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Tous las autres axemplairas originaux sont filmAs en commenpant par la praniiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at an terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la darniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^> signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols Y signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui clichA. il est filmA A partir de I'angie supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'imagas nAcessaire. Las dia^ammas suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 a r^ ?41 ^\^ ONAL EXHIBITION, f '' >j^%' ,^% £ OV TX» VANCOUVER CONTBIBUTION, ▼ITS A .v^'. ■ ' ^HORf A<^tNT OV VA.NCOUt IB ISLAND AlS(X> cbttMsiA, ^it V m < ■ .-la* 4^ ' > if:^:"' T * ;#<».-;i- 'Vi 1^. K*- « • tjt mv .>. - - 1 ^ V >. v^ < ■J ■ ■ "». \ II •Ta t !i LONDON INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1862. OF THB VANCOUVER CONTRIBUTION, WITH A SHORT ACCOUNT ov VANCOUVER ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA, London, June, 1862. (il '^ KUtb International Exhibition Commission for 1862. Honorary President. His Excellency James Doxjglas, C.B., Govethor and Commander-in Chief of Vancouver and British Columbia. Executive Committee in Victoria. Alfbed Waddington, Esq Mb. Bdenabt. De. Wood, R.N. Me. Tbutch. Major Fosteb. Db. Tolmie. Mb. Pidwell. Rev. Db. Evans. Mb. De Cosmos. Secretary. J. T. Pidwell, Esq. Commissioners appointed in London. Db. Lindlet, F.R.S. Captain Matne, R.N. A. J. Lanolet, Esq., M.L.C. CJklJkhOQ:'&m w > VANCOUVER CONTRIBUTIONS TOTHB INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION or 1862. A lofty spar, several tons of coals, large sections of trees and other bulky contibutions, arising from detention of the vessel, have not arrived in time for exhibition, the specimens exhibited were forwarded by steamship via Panama. A sample of the Douglas Fir may be seen at Kew Gardens where it forms a flag-staff 150ft. in height —a section from one which was 309ft. in height is in the British Columbian Court. Pacific N. W. History Oept .10 ^010 PROVINCIAL L.IBRARV VICTORIA, B. C. m EXHIBITED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Small Samples of Woods. 1 — White Pine {Pinua monticola) slab and plank from the mill of E. Stamp and Co., Alberni. 2 — Oak (^Quercus garryana). See 69 to 63. 3 — A walking cane of the same. 4 — Douglas Pine {Abies Douglatit) slab, joist, and flooring from the mill of E. Stamp and Co., Alberni. 6 — Yew ( Taxu» baccaia). 6— Siver Fir {Abies alba glauca). 7 — Spruce {Abies alba). 8 — Yellow Cypress {Thuja gigantea), 9— Ditto ditto a slab of. 10 — Ditto ditto * ox made of. 11 — Ditto ditto ., polished section of, in frame of yew— [see also 18, 19]. 12— Red Cedar. See 20. 13 — Hemlock {Abies Canadensis). 14 — Maple {Acer macrophyllum). 15— Dogwood {Comtts alba) — [superior for gunpowder charcoal]. le^Alder. 17— Arbutus {Arbutus proceray 18 — Cones and seeds of Thuja gigantea. See 8 to U. 19— Bark and twigs of ditto. 20— Cones and seeds of Red Cedar, a tree abundant on the N. Pacific coast — larger sections are exhibited by B. Columbia. ^ 'k ^ Gold. 21— A case containing specimens from Frazer River and its tributaries. A great variety of B. Columbian gold is exhibited by tbat colony. Cereals. 22— A case containing 4 samples of Wheat, 3 of Barley, 2 of Oats, 2 of Field Peas, and 1 of Timothy seed from farms in the vicinity of Victoria. 23— A case containing 52 varieties of Kitchen Garden Seeds from the garden of Mr. Henley, at Clover Point, on the coast, two miles from Victoria. Ship Building. 24— Model of a stem wheel steam boat for Frazer River. 25 — Model of a side wheel steam boat for ditto. 26 — Model of a centre board Schooner for coasting. Oils. 27— Whale oil. 28-Seal oil. 29— Dog-fish oil. 30 — Oolachan oil. Articles made of Native Oak, to shew quality of Wood and Workmanship. 31, 32, 33— Three small kegs. 34, 35— A claret jug and cup. Minerals. 36— Copper ore from the outcropping of a vein at Barclay Sound. 37^ 38 — Copper ore from Cowitchin district. 39— Copper ore from Queen Charlotte's Island. 40— Magnetic Iron ore from the north of Vancouver containing 70 per cent, of Iron and a little copper. 41— Coal from the Douglas seam at Nauaimo, 6ft. thick, dip 1ft. in 5ft., 60ft. from the surface. ^t ^ mmm 42— Coal from the Newcastle scam at Nanaimo. 6ft. thick, dip 1ft. in 6ft. 48 — Cement stone. 44 — Granite (only found in detached boulders). 46 — Limestone. 46 — Sand-stone (good for building). 47 — Water rounded pebbles of coal from the Douglas seam 48 to 61 — Jaspar. 52 — Slate, much used by Indians for carving dishes, pipes, figures, &c. &c. Miscellaneous. 53— -Stems of the weed, Hemp nettle (Urtica cannabinaj. 64 — Leaves of ditto. 55, 56 — Indian made hemp from ditto. 67 — A net— the string and net made by Indians from ditto. 68 — Rope from the nettle hemp. 59— Labrador or Jame's Tea, (the leaves of Ledum Latifolium), used as a beverage and for smoking — it possesses narcotic properties. 60— Bark of the Yellow Cypress. 61 — Rope made of ditto. 62 — Mantle made of ditto. 63 — Indian hats. 64 — Ditto baskets. 65 — Indian mats. 66 — Ditto Whaling Harpoon. 67— Distended seal-skin buoy attached by rope to the harpoon when used in whale killing. 68— Halibut and other Indian fish hooks. 69— Antlers of the Wapiti Deer. 70— A stuffed Buck. 71 — Indian carved Slate. 72 — A case of Vancouver Birds. 73 — A Bunch of Barlr^r raised from one grain. 74 — Bunch of Timothj grass 5ft. Sin. in height. 75 — Kelp, partly prepared by Indians for rope making. 76 — A very peculiar Rock Crab, presented by O. Nias, Esq., Victoria. 77 — Cypress cones and twigs. 78— White pine ditto. 79 — Bricks of Victoria clay. 80 — A case containing a sample of wool. 81 — Masks worn by the natives at their festivals. 82 — Salt from the saline spring at Nanaimo. 83 — A map shewing the various routes. 84 — A map of Vancouver and B. Columbia. (The most correct map of Vancouver and southern part of B. Columbia, drawn by E. J. Powell, Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, is exhibited in the B. Columbian department. 84a — A design for a building in Yates Street, by Messrs. Wright and Sanders, Architects, Victoria. PHOTOGRAPHS EXHIBITED BY MR. G. R. PARDON, PHOTOGRAPHER, VICTORIA. 85 — Portrait of His Excellency, Gov. James Douglas, C.B. 86— Portrait of W. A. G. Young, R.N., Acting Colonial Secretary. 87 — Enlarged and untouched portrait of a lady. 88, 89 — Portraits of Indians. 90 — Panoramic View of Victoria from Hospital Point. 91 — Shops in Victoria. 92— A Suburban Residence of the most popular description— cost, about £400. :i h IK 8 93 — Portraits and Views on patent leather. [On this material they are finished in a few minutes after exposure to the camera. 94 — A Fire-engine House. 95 — The Town Prison. 96— Hudson Bay Company's Old Warehouses [now removed]. EXHIBITED BY A COLONIAL AMATEUR, 97, 98, 99— Frames containing nine faithful water colour sketches of Victoria and its vicinity. 100— A frame containing preserved wild flowers and fern leaves from Fernwood (about three miles from V^ictoria;. PRESERVES EXHIBITED BY MR. S. DRIARD. 101— Beef. 102— Pork. 103— Venison. 104— Concentrated Soup. 105— Sardines. 106 — ^Anchovies. Fruit 107— Apples. 108— Cherries. 1 09— Peas. 1 10— Cranberries. 1 1 1 — Cranberry Jam. Vegetables. 112— Carrots. 113— Peas. 114— Turnips. 1 1 6— Tomatoes, i 16— Mushrooms. 1 1 7— Red Cabbage. 1 1 8— French Beans. 119— White Beans. 120— Gherkins. 121— Pickles. EXHIBITED BY MR. FOUCAULT. M2— Smoked Salmon. 123— Halibut. VANCOUVEE, (A BRITISH COLONY), Is an Island situate off the north-west coast of North America, between 48© and 51o N. Lat,, and 123° and 129o W. Long. Length, 275 miles— Breadth, 25 to 75 miles, Superficial area, about 13,000 square miles. Harbours numerous — that of Esquimalt the most important, and is a magnificent one in all respects — no good harbour for 800 miles south of Vancouver. MOUNTAINS, a chain near the coast and covered with pine forests through its whole length, highest about 2000 feet. Interior, varied with fertile plains, lakes and streams (generally small), grass or fern covered plains, rocky ground, and park-like oak- land. Rivers — none navigable, but deep arms of the sea indent the coast, these vary from 50 to 120 miles in length, and are from 1 to 6 miles wide. Roads to the interior have been commenced this year. Proximate population — White Males 5000 White Females 700 Coloured People 500 Indians 10,000 to 15,000 The Aborigines are submissive, peaceable and useful — they fish, trap, carry, boat and work for the Whites, when so inclined. They are divided into small tribes jealous of each other, and their villages are on the coast, fish and potatoes being their staple food. Soil — rich in places but generally light, the latter is productive of fair crops. CLIMATE — very similar to that of England, a little warmer in the summer, and a little wetter in the M'inter — much less fog — exceed- ingly salubrious — usual length of winter, from two to three months, snow seldom remains a week. Thermometer rarely above 80° in sum- mer — the nights are always cool — 5 degrees .above zero has been known, but the mercury seldom falls below 15 degrees above zero during the five or ten cold days of winter. On the whole, the climate is more salubrious, invigorating and agreeable than that of England. DISEASES — None peculiar to the country —epidemics, seldom and mild — small-pox has been confined to Indians; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS— all such cereals, fruits, vcge- tables and roots as thrive in England. Wheat sown in October, I I > V '' ( 2 ) February and March yields 36 bushels to the acre, average weight 64 lbs. Barley, Oats and Peas sown in February and March — Barley, 56 bush., weight, 54 lbs. — Oats, 50 bush., weight, 40 lbs. Harvest in July and August. Potatoes very superior — have been known to yield 600 bush., and Oats, 72 bush, an acre. A Fruit Orchard matures in three years. Turnips of 50 lbs., Cabbages of 60 lbs., Pumpkins of 160 lbs weight, and other vegetables proportionally large are produced ; Tomatoes, Melons, Cucumbers and Maize come to perfection in the open air. MINERALS — interior but slightly explored — found, gold, silver with arsenic, rich copper and iron ore, coal abundant near the surface, excellent sand stone, plumbago, lime stone, marble white and black in blocks of any size, cement stone and roofing folate. 'J'he coal of Na- naimo is similar to Newcastle. Extensively used for steam, hous<^ and gas purposes ; it is the best found on that coast, and its deposit is considered inexhaustible. The coal seams of Nanaimo are the only ones worked, and they rudely. A little sand stone and lime stone are used for local buildings. Copper Mining Companies are being formed. Magnetic Iron ore containing 60 to 70 per cent, of metal, with a small quantity of copper is abundant, and near water, coal and wood — it is not worked. All iron is imported from England and the States. No iron has been found on the North Pacific coast but in Vancouver. Three or four feet of soil around Victoria covers clay suitable for bricks, below this are beds of white Lnd blue clay equal to any in England, 20 to 60 feet thick, suitable for the finest crockery ; the brick clay only is worked, from want of capital and skilled labour. TREES — Douglas, pine, spruce and white pine, silver fir, oak of three kinds, maple, yellow cypress, willow, hemlock, crab, dogwood, poplar, alder, yew, juniper, arbutus, cedar, &c. The Douglas pine is very superior for masts, and the cypress for boats, cabinet and joinery work, close in grain, light and elastic. There are but two or three saw-mills in the colony ; to clear the land, bonfires are made of the magnificent Douglas pine, and the principal use for the cypress is to burn the Indian dead. Great Britain annually imports some 20,000,000 cubic feet of pine from Canada. A small specimen of the Douglas pine may be seen at Kew Gardens, it forms a flagstaff" 150 feet high ; 175 to 200 feet is a common height. The French Government engineer at Cherbourg, M. Serres, says this wood is superior for its almost complete absence of knots, its resistance is nearly equal to, and its weight a little less than the best in use, and 4 ( 3 ) awing to its great size there is some gain in weight and much saving of material an J cost. Raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries, elder, myrtle, hawthorn and roses are indigenous — also several varieties of agreeable berries and flowering shurbs not generally known in the United Kingdom. FISH — whales, porpoise, dogfish, salmon, salmon-trout, mountain- trout, sturgeon, halibut, cod, smelt, haddock, lamprey, herring, rock- cod, carp, mullet, oolacban, clams, cockles, muscles, periwinkles* whelks, limpets, cray-fish, crab, prawns, shrimps, oysters. OILS — The Indians extract hundreds of gallons of oil annually from the whale, porpoise and dogfish. They master the whale with a harpoon attached to a distended sealskin. The quantity of salmon is most enor- mous ; the cod and halibut are abundant ; the herring during its season can be scooped into boats with rakes. The oolachan is a fish very similar to smelt, it comes in myriads, is excellent food either fresh or preserved, a gentle heat extracts an oil abundantly, which is far more palatable and possesses all the medicinal properties of cod-liver oil ; the Indian use it as butter, and could not live without it, its collection and use are entirely confined to the natives, arising from its virtues being unknown to the civilized world. Since the discovery of gold, curing of fish for export has been neglected. Italiim fishermen supply the daily wants of the Victoria market. GAME — elk, deer, grouse, snipe, ducks, cranes, partridges, pigeons, swans, geese, and a variety of wild fowl. There is a great variety of the feathered tribe, from eagles to humming-birds, beautiful plumage but little song. Bees have been intioduced and they thrive well. PRINCIPAL TOWN— Victoria (not incorporated), it is the largest town north of San Francisco ; popiilatiou, 4000 to 5000, or about four-fifths of the entire population of the colony. Four years ago it was a trading post of the Hudson Bay Company, and contained about 250 people. It would be difficult to over-estimate the service which the presence of VLvv Mjosty's vesse'j has rendered in fostering this now prosperou'^ town ; the Admiral's advice has been most valuable to the local government, and the officers have been distinguished for their courtesy and abilities. Judicious employment of the vessels has surveyed the neighbouring waters, prevented serious outbreaks of the natives, and established a perfect moral supremacy of the whites over them ; at the close of 1858 and during 1859, when the greatest gloom prevailed in Vic- ;>' ( 4 ) toria, hope was buoyed up by their presence, and supplying the wants of their numerous crews sustained a great number of its tradesmen. COST OF LIVING— at Hotels, 30s. to 50s. a-week; self-found and occupying a room or a shanty, 12s. a-week. PROVISIONS — cheaper on the average than in England. Such dinners as are given in Paris for 5 francs may be bad in Victoria for 48. 2d. ; the ordinary eating houses give soup, fish, a cut from the joint, vegetables, bread, and pudding or pie, for 2s. Wholesale prices in February, 1862 — Flour, £2 for 200 lbs ; Brown Sugar, 5d. to 9d. ; Co£Pee, Is. 2d; Bacon, 8d. ; Beans, 4d. ; Potatoes, Id. to l|d. ; Onions, 2id. per lb. Horses — Native Scrubs, small and hardy, £10 to £30 — Superior American, £30 to £100. Oxen, £20 to £30 a yoke. Cows, £6 to £8. Sheep, 16s. to 20s. Hoffs on foot, 2^d. to 4d. per lb. WAGES — Mechanics, 12s. to 20s. a-day ; Labourers, £10 per month ; FemaleDomestics (much wanted) £4 to £6 per month and found. Advertisements for 1800 men to work on new roads, are in the Victoria papers of April 1862. RENT — from £l to £10 per month, for shanties of two rooms to cottages of 6 or 8 rooms, with detached kitchens and gardens. RENT OF SHOPS — from £3 to £30 a month, according to quality, size and location. GOVERNMENT PRICE OF LAND is 4s. 2d. per acre payable in three yearly instalments. If not surveyed it can be pre-empted and paid for on its survey — 244 pre-emptions recorded up to March 1862. VEGEl ABLE MARKET— good— not sufficient produced at present to supply it, much imported. Agriculture is in a very backward condition from want of settlers ; the floating population is large, but it is composed of foreigners who return with their earnings to thei" own countries. Cattle, sheep, butter, flour, barley, oats, hay, eggs, fruit, poultry, and almost every- thing eaten, drank, worn or used is imported. CHURCHES -Church-of- England, Wesleyan Methodist, Catholic, Congregational, Presbyterian, Hebrew — all self-supporting. SCHOOLS — excellent, numerous — charges very moderate, some all but free ; from elementary to highest branches taught. In Victoria there are Gas Works, an Iron Foundry, Machine shops, . .iO i iafc'g 'M .■^wM»*'>°-» C 5 ) iuch for the a public library and reading room, two newspapers, two fire com- panies, a St. Andrew's society, a Freemasons' lodge, a horticultural society, a philharmonic society, a gymnasium, billiard rooms, bowling alley, a jockey club, theatre, and a rifle corps is being formed. VICTORIA IS A FREE PORT— Vessels of 16 ft. displacement can enter its harbour, those of greater, discharge at Esquimault. Im- ports in tv;elve months, ending July 3 1st, 1861, were £463,935. Entered, in six months ending June 30, 1861, 550 vessels, tonnage 53,443, crews 3,523. Cleared 609 vessels, tonnage 57,398, crews 3,725. Gold export in 1861, about £500,000 — this was the product of British Columbia — very little gold has been obtained on Vancouver. Other exports than to British Columbia, coal, timber, dried fish, furs and assorted merchandise, probably £75,000 to £100,000. Imports in nine months ending Sept. 30, 1361, £293,502, of which £53,285 were from England. About five-eighths of the imports would be provisions, &c., most advantageously supplied by the neighbo. mg continent until raised on the island. Imports during March 1862, were £52,350. Revenue derived from sale of public lands, a tax on real estate, licenses to trade, harbour dues, supreme court and police, &c. — revenue in 1861, £25,291 ; expenditure, £22,912. A reciprocity treaty with the United States would be a great benefit to the people of Vancouver and the continent — the island gives all she has to offer, and asks for some return from her populous neighbour. A line of economically worked auxiliary screw steam vessels, of about 500 tons, to ply between San Francisco and Victoria, likely to be well supported and subsidized by the colonial government. Were the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company's boats connected with a line of north Pacific boats, it would tend much to increase the business of merchants at home with the colony. ng men beginning life with a small capital may feel as sure of attaining independence in this colony as at home they are certain to have a hard struggle merely *' to make both ends meet." It must be evident that either in coal, copper or iron mining, in farming, fish curing, lumbering, the manufacture of crockery, brewing, or in other branches of industry, Vancouver offers an almost certain reward. Its climate is unsurpassed for invigorating qualities, it possesses a highly productive soil, and what some may deem considerations, it has ( 6 ) most picturesque scenery, and the lakes, streams and woods abound in sport for the angler or shot. The explorer may ramble without dread of wild beasts, nor is he annoyed by mosquetoes, those pests of most new countries. The Indians can be and are, with a little management, used as labourers at comparatively low wages — that they are ingenious may be seen by their works on exhibition. As the colony is at present too poor to pay the passages of labourers from home (a thing it w^ould gladly do if able), the natives will occupy their place in a measure. Other sources of probably great profits not yet examined, the collection of turpentine which exudes freely from the Douglas pine — obtaining of sait from numerous strongly impregnated saline springs. Hops grow luxuriantly, but they are not cultivated, all those consumed are im- ported from California. Manufacture of iodine from unlimited quan- tities of kelp on the coast. The manufacture of hemp from the abun- dant hemp nettle, its quality is superior to Russian. There is no tannery, the leather is all imported and the hides exported — as is also the wool, for there is no loom although the consumption of blankets is enormous. Cost of reaching Victoria by steam from Southampton or Liver- pool, 45/., 75/. and 100/. — length of passage, 4 5 days. By ordinary sailing vessel, 26 guineas ; length of passage, about 1 50 days. Columbian Emigration Society, for assisting the emigration of in- dustrious women — apply, by letter, to the Rev. John Garrett, or to W. C. Sargeaunt, Esq., 54, Charing Cross. Its comparative shortness is the principal advantage of the Panama route ; as gold mining in the richest districts is only carried on from June to October, the emigrant should endeavour to arrive during the spring or early summer. — Firsi class clipper ships are likely to make the passage in 100 days. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Superficial area about 200,000 square miles, 500 miles long and 400 miles wide (that of England and Wales is 58,320 square miles). Johnstone Strait, separating on the south west this colony from Vancouver, resembles a fine river studded with islands which are covered with trees. Interior — extremely mountainous, but there are hundreds of thou- sands of acres suitable for agriculture and grazing — vast forests — numerous lakes, rapid streams and swamps. H ( 7 ) Soil — On the prairies, a rich sandy loam. Price of land, 4s. 2d. an acre, payable when surveyed. , In 1861 the population of Whites was about 6000. Estimated population during the summer of 1862 — Whites— 20,000 men, 500 women. Chinamen— 4000 to 10,000. Indians— 10,000 to 15,000. There are about 50,000 Chinese in California, who expend about £2,800,000 per annum in that country — its labouring population are endeavouring to expel them. The miners of Columbia have been mostly foreigners who naturally prefer their own country, therefore do not settle, and this colony has been nearly depopulated every winter, minus the large amounts of gold obtained by them every summer. Another great cause for this migration is the scarcity of women — nothing appears to settle a man so quickly as a wife, and in this country she is not to be had. CLIMATE— very salubrious, of various character owing to diflfe-' rencc in altitude, latitude, and surroundio^^^eculiarities — raining is carried on in Cariboo from June to October; when tunneling com- mences, it may be pursued through the winter ; on the lower Frazer many places have been worked all through the winter months at intervals ; at Beaver Lake, in Cariboo, last January, mercury it. ther- mometers congealed whilst exposed to the setting sun. Agricultural products are similar to those of Vancouver, and com- mand a higher price than in any other country, arising from the paucity of farmers and the high price of freight, duties, &c. Prices, at a good farm, 60 miles from Cariboo, in summer of 1861 — Vegetables, 4d. ; Hay, 4d. ; Barley and Oats, Is. 2d. per lb. — in Ca- riboo, Vegetables, Is. ; Barley, Is. 8d. ; Hay, Is. ; Oats, 2s. ; Butter, 6s.; Beef, Is. 8d. ; Flour and Bacon, 2s. lid. per lb. The nearer to Vic- toria, the cheaper to live. Port of entry — New Westminster, 80 miles from Victoria and 15 miles from the mouth of Frazer River — population, 300 to 500 — it contains the custom-house, a bonded warehouse, the mint, treasury, and a pretty episcopal church ; three or four miles higher up the river there is a village, which is the head quarters of a company of Koyal Engineers under Lieut.-Gov. Col. R. C. Moody, R.E. A Simple Fact — Gold Digging in this country " a lottery without blanks and the prizes are indeed splendid." Five men in two months ( 8 ) obtained 20,000/. One claim yielded 1,700 oz. (about 5,430/.) in three days. The average yield of gold to each miner was, last year, 10/. a-week, this far exceeds that of any other gold-minin<; population. Extent of the gold fields unknown. It should require but little consideration to cause any one to believe that want is absent in these colonies, where labour is so handsomely remunerated, and the demand for it is almost unlimited, neither does it seem reasonable to doubt, that with industry and ordinary prudence, a young man may render himself comparatively independent in a few years. During the past year there were two routes to Cariboo, both from New Westminster, distance about 500 miles, and the cost was £8 to £10. This season there will be two others, each of them apparently preferable to those used hitherto. One of the new roads commences at the Bentinck Arm and its length to Alexandria is estimated to be 232 miles — 54 river navigation and 178 land travel. On the Bellacola River, which empties into this Arm, a town called Bellacola is forming rapidly. A Miner walked on snow shoes from Cariboo to this Settle- ment in 1 1 days during last February. The other new road leads from the Bute Inlet, it is stated to be nearly 20 miles shorter than that from the Arm, and has only 158 miles of land carriage. The distance of Bute Inlet from Victoria is about 222 miles whilst the Bentinck Arm is some 500 miles. A few months will decide which of these routes is the better one. Indians were packing 100 lbs. each at 4d. per lb from the Bentinck Arm to Alexandria, and the whole freight from Victoria to that town was reckoned at 5d. per lb., this will materially lessen the cost of living in Cariboo. The government and people of this colony have shown extraordinary energy in forming roads to its interior. Cost of living in the richest mines — 8s. to 12s. a day (if cooking for yourself.) Restaurant keepers charge from 4s. 2d. to 8s. 4d. a meal. WAGES in them, 20s. to 40s. a day. In peculiar cases double or treble these amounts may be paid — most men prefer working for them- selves — no other qualifications are necessary for a miner than ability to work and live on coarse food — no want of appetite likely. Capital — safely and most profitably employed, 12 per cent, per annum regarded as is 3 per cent, in England (small but secure). For further information, see " Cariboo," published by Darton & Co., 58, Holborn Hill ; " Handbook to B, C. and Vancouver Island," by F. Algar, II, Clement's Lane, Lombard Street, E.C. ; and especially " The Gold Fields of British Columbia," by the Correspondent of The Times^ Rixon & Arnold, 29, Poultry ; his letters in its issues of Sept. 20, 1861, and 5th and 6th Feb. 1862 ; and the Blue Book for British Columbia, part 4. in r bear, jtion. liittle ft in the le to I may [rom Is to itly ices be !oIa ing tie- rly of 22 ad er