuiloms, of all, and fingular fuch Merchandise, a& They Ihall bring with Them from thofc Places fo newly found. And, Moreover, We have given and granted to Them, their Heirs, and Afligns, and every of Them, That all the firm Lands, lOes, Villages, Towns, CafUes, and Places, whatfoever They be, that they Ihall chance to iind, may not be frecjuented, pr viiijcd by any yiher of our 5ul?jc^s^ without the E t z Licenc? r «• ^ ■ ■ , » ,1; - ■■»' ^"^ 438 MEMOIRS OF Licence of the aforcfaid "John^ and his Sons, and their AfTigns, under Pain of Forfeiture, as well of their Ships, as of all, and iingular Goods of all Them that fhall prefume to Tail to thofe Places fo found : Willing, and mod Itriftly commanding, all, and fingular Our ^ ^bjefts, as well on Land, as on Sea, to give good Afliftajice to the aforefaid 'John^ and his Sons, and their Afligns ; and that, as well in arming, and fur- nifliing their Ships, and Vcflels, as in Provifion of Food, and in Buying of Viftuals for their Money, and all other Things, by Them to be provided, neceflary for the laid Navigation, They do give them all their Help, and Favour. ' Witnefs Ourfelves, at Wiftminfter ^ the iifth Day of March, in the eleventh Year of our Reign. We learn from a Record of the Rolls {d), that al- though the Letters Patent had been granted to John Ca- hot, in the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Ninety fix, yet it was not until the fucceeding Year, that ahy Preparations were made for a Naval Equip- ment. The King, then, defrayed the Expences of fitting out a Ship at Briftoly the Merchants of which . • City, {d) " Billa fignata, Anno. 13. Henrici Septimi." ** Rex, tertio Die Februarii, Anno 13" Licentiam dedii; Johanni CabotOy quod Ipfc capere poflit fex Naves AngU-* canasy in uliquo Portu, five Portibus Regni Anglia, ita quod lint de Portagio ducentorum Dolionini, velfubtus, cum Apparatu requifito, et quod recipere poffit in di«Slas Naves omnes tales Magiftros, Msriuuiios, et. Subditos Regis qui cum Eoexire voluerint." ** The King, upon the third Day of February, in the, thirteenth Year of his Reign g;»ve Licence to ^ohn Cabot, to take fix Englifi> Ships, In any Haven, or Havens of the Realm of £^r?/«W, being of the Burden of ivvo hundred' Tons, or under, with all neoiflary FurniturjC ; And to, ** take alfo into the faid Ships, all fuch Maflers, Mariners^ •* and Subjedte of the King, as might be willing to go wita •* Him/'—Hackluyt, V. 3. p. 6,— Purchas's Pilgrims, Y» *' 3- p. 461, 807. «( «( «( C( «( <( «( «( sir JOHN C A B Q T. 439t Gty, together with Tliofe of London, furnifhed four; fmall Vefiels, each of which was laden witli the vari- o)is Articles neceflary for the Enterpriz?. On board of this Fleet, John Cabot, his Sou Sebaf- tian, and their AiToci^tes embarked, in the Spring of the Year, one Thouland, four Hundred, and Ninety- feven {e). Although an Hiftorian of conliderable Cre- dit (f) hath aflferted that John Cabot had promiled Hen- ry tliat He would difcovejf a rich Ifland, it is evident that his chief Undertaking was to find a North-PVeft Pairage to the Jndies ; lb diat He appears to have rea- foned in the fame Manner that Columbus did, who im- agined that as .the Portuguefe by failing Baft, arrived at the IVeJtern Coaft of die Indies, fo He, by failing Weft, migjit reach their oppofite Shore, This, and his Dif- rovery of die liiand of Baccalaos, or Newfoundland^ moft pjpobably g^ve jrife to the Miflake in tlie Chroni- cle, by -^» » >S'>' E e 4 / 1 '■-ni/ioM ->.ij A (*) Fabian's Chronicle, (fj Ibid.— Stowe '--^^ *» 'I (g) *' Efiigics Seb. Caboti. Angli, Filii Jo. Caboti, Ve- petiani, Millns Aurati, &c. — Hackhiyt's Voyagea, V. 3/< ^. ^6i^b'o;^ , A 44^' M j: M O I R S d F ■ In the Year of our Lord, one Th and when, although He might have accompanied his Father, He was certainly too young to be intrufted with the Ma- nagement of t^ie Enterpriz^ («). It is probable that yohn Cabot died in England^ but vyh^n^ oj >yl)ierej We have not been able to difcovcr (a). It hath alfo been remarked that Sir John Cabpt, and h'.s Son Sebaftian, failed, previous to the Expedition ^ ndertakcn, at the Command of Henry, in Order to. • ind out the Nortb-lVeft PalTage ; and that, during tl^is Voyage, They difcovered the Ifland which was after- wards called New- Found- Land. An aopurate l.nvefti- < M. '■ ,. ^atoc; {n) This Detail hath been collected from a Letter written, to Dc3or Leigh, by z Mr. Thome, of Brifiol, and the Son of a Merchant (of that City,) who, in Conjunftion with Mr. Elliot^ fitted out the Cabots; as, alfo, from the Accounts delivered by Sebafiian Cabot j and from the Relations of Hack- luyi^ Edeh^ nnd Purchas. (o) Cai'.ipbell's Lives of the Admirals, Vol. I. p, i\9x 34«- Sir JOHN CABOT. 443 jjator of the Subject (p) obfcrvcs that He, alfo, fliould Incline to this Opinion, if it could be clearly reconciled to thole Authorities which He had coniidercd fo atten- tively. Howlbcver Accounts may differ, it is beyond a Doubt, that Sir Je/jn Cabct was the original Difco- vcrer, of which Honour He ouglit not to be defpoilcd, even by his Son ; with whofe Memoirs, the Reader fiiall be prefcnted in their proper Place. (p) Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, Vol. i. p. 340^ 34I. MEMOIRS i:>* Df' -*'.. **■ '.# A" ^. K >■ Illu f..ti f,4 .:£ CX] th( Idea that a£Uve, ^ Appearan for their 1 Joy, Th tlon {b), Jlc£titud« that He his Fathe worft Qi Perverfio Subje£^. 1^) Jvu >f ' 1^ a ' W MEMOIRS O F Illustrious Seamen, See - ♦ Naval, Commercial, and MisctLLX- NEous Tkaksactions, during the Reign of Henrv, the ErcHTa. ..'» TH E Satisfaction with which a People lb1oa]g expofoi to the Oppreflions of a Tyrant recdvei the News of his Demife, was increafed hj the Idea that Henry ^ the Eighth, in the Flower of hir „jq^ a£Uve, Q>irited, geaerous, accomplifhed^ and, to aA Appearance, the Reverfe of his Predeceilbr, was bora for their Felicity. When with lincere, and laniveifal Joy, They welcomed his Acceffion (a), and Conxmi- tion {b), and feemed to give him Eatueft fax the future Re£titude of his Cond*' ''« how little did They imag^ that He would fhortly prove as mercilefs a Deljx)r as his Father. We are happy that an Examination of toA worfl Qualities of his Heart, and the moft diigraceful PerverEons of his Underilanding appears foreign to our Subject. In the Review of this execrable Reign, xKe I'edl- {a) April 22, '509. ib) Junca4, ^$"^9' 446 MERiOlRS of Feelings of the Reader, will not be wountied by unne- ^ ceffary Digreffions. Our Inquiries concerning the State of Trade, and Navigation will feldom lead ns to unfavourable Conclufions againft the Character of Henry. Here, and, perhaps, Here only, it may not be re- proachable. 'The firft Navil Armament xVas equipped in the Year five Thoufand, one Hundred, and Eleven, when four royal Ships (on board of which embarked Sir Thomas JDarcey, at the Head of fifteen hundred Archers) failed from Plymouthy to fervc under Ferdinandy King of Arragon^ and CajTtle, and Father-in- Law to Henry, on his pretended Expedition againft the Moors. The Troops difembarkcd {c) without Lofs, in tlie South of Spainy from whence Ferdinand, who wanted nothing but their Appearance, t:) bring his Enemies to Terms, inftead of employing, difmiffcd Them, with fome in- confiderabie Prefents. In tlie Month of Auguft, They arrived in England (d), A like Aid was fent, under the Command of Sir Edward Poynings, to the Duke of Burgundiy then at War againft the Duke Gueldres, Having fucceeded in their Enterprize, They foon after- wards returned home (e). In Auguft of the Year, one Thoufand, five Hun» dred, and Twelve, a remarkable Engagement (whicli Ihall be mentioned, hereafter,) hapj^ned l:)etween the Englijh, and French Fleets. Another royal Squadron put to Sea, in tlie Month of Marcli, of the following Year, and on the twenty -fifth of April, came to an r^:v"TcflH?i«i;i.,'l •. v.. •*{ff Aftion J (0 June I, !$Vl. "" {d) HalU Folio II.— Holingdied, V. 2. p. 808.— Fer- rcras. Hid. dcEfpan. P. 12. Sec. 16. . (<) Grafton's Chronicle, p. 9>8. — Stowc, p. 488 — Coo- per, folio 274.— Rymer'd Fordcra, V» 13. p. 302. — Hall, iolio i3f 14* ■i...4--- s •. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 44; Aftidh vvith the French, The Particulars joi this will, alio, be related in anotlier Place. Irt Auguft, Htnry paiTed over, with a' numerous Armyj •ta Franct, fome Parts of which He conquered, whilft the Fleet ravaged the Coafls. Alarmed at thefe Succeffes, the Fnmb King fued for, and obtained a Peace, ^n the Gonclufion of which He married Mary^ the Sifter of Htnryy who, with his Queen, condufted Her td Dover, Here, They were detained fome Time, a violent Storm ari- iing, during which a royal Ship called the LubecJ^^ was driven afhore before Sandgaie, and tliere wrecked, whereby, of fix hundred Men, Scarcely three hundred cfcaped (f). On the fecond of 0£tober, in the Year, one 1 uoufaixd, five Hundred, and Fourteen, tl^ Princefs embarked, attended by the Duke of Norfolk 5 the Marquis of Dorfet ; the Earl of Surrey^ Admiral ; the Earl of WorctjUr ; Sir Andwews IVindfor ; and fc- veral Perfons of Diftinftion {g). They had not lon^' proceeded on their Voyage, when the Fleet was fevered by a Tempeft ; Some of the Ships fortunately reached Calais ; Others were forced on the Coaft of Flanders ; and That, in which the Princefs was, with great Diffi- culty, made the Harbour of Boulogne (/>). The Marriage was celebrated at AbbevilUj on the ninth of October (/). » -. The Nuptials of Lewis, the Twelfth, were fliortly afterwards followed by his Death, when Francis, the Firft, afcended tlie Throne j and in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twenty, prevailed on Henry, (who had maintai.icd a State of Amity with this ^/j Hall's Chronicle, folio 48/' ^'' (g) Kymer's Foedcra, V. 13. p 449. — Hall, folio 48. \h) Hillotical Collections of the Family of VVindfoj .— MS. in Bibl. Joh. Anllis, Gaiter, Reg. Armor. Not. G. XI. p. 197. {i) Rymer's Focdera, V. 13. p 448. * • • t: (j 44S le >VM EMOIRSOF Tt ifiit Princcv knd the Emperor, Charies, the Fifth, by alternately aflBViog Ksich,) to ngree to an Interview be- tween the Toomi^ of Jrdres, aai Guino* Not to en- gage in tedious DeTcriptionK of the Magnificence dii; played, urider the Dire&ion of the ofbntadoufi fFa^. fij^ \n tk* Fiili oftbt Ciaih tfGold^ let it be ixtficient to remaHc that Henry having ereded a fpacious Houic of Wood, and Canvas, (which bad been framed Ib Ltnden, and was^ fct apart for the Purpolc of cntertaiH- mg the Prtncb Monarch,) caufed an EngUJb Archer to ht embroidered on k, with this Motto: Cut adherto fraffi\ Hi vtitk whvtt I fide prevaih i Thus intimating that He held the lialaiice of Power amongft thp So- vereigns of Europe \ an Advantage which, in the libcnd Opinion of a foreign Writer, He niaintiined during the Remainder of his Life {k). In the Year, one Thouiand, five Hundred, and Twenty-two, frefh Dilieiences arole l^etween Hmry^ and the Kinir of Frame, which were coBtiderably in- flamed by Charles, the Fiftli, who, during his Abode in England^ perfuaded Henry to fend agatnfb the F) tmh a numerous Army, under the Command of Charlts Brandan, Duke of Sujiik, whofe, mibtary Operations, aflifted by the united Fleets of the Imperialijh, and the Engii/h, proved fatal to the French, and their Allies, the SeoU* When Henry jxipceivcd iliat thcfc Succelies fcrved only to increale the Power of CbarUi^ He pru- dently withdrew liis Forces, refolving not to ioTe thai Superiority vhich He had before maintained (/). The Peace was concluded between Henry, antl Francis, on Terms extremely advantageous to the For- mer, in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, ami Twenty- (4) Abrege de THiftolre de France, par Meaeray, Tom, IV. p. 494- (/j Hall.— Herbcrt.—Godwin.— Dujpltix. ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 449 Twenty-lix. Wc fliall not, in this Place, take No- tice of thofe Events (connc£ted with our Subjefl,) wluch arofc during tl:e lucceeJing Period of eighteen Years i at the Expiration of which, //^«ry formed an Alliance with the Emperor, againft the French, and pre- pared, alio, to \uv:xi}f: Scotland. Accordingly, Sir y^An Dudley, Vifcount Z,///*?, appomted othe Office of Lord Higli. Ajdmiral, in the Room of the Earl of Surrey, af- fembled, at Newa/iU, two hunJreJ Tranfport Ships, ,<)n board of which embarked tlie Earl of Hertford, .Lieutenant-Gcneral of the North, and a conlidcrablc Nuniber of Land-Forccs. They failed to Leith, and, foon after ihcir Arrival, attacked, and took the Place (w). From thence. They proceeded to Edinburgh, which They won by Aflaulr, and reduced it, after a Plunder of three Days, to Allies. . !ic Citadel made a gallant, and fucccfsful Defence, notwithdanding that it was ilormed, on all Siiles, by the Englijh Troops, whom the Lord Even, Warden of the Marches, had joined with a powerful Reinforcement. The Earl of Hert- ford, ,md Lord Lifir, unable to carry their Enterprize into Execution, retired to Leith, which they burned, together with the Peer of the Haven. Krom hence, tlie t'lcet failed to fcour the Coalls of Scotland, am' having every where taken, or dcftrcyed all the Sh" , and fmallcr Veliels, lying within the Creeks, and Har- bours, They returned to England. The Prog, j of the Army was equally fatal to the Inhabitants of tSro/- land, and, to add to their iOifgrace, the Earl of Lennox, having concluded a Treaty with Henrs, palled over thither in the Month of Auguft, with a S(juadron con- fiding of fourteen Ships, on Ixjard of which embarked live Hundred Men, uncl.T the Command of fome Eng- Vol. I. F f iijb M I m :, W ^M 5. 1344- r . 'o MEMOIRS OF visi i //^ K ilghts. With this incor.fiderabic Force, He rrt* vaged the Iflands ot Arran^ and J5?rf? ; then prdceed- ing to the Caftle of Dunvin^ reduced it to Afhes -, and next, fubdued, and ranfacked Klntyre^ and the ac jacent Places. From hence, He Tailed to 5r///fl/, to wait for frefh Inftruftions («). In the raiddie of the Surhmer, the Duke of Suffolk entered the French Dominions with a formidable Army, and layed Siege to Boalognty which Was blocked np at Sea, by the Admiral Vifcoiint Lifle, tV'ho, on the Surrender of the Place, (and previous to tiie Departure of the King, for England («), ) was con- stituted Governor, with full Powers to dire^the Oper- ations of the War (p). In the Year one Thoufand, five Hundred, and F*of- ty-five, tlie King of France, who feverely felt the Lois of Boulogne, aflembled the Flower of his Troops, and equipped a formidable naval Armament, for the Recovery of this important Place. The Command of the Fleet which confifted of one hundred, an/1 fifty large Ships, together with Itxty Tranfportr. (y), \vas given to D^Jnnehaut, Admiral of France^ a Title which, until this TEra, did not imply an Exercifc of Naval Offices ; and even under the Reign of Francis, JSonnivet, Brion, and all the Admirah wer? Land Coni- manders, amongft whom, D'Annebaut e«rered, only for this Year, into the S"^ '-Service (r). This Arma^ t-''-. menu («) ^owe, p 5S5, — Speed, p. 782. — Leflsei dc Rcbua gellis Scoter ^m, Lib. 10. p. 472.-- Lediard's N.ival Hif- tory, Folio, V. 1. p. 104.— Rapin's Hiftory of England, 8vo. V.6. p. 53a. '" •' {0) The Sails of the Ship in which Henry embarked were DfClothofGold.—Herbert, p 245. (p) Hall, folio 258. b. — HollngiVed, V. 2. p. 964.— Godwin 3 Annals, p. 190. — Rymcr s Tutrdera, V. 15. p. 52, (q) P. Daniel. Hilloire de la Milicc Fruncoife, V. 2. p. 47 '• {r) Hilloire ^c la Qucrelic de Philippe de Valois, et «l*Edouard IIL &c. par M. Gaillard, V- 4. p. 334r33v ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, I'c. 451 ment was reinforced by ten Ships, hired from die Ge- noe[e\ and twenty-live Gallies from the Mediterranean^ under the Command of PauUn, Enron eie ia Garde. Ir was dcfigned that the firfl Hoftilities lliould be directed, againfl the Coafts of England ; and that afterwands the wlioie Fleet fhould fail for Bsuhgne, and be fo ftation- cd as to intercept the Succours which might be fent to it, by Sea, whilft, on the Land-Side, Francis ihoxAd inveft it with his Forces. At the Beginning of this Year, the ^/'//?^r, Squa- drons (according to fome Hiftorians (;) ) took, on their Crui/es, above three hundred French Ships, the Lading of which (Wine, Herrings, and other Fifli,) lilled the Grey Friars Church, and Auflin, and Black Friars, in London, It is added that, in tlie Month of June, before the French Fleet put to Sea, an Engljh Squadron, under the Command of the Admiral Vif- count Lijle entered the Mouth of the Seine ^ where lay two hundred Ships, and twenty-fix Gallies. The Englijhy with fixty Sail of Ships, judged it moft prudent to avoid a direct Attack upon tlie whole Fleet, and only exchanged fome Shot witli them, thereby, occafioning the Gallics to venture out. At the Commencement of the AiEVioii, the Advantage, owing to a Calm, was on the Side of the Gallies ; At length, a violent Storm arofe which prevented them from keeping tlic Sea ; and tlie Engli/h Ships, to avoid the Flats, flood ottj and failed to Portfmouth, where Henry then rcluled, in Or- der to haften by his Pretence, tlie naval Operations fo- tl]e War, with France. We may, however, clouL the 'i."ruth of this Relation, as it appears that when the French Fleet arrived, in the fuccecding Montii, at Sain*. Helen's^ only fixty Ships were in Rcadincfs to oppofc I'liem (/). Ff 2 (j) H:)ling(V.ed.— Sroue. (/) Lv'di:ird's N'aval Hilbry, Folio, V. I. p. 10^, Pre- 45^. MEMOIRS OF Previous to t!'c Departure of his Fleet, and at a' 'Vime, whtn Francis was preparing to conclu£l tlie Ladles on Board, to a magnificent Entertainment, the Admi- ral's Ship, the Carracov, took Fire ; and, notwith- ilanding all Endeavours to prevent the Accident, was burned to the Water's Ecfgc. A French Writer («) obfcrves that She mounted an hundred Icrge brafs Can- ,non. Compared Avlrlr what are now called fuch, They undoubtedly were fmall, the Ship having been only of eight hundred Tons Burden {x). Yet She certainly was the ftouteft in the Frcr.ch Navy. A Contemporary Hiilorian {y) likens Her to a huge Cattle, and abliirdly nmarks that She had nothing to fear at Sea, but Fire, and Rocks. On Board, was the Money for the Pay- ment of the Tr'jops, which, bcring favcd with Difficul- ty, was removed to another SJnj), and nearly loft in That^ wiiich funk off Saint Hrltns Point, on the Day after the iirft Engagement with the ErtgOJh Fleet (z). Whilft Henry remained at Pirtfmmth^ He was in- formed that the Squadrons of the Ertcmy were ap- proaching ; and to opjwfe rhem, iifued Orders that all the Ships in Readinefs, amounting to about an hundred SnH, fliould proceed to ^pithead. During this fhort FaliligCj the Mary-Rofn^ one of tlie largeft Ships m rj\e Englijh Nfivy, and commanded by Sir George Ca- r:ii\ was unfi ' tunately funk. A ceIel)Tated naval Wri- ter (. Hour. Then it was (according to this Relation,) that the Mary-Rofe was funk, and the Great , Harry ^ on board of which the Admiral had hoiftcd his Flaji;, fo Ihattered by the Cannonading, that She, likcwife, would have been k)ft, if the EngUfh had not towed Her out of the Reach of tlic En' my. On the Morrow, the frtnch Troops made a Defcent,. at three Places, in the Ilk of fVight, but were forced to retire, with great Lofs, after having plundered the adjacent Villa^^es. Not intimidated by one Repulfe, They foon effected a fecond Landing, and were lefs foitunate than before. 'Ihe French Hiftorlans obfervc that their Intention \vas to have erefted Forts upon the Jlland, in Order to fecure ihemfelves ia the PolTeflion of it. Under theit Circumftances, (it is added that) They could have compelled the EngViJh to abandon their late Ccnqutft of Boulogne, and likcwife have cut off their Navigation Xo France, and Spain. 7^hat none of thefc Advantages were-acquircd is imputed to tlie Pufillanimity of D'/lnnebaut^ wlio, having only alarmed the Coafts, returned inglorioully to France, with 3- Fleet of fifty Men of War, fixteen Sliips of mirden, ■ ' * ^'} ?.' F f 3 ' .< *^ {e) Sir William Monfon'sTra(*l8. [(i) P.- Daniel. Ilifroire dc la Milice Francoife, V. 2. p. I i'li ^^ ■"—ili 454 MEMOIRS OF and fifteen Gallics. On this Occafion, He fallcJ to- wards PortetOy a fmall Creek, at the Diftance of half a Mile from Boulogne. Having approached the Coaft of Suffexy He lay to, whilft a Part of the Troops made a Dcfcent, near Btightelmjione^ and Newhaveriy from whence They were driven back, with great Slaughter, to the Ships. A Body of four thoufand Men difem- barked, afterwards, at Portety but were commanded, as the Wind changed fuddenly to the Eaftward^ to repair on board the \ leet, which failed again for the Englijh Coaft. The Admiral Vifcount LiJIe^ whole Arma- ment conlifted of an hundred Ships, having received Orders from the King to give Battle to the Enemy, foon came up with, and engaged them. The two Fleets, After a fcvcre Conflift, were feparated in the Night. The French proceeded to Havre de Grace j and thus, ended the moft important Enterprize which They had ever undertaken, on the Seas. Their Coafts were, now, vilited in their Turn, by the Englifl} Admiral, who, having dellfoyed thirty Ships, within the Har- bour oiTreporty whilft fix thoufauu of the Troops were <."ngaged in demolifliing the Town, and Abbey, re- turned, widiout any confiderable Lois, to Portjmouth (e). As a naval Hi dorian hath only flightly mentioned (f) this remarkable Engagement, it may be proper to infcrt the moft particular Account of it, from th'-* Me- moirs of a contemporary Author (e). The Fleet aflembled on this Occallon, by the French^ conftfted of one Hundred, and fifty large Ships of War, fifty Tranfports, and twenty-five G allies. All thcfc - failed •••I lii-fll-M/^ • •♦ (f) Dupleix, Tom. III. — Mezcray, Tom. IV. p. 633. Grafton, p 1276. — HtrberV, p. 249.. — Rapin's Hiftory ^fEugland, V. 6. 8vo. p. 5:36, 5217, 538. ' .. . ' '• f/J C'ampbcllV Lives of the Aumiruls, V. i. p» ic6, (g) Memoires du BelLiy. <•...., ILLUSTRIOUS 6 E A M E N, 5cc. 455 iaikd, on the fixth of July, in the Year, one Thou- sand, five Hundred, and Forty-Bvc, from the Icvcral Ports of Havre de Grace^ la Foffe D'Eure^ HonJUtir, Harfleur, and Dieppe, direfting their Courle towards the hi: of lyight, and the Harbour of Porl/m^uth, in which .aft Place, lay the chief Strength of tlie Englijh Navy. On the eighteenth of the fame Month, the Admiral d'Anrubaut arrived off the I fie of IVrght^ and difpatchcd four Gallics, under the Command of the Daron de la Garde, to furvey it as far as Saint HclcrCs Point, and, at the fame Time to difcover the Force, and Situation of the Englijh Fleet. According to his Report, the Laft amouiited to fixty tail Ships of War, fourteen of which had taken the 0{>portunity of ii Land-Wind to fail from Pcrtjmouth^ wirli as much Alariity, good Order, and apparent Unconcern, as if their Defign had been to rifque a Battle with the Enemy. In the mean Time, the French Admiral advanced with the Gallies, and, foon after\vards, the whole Englijh Fleet proceeded from the Harbour, and began the A£tion, It was long, and fharply maintained with equal Advan- tages, on both Sides; rt laft, the Englijh xtXrc^ttA, un- der Shelter o£ the Land to a Place where They were fecured by the Batteries ere£led on the Heights whicli overlooked the Shore, and by the Sands, and Rocks, which, traverfing the Road, left only an oblique, and narrow Inlet, but juft fufficient for a few Ships to pafs in Front. This Retreat, and the approaching Night put an End to the Engagement, during which the French Gallies received bur little Damage, notwith- ftanding the continual Fire from the Cannon, and fmall /\rms of the Enemy. During the Night, the Admiral D'Jnnebaui fixed on ^e Onier of Battle, for the following Day. He ,T. Ff4 placed m m.f I - 456 MEMOIRS OF placed his own Ship, fv.pported by thirty fclcfl VclTcIs, in the Front. The Lord de Boutieres, commandeil a Squadron of thirty- fix Ships, on the Right; and the Baron nd of more than tive hundred Men, who were o:i Koard, only thirty-five ii'caped. The Admiral-Ship, the Great-Havy^ was fo diftrelfed, that if She had not been relieved by the Ships whitih were ncareft to Her, She would have undergone the fame Fate. Their Da- mage.muft have been far greater, if the Weather had not changed in theic Favour, and delivered them from this Peril; but a Land Wind ariling, and the Tide fa\ouring thein at the fame Time;^ I "hey bore down, full Sail upon the /vvwc/;- Gallics. So fudden was the Change that thcfc Laft had Icrarccly Time, and Room to yianage their Oars, and tack about : For, during the "' ' * • .. .- . ;.. Calm, i ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 457 Calm, nnci in the Hcighth of tlic Battle, They had approachul fo near to the Enemv, that They muft, in- evitably, have perifhcd, by the Bearing down ot tiieir Ships v]X)n Them, if, aided by ilie Rclolution of their CoiTimanders, and the Alacrity, and Ex[)ericnce of their Mariners and Rowers^ they had not fliifted tiieir Prows, and by this Management, with the Help of their Sails, retreated in a few Hours, to the Diftance of a Can- non-ftiot. They then accelerated, or llackcncd their Courfe, as feemcd moft conducive to their main Dc- fign of drawing the Englijh out of their Cover. The Enemy ufed a Kind of light Vellel or Pin- nace (/>), which was longer than ordinary, in Propor- tion to its Breadth, and much narrower than the Gal- lics, but navigated, like them, with Oars, and Sails. This Vcfl'el, their Mariners could work with fuch Dex- terity, in the Currents of thofc Seas, that for Swift- hefs, it vied with the Gallics; bearing down upcm them with aftonifliing Imi^etuofity, and \o violently gauling their Sterns, by a brilk Dilchargc of Artillery, that their Deftruftion appeared inevitable. On the Poop, the G allies were not furnilhed with any Can- non for Defence, and if They had endeavoured to tack about, the Englijh would have been on Board of them, under full Sail, and muft certainly have funk them. Neverthelcfs, riie Prior of Copua, {brother to the Lord Stroffe^ lx)re relblutcly down upon a Veflel be- longing to the Enemy, which had advanced Ix'fore the Reft, and was at the very Stern-[^>ft of one of our Gallics ; but the Englijh Vellcl lK;ing Ihorter, and con- fecjuently lighter, ftiifted tjuicker, and loon regained the Fleet, which did not continue the Purftiit any far- ther. In the mean l^ime, the Admiral d'Annehaut^ hav- .1 '^\\ {h) It rather refcmbled a Packet -Bont, or Tender, ami was called, in French^ Ramtargt, * W I ; ^^ ^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 Ui|2S |2.5 ■^ 1^ ill 2.2 Hf 1^ 112.0 1.8 U ill 1.6 ^# vQ ^;. % *: y >(S^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 458 MEMOIRS OF having arranged his Ships in the Or^Jer ah'eady dc- jcribeJ, gave the Signal for the Battle, believing that the Englijh would continue their Courfe : But He vyas foon undeceived, and found that they were more cir- cumlpe£l than He imagined. They had only purfued the Gallies, as far as was conliftent with Safety, and then retreated towards their Forts, concluding that the French, depending upon their fuperiour Strength, would have followed them, to riik a Battle, at fo great a Pifadvantage. In this Skirmifh, the French loft feme Gally-Slaves, and a fraall Number of private Soldiers, but not one Perfon of Diftinftion. On the following Day, the French Admiral, per- ceiving that the Englijh declined an A£lion in the open Sea, refolved to attack Them where They lay. To this End, He fummoned a Council of the Pilots, Captains, and chief Mariners, to be informed of the Nature, and Circumftances of the Place, and by what means he Uiight beft begin the Attack, amidfl the Difficulties which ^ittended it. In the true Spirit of a PecpUy thhofe Bravery is never federated from Ojientation, He reprefented to Them, how much ^bey were fuperior to the Englijh, npt ialone in the Number of Ships, but in the irrefijiihle Valour of their Altn ; and what Advan- tages mull accrue- to their King and Country, from a Viftory, >vhich He believed, was in their own Option. The Oi^cers, and Mariners cxprelTsd a great Willing- nefs JO engage j but the S.ea-Commanders, and Pilots declared it Was ipipra^icable, without an evident Lofs. *^rhey obferved fhat, in Ordcjrjo attack the Englijh, thp Fleet muil ventyre into a Channel, where but four Ships could go in Front, and Thefe might be oppofed \)y a like Nujtpber : It was added, that as They could not iailin, except with favourable Wind, and Tide, (o in the Moment tliat the firft Ships were engaged, Thofe *•* • . '" • . .. wj^ci^ ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 459 ^lilch followed would inevitably drive upon them, with the Stream, and fhatter them to Pieces. They, alio, reprefented that as They muft engage the Englijh, under the Cannon of their own Forts, they, would, on that Account, be expofed to a great Difad vantage. And that, if Theyfhould attempt to grapple, and board them, the Force of the Stream would certainly drive them afhore, One upon the Other. It was then propofed to engage, at Anchor ; But, to this, the Pilots anfwer- cd, that their Cables might be cut ; and although that Ihould not be the Cafe, yet the Danger muft ftill re- main i Since, if they were at Anchor, the Stream, which carried them in, would naturally oblige them to lye with their Sterns, inftead of their Heads, or Broad -fides towards the Enemy : Another Difficulty was, alio, ftarted ; and this was, that when They let fall tiieir Anchors, they muft veer out the Cables, by Degrees, and could not pretend to ftop the Ships fhort, becaufc the Force of their Run would either fink them, or if their Cables Ihould give Way, and They proaich even of their fmatlefk Ships: Befides, &8 the Interval between the Galli6s, arid the large Ships belonging to the French Fleet, ^oiitd hot be Wide, it rnight, probably, happen, that the Enemy, paffirig by' the Gallies, might, at the ikTiie Time, be driven, by the Force of the Current, beyond the Ships alfo. Thefe Refolutions havin'g been taken, the French re- mained at Anchor until it was High Water, expeftingan Alteration of the Weather ; but die Temp^ft raged with equal Violence, during that Day, and obliged them to wait for the Morning-Tide, which proved fo favour- able, not only in ConlequenCe of a Calm, but I'kewife of a Change in the Wind, that They prepared to de- part, and fliape their Courfe towards the Place where They were informed that They fliould find the Englijh. By Degrees, the Calm increafcd, and about Noon, fevc- -- • ' ral ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M £ N, &c. 465 tal Sail appeared in Sight, near to which the Gallic)? tvere direftecl to row, in Order to difcover what they were. Approaching clofer. They found them to bt FumingSy and were informed that the Englijh Fi^et wiis hot far off, The Admiral D' jinnebaut, having received this Advice, went on board a large Ship^ which He had fixed upon to engage the Englijh Admiral, a net Commanded tlie Gallies to advance, and obtain more certain Intelligence, which, by Break of Day, they did, having arrived within Sight of the Enemy. The Ad- miral, and the wliole Fleet, followed them, with all poffible Expedition; But it was fo dead a Calm, than the Ships fcarcely made any more Way, than what They were carried by the Currents. The Englijh having defcried tlie French Gallies, ufed their titmoft Endeavours to gain the Wind, that They might not, in the Calm, be furrounded by Them and the Adverf* Fleet, The French Gallies were equally affiduous to poflefs the Weather-gage. In this Manner, They fpent tl>e greateft Part of the Day, rowing, and fail- ingfo near to each other, that They could ealily difcern tlie Number, and the Force of eitiier Fleet. All this while, the Englijh Ships ftood out to Sen, and appeared deiirous to engage, yet cautious not to lol'e Sight of their Shore. At length, the French perceiving that the Fleet had gained the Weather-gage, and was giving Chace, in excellent Order, no longer dil- lembled ; but, letting their Sails, fliaped their Courle, before the Wind, towards the Ille of Height. The Baron de la Garde obfcrving this, in Order, to inter- cept the Enemy, (and give the French Time to come Up,) refolved, clofely, to puriue fome of their rear inoft Ships, which, being heavy VelTels, had fallen conlider- ably a-ftcrn. This cccniioned the Reft of the ErigliJ}) Flee; to ilacken their Sails : But the Gale beginning, ,. . " . iiLmc- 'i' 464 .»* »^ ME M O I R S OF 1 U » j j immediately after, to frefhen, yet not caufing an* Swell of the Sea, They retreated without the leaft Diforder, excepting only, that both Fleets engaged for above two Hours, in fo clofe a Fight, that They, with Difficulty, difcharged their Guns. The French Gallies, being low, were the leaft expofed to the Can- non of the Enemy. The Conflift muft have been fc- vere, . as, on the next Morning, the French faw a Num- ber of dead Bodies, and a great deal of Timber, fwim- ming upon the Surface of the Sea : Not lefs than three hundred Pieces of Cannon were fired on both Sides. During the Engagement, both the Current, and the /Wind carried the Englijh Fleet dii*e£Hy towards their *-Port, and, the Night, coming on, put an End to the ''Combat. At Day-Break, when die French looked out . for their Adverfaries, They found that They were harboured, and in Safety ; the Admiral, therefore, fteer- ed his Courfe for Havre de Grace, to take in Refrelh- ments, and to put on Shore the fick Men. Concerning naval Aftion, a French Hiftorlan ^1 (/) remarks th c may perceive, at the firft View, • ;m Order of Battle more regular, and lefsconfufed, tlian , is found in other Relations, and that the Attack was "'■ well concerted. The Fleet was divided into three i Squadrons. The Admiral D* Aimebaut, widi thirty Ships, took his Station in the Center, having Monlieur * de BoutiereSf witli a Squadron on the Right, and the Baron de Curton, with another, on the Left. The Attack was begun by four Gallies, and, with the Advantage of a Calm, fo fucccfsfully conduced, that the Mary-Rofe, one of the principal Ships of the Englijh Fleet, was funk, with near fix hundred Men on board ; and the Great Harry ^ commanded by the Eng- lijh (i) P. Daniel Hlft. de la Milice Fr. Tom. II. p. 471. • I •ta. «^ > ' # «^t leaft id for 'hey, irench Can- fn fe- lum- ^■. tl irce ".• J ./ ■*..- p.^'. % >\y i i; t t ■V ^Ae^tj/i^ o/J^&nry Vff. iijh Ai it not ■clown, Circun if the i not bee Prior c the Ds All of waiting, trq^ted French S talij.y 'jia the two •Return o great Pru W^f weii nance, ther can tlian the under the and Lewi. the Ship c Guns, tha So.me Aut Probabilit dred : Aft nients, an Ships whic Deck, the It appe: the French^ A^tiilery, Vol. iO Wa'- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Sec. 465 /ijh Admiral would have undergone the fame Fate, had it not been tin-,-ly fuccourcd. When the Breeze Iprang up, the EngUJh Ships bore •down, with full Sails, upon the French Galliesj a . Circumftance which muft have proved fatal to the Laft, if the Skill, and Intrepidity of all the Commanders had ,' not been i)articularly exerted. On this Occalion, the l\ PrJor of Capua expoi'cd his Galley, and freed it from the Danger, with equal Refolution, and Dexterity. . AU of them returned fafely to the Fleet, which lay .. waiting, in Order of Battle, for the Engli/hy who re- f trq^ted to avoid the Fight ; or rather to decoy the* French Ships into a Gulph, where They muft inevi- talily ^lave been deftroyed. The different Motions of the two Fleets were afterwards well regulated, and the Return of That beloynging to the French concerted with great Prudence. Wi learn, alfo, Jthat, dui'ng this iEra, tlie Ships of \y^\ were conftru£ted with Port- Holes for their Ordi- nance. It was not, then, a Cuftomof any Date, nei- ther can it be traced, with Certainty, farther back . than the Commencement of the fixteenth Century, under the Reigns of Henryy the S^eventh, of England^ 4 and Lewis, the Twelfth, of France, in whofe Time | the Ship called La CharenU carried a greater Number of . Guns, than could have been Ijtowed, without Port-Holes. ^ Some Authors (but not even with the Appearance of. Ptobability.,) make them amount nearly to two Hun- ^ dred : After the firft Ufe of Artillery in Naval Arma- ^ ments, and until this Period, ^he Cannon of thpfe Ships which mounted any, were placed only upon tlic Deck, the Prow, and Poop. It appears,^ alfo, that, in this Engagement, neither the French, nor Englijh Ships were much fupplied with AiitHlery, fince M. du Belky confiders it as an extra- Vol. I. G g ordinary 10 1 u m 466 MEMOIRS O F ^. _, , . ordinary Circumftance that not Icfs than ..hree hundred Shot were fired on both bides, during a Cannonading of two Hours (^). Yer, with Sul^miflion to our Au- thor (/), it may not have been the Want of Artillery, but an Ignorance of the Mode of excrcirini^ it, which prevented nearly two hundred Ships from firing lb often as a fmall Frigate, of the present ^ra, in half the Space of rime. . Before We quit this Subjc£^, it may not be improper to introduce an Obiervatidn from the lame Writer (;//), and the rather, as it is of equal Force with Refpeit to the Naval Armaments of France an-! England. The Reader muft l>c convinced that the largeft Men of War, in earlier Periods, arc not to be compared in Bulk with Thofc of preient Time-^, when He fliall have been told that the French Fleets were fitted out in Harbours where, now, Ships of a middling Size have not a Depth of Water fufficicnt for their Riding. Harjieur was one of the mofl capital of thele Ports. Yet Sheep feed where formerly a Navy lay at Anchor, The Sea hath withdrawn itfelf to more than the 1 Pit- tance of a League ; and it is viiible how flialiow the Water was, at that ililra. When Fraru'iSy 'the Firft, had caufed the Town of Havre de Grace to be built, its Port was themoft confiderable Rendezvous for Sliipping within the Kingdom. Breji was feldom iiled for the aflcmbling of Fleets, as being judged too diflant. Port Lewis, and the Harbour of Rochfort were, then, neglefted. Yet Thefe are all the Harbours in the Ocean where the large French VelTels ride at Anchor. In the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Forty-fix, the French, notvvithflanding their ill Succefs, engaged (/^ See alfo De Langey. (/) P. Daniel Hiiloire de la Millce Francoife. (w) P. Daniel. Hift. de la Milice Francoife, Tom. II. P 4S8. w « ^o;ne, to cut d I icing ifleteufe Sight . Navv, were cf( Intrepid ^ifJn, af hundj-cd, tfrcd, ar Boulogne^ of nine ''a^^ed by •'Pprehen/ inry to rai A nobl( lion of th ('-ft this P, Number fence of Point of _ of Lime \ 'Jiem v/itlif J'le Faces into the ^\ "'"ng fror over Their («) May \P) Comi 'noires du Plpmatique,! Hiftory, vj (P) Lord I ^i^^ ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 467 engaged in warlike Preparations for tlie Siege of Bou- lo:^ne. To facilitate their Dcfigns, They endeavoured to cut off all Commuication with Calais^ by firft re- ducing, and afterwards fortifying the Sea-Port of y/w- bliteufe. Eighteen Fremh Gallics attacked, within Sight of the Place, four E^igitjh Ships of the royal Navy, anil an equal Number of Pinnaces. Thefe laft were defended by the Crews with fuch Condu^, and Intrepidity, that the Enemy retreated with Precipita- tion, after having loll one Galley, in which were ari hundred, and eighty Soldiers, together with an hun- dred, and forty Rowers («). On the Land-Side of Boulogne, the Earl of Hertford had encamped a Body of nine Thdufand Trdops, when the French, difcou- rajjed by the naval Defeat of their Confederates, and apprehenfive of the IlTue of a Battle, judged it necef- fnry to raife the Siege (I'^ ,V:--;''^"--= '-': [0) Commentaires de Montluc Tom. I. p. 237. — Me- inoires du Bellay, Liv. 10. — Hall, Folio 260.— Corps Di- - plomatique, Tom. IV. Part 2. p. 305.— Lediard's Naval Hiftory, V, i . Folio, p. 1 1 i . ■ (p) LordHerben, p. 259. ' .^.t^^^^dl /o W' M '' ■■^" ,:.^ ■"'-* ' 'i^'^l i*-«^ "VJ^ T ? '^ ^^ vl 1 468 MEMOIRSOF On the feventh of June, in the fame Year, a Treaty of Peace was concluded dXCampe, a fmall Place lietween Jrdres, and Guifnes^ the principal Conditions of which were that Henry Ihould retain Boulogne during eight Years, or until the Payment of a Debt formerly in- curred by Francis. It was fettled at two Millions of Livres, exclulive of a Claim of five hundred thoufand Livres, to be adjufted afterwards. In this Treaty, the French King had taken care to comprehend ScotLnd. Thus, all the Indemnity obtained by Henry for one million, three hundred, and forty thoufand Pounds fterling, (the Expences of the War [q) was a bad, and chargeable Security for a Debt, which vvas not a 1 hird of the Value (r). ^ ..;^j;^ 1, \-y,. At the Conclufion of the VcdCt, D*Jnnebauty the Lord High Admiral oi France, accompanied by feveral Perfons of Diftinftion, and a Retinue of two hundred Gentlemen, proceeded from Dieppe, witli twelve Gal- lies, and a magnificent Ship, called Le Sacre, in which, having failed up the Thames, as far as Blackwall, He was vifited by the Earls of Derby, and EJJ'ex, who, af- terwards attended Him to the royal Barge, from which He landed at Greenwich, and waited on the King. The Day following, He c^me up with his Gallics, and dif- embarked at the Tower Wharf, having been faluted, during his Paflap'e, and, on his Arrival, by a great Nurnbsr of Guns from the Shore, and the Ships, at Anchor in the River. The Bufinefs of his Embaffy was to fwear, in the Name of his Sovereign, that the Articles of the Peace fliuuld be performed. 7'he Oath was, accordingly, adminiflered to Him, with great Solemnity, at Hampton-Court, on the twenty-fourth of Augufti after which, He returned to Ffance, ■ > ■ > i^> ■ ■ r-t**! -^ >'* ■ ^ •"'••■ -^ .rf' In -•■•■■' >■"■ ..,>^- •' '*.'._. [q) Ibid.— Stovve. \r) Hump's Hillory of England, V. 4. 8 vo. p. 254, 25$. {s) (/) («) the l^ 977. ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 469 In January, of the following Year, the King*s Health, which had been long impaired, declined fo ra- pidly, that All who were about his Perfon obferved that He approached his End. It was with Difficulty that any Courtier could be found fo bold, and friendly, as to fpeait of Death, to One who, in the Violence of his Rage, might, probably, have inflifted on Him the fame Punifliment which had been fufFered by Thofe who had imprudently inlinuated that fuch an Event niuft happen (j). At length. Sir Anthony Denny rifqucd his own Life, by informing Henry that, in a few Mo- ments, He muft probably, expire ; and that it behoved Him to make his Peace with God. He anfwered that He was refigned ; and direfted an Attendant to fend for Cranmer^ wiio being then at Croydon^ did not ar- rive until the King had loft his Speech; although He ftill retained his Senfes. That Prelate defired Him to give fome Token that He died in the Faith of Chrifl. Henry fqueezed his Hand, and immediately expired (/), in the thirty-eighth Year of his Reign, and the fifty- (ixth of his Age («). " >< ■ ' ' We now, proceed to a Detail of thofe Circumftances which are, in any Wife, connefted with the Subjefts of this Work. From a Statute pafTed in the third Year of the Reign of Henry, the Eighth, there is Reafon to believe that the profperous Condition of the Kingdom had been greatly impaired, lince the Time of Edward, the Se- cond. During that i£ra, it had been enacted that no 3 M Gg Magif- "" {s) Lanquet's Epitome of Chromcles, in the Year 1541, ' (/) January 28, 1540-7. («) Hall, Kolio 263.— Grnfron, p. 1282.— -Stowe, p. 593. —Speed, p. 784. — Godwin, p. 207 —Burnet's Hillory of the lleturmation, V. 2. p. 350. — HolingflieJ, V. 2. p. 97; '■% M'i': i •■*■'■ ijo ."^ ■»■ T T MEMOIRS OF Magiftrate in Town, or Borough, who, by his Office ought to keep A.iBze, fhould, whilft He remained in Coinmiffion, fell, either in Wholefale, t Retail, any Wine, or Viduals. As the Intention of the Law was to prevent Fraud, or private Vie\» s in fixing the Af- fize. We cannot doubt of its Equity Yet in this Reign it is repealed; and for fuch a Procedure, tlie • following Reafon is affigned by Parliament ; tliat " Since • ** the making of the aforefaid Statute, and Ordinance, ** many, and the moft part of all the Cities, Boroughs, , ** and Towns corporate within the Realm of England . ** are fallen to Ruin, and Decay, and are not inhabited ; *' by Merchants, and Men of fuch Subftance, as at *' the Time of making that Statute : For, at this Day, , ** the Dwellers, and Inhabitants of the fame Cities, , *' and Boroughs, are commonly Bakers, Vintners, *' Filhmongers, and other Vi£luallers, and there re- ** main few Others to bear the Offices." Men (ob- ferves the elegant Hiftorian (*•), of whofe Inveftigivtions We again avail ourfclves,) have fuch a Propenlity to . exalt ptxfc Times above the prefent, that it feems dan- gerous to credit this Reafoning of the Parliament, withour further Evidence to fupport it. So different , are the Views in which the fame Obje£i appears, that . Some may be inclined to draw an oppolite Inference from this Faft. In the Reign of Henry^ the Eighth, a more regular Police, and a ftriftcr Adminiftration of Juftice, than had exifted at any former Period, v\'tis , judicioufly eftablill. cd. It was this Advantage which induced tlie Men of landed Property to leave the pro- vincial Towns, and to retire into the Country. Car- dinal IVolfey^ in a Speech to Parliament, reprefented it as a Proof of the Increafe of Riches that Cuf- toms (;r) Hume's HiAory of England, V, 4. 8vo. p. 276. 1 L L U S T R I O U S S E A M E N, &c. 471 toms had increafed beyond what they were, form- \ et if there really was a Decay of Commerce, and , Induftry, and Populoufnefs in England, feveral Statutes of this Keign, except by abolifliing Monafteries, and retrenching Holidays, Circumflances of confiderable Moment, were not, in other Refpe£ts, well calculated to remedy the Evil (z). Attempts were made to fix the Wages of Artificers {a) ; Luxury in Apparel was "prohibited by repeated Statutes Q>)y and, probably, widiout Kftc£t. The Chancellor, and other Minifters were impowered to fix the Price of Poultry, Lheefe, ,__. and Butter {c). A Statute was ev.en palTcd to fix the ' Price of Beef, Pork, Mutton, and Veal (^d). Beef, ' and Pork, were ordered to be fold at a Halfpenny a Pound: Mi.tton, and Veal, at a Halfpenny, and half - a Farthing, Money of that Age. The Preamble of the Statute obtcrves that thefe four Species of Butcher's Meat were the Food of the poorer People. This A£t was afterwards repealed (e). \t>ftji^itjiai «a/»i-- i»»5**IW M: The Praftice of depopulating the Country, by aban- doning Tillage, and throwing Lands into Pafturage, ft .11 continued (f) \ as appears by the new Laws which were from Time, to Time, enatSled againfl it. Where- foevcr any Farm-Houfes were fuffered to fall to Rum, the Kinpr was inlilled to half the Rents of the Land (^). Th?.t no Advantages accrued to the Proprietors Gg 4 from (y) Ibid. — Hall, fblio uo. i^, jr:^ :;?riv»^ivJ fit) Uuine's Hilbry of England, V. 4. 8vo. p. 277. [a) b Hen. VIU. C 3. (//) . Ik,-. Vln. C. J4.— e)Hen.,VIIL C. i.T-J-Ken, 1^) 24 Hen. Vin. C. 3. ' " [f) 3 J l-kn. VUL C. II. , . .^„. ''• (t'j Srrvpe, V. i. p. 39Z. i'> 6 lieu. VilL C. 5.-7. Ken. VIIL C. I. Vlll. C. 7. (>) 2,- Hen VHT 472 MEMOIRS or from Tillage was, perhaps, owing to an Ignorance of the Arts of Hufbahdry. The Number of Sheep per- mitted to be kept in one Flock, was reftrained to tvvo Thoufand (h). The Statute informs us that fometimes one Proprietor, or Farmer, would keep a Flock of twen- ty thoufand Sheep. It is remarkable that the Parliament afcribe the iri.creafing Price of Mutton, to' this Increafe of Sheep j and that, becaufe, the Commodity having pafled into few Hands, the Price of it is railed at Pleafure (/). It is more probable that the EfFeft pro- ceeded from the daily Increafe of Money, That fuch' a Commodity could be monopolized appears almoft im- poffible (k). In the Year, one' Thoufand, five Hundred, arid Forty-four, an Acre of good Land, in Cambridgejhire^ was let at a Shilling, or about fifteen Pence of our pre- fent Money (:) ! This was ten Times cheaper than the ufual Rent, at Prefent. But' Commodities were not above four Times cheaper : A certain Proof of the bad Hufbandry of that Agz, Henry alfo promoted Laws for the Planting, and Pre- fervation of Timber, and caufed all the royal Groiuid on HounftowHt^xh to' be leafed, and improved. The Breed of Horfes was encouraged, and amended by va- rious Ordinances. Legal Maintenances were alligned to the Poor. The Magiftrates received Orders to com- pel the Idle to Labour, and Statutes were enabled re- lating to Beggars, and Vagabonds (w). It isjudici- oufly obferved that this is one of the Circumftances in Government which Humanity would moft powerfully recom- ..'4#* : •^i-4.*'-;^. {h) 2cH^n. VIII. C. It. (/) Ibid. [k) Hume's Hiftory of England, 8vo. V. 4. p. 278. (/) Anderfon's Hiltory of Commerce, V.I. p 374. («) 22 Hen. Vin. C. 12.— 22 Hen. VIII. C. 5, &c. iiiY .: i • s Illustrious seamen, kc. ^jj tecommend to a benevolent Legiflator j which Teems, at firft bight, the moll eafily adjnfted j and which is yet the moll difficult to lettle in fuch a Manner, as t» attain the End, without dellroyinglndullry (n). The Convents formerly were a Support to the Poor ; but, at the fame Time, tended to encouraged Idlenets, and Beggary (.2'j^).>"' •>' 474 IvI E M O I R S OF T- ^ 7 lifl-ied, to preferve the great Communication, by Means of that ample River, as free as poffible. The Manufafture of Cables, and other hempen Commodi- ties, which had been the principal Stay of Bridport, in Dorfetjhire, was fecured to that Place, by Statute. More than one Law pafled to prevent the Harbours in Devonjhire, and Cornwall, from being injured, and choaked up, by the Stream- Works of the Tin- Mines. Another Ordinance was alio ifTucd in Favour of the Port of Scarborough ; and with Regard to Dovcr^ the Harbour of which was falling to Decay, die King ex- pended between fixty, and leventy thoufand Pounds, out of his own Coffer, in building a new Pier, and other neceffary Works. The Inhabitants of Poole ."'were, likewife, allilied by Him, wi'Ji confiderable ^Sums, for the Purpofe of repairing their Fort. To ^ Henry, are We indebted for the Foundation of the two Yards of Woolwich, and Deptford, together wirii the Guild, or Fraternity of the Trinity. He was the ■firft Englijh Monarch who began to build a royal Fleer, appointed Commiflioners, and inftituted a Navy-Ot- '; fice. From the Norman Invalion to this Period, there was not any fixed, and conflant royal Navy, in Eng- '[ land : The Reader hath already feen that, anciendv, the Ports, and maritime Towns of the Kingdom fitted out, upon proper Summons, their Quota of Ships of War, for the Public Service, and meeting at a certain Rendezvous, put T'hemfelves under the Conduft of the King, or his Admiral (r). Many" of the above Mca- ' lures proceeded from the Legiilature ; yet n?ay, with Juflice, be applied to Hemy, whole Pleafure was, on < ., ....... . ■ - . all. (r) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V, i.p. 352.— Lediard s Naval Hiftory, Folio, Vol. I.> p. 93. — Public Ajits. ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 475 all Occafions, confultcd by a Parliament too fervile ko dilbbey. I'he King was equally follcitous to provide for the Security of his Dominions, and, tlierefore, directed that his Militia, and Navy fhould always l^c in Readi- nefs for Service. To facilitate their Arrival from dif- ferent Places, He improved the State of the various P'ortreffes, and Havens. Gw/w/Ji was rendered impreg- .nable, for the Prote£lion of Calais, and Boulogne fuf- ficiently flrengthened to relift ail the Power of France. Henry, likewife, conftru£led a Caftle on tlie lile of Portland, and at Hurfi, to guard Southampton, and the adjacent Coafts : He built the two Forts called Coives^ for the Defence of the IJle of IVlght ; Camhar Ca/lle^ to fecure JVinchelfea, and Rye \ South-Sea Cajlle to guard Port/mouth ; Sandgate, IValmer, Deal, and Sandsivn Caf- tles, for the Proteflion of tlie Cirque Ports, and ^-leen- borough to cover die. other Side of Kent. Neither did He negle£t tlie more diftant Parts of the Ifland, as is evident from die ftrong, and coftly Caftles of Pendcn- nis^ and Saint Maws in Cornwall. Even amidfi: tkeir pr^efept Ruins, We ma) difcern how Serviceable, and honouuibie 1 hey once were to tneir Founder, his Suc- cefiors, and their Subjeds {s). In the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Fifteen, the Parliament paflbd a Law, by which it was provided, for the Encouragement of the Manufafture, that no unwrought Wool IhouU be exported out of the Kingdom. Statutes were alio, ena£ted for tlie Regu- lation of Meafures, and to prevent thole Frauds in the Making of Pewter, which injured its Sale at foicigu Markets. A Naval Writer {t} hath obferved that Henry was an Enemy to Monopolies, and to the Oppreflion of incor- t . PovatciJ {/) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p 3;3. (/) Ibid. J 476 ^ ^ M E M O I R S O F porated Companies, whom He reftrained from making Bye-Laws, agaihft the Aflerit of the chief Juftices. Yet We learn from a ftill more refpe£table Authority («), that this Reign, as well as many of the forego- ing, and even fubfequent Reigns abounds with mono- polizing Laws, confining particular Manufactures to particular Towns, or excluding the open Country, in general (x). There remain ftill too many Traces of (imi- lar Abfurdities. In the fubfequent Reign, the Corpo- rations, which had been opened by a former Law, and obliged to admit Tradefmen of different Kinds, were again fhut up by Aft of Parliament (y) ; and every Per- fon was prohibited from cxerciiing any Trade, who was not of the Corporation. During this Reign, the Fees to be paid, at the Beginning, and Expiration of Ap- prenticclhips, were regulated by a Statute; and all Bonds obtained by Matters, from their Apprentices, and intended to prevent the Latter from entering into Bufinefs, after They had ferved their Time, were de- clared invalid. An accurate Inquirer (z) hath oblerved that the En^- lijh Commerce, at this ^ra, extended itfelf, to a con- liderable Degree, and, efpecially, towards the newly - difcovered Lands, in the North, to which, a regular Trade was gradually fixed i and, in the Levant, encou- raged by the great Intercourfe between the King, and Venice, and Genoa, the two maritime States of Italy. Thefe Circumftances appear authenticated by the following Title to a Patent which Henry granted to a Genoefe, appointed to execute, in the Ifle of Cbio, the Office (a) Hume's Hiftory of England, 8vo. V. 4. p. 279. {x) 21 Hen. VIII. C. 12—25 Hen. VIII. C. 18.— 3 and 4 Ed. VI. C. 20 — ^ and 6 Ed. VI. — C. 24. (y) 3 and 4 Ed. VI. C. 2«. ' («) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 357. ■ «v.* ■' «i» akin? ftices. lority arcgo- nono- res to ry, in :(imi- ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 477 Office of Conlul to the Englijb Nation. Tiie Original is ftill preferved in the Library of tlie Society for the Propagation of Chriflian Knowledge. ** Exemplar *' Literarum pat ; Henrici Regis oftavi in quibus con- " ccffit Rinedi£ioJu/liniani MercatoriG^«i//»/?Ofiicium, " live Locum Magiftri Prote£toris, five Confulis, in- " fra Infulam, five Civitatem de Scio. 7^efto Regc " apud a^/AA///>,quintoDieOaobris, Reg : XXllL" We leain (adds the fame Author,) from fuch State Papers of his Reign, as have defcended to our own Times, that Henry availed Himfelf of all his foreign Negotiations for the Advancement of Trade, to which his Agents, Ley, and Pace, the Former employed in Spain, and the Latter, at f^enice, and the Swifs Cantons, bore a ftrong Attachment. A Plan had been concerted by Pace^ for the Enlargement of the foreign Trade of England, into the Dominions of Turkey. This was con- cealed from Henry ^ through the Arts of TVolfey, who, at firft reprefented Pace, as afflifted with Infanity, and, at length, by flagrant Injuries, reduced Him to it (a). But a Writer {b), not lefs unwearied in his Refcarches acquaints us that the foreign Commerce of England, during this'Age was moftly confined to the Netherlands. The Inhabitants of the Loti -Countries bought the Eng- lijh Commodities^ and diftributed them into other Parts of Europe. Hence, the mutual Dependance of thofe Countries on each other, and the great Lofs fuf- tained by Both, in Cafe of a Rupture. During^all the Variations of Politics, the Sovereigns endeavoured to avoid coming to this Extremity ; ^nd although the Kmg ufually bore a greater Friendfhip to Francis, the Nation always leaned towards the Emperor. ' ' In (tf) Strype's Memorials, Appendix. Vol, I. — Herbert. — Purnet. — Wood's Athen. Oxoniens. V. i . Col. 29. , (/) Hum^sHiftory of England, 8 vo. Vol. 4. p 273. \ > In the,. Vejvr, one Thonfand, five Hundred, and Twenty- eight Ho{^iHtie3 broke out between Engl^ind^ and the Lo.w- Count ries : The Inconvenience was iboit felt by both Parties : Whilft the Fleming's were not al- lowed to purthxtfe Cloth in England, the Englijh Mer- chants cpuld not buy it flohi the Clothiers, and the Clothiers were obliged to dirniirs*'-"cir Workmen, wlio began to be tumultuous A)r nt of Bread. The Cardinal^ IVolJey^ to appcafe nem fent for the .Mer- chants, and ordered Them to buy Cloth, as ufual.^^ They anfwered that' They could not dilpofe of it, as Tafual; and,ri6twithftandihg his Menaces, He couUt not obtain 'from Them a different Reply (t). An', Agreement was,, at laft, made to continue the Com-v mierce between the States, even during War C^j. \, The foreign Artificers were, in general, greatly fu- \ periorto. the EngHJhy in Point of Dexterity, Induftry, and Fjjugality, Hence, arofe that violent Animofity which the Latter, on fevernl Occafions, exprcficd againft any of the Forrner who were fettled \x\ Enohmcl. '* They complained that their Cuftomers had defertcd to foreign Tradefmen J and in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Seventeen, being moved by the fe- ditious Sermons of Do£lor Bele, a noted Preacherj and the Intrigues of John Lincoln, a Broker, They ralfed ?n Infurre£lion. The Apprentices, and Others of the poOTcr Sort, in London, began by breaking open the rrifons, where fome Perfons were confined for infultf ^ ing Foreigners. They, next proceeded to the.Houfe of one Meutas, a Frenchman^ whom They held in great Dcteftation, and in vvhofe Hqufe They committed the mofl violent Outrages, plundering his Goods, and killing feveral of his " Servants. ^Neither the Lord- Mayor, (r) Hall, fblio 174. ■ ■■ . ' M^^^^U^sm^:c'^- {dj Humc'sHiibry of Epgfand, V. 4. p. 274. "^f^rf^ .-/ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. ^-jt) Mayor, nor Sir Thomas Morey the late Sheriff, and highly reverenced by the Clti/ens, were able to appeale Them. Even Z^^?//^;/ was threatened with Infult, and He thought it neccjrary to fortify his Houfc, and put Mimfclfupon his Guard. At length, wearied by cx- ccfTes, They difpcrfed, when the Earls of Shrtwjhury^ and Surry^ fcizedon fcvcral. A Proclamation was iflbed ^ tiiat Women fliould not meet together to babble, and * talk, and that all Men fliould keep their Wives within * their Houfes. On the following Day, the Duke of * Norfolk, at the Head of thirteen hundred armed Men, entered the City, and made Inquiries concerning the Tumult. Belc, Lincoln, and many Others were com- ;^ mitted to the Tower, and condemned for 'T^reafon. Lincoln, and thirteen Accomplices were executed. The" Reft, to the Number of four Hundred, vvere brought '/ before the King, with Ropes about their Necks, and ^^ falling upon their Knees, implored his Mercy. On * this Occafion, Henry knew how to pardon, and dif- *" miffed Them without farther Punifhment {e). So numerous were the foreign Artificers witliin the ■'& City, that the Flemings ?XoTiC (who, whc?. Henry he- ' \ came jealous of their Attachment to Qiic> Catherine^ were, by an Order of Council, compelled to leave it,) amounted to at lead fifteen Thoufand. 'They took no . Englijh Apprentices, or Servants ; They underfold by dcbafing Wares j did not pay their Proportion of Tax- affe£led tolive in Communities, and to hold Meet- es ings for fupporting their fntereft againft their Natives. When They were grown rich by thefe, and fimilar * Arts, They returned to their own Country, with their * '^''" ' ■ -:■• ■ ■ • ' Wealth, -" '■ '<■ . ■ I ' - ■'■- 'i {e) Stowe, p. 505. — Holingfhed, p. 840. — Hall, Folio 5^9, 60, 61, 6z, 63. — Hume's Hiltory of England, V. 4, 8vo. p. 274, 275,— Rapin'sHiilory of England, V. 6. 8vo. 4^o MEMOIRS OF Wealth, leaving their Nephews, or Servants, in Engr iand, in PoHeflion of their Trades (f). The Kit)'' acknowledges, in an Edift of the Star-Chamber, print- ed ;imo!igll the Statutes, that the Foreigners had re- duced the Natives to Want ; and obliged T hem, fronj JiUensfs, to have Recourfe to Theft, Murder, and other Enormities {g). He alio, aiTerts that the vaft Multitude of Foreigners had raifed the Price of Grain, aoil Bread {h). To prevent an Incrcafc of the Evil, all foreign Artificers were prohibitsd from having above tW3 P'oreigners in their Houfe, either Journeynuen, or Apprentices. A like Jealoufy arofe, againfl: the foreign Merchants : To appcafc it, a Law was ena£li:d obliging ull Denizens to pay the Duties impofed upon Aliens (/). in the Opinion of a great Hiftorian,. the Parliament had done better to have encouraged foreign Merchants, and Artizaris to come over in greater Numbers, to Eng- land i which might have excited the Emulation of the Natives, and have unproved their Skill {k). The Intercfts of Commerce muft have been fcverely afFcfted by the Sloth, and Wjckedncfs of the Multi- tude, together with the Numbers of Felons, and Debtors ia Confmement, the Former of whom were exterminated from a Society to which, by wifer Regu- lations, They mi^ht have been rendered ufeful. ia an Aft of Parliament, ' the Prifoners within the Gaols of the Kingdom, for Debts, and Crimes, are ob- ferved to exceed lixty thousand Perfons (/j. It is fcarcely poffible to credit fo flngular an Affertion. Wc are alfo informed that feventy-two thoufand Criminals • '■ were (f) CampbeU's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 354. (g) 21 Hen. VIII. (it) Ibid , • (/) 22 Hen VIII C. 8. (k) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 4. 8vo. p, 275, (/) sHen. VJI. C. 15. ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 481 xvcrc executed during the Reign of Henry the Eighth, for Tlieft, and Robbery (m), which would amount nearly to two thoufaml in the Year. At the latter End of the Reign of Elizabeth^ four hundred were not exe- cuted in the Year. At Prclent, fcarcely Sixty arc yearly executed tiirougliout all Englanrl^ for tiielc Crimes {n). If tlie Faiti. be juft, a confulerable Im- provement liath been wrought, during tlic two lift Cen- turies, in the Morals, as well as Commerce, of the N:ition [0). That our Trade to the Levant (already, ilightly, incritioned,) on Englijh Bottoms, was confiderablc during riic Reign of Henry, the Eighth, apj^ears from the following Paffiige (p) : " In the Years, one Thou- sand, five Hundred, and Eleven ; one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twelve ; and until the Year, one * Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thirty-four, fevcral tall Ships of London, with certain other Ships of South- ampton, and Brijioly had an ordinary, and ufual Trade to. Slcilyy Candia, Chio, and fometimes to Cyprus ; as, alfo, to Tripoli, and Barutti, in Syria, The Commo- ^dities which They carried thitlier w^cvc fine Keriies of •divers Colours, coarfe Kei-fies, whit« Weftcrn Do- zen, Cottons, certain Cloths called Statutes, and others called Cardinal Whites, which were well fold in Sicily, he The Commodities which They returned back were Silks, Camlets, Rhubarb, Malmefies, Mufcadels, and other Wines, fweet Oils, Cotton- Wool, Twr^^-;/ Car- pets, Galls, Pepper, Cinnamon, and fome other Spices. Befides the natural Inhabitants of the aforefaid Places, They had even in thofe Days, Traffick witii Vol. I. Hh Jews, ,s"^" (w) Harrifon. ■(«) Ibid, i^) ftume's Hiflory of England, V. 4. 8vo. p. 276* ^^/ ff) HacUuyt, Part 2. p. 96.^ - 'fS' ''^' **' / / \ 48;t> ■ij MEMOIRS Ot mi "Jews, Turhy and other Foreigners. Neither did our Merchants only employ their own Englijh Shipping,; but fundry Strangers alio j as Candiots, Raguejeam, Si- ' ditans, Gemefes, I'l^neiian Goleojfes, Spani/h, and Por-r, iugal Ships ; all which Particulars the Author diligently.^ perufed, and copied out of Ledgerr Books of the right vvorlliipfi'il, Sir IFilliam Locke, Mercer of Lonaon, isir JiUiiiam Bowyer, Alderman of London, Mr. John Gre- 'Jham, and Others." In the Year, one Thonfand, five Hundred, and Nineteen, Hernando Cortez dilcovercd Jllexico, and pre- pared to attempt the Conqueft of it ; an Event not for reign to our Subje£l, as leading to the Importation of thofe Quantities of Gold, and Silver, v.hich contri- buted to the Extenfiori, and Profpcrity of Commerce, through all the trading Ports of Europe. Wc (hall, hereafter, have Occalion to relate the Voyages of two Illuftrious Adventurers (^), round thg World. The firfl Enterprizc of this Nature was un- dertaken by a Foreigner j and, as the Circumftances which attended it, may throw fome Light upon a fu- ture Part of our Work, the candid R9adcr will admit the NeceiHty of introducing them. ^;,*'; .' • In the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Nineteen, Ferdinand de Magalbaem, or Magellan, by Nation, a Poytuguefe, by Defcent, a Gentleman, and by Profefiion, a Soldier, and Seaman, haying ferved his Prince faithfully, both in Jfnco, and India, and })eing ill rewarded, renounced his Country, (difnatu- ralizing Himfelf, as the Cuftom, then, was,) and of- fered his Service to the Emperor, Cha^^les the Fifth, at jji^t Period, King of Spain (^t). Magellan had long bc- • ' ■ ' fore ig) Drake, and C^vendiili. .tty'hteH {'»] (>■) See the IntroduCtijn to the Colleflion of Vo'vages, in fix Vol. I'qL ('PuniJlfM'J~riL^.i:,M'in-an\ Hiilofy^ Folio, V, I. p-96. &c. • ■- ■. ••■.y •.' J ;:. : •;•;■; - Al >#•, '^i; ) . .*i; I — IL L U S T R I O U S S E A M E N, &c. 4$l fore conceived an Opinion that another Courfe miglit be found to India, and particularly, to the Molucca JJIandsy belides the conjmon Track by the Cape of Good Hopey followed by the Portuguefe, This He propofed to the Emperor, with fuch Affurances of performing what He jMomifed, that He was appointed to the Com- mand of five Ships, the San Viciorio, Luys de Mendozn^ Captain j the St. Antonio, yuan de Cathagena, Captain ; the St. Jago, yuan Serran \ and the Conceptione, GaJ- par de ^exada ; Captains. With this Squadron, on Board of which, were two hundretl, and fifty Men, He Sailed from St. Lucar de Barrameda, en the twen- . tieth of September, in the lame Year. On his arrival at the River Rio de yaneiro, on the Coaft of Brazil, and near twenty-three Degrees oi' South Latitude, Ibme Difcontents a^ofe amongfl: die Crew, which, owing to tlie Prudence of Majieila^i, fo far fubfided, that He was enabled to proceed to the Bay of St. yulian, irj forty-nine Degrees of South Latitude. During his Winter Refidence at this Place, a Confpiracy broke out againft Him, and was fomented by three of the Cap- , tains, who had perfuaded the greater Part of the Crew, • to deprive Him of his Life. On the Difcovery of their Intentions, He endeavoured by lenient Methods to efFeft a general Reconciliation j but perceiving that all Overtures of diis Nature were fcornfully rejected by the Ring-Leaders, He ordered two of the Captains, and Luyi de Mendoza the Treafurer, to be executed, and fet a third Commander (yuan de Carthagena) to- gether with a Prieft, his Confederate in Guilt, afhore amongfl the Savages. By this falutary Severity, the Reft were fo intimidated that They fubmitted to his ^ Mercy, and were immediately reftorcd to Favour." Matters being thus amicably adjufted. He erefted a profs to fignify that He had taken PofleHion of the H h 2 Jfland, -J L X 4^4 M E M O I R S O F i. 5 liland; and then, proceeded on his Voyage. On the twenty-firft of Od^ober, in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twenty, having been out more than a Fwelvcmonth, He difcovered the Ca!fy on the Fcftival of Saint i/r/ir/tf, and theelevenThoufand Vii- ginsj and therefore, called it Cal?o de hs Virgines, or the Cape of the Virgtns. There, He turned into the Streight which was the Obje£l of his Search, naming it the Streight 6f Magdlan^ an Appeilation which it ftill retains. It lies in Fifty-two Degrees of South Latitude, is more than a hundred Leagues in Length ; in fome Parts, a League broad i in many lefs ; and in others, more ; but, in 'all, narrow, aiKl incloied on i l)0th Sides wirl: liigh Land, the Eminences of w^'ch are covered with Snovv, and the Sides either barren, or filled with Woods. . LJavlng failed about fxfty Leagues -along this Streight, Magellan difcovered another Branch of it, and directed one of his Captr.ins to furvey it. He had no fooner parted from the f leer, than the Sea- men rofe, and confining Him to his Cabin, fteered their Courfe fo"* Spain^ to which Kingdom They re- turned after a PalTage of eight Months. 4::. AlagelluHy having waited for 'I hem, in vain, be- yond the appointed Time, paffed through the. Streight, where He loft one Ship, the Crew of which were for- tunately faved. I he laft Land of the Streight, He called Caho Dtfcadoy or the defired Cape^ becaufe it was the End of his defired Palfage tq the South-Stay the Entrance into which Fie named AI(i^e Pac'^Jicurn. Ihc Cold being rather intenfe. He judged it neceffary to approach clofer to the ,£^«mi7///<7/, and accordingly, on the twenty -eip;!:^ of November, in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twenty, He fteercd Weiiy North IVcjK. in this Manner, He proceeded, during three ri'lonths^ aijd twenty. Days, ^ vvithout Sight i; L L U S T lU O U S S E A M E N, £-:c. 4^5^ of Land, and v/as, at Tength, with all the Mariners^ reduced to a fhort Allowance of old Leather, (all their natural Provilions being expended,) and corrupted Wa- ter. In this diftrefsful Situation, thirty of the Men became fo enfeebled as to be rendered unfit for Service, and nineteen peni'hed under their Sufferings. Having failed fifteeen hundred Leagues, Magellan obferved a fmall Ifland, in eighty-eight Degrees of South L ititnde ; Two hundred Leagues farther He difcovered another Jfland ; but as Both of Thefe Were, in all Refpefls, too inconsiderable to attraft his Notice, He proceeded onhisCourfe, until, in about twelve Degrees of A7<7''//j; Latitude, He arrived at thofc Jflands vhich He called J}e Lcs Ladronesy or of Thieves ; becaufe the Natives hovered about the Ships, in Boats, and took every Op- portunity of coming fccretly on Board, to pilfer. Per- ceiving that his Stay, at this Place, was of no Advan- tage, He failed tigain, and difcovering a great Number of J Hands together, named that Sea Archiptkgo tie St. J.azero. T'hefe Iflands are now called the Phiiippines. On the twenty eighth of March, He anchored near the Illand of Buthuan^ and met with a friendly Recep- tion from the Natives, whofe Sovere-grn prefented liinj with fomc Gold, which had been fiftoc' out of ths Earth of the Mints, and was found in Pieces as large as Nuts, and; frequently of the Size of Fggs. Elc nexj proceeded to the Ifle of MfJJhna^ at a fmall Dlflance, from the Others ; and thence, to the ifland of Cebu. As only the Difcoveries made by Auigelian are material toourSubjeft, We omit the Particulars of his Recep- tion, and his Succefs in converting all the Inhabitants to Chriftianitv. The Fleet next flood over to the Ifland of Matar.^ where mod of the Crew difembarked, and were foon at Variance vvilli tiie Natives, wlio, colliding a con- H h J ' • liderabie 486 MEMOIRS OF liderable Force, attacked their Invaders, and, with J)oifoned Arrows, Hew Afagellany ?d eight ofhisAf- fociates. The Reft fled to their Ships, and immedi- Jitely, {et Sail, under the Command of Odoardo Bar" haja^ for the Ifland of Bohol^ where, as their Number was too inconliderabk to navigate the whole Fleet, They burned La Comeptiotie, after taking out her Can- non, arid whatfoever could be of the leaft Service. Reduced to two Ships, They, now, proceeded to the Southward, in Search of the Molucca Iflands, inftead of which. They arrived at the great Ifland of Borneo^ where, meeting with an hofpitable Reception, They made fome Stay. Yet, previous to their Departure, They, were aflauked, on the nintli of July, by th« Inhabitants, on Board a Hundred Prows, or Junks, four of which They took, and in One, the Son of the King of Lozon, Departing from thence, They arrived under the Conduft of Indian Pilots, at the Moluccas, on the eight of November, in the Year, one Thou- fand, live Hundred, and Twenty one, and in the twenty-feventh Month of their Departure from Spain, They anchored in the Port of Tidore, one of the chief of thofe Iflands, and were liberally entertained by th4 King, who concluded a Peace, and confirmed by Oath his Determination to live in perpetual Amity with the Crown of Spain. Here, They traded for Cloves, ex- changing on their own Terms, the Commodities which They brought. On the Eve of their Departure, a Ship was difcovered to be leaky, and unfit for To long a Voyage. She was, therefore, left at the Ifland of Man, whilft the other Two, proceeded, on the Day following, for Spain. Steering to the South IVeJi, They arrived at the Ifland Malva, near that of Timor, in leven Degrees of South Latitude, where They flayed, during fome , Time^ 1 L L U S T k r O U S S E A M E N, ^:c. ^^f Time, In Order to ftop the Leaks in the Fidorja, commanded by Juan Sebajliano Cano, and carrying for- ty-(ix Spaniards, and tliirtcen Indians. On the twenty- fifth of January, in tlie Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, ami l\venty-t\vo, They quitted this Place, an, who were formida- ble in thofe Parts, and might intercept their Paffage. They ran, therefore, into forty Degrees of South La- titude, before They doubled the C?.y>g of Good-Hope^ and were beating, during feven Weeks, againft con- trary Winds. In this Situation, dicir Proviiions fail- ed, and fevcral of the Crew lickenetl. By Some, it was propofed to return to Mozambique -, but the Majo- rity would not confent to it. Having fuffered fevere Diftrefles, during two Months, and loft twenty-one of their Alibciates, They were forced to put into the Illand of Saint James, being One of the Cabo Verdr^ be- longing to the King of Portugal, where, willi great Difficulty, I'hey obtained a fmall Supply of Pioviiions. The Portuqueje informed Them that a QiTc?ntiry of Rice would be at their Service, v^'hen'bever They might chufc to fetch it. Deluded by this Artifce, Thirteen of the Crew, went afiicre, and were de- tained. The Reft, alarmed at thefe Prcceedings, and dread iilg the Cor.lcquences of a longer Stay, put oft to Sea, and, on the Seventh of September, arrived fafely at Saint Lucar, below the City of Sevil, where, after having lired all their Guns for Joy, They repaired to the great Chur<;h, barefooted, and in their Shirts, to return Thanks to God for their Succcflc:;, and their Deliverances. , ■ Hh4 . - i '^^■On \ 1 . I sSj*. :i. 488 MEMOIRS OF On tKc Return of Juan Sebajliano Cam, in the Vicr ioria^ the i^hip which performed this wonderful Voy- age, He was highly honoured, and rewarded by the Emperor. This was the firft Expedition round the World, and alone rendered prafticable by the Difco- very of thcStreight of Ad'^geiian. The other Spanijh Ship, left to be refitted at the Molucca lHands, attempted to return by htr former Courfe, to Panama. During four Months, was She detained at Sea, by J.ajierly Winds, Mod of the Crew died ; The Reft, although juft ftar\'ed, were fortunately able to llcer for the Molucco Iflands, where the Portuguefe deprived them of their i>hip, and detained Them, during two Years, in India, at the Expiration of which Tinae, They were fent to Spain. -- It may not be imptoper to obferve that in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twenty-one, Muf- kets v/ere introduced, and ufed, in the Wars of this Reign, during the Land, and Nirval Engagements (^s). . Under the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twenty -five, Holinjhed obfervcs; that Duncan Campbelly a Scotch Pyrate,^ was taken at Sea, after a fevere Con- flift, hy John Arundely Efquire of Cornwall. ^ . In the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and^ Twenty-feven, Mr. Robert Ihorne, a Merchant of Brijioly addrelTed himfelf by Letter to- Henry^ the Eighth, and, after having expatiated on the great Ad- vantages which the Emperor and the King of Portugal drew from their Colonies, took the Liberty to advife Him to undertake Difeoverics to the North Pole. The King to whom this Perfon had been recommended as aflive, vigilant, and fagaciousy directed that two Ships fliould {s) Memojres du Bellai.— Rapin's Hiftory of England^ V. 6. 8vo p. 184. ing /yi ral P 1 L L i; S T R I O U S S E A M E N, 5cc. 4S'9f i fhould be immccriateliy manned, and provided with all NccclTariej for the Expedition. In Tbefc, Mr. Thorne^ and his Aflbciates, failed on the tvvcntiet'a of Afay* "When tiiC Ships had proceeded very far A^^orr/^-Z/V'-^ U'drdf One of them was caft awny, at the Eritraace of i d^ftgcrous Gulph, near the great Opening between ihe I^orth Parts of Nexufoundlan/i, and the Countny <;aUc(l Aleta incognita, l^he other Ship fortunately cN taped the Danger, and failed towards Cape Briton, and the Coafls of Jr^mbec, frequently lying to, whilft the Mariners difcinbarked to inquire concerning the State of the different Iflands by which They palicd. In the Beginnrtng of Oftober, in the fame Year, thefe Ad- venturers returned Home, without having dilcovered the Nortb-lVeJi Pailage, notwithftanding their AfH- duity in exerting every Ei^deavour lO fucceed. Two Letters have been written concerning this Voyage ; the One to Henry, the Eighth, by John Rut, and the Other to Cardinal IVolfey, by Alhertm de Prato. Mr. Thorncy the chief Proteflor of this Enterprize, was af- terwards Mayor of Bri/iol. He died at an advanced Age, and, according to lyeever, was buried in the Temple Church ; but, according to Fulkr^ in Saiot Chriftopher's, TiG^tv the Exchange, London (t). In the Years, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and . Thirty ; and one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thlr-r ty-two, Mr. William Hawkins, of Plymouth, madw* three Voyages to Brafil, of which We ^tA the follow- ing Account in Hackluyt (t^). " Mr. '*''*(/) Purchas, Part III. p. 8og.— Hackkiyt's Voyages —V. i< p. 1 12.^ — Hall, folio J 58 b. — Herbert's Hllior)' of Hen- fy the Eighth, in Rennet, V. 2. p 85. — Weever's Fune- ral Monuments, p. 443. — Fuller's VVcrthicg, under Brifto|, p 36. — Campbells Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 356. —Lcdlard's Naval Hillory, Folio, V.i. p. los. -?c^*) Part III. p. 700. . . i\ 496 ME Mo I R S OP ' ** Mr. William Hawkins, of Plymouth, a Man fof •* his Wifdom, Valour, Experience, and Skill in Sca- *' Caufes, much cfteemed, and beloved by King Hen- ** ry, the Eighth, and being One of the principal Sea- •* Captains, in the IVeJl Parts of England, in his ** Time, not contented witli the Voyages, commonly *^then made, only to tlie known Coafts of Europt, •* armed out a tall, and goodly Ship of nis own, of the *' Burden of two Hundred and fifty Tons, called the *' Paul of Plymouth, wlierewith He made three long^ ** and famous Voyages unto the Coaft of Braftl, a ** Thing, in thofe Days, very rare, efpecially to OurNa- *' tion. In the Courfe of thele Voyages, He touched *' at the River of Hejlos, upon the Coaft of Guinea^ *' where He trafficked with the Negroes, and took of *' them Elephants Teeth, and other Commodities, ** which that Place yields ; and fo, arriving on the *' Coafts of Braftl, He ufed tliere fuch Difcretion, and <* behaved himfelf fo wifely with thefe favage People, " that He grew into great Familiarity, and Friendlliip *' with them. Infomuch, that in his fecorid Voyage, *' one of the favage Kings of the Country of Braftl *< was contented to take Ship with him, and to be tranf- *' ported into England; to which Mr. Hawkins agreed, ** leaving behind him in the Country, as a Pledge for <* his Safety, and Return again, one Martin Cockram, *' of Plymouth. This Brafilian King being arrived, « was brought up to London, and prefented to King <* Henry VIII. In his Cheeks were Holes, made ac- <* cording to the favage Manner, and therein fmall " Bones were planted, ftanding an Inch out from the <' Holes, which in his Country, was looked on as a <' great Bravery. He had another Hole in his lower ** Lip, wherein was fet a precious Stone, about the *< Bigncfs of a Pea. All his Apparel, Behaviour and ' Gcf- <( ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 491 " Gcfture were very ftrangc to tlve Belioiclers. Haviitg ** remained here the Space ahnoft of a whole Year, Mr. *' Hawkins^ according to his Promife, purpofcd to car- " ry Hini again into his Country : But it fell out in tke « Way, that by Ciiangc of Air, and Alteration of ** Diet, He died at Sea. It was fi:arcd this would have ** coft the Life of Martin Cockram^ his Pledge j never- ** thelefs tlie Savages, being fully perfuaded cf the ho- '* neft Dealing of our Men with their Prince, reftorcd ** the Pledge, without any Harm to Him, or any Maa ** of his Company ; and the Ship, being freighted, and ** furnilhed with Commodities of tlie Country, return- «* ed to England:' From the fame Author [x) We learn that in the Years, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and 7"hirty- four ; and one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thirty- ifive, two Merchantmen, the One of an hundred, aiii lixty J and the Other of three hundred Tons, failed to Candioy and Chio, Jn the Accounts of thefe Voyages, ihe only memorable Circumftance is, tliat fuch an Enter- prize was, in that Age, efteemed long, and danger- ous (y). Lefs fucceffiful, yet undertaken with greater Hopes, was the famous Voyage of Mr. Hoare, an opulent Mer- chant of London, Tall, and graceful, in his Pcriba, of an inlinuating Addrefs, and endued with a cultivated Underftaodiug, He had the Art to perfuade a Multitude of Others to embark with Him on a Voyage of Difco- very, towards the North-lVeJi Parts of /tmcrica (z), Amongft his Affociates, were Mr. Tuke^ a Gentleman of Ktnt \ Mr. Tuckjield j Mr. Thomas Butts, the Soa of {x) Hackluyt, Part 11. p. 98. , ' (y) Lediarci*s Naval Hiftory, V. t. Folio, p. 103. («) Ibid. — Hackluyt, Part 111. p. 129. — Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 356. f» 49^ MEMOIRS OF of Sir rf^miam liuttSy of Nor/oli ; Mr. Haraie ; Mr. Birorii Mr, Carter i Mr. IVri^ht ; Mr. i2^' ; Mr. lyeekei, a Gentleman of the IVeJi^ and fevcral Others, of antien* Families, and great Fortunes. All 'I'hefc embarked with Mr. Hoare, in the Admiral Ship, called the TV/ - n/Vy, of one hundred, and forty Tons. In anmher Ship, named the Minion, -event Mr. Ar- migal JVade, afterwards Clerk of the Council to Htn-y the Eighth, and Edward the Sixth j N^.r. (Jliver Daube- my, a Merchant of London ; Mr. Joy, afterwards Gen- tleman of the Chapel Royal, and fcveral Others. In both Ships, were one nundred, and twenty Perfons ; thirty of whom were of confiderable Rank, and Pro- perty. ^ " ■ On the thirtieth of April, in the Year, one Thou- fand, five ) hundred, and Fifty-fix, They departed from Gravejend, and in fome Days afterwards gained the op^n Sea, and obferved no Land during two Months, until they touched at a Part of the fp^eji In- diesy near to Cape Briton. From thence. They fliaped their Courfe North- Eajiwards, until They arrived at thelfland oi Pengwirij a rocky, ftony Country. Here, They went on Shore, and found a prodigious Quan- tity of white, and grey Birds, as large as Geefe, which, when flead, and dreffed, were delicious Eating. Black, and white Bears were, likewife, in Abundance, fome of which were killed, and proved tolerable Food. After their Arrival at Newfotwdland, They were fc- veral Days at Anchor, without feeing any of the Na- tives : At laft, fome Savages, were obferved to row to- wards the Ships : A Boat was manned, in Order to purfue them : But They immediately retreatr;d, and, gaining the Shore firft, fled to an llland, in the Bay. The Englijh followed the Savages, wlio, notwithftanding, , efcaped, **/"*: JLLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 493 cfcaped, leaving behind Them a Fire, at which the Side of a Bear was roafting on a wooden Spit. Jn a Ihort 1 ime, Mr. Hoate, and his AlTociates were in want of Frovilions, and found no Suftenance, but in the Neft of an Ofprey^ which brought thither great Plenty of all Sorts of Fifli, for the Support of her Young i and in the few raw Herbs, and l^oots which They gathered on the Shore. At Length, the Famine became more fcvere \ and All were preparing to follow the dreadful Example of tome Mariners be- longing to their own Ship, wiio, in the Woods, liad overpowered their Companions, dcftroycd, and eaten 'Them. It was, now, agrt-cd that, on the following Day, the J.otslbould be call, that the Perfons to whom they f>:li might be killed to furnilh l^ood for the Kelt. Immediately afterwards, a French Ship laden with Pro- vifions, arrived ir> the iiuiie l*art. Of this. They made ' Them dvcs Mailers, and being, now, fuj)plicd with ■ KectiTarif's, let Sail in it, with an intention of return- ing to EnAind. , On the Voyage, 71icy had proceeded fo far to the Northward, as to ohierve ^and that, during the Sum- mer ^^eafon,) vafl liliinds of Ice. l^owards the End of Oflober, They arrived at ^aint lues, in Cornwall \ but in fo wretched a Condition, although they had not been abfent fevcn Months, that Sir IViiliam ButtSy and his Lady, could not have recollected their ow'n Son, but by an extraordinary Wart on his Knee. In fome Montlis afterwards, the Frenchmen, whom They had plundered, came to En-^land, and repairing to Court, complained in violent Terras, of the Outrages to which They had been expofed. Henry ^ with a be- coming Generofity, gave Orders that They (hould be mdemniiied for their Lofs, by the Payment of a confi- Serablc Sum, cut of the Royal Treafury. ,cndcncy of the Sovereigns of Europe, and make Hlmfelf the Um- pire of their Differences. He adtis that it may be nc- cellary to dwell a little on the Confequcnces which at- Uended his Interpolition in the Afiairs of the Continent, ami tlie high Price that He payed for the Reputation which, on this Occafion, He acquired'. But, let us yr€vioufly remark that tlye Writers who cen-lure Him loF leaving frequently changed his Party, (as is evident :ftfom the Hiftory of his Reign,) are too fevere in a- ttuibing his Behaviour to the inconflancy of his Tem- per ^ iince (to borrow the Language of a learned An- tiq^uarian,) it ought ratlier to be placed to the Account ttf hi3 Allies {b). When the Emperor Mcx'imilian entered' into a league with this Monarch, He promifed to aflift ir^ Ferfont, to recover for Him the Crown of France, and U» expel tJie King whc wore it. He likewife, ftipulated td^at He- would inveft Henry, and his Heirs male, with itfie Duchy oi Milan, to be holden as a Fief of the Em- j^re, and make over to Him the Reveriion of his im-r f ejfiaE Territories. Yet Maximilian had no fooner fuc- ceedcd in his Vievv& than Henry was deferted. The Becoltedlion of this 1 reachery, and Ingratitude, did Bot preveat the Laft from entering into a Treaty with Charln (/*) Campbell's Lives, of the Admirals, V. i, p. 358". {b) Stf Robert Cotron's Difcourfe of Foreign War. Lou- &tt 1690. 8vo. p. 90. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 495 Charlts tlie Fifth, who amufed Him with the Hopes that when the Conftable of rhurbon flioulcl be put into Pofleflion of the Kingdom of France^ He fhould do Homage for it to Henry. When, afterwards, through his Alfiftance, the Situation of their Affairs became profperous, and the King of France was reduced to the greatcft Diftreli;, Pace^ the EngUfl) AmbafTador, was inftruftcd to demand a Renewal of their former Aflur- ances, vvidi which They al);bUitcly rcfufed to comply. Thus, it appears tliat by breaking with fuch Confeder- ates as Thefe, He dodi jiot juftly draw an Imputation on his Chara£ler x). It feems, however, a Refle£lion on his Difccrnment : He miciht have known that Max- imiiiariy Charles^ and the Conftable of Bourbon^ would never have made fuch extravagant Conceflions, had They intended to keep their Promifes. The Terms in which He lived, and the Temper of thofe Princes with whom He formed Alliances, may furnifh Tome Excufe for his Conduft j and, perhaps, the fecret Engagements of his Minifters, by the Means of Penfions, or Promifes from foreign Powers, might, were They thoroughly dete£ted, ftill farther exculpate Henry, by proving that He was milled in thofe Mea- fures which induced Him to take fuch Steps for the Maintenance of his Intereft, and Grandeur abroad, as deeply impoverifhed his Subjects at Home {d). The immenfe Treafures which devolved to Him, on the Death of Henry the Seventh, vver; rapidly con- fumed in chargeable Expeditions ; iii the Tranfport- ation of vaft Armies to the Continent ; in the Support of Them, whether in the Field, or in Garrifons ; and in enormous Subfidics, granted to his AUies. During all tliis Period, He was employed in waging War for Y ^Ull'»{Ii4»r .1 ^ ■* "ft )» ■*' 49^ :^ 'f MEMOIRS OF \. Others, and rcarcely made a fingle Concjueft worth pre.* fcrving for Himfelf. When this amazing Heap of Mo- ney was expended, He demanded, and received fuch Aliiilance from his Parliament, as none of his Prede- ceffors had obtained. To Thefe were added that pro- digious Grant of the Eftates of all tlie religious Houfcs in the Realm (e). On this Occafion, Henry fupprefled, at different Tiaies, fix hundred, and forty five Monafteries. Of ^\hie.h twenty-eight were under the Superintendence of Abbots that enjoyed a Seat in Parliament. Ninety Colleges in different Counties, were demoHHied ; and with ThelCj two thoufand, three hundred, and feventy- four Cliaritries, and free Chapels ; and a hundred, and ten Hoipitals. The whole Revenue of ihefe Eflablifli- ments amounted to one hundred, and fixty-one thou- fand, and five hundred Pounds (/). It mufl be re- piarked that all the Lands, Poffeffions, and Revenues of England h^idy iiot long before this Period, been rated at four Millions a Year, To that the Revenues of tlie ' Monks, even comprehending the leffer Monafteries, ■ did not exceed the twentieth Part of Uie national I li- coine : a Sitfn v{iftly inferior to what is comrtionly ap- prehended. The Lands belonging to the Convents were ufually let at a very loW Rent ; and the Farmers who regarded themfelves as a Species of Propiietbi-s, were careful always to renew theiir Leafes before they ' ' t:il>\ttd(g). :'t^r - ' . ;fti;m:^. '■ A celebrated Hiftoriian (^), }iax\\ pointed out to us a ..' eurious Pafl"age(;) relating to the Supprelfion of Mohaf- " ' tci'ies. It deferves to be tranfciibed ; not only hccaufe the m mt " w-'"*^«'i'^*>-beirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 359. (/J Herbert— Camden.— Speed. fg) t4i.itrte*s Hlftory of England, V. 4. 8vo. p. i^Zt> [I}) Ibid Note I. p- 457' f^- •.►-.■.;:* [i] Inft. 4. Chap. I. p. 4er Cent. out of the perfdnal Property of fuch of his Subjefts as were worth frbm twenty, to three hundred Pounds ^ and twenty Marks from Thofe whofe pecuniary Pof- feflfiorts exteeded three hundred Pounds. Of this Aft of Power, although equally irregular, and tyrannical^ tJie Kings of England nad formerly been guilty, and it was now, unhappily, become familiar to the People. Yet, on the prefent Occafion, Henry carried his Au- thority much farther. He publlfhed an Edi£t for a ge- neral Tax upon his Subjects which He flill called a Loan ; and He levied five Shillings in the Pound upon the clergy, and two Shilfings upon the Laity. It is pertinently remarked that this pretended Loan, as be- ing more regular, was really more dangerous to the Liberties of the People, and a Precedent for die Impo- iitiori of Taxes by the King, without the Confent oi Parliament. The Latter meanly interpoled, in four \ ears afterwards, arid releafed Henry from the Obliga- tion of paying any Part of thefe Debts. It will excite the Indignation of the Reader, when He is told that in coUefting this Loan, All were obfiged to fwear to the Value of their Eltates, anc{ had no Alternative but tof embrace Poverty, or commit Perjury (/). The Progrefs of Commerce was equally retarded, and injured by thofc Tnvafions of national Privileges to which Henry was perpetually addifled. On the fifteenth li 2 _ .. o£ '■*ih ■""(I) Herbert.— Stowe, p. 5i4» (/) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 4. 8vo. Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 360. p. 46- — 5<56 MEMOIRS OF >1 C cf April, in the year one Thoiifand, five Hundred, and Fifty-three, He fummoned a Parliament, and a Convo- cation, both too fervilely obfequious to murmur at the Incroachmcnt on their Rights. The only Uncertainty was whether they would prefume to fet Bounds to their Liberality. Wolfey, the fubmiffive Minifler to whom ^e Management of this Bufinefs was intrufted, applied firft to the Convocation, in Hopes that their Example Would induce the Parliament to advance a large Supply. The Cardinal demanded a Moiety of their eccleliaftical Rc'.enues to be levied in five Years, or two Shillings in the Pound, during that Period. At firft, they flatly tefufed to comply with his Requeft ; but when He grew exafperated, and cenfured their Contumacy in the bit- tereft Tenns, their Refolution failed, and they were all Obedience. JVolfcy^ attended by ieveral of the No- bility, and Prelates, repaired afterwards to the Houfe of Commons, and in a tedious and laboured Oration, expa- tiated on the public Neceflities, the Danger of an Inva- iion fiom Scotland \ the Affronts given by the French y2inA the League which Henry had formed with the Pope and the Emperor: He concluded by demanding a Grant of eight hundred thoufand Pounds, divided into four yearly Payments ; a Sum computed from the late Sur- vey, or Valuation, to be equal to four Shillings in the Pound of one Year's Revenue ; or one Shilling in the Pound, yearly, according to the Divifion propofed. Yet We may fuljpeft this Valuation, as fixirg the Rents confiderably too high, unlefs the Sum comprehended the Revenues of all Kinds, whether of Induftry, Land, pr Money. T he Commons, even in this Reign, had not been accuflomed to fo exorbitant a Grant, neither \vould tliey accede to it ; altliough the Requeft of the Cardinal was enforced by the Speaker, Sir Thomas Al^itf .\ .1 .V -wA vrt> if> »3«7kI ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 501 and feveral Members of the Court Party (m) : Th<;y only voted two Shillings in the Pound on all who en- joyed twenty Pounds a Year, and upwards ; one Shil- ling on all who poffefled between twenty Pounds, and forty Shillings a Year j and on the other Subjefts above lixteen Years of Age, a Groat a Head. This laft Sum was divided into two yearly Payments ; the former into four, and was not therefore, at the utmoft, above Six- pence in the Pound. The Grant of the Commona was but the Moiety of the Sum demanded : Wherefore If^ilfeyy unable to brook this Diftppointment, returned to the Houfc, and proptofed to debate the Queftion with Thofe wo were of Opinion that the King's Re- queft Ihould not be yielded. He was anfwered, that They could not, in Compliance to Hiin, b'-iak through the Rules of the Houfe, which forbad ajiy Debated, except amongft the Members. Yet the Common?, in fomeMeafure, augmented their former Grant, and voted an Impofition of tliree Shillings ip the Pound, on all poflefled of fifty Pounds a Year, and upwards. It is judicioufly obferved that the Proceedings of this Houfe of Commons evidently difcover the Humour of the Times : They W€re extremely tenacious of their Mo- ney, and refufed a Demand from tlie Crown which was far from being unreafonable ; but they allowed an In- croachment en national Privileges to pafs uncenfured, although its direft Tendency was to fubvert intirely the Liberties of the People. The Kijig was fo diiTatisfied with this faving Difpofition of the Commons, that as He had not called a Parliament during feven Years be- fore, He allowed feven more to elapfe before He fum- moned another. And, on Pretence of Neceffity, Hfe I i 3 - levied [m) Herbert.— Stowe. p. 518. — Parliamentary Hiftory.— Strype V. 1. p. 49, 50.— Hume's Hiftoiy of England 8y^^ V. 4.p. 47, ^ ** 502 MEMOIRS OF JiJ ? levied in one Year, from all who were worth forty pounds, What the Parliament had granted Him, pay'- able in four Years («). Thefe Irregularities were commonly afcribed to iVolfey^ who trufting to the Prq- teftion afforded -Him by his ecclefiaflical Charadler, was lefs fcrupulous in his Incroachments on the civil Kights of the Nation. How inlccure t^e Property of Subjects muft have been under fo defpotic a Tyrant as Henry, and fo over- bearing a Minifter as IVolfey, is evident from the two following Circumftances, which arp both connected with thu Events above related. ' When the Kinc was informed that the Commons refufed to grant' the delired Supply, He fent, in a great Rage, for Edward Montague^ a Member of the Houfe, arid of conliderable Parliamentary Interv^ft. In the firft Moments of his Introduction, Henry thus roughly accoftcd Him. Ho ! Mdn !^ Will they not fuffer my Biil to pafs ? ' Then laying ^lis Hapd on the Head o^ Montagu:, who was pn his Knees before Him, He added : Get my Bill pajfed by To-morrow, or life To-morrow this Head of yours Jhqll he off". This imperious Behaviour of Henry proved fucccf^f ul j and, on the Day following, the Bill waj. pafled(tf). • "\^:- When the Citizens of London helitated, for fbme Time, to comply with the Exaftion, by a general Loan, in the Year one Thoufand five Hundred and Twenty-fivp, the Cardinal endeavoured to terrify Thern into a Conceflion, by plainly telling Theqi,that // were better that fame Jhould fuffer Indigence, than that the King^ at this Time, Jhould lack ; and therefore, beware, and yefufe not j ncr rufie not in this Cafe, for it m^y fortune to ♦ * (ft) Speed — Hall —Herbert. {o) Collins's Bi*iti(h Peerage.— Grove*s Lifeo/ Wolfcy. ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 503 ' 19 coft fome People their Heads. Such was the Style employed by the King, and his Minifters (p). In the feventeenth Year of his Reign, the Kin^ ex- afted Money by another great Loan ; on which Occa- iion, an Oath of Secrecy was adminiftered to the Commillioners, W'ho were, likewife, impowered to tender it to fuch as came before Them : Although this was ftiled an amicable Grant, yet the Commiffioners, 1 in Order to force Perfons to contribute expeditiouily, and ppoftafejy, threatened Them, in Cafe of Failure, with Imprifonment, and a Confifcation of their Eftates. By a liniiiar Levy of a Benevo/enie, Henry, in the Year one Thoufai>d, five Hundred, and Forty- four, ex* torted from his Subje6ls, nearly feventy thoufand Pounds. ReaJf an Alderman of Londoriy and ad- vanced in Years, having either refufcd to contribute his Share, or difappointed the Expeftatidn of the Commillioners, was inrolled as a Foot- Soldier, to fervc in tlie Wars againft Scotland, and was there taken Pri- foner^y). Roa:h, who had been equally refraftory, was committed to Gaol, and obliged, at laft, to pur- chafe his Liberty with an enormous Sum (r). The great Hiftorian {s), whofe Labours have fo much af- lifted me, obferves that thefe Powets of the Preroga- tive, (which, at that Time, pafled unqueftioned) the compelling any Man to ferve in any Office, and the imprifoning any Man, during Pleafure, not to mention the Praftice of extorting Loans, rendered the Sovereign, in a Manner, abfolute Maftet of the Per- fon, and Property of every Individual. 114 : av In {p) Hall Folio ^8. — Hume's Hiftory of England, 4. 8vo, p. 452. Note B. {q) Herbert — Stowe p. 588. — Baker p, 29Z. -►, '..y j[r) Goodwin's Annals. — Stowe p. 588. p) Hume*s Hil!:')ry of England, V. 4. 8vo. p. 244. V. 504 MEMOIRS OF A In the thirty (ixth Year of his Reign, Htnry de- manded, and received another Loan of eight Pence in the Pound, from fuch Perfons as were worth from forty Shillings, to twenty Pounds ; and of one Shil- ling in the Pound from fuch as were worth more. From thefe Inilances, it appears how Toon He became necellitous after having been pofTelTed of tjie immenfc Treal'ures of his Predeceilbr. With equal RapicHty, was He again reduced tp the Want of Supplies, after that prodigious Acceffion to tjie royal Revenue, made by the Confifcation of Abbey Lands. . By Indentures of the firft, and twenty -third Years of the Reign of Henry the Eighth, a Pound- Weight of Gold of the old Standard, was to be coined into twenty- feven Pounds by Tale j namely, into twenty- four Sovereigns, at twenty-two Shillings and Sixpence a Piece; or forty- eight Rials at eleven. Shillings, and three Pence, a Piece ; or feventy-two Angels at feven Shillings, and Sixpence a Piece ; or eighty-one George Nobles, at fix Schillings, and eight Pence, a Piece i or one hundred, and forty -four Half- Angels, at three Shillings, and nine Pence, a Piece j or one hundred, and fixty-two forty- penny Pieces, at three Shillings, and four Pence, a Piece. A Pound- Weight of Gold of the Finenefs of twenty two Carats only, was to be coined into one hundred Crowns, and a Half of the double Rofe j or two hundred and one Half Crowns, making by Tale, twenty -five Pounds, two Shillings, arid Sixpence j and a Pound-Weight of Silver of the old Sterhng was coined into one hundred, and thirty-five Groats, or tw0 .hundred, and feventy Half Groats j or five hundred, and forty Sterlings, (or Pence) or one thouj^ndj and eighty Half-Pence j or two thoufand, one hundred, and fixty Farthings ; fo that everv Pound- Weight of Sterling-Silver was coined \ r '^ • into * y* ^ 1* i V. -. '' J- ^ ■ ; . »ntQ Pence from Shil- after ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 505 into forty-two Shillings, by Tale. In the thirty- fourth Year of this Reign, a Pound-Weight of Gold of twenty-three Carats, fine, and one Carat, Alloy, was coined into twenty-eight Pounds, and fixteen Shil- lings., by Tale, by which Indenture, there were coined Sovereigns, at twenty Shillings, a Piece ; Half Sove- reigns, at ten shillings ; Angels, at eight Shillings, and Quarter- Angels, at two Shillings a Piece. A Pounds Weight of Silver of ten Ounces, fine, and two Ou.>ces Alloy, was coined into forty-eight Shillings by Tale ; namely, into Teftoons, (which were twelve Pence a, Piece) ; Groats, Half-Groats, Pence, Half-Ptnce, and Farthings. In the thirty fixth Year of the Reign of Henry y the Eighth, a Pound- Weight of Gold, of twenty-two Carats, fine, and two Carats Alloy, wa« coined into thirty Pounds, by Tale; namely, inta thirty Sovereigns, at twenty Shillings, a Piece j or fixty Half-Sovereigns, at ten Shillings, a Piece; or one hundred and twenty Crowns, at five Shillings, a Piece ; or two hundred, and forty Half- Crowns. The King had two Carats of fine Gold for Coinage, 'vhich yielded him fifty Shillings. Silver was coined, oy tho fame Indenture, of fix Ounces, fine, and fix <'>ur.cti. Alloy, into forty-eight Shillings;, by Talc, it was coined into Teftoons, Groats, Half-Groats, Pence, Half-Pence, and Farthings, In the thirty-feventii Year of his Reign, a Pound- Weight of Gold, of twenty Carats, fine, and four Carats, Alloy, was coined into thirty Pounds, by Tale, as in thclaft; and the King had four Carats, which yielded Him five Pounds, and two Shillings. A Pound- Weight of Silver of four Ounces, fine, and eight Ounces, Alloy., was coined into forty-eight Shillings, by Tale, which raifed the Pound- Weight of fine Gold to thirty-fix Pounds ; and the Pound-Weight of fine Silver, to ks^tk Pounds^ and four Shilling^. The I 306 * M E M O I R S O F ■ The Gold Coins of H/ury the Eighth, are Sove- reigns, Rials, Half- Sovereigns, Angels, Gcorgc- Noblcs, Half, and Quarter-Angels, forty-Penny Pieces, Crowns, and Half-Crowns. The Silver Coins are Teftoons, Groats, Half-Groats, Sterlings, Half- Pence, and Farthings ; to which may be added Crown Pieces of Silver, whidi were firfl coined by this . King(/). Prefled by his Neceflities, Henry recurred to all Ex- pedients which couU produce Supplies. Amongft tliefe, the moft detrimental was the praftifing on the Coin. Yet in the Opinion of a naval Writer («), it iecms jdoubtful whether it was with a view of relieving his Wants, that, in thefirft Year of his Reign, He made 'the Alteration. It hath already been obferved that He coined forty rfive ShillingSj out of a Pound of Silver ; by which He raifed that Metal to three Shillings, and nine Pence, ai> Ounce. But, as the Standard re- mained the fame, it is probable that his Motives for the Alter^ion were not, at that Period, difgraceful. Towards the Conclufion of his Reign, the Orders iiTucd concerning the Coinage, were equally reproach- ful to Himfelf, and detrimental to his People. The Reader muft have percdved that the firfl im- politic Meafurc of this Kind, pujrfued by Henry^ oc- curred in the thirty-fourth Year of his Reign, when He not only divided the Pound into forty-eight Shil- lings, by which, if the Coin had remained in its for- mer Purity, the Silver would have bpen rajfed to four (/) Madox^s Hiftory of the Exchequer.— St 14, 15. Hen. VIII. Cap. 12. — Vaughan of Coinage, p. 112 — Coke's Inftitutcs, L. 4. C. 8. — Evelyn. Numifm. p. 1 2. — Camden*8 Remains.— Stowe's Chronicle, p. 587, — Bi(hop { Nicholfon's Hiftorical Librarj', Folio p. 263, 264.— 'Rapins Hiftory of England, V. 6. 8vo. p. 567, 568, 569. ^ («) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 361, ~, ILLUSTRIOUS S E A M E N, &c. 507 four Shillings, an Ounce ; but added, alfo, two Ounces of bafe Metal in the Pound, inftcad of fifteen Penny- Weights, which raifed it nine Pence, and a Half- Penny, in the Ounce. In the thirty fixth Year of his Reign, He proceeded to more pernicious Ex- tremes, and coined Money that was bjt half Silver; and, although the Chronicles of that ytlra inform us ^ that, by this Metho^K He railed it to four Shillings, an Ounce, He, in Faft, brought it up to eight Shil- lings, l^he laft, and greateft Injury to the Profpc- rity of Commerce arofc in the following Year, by the Coinage of Money that had but four Ounces of Silver, in the Pound- Weight ; fo that Silver was, then, at twelve Shilllings an Ounce; the Confe- quence of which was that after his Death, the Sil- ver fell to nine Pence, and next to Sixpence, the largffl: Sum for which the People would take it (x). t .' Jt appears that the greateft Part of this Money was coined into Teftoons, which (although not called Shil- lings,) paffed during his Reign, for twelve Pence. They are faid to have been of Brafs, covered with Sil- ver ; and Thefe were the, Pieces that fell firft to nine Pence, and afterwards to Sixpence. Having been found convenient to chapge. They were, in fucceed- jng Times, coined at tliat Rate of good Silver ; and from hence came the word Tefter. Henry likewife en- hance4 the Gold from forty-five, to forty-eight Shil- lings, an Ounce. In Excufe for this Innovation, it was illeged that He defigned by it to prevent the Money from being carried abroad : an Expedient which could not, in any Manner, have anfwered the Purpofe. Thefe illegal, and detrimental Methods ©f replenifhing his {Exchequer, were the Confequence of his foreign Wars, ^' ■■ ■ '' ;v. Sub- . ' ■ ',¥«}« ^ »i ,'f » {x) CarapbeU's Lives of the Admirals, V* i. p. 361, I •>' t^f 5o8 MEMOIRS OF .y. Subfidicf, an<^ boundlcfs Prodigality. HI» Prcilcccr- ifors were above recurring to tiiem, even in tlieir fcvercft Diftreilcs (y). The pernicious £ffe£^ft of this Debarment of the Coin were foon vifible in the Condufl of the common People, who, wanting Difcernment, were incapable of afcribing it to its pro|)cr Caufe, and led from thence in- to a Variety of Errors, that naturally rendered Them defirous of improper Mcafurcs, which They vainly hoped would aft as Remedies. All Commodities be- came^ on a fuddcn, extravagantly dear. A Circum- ftance which might reafonably have been expcfted. it » not any Power of the Prince which can change the Nature, or even the Value of Things ; neither will his Debafcmcnt of the Coin fink the Worth of the Pro- vidons, and Manufaftures that are to be purchased with it. Wc ftiall conclude this Subjeft with the Obferva- tions of a difccrning Writer (z), whofe Labours arc the Ground- Work of our own. i .^jm^M. . Such Alterations in the Coin will, at firft, introduce great Confulion, which muft unavoidably be detrimen- tal to private Property : Yet, hy Degrees, Men will be taught to oppofe their Natural Rights to tlic regal Prerogative ; and when They find Money of lefs Va- lue than it ihould be, They will infift on having more To this Cure in their private Dealings, They are di- rcfted by Experience j yet, as all Men are Buyers as well as Sellers, it is eafy to perceive that, in fucha Situa- tion of Things, a general Clamour will arife agalrill: the Dearnefs of necellary Commodities ; and this may be attributed, as it then was, to falfe Caufes ; an Error which occafioncd the Apj^cation, not only of ine{"- ] feftuai, (y) Campbcirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i, p. 361. i») Ibid. . ,- , y ,* rr ^ f\ «.f n %P ..1 « ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEh(,&c. 50^ Textual, but of injurious Remedies, aggravating the dd, and being alio produAivc of frclh Incpnvcni- eucies. ■* ■ To this may be afcribed thr Complaints of fcveral Hiftofians of thofe limes, and, likewife, many of the Laws that were founded on popular Conceit, and which, although enabled to give public Satisfa6lion, were re- pealed in fuccceding Reigns, when They were felt a« public Grievances. If (as the Rtman Poet oWerves,) there be a Plcafure in viewing the Storms, and Tem* pefts, whllfl: VVe are fafe, and beyond their Reach ; there is, certainly, much greater Satisfaftion in con- templating the political foul Weather of former Times, which VVc are not only exempted from feeling, and which (under the prefent Security of our happy Confti- tution) VVe, probably, fliall never feel. This Satis- faftion may ftiil be heightened by a rational Refleilion on the Events of that MxZy the dangerous Miftakes in Policy, and the falfe Lights in which They were exr amined by the Individuals whom They aggrieved. ^ The Privileges of making thefe Remarks, and clear- ly inveftigatiug Subje£ls even of the niceft Nature, is one of the greatefl Advantages which attends on Free- dom. It were uncandid to imagine that, during the former Ages, the popular Opinion was not, with Rcr gard to this Subjeft, direfted by a Difcernment equal to our own ; but Mankind were under a fatal Necef- lity of concealing it, as Reafons of State would have made that Conduit a Crime which was commendable in itfelf, but which, notwithftanding, will be only com- mended, amidft a free People. The Meafures that We liave expoled, and cenfured, were Marks of the excef- five Power of the Prince by whom They were em- braced. In hii Idea, it was, perhaps, fufficient that They anfwered an immediate Purpole. To look far^^ ther W^ " -.(<>- 510 MEMOIRS, &c. 1/ thcr is riot confiftent vfrith the Temper of a Tyrant whole Ambition is infatiable, and Power abfolute. They who live under lefs oppreifive Sovereigns will dif- ccm, from thcfe Hiftories, the Danger to which a People muft always be expofed, who want the Safe- guard of a legal Confkitution. It is this, alone, which can prevent a Fellow-Creature, more exalted^ and per- haps, lefs worthy than the Multitude, from ftripping Them of the Privileges conferred, at firft, by the AU- iiA-acious PoW£R> in wbeft S^rvia there is perfe£i Free* dom. MEMOIRS MEMOIRS O F Sir EDWARD HOWARD, Lord High Admiral of England, and Knight of the Most Noble Ordkr of the Garter. IF there be any Juftice In the general Opinion that an illuflrious Defcent adds to tlie Reputation of great Atchievements, then, the Memory of this gallant Officer will appear doubly intitled to our Ref- peft. He was the fecond Son of the ancient Houfe of Norfolky and inherited from his Father thofe Qualitieg which moft adorn the higheft Rank ; untainted Loy- alty, and invincible Refolution. It appears that He gratified, at an early Time of Life, his Inclination for the Sea-Service, having attended Sir Edward Poynings, on the Expedition, in the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Ninety-two, when Henry, the Seventh, affifted, with his Fleet, and a confiderable military Force, the Duke of Burgundy, againft his Subje£ls, the rebellious Flemings (a). At his Return, He was re- warded (a) Hall, folio 17, 22, b. — Polyd. Verg p. 584. — Lord Bacon's Hiftory of Heniy the Seventh, V. 2. p. 304, 305. — Campbell's Lives of the Adipirals, V. 1. p. 365. — Firft Volume of thii Work, p. 38$, 386. 512 MEMOIRS OF warded with Knighthood, for his extraordinary Bra^ very, of which, during that long Reign, He gave frequent Inftances, and fo effectually eilablifhed hi» Reputation,, that, on the Acceffion of Henry ^ the Eighth, He was appointed to bear the royal Standard (A), an Office which, in that iEra, was confidered not only as a Mark of particular Favour, but alfo, as a Teftimony of the highefl Confidence, and the gieateft Rpfpeft. , '2 Henry, having formed, againft the French, an Al- liance with Ferdinand, King of Arragon, and Naples, prepared for War, early in the Year, one Thoufand, live Hundreu, and Twelve. On this Occafion, ,rtie Command of the Fleet was given to Sir Edward fiow' ard, now Lord High Admiral of England, I^e was attended by his three Brothers, John, Anthony, and Leonard', the Lords Brooke, Willoughby, and Ferrers ; the Baron of Burford ; Sir Richard Cornwall, Sir Mau- rice Berkley, Sir IViliiam Sandes, and other naval Offi- cers (f). As the Reader hath already been prefented with an £f)!imate of the Charge of the marine Forces, during the Reign of Edward, the Third (d), Wc ihall, in this Place, enable Him to form an Idea of the Difference of the Allowance granted at the two Periods. The King, by an Indenture, dated on the eighth of April, decreed to Sir Edward Howard, for his own Maintenance, Diet, Wages, and Rewards, ten Shil- lings, a Day. To Each of the Captains, for their Diet, Wages, and Rewards, eighteen Pence, a Day, To every Soldier, Mariner, and Gunner, five Shil- ^ngs, a Month, for his Wages, and five Shillings for I ^-"- •■ ■ . ' his [h) Pit. I. Hen VIII. p. i. in. 34. (r) Hall, folio 17. {d) Vol. I. p. Z4.6, 247. ^y-\ Sir E D W A R b li d W \ R D. ipl 5^31 his Viftuals, reckoning twfent^-eight Days in the Month (e). On the fixteenth of May, tht military Forces, coftv lifting of ten thoufand Men, and commanded by Th»u mas de Gray, Marquis o{ Dorfef, embarked in ^pamjh Ships; and being convoyed by the ^w^^/z/ii Fleet, ar-^ rived, on the eighth of June; at Pnjfagr, in the Pro- vince of Guipujcoa. Hfere, the Troops made a Def- tent, after which, the Lord Admiral flood out' to Sea, for the Purpofe of infefting the Coafts of Brhtaimy^ AtConquet, and Brejiy Hfe landed" a Body of lifts 'Men^i who plundered the Country, arid reduced feveral of the Villages to Afhes. Alarmed at thefe Ravages, attd^ feager to prevent them, the Kirig Of Fran« imnfifediatG-i ly equipped a powerful Armament, 'to' oppoft'whkhJ Henry addcid a Squadron of twenty-five great Ships of^ War, to the former Fleet, and went to P«r'//"/wffi///?, ta review them. The Command of this Reinforctitaent was intrufted to the chief Perfons about ^\v Edward Howard. In the Regent ^ the lai-geft Ship, andof ar thoufand Tons Burthen, was Sir Thomas Knevet, Ad»« roiral, and Mader of the Horfe to the King: In the Sovereign J the next largelV Ship, were Sir C/>df/*i Bran- don, (afterwards Duke of Suffolk,) and under Him, as an Ailiftant, Sir Henry Guildford, with Sir JoA/i Carew, fome young Courtiers, as Volunteers defirous of lig- nalizing their Valour, and iixty of the ftouteft Yeo- men of the Guard. The Delign of the Lord High Admiral was to ftation this Fleet, which, now amount- ed to forty-five Sail, on the Coafts of Brittanny, rtt' Order to obferve the Motions of the Enemy.- On the tenth of Auguft, 7'hey arrived at Breji^ from the- Harbour of which a French Fleet confiftir.g of thir- ty-nine Ships, under the Command "of the Admiral ■ Vol. I. Kk PrU t "t' \e) Rymer's Focdcra, V. 13. p* js;. 11 ■Ai , i. 514 (J > ^'^ E M O I ^ S OF J,/ Primaugii (f) immediately iflued, and began an Enjgagc* mcnt with the Eigli/h, Shortly afterwards, the Re- gent y and the Cordelier bsing grappled together, acci- dentally took Fire, and blew up with all tliat were on Board (^g)» With Sir Thomas Knevet^ who commanded the Former, perifhed feven hundred Men j and with Primaugety the Admiral of the Latter, nine hundred. The Ships of both Fleets rem^ icd for fome Time, in Sufpence, as if attending fokly to this terrible Cala- mity. At length, Thofe belonging to the French made their Efcape into different Harbours (h). During the Engagement, the Sovereign was, alio, burned to the Water's Edge. In the Place of this Ship, the King conftrufted another of ftill greater Burthen, and called it Henry, Grace de Dieu (i). In the Month of December, the Marquis of Dorfet returned to England with his Troops. Not to incur the Charge of Partiality, We fliall infert a Relation of this Event, from the Writings of a French Hiflorian (i), who differs, in fome Particulars, from the Authors referred to in theNot6s. The French Fleet (He obferves,) conllfted but of half the Number of the Engitjhy who received ample Amends (f) Or (according to Dahiel, V. 2. p. 1901.) Vorfmau" get* Hence, the Englijh Seamen, arid our old Chronicles; called Him Sir Pierce Morgan. — Hall, folio 22. a.— Grai* ton, p. 970. (^» Sir William Monfon*8 Naval Tracts — Polyd. Verg. Lib. 27. — Stowe, p. 49^.— Lanquet's Epitome of Chroni- cles, folio 273. (M Pat IV. Hen VIII p. i —Hall, folio 21. — Ho- lingfVed, V, ?. p 815. Herbert, p. n. — Hiftoire de la France, par P. Daniel, Tom VII p. 313. — Goiwin's Annals, p jo — H Vellcii in Gaguini Appendix, p. 318, 3.9 — bupleix, Tom. III. p. 2^3 — Hume*8 Hiftory of England, 8vo. V. 6 p. 422, 423.— Campbell's Lives of Ae Admirals, V. i. p. 366, 367..-— Lediard's Naval Hiilo- ry, Folio, V, 1. p y^. (1) Grafton, p. 97O. — Stowe, p. 490.— Herbert, p. 11. {k) P. Daniel. , . t i ".?»■ sir EDWARD HOWARD. 515 Amends for this Inferiority by having gained the Ad- vantage of the Wind. Primauget, an Officer of Bre- tagne, embarked in the Cordelier, a fii-ft Rate Man of War, which carried twelve Hundred Soldiers. TweWe Sail of Engli/h, amongft which was the Admiral, called the ^een of England^ (the Regent) i'urrounded Him. He fought with great Gonduft, and Intrepidity ; had funk fome of the Ships belonging to the Enemy ; and, as the Reft began to bear away, was relblved to chace the Admiral. He kept clofe up to Him, when another £«^/»/* Commander, into whofe Veflel He had poured a Bro^d Side, difcharged a large Quantity of Combuf- tibles at the Cordelier, which fet Fire to Her, in fucli a Manner that there was no Hope of extinguiiliing it* The BretcH Captain, refolving not to perifh alone, made up to tht; EngU/h Admiral-Ship, and grappled w: :h Her, until She, likewife, isX)k Fire, ar 1 they blew up into the Air togetlier. Soon afterwards, the two ^ Fleets fcparated, as it were, by Confent. This Aftion redounded much to the Honour of tlie French^ and the Englijh came off with the Lofs of fome Ships. In April, of tlie Year Qne Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thirteen, Henry^ preparing to invade France^ le- vied a confiderable Army, and equipped a formidable Fleet, confifting of forty-two Men of War, befide* fmall Veflels, the Command of which was given to the Lord High Admiral, Sir Edward Howard. Under Him, as Captains, and Affiftants, were fValter DeV" reux. Lord Ferrars, Sir JVolJlan Browne^ Sir Edward Ichynghanty Sir Jnthony PoyntZy Sir John Wallops Sir Thomas Wyndhamy Sir Stephen Bully li^illiam Fitz* Williamy Arthur Plant agenety fVilliam Sidney y Efquires, and otlier Officers of Diftir-ftion. The King refolving to conduft, in Perfon, the Operations of the next Campaign, in Francey Sir Edward was dlrefted to fcour ^ the Channel, for fome Time, and, then, prcfcnt Him.- jFC k 2 fel p^ MEMOIRS OF felf before Br eft. On liis Arrival off this Sea Port, ' He was informed that the French Fleet lay at Anchoc within the Harbour, but in Readinefs to ikil, and wait- ing only for the Admiral Pregent de Bidoux^ with fix Gallies from the Mediterranean. Refolving to attack the French before Thefe could join Them, He imme- diately entered the Harbour, with his whole Fleet. The Enemy for their Security had thrown up feveral Batteries on each Side of the Harbour, and the more elie£tually to fcrecn Themfelves from tiie Cannon of the Englijh, had linked together twenty-tour Hulkes, and ranged Them in a Line, at a proper Diilance from their Ships. Thefe were, alio, intended, on a nearer >\pproach of their Adveriaries, to be let on Fire, and turned adrift with the Tide. The Lord High-Admi- ral difpatched towards the Shore, a Number of Boats, iilled with armed Men, who were directed to make a Feint of 1 aading. Seduced by this Artifice, more than ten Thoufand of the French aflembied near the Place, to which They imagined their invaders were repairing. In the mean Fimc, Sir Etiwaru a.lvancing farther up the Harbour, difcmbarkcd a Body of the Trcx)ps, oppolite x.o Brep^ in tlie View of the Caftle of which City, J hey ravaged, and let Fire to the Coun- try. The Purfuit of thefe SuccelTcs ivas, however, ren- dered impracticable by a Want of Provifions, and Stores, of which the Lord liigh-Admiral Wfas in daily li^pt.£t alien. . Pregent was, now, arrived, witli fix Gallics, ac- companied by four Foifts, or Pinnaces. Obferving that the Engujh Fleet was lying wiihin tlie Harbour, and being apprehenfive of an Attack from Them, He chofe to make tlie Hay of Cow^i/*-/, which was the near- icft iPlace to BreJ^y and in his Opinion, the rpofl fccure. He pmdently ftationed his Squadron between twa Kocks, cm botji of which were Bulwarks well fupplied Jti.t •^tr acr Irving jbour, He Inear- 2cure. two >pUe4 {Sir EDWARD HOWARD. 517 ,with Cannon. Sir Edward, notwiihftancling the Ad- vantages which Pregtnt obtained by lieing thus fttuated,' was relolved to hazard an Engagement. Having fingled put the two Gallies from his }• Icct, He went on Board of One, and intiufled the Other to the Condu£t of the Lord Ferrari. He was followed by fome Row Barges,' and Crayers, or fmall Veffels, under the Command of Sir Thomay Chcytuy, Sir John IPallop, Sir Hewy Shir- burn, and Sir IViU'tam Sidney, He no fooner came abreaft of the Galley belonging to Pregent, than He ordered his o\yn to be laflied cLole to Htr, and imme- diately leaped on Board of Her, Sword in Haod, at- tended by one Carroz, a Spanijh Cavalier, and feven- teen EngUJhmen. Meanwhile, the Cable which faften- ed his Galley to that of the Enemy being cut, ^i^ Ed- ward, and his brave Aflbciates were left to the Mercy of the French, who prelTed upon Them with fuch a Number of Pikes that, unable to relift their fuperiou^ Force, They were thruft, without Diftinflion of Per- fons into the Ocean. During this Gowflift, the Lord Ferrers, with his Galley, and the fniiller Veffels, was engaged with the other Gallics, until, having wafted his Shot, without obtaining apy Advantage, and per- ceiving that the Lord High Admiral's Galley fellofF, He concluded that his Perfon was at leaft in Safety, and, on that Account, retreated. On Inquiry, Sir Edward appeared to be miiling ; when a Flag of Truce, with Sir Thomas Cheyney, Sir Richard Cornwall, and Sir John Wallop, was fent to Pregent, to demand what Pri- foners He had made. TIjey received for Anfwer, only one common Sailor, who had affinned tliat the Lord High Admiral was anionglt the Perfons forced over- board. 1 he whole Englijh Fleet, now difcouraged by the Lofs of dicir illuitrious Commander, retired from before Bnjl. Flufhed with Succefs, the French Kjivy quitted tlie Harbour, and even ventured to infeft , the ZS" t*i 5*8 MEMOIRS OF the Coafl of Suffetc^ from whence a Body of their Trobps had the good Kortunc to carry off a fmall Booty, which (could We believe an elegant, and ge- nerally impartial Hiftorian (.') was an Attejiation oftht'tr ViSiory, The Truth is, They were repulfed\ ami Fregent their Commander loft an Eye, by the Shot of an Arrow (w). On this Subjcf^, a noble Author {u) hath tranfmit- Icd to us forae extraordinary Circumftances. He ob^ fcrvcs that Sir Edward Howard having considered the Pofturc of the French Fleet, in the Haven of BreJ?, and the Confequences which would attend either defeating, or burning it, gave Notice thereof to Henry, inviting Him ,tD be prelcnt at fo glorious an A£lion, and de- firing rather that his Sovereign, than Himfelf, ihould gain the Honour of deftroying the naval Armaments of the Enemy. This was a loyal, and generous Pro- poiition, fuppo6ng the Fame, ^nd not the Danger of the Aftion, too great for a §ubje£t, and meafuring the Courage of //cgp, by his own; the fole Standard which Men of Ibis Rank, and Temper of Mind, ever ufe (tf). But the Council, to whom his Letter had been (hewn, were of a different Opinion, and conceived that it was much too great ^ Hazard for Henry (wliofe Eifc * (/) " Ih rfmp^rterent uh Buh'n, f»/ nftejloit lew Fiaoire'*-^ Hiftoire de la Qijerclle dp Philippe de Valois, ct d'Edou- ard 111. Sccr par Monfieur Gaillard, Tom. IV p 264. («i) The Particulars of the Engagement are talcen trora Grafton, p. 971. Stowc p. 491.— Cooper, tolio 275.— Hall, folio 22. b. — Herbert, p. 1 3.— Memoircs du Bellay, Liv. I. — Dupleix, Torn HI. — 'Rapin's Hiftory of Eng- land, V, 6. 8vo. p 76,77 — Hupie's Hiftory of England, V. 4 8vo. p. 430, 431. — Campbell's Lives of the Admi- rals, V. I p. 36-, 368, 369 — Lediard's Naval Hiftory, Vi i. Folio, p. 94, 95 {«) Lord Herbert's Liftf, and Reign of Hen. VHL A D, '(«) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 369, a S: and. the plilh free riik pie, prove endes as nifhii pcuct Sir EDWARD HOWARD. 519 Life was, however, lefs valuable than that of the meaneft Subje£l,) to expofe his Perfon in fuch an£n- tcrprize ; and, therefore, They wrote fharply to the Lord High Admiral, commanding Him not to fend Excufes, but to perform his Duty. Such an Anfwer ihuH feverely have afflifted a Man who aflerted that a rtaval Officer was good for Nothing, unlefs brave to a Degree of Madnefs. A celebrated Hiftorian (p) ob- ftrves that as the Sea-Service requires much lefs Plan, Capacity, and Contrivance than the Land, this N!ax- ilTi hath great Plaulibility, and Appearance of Truth j although the Fate of Sir Edward Howard himfelf may lerve as a Proof that even there Courage ought to be tempered with Difcretion. When He perceived his Galley Aide away, and felt the Danger of his Situation, He took his Chain of Nobles, which hung about his Neck, and his great gold Whiftle, the Enfign of his Office, and threw Them into thfc Sea, to prevent the Enemy from pof- feffing the Spoils of an Etighfii Admiral. Thus, on the twenty-fifth of April, in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thirteen, fell Sir E/tward Howardy a Sacrifice to the nicer Feelings of a Man of Honour, and, perhaps, an equal Viftim to Uneafinefs. In the Charafter of this Hero, We not only trace tKe brave Defender of his Country, but the accom- plilhed Statefman, the faithful CounftUor, and the free Speaker. Although ready on all Occafions, to rilk his Life, and Fortune, in the Service of the Peo- ple, He fcorned to be an Advocate for Wars which proved at once difgraceful, and injurious. He anxioufly endeavoured to prevent the Rupture with the Flemings j as ilriking at the Root of foreign Commerce ; dimi- nifhing the Cuftoms, whilft it increafed the public Ex- peaces' i kx\\ng\\it French, by conftraining the Inha- bitants (p) Hume's Hiftory of lipgland, 8vo. V. 4. p. 43»« 69. "\ ^^v- iib Ai E M 5 I R $ iOfvi ic: bitants of Flanders to deal with Them; agilnft their Inclinations ; und tending to the Prejudice of the £w^- lijb Manufactures, by interrupting the Intcrcourfe with Thofe who principally improved Them (f ). Thus qualified, it is not extraordinary that, even In the Flower of his Age, (at which Period He was cut bfF,) He fliould have attained to fuch exalted Honours. i/^«/_j; gratified his Ardour, and Ambition with Titles $ Conftituting Him Admimi of Enghnfi^ IVaUs, Ireland, Normandyy Gafcoigne^ and Jguitdin for Life, and caufing Him to be chofcn Knight df the Order of the Garter. He died, befcre He could be informed that He had been honoured witli it by Iiis Sovereign (r), who fin- cerely lamented his Lofs, and was condoled with in a Manner that reflefts equal Credit on the Panf.gyrift^ and the Object of his Applaufe. The King of Ctcotland^ in a Letter addrefled to Henry^ the Eighth., writes thus: "And furely, Dfearfeft Brother! V/^e think *' more Lofs is to You oF the late Admiral, who de- ** ceafed to his great Honour, than the Advantage ** which might have been in winning all the Frenci « Gallies (f) (0-" (f) Lloyd's State WorthidH P* 141.— Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V* i- p. 37o«, (r) Anftis'sRegifterot the Gaiter, V. 2* p. 275.-- Afti- , mole's Order of the Garter, p 713. (i) Ibid. -— Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i» p. 371 • (/) Sir E^ 'ard Howard married Alice, Widow to Sir Wil- liam Patkei, Knight, and Daughter to William Lovell, Lord 'Morlcy j by whom He had no Iffue — Baronagium Angliie, fi^. 2, 17. MS. late in the Pofleirion of Mr. Camp- biell. END or TH« FIRST VOLUME. I. p* .