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" OP i o \v f o i u 1 d 1 a 11 d . •'i^^r. "f' V , J. E PORT FOR, 1 89 1 #1592 ON THE (":»> ■•rr'T-" H UMBER VALLEY AND QEIITRAL CARBONIFEROUS AREA OF THE ISLAND. ,¥',./':>■■ BY ■ i: ■ JA\4BS \\ HOW^I^KV, F.O.S. y •■ EVKMNG TEI.KCRAM" JOIi-l'IilNT, , , ^' 1803. ' ' '^ ":' ° ■?■,<■ o oJ2,, * •■* ^x .i-iijii^mij^i^^"^ 1f*-|»'t ■■■■ ini ■ iiim ■'' ir^'j^-^.iniaa^,^,^ •laet 3'^ J^S>. \ QEOLOQICflL SURVEY OF Newrfotindlanci. REPORT FOR 1591 pf 1592, ON THE HUMBER VALLEY AND CENTRAL CARBONIFEROUS AREA OF THE ISLAND. BY JAMKS P. HOWLKY, F.G.S " EVENINC TELECRAM " JOIi-PRINT, ■ 1893. I. i (I Geological Survey of Ne:wfoundlamd, March 31ST, 1892. Honourable Surveyor General, Sir, — I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of the Geological Survey during the season of 1891. Acting upon a suggestion contained in the report for the preceding year, with reference to the possible existence of valuable coal deposits in the central Carboniferous area of the island, the Government were pleased to direct that a more minute investigation of this region be undertaken. Accordingly, as soon as the necessary preparations for the season's work could be completed, our party started for the Bay of Islands, embarked at Humber Arm, and proceeded up the Humber River in a boat and canoes ; our objective point being the Grand Lake valley, or eastern branch of the Humber River. As a considerable delay had necessarily to be incurred in getting ail the season's piovisions, boats, camp gear, &c., over the Grand Lake portage to the latter lake — a distance of about eight miles — I availed of this delay to make a flying journey up the main Humber towards White Bay, in order to investigate a rumour relative to the existence of coal in that direction. In the meantime, Mr. Bayly had instructions to proceed to the Grand Lake, and when everything was safely portaged, to store our provisions in huts — one at the outlet of the Junction River, and one at the mouth of the inflowing Sandy Lake River — so as to have them convenient for use while working around the shores of the lake. This bemg accomplished, he was further instructed to sink a series of pits along the north shore of the lake, at points indicated, where it was hoped the underlying bed rock might be reached, and a clue to the structure thereby obtained ; with what result will appear later. Taking along with me two Indians and a single canoe, I continued up the Main River, investigating the structure as I went, whenever an opportunity presented itself. Having reached the great bend, where the river forks and forms two considerable streams, the one known as Birchy Pond Brook, leading up north-easterly, in the direction of our route was then followed. Birchy Pond is a shallow, sandy lake, surrounded by low land. A beautiful steady, winding about through a fine tract of fiat intervale, extends beyond the lake two or three miles ; then the river approaches the surrounding hill ranges, where it is split up into several smaller streams, which are of too rv)cky and turbulent a nature to admi of further progress by canoe. Selecting one of these, which led upwards in a general course about east-north-east, and being provided with several days' provisions, &c., we proceeded on foot, following the course of the stream, until it became so exceedingly rugged and walled in by cliffs of greyish gneiss, as to compel us to abandon the brook and take to the forest. Our progress was necessarily slow, and it took three days to reach the point aimed at. This was a suite of long, narrow lakes situated in a deep gorge, hemmed in by lofty hills — which upon the north side of the upper lakes rise directly from the water's edge. On the last lake of the suite, a gigantic cliff of light-coloured rock formed a perpendicular wall of great height all along the north side. This proved to be composed almost entirely of white, or light-coloured marbles, similar to those at the mouth of tlie Humber River. All the ?'jrroundings, together with the situation of the lakes, and the remarkably conspicious feature presented by the marble cliffs, left no doubt as to the identity of the place described to me. Similar marbles had been previously recognized in journeying up the brook, though not in so great a volume. The existence of these deposits hid been hitherto unknown, and probably might have remained so for many years to come, but for the accidental circumstances which led us to explore this particular locality the present season. On ascending the high land to the northward of the lakes, in order the better to define our position, we found that but a comparatively short distance separated us from the waters of White Bay. Several large bergs of last season's ice-floe still floated about on the bosom of the placid waters. Partridge Point, forming the entrance to the Pay was clearly visible away to the eastward, while the deep, sombre valley intersecting the hill range, api)arently almost alongside, indicated the position of Sopp's Arm on the north side of the bay. As, however, our time was limited, and we had no particular object in visiting the shores of White Pay, we began to retrace our ste,i3, closely scrutinizing our surroundings as we journeyed along. It soon became quite evident that, while the information furni ncd relative to the physical features of this part of the country was ' ?dingly correct and reliable, yet, in the more important point: that c. .ne existence of a cral deposit hereabouts, the imagination of the informant had been drawn upon too extensively. Not only was there no probability of coal occurring in the neighborhood, but the entire absence, even of a single member of the Carboniferous n ■I 5 cviously voluine. robably dental present <.cs, in ratively Several som of ay was valley cil the r, our shores g our Vidcnt ures of in the ibouts, sively. rhood, iferous ,! scries, was most apparent. In fact, the surrounding country was constituted of rocks clearly belonging to the great Laurcntian and Lower Silurian epochs. We had left the basic conglomerate of the Carboniferous basin, of the Muniber Valley, far down the river on our first day's journey. Being quite satisfied of the inaccuracy of the information furnished me with regard to the existence of a coal deposit here, no time was lost, therefore, in useless search. An immediate retreat was commenced down the Humbcr to Junction Brook, whence we portaged across to the Grand Lake, where we rejoined Mr. Jiayly and party. They had been so far unsuccessful in their operations at the head of the lake, being everywhere met by such an immense superficial dei)osit of sand, gravel and boulders, as to utterly preclude the possibility of reaching the bed rock, by means of surface cuttings. Nevertheless, they came across numerous loose pieces of coal scattered through the gravel, and also some fragments o* rock containing fossil plants, of a character which indicated pretty clearly that true coal measures lay beneath. Having spent a few more days in a further attempt to reach the latter, we then moved camp across the lake to the mouth of Coal Brook. Here a regular system of costeaning was carried out along both sides of the brook, as far as the measures were accessible. Later on, we again moved camp two miles westward, to a small brook called Aldcry Brook, where good sections were exposed in like manner. Some considerable work was also accomplished on two other small brooks flowing into the lake on the south side — one about midway between Coal and Aldery Brooks, and tiic other about a mile still further west. The sections exposed on these latter, were not, however, nearly so extensive or easily reached as on the former brooks, owing to the great depth of the surface accumulations. Details of the sections uncovered on Coal and Aldery Brooks, will be found further on, under the head of Geological Structure. While these costeaning operations were in progress near the head of the lake, Messrs. Bayly and Thorburn, with an Indian, ascended Sandy Lake stream, and made a survey of the Goose Pond tributary, where it was hoped some rock exposures, affording a clue to the structure in that direction, might exhibit themselves. In this, again, we were disappointed ; no such exposure of the bed rock occurring so far as the survey extended. Later on, an expedition was undertaken to the extreme western end of the Great Lake, partly to investigate another rumor referring to a coal seam having been seen in that direction, but r-v. chiefly to make a re-survey of the lake itself; more especially the southern reach inside Sir John Hawley Glover's Island, a portion not hitherto finished. It was now well up in October, and the weather, which all th''oughout the summer had been of an exceptionally favorable character began at last to break up. The prospect of accomplishing any more work here for this season, with pick and shovel, was at an end. We accordingly packed up and got across the lake again, being delayed several days, owing to the stormy character of the weather. Before leaving the portage we experienced some slight snow showers, and for days the distant Bonne Bay hills to the north wore quite a winterish aspect. On arriving at the marble cliffs near the mouth of the Humber River, it was the intention to spend several days there, endeavoring to procure some good specimens of the lock ; but almost immediately 1 received your telegram, requesting me to visit and inspect the asbestos deposits near St. George's Lake. The time intervening till the arrival and departure of the mail boat, left me but three or four days at the outside to accomplish the journey in, consequently I had not a moment to spare. Leaving Mr. Bayly to procure the marble specimens, I started on foot with two Indians, from the Humber Sound, and after a day and a half of exceedingly hard travel arrived at the place. Capt. Prideaux, in charge of the works at the time of my visit, kindly housed me while there, and showed me the various openings and outcrops in the vicinity of the mine. In the meantime the weather had set in wretchedly cold, wet and stormy. Seeing that I now ran a great risk of missing the steamer were I to return to Bay of Islan-'^, I concluded instead to continue on to Bay St. G'^orge, which course would give me at least an extra day. Another object was held in view by the adoption of this route, viz. : to acquire a more accurate knowledge of the country hence, such as would enable me to lay down, with tolerable certainty, the route of that portion of the western extension of the Railway, which circumstances prevented our completing last season. Two days' journey took us out to Sandy Point, v/hcre we found that the steamer had not yet arrived coming west, having been greatly delayed on her pas.sage up by the extremely boisterous character of the weather of late. 3Sm ially the rtion not weather, favorable nplishing it an end. I delayed Before 1, and for winterish Humber Lvoring to ediatelj' 1 ; asbestos le arrival rs at the I moment , I started I day and Prideaux, me while e vicinity dly cold, missing istead to least an n of this ry hence, the route , which journey had not passage THE HUMBER VALLEY. It may seem needless on my part to enter into a lengthened description of the topographical and physical features of the lovely Humber Valley in the present instance. The subject has been so frequently treated of before in previous reports, letters, papers, etc., that there would appear to be nothing further to add on this head. As, however, each season's exploration tends to extend our knowledge of the country generally, and as there still lingers in the minds of many persons a considerable amount of scepticism as regards the truth of these reports, especially in reference to the existence of good agricultural lands, extensive timber forests, and valuable mineral deposits, etc., a certain amount of repetition is clearly unavoidable. The introduction of the camera into our survey outfit during the past two years, has done much to dispel these doubts ; but, in order to render this means of appeal to common sense and reason more effective, I have prepared a scries of views illustrative of the scenic beauty of the splendid valley to accompany the present report. They will convey a far better idea of what this section of country is really like, than anything I could write on the subject. For the first two miles of its course the Humber River runs in a deep, narrow, crooked gorge, or canon, where during the lapse of ages it has cut a passage for itself through the lofty coast range into the Humber Sound. Beyond this, the river expands into a wide stream with smooth flowing current which is unbroken by rapids or rough water for nearly eight miles. This is called the Lower Steady of the Humber. The valley continues narrow, but gradually increases in width, and the marginal fringe of low land on cither side becomes more level, and covered with very superior soil as Deer Lake is approached. Though still densely timbered along these lower reaches by spruce, fir, yellow and white birch, etc., yet all the available pine which once grew here in great luxuriance, and o.' excellent quality, has long been culled out. Nothing but the stumps are now left to testify to the size and character of this particular timber. The beautiful Deer Lake, sixteen miles long, is separated from the steady by about one mile of running water, terminating with a short, strong rapid, known as Fisher's Rapid. On either side t le lake, the hills recede further and further back, till on ir 8 ;VI m approaching the head, a very wide area of low wooded country extends away from its shores, and stretches far to the eastward up the Main River Valley. Several beautiful patches of good intervale land occur wherever any tributary brook flows into the lake. Those on the valley of South Brook, near the south-west corner, and North Brook, near the head of the lake, arc c :onsiderable extent. A small section near the mouth of the former has be?" oartially cleared, and has yielded excellent and abundant hay crops for many years past. Nichols' farm, about a mile above the lake, on the main river, has been frequently adverted to, especially in last year's report. I doubt if the soil here could be surpassed by anything in the Lower Provinces of Canada, certainly not, so far as I have had an opportunity of comparing them. The dense forest surrounding Deer Lake has also long since been culled of its pine, but there is much valuable spruce and fir, especially the latter, still intact, while white and yellow birch are very abundant and of fine size. Here also grows, more profusely than I have seen it elsewhere, the black ash (Fraxinns Sambucifolia). From the head of Deer Lake, the Valley of the Humber extends for miles to the north, east and south, bounded only in the far distance by the hill ranges, which constitute its marginal outline. The extent of this part of the valley is not less than (20) twenty miles wide by about (25) twenty-five long, including an area of 500 square miles. The narrow valleys of the Lower Humber and Grand Lake, and also that above Sandy Lake on the eastern branch added to the above give a total of about 800 square miles as comprising the area of the Humber Valley proper. Two parallel water systems constitute the main drainagi- of the region. They might almost be considered distinct, were it not that they are connected by Junction Brook, running almost at right angles to either, through which the Grand Lake discharges its waters into the main Humber. It would appear as though, at no very remote date, the Grand Lake waters really had their outlet at the western end of the lake, and discharged into St. George's Bay, nor would it be a very difficult feat of engineering skill to cause the waters again to resume their old-time channel. , The ascent of the main branch above Deer Lake for some five miles, to where it is joined on the south side by Junction Brook, is quite easy — the river being wide and smooth, with a deep, gently-flowing cur- rent. The country on either side is very flat and densely timbered, the land being all of superior quality. At the mouths of some of the smaller tributaries there are extensive tracts of magnificent intervale. y extends the Main and occur the valley :, near the n near the i excellent n, about a adverted could be :ainly not, rhe dense >{ its pine, atter, still fine size. vhere, the r extends r distance extent of by about les. The also that vc a total )er Valley igr of the that they it angles i into the date, the d of the e a very resume lome five :, is quite wing cur- ered, the le of the intervale. A mile above junction Brook'the first bad rapid occurs upon the rivef, and from thence to Willow Steady, some two miles further, a succes- sion of low, rocky ledges strike across, causing shallow bars and broken water; many portions also being encumbered with boulders. Willow Steady is a beautiful spot. The broad expanse of smooth water is studded with well-wooded islands, \ timber being chiefly birch and poplar, while the land on either side of the Steady is level, densely wooded, and the soil exceptionally good. A long interval of some twelve miles of more or less broken water and occasional strong rapids, but with frequent shoal, sandy bars and smooth current, intervenes, between Willow and the Upper Steady of the Humber. Low ledges of sandstone, shales, marls, etc., crop out along this section, and at two points produce falls, one of which (the Big Fall) has a jump of ten or twelve ieet over a ledge of coarse conglomerate which strikes directly across the river. The entire country along this section is again well wooded, though some of the coarser sandstones coming to the surface produce at times patches of more or less barren land, covered only with a thin soil. In the vicinity of the Big F"all fire has laid bare a very extensive tract of country on either side of the river; but there is a vigorous growth of young timber, chiefly birch, rapidly taking the place of the denuded forest. Four miles above the Big Fall commences the beautiful Upper Steady of the Humber, extending, with little interrup- tion, to the great bend and fork of the river nine miles above. This section of the valley is very low and flat, and chiefly composed of aldery intervale sand. The river is here split up into several channels inter- secting the low ground, and cutting it up into numerous flat islands or intervales, elevated only a few feet above the ordinary summer level of the water. The soil of which this intervale is composed is exceedingly rich, deep, and free from stones, and undoubtedly ranks amongst the very best in the island. It is usually a dark, rich-brown loam, contain- ing much vegetable matter, together with other elements eminently calculated to produce fertility. Owing to its slight elevation above the river, it is periodically covered by the overflow during the spring fresh- ets. This only tends to further enrich and add to its productiveness by depositing from the surcharged waters a thin stratum of silt each time. Whenever these lands are brought u;ider proper cultivation, I have no hesitation in pronouncing the opinion that they will produce the finest hay or cereal crops with the minimum of labour or use of artificial fer- tilizers. From the forks the intervale land was found to extend up the Birchy Pond Branch some four miles further, being especially of excel- t ': 10 lent character around Birchy Pond. On the other branch, which runs directly west from the fork, and at ten miles above expands into Adie's Pond, there is also a good deal of fine intervale land and much heavily- timbered country. Along these upper reaches of the river the timber is still almost untouched. Only now are the proprietors of the Humber saw-mill beginning to push forward in this direction, and as there is a very considerable quantity of pine (besides the spruce, fir, and birch) covering a large area on this branch of river, there seems every prospect of the mill-owners finding ample material to prosecute their lumbering industry here for many years to come. Turning now to the southern branch or Grand Lake valley of the Humber, we find an immense plateau laying between the two watjrs covering an irea of over one hundred square miles, which is more or less densely timbered, but interspersed throughout with marshes and pond=. Much of the surface soil covering this large tract of country appears to be rather sandy ; but there are also extensive patches of good land and marshy intervale, especially along the numerous small tributary brooks. Exactly similar lands in New Brunswick, when pro- perly cleared and cultivated, make good farms and bear excellent crops of hay and cereals. The southern or Grand Lake basin includes the whole of the long, narrow valley which encloses the Grand Lake and the country extending eastward up the Sandy Lake river to Sandy Lake, and the valley above the latter to the Upper Birchy Pond, which forms the headwaters of this branch of the Humber. The area of this latter valley is about 1 50 square miles. With the exception of a narrow fringe along the shores of the Grand Lake, which in most cases might be availed of for cultivation, most of the surrounding country is very high and mountainous, especially on the upper and western half of the lake. Very much of the low country north and east of the Grand Lake, and between it and Sandy Lake, is marshy or otherwise composed of low, barren, sandy ridges, and it was proven by the boring in 18/9, and by our subsequent excavations, that this character of superficial deposit attains a great depth all over the region. It cannot be called a good soil by any means, though capable of much improvement by cultiva- tion and blending of its various qualities. Those portions more densely timbered, as along the shores of Grand Lake and on the Goose Brook Valley, show a better quality of soil ; and there are many tracts of intervale on the Main Brook and tributary streams. The densely- '.imbered slopes along the margin of Grand Lake exhibit all the usual variety of forest-growth, common to this island, in great profusion. II which runs into Adie's ich heavily- he timber is le Humber there is a and birch) ry prospect lumbering illey of the wo watjrs'. is more or arshes and of country patches of rous small when pro- llent crops eludes the Lake and mdy Lake, hich forms this latter •row fringe might be very high the lake. Lake, and :d of low, 5, and by il deposit i a good / cultiva- e densely se Brook tracts of densely- the usual >rofusion. White pine is particularly abundant in some places, and is pretty fairly distributed throughout as far as the eastern half of Sir John H. Glover's Island. Eastward from the head of the lake most of the timbered parts of the country lying between Grand and Sandy Lakes display a fair pro- portion of pine. On the Goose Brook tributary, near Sandy Lake, some good specimens of the red pine (pinns resinosa) were observed last year. Up to the present this section of the Humber Valley has scarcely been encroached upon by the lumber men, who found the difficulty and danger of running logs down Junction Brook too much to cope with. Here, too, so far, the forest has escaped destruction from fires, though much damage was done thereby near Sandy Lake and above some years ago. The wealth of the tirrber resources still available on the magnifi- cent Humber Valley, together with the superior quality of soil covering so large an area and capable of being cultivated to advantage, far ex- ceeds anything on the eastern side of the island. It may safely be estimated that at least four hundred out of the eight hundred square miles which comprise the entire valley are of this favourable character, while I have little hesitation in saying that half the remainder would compare favorably with most of the land cleared and cultivated on the eastern seaboard. Its capabilities have been fairly tested at one or two points, notably Nichols' farm, Deer Lake, so frequently alluded to. Nichols is quite confident of his being able to raise wheat crops every year without difficulty, and, in proof thereof, furnished me with an excellent sample of grain grown on his farm last season.* The picture of Nichols' clearing will afford a good idea of the country there about, while those of Willow and Upper Steady will convey a much better conception of the flat, timbered country and extent of intervale land, than any written description. In point of scenic beauty, however, the views on the Lower Humber and along the Grand Lake are much to be pre- ferred, especially those charming cascades of which there are probably a hundred or more around the shores of the Grand Lake and on the Great Island. The beauty and variety of the scenery alone is likely to attract many tourists to this region in the near future, so soon as better facilities for reaching it thn those at prese/it existing are afforded. In this connection I would strongly urge that, in the meantime, the Grand Lake portage be improved and rendered somewhat more passable than •Since the above was written, Nichols was presented with a small sample of the Ladoga Russian wheat, introduced here by His Excellency Sir Terence O'Brien, K.C.M.G. It grew most luxuriantly last season, 1892, and the |,'rain raised from this sample (some of which is now in the museum) has been pronounced, by those competent to judge, of a very superior quality. 13 it is. The expenditure of a couple of hundred dollars in clearing, stumping, and draining the track would prove a great benefit to way- farers crossing this part of the island, especially to the telegraph people at Sandy Lake station. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. '^! The hill ranges which form the marginal outline of the Humber Valley are, as might be expected, composed of various geological forma- tions, or portions thereof, but as these have been frequently treated of in former reports, it is not my intention at present to enter into details of their structure. A general outline of their distribution and chief characteristics, as observed at various points, will sufficiently ' idicate their prevailing geological features. The gorge of the Lower Humber is walled in by immense cliffs of bluish gray mica slate, interstratified with grey quartzites and immense beds of limestone. All these rocks are greatly crumpled and folded into huge, billowy undulations. They have apparently undergone much metamorphism, and the limestones in particular have nearly all lost tl.jir original character. They now con- stitute a variety of beautiful marbles, ranging from pure, white statuary, through various shades of yellow, red, drab, grey, etc., to black. This is the well-known Humber marble deposit, a good idea of which maybe gathered from the views of Marble Head, and the marble cliff, nearly opposite ; while the bird's-eye view down the gorge fairly illustrates this interesting portion of the river. These valuable marbles have never as yet been properly tested, nor has their distribution been followed out beyond a very limited extent. Their strike, which is nearly at right angles to the course of the river, or N. 25'' E., magnetic, would carry them in the one direction, towards the head of Adie's Pond, where they pass beneath the overlying Car- boniferous series, which latter rest for a longdistance directly upon the Laurentian gneiss of the Long Range Mountains. The slates with their accompanying marbles reappear, as already shown, towards the shores ol White Bay, on a small tributary of the Humber, and in the same general line of strrke. In all probability their equivalents will be found on the sea shore of Little Coney Arm, White Bay, amongst the rocks described by Mr. Murray, in his Section (page 16) Report for 1864, and again in the marble deposits of Canada Bay. In their western ex- tension, all we know as yet is the occurrence of altered limestones on 13 in clearings nefit to way- ;raph people the Humber )gical forma- y treated of into details n and chief ntly 'idicate .ver Humber iterstratified these rocks ions. They imestones in jy now con- ite statuary, lack. This lich may be cliff, nearly istrates this tested, nor ited extent, f the river, on, towards rlying Car- y upon the s with their the shores I the same II be found the rocks : for 1 864, I'estern ex- lestones on |he headwaters of Harry's Brook, and also the brook flowing into the extreme western end of the Grand Lake, which, from certain resem- blances, and their position in relation to the mica slates and general strike of the beds, would seem to indicate that they are the same. Some thin, impure beds of dirty white and flesh-colored, coarsely crystalline marbles, with thin strings of mica running through them, arranged in parallel layers, were met with iiear the extreme western end of the Grand Lake this season, dipping toward the S. Eastward. This rock exactly answers the description of a limestone or marble identified by Mr. Murray at Hauling Point, White Bay, in 1864, which he believed then to be the equivalent of those at Coney Arm, on the north side of the bay. No doubt, should these immense marble deposits ever become utilized for building or ornamental purposes, and prove of sufficient economic importance, the work of tracing out their distribution more thoroughly will soon follow. In all probability it will be found almost continuous between the two extreme points at which they have been re- cognized — a distance of over one hundred miles. Slates, quartzites, &c., similar to those described above, form all the hill ranges along the Lower Humber, and the shores of Deer Lake for some three miles, or up to the point opposite Burnt Island. They are much folded and contorted, and hav^e evidently undergone consider- able metamorphism. The same strata, very much broken and faulted, are repeated over and over again. Numerous quartz veins intersect these slates throughout, and at Burnt Island, on Deer Lake, some of these have been found to contain small quantities of molybdenite in specks or thin plates. An attempt at mining this ore, under the impres- sion that it was galena, was made here some years since, but soon aban- doned on finding it so sparsely disseminated through the quartz. In a cove just beyond Burnt Island, the slates and quartzites sti-ikc inland, and are succeeded at a short interval by the basic members of the Car- boniferous series. In their southerly extension, the same rocks continue to form the marginal fringe or lip of the valley, sweeping around the eastern foot-hills of the Laurentian Ridge, which occupies the tongue of land between the two great lakes — Deer Lake and Grand Lake — they strike all along the north side of the latter a short distance back, and run out to the shore near the eastern end of Sir John Hawley Glover's Island. - From thence to the extreme western end of the lake they oc- cupy both shores, and the greater part of the island also. In this direc- tion they appear to have been subjected to even a still greater degree of disturbance than elsewhere. Hugh masses, chiefly of dark gray and V -^■■ H greenish trap, disrupt the strata in all directions. One of these forma an immense headland on the southern reach, inside the great island, which, towering above the surrounding country, becomes a most con- spicuous object, distinctly visible, even from the extreme head of the lake. A reddish syenite, chiefly composed of feldspar, occupies much ii the central portion of the big island, and is seen to strike into the mainland of the southern reach. Towards the western end of the lake the slates in many instances are unmistakable mica schists, fre- quently characterized by numerous embedded coarse garnets, while many of the more compact beds are not to be distinguished from ordinary gray gneiss. On the south side of the Great Lake, proceeding eastwardly or towards the head, the Carboniferous series occupy most of the shore line from the eastern end of the island ; but at one or two points, as in the vicinity of Old Harry Mountain, and again, about a mile west of Hind's Brook, bands of red and green jaspery slate, inter- sected by trap dykes, crop out on the shore for short intervals. They were met with again on Aldcry Brook and Coal Brook about a mile from the shore, greatly disturbed and altered, and resting upon a long ridge of Trapean Hills, which form the rearground or southern rim of the valley, and run up and down the country nearly parallel with the shore of Grand Lake, striking away to the eastward in the direction of the falls on Kitty's Brook. Thus we have the outline of the Humber Valley pretty well defined on three sides, north, west and south; but so far the eastern margin has not been closely examined, nor is it certain what are the chief chara tcristics of the prevailing rocks in that direc- tion. The relative position of all these sedimentary strata places them between the recognized Laurentian and Carboniferous series, in all cases where the contact with either has been observed. They are probably all referable to the lower portion of the great Silurian and Cambro- Silurian formations, but their highly altered condition, and the absence of organic remains, renders it difificult to assign to each set of strata their exact geological position. The presence of the trilobite Olenellus Vcrmontanns, and a IJhguln allied to Lingula Prima, observed by Mr. Murray at Canada Bay, in 1864, in close proximity to, if not actually amongst, the marble beds there, and also the finding of some fossils on the head of Harry's Brook, all of recognized Potsdam types, leaves little doubt that much of the strata in various parts of the distribution are referable to that and associated divisions of the Lower Silurian forma- tion. Towards the westward similar rocks occupy much of the penin- sula between the Humber Sound and the north side of Bay St. George. these forma jreat island, a most con- dead of the cupies much rike into the end of the schists, fre- irnets, while uished from , proceeding occupy most t one or two ain, about a ' slate, inter- vals. They bout a mile upon a long ithern rim of Uel with the : direction of the Humber )uth ; but so is it certain 1 that direc- places them >, in all cases ire probably nd Cambro- the absence set of strata ite Olenellus rved by Mr. not actually me fossils on , leaves little tribution are urian forma- f the penin- j St. George. IS They are succeeded toward the shores of Port-au-Port Bay by higher members of the same great series, including all the members of Sir Wm. Logan's Quebec group, largely displayed and clearly defined by their profusion of well-preserved, organic remains. Such, then, arc the principal series of rocks which compose the rim or margin surrounding the great plateau of the Humber Valley, and, no doubt, also forming the floor upon which the Central Carboniferous basin of the island rests. CARBONIFEROUS SERIES. As indicated at the commencement of this report, the immediate object of last season's investigation was to examine more particularly into the structure and distribution of the Carboniferous scries of forma- tions, already known to occupy a large area of the Humber Valley. The possible occurrence of some more promising coal deposits than those hitherto revealed by the boring operations of 1879-80, having im- pressed itself forcibly upon mc during the preceding season's survey. It was strongly urged that a more close and extensive exploration of the region should be entered upon. The Government were pleased to approve of the suggestion, and the result of the work has been already laid before them in a short preliminary report, furnished immediately after our return home last autumn. It is now pretty clearly established that the entire plateau, comprised within the valley of the Humber proper, is occupied almost exclusively by the Carboniferous series of rocks. They are spread out in nearly horizontal strata, or in low, wave- like undulations, stretching across the valley from north to south, while in their longitudinal extent they are bent so as to conform generally with the contour of the country; but, on the whole, they may be said to lie very flat, and, as a consequence, the lower members hold the surface over considerable distances. In this manner the whole of the main river valley is now known to be entirely occu- pied by the unproductive lower series, the highest strata observed on this part of the valley being clearly of the millstone grit for- mation, many hundred feet below, even the commencement of the true coal measures. It is then toward the south, in the direction of the general incline of the strata, we have to look for higher accumula- tions, and where the prospects of any portion of the true coal measures occurring might be reasonably expected ; but before proceeding to de- ^ 'i :i •c\ i6 tail the result of the work in that direction, a short outline of the general distribution on the main river valley will be necessary. On the shore of Deer Lake, about three miles from the outflow, the first outcrop of the Carboniferous series is met with. It is an exceedingly coarse conglo- merate, similar in most respecls to the basic conglomerate in St. George's Bay. Here as there, it forms the lowest known strata of the Carbon- iferous series. It rests upon the mica slates, described above, on the north shore of the lake, but a similar conglomerate on the south side, near the head of the lake, rests upon gneiss. This basic cong.omerate has been traced pretty conti Miously throughout the greater part of its extension. It was found < i the one hand to strike inland from the north shore of Deer Lake, in the direction of Adie's Pond, and it was met with in considerable volume the past season on a tributary of the Humber, above Birchy Pond, and on the same strike. Here the con- glomerate rests upon gray hornblendic gneiss. Sweeping around easterly and southerly, it turns into the country towards the head of White Bay, or between it and Sandy Lake, in which ditcction it has not as yet been followed out. Succeeding it, all along the main branch of the Humber, and in their regular order of superpostion, are the sand- stones, shales, marls, &c., of the ne.xt division — the Carboniferous limestone. This latter presents some peculiarities here, not met with elsewhere in the Carboniferous series of Newfoundland. Though called the Carboniferous limestone formation, yet in this section the limestone proper constitutes but a very small percentage of its bulk. The entire absence of gypsum, which forms such a distinctive feature of this divi- sion in the St George's Bay trough, is rather remarkable, not one particle of that mineral substance was observed anywhere throughout this central region. What would appear to be the position of the gypsiferous strata here, is occupied by a considerable mass of dark, grey shale, with thin irregular calcareous layers near the base. Some por- tions of these shales are highly bituminous, and on exposure to a sufficient heat ignit-^ and burn with a clear flame, giving off the odor of naphtha. They are largely displayed on the main river, between the two falls, where they form a low, nearly flat, anticlinal fold, passing be- neath heavy beds of coarse, red sandstone and conglomerate at either side. It is this overlying sandstone, &c., which, striking across the river in flat ledges, gives rise to the falls in question. The relative position of these shales in the series, together with their bituminous character, seems to corelate them with the pyrochists of the New Bruns- wick Carboniferous basin, in which the remarkable mineral substance i; if the general the shore of tcrop of the arse conglo- 1 St. George's the Carbon- ibove, on the e south side, :on{iiOmerate r part of its ind from the I, and it was butary of the lerc the con- ping around the head of on it has not in branch of ire the sand- 3arbonifcrous ot met with hough called :he limestone The entire of this divi- blc, not one ; throughout 5ition of the of dark, grey Some por- iposure to a f the odor of between the , passing be- ate at either ig across the The relative r bituminous ; New Bruns- •al substance albertitc was found. These shales arc not actually met with again ort this side of the trough, but they arc known to occur in considerable volume on some of the smaller tributaries flowing into the Humber on the north side, above Deer Lake. This enables me to follow out their distribution and lay them down on the map with little difficulty. Rest- ing upon these pyrochists, as already stated, on either side of the anticlinal fold, a great mass of heavy-bedded sandstones and rather coarse conglomerates, all more or less red in color, form the cliffs and ledges along the river above and below the falls, fn the former direc- tion, they are met with up tr the beginning of the Upper Steady, where they disappear beneath the surface, and for a long distance no rock is exposed. This is where the flat intervale land occurs. Toward Adie's Pond on the main river, a few low, flat outcrops of red sandstone and conglomerate occur, and on the south side of that lake some thin beds of reddish limestone were seen, intcrstratified with the sandstones, &c., in 1879. On the south side of the anticlinal, a similar set of sandstones, marls, &c., occupy the bed of the river, forming numerous flat ledges, stretching across its course, down to within a mile of Junction Brook, where they again disappear. Some coarse-grained, gr^iyish sandstones on this section of the river are pro- bably referable to the succeeding millstone-grit formation ; but there is little doubt that the bulk of the strata exposed on the main branch of the Humber is included in the Lower Carboniferous limestone and con- glomerate divisions. Following the structure southward in the direction of the Grand Lake Basin, or southern branch of the Humber, the basic conglomerate first seen on the south side of Deer Lake, sweeps around the eastern base of the dividing ridge, towards the former lake, and thence follows its northern shore westward to the ear*-ern end of the great island. The conglomerates and sandstones outcrop in consider- able volume near Whetstone Point, about seven miles up the lake, and again opposite the island, where bare cliffs, including much of the brilliant, red, marly strata arc exposed. A considerable portion of the eastern end of Sir John H. Glover's Island is also composed of these lower strata, and they again crop out on the south side of Grand Lake in great force, a little to the eastward of the Island, where beds of red and drab-colored limestone are of more frequent occurrence than at other points of their distribution. Nowhere on the shores of Grand Lake were the calcarco-bituminous shales met with in place ; they were, however, seen on the Junction River, at a rapid called Kill-Devil, about two miles and a half from the outlet. Last year some shales, bearing a li M strong resemblance to them, were .niso observed on Glide Hrook, near the crossing; of the te!ejfrai)h line, two and a half miles from the head of Deer Lake. At Kill-Devil they are, as usual, overlaid by coarse, red sandstones, confflomerates, and marls, answering in every respect to those seen on the main river. From the last-mentioned outcrops on Junction Hrook no rocks are exposed in place, in a southerly or easterly direction, for a long distance. In the latter direction a great flat plane stretches away for fifteen or twenty miles up the valley of Sandy Lake river, and some distance beyond Sandy Lake, covered with deep de- posits of clay, sand, and gravel, which effectually conceal the strata beneath. Again in the former direction, that in which the accumulation of higher measures might naturally be looked for, nearly eig'.it miles intervene, including the breadth of Grand Lake at its widest part, between the last-mentioned outcrop and the next succeeding it to the southward. We are thus to a great extent left entirely to conjecture what may be the subjacent structure of this great superficial mantle extending over so large an area of country. It is true the boring oper- ations undertaken here in 1879-80, along the side of the Sandy Lake river, clearly revealed the existence there of at least a portion of the upper or true coal-bearing measures, with a few small included coal- seams. Whether these measures continue to increase towards the south and bring in any appreciable thickness of this valuable member of the Carboniferous series, or whether the lower unproductive divisions come again to the surface, between this and the south side of Grand Lake, are questions which at present cannot be answered with any degree of cer- tainty, nor will it ever be possible to do so without resorting to the further and more extensive use of the boring r. J. All the evidence which can now be brought to bear seems to point to the strong proba- bility of higher measures existing near the centre of the upper end of Grand Lake. Much will depend upon the angle of inclination at which such beds incline to the horizon, as to whether any considerable thick- ness ensues or otherwise. Should the boring operations be resumed, and the result prove the existence of higher coal measures containing valuable coal seams, then their extent in an cast and west direction, along the line of strike, would be a matter of the utmost importance to determine. Turning now to the southern side of the Grand Lake, we find several small patches of Lower Carboniferous strata, resting against the metamorphic and trappean hill range bounding the valley on this side. Beginning with the limestones and marls opposite the eastern end of the great island, and following the south shore eastward, towards the head ido Ikook, near roMi the head of by coarse, red ivery respect to ed outcrops on herly or easterly great flat plane of Sandy Lake with deep de- iceal the strata he accumuJation rly eijj'.it miles its widest part, cding it to the y to conjecture iperficial mantle :he boring oper- le Sandy Lake portion of the included coal- wards the south member of the divisions come rand Lake, are degree of cer- sorting to the 11 the evidence strong proba- c upper end of lation at which idcrable thick- is be resumed, ires containing west direction, importance to 1 Lake, we find ing against the ;y on this side, ern end of the ards the head 19 of the lake, higher and higher strata are brought in at each succeeding outcrop, until undoubted miilstop"' grit, gray sandstones and fine gray conglomerates prevail. Near Hind's Hrouk these measures are well seen, and what appears to be the uppermost strata of the formation, coarse, thick-bedded, friable, gray sandstones and fine conglomerates characterized by numerous small, white quartz pebbles, arc seen at the mouth of a small brook, two miles east of Hind's lirook, dipping S. lo'' E., at a high angle of inclination. The next exposure of the rocks in place on the lake shore, takes place some two miles still further east- ward. Here fine-grained, finely-micaceous, greenish-gray sandstones and loose, shaley layers just protrude above the surface, striking up and down the shore in an extremely straight line, bearing N. Co*' E., S. 6o** W. magnetic. These latter clearly represent a portion of the true coal measures. They dip at an angle of between 60'' and 70** southward, and their strike eastv/ard would carry them into the flat country at the head of the lake. No rock is exposed beyond this anywhere around the head of the lake, but on ascending any of the small brooks flowing into the lake on this side, exposures of the coal measures were invariably met with in greater or less volume, and at various distances from ihe shore. In each case they were founj to dip south, or S. by E. invariably at a high angle and always ending aijr"ptly against the trap and metamor- phosed slates of the older formation, at an average distance of about one mile back from the Lake Shore. It was afterwards clearly ascer- tained, that the coal measures here, formed a deep narrow trough, with strata repeated on the southern side by a slightly overturned dip, so as to give the appearance of a continuous southerly inclination. The best and most extensive exposures of the coal measures were found to occur upon two pretty stout brooks, viz., Aldery Hrook, two miles and a quarter from the head of the Lake, and Coal Hrook, near its S. E. corner. On the former, the first exposures occur just twenty chains in a direct line from the shore of the Lake, or by the course of the stream about thirty-five chains. The following section is then brought in to the south or up the stream : — Section of Coal Measures on Aldery Brook. Stni/a. C Oil/. Ft. In. Ft. In. Chiefly red and brown shales mottled with green occasional bands of coarse grey sandstone 272 O Greenish grey, coarse and fine grained sandstones with red and greenish arenaceous shales 112 o Thick and thin, coarse and fine grained greyish sandstones and loose arenaceous shaley beds a good deal concealed, some heavy beds of coarse whitish grit towards the top 230 o 20 Clay bed with thin dirt streak i Thick and thin sandstones, shales and clay alternating, some reddish and brownish strata a good deal concealed . . 163 Ft. In. No. I . Tough undcrclay 4 8 Impure slatey coal o 4 Chiefly loose, rotten, shaley rock, with occasional beds of coarse grey sandstone and clayey layers a good deal concealed 140 Red and brown arenaceous shales and sandstones with occasional claybeds 70 Greenish grey, loose shaley rock with about 30 feet of massive whitish sandstone or fine grit towards the top 70 Fire clay with dirt streak 2 Greenish grey sandstones and shale Iternating 73 Ft. In. No. 2. Shaley underclay 4 o Coal o 2 Tough clay with coal streaks o 7 Coal o 2 Carbonaceous shale and clay • • • • o 4 4 Loose shaley rock with clay layers and occasional thin bands of sandstone 42 Ft. In. No. 3. Underclay 2 o Coal o 2 Impure coaly clay o 4 Coal o 3 Clay with coal streaks o 3 Carbonaceous shale o 6 2 Loose, shaley rock, thin sandstone bands and clay layers alter- nating 158 Ft. In. No. 4. Underclay i o Soft shaley coal o 7 Loose, shaley rock with thin sandstone layers, several bands ironstone in irregular nodular layers, and some continuous beds of two and three feet thick 1 24 Ft. In. No. 5. Dirty band with shaly coal. i 2 I Loose shaley rock with ironstone bands 20 Ft. In. No. 6. Tough underclay 2 o Coal I 2 Shale and clay i o Coal o 4 Clay and shale i 2 Coal and clay mixed o 6 Shale • . . . . 2 6 Coal o 2 6 Coarse and fine grained gray and whitish sandstone or fine grit with shaley partings, more shale towards top, several clay bands and dirt streaks 103 Thick band chocolate colored, arenaceous shale 17 Ix)ose shaley bands with thin sandstones and clay partings three dirt streaks 49 Ft. In. No. 7. Underclay o 3 Coal, bright and hard o 9 o o o II o o 10 o o 8 o o o o o 2 II 07 58 o 1007 1002 20 O 10 O o 21 Carbonaceous shale, with thin streaks and layers of coal 2 8 Coal, bright, hard and black o 8 2 Heavy bedded grey sandstones or grit 5 Carbonaceous shale and coal, much confused apparently a slip in strata here with a repetition of No. 7 2 Loose shaley sandstone, with thin layers of clay 30 Ft. In. No. 8. Coal I 2 Loose shale o 10 Coal o 6 No. 9. Shale and clay 2 Thin bed of sandstone and shaley rock, with clay intercalations. 19 Bed of dirty fire clay, containing six inches good coal Thin layers sandstone and shale 5 No. 10. Fire clay, containing six inches of coal i Loose shaley sandstones, with shaley and clay partings, two dirt streaks in middle, with just a sign of coal in each 21 No. II. Dirty clay band, with three in. hard coal Sandstones and shales, with one dirty clay band, containing streaks of impure coal 10 Ft. In. No. 12. Fire clay o 2 Coal o 3 Clay o I Coal o 4 Clay o I Coal o 6 Clay o 3 Coal and clay mixed o 4 Clay o 2 o Sandstones and shales in thin layers, one thin coal streak in middle g Ft. In. No. 13. Coal and carbonaceous shale mixed, 6 in. good coal at bottom I 9 I Sandstone and shale alternating, bed of fire clay mixed with coal 3 Ft. In. No. 14. 6 in. good clay I 2 Alternations of shale and sandstone 27 Ft. In. No. 15. Carbonaceous shale, with thin layers of coal 2 o Loose shaley rock o 10 Carbonaceous shale, with thin layers of coal 1 4 Loose shaley rock o 10 Soft coal and shale mixed o 6 Loose shale and clay i 2 Coal I o Drab fire clay 2 6 Coal I 2 8 Heavy bedded, coarse grey sandstones, becoming thinner towards top, with shaley and clayey partings 46 Ft. In. No. 16. Dirty shale and clay 2 8 Coal o 6 Wedge of shaley rock i 6 Good, bright coal i 3 Shale o 3 Good coal o g 4 10 o 00 o 10 o o 9 6 o o 7 II 8 o ;K V i , . ■ '1 22 Tough, shaley rock, with arenaceous layers 8 6 Ft. In. No. 17. Coal, hard and bright o 10 Shale and clay o 5 5 o 10 Thin san a good deal concealed ^ ' "' No. 3.1 hin, impure shaley coal and clay ^2 o Hard, thick bedded, grey sandstones .■.■.■■,■ o ° ^ o O No. 4. Tough, shaley underclay ^*' ^"• Coal, somewhat shaley but tolerably good qualify! '.'.'. \ 8 Drab cl.iy with coal streaks Coal compact and good ° '° Clay I 4 Impure coaly clay ." ° ^ Drab clay and shale ° 3 o 3 '''Si"^.^''£''"''1''"""'^ «"'""'• g-y--"^^ 5 7 3 s mo'e Lr ifss^'coSclf d'""' """'^''■""^ ^"""■'''""'^^^ -'' ^'^'-^ • 73 o No. 3- Loose sh.iley underclay ^'- ^"• Coal, impure shaley ' ° Drab clay or shale ..." ° ° ' o 2 Alternations of thick an